diff --git a/Final_Project_Paper-AR.html b/Final_Project_Paper-AR.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a47e45a --- /dev/null +++ b/Final_Project_Paper-AR.html @@ -0,0 +1,3055 @@ + + + + + + + + + +Final_Project_Paper + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+

Final_Project_Paper

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+ + + + +
+ + +
+ +

The expansion of imperial powers in the Western Hemisphere has been a foreign policy concern for the United States, which was exemplified by the Monroe Doctrine as well as the Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.1 The fear of foreign influence in Latin America was especially prevalent during the interwar period and World War II. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was keenly aware of Latin America’s distaste for U.S. military intervention, so he decided to deviate from past precedence by taking the approach of being a good neighbor.2 Drawing from the digital methods used on the Foreign Policy Bulletin Dataset, which is comprised of publications from the Foreign Policy Bulletin, the interactions driving U.S. foreign policy during Roosevelt’s presidency become more apparent. Even though Latin America’s coverage was underrepresented compared to European or Axis nations, the Foreign Policy Bulletin’s coverage of Latin America suggests that collective security efforts and hemispheric solidarity were central to U.S. foreign policy efforts. Inter-American cooperation and hemispheric solidarity were seen as essential foreign policy measures for protecting the United States from the Axis Powers.

+

Over the last century, the Foreign Policy Association (FPA) has been producing content on U.S. foreign policy. Originally established as the League of Free Nations Association, the association’s initial aspirations were to support peace initiatives promulgated by Woodrow Wilson. However, the League of Free Nations Association was short-lived, and the association would shortly be changed to the FPA in 1923, where all matters of U.S. foreign policy fell under their purview of study. Moreover, the FPA had high-ranking U.S. political figures among its incorporators, including Eleanor Roosevelt and John Foster Dulles. In addition to these important incorporators, FPA members also had addresses delivered before them by Franklin D. Roosevelt.3 In 1931, the FPA began producing the Foreign Policy Bulletin, which published articles on international events affecting U.S. foreign policy. The Foreign Policy Bulletin Dataset is comprised of the volumes produced by the Foreign Policy Bulletin between 1936 and 1946.4

+
+
#Load in Libraries
+library(tidytext)
+library(tidyverse)
+
+
── Attaching core tidyverse packages ──────────────────────── tidyverse 2.0.0 ──
+✔ dplyr     1.1.4     ✔ readr     2.1.5
+✔ forcats   1.0.0     ✔ stringr   1.5.1
+✔ ggplot2   3.5.0     ✔ tibble    3.2.1
+✔ lubridate 1.9.3     ✔ tidyr     1.3.1
+✔ purrr     1.0.2     
+── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
+✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
+✖ dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()
+ℹ Use the conflicted package (<http://conflicted.r-lib.org/>) to force all conflicts to become errors
+
+
library(readtext)
+library(tm)
+
+
Loading required package: NLP
+
+Attaching package: 'NLP'
+
+The following object is masked from 'package:ggplot2':
+
+    annotate
+
+
library(topicmodels)
+library(widyr)
+library(SnowballC)
+library(DigitalMethodsData)
+library(wordVectors)
+library(magrittr)
+
+

+Attaching package: 'magrittr'
+
+The following object is masked from 'package:purrr':
+
+    set_names
+
+The following object is masked from 'package:tidyr':
+
+    extract
+
+
library(dplyr)
+library(ggplot2)
+
+
+
#load in dataset
+metadata <- read.csv("ForeignPolicyBulletinData/metadata.csv")
+
+fp.metadata <- separate(metadata,
+         col = date,
+         into = c("year", "month", "day"),
+          remove = FALSE)
+
+fpmeta <- as.data.frame(fp.metadata)
+fp_texts <- readtext(paste("ForeignPolicyBulletinData/txt/", "*.txt", sep=""))
+fp_whole <- full_join(fpmeta, fp_texts, by = c("filename" = "doc_id")) %>% as_tibble() 
+
+stop_words_custom <- stop_words %>% 
+  add_row(word="foreign", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="policy", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="international", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="york", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="act", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="bulletin", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="3", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="association", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="class", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="published", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="2", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="december", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="march", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="post", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="vol", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="membership", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="incorporated", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="weekly", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="5", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="1", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="4", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="22", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="8", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="6", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="7", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="ing", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="de", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="tion", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="vera", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="vou", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="editor", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="subscription", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="page", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="printed", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="ment", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="matter", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="publications", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="con", lexicon="NA")%>%
+  add_row(word="street", lexicon="NA")
+
+tidy_fp <- fp_whole %>%
+  unnest_tokens(word, text) %>% 
+  filter(str_detect(word, "[a-z']$")) %>% 
+  anti_join(stop_words_custom)
+
+
Joining with `by = join_by(word)`
+
+
tidy_fp <- tidy_fp %>% filter(!grepl('[0-9]', word))
+
+

The Foreign Policy Bulletin Dataset provides insights on historical foreign policy events considered significant and relevant by individuals engaging with the U.S. foreign relations community. Digital methods, particularly text analysis, reveals paradigms related to the relevance of the Latin American nations regarding U.S. foreign policy efforts during the interwar period and World War II. From counting words to using topic modeling and word vectors, text analysis has illuminated important insights on the significance of Latin America to the United States, as well as the themes and words associated most with Latin American nations. When examining the direct word references, it becomes apparent that Latin American nations were discussed far less than European nations and the Axis Powers.

+
+
#country word count
+tidy_fp_countries <- tidy_fp %>% 
+  filter(word %in% c("brazil", "argentina", "germany", "britain", "japan", "mexico", "soviet", "russia", "america", "chile", "venezuela")) %>% 
+  count(word, sort = TRUE)
+ 
+
+tidy_fp_countries
+
+
# A tibble: 11 × 2
+   word          n
+   <chr>     <int>
+ 1 britain    4148
+ 2 germany    3458
+ 3 soviet     2513
+ 4 russia     2217
+ 5 japan      2204
+ 6 america     726
+ 7 argentina   471
+ 8 mexico      355
+ 9 brazil      278
+10 chile       212
+11 venezuela    41
+
+
+

In the Foreign Policy Bulletin Dataset, European nations and the Axis Powers are disproportionately focused on. In raw numbers, from 1936-1946, Britain, Germany, Russia, and Japan were directly mentioned 12,027 times. Meanwhile, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Venezuela were only directly referenced 1,357 times. Yet, the bulletin’s lackluster coverage of Latin America in juxtaposition to its European counterparts should not diminish Latin America’s significance to U.S. foreign policy. The major theme associated with Latin American nations in the bulletin indicates the critical role that Latin America played in protecting U.S. interests.

+
+
#topic model
+tidy_fp_words <- tidy_fp %>% count(filename, word)
+
+fp.dtm <- tidy_fp_words %>% 
+  count(filename, word) %>% 
+  cast_dtm(filename, word, n)
+
+fp3.lda <- LDA(fp.dtm, k = 16, control = list(seed = 12345), method = "Gibbs", alpha = 0.5)
+fp3.lda
+
+
A LDA_Gibbs topic model with 16 topics.
+
+
fp3.topics <- tidy(fp3.lda, matrix = "beta")
+
+fp3.top.terms <- fp3.topics %>%
+  arrange(desc(beta)) %>% 
+  group_by(topic) %>% slice(1:10)
+
+fp3.top.terms %>%
+  mutate(term = reorder_within(term, beta, topic)) %>%
+  ggplot(aes(beta, term, fill = factor(topic))) +
+  geom_col(show.legend = FALSE) +
+  facet_wrap(~ topic, scales = "free") +
+  scale_y_reordered()
+
+

+
+
+

With regard to the topic model output that focuses on Latin American nations, the topic model found that Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Chile, and solidarity were co-occurring. The topic model was picked up on a major foreign policy theme that was present throughout the interwar period and World War II, which is inter-American cooperation. Since neutrality sentiment was prevalent in the United States, Roosevelt was largely unable to act outside of the Americas until the attack on Pearl Harbor. Roosevelt, instead, chose to promote inter-American solidarity to prevent the Axis Powers from penetrating into the Western Hemisphere. This inter-American cooperation manifested through Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor diplomacy, but it still had its limitations. Inter-American cooperation did not mean that Latin American nations were required to make a direct alliance with the United States; rather, it was intended to create a common bond and galvanize support for keeping out the Axis Powers from the Western Hemisphere.5 Indeed, word vectors further suggest this connection between solidarity and the Western Hemisphere.

+
+
#word vectors
+if (!require(wordVectors)) {
+  if (!(require(devtools))) {
+    install.packages("devtools")
+  }
+  devtools::install_github("bmschmidt/wordVectors")
+}
+
+if (!file.exists("txt")) prep_word2vec(origin="ForeignPolicyBulletinData", destination="txt", lowercase=T, bundle_ngrams=1)
+
+
Beginning tokenization to text file at txt
+
+
+
Prepping ForeignPolicyBulletinData/foreignpolicy-scraping.R
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Prepping ForeignPolicyBulletinData/FPTest.Rproj
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Prepping ForeignPolicyBulletinData/txt/sim_foreign-policy-bulletin_1946-07-26_25_41_0.txt
+
+
+
Prepping ForeignPolicyBulletinData/txt/sim_foreign-policy-bulletin_1946-08-02_25_42_0.txt
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+
Prepping ForeignPolicyBulletinData/txt/sim_foreign-policy-bulletin_1946-08-09_25_43.txt
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+
Prepping ForeignPolicyBulletinData/txt/sim_foreign-policy-bulletin_1946-08-16_25_44.txt
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Prepping ForeignPolicyBulletinData/txt/sim_foreign-policy-bulletin_1946-08-23_25_45.txt
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+
Prepping ForeignPolicyBulletinData/txt/sim_foreign-policy-bulletin_1946-08-30_25_46.txt
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+
Prepping ForeignPolicyBulletinData/txt/sim_foreign-policy-bulletin_1946-09-06_25_47_0.txt
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+
Prepping ForeignPolicyBulletinData/txt/sim_foreign-policy-bulletin_1946-09-13_25_48.txt
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Prepping ForeignPolicyBulletinData/txt/sim_foreign-policy-bulletin_1946-09-20_25_49_0.txt
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Prepping ForeignPolicyBulletinData/txt/sim_foreign-policy-bulletin_1946-09-27_25_50_0.txt
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Prepping ForeignPolicyBulletinData/txt/sim_foreign-policy-bulletin_1946-10-04_25_51_0.txt
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Prepping ForeignPolicyBulletinData/txt/sim_foreign-policy-bulletin_1946-10-11_25_52_0.txt
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+
if (!file.exists("corpus_vectors.bin")) {model = train_word2vec("txt","corpus_vectors.bin",vectors=200, threads=5, window=12, iter=5, negative_samples=0)} else model = read.vectors("corpus_vectors.bin")
+
+
Starting training using file /Users/amandaregan/Desktop/Gilbert-FinalProject/txt
+100K
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+Vocab size: 17899
+Words in train file: 2191768
+
+
+
Filename ends with .bin, so reading in binary format
+
+
+
Reading a word2vec binary file of 17899 rows and 200 columns
+
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+

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nearest_to(model,model[["argentina"]], 75)
+
+
     argentina      argentine          chile        uruguay    argentina’s 
+     0.0000000      0.3312144      0.3479209      0.3742783      0.3935301 
+          guay        farrell         brazil        ramirez           peru 
+     0.4011956      0.4093421      0.4311391      0.4619449      0.4887524 
+         argen         buenos nonrecognition      venezuela          aires 
+     0.4902756      0.5035311      0.5051962      0.5068833      0.5131148 
+       gentine          perén           tina          coups        pampero 
+     0.5141501      0.5198591      0.5220084      0.5226514      0.5289127 
+     republics       castillo       edelmiro         armour            gou 
+     0.5292215      0.5488132      0.5569813      0.5585345      0.5609860 
+         boast       colombia        bolivia       paraguay           mora 
+     0.5612111      0.5622811      0.5710523      0.5746680      0.5769525 
+        mexico          justo      villaroel       aranha’s            uru 
+     0.5777873      0.5782946      0.5796111      0.5801605      0.5824461 
+         coded          tillo      brazilian           beef         aranha 
+     0.5834222      0.5834448      0.5850773      0.5864962      0.5872879 
+       oswaldo     argentines        linseed       jealousy     solidarity 
+     0.5884894      0.5895094      0.5908118      0.5918142      0.5919246 
+       perén’s    invitations         braden          costa            spy 
+     0.5919938      0.5975144      0.5977876      0.6014713      0.6059549 
+         ramén  communicating        differs         vargas       santiago 
+     0.6088805      0.6110556      0.6116376      0.6120465      0.6141099 
+       gentina      belatedly            rio       spruille           ruiz 
+     0.6150961      0.6153631      0.6154669      0.6155082      0.6164753 
+         latin       ington’s        ecuador    consequence        publics 
+     0.6172688      0.6191951      0.6209018      0.6242614      0.6257980 
+          corn      inaugural        chile's       dealings        chile’s 
+     0.6277663      0.6286418      0.6296826      0.6312623      0.6325546 
+    suppresses       baldomir       mexico's         yankee      embassies 
+     0.6326100      0.6332607      0.6358314      0.6365878      0.6372059
+
+
+
+
nearest_to(model,model[["solidarity"]], 75)
+
+
  solidarity   hemisphere  hemispheric          pan         lima    republics 
+   0.0000000    0.3823292    0.4690279    0.5143914    0.5390060    0.5501447 
+      havana    ertheless         hemi          rio  americanism        quito 
+   0.5538003    0.5541609    0.5647958    0.5741641    0.5766154    0.5840187 
+   cementing    argentina   montevideo          hem     ficially  continental 
+   0.5906074    0.5919246    0.5940837    0.5998835    0.6005288    0.6177113 
+     janeiro      presses        chile      western      uruguay        inter 
+   0.6222238    0.6236100    0.6267282    0.6274053    0.6278457    0.6299726 
+        guay    harmonize      defense       cartel      isphere  argentina’s 
+   0.6317022    0.6319420    0.6340568    0.6373658    0.6392276    0.6402037 
+        vene     jealousy     doctrine     americas     ington’s        latin 
+   0.6412161    0.6425734    0.6429061    0.6434773    0.6435965    0.6437195 
+    neighbor achievements     tinental  cooperation       monroe      consejo 
+   0.6442190    0.6449427    0.6461525    0.6489889    0.6517742    0.6522920 
+     convene      pampero       deemed       bogota        grace       uphold 
+   0.6570109    0.6597929    0.6652042    0.6674730    0.6681198    0.6683889 
+       joint    argentine   newsletter      shelved       widens      panding 
+   0.6715253    0.6720505    0.6760939    0.6765708    0.6769541    0.6775803 
+    ridicule       brazil         fend   ideologies     ezequiel    inaugural 
+   0.6785755    0.6795632    0.6812852    0.6816067    0.6822640    0.6830611 
+  entangling         peru  roosevelt’s      publics      labor’s     affirmed 
+   0.6834268    0.6856962    0.6859383    0.6862135    0.6862799    0.6865085 
+   uruguayan          tis       buenos consultation         gaps    brazilian 
+   0.6868393    0.6901717    0.6907231    0.6908469    0.6908896    0.6924732 
+   blacklist    venezuela    trueblood 
+   0.6937487    0.6939311    0.6939909
+
+
+
+
nearest_to(model,model[["germany"]], 75)
+
+
         germany            italy           france           german 
+       0.0000000        0.3394437        0.4654453        0.4655163 
+           reich          austria            frang         drifting 
+       0.4782052        0.4827632        0.4853896        0.4918932 
+           japan       intimidate          extract        germany's 
+       0.4930312        0.4966456        0.4977582        0.4992978 
+          poland      unqualified           russia             wark 
+       0.5064174        0.5093848        0.5110510        0.5118836 
+         britain           stresa           hitler          yielded 
+       0.5175906        0.5227177        0.5277106        0.5322695 
+       timetable         suicidal      dismembered             gary 
+       0.5356360        0.5370187        0.5386244        0.5413531 
+   dismemberment       satellites         profited        erroneous 
+       0.5417554        0.5477179        0.5487641        0.5489737 
+          kernel       contiguous       invincible       preferable 
+       0.5512660        0.5542752        0.5554819        0.5626072 
+        laborate            smash       neutralize         renounce 
+       0.5645863        0.5665535        0.5672053        0.5687535 
+         rumania           soviet        diverting         dispense 
+       0.5717362        0.5730628        0.5737327        0.5740615 
+          againg          hungary         frighten          resists 
+       0.5740637        0.5744759        0.5760570        0.5771888 
+          screws          bulwark           diktat          inroads 
+       0.5775535        0.5777599        0.5782282        0.5810023 
+  czechoslovakia        czechoslo       conversely       inducement 
+       0.5831639        0.5846424        0.5850937        0.5860532 
+czechoslovakia’s        counseled      preoccupied      cornerstone 
+       0.5865247        0.5869977        0.5878968        0.5896870 
+       hapsburgs        cultivate           danzig           spoils 
+       0.5897181        0.5897622        0.5904328        0.5920761 
+        turkey's        wagnerian        isolating        prosecute 
+       0.5933035        0.5933081        0.5943024        0.5956407 
+        alienate          u.s.s.r    inviolability    denunciations 
+       0.5962680        0.5966368        0.5969212        0.5974158 
+        guaranty           detach     acquisitions       annexation 
+       0.5982154        0.5984247        0.6005392        0.6008861 
+         rearmed      subservient        germany’s 
+       0.6011298        0.6014800        0.6019360
+
+
+

The need for solidarity was tied to the fear of German expansion into Latin America. When examining the outputs of the word vector, the word vectors indicated that Argentina was co-occurring with solidarity, temporalizing, and spy. Moreover, solidarity co-occurred with hemisphere, cooperation, defense, affirming, upholding, neighborliness, neighbor, and lima. Meanwhile, Germany was co-occurring with invincible, intimidate, frighten, and injustices. In many ways, inter-American solidarity was seen as an essential barrier for keeping Germany out of Latin America and, therefore, protecting a variety of U.S. interests, ranging from national to economic security.6 Under this pretext, temporalizing becomes a relevant co-occurrence as it indicates that Argentina was not directly committing itself to U.S. interests.

+

U.S. politicians were skeptical about Latin Americans’ ability to defend themselves from German influence, where inter-American cooperation was the desired method for trying to reduce German influence in the region. In part, this skepticism is rooted in racist thought. U.S. officials believed that Latin Americans were vulnerable to foreign influences and helpless in staving off German expansion. They were fearful that German emigrants would infect Latin Americans by bringing fascism into the region.7 For example, Intelligence Chief, Jules Dubois, concluded that there were approximately three million individuals residing in Latin America who were potentially awaiting the Axis’ instructions to strike. This sentiment was compounded by the prolific journalist, John Gunther, who expressed that Latin Americans were complacent with German infiltration.8 Furthermore, U.S. officials feared that Germany was going to use Latin America as a means to economically and militarily harm the United States. Germany had targeted deprived markets in Latin America, where they obtained favor by selling desired industrial products while purchasing Latin American goods at an increased price. The caveat was that Germany required Latin American nations to purchase these goods with a special currency, which resulted in the general decline of U.S. trade in Latin America. The decline in U.S. trade made Roosevelt uneasy, as he believed that Germany was beginning to dominate trade by wrapping “an economic fence around the United States.”9 German expansion into Latin America was also seen as a military threat to the United States. Secretary of War, Henry Stimson, theorized that Hitler would use South America as his fifth column, essentially diverting the United States attention and forces away from Europe to Latin America. Since the United States believed that Latin Americans were too weak to fend off foreign intervention, the United States gravitated towards hemispheric defense as a means to quell Germany’s influence.10

+

Through Good Neighbor diplomacy, the United States fostered inter-American defenses in the Western Hemisphere. For example, in 1937, the United States leased naval destroyers and sent U.S. officers to train Latin American naval forces in military tactics, where Secretary of State, Cordell Hull, indicated that the United States was providing a “neighborly service” as a ‘form of reciprocal assistance.”11 In addition to lending naval destroyers, the United States also participated in inter-American conferences. The Roosevelt administration was determined to use these conferences to foster defense pacts with Latin American nations. One of these defense pacts was the Declaration of Lima, which is in conversation with the word vector output that indicated the co-occurrences between solidarity and Lima. The Declaration of Lima had reaffirmed inter-American solidarity as well as produced an agreement for American Republics to cooperate against foreign nations who were deemed a threat in the Western Hemisphere.12 Another major inter-American defense pact was established at the Panama Conference. At the conference, the Under Secretary of State, Sumner Welles, secured the Declaration of Panama. This declaration expanded the United States’ presence in the region by establishing a security zone for the United States to monitor belligerent movements. In general, the declaration was well received by Latin Americans and strengthened inter-American solidarity.13

+

The fear of German influence in Latin America was a key factor contributing to inter-American diplomacy during the interwar period and World War II. The Roosevelt administration approached diplomacy differently in Latin America than their predecessors by fostering hemispheric solidarity through Good Neighbor diplomacy.14 Text analysis on the Foreign Policy Bulletin Dataset corroborates this shift in diplomatic tactics, where the Foreign Policy Bulletin’s coverage of Latin America emphasizes the ongoing efforts to foster collective security and hemispheric solidarity through inter-American cooperation. Overall, inter-American cooperation and hemispheric solidarity were seen as essential foreign policy measures for protecting the United States from the Axis Powers.

+

Bibliography

+

Engel, Jeffrey A., Mark Atwood Lawrence, and Andrew Preston. America in the World: A History in Documents from the War with Spain to the War on Terror. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014.

+

Foreign Policy Association. “About FPA.” Accessed April 28, 2024. https://www.fpa.org/about/

+

Friedman, Max Paul. Nazis and Good Neighbors: The United States Campaign Against the Germans of Latin America in World War II. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

+

Gellman, Irwin F. Good Neighbor Diplomacy: United States Policies in Latin America, 1933-1945. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2019.

+

Ockerbloom, John Mark. “The Online Books Page: Foreign Policy Bulletin.” Accessed April 28, 2024. https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/serial?id=fpabulletin

+

The Secretary of State to All Diplomatic Missions in the American Republics Except Brazil, Washington, August 19, 1937; Vol. V, The American Republics (1954); Foreign Relations of the United States, 1933-1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt, pp. 162-164; HeinOnline.https://heinonline-org.libproxy.unl.edu/HOL/Page?handle=hein.forrel/frusfr0025&id=1&size=2&collection=forrel&index=forrel/frusfr, April 24, 2022.

+ + +

Footnotes

+ +
    +

  1. fn1: Jeffrey A. Engel, et al., America in the World: A History in Documents from the War with Spain to the War on Terror, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014), 23-24, 71-72↩︎

    2. +

  2. fn2: Irwin F. Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy: United States Policies in Latin America, 1933-1945, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2019),11-12↩︎

    3. +

  3. fn3: Foreign Policy Association, “About FPA,” accessed April 28, 2024, https://www.fpa.org/about/↩︎

    4. +

  4. fn4: John Mark Ockerbloom, “The Online Books Page: Foreign Policy Bulletin,” accessed April 28, 2024, https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/serial?id=fpabulletin↩︎

    5. +

  5. fn5: Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 12↩︎

    6. +

  6. fn6: Ibid., 11-12, 79-81↩︎

    7. +

  7. fn7: Max Paul Friedman, Nazis and Good Neighbors: The United States Campaign Against the Germans of Latin America in World War II, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 2-4↩︎

    8. +

  8. fn8: Ibid., 47, 54↩︎

    9. +

  9. fn9: Ibid., 86↩︎

    10. +

  10. fn10: Ibid., 46, 54-55↩︎

    11. +

  11. fn11: The Secretary of State to All Diplomatic Missions in the American Republics Except Brazil, Washington, August 19, 1937; Vol. V, The American Republics (1954); Foreign Relations of the United States, 1933-1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt, p. 163; HeinOnline. https://heinonline-org.libproxy.unl.edu/HOL/Page?handle=hein.forrel/frusfr0025&id=1&size=2&collection=forrel&index=forrel/frusfr, April 24, 2022↩︎

    12. +

  12. fn12: Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 77↩︎

    13. +

  13. fn13: Ibid., 83-85↩︎

    14. +

  14. fn14: Ibid., 11-12↩︎

    15. +
+
+ + +
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Final_Project_Paper-AR.qmd b/Final_Project_Paper-AR.qmd new file mode 100644 index 0000000..25b9feb --- /dev/null +++ b/Final_Project_Paper-AR.qmd @@ -0,0 +1,174 @@ +--- +title: "Final_Project_Paper" +Author: "Jeffrey Gilbert" +format: html +--- + +The expansion of imperial powers in the Western Hemisphere has been a foreign policy concern for the United States, which was exemplified by the Monroe Doctrine as well as the Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.^[fn1: Jeffrey A. Engel, et al., America in the World: A History in Documents from the War with Spain to the War on Terror, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014), 23-24, 71-72] The fear of foreign influence in Latin America was especially prevalent during the interwar period and World War II. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was keenly aware of Latin America’s distaste for U.S. military intervention, so he decided to deviate from past precedence by taking the approach of being a good neighbor.^[fn2: Irwin F. Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy: United States Policies in Latin America, 1933-1945, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2019),11-12] Drawing from the digital methods used on the Foreign Policy Bulletin Dataset, which is comprised of publications from the Foreign Policy Bulletin, the interactions driving U.S. foreign policy during Roosevelt’s presidency become more apparent. Even though Latin America’s coverage was underrepresented compared to European or Axis nations, the Foreign Policy Bulletin’s coverage of Latin America suggests that collective security efforts and hemispheric solidarity were central to U.S. foreign policy efforts. Inter-American cooperation and hemispheric solidarity were seen as essential foreign policy measures for protecting the United States from the Axis Powers. + +Over the last century, the Foreign Policy Association (FPA) has been producing content on U.S. foreign policy. Originally established as the League of Free Nations Association, the association’s initial aspirations were to support peace initiatives promulgated by Woodrow Wilson. However, the League of Free Nations Association was short-lived, and the association would shortly be changed to the FPA in 1923, where all matters of U.S. foreign policy fell under their purview of study. Moreover, the FPA had high-ranking U.S. political figures among its incorporators, including Eleanor Roosevelt and John Foster Dulles. In addition to these important incorporators, FPA members also had addresses delivered before them by Franklin D. Roosevelt.^[fn3: Foreign Policy Association, “About FPA,” accessed April 28, 2024, https://www.fpa.org/about/] In 1931, the FPA began producing the Foreign Policy Bulletin, which published articles on international events affecting U.S. foreign policy. The Foreign Policy Bulletin Dataset is comprised of the volumes produced by the Foreign Policy Bulletin between 1936 and 1946.^[fn4: John Mark Ockerbloom, “The Online Books Page: Foreign Policy Bulletin,” accessed April 28, 2024, https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/serial?id=fpabulletin] + +```{r} +#Load in Libraries +library(tidytext) +library(tidyverse) +library(readtext) +library(tm) +library(topicmodels) +library(widyr) +library(SnowballC) +library(DigitalMethodsData) +library(wordVectors) +library(magrittr) +library(dplyr) +library(ggplot2) +``` + +```{r} +#load in dataset +metadata <- read.csv("ForeignPolicyBulletinData/metadata.csv") + +fp.metadata <- separate(metadata, + col = date, + into = c("year", "month", "day"), + remove = FALSE) + +fpmeta <- as.data.frame(fp.metadata) +fp_texts <- readtext(paste("ForeignPolicyBulletinData/txt/", "*.txt", sep="")) +fp_whole <- full_join(fpmeta, fp_texts, by = c("filename" = "doc_id")) %>% as_tibble() + +stop_words_custom <- stop_words %>% + add_row(word="foreign", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="policy", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="international", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="york", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="act", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="bulletin", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="3", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="association", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="class", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="published", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="2", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="december", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="march", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="post", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="vol", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="membership", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="incorporated", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="weekly", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="5", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="1", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="4", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="22", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="8", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="6", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="7", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="ing", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="de", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="tion", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="vera", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="vou", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="editor", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="subscription", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="page", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="printed", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="ment", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="matter", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="publications", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="con", lexicon="NA")%>% + add_row(word="street", lexicon="NA") + +tidy_fp <- fp_whole %>% + unnest_tokens(word, text) %>% + filter(str_detect(word, "[a-z']$")) %>% + anti_join(stop_words_custom) + +tidy_fp <- tidy_fp %>% filter(!grepl('[0-9]', word)) +``` + +The Foreign Policy Bulletin Dataset provides insights on historical foreign policy events considered significant and relevant by individuals engaging with the U.S. foreign relations community. Digital methods, particularly text analysis, reveals paradigms related to the relevance of the Latin American nations regarding U.S. foreign policy efforts during the interwar period and World War II. From counting words to using topic modeling and word vectors, text analysis has illuminated important insights on the significance of Latin America to the United States, as well as the themes and words associated most with Latin American nations. When examining the direct word references, it becomes apparent that Latin American nations were discussed far less than European nations and the Axis Powers. + +```{r} +#country word count +tidy_fp_countries <- tidy_fp %>% + filter(word %in% c("brazil", "argentina", "germany", "britain", "japan", "mexico", "soviet", "russia", "america", "chile", "venezuela")) %>% + count(word, sort = TRUE) + + +tidy_fp_countries +``` +In the Foreign Policy Bulletin Dataset, European nations and the Axis Powers are disproportionately focused on. In raw numbers, from 1936-1946, Britain, Germany, Russia, and Japan were directly mentioned 12,027 times. Meanwhile, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Venezuela were only directly referenced 1,357 times. Yet, the bulletin’s lackluster coverage of Latin America in juxtaposition to its European counterparts should not diminish Latin America’s significance to U.S. foreign policy. The major theme associated with Latin American nations in the bulletin indicates the critical role that Latin America played in protecting U.S. interests. + +```{r} +#topic model +tidy_fp_words <- tidy_fp %>% count(filename, word) + +fp.dtm <- tidy_fp_words %>% + count(filename, word) %>% + cast_dtm(filename, word, n) + +fp3.lda <- LDA(fp.dtm, k = 16, control = list(seed = 12345), method = "Gibbs", alpha = 0.5) +fp3.lda + +fp3.topics <- tidy(fp3.lda, matrix = "beta") + +fp3.top.terms <- fp3.topics %>% + arrange(desc(beta)) %>% + group_by(topic) %>% slice(1:10) + +fp3.top.terms %>% + mutate(term = reorder_within(term, beta, topic)) %>% + ggplot(aes(beta, term, fill = factor(topic))) + + geom_col(show.legend = FALSE) + + facet_wrap(~ topic, scales = "free") + + scale_y_reordered() +``` +With regard to the topic model output that focuses on Latin American nations, the topic model found that Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Chile, and solidarity were co-occurring. The topic model was picked up on a major foreign policy theme that was present throughout the interwar period and World War II, which is inter-American cooperation. Since neutrality sentiment was prevalent in the United States, Roosevelt was largely unable to act outside of the Americas until the attack on Pearl Harbor. Roosevelt, instead, chose to promote inter-American solidarity to prevent the Axis Powers from penetrating into the Western Hemisphere. This inter-American cooperation manifested through Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor diplomacy, but it still had its limitations. Inter-American cooperation did not mean that Latin American nations were required to make a direct alliance with the United States; rather, it was intended to create a common bond and galvanize support for keeping out the Axis Powers from the Western Hemisphere.^[fn5: Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 12] Indeed, word vectors further suggest this connection between solidarity and the Western Hemisphere. + +```{r} +#word vectors +if (!require(wordVectors)) { + if (!(require(devtools))) { + install.packages("devtools") + } + devtools::install_github("bmschmidt/wordVectors") +} + +if (!file.exists("txt")) prep_word2vec(origin="ForeignPolicyBulletinData", destination="txt", lowercase=T, bundle_ngrams=1) + +if (!file.exists("corpus_vectors.bin")) {model = train_word2vec("txt","corpus_vectors.bin",vectors=200, threads=5, window=12, iter=5, negative_samples=0)} else model = read.vectors("corpus_vectors.bin") +``` + +```{r} +nearest_to(model,model[["argentina"]], 75) +``` + +```{r} +nearest_to(model,model[["solidarity"]], 75) +``` + +```{r} +nearest_to(model,model[["germany"]], 75) +``` +The need for solidarity was tied to the fear of German expansion into Latin America. When examining the outputs of the word vector, the word vectors indicated that Argentina was co-occurring with solidarity, temporalizing, and spy. Moreover, solidarity co-occurred with hemisphere, cooperation, defense, affirming, upholding, neighborliness, neighbor, and lima. Meanwhile, Germany was co-occurring with invincible, intimidate, frighten, and injustices. In many ways, inter-American solidarity was seen as an essential barrier for keeping Germany out of Latin America and, therefore, protecting a variety of U.S. interests, ranging from national to economic security.^[fn6: Ibid., 11-12, 79-81] Under this pretext, temporalizing becomes a relevant co-occurrence as it indicates that Argentina was not directly committing itself to U.S. interests. + +U.S. politicians were skeptical about Latin Americans’ ability to defend themselves from German influence, where inter-American cooperation was the desired method for trying to reduce German influence in the region. In part, this skepticism is rooted in racist thought. U.S. officials believed that Latin Americans were vulnerable to foreign influences and helpless in staving off German expansion. They were fearful that German emigrants would infect Latin Americans by bringing fascism into the region.^[fn7: Max Paul Friedman, Nazis and Good Neighbors: The United States Campaign Against the Germans of Latin America in World War II, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 2-4] For example, Intelligence Chief, Jules Dubois, concluded that there were approximately three million individuals residing in Latin America who were potentially awaiting the Axis’ instructions to strike. This sentiment was compounded by the prolific journalist, John Gunther, who expressed that Latin Americans were complacent with German infiltration.^[fn8: Ibid., 47, 54] Furthermore, U.S. officials feared that Germany was going to use Latin America as a means to economically and militarily harm the United States. Germany had targeted deprived markets in Latin America, where they obtained favor by selling desired industrial products while purchasing Latin American goods at an increased price. The caveat was that Germany required Latin American nations to purchase these goods with a special currency, which resulted in the general decline of U.S. trade in Latin America. The decline in U.S. trade made Roosevelt uneasy, as he believed that Germany was beginning to dominate trade by wrapping “an economic fence around the United States.”^[fn9: Ibid., 86] German expansion into Latin America was also seen as a military threat to the United States. Secretary of War, Henry Stimson, theorized that Hitler would use South America as his fifth column, essentially diverting the United States attention and forces away from Europe to Latin America. Since the United States believed that Latin Americans were too weak to fend off foreign intervention, the United States gravitated towards hemispheric defense as a means to quell Germany’s influence.^[fn10: Ibid., 46, 54-55] + +Through Good Neighbor diplomacy, the United States fostered inter-American defenses in the Western Hemisphere. For example, in 1937, the United States leased naval destroyers and sent U.S. officers to train Latin American naval forces in military tactics, where Secretary of State, Cordell Hull, indicated that the United States was providing a “neighborly service” as a ‘form of reciprocal assistance.”^[fn11: The Secretary of State to All Diplomatic Missions in the American Republics Except Brazil, Washington, August 19, 1937; Vol. V, The American Republics (1954); Foreign Relations of the United States, 1933-1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt, p. 163; HeinOnline. https://heinonline-org.libproxy.unl.edu/HOL/Page?handle=hein.forrel/frusfr0025&id=1&size=2&collection=forrel&index=forrel/frusfr, April 24, 2022] In addition to lending naval destroyers, the United States also participated in inter-American conferences. The Roosevelt administration was determined to use these conferences to foster defense pacts with Latin American nations. One of these defense pacts was the Declaration of Lima, which is in conversation with the word vector output that indicated the co-occurrences between solidarity and Lima. The Declaration of Lima had reaffirmed inter-American solidarity as well as produced an agreement for American Republics to cooperate against foreign nations who were deemed a threat in the Western Hemisphere.^[fn12: Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 77] Another major inter-American defense pact was established at the Panama Conference. At the conference, the Under Secretary of State, Sumner Welles, secured the Declaration of Panama. This declaration expanded the United States’ presence in the region by establishing a security zone for the United States to monitor belligerent movements. In general, the declaration was well received by Latin Americans and strengthened inter-American solidarity.^[fn13: Ibid., 83-85] + +The fear of German influence in Latin America was a key factor contributing to inter-American diplomacy during the interwar period and World War II. The Roosevelt administration approached diplomacy differently in Latin America than their predecessors by fostering hemispheric solidarity through Good Neighbor diplomacy.^[fn14: Ibid., 11-12] Text analysis on the Foreign Policy Bulletin Dataset corroborates this shift in diplomatic tactics, where the Foreign Policy Bulletin’s coverage of Latin America emphasizes the ongoing efforts to foster collective security and hemispheric solidarity through inter-American cooperation. Overall, inter-American cooperation and hemispheric solidarity were seen as essential foreign policy measures for protecting the United States from the Axis Powers. + + +Bibliography + +Engel, Jeffrey A., Mark Atwood Lawrence, and Andrew Preston. America in the World: A History in Documents from the War with Spain to the War on Terror. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014. + +Foreign Policy Association. “About FPA.” Accessed April 28, 2024. https://www.fpa.org/about/ + +Friedman, Max Paul. Nazis and Good Neighbors: The United States Campaign Against the Germans of Latin America in World War II. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. + +Gellman, Irwin F. Good Neighbor Diplomacy: United States Policies in Latin America, 1933-1945. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2019. + +Ockerbloom, John Mark. “The Online Books Page: Foreign Policy Bulletin.” Accessed April 28, 2024. https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/serial?id=fpabulletin + +The Secretary of State to All Diplomatic Missions in the American Republics Except Brazil, Washington, August 19, 1937; Vol. V, The American Republics (1954); Foreign Relations of the United States, 1933-1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt, pp. 162-164; HeinOnline.https://heinonline-org.libproxy.unl.edu/HOL/Page?handle=hein.forrel/frusfr0025&id=1&size=2&collection=forrel&index=forrel/frusfr, April 24, 2022. diff --git a/Final_Project_Paper-AR_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-4-1.png b/Final_Project_Paper-AR_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-4-1.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3f10271 Binary files /dev/null and b/Final_Project_Paper-AR_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-4-1.png differ diff --git a/Final_Project_Paper-AR_files/libs/bootstrap/bootstrap-icons.css b/Final_Project_Paper-AR_files/libs/bootstrap/bootstrap-icons.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000..94f1940 --- /dev/null +++ b/Final_Project_Paper-AR_files/libs/bootstrap/bootstrap-icons.css @@ -0,0 +1,2018 @@ +@font-face { + font-display: block; + font-family: "bootstrap-icons"; + src: +url("./bootstrap-icons.woff?2ab2cbbe07fcebb53bdaa7313bb290f2") format("woff"); +} + +.bi::before, +[class^="bi-"]::before, +[class*=" bi-"]::before { + display: 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this.find(e,t).filter((t=>!c(t)&&l(t)))}},K="carousel",X={interval:5e3,keyboard:!0,slide:!1,pause:"hover",wrap:!0,touch:!0},Y={interval:"(number|boolean)",keyboard:"boolean",slide:"(boolean|string)",pause:"(string|boolean)",wrap:"boolean",touch:"boolean"},Q="next",G="prev",Z="left",J="right",tt={ArrowLeft:J,ArrowRight:Z},et="slid.bs.carousel",it="active",nt=".active.carousel-item";class st extends B{constructor(t,e){super(t),this._items=null,this._interval=null,this._activeElement=null,this._isPaused=!1,this._isSliding=!1,this.touchTimeout=null,this.touchStartX=0,this.touchDeltaX=0,this._config=this._getConfig(e),this._indicatorsElement=V.findOne(".carousel-indicators",this._element),this._touchSupported="ontouchstart"in document.documentElement||navigator.maxTouchPoints>0,this._pointerEvent=Boolean(window.PointerEvent),this._addEventListeners()}static get Default(){return X}static get NAME(){return K}next(){this._slide(Q)}nextWhenVisible(){!document.hidden&&l(this._element)&&this.next()}prev(){this._slide(G)}pause(t){t||(this._isPaused=!0),V.findOne(".carousel-item-next, .carousel-item-prev",this._element)&&(s(this._element),this.cycle(!0)),clearInterval(this._interval),this._interval=null}cycle(t){t||(this._isPaused=!1),this._interval&&(clearInterval(this._interval),this._interval=null),this._config&&this._config.interval&&!this._isPaused&&(this._updateInterval(),this._interval=setInterval((document.visibilityState?this.nextWhenVisible:this.next).bind(this),this._config.interval))}to(t){this._activeElement=V.findOne(nt,this._element);const e=this._getItemIndex(this._activeElement);if(t>this._items.length-1||t<0)return;if(this._isSliding)return void j.one(this._element,et,(()=>this.to(t)));if(e===t)return this.pause(),void this.cycle();const i=t>e?Q:G;this._slide(i,this._items[t])}_getConfig(t){return t={...X,...U.getDataAttributes(this._element),..."object"==typeof t?t:{}},a(K,t,Y),t}_handleSwipe(){const t=Math.abs(this.touchDeltaX);if(t<=40)return;const e=t/this.touchDeltaX;this.touchDeltaX=0,e&&this._slide(e>0?J:Z)}_addEventListeners(){this._config.keyboard&&j.on(this._element,"keydown.bs.carousel",(t=>this._keydown(t))),"hover"===this._config.pause&&(j.on(this._element,"mouseenter.bs.carousel",(t=>this.pause(t))),j.on(this._element,"mouseleave.bs.carousel",(t=>this.cycle(t)))),this._config.touch&&this._touchSupported&&this._addTouchEventListeners()}_addTouchEventListeners(){const t=t=>this._pointerEvent&&("pen"===t.pointerType||"touch"===t.pointerType),e=e=>{t(e)?this.touchStartX=e.clientX:this._pointerEvent||(this.touchStartX=e.touches[0].clientX)},i=t=>{this.touchDeltaX=t.touches&&t.touches.length>1?0:t.touches[0].clientX-this.touchStartX},n=e=>{t(e)&&(this.touchDeltaX=e.clientX-this.touchStartX),this._handleSwipe(),"hover"===this._config.pause&&(this.pause(),this.touchTimeout&&clearTimeout(this.touchTimeout),this.touchTimeout=setTimeout((t=>this.cycle(t)),500+this._config.interval))};V.find(".carousel-item img",this._element).forEach((t=>{j.on(t,"dragstart.bs.carousel",(t=>t.preventDefault()))})),this._pointerEvent?(j.on(this._element,"pointerdown.bs.carousel",(t=>e(t))),j.on(this._element,"pointerup.bs.carousel",(t=>n(t))),this._element.classList.add("pointer-event")):(j.on(this._element,"touchstart.bs.carousel",(t=>e(t))),j.on(this._element,"touchmove.bs.carousel",(t=>i(t))),j.on(this._element,"touchend.bs.carousel",(t=>n(t))))}_keydown(t){if(/input|textarea/i.test(t.target.tagName))return;const e=tt[t.key];e&&(t.preventDefault(),this._slide(e))}_getItemIndex(t){return this._items=t&&t.parentNode?V.find(".carousel-item",t.parentNode):[],this._items.indexOf(t)}_getItemByOrder(t,e){const i=t===Q;return v(this._items,e,i,this._config.wrap)}_triggerSlideEvent(t,e){const i=this._getItemIndex(t),n=this._getItemIndex(V.findOne(nt,this._element));return j.trigger(this._element,"slide.bs.carousel",{relatedTarget:t,direction:e,from:n,to:i})}_setActiveIndicatorElement(t){if(this._indicatorsElement){const e=V.findOne(".active",this._indicatorsElement);e.classList.remove(it),e.removeAttribute("aria-current");const i=V.find("[data-bs-target]",this._indicatorsElement);for(let e=0;e{j.trigger(this._element,et,{relatedTarget:o,direction:d,from:s,to:r})};if(this._element.classList.contains("slide")){o.classList.add(h),u(o),n.classList.add(c),o.classList.add(c);const t=()=>{o.classList.remove(c,h),o.classList.add(it),n.classList.remove(it,h,c),this._isSliding=!1,setTimeout(f,0)};this._queueCallback(t,n,!0)}else n.classList.remove(it),o.classList.add(it),this._isSliding=!1,f();a&&this.cycle()}_directionToOrder(t){return[J,Z].includes(t)?m()?t===Z?G:Q:t===Z?Q:G:t}_orderToDirection(t){return[Q,G].includes(t)?m()?t===G?Z:J:t===G?J:Z:t}static carouselInterface(t,e){const i=st.getOrCreateInstance(t,e);let{_config:n}=i;"object"==typeof e&&(n={...n,...e});const s="string"==typeof e?e:n.slide;if("number"==typeof e)i.to(e);else if("string"==typeof s){if(void 0===i[s])throw new TypeError(`No method named "${s}"`);i[s]()}else n.interval&&n.ride&&(i.pause(),i.cycle())}static jQueryInterface(t){return this.each((function(){st.carouselInterface(this,t)}))}static dataApiClickHandler(t){const e=n(this);if(!e||!e.classList.contains("carousel"))return;const i={...U.getDataAttributes(e),...U.getDataAttributes(this)},s=this.getAttribute("data-bs-slide-to");s&&(i.interval=!1),st.carouselInterface(e,i),s&&st.getInstance(e).to(s),t.preventDefault()}}j.on(document,"click.bs.carousel.data-api","[data-bs-slide], [data-bs-slide-to]",st.dataApiClickHandler),j.on(window,"load.bs.carousel.data-api",(()=>{const t=V.find('[data-bs-ride="carousel"]');for(let e=0,i=t.length;et===this._element));null!==s&&o.length&&(this._selector=s,this._triggerArray.push(e))}this._initializeChildren(),this._config.parent||this._addAriaAndCollapsedClass(this._triggerArray,this._isShown()),this._config.toggle&&this.toggle()}static get Default(){return rt}static get NAME(){return ot}toggle(){this._isShown()?this.hide():this.show()}show(){if(this._isTransitioning||this._isShown())return;let t,e=[];if(this._config.parent){const t=V.find(ut,this._config.parent);e=V.find(".collapse.show, .collapse.collapsing",this._config.parent).filter((e=>!t.includes(e)))}const i=V.findOne(this._selector);if(e.length){const n=e.find((t=>i!==t));if(t=n?pt.getInstance(n):null,t&&t._isTransitioning)return}if(j.trigger(this._element,"show.bs.collapse").defaultPrevented)return;e.forEach((e=>{i!==e&&pt.getOrCreateInstance(e,{toggle:!1}).hide(),t||H.set(e,"bs.collapse",null)}));const n=this._getDimension();this._element.classList.remove(ct),this._element.classList.add(ht),this._element.style[n]=0,this._addAriaAndCollapsedClass(this._triggerArray,!0),this._isTransitioning=!0;const s=`scroll${n[0].toUpperCase()+n.slice(1)}`;this._queueCallback((()=>{this._isTransitioning=!1,this._element.classList.remove(ht),this._element.classList.add(ct,lt),this._element.style[n]="",j.trigger(this._element,"shown.bs.collapse")}),this._element,!0),this._element.style[n]=`${this._element[s]}px`}hide(){if(this._isTransitioning||!this._isShown())return;if(j.trigger(this._element,"hide.bs.collapse").defaultPrevented)return;const t=this._getDimension();this._element.style[t]=`${this._element.getBoundingClientRect()[t]}px`,u(this._element),this._element.classList.add(ht),this._element.classList.remove(ct,lt);const e=this._triggerArray.length;for(let t=0;t{this._isTransitioning=!1,this._element.classList.remove(ht),this._element.classList.add(ct),j.trigger(this._element,"hidden.bs.collapse")}),this._element,!0)}_isShown(t=this._element){return t.classList.contains(lt)}_getConfig(t){return(t={...rt,...U.getDataAttributes(this._element),...t}).toggle=Boolean(t.toggle),t.parent=r(t.parent),a(ot,t,at),t}_getDimension(){return this._element.classList.contains("collapse-horizontal")?"width":"height"}_initializeChildren(){if(!this._config.parent)return;const t=V.find(ut,this._config.parent);V.find(ft,this._config.parent).filter((e=>!t.includes(e))).forEach((t=>{const e=n(t);e&&this._addAriaAndCollapsedClass([t],this._isShown(e))}))}_addAriaAndCollapsedClass(t,e){t.length&&t.forEach((t=>{e?t.classList.remove(dt):t.classList.add(dt),t.setAttribute("aria-expanded",e)}))}static jQueryInterface(t){return this.each((function(){const e={};"string"==typeof t&&/show|hide/.test(t)&&(e.toggle=!1);const 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e=t.ownerDocument;return e&&e.defaultView||window}return t}function $t(t){return t instanceof Wt(t).Element||t instanceof Element}function zt(t){return t instanceof Wt(t).HTMLElement||t instanceof HTMLElement}function qt(t){return"undefined"!=typeof ShadowRoot&&(t instanceof Wt(t).ShadowRoot||t instanceof ShadowRoot)}const Ft={name:"applyStyles",enabled:!0,phase:"write",fn:function(t){var e=t.state;Object.keys(e.elements).forEach((function(t){var i=e.styles[t]||{},n=e.attributes[t]||{},s=e.elements[t];zt(s)&&Rt(s)&&(Object.assign(s.style,i),Object.keys(n).forEach((function(t){var e=n[t];!1===e?s.removeAttribute(t):s.setAttribute(t,!0===e?"":e)})))}))},effect:function(t){var e=t.state,i={popper:{position:e.options.strategy,left:"0",top:"0",margin:"0"},arrow:{position:"absolute"},reference:{}};return Object.assign(e.elements.popper.style,i.popper),e.styles=i,e.elements.arrow&&Object.assign(e.elements.arrow.style,i.arrow),function(){Object.keys(e.elements).forEach((function(t){var 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Be={placement:"bottom",modifiers:[],strategy:"absolute"};function Re(){for(var t=arguments.length,e=new Array(t),i=0;ij.on(t,"mouseover",d))),this._element.focus(),this._element.setAttribute("aria-expanded",!0),this._menu.classList.add(Je),this._element.classList.add(Je),j.trigger(this._element,"shown.bs.dropdown",t)}hide(){if(c(this._element)||!this._isShown(this._menu))return;const t={relatedTarget:this._element};this._completeHide(t)}dispose(){this._popper&&this._popper.destroy(),super.dispose()}update(){this._inNavbar=this._detectNavbar(),this._popper&&this._popper.update()}_completeHide(t){j.trigger(this._element,"hide.bs.dropdown",t).defaultPrevented||("ontouchstart"in document.documentElement&&[].concat(...document.body.children).forEach((t=>j.off(t,"mouseover",d))),this._popper&&this._popper.destroy(),this._menu.classList.remove(Je),this._element.classList.remove(Je),this._element.setAttribute("aria-expanded","false"),U.removeDataAttribute(this._menu,"popper"),j.trigger(this._element,"hidden.bs.dropdown",t))}_getConfig(t){if(t={...this.constructor.Default,...U.getDataAttributes(this._element),...t},a(Ue,t,this.constructor.DefaultType),"object"==typeof t.reference&&!o(t.reference)&&"function"!=typeof t.reference.getBoundingClientRect)throw new TypeError(`${Ue.toUpperCase()}: Option "reference" provided type "object" without a required "getBoundingClientRect" method.`);return t}_createPopper(t){if(void 0===Fe)throw new TypeError("Bootstrap's dropdowns require Popper (https://popper.js.org)");let e=this._element;"parent"===this._config.reference?e=t:o(this._config.reference)?e=r(this._config.reference):"object"==typeof this._config.reference&&(e=this._config.reference);const i=this._getPopperConfig(),n=i.modifiers.find((t=>"applyStyles"===t.name&&!1===t.enabled));this._popper=qe(e,this._menu,i),n&&U.setDataAttribute(this._menu,"popper","static")}_isShown(t=this._element){return t.classList.contains(Je)}_getMenuElement(){return V.next(this._element,ei)[0]}_getPlacement(){const t=this._element.parentNode;if(t.classList.contains("dropend"))return ri;if(t.classList.contains("dropstart"))return ai;const e="end"===getComputedStyle(this._menu).getPropertyValue("--bs-position").trim();return t.classList.contains("dropup")?e?ni:ii:e?oi:si}_detectNavbar(){return null!==this._element.closest(".navbar")}_getOffset(){const{offset:t}=this._config;return"string"==typeof t?t.split(",").map((t=>Number.parseInt(t,10))):"function"==typeof t?e=>t(e,this._element):t}_getPopperConfig(){const t={placement:this._getPlacement(),modifiers:[{name:"preventOverflow",options:{boundary:this._config.boundary}},{name:"offset",options:{offset:this._getOffset()}}]};return"static"===this._config.display&&(t.modifiers=[{name:"applyStyles",enabled:!1}]),{...t,..."function"==typeof this._config.popperConfig?this._config.popperConfig(t):this._config.popperConfig}}_selectMenuItem({key:t,target:e}){const i=V.find(".dropdown-menu .dropdown-item:not(.disabled):not(:disabled)",this._menu).filter(l);i.length&&v(i,e,t===Ye,!i.includes(e)).focus()}static jQueryInterface(t){return this.each((function(){const e=hi.getOrCreateInstance(this,t);if("string"==typeof t){if(void 0===e[t])throw new TypeError(`No method named "${t}"`);e[t]()}}))}static clearMenus(t){if(t&&(2===t.button||"keyup"===t.type&&"Tab"!==t.key))return;const e=V.find(ti);for(let i=0,n=e.length;ie+t)),this._setElementAttributes(di,"paddingRight",(e=>e+t)),this._setElementAttributes(ui,"marginRight",(e=>e-t))}_disableOverFlow(){this._saveInitialAttribute(this._element,"overflow"),this._element.style.overflow="hidden"}_setElementAttributes(t,e,i){const n=this.getWidth();this._applyManipulationCallback(t,(t=>{if(t!==this._element&&window.innerWidth>t.clientWidth+n)return;this._saveInitialAttribute(t,e);const s=window.getComputedStyle(t)[e];t.style[e]=`${i(Number.parseFloat(s))}px`}))}reset(){this._resetElementAttributes(this._element,"overflow"),this._resetElementAttributes(this._element,"paddingRight"),this._resetElementAttributes(di,"paddingRight"),this._resetElementAttributes(ui,"marginRight")}_saveInitialAttribute(t,e){const i=t.style[e];i&&U.setDataAttribute(t,e,i)}_resetElementAttributes(t,e){this._applyManipulationCallback(t,(t=>{const i=U.getDataAttribute(t,e);void 0===i?t.style.removeProperty(e):(U.removeDataAttribute(t,e),t.style[e]=i)}))}_applyManipulationCallback(t,e){o(t)?e(t):V.find(t,this._element).forEach(e)}isOverflowing(){return this.getWidth()>0}}const pi={className:"modal-backdrop",isVisible:!0,isAnimated:!1,rootElement:"body",clickCallback:null},mi={className:"string",isVisible:"boolean",isAnimated:"boolean",rootElement:"(element|string)",clickCallback:"(function|null)"},gi="show",_i="mousedown.bs.backdrop";class bi{constructor(t){this._config=this._getConfig(t),this._isAppended=!1,this._element=null}show(t){this._config.isVisible?(this._append(),this._config.isAnimated&&u(this._getElement()),this._getElement().classList.add(gi),this._emulateAnimation((()=>{_(t)}))):_(t)}hide(t){this._config.isVisible?(this._getElement().classList.remove(gi),this._emulateAnimation((()=>{this.dispose(),_(t)}))):_(t)}_getElement(){if(!this._element){const t=document.createElement("div");t.className=this._config.className,this._config.isAnimated&&t.classList.add("fade"),this._element=t}return this._element}_getConfig(t){return(t={...pi,..."object"==typeof t?t:{}}).rootElement=r(t.rootElement),a("backdrop",t,mi),t}_append(){this._isAppended||(this._config.rootElement.append(this._getElement()),j.on(this._getElement(),_i,(()=>{_(this._config.clickCallback)})),this._isAppended=!0)}dispose(){this._isAppended&&(j.off(this._element,_i),this._element.remove(),this._isAppended=!1)}_emulateAnimation(t){b(t,this._getElement(),this._config.isAnimated)}}const vi={trapElement:null,autofocus:!0},yi={trapElement:"element",autofocus:"boolean"},wi=".bs.focustrap",Ei="backward";class Ai{constructor(t){this._config=this._getConfig(t),this._isActive=!1,this._lastTabNavDirection=null}activate(){const{trapElement:t,autofocus:e}=this._config;this._isActive||(e&&t.focus(),j.off(document,wi),j.on(document,"focusin.bs.focustrap",(t=>this._handleFocusin(t))),j.on(document,"keydown.tab.bs.focustrap",(t=>this._handleKeydown(t))),this._isActive=!0)}deactivate(){this._isActive&&(this._isActive=!1,j.off(document,wi))}_handleFocusin(t){const{target:e}=t,{trapElement:i}=this._config;if(e===document||e===i||i.contains(e))return;const n=V.focusableChildren(i);0===n.length?i.focus():this._lastTabNavDirection===Ei?n[n.length-1].focus():n[0].focus()}_handleKeydown(t){"Tab"===t.key&&(this._lastTabNavDirection=t.shiftKey?Ei:"forward")}_getConfig(t){return t={...vi,..."object"==typeof t?t:{}},a("focustrap",t,yi),t}}const Ti="modal",Oi="Escape",Ci={backdrop:!0,keyboard:!0,focus:!0},ki={backdrop:"(boolean|string)",keyboard:"boolean",focus:"boolean"},Li="hidden.bs.modal",xi="show.bs.modal",Di="resize.bs.modal",Si="click.dismiss.bs.modal",Ni="keydown.dismiss.bs.modal",Ii="mousedown.dismiss.bs.modal",Pi="modal-open",ji="show",Mi="modal-static";class Hi extends B{constructor(t,e){super(t),this._config=this._getConfig(e),this._dialog=V.findOne(".modal-dialog",this._element),this._backdrop=this._initializeBackDrop(),this._focustrap=this._initializeFocusTrap(),this._isShown=!1,this._ignoreBackdropClick=!1,this._isTransitioning=!1,this._scrollBar=new fi}static get Default(){return Ci}static get NAME(){return Ti}toggle(t){return this._isShown?this.hide():this.show(t)}show(t){this._isShown||this._isTransitioning||j.trigger(this._element,xi,{relatedTarget:t}).defaultPrevented||(this._isShown=!0,this._isAnimated()&&(this._isTransitioning=!0),this._scrollBar.hide(),document.body.classList.add(Pi),this._adjustDialog(),this._setEscapeEvent(),this._setResizeEvent(),j.on(this._dialog,Ii,(()=>{j.one(this._element,"mouseup.dismiss.bs.modal",(t=>{t.target===this._element&&(this._ignoreBackdropClick=!0)}))})),this._showBackdrop((()=>this._showElement(t))))}hide(){if(!this._isShown||this._isTransitioning)return;if(j.trigger(this._element,"hide.bs.modal").defaultPrevented)return;this._isShown=!1;const t=this._isAnimated();t&&(this._isTransitioning=!0),this._setEscapeEvent(),this._setResizeEvent(),this._focustrap.deactivate(),this._element.classList.remove(ji),j.off(this._element,Si),j.off(this._dialog,Ii),this._queueCallback((()=>this._hideModal()),this._element,t)}dispose(){[window,this._dialog].forEach((t=>j.off(t,".bs.modal"))),this._backdrop.dispose(),this._focustrap.deactivate(),super.dispose()}handleUpdate(){this._adjustDialog()}_initializeBackDrop(){return new bi({isVisible:Boolean(this._config.backdrop),isAnimated:this._isAnimated()})}_initializeFocusTrap(){return new Ai({trapElement:this._element})}_getConfig(t){return t={...Ci,...U.getDataAttributes(this._element),..."object"==typeof t?t:{}},a(Ti,t,ki),t}_showElement(t){const e=this._isAnimated(),i=V.findOne(".modal-body",this._dialog);this._element.parentNode&&this._element.parentNode.nodeType===Node.ELEMENT_NODE||document.body.append(this._element),this._element.style.display="block",this._element.removeAttribute("aria-hidden"),this._element.setAttribute("aria-modal",!0),this._element.setAttribute("role","dialog"),this._element.scrollTop=0,i&&(i.scrollTop=0),e&&u(this._element),this._element.classList.add(ji),this._queueCallback((()=>{this._config.focus&&this._focustrap.activate(),this._isTransitioning=!1,j.trigger(this._element,"shown.bs.modal",{relatedTarget:t})}),this._dialog,e)}_setEscapeEvent(){this._isShown?j.on(this._element,Ni,(t=>{this._config.keyboard&&t.key===Oi?(t.preventDefault(),this.hide()):this._config.keyboard||t.key!==Oi||this._triggerBackdropTransition()})):j.off(this._element,Ni)}_setResizeEvent(){this._isShown?j.on(window,Di,(()=>this._adjustDialog())):j.off(window,Di)}_hideModal(){this._element.style.display="none",this._element.setAttribute("aria-hidden",!0),this._element.removeAttribute("aria-modal"),this._element.removeAttribute("role"),this._isTransitioning=!1,this._backdrop.hide((()=>{document.body.classList.remove(Pi),this._resetAdjustments(),this._scrollBar.reset(),j.trigger(this._element,Li)}))}_showBackdrop(t){j.on(this._element,Si,(t=>{this._ignoreBackdropClick?this._ignoreBackdropClick=!1:t.target===t.currentTarget&&(!0===this._config.backdrop?this.hide():"static"===this._config.backdrop&&this._triggerBackdropTransition())})),this._backdrop.show(t)}_isAnimated(){return this._element.classList.contains("fade")}_triggerBackdropTransition(){if(j.trigger(this._element,"hidePrevented.bs.modal").defaultPrevented)return;const{classList:t,scrollHeight:e,style:i}=this._element,n=e>document.documentElement.clientHeight;!n&&"hidden"===i.overflowY||t.contains(Mi)||(n||(i.overflowY="hidden"),t.add(Mi),this._queueCallback((()=>{t.remove(Mi),n||this._queueCallback((()=>{i.overflowY=""}),this._dialog)}),this._dialog),this._element.focus())}_adjustDialog(){const t=this._element.scrollHeight>document.documentElement.clientHeight,e=this._scrollBar.getWidth(),i=e>0;(!i&&t&&!m()||i&&!t&&m())&&(this._element.style.paddingLeft=`${e}px`),(i&&!t&&!m()||!i&&t&&m())&&(this._element.style.paddingRight=`${e}px`)}_resetAdjustments(){this._element.style.paddingLeft="",this._element.style.paddingRight=""}static jQueryInterface(t,e){return this.each((function(){const i=Hi.getOrCreateInstance(this,t);if("string"==typeof t){if(void 0===i[t])throw new TypeError(`No method named "${t}"`);i[t](e)}}))}}j.on(document,"click.bs.modal.data-api",'[data-bs-toggle="modal"]',(function(t){const e=n(this);["A","AREA"].includes(this.tagName)&&t.preventDefault(),j.one(e,xi,(t=>{t.defaultPrevented||j.one(e,Li,(()=>{l(this)&&this.focus()}))}));const i=V.findOne(".modal.show");i&&Hi.getInstance(i).hide(),Hi.getOrCreateInstance(e).toggle(this)})),R(Hi),g(Hi);const Bi="offcanvas",Ri={backdrop:!0,keyboard:!0,scroll:!1},Wi={backdrop:"boolean",keyboard:"boolean",scroll:"boolean"},$i="show",zi=".offcanvas.show",qi="hidden.bs.offcanvas";class Fi extends B{constructor(t,e){super(t),this._config=this._getConfig(e),this._isShown=!1,this._backdrop=this._initializeBackDrop(),this._focustrap=this._initializeFocusTrap(),this._addEventListeners()}static get NAME(){return Bi}static get Default(){return Ri}toggle(t){return this._isShown?this.hide():this.show(t)}show(t){this._isShown||j.trigger(this._element,"show.bs.offcanvas",{relatedTarget:t}).defaultPrevented||(this._isShown=!0,this._element.style.visibility="visible",this._backdrop.show(),this._config.scroll||(new fi).hide(),this._element.removeAttribute("aria-hidden"),this._element.setAttribute("aria-modal",!0),this._element.setAttribute("role","dialog"),this._element.classList.add($i),this._queueCallback((()=>{this._config.scroll||this._focustrap.activate(),j.trigger(this._element,"shown.bs.offcanvas",{relatedTarget:t})}),this._element,!0))}hide(){this._isShown&&(j.trigger(this._element,"hide.bs.offcanvas").defaultPrevented||(this._focustrap.deactivate(),this._element.blur(),this._isShown=!1,this._element.classList.remove($i),this._backdrop.hide(),this._queueCallback((()=>{this._element.setAttribute("aria-hidden",!0),this._element.removeAttribute("aria-modal"),this._element.removeAttribute("role"),this._element.style.visibility="hidden",this._config.scroll||(new fi).reset(),j.trigger(this._element,qi)}),this._element,!0)))}dispose(){this._backdrop.dispose(),this._focustrap.deactivate(),super.dispose()}_getConfig(t){return t={...Ri,...U.getDataAttributes(this._element),..."object"==typeof t?t:{}},a(Bi,t,Wi),t}_initializeBackDrop(){return new bi({className:"offcanvas-backdrop",isVisible:this._config.backdrop,isAnimated:!0,rootElement:this._element.parentNode,clickCallback:()=>this.hide()})}_initializeFocusTrap(){return new Ai({trapElement:this._element})}_addEventListeners(){j.on(this._element,"keydown.dismiss.bs.offcanvas",(t=>{this._config.keyboard&&"Escape"===t.key&&this.hide()}))}static jQueryInterface(t){return this.each((function(){const e=Fi.getOrCreateInstance(this,t);if("string"==typeof t){if(void 0===e[t]||t.startsWith("_")||"constructor"===t)throw new TypeError(`No method named "${t}"`);e[t](this)}}))}}j.on(document,"click.bs.offcanvas.data-api",'[data-bs-toggle="offcanvas"]',(function(t){const e=n(this);if(["A","AREA"].includes(this.tagName)&&t.preventDefault(),c(this))return;j.one(e,qi,(()=>{l(this)&&this.focus()}));const i=V.findOne(zi);i&&i!==e&&Fi.getInstance(i).hide(),Fi.getOrCreateInstance(e).toggle(this)})),j.on(window,"load.bs.offcanvas.data-api",(()=>V.find(zi).forEach((t=>Fi.getOrCreateInstance(t).show())))),R(Fi),g(Fi);const Ui=new Set(["background","cite","href","itemtype","longdesc","poster","src","xlink:href"]),Vi=/^(?:(?:https?|mailto|ftp|tel|file|sms):|[^#&/:?]*(?:[#/?]|$))/i,Ki=/^data:(?:image\/(?:bmp|gif|jpeg|jpg|png|tiff|webp)|video\/(?:mpeg|mp4|ogg|webm)|audio\/(?:mp3|oga|ogg|opus));base64,[\d+/a-z]+=*$/i,Xi=(t,e)=>{const i=t.nodeName.toLowerCase();if(e.includes(i))return!Ui.has(i)||Boolean(Vi.test(t.nodeValue)||Ki.test(t.nodeValue));const n=e.filter((t=>t instanceof RegExp));for(let t=0,e=n.length;t{Xi(t,r)||i.removeAttribute(t.nodeName)}))}return n.body.innerHTML}const Qi="tooltip",Gi=new Set(["sanitize","allowList","sanitizeFn"]),Zi={animation:"boolean",template:"string",title:"(string|element|function)",trigger:"string",delay:"(number|object)",html:"boolean",selector:"(string|boolean)",placement:"(string|function)",offset:"(array|string|function)",container:"(string|element|boolean)",fallbackPlacements:"array",boundary:"(string|element)",customClass:"(string|function)",sanitize:"boolean",sanitizeFn:"(null|function)",allowList:"object",popperConfig:"(null|object|function)"},Ji={AUTO:"auto",TOP:"top",RIGHT:m()?"left":"right",BOTTOM:"bottom",LEFT:m()?"right":"left"},tn={animation:!0,template:'',trigger:"hover focus",title:"",delay:0,html:!1,selector:!1,placement:"top",offset:[0,0],container:!1,fallbackPlacements:["top","right","bottom","left"],boundary:"clippingParents",customClass:"",sanitize:!0,sanitizeFn:null,allowList:{"*":["class","dir","id","lang","role",/^aria-[\w-]*$/i],a:["target","href","title","rel"],area:[],b:[],br:[],col:[],code:[],div:[],em:[],hr:[],h1:[],h2:[],h3:[],h4:[],h5:[],h6:[],i:[],img:["src","srcset","alt","title","width","height"],li:[],ol:[],p:[],pre:[],s:[],small:[],span:[],sub:[],sup:[],strong:[],u:[],ul:[]},popperConfig:null},en={HIDE:"hide.bs.tooltip",HIDDEN:"hidden.bs.tooltip",SHOW:"show.bs.tooltip",SHOWN:"shown.bs.tooltip",INSERTED:"inserted.bs.tooltip",CLICK:"click.bs.tooltip",FOCUSIN:"focusin.bs.tooltip",FOCUSOUT:"focusout.bs.tooltip",MOUSEENTER:"mouseenter.bs.tooltip",MOUSELEAVE:"mouseleave.bs.tooltip"},nn="fade",sn="show",on="show",rn="out",an=".tooltip-inner",ln=".modal",cn="hide.bs.modal",hn="hover",dn="focus";class un extends B{constructor(t,e){if(void 0===Fe)throw new TypeError("Bootstrap's tooltips require Popper (https://popper.js.org)");super(t),this._isEnabled=!0,this._timeout=0,this._hoverState="",this._activeTrigger={},this._popper=null,this._config=this._getConfig(e),this.tip=null,this._setListeners()}static get Default(){return tn}static get NAME(){return Qi}static get Event(){return en}static get DefaultType(){return Zi}enable(){this._isEnabled=!0}disable(){this._isEnabled=!1}toggleEnabled(){this._isEnabled=!this._isEnabled}toggle(t){if(this._isEnabled)if(t){const e=this._initializeOnDelegatedTarget(t);e._activeTrigger.click=!e._activeTrigger.click,e._isWithActiveTrigger()?e._enter(null,e):e._leave(null,e)}else{if(this.getTipElement().classList.contains(sn))return void this._leave(null,this);this._enter(null,this)}}dispose(){clearTimeout(this._timeout),j.off(this._element.closest(ln),cn,this._hideModalHandler),this.tip&&this.tip.remove(),this._disposePopper(),super.dispose()}show(){if("none"===this._element.style.display)throw new Error("Please use show on visible elements");if(!this.isWithContent()||!this._isEnabled)return;const t=j.trigger(this._element,this.constructor.Event.SHOW),e=h(this._element),i=null===e?this._element.ownerDocument.documentElement.contains(this._element):e.contains(this._element);if(t.defaultPrevented||!i)return;"tooltip"===this.constructor.NAME&&this.tip&&this.getTitle()!==this.tip.querySelector(an).innerHTML&&(this._disposePopper(),this.tip.remove(),this.tip=null);const n=this.getTipElement(),s=(t=>{do{t+=Math.floor(1e6*Math.random())}while(document.getElementById(t));return t})(this.constructor.NAME);n.setAttribute("id",s),this._element.setAttribute("aria-describedby",s),this._config.animation&&n.classList.add(nn);const o="function"==typeof this._config.placement?this._config.placement.call(this,n,this._element):this._config.placement,r=this._getAttachment(o);this._addAttachmentClass(r);const{container:a}=this._config;H.set(n,this.constructor.DATA_KEY,this),this._element.ownerDocument.documentElement.contains(this.tip)||(a.append(n),j.trigger(this._element,this.constructor.Event.INSERTED)),this._popper?this._popper.update():this._popper=qe(this._element,n,this._getPopperConfig(r)),n.classList.add(sn);const l=this._resolvePossibleFunction(this._config.customClass);l&&n.classList.add(...l.split(" ")),"ontouchstart"in document.documentElement&&[].concat(...document.body.children).forEach((t=>{j.on(t,"mouseover",d)}));const c=this.tip.classList.contains(nn);this._queueCallback((()=>{const t=this._hoverState;this._hoverState=null,j.trigger(this._element,this.constructor.Event.SHOWN),t===rn&&this._leave(null,this)}),this.tip,c)}hide(){if(!this._popper)return;const t=this.getTipElement();if(j.trigger(this._element,this.constructor.Event.HIDE).defaultPrevented)return;t.classList.remove(sn),"ontouchstart"in document.documentElement&&[].concat(...document.body.children).forEach((t=>j.off(t,"mouseover",d))),this._activeTrigger.click=!1,this._activeTrigger.focus=!1,this._activeTrigger.hover=!1;const e=this.tip.classList.contains(nn);this._queueCallback((()=>{this._isWithActiveTrigger()||(this._hoverState!==on&&t.remove(),this._cleanTipClass(),this._element.removeAttribute("aria-describedby"),j.trigger(this._element,this.constructor.Event.HIDDEN),this._disposePopper())}),this.tip,e),this._hoverState=""}update(){null!==this._popper&&this._popper.update()}isWithContent(){return Boolean(this.getTitle())}getTipElement(){if(this.tip)return this.tip;const t=document.createElement("div");t.innerHTML=this._config.template;const e=t.children[0];return this.setContent(e),e.classList.remove(nn,sn),this.tip=e,this.tip}setContent(t){this._sanitizeAndSetContent(t,this.getTitle(),an)}_sanitizeAndSetContent(t,e,i){const n=V.findOne(i,t);e||!n?this.setElementContent(n,e):n.remove()}setElementContent(t,e){if(null!==t)return o(e)?(e=r(e),void(this._config.html?e.parentNode!==t&&(t.innerHTML="",t.append(e)):t.textContent=e.textContent)):void(this._config.html?(this._config.sanitize&&(e=Yi(e,this._config.allowList,this._config.sanitizeFn)),t.innerHTML=e):t.textContent=e)}getTitle(){const t=this._element.getAttribute("data-bs-original-title")||this._config.title;return this._resolvePossibleFunction(t)}updateAttachment(t){return"right"===t?"end":"left"===t?"start":t}_initializeOnDelegatedTarget(t,e){return e||this.constructor.getOrCreateInstance(t.delegateTarget,this._getDelegateConfig())}_getOffset(){const{offset:t}=this._config;return"string"==typeof t?t.split(",").map((t=>Number.parseInt(t,10))):"function"==typeof t?e=>t(e,this._element):t}_resolvePossibleFunction(t){return"function"==typeof t?t.call(this._element):t}_getPopperConfig(t){const e={placement:t,modifiers:[{name:"flip",options:{fallbackPlacements:this._config.fallbackPlacements}},{name:"offset",options:{offset:this._getOffset()}},{name:"preventOverflow",options:{boundary:this._config.boundary}},{name:"arrow",options:{element:`.${this.constructor.NAME}-arrow`}},{name:"onChange",enabled:!0,phase:"afterWrite",fn:t=>this._handlePopperPlacementChange(t)}],onFirstUpdate:t=>{t.options.placement!==t.placement&&this._handlePopperPlacementChange(t)}};return{...e,..."function"==typeof this._config.popperConfig?this._config.popperConfig(e):this._config.popperConfig}}_addAttachmentClass(t){this.getTipElement().classList.add(`${this._getBasicClassPrefix()}-${this.updateAttachment(t)}`)}_getAttachment(t){return Ji[t.toUpperCase()]}_setListeners(){this._config.trigger.split(" ").forEach((t=>{if("click"===t)j.on(this._element,this.constructor.Event.CLICK,this._config.selector,(t=>this.toggle(t)));else if("manual"!==t){const e=t===hn?this.constructor.Event.MOUSEENTER:this.constructor.Event.FOCUSIN,i=t===hn?this.constructor.Event.MOUSELEAVE:this.constructor.Event.FOCUSOUT;j.on(this._element,e,this._config.selector,(t=>this._enter(t))),j.on(this._element,i,this._config.selector,(t=>this._leave(t)))}})),this._hideModalHandler=()=>{this._element&&this.hide()},j.on(this._element.closest(ln),cn,this._hideModalHandler),this._config.selector?this._config={...this._config,trigger:"manual",selector:""}:this._fixTitle()}_fixTitle(){const t=this._element.getAttribute("title"),e=typeof this._element.getAttribute("data-bs-original-title");(t||"string"!==e)&&(this._element.setAttribute("data-bs-original-title",t||""),!t||this._element.getAttribute("aria-label")||this._element.textContent||this._element.setAttribute("aria-label",t),this._element.setAttribute("title",""))}_enter(t,e){e=this._initializeOnDelegatedTarget(t,e),t&&(e._activeTrigger["focusin"===t.type?dn:hn]=!0),e.getTipElement().classList.contains(sn)||e._hoverState===on?e._hoverState=on:(clearTimeout(e._timeout),e._hoverState=on,e._config.delay&&e._config.delay.show?e._timeout=setTimeout((()=>{e._hoverState===on&&e.show()}),e._config.delay.show):e.show())}_leave(t,e){e=this._initializeOnDelegatedTarget(t,e),t&&(e._activeTrigger["focusout"===t.type?dn:hn]=e._element.contains(t.relatedTarget)),e._isWithActiveTrigger()||(clearTimeout(e._timeout),e._hoverState=rn,e._config.delay&&e._config.delay.hide?e._timeout=setTimeout((()=>{e._hoverState===rn&&e.hide()}),e._config.delay.hide):e.hide())}_isWithActiveTrigger(){for(const t in this._activeTrigger)if(this._activeTrigger[t])return!0;return!1}_getConfig(t){const e=U.getDataAttributes(this._element);return Object.keys(e).forEach((t=>{Gi.has(t)&&delete e[t]})),(t={...this.constructor.Default,...e,..."object"==typeof t&&t?t:{}}).container=!1===t.container?document.body:r(t.container),"number"==typeof t.delay&&(t.delay={show:t.delay,hide:t.delay}),"number"==typeof t.title&&(t.title=t.title.toString()),"number"==typeof t.content&&(t.content=t.content.toString()),a(Qi,t,this.constructor.DefaultType),t.sanitize&&(t.template=Yi(t.template,t.allowList,t.sanitizeFn)),t}_getDelegateConfig(){const t={};for(const e in this._config)this.constructor.Default[e]!==this._config[e]&&(t[e]=this._config[e]);return t}_cleanTipClass(){const t=this.getTipElement(),e=new RegExp(`(^|\\s)${this._getBasicClassPrefix()}\\S+`,"g"),i=t.getAttribute("class").match(e);null!==i&&i.length>0&&i.map((t=>t.trim())).forEach((e=>t.classList.remove(e)))}_getBasicClassPrefix(){return"bs-tooltip"}_handlePopperPlacementChange(t){const{state:e}=t;e&&(this.tip=e.elements.popper,this._cleanTipClass(),this._addAttachmentClass(this._getAttachment(e.placement)))}_disposePopper(){this._popper&&(this._popper.destroy(),this._popper=null)}static jQueryInterface(t){return this.each((function(){const e=un.getOrCreateInstance(this,t);if("string"==typeof t){if(void 0===e[t])throw new TypeError(`No method named "${t}"`);e[t]()}}))}}g(un);const fn={...un.Default,placement:"right",offset:[0,8],trigger:"click",content:"",template:''},pn={...un.DefaultType,content:"(string|element|function)"},mn={HIDE:"hide.bs.popover",HIDDEN:"hidden.bs.popover",SHOW:"show.bs.popover",SHOWN:"shown.bs.popover",INSERTED:"inserted.bs.popover",CLICK:"click.bs.popover",FOCUSIN:"focusin.bs.popover",FOCUSOUT:"focusout.bs.popover",MOUSEENTER:"mouseenter.bs.popover",MOUSELEAVE:"mouseleave.bs.popover"};class gn extends un{static get Default(){return fn}static get NAME(){return"popover"}static get Event(){return mn}static get DefaultType(){return pn}isWithContent(){return this.getTitle()||this._getContent()}setContent(t){this._sanitizeAndSetContent(t,this.getTitle(),".popover-header"),this._sanitizeAndSetContent(t,this._getContent(),".popover-body")}_getContent(){return this._resolvePossibleFunction(this._config.content)}_getBasicClassPrefix(){return"bs-popover"}static jQueryInterface(t){return this.each((function(){const e=gn.getOrCreateInstance(this,t);if("string"==typeof t){if(void 0===e[t])throw new TypeError(`No method named "${t}"`);e[t]()}}))}}g(gn);const _n="scrollspy",bn={offset:10,method:"auto",target:""},vn={offset:"number",method:"string",target:"(string|element)"},yn="active",wn=".nav-link, .list-group-item, .dropdown-item",En="position";class An extends B{constructor(t,e){super(t),this._scrollElement="BODY"===this._element.tagName?window:this._element,this._config=this._getConfig(e),this._offsets=[],this._targets=[],this._activeTarget=null,this._scrollHeight=0,j.on(this._scrollElement,"scroll.bs.scrollspy",(()=>this._process())),this.refresh(),this._process()}static get Default(){return bn}static get NAME(){return _n}refresh(){const t=this._scrollElement===this._scrollElement.window?"offset":En,e="auto"===this._config.method?t:this._config.method,n=e===En?this._getScrollTop():0;this._offsets=[],this._targets=[],this._scrollHeight=this._getScrollHeight(),V.find(wn,this._config.target).map((t=>{const s=i(t),o=s?V.findOne(s):null;if(o){const t=o.getBoundingClientRect();if(t.width||t.height)return[U[e](o).top+n,s]}return null})).filter((t=>t)).sort(((t,e)=>t[0]-e[0])).forEach((t=>{this._offsets.push(t[0]),this._targets.push(t[1])}))}dispose(){j.off(this._scrollElement,".bs.scrollspy"),super.dispose()}_getConfig(t){return(t={...bn,...U.getDataAttributes(this._element),..."object"==typeof t&&t?t:{}}).target=r(t.target)||document.documentElement,a(_n,t,vn),t}_getScrollTop(){return this._scrollElement===window?this._scrollElement.pageYOffset:this._scrollElement.scrollTop}_getScrollHeight(){return this._scrollElement.scrollHeight||Math.max(document.body.scrollHeight,document.documentElement.scrollHeight)}_getOffsetHeight(){return this._scrollElement===window?window.innerHeight:this._scrollElement.getBoundingClientRect().height}_process(){const t=this._getScrollTop()+this._config.offset,e=this._getScrollHeight(),i=this._config.offset+e-this._getOffsetHeight();if(this._scrollHeight!==e&&this.refresh(),t>=i){const t=this._targets[this._targets.length-1];this._activeTarget!==t&&this._activate(t)}else{if(this._activeTarget&&t0)return this._activeTarget=null,void this._clear();for(let e=this._offsets.length;e--;)this._activeTarget!==this._targets[e]&&t>=this._offsets[e]&&(void 0===this._offsets[e+1]||t`${e}[data-bs-target="${t}"],${e}[href="${t}"]`)),i=V.findOne(e.join(","),this._config.target);i.classList.add(yn),i.classList.contains("dropdown-item")?V.findOne(".dropdown-toggle",i.closest(".dropdown")).classList.add(yn):V.parents(i,".nav, 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0000000..d9fd98f --- /dev/null +++ b/Final_Project_Paper-AR_files/libs/quarto-html/quarto-syntax-highlighting.css @@ -0,0 +1,203 @@ +/* quarto syntax highlight colors */ +:root { + --quarto-hl-ot-color: #003B4F; + --quarto-hl-at-color: #657422; + --quarto-hl-ss-color: #20794D; + --quarto-hl-an-color: #5E5E5E; + --quarto-hl-fu-color: #4758AB; + --quarto-hl-st-color: #20794D; + --quarto-hl-cf-color: #003B4F; + --quarto-hl-op-color: #5E5E5E; + --quarto-hl-er-color: #AD0000; + --quarto-hl-bn-color: #AD0000; + --quarto-hl-al-color: #AD0000; + --quarto-hl-va-color: #111111; + --quarto-hl-bu-color: inherit; + --quarto-hl-ex-color: inherit; + --quarto-hl-pp-color: #AD0000; + --quarto-hl-in-color: #5E5E5E; + --quarto-hl-vs-color: #20794D; + --quarto-hl-wa-color: #5E5E5E; + --quarto-hl-do-color: #5E5E5E; + --quarto-hl-im-color: #00769E; + --quarto-hl-ch-color: #20794D; + --quarto-hl-dt-color: #AD0000; + --quarto-hl-fl-color: #AD0000; + --quarto-hl-co-color: #5E5E5E; + --quarto-hl-cv-color: #5E5E5E; + --quarto-hl-cn-color: #8f5902; + --quarto-hl-sc-color: #5E5E5E; + --quarto-hl-dv-color: #AD0000; + --quarto-hl-kw-color: #003B4F; +} + +/* other quarto variables */ +:root { + --quarto-font-monospace: SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", monospace; +} + +pre > code.sourceCode > span { + color: #003B4F; +} + +code span { + color: #003B4F; +} + +code.sourceCode > span { + color: #003B4F; +} + +div.sourceCode, +div.sourceCode pre.sourceCode { + color: #003B4F; +} + +code span.ot { + color: #003B4F; + font-style: inherit; +} + +code span.at { + color: #657422; + font-style: inherit; +} + +code span.ss { + color: #20794D; + font-style: inherit; +} + +code span.an { + color: #5E5E5E; + font-style: inherit; +} + +code span.fu { + color: #4758AB; + font-style: inherit; +} + +code span.st { + color: #20794D; + font-style: inherit; +} + +code span.cf { + color: #003B4F; + font-style: inherit; +} + +code span.op { + color: #5E5E5E; + font-style: inherit; +} + +code span.er { + color: #AD0000; + font-style: inherit; +} + +code span.bn { + color: #AD0000; + font-style: inherit; +} + +code span.al { + color: #AD0000; + font-style: inherit; +} + +code span.va { + color: #111111; + font-style: inherit; +} + +code span.bu { + font-style: inherit; +} + +code span.ex { + font-style: inherit; +} + +code span.pp { + color: #AD0000; + font-style: inherit; +} + +code span.in { + color: #5E5E5E; + font-style: inherit; +} + +code span.vs { + color: #20794D; + font-style: inherit; +} + +code span.wa { + color: #5E5E5E; + font-style: italic; +} + +code span.do { + color: #5E5E5E; + font-style: italic; +} + +code span.im { + color: #00769E; + font-style: inherit; +} + +code span.ch { + color: #20794D; + font-style: inherit; +} + +code span.dt { + color: #AD0000; + font-style: inherit; +} + +code span.fl { + color: #AD0000; + font-style: inherit; +} + +code span.co { + color: #5E5E5E; + font-style: inherit; +} + +code span.cv { + color: #5E5E5E; + font-style: italic; +} + +code span.cn { + color: #8f5902; + font-style: inherit; +} + +code span.sc { + color: #5E5E5E; + font-style: inherit; +} + +code span.dv { + color: #AD0000; + font-style: inherit; +} + +code span.kw { + color: #003B4F; + font-style: inherit; +} + +.prevent-inlining { + content: " { + // Find any conflicting margin elements and add margins to the + // top to prevent overlap + const marginChildren = window.document.querySelectorAll( + ".column-margin.column-container > * " + ); + + let lastBottom = 0; + for (const marginChild of marginChildren) { + if (marginChild.offsetParent !== null) { + // clear the top margin so we recompute it + marginChild.style.marginTop = null; + const top = marginChild.getBoundingClientRect().top + window.scrollY; + console.log({ + childtop: marginChild.getBoundingClientRect().top, + scroll: window.scrollY, + top, + lastBottom, + }); + if (top < lastBottom) { + const margin = lastBottom - top; + marginChild.style.marginTop = `${margin}px`; + } + const styles = window.getComputedStyle(marginChild); + const marginTop = parseFloat(styles["marginTop"]); + + console.log({ + top, + height: marginChild.getBoundingClientRect().height, + marginTop, + total: top + marginChild.getBoundingClientRect().height + marginTop, + }); + lastBottom = top + marginChild.getBoundingClientRect().height + marginTop; + } + } +}; + +window.document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function (_event) { + // Recompute the position of margin elements anytime the body size changes + if (window.ResizeObserver) { + const resizeObserver = new window.ResizeObserver( + throttle(layoutMarginEls, 50) + ); + resizeObserver.observe(window.document.body); + } + + const tocEl = window.document.querySelector('nav.toc-active[role="doc-toc"]'); + const sidebarEl = window.document.getElementById("quarto-sidebar"); + const leftTocEl = window.document.getElementById("quarto-sidebar-toc-left"); + const marginSidebarEl = window.document.getElementById( + "quarto-margin-sidebar" + ); + // function to determine whether the element has a previous sibling that is active + const prevSiblingIsActiveLink = (el) => { + const sibling = el.previousElementSibling; + if (sibling && sibling.tagName === "A") { + return sibling.classList.contains("active"); + } else { + return false; + } + }; + + // fire slideEnter for bootstrap tab activations (for htmlwidget resize behavior) + function fireSlideEnter(e) { + const event = window.document.createEvent("Event"); + event.initEvent("slideenter", true, true); + window.document.dispatchEvent(event); + } + const tabs = window.document.querySelectorAll('a[data-bs-toggle="tab"]'); + tabs.forEach((tab) => { + tab.addEventListener("shown.bs.tab", fireSlideEnter); + }); + + // fire slideEnter for tabby tab activations (for htmlwidget resize behavior) + document.addEventListener("tabby", fireSlideEnter, false); + + // Track scrolling and mark TOC links as active + // get table of contents and sidebar (bail if we don't have at least one) + const tocLinks = tocEl + ? [...tocEl.querySelectorAll("a[data-scroll-target]")] + : []; + const makeActive = (link) => tocLinks[link].classList.add("active"); + const removeActive = (link) => tocLinks[link].classList.remove("active"); + const removeAllActive = () => + [...Array(tocLinks.length).keys()].forEach((link) => removeActive(link)); + + // activate the anchor for a section associated with this TOC entry + tocLinks.forEach((link) => { + link.addEventListener("click", () => { + if (link.href.indexOf("#") !== -1) { + const anchor = link.href.split("#")[1]; + const heading = window.document.querySelector( + `[data-anchor-id=${anchor}]` + ); + if (heading) { + // Add the class + heading.classList.add("reveal-anchorjs-link"); + + // function to show the anchor + const handleMouseout = () => { + heading.classList.remove("reveal-anchorjs-link"); + heading.removeEventListener("mouseout", handleMouseout); + }; + + // add a function to clear the anchor when the user mouses out of it + heading.addEventListener("mouseout", handleMouseout); + } + } + }); + }); + + const sections = tocLinks.map((link) => { + const target = link.getAttribute("data-scroll-target"); + if (target.startsWith("#")) { + return window.document.getElementById(decodeURI(`${target.slice(1)}`)); + } else { + return window.document.querySelector(decodeURI(`${target}`)); + } + }); + + const sectionMargin = 200; + let currentActive = 0; + // track whether we've initialized state the first time + let init = false; + + const updateActiveLink = () => { + // The index from bottom to top (e.g. reversed list) + let sectionIndex = -1; + if ( + window.innerHeight + window.pageYOffset >= + window.document.body.offsetHeight + ) { + sectionIndex = 0; + } else { + sectionIndex = [...sections].reverse().findIndex((section) => { + if (section) { + return window.pageYOffset >= section.offsetTop - sectionMargin; + } else { + return false; + } + }); + } + if (sectionIndex > -1) { + const current = sections.length - sectionIndex - 1; + if (current !== currentActive) { + removeAllActive(); + currentActive = current; + makeActive(current); + if (init) { + window.dispatchEvent(sectionChanged); + } + init = true; + } + } + }; + + const inHiddenRegion = (top, bottom, hiddenRegions) => { + for (const region of hiddenRegions) { + if (top <= region.bottom && bottom >= region.top) { + return true; + } + } + return false; + }; + + const categorySelector = "header.quarto-title-block .quarto-category"; + const activateCategories = (href) => { + // Find any categories + // Surround them with a link pointing back to: + // #category=Authoring + try { + const categoryEls = window.document.querySelectorAll(categorySelector); + for (const categoryEl of categoryEls) { + const categoryText = categoryEl.textContent; + if (categoryText) { + const link = `${href}#category=${encodeURIComponent(categoryText)}`; + const linkEl = window.document.createElement("a"); + linkEl.setAttribute("href", link); + for (const child of categoryEl.childNodes) { + linkEl.append(child); + } + categoryEl.appendChild(linkEl); + } + } + } catch { + // Ignore errors + } + }; + function hasTitleCategories() { + return window.document.querySelector(categorySelector) !== null; + } + + function offsetRelativeUrl(url) { + const offset = getMeta("quarto:offset"); + return offset ? offset + url : url; + } + + function offsetAbsoluteUrl(url) { + const offset = getMeta("quarto:offset"); + const baseUrl = new URL(offset, window.location); + + const projRelativeUrl = url.replace(baseUrl, ""); + if (projRelativeUrl.startsWith("/")) { + return projRelativeUrl; + } else { + return "/" + projRelativeUrl; + } + } + + // read a meta tag value + function getMeta(metaName) { + const metas = window.document.getElementsByTagName("meta"); + for (let i = 0; i < metas.length; i++) { + if (metas[i].getAttribute("name") === metaName) { + return metas[i].getAttribute("content"); + } + } + return ""; + } + + async function findAndActivateCategories() { + const currentPagePath = offsetAbsoluteUrl(window.location.href); + const response = await fetch(offsetRelativeUrl("listings.json")); + if (response.status == 200) { + return response.json().then(function (listingPaths) { + const listingHrefs = []; + for (const listingPath of listingPaths) { + const pathWithoutLeadingSlash = listingPath.listing.substring(1); + for (const item of listingPath.items) { + if ( + item === currentPagePath || + item === currentPagePath + "index.html" + ) { + // Resolve this path against the offset to be sure + // we already are using the correct path to the listing + // (this adjusts the listing urls to be rooted against + // whatever root the page is actually running against) + const relative = offsetRelativeUrl(pathWithoutLeadingSlash); + const baseUrl = window.location; + const resolvedPath = new URL(relative, baseUrl); + listingHrefs.push(resolvedPath.pathname); + break; + } + } + } + + // Look up the tree for a nearby linting and use that if we find one + const nearestListing = findNearestParentListing( + offsetAbsoluteUrl(window.location.pathname), + listingHrefs + ); + if (nearestListing) { + activateCategories(nearestListing); + } else { + // See if the referrer is a listing page for this item + const referredRelativePath = offsetAbsoluteUrl(document.referrer); + const referrerListing = listingHrefs.find((listingHref) => { + const isListingReferrer = + listingHref === referredRelativePath || + listingHref === referredRelativePath + "index.html"; + return isListingReferrer; + }); + + if (referrerListing) { + // Try to use the referrer if possible + activateCategories(referrerListing); + } else if (listingHrefs.length > 0) { + // Otherwise, just fall back to the first listing + activateCategories(listingHrefs[0]); + } + } + }); + } + } + if (hasTitleCategories()) { + findAndActivateCategories(); + } + + const findNearestParentListing = (href, listingHrefs) => { + if (!href || !listingHrefs) { + return undefined; + } + // Look up the tree for a nearby linting and use that if we find one + const relativeParts = href.substring(1).split("/"); + while (relativeParts.length > 0) { + const path = relativeParts.join("/"); + for (const listingHref of listingHrefs) { + if (listingHref.startsWith(path)) { + return listingHref; + } + } + relativeParts.pop(); + } + + return undefined; + }; + + const manageSidebarVisiblity = (el, placeholderDescriptor) => { + let isVisible = true; + let elRect; + + return (hiddenRegions) => { + if (el === null) { + return; + } + + // Find the last element of the TOC + const lastChildEl = el.lastElementChild; + + if (lastChildEl) { + // Converts the sidebar to a menu + const convertToMenu = () => { + for (const child of el.children) { + child.style.opacity = 0; + child.style.overflow = "hidden"; + } + + nexttick(() => { + const toggleContainer = window.document.createElement("div"); + toggleContainer.style.width = "100%"; + toggleContainer.classList.add("zindex-over-content"); + toggleContainer.classList.add("quarto-sidebar-toggle"); + toggleContainer.classList.add("headroom-target"); // Marks this to be managed by headeroom + toggleContainer.id = placeholderDescriptor.id; + toggleContainer.style.position = "fixed"; + + const toggleIcon = window.document.createElement("i"); + toggleIcon.classList.add("quarto-sidebar-toggle-icon"); + toggleIcon.classList.add("bi"); + toggleIcon.classList.add("bi-caret-down-fill"); + + const toggleTitle = window.document.createElement("div"); + const titleEl = window.document.body.querySelector( + placeholderDescriptor.titleSelector + ); + if (titleEl) { + toggleTitle.append( + titleEl.textContent || titleEl.innerText, + toggleIcon + ); + } + toggleTitle.classList.add("zindex-over-content"); + toggleTitle.classList.add("quarto-sidebar-toggle-title"); + toggleContainer.append(toggleTitle); + + const toggleContents = window.document.createElement("div"); + toggleContents.classList = el.classList; + toggleContents.classList.add("zindex-over-content"); + toggleContents.classList.add("quarto-sidebar-toggle-contents"); + for (const child of el.children) { + if (child.id === "toc-title") { + continue; + } + + const clone = child.cloneNode(true); + clone.style.opacity = 1; + clone.style.display = null; + toggleContents.append(clone); + } + toggleContents.style.height = "0px"; + const positionToggle = () => { + // position the element (top left of parent, same width as parent) + if (!elRect) { + elRect = el.getBoundingClientRect(); + } + toggleContainer.style.left = `${elRect.left}px`; + toggleContainer.style.top = `${elRect.top}px`; + toggleContainer.style.width = `${elRect.width}px`; + }; + positionToggle(); + + toggleContainer.append(toggleContents); + el.parentElement.prepend(toggleContainer); + + // Process clicks + let tocShowing = false; + // Allow the caller to control whether this is dismissed + // when it is clicked (e.g. sidebar navigation supports + // opening and closing the nav tree, so don't dismiss on click) + const clickEl = placeholderDescriptor.dismissOnClick + ? toggleContainer + : toggleTitle; + + const closeToggle = () => { + if (tocShowing) { + toggleContainer.classList.remove("expanded"); + toggleContents.style.height = "0px"; + tocShowing = false; + } + }; + + // Get rid of any expanded toggle if the user scrolls + window.document.addEventListener( + "scroll", + throttle(() => { + closeToggle(); + }, 50) + ); + + // Handle positioning of the toggle + window.addEventListener( + "resize", + throttle(() => { + elRect = undefined; + positionToggle(); + }, 50) + ); + + window.addEventListener("quarto-hrChanged", () => { + elRect = undefined; + }); + + // Process the click + clickEl.onclick = () => { + if (!tocShowing) { + toggleContainer.classList.add("expanded"); + toggleContents.style.height = null; + tocShowing = true; + } else { + closeToggle(); + } + }; + }); + }; + + // Converts a sidebar from a menu back to a sidebar + const convertToSidebar = () => { + for (const child of el.children) { + child.style.opacity = 1; + child.style.overflow = null; + } + + const placeholderEl = window.document.getElementById( + placeholderDescriptor.id + ); + if (placeholderEl) { + placeholderEl.remove(); + } + + el.classList.remove("rollup"); + }; + + if (isReaderMode()) { + convertToMenu(); + isVisible = false; + } else { + // Find the top and bottom o the element that is being managed + const elTop = el.offsetTop; + const elBottom = + elTop + lastChildEl.offsetTop + lastChildEl.offsetHeight; + + if (!isVisible) { + // If the element is current not visible reveal if there are + // no conflicts with overlay regions + if (!inHiddenRegion(elTop, elBottom, hiddenRegions)) { + convertToSidebar(); + isVisible = true; + } + } else { + // If the element is visible, hide it if it conflicts with overlay regions + // and insert a placeholder toggle (or if we're in reader mode) + if (inHiddenRegion(elTop, elBottom, hiddenRegions)) { + convertToMenu(); + isVisible = false; + } + } + } + } + }; + }; + + const tabEls = document.querySelectorAll('a[data-bs-toggle="tab"]'); + for (const tabEl of tabEls) { + const id = tabEl.getAttribute("data-bs-target"); + if (id) { + const columnEl = document.querySelector( + `${id} .column-margin, .tabset-margin-content` + ); + if (columnEl) + tabEl.addEventListener("shown.bs.tab", function (event) { + const el = event.srcElement; + if (el) { + const visibleCls = `${el.id}-margin-content`; + // walk up until we find a parent tabset + let panelTabsetEl = el.parentElement; + while (panelTabsetEl) { + if (panelTabsetEl.classList.contains("panel-tabset")) { + break; + } + panelTabsetEl = panelTabsetEl.parentElement; + } + + if (panelTabsetEl) { + const prevSib = panelTabsetEl.previousElementSibling; + if ( + prevSib && + prevSib.classList.contains("tabset-margin-container") + ) { + const childNodes = prevSib.querySelectorAll( + ".tabset-margin-content" + ); + for (const childEl of childNodes) { + if (childEl.classList.contains(visibleCls)) { + childEl.classList.remove("collapse"); + } else { + childEl.classList.add("collapse"); + } + } + } + } + } + + layoutMarginEls(); + }); + } + } + + // Manage the visibility of the toc and the sidebar + const marginScrollVisibility = manageSidebarVisiblity(marginSidebarEl, { + id: "quarto-toc-toggle", + titleSelector: "#toc-title", + dismissOnClick: true, + }); + const sidebarScrollVisiblity = manageSidebarVisiblity(sidebarEl, { + id: "quarto-sidebarnav-toggle", + titleSelector: ".title", + dismissOnClick: false, + }); + let tocLeftScrollVisibility; + if (leftTocEl) { + tocLeftScrollVisibility = manageSidebarVisiblity(leftTocEl, { + id: "quarto-lefttoc-toggle", + titleSelector: "#toc-title", + dismissOnClick: true, + }); + } + + // Find the first element that uses formatting in special columns + const conflictingEls = window.document.body.querySelectorAll( + '[class^="column-"], [class*=" column-"], aside, [class*="margin-caption"], [class*=" margin-caption"], [class*="margin-ref"], [class*=" margin-ref"]' + ); + + // Filter all the possibly conflicting elements into ones + // the do conflict on the left or ride side + const arrConflictingEls = Array.from(conflictingEls); + const leftSideConflictEls = arrConflictingEls.filter((el) => { + if (el.tagName === "ASIDE") { + return false; + } + return Array.from(el.classList).find((className) => { + return ( + className !== "column-body" && + className.startsWith("column-") && + !className.endsWith("right") && + !className.endsWith("container") && + className !== "column-margin" + ); + }); + }); + const rightSideConflictEls = arrConflictingEls.filter((el) => { + if (el.tagName === "ASIDE") { + return true; + } + + const hasMarginCaption = Array.from(el.classList).find((className) => { + return className == "margin-caption"; + }); + if (hasMarginCaption) { + return true; + } + + return Array.from(el.classList).find((className) => { + return ( + className !== "column-body" && + !className.endsWith("container") && + className.startsWith("column-") && + !className.endsWith("left") + ); + }); + }); + + const kOverlapPaddingSize = 10; + function toRegions(els) { + return els.map((el) => { + const boundRect = el.getBoundingClientRect(); + const top = + boundRect.top + + document.documentElement.scrollTop - + kOverlapPaddingSize; + return { + top, + bottom: top + el.scrollHeight + 2 * kOverlapPaddingSize, + }; + }); + } + + let hasObserved = false; + const visibleItemObserver = (els) => { + let visibleElements = [...els]; + const intersectionObserver = new IntersectionObserver( + (entries, _observer) => { + entries.forEach((entry) => { + if (entry.isIntersecting) { + if (visibleElements.indexOf(entry.target) === -1) { + visibleElements.push(entry.target); + } + } else { + visibleElements = visibleElements.filter((visibleEntry) => { + return visibleEntry !== entry; + }); + } + }); + + if (!hasObserved) { + hideOverlappedSidebars(); + } + hasObserved = true; + }, + {} + ); + els.forEach((el) => { + intersectionObserver.observe(el); + }); + + return { + getVisibleEntries: () => { + return visibleElements; + }, + }; + }; + + const rightElementObserver = visibleItemObserver(rightSideConflictEls); + const leftElementObserver = visibleItemObserver(leftSideConflictEls); + + const hideOverlappedSidebars = () => { + marginScrollVisibility(toRegions(rightElementObserver.getVisibleEntries())); + sidebarScrollVisiblity(toRegions(leftElementObserver.getVisibleEntries())); + if (tocLeftScrollVisibility) { + tocLeftScrollVisibility( + toRegions(leftElementObserver.getVisibleEntries()) + ); + } + }; + + window.quartoToggleReader = () => { + // Applies a slow class (or removes it) + // to update the transition speed + const slowTransition = (slow) => { + const manageTransition = (id, slow) => { + const el = document.getElementById(id); + if (el) { + if (slow) { + el.classList.add("slow"); + } else { + el.classList.remove("slow"); + } + } + }; + + manageTransition("TOC", slow); + manageTransition("quarto-sidebar", slow); + }; + const readerMode = !isReaderMode(); + setReaderModeValue(readerMode); + + // If we're entering reader mode, slow the transition + if (readerMode) { + slowTransition(readerMode); + } + highlightReaderToggle(readerMode); + hideOverlappedSidebars(); + + // If we're exiting reader mode, restore the non-slow transition + if (!readerMode) { + slowTransition(!readerMode); + } + }; + + const highlightReaderToggle = (readerMode) => { + const els = document.querySelectorAll(".quarto-reader-toggle"); + if (els) { + els.forEach((el) => { + if (readerMode) { + el.classList.add("reader"); + } else { + el.classList.remove("reader"); + } + }); + } + }; + + const setReaderModeValue = (val) => { + if (window.location.protocol !== "file:") { + window.localStorage.setItem("quarto-reader-mode", val); + } else { + localReaderMode = val; + } + }; + + const isReaderMode = () => { + if (window.location.protocol !== "file:") { + return window.localStorage.getItem("quarto-reader-mode") === "true"; + } else { + return localReaderMode; + } + }; + let localReaderMode = null; + + const tocOpenDepthStr = tocEl?.getAttribute("data-toc-expanded"); + const tocOpenDepth = tocOpenDepthStr ? Number(tocOpenDepthStr) : 1; + + // Walk the TOC and collapse/expand nodes + // Nodes are expanded if: + // - they are top level + // - they have children that are 'active' links + // - they are directly below an link that is 'active' + const walk = (el, depth) => { + // Tick depth when we enter a UL + if (el.tagName === "UL") { + depth = depth + 1; + } + + // It this is active link + let isActiveNode = false; + if (el.tagName === "A" && el.classList.contains("active")) { + isActiveNode = true; + } + + // See if there is an active child to this element + let hasActiveChild = false; + for (child of el.children) { + hasActiveChild = walk(child, depth) || hasActiveChild; + } + + // Process the collapse state if this is an UL + if (el.tagName === "UL") { + if (tocOpenDepth === -1 && depth > 1) { + el.classList.add("collapse"); + } else if ( + depth <= tocOpenDepth || + hasActiveChild || + prevSiblingIsActiveLink(el) + ) { + el.classList.remove("collapse"); + } else { + el.classList.add("collapse"); + } + + // untick depth when we leave a UL + depth = depth - 1; + } + return hasActiveChild || isActiveNode; + }; + + // walk the TOC and expand / collapse any items that should be shown + + if (tocEl) { + walk(tocEl, 0); + updateActiveLink(); + } + + // Throttle the scroll event and walk peridiocally + window.document.addEventListener( + "scroll", + throttle(() => { + if (tocEl) { + updateActiveLink(); + walk(tocEl, 0); + } + if (!isReaderMode()) { + hideOverlappedSidebars(); + } + }, 5) + ); + window.addEventListener( + "resize", + throttle(() => { + if (!isReaderMode()) { + hideOverlappedSidebars(); + } + }, 10) + ); + hideOverlappedSidebars(); + highlightReaderToggle(isReaderMode()); +}); + +// grouped tabsets +window.addEventListener("pageshow", (_event) => { + function getTabSettings() { + const data = localStorage.getItem("quarto-persistent-tabsets-data"); + if (!data) { + localStorage.setItem("quarto-persistent-tabsets-data", "{}"); + return {}; + } + if (data) { + return JSON.parse(data); + } + } + + function setTabSettings(data) { + localStorage.setItem( + "quarto-persistent-tabsets-data", + JSON.stringify(data) + ); + } + + function setTabState(groupName, groupValue) { + const data = getTabSettings(); + data[groupName] = groupValue; + setTabSettings(data); + } + + function toggleTab(tab, active) { + const tabPanelId = tab.getAttribute("aria-controls"); + const tabPanel = document.getElementById(tabPanelId); + if (active) { + tab.classList.add("active"); + tabPanel.classList.add("active"); + } else { + tab.classList.remove("active"); + tabPanel.classList.remove("active"); + } + } + + function toggleAll(selectedGroup, selectorsToSync) { + for (const [thisGroup, tabs] of Object.entries(selectorsToSync)) { + const active = selectedGroup === thisGroup; + for (const tab of tabs) { + toggleTab(tab, active); + } + } + } + + function findSelectorsToSyncByLanguage() { + const result = {}; + const tabs = Array.from( + document.querySelectorAll(`div[data-group] a[id^='tabset-']`) + ); + for (const item of tabs) { + const div = item.parentElement.parentElement.parentElement; + const group = div.getAttribute("data-group"); + if (!result[group]) { + result[group] = {}; + } + const selectorsToSync = result[group]; + const value = item.innerHTML; + if (!selectorsToSync[value]) { + selectorsToSync[value] = []; + } + selectorsToSync[value].push(item); + } + return result; + } + + function setupSelectorSync() { + const selectorsToSync = findSelectorsToSyncByLanguage(); + Object.entries(selectorsToSync).forEach(([group, tabSetsByValue]) => { + Object.entries(tabSetsByValue).forEach(([value, items]) => { + items.forEach((item) => { + item.addEventListener("click", (_event) => { + setTabState(group, value); + toggleAll(value, selectorsToSync[group]); + }); + }); + }); + }); + return selectorsToSync; + } + + const selectorsToSync = setupSelectorSync(); + for (const [group, selectedName] of 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0000000..8e1a977 Binary files /dev/null and b/corpus_vectors.bin differ diff --git a/txt b/txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6550b0f --- /dev/null +++ b/txt @@ -0,0 +1,672 @@ +library internetarchive library tidyverse this script scrapes the foreign policy notices from internet archive denote which volumes you want volumenums 15 25 this creates an empty dataframe df data.frame id character go through and get a list of items for each issue this returns a data frame with the search results for this volume range for i in 1 length volumenums print volumenums i print paste sim_pubid 934 and volume volumenums i sep iasearchresult ia_keyword_search paste sim_pubid 934 and volume volumenums i sep num_results 200 df add_row df id iasearchresult now we go get the metadata for each item we have found in our search this takes a minute and creates a very large df metadata data.frame id character field character value character for i in 1 length df id issue ia_get_items df i meta as.data.frame ia_metadata issue metadata add_row metadata meta this culls the metadata from above into a more manageable df first we filter to only include the info we care about final.metadata metadata filter field identifier field publisher field date field identifier access make it tidy final.metadata final.metadata pivot_wider names_from field values_from value figure out how many of these issues are duplicated ia has duplicated scans of some of these items we just want one volume for each date final.metadata dup duplicated final.metadata date final.metadata final.metadata filter dup false final.metadata final.metadata separate_wider_delim date names c year month day copy this to our running.meta df so we don't lose this when re running this for additional years running.meta add_row final.metadata running.meta now go through each id in final.metadata and download the associated text file sometimes this fails if it does it can be rerun and it'll check for already existing files and now redownload them df.files data.frame id character file character type character for i in 1 length final.metadata id issue ia_get_items final.metadata id i print paste getting item final.metadata id i from final.metadata date i final.metadata fileinfo ia_files issue filter type txt group_by id ia_files issue filter type txt group_by id slice 1 ia_download dir txt overwrite false extended_name false df.files add_row df.files fileinfo saved.copy.finalmetadata final.metadata saved.copy.df.files df.files remove.index final.metadata filter grepl index id fixed false ignore.case true remove.index extension txt remove.index remove.index unite filename id extension sep for i in 1 length remove.index identifier if file.exists paste txt remove.index filename i sep print the file does exist file.remove paste txt remove.index filename i sep print paste removed txt remove.index filename i sep final.metadata final.metadata filter grepl index id fixed false ignore.case true final.metadata extension txt final.metadata final.metadata unite filename id extension sep write.csv final.metadata metadata.csv metadata running.meta filter grepl index id filenames as.data.frame list.files txt there are 20 files that are index files and i think we want to take those and put them in a separate file they could be useful but shouldn't be included with the main dataset download_row function row dir extended_name overwrite silence if extended_name row local_file paste0 dir row id gsub row file else row local_file paste0 dir row id row type if overwrite file.exists row local_file if silence message paste downloading row local_file get row url write_disk row local_file overwrite overwrite timeout 100 row downloaded true as_data_frame row +version 1.0 restoreworkspace default saveworkspace default alwayssavehistory default enablecodeindexing yes usespacesfortab yes numspacesfortab 2 encoding utf 8 rnwweave sweave latex pdflatex +er ton ents jurt ack ork 1818 1934 new om a ling yton have suc rard rally ational edsior foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the members of the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york a es vol xv no 11 january 10 1936 bound volume xiv of foreign policy bulletin november 1934 to october 1935 indexed for ready reference 1.00 a copy entered as second class matter december 1921 at the post ce at new york i nay under the act of ach 3 1879 4 library of congress sad q sma washington d c the united states moves toward isolation he opening of congress on january 3 was the occasion for two far reaching although somewhat contradictory expressions of american foreign policy in a strongly worded message president roosevelt denounced the aggressive tendencies of autocratic governments abroad and pledged by implication the moral support of the united states to the 90 per cent of the world which is striving to preserve peace on the same day administration leaders in the senate and the house introduced a strict neutrality bill applying equally to all belligerents and reflecting a desire to insulate the united states against the effects of future foreign wars contrasting the success of the good neighbor policies among the american nations since 1933 with the deterioration of the world situation president roosevelt declared that the autocratic nations of the world have impatiently reverted to the old belief in the law of the sword or to the fan tastic conception that they and they alone are chosen to fulfill a mission and that all the others among the billion and a half in the rest of the world must and shall learn from and be subject to them in the face of this situation he added the peace loving nations find that their very iden tity depends on their moving and moving again on the chessboard of international politics for the united states and the other american nations the president declared that there can be but one réle through well ordered neutrality to do naught to encourage the contest through ade quate defense to save ourselves from embroilment and attack and through example and all legiti mate encouragement and assistance to persuade other nations to return to the ways of peace and good will evidence that adequate defense is not to be the least important of the government’s policies was afforded by the publication of total estimates of 609 million dollars for the navy and 375 million for the army in the 1936 budget sent to congress on january 6 the administration’s neutrality bill prepared by the state department and introduced by sena tor pittman and representative mcreynolds makes large concessions to the strong congres sional group which fought for mandatory neu trality legislation at the last session in dropping its demand for wide discretion to permit the presi dent to apply embargoes against an aggressor state the administration effectively removed the one issue which threatened to provoke controversy and prolong the debate in congress there are sev eral explanations for its surrender on this issue three reasons are given in informed quarters 1 the disastrous hoare laval deal convinced the state department that american public opinion would not support a policy of cooperation with league mem bers in applying sanctions against an aggressor 2 president roosevelt was unwilling to run the risk of injecting a controversial foreign policy issue into the political campaign and chose to ride the wave of popu lar anti war sentiment 3 senator key pittman chairman of the powerful foreign relations committee privately informed the president and the state department that the senate would turn down any measure which allowed the presi dent to discriminate between belligerents a comparison of the administration neutrality bill and the mandatory group bill introduced on january 6 by senators nye and clark in the senate and representative maverick in the house shows that the broad objectives of the two mea sures are very similar both provide that all embargoes and prohibitions shall apply equally to all belligerents although the administration bill adds an escape clause in the proviso unless the congress with the approval of the president shall declare otherwise this proviso is ap parently acceptable to the mandatory group both bills provide that key war materials shall be limited at the discretion of the president to normal peace time quotas both prohibit loans and credits and both restrict travel by american citizens on belligerent vessels where the two bills differ is regarding the amount of discretion to be given the president in deciding when and how embargoes and prohibi tions are to be applied the nye clark maverick bill would make the arms embargo apply auto matically on the outbreak of war and not merely at any time during the progress of war as in the administration measure it would fix a definite time basis for quotas on key war materials and not leave this to the discretion of the president it would also permit congress to apply more drastic restrictions if the normal trade quota proved ineffective and would tighten the provi sions for prohibition of loans and credits while the administration bill gives the presi dent power to proclaim that all transactions with belligerents are at the risk of american na tionals the nye clark maverick bill adopts the cash and carry plan which would require that all exports by sea shall be solely at the risk of a foreign government or national thereof finally the mandatory bill goes considerably further than the administration measure in re stricting american shipping and preventing american vessels from traveling in areas of bel ligerent hostilities thus marking a sharp de parture from the traditional policy of freedom of the seas the debate in congress will center on the ad ministration bill which will probably be given the right of way in both the senate and the house the tactics of the mandatory group will be to submit amendments embodying features of the nye clark maverick bill and other resolutions in troduced by independent members in view of the similarity of the two major bills an agree ment should be reached without great difficulty to what extent it will keep the united states from becoming involved in war or affect future ameri can policy remains to be seen outside the united states the president’s mes sage and the neutrality proposals created diverse reactions his strictures on dictatorships were unfavorably received or suppressed in the coun tries affected on the other hand the quota limi tation for war material exports aroused criticism in the democratic states of europe french and british publicists broached the necessity for seek ing alternative sources of supply and indicated that american policy would prove a stumbling block to further league sanctions against italy british comment welcomed abandonment of the freedom of the seas doctrine but remarked that the quota policy was a stiff price to pay for it it also pointed out the possibility of a maritime con flict between the united states and league powers over trade with neutrals not discussed in the american proposals william t stone page two france faces uncertain future with considerable difficulty and at the expense of many concessions premier laval managed to survive repeated attacks on his domestic and for eign policies during the last month of the year early in december he saved his government from defeat by consenting to drastic bills providing for the disarmament of all political organizations and the dissolution of private semi military forma tions on december 28 he weathered by a margin of only 20 votes a bitter attack on his complacent policy toward italy and its aggression in ethi opia but only after a last minute speech in which he vigorously protested his loyalty to the league of nations finally on the last parliamentary day of the old year he secured the adoption of the 1936 budget incorporating with some modifications most of his economy decrees that m laval withstood these successive at tacks was due not only to an astute policy of concessions but above all to the reluctance of the left to take power before the general elec tions are held next may m edouard herriot’s radical socialists who form the strongest party in parliament are loath to take the helm now especially since they realize that the socialists cannot be relied upon to support them the new year is nevertheless likely to witness much politi cal maneuvering which will continue to endanger the life of the laval cabinet the enforcement or non enforcement of the laws directed against the various fascist organizations which were ap proved by the senate on december 24 may occa sion much controversy the financial situation may also prove troublesome the budget is bal anced on paper at slightly over 40 billion francs but a considerable part of expenditure for arma ments has been incorporated in a separate loan budget totaling more than 6 billion francs more over tax receipts are likely to prove disappoint ing since business life is still stagnant the de flationary policy of the government has not yet succeeded in permanently improving the precari ous position of the french currency which re mains overvalued john c dewilde money and the economie system by e m bernstein chapel hill the university of north carolina press 1935 3.00 the author condemns the gold standard as intolerably bad but his plea for planned money ignores some prac tical objections practical socialism for britain by hugh dalton george routledge 1935 5s an elaboration of the official program of the british labour party by a member of its national executive london foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 11 january 10 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th sereet new york n y raymmonp lusi busit president esthmm g ocpen secretary vera michetes dean editor entered as second class mawer december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year an +index to volume xvi foreign policy bulletin october 30 1936 october 22 1937 argentina british trade agreement opposes leasing of over age u.s destroyers to brazil armaments british rearmament lag naval treaties of 1922 and 1930 expire 1936 london naval treaty and supplements signed austria italo austro hungarian protocol vienna conference chancellor schuschnigg on independence schuschnigg and mussolini confer on anschluss belgium anthony eden on british aid in attack neutrality issue premier van zeeland defeats rexist leader degrelle dr schacht’s visits freed of locarno obligations to france and britain territorial integrity guaranteed germany promises to respect territorial integrity bisson t a sails for far east bolivia paraguayan army prevents chaco peace book reviews abend hallett and billingham a j can china survive adams ys b national economic security allen e the turkish transformation angell j w the behavior of money ball m m post war german austrian relations beard c a the devil theory of wr sccsrssccccsesseessees benns f l europe since 1914 bienstock gregory the struggle for the pacific billingham a j see abend hallett birnie arthur an economic history of the british isles boulter v n see toynbee a j brady r a the spirit and structure of german fascism chamberlin w h collectivism a false utopia clark grover the balance sheets of imperialism clark grover a place in the sun cohn d l picking america’s pockets coudray h du metternich cole g d h and others what is ahead of us crabités pierre unhappy spain desmond r w the press and world affairs ernst m l the ultimate power ot in ot os date december 11 1936 august 20 1937 november 20 1936 january 8 1937 july 23 1937 november 20 1936 november 20 1936 february 26 1937 april 30 1937 december 4 1936 march 26 1937 april 16 1937 april 23 1937 april 30 1937 april 30 1937 october 22 1937 january 15 1937 june 25 1937 april 16 1937 june 4 1937 february 5 1937 march 26 1937 october 1 1937 march 5 1937 march 5 1937 august 6 1937 october 22 1937 october 15 1937 september 10 1937 january 29 1937 january 29 1937 march 26 1937 march 5 1937 october 1 1937 october 1 1937 october 8 1937 march 26 1937 october 22 1937 april 16 1937 february 5 1937 march 26 1937 farago ladislas palestine at the crossroads fergusson erna guatemala fleming peter news from tartary florinsky m t fascism and national socialism foreign bondholders protective council annual report 19385 fox ralph france faces the future the future of the league of nations gannes harry and repard theodore spain in revolt germanicus germany the last four years 00 hagood johnson we can defend america heald stephen ed documents on international affairs th el sa ogi bo v t t november 6 1936 november 6 pe march 5 1937 january 22 1937 october 1 1937 june 4 1937 mvre wh roe ys nes ly august 13 1937 j volume xvi book reviews continued hedin sven the flight of big horse i oc oisiensnuinipnnenqunenne henri ernst hitler over russia cccccsccccsssssccsesscssseeses horrabin j f an atlas of current affairs third edition aol eer ed asmcbiominbessanaseneepens howard h n see kerner r j hudson g f the far east in world politics 00 huizinga jan in the shadow of tomorrow i a2 csahcdsennocennsserncedononsies jones f e hitler’s drive to the east i ci i a eins eapnnbebecubosoronecoes karig walter asia’s good neighbor cccccccssesssccesesees kemmerer e w the abc of the federal reserve system kepner c d jr social aspects of the banana industry kerner r j and howard h n the balkan conference a i cscs csslandaapnenasenenerszesosousssensssoues knaplund paul gladstone’s foreign policy 0c 0s000 larkin j d the president’s control of the tariff league of nations balances of payments 1935 06 league of nations international trade in certain raw materials and foodstuffs by countries of origin and i sccca sr onlncllbessnceeeiniuresavent league of nations world economic survey 1935 1936 lewinsohn richard the profits of war c.cccccccceeeeeeeeeees lippincott isaac the development of modern world trade lloyd george david memoirs of david lloyd george eo cain anibboouynehecavindiadawenens mcnair a d collective security 00 cccccccccccscccssescscceseee mcneill moss geoffrey the seige of alcazar cccccccccceccceee madariaga salvador de anarchy or hierarchy madden j t and nadler marcus the international ii list nlc auld locaton encenpsentintiscdenekanentuseesesees madden j t nadler marcus and sauvain h a america’s experience as a creditor nation mair l p native policies in africa miller max mexico around me miller webb i found no peace sececcecececccccceccessseees millis walter viewed without alarm 00ccc0000 de mitsubishi economic research bureau japanese trade i a lind oe a ek acho nnn nbnanssciovivhnnixeanedis mowat r b diplomacy and peace nadler marcus see madden j t noel baker p n the private manufacture of arma sii tial decicucstalbahhicunnaaiaibsideiauislaadlasuanaenaasenaeaabeaaaniiniieeneeertheddcieiaests orr dorothea portrait of a people ccccccccccccseesssseeeescsseces ottlik georges annuaire de la société des nations 1936 paxson f l pre war years 1913 1917 peers f a the spanish tragedy cc sccccsessssesseseeseees politics and political parties in rumania purdy frederick mass comsumption ccccccseceseeeececeeees rappard w e the government of switzerland repard theodore see gannes harry rienow robert nationality of a merchant vessel rotvand georges franco means business cecccccccccoccccoccececeee salvemini gaetano under the axe of fascism 00 sanchez g i mexico a revolution by education sauvain h c see madden j t schacher gerhard central europe and the western world schuman f l international politics cccccecccccccccceeeceee shepardson whitney and scroggs w o the united states in world affairs in 1936 i i a i occas asp ieccncesbenisocsswsscansussece slocombe george the dangerous sed cccccccccccccececcccceceeeeeeeee sombart werner a new social philosophy 0cccc00000 squires j d british propaganda at home and in the united states from 1914 to 1917 ccccccccccccccesesesccsscecceceecees staley eugene raw materials in peace and war it a i cnsiebucabanwodeusccacse steiger g n a history of the far east sternberger estelle the supreme cause stewart m s social security cccecccccocccocceccessccsccocccecccsses stimson h l the far hastern crisis cccccccccocccccosecooeesss strachey john the theory and practice of socialism strong a l spain in arms in 1987 cccccccccosescessococececseees tatum e h the united states and europe 1815 1828 thomas norman after the new deal what thorez maurice france today and the people’s front no 19 21 50 49 19 28 49 28 37 25 34 15 19 52 52 25 50 9 49 25 19 19 49 30 14 99 or 99 oe 15 32 10 37 16 49 50 52 10 30 3 nwo oo ons co or bo ob date march 5 1937 march 26 1937 march 19 1937 october 8 1937 october 1 1937 march 5 1937 may 7 1937 october 1 1937 may 7 1937 july 9 1937 april 16 1937 june 18 1937 february 5 1937 november 6 1936 march 5 1937 october 22 1937 october 22 1937 april 16 1937 october 8 1937 november 6 1936 october 1 1937 april 16 1937 october 1 1937 october 1 1937 march 5 1937 october 1 1937 june 11 1937 may 21 1937 january 29 1937 march 26 1937 february 5 1937 july 9 1937 may 7 1937 june 4 1937 february 5 1937 june 4 1937 january 1 1937 july 9 1937 september 10 1937 october 1 1937 october 8 1937 october 22 1937 january 1 1937 may 21 1937 april 16 1937 september 10 1937 october 8 1937 october 22 1937 june 4 1937 may 7 1937 october 22 1937 october 22 1937 october 8 1937 october 22 1937 march 5 1937 june 11 1937 october 22 1937 january 1 1937 march 26 1937 october 1 1937 march 26 1937 march 5 1937 february 5 1937 volume xvi __ book reviews continued townsend ralpli aaics amo ww ore ovis vccsccecacsecccscvceteenssestsststassevs toynbee a j and boulter v m survey of international a fairs domed wideincisccncncnvedsteiaabdicsatacssatstdiabbinaiidalnks chismmaiiicace trotsky leon the revolution betrayed cssssscceeeseees utley plogr fapaw feet of cae sicsicccccsecsssscnsstsessparsccspsisesees vernadsky george political and diplomatic history of bee cv ecenistinssacess ev chgurensekseceaahiaeicaaaaeatianataaaade vinacke h m a history of the far east in modern wome _consusnsxncuscsaticsnansehesnataeanarkdeemina rouderedinnsenndviaemnaretamenain werth alexander which way france willert arthur what next in europe williams a r the soviets re no tid aa csscciccnccniccoscciaseciea etic asoncieansicsnniddanidcphactaaanbadancets yung wu the flight of an empress brazil united states withdraws plan to lease over age destroyers buenos aires conference see latin america bulgaria yugoslav bulgarian treaty von neurath’s visit canada anglo canadian trade agreement chaco see bolivia china se sc rere toto ses eceicssdisecentassettssinscccnnsscsnncccoiennroees chang hseuh liang captures chiang kai shek chiang kai shek’s release settles sian coup ssseseeeees nanking government and shensi forces agree prbamshs tags tigbiot tatiies occcicccvccsccssersessservesessonssacessersoess pgotaitieane teduits gcotittibes c.cccccscciccsccsicccsccincecesecvesssecsses soviet japanese tension on manchoukuo border settled chiang kai shek refuses any settlement detrimental to seiniteed cicsicnencarcteatincesncoctagestscsnaniearanaxguaeneiaerseetenieneaiamanan cees we soo d6 teoree scccsiicsctenieertcnninnnnin nanking and communists negotiate to resist japan ne oe te en i sniccnsacendevecs asagsuessencannbonakounatuadascersveceant hirota on japan’s intent not to yield calls for resistance webawunaubiinietiaie ee iigcs sirota ate an es canoe japan establishes control of peiping area ccccessssseees konoe on japan’s aim to preserve china against occidental iie ac cpnicecesivedeccvsscieaesvasssacnioenn onda neater nmententatn key pittman on american action under neutrality act chiang kai shek refuses to yield territory 00see0 chinese bombs kill foreigners in international settlement japanese put marines in shanghai warships in whangpoo sie nc cn csuieuscuceuinceusaapeodacthcauasbaasainels comenseadsasweeiseiuegrinesnaniameaies japanese troona enter pemin scciscesescessoscscorvecsasanccvecseses american policy on treaty sanctity eee und ed ox serie lei hance esiciccnnvccensscesiesecinssesinniones united states sends more marines to shanghai american freighter wichita sails with airplanes for china japanese naval forces blockade coast ccsscssoosssssssosees japanese planes wound british ambassador non aggression pact with soviet pum greco corre diced vnsseciscscciscninsissecessiasvtccnernnns japanese diet approves hirota’s statement on breaking niiee wri ngd a oviccctiesiccsesesesra eeceaceeaneneat responsibility for bombing american ship president hoover tittttititititititiittili ttl trite e roosevelt says americans stay at own risk cccceeeeees asks league to invoke articles x xi and xviii against beiier sco sasanncaesvcpnscvesdseaceenennseteecouns tins saabhsnalanmekn amie ae aaa american government owned vessels forbidden to carry arms to japan privately owned do so at own risk pub fi tigotee toc uingd hesciinsees ccccincasseerscssssnansi apn aieesiens american ambassador johnson returns to nanking em bassy american asiatic fleet to remain for protection of nationals united states protests to japan against nanking bom pmi acs sesspnceiscassaseamareraipscuteusumiuners catia muamandets ted aetintse sae american munitions shipments tightly controlled american state department silent on reply to note on nanking bombings 49 10 49 49 49 50 50 date march 19 1937 august 13 1937 june 18 1937 june i8 1937 march 26 1937 april 30 1937 july 9 1937 february 5 1937 october 1 1937 april 16 1937 ied january 1 1937 august 20 1937 january 29 1937 june 18 i937 march 5 1937 november 13 1936 december 18 1936 january 1 1937 february 5 1937 april 2 1937 april 2 1937 july 9 1937 july 23 1937 july 23 1937 july 23 1937 july 30 1937 july 30 1937 august 6 1937 august 6 1937 august 6 1937 august 6 1937 august 20 1937 august 20 1937 august 20 1937 august 20 1937 august 27 1937 august 27 1937 august 27 1937 september 3 1937 september 3 1937 september 3 1937 september 3 1937 september 10 1937 september 10 1937 september 10 1937 september 10 1937 september 24 1937 september 24 1937 september 24 1937 october 1 1937 october 1 1937 october 1 1937 october 8 1937 october 8 1937 4 volume xvi china continued british groups ask boycott on japan cccceceeeeeeeeeseeeeeees leland harrison american minister to switzerland sits with league’s far eastern advisory committee league assembly condemns japanese bombing of open rede cdnmnesuiniuontediierenapesdbenveninnebtaasinnntoonienttbenssensnesesesseeteoseresesssees soviet warns against attacks on nanking embassy league adopts far eastern advisory committee report league calls conference of nine power treaty adherents reactions to president roosevelt’s anti isolationist speech h l stimson and key pittman urge boycott against japan united states declares japan violates nine power treaty res eredar oe ne united states names n h davis as delegate to brussels conference of nine power treaty signatories collective security french appeal to germany on european settlement nin i a cengdunesbbineccniniainitbesseosse euronean powers at odds on proposed new locarno pact france and britain free belgium of locarno obligations se ig muuninuiied tiiiiiutidd cscccecicsisencenscncscorrssearecosesssesuseses germany promises to respect belgium’s territorial integrity cuba colonel batista’s military dictatorship president gomez impeached ssapadonemaeenie federico laredo bru succeeds gomez cseeeeeeeeeeeeees czechoslovakia agreement with german minority portugal breaks off diplomatic relations egypt becomes sovereign state joins league of nations europe european crisis and roosevelt’s opportunity franco british overtures to germany for general settle ment seleiedibeaanaecescnerebesnaeberennerenesne teceesesdeccesoeceonereseecoconses hitler vague on general settlement rallies against aggression central europe checks nazis powers seek general settlement finland finnish soviet treaty france blum government’s moderate trend acts against colonel de la rocque radical socialist party congress i ids ielisdlncnilisdinlainloke maurice thorez assails premier blum cccccccessssseeee franco turkish negotiations on alexandretta i a acepadaninanienne blum appeals to germany on general european settlement blum cabinet approves change in economic policy exchange equalization fund commission national defense loan rse a rere ee a chautemps government asks emergency financial powers i a acanuiciicsiuamusdenvausnnndee ns ne iie ccnnccsincosccensceeionvesiverovevsvecs cuts budgetary expenses raises taxes political uncertainty financial conditions i a ce aareoncanminidaeienieless see also spain germany italo german accord ree eerie eae aos att ao eo raw materials rogram ins a ssichinoadstemhitaatledhniuhddiiianintnsnesevageaerteuoevets denounces waterways provision of versailles treaty german japanese anti communist accord 50 50 10 10 10 21 co go bo bh 14 15 18 26 49 49 or oh date october 8 1937 october 8 1937 october 8 1937 october 8 1937 october 15 1937 october 15 1937 october 15 1937 october 15 1937 october 15 1937 october 22 1937 january 29 1937 march 26 1937 march 26 1937 april 30 1937 october 22 1937 january 1 1937 january 1 1937 january 1 1937 march 19 1937 august 27 1937 june 4 1937 june 4 1937 9 november 27 1936 january 29 1 february 5 19 february 26 19 march 19 1937 april 23 1937 february 26 1937 october 30 1936 october 30 1936 october 30 1936 december 11 1936 december 11 1936 january 15 1937 january 22 1937 january 29 1937 march 12 1937 march 12 1937 march 26 1937 june 25 1937 july 2 1937 july 9 1937 august 13 1937 august 13 1937 august 13 1937 october 1 1937 october 1 1937 october 1 1937 october 30 1936 november 6 1936 november 6 1936 november 20 1936 november 20 1936 november 27 1936 volume xvi germany continued german japanese pact arouses democracies ceeceeee0e franco british appeals for general european settlement ro ti page onc cscesccishisssctitenss eae eldest aeeainecenns adolf hitler reviews achievements vague on general settle rii nas cenececna neces tnnct nevivéernnnchesscucsiciepesmimesadaieineaiiiieiogsaacasaa anneal economic conditions ro uit quoi 5 css sakisoczcas saved cciccicidensdwwe sseesesneetsinnitieenees central europe checks nazi moves cccsccsssssssseseeseneees attitude on proposed new locarno pact oe teng eme ti sisiivsittins cerns sash cesincncs haddonceneireanxe von neurath’s visit to mussolini ciruveh strumepien wmtensiged ace cciccccccccccssccccccecocaccoscscsccccscovecsees assails vatican for cardinal mundelein’s attack on hitler von neurath visits danubian capitals 0 ccccccecceeeeeees further attacks on confessional church curie sonne sscccicic aceite is crelecenoui avai eae four year plan’s progress pegme comtore oe inttotiiote access siccesccnssvcecécacsecececesussccocreniccoees schacht sees need for economy cccccccccccccccscscoccerscsevecssecevese sets up state iron mining and smelting corporation deumguerl wemiee zarourd vsccsccscinrcin tceieecin sas wes promises to respect territorial integrity of belgium see also spain great britain cuts palestine immigration quota anthony eden on anglo german relations ccceceeeees eden on anglo italian relations in mediterranean polish foreign minister beck visits london rearmament program lag fedutiruo geumd dutootiiing cic cccevesececcetssnvcesstsonissssoxeanvetncsions crisis over king edward’s proposed marriage nie minion 5 oiccivcnnesinscinachcontasasdexesiirouseesed eerseese dlataeciecen fiden appeals to germany for general european settlement stanley baldwin on security pact ins tin savi oserciwceceercccsecncosecnevivansainessuacaadudbastnaenes anglo canadian trade agreement ccccsccssecccceseseceees italy recalls correspondents bans british papers rue ciid 55 csccecasccscconerkatenaccuesacehentcbumountasinieebsndeces approves royal commission report urging palestine par gotiations secsnadiineainepibead enacetesiniesreseesenaiimuamabaiemeha chamberlin and eden on foreign policy see also spain hungary italo austro hungarian protocol wmi ioi ois ccc ieee ese cc casacece waucnccetasbeeueeeendicns moves against nazi penetration von neurath’s visit india protest as new constitution becomes effective ireland pciiicr tw comiiettiic ion scsi dccigscccccsacssecrecciseenncicssieseesaunes italy mussolini offers armed peace 00 anglo italian relations in mediterranean italo austro hungarian protocol pt a mussolini in libya bids for moslem sympathy r ai semin 5 ncuncinisonsonssnacaseucnbenmnuenatidpenapsteectucmaciessticsanse mussolini attacks anti fascist news writers cccceeesseees mussolini and schuschnigg confer on anschluss von neurath’s visit to mussolini ccccccccccssscscccccnee recalls correspondents bans british papers mussolini visits hitler sends troops to libya see also spain japan german japanese anti communist accord cccecececeeeeees russia postpones renewal of fisheries agreement iii unions 5 cicusivaccinacenseisanler onc dateutebeace semabalbecusncaasoounasnuesouneion german japanese pact arouses democracies hirota cabinet resigns no 6 14 15 15 16 18 21 22 26 29 31 36 34 36 47 at 47 d 47 49 52 s 1 1 co i bm ww bo 10 wh bo no bo ds po date december 4 1936 january 29 1937 february 5 1937 february 5 1937 february 12 1937 february 26 1937 march 19 1937 march 26 1937 april 23 1937 may 14 1937 may 28 1937 july 2 1937 june 18 1937 july 2 1937 september 17 1937 september 17 1937 september 17 1937 september 17 1937 september 17 1937 october 1 1937 october 22 1937 november 13 1936 november 20 1936 november 20 1936 november 20 1936 november 20 1936 december 11 1936 december 11 1936 december 18 1936 january 29 1937 february 26 1937 february 26 1937 march 5 1937 may 14 1937 may 21 1937 july 16 1937 october 8 1937 october 22 1937 november 20 1936 november 20 1936 march 19 1937 june 18 1937 april 9 1937 july 16 1937 november 6 1936 november 20 1936 november 20 1936 november 20 1936 march 26 1937 april 2 1937 april 2 1937 april 30 1937 may 14 1937 may 14 1937 october 1 1937 october 15 1937 november 27 1936 november 27 1936 december 4 1936 december 4 1936 january 29 1937 6 volume xvi japan continued ss ssinlnsaneseninmniacanorios ugaki resigns hayashi forms cabinet behind the political struggle at re er 2 ee ey ol hayashi régime falls prince konoe forms new government see also china latin america president roosevelt on purpose of buenos aires conference draft convention for inter american consultative commit enn eoe unio ins tibewbsbedinbee aeeeheeneiebene roosevelt and hull stress democratic unity at buenos aires achievements of inter american peace conference league of nations a i rii i 5.6 cscncssccsrnsnenarevencaseaccccesscoosones cn fe ttl lr see also spain libya i a a oh cacespasbib igh sndencansoubanniuallabitl esr re eere se ee ee ce ee locarno agreement see collective security manchoukuo see china mediterranean sea i ia eta icacitc dont atannceneannieenion see also spain mexico cardenas signs amnesty decree c ccccsseessssseesseceececceeeees limited reopening of churches cccccccccccccccssessesssssssssccsceees american good neighbor policy to continue c00008 munitions american exports in september highest since establishment iie mui ninn cccctaccesarwcsduntcocseceentoneseserscevecsnssecss neutrality united states bars export of war material to spain united states congress debates proposals crreooge posuor weee ptovibioig q cscccccccecscecscascsssscovccesseseseeese see also china palestine great britain cuts immigration quota 008 sie lis i sac casa aessastinntaniuneaeandee british government approves royal commission report arabs rebel against british plan for partition mufti haj amin el hussein deposed escapes to syria paraguay a i 0 a patreneivapbninasbbinaeenaerniandiesantacsses philippine islands ee wi uone tueme wutup owe once cecescccsscoscoccoveccossacesores p v mcnutt appointed high commissioner 0 alia ca cde sen cdavendemsenoassnenbonegeeonsnenine expert’s committee to study economic future poland foreign minister beck visits london ccccccseesesereeeees ae irin scoccesinncnenctucnscineossicecensesduecssessaies portugal breaks off diplomatic relations with czechoslovakia see also spain roman catholic church i seiten ssrcsukipiesessmninrcusnevidvaninnvounereedouecsonanentbenansosees see also germany rumania sss so ltt ater premier atarescu rebuked on iron guard no 14 15 20 28 33 1 we bo bh o 0 vee na oioice te fo do oo he oe wv vl 19 19 19 26 6 44 41 date january 29 1937 february 5 1937 march 12 1937 may 7 1937 june 11 1937 november 13 1936 december 11 1936 december 11 1936 december 25 1936 january 15 1937 june 4 1937 march 26 1937 october 21 1937 november 20 1936 february 19 1937 february 19 1937 october 22 1937 october 22 193 january 15 193 february 12 19 may 7 1937 november 13 1936 march 26 1937 july 16 1937 october 22 october 22 1937 ao june 25 1937 march 5 1937 november 20 1936 december 4 1936 august 27 1937 august 13 1937 december 4 1936 february 26 1937 _volume xvi_ iii 7 russia no date postpones renewal of japanese fisheries agreement 5 november 27 1936 ne 2 eee eee eee 6 december 4 1936 litvinov assails german japanese agreements ee0 6 december 4 1936 bne wont ions grit ccinsesseccscctecsctnncoseteagenetbbntceciaelesaada 17 february 19 1937 ci cringe evncisnsiiccicvssemncgrancetieaeaennes 1 february 26 1937 campaign against trotzkyism mass executions 0 31 may 28 1937 communist party establishes military councils in military minuet scceouneinaihicnvecsieesnnasisemsiatekagicunianniaeanibicin iets gavasaamaamaabepia 31 may 28 1937 es ines ui oi 5 osha sarnnenavavcoscncvceonaxisaucriaancecueeres 3 july 2 1937 new trade agreement with united states cccc eee 42 august 13 1937 iwot upoubior ece wer crtir cncccccccsccsnisisccrcsecccnsncconccescecesess 45 september 3 1937 warns japan against attacks on its nanking embassy 50 october 8 1937 see also spain social scientists uii 5 cicictcassocinn urine baninsicetoandiskilsiemchasssdecelanjdeetnimsioababee aaaasateamedendabinad edna 45 september 3 1937 soviet union see russia spain soviet union on non intervention 1 october 30 1936 portugal breaks off relations 1 october 30 1936 onan in scans nik scesshdnionaunssuce bie sole iehsaaalenn coneeiilcsaiolaalibenete 1 october 30 1936 british labour party and trades union council demand loyalists be allowed to buy arms abroad cceeee 2 november 6 1936 london non intervention committee whitewashes members 2 november 6 1936 stanley baldwin and anthony eden on british non inter wuieii sca seieccie cdcarextovennvccevensiinisildceivaehaeinaenoiienesetaea anata 2 november 6 1936 non intervention committee acquits soviet of italian ng ogee a savas nied tata aie casuals uicdadcswatatieeene 4 november 20 1936 ce raouuiciur goto anisicicsskccecscleecsctscdesesecssscsn aceon 5 november 27 1936 taly and germany recognize rebels ccssssscssssesseseeees 5 november 27 1936 franco british protests on german volunteers 9 december 25 1936 league action on madrid appeal and franco british medi eoe tude i ccccccicnetcsscevvens gothen kcraniealaletcetinleaaelskativesaairecon ademas 9 december 25 1936 anglo italian mediterranean accord signed cscse0es 11 january 8 1937 franco british notes on volunteers sent to germany ecueg fou curt guc tho w ee ascivcecscitevesdeoessestesosensessinacemnareanns 11 january 8 1937 ssotrane grid pcos bombs onieccck cacti ces diecerseceeiocesron 11 january 8 1937 germany and italy reply on volunteers new british pro winnie copsdercahcicgabicouceivousteinctownssko venice ikapudedundge nanan eaasenanaaabieta nies 12 january 15 1937 flare un over alleged german activities in spanish morocco 12 january 15 1937 palos incident settled san sasneedeies paaaebee ce aaaian ie naead ecedaannia salad 12 january 15 1937 united states bars shipment of war material 12 january 15 1937 first six months of war nignta sa mteleaad gabick ab iaaeces sabe naas ccreeeooae 13 january 22 1937 german italian replies more conciliatory sccecceesseeees 14 january 29 1937 non intervention committee arranges for control of volun ng se ee aks osnvbdiessekdasbonimileauaisiie tomes subeobianiemannatice 18 february 26 1937 amospicrn bccion ot danspotue 6a cscccoressscrncssssscevaercsscsseconcesoneneys 2 march 19 1937 foreign minister del vayo protests to league on volunteers 2 march 19 1937 etieotuaeioual taavee preiol occscssisscscncenscavsccetensesscccsistcencesusnnsecsittin 2 march 19 1937 bem oenis feb tein gid uriiwd niscscececcccceecksesrasvavencsseckbecvacizicankeadeceus 2 march 19 1937 tebels capture the mar canta brico secssseecseesececssesees 2 march 19 1937 france urges action on italian volunteers cccccccceeeees 23 april 2 1937 csun senininied goel worurbioonii ic cossicccanesisccpecansceneceesnécossvonieubsanets 3 april 2 1937 eoi or trgierd sot ronni 55s cscntoceveiacacauacssucarnavirenselencetouvdanes 25 april 16 1937 great britain warns british ships from blockaded area 25 april 16 1937 edvahsue take gionsive i sauer csiccccsiiccecscrcseccsnescrvesescnsssecive 25 april 16 1937 italy and russia make conciliatory moves cceseeceeeeeees 26 april 23 1937 non intervention committee inaugurates patrol 26 april 23 1937 cb eee 27 april 30 1937 peomco boer wp birmic pole mnccciccniceiveiscsccsscconesscodensrvecseacseveesse 27 april 30 1937 anarcho syndicalist revolt in barcelona 30 may 21 1937 cpuudv io comet uci once ciicccescnssecticsoncccccercuscrsnse seumrenclcaaiioas 30 may 21 1937 largo caballero cabinet falls juan negrin forms govern i a ier cack paces goi a een ere an a ee 30 may 21 1937 mri sii roses escesesssscsseaistsac ca tuvemueaemeeseemeeane 32 june 4 1937 german ships bombard almeria cccccccccssccsesceeessceeeccesees 32 june 4 1937 league council endorses non intervention committee move to withdraw non spanish combatants cccccccsccseeseeceeeeees 32 june 4 1937 presents white book on italian aggression to league reet ccersenissaibingbausniscitvitesiapantanscaiieinniiteaianeiiiahcttdeia ig ie 82 june 4 1937 deutschland incident adjusted ccccccccccssssssessesscsecssceeescees 3 june 18 1937 ise ee eee eee 36 july 2 1937 neville chamberlain asks moderation c c:cccccsccsssescceseeees 36 july 2 1937 germany and italy again withdraw from patrol 36 july 2 1937 hitler assails france and britain on leipzig incident 36 july 2 1937 british compromise control plan submitted a naepiloies 40 july 30 1937 plan would recognize rebels as belligerents cccccsccess 40 july 30 1937 brunete taken and retaken rrs ciploten ent xe cibtaaagahind 40 july 30 1937 volume xvi spain continued eden on british mediterranean interests socialist and trade union internationals demand france lift arms embargo against valencia nyon conference called on piracy in mediterranean russia charges italy torpedoed soviet freighters germany and italy absent from nyon nyon agreement concluded britain and france carry out nyon terms italy stalls on nyon accord loses re election to seat on league council negrin asks league for right to acquire war material bova scoppa delbos conversations on italy’s attitude britain proposes franco british italian conference on for eign intervention france extends invitation to italy del vayo asks league to grant negrin’s demands franco british note to italy on three power conference league assembly fails to adopt political commission’s resolution against non spanish combatants chautemps government cautions on opening franco span ish frontier italy refuses to attend three power conference suggests non intervention committee deal with volunteers bruno mussolini to fly in rebel territory eden on non intervention france and britain agree to submit volunteer question to subcommittee of non intervention committee french and italian plans submitted to subcommittee italy recalls two generals from rebel forces 0 sugar international conference at london agreement concluded provisions syria franco turkish negotiations on alexandretta league commission inspects area unrest continues textile industry international conference at washington turkey franco turkish negotiations on alexandretta union of soviet socialist republics see russia united states president roosevelt on buenos aires conference european crisis and roosevelt’s opportunity relations with philippine islands takes part in conference on textile industry convened by international labor organization takes part in international sugar conference experts committee named to study economic future of philippines signs international sugar accord no change in gold price contemplated new trade agreement with soviet union withdraws nlan to lease over age destroyers to brazil secretary hull’s statement on peace replies optimism on progress of anglo american trade treaty negotiations roosevelt’s chicago speech abandons isolation reaction to roosevelt’s speech state department’s new atmosphere mexican good neighbor policy to continue despite oil situa tion see also china neutrality spain wertheimer m s yugoslavia bulgarian yugoslav treaty italo yugoslav treaty i chad al seach ennisndinnbbensbewbeenens chamber of deputies signs concordat with vatican date july 30 1937 july 30 1937 september 10 1937 september 10 1937 september 17 1937 september 17 1937 september 24 1937 september 24 1937 september 24 1937 september 24 1937 october 1 1937 october 1 1937 october 8 1937 october 8 1937 october 8 1937 october 15 1937 october 15 1937 october 15 1937 october 22 1937 october 22 1937 october 22 1937 october 22 1937 april 9 1937 may 14 1937 january 15 1937 march 26 1937 april 9 1937 january 15 1937 november 13 1936 november 27 1936 march 5 1937 april 9 1937 april 9 1937 april 23 1937 may 14 1937 june 11 1937 august 13 1937 august 20 1937 august 27 1937 october 8 1937 october 15 1937 october 15 1937 october 15 1937 october 22 1937 may 14 1937 january 29 1937 april 2 1937 june 18 1937 august 6 1937 foreign policy bulletin published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated new york n y national headquarters 8 west 40th street e +the only uisition ing re the rail to the izure of ine base nila and th alarm numbers 1 with ch indo yf prime 1 south a n china xploring y reason by the is on of the con did not ese gov ameri coercive bservers surances 1ese con belgian cle of a rer pact e further confront opper by e h rnational r laymen by felix iniversity pe well rappard sw york pean gov ments of ie soviet 1 national class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated periodica rob west 40th street new york n y deneral library entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 i no 2 november 5 1937 liquidating the palestine mandate by david h popper this report analyzes the clash of jewish and arab nation alist aspirations in an area strategically important for britain the success of the jewish national home and the desperate measures which the arabs have taken to prevent jewish domination of this territory it points out the difficulties in volved in the palestine royal commission partition proposal for a jewish and an arab state and a british mandated area november 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents general library inf wawrs tees a wt ab university of michigan ann arbor major offensive looms in spain berg london’s non intervention subcommittee held one more fruitless meeting last week spain’s warring factions actively pushed prepara tions for what may prove to be the decisive struggle of the civil war prior to the london session on october 29 the way seemed paved for britain and france to accept the italo german demand that belligerent rights be granted the spanish rebels as soon as substantial progress had been made in withdrawal of volunteers the four powers were reported ready to go ahead on this program even without the u.s.s.r which had taken a resolute stand against discussion of belligerent rights until the last foreign combatant had left spain but when the subcommittee met the u.s.s.r was saved from isolation by the unexpected insistence of herr von ribbentrop german ambassador to london on the unanimity rule a step which made it impossible for the four western powers to proceed as long as the soviet union remained adamant at a subsequent session on november 2 the german demand was withdrawn and the soviet representative m maisky volunteered temporarily to step aside and refrain from voting on controversial points but the only tangible result of this exhibition of mutual tolerance was an agreement to request from both parties in spain approval of the program for gradual with drawal of foreign fighters this proposal conveni ently serves to spin out diplomatic discussions while postponing the danger of a new deadlock meanwhile reports of the landing at cadiz of additional thousands of italian troops suggested that the flow of assistance to general franco suffered from no such paralysis as the non intervention com mittee on october 31 a new york times dispatch from majorca in the balearics revealed the presence there of 500 italian and german airmen bruno mussolini among them as well as approximately one hundred planes and six submarines a week earlier a french submarine chaser and two other vessels had been bombed by pirate airplanes in the vicinity of the islands following these attacks britain ordered the battle cruiser hood to majorca while france dispatched a destroyer to the neigh boring island of minorca on the peninsula the fall of gij6n on october 21 had marked the virtual completion by general franco of the conquest of the northern provinces thus the insurgents have eliminated a long time threat to their rear some 75,000 troops can now be released for service on other fronts in addition the economic resources of the franco régime have been materially augmented by control of valuable coal and iron mines and by possession in bilbao of an important industrial center the stubborn resistance to the rebel advance of fered by the basques and asturians prolonged the northern campaign now winter threatens to handi cap offensive operations in various parts of the peninsula both loyalists and rebels are reported preparing major drives but it is possible that these may not be launched before spring pressure from italy and germany for a speedy victory however may force franco to attempt a new advance in the near future any new offensive by the rebels will encounter far stiffer opposition than that offered in the north while the salamanca régime now controls two thirds of the peninsula the loyalists are reported to have the numerical advantage in troops claiming an army of at least 500,000 as compared with 350,000 or 400,000 for franco the valencia barcelona government has gone far in converting its original raw levies into disciplined soldiers who operate under what is substantially a unified command equipment has notably improved although franco page two still holds the apparent advantage in airplanes ar tillery and possibly tanks moreover he has com mand of the sea and is potentially in position to shut off the flow of supplies to his opponents on oc tober 28 he announced a blockade of the entire 650 miles of eastern and southern coastline left to the loyalists behind the lines both sides have attempted with in recent months to develop political unity which had been menaced by the pull and haul of partisan rivalries on october 21 the salamanca government announced the establishment of a fascist national council in which the carlist monarchists and the fascist phalanx were represented together with mili tary leaders reports of friction marring the rela tions of spanish italian and german troops con tinue in circulation in this connection it may be significant that while the rdle of italian soldiers in the fall of santander was widely publicized spanish troops alone were reported to have effected the capture of gijén on the other hand friction among the loyalists has been more open and perhaps more acute a factor of major importance has been the increasing strength of the communists whose numbers are re ported to have grown from approximately 50,000 at the outbreak of the revolt to some 400,000 today the communist party has skillfully exploited a pol icy of moderation toward socialization of industry and agriculture to win the support of numerous small farmers and business men the growth of the communist party has coincided with a decline in influence of the groups demanding drastic social revolution the anti stalinist poum the anarcho syndicalists and the left wing socialists led by for mer premier largo caballero when the cortes convened at valencia on october 1 the majority of socialist deputies aligned themselves with the com munists and left republicans to support the win the war policies of the negrin cabinet the possi bility that middle of the road elements might drift to valencia rather than salamanca was suggested on that occasion when miguel maura and manuel portela valladares prominent leaders of two cen ter parties resumed their seats in the cortes the transfer of the loyalist capital from valencia to barcelona officially consummated on october 30 has been interpreted variously as a confession of weakness and a promise of greater strength and co hesion barcelona is less open to attack than valen cia either from the teruel salient by land or from the balearics by sea on the other hand it is un doubtedly hoped that this step will bring catalonia’s industry as well as man power more actively into the conflict the move exemplifies the intensive mobilization of all available resources now being carried out by both of spain’s warring factions recognizing apparently that this trend eliminates fo the time being the possibility of mediation the state department declined on november 2 the cuban jp vitation of october 21 proposing a joint offer of good offices to the spanish factions by all countries of the western hemisphere charles a thomson van zeeland resigns the belgian new deal of paul van zeeland came abruptly to an end early last week when the prime minister and his cabinet resigned amids charges of corruption in connection with the na tional bank as van zeeland retired to private life seeking to clear his reputation and restore his fail ing health king leopold on october 31 invited hubert pierlot catholic minister of agriculture to form a new cabinet dr van zeeland a non party economist had 0 ganized a coalition cabinet in 1934 based on thy cooperation of the three major democratic parties catholic liberal and socialist in an effort to com bat the depression and to head off the rexist ot fascist party of léon degrelle pursuing a moder ate course and appealing for national unity the premier was able to restore confidence and to pro mote recovery especially through devaluation of the belga in september 1936 the prospects of the rexists were further diminished last april when van zeeland overwhelmingly defeated degrelle in a brussels electoral contest as the emergeng which had created the coalition government gradu ally passed however internal friction reappeared among the constituent elements the several groups manoeuvred toward obtaining future power and a few members of the cabinet including the social ist minister of finance henri de man apparently became involved in an intrigue against the prime minister the fall of the cabinet was precipitated by charge of financial corruption long hurled by the rexist against bankers and more recently made by gustavu sap a flemish leader and former finance minister it was charged that van zeeland frequently received large sums from the national bank of which he had previously been vice governor a special sessiot of parliament summoned on september 7 by the prime minister promptly cleared him of any im proper conduct dr van zeeland proved that o leaving the bank he had merely accepted his jus share of a common fund provided for the directors the government decided however to abolish thi pool and to reduce the salaries of the bank offi cials several of whom were receiving over five tim as much as the premier public suspicion regardin the national bank was accentuated by the van continued on page 4 belgian fascism in retreat foreign policy bulletin april 16 1937 inates for the state cuban in r of good ies of the omson 1 zeeland when the d amidst the na ivate life e his fail 1 invited culture to it had or ed on the parties rt to com rexist or a moder unity the id to pro ion of the ts of the sril when egrelle in emergenc ent gradu eappeared ral groups ower and the social apparently the prime by charge he rexist y gustavu minister ly received ich he had ial session 7 by the f any im d that on d_ his jus directors bolish thi bank offt five tim regardin van ril 16 1937 w ashington news letter ed washington bureau national press building nov 1 on the eve of the brussels conference washington officials are somewhat concerned by the brutal logic of those commentators who have condemned the nine power meeting to utter and complete futility no one denies that japan’s curt refusal to attend the conference has put a serious crimp in the program of peaceful settlement but state department officials are represented as feeling that there is still a middle ground between the dras tic alternatives of punitive action to stop japan and somplete acquiescence in the breakdown of all in cernational morality at any rate the effort will be made to find a basis for restoring peace without resort to force and without sacrificing the integrity of china the question is how this can be accom plished without another hoare laval deal which is officially frowned upon in both washington and london the prospects of constructive action are admit tedly slim however while japan might conceiv ably be willing to accept an armistice its terms would certainly include the military occupation of all territory now in japanese hands in the north and the retirement of chinese troops from the shanghai area which china could not possibly accept on the other hand while china might welcome a truce based on the restoration of the status guo ante these terms would hardly be acceptable to japan there is no real answer to this dilemma in washington the best proposal advanced is a vague suggestion that methods of procedure will be found to keep the door open to negotiation as long as possible this may take the form of a small subcommittee com posed of britain france and the united states for the purpose of approaching japan and china macarthur’s retirement although it passed almost unnoticed in the american press the prema ture retirement of general douglas macarthur military adviser to president quezon and field marshal of the philippine army represents the end of a long struggle waged under cover in washing ton since the inauguration of the philippine com monwealth certain officials of liberal bent who are striving to make philippine independence a real ity rather than a mere form have from the first op posed the macarthur mission to them it is a symbol of american tutelage in the upbuilding of a philip pine defense system critics have emphasized the anomaly of having an american army officer in active service at the head of the military forces of a country preparing for self government they have never ceased to suspect that filipinos were being conscripted and taught to bear arms to further american as well as philippine aspirations in the western pacific the retirement of macarthur the moving spirit behind this development marks a victory for his op ponents it does not necessarily mean that militariza tion of the philippines under the macarthur plan will be retarded whether or not his aides remain in the islands american officers and troops will be stationed there until 1946 the link with the war department will be strengthened by quezon’s se lection of general creed f cox retired chief of its bureau of insular affairs as his personal adviser in manila nevertheless a top rank american of ficer reported to favor a strong anti japanese policy will no longer remain in command of the philip pine army czech and british trade agreement negotiations advanced secretary hull’s trade agreement machine continues to move steadily along its well charted and unspectacular course last week the process of making an agreement with czechoslovakia reached the stage of public hearings by the committee for reciprocity information under the new procedure introduced early this year domestic shoe manu facturers aroused by the inclusion of their product in the list of commodities on which tariff reductions may be considered descended on washington in force to present a vigorous case against any conces sions to their czech competitors although the com mittee tries to restrict the hearings to the presenta tion of facts interests which want protection have quite naturally succeeded in using them as a sound ing board for their views exporters and consumers who would benefit by tariff reductions have unfor tunately contented themselves in the main with un publicized written briefs but the preponderance of adverse publicity is no new story in trade agreement negotiations and officials therefore see no unusual difficulties in the way of the czech agreement their most pressing need at the moment is an anodyne to assuage the bitter opposition of many american farmers to a program they erroneously believe responsible for increased agricultural im ports this will be provided they believe if the long pending trade agreement with the british can be concluded in a form which will enlarge the for eign market for american export crops here con page four fc n siderable progress has been made the one vital investigation it was contended that barmat had obstacle which remains is found in the ottawa agree received large advances on doubtful paper because gt ments which bind the united kingdom to grant of political pull with van zeeland and louis franck tariff rates to the dominions on this governor of the bank although a recently passed cy point material progress has been made in recent retirement law compelled his resignation at the end j a a canada which was offi of the year franck hastily took a leave of absence to ft eed 8 cun ye d return for defend himself the situation was further compli s sfonde ng aang wesean ae tl cated by the suicide of general etienne reported be neee al opportunity fo ciscuss kormuta for to have been the go between in the barmat negotia dealing with the ottawa preferences and apparently f tions which occurred on the eve of the van zeeland narrowed the field of disagreement it would not olalntaiditilie surprise well informed washington observers if a 8 formal announcement on the british pact was forth the retirement of dr van zeeland a trained 7 coming during the next few weeks and if the re economist and liberal statesman is widely regretted sults were more significant than anything yet because of its implications for belgium and for eu achieved under the trade program ropean appeasement in general it is feared that van zeeland resigns the rexist party may be strengthened and belgium's continued from page 2 impressive recovery jeopardized by the breakdown land incident which occurred while loans made to of the democratic combination p3 julius barmat a german refugee were undergoing james frederick green vices brus the f.p.a bookshelf gert the far east comes nearer by hessell tiltman phila the poland of pilsudski 1914 1936 by robert machray and delphia lippincott 1937 3.00 new york dutton 1937 3.75 achie this survey of the political situation in eastern asia a valuable reference work brought up to date dif brus is at once timely sprightly and reasonably well balanced fuse but useful excellent index the author attempts to state the japanese as well as the rebuilding trade by tariff bargaining by george p edge chinese case but falls into confusion by simultaneously auld new york national foreign trade council the supporting the japanese claim to predominance in china 1936 1.00 fashi and condemning the violent methods by which it is a conscientious defense of secretary hull’s reciprocal achieved trade program tons spain a tragic journey by f theo rogers new york philippine independence motives problems and prospects pow macaulay 1937 2.50 by grayson l kirk new york farrar and rinehart a sm an american journalist uses observations taken on 1936 2.50 to o both sides of spain’s civil struggle to argue for the cause after an analysis of their problems which is generally of franco sympathetic to the filipinos the author urges substitution st single to spain by keith scott watson new york e p of a loose protectorate status for the present goal of com and dutton 1937 2.00 plete independence comy the author gives an entertaining account of his leadership in a free society by t n whitehead cam experiences as soldier and journalist with the loyalists bridge mass harvard university press 1936 3.00 ez cabinet government by w ivor jennings new york a well reasoned argument that technological civilization on macmillan 1936 5.50 can produce human satisfaction only if it develops of f a work of first importance dealing with the nature of routines which recognize that individual liberty and col a the british government lective action are essential to each other com historical and commercial atlas of china by albert the new deal an analysis and appraisal by the oe ets herrmann harvard yenching institute monograph of the economist london new york alfred a the series vol i cambridge harvard university press knopf 1937 1.50 dele 1936 5.00 critical study from an english point of view mn indispensable reference work especially for the teaching a history of peaceful change in the modern world by p of chinese history c r m f cruttwell new york oxford university 4n soviet money and finance by l e hubbard new york press 1937 3.00 clea macmillan 1936 4.50 a useful analysis of ways in which peaceful changes i mer the author unravels the mysteries of soviet finance international conditions have been brought about in the soe with great clarity and traces the gradual adoption of past more orthodox financial practices sugar a case study of government control by john f coop ancient life in mexico and central america by edgar l dalton new york macmillan 1937 3.00 cept hewett new york bobbs merrill company 1936 4.00 the former head of the aaa sugar section surveys the ond a popular description of the pre historic indian cultures government’s efforts to control the production and market i of mexico and guatemala ing of this commodity in foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 2 november 5 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nationd fina headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lusi buusell president vera micheles den editor entered as second class mattei cjg december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year viev f p a membership five dollars a year +3 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff an see subscription two dollars a year ofice ax new york nor i n y ander the act onal ata c forbign policy association incorporated of march 3 1879 eo 8west 40th street new york n y vou xvii no 10 december 31 1937 ntry announcing a new series of world affairs pamphlets general library ures europe in crisis by vera micheles dean cap in this 56 page pamphlet mrs dean presents a search university of michigan nme ing analysis of the european situation the concluding section which way peace is a realistic appraisal ann arbor michigan ndra of various solutions proposed for european problems mer and of the attitude of the united states mber free to fpa members to non members 25 cents a copy parry 7 japan appeases neutrals ident n of ae enly easing the tension which had gripped __ such interference occur even in the undefined realm wy that japanese american relations for almost a fort of american interests the stage would be set for ii matic night the american government informed tokyo more acrimonious exchanges ww 1gton on christmas day that it accepted the amends made japan’s overwhelming fear of an acute altercation il ittee by japan for the attack on the gunboat panay the with the united states appeared responsible for the i pery american communication followed closely on re fact that the note giving final satisfaction to the il mber ceipt of a japanese note published december 24 british whose vessels were shelled in the yangtze i ac which amplified the terms of foreign minister on the day of the panay bombing was delayed until later hirota’s original apology recapitulating the ameri december 28 whether or not such an effect was ccess can demands the japanese government firmly main intended japan’s extreme deference to american i gness tained its contention that the incident was an unin sensibilities has for the present scotched tentative onist 4 tentional error detailed the orders given to its armed gestures toward anglo american cooperation which sabo forces to prevent recurrence of similar attacks and is highly feared in tokyo that such a move is the stressed the fact that disciplinary measures taken constantly in prospect beneath the surface in wash if ques against the responsible naval personnel had a sig ington was intimated on december 21 when presi i with bificance of special importance dent roosevelt replied to governor alf landon’s tele ve to this obvious reference to tokyo's determination tam urging united national support of the executive al jus to check heedless interference with the rights of neu in foreign affairs with the aaa that we are a ed trals has proved satisfactory to washington but part of a large world and as such owe some mea on there is no evidence that the emperor has been in sure of cooperation in maintaining standards of in formed of american concern over such events as re ternational conduct quested by president roosevelt major discrepancies in britain the desire for such cooperation is over subsist moreover between japanese military reports shadowed by the realization that it is still impracti raham at the affair was an accident unavoidable in cable foreign minister anthony eden speaking in the confusion attending the fall of nanking and parliament on december 21 complemented prime xed by the american naval findings released on decem minister chamberlain’s demand for japanese assur france ber 24 strongly implying that the attack must have ances regarding british interests with the plain hint eat t0 been intentional these matters may have been the that coercive measures against japan were impos ogra subject of supplementary private explanations which sible without overwhelming naval force which some sources believe were given by japanese officials could be provided only by the united states fleet k put t0 achieve the détente in any case the most ominous britain itself shows no desire to take unilateral naval aspect of the crisis as a whole rests in its potentiali action of the ties for the future the united states note expresses japan’s efforts to forestall the crystallization of a papers the hope that the steps which the japanese govern coalition hostile to its designs won success in an ment has taken will prove effective toward pre other quarter when the u.s.s.r on december 21 neue venting any further attacks upon or unlawful in agreed to extend japanese fishing rights in siberian terference by japanese authorities or forces with waters for one more year the new arrangement had american nationals interests or property should been preceded by threats that forcible measures es might be taken to preserve the japanese industry and by a sharp protest against the illegal arrest of japanese subjects on soviet territory the basic clash of soviet japanese policies was evinced by the an nouncement in moscow on december 19 that an 1800 mile strategic railroad paralleling the trans siberian from lake baikal to khabarovsk had been completed but settlement of the fisheries dispute it was be lieved would greatly diminish the likelihood of un due tension in soviet japanese relations in the im mediate future meanwhile reports that the u.s.s.r was preparing to furnish munitions on a large scale to the chinese via the difficult overland route seemed to have little if any foundation in fact the problem of supply threatens to become crucial for china as japan prepares an offensive against canton the sole remaining source of war ma terials of any considerable importance to divert japanese energies from this life line or possibly in retaliation for japanese vandalism in nanking and elsewhere the chinese on december 18 began the systematic destruction of japanese properties in tsingtao principally cotton mills valued at 87,000 000 prompt and effective japanese reprisals fol lowed this violation of an alleged agreement with governor han fu chu under which japanese inter ests in shantung were safeguarded as long as the province remained outside the theater of war in vading columns crossed the yellow river and on december 27 captured tsinan the provincial capi tal while the japanese naval blockade was extended to tsingtao on december 26 in central china an advance up the yangtze to hankow was contem plated hangchow southwest of shanghai fell to the japanese with little opposition on december 24 entrenched by right of conquest from the man choukuo border to a point south of the yangtze the japanese military are already confronted with the immense task of restoring some measure of peace and order to regions now plagued by anarchy and starvation it is significant of the strength of chinese national sentiment that no kuomintang statesman of any importance can be found to head a civilian authority established for this purpose the new government created on december 14 at peiping known once more as peking has been staffed by notoriously corrupt pro japanese puppets who had faded into complete obscurity with the rise of the kuomintang a decade ago hoping to utilize it as a means of pressure on chiang kai shek’s régime japan has not yet officially extended recognition or filled its chief executive post but even if the jap anese succeed in forcing the breath of life into their new vassal state they will not be able to relinquish their burden in its independent territory ruth lessly pushing on into china without thought of the consequences japan’s militarists have only succeeded page two in saddling their nation with a load beside which the vexatious pacification problem in manchoukuo pales into insignificance davip h poppsr loyalist victory at teruel forestalling general franco’s long announced final offensive loyalist troops on december 2 captured the important city of teruel in southerp aragon an enveloping movement carried forward through seven days of hard combat finally gave the attackers command of this strategic point although the insurgents were apparently caught off guard they put up a stubborn resistance and on decem ber 28 some thousands of defenders were still holding out particularly in the seminary buildings situated in an upper and older section of the tows meanwhile an insurgent army of 40,000 men had been rushed up to oppose the loyalist thruse and fierce fighting continued on the outskirts of the cig if the gains at teruel can be held they represent a far more significant victory for the government than the partial success at brunete last july capture of the city will pinch off franco’s most threatening salient for the rebel advance in this region hat been extended to a point only sixty miles distant from valencia although an insurgent drive to the mediterranean coast would have split loyalist spain cutting off madrid from catalonia general franco’s projected campaign had evidently been planned for another area the government more over has taken the offensive away from the insur gents and disrupted the latters plans by forcing diversion of troops to the new theater of war finally the victory should give a much needed boost to loyalist morale undermined by successive defeats food shortages behind the lines and partisan bick erings the government triumph speaks well for the temper of its troops staff work has evidently im proved for only a high degree of coordination among various arms made possible the success o operations carried out over a difficult mountain te rain and in the face of bitter cold blinding snow and a fifty mile wind if the loyalists can withstand the powerful insurgent counter attack expectations of an early end to the civil war either through the decisive rout of the loyalist armies or through a negotiated peace may have to be revised charles a thomson fascism gains in rumania the resignation on december 26 of the rumaniat premier george tatarescu whose conservative na tional liberal party had been defeated in the get eral elections of december 21 brought to a climat the political conflict which had been rending ru mania during the past month the government continued on page 4 h the pales er inced tf 21 thern ward e the ough juard ecem still dings town 1 had and oc ity resent ment apture rening n had listant to the oyalist eneral been more insur orcing inally ost to efeats bick or the ly im nation ess of in tet snow hstand tations 1rough 1rough son nanian ve na eget climax ig ru rnment w ashington news letter ll washington bureau national press building dec 27 while the bombing of the panay is now regarded as a closed incident the affair has given new impetus to plans for an extensive rearma ment program which will be launched during 1938 with the twofold object of strengthening american diplomacy in the far east and holding the relative position of the united states among the major pow ers formal announcement of the first step in the new program may be expected early in january when the administration will ask congress to increase next year’s naval construction program beyond the normal allotment for 1938 9 thus exceeding for the first time the limits fixed in the treaty program laid down in the vinson trammel act of 1934 to what extent the army will share in the increased budget is not yet certain although it is understood that proposals for implementing the mechanization and motorization programs have already received of ficial blessing armament spending urged to combat depres sion the whole question of armaments has been under consideration here for some time during november national defense expenditures were dis cussed in relation to the business recession as well as the general international situation with an arma ment budget of two billion dollars double this year’s expenditure frequently mentioned as a pos sible stimulus to heavy industry and re employment of labor no action however was taken on the new naval program until after the sinking of the panay on december 11 the day before the bombing the bureau of the budget approved the normal replace ment program contemplated under the vinson act this normal program which is now before the house appropriations committee calls for two capi tal ships of 35,000 tons each two light cruisers eight destroyers six submarines and four auxiliaries all to be laid down in the fiscal year 1938 9 while details of the new program are carefuly guarded it is expected to include one or more capital ships and substantial increases in aircraft carriers cruisers and submarines as the treaty limits have already been teached in cruisers and aircraft carriers any further increase in these categories will mark a departure from the present program and call for a new author ization from congress naval competition in full swing renewed con struction by other great powers notably great britain and japan is cited in naval circles here as one of the primary factors behind the new expansion program since the expiration of the washington and london naval treaties just one year ago these two powers have laid down a combined total of more than 500,000 tons in new ships and presumably both have exceeded the maximum levels of the old limitation agreements great britain has under con struction no less than 96 vessels including 5 capital ships 5 aircraft carriers and 21 cruisers as compared with 87 ships including 2 capital ships 3 aircraft carriers and 10 cruisers for the united states while it is true that the united states no longer regards britain as a competitor the british fleet will remain a yardstick as long as american policy rests on the formula of a navy second to none thus in naval circles here particular stress is laid on the deficiency in aircraft carriers and cruisers in the former cate gory great britain has a total of 11 ships built and building as compared with 6 for the united states in cruisers the british have increased their ultimate objective to 70 ships of which 58 are actually built or building as compared with 37 built or building for the united states even if the navy department adheres to its ultimate objective of 50 cruisers hinted at last year there remains a gap of some 13 new ships for which authorization must be asked from congress the japanese program is shrouded in complete secrecy as the tokyo government has published no official figures since the expiration of the limi tation agreements naval circles here however attach some importance to reports published recently in the semi official italian press alleging that japan has embarked on an ambitious building program which includes three super battleships of 46,000 tons mounting 12 sixteen inch guns whether or not the reports are authentic several washington cor respondents have been told privately that the data published in italy are confirmed in part by informa tion received from american sources in addition to the japanese program reported at the end of 1936 japan is said to have under construction today a total of 294,000 tons in new ships which would bring her total fleet built and building up to 1,119,000 tons as compared with a total of 1,418,000 tons for the united states these reports may be no more substantial than the usual crop of rumors which pre cede the annual naval appropriation bill but the absence of official information makes it all the more difficult to establish the facts and that much easier to persuade congress to vote the necessary funds at the present moment despite the strong senti ment for the ludlow war referendum there seems to be little doubt that congress will support a sub stantial increase in army and navy appropriations quite apart from the far eastern crisis administra tion leaders have sought to impress on congress the tial threat to american interests inherent in the spread of the fascist movement in latin amer ica while there is no immediate challenge to the monroe doctrine it is clear that american diplomacy would not tolerate any move which might weaken the position of the united states in the western hemisphere wiltiam t stone fascism gains in rumania continued from page 2 failed to obtain the 40 per cent of the popular vote which according to rumanian law would entitle it to 50 per cent of the seats in the chamber of depu ties the balance being distributed proportionately among all parties this system encourages electoral combinations between political groups which hope in coalition to obtain the desired 40 per cent when king carol ii who has given the country a form of enlightened mildly pro german despotism entrusted tatarescu in november with the task of conducting page four a the elections the opposition parties fearing govern ment manipulation of the vote joined forces in ap effort to assure fair elections the liberal national peasant party of dr maniu which opposes carol's camarilla government demands restoration of democracy and supports a pro french orientation ip foreign policy surprised the country by concluding an electoral deal with the anti semitic iron guard of zelea codreanu which advocates fascist dictator ship and close collaboration with germany and italy the iron guard which hitherto had had no par liamentary representation appears to have been the chief beneficiary of this unholy alliance winning 66 out of 387 seats in the chamber as compared with only 86 for the national peasants and 154 for the national liberals premier tatarescu balked in a last minute attempt to juggle election returns con sequently found it impossible to form a government it was reported that king carol might entrust oc tavian goga leader of the ultra nationalistic and anti semitic national christian party with the forma tion of a coalition cabinet which would serve asa screen for the king’s personal dictatorship vera micheles dean the f.p.a bookshelf how to use pictorial statistics by rudolph modley new york harper bros 1937 3.00 by the director of pictorial statistjes inc an indis pensable aid to anyone who wishes to use the new picture methods of conveying figures and facts reciprocal trade a current bibliography united states tariff commission third edition washington u.s tariff commission 1937 the value of this exhaustive and useful compilation which includes items published during the early months of 1937 is enhanced by an excellent index poison in the air by heinz liepmann translated from the german by eden and cedar paul philadelphia j p lippincott 1937 2.50 vivid description of what to expect when the chemical and bacteriological war begins alarmist in content and anti german in presentation germany since 1918 by frederick l schuman new york henry holt and company 1937 1.00 professor schuman gives a brief and graphic account of the demise of the weimar republic conceived in defeat and born in national bitterness and humiliation as in his earlier and more detailed work the nazi dictatorship the author’s description of the third reich is colored strongly by his political convictions a program of financial research new york national bureau of economic research 1937 volume i 1.00 volume ii 1.50 the first volume outlines an ambitious program for re search in credit and finance and the second performs a useful service for students by surveying all the work now being done in this field by individuals and organizations socialism versus capitalism by a c pigou new york macmillan 1937 1.75 without arriving at any definite conclusion a noted british economist sets forth the merits and weaknesses of socialism and capitalism while he indicts capitalist so ciety for its inability to prevent glaring inequalities of wealth to avert harrowing depressions and to make the best possible use of productive resources he also sees appalling difficulties in adequately carrying out socialist planning economic planning and international order by lionel robbins new york macmillan 1937 2.50 professor robbins subjects all efforts at economic plan ning to severe criticism he holds in particular that plan ning of international exchange will lead inevitably to the noliticalization of foreign trade with consequent aggra vation of international tension while all planners will read this book with profit many will legitimately criticize the author for exaggerating the merits of the relatively free economy to which he proposes to return foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 10 dacempzr 31 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lasiimg bugit president vera miche.es dean editor december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year national entered as second class mattef f oo a oo re kr ooo lulumllulr tc oolucucdrtlurlclulh sl cc a wn na w fh oo pes oe +index to volume xvii foreign policy bulletin october 29 1937 october 21 1938 africa anglo italian accord alexandretta sanjak of see syria arabia anglo italian accord argentina american army bombers at inauguration of president armaments japan urged to keep london naval treaty limits japan replies enr taa were corp ooiriiin hci csicecccescssectenmserescorvecncnzesensagneteenions hull on inadvisability of disarmament move austria rome protocol powers confer chancellor schuschnigg visits hitler cabinet reorganized hitler schuschnigg settlement terms ccssssssseseeeeeeeeees schuschnigg on independence hitler forces schuschnigg to drop plebiscite seizes country france and britain protest hitler orders plebiscite to approve anschluss jewish purge catholic bishops stand taken without vatican approval plebiscite approves united states recognizes anschluss mussolini’s genoa speech germany defaults on debt service united states asks debt payment belgium van zeeland resigns as prime minister bolivia accepts chaco peace terms with paraguay book reviews adamic louis the house in antigua angell norman the defense of the empire angus h f the problem of peaceful change in the pacific area armaments year book arnold t w the folklore of capitalism atkinson h a prelude to peace auld g p rebuilding trade by tariff bargaining aydelotte w o bismarck and british colonial policy background of war baker jacob cooperative enterprise baker n d why we went to war baldwin h w the caissons roll beals carleton glass houses bemis 8s f a diplomatic history of the united states benns f l european history since 1870 benson a b and hedin naboth editors swedes america berdayev nicolas the origin of russian communism bertram j m first act in china bidwell p w our trade with britain bases for a re ciprocal trade agreement bisson t a japan in china borchard edwin and lage w p neutrality for the united states borgese g a goliath the march of fascism date april 22 1938 april 22 1938 february 25 1938 february 11 1938 february 18 1938 april 8 1938 april 22 1938 january 28 1938 february 18 1938 february 25 1938 february 25 1938 march 4 1938 march 18 1938 march 18 1938 march 25 1938 march 25 1938 april 8 1938 april 15 1938 april 15 1938 may 20 1938 june 17 1938 june 24 1938 november 5 1937 july 22 1938 november 19 1937 january 14 1938 december 10 1937 march 11 1938 january 21 1938 march 11 1938 november 5 1937 november 26 1937 december 3 1937 december 3 1937 november 26 1937 february 11 1938 june 10 1938 january 7 1938 march 4 1938 july 29 1938 june 10 1938 february 4 1938 october 21 1938 july 1 1938 november 26 1937 march 11 1938 a a os volume xvii book reviews continued borkenau franz the spanish cockpit bryn jones david frank b kellogg ccccccccsesseeeeseceeeeees cailahan j m american foreign policy in canadian re sitet sili ciactecieiessichiadiaemesitbianeestniehiibinitnindiinentislgmtiemmntmensenamneeenseie carr e h international relations since the peace treaties carter boake and healy t h why meddle in the ntt cates hides aia ena ia adined daha daitinbadiadeenesinsonaias oveveeeneovene chamberlin w h japan over a8id cccccecccessseereeeeeeees chapman c e republican hispanic america a history iiit ciid ols saiidalldendscedeenetiaepaeeinesecinmlopinasetseneekeeteninedeseneie corbett p e the settlement of canadian american dis sueitied svccasccesnsovinesnndiennenvenmnenerebtneisemnuamiavisenatsoensreversecenseessovensceecoes cranston earl swords or ploughshares 0 cs000eeeeeeees cruttwell c r m f a history of peaceful change in i ti ahaa eennangeamintesennnieermnaauneeent dalton j e sugar a case study of government control davis s c the french war machine ccccccccccccscsossssesese diplomatic correspondence of the united states inter american agagsrs vol ix mexted 2.0 ccccrcccsesesseceseseeeees dulles f r forty years of american japanese relations dupuy r e and eliot g f if war comes 0000 einzig paul world finm nce 1935 1937 cccceeceereereceeereeees ekins h r and wright theon china fights for her life elliott e s and others international control of non ele es faulkner h u american political and social history ferguson w k and bruun geoffrey a survey of euro sn pii eatin olaneeecrbsladnabiianidaleeaeeonpbabsabnensanseoerees fodor m w plot and counter plot in central europe forman s e a good word for democracy 0000000 freeman l r discovering south america c 00000 freund richard watch czechoslovakia ccssseeeeeeeeees gannes harry when crea untitled cccccccccccccoccccssccccccceses gracchus g s the renaissance of democracy csrogmo lautorsd tag puccio ncscescccesecccccsecssoscesevesscessseecces griffin c c the united states and the disruption of the 6 careers emnamenseicsiiobaioernss i gi sie iii 4 ocrsnntissnngntnenseverseneetconseascvescenenee handbook of international organizations cc.c0ceeeeee hanke lewis editor handbook of latin american studies han seng chen landlord and peasant in china hanson s g utopia te ur nguay 0ccececccscesssecsssssessecceseesees harrison henry jreland and the british empire hartshorne e y the german universities and national sess ss es ce a eee heald stephen editor documents on international af a cee caidbaisnliiniiogneeoes heimann eduard communism fascism or democracy herrmann albert historical and commercial atlas of i sided dielasinit hinted aaidieesnbeibbimibabinenmnnenseeneeneensitiorsces herskovitz m j life in a haitian valley 00000 hewett e l ancient life in mexico and central america i ie in oe ieee ep uniiud ceccirtnsccvencersrnerevescccccscoseetenececes hinton h b america gropes for peace cccccceeeeeeeeeees holland w l and mitchell k l problems of the pa ea oe ae a a a hoover c b dictators and democracies ccccccceeeeeeeeeeee horrabin j f an atlas of current affairs hubbard l e soviet money and finance 00000 hughes e r the invasion of china by the western i a a cpncccotionsanacie i i sss nsebnnenisabnosenaueoonsees huxley aldous ends and means cccsseessesssssesesseeceees inman s g latin america its place in world life innis h s the dairy industry in canada 000000 international trade in certain raw materials and food stuffs by countries of origin and consumption ireland gordon boundaries possessions and conflicts in ee et jennings w i cabinet government 0 cccceccssseeeeeeeeees jones m h swords into ploughshares 0 cccccseeeeeeeee kane a e china the powers and the washington con seteiiini sciiireicdasiheteidamehsiashieiniiantabetpiniinaisibdemsinitiibuadedneeesonecceeeconevecete keesing f m education in pacific countries kellett e e the story of dictatorship 0 cccccccesseeee kennedy a l britain faces germany 00ccceeeeeeees king hall stephen chatham house 0ccccsssssssessrsesnsevees kirk g l philippine independence motives problems and prospects coree oee e eeo e ree e eere eee e eee eee eee eee eee sees eeeeee ee oee ee eee eee ees 27 22 9 13 11 13 27 11 29 22 32 date march 11 1938 december 24 1937 april 15 1938 october 29 1937 may 20 1938 december 10 1937 july 29 1938 november 19 1937 november 12 1937 february 4 1938 november 5 1937 november 5 1937 march 25 1938 april 29 1938 december 3 1937 november 19 1937 november 19 1937 may 20 1938 november 12 1937 january 21 1938 march 4 1938 december 10 1937 february 4 1938 october 29 1937 april 22 1938 november 12 1937 february 4 1938 june 10 1938 april 1 1938 january 7 1938 march 25 1938 october 29 1937 november 12 1937 april 22 1938 march 18 1938 february 4 1938 july 8 1938 june 3 1938 november 5 1937 january 28 1938 november 5 1937 january 21 1938 august 26 1938 april 22 1938 february 4 1938 february 11 1938 november 5 1937 march 25 1938 december 24 1937 january 21 1938 december 3 1937 january 7 1938 january 21 1938 april 29 1938 november 5 1937 january 7 1938 may 13 1938 april 29 1938 march 25 1938 november 26 1937 june 3 1938 november 5 1937 volume xvii book reviews continued knoblaugh e h correspondent in spain cccccccecseserseseees knudson j i a history of the league of nations kohn hans western civilization in the near east rone bf k crimng baie sesscsscessninucsivinsinntapodsatsecsneens kuno y s japanese expansion on the asiatic continent landau henry the enemy wt rise cccccoscrressrscccovceseceosecesoes lasker bruno and roman agnes propaganda from cris che somone soccsicinccerseiciemeencaeonasican ee lederer emil and lederer seidler emy japan in tran becione ccvc cersccnehsctnsrensstestinlichcesesvetastimte teamed lichtenberger henri the third reich liepmann heinz poison in the air lijdocke hk g w j hseww brgmgoey cicicsvnssceccecsessnagiceteecctsoannene lyons eugene assignment in utogia cscsccccesssssssesseesees machray robert the poland of pilsudski 1914 1986 mackay r a and rogers e b canada looks abroad maclaurin w r economic planning in australia 1929 bode cxacicecseccasacecsntsssiawpisnavneinie aa ea madariaga salvador de theory and practice in interna ceo ee te ouiioier cnceccevecesesveseyisesunainapnionaaneriaiaamiagiaalaaiai malek yusuf the british betrayal of the assyrians mallory w h editor political handbook of the world fe séecccenscaceinveceusuesecnnttesnbncniniscnienemeeatanannasabaaeseabaieaen martelli george jtaly against the world dates tail me cnell fe coe wenccitinsssecnssccccestincsenccevigniinnteries mathews basil india reveals herself ccccccccsssssssssseseees matthews h l two wars and more to come megaro gaudens mussolini in the making ccccccccecseeees the message and decisions of oxford on church com pours gpm tioned ccoxsccinicesnscicnes temaetaacinia eatanesbbtetineine mills f c prices in recession and recovery ss000 modley rudolph how to use pictorial statistics po trond ivsicisesiatninscccncsteadimaeneteeaniberemmmnss ene m monica sister and then the storm bearoes 1 t faure es tae wccecscscesarseictsecentncevisiccen the new deal an analysis and an appraisal niemdller martin from u boat to pulpit ccccccccccccesees nutrition final report of the mixed committee of the league of nations nutrition the relation of nutrition to health agricul serre grid com ounes tow oc cscsescvirccsiceinscastentinersetiasienmns o’brien t h british experiments in public ownership see comi hei ccsin sacesssneccnccacieusevensnssboecutssnateansbacenssmusuientaiaoaaane copper toc fo eek cio scissccicecentasiicisersecertsnetnestennstaseiss paws tirby mast we go te wee cesccscccscsescssssessccsssssteesaee ig ee i one p e p report on international trade ccsccscscccssseceses report on the british social services 0 00 perkins dexter the monroe doctrine 1867 1907 petrie sir charles lords of the inland se 00000000 phelps v l the international economic position of uie nccecsersinstaesicinincivciamiaaiiaaammmnaansaenineraiaat pigou a c socialism versus capitalism ccccccccecceccsercees porter c w the career of théophile delcassé postgate raymond and vallance aylmer england goes i ont 0ss casirncgrsenncdusnacueusueecictiakans domelas uabuaaend rete rcbiabeaeieei mi price willard children of the rising sun a program of financial remeqighe vvisecssscsscssccscssecsstacsisiernens ralston j h supplement to the law and procedure of feber national thier seis ccesccecassenncacastinvcvevintvareeninetaianioeant rappard w e and others source book on european conn d osiiceiicccecsescisnniscccvovencdunisinniraunaueteteommabaaranaviectiee raushenbush stephen and joan the final choice reciprocal trade a current bibliography eh ere gd ef ege gins cenisctsesscanntancioroseneaservescoaadaedmae report of the committee on the maintenance of american four as citerssssainnspeinisneesenenstmannapicigetianiaanmiadnkaanaliaien reynolds reginald the white sahibs in india 0000008 rivera diego and wolfe b d portrait of mewico robbins lionel economic planning and international divgio 5s ccsncanirnasstnennsecssarsbeevanstestonsiinnanpaenenaaaabaamnoanaa roberts s h the house that hitler built robeson w a prubléc biter pr tee cccccecercoverscesssscecesosseseeseecee rogers f t spain a tragie journey scccccccrerssrsseceseeccesess roosevelt eleanor this troubled world cccccccseecsseeeeees royal institute of international affairs china and japan saerchinger césar hello americ 0c.cecccccccscescccsscscoscces sainte aulaire comte geneva versus peace scherer j a b japan defies the world aorn re eee ee eere reese sees ee eee ee heed esse eeeeheeeoeeeeeseeees sete eeeeeeeereeseseseeeees ee eeeeeereeeseeseeeseses pe eeeeeeresareseeseereee cee eeeeeeereeeeeeeeeseseeeeeee no 15 19 22 28 11 32 32 13 date february 4 1938 march 4 1938 november 19 1937 march 25 1988 may 6 1938 january 7 1938 june 3 1938 june 3 1938 october 29 1937 december 31 1937 january 21 1938 november 12 1937 november 5 1937 june 24 1938 november 26 1937 january 7 1938 november 19 1937 july 29 1938 january 21 1938 december 3 1937 april 29 1938 january 28 1938 june 10 1938 january 21 1938 november 26 1937 december 31 1937 november 12 1937 november 12 1937 january 14 1938 november 5 1937 february 11 1938 november 12 1937 january 14 1938 march 4 1938 june 10 1938 march 11 1938 march 25 1938 november 12 1937 february 4 1938 april 1 1938 april 29 1938 december 31 1937 november 12 1937 december 3 1937 may 138 1938 december 31 1937 november 12 1937 october 29 1937 november 19 1937 december 31 1937 march 18 1938 january 28 1938 april 29 1938 november 12 1937 december 31 1937 march 11 1938 november 19 1937 november 5 1937 april 22 1938 july 15 1938 may 6 1938 june 3 1938 february 11 1938 4 volume xvii book reviews continued schmidt c t the plough and the sword labor land se pines gid nouns bouiid scesecsecsccevucccccsescesesecccccceoscccoors schuman f l germany since 1918 ne mn sn ineond oc scccnctenicbenerececotecescrscsececeeoosoates segal simon the new poland and the jews sender ramon counter attack in spain ccc0ccccsseesseseeeee shapiro h r what every young man should know i a ee a ch iemenipladinnnecoene shepardson w h the united states in world affairs greiner see es reed rn ee oe snow edgar red star over cr6ng cccccccccccccccsseccsscceeee storrs sir ronald memoirs of sir ronald storrs strange william canada the pacific and war tansill c c amerion goes to warr 00cccccccccsseecccssesscsesesees tiltman hessell the far east comes nearer tobenkin elias the peoples want peace 0 s 00000000 toynbee a j survey of international affairs 1936 trivanovitch vaso economic development of germany na a pe tupper eleanor and mcreynolds g e japan in amer i sc aetnercsienisanineionsess a i mil sue gion ud ite soccceciccsevsssnsereccosecccntvnscinsss volk h m h a van der economische politiek in belgié i ss spciecemtnneiaineinnee vondracek f j the foreign policy of czechoslovakia wallace h a technology corporations and the general sas cre cu 1c dr ee eee ware n j labor in canadian american relations white w w the process of change in the ottoman i a al sels smsrontonnnie whitehead t n leadership in a free society whittlesey c r international monetary issues i gl wien i ny were iii ca cscniscccccenssocnsssesscsnsncéscosteszeete wilgus w j the railway interrelations of the united i a ced sa eascnacscanesancsansenes wolfe h c the german octopus yakhontoff v a eyes on japan brazil president vargas takes dictatorial powers fascist possi a ossarter sn se rs hee rse re nce ave le ae ree sumner welles on vargas coup ers ac co a i a ismemcnenninliaion makes petroleum industry public utility british west indies economic unrest in jamaica and trinidad bulgaria loan from france canada roosevelt pledges american aid against aggressor backs st lawrence waterway chaco see bolivia china america’s far eastern policy i iene in aatdldcacrapisentpecteebineace japan refuses to attend nine power conference japan’s southern activity i ea anh sntncobeniioveereneniones american concern over brussels conference 000 chiang kai shek refuses direct negotiations with japan germany offers to mediate in sino japanese conflict nine power conference meets at brussels mediation pro st lachaideielcshhtiiieniepeiabetidaintanbecansaniiittilnatiinianennsaninenesneenininine renee coon iiis ciacichiaienn gin seccncensendeeescstnniececeodoceveses france bans munitions shipments via indo china moves government offices to interior ccccccceeeesseeseeeeeeenees japan claims sovereign rights in shanghai international i a cc hencaapenactionseniqubincnnentes japan flouts brussels conference scccscssceesseseseeeseesenees united states on japanese control of maritime customs deampeeme talces wathen onccccce.cexecceccocccnscccscccccccccccoccevsorccesccoscceseesos japanese control of shanghai revenues united states protests panay incident prererrrerrrrretrii itt no 16 10 32 33 22 40 14 11 36 27 37 a 9 30 30 30 36 46 44 co c9 co et et et st oo co co 7 oc oro or ceo date february 11 1938 december 31 1937 june 3 1938 june 10 1938 december 17 1937 march 25 1938 july 29 1938 january 28 1938 january 7 1938 july 1 1938 april 29 1938 november 5 1937 march 11 1938 july 8 1938 november 19 1937 november 19 1937 december 10 1937 october 29 1937 october 29 1937 november 12 1937 january 21 1938 april 22 1938 november 5 1937 december 17 1937 december 24 1937 january 7 1938 may 6 1938 november 12 1937 november 19 1937 december 17 1937 may 20 1938 may 20 1938 may 20 1938 july 1 1938 september 9 1938 august 26 1938 october 29 1937 october 29 1937 october 29 1937 october 29 1937 october 29 1937 november 12 1937 november 12 1937 november 12 1937 november 12 1937 november 26 1937 november 26 1937 november 26 1937 november 26 1937 november 26 1937 december 10 1937 december 17 1937 december 17 1937 december 17 1937 volume xvii china continued great britain protests shelling of ships ccccccceseeeesees panay incident tests american foreign policy japan takes tsinan and hangchow meow for cocr eiirog oiincisnceccccitsmints ented united states accepts apology for panay attack chiang kai shek gives up premiership cordell hull on american interests paes wemotiatianes gade csieccckccksccessssssscssindensiestemcsereetenna military equipment purchases begg pf u cru cbcieie ccsiecccnessvensiniesetisneieienavacenascasvialaiananings united states on injuries to citizens in war zone feso chow gori tt ind eicncemscissetss aseaeeereegine nes kuomintang creates people’s political council kuomintang makes chiang kai shek permanent chairman of central executive committee ni mpiiadh puiioe iid occa ncsacccccaninisssancciderconcccoremione meena united states trade in 1937 we ee toto wirwioe nnsciccacecteeveceeetierteeeen anglo japanese agreement on customs receipts chro tatetoet ger ooiiio cocsiccck ences etter smncirnaiccedes japan conciliates foreign interests 0 scssscsosesssrseseee reserves rights on ccustoms receipts ssscscecccecereesseseaseess semen cakes trgrgrow cncsiciscicsccnctistisc anced auemuneaaen fighting along lunghai railway american exports bolster japan srerons doe corda siciceriavitiamnndciccddieisicievietneniadeags people’s political council meets veer ce cos picu nn vcrecexscecttecendinee ccs american japanese exchanges on encroachment on amer srt sto oge orcieskoscdiecatssinvsenndccnumissedeetinsbeeneaaereaes geeak britains eetnees fog nsccsesissiiicuncsgerinea eee japanese soviet clash at changkufeng diplomatic ex nine sacdsocccicncssnccsucnecenteiinmeeeanseeaabanansniaeaeinieestdeeaman ae tie aaparehe hoviet howder cws cccascesccvencvsstsescseonivssscesestuaseantonentin asks league of nations to act against japan under ar ticle 17 czechoslovakia gooie tie guid eiscsciscscnncacccsnatehotencessnmbuedinssnceunanmialiaiabecuicane konrad henlein demands autonomy for german minority trade agreement negotiations with united states rumanian foreign minister visits prague yves delbos on french pledges cccccccsrccccsesrescssssscessossesses signs american czech trade agreement ccscesceceseeeeees moves to give german minority proportional civil service oed ivsevcsissccstsccnnsnsawataiassanparciaididiimntncatocsaiemaniunnmd britain geckimes to wumpameds bag o.ccceccciccecccvcccnscsseveecssscevecenses other minorities to unite with sudeten germans in au sout couiiie osecccivnseeainssccaneaigdsaanaceansnacintdtncticpepecbtnactncteaeats premier hodza’s proposal on minorities recognizes german seizure of austtia ccceeeeeeseeeeeeee ones sudeten party conference henlein’s program henlein visits london henderson visits berlin wabitimen alter tier wac wioie sccevccnccsecicccecccsnsecessssentenssenacecrens prc tiies cutriioud acc cisincascersicccosssonbesiendivodmeneiasameinammceeetiamnigios retr gireeioiin ccciesecnsincsssscecscncascibaniereinaiiaasaaardaebies great britain mediates in crisis lord runciman to be mme kcincsaeocciuncstecesnsciinsannccsteninabieiliaasieetbltehittabidmaadedasietiandamiaiuaiiin british home fleet to hold maneuvers north of scotland german maneuvers play on other nations wish to avoid gui isnccconsnepceeasonssensennetqunsnaphanieapiaanensmauitaaiedacaaaabeisenaaaae sir john simon on critical situation cccssssssessessserees hitler confers with henlein rejects runciman plan for cue griotiet osnicitsiaicscocsctenstcnecvintesnanbcicaisiatibabiaade aed indications of atericam qucigiid ncecccrcccsccnsssiccsssrsenassvotmitensiers possible ceding of sudeten area studied by british see dururririote cued cctccties ccmeeinicmineins proclaims martial law in sudeten districts eecee0 britain and france accept hitler’s terms sccsesesseees chamberlain hitler berchtesgaden meeting c00000 questions raised by diplomatic realignment after cham ls ne snp sra es er re ere pe ie ge eieio cesseccasicctccdnciecicsntiremcieneameipeninnicanens henlein flees to germany sudeten party dissolved sudeten émigrés form free corps ccccccccesesssessseseeseeerseenes godesberg demands turn tide against hitler pe ries tio ov cicssccrsincgsirettecigereesatrviceaeaavivitcannnsctann refuses hungary’s demand for territory roosevelt appeals to hitler reply see eeeeeecereeseseseseeseeeees prpeerrr errr rrr it 26 29 29 46 date december 24 1937 december 24 1937 december 31 1937 december 31 1937 december 31 1937 january 21 1938 january 21 1938 january 21 1938 january 28 1938 march 4 1938 march 4 1938 april 8 1938 april 8 1938 april 8 1938 april 8 1938 april 22 1938 april 22 1938 may 13 1988 may 13 1938 may 13 1938 may 13 1938 may 27 1938 june 3 1938 june 17 1938 june 17 1938 july 15 1938 july 15 1938 august 5 1938 august 5 1938 august 5 1938 august 19 1938 september 23 1938 october 29 1937 october 29 1937 november 5 1937 january 28 1938 march 4 1938 march 18 1938 march 25 1938 april 1 1938 april 8 1938 april 8 1938 april 8 1938 may 6 1938 may 20 1938 may 27 1938 may 27 1938 june 17 1938 july 29 1938 september 2 1938 september 2 1938 september 2 1938 september 9 1938 september 9 1938 september 9 1938 september 16 1938 september 16 1938 september 23 1938 september 23 1938 september 23 1938 september 23 1938 september 23 1938 september 23 1938 september 30 1938 september 30 1938 september 30 1938 september 30 1938 6 volume xvii czechoslovakia continued rumania and yugoslavia to aid if hungary attacks ue mun oeoe grunt be bp urinog tied onccccccnccccccccocescovscccnoscevecccccssscese ce sneinnasnenccoontoassinses i i semnamnactbedennencevesone beumoen gcomegtomcs geurtunred 02 cccccccccccsccccccccsccccesscocssccees runciman report and recommendations ccccceseeeeeeeees timing of washington action oss cscmvnsesoncbennonoies effects of munich accord on american policies international commission assigns territory slovak concessions danzig catholic center party dissolved nazi anti jewish drive dean v m i 0 rn ic deavecctoceosensnsccccncceseseteses appointed research director of fpa dominican republic i i amecembiomniobaiie haitian dominican tension and inter american peace ma a al ites sn ccd ranbiuiseninsesnad euuenasacetoonoes trujillo accepts conciliation new move in dispute economic conditions van zeeland report egypt king farouk dismisses cabinet of mustapha nahas pasha eire see ireland ethiopia i a sapinsonweniuaanii league of nations on recognition of conquest europe fascist dictators court danubian countries 05 reshuffling alignments rests in uneasy peace ls resell eis iss e ry sae pr powers struggle for mediterranean control dynamic germany confronts europe new storm over czechoslovakia re to ca shdnbinetecsecbeesenivense czechoslovak crisis repeats 1914 pattern nazi steamroller pushes east evian conference see refugees foreign policy association pd guoee boned gd tiger ooie gy oncccccccccsccccnsccsesescscsecccoscceeses os st it pri er oviccencoccetacesctcecciessesenescossevccecesacosees new appointments to board and national committee mrs dean made research director twentieth anniversary france bans munitions shipments to china via indo china chautemps and delbos visit london foreign problems unite left i ac acesiscmmnionsiadecboneeens franco british conversations on offers to germany economic conditions ak asta hcenlneal isinnaabbiehdiendamtonsenboaniesonneeees sreb caen eerie oe ae a chautemps government falls and re forms iiis innis 5 asic aseninsentinanrndeveesisescoonsssvsnsonnbotnseccencees léon blum organizes government chautemps government resigns ee ag os see ee a protests german seizure of austria war ministries coordinated blum government falls se ee ee anglo french conversations at london conclusions devalues franc no 49 49 49 50 50 50 50 51 51 51 51 6 9 12 15 36 date september 30 1938 september 30 1938 september 30 1938 october 7 1938 october 7 1938 october 7 1938 october 7 193 october 14 1938 october 14 1938 october 14 1938 october 14 1938 october 29 1937 october 29 1937 march 25 1938 may 27 1938 november 12 1937 december 3 1937 december 24 1937 januarv 14 1938 february 4 1938 january 14 1938 april 22 1938 may 20 1938 january 28 1938 february 18 1938 march 25 1938 april 8 1938 july 1 1938 july 8 1938 september 2 1938 september 23 1938 september 30 1938 october 14 1938 january 7 1938 january 21 1938 january 28 1938 may 27 1938 june 17 1938 november 26 1937 december 3 1937 december 3 1937 december 10 1937 december 10 1937 january 7 1938 january 7 1938 january 7 1938 january 21 1938 january 21 1938 march 18 1938 march 18 1938 march 18 1938 march 18 1938 march 18 1938 april 15 1938 april 15 1938 may 6 1938 may 13 1938 see also austria czechoslovakia spain great britain volume xvii france continued program to increase production and rehabilitate finance franco turkish friendship pact and declaration on alex iir nc vicseciessexnrenskcsohveracnsedanaghmaeatnkedtaapineesimraaea er taeaae english king and queen visit paget ccccsocecscasscsescorssenccossescace asks meaning of german army maneuvers ee ee su dar ha le a te accredits ambassador to italy rmpeasement tavore ouiey viicccissscvivcnsecncesscectvnsenisssvadene reber ian to deomcr time doug a sicisssisisesicacescncsscietsvsccconnmneainednn see also czechoslovakia germany vert bibbertrne wwanlts sro sasccsssssciissont cmcectccomoraesans italy signs german japanese anti communist pact offers to mediate in sino japanese conflict epg segue won td vseceasvaeteiahacenccirectsiscincscscenecieatn franco british proposals on settlement polish foreign minister visits berlin ccceceeeeeeees anxious for trade treaty with united states br ii secctssessutevinninnrvionncnedeeniaaniaanimncrasament joachim von ribbentrop named foreign minister chancellor schuschnigg visits hitler britain yields to rome berlin axis deseo duo ied easisticachineiesereqoiaecccreieasecaavsinannioiniien hitler on foreign policy and colonies er ncee uie tiog trtmoi cacscsarcisscanietninchsvscccosconcnenianiansitiessee hitler mussolini conversations at rome mussolini on italo german friendship cccssseeeesseeeeees league of poles in germany charges on polish minority economic measures against jews eoiee qt i wicccernecedcreesowiersemnaustoiv ania notaesnnaeeaan french ask meaning of army maneuuvets ccccceseeereeeees visit of hungarian regent horthy nazi congress at nuremberg hitler’s nuremberg speech copied iiit cicessucactnschackensneicsapimsabeasdctnneatesatuvenuscamemoneeraioas hitler on democracies and jewish world enemy anglo american trade agreement negotiations cue sein siniveiecnsenccvcccaicaneubirbbanicaaaleciadstaanaaatacdeemtaniabaian to mariquaribe cog wings scsinciciccireideeeeisteecinerensi anglo american trade agreement negotiations eee er orseg warn cot occcancinicerncenpsvtnencesovese eccsaussconersiciss chautemps and delbos visit london army reorganization doors wriitge hiiccenscceccsninicecaaiienianacnihtacaatiion franco british conversations on offers to germany protests japanese shelling of ships dug we ororitoion ss icciceescscvsscsseecicssccsuamioseseniehanmunie trimesaveaseseuaiaaaaaiins american cruisers to attend singapore naval base opening anglo irish agreement sought anglo american naval talks anthony eden quits cabinet ie ge ed eissivesdcnesvckeusdcuuisnnuntinnacamaesmebiahaima acca so co trcudrroe tur cin ins icicsiceisnisiceiicseeemcereenss explores anglo italian agreement possibilities spain obstacle to anglo italian accord c.cccssssscsssessees neville chamberlain on foreign policy and central euro ins sniry socaniccccussncvendvescescu oendleecaaunaeiens emblems pacceaundenunaaiebense recognizes german seizure of austria protests mexico’s oil expropriation tenn padi ee ueed goin nc casiscctterscesacsnaccdecndpinccnccakeatnaeiatgnniesis american stand on anglo italian accord anglo french conversations at london anglo irish treaty signed mme scssusibeinakscievehaiciichspices edoes cov eoureevensprapmieaaoeseasecgiuaieeautn gan mussolini’s genoa speech break with mexico iii iil scccncusednbeubamaenss baacoheaagniee bai pucok caste ate sir thomas inskip on conscription i bp iid ccccsesuricnssniiniructerscecetuveageiione xsoneaeeenabenis rr sn gn wee pri a iiivescctisetienenccnterntinnicnen chamberlain continues appeasement policy popcroe wenn codoiir sccecscaccinncsssabiaioeencansaieanes etbeeaaindemmonaninn commons accepts simon finance bill authorizes aviation id osicsisicieninscsrcconsctenine aise eae credit to turkey see also china czechoslovakia palestine spain no 29 37 40 43 46 51 51 51 date may 13 1938 july 8 1938 july 29 1938 august 19 1938 september 9 1938 october 14 1938 october 14 1938 october 14 1938 october 29 1937 november 12 1937 november 12 1937 november 26 1937 december 10 1937 january 28 1938 january 28 1938 february 11 1938 february 11 1938 february 18 1938 february 25 1938 february 25 1938 february 25 1938 february 25 1938 may 13 1938 may 20 1938 june 17 1938 june 24 1938 july 8 1938 august 19 1938 september 2 1938 september 9 1938 september 16 1938 october 14 1938 october 14 1938 november 5 1937 november 19 1937 november 19 1937 november 26 1937 november 26 1937 december 3 1937 december 10 1937 december 10 1937 december 10 1937 december 24 1937 december 31 1937 january 21 1938 january 28 1938 february 4 1938 february 25 1938 february 25 1938 february 25 1938 march 4 1938 march 11 1938 april 1 1938 april 8 1938 april 15 1938 april 22 1938 april 29 1938 may 6 1938 may 6 1938 may 6 1938 may 20 1938 may 20 1938 june 10 1938 june 10 1938 june 10 1938 july 29 1938 august 5 1938 august 5 1938 august 5 1938 september 9 1938 i ae volume xvii haiti ene a se ee a haitian dominican tension and inter american peace ma i a a 2s i atrepaieetdcrednetoeibsqueborosvees trujillo accepts conciliation new move in dispute hungary rome protocol powers confer at budapest offers united states debt settlement cccseccsceeeeeeeee bela imredy succeeds daranyi as premier i hates taiaipeda ened benbeheionnetenenees little entente on right to rearm india congress party opposes federation sesccssceeessssseeees tests new constitution on release of political prisoners ireland anglo irish agreement sought i scp sanhabsdoensovaconeibiin anglo irish treaty signed italy iie rii nii 5 scacnacnasaneseinctodincuces covevsestetecsoeseete signs german japanese anti communist pact withdraws from league of nations ccseeeeeeseeeees rome protocol powers confer at budapest cceseseeees explores anglo italian agreement possibilities spain obstacle to anglo italian accord c:c:cccseeeeeeees hitler writes to mussolini on seizure of austria bugeeine goren wich geottitey 0 cccrcoscccccccccccecccccccscccsceceeess mussolini’s speech on army strength signs anglo italian accord summary sccssseeseeeeeees american stand on anglo italian accord hitler mussolini conversations at rome cen onistinnoneustonnconsons mussolini warns secretary woodring 0 ccccceeeeeeeeeeees i sand dasdcamlasbeieediniibsbeweiovenbostaoese itt ca ecu ahidind ag uiscienononsiesovesienenmpeodeonsesoosersees anti semitic measures pope pius condemns racism france accredits ambassador to rome see also spain japan italy signs german japanese anti communist pact st i hd ealtdsnnarsseyeeceerttertoanentasbansessonneeenessetcastionss soviet extends fishing rights ical sal optanceaechinledebnobecladaiiéenahensentnebuveiasveserontits economic situation eere se sie ee er ee ee urged to keep london naval treaty limits a i saerdindinennsedinsnnseiesecckatence i icc cemnigssnchobonctanectessentnecieseeseoencseseees alaska fishing controversy settled i sn ui ga cccvcudsnssseveresscsecerecascsceseesonsess reaction to american naval program assem eraceacerinseucénsaneresovecioncoes economic and financial difficulties communist suspects arrested i a ocsshmigbabnonwonbencees backs germany and italy on anti comintern pact noncommittal on european situation cccecceeeseeeeees effect of munich accord on foreign policy ugaki resigns as foreign minister see also china narcotic drugs latin america sumner welles on latin american policy of united states closer radio ties with united states i ste nna mneapncisnpenimabenteowunes five countries hold informal conversations at rio de rs ee ie es a ee nn ee ee eee united states rapprochement plans cscecsseeeeesesees lima conference agenda 14 19 34 45 45 20 20 wore 14 19 20 21 22 24 26 27 29 30 30 34 36 42 51 52 18 18 25 30 32 52 date november 12 1937 december 3 1937 december 24 1937 january 14 1938 january 28 1938 march 4 1938 june 17 1938 september 2 1938 september 2 1938 march 11 1938 march 11 1938 january 28 1938 january 28 1938 may 6 1938 october 29 1937 november 12 1937 december 17 1937 january 28 1938 march 4 1938 march 11 1938 march 18 1938 march 25 193 april 8 1938 april 22 1938 april 29 1938 may 13 1938 may 20 1938 may 20 1938 june 17 1938 july 1 1938 august 12 1938 october 14 1938 november 12 1937 november 26 1937 december 31 1937 december 31 1937 january 14 1938 january 14 1938 february 11 1938 march 4 1938 march 4 1938 march 18 1938 april 8 1938 april 22 1938 april 22 1938 may 13 1938 june 3 1938 june 3 1938 september 23 1938 september 23 1938 october 21 1938 october 21 1938 december 17 1937 february 25 1938 february 25 1938 april 15 1938 may 20 1938 june 3 1938 october 21 1938 on volume xvii league of nations se ciid oi ncisnevicasevenesonveniavastaecsutnnbaanttaaeenens cogrer trae rodic torii nccoriianiicnceindimcieaenn council rejects loyalist resolution on non intervention potamed retires from gamat csisissdiccisteiscecsisccssasteionatekeivoe china asks action against japan lzeet d fp elected secretary of foreign policy association lima conference see latin america lithuania poland compels restoration of diplomatic and trade re rie i c.cciscinsssssnsonevececeeneasnecusidngatunianamieiasesdouiieas daemons little entente conference at bled acts on hungary mexico ra coi oes inisvcevisencapndetces ed siceticcsacmanes oil and mexican american relations searmer wellee om waid gogo cciisscccccssccasivessiascssstorspaniserrese silver agreement with united states cccccccccccccccssseeees dispute with british and american oil companies pri deg tinier guis x cacavusssanoeevetentencleadinesodeedaanicocwcenetecattinaaiseacedes united states stops buying silver cccccsssssssssssseeees ioi tn aos sccanccscitenniiaiccsvanide oemaccttechaiiodeveics britain protests oil expropriation brr soros tie gue ds snssisceviecsisesetnndinsssssacceinoceneisalscrcon oil settlement deadlocked samus corbi tuuoue ccccnsincovesisssasstsscessssessacdsesasbbcstcdacasentcxsss hull note urges arbitration of land program issues american mexican land compensation issue rejects land settlement proposals munich accord see czechoslovakia narcotic drugs charge before league of japanese army traffic in china neutrality i i ioi as cieviessessancsaniagineacaiend rented enatae buell hull correspondence on spanish embargo congressional hearings postponed ccccscsssccssseceessseeeeeees attacks on embargo hull pearson clash ccccccceeseeees hull pittman letter on inadvisability of lifting embargo pygssuts gtoups uts cuadatiioge occccccccccccecesosscessessosecsonsceenesoce state department discourages airplane exports to japan action of oslo conference ogden e g resigns as secretary of the foreign policy association oslo conference see neutrality palestine british commission on partition meets arab moderates offer plans iiis cis cicconuvcasrcsnninceouncispupucculedtuasaiseuauimend saaatnaianinaporaaatemmanane dep eraee celui doig dio sic scent ees vetensaieconsrsevasecresbiabaanoerpioaes zionists ask united states support paraguay see bolivia for chaco philippine islands general macarthur retires as field marshal of philippine tie ac ocecevinciincininincicnshiendhietaneninadaebadaieaaiveeatnea sonne rmi eassscscccrnccdcereeseeneeriinneiaeaineaes united states may extend economic ties ecseeeeeeeeersees high commissioner mcnutt on independence roosevelt quezon telegrams on export tax report of joint preparatory committee pius xi pope condemns racism poland foreign minister beck visits germany sceeeseseeneees lithuanian diplomatic trade relations restored 0 league of poles in germany charges on polish minority retires from council of league of nations demands teschen section of czechoslovakia no 15 43 48 13 38 22 23 29 30 34 34 43 11 32 32 39 52 13 25 31 14 22 34 43 49 date december 17 1937 february 4 1938 may 20 1938 august 19 1938 september 23 1938 january 21 1938 march 25 1938 september 2 1938 december 3 1937 december 3 1937 december 17 1937 january 21 1938 march 25 1938 april 1 1938 april 1 1938 april 8 1938 april 15 1938 may 20 1938 june 24 1938 june 24 1938 july 29 1938 september 2 1938 september 9 1938 july 15 1938 march 25 1938 april 1 1938 april 1 1938 may 13 1938 may 20 1938 june 17 1938 june 17 1938 august 19 1938 january 7 1938 june 3 1938 june 3 1938 july 22 1938 october 21 1938 october 21 1938 november 5 1937 december 3 1937 january 21 1938 march 25 1938 april 15 1938 may 27 1938 august 12 1938 january 28 1938 march 25 1938 june 17 1938 august 19 1938 september 30 1938 10 volume xvii refugees no date state department project for inter governmental committee 23 april 1 1938 members of american national committee ss0000 28 may 6 1938 m c taylor american member of inter governmental i claenibinabgpeeinanee 28 may 6 1938 evian confetence achisvemenes ccccccccccccsccsesercesecsesessssosses 39 july 22 1938 rumania i i acne bent 7 december 10 1937 cen gudesnnnatibanebneesnes 10 december 31 1937 i i na sasiesictensintatichuscaubebvarervossdnneeetes 10 december 31 1937 ened nunes suniinnid uiiiinoe co cccocossencorncecassorccereessesensosscsovenenncose 11 january 7 1938 er er 11 january 7 1938 foreign minister micescu visits prague cccsssseeeeees 14 january 28 1938 king carol drops goga sets up national union 17 february 18 1938 caro strikes at iron guard arrests codreanu 27 april 29 1938 ee fe pel ke ee 49 september 30 1938 russia pero samone tori thes nnccncccniccccsecesrcccccssececsessccccnseseee 10 december 31 1937 proposes peace loving nations confer against aggression 22 march 25 1938 japanese soviet clash at changkufeng diplomatic ex i ale eal aa deibiauaenanaaeunisseeseeeibeotene 41 august 5 1938 ne gme uid cceccnivsavaessnsncaccovavecsneesseenssessesuvesnass 43 august 19 1938 see also spain spain italian stand on token withdrawal of volunteers 1 october 29 1937 peo tow tlgprtiee giueee oa ccccecsecrccccssvevvessccserceseossooccccosess 2 november 5 1937 i a pepsin euinncemnaeions 2 november 5 1937 fascist national council established csccsessseeeeees 2 november 5 1937 iie lachlan aeininhieagndabalaneercuannveckeseesouncees 2 november 5 1937 italo german demands on belligerent rights for rebels 2 november 5 1937 non intervention sub committee meets ccccccccsesseeeseeeeees 2 november 5 1937 it i iar caucdiiemaclivemmingnbanbuansntonsereretesensenscese 2 november 5 1937 russia on withdrawal of foreign volunteers 000008 2 november 5 1937 great britain to exchange commercial agents with na iii 1 jhcitiisha tiated haeksnpineiundioederasuiialiipineeentaniaerinestonieaseesores 3 november 12 1937 se ged temiioiitl sociensenscnnsetusineettnsninsiszenmarnesenesemperoeescesseceoes 10 december 31 1937 american senators and congressmen greet loyalists 16 february 11 1938 sala aati asin iale tna ndacia ckababikibdhigeundeuvdndagainniesteceetennes 16 february 11 1938 franco government reorgamizzed ccccccceseceeeececeerrceeeseneesees 16 february 11 1938 ee 6cogred tr tioutrtioid crcrcccccrsccvsccccececccecccesscnsesseee 16 february 11 1938 british formula withdrawing foreign volunteers 20 march 11 1938 ae duueeeee ghuuoeoiiiiiod o.cccceccecsesscsssrsscccsovsccorescoeccccoeees 20 march 11 1938 ee teed suited ccradecsceceunssnnsacenssnnacneenvansessantessceesooar 20 march 11 1938 eer sa ee rine in pe ese r se 20 march 11 1938 sin silat atcichiolnl phiahahiiensamninonnniabbieaineniasaneeneterooeerneerireunenees 22 march 25 1938 british prime minister reiterates non intervention stand 22 march 25 1938 france refuses negrin’s appeal for immediate aid 22 march 25 1938 a dase cs iaanibhauanemieowerticntianmvanseeuiatns 22 march 25 1938 i tei di isorreteisenevenbintenstiniventeeceninecoresvenscenonennenes 24 april 8 1938 i iiied innis snipentechsrsevursnsusoonsensecesscosvoesesococvenansonssnceeece 26 april 22 1938 i eee 27 april 29 1938 insurgents reach mediterranean sscsssseeeereeeceeensees 27 april 29 1938 loyalist cabinet changes cscrcccresscssrcsrrsercsecsecensescsensesse 27 april 29 1938 pope pius britain france and united states decry rebel ih ical raced cir esaahaahadnbelieeionnenensesies eeneuienieceeeceeets 27 april 29 1938 ture ud sininniiied cciesceninsaneeseeceerunsnnveunsesesnsscocssasenncecocoorees 27 april 29 1938 league of nations rejects loyalist resolution on non inter rr err etat serbs asae sees te ees rdy ga es sie ee er 30 may 20 1938 et tittiiee sash sshcdhanshsteideenesagenebinenanenorinenaineeneneeneecensnsesnecenenneres 33 june 10 1938 i ads est nninanwmsioroenisineietos 33 june 10 1938 russia modifies stand on subcommittee non intervention stii sil scsilecctaasieldildictailinld adhe anentebtaeahunbigetawerevesatebcscosemieereeess 3 june 10 1938 uo muned spcteeet geogbe once cccceccccccccecceccccszssscesesezescscsecss 36 july 1 1938 loyalists threaten to bomb points whence aerial raiders rs ee ee 36 july 1 1938 non intervention committee adopts british proposals 36 july 1 1938 chamberlain on anglo italian agreements and spanish sii sa soei dors dined bah eb aallindincaeinieeaaiaaecihbactanhionsqneurienseatineneseyoteons 41 august 5 1938 airplane strength of doth torces cccccccccccscccsccsccsecesessees 42 august 12 1938 british merchant ships bombed scccessceeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 42 august 12 1938 loyalists accept volunteer withdrawal program no gg eee 42 august 12 1938 loyalists strengthen resistance ccccccssseccesssseeesereseeees 42 august 12 1938 franco rejects withdrawal plan asks recognition of belli i alas baci ea halal cdleeasaeh mladiaessiceaambiinbbeniernnebancvibineton 44 august 26 1938 number of foreign volunteers ccccccccsssssscessssceeeesscsseess 44 august 26 1938 i enn 51 october 14 1938 volume xvii 11 suez canal anglo italian accord syria franco turkish pact on sanjak of alexandretta turkey franco turkish friendship pact and declaration on alex ne dvi cnsninicorevcnientsainensnshtindaishiiaeateagteimpbahdadan deanna export credit from france credit from germany sore r eee eee ero e eero eee tees eee ee eee ee eeeseeeeeee orr e eee r ere eee ree ee eee ee eee eee esse teese eeee ee eeoeee eee eees union of soviet socialist republics see russia united states gallup and philadelphia inquirer polls on far eastern bmi 0 c:sccciarsvonisecesnineainesooisunsengeaenbamnainieeiaaaniaanaameaeaanaiads czech and british trade agreement negotiations annual report of the secretary of the navy desi cmireiiinn wiig osiseitsscicccrsctndrenncecesxcssesescsvikenapbanttiin british trade agreement negotiations mexican american friction comerets a sevei qurgg siscisciccnttccticsicinci dads pnr towed briton epicctinesactcccrcsncinvenoreibanenndtieaniaiehetelassiate sumner welles on latin american policy dominican haitian conciliation ludlow amendment terms prior wcq wincnccvensstesticesvsssscesveninsnaiceaainanbestateaaaneaia roosevelt on foreign policy annual message sp winn tine gecinsicecsnvesscnssectenizmeiociasnivetieteiaineiaeies eoi mii occ cvimescosnnscvarcdbnccitinbivmaniecsenipneianions eee ern get aesiiciecssitesitereniietererecsennrne cruisers to attend opening of british naval base at sing ii cncccciansatsareneis detiuntienussttnaammmaain aaa amaaa pained doors ceuoe tio i vcvcsicrcccammesiecdictniec neon germany anxious for trade treaty anglo american naval talks en ti wu eisai inns sincere oer ale foreign policy and naval expansion program note to japan on london naval treaty limits cordell hull on armament program csssscessecesseeeeeeeees further debate on navy and foreign policy naval issue hinges on china fon rb ti id a cvnciscnsiennncmasttinineniindineidailiatinninis army bombers visit argentina new stip time to bowl rane aii ccccsccsccccscssssnccescsscecersusteinstins strengthens radio ties with latin america foreign policy predictions oy rene ee ea adee claims sovereignty over canton and enderbury central piii piii iicia xcarnontaicorampatesciaecgutacisanteueanadeaaieamcnmananaie house naval affairs committee urges passage of naval na eneanm ies cr ip eters sener eee pn ae lma ne mere pte alaskan fishing controversy settled 0 ccc:cccsseseseeseeeeees american czech trade agreement signed naval expansion and far eastern policy secretary hull on foreign policy fee eee ee es ee ner tee i aioe re tpaticecssncreenreenrreniio admiral leahy asks for super battleships pee iii a iaicsnsciisaccsongenetioanalineneiets tnlaeiaeaniaiiaas names captain monroe kelly naval and air attaché to un iid kissccsccin'dsscndavcisssenieiaandeaiaedianessiepsdigbawaniciassanerasieeaite recognizes german seizure of austria cccesscecsseeeeeeees hull on inadvisability of disarmament move japanese reaction to naval program 1937 trade with china and japan roosevelt on anglo italian accord feree broce gard os pone cccercssimamnenennsememmenpminnine mussolini assails secretary woodring on dictatorships pan american cultural cooperation cccssscsserrseseessseees roosevelt urges creation of committee on conserving phos tno ns asecebaeidn snkssdieiob aecehsaaaooeedineicotioneechadnaaeteeca a prr ciid ooscciss ccictitiintininnntinnuuinumauninee naval maneuvers and foreign policy ssccccsssssscsesesees hull asks world order based on law ccccccssssssssseeseesees sumner welles protests aerial bombings s eseesses asks germany for austrian debt payment scseessees urges mexico to arbitrate land program issues een eeeeeeeeeerecesesene aor ree eee oee eee eoe e eee ee sees e teese eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeed eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeneeseeeeeeees pperrriirrrrrr errr eri cooter oro eee eee eee eters esse eee eeeeheeee reer iie rire rr seeeereeseereeeeee no 26 51 eed kr ooo ooaaur ne 12 o ww date april 22 1938 july 8 1938 july 8 1938 september 9 1938 october 14 1938 october 29 1937 november 5 1937 november 19 1937 november 19 1937 november 26 1937 december 3 1937 december 10 1937 december 17 1938 december 17 1938 december 24 1937 december 24 1937 december 31 1937 january 7 1938 january 7 1938 january 14 1938 january 14 1938 january 21 1938 january 21 1938 january 28 1938 february 4 1938 february 4 1938 february 11 1938 february 11 1938 february 18 1938 february 18 1938 february 18 1938 february 18 1938 february 25 1938 february 25 1938 february 25 1938 march 4 1938 march 4 1938 march 11 1938 march 11 1938 march 18 1938 march 18 1938 march 18 1938 march 25 1938 march 25 1938 april 1 1938 april 8 1938 april 8 1938 april 8 1938 april 15 1938 april 22 1938 april 22 1938 april 22 1938 april 29 1938 may 6 1938 may 20 1938 may 27 1938 may 27 1938 june 3 1938 june 3 1938 june 10 1938 june 10 1938 june 24 1938 july 29 1938 united states continued roosevelt pledges aid to canada against aggressor backs st lawrence waterway status of american mexican land compensation issue indications of stand on czechoslovakia mexico rejects settlement proposals cceseeseeseseeeeeeeees silent on hitler’s nuremberg speech european policy august 26 1938 september 2 1938 september 9 1938 september 9 1938 uncertain september 16 1938 palestine intervention 52 october 21 1938 see also china latin america neutrality philippine islands van zeeland paul bugmope ch goomomris comicioms ccscesccccccccecscosecccccecccceseseseccosoes february 4 1938 yugoslavia political situation december 10 1937 premier stoyadinovitch visits germany january 28 1938 premier stoyadinovitch visits italy july 1 1938 and czechoslovak crisis september 30 1938 foreign policy bulletin published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated new york n y national headquarters 8 west 40th street +ergu iffiin new r ref pre 1024 me of fessor n 860 odern 1 nar ctober 1s and graph subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff ete ap oy class matter 2 1921 at the post periodical room office a new york gener libr n y under the act wav oe of march 3 1879 vou xvii no 20 march 11 1938 origins of sino japanese hostilities by t a bisson in this report the author who has just returned from a year in the far east describes the rapid development of the nationalist movement in china just prior to the outbreak of the conflict the lukouchiao incident and the fall of peiping in july 1937 march 1 issue of foreign policy reports general library university of michigan we ann arbor wichiean 25 cents y ll spain obstacle to anglo italian accord a may prove a difficult stumbling block in the anglo italian conversations which will soon be initiated by the earl of perth british ambassa dor at rome in the program for the discussions out lined by downing street withdrawal of italian troops from the peninsula is understood to be an essential point negotiations on this subject have dragged almost interminably in accordance with the british plan approved by the non intervention com mittee last november both parties in spain were to be accorded belligerent rights as soon as a sub stantial number of foreign soldiers had been evac uated from spanish territory during december and january the powers continued to wrangle over what total could be regarded as substantial to resolve this dispute the british finally advanced a new form ula providing for the withdrawal of a basic num ber of foreign fighters from the side which accord ing to the findings of impartial commissions had fewer volunteers a proportionate number would be simultaneously retired from the other side on the commencement of withdrawal the international con trol over spain’s land frontiers would be restored and a new scheme for the observation of traffic by sea inaugurated no attempt to check the flying of foreign warplanes into the country was apparently envisaged recognition of belligerent rights would be accorded as soon as the basic number of volun teers had been withdrawn on march 2 russian acceptance in principle of the british formula seemingly brought agreement among all the powers but meanwhile the italians were reported to have qualified their former affirma tive action the british had suggested 20,000 as the basic number the italians would change this to 10,000 rome also demanded that land control alone be re established when withdrawal begins thus leav ing the sea lanes open for an estimated six weeks ee during which the fascist powers could continue the flow of supplies to general franco premier juan negrin of the barcelona government attacked the british plan as promising the strangulation of loyal ist spain adoption of the british formula may lead to ma terial limitation of the number of volunteers in spain thus diminishing one threat to european peace but if belligerent rights are granted to franco unconditionally the efforts of the insurgents to en force a legal blockade and interfere with neutral ship ping may give rise to a series of dangerous incidents by this time foreign armament has become a more important factor than troops in strengthening the spanish factions the recapture of teruel by the in surgents on february 22 was attributed by the bar celona cabinet to the mass of material of german and italian origin in possession of their opponents particularly artillery and airplanes the nationalist victory in the two month long battle was a serious blow to loyalist prestige its effect was offset to some degree by the torpedoing on march 6 of the baleares one of the two strongest vessels in the insurgent fleet in a battle with government warships off cartagena following the naval encounter the nationalist ships were bombed by loyalist planes moreover two brit ish destroyers engaged in rescuing survivors from the sinking cruiser suffered the loss of one seaman killed and three injured it is not yet clear how decisive the victory may prove but by threatening the insur gents command of the sea it discouraged their hopes of overcoming the stalemate in the field by the ex hausting effects of a blockade meanwhile political developments within loyalist spain have been marked by the rising power of indalecio prieto right wing socialist and minister of national defense and the loss by the communist party of its former position of predominance com ete ee oy gn eo munist influence in the army has been progressively curbed by decrees issued last summer and fall for bidding proselytism and the use of military posi tions for political ends and restricting the rdle of the political commissars while some observers re port an opening rift between the communists and the defense minister prieto continues to cooperate with the party whose social program is in effect as relatively conservative as his own soviet aid more over is still essential to the loyalists the com munists on their part give some indications of seek ing the favor of their former enemies the anarcho syndicalists of the c.n.t who are now demanding a place in the government at the same time nego tiations for closer cooperation are continuing be tween the ugt the socialist communist labor fed eration and the cnt parallel with these develop ments among proletarian groups there is some in dication that the strength of center and middle class parties is growing the last two sessions of the cor tes have been attended by a small group of centrist deputies to the right of the parties in the popular front among them was portela valladares prime minister of the government which conducted the elections of february 1936 the increasing tendency of the authorities to permit religious services al though these are still held in private is also cited as evidence of growing moderation these shifting trends however have apparently not gone far enough to threaten a cabinet change and all parties are united in support of a more intensive war effort charles a thomson india tests new constitution the first deadlock to arise under the new indian constitution inaugurated in april 1937 was success fully resolved on february 25 when the ministries of bihar and the united provinces returned to office these ministries formed by congress party major ities in the legislatures had resigned on february 15 after the british governors of the two provinces supported by the viceroy lord linlithgow had re fused to permit the wholesale release of some forty political prisoners when the congress party as sembled several days later at haripura for its annual meeting mahatma gandhi predicted similar resigna tions in other provinces and the newly elected pres ident subhas c bose threatened the renewal of civil disobedience throughout india lord linlithgow in tervened on february 22 with a compromise by which the governors would accept the advice of the ministries regarding the release of these prisoners only after individual examination of each case acceptance of this formula by congress party lead ers allowed the two ministries to resume power im mediately freedom for political prisoners has been a source page two eee ee of controversy during the eleven months in which the government of india act passed by the british parliament in 1935 has been operative followi the elections held in january and february of las year when the congress party won majorities in six provinces and pluralities in three others its leaders refused to form ministries until the british off cials promised not to interfere in provincial legisla tion and administration the viceroy and govern ors unwilling to tie their hands maintained tha they could not legally relinquish the emergency poy ers granted by the act in july a working compro mise was effected by lord linlithgow and gandhi by which the governors agreed not to interven capriciously or in day to day administration the congress party then formed cabinets in seven provinces the release of political prisoners las month which the ministries in bihar and the united provinces considered day to day routine was ye toed by the governors on the grounds that it jeopay dized law and order throughout india and lent sup port to terrorism in bengal although the settlement of this crisis has tem porarily eased the tension between the nationalist movement and the british government the conflic over indian independence continues unabated and has contributed to the postponement of the corona tion durbar of king george vi which was sched uled for next winter the congress party violently opposes the second part of the new constitution not yet in effect which provides for federation of the native states with the eleven british provinces and the establishment of a central legislature representing both areas the nationalists contend that federation will strengthen the rule of the native princes whos feudal states often permit despotism and will check the growth of democracy and social welfare in the provinces the prospect of federation is likewise ut popular with the native princes who have been bat gaining with the viceroy for guarantees that their prerogatives will not be diminished under the new scheme the proposed federal legislature is under congress party fire on the ground that its member ship is designed to favor british rather than indias rule the fate of federation and a central legislature remains uncertain for the powerful congress patty leaders are determined to defeat any obstacles to ul timate independence under the constitutional pro visions for the new federal government the viceroy would retain his control of national defense foreign affairs and ecclesiastical affairs and his emergeng powers in civil administration and finance thest checks on the federal executive and the safeguard ing provisions which would make nationalist contfo continued on page 4 cf foreign policy bulletin april 9 1937 1 and yrona sched lently n not of the s and enting ration whose check in the ise un n bat t their e new under embet indias slature party to ul al pro iceroy foreign rgencd these ouard jae washington news letter washington bureau national press building march 8 washington observers who have been seeking to discover what the navy is for were given two significant answers to their question last week one answer was submitted by the house naval af fairs committee on march 5 in the form of a major ity report recommending prompt enactment of the administration’s 1,121,000,000 naval expansion bill the second answer was provided by president roosevelt on the same day in an executive order as serting a formal claim to sovereignty over two tiny islands in the central pacific ocean to members of congress who feared that the naval program was designed to support a new ac tive foreign policy in the far east the report of the naval affairs committee was reassuring the twenty two committee members who signed the ma jority report declared emphatically that the expan sion program is not for the purpose of policing the world or to make the world safe for democracy but solely for the purpose of affording an adequate de fense for the continental united states and its pos sessions the committee emphasized the testimony of admiral leahy that the 20 per cent increase was not sufficient to permit aggressive naval operations on the other side of the pacific adhering to the tra ditional doctrine of sea power the committee justi fied the request for 46 new combat ships on the ground that even a defensive navy must be suffici ently strong to defeat the navy of a possible enemy at a distance from our coast it must also be stony cuough to keep open the lines of supply to outlying possessions but without an alliance with any other power the committee was compelled to admit that its recommended increase would not in fact be sufficient to defend the philippines or to upport american interests in the far east against ny hostile power able to control the seas in the western pacific the assertion of sovereignty over the pacific islands while not in open conflict with the report of the naval affairs committee clearly extends the broad definition of adequate defense and under lines the far reaching importance of air power on the naval strategy of the pacific area the interest of the united states in the small unoccupied coral atolls of the central pacific was reawakened several years ago when the advance of commercial aviation led to an intensive search for air bases on the route to manila and australia three islands lying between hawaii and american samoa howland baker and jarvis were claimed by the united states in 1934 despite the fact that great britain’s assertion of sov ereignty had not previously been questioned canton and enderbury the two islets named in the presi dent’s executive order last week are about 200 miles south of baker and jarvis in the phoenix group also claimed but not occupied until recently by the british under international law discovery alone is not considered sufficient to establish a base of sover eignty nevertheless it was learned last week that state department officials have been searching early records which prove that these and other pacific islands were discovered by american whalers be tween 1789 and 1830 to bolster this rather doubt ful claim washington officials point to an american scientific expedition which visited canton island last august leaving a concrete marker bearing the amer ican flag as evidence of american occupancy at the same time british scientists also landed on canton for the ostensible purpose of viewing a solar eclipse this week it was learned in washington that another american expedition fitted out secretly in hawaii has just occupied both enderbury and canton islands and reported its arrival by radio to the navy depart ment in washington the american claims have been pressed with london in formal negotiations ex tending over the past year the strategic importance of these potential air bases is not minimized by president roosevelt's de nial that any motive other than the interests of com mercial aviation lies behind the claim to sovereignty the value of the islands lies in their utility as aids to the maintenance of naval communications along the new line of defense extending from hawaii to samoa capable of being used for submarines as well as airplanes the islands would provide a protective screen between the japanese mandated islands and american samoa should the united states eventu ally decide to establish a fortified naval base in the philippines an effective line of communication might be maintained from samoa through the british far eastern possessions to manila and should the possi bility of joint anglo american naval operations in the pacific be revived possession of pacific air bases would greatly improve the american position thus of the two answers to the question what is the navy for most washington observers agree that the implications of the second outweigh the dis claimers of the first william t stone india tests new constitution continued from page 2 of the federal legislature almost impossible have rendered the new constitution unpalatable to the congress party lord lothian influential british statesman and expert on indian affairs has been making informal suggestions to the party leaders to accept the constitution as an experiment in self rule in order to complete the unification of india but his conversations with gandhi and others have not yet proved successful as a concession to the indepen dence spirit the british government has decided to allow india to keep its annual 500,000 contribution to empire defense the sum to be used for an indian fleet of six warships the success of the congress party in the provinces has accentuated division of counsel within its leader ship and strengthened the left wing control of pandit jawaharlal nehru and subhas bose needing the support of those peasants whose newly gained fran page four a chise makes them important in political calculations the socialist group is attacking the money lenders landlords and industrialists many of whom su ported gandhi in his opposition to british rule by combining the campaign against british exploita tion with a campaign against indian exploitation nehru and bose hope to transform the congress party into an effective socialist movement like all opposition parties which suddenly obtain power the seven nationalist ministries are finding the fulfillment of campaign pledges unexpectedly difficult but are attempting gradually to introduce the promised social and economic reforms the bom bay legislature is debating a bill to restrict usury and madras has initiated prohibition of alcoholic beverages in one district if the spirit of compromise continues it is probable that provisional self govern ment will offer valuable opportunity for the growth of democratic institutions james frederick green the f.dp.a bookshelf the spanish cockpit by franz borkenau london faber and faber 1937 12s 6d a sociologist attempts a descriptive scientific field study of events in spain based on two visits in the late summer of 1936 and the first two months of 1937 his findings provide the most objective and fundamental analy sis yet published in english of political and social align ments in the loyalist area particularly revealing is his discussion of the réle played by communist influence goliath the march of fascism by g a borgese new york viking press 1937 3.00 one of the most distinguished novelists and literary critics of modern italy devotes his great powers of crea tive writing tempered by truly italian irony to a pene trating study of the origins and nature of fascism draw ing on rich resources of literary and political insight he paints an unforgettable portrait of the italian people who in his opinion have suffered in modern history from a feeling of discrepancy between their military power and their self appointed réle of inheritors of the roman em pire moved by pity rather than anger except for some vitriolic pages on mussolini he indicts the italians more than their duce in the belief that dictatorship has its roots not in the power of the ruler but in the acquiescence of the ruled the house that hitler built by stephen h roberts new york harper 1938 3.00 a remarkably objective and well written study of con temporary germany by an australian scholar who spent sixteen months in travel and interviews professor rob erts provides lively descriptions of the nazi leaders and their party machinery as well as enthusiastic accounts of the youth and labor organizations although crediting national socialism with revival of the national morale he asserts that present trends lead to war or economic collapse must we go to war by kirby page and rinehart 1937 1.00 an affirmative answer to this question will be necessary mr page declares if the present confusion in american foreign policy continues ridiculing the morality of the democratic nations he urges enforcement of our neutral ity legislation and withdrawal of our armed forces in the far east although verbose and uneven in spots the book presents a stimulating summary of the pacifist socialist position new york farrar the peoples want peace by elias tobenkin new york putnam 1938 2.75 prelude to peace by henry a atkinson new york harper 1937 2.00 two persuasively written but overly simplified solutions of the problem of peace on the basis of interviews with states men and citizens in fifteen different countries mr tobenkin concludes that militaristic governments will soon give way before the desire for peace among the common people especially the younger generation asserting that re ligious idealism is necessary to create a peaceful world community dr atkinson urges the replacement of state sovereignty and excessive nationalism by a league of nations with effective sanctions both volumes contam brief bibliographies that of dr atkinson being completely unorganized and indexes armaments year book geneva league of nations 1937 6.25 this is the thirteenth edition of a handbook unique in its scope and accuracy despite the growing difficulty of obtaining complete information the disarmament section of the league presents a mass of carefully gleaned data on the armed forces and military expenditures of 64 na tions in which the pace of the current arms race 3 clearly mirrored foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 20 marcu 11 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lgsiig bug president vera miche.es dean editor december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 national entered as second class mattef two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year ni tic to fa +_lforeign policy bulletin eeengisigive of current international events by the research staff for con itration ontracts 1 virtual r restric id fire delegate ts when f a fac r of the t is not e repre govern 1 parlia bitterly to meet ed coun increase var min under a ef and e fascist obtained a fairly collec tatement pensable a hollow ligations co soviet rominent olicy an f french cornfully toward oad will lains un immated t france oor after vhich the ponents opper harrison irish re jumbled i national l class matter al library subscription two dollars a year 1c of fsizignn policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y you xvii no 22 marcyh 25 1938 strife in czechoslovakia by karl falk the german minority question in czechoslovakia has assumed international proportions this report analyzes the post war political development of czechoslovakia the economic aspects of the sudetic problem the mil itary restrictions imposed by the new law for the de fense of the state and the social and cultural grievances of the german minority march 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents fal ar a8 193 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 m general library university of michigan ann arbor michican oe europe rests in uneasy peace is again breathing more easily the immediate crisis provoked by hitler's dramatic action in austria has disappeared with the reluctant acceptance of amschluss the danger of a polish lithuanian war has subsided as suddenly as it arose and the development of a critical situation in spain has been at least temporarily arrested with the halt in general franco's successful drive on the aragon front yet the continent remains deeply perturbed in austria and lithuania peace has once more been purchased with concessions to force and in spain the apostles of fascism may shortly celebrate a new triumph while peace hung in the balance in northeastern europe nationalist victories in spain almost precipi tated another crisis after the recapture of teruel the insurgents launched their long heralded cam paign to sever catalonia from the rest of loyalist spain driving the largely demoralized government forces before them the rebel troops advanced some 0 miles in a 12 day offensive the campaign was punctuated by intense and relentless air attacks on barcelona costing no less than 1,300 lives the po sition of the loyalists became so desperate that premier juan negrin flew to paris on march 15 to plead with the french government for immediate assistance despite the alarm aroused in paris by the imminence of a fascist victory in spain the govern ment declined to assume the risk involved in official intervention especially since london refused to sup port it in britain prime minister chamberlain re iterated on march 16 his determination to adhere to acourse of non intervention except in the unlikely event that the french can prevail on britain to change its stand the loyalists will have to fight their own battles against overwhelming odds at present loy alist troops have again rallied while franco’s army ptepares to enter more difficult terrain although the government's cause is not hopeless the ultimate creation of a fascist or semi fascist spain is becoming daily more likely such a development will mark one more defeat for the democratic powers of europe even if a nationalist spain does not prove as amen able to german and italian influence as some foreign observers predict meanwhile coordination of austria with the third reich has been proceeding apace the theatres the professions and the civil service are being rapidly purged of non aryans with equal ruthlessness all jewish shops have been branded the secret police of heinrich himmler have made thousands of ar rests many prominent people including major emil fey and baron neustaedter stuermer have preferred suicide to falling into the clutches of the nazis thousands of german police and troops are making austria thoroughly reliable for the coming plebiscite dr schacht and wilhelm keppler are attending to the economic aspects of austro german union taking over the assets of the austrian na tional bank and introducing into the new german state the reich’s four year plan and all its compli cated controls over business and agriculture no doubt they have discovered that austria with its import surplus of 237.1 million schillings is an eco nomic liability rather than an asset although austria can provide germany with some iron and lumber it will on the whole aggravate instead of relieve the reich’s chronic shortage of foodstuffs and raw materials on april 10 the reich germans as well as the austrians will march to the polls to put the stamp of approval on anschluss and elect the members of a new reichstag such was the decision announced to the reichstag on march 18 by the fuehrer who was hailed throughout the reich as a conquering hero anschluss hitler declared had been carried out only to give austria the right of self determination and save it from the fate of spain behind my de cision he warned stand 75,000,000 people pro tected by the german army hitler conspicuously failed to give any assurances concerning czechoslovakia probably he is planning no overt act against this country in the near future not only is he at present occupied with the consoli dation of the enlarged german reich but any action against czechoslovakia at this time might drive the hesitating british government definitely into the anti german camp yet the creation of a middle european federation including czechoslovakia is undoubtedly one of hitler’s objectives to this end he will press prague to abandon its alliance with mos cow and tempt the czechs with economic conces sions the czechoslovak government will not suc cumb to this pressure or these blandishments unless deprived of all foreign support it has already indi cated however its desire to conciliate the germans in accordance with promises made more than a year ago it decided on march 19 to introduce into parlia ment legislation designed to insure the german mi nority of 3,250,000 proportional representation in the state and municipal civil service the last two weeks have shown no progress to ward the formation of a european front which would impede germany's rise to a position of hegem ony on the continent when the soviet government proposed on march 18 that peace loving countries confer on measures to be taken against aggression its suggestion met with a frigid reception london is still reluctant to follow the example of paris and moscow and tender czechoslovakia a pledge of mili tary assistance in case of attack on march 16 prime minister chamberlain once more refused in the house of commons to be rushed into making an nounce nents prematurely despite undoubted dis appointment over events in austria mussolini clearly indicated in a speech before the chamber of depu ties on march 16 that he would continue to march with germany now that he has paid his price to hitler il duce will try to use the rome berlin axis for his own purposes under these circumstances the reluctance of the british to build up an anti german front can be un derstood such a course might bring peace temporar ily but it might also precipitate war the conviction is growing that the opportunity for effective collective action has now passed the british government there fore prefers to pursue a policy of watchful waiting it will vigorously prosecute its rearmament program and strive for an understanding with italy hoping meanwhile against long odds that an oppor tunity for a general european settlement will appear john c dewilde page two lithuania yields to poland profiting from the crisis precipitated by hitler's seizure of austria poland has suddenly compelled lithuania to restore diplomatic and trade relations and communication services which had been sys pended for more than 17 years on october 10 1929 the polish general zeligowski had without ay thorization from his government invaded lithuania and taken control of about one third of its territory including vilna the capital city lithuania had then broken off diplomatic relations and closed the fron tier to traffic of all kinds despite polish threats and appeals to the league this decision had never been modified the shooting of a polish sentry on the lithuanian side of the frontier on march 11 1938 provided ap occasion for the new demands of the polish gover speech ment on march 17 warsaw delivered a six point ultimatum to the lithuanian minister at tallinn estonia threatening military invasion if its terms were not accepted within 48 hours these included the establishment by march 31 of diplomatic rela tions and the restoration of railroad postal tele phone and telegraph services abrogation of a para graph in lithuania’s new constitution referring to vilna as its capital conclusion of a minorities agree ment and a commercial treaty and complete satis faction for the killing of the polish frontier guard on march 18 polish troops which ultimately numbered about 80,000 men were moved up to the frontier while warships held maneuvers near the port of memel wildly patriotic crowds in polish cities called for invasion of lithuania lithuania with an army of only 20,000 pleaded in vain for out side assistance the soviet union refused to give aid and lithuania’s partners in the baltic entente estonia and latvia urged acceptance of the uli matum before delivery of the ultimatum france britain and the soviet union apparently induced warsaw to moderate its terms later they secured 4 12 hour extension of the time limit a most disquieting factor was the possibility that drastic polish moves toward lithuania would be sup ported by germany ever since the conclusion of the german polish non aggression pact in 1934 it had been feared that the two countries would sometime compose their basic difference over the polish cor ridor by a deal at lithuania’s expense one possible bargain commonly mentioned would permit poland to absorb lithuania gaining a new outlet to the sea at memel in return for surrendering the polish cor ridor to germany reports from berlin which was apparently surprised by the polish steps indicated that germany might seize danzig or memel in case poland invaded lithuania fears that a general un derstanding existed between the two governments continued on page 4 careful bast mental on ju would not pr events at hon ing on six me congr specifi 3 re me wy the vance adopt bya v tion of an vote vinsc tectio was s me the n lepea the r 5 hitler's mpelled elations en sus 10 1920 out au ithuania erritory 1ad then he fron eats and ver been thuanian vided an govern six point tallinn ts terms included utic rela tal tele e a para ring to es agree ete satis rt guard ltimately 1p to the near the n polish ithuania 1 for out give aid entente the ulti france induced secured 4 ility that d be sup on of the 4 it had sometime lish cor possible it poland o the sea lish cor rhich was indicated el in case neral uf yernments washington news letter vo washington bureau national press building marrch 22 those washington observers who have been asking whether president roosevelt's famous chicago speech represented an attitude or aprogram found an answer last week in secretary hull’s forceful statement of american foreign policy und the accompanying march toward passage of the naval expansion program in the house an attitude plus a program in his important speech at the national press club on march 17 mr hull was speaking primarily to congress and ameri an public opinion though his words were weighed arefully for their effect in both europe and the far fast what he said in effect was that the funda mental principles of american foreign policy based m justice and morality and peace among nations would not be abandoned that the united states did not propose to beat a retreat in the face of disruptive wents abroad or isolationist and pacifist sentiment athome and that the executive had been proceed ing on the basis of a definite program for the past ix months that program mr hull informed his congressional critics was embodied in the following specific points 1 the willingness of this government to exchange in formation with other governments having common interests and common objectives and to proceed along parallel lines while retaining independence of judgment and freedom of action 2 determination to pursue the practice of civilized nations to afford protection by appropriate means under the rule of reason to their nationals and their rights and interests abroad derermination not to abandon our nationals and our interests in china 4 determination to maintain armed forces to provide adequate means of security against attack the last point in mr hull’s program was ad vanced another step on march 21 when the house adopted the billion dollar naval expansion program bya vote of 291 to 100 but without any clear defini tion of how the navy is to be used as an instrument of american policy in the debate preceding the final vote the policy amendment introduced by mr vinson authorizing a navy capable of affording pro tection in both oceans at one and the same time was stricken out moves to repeal neutrality act indications that the next step in the program may include a move to tepeal or amend the neutrality act were found in the report that the foreign affairs committee of the house will soon begin hearings on a number of resolutions now before congress while the admin istration has not publicly endorsed any of the pend ing measures sponsors of resolutions assert that the state department favors such hearings to test congressional sentiment on the existing act among other measures which will be considered are the o’connell resolution which authorizes the president to forbid the export of arms or any other articles or materials to an aggressor state whenever the president shall find that an act of aggression has been committed and the biermann resolution de signed to give effect to the non recognition doctrine the latter empowers the president in consultation with other states signatory to the kellogg briand pact to prohibit financial transactions with any state violating the anti war pact while definitive action on neutrality legislation appears most unlikely at this session the hearings will extend the current debate on foreign policy still another indication of the drive against the seclusionist point of view was the significant decla ration of paul v mcnutt high commissioner to the philippines that the whole question of philip pine independence should be re examined in the light of recent disquieting world events adminis tration spokesmen deny that the high commis sioner’s speech which was broadcast over a nation wide network on march 14 was intended as a trial balloon but few observers here believe that it could have been made without the knowledge of the white house in private conversations in washington dur ing the past few weeks mr mcnutt has made no secret of the fact that he believes philippine inde pendence would be a tragedy for both the united states and the islands themselves mexican oil dispute the obvious reluctance of the state department to intervene in the dispute between 17 american and british petroleum com panies and the mexican government gives further evidence of the political importance attached to main taining pan american friendship and understanding at almost any cost throughout the controversy brought to a head by the mexican supreme court’s wage scale decision and the occupation of american petroleum properties by mexican oil workers state department officials have steadfastly declined to ex press any opinion on the merits or demerits of the oil companies case or the position taken by the cardenas government the calm unruffled manner with which department officials are dealing with the controversy is in striking contrast to the vigorous protests lodged against the mexican government in the land and oil opus in 1927 whatever decision may be taken after a review of all the facts in dis the attitude of washington will be governed iy the practical necessity of upholding the good neighbor policy in this hemisphere witt t stone lithuania yields to poland continued from page 2 were strengthened by the attitude of the german government which though it counselled moderation gave no hint of anxiety over the polish moves in these circumstances the lithuanian government accepted the polish demands on march 19 two days later a polish diplomatic agent was sent to kaunas to arrange for the exchange of permanent diplomatic representatives although the immediate danger of war seems past large bodies of polish troops still remain at the frontier and lithuanians resent bit terly the pressure to which they are being subjected two ministers have already tendered their resigna tions and it seems possible that the president and his entire cabinet may be forced to retire extremely page four e difficult negotiations over communications and trade lie immediately ahead whether they can be con cluded without an explosion will depend largely op actual polish aims the exact nature of whic has not yet been disclosed widespread suspicions exist that the warsaw government will press further demands on lithuania looking toward an eventual partitioning agreement with germany on the other hand it may attempt to consolidate a neutral bloc of buffer states lying between germany and the o viet union in any case moscow’s failure to assist lithuania apparently means that this country has been drawn somewhat further from its orbit and will now be more exposed to polish and german influence than in the past paul b taylor mrs dean in minnesota during march mrs dean has been lecturing under the auspices of the kellogg foundation at carleton college northfield minnesota on march she addressed the cincinnati branch of the fpa and on march 29 and 30 will speak before the st paul and minneapolis branches returning to new york the first of april the f.d.a bookshelf the french war machine by shelby cullom davis new york peter smith 1937 2.25 a sober history of the organization and development of the french defenses under the third republic which fills an important niche in current military literature the information on france’s colonial troops is particularly interesting catalonia infeliz by e allison peers new york oxford university press 1938 3.00 the leading english authority on catalonia previously author of the spanish tragedy presents a scholarly his torical review of the region from its infancy in the ninth century through its rise and fall as a medieval nation the subsequent rebirth of sentiment for cultural and political independence and the final capture of autonomy pro fessor peer’s conservative leanings markedly influence his account of recent happenings between 1931 and the sum mer of 1937 what every young man should know about war by yy shapiro new york knight publishers 1937 1.50 a question and answer compilation of medical informa tion regarding modern warfare definitely proving that sherman was right handbook of international organizations associations bureaux committees etc geneva league of na tions 1938 distributed by columbia university press new york 3.00 a useful index to international groups working in fif teen various fields such as international relations re ligion education medicine labor agriculture and law chiang kai shek soldier and statesman by hollington k tong shanghai china publishing company 193 2 vols strong man of china by robert berkov boston hough ton mifflin 1938 3.00 hollington tong’s authorized biography of generalis simo chiang is also a history of three decades of china's political development its voluminous material including lengthy documentary quotations makes it a necessary reference work berkov’s effort while much slighter in content is more readable his analysis of the crucial turning points in chiang’s career may be profitably com pared with that of the authorized version neither work meets the requirements of a standard biography the first is too uncritical while the second is too incomplete the invasion of china by the western world by e b hughes new york macmillan 1938 3.50 this careful study is restricted to the cultural impact of the west on china excluding the influence of business trade and industry the wide use of chinese sources makes it a peculiarly revealing account of the changes brought about in china’s religious educational scientifit and literary life during the past century the story of dictatorship by e e kellett dutton 1937 1.75 a spirited account of the rise of dictators throughout human history from abimelech to hitler arguing that tyranny is fostered by social unrest government incom petence and war mr kellett favors improving the m chinery of democracy new york foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 22 marcu 25 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lasiim bug president vera micuetes dean editor national entered as second class mattel december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year sibilit memt tenan whe tions decla ine pronot the bo who v immec two c associ woven erty ai here cannc flicts as britis fluen +1tory re is trade icul free eoreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff mean brarysebscription two dollars a year of migmign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y lings or xvii no 29 may 13 1938 lc ain’s his has nent dring jl ster f the t ap the war in spain by charles a thomson a review of the military conflict in spain which includes a discussion of the political forces that have influenced the contest on both sides may 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents a copy 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y umder the act of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan ann arbor mich alera lyde stronger france bolsters anglo french axis al of con that pidly ge of ad the udget 000 nated to be nitaty year t pro 25 0 diate ed on his curope oshi s 19387 s con e 16th d of a terials panese anding ne will s since national ss mattet d espite repeated and emphatic affirmation of the immutable friendship between their two peoples proclaimed at a state banquet in rome on may 7 hitler’s conversations with mussolini have mded with no clear indication that the rome berlin wis has been strengthened italo german tension geated by the abrupt consummation of anschluss in march has apparently been assuaged for the present by hitler's pledge to consider inviolable for all time the frontiers of the alps erected between us by na ure his promise did not prevent mussolini from apressing the hope that germany and italy would sek together with others a more equitable in national order this phrase was regarded as a hint that mussolini would continue to cultivate the friendship of britain and france in britain prime minister chamberlain had meanwhile strengthened the position of the italian dictator by securing ratifi ation of the anglo italian treaty in the house of commons on may 2 while hitler was on his way to rome the round of state functions and the grandiose display of military power staged by mussolini on may 3 9 left unanswered the question to what ex tnt britain has succeeded in drawing italy out of the german orbit by contrast the anglo french nversations of april 28 29 had resulted in an tpenly proclaimed military alliance the strength of the anglo french combination moreover may be wnsiderably enhanced by the decisive economic and inancial measures adopted by the new government if premier daladier after obtaining on april 13 ilmost unanimous parliamentary approval of his de mand for power to govern by decree until july 31 daladier immediately undertook to end serious ttikes in the aviation motors and metallurgical in dustries of the paris region industries vital to na tional defense by april 19 work had been resumed and both sides had agreed to submit the issues at stake to arbitration meanwhile m daladier’s cabinet was elaborating a comprehensive plan for national economic regen eration whose completion was hastened by a precipi tate fall of the franc on april 25 the government revealed the outlines of a new program for increas ing the production of french industries balancing the budget and inducing expatriated or hoarded capital to return to circulation in france with reason able expectation of profitable utilization and a stable monetary unit the objectives of the plan were stated to be financial rehabilitation modernization of equipment in french factories some adjustment of the labor situation to secure greater output a slum clearance program to benefit labor improve ment of credit facilities for commerce and industry fuller exploitation of colonial resources and en couragement of the tourist traffic the first series of decrees intended to achieve these goals published on may 3 was headed by a flat 8 per cent increase in all state taxes direct and indirect a clearing house fund to discount the bills of national defense contractors was established to obviate former difficul ties in obtaining capital but a surtax was simultane ously imposed on the profits of such enterprises tax remissions were granted to companies expanding and modernizing their plant french national budgetary accounting was simplified tourists were granted reduced railroad fares and a lower price for gasoline the government intimated that it would raise customs tariffs to decrease the unfavorable merchandise trade balance and attempt to increase production without openly abrogating the 40 hour week law by permitting overtime work under vari ous pretexts new appropriations were decreed to increase the personnel of the army navy and air force with the bulk of the funds devoted to strength ening french aviation these measures were climaxed on may 4 by a sudden and devaluation of the franc the third since september 1936 and the establishment of a new minimum parity of 179 francs to the pound e or 35.8 francs to the dollar this new re of the franc reluctantly accepted by wash inaee and london as the only alternative to ex change control was immediately followed by a wave of repatriation and dishoarding of capital it has thus become possible for the government to issue an immediate short term loan and if condi tions continue favorable a large national defense loan at far lower interest rates than those which have hitherto saddled the french treasury with an im possible fiscal burden revaluation of the gold stock of the bank of france at the new parity will pro vide a handsome profit which will more than repay the inflationary advances made by the bank to the government if prices in france can be held down by governmental controls french industry may obtain an exceedingly favorable position on world markets in seeking nation wide support for these bold steps many of which are attributed to paul rey naud financial authority and minister of justice in the present cabinet premier daladier has con sistently appealed to french patriotism continuance of the economic and financial anemia from which france has suffered for years which would be seri ous enough under ordinary circumstances is fraught with peril in the existing international crisis france can minimize the handicap of a relatively small sta tionary population only by adopting a concept long preached by hitler that a nation’s economic power and wealth depend on the volume of its industrial and military production léon blum daladier’s pre decessor proposed to stimulate production by meas ures of constraint such as a capital levy and modified exchange control which would tend to force the capitalist interests of france to bear the larger share of the recovery burden the daladier government while adopting a number of the blum proposals has framed its decrees with a view to restoring the confidence of french capitalists and thus coaxing them to invest their funds in french productive en terprise daladier moreover is attempting to per suade the parties composing the popular front that they must make reasonable terms with their domes tic opponents the business interests of the right in order to meet germany’s challenge if both capi tal and labor respond wholeheartedly to the efforts of the government france may at long last enter the buoyant phase of the business cycle if they do not the respite afforded by the new franc devalua tion will be no more permanent than similar meas page two ures taken during the past two years continuatiog of economic difficulties can only result in more drag tic subsequent steps narrowing the area of personal and economic freedom in a democracy menaced ly totalitarian war davip h popprr japan’s difficulties multiply after ten months of increasingly serious military operations japan seems even further removed from a decisive settlement of the china incident than at any previous time greatly reinforced japanes armies are once more within striking distance of hsiichow strategic junction on the lunghai and tientsin pukow railways the defending chinese troops in shantung however have again harassed the invaders line of communications launched strong thrusts against the flanks of the advancing japanese divisions and finally counter attacked in force for a time these tactics threatened a second japanese military disaster front line detachment were cut off and annihilated and a general japanese retreat seemed imminent although this has not o curred the immediate pressure on hsiichow from the north has apparently been lifted a striking re sult in view of japan’s strenuous efforts to vindicate its military prestige on this front hsiichow is also threatened by three japanese columns moving up from the south in anhwei and kiangsu provinces of these the main central column has still advanced but slightly beyond pengpu on the tientsin pukow railway a second column is struggling up the coast toward haichow while a third is striking inland to ward hofei equally important chinese military successes have occurred on the northern and western fronts from honan hopei and shansi provinces the japanese command seems to have drawn the bulk of the rein forcements thrown into the renewed offensive against hsiichow in these provinces especially in the region just north of the yellow river the chinese forces have taken the offensive and regained considerable districts overrun by japanese troops since february the threat to peiping by chinese guerrilla troops suggests the extent to which the japanese hold on the northern provinces has been weakened a majot campaign will be required to win back the areas thus lost and this sacrifice has yet to be compen sated by a japanese victory on the hsiichow front confronted by a grave military situation japan has recently made several conciliatory overtures and adjustments with respect to foreign interests if china elections to the municipal council of the international settlement at shanghai passed off with out incident in april the normal line up of five brit ish five chinese two americans and two japanes was maintained intact despite rumors that japaf continued on page 4 ation drag sonal by er litary from than anese ce of i and linese assed nched ncing ed in econd ments anese ot oc from ng fe dicate s also 1g up yinces ranced ukow coast nd to s have from panese e rein gainst region forces lerable ruaty troops old on major areas ympen front japan es and sts if of the t with ve brit panese japan washington news letter washington bureau national press building may 10 president roosevelt has returned from his cruise in southern waters to face a difficult and totally unexpected problem of foreign policy brought to a head during his absence by the revival of the campaign to lift the embargo on arms ship ments to spain one of mr roosevelt’s last acts before leaving washington was his now famous press conference statement expressing sympathetic interest in the london rome accord an act which was taken to mean that the administration did not propose to reverse its policy on spain brand aggressors or part company with britain on any major issues of european policy for the mo ment at least american policy seemed to be quiescent eleventh hour campaign but the washington front did not remain quiescent for long no sooner had mr roosevelt embarked on the cruiser phila delphia at charleston than the state department discovered that the movement to repeal the spanish embargo had gained unexpected strength in con gress and that the desperate eleventh hour publicity campaign organized by a number of liberal groups was gaining rather than losing ground on may 2 senator nye one of the original advocates of mandatory neutrality legislation introduced a resolution calling for immediate repeal of the act of january 8 1937 and authorizing the president to raise the embargo against the loyalist govern ment which provides that no arms shall be carried on american ships or owned by citizens of the united states a hurried canvass of the senate re vealed an apparent majority of the foreign rela tions committee in favor of the resolution and an influential group which is critical of the existing policy simultaneously the state department was deluged with letters and telegrams and besieged by delegations from eastern and mid west states de manding that the embargo be lifted finally this direct campaign was augmented by a series of in direct flank attacks culminating on may 5 in a state ment made public by the national lawyers guild challenging the right of the munitions control board to license munitions shipments to germany this statement prepared by the guild’s committee on international law after an exchange of letters with the state department was sent to all members of the house and senate foreign relations com mittees and given wide publicity by drew pearson and robert s allen in their syndicated column the washington merry go round an unusual press conference it was this final flank attack which precipitated an unusual press conference at the state department on may 6 when secretary hull clashed with mr pearson and coun tered the charge that by issuing arms licenses to germany the united states was violating the ver sailles treaty and the separate german american peace treaty of 1921 the committee of the lawyers guild had based their case on article 170 of the versailles treaty which provided that importation into germany of arms munitions and war materials of every kind shall be strictly prohibited in the separate treaty of peace with germany the united states had reserved all rights and advantages un der certain sections of the versailles treaty includ ing the disarmament provisions of part v prior to the passage of the neutrality act moreover in a letter signed by mr hull in september 1933 the state department had held that the export of mili tary airplanes to germany would be viewed by this government with grave disapproval on the strength of these facts messrs pearson and allen had charged that certain officials in the state de partment had actually been guilty of violating trea ties in permitting munitions shipments to flow to germany in reply mr hull warmly declared that the united states had not violated any treaty or any law and went on to accuse some newspaper and radio commentators of misrepresentation amount ing to criminal libel he answered the legal argu ment by contending that the german american treaty imposed no obligation on the united states to forbid arms shipments that article 170 of the versailles treaty did not prohibit the export of arms and ammunition to germany and that the neutral ity act made it mandatory on the secretary of state to grant export licenses if the exports were not con trary to law or treaty but mr hull and his colleagues at the state de partment were concerned less with the legal ques tion than they were with the resort to innuendo to discredit the motives of the department in its spanish policy they felt with some justification that pro loyalist groups were seeking to brand a group of state department officials as fascist sym pathizers bent on aiding nazi germany while de priving democratic spain of rights which it was entitled to expect from a friendly neutral it was this flank attack rather than the legal issue of arms shipments to germany which led mr hull to speak out as he did and to take the unusual step of making public the full transcript of the press conference as to the spanish policy itself the state depart ment had taken no final action at the time of mr roosevelt's return to washington on may 9 at the request of senator pittman chairman of the foreign relations committee the department had compiled a lengthy statement setting forth the circumstances under which the original embargo had been laid down reviewing the effect of the policy to date and examining the possible consequences of lifting the ban at this time contrary to reports published last week there is no indication that the state depart ment or the administration will back the nye reso lution or seek to modify the neutrality act at this session of congress while the president and mr hull may share the personal sympathies of those who advocate lifting the embargo there remains an attitude of open doubt whether a sudden reversal of policy at this moment would advance the inter ests of peace or even accomplish the ends which its proponents seek w t stone japan’s difficulties multiply continued from page 2 would press for increased representation on the council even more significant anglo japanese ne gotiations in tokyo resulted on may 2 in a settle ment of the delicate issue affecting disposition of chinese customs receipts in japanese occupied cities by this agreement the customs proceeds will hence forth be deposited in the yokohama specie bank but japan has agreed to meet payment of foreign loans hypothecated on these revenues this arrangement apparently enables japan to use the customs surplus which formerly went to china for its own purposes the chinese government in a note to london on may 6 refused to be bound by the agreement and reserved its full rights and freedom of action at page four peiping on may 1 the japanese sponsored provi sional government of china announced its com plete devotion to the open door policy in an effort to facilitate foreign investment this plea was reiterated in tokyo on may 9 by foreign minister hirota who declared that the new chinese régimes welcomed investment of foreign capital and would protect foreign economic interests two days earlier foreign minister hirota ad dressing a conference of prefectural governors had stated that no optimistic view of the future is war ranted and had called on the japanese people to prepare for possible extreme personal financial sacrifices on may 5 a series of imperial ordinances which invoked twelve articles of the national mobilization act had placed japanese industry under virtually unlimited state control japan’s for eign trade for the first quarter of 1938 showed a decline of 128 million yen in exports and 386 mil lion in imports the merchandise trade deficit at 66 million yen was 257 million below that for the first quarter of 1937 this is the first notable de crease in japanese export trade since 1932 the drastic decline in imports suggests the extent to which japan is denying itself materials which it greatly needs despite the large reduction of the passive trade balance japan has shipped gold val ued at approximately 150 million yen to the united states since february wholesale prices in japan have skyrocketed living costs are also rapidly in creasing the cost of living index for april 1938 as compiled by the cabinet bureau of statistics was eight points above july 1937 before the outbreak of war moreover the cost of living had been gradu ally increasing for six years against this back ground of economic difficulties at home japan's military problem in china takes on even more formidable dimensions a speedy and decisive vic tory is becoming steadily more imperative if japan is to salvage anything from its military adventure t a bisson the f.dp.a bookshelf children of the rising sun by willard price new york reynal hitchcock 1938 3.00 the author presents a sympathetic account of the jap anese people their problems and their destiny his im pressionistic picture is seen through japanese eyes it is filled out by personal anecdote and adventure which makes for exciting reading but not for balanced judgment the book magnifies japan’s achievements and possibilities and exaggerates china’s failings china the powers and the washington conference by al bert e kane shanghai the commercial press 1937 distributed by brentano 1.00 a carefully documented study of significant phases of international cooperation with respect to china the first two chapters give a valuable summary of the origin and development of special foreign rights in china treat ment of the four power and nine power treaties is also illuminated by detailed consideration of their historical origin and setting foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 29 may 13 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymmonp lesime bugit president vera micheetes dean editor national entered as second class matte december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year ft vol fo spe +foreign policy bulletin index to volume xviii october 28 1938 october 20 1939 published weekly by the national headquarters foreign policy association 8 west 40th street incorporated new york n y index to volume xviii october 28 1938 october 20 1939 aland islands no date peeebein whetiew lar we bct cccisiccsissiestinvsenicnimibitterntonmnnns 32 june 2 1939 albania ne fon iir ones ccinsincivianssntitibintenionrebadanetiaetinnamieasimnenitons 25 april 14 1939 bee goons srwieiord cncvinicxctccrniceemivsnesserneeninemninennen 25 april 14 1939 coc ure wor ecccsecsacissscsicivnssinadotsieateriecesstnnieitiin name 26 april 21 1939 argentina pr sn ttb sictssinncsoteniccmnnnicnniccruienniianain 6 december 2 1938 cmtatin generte teme uh vctisecsnecsrceonveecetinnsbaniecntnn 19 march 3 1939 nazi party activity held unconstitutional ssseeeeees 29 may 12 1939 asia then and bow wis 1g0 kccrticiciriteiicsinnmans 7 december 9 1938 australia nie iie sssinnsicanisnaiicineinusicueiinciininetiah diag tiecidiiiantanaswaluiaion 32 june 2 1939 noor whe de grmn cecciennceeetnsteninertinnerietensioneentenmnnniannsion 47 september 15 1939 balkan states ied si ting oicsirsiscsscaccncnizetenmesentinedosstnnssaksansoncolemeanh 6 december 2 1938 se wh toi conxsssdacssanprattcemnusesbacegeacipdabeameedindeaenaatentnaaane 6 december 2 1938 ee se mii i sisitisictics vats be cutcetsatedetissnteceravervenesacnczocnes 51 october 13 1939 baltic states trrgeee combretriuon grind ccscstitectectcrsicccarerinientmineinaen 50 october 6 1939 barbey h g ge cine iie nc cccscnsicossascnceutilsasbiceccutthoninveniansabeaiondaaiineaian 3 november 11 1938 belgium king leopold visits queen wilhelmina cccccseessseeeesees 6 december 2 1938 bud eeiiieseenexccesesenesnesccinunnnsbismnatiimaiinenetacdaipesinatanininiiamesniniiialnihi 24 april 7 1939 king leopold calls conference of scandinavia and nether bid cehidsisasasscicessconisonnetsnenssatascocasiecuun glaaeebvarnnanaseaneceaaageananaings 44 august 25 1939 bolivia ii conccennessvsnviveinnnniatiiaitianiaiitibiasibeiiadiiiiibinslaaiiiibiammaaias 29 may 12 1939 ii id aisctceciecssinsesccvesncnnnnsisiusbeceanehatietcnaiiaticislneetaveininandaatnaidntdesis 32 june 2 1939 book reviews albrecht carrié rené italy at the peace conference 12 january 13 1939 angus h f canada and her great neighbor 21 march 17 1939 arneson b a the democratic monarchies of scandinavia 52 october 20 1939 ascoli max and feiler arthur fascism for whom 20 march 10 1939 baidukov georges over the north pole c cccccccccceseeeeeeees 31 may 26 1939 ud ei begud cunccincninrirninaititisnittiiiiiteiiennnidvnniiiigaatiaianatite 14 january 27 1939 eek of th froin foun ssciccicniitieteiennninns 3 november 11 1938 beals carleton america south cccccccsrsessssccsssreesscsesocessees 5 november 25 1938 do 2 ci eoi ie i ovis icicccccnessavconsznaanstnansaneatawenees 33 june 9 1939 ben shalom abraham deep furrows ccccccccccsssssseesesseeees 18 february 24 1939 bartrenem tames cece oc eievesssccssessesanscsscnnsssscnesecosensannee 31 may 26 1939 birtles bert hailes tt the a qoqi cevccscccsccccncccoceccsccecscsesscesess 35 june 23 1939 boveri margret mediterranean cross currents cccccceseeees 10 december 30 1938 bowman isaiah limits of land settlement c c0c0000e 8 december 16 1938 briffault robert the decline and fall of the british stig cingcctassnntccenevivnittniappalitiiiaiidiataibintatiiitaaiidthiasitalaioeinis 35 june 23 1939 browne olf lillian pius xi apostle of pedce 00 3 november 11 1938 buck j l land utilization im china 0 ccccccessecsseesseeerees 1 october 28 1938 buehler e c ed british american alliance 00000000 29 may 12 1939 bruck w f social and economic history of germany og a ar xe 12 january 13 1939 cardozo h g the march of nation cccccccsccesseceeeeseees 2 november 4 1938 carr katherine south american primer ccccccsessesseseeees 35 june 23 1939 chase stuart the new western font 0 cccsccssseesseeeees 32 june 2 1939 cherne l m adjusting your business to war s0.00 36 june 30 1939 volume xviii book reviews continued childs m w this is democracy collective bargaining ii s6 dinccdisneriasemnatetitielbnnenateeneiasenrtgnsenavestbnettorcecnncneeteeee clonmore lord pope pius xi and world peace colby c c geographic aspects of international relations common jack seven shifts ccssccccssssssssssssssessssssesssseseeseees coyle d c roads to a new ameetica cccccscccesseeeeseeeseeeeeeees crow carl he opened the door of japan 25 ee st talc chicieahestoerseinrnentrenvneneereninsenes the crucial problem of imperial development danton g h the chinese people dean v m hurope im retreat ccsccccccsscssssssssssssessssees denby elizabeth hurope rehoused cccccccseesesscseeeseeeees dilts m m the pageant of japanese history dodd martha through embassy eyes dow d m australia advances 0 ccccccccccsececeeececeeeeeceeneneeeees dulles f r america in the pacific ccccccceeseseeeeseeeceeeeees dulles j f war peace and change ccccccsecceesseseseseees duncan jones a s the struggle for religious freedom reese segre rg sacs aee te oo einzig paul economic problems of the next war ekvall r b gateway to tibet ccccccsscsscessseeessecceseecsenes eliot g f bombs bursting in air teese tet esol tt farago ladislas arabian antic pe i mien seo begins gd boowd ccccscceccisesscosencccceccsesccccccececouscesooes fields harold the refugee in the united states fleming d f the united states and world organization ford g s dictatorship in the modern world frascona j i visit search and seizure on the high seas frey arthur cross and swastika ccccccccssssssccsssessceeeeeeees frischauer willi twilight in vienna fuchs martin showdown in vienna gardner mona the menacing sut ccc:cccceseseeeesseceeseeeees gayer a d homan p t and james e k the sugar boom of puerto b00 0 ccececeeececcsssccesccscsvecsecsccssoccceceooee gedye g e r betrayal in central europe c000ee0000 gelber l m the rise of anglo american friendship the german reich and americans of german origin germany's claim to colonies 0ccccccsscccccsccssssscsesssssosscesees godshall w l american foreign policy c 0s0s0 gooch r k source book on the government of england grant a t k a study of the capital market in post war britain griswold a w the far eastern policy of the united states gunther john inside burape 0.0 ec cscsccesssscsoseresessesesesessesesese hanke lewis editor handbook of latin american studies hansen a h full recovery or stagnation c.cccecceeee harper s n the government of the soviet union harris herbert american labor ccccccccsecsessssececeeseeeseeceee hart liddell through the fog of war ccccccccccccccsecsseeeeees hasluck e l foreign affairs 1919 1937 i is i ee sii osc ceaneinsseghbinineoeeteeesdseesanenenaneinene heimann eduard communism fascism or democracy hindus maurice we shall live again i ie iie sarin eabnlisessonoennnrebonnmenenepsine hodgson stuart the man who made the peace neville reese pere a ee ee horrabin j f an atlas of current affairs ccccccccsceeesee howe quincy blood is cheaper than water c000c 000 hubbard g e eastern industrialization and its effect ree resis nees es te ee eae hudson g f the far east in world politics hutton graham survey after munich cccccccccceeeseeeeseeees ireland p w iraq a study in political development isaacs h r the tragedy of the chinese revolution janowsky o j people at bay c 0ccecscssecsscsesessercsssevsesseee joesten joachim rats in the larder se jones f e the defence of democracy s.csssecceseereees keith a b editor speeches and documents on inter ds ee keller a s lissitzyn o j and mann f j creation of rights of sovereignty through symbolic acts king hall stephen chatham house kirkpatrick f a latin america cccccccssesesesensesscsenseeees knight m m morocco as a french economic venture kohn hans force or reason penn eee eeeeeneneeeeseneeeee orr seeeeeeeeeee prerererrrrrirrr irri eriir iii it iy ppeeee errr irre tet tree eer eee eee teen newer eeeeneeeeeeetenes weeeee pperrrrrerrrrrerrrrrerirr rit titi 33 32 10 44 21 35 24 35 21 10 10 32 32 23 date december 23 1938 november 11 1938 december 9 1938 december 16 1938 january 27 1939 may 12 1939 november 4 1938 january 13 1939 january 13 1939 february 10 1939 december 23 1938 january 13 1939 april 28 1939 november 4 1938 may 26 1939 february 10 1939 may 19 1939 april 21 1939 december 30 1938 june 16 1939 february 24 1939 may 19 1939 may 12 1939 february 10 1939 february 17 1939 october 20 1939 june 23 1939 may 19 1939 december 23 1938 june 23 1939 august 4 1939 august 18 1939 march 3 1939 june 2 1939 january 27 1939 october 20 1939 may 26 1939 june 30 1939 december 23 1938 march 31 1939 january 27 1939 december 30 1938 january 27 1939 october 28 1938 january 27 1939 june 2 1939 february 17 1939 june 2 1939 june 2 1939 june 9 1939 march 24 1939 june 9 1939 may 19 1939 june 2 1939 december 30 1938 august 25 1939 march 17 1939 january 13 1939 june 23 1939 october 28 1938 april 7 1939 june 23 1939 march 17 1939 december 30 1938 december 30 1938 june 2 1939 june 2 1939 march 31 1939 november 4 1938 sa cries volume xviii book reviews continued kolnai aurel the war against the west kuczynski r r colonial population scsscesseerssesseseereees lansbury george my pilgrimage for peace ssseeee lasker bruno and roman agnes propaganda from co cr dori coconsiienironsitnnnetiaetnipisiweantitieinnmeninipsaidmniies lasswell h d propaganda technique in the world war latourette k s the development of china ccc.cceeeeeee lederer emil and lederer seidler emy japan in tran siiiiul ncoceasesnsansiostbenevceeinisenitanegdmsmmiaiaa elaine wihaaceiama aaa eats leigh randolph conscript europe cccscccsccsccssesesssssssseesees lennhoff eugene the last five hours of austria levene ricardo a history of argentina seseeeeesereere lewis cleona america’s stake in international invest tot ccescunsvecsinncnnessasacsseusduianeeaianatiamendeaeaareaiaamiai linebarger p m a government in republican china zu loewenstein prince hubertus conquest of the past luck s e observation 6 bruusetd ccccccccccscccessssosserccensesees macartney g a hungary and her successors 0 macartney m h and cremona paul italy’s foreign ne a eg ns or ee ae ee macreonment a g bier toc os cccaseccetcispseesteetcesinerrceninns a h f the real conflict between china and tein sncsnconeponiokes nisentpneenssasnesinihessaniieltdaaanaaiatt diana itheateneaiaaamaninaiiin mallory w h ed political handbook of the world mann erika and klaus escape to life cccccsscsscscsssssseess mann thomas the coming victory of democracy mendelssohn bartholdy albrecht the war and german pii c5cscnscsocsnopsenceeenitiainsadessnmesnauinns teiecmesdanstmiateeaaneaden mendizabal alfred the martyrdom of spain menne bernhard blood grd st66l cecsccescosscescvvsevsccoccezeeeeeee merriam c e the new democracy and the new des minnie x0 vunianeinncevescncsiuccegiaaniuntshiassaen cahananetanabtdaumpbiasemimianchatinaey monroe elizabeth the mediterranean in politics mowrer te a the dvo feo ccccinairitisicininmaia miihlen norbert schacht hitler’s magician mullett c f the british empire er ewes bets bencre trg wnccccincctncicanenrevesccanareqvercaniebisins murray gilbert liberality and civilization fee tegre fouiioe scvniccnesssaccratamenesschacaeaigreteatacmabinaaeatnts nourse e g and drury h e industrial policies and toons fuorpiig ccscesecinssiivimibnnminicotmaeancetenn oppenheim l international law vol i peace 000 padelford n j international law and diplomacy in the spanish civil strife pan s c y american diplomacy concerning manchuria petrie sir charles the chamberlain tradition pian wi ob wp ciscssbericeitunineacnsaonn pollock j k the government of greater germany price g w i know these dictators prisatiog fi f freee dor gg cvccscscniessececctcssesvesaiesocssrenvevses quigley h s and blakeslee g h the far east an pot tigoue toon csciicciscgsaninteeccuctercnnen tien eicaaeateteanhibelorees rappard w e the crisis of democracy ssssccsssseees reich nathan labor relations in republican germany reischauer r k japan government politics rowers j f camstadions g0 creie0 sccscscesescccevscccsececseneterccosensees royal institute of international affairs study group of members of the british empire ccccccccosccccscsesssscscccescees rudin h r germans in the cameroons set sooo fcn sisccrtitericinciasieericernimeacimannnts sainte aulaire comte de geneva versus peace i fh ic gigs oui ircicesicsainanicssenvcntvtsniohnntpcnnbieannanicti crc tee ries aine ov cssciccevcnssnnsesseseccritactemaaieioneores sears l m history of american foreign relations seton watson r w britain and the dictators rs tee bl tide isicinssaincnersccennssannstacnsdbonaiessatdin slocombe george a mirror to geneva smedley agnes china fights back ccccscssccesssseesseeee smyth j h and angoff charles the world over 1938 snow edgar red star over crag cccccoccccccsscssccessscssoses sontag r j germany and england 2.0 cccccseseeeeeseeneeeees spengler j j france faces depopulation oe fe fe ee sprout harold and margaret the rise of american go seles pre tet ee tran ed se nee en we mae i ecc tha sprue feud se cnsicacentemhititeerosvceseancinsaneninnanniciannson strong a l one fifth of mankind ccccccccccoccccsccsssccccceses stuart g h latin america and the united states eeeeeeenecee eescecee orerrrrrrrrrrr irri tt rir pere eeeeeeeseseeseseeeee ppepeeetociirrerrrirrrri iit iri rir eee eeeereeeereeee ooo e eee teeter eee eee reese e ee eeee seeeeeeeeeeeeeeseees eee eeeeeeeeeseeeee sete nee e eee eeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeees see eeeeeserseeeseseseeeeee date november 4 1938 november 11 1938 december 9 1938 june 2 1939 october 20 1939 november 25 1938 june 2 1939 december 9 1938 december 23 1938 december 23 1938 june 2 1939 january 13 1939 january 13 1939 november 4 1938 october 28 1938 december 16 1938 march 17 1939 february 24 1939 april 7 1939 may 12 1939 november 25 1938 september 29 1939 december 23 1938 december 16 1938 october 20 1939 february 17 1939 may 26 1939 march 31 1939 november 4 1938 march 24 1939 december 9 1938 may 19 1939 december 30 1938 december 16 1938 june 30 1939 april 21 1939 june 9 1939 june 30 1939 may 19 1939 november 4 1938 march 31 1939 march 17 1939 june 2 1939 january 13 1939 june 9 1939 june 23 1939 december 30 1938 june 9 1939 november 25 1938 june 2 1939 june 2 1939 june 2 1939 february 24 1939 april 14 1939 december 23 1938 may 26 1939 december 30 1938 june 16 1939 june 30 1939 april 21 1939 october 20 1939 april 28 1939 june 30 1939 april 7 1939 december 23 1938 december 9 1938 volume xviii book reviews continued studies in income and weallt hr ccsccccessssscecsesssesssesseessesesees tabouis geneviéve blackmail or war sccsssseeseeseeceeseees tansill c c the united states and santo domingo iiit otic chiasma atesshaieeiaieinmbalinliaigebeighnevipenssatebeoreceqeceeqeenes h j the reciprocal trade policy of the united ii iiisiart asda eteheeineai ab ensnbenpndbediniliubbduebibinnnstigutepeeneceszeoccesors teeling william pope pius xi and world affairs temperley harold and pensom l m foundations of british foreign polacy 0 ccrscrccccscsrsssccsccscseccsssescsscccssseesees thompson virginia french indo china cccccccesseseeeeeeees toynbee arnold and boulter v m survey of inter sint meeiiee meumird 0 dinsccniceusecunivensenvectrreyeunvenstaseonseseoeoescese tracy m e our country our people and theirs treat p j diplomatic relations between the united states and japan 1895 1905 ccccceseccecesscccesssecceeseeceesscers trevelyan g m british history in the nineteenth cen ee vespa amleto secret agent of japan ccccccccssseeeseeeeeeeeeee vilaplana ruiz burgos justice ccccccccssesessseesssscercceseseseees voight f a unto caesar cccccccccccccccosscscsscsessccsccceccccccccece wales nym inside red chinas ccccccceccccececeeeeeeessseeseeeeees walton w p marihuana america’s new drug problem wheeler bennett john the forgotten peace ccs00000 williams m w dom pedro the magnanimous williams valentine world of action ccccccssccsceceseseeseees wise j c woodrow wilson disciple of revolution wiskemann elizabeth czechs and germans c 00000 wrong g m the canadians the story of a people young a m lmperial japan 0 ccccccccssssssececesseesceeeesceeeees young c h and reid h r y the japanese canadians e p czechoslovakia keystone of peace and emocr sore ree eee e eee eee se hess ee ee eeseseeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeee sese eee eee ee eeeseee brazil ass ciniseunseunononneeenee brazilian american relations ccccseseeeeeesssecseeeeeeeeseseeeeees foreign minister aranha seeks aid in washington brazilian american agreements ccsescceseseseeeeseeeeeeceeees ys ae scenes acnanonnbamshseounesincewesnboneienenes pa neni pend pciieniehnaniannatianenibanioneiteetones buell r l ee sn ce a ce oe resigns as president of foreign policy association bulgaria dissolves nazi orgamization cccccccessssseseecceesesseeeeeeseseeeees canada canadian american trade agreement ccessssseeeeeeeeees ie sacs dccnssdieaenipnsotencnoreesiensonedeesesonsecooenioet i 5 ss scdaalnsnd sopnenenetniibhaieseonbeweonsereonennoonbbices i oe gd sepntniiioied cctcerccconceccesscccscensavencsenccosovvnesoetsonsneces chamberlain j p accepts visiting professorship at oxford ccccccecsesseeees chile i ade cheese edinmnennbliindbineetnios i ac lo acd seanaminicnlebeniinininanininreaiele china chiang kai shek on peace tumotps secsseceseseseeeeeeeesees japan takes canton and hankow ccccccscsseesrececsseeeeeennens japanese protests on foreign interests in far east u.s protests violation of open door ccccsceseeeeeees japan answers american mote cccscssesseseesseererseesersestenes chinese american monetary agreement s:cceececeeeeeeeeeee japan’s plan for new order in asia cccccssssseeeereeeeerenes premier konoye on japan’s war aims ccccceeseeeeeeeeeenees i nce adidas heateineeeenseereroncsnnnnenensoeenenn wang ching wei expelled by kuomintang ccccseeee i ae eisai saiiahirenoeveveuetberecencentebsuenenenee manchoukuo border incidents ccccccscseceesesseseeeeeeesesenesesens british action on fimancial aid csssecscsssreseeseenceeeseeene peiping régime measures against foreign traders 32 47 34 date june 23 1939 december 23 1938 march 17 1939 october 28 1938 november 11 1938 march 3 1939 february 17 1939 june 9 1939 october 28 1938 april 14 1939 april 21 1939 november 25 1938 november 25 1938 november 25 1938 may 26 1939 january 27 1939 february 24 1939 december 16 1938 january 27 1939 february 24 1939 march 31 1939 december 30 1938 march 17 1939 may 26 1939 january 13 1939 april 28 1939 december 2 1938 january 27 1939 march 3 1939 march 17 1939 may 19 1939 june 23 1939 october 20 1939 october 28 1938 may 5 1939 april 21 1939 november 25 1938 june 2 1939 june 2 1939 september 15 1939 june 16 1939 december 2 1938 may 12 1939 november 4 1938 november 4 1938 november 4 1938 november 4 1938 november 25 1938 december 30 1938 december 30 1938 december 30 1938 december 30 1938 january 13 1939 february 17 1939 february 17 1939 march 10 1939 march 10 1939 i if volume xviii china continued shanghai municipal council keeps policing rights japanese drive on foreign settlements japanese marines at kulangsy ccsssessssesssssresessssereesees u.s and great britain reject japanese demands on bmae torino sicpssteiiainrncestinsiciencsnqrietvnnieants wrisien vba to preber tid a ccciscserercccccsssssseressesersensnsennniees secretary hull on tientsin dispute cccccsscscssssessessesseees japan strikes at western concessions sseeccsssseseseeseeesees british nationals searched at tientsin cccseseeeeceeeeeee fighting on manchoukuo outer mongolia border soviet trade treaty tame qoreiooe occccicccitdesscissicesinseceteicipinenninaibditiadabaiaianiammans admiral yarnell rejects japanese demand to withdraw nationals and naval vessels from swatow ccccccseeeees u.s protests kulangsu blockade and bombing of amer se tuigio occcesisintnssensccincnasinincevseiincesocieetenobaasmaakeiaantes britioh jamamewe ator 5ccccccccescesescescicesiescicsosnsenioinessorernvagin japan incites anti british feeling sovicc trwrmons guat irigiion ossiiccccncccsiccschcutcoorsenspseeteceseitncceveere effects of treaty denunciation on anglo japanese nego sie iinicciikscennaconnivessoipiccinilieibbimamlenianente tape ceeinecantaeanaaets u.s denounces japanese american trade treaty chamberlain cautious on far east scccccccsssssscesssseeeees japanese aviators destroy british steamers csscceseees britain rejects bilateral discussion of japanese economic demands at tokyo conference cccscssssecsseesecssscscsesseseecees british sergeant shoots chinese policemen in shanghai european war’s effect on japan sr cori oo icsis senconnicnnnrevecetnnacveiessuousasnbamienemosenininn appeasement in far east changsha victory cuba coinmnat tiekiate wisites wage aciccisieinccccsecacessitcrrnsecetnaerewmncs cuban american trade agreement negotiations czechoslovakia cees of wiretclh to greak bru ncccccsencsescesccscsesessissesevaressecsinns hungarian and polish territorial claims ror gs gui soria cacchecstieenescccscecacsceeszcrcesssiensens refuses to cede ruthenia to hungary sare we git asic cnscrssciccdenscsclenenbevinctidetthtenadinaiatebiernine nazis in ruthenia encourage ukrainian liberation president hacha ousts premier tiso tiso confers with pune scaisncinsisdnvsonscsvossncsichausceinisensancissinichibesibceremeamnanaancmaasarecis yields to hitler’s demand for independent slovakia german occupation as a move for pan german europe danzig see poland denmark ne acini stcscaihinisicincnccicceaakatquaebneaebasabanes tae ais german non aggression pact dodecanese islands garrisons reduced estonia govan meme reena bite cccccecsercen scene scerescssrenennianiniinn soviet air and naval bases established cccsccseeseeees soviet estonian mutual assistance pact german minorities repatriated europe struggles to check german advance es mno bott ie ciciensereisn cinnctnpiniarisntinsmntateinioncineeens britain suggests five power conference si oui iniiiidy scicesccincstisenhas oistcd ebeaaisirtet itl caeitosmecsadiaaliadmeeaanalaliaidian democracies encirclement drive slows effect of hitler’s reichstag speech iii cis entsinscwasdinaanntceevuciaciscenta ealaacaveabinitsianlaocmmianuaias innes srep ss secékissvcensdccakesnaicapibdpneumtuniniemcaccadeaninioedliantcaaes moves toward showdown on brink of war plunges into war pi we spio incirsnssissaridcsnisiconsnconsusedestligsaenaiaiantcdoasadekiamaaa dangers of russo german pact upheaval ee eeeeeseeeees settee ee ernest ee eeeeeeeseeeeee ee eeee corr eee ree ee eros ee see ee hess eee eees eee te seeeeeee sese seseee see es es correo ero r ee eee ee ee eh ee ese e eee ee ee eee hed eeeeeesereeeeces corr r oe eee ee reo eee essere eee esse ee eeo eees peererirrrrrrr irri tri i sooo rrr re rse e eee eee sores ese esee ees eeeeeeeseeeeeeseeseeeeeeee sees tees recor rier rey prererrrerrrir errr rt ttt ie rrr orerrirrerrri rt rir soon eoe eere oee e eee eee sees eee esee sees eere sees ee esee eee eee se eee es seen eeeeeeeeeeeeneeeseeseseeee eee e eee ee ee eee eeeeeee seen eee eeeee aor eee eee ee teense eeee eee eseeeeeeeeeee ppupesiicioot rrr too e orr h eee eee e eee ee oee eee ee eseeee sese sees eee eeseeeees ees sese sees ed see ee ee ree ee ree oe eeo ee ee ee oe ees es eeeeee esse esse eseeee esse se ees sore ee eee eee eee eee eee eee see eee eeeeeeeeeeee sora r see ee hee oe eoe eee e eere tees estee sese seeseeeseoese esse eesese ee eeee tees eh eeeee ees aanw 10 21 22 24 33 49 33 50 50 51 21 22 27 32 42 44 45 46 47 48 date march 10 1939 may 26 1939 may 26 1939 may 26 1939 june 23 1939 june 23 1939 june 23 1939 june 30 1939 june 30 1939 june 30 1939 june 30 1939 june 30 1939 june 30 1939 july 28 1939 july 28 1939 july 28 1939 august 4 1939 august 4 1939 august 11 1939 august 11 1939 august 25 1939 august 25 1939 september 8 1939 september 22 1939 october 20 1939 october 20 1939 february 10 1939 february 10 1939 october 28 1938 october 28 1938 november 11 1938 december 2 1938 december 2 1938 december 30 1938 march 17 1939 march 17 1939 march 24 1939 april 7 1939 june 9 1939 september 29 1939 june 9 1939 october 6 1939 october 6 1939 october 13 1939 december 2 1938 december 9 1938 march 17 1939 march 24 1939 april 28 1939 may 5 1939 june 2 1939 august 11 1939 august 25 1939 september 1 1939 september 8 1939 september 15 1939 september 22 1939 september 22 1939 8 volume xviii european war 1939 indexed in this volume under poland finland a aa seni babubiinistebusbunsetsecteseiecns mission returns from moscow sores retr eo ee eee h ee ees estee eee eee eee eeee sese ee foreign policy association essere twentieth anniversary luncheon cessssseesseseeseeeeees es eel te ee iee iiit 0 ca sicntunsibnntiedsatoomveccestonconncvesveneecousn j p chamberlain resigns as chairman of the board general f r mccoy succeeds r l buell as president policy during war france premier daladier on empire development radical socialist party congress foreign policy reorientation ccssssccccssssesessesssssssesesssessees japan protests shipment of munitions through indo china i ia sctaniemssenebanconasecanbonorense paul reynaud becomes finance minister iii itech nncesisbetubsdinennabansbousenceennnsnerasaianceneceess anglo french conversations ccccssscccssesesssssesssseessseeeeees franco german amity declaration confidence vote for daladier cccccsessececseeeeeseeceeeeseeeeees refuses italian revisionists demand for territory i eee daladier visits corsica and tunisia cccccsssesesceeeeeeeeee italy denounces laval mussolini accord passes reynaud budget cccccccccssessssssscesseserssscsecsecseseerecsese daladier refuses to cede land or rights protests japan’s taking haiman 00 ccccceeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeees reoccupies east african territory ccccccscsceeeeeseeeeeeeeees recognizes franco régime in spain daladier gets decree powers increases army i aaa wal acchiidisaneehiidaatinsiunnenatonindes mussolini’s colonial claims ccccccssssssecessesesseceeeecereeeeeeee daladier on italian demands rumanian commercial treaty cccccsccseseceesssesseseeeceenseeeeees anglo french pledge of support to greece and rumania nii td uni cic cciceoneeconicciessvecesseucbiscovonseccecoveciosoovesense franco turkish mutual assistance agreement anglo french mission in moscow cssssssecessceceeseeeeeeees exchange control and special appropriation see also poland germany eastward expansion alarms poland cccesccssseesseesseeees general von epp demands return of colonies ec ensupennnseoiennnceneonees american ambassador called home treaties with czechoslovakia cssssccccssssssesesseseneeesesees franco german amity declaration rumanian trade agreement i a sctuiunapneuaainnt neville chamberlain protests nazi press attacks on earl i cen ten een chntinbbcinlttdedip tila iiindieemisnictem german american notes on ickes attack on hitlerism increases submarine tonnage ccscccssceseceesssesceesesseceeseenses colonel beck visits hitler 0.00 cccccccccccssssssssscccssssssscccceceeees nazi press assails the netherlands cccccccscessssceeeeseeeees refugee loan as possible aid in trade slump unfavorable trade development commercial influence in mexico ccccsccceccseseessseeceeseseeseesenes dr funk succeeds dr schacht as head of reichsbank military service measures c.cccccccccccsssccesscecsssecesssceeseceesees reich league of german officers dissolved backs italian colonial claims hitler’s reichstag speech ccccsscccssssssssessssceseesesessssesseees polish german pact reaffirmed sa eeessnnneinonenesennunaeins eases pressure on jews emigration plan german italian trade accord ccccccesseccceeesceeeeeeseeeeeeneres stalin on russo german relations over ukraine uls action on german imports sccsscsscesesseseseceesseseesees german rumanian economic agreement sora coe ore ee eoe ee ether eee sees eee eeeeeteseeeeeees eee eee eeee sees ed see e nent ee neeeeeeeeneseees soe r orth or eee ee eee ee estee eee eset eo eees corr e ee eee e ee eee eee ee eee eee cooter eee e eere eere eee eee eee eee eee eee sort ree ere eee ee eee eee eee eeee pperrrrrrrrr i ttt it ier carer reet e ree eee ee hehehe eeee ee eeeeeeeeee ehts eee eee eee eeee eee eee eeeeee ppererrrerrrr rir ri rir rd eee eneneeeeeeesenee penne een eeeneeeeeeeees sennen ee eeeneneeeeee pere ee rece ee ioc oci ctr r et it etre rrr rt sor eo eee e eee hee ee eee teste eeee eee ee eee eee ee eee cee e ee eneeeneeeneeeeee cerro orr e eee eee eee ee ee eee ee ee eee eee eee coenen ee eneeeeeeeeeneeeeee corr ore ere ere ee eoe eee e eee ee eee ee eee ee eee eee e poppi ioerirrr rrr ert tier rir et senet eee renee eee eeneeeeeeetas prereerrirrr rrr i ie no 51 52 date october 13 1939 october 20 1939 november 11 1938 november 25 1938 march 3 1939 may 5 1939 june 16 1939 july 14 1939 september 15 1939 november 4 1938 november 4 1938 november 4 1938 november 4 1938 november 18 1938 november 18 1938 november 18 1938 december 2 1938 december 16 1938 december 16 1938 december 16 1938 december 16 1938 january 6 1939 january 6 1939 january 6 1939 february 3 1939 february 17 1939 february 24 1939 march 38 1939 march 31 1939 march 31 1939 march 31 1939 march 31 1939 april 7 1939 april 7 1939 april 21 1939 june 30 1939 june 30 1939 august 11 1939 september 15 1939 october 28 1938 november 4 1938 november 18 1938 november 25 1938 december 2 1938 december 16 1938 december 16 1938 december 23 1938 december 23 1938 january 6 1939 january 6 1939 january 20 1939 january 20 1939 january 20 1939 january 20 1939 january 27 1939 january 27 1939 january 27 1939 january 27 1939 february 3 1939 february 3 1939 february 3 1939 february 3 1939 february 17 1939 february 24 1939 march 17 1939 march 24 1939 march 31 1939 volume xviii germany continued mussolini on rome berlin axis seizes memel c.ceccs0e0 anglo french pledge of aid to poland cccccscseessreseeeres on living room and versailles treaty hitler’s wilhelmshaven speech ccccsssscssssssesecerseseseceeneeeens reaction to anglo polish alliance demands danzig ry te bind occxcnasescsssonnncasiadiiuiiesieiseueiiaeniaiansendabiineatiaameghi roosevelt message to hitler and mussolini nevile henderson returns to berlin tri grouee corgrige wivsasieticccsentecistrecnnrenssicttemeenenn denounces anglo german naval agreement and polish german non aggression pact es siiiidd cniiscnstvenccniscdesibicessinhamnsaainicaineleababidaioniaiantonts hitler answers roosevelt in reichstag speech cote sid vsdsesecinsrnresisasenstntniatnninciestabmialinaoiamaninens italian military and political alliance planned tro arotsrie crniiid cciccrenscssnpsideonininseaninenssehineiieeinnehtenanieaales scandinavian countries reject non aggression pacts iii tie scciicecsssconcevoencoisunanhecaisdnaiansenisntiaeiahobientsieaiaane aaa mibiiaiiatios ttalo germnn mallitery alam vic cccscscsessisvcevscninessetetseniestinctbesse non aggression pacts with denmark estonia and latvia prince paul of yugoslavia visits berlin cccccccccsseeeeerees chamberlain on settlement by negotiation cccceeeeeseeee halifax on encirclement and lebensraum fetes soldiers who served in spain japanese connection with axis scccsscccsscsscssssccessesscesecssees east prussians in danzig for coup ee ee iis ii vcvncstccecrantnesircteereneccena nies chamberlain denies rumored loan to germany after hud woh wore coiiud nancnnnssccscnsesiiabicecetbidwbiscibassddndsdicmseusbctiaakis ciano von ribbentrop conversations hitler confers with danzig leader cccessseessseeeeceesees hungarian foreign minister csaky in berlin maeses troops on polish border cccsseccccoccscocccsovsecsesssséesccoenteces non aggression pact with russia se sees duque sce cictsitrnsraveninstiainn centile britain and france reply to hitler’s demands for danzig tt soit ccnucsnincnsutndienscsisiennincinmmninisnntintnipneipesiiliamaicahdatiieaidiidis demands on poland gin rnin 5 05i50.00 cossesconcosagniadeiempuntaaiinibinnaneeiseiinebaieapiianes economic gains from conquest of poland og ee ere a enn soviet german border in poland fixed by treaty soviet german declaration on future course in europe soviet german economic collaboration cccccscssssceeseseees repatriates germans in latvia and estonia rumanian trade treaty renewal cccsecsessesesesseeeseeeeeees hitler’s reichstag speech outlines peace terms eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee see e eee eeeeeeeeseeseseeeeeeeeee perret sor e ee ree ee reese se ees eee eeoe sees ese esos ee sese sees ee es oses esse sese toes pee eeereeeeeseereeeeseeeee cocr see eee etre er eters eee este sees eeee prepecir seeeeeeeseeeseeeeeee eeeeesereeee prerrrrrrrrrri titi i it corr reo eee eee e eero eoe eee eee eet ee eee coco eee eee ote eee ee eh ee es eee eeeeeeeeee poor o ose e eoe ree e ee ete e eee eee eee er ee eeeeee corpo r oreo e eeo ee eeeeee eee sees ee eee essere e ese eeeeeseeesee sese es seen reece reeseessceseeeeeeees ee eceeeeeeeeeeseseeeees perrererrrrrerrrri rs great britain defense appropriations and delays rootpaminss territeriak ati siccceicsciscssccccccsesessessscsesisscvecnede commons votes anglo italian accord chamberlain on spain and italy pu tumien ce tinned bod ceniceecnsesnicesscnsinscnenesnnrenennnsnnnieldeitintbitntnninh anglo american trade agreement reio f pored cot vorrerioid onicccsscicersmnvesicnrsinritintinianaenvaietaia postpones recognition of franco’s belligerent status report on palestine partition scheme ccccccsessesesseeees tanganyika offered as refugee settlement ccccccccccceseeeee neville chamberlain protests nazi press attacks on earl noun cssscascossncpacccosmbasubeohaaeieaosermeemaddiasmocbes iced a cteeoe rasa export guarantee fund expansion sp tieniid uid sx.xicsssnnnserpeenenieliitonensenitiaihdisittiniiiasttigylatisiiatilaiiahagighdatelttie chamberlain and halifax to visit rome rr ndei outcome of chamberlain mussolini meeting rvgmes tuerounting somite ons citescotenineoeesncanssnrencisecsenntanseiecbanee military preparation and civilian defense plans sonu ge ciiiiins 5 cs.nsesrtiiunicdtnipetenenieatacgsebsbannsiliilleiiadetiteks sir samuel hoare on british strength protests japan’s taking hainan cccccssssccsssesesesseesenees tripartite conference on palestine trin rii on ccincscctianicsecrvcroonentmniinbintisitintssn amen dale halifax on threats to vital interests ee gioeiod touine ccascneictetimciccenntsttininnidiabinin recognizes franco régime in spain cccsseceseessesseceneeeeee chamberlain and hoare suggest five power conference re rrri irri iter tert treet ere ete eres corr r ere ree eee eee eee eee eee ee ee eee eer i tri r iii seen eee ee eese reese ereeseeeeeee se eeeeeeeeeeeeecsesseeee eeeeeeeereeeesecee pprerrreerrrrrrri irri tii iris see r oe orr eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eseoheee date march 31 1939 march 31 1939 april 7 1939 april 7 1939 april 7 1939 april 14 1939 april 21 1939 april 21 1939 april 21 1939 april 28 1939 april 28 1939 may 5 1939 may 5 1939 may 5 1939 may 12 1939 may 12 1939 may 19 1939 may 19 1939 june 2 1939 june 2 1939 june 9 1939 june 9 1939 june 16 1939 june 16 1939 june 16 1939 june 23 1939 july 7 1939 july 14 1939 july 28 1939 august 18 1939 august 18 1939 august 18 1939 august 25 1939 august 25 1939 august 25 1939 september 1 1939 september 8 1939 september 15 1939 september 29 1939 september 29 1939 october 6 1939 october 6 1939 october 6 1939 october 13 1939 october 13 1939 october 13 1939 october 28 1938 october 28 1938 november 11 1938 november 11 1938 november 11 1938 november 25 1938 december 2 1938 december 2 1938 december 2 1938 december 2 1938 december 23 1938 december 23 1938 december 23 1938 january 6 1939 january 13 1939 january 20 1939 january 27 1939 january 27 1939 february 3 1939 february 3 1939 february 17 1939 february 17 1939 february 24 1939 march 3 1939 march 8 1939 march 3 1939 march 17 1939 volume xviii great britain continued sii ditches csicsivondisabidbeanentainnineeseownbonoevacsececscccconssecocce chamberlain on anglo french guarantee of polish inde it licdninicetedntnhicrbnigjeasmaneseenmsinesinanerietrcsseueseserenecesteneeneeee i tein siiasiahsencereevensitstennesnneineseseuemancensncsescomenscceneecee obstacles to anti aggression coalition in eastern europe anglo french pledge of support to greece and rumania chamberlain on invasion of albamia ccccccssesessseeeeeeees cn lat anglo french pledge of support to greece adopts comsctiption ccc.scccssseeeseseesessesesessenes creates ministry of supply cccccssssssssssssssseessesseeeeceeesseees iiit sii 5 anscennsstinvnnsuaanieertennecseeiesseaeseseovembeseecececeseees nevile henderson returns to berlin cccccccccssscessseeceeeeenes stii cs cstealll et ctensanentnstnaeindeneemsnvecececcesceovestecseceeanees anglo german naval pact denounced cssssssesrsesereeesees barter negotiations with u.s cccsccccssccseessseeessesereeeseeeeeeee anglo rumanian economic agreement ccsssseesesesseeeeseee anglo soviet pact prospects improved cssssseseeeeeressees anglo turkish non aggression agreement scsscessseeeeee reveals palestine settlement ccccccccsesssceecsesssecceesenseeeees king george vi and queen elizabeth visit canada in em sittin scsi ails snbadisthauk godbeasebbtbveveetitedivesetessesntoceoees negotiations for anglo soviet pact ccccccsssssseesesesereeees molotov on russia’s terms for anglo soviet pact anglo soviet pact hangs fire ccccccccsssscessseeessseseeseneeeees chamberlain on settlement by negotiation not force halifax on encirclement and lebensrawm ccccsees0000 scope of barter accord with u.s 0 cccccccccsecsseeeecessseeeeeeeees pope pius xii opposes anglo soviet pact ccccccseeceeees uss signs barter agreement ccccsesesseccecessssscecseeeeceeeeeenes to increase government guarantees of non commercial ex eset a rt i a seen enbuntinanemnennetnst supplementary arms budget ccscccssecesseeceeeeseeseseeeeees chamberlain denies rumored loan to germany after hud i ii ic ncrsdiodendniennicnatonsnesonevnescecoosocosevsseoroue anglo french mission in moscow c cccssssceesseeeesseeeeeees i seciesidibeinasibonenvecniomee passes emergency powers dill 00 ccccccccessseeceeseeceecceeeeeees special session of parliament cccccccscssessseeeeeeseceseeceeeees british turkish mutual aid pact 0 cccccccceeeseeeeseeseeeeeeees negative reaction to hitler’s peace terms 0.0 barter agreement with russia ccscccccssesseeceeeeesseeeeeees a cereiesadgbaicabiocboaseuccneiislbknd see also poland greece anglo french pledge of support c:cccccccesseeeeseeesceeeeceeees greco italian agreement on frontier troops 0s0000 hungary claims czechoslovak territory 0 cccccccccccsssseeesseeeesseceeeeeees territory gained in czechoslovakia ccccccssssssscseeeseeees i cal celh tiens don atnttiedemnaenicnsvuventerecsobonecsnosossuseton a sec eemstunnesinatnnanesobesnbebiesoenanabesid count ciano visits budapest cccsscsssceeesssseeeeeeeeeseeeeeeee joins anti communist pact cccccssssssseceeseeessececsecceeeeeeeees teleki succeeds imredy as premier ccssscssessseesseeeeeneees iie gd moen 6 ccicvccsccctinnesndnnsicnscoenseesesoosvesaesesocsoveteosoce ec renews diplomatic relations with russia c ccsss0 ireland pd mcuuroines dguirinoiie on ncccocccceccccessoceecsescoscscncesesesccecceseceeses pruiees gd wrt cr ggt tiiiag oocceccccceccsccssecccesseccsscoccsscncccsnsssosessose italy te france refuses revisionists claims ccccseesceeeereeeeeees count ciano visits budapest ccccsccsessssssesessesseensseeeees chamberlain and halifax to visit rome c:ccccseseeees denounces laval mussolini accord ccscscseeeeseeeeerseeees not to disturb mediterranean status quo ccssescseeees eel outcome of chamberlain mussolini meeting 000000 warns inst intervention for spanish loyalists mexican barter agreement cscccsccceceeeeseseesceeeeseseeeeeeseees germany backs colonial claims ccccccseescceeeeseeeeeeeeeeee french and british moves in answer to mobilization reports date march 17 1939 april 7 1939 april 7 1939 april 14 1939 april 21 1939 april 21 1939 april 21 1939 april 21 1939 april 28 1939 april 28 1939 april 28 1939 april 28 1939 april 28 1939 may 5 1939 may 12 1939 may 19 1939 may 19 1939 may 19 1939 may 19 1939 june 2 1939 june 2 1939 june 9 1939 june 16 1939 june 16 1939 june 16 1939 june 16 1939 june 16 1939 june 30 1939 july 14 1939 july 21 1939 july 21 1939 july 28 1939 august 11 1939 august 11 1939 september 1 1939 september 1 1939 october 13 1939 october 13 1939 october 20 1939 october 20 1939 april 21 1939 september 29 1939 october 28 1938 november 11 1938 december 2 1938 december 2 1938 december 30 1938 january 20 1939 february 24 1939 june 9 1939 august 18 1939 september 29 1939 january 27 1939 september 15 1939 november 11 1938 december 16 1938 december 30 1938 january 6 1939 january 6 1939 january 6 1939 january 20 1939 january 20 1939 january 20 1939 january 27 1939 february 3 1939 february 24 1939 4 t i ote pen it es ee ta volume xviii 11 italy continued no date german italian trade r0cote 2 00 c ccscccesesssocscssossesiccnssencesessoees 18 february 24 1939 mussolini on colonial claims and rome berlin axis 23 march 31 1939 dabadiier om tealiem gemeqre crccccccccsnsessssscssseserscccsscieoccesscosessetes 24 april 7 1939 een sg er sanne een ner eerete ee 26 april 21 1939 roosevelt message to hitler and mussolini 000 26 april 21 1939 torio y umoriry comwotraliois onccccicccecorevcsiccsevsseccsscceseeressorescsane 27 april 28 1939 becroiirs guwotd trod twee ccceisicrricscieniescscnemnesecsctisessenvisabnsitnn 27 april 28 1939 german military and political alliance planned 29 may 12 1939 fet arot ite engr sashes cactninasccntisincs tcisiorctsaiasatvcticmcsans 30 may 19 1939 timlo german military siro cicccccescesiscecesssocsssccovessesesseasennuee 32 june 2 1939 fétes troops who served in spain sccccsssssscccceesseesenseeees 34 june 16 1939 japanese connection with axis cccccccccssssssorcssscsssenssccees 35 june 23 1939 ss sco ie i iniscerctseciieiiscccercencvintennninna 38 july 14 1939 ce cri sri tri a ceecsiecesisastaretricyarsettnataaaameke 39 july 21 1939 ciano von ribbentrop conversations ccccccsseessesesseeceeeeee 43 august 18 1939 greco italian agreement on frontier troops ssccceceeees 49 september 29 1939 reduces dodecanese islands garrisons ccssssscccecsssereseeeees 49 september 29 1939 see also albania poland japan pborleus tammpeite brees wb oicccsicssessnsisscctesesccscceesssenntectiensaianians 2 november 4 1938 eammotor asks wuagtse apptoval ccecscccecccccscessesecssccovssessosoevsoes 10 december 30 1938 cine ninn cecuises:nissssapnnmesnaasaaniocintamanmaieetsiuclaateetasscrbuaaionbiod 12 january 13 1939 invokes national mobilization act provisions 12 january 13 1939 i i sii 5 5 ss sacnenstincesceisnseonnicaseeoennasauancnios 14 january 27 1939 bi chi co aivcedecenccgioesicesesscitsinicgteenans spssatniseintamaniens 18 february 24 1939 russo japanese fisheries question ssssssssccssssseseceeeeeeeenes 18 february 24 1939 terr soriiiins wee tuiitd cccccciciccectosesetsescensccensecsenisnnoceeeenenns 18 february 24 1939 iiiiiiug 0 s0k cs tsciatccdahistesemmantnrebedementanmensbindenionmbaiden tasesxanuelasmetamaatiin 20 march 10 1939 be oh i rnid sa channel ieaeaatninnntuenieaiimaeintauass 26 april 21 1939 soviet rakeries gianete settled nnccceccscccccecccversesceveseeseesscoovesnconses 26 april 21 1939 connection with rome berlin axis ccccccsesesssssssesceees 35 june 23 1939 bk ire orr ans res 46 september 8 1939 readjusts policy to european war ccccsssccessseceesssceeeeesees 46 september 8 1939 res lae 48 september 22 1939 see also china latin america u.s delegates to lima conference cscsssssssessssssereseeees 5 november 25 1938 a a berle denies u.s plans military alliances for defense 8 december 16 1938 prospects of lima conference achievement limited 9 december 23 1938 lima conference achievements c.scccsssssssssssccscsscesssscceees 11 january 6 1939 ps re a ee ee 26 april 21 1939 u.s cooperation program progresses s:ccsssccesseeseeeeseeeees 32 june 2 1939 i siiiiiidns ncicitiiasenieibiciiidigenatnsalanhiveenadeanindanestiadmaiiaiditialits 50 october 6 1939 sees te idi siisnscsnsesccoieinteitieaiiaintitnnstentiniaenenitieninimesinaitaninahanin 52 october 20 1939 biect of war om trade with ug cecccocecccsscescsscsensnensecosssssses 52 october 20 1939 latvia cso ponent ie acing saiscncsccctcecintnensencininiessscutssaninnnt 33 june 9 1939 gopmaam whmofitios topaetialem 20202.0 cccccssseseccecssssecscossscesovsesoneue 51 october 13 1939 pints sue sescidccessaxnnscnnsassoribdeminiemndnatenincinaetels 51 october 13 1939 lima conference see latin america lithuania cc eo iat ln eo elec ee 8 december 16 1938 i ce iii iis scscinecccssxiaccsmneiioinnnansiiaiidaapeiomaiant 10 december 30 1938 crit tiriiie oiioe gsisdtcceoinscsssaanscsecesecesscessoneentbereetinetaieshe 23 march 381 1939 mccoy general f r dean peet 68 pda cniccticccccctmnetainneae 38 july 14 1939 mexico mexican american agrarian dispute settled ceeeeees 5 november 25 1938 german commercial influence 0 cccccssrcccscssscrscssssesonececs 14 january 27 1939 italian and japanese barter agreements s.sssessesseeeeeees 14 january 27 1939 cie i cued aciccecsse cccisayesecccsneatentensetassoseorinsbhaesieaeniilan 16 february 10 1939 ge see ie gio once cerictentiirenernrereiinmmeninniion 43 august 18 1939 ry ais se see gig ovinmsictnintareerictrereciciesrerennnmnnainiciennees 43 august 18 1939 munich agreement see czechoslovakia netherlands king leopold of the belgians visits queen wilhelmina 6 december 2 1938 bo car tere wood cericeeesinmstitintittiinniinesnseviincabsitinitiniimsints 13 january 20 1939 12 volume xviii neutrality pittman resolution to amend act cccsscceeeeereeeeeeeeeeeeeees possible courses of action by congress sscecesseseserreeees views of h l stimson and b m baruch 1escsee0 senate opinion divided scssesessesesersessnennseenserenssnenseneeseesess stalemate in congress csssesssereeenseeeesetesenenseneseneseensees trade at your own risk proposals sccsceseeecereeseeeeseeees tere cor oiins once cccccesnseercecseccccccneseecerenscececceveneensceeneseesessesensees state department backs bloom resolution 0 000 house foreign affairs committee for favorable action on i co.cc neksntesduscvenbbeossanencesecoesoonecseeccsoes pd giroieiii occeccevccengivcccscccessccsescrcevcoceccsccecesonsecceovsosecesseseece house votes to retain embargo sccccsssessscccssecseesesereesees impasse unbroken by roosevelt message sssseseeees proclamations and new wartime measutes cseeeeeeeeees administration to press for embargo repeal 00 hull statement to belligerents on neutral rights pittman tesolution ptovisions cceseeeereerreereeeeeeeeeeeeeneees roosevelt message asks embargo repeal sscccsssesseeseees advisory committee of american republics iii hut piii oss ucntensnssnicstacdscsecrenscocenereessenencesses territorial waters question ccssscsssseesseeeseeesensereneeeees american shipping and pittman bill effects ccces:e00 new zealand declares war on germany cccsccccsssssreccsssssescsssescscscssseceess nicaragua president somoza visits washington cccccscseeereeeees i i alacant cancalpehiesalbabbainaieeeeerenenaenenbennbeneets palestine british report on partition scheme ccseessesseeeeeeenees tripartite conference on settlement cccccsseseseseeseesereeees a oss aacscehiananbnbeanvenssecenereereestecsenens britain reveals settlement arab and jewish reaction spree eere ree eere eee eee ee eee eee sees teese eee ee eee eee pperecii prepre pieter paraguay i eo a ices cidiamavanneimaanediins philippine islands sii sia ccninsisunneuneuiiianssieneeinenstnndnnesennenanshanteninnenmmansssecewneene pius xi pope a ee a a sacistlnaedeminenevennanee poland alarmed by germany’s eastern expansion cccccceeeeeee claims czechoslovak territory ccccssesssseeceeeeesseececeeseeees czech polish agreement on ceded land ccccesccceeeeeeeees lithuanian trade agreement cccsscsescsceeeseseseeeeserceeseeees i iiis soa nicesirnageanneowuntsemnecessinnvenseevencnccnecesetesnetee polish soviet non aggression pact renewed ccscesee crue sie whuuned binion occcscccccccscosccevesvosevencversovvesesecscosseserscese polish german pact reaffirmed i rii scsi ieccincisentenesivetnennvenescuunrseveneccesnessnecnsee rumanian foreign minister visits warsaw 0000 anglo french guarantee of independence c00 s00000 german reaction to anglo polish alliance c ce0000 germany demands danzig cccccccessecccccsecssscscceeensesreceeeees polish german non aggression pact denounced beck on hitler’s abrogation of polish german treaty russia accredits ambassador to warsaw britain warns germany on danzig c:ccsssseseeseeseeesesees major general sir edmund ironside in warsaw conflict over terms of british credit i i cencrevernnceguacwnceronstegnasoceserers i ase sina sag phahinwsonseddinesaenecaeiobosevenseovereooee forster danzig nazi confers with hitler german troops mass on doe cccccceeeseeeeseseeceseneeeeeceeees britain and france reply to hitler’s demands for danzig ita dinachidegnniciatlndesconscuvonsvuanessnesecions britain and france reaffirm obligations sssssees italy’s stand uncertain in german polish conflict hitler rejects anglo french pleas for direct negotiations with warsaw orders invasion italy neutral in war pteperiierrcrerii ti i ere pprrrrrrer rr rrrrr itt i eer eee e eee eeneeeeeeeeeeeeeeees coro r eee eee eee r ee he ee sees es oe ee eee eeseseseeese sees ee eeee heed 29 32 17 19 31 31 35 17 18 date march 24 1939 march 31 1939 april 14 1939 april 14 1939 may 19 1939 may 26 1939 june 9 1939 june 9 1939 june 23 1939 june 23 1939 july 7 1939 july 21 1939 september 8 1939 september 22 1939 september 22 1939 september 29 1939 september 29 1939 october 6 1939 october 6 1939 october 6 1939 october 13 1939 september 15 1939 may 12 1939 june 2 1939 december 2 1938 february 17 1939 march 3 1939 may 19 1939 may 26 1939 may 26 1939 june 23 1939 february 17 1939 february 24 1939 october 28 1938 october 28 1938 november 11 1938 december 30 1938 december 30 1938 december 30 1938 january 20 1939 february 3 1939 february 24 1939 march 17 1939 april 7 1939 april 14 1939 april 21 1939 may 5 1939 may 12 1939 may 19 1939 july 14 1939 july 21 1939 july 28 1939 july 28 1939 august 11 1939 august 18 1939 august 25 1939 september 1 1939 september 1 1939 september 1 1939 september 8 1939 september 8 1939 mev rat pe eme a tes od sey volume xviii 13 poland continued no date blitzkrieg against poles setnenismtiahitiitcamionttd 47 september 15 1939 british planes drop leaflets over germany ccccecsssseeees 47 september 15 1939 ss corning ti pnd crccennrscissninentitneinninnviahinniotnonhiniiees 47 september 15 1939 cge nt eas ge cicsettcremesteateitiinieisincinennttintidatennita 47 september 15 1939 french forces on german territory ccccccesssccscesssserssseeeees 47 september 15 1939 submarines sink britian gig 00cccccssccccesscessenssocsossdsessssesvess 47 september 15 1939 be bay ti ccc cnsctipeicriineiniiinennctttniannncarenatctntniestainatucliit 48 september 22 1939 italy’s neutrality helps germany cccccccccccssessssssescssessees 48 september 22 1939 britain and france reject peace offers of hitler and mus dueiiuil conssiinianinsavserceveensstebrcedascusuelsdeennnaemanasiaaaaiaiieasencineaabaiiin 49 september 29 1939 cio iia nica cannesinsisansksciidcaneonepnlagabtaseraicdaanaaneim sale aamnaa 49 september 29 1939 psr the citi cccnsnesnesienisierrnentnieinntinnatmaanain 49 september 29 1939 maritime warfare’s effect on neutrals csccsssssereeseeesees 50 october 6 1939 ee i iid vecemtennatininnterncinsineniinenniictaseniaanaaaaannon 51 october 13 1939 mediation sentiment in comgress ccccccssssssesssssseeeeeeeeees 51 october 13 1939 reactions of french to hitler peace terms cc0008 51 qctober 13 1939 britain rejects hitler’s peace terms cccecsseeessseeesseseereees 52 october 20 1939 ig he gk ren ee ee ee 52 october 20 1939 puerto rico pamira larry mago goverogl bciicecsssssssiccsssicsecssensctisssaensiods 30 may 19 1939 refugees myron taylor american representative on inter govern nee ting oc cesvcincenscansendincateaasne nihsteensdindonsiiatsencennlines 5 november 25 1938 wceret eee turunen iie cciticescnsninisincnscsscccsinstscivintcnnnevinsi 6 december 2 1938 temeenyicn ofeved dy trriten cccccccscscssccecosscoscececsesssscovecsceeee 6 december 2 1938 banged wert scrnsinssesoresneeseresnipensiginnninadadtteietiineiainaineavadiait 13 january 20 1939 german proposals to assist jewish emigration ss000 17 february 17 1939 roman catholic church i spu fee gn aitcccctsccusccnasenkninunwuminsecaedenimemtaieeisasansateiinnns 18 february 24 1939 political implications of papal election ccceeceeeeeeeeees 20 march 10 1939 eg rt eere rena ae 20 march 10 1939 pud for wr fro whigiie wticeertnsiterinennctnnenineniianneiinitian 34 june 16 1939 pope pius opposes anglo soviet pact ccccccessscseecesesseeeees 34 june 16 1939 rumania king caro visits london and berchtesgaden 006 6 december 2 1938 puny cindy sissasnccconciigcsnuincnsiseccsiniceliiiiciabinamiglmmi taliban 8 december 16 1938 coen ce rodin iiisciaicccesistseivccecnerabainaanieisbicaeueiaks 8 december 16 1938 foreign minister garfencu visits warsaw cc cccecceeees 21 march 17 1939 german rumanian economic agreement cccccceeeeccceeeseeeees 23 march 31 1939 pgtret corauoueeer cree o.ccpccevtndirdcccstcnsemasisavimicdcnivaneants 24 april 7 1939 anglo french pledge of support ccecccccocsessscsossesesesseeovoesees 26 april 21 1939 anglo rumanian economic agreement ccccsccceseseeeeeeeeees 30 may 19 1939 elections to chamber of deputies ccccsccococssccscssssessesecsses 33 june 9 1939 fopoirn cadial im gil ingboteg cccccesessccccoccecccnsscspvocsovensastesites 49 september 29 1939 cop ieiner tou geti wh msec csseccesssiesoceccsennccscceccenbeononsstnactes 49 september 29 1939 pvorird cooce morrie hivicsccnsccesccesicpsccssscnncccesscssavenccieee 49 september 29 1939 got mamt those thorey toro wel oncccciiccccccensssecsivescvoessnrrecesesiceseseesss 51 october 13 1939 russia eas polish soviet non aggression pact renewed ccceeeeeees 10 december 30 1938 german trade relations ctatistiasiadeniakassepieadaiekasieeie acenamieaneeee 15 february 3 1939 fortec tre suid toes ancscsicccacsnssccsactcuininscicaseasssaentanaiariitintans 18 february 24 1939 rusad j apsmsws tsnstion gucscion cccceseccocacesecomcnsccsscnsernscovesete 18 february 24 1939 touru fedrmons wat furies cosciesvnccinititcsssinretisscestncotarna corns 18 february 24 1939 stalin on russo german relations over ukraine 0 21 march 17 1939 wee sen geeee botioe connesicscicrcetescsetiatormmisivdnceuenen 26 april 21 1939 m molotov succeeds litvinov as foreign commissar 29 may 12 1939 accredits ambassador to poland ccccccccccccscccscscosccccenes 30 may 19 1939 anglo soviet pact prospects improved sceeeseseeeeeeeeeeees 30 may 19 1939 blocks league action on aland islands cscseceeeeeeeees 82 june 2 1939 negotiations for anglo soviet pact ccssscscccccsseeseseessenees 32 june 2 1939 molotov on terms for anglo soviet pact cccccccsseeseeeeeees 33 june 9 1939 amsto bocie wwe wats tg sicrivinciackasccesdiccossenssserchicéseivecencernse 34 june 16 1939 pope pius opposes anglo soviet pact sssccsccsssscssssssssees 34 june 16 1939 cs gi shee ui vcs sascicscatscacdntimnntineteieaarnn 36 june 30 1939 sovige srpouiigs gceitiigion ees nckicsscsnigseeisiisinssccricesicsatiiemonnseene 40 july 28 1939 anglo french mission in moscow 0cccccscsscscssesesssscesesees 42 august 11 1939 concludes non aggression pact with germany 000 44 august 25 1939 german trade agreement terms c.ccccosccccococccccssoscsserssocsecceee 44 august 25 1939 premier molotov assails france and britain on poland 46 september 8 1939 supreme soviet ratifies german pact scccccsseccccessssersseees 46 september 8 1939 hungary renews diplomatic relations cccccsccccccsceessesseees 49 september 29 1939 pore coetuneet srbigiion c0rciccrinsiiecn wid trnamiaiaamnnninn 49 september 29 1939 turkish foreign minister in moscow cccccccscsssseeseeeeeees 49 september 29 1939 corman tootnrd ged ec cneiierinniientaiemneein 50 october 6 1939 14 volume xviii russia continued establishes air and naval bases in estonia s0eesee 0 soviet german declaration on future course in europe soviet german economic collaboration cceeeseeesereees soviet estonian mutual assistance pact cccsssesssesees treaty fixes soviet german border in poland i i ie eertatetemesintonronttionrnencennevccenesnses a a ousnitansbanubtieebenepreinntvese ruthenia see czechoslovakia scandinavia rejection of german non aggression pacts ccsesseeeeeeees soviet union see russia spain chamberlain on italy’s intentions c.cssccccsesessesseseeeeeeee number of italian soldiers cccccccccsssssscccssesesesseeeeceesees british and french defer recognition of franco’s belli ins giieuid ccciccccrcsseryasornsrerenctosessosnstonenqecnncsoccconccecccecosousesocoues italy warns against intervention for loyalists estimate of foreigners on both sides cccccccscssesseseseeees be iiit 15 sc cdilcniisnabslcanstscnssebicecsreniccerecsoosecesconeversecees gayda on withdrawal of italians ccccscsessscescessesseeeesees i iret ladlniasentnederencnetenseeneotousuccceres european powers strive for control ccsccsersseesessesseeeeeees france and great britain recognize franco 000 i sasuinnnneronnesennonan law of political responsibility ccccssccesseseeseseneeeeeees u.s recognizes franco régime cccccccceseeeseeeceeseneeeeeseees fascist powers reveal aid ccscscccccsscssecesessssecceeeesssceeeeeseees pero pins or feared wictoty 0000cecccccccssscccsccsceccsccccecccceseesceee cas bieheonasiesebndbanenebiiinavosetonneasnoee loyalist funds sent to mexico ccseessceeceeeeeesceeeeeeseeeeeeee eee ar ee suitteiiiiiiiitied sichinishtithnahelistnentnsebinundsnteniahteitinsbeasenineeinesesnneereonnecee syria france cedes hatay to turkey 0 ccccccccccesseceeseseeceeeeeeeees thomson c a eee se es ee oe ee ne trueblood h j joins foreign policy association staff ccccccceccceceeeeeeees turkey american trade agreement cccscccesesesesececeeeeeerseeeeeeeneees gives germany arsenal contract cccccscesesseeeseeeeseeseeeees anglo turkish non aggression agreement c0 seeeee s prance codes hatay im sytia 0 ccccecccscccccssscsesscssesssssereseseee franco turkish mutual assistance agreement foreign minister saracoglu in moscow cccesseeeeeeeeees british turkish mutual aid pact cccccccesssseeeeeeeeeeeeeeees i ini sald aaeauiaaacseactnanienbinindadiaensevnseneneoesseseeceoseeces united states ambassador kennedy’s speech csccccsscesesseeesseesescerseeeeeeee official foreign policy differemces ccccccceeeseeseeceseeceeeee ii i sii cis nccsiss chtmasnnsaccnetenccceusecnsevovseecocesonsees note to japan on open door violations c0 0 ce000 e8 defense program and industrial preparations calls home ambassador to germany cccssccesceeeeeeseees mexican american agrarian dispute settled 00 canadian american trade agreement ccsssssseeeeeseeees anglo american trade agreement c ce sscssssseeeseeesseeees names myron taylor to inter governmental committee a acerca eeeeeesennsennnenevebeoencebeneepence delegates to lima conference cccccccecscsessseessseeescceescceseee foreign relations 1918 1938 ccccccscsssssssessscessesesseeccenseees president roosevelt on defense program and pump prim oe lee el lll german american notes on ickes attack on hitlerism i ia ses cctesssnemnsanrngpeneoee defense figures in roosevelt’s budget message foreign policy in president roosevelt’s annual message roosevelt’s message on defense brazilian american relations cooter r eee reet eere ee eee eee e eee ee eee eee eeeeee foro ree e ree eee hee eere eee tees eet eee eee ee ee 30 19 28 24 27 30 36 49 51 52 aan tooonwnwnre e date october 6 1939 october 6 1939 october 6 1939 october 6 1939 october 6 1939 october 13 1939 october 13 1939 may 19 1939 november 11 1938 november 11 1938 december 2 1938 january 20 1939 february 3 1939 february 3 1939 february 17 1939 february 17 1939 february 24 1939 march 3 1939 april 7 1939 april 7 1939 april 7 1939 june 16 1939 june 16 1939 july 21 1939 august 4 1939 august 4 1939 august 4 1939 june 30 1939 march 3 1939 may 5 1939 april 7 1939 april 28 1939 may 19 1939 june 30 1939 june 30 1939 september 29 1939 october 13 1939 october 20 1939 october 28 1938 october 28 1938 november 4 1938 november 4 1938 november 11 1938 november 25 1938 november 25 1938 november 25 1938 november 25 1938 november 25 1938 november 25 1938 december 9 1938 december 16 1938 january 6 1939 january 13 1939 january 13 1939 january 13 1939 january 20 1939 january 27 1939 february 10 1939 teer ee ea deat creme ee ee ad volume xviii united states continued cuban american trade agreement negotiations roosevelt definition of foreign policy seeseerseerrseesees roosevelt denies placing american frontier in france secrecy over french airplane mission guam fortification proposal pres bott cacetcennsneinnceenvgininnninetntdainmenentttiaiiiinnantinaeitina roosevelt on ominous reports from abroad arepemtine cutie tages ccencccnciseicvtinnmncescneninenmmen brazilian foreign minister aranha seeks aid in washington renews export import bank charter guam improvements bill rejected ccccscceceeesececeeesseeeeeeeees house passes three defense measutles cccececeeecseeeeeerees results of foreign affairs debate in congress brazilian american agreements ccccccccccccsesecssessssssecseesees countervailing duties on german imports pog es fp mbo driid siccicnciecscenstiensnesteansciocessasssacernsseabinn roosevelt proposes cotton export subsidy ur cus cpi aniicssescseiciess secsestshorscnisowremeesniacheticceiaenes be ie ser ae fee casemnecetiserrniencinitenviticcentinignidaiieie roosevelt’s warm springs statement reaction to president’s message ccccccscssscccccsscocssvecceee roosevelt defense pledge for western hemisphere roosevelt message to hitler and mussolini congress and roosevelt message sccsssscsesseesseessesssseeseeees house votes to continue stabilization fund gg 5 ee es ere a barter negotiations with great britain csccccsseesseeeees president somoza of nicaragua visits washington appoints admiral leahy governor of puerto rico general marstiall wiskts tw abe sccssievccscccscesscscccecccscseisecseesecsvece reorganizes cruiser division of battle force te cis iiit a sicisncisecsccrctansvecseskssscnsskaciacccasheisaawcoiccesons latin american program progress nn ing sii ve ovrescasevnsns vovsenazetbiinackiuncdaasicie vnisnataventeadinenicanien british barter accord scope war materials act signed coe or ti ciciccsrvsnsissitistlbvsicncigtlinnnerttiaetinceinduitcandan senate opposition to war insurance bill self liquidating loan program signs british barter agreement cccccssccsssssesecsesseeesesees senate bloc attacks president’s monetary power de et seen ter ele ne roosevelt notes to king of italy hitler and polish pres ident urging peaceful settlement adiuatmemnts co wwpoworm wat cccseccccccesescececcesessssscczseseectsvecsee hull’s statement to belligerents on neutral rights mediation sentiment in congress rind sen tid ie ssiscccrseenitenednniesbatiianinimniontudadbliintinnteldniie effect of war on latin american trade to sell gold to brazil seen cree ereeeseeeeee eee ee eeeeeeeeeeseenseeeeeeeeees cortes oro eee ee teese sees sees ees e ee ee ee eee eee eeeeee cece eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee so eee eens areas reeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeee eee eeeceeensesseesees cee ee en eee eeeeeesenereeeeee pee eeeeereeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenee cope tr oe ree eo eee e eee ee eeeeeeeeeeeee se ee ee eeeeeeeseeeeeseeeees sete reese eeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeee eeeeereeeees se pee eee eee ee nese ee eee eseeeeee esse eeeee perri rrrri irri r ii tere eer tri perr ee p eerie prerrrrrrrrrirrri titer rr cope oe eeo e oee ee eee eee eset este ee teer tees eeee cope ree eee ee oee eee ee eee eee eeeeeeeesee coe r otero eee the ore eee eee ee ee ee ee eee eeee corre rea eere oee ree eee seeese eee e ee eee ee hehe eeeeeeeeeeeeoees see also china latin america yugoslavia res ee ce ue ee ents i guis sas ecciincesiesiicxseanninnecsincacaebigtaanieaesianaascumebaceamiaaneaied italo yugoslav conversations prince paul visits berlin croat question unsettled croat problem settled sooo ree ere re hee eoe eee eee e ee eee eees eee se eese ees sore oreo re ee eee ee eee e eee eee sese eee sese seseeeeeeee sees corr roo oh ore eee oee eee e ee esheets ee esse ee eeseeeee eee eeees coro r ree ree h ore theres eset eee teese teese esse eeeeeeeeeeeoe date february 10 1939 february 10 1939 february 10 1939 february 10 1939 february 17 1939 february 17 1939 february 24 1939 march 8 1939 march 38 1939 march 3 1939 march 10 1939 march 10 1939 march 10 1939 march 17 1939 march 24 1939 april 7 1939 april 7 1939 april 7 1939 april 14 1939 april 14 1939 april 21 1939 april 21 1939 april 21 1939 april 28 1939 april 28 1939 may 5 1939 may 12 1939 may 12 1939 may 19 1939 may 19 1939 may 19 1939 june 2 1939 june 2 1939 june 2 1939 june 16 1939 june 16 1939 june 23 1939 june 23 1939 june 30 1939 june 30 1939 july 7 1939 august 18 1939 september 1 1939 september 8 1939 september 22 1939 october 13 1939 october 13 1939 october 20 1939 october 20 1939 december 16 1938 february 10 1939 april 28 1939 june 9 1939 august 18 1939 september 1 1939 +vil the of of cing s in to orts rent 1use ket ther pre t in au the nost 0 of rice bar of ited un of ken ott 1 to les be the re 10w ved ris and foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xviii no 23 marcu 31 1939 should the neutrality act be retained revised repealed for a concise summary of the act together with discussion questions write for the pros and cons of neutrality 5 cents f.p.a club service bureau sbe entered as second class matter december riodic al ad room 2 1921 at the post nera 14 office at new york é i 4 unty of a n y under the act of march 3 1879 university of michigan ann arbor mich france weighs italy’s claims n a speech in which he alternately rattled the saber and extended the olive branch benito mussolini on march 26 virtually invited the french government to initiate conversations regarding italy's colonial claims on france claims for the first time officially limited to tunisia djibouti and the suez canal the rome berlin axis i duce declared was un breakable and the german advance in central europe was fated to happen concerted action against the authoritarian régimes would only produce a total itarian counter attack at all points the spanish issue was now virtually settled and discussions of franco italian problems defined according to mus solini in the italian note of december 17 1938 abro gating the rome accords of 1935 must now begin if the two states were not to become still more estranged in the mediterranean italy’s interests were vital in the adriatic they were pre eminent but not exclusive as regards the slavs since international re lations were governed by force italy was compelled to arm at all costs even if it meant the destruction of civilian life with this amalgam of bombast and oblique but conciliatory reference to current diplomatic issues mussolini apparently attempted to satisfy his fire eating followers while intimating that he would not be unreasonable regarding colonial claims in lon don the moderation of his demands was used to jus tify a rapid british retreat from earlier attempts to form a stop hitler bloc an attempt which failed because britain was not prepared to guarantee auto matic military assistance to the sorely pressed states of eastern europe paris appeared relieved because official sanction had not been given to italian claims for corsica nice and savoy to the french the stage appeared to be set for capitalizing on earlier over tures for franco italian rapprochement the most im portant of these was the announcement on march 25 that france had decided to turn over to the franco government the loyalist fleet which had taken refuge in the tunisian port of bizerta on march 7 will italy leave the axis while the french have hitherto refused to go beyond the abortive laval mussolini agreements they might now be disposed to make further concessions in return for satisfactory assurances from rome among other things france would undoubtedly insist on a commitment to with draw italian troops from spain where a franco offen sive was launched on march 26 following the collapse of peace negotiations italy’s fear that hitler might liberate the croats in yugoslavia and penetrate to the adriatic was believed in some quarters to afford an extraordinary opportunity for breaking the ger man italian bonds which have thus far withstood all democratic threats and blandishments the french could conceivably grant greater rights to the italians in tunisia give italy a voice in the administration of the suez canal company and establish a form of condominium over djibouti and the french con trolled addis ababa railway it remains to be seen whether minor concessions of this type or even an offer of desert territory in the hinterland of tunisia will convince mussolini that he does not stand to gain more by defiance as a member of the axis than by agreement with the western powers in any case french internal developments have been predicated on the theory that the real menace to france comes not from the mediterranean but from across the rhine taking advantage of the consterna tion aroused by the collapse of czecho slovakia pre mier edouard daladier on march 19 secured from parliament full decree powers until november 30 1939 under his special authority granted after bitter debate the premier moved swiftly to strengthen the french position in europe in the military field the government assumed power to call up reservists with out parliamentary formality and to increase the per sonnel of the professional army the military district around metz was divided into two each with a full military establishment the french government has called to the colors between 125,000 and 200,000 special fortress troops for the maginot line retained for indefinite service 90,000 conscripts who would ordinarily have completed their training in april and added almost 3,000 officers and non commis sioned officers to the army’s rolls a second group of decrees is designed to reinforce the industrial foundation on which defense must rest the 40 hour week already virtually abolished by earlier enactments now gives way to a 60 hour max imum in all basic industries which may be exceeded if necessary rates of overtime pay have been severely slashed skilled laborers of whom there is already an acute shortage will be required to work wherever the government demands with loss of the unemploy ment dole as the penalty for refusal another decree designed to secure secrecy comparable with that at tained in the dictatorships sharply restricts the pub lication of military information in the broadest sense forthcoming measures are expected to prohibit attacks on foreign heads of states by the press and perhaps to establish a government propaganda office in the field of finance new regulations cut down civil expenditures fighting fascism with regimentation thus for the third time in less than a year the daladier gov ernment has obtained extraordinary powers permit ting it to exercise a freedom of action it could not otherwise enjoy it is particularly significant that these powers were not necessitated to meet an im minent threat of internal social unrest under the su memel and rumania mark losing no time after its absorption of czecho slovakia germany last week advanced at opposite ends of its long eastern front in memel and ru mania on march 23 it forced lithuania to cede the memel territory an area of 1,000 square miles with a population of 150,000 a large majority of which is german this territory severed from germany in 1919 to provide lithuania with a seaport under an autonomous régime had been seized by the lith uanians in 1923 the memel statute signed by brit ain france japan and italy on may 8 1924 had granted the territory autonomous rights within the lithuanian state following the czech annexation the memel nazis began mass demonstrations urging return to the reich on march 20 the lithuanian foreign minis ter who had hurried to berlin received an ultimatum in which the german government suggested the pos sibility of outbreaks in memel and threatened to send page two ee pervision of finance minister paul reynaud france had turned its back on the objectives of the popular front and had partially embraced the tenets of eco nomic liberalism recovery was noticeable if mod erate the general index of production had risen from 81 in october to 87 in january capital much of it fleeing from belgium holland and switzerland had flowed steadily into france but the overwhelming fear of war retarded private investment and appeared to demand measures of economic constraint the steps taken by m daladier were ordered not by a national government representing all factions but by one resting on a new rightist majority in the chamber of deputies the prime minister has te fused to promise that parliamentary elections will not be postponed that the press will remain free or that the communist party will not be suppressed under these circumstances the future attitude of french la bor still dispirited as a result of the unsuccessful gen eral strike of november 30 will probably depend on whether business and financial interests are subjected to constraint commensurate with that imposed on the workers the french experience supports the view that democratic governments and the dynamic fascist régimes cannot continue to exist side by side not be cause fascist claims must immediately result in war but because even if a temporary peace is gained by concessions the nerve racking uneconomic arma ments race forces resort to totalitarian methods in the sheer search for national efficiency regimentation tends to displace liberal democracy by a sort of po litical gresham’s law how the political clock can again be turned back is exceedingly difficult to foresee davip h popper nazis eastern advance troops to keep order unless lithuania ceded the territory within four days although the lithuanian government accepted these demands n march 21 it declared germany’s step illegal and announced its in tention to consult the signatories of the memel statute in reply germany threatened to invade the entire country unless lithuania’s statements were re pudiated and memel immediately surrendered by an agreement signed early on march 23 lithuania ceded the territory in exchange for a free zone in the port of memel and a german promise of non aggression while the seizure of memel is not itself of great importance it strengthens germany at the expense of poland and the soviet union the establishment of a submarine base at memel will increase the reich’s naval supremacy in the baltic moreover since all lithuania is likely to fall under german influence poland has less hope of obtaining lithuanian terri tory as compensation for the possible occupation of dan the serv thar clus agre ov a an ger by t and ma uk nie st imy ge see but ru for sou tri sor its ing red not ns re not hat der 7en on ted on lew cist var by ma the ion po can to ded ort eat of rf a all ice tri of danzig by germany lying less than 100 miles from the soviet border lithuania may also conceivably serve as a base for german attack on soviet territory german rumanian agreement more important than the seizure of memel was hitler’s prompt con dusion on march 22 of a far reaching economic agreement with rumania early in march the nazi government had sent a delegation to bucharest to seek economic advantages beyond those granted by an agreement concluded in november 1938 the german demands were given threatening emphasis by the destruction of czecho slovakia on march 14 and by the massing of hungarian troops on the ru manian border after the conquest of carpatho ukraine on march 17 a report subsequently de nied that rumania had received an ultimatum from berlin spurred britain to hasten the formation of a stop hitler front moreover britain whose total imports from rumania actually exceeded those of germany during february announced that it would seek means of expanding its purchases still further but failed to prevent the signature of the german rumanian agreement this agreement concluded for five years provides for german development of various rumanian re sources and intensified trade between the two coun tries in return for adjusting its farm production somewhat to german needs rumania will increase its agricultural exports to the reich germany agrees page three to sell bucharest war materials and to give technical assistance in certain agricultural processing indus tries german capital is allowed to exploit rumanian mines and petroleum as well as to develop ru mania’s railways river navigation facilities and motor highways the reich apparently can now ob tain rumanian oil by barter and by the use of special marks the exchange rate between the mark and the rumanian leu which will affect the value of trade concessions is not yet known in granting the third reich these economic con cessions king carol continued the cautious policy he has followed since munich because of its valuable natural resources and its geographical position ru mania clearly lies in the path of german expansion in the face of internal and external dangers king carol has suppressed the fascist iron guard at home and in default of economic and military support from britain france and the soviet union has shown a conciliatory attitude toward germany and hungary the new economic agreement reflects the king’s ac ceptance of rumania’s increased dependence on the third reich it does not however appear to commit the country irrevocably to exclusive german economic exploitation or political control meanwhile it may provide a breathing space during which the attitude of britain france and the soviet union will deter mine whether rumania can resist inclusion in the or bit of the expanding third reich payz b taylor the f.p.a bookshelf france overseas a study of modern imperialism by herbert ingram priestley new york appleton century 1938 5.00 this detailed but discursive history of french colonial enterprise since 1815 recognizes that political motives may be as strong as economic forces in stimulating the desire for colonies and concludes that the possession of colonies is a political li bility rather than an asset morocco as a french economic venture a study of open door imperialism by melvin m knight new york appleton century 1937 2.25 an interesting study which concludes that the french colonial empire as a whole has been an expensive national luxury zechs and germans by elizabeth wiskemann new york oxford university press 1938 5.00 this volume prepared for the royal institute of inter national affairs is probably the best book in english on the relations between germans and czechs in bohemia and moravia up to the crisis of 1938 its full historical treat ment of the pre war period and its analysis based on per sonal observation of the problems of the post war period remain valuable even after the break up of czecho slovakia schacht hitler’s magician by norbert miihlen new york longmans green 1939 3.00 in this penetrating exposé of the third reich’s former economic dictator the author reveals how schacht ex ploited germany’s creditors to advance the cause of ger man rearmament schacht is portrayed as a clever ego tistical opportunist who ironically enough fell victim to his own methods although the value of the book is im paired by its polemical tone and occasional inaccuracies it provides instructive and interesting reading the far eastern policy of the united states by a whit ney griswold new york harcourt brace 1938 3.75 a scholarly contribution of first rank this study of american policy in the far east spans the 1898 1938 period each phase of this 40 year era from the acquisi tion of the philippines to the contemporary american diplomatic reaction toward the war in china is carefully analyzed and voluminously documented some of the state papers and memoirs are presented for the first time in this volume all periods save the most recent are given a detailed and illuminating setting in world politics the author’s thesis that american efforts to maintain the open door policy in china are futile and dangerous somewhat colors his emphasis and interpretation foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 23 marcu 31 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond leslie buell president dorothy f leet secretary vera micheeltes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year asm 181 f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter sitbes washington bureau national press bullding march 27 when the senate foreign relations committee meets this week to set a date for hearings on the complicated issue of neutrality revision it will have a choice of four possible courses of action these alternatives which will be weighed against the background of swiftly moving developments in eu rope and the far east may be summarized briefly as follows 1 repeal of existing legislation two senate resolutions calling for outright repeal are pending at the present time one introduced by senator king of utah s 203 the other sponsored by senator lewis of illinois s 1745 a similar resolution is spon sored by representative faddis h.j.res 44 in the house the effect of all three measures would be the same to restore the pre war status under which the conduct of the united states would be governed by traditional neutral rights and duties as defined by in ternational law 2 discrimination between belligerents the theory that the united states should distinguish be tween an aggressor and a victim of aggression is embodied in the resolution presented by senator thomas of utah s.j.res 67 this proposal is based in part on the recommendations of a group of experts appointed by the committee for concerted peace efforts it would amend existing statutes in two important respects first by authorizing the pres ident to extend the embargo on arms and ammuni tion to include the placing of restrictions on cer tain other articles or materials of use in war sec ond by making it possible to lift any embargo against a victim of aggression in a case involving the violation of a treaty to which the united states is a party provided that this action has the approval of a majority of each house of congress 3 cash and carry sales the resolution intro duced by senator pittman s.j.res 97 and spon sored by representative hennings in the house is frankly offered as a compromise it would not dis tinguish between aggressors and victims but would remove the embargo on arms and ammunition and permit the sale of all materials to any nation able to pay in cash and transport american goods in its own or neutral vessels the civil strife clauses of the existing law would be dropped but most other fea tures including the embargo on loans and credits would be continued without change 4 do nothing several members of the foreign relations committee and many rank and file mem bers of both the senate and house favor letting the present law take its course rather than making any change which might influence the present situatiog abroad if no action is taken before may 1 the exist ing law will continue in effect with the exception of section 2 which gives the president discretionary au thority to apply the cash and carry provisions to ar ticles other than arms and ammunition what action will congress take for the time being at least none of the positive proposals for revision commands sufficient support to assure its adoption the thomas amendment is con ceded almost no chance of passage at this session despite practically universal condemnation of hit ler’s march to the east and the growing hostility to the totalitarian states there is surprisingly little sup port for an embargo policy against the dictators this is due partly to fear of american involvement and partly to distrust of the european democracies par ticularly britain senator borah voiced the suspicions of an important section of congressional opinion when he declared in a radio address on march 25 that germany has had no better friend since hitler came to power than the british democracy sentiment for outright repeal has undoubtedly gained in recent weeks the ranks of the isolationists are split on this proposal with men like hiram john son murray of montana and lewis of illinois in favor of scrapping existing legislation and enacting no substitutes moreover many of those who voted in favor of the original neutrality law are now thor oughly disillusioned by the march of events abroad and no longer believe in the possibility of legis lating a foreign policy nevertheless washington observers who have polled congressional opinion during the past few days are convinced that advocates of repeal are still far from securing a majority the pittman compromise offers the best chance of agreement but even this is not certain both groups of isolationists are opposing it on the ground that by supplying munitions to the european democracies we will be repeating the mistakes of 1914 to 1917 and those who favor concerted action against aggressors fear that it will work to the disadvantage of china and actually aid japan unless these objections are overcome in the course of the hearings which are scheduled to begin this week there would seem to be more than a possibility that the whole question of re vision will be allowed to slide without any action at this season w t stone +129 nt ent on 1 lips ram dur ent iate cret foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y you x1x no 5 november 24 1939 een will the western powers be able to keep their colonies in the far east read the outlook in southeast asia by rupert emerson associate professor of government at harvard november 15 issue of foreign policy reports te oe oe ee entered as second 1 90 in class matter december 1939 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 general uniy of mary general library university of michigan ann arbor mich peace or a sword in the far east n intense diplomatic struggle in the far east foreshadowed by ambassador grew’s speech in tokyo on october 19 is now in full swing the declaration of acting secretary of state sumner welles on november 17 stating that the united states reserves its full treaty rights in china as out lined in the american note of december 31 1938 indicates that this country still refuses to accept japan’s new order in asia the eventual outcome of current diplomatic activity in the far east how ever is shrouded in uncertainty nelson t johnson ambassador to china flew to hongkong on novem ber 17 and then left for shanghai where he con ferred with admiral thomas c hart commander of the asiatic fleet and clarence e gauss consul gen etal in shanghai admiral hart and consul general gauss will immediately proceed to the philippines where they are expected to consult with the high commissioner francis b sayre the british ambassa dor to china sir archibald clark kerr has also left chungking for consultations at shanghai meanwhile after an 18 months interval a soviet ambassador constantin smetanin has again taken up residence at tokyo and immediately entered into conversations with the japanese foreign minister in moscow also molotov soviet premier and foreign commissar has been conferring with the japanese ambassador on november 19 they were reported to have reached a common agreement on the fundamental prin ciples of a soviet japanese trade agreement local moves in china this diplomatic tug of war is being waged against a background of important local developments in china in shanghai and other cities in occupied china japanese ofh dials are actively participating in a round of confer ences designed to remove the obstacles to early in auguration of a centralized puppet régime under wang ching wei no date for the launching of the new régime has yet been set on november 15 jap anese military naval forces effected a landing near pakhoi a port city in southern kwangtung province less than 100 miles from the french indo china bor der and started an advance inland toward nanning former capital of kwangsi province if the japanese forces cover the 130 miles to nanning they would be able to cut feeder railways from indo china into kwangsi the main indo china railway into yunnan province however is at least 800 miles further inland a minor but perhaps significant move also oc curred on november 12 when it was announced that the bulk of the british troops stationed in north china were being withdrawn for reasons connected with the european conflict two days later the french authorities announced that they were taking similar action as the number of troops thus affected totals barely 2,000 this measure can hardly be interpreted as other than a pronounced gesture of good will to ward japan the state department denied reports from london and paris that it had been asked to protect anglo french interests in north china but continues to insist on maintenance of american rights at tientsin the basic issue however is whether the anglo french action constitutes an invitation to the united states to exert its influence in the direction of achieving a compromise arrangement with japan here too the statement by sumner welles it would seem precludes american cooperation with britain and france along such lines this issue has been brought more prominently to the fore in recent weeks as it has become obvious that japan was threatening to reach an agreement with the soviet union unless its terms were met by the western powers soviet japanese negotiations brief references to japan in premier v m molotov’s ad dress to the supreme soviet on october 31 as well as the presence of a new soviet ambassador in tokyo suggests that the u.s.s.r is prepared to im prove its relations with japan in europe the soviet union feared above all the possibility of collabora tion between the western powers and germany in an anti soviet crusade in the far east it would similar ly view collaboration of these powers with japan as a threat to its security for this reason the u.s.s.r would undoubtedly seek to forestall any such ar rangement by coming to terms with tokyo an important quéstion immediately arises would the soviet union be willing to give up its aid to china in order to reach an agreement with japan its present relations with china are exceedingly close as a sequel to the sino soviet non aggression pact concluded at the outset of japan’s invasion of china in august 1937 a series of barter and loan contracts have been arranged between the u.s.s.r and china the last of these for 140 million american dollars was announced in august 1939 it is estimated that the soviet union is today supplying approximately two thirds of china’s imports of war materials it may be doubted whether the u.s.s.r will sacrifice the chinese good will thus built up by ending such aid to china in other fields however it could make fairly important concessions to japan the fact that the new soviet ambassador to tokyo is a fisheries expert suggests that the soviet union might be will ing to offer japan a long term fisheries agreement similar concessions might be made with respect to the coal and oil concessions on sakhalin island trade relations might be improved in 1936 the total soviet japanese trade turnover amounted to 53 mil lion but during the first eight months of 1939 to only 381 thousand if it makes such offers the u.s.s.r would have a strong bargaining position second only to that of the united states bases for a far eastern peace is there any means by which this apparent competition be tween the western powers and the soviet union for japan's favor might be avoided close alignment of either side with japan might conceivably lead to a spread of the european conflagration to the far east the united states could hardly hope to stand aloof from such a world wide conflict these dangers it would seem can only be averted by a resolute refusal page two of the western powers to conclude a patched up peace with japan that would sacrifice china’s ig terests it is essential that japan’s current interna tional isolation be maintained until the bases of fundamental settlement can be laid in the far eag to attain this end japan must be brought to the point where it becomes willing to renounce its aims of conquest in china today this result could be achieved but it requires the cooperation of the major far eastern powers especially the united states and the soviet union under present conditions great britain could hardly interpose effective opposition to an american lead in the far east as for the sovie union it should be noted that only effective action on behalf of china by the western powers could dimin ish its suspicion that a far eastern munich is now being prepared instead of driving japan into the arms of the u.s.s.r such action might lay the basis for parallel moves by the western powers and the soviet union looking toward a genuine far eastern peace settlement to this settlement the united states and the other powers would have to make important contributions establishment of a free china and the open door would be the cornerstone beyond this however the western powers would have to withdraw their troops and gunboats from china relinquish the extraterti torial system and their concessions in china liberalize their trade relations with japan extend financial aid to japan so that it might readjust its wartime indus try to production for export assist china financially in order to overcome the devastation caused by the war and help china and japan to negotiate a mu tually satisfactory trade pact if the american con gress imposes a trade embargo on japan it might be helpful to couple such action with a statement of this country’s aims including the main items listed above the price of this settlement may seem high but any less comprehensive approach to the far eastern prob lem is unlikely to hold out the promise of stability and peace competition for japan’s favor by the major far eastern powers bids fair to lead not to peace settlement but to war the costs of a wat would be immeasurably greater for all concerned and the results far less fruitful t a bisson allies unify economic control in effecting an economic accord in london on no vember 17 great britain and france launched one of the most important developments of the war at the third meeting of the supreme war council prime minister chamberlain and premier daladier assisted by numerous military and civilian representa tives established six anglo french executive commit tees under a coordinating committee to provide common action regarding aviation and munitions raw materials oil food shipping and economic war e fare these committees will coordinate industrial pro duction and use of raw materials in the two countries provide for equalization of any hardships caused by reduction of imports and avoid competition in put chases abroad importance of economic unity the immediate effect of this agreement is to strengthen the unity of the allies whom germany has per sistently sought to separate in recent months the al lies have thus far maintained a cohesive diplomati front forces undet accor by t effect for tl count at the eign their need count ably chase me quen for e secre tions tive tees it is parti may cons tion mig fed r pren the med and and days on thor ing lies pola k up in to 4 wat ned pio ries d by pur the then per al atic page three ev7 front however and have already placed their land forces under french command and their naval forces under british control regarding the new economic accord the allied communiqué pointedly concludes by this means arrangements have been carried into effect two months after the beginning of hostilities for the organization of common action by the two countries which was achieved during the last conflict at the end of the third year the unification of for eign purchases will allow the two countries to plan their production schedules and meet foreign exchange needs far more satisfactorily producers in neutral countries especially in the united states will prob ably benefit from the coordination of allied pur chases and shipping more interesting perhaps are the long term conse quences which this undertaking may possibly have for europe after the world war the newly formed secretariat and technical bodies of the league of na tions utilized much of the personnel and administra tive experience of the allied coordinating commit tees such as the allied maritime transport council it is possible that this new economic collaboration particularly if expanded as the conflict progresses may prove to be the basis for similar work in the re construction of europe extension of allied coopera tion to tariff and currency problems for example might give substance to the still nebulous concepts of federation and european union recent shipping losses while the su preme war council was preparing these larger plans the allied naval forces were confronted with the im mediate task of protecting commerce near the british and french coasts at least ten ships five allied and five neutral have been sunk in the past few days including the netherlands liner stmén bolivar on which almost a hundred lives were lost nazi au thorities denied the british charge that german float ing mines were responsible for these sinkings the al lies claim that they have met the submarine challenge so successfully through the convoy system and de stroyer patrols that germany in desperation is turning to the even more ruthless method of floating mines they take comfort however in the fact that the air plane once feared as a potential commerce raider has been utilized very little in this conflict and that germany's surface vessels have done less damage than in the world war while germany pursued its war at sea and con tinued reconnaissance flights over british naval and industrial centers it was compelled to deal with dis orders in prague following riots on czechoslovakia’s independence day october 28 the protectorate government executed nine czech students and closed the university of prague for three years martial law was promptly imposed on prague accompanied by the execution of three more czechs and the arrest of hundreds of others as the nazi régime threatened further punishment and alteration of the protec torate status the czechs abandoned plans for pro test strikes because of the overwhelming force which the german authorities can bring to bear upon czech insurgents it is doubtful that any such revolt can suc ceed at this time unless the reich encounters serious military and economic reversals james frederick green public responds to f.p.a radio program on the first two f.p.a broadcasts given by gen eral mccoy and william t stone 527 replies have been received with every state in the union repre sented except south carolina georgia florida north dakota vermont utah nevada and okla homa new york leads with 95 returns followed by california with 65 and montana with 43 4 replies have come in from canada and 15 comments from great britain mrs dean will speak on sunday november 26 at 3 15 p m e.s.t over the blue network of nbc with mr green following on sunday december 3 the f.p.a bookshelf poland key to europe by raymond l buell new york knopf 1939 3rd edition 3.00 in this thorough and painstaking analysis of poland’s economic and political problems mr buell provides the factual background against which the fourth partition of that unhappy country can be more easily understood while frankly admitting the shortcomings of the polish régime he maintains that poland would have gone down before the german and russian onslaught even had it possessed the social virtues of czechoslovakia the democ racy of switzerland and the traditions of england wheat and soldiers by corporal ashihei hino translated by baroness ishimoto new york farrar rinehart 1939 2.00 a gripping narration of the experiences of a japanese soldier at the front in china bearing comparison with the great western war novels by authors such as remarque while not minimizing the horrors of war it tends to pre sent japan’s invasion of china in a favorable light for a complete picture it should be read in conjunction with timperley’s japanese terror in china the war behind the war 1914 1918 a history of the political and civilian fronts by f p chambers new york harcourt brace 1939 3.75 a detailed analysis with maps bibliography and index of the home front in each of the major belligerents while condensing a wealth of material and providing a comprehensive view of wartime organization the study is often superficial and omits any mention of financial prob lems foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 5 november 24 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year fy 81 f p a membership five dollars a year washington news l ettec washington bureau nationa press building nov 20 the president’s request last week for a deficiency appropriation of 272,000,000 to cover military expenses arising out of the european war is only the first of a series of demands for larger de fense expenditures over half the sum asked by the president about 146,000,000 goes to the navy for the neutrality patrol for which seventy old world war destroyers are being recommissioned the 120,000,000 for the army will be used to increase regular army enlisted personnel to 227,000 and the national guard to 235,000 pursuant to the pres ident’s proclamation of limited national emergency on september 8 it will also help to finance the mo torization and intensive training of the army’s new streamlined divisions four of these will maneuver in the south for several months this winter army expansion plans the war appears to have made congress and the public more receptive than ever to greater military efforts in this country both services are responding with new expansion programs the augmentation plans of the war de partment now being whipped into shape for sub mission to congress in january are still based on the protective mobilization plan of 1937 stressing na tional defense by a relatively small highly trained and mobile force but the number of troops involved in this plan appears to be moving upward until very recently the strength of the initial pro tective force which the army hoped might be ready for combat almost immediately in an emergency was fixed at about 400,000 men the total personnel of the regular army and the national guard this month chairman may of the house military affairs committee revealed that the war department was planning to ask for full modern equipment and train ing for 600,000 the new level would be reached by bringing the regular army to its peace time author ized limit of 280,000 under the national defense act of 1920 and by increasing the citizen soldiery of the national guard to 320,000 some congressmen would like to recruit the guard to its maximum au thorized strength of 425,000 under the 1920 act giving the initial protective force a total of over 700,000 enlisted men others talk of acquiring new material for 1,000,000 secretary of war woodring has declared that the size of the protective force 400,000 to 600,000 men is a matter for congress to determine but he has placed greater emphasis on the need for adequate weapons and training for the entire personnel the war department asserts that its modern mobile units are organized for hemispheric defense with an increasing number of troops stationed in outlying american territories and not for overseas warfare on the 1917 1918 pattern yet some unofficial ob servers feel that whatever the department's inten tions the new military machine can be transported overseas if necessary the high quality of its equip ment would only enhance its value the navy grows working closely with ranking naval officers representative vinson of georgia chairman of the house naval affairs com mittee has prepared an authorization bill which pro vides for 95 new fighting ships totaling 400,000 tons and 125,000 tons of auxiliary vessels the bill makes no provision for additional battleships presumably because the 8 already authorized cannot be com pleted for several years to come but it does authorize 3 more aircraft carriers 8 cruisers 52 destroyers and 32 submarines and proposes to double the maximum authorized strength of the naval air force raising it to 6,000 planes the administration has not yet given explicit sup port to this program if the funds are appropriated the new construction would ultimately cost upwards of 1,300,000,000 and would represent a 25 per cent increase in tonnage the second on this scale since may 1938 on completion of the vessels now planned it would be possible to maintain a large scouting and defensive force of carriers cruisers destroyers and submarines on both coasts shuttling the battleship strength back and forth through the panama canal as conditions may dictate whether the new plan isa substitute for a gigantic two ocean navy or a step ping stone toward it cannot yet be foreseen because of the size of the new army and navy projects some congressional sources have predicted a doubled defense budget totaling 3,000,000,000 for the fiscal year 1941 of which 1,400,000,000 or the w ber 2 strugs witho tality peopl break of th their br aims possil chine opme princ ciples ment with were stant with livin coun more would go to the army on november 10 budget director h d smith called these estimates wild and appealed for common sense in fe sisting extravagant appropriations motivated by war hysteria his sharp statement indicates that 4 hotter fight than usual is in prospect between the services and the bureau of the budget in drawing up the annual estimates for presentation to congress washington now believes that army and navy ex penditures of 1,700,000,000 to 2,000,000,000 of more will eventually be voted the exact total will be determined by congress the president and the course of events in europe davin h popper ment exter grad pens pres lishr lain mon deve acc spir thei ance +foreign policy bulletin index to volume xix october 27 1939 october 18 1940 published weekly by the national headquarters foreign policy association 22 east 38th street incorporated new york n y 2 ae enneeeeeee index to volume xix foreign policy bulletin october 27 1939 october 18 1940 africa no bele dunoe whr bone esviiecinicmenticnrcasticonaaees 49 see also european war 1939 altmark see neutrality american states roosevelt on western hemisphere solidarity s0000 26 pete sond pckccctecctsccuctketncutinanien tient cctspeibiaassntintinn 33 hemispheric defense resolution ssssccsssssscsssssssssseeses 34 western hemisphere plans economic defense s:s0s e0 34 peeratep erie goto wo wog ccescccistescsstienreniccnsecissecmnsisictideecricteee 36 roosevelt’s cartel plan for latin american products 36 u.s calls meeting of foreign ministers cccccccseseeseees 36 u.s warns on western hemispheric territory transfers 36 femur comertoned boing cnnccesccecesesntecnssiesinerisstivsieteanceneeesie 37 secretary hull on monroe doctrine ccseceseeeseererseeees 38 delegation to havana conference ccccccccssccseeeeseeeeeeees 39 hull answers british plan to pool anglo american re coiode caiddiveinnsevceincisscnicanm main een daca dndedntiat 39 havana conference achievements act ccccccccseeeeeees 41 canadian american agreement on defense board 44 plan to exchange american destroyers for british bases 44 anglo american agreement on exchange of submarines de drgod siciscii nics nveieeicoeinbennaoaao 46 bismimcanee of cu poomnoing aia ciciisiiccticcccnsssssiercsectesneeinenees 47 u.s grants sum to export import bank for western hem ee sate a 49 argentina argentine u.s trade pact negotiations fail cecceees 12 pe tebvre condi oron sissies ncciomaeidinanates enti 41 suspends import licenses for u.s products ccssseseeees 49 asama maru see neutrality australia pere s pbt olioing 6s 0csscccicsisccrreentaininniientinnicioaniceman 51 balkans i sn gas scsivcsepineconconiacsnsagaeecmeacaensseeaica eam dena 8 coe otiod ge trout oid oc ccceinccanssatiicsinceeisisiciscisisiciiasinnininistnnenens 15 cprod tried aiccscisvniscccsesccerineatisieonimnccciceniieaessmenes 16 wu moor tei on ccsreseisveosviciacsensnsinceseavdbcsintatatpaveaegeabnnnaeseo 16 oig oe dewoe cries osiiiiimninciintcccnnnniicmnnannn 19 we ee wue cie 0 occcscccenniccsieesnqisennitnniniacinatonsnnneninnnnmnniibiiieaneninenie 26 pooverrens gore cision 48 baltic states russia invades lithuania latvia and estonia 006 35 lithuania latvia and estonia vote for inclusion in u.s.s.r 39 belgium peter dere oociscisosiveincsccsioniviiaiaieanae 4 poor cdi cso ncticssssnsiscereienesenieaeoniamennaesnnaies 13 see also european war 1939 blockade see neutrality date september 27 1940 april 19 1940 june 7 1940 june 14 1940 june 14 1940 june 28 1940 june 28 1940 june 28 1940 june 28 1940 july 5 1940 july 12 1940 july 19 1940 july 19 1940 august 2 1940 august 23 1940 august 23 1940 september 6 1940 september 13 1940 september 27 1940 january 12 1940 august 2 1940 september 27 1940 october 11 1940 december 15 1939 february 2 1940 february 9 1940 february 9 1940 march 1 1940 april 19 1940 september 20 1940 june 21 1940 july 19 1940 november 17 1939 january 19 1940 volume xix book reviews abend hallett chaos in oo adams f p you iid ssa ecceeaneinihihieieitinuciadnannave alexander roy the cruise of the raider wolf 00 alioshin dmitri asian odyssey cccsessseesessecsseeeseeneees allen g c japanese industry its recent development be i i cc ccncitiensissaninsccninatinierensenivocoapeosensiesseimnaiecese alsop joseph and kintner robert american white paper angell norman for what do we fight cc:cccscssesesees bailey t a a diplomatic history of the american people beard c a a foreign policy for ametrica ccseeeee beard c a giddy minds and foreign quarrels bell a c sea power and the next war cccccceeeeeeeeeees benes eduard feiler arthur and coulborn rushton iiit iir nnsiaiinctinsaduashnbnninnbeneeveumsesetreeeenerneubenees bidwell p w the invisible tariff cccccccccccccseceseeseneeeeees bisson t a american policy in the far east bloch kurt german interests and policies in the far east booker e l news is my job a correspondent in war piii emis isco diataccicncclaiadiciicheibulidigihlesdiichgieicbioemmmaninbuiatbinsnenanicetenewetnnebies borchard edwin and lage w p neutrality for the rnin iii shinicilnibt sits cieiesiiadehesbisipdanntiaaingsnieianasninosretieninnveetonmenside borkenau franz the new german empire ii a iiis oon sanittieccanpcssneetinniiabniabbiabenesesenbinnnsoeeeoonedes brown f j hodges charles and roucek j s eds contemporary world politics buell r l solated americd ccccssesssscssscssscesseveccssseseess buell r l poland key to europe ccccccssccecseseccseseceeees id as seen tenet nsccsnenpemntemetarntentepumepmmantnainisingnimenesees catlin george the story of the political philosophers pe iii sii ion desilinitaasneniaititiliibbiiaieiiinsantnctiawemaiatiacs chamberlain neville in search of peace cccccccceeeeeeeeee chambers f p the war behind the war 1914 1918 chen ta emigrant communities in south china churchill winston step by step 1986 1989 cccccccccccseeseee clyde p h united states policy toward china se ce cod ccncniiscssnicciinpiinsulieintventsentummeceesvens cole g d h the british common people 1746 1938 cole margaret and smith charles democratic sweden daladier edouard in defense of france davis g t a navy second to nome oo.c.ccccccccccccccecceeeseeeeeeee de breycha vauthier a c sources of information del vayo j a freedom’s battle ccccccccsscsesssscessceeees derrick michael the portugal of salazar 0 ccccc000 edwards g w the evolution of finance capitalism einzig paul economic warfare ccccccceseeeeseeceesscscteeseees einzig paul world finance 1938 1939 ccccccccccsessesecssseees ellsworth p t international economics ccccccceceseeees emden c s ed selected speeches on the constitution farley m s the problem of japanese trade expansion e the post war situation cccccccccrcecocccerseccecccccccccceccscecescccee gathorne hardy g m a short history of international i a ssismnsiabebiision gollomb joseph armies of spies ccccccccceccsssscccesececetseeeees gooch r k manual of government in the united states graham frank and whittlesey c r golden avalanche grattan c h the deadly parallel 0 ccccccccceceeeeeeeeeeeee gregory h e and barnes kathleen north pacific fish er es oo cccccccccccccosooncescosootecscocessosecoocoecoccoseceeeocccococccesccetcoccoseeseesecooes gunther john inside europe war edition hale w j farmward march chemurgy takes command hambloch ernest germany rampane ccccccceceecesesseseeeees hambro c j i saw it happen in norway 0000ce00es hanson haldore human endeavor the story of the rr tei cis atic canis read naebahanibibilintaetcadaeiennctasedeeascsaintaonebetees hauser e o shanghai city for sale hauser heinrich battle against time cccccccccceeeeeeeeees hicks ursula the finance of british government 1920 tue cedclectherisshbedsisnaniaiteicabiinbesbiaeeasiliahmmaid adaisiinniiiniddaiecimetoebsoesetesaistenteen hino ashihei wheat and soldiers ccccceeeeeecsssneeecceteeees hishida seiji japan among the great powers 000 hodson v h slump and recovery ccccccccsecseceeeseeteeeeeeees horrabin j f an atlas of current affairs institute of pacific relations agrarian china institute of pacific relations recent articles in japanese i aa d lencdtraeuiaaninnnibinsbeonaennenioute i te i i 3 2a cecsrcsniuireendoetniannatoenesencettoess jennings w i a federation for western europe jones f c shanghai and tientsim cccceseeesessessesesseeeees kai shek m s mme this is our china preece i tice r ii et i et eri rt pee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeee ppererrirerri ct retire teri ieee e re ey seen eeeeeeee peer rrerere reir iter senet eeeeeneeeeeee ee eeeeeeenee date february 2 1940 march 29 1940 august 9 1940 august 9 1940 may 31 1940 may 31 1940 march 29 1940 june 14 1940 june 28 1940 june 28 1940 january 12 1940 march 29 1940 june 14 1940 may 31 1940 may 31 1940 august 9 1940 september 13 1940 december 15 1939 december 22 1939 december 29 1939 july 26 1940 november 24 1939 august 9 1940 february 16 1940 october 4 1940 december 29 1939 november 24 1939 august 9 1940 december 1 1939 october 4 1940 november 17 1939 march 8 1940 december 15 1939 december 29 1939 june 14 1940 august 9 1940 october 4 1940 february 16 1940 october 27 1939 july 26 1940 december 22 1939 november 17 1939 december 22 1939 may 31 1940 december 1 1939 june 28 1940 february 16 1940 december 29 1939 february 2 1940 august 16 1940 february 16 1940 february 2 1940 december 29 1939 october 4 1940 february 16 1940 july 26 1940 december 15 1939 december 22 1939 november 24 1939 august 9 1940 october 27 1939 january 19 1940 october 18 1940 december 15 1939 march 29 1940 september 13 1940 august 9 1940 august 16 1940 pees ere volume xix book reviews continued kaltenborn h v 1 broadcast the crisis kamal ahmad land without laaighter cccsssssccesesssees kemmerer e w the a b c of the federal reserve brie o ue o0iccvssessscconrunennconssseseteosbertanguliaialanniaainiadaaiiontandmabncdaains keynes j m how to pay for wat ccsccccccassercessecesecseovcocesors kohn hans revolutions and dictatorship ccccccceeeeeeees kuznets simon commodity flow and capital formation lamb harold the march of the barbarians lamont corliss you might like socialism cccseseees langsam w c documents and readings in the history of beams bie lors occiscicceccensleatnetetniinaaies langsam w c the world since 1914 leases b these rube pvh cccscscisssenccsssginctnnaaivnisiomes leiser clara ed lunacy becomes us hitler and his died sus cnivecsasscsgmeccneuioseemns eaaeaminiia aera raperens smeal fe sigs anicscinccsececsanvnteaisentixsatensasabancauibaitelh liddell hart b h the defence of britain cs000008 lippmann walter some notes on war and peace lockwood w w our far eastern record loewenstein karl hitler’s germany ceccccosscececcesesesoscorcccees loéhrke eugene and loéhrke arlene night over england maccormac john canada america’s problem c000 mcguire paul australia her heritage her future mallory w h ed political handbook of the world de rcane fu ceo cesciunecscsntantandoncdnteniaaiiderarniditcilatices marriott j a commonwealth or anarchy ccccsseseeeeees maurois andré tragedy in france sccccccccccscccccsessesssessceseces meriam lewis and schmeckebier l f reorganization of the national gover nine occcecccecscosccsrrnceccsssesssessenincvedeeses micklen nathaniel national socialism and the roman cone cine vi cscccxnnstsicsscsscesdetieaeandcervemaabannecetiintl millis walter road to war america 1914 1917 millis walter why europe fights ccsccccccccscsssscssseqeoooees milner i f g new zealand’s interests and policies in ss ee ee eas eee eee miner d c the fight for the panama route mowrer e a germany puts the clock back ccse0000 national industrial conference board conference board studies in enterprise and social progress dracoingt tertoig diogo eiesscinintccm ince ceeisescicctceminienaninains norman e h japan’s emergence as a modern state northern countries in world economy ccccccccessesssseeees nourse m a kodo the way of the emperor 0 00 orton william twenty years armistice 1918 1988 poliakoff v augur europe in the fourth dimension perm sivanpers ewer were scssicssisswisevrccresvesmnsssstneevesensbinncs pfankuchen llewellyn a documentary textbook of in con urrroiie bane avcecvacsinxsesimincicien steric pol heinz suicide of a democracy sserscsssssocssssessacssesescorece poole k e german financial policies 1932 1939 portell vila herminio historia de cuba cccccccsceseeeeesseees pratt fletcher sea power and today’s war pribichevich stoyan world without end piickler c e how strong is britain cccccccccssscsecssees rauschning hermann the voice of destruction ridgeway g l merchants of peace riesenberg felix the pacific ocean rosinger l k deadlock gt crem cceesccsesvosccscesscssrescosvesseseases rosinski herbert the german army cccccessrccsccsessssseeseees roucek joseph s politics of the balkans cc:ccccsseeeees royal institute of international affairs the baltic states royal institute of international affairs southeastern seong si ecinitivnevcusineseesctawitphanteneuene paiaidmiaceraseaa neca danndirantid salter sir arthur security can we retrieve it sages f b the wan pere sensscunininnnnnaniivanniws searfoglio carlo england and the continent semcouxrt beer fogg sco ooe ov cccevecescesesisessinsessnsssecseasnenenen sharp w r the government of the french republic sheean vincent not peace but sword cccccssssssesees shepardson w h and scroggs w o the united states 6 werg bo gigg loss cnrcceniiinisistcscesisiemennsenninans shepherd j australia’s interests and policies in the far big cciviconassciinsansveenxessncansatibapudinaisanteediecicnunebsbabaacsaec aiden ana shridharani krishnalal a study of gandhi’s method and feo docurtiortroue accviiccccccertiscicnickeviitinvninepinimaaianataaes see de i oee 5 cciaicecesiccsamenincistessneeeds a eaiedan ore dem some tron ncccciessinsanvercsvscoeseiebiancaacbinns smith r m the day of the liberals in spain cccc00 spever hans and kahler alfred war in our times cece tence eeeeeeeeseerensere ee ewee erent teseeeeeees see eee ee ee ee eeereeeeeeseeeeeeeee erence eeeeeseeeeeneeeees preerrrrrrrrrrr ris coen eeeeeeeesersereees eee eerereeeseeeeses eee eee sree eeeeeeeseeeeeeeeee corr rro ee eee ete eee see e eee ee eee eee e eee reese eeeseseseetieseeeese eee eeeeeeeeeseneeee eeeeee eo a poscdvtohhkh fd ws i 52 50 date november 17 1939 august 9 1940 december 15 1939 june 28 1940 december 22 1939 october 27 1939 august 9 1940 february 2 1940 february 2 1940 july 26 1940 june 14 1940 november 17 1939 december 1 1939 january 12 1940 august 9 1940 march 1 1940 february 2 1940 october 27 1939 august 30 1940 december 29 1939 march 29 1940 may 31 1940 february 16 1940 october 4 1940 february 16 1940 december 29 1939 february 2 1940 july 12 1940 may 31 1940 june 28 1940 january 12 1940 august 9 1940 march 15 1940 may 31 1940 march 15 1940 march 29 1940 december 29 1939 december 15 1939 december 29 1939 august 9 1940 october 18 1940 december 29 1939 october 27 1939 december 1 1939 june 7 1940 november 17 1939 march 29 1940 october 27 1939 september 20 1940 march 1 1940 july 12 1940 december 1 1939 october 27 1939 october 27 1939 october 27 1939 december 1 1939 december 15 1939 october 4 1940 december 29 1939 december 15 1939 december 1 1939 may 31 1940 october 27 1939 october 18 1940 october 4 1940 october 27 1939 december 15 1939 6 volume xix book reviews continued spurr w a seasonal variations in the economic activ ese rl an ao ee nt staley eugene world economy in transition vilhjalmur iceland the first american re sud nh sadedinaiteaeaiaiaiii side lbineiaienadaidndiibdintinbnciiiebianbininsavcrensenioree stolper gustav german economy 1870 1940 swire j bulgarian conspiracy ccccccccsssscsececeesesssccceceeseees teichman sir eric affairs of china tolischus o d they wanted war 0 cccccccccccecsseceesseceenes utley freda chima 6b wt cccccccccsccccsccccssccccccscsccsccoscscssccsssces villard o g fighting years memoirs of a liberal editor bes is not inevitable problems of peace thirteenth in socineclsipntahatrbtianadianiadiubiidliiindamintndccidescnndinscsetecsecseoreressce wasson theron mineral map of europe wells h g the fate of mat ccccscccccsccsssccsssscscssecessccoseree wells h g the new world order 00 ccccccccccsscesecceeeeeeeeee werth alexander france and munich whitaker j t americas to the south 0 ccccccccccceeeeseeeeeeee wilde j c de popper d h and clark eunice hand a cn ped nncnresscuninnsennceniresebivedinionenpenteencsensecseneeessenseceestes rin si iii si sicecnniermunpuniaiecsaedvebbanaadacenesesbocseesiecssse willoughby w w japan’s case examined c0c00008 young j p international trade and finance fenn eee en eeeeeeneee coree etre r eee eee eee eee eeeeeeeeee sorter eee eee eee ee eee ee eee eee eee eeeneeeeeneeee bulgaria italo bulgarian trade treaty tie ceriond be tie eivciiciiaccsccccccsicsnsnneresecescsssctescnctvcccccscceetes trade agreement with u s.s.r cccccccccccessscssssressceseeeeeeeeees turco bulgarian conversations king boris on foreign relations ccccseccssceessceeesesseeeeees german stand on territorial claims rumania cedes dobruja dobruja recovery coo e coro eet e eere eee eee eere e eee eee eee eee eeee sooper otst o sees eee e hehe teese ett eeeeeeeeeeed oooo o eee hee ee eee eee eese sese eeeeee ee e coro o eee renee eeeeeeeeeeeeneeeees parr e eee ee eee eee ete eset sese ee eees eee essere eeeee eee eee esse eee ees eeeees canada economic problems i a eta nbemteitnnnnianoeietigntnienennenens nn tt hela dineindahineed tl isianheiannebanineeenicintenicanteioeeenstneanineee dissolves parliament calls elections cccescccceeeseeseeseeees king agreement on joint defense sued entusenasnsenrccnedednonsqabehepeneranccsencnosesecscosceececosscersesenetacccoesceeses pushes defense plan with u.s ccccccccsssssssssssesessersesseeseeees see also european war 1939 sete eno eeo eeo eoe eoe ee teste eset ee teese eeeee sese eee eee ee estee eee eeed china ambassador grew on japanese american relations anglo french troops in north china withdrawn ie tinued cctiellided cidinditendnithigtntbninatasdenneneubienssinninsveemomenee sumner welles on u.s treaty rights cccccccscceesseeeeees japan pushes wang ching wei government move i a suteossnnbsbanelioninns arita on wang ching wei government indo china railway bombed ck est er takao saito assails proposed wang ching wei régime kwangsi campaign curtailed cccccccsssssssscsssescecseeseeesees shanghai municipal council local japanese government si cilaieciaesiesithdienaltaadadsdliliaiaicinbahaitindidneiitisinenentnmtesineniennneenss u.s statement on wang ching wei wang ching wei régime set up japanese drive along yangtze cccccecsccsesseeeesscesceceesesenes franco japanese agreement on indo china cccc000000 franco japanese agreement on shanghai concessions asks britain to stop supply movement by way of urma ele res ele a u.s warns americans to leave hongkong britain clomes burma read 0 cccecccscccscocccsscscccsssscsscceeccesees churchill on anglo japanese agreement i ids aetonainccntonnceen japanese demands on french indo china ccccccccseeeeeees british troops withdraw from shanghai tientsin and ees setae sese eti sue es pre it indo china situation a japan rejects shanghai decision issue transferred to u.s anglo american alignment and far east policy ppererrrrrrr irs poorer eere eee eee eee eee eee thee hehehe eee eee ee eeee eeeeee perr rrr rrr poor oe oooo eet eee eee eee estee eee e ee eee ee eeed farrer eee eee eere otero ee eeseeeseeessheeeso estee esse eee eee ee esse sees eeee ee eeeeeeeees oro renee eee eee eee eeneeeee sor ere ee eee eee ee teen ee eeeees ee ree ere eee eee eee ee rere e prerrrrrerrirrrirty date august 23 1940 october 27 1939 august 23 1940 october 18 1940 february 2 1940 december 15 1939 october 4 1940 february 2 1940 august 9 1940 december 29 1939 august 9 1940 march 29 1940 march 29 1940 december 15 1939 june 14 1940 may 17 1940 october 4 1940 july 26 1940 november 17 1939 november 10 1939 january 5 1940 january 19 1940 january 19 1940 march 1 1940 july 19 1940 august 23 1940 september 20 1940 november 3 1939 november 3 1939 november 3 1939 february 2 1940 august 23 1940 august 30 1940 october 27 1939 november 24 1939 november 24 1939 november 24 1939 january 19 1940 january 19 1940 february 9 1940 february 9 1940 february 9 1940 february 9 1940 february 23 1940 february 23 1940 april 5 1940 april 5 1940 june 21 1940 july 5 1940 july 5 1940 july 5 1940 july 5 1940 july 5 1940 july 26 1940 july 26 1940 july 26 1940 august 9 1940 august 16 1940 august 16 1940 august 16 1940 august 23 1940 september 13 1940 volume xix china continued be cri ire cc evczvnsnneysnsxnesnsnsieceapainnniainidasniibniiiaiilaniniadianiin franco japanese pact on air bases in indo china hull on status quo upset in indo china indo china developments se bean in an sis tanistrccsercomniavinrbirccvrecetmtiicie thailand relations with indo china sree eeeeesoeeeee sop er ee ee oooo ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeseeee coe or rrr eee e reese tees ee se ere eseeeeeeeeees sees es eee cuba political situation elections sor ree ree re reteset ees s teese es eeesoeee sees sees esse ee eeeeee eee eeeees orr r eee eere eere eere oee eee eeeesees eee sees ee oses esse sees eeeeseseseeeee sees ee eeeees czechoslovakia nazi régime punishes prague disorders coro ree renee erase eeeeeeeeeeeeees denmark scandinavian rulers meet at stockholm copenhagen conference on neutrality see also european war 1939 corre ree r ete e re eee eee oes eee eee coro eee eee eres e ee eee eee ee eeeeeeetee egypt king farouk asks prayer for peace see also european war 1939 ere ree reese eet r hee eee oee eee ee eeeheee eire see ireland estonia see baltic states european war 1939 belgium netherlands peace proposal britain and france reject proposal csssssssscessssseseceeess franco british economic control accord pii snore 5.4 secensacthanasnceatsacainsqrsnncieuperistsseantueereeaaniaeass chamberlain on british peace aims ship lanes mined by germany finnish struggle’s effect oe cnr sii ti es caensictieenstianssarteusuncscisnasnsssnsiaveaueaeeae mares franco british financial accord urine trdrunod binns ricciciiiiccncccimnsithinnracenaensartomieiensine neutrals seek protection re te tere pg ieissascvavinisnnsaventinienennciciendacicaeniaaimaasniiadh sumner welles on exploratory peace trip pui cio i icicerinnsssicscenaccatinsiedbeniiesaaaneaeaides ures cre toi cece sicscsncinsidecciceminerinmiientaazants two schools of thought on u.s attitude cscceeceseeees british and french purchasing commissions increase air cees groen eidecictaciakiesecosmenensn andes chamberlain on british french aims hitler’s reply toon bit kg ou iiis ccccscieccssassccarssimisetscdateathanseaaaen aoe welles memo to french finance minister reynaud tooor vols ot bn crouttie dorio on cicicrcisssisinteiectsscheeeetiirentnns anglo french supreme war council meets ccsee0 german white paper on american diplomacy’s part in bringing on war wd tice e sai cevereccvinrsciesessneseceinnsiaae ee aaatneebiad germany occupies denmark invades norway s000 supreme war council declaration of anglo french aims allied and italian naval strength in mediterranean sri cue tue aio sieacascicaecicdadetncea etn ear anaes economic consequences to allies cccccccccccccccsssssssssssessesecs u.s action on norwegian invasion norwegian struggle’s effect aee toccesed tr thorn citsieinccisnnsinieciitnnsieanininninininnitectinienn chamberlain policios attacked ccccccccccssscsccccecssesseseseccssseoossee germany charges allies planned to invade norway german strategy wins in norway cccccccccsssssssssscsssessscees meogiccptanoat govoigitiotien ssicccccceccccessseesssiceccsiccscsecncsenseresaats ammo f pere bie geeouiuie isincccnsstivetsiceeticsc ste erimnclcnen belgium luxemburg and holland invaded ee re ee ee es ree cre ne ee position of u.s on invasion of low countries churchill warns britain on direct attacks nazi strategy and tactics netherlands surrenders u.s defense problems sop eee eee ee eee eee eeeee eee eeeeeee preeerrrrrrrritiirr iti ri soot r oee ree eee ee ee eoe eos ee eeee ee eeeee rere poiuict oci t tri rit tii ri sore ooo oreo eee reese estes eere eee eee ee eeeeeeeeee eee eeeees peer eee rere serene ees eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeee rrr e meee eee eee eee h eere eee reteset eee ee eee eee eeeees eee eee erereeeeeseeeeeeeeeeee eeseeeeeeeee ore r ere orr eee eee eee eh estes ee tees ese eeee eee sese eere sese ee ed corp eee ere e een e eee eee eee eee eeeeeeee poor eee eee eee eee eh eee teese eee esse eee ee esse eee eos ee eeeeeeeeee cerne eeeereeeeseee seen renee eee ee senses eeeeee coree rrr e eee eere eee e eee eee ee esse eee eee sese sese eee eee es corea reo hoe eee eee ee eee e eee esters ee ese eee thee hess eeo corre eee r hser teese eee eee tees este eee ee eeee ee eees ee eeee eee tees 48 date september 13 1940 september 27 1940 september 27 1940 october 4 1940 october 18 1940 october 18 1940 december 8 1939 july 19 1940 november 24 1939 october 27 1939 march 1 1940 september 20 1940 november 10 1939 november 17 1939 november 24 1939 november 24 1939 december 1 1939 december 1 1939 december 15 1939 december 22 1939 january 5 1940 january 5 1940 january 19 1940 february 16 1940 february 16 1940 february 23 1940 february 23 1940 february 23 1940 march 1 1940 march 1 1940 march 8 1940 march 15 1940 march 22 1940 april 5 1940 april 5 1940 april 5 1940 april 12 1940 april 12 1940 april 19 1940 april 19 1940 april 19 1940 april 19 1940 april 26 1940 may 8 1940 may 3 1940 may 3 1940 may 10 1940 may 10 1940 may 17 1940 may 17 1940 may 17 1940 may 17 1940 may 24 1940 may 24 1940 may 24 1940 may 24 1940 volume xix european war 1939 cogtinued u.s faces new world order britain prepares for invasion british emergency powers defence act ata aichanachileliaigens king leopold orders belgian army surrender canada and dominions aid britain cccceccsceceeeeeeees allied purchases from u.s arranged french government leaves paris sie iiis nod tioned hiedsaeinenntihenenenaineteinnectineanesescconncssscneneserseeesoonenceee mussolini on mediterranean aims france collapses ssccccsssssseees french defeat and u.s foreign policy es ss cn bie iiend dti os nenn cance nccecesecscccccaccoccascccesesccenccscesecssoeres french national committee formed by gen de gaulle britain moves on french fleet berries goed gene tereiiciog ce ecccccccceccssceccsccecepeccesececcescessoecceees denmark under german control ccccsccsesssceseeseeceeseeseees germany advises u.s to discontinue scandinavian re in ascend etnaadn mac baenanat anes lbaeoaveneedencecece soos germany fails to depose king haakon cccccccseeeeeeees sweden permits passage of german war materials britain rejects hitler’s peace bid et iii cisisicccainnsidanaihaietadinbaditnerenshanetnagsentsneenranevens pershing and stimson on sale of american destroyers to sese sese sss sspe eee pee ee ree ey ee i i tc nisaeibpinibheebnnvpendeonedbsntonseatieneeses relief problem hoover appeal germany blockades britain italy threatens greece canadian position i ii sc incanich nish dienaasibnnieenatdstenbeussinetbenbecsindenteseros near east strategic moves contain nneneninenenncgindieesaaisenneetouousonse rd ie iie i oi cocnccacecctasnsssaiscceuisenssinesensncscsoevecoveses german air raids on britain near east happenings en a asa eslan cca asa einbbieuadiidissioneeedivetenboeseiuces nn i i i a wants scictlabccpianicaonensencicasacdseseoscasecs results of raids on britain cccccccosocccccscccccccccecccccccscessscoocees be i ie ge bio veciecsceccecessessccnecsvsesercceceesvceeszsee african port of dakar bombarded ccceccceeseeeseeseeees egypt severs diplomatic relations with italy italian troops occupy sidi barrani sne ui min a vcccceesicenecssisssccesciccsnerescscccensecccocessees japan joins axis powers in alliance it ie nn saa sdsstsdmnnetnicinaerecsenscoeudececvecsoeoes canadian military preparations ccccccssccecessseceeeeeeceeeses hitler mussolini brenner pass meeting mediterranean objectives of axis cees eeeeseeeeeeereeeeee eee eeeeereesese cone eeeeeeneeeseeeeeee spcr ee ooo eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eeeeee cece eee eee eee essen eee eee sense eee eeeeee cena e eee eenereeeeeteeses poor oe ere eee eee eee eee ee eee eee sooo coree ese e eee e eee ee tests teer ee eee eee ee eee sor roo hee eere e ee ete e eee ee eee ee eee eee sore o ore eere eee e eere ee ee eee e eee eee ee ee eee sooo o roh eoe e eet ee eee eee ee eee oee eee eee eee fore reso eoe e eeo eee eset eee ee ee ee eee eee ee eee eee eee ee ee ee soo reo ees eee eee reese ese eee es esse eee eee es eeeese eee eee hoe eee eee foro e re eee oos estee teste eee eeee ee eeseeeee eee e eee eee cores rrr reese e eee eee e eee ee eee ee ee een eee eeee cocr r ee hee ete r eee sees ee eee ee teese e ee eeee eee ee eee eee eee eees eee eee eeeteeeeeeeeenee corr ree ree renee eee eee eee eee eee eee sort r eee treo ere ee eee eee ee ee eeee pperrrrr rrr rrr eer err see also finland for finnish soviet conflict finland eset ae oe nn ne ee tc nr a i se esisnasitnvomeonomianen eee ee te soviet finnish negotiations fail ee es le ee people’s government u.s reactions ee readers 1 ete ee oe ae a et u.s credit and debt payment action rie se ec mee pe 0 ree ece russian scandinavian notes on scandinavian aid american credit proposal and actual aid churchill asks aid of neutrals nee al aaa ceaess ub caennigiamonnenibeekabonsaie sweden refuses military aid u.s grants loans eerie et ce er peace negotiations peace concluded pree ee ee cic eter rere eee eter sore ere e ree e eere eee e eee e eee eee eee eee eee eee ee eee ee eeee soar reet eere e ee eoe eee e sees eee e teese eee eee eee eee eeeee eee eee eee eee ees prererrrrrerrirry corr rrr rene eee eee eee eee eeeee corea ore e reet teese eee here ee eere eee eee eeee sore res eoe e estee eee reese eee e eee e oee eee eee eeee soe oe eet o eee eee teste estee eeeeee sees sees eseeeeeese sese eeeeeeee seed core re oer eee teese teste eee sees ee ee eee eese eee ee esse ee eee eee eee eee see er eee o eere eoe eee eere sees sees sees eee eee ee eee hee tees eee shee ee eeee foreign policy association er ee tie co al te mpmiiuiteroee tend ge trrtiig cccccceccccccccsceaccccccecenccosevoveccnccsesccoscoses proposed amendments to constitution new headquarters orr reer errr errr sore o ree reso e toes eee e teese estee eee sese eee eee ee eee esse eee eee e 5 14 17 20 48 date may 24 1940 may 31 1940 may 31 1940 may 31 1940 june 7 1940 june 14 1940 june 14 1940 june 14 1940 june 14 1940 june 21 1940 june 21 1940 june 28 1940 june 28 1940 june 28 1940 july 12 1940 july 12 1940 july 12 1940 july 12 1940 july 12 1940 july 12 1940 july 26 1940 august 9 1940 august 9 1940 august 16 1940 august 16 1940 august 23 1940 august 23 1940 august 30 1940 august 30 1940 august 30 1940 august 30 1940 september 6 1940 september 13 1940 september 13 1940 september 20 1940 september 20 1940 september 20 1940 september 27 1940 september 27 1940 september 27 1940 september 27 1940 october 4 1940 october 4 1940 october 11 1940 october 11 1940 october 11 1940 october 11 1940 october 27 1939 october 27 1939 october 27 1939 november 17 1939 december 8 1939 december 8 1939 december 8 1939 december 15 1939 december 15 1939 december 22 1939 january 19 1940 january 26 1940 january 26 1940 january 26 1940 february 23 1940 march 8 1940 march 8 1940 march 15 1940 march 22 1940 november 24 1939 january 26 1940 february 16 1940 march 8 1940 september 20 1940 volume xix france puro duarte bac 1x0 ckcssececvceseceventncennanisicinsetnniblaiieliiahdaiiiilins daladier christmas speech piii hciincidcdiadiciscrescursunsis opnsiinssacsindvensankiniaaibebindeiamanianmaeaenanaod reynaud succeeds daladier as premier cabinet changes asks recall of soviet ambassador cabinet changes cris iid osc cccciecsicscncusscdscchinssbcandseossinioeancnubeignibeliadbaaieie pore bade promi in jscccsesicescontarcttieuenurenarin eects doprrug comet vorigie josiscccvninccecsviteisecedmaindaimaeeamal pétain government severs diplomatic relations with britain pétain establishes new order woon sod icisc cise ivkcinviccsnsieedaliiesesntiats stink aaaaaadacies trgcorgetuceion tego cc0c0rsiccesssemnsaisnsevsconssvtiomsucdevtvtnsteteuciin germany demands supplies in unoccupied section anti semitic agitation care pore niles sccivnins dstscachedincteckchivesietensadaceaacmaeees german demands on pétain government cccccsssssseseesees weee deen saccscerncstsaceecsies enkcnienecca eed aan caaoenaitaeea franco japanese pact on air bases in indo china see also european war 1939 sor ee oro eee eee ee ee seer oe eset eee eee eee eee eeeee eee es sore oreo oee reso oe es eee ee eee ee eeeee soo r eee eere eee ee sees eee ehee eee eeeeseee teese ese sees seeeeeeeeeee ee eess pope oee e eeo eee e eee ee eset esse eee eee eee eee sese e eos eee ree eere reese shee sethe eset oses eee eee eee eee eeeeee sees eese se eeeseereeeeses germany attempt on hitler’s life ne shin cepiow 0 cansceccecssssnsenancveornnsnerecn ne urenumtenioenoees tuprign press qapails vow pawn oie ciccciciicscscsctecgesessccsscionesies german rumanian exchange and oil treaty soviet german equation coal shortage ii nisin si siinicvesinace stvnsacnnninacanitipitelabpaabeemuatuaaeaaadecianaa atts railroad situation di i oss cicincis onitsiccconaceuaveninsasnsntiabstninmnaainmameciite tide me sues eo wines fodiiid sisters atesicseessastecccomtencrcaameaens german rumanian talks at bucharest ccccccssssssseeees soe geo tien acne ccices ciresiinececsnectasianen waemneaaae be oer bribed oss iocessvessveisnsicomnessnudssenavivenvetecsthaniaianaieiants pert gue deore occ cisiconcsesciinnssessicusstmcebcccseucimmnitoeieiaann ee crn no iss ciccececccuesecoenrucicitadoeasvasinensss os seed soviet german relations berriot orr comlotomce viseiscccacsesacsssernessiscorssacsvatecbsonenatbeabinmmiais pere p ints copturotial cloeiag occiccecicovcncscscascnsnaceccssesensssanecedsecennve peummation betticotia clomid 0ceccicesccsccccsssisccsicecessesvivensiccessinns ee ss fe i ai oc siesccenchneessrstavcnsctamernseeencead see also european war 1939 correo ere ree roe esos sees thee ee sese oe sees eee esseseeees eee etna eeeeeeeeeseesees et e ree ooo ee oee ree eee eee tees eee sese ee eeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeees serre eee eee eee eere eee ores eoe see sees eeeeee eee eeese esse sees e sese eee eee ees aor ree ere eee eoe reese esse eee sees eee eee eee eee eee ees teese es sese es eere err ee eere er ee eee eee esse teese eee ee eee eee eee eee eees graf spee see neutrality great britain all india national congress manifesto reply lord halifax on post war world bim gcopms conpibenie biogo sociccicssrrasessccesissctemnncimemmnni commercial agreements with greece sweden turkey iii ss si sinnss wcncevccecbmanstionsndtediandemouereneahomiacerieeriedaaiaeraanias pas marca 6 10 crcccsnsrscetniceaahesbannusacenliieleesarstasieepiiaaerinsciiaiie hoare belisha resigns war ministry sscscccssssssseseees political crisis and cabinet changes ccccccccsssssssssseseeees rejects american republics protest on neutral rights beet grog f rarecind tot wie cceiess ccc vases eccsccectrnsccisoaseronsuracenneese ambassador craigie on anglo japanese relations churehill of policy towate busse 6 seiesescscsecoccsscsccssssocerssecsesvee english commercial corporation for balkan trade russia asks reopening of trade negotiations ssseeee si trod is vetreesisrsscsntntaindgereibamsanpisiaadiaiaaunaidaalaiiaaiaaat se ne onc jsascisecesrnscontcadineo ecard ecteieromaianenetias reroutes merchant ships around good hope ce ce oi isicacincicsnctrasancersrssbestautieesveonemeaciieaatabratthicesnabieds churchill succeeds chamberlain as prime minister fifth column activities suppressed sends sir stafford cripps to russia sssccsscssssssseccssesese pot ce tigiin ae cniesccssinntnsnernctniccnnnsictainacinnaaoemntsibicmesieuaicdes hull on plan to pool anglo american resources 0 anglo japanese agreement to close burma road soured ied sii cdeciccnrisccinmniaannnindinndiaae anglo japanese arrests and counter arrests molotov on anglo soviet relations cccccccccsscessesssesseeees linlithgow on dominion status for india 2.0.0 eeee plan to exchange american destroyers for naval bases date october 27 1939 december 29 1939 january 5 1940 march 29 1940 april 5 1940 may 24 1940 june 14 1940 june 21 1940 june 21 1940 july 12 1940 july 19 1940 july 19 1940 july 19 1940 september 13 1940 september 20 1940 september 20 1940 september 20 1940 september 20 1940 september 27 1940 november 17 1939 december 1 1939 december 15 1939 january 5 1940 january 5 1940 february 2 1940 february 2 1940 february 2 1940 february 9 1940 march 15 1940 march 29 1940 april 5 1940 april 12 1940 april 19 1940 june 21 1940 july 5 1940 july 12 1940 july 19 1940 july 19 1940 october 4 1940 november 3 1939 november 17 1939 december 29 1939 january 5 1940 january 5 1940 january 12 1940 january 12 1940 january 26 1940 march 8 1940 april 5 1940 april 5 1940 april 12 1940 april 26 1940 may 3 1940 may 3 1940 may 10 1940 may 17 1940 may 17 1940 may 31 1940 may 31 1940 june 28 1940 july 19 1940 july 26 1940 july 26 1940 august 9 1940 august 9 1940 august 16 1940 august 23 1940 10 volume xix great britain continued churchill on american canadian defense plan chamberlain resigns reopens burma road see also european war 1939 neutrality greece greco italian pledge anglo greek commercial treaty see also european war 1939 greenland roosevelt on relation to western hemisphere havana conference see american states hemispheric defense see american states hungary count csaky on rumanian relations shesininieiiatiinistiiauuin italo hungarian comvetsations ccssesesseecseeereeeeeeseeeeceees i ii i iiis scons raha sevenneioeonseneccesueonaecooness charges anti hungarian activities in slovakia german stand on territorial claims cccccccsseeseseseees siiiiiiiii tani iiit 0 hcecisenshesantivgnsvesessccnndebacdnbecsesusonecseceseces obtains northern transylvania cccccccseseesssesesceeseeeeeees india all india national congress manifesto british reply dren tiuiengnd cccncencerscsserenssstnnqeasenensentesenerecasceccoseenvenee nationalist congress votes gandhi leadership lord a on dominion status all india congress ee sooo oo opo e eee ee tees ee eee eee tees oses eset es indo china see china ireland de valera broadcaste to u.s ccccccccccccccccccsccscccccccscoscsccccees sn el cca casiinedensidnlneacuineseunbstvhecounensee political conditions peer italy unis tien ose ceccsciccoccepeecccctssccccececocsonvscesscecnsccssseosees i ce nccernrncndnpensenntneienaeinnenannennsteeesetannesses italo bulgarian trade treaty ccccccssscccsesersesscssesscesenseeesees sii mini 1 0s cccnceabanstedscnuntecseeeusssceacssocsossesens turco italian comnverbations ccccccrcsssscsessssscssssssssssscsssssosece big unneeded oovcccccccesceccsccscecncesscecsersconcecovssseccsorsecres i aa ccedlbaraeibaernadencicenececeentenoiterstos pope pius returns visit of king and queen 0000 italo hungarian conversations cccccsscccsceesseesssseceessesseeeeees protests british coal ban and ship seizure ie ciid iiiiiiie csnctccescccsecseusectessssecconsesscocsesavensosccscoosousse von ribbentrop visits rome hitler mussolini conference ccccssssssecseeeessensccessessseseeees future role conflicting views on enteting wap cccsesseessssessseeeeseeceees italo american diplomatic exchanges csscssecesereeeees trade with u.s ie itt iii iara hak sa caiceiatbeeeeneindiananheesbodeneeekesiinenabteiousnnseessevere tt sinicciniaectnctninmeatnnndceiadsinbenentinernenrnummmetenemmnate hitler ciano corpetores 00ccccccccccocessescesscccscosccccesccsoosceccsovsocosees till ss cnsssncicsiidnsiinnentionedeentenmtounsennevovenesceuses japan joins axis powers cee e eee eeeeeeeseeeeeeeeees senet ee eeeneeeeeeeeeeeeee japan soviet japanese negotiations sccccessseesssssseressserescesees grew nomura conversations on american trade relations soviet extends fisheries convention c:sseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeerees soviet japanese negotiations ccccsssesssccsssssssscsecsssssereees ees eee ee ee ro a bin witt os aise cn cnstansetittiobanensbeseoosnenenosconntoconens 25 date august 30 1940 october 11 1940 october 18 1940 november 10 1939 january 5 1940 april 12 1940 december 1 1939 januarv 19 1940 april 26 1940 may 10 1940 july 19 1940 august 23 1940 september 6 1940 november 3 1939 march 29 1940 march 29 1940 august 16 1940 december 29 1939 december 29 1939 may 31 1940 november 10 1939 november 10 1939 november 10 1939 november 10 1939 november 10 1939 december 15 1939 december 22 1939 january 5 1940 january 19 1940 march 8 1940 march 15 1940 march 15 1940 march 22 1940 april 19 1940 april 26 1940 may 10 1940 may 10 1940 june 7 1940 june 7 1940 july 12 1940 september 13 1940 october 4 1940 november 24 1939 january 5 1940 january 5 1940 january 5 1940 january 19 1940 january 19 1940 january 19 1940 volume xix japan continued rr nn ae se ned arita’s message to diet a er electric power restrictions ee ee selene eae denounces arbitration treaty with the netherlands craigie on anglo japanese relations c:ccsccccssssssscesseeseee arita on netherlands indies dutch and american re iic idaclscuksxnocidevestisninsinececacsiastameiaacetanadmimmiaaant aaa soviet japanese agreement on mongolian frontier vandenberg urges new american japanese treaty ae torus ou coed iascciissseecenenroviaerindcictarsiesctadioteeice anglo japanese arrests and counter arrests feorssy te ron botti cscs stesccicnciascssinniniorecnatiins protests u.s embargo on war supplies dissolves minseito party we cond ois sicciconcssiccuesncaronnanneambasedadiaa ek joins axis powers in ten year alliance see also china sore roe erste esse eeee essere ee teese sese esse eeeeeees eset sees spore oe oe sooo eeo eeeeee tees eee eteeeeees sees ee tees eeeees cereeereeseees peer eee eeeeseneseeeeesees ppp rrr coree notes eere esheets oses este sees ee eeeseseees ese eeeeeeees ppp rr latin america inter american economic committee meets inter american labor conference ccccsccscsscccscscccccccese pan american treasury conference defense moves eee ee eeeeeeetereeeeeeeses ppp rrr eero ree eee ee oee e eee eeee oe eeeseeeee eee eeeeeseess sees ee eeee sese esos sees sooo eee ee ee eee ee eee eee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeee see also american states latvia see baltic states league of nations expels u.s.s.r as gesture to finland coo eee ee eeneeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeees lithuania see baltic states luxemburg invaded by germany mexico ruling on oil property expropriation cccsessssessesseeeees reply to hull’s note on oil properties cccceessssssereeeeees mere cog iie tete a dvieicac gscatnncncorstnctienstiavervesnedoiseeaaweniowis am mined ii di sc cassonaconkvocenisaibataniamcelsialiahleasidanis cain ee tnoiuiinid a ccnicaconicosscoidsnasasnienminadnade weneconcésecmamlatiinene ial nics piii 1 5a ante coecnobiasaibnepsigssie nitasoanaondeiiednmaene samen capgonas feviews achicvememeg cc cscoceccecccsccssccccncsccnssvcssocces almazan followers defy government camacho proclaimed president elect eerie rrr military service burke wadsworth compulsory military training bill congress votes burke wadsworth bill cop e reece e ee eeee eee eeeeeeeee teases netherlands premier de geer on invasion gaanger c.scccseeseessseessrececees clmmeewla military tupac wg ovcivcniccsececcccsncnescscccsstsscesssscszetvsinionse japan denounces arbitration treaty proclaims state of seige see also european war 1939 pere i er errr rrr eri tier irri iii orr r ere ere eere ere eee eee eeee teste sese ee eeeeeeeeeeeeseees netherlands indies arita statement dutch and american rejoinders neutrality submarines of belligerents barred from american ports ee dop eios won cicecisensiicdcsnvticsitincisieeinckeaeh us rine trmiriiod ic ccnssnssniarisncsevsncectessvaceiameivesteanecasiananstoaieae cee oe pe rce onccdicctiicscrncicis ance tans dg nii oars isieccndinssisaxaessssasdisdtncabedsenipeadin nanan sne rio ose se cnanscsrscensunsarsucasaipicevdecuchnouadionenaen effects on american shipping soc ee ree ee eset eee e eee eee eeeees eee hoe teer eees m oo awaard 27 mow nne date february 2 1940 february 9 1940 february 9 1940 february 9 1940 february 9 1940 february 23 1940 april 5 1940 april 26 1940 june 21 1940 june 21 1940 july 26 1940 august 9 1940 august 9 1940 august 16 1940 august 23 1940 august 23 1940 october 4 1940 december 1 1939 december 1 1939 december 1 1939 june 7 1940 august 30 1940 december 22 1939 may 17 1940 december 8 1939 may 10 1940 may 31 1940 may 31 1940 may 31 1940 july 19 1940 september 13 1940 september 13 1940 september 27 1940 august 2 1940 september 20 1940 november 17 1939 january 19 1940 february 23 1940 april 26 1940 april 26 1940 october 27 1939 november 3 1939 november 3 1939 november 10 1939 november 10 1939 november 17 1939 12 volume xix neutrality continued moral embargo asked by state department ee panama declaration invoked in graf spee incident britain rejects american republics protest 00 british u.s exchanges on interference with mail pittman and schwellenbach embargo resolutions ns iiit iiit tittiiti osc ceereneteminnntnnennensiannesedeceeqnsnsscccesestoose asama maru incident anglo japanese exchanges copenhagen conference halvdan koht on norwegian position cccccesessseeeees italy protests british coal bam ccccccseeccessceereeeeeecereeees scandinavia protests warfare on shipping 0000 american and allied experts discuss blockade british war minister stanley on neutral rights a i as cecacntnnbnenseednunenenconennbsseaseenes roosevelt applies act to norway ccsssscsssseccessseeeeesseeseersees britain extends blockade to portugal and spain havana conference recommendations ccescceeeseeseeeees u.s embargoes petroleum and scrap metal exports japan protests u.s embargo on war supplies germany blockades britain cccccccssscssssssssssssssscessesesecees teen eeeneeee poor ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees pperererrrr ry new zealand cnc she inineneeniinnbmanbapentineenmensdednesneennennnnonte norway seamgimavian lulets mse cccccsssccccrecsccssecceeccccsscvcvccccesccoscosscese to el caidas nndecd boa enebhnieeaddoavaresecnininece iii coiiiiiiiiig a cicicoercececonsasccssveccssonsseseossonereesccesesessoocee protests warfare on neutral shipping molotov warns scandinavia see also european war 1939 see ee ee eee eee eeneeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee perret reese teeth eee eee eee tere eee eee eee eee eoe sees palestine british restrict land sales sooper eee eee eee eee sethe eeeeee eee hehe ee hehe eee ee ee ed panama declaration of see neutrality peace christmas speeches fore e eoe eee eee eee eset esse eee ee ees eee teese hehehe eee eee e eee philippine islands ee pius xii pope encyclical assails totalitarianism eee a returns visit of italian king and queen poland government formed in france pee eee eee ee eee ree portugal position in axis struggle for africa roman catholic church roosevelt names m c taylor personal representative at vatican sae er eee reet eere e oee r teese sees sees eset ee ee eeeeeeeeee eee ee eee eee e ee eee eee eeeee peete eee eeeneeeneeeeeeeeseee rumania hungarian rumanian relations gre ee a ee russian demands rumored c0 sccccssssscccssscscessssesceceesccceeeee german rumanian exchange and oil treaty tatarescu on bessarabia aes nt cii cccpesnbhesighesesebnenennmecesoeenessere yugoslav and rumanian foreign ministers confer calls military reserves i scnainddchenobaneseersnvooonseonenes frees iron guard members tatarescu on defense pere errr eee ery ee rer eee eee eee eee eee eee soto e eere ero h etre eee re eee ee ee eee eee eee eee eee eeee es eees sorter e ere e eee ee teese etoh eee eee ee eee eee eee eeeees seer eee reese eee ee esters eee hehe eee eere eeee eee ee eee eeeeeees 20 10 10 11 49 10 re cod famed fly bem 16 19 19 22 22 date december 8 1939 december 22 1939 december 29 1939 january 26 1940 january 26 1940 february 2 1940 february 23 1940 february 23 1940 march 1 1940 march 1 1940 march 8 1940 march 8 1940 march 22 1940 march 29 1940 april 5 1940 may 38 1940 august 2 1940 august 2 1940 august 2 1940 august 16 1940 august 23 1940 october 11 1940 october 27 1939 january 26 1940 march 1 1940 march 8 1940 april 5 1940 march 8 1940 december 29 1939 october 27 1939 november 10 1939 december 29 1939 january 5 1940 november 17 1939 september 27 1940 december 29 1939 march 15 1940 december 1 1939 december 1 1939 december 15 1939 january 5 1940 january 5 1940 february 2 1940 february 9 1940 march 1 1940 march 1 1940 march 22 1940 march 22 1940 ee epee volume xix 13 rumania continued clodius in bucharest for german rumanian talks psoe ch torr cncccciesccsosinnicinonncghatinnistemibabcenanensiies bans new contracts for cereal exports to germany gigurtu succeeds gafencu as prime minister carol forms party of the nation ccccccssssscecsssessssecesenees carol orders mobilization appeals to germany soviet takes bessarabia and bukovina boone criiig civesvccssssecsssviniiiniossscernnsnibitcccalaltiataiceiceaaaealdaias confiscates british oil firm cedes dobruja to bulgaria reuter giiee oisevcnccsccncciscentsicicianisstabusunncaiaaaimalaceiel axis powers compel northern transylvania transfer to bruty cccescacsiiieesiscsecnitts suse caicnsssbeeteibinseedamaaea emanate becomes german protectorate antonescu cabinet’s task cue winn sav sis series scinceeenschasegutbnces teenies adiadadmaas antonescu proclaims legionary state german troops protect oil fields oil output eeeeereeeeeeee eereeeeeeeee se eeeeeeereeeeeseeeeeess po proc o eee eee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeees orr re eho oee eet eee eee estee sees estee ee eeesee sees corr eeo oooo oee see eee eee e eee es oee e sees eeeeseeees sor e ooh eee ee eee este oeee hes e see eeeesoeee cees sees sooo r oer eee ee eee oe seth esse sese eset sees eee ese ese eeseseees eee e reese ereeeeeeeeserseeeeeeee cooter oes eee tees see eee oe esse sese eee ee torre here eee eee ee ee eee eeee eee eeee esos sees ee eeeeeeeeeseeeeeehe teese eeeeeeseeees russia demands on finland ee ge eee eee se eee roosevelt kalinin exchange on finland og ee finnish soviet negotiations fail new ambassador to japan siovige f gprmors togocirceon 6 x sere esssiiesscsiscacseoseneccsdenrstenenseeantcees demands on rumania rumored expelled by league of nations ro cor ciid cnceccceciesusinenianisiictiigtiinictinicimcaintinitaldaabiats extends soviet japanese fisheries convention ee sonne ere port le ae soviet japanese negotiations cccccccscsscsecscescssssessssceseess trade agreement with bulgaria cccsssscsssssssssssseessssseesees churchill on british policy toward russia france asks recall of soviet ambassador un orr too coiid acer is ccicsisesaevideicetaceiacceissctentintiocatabiasins prose wupte cringe ceescccsdtnssewsiscsincnisoictnciccrciiciatonnn asks reopening of trade negotiations with britain britain sends sir stallard cri occccccssscscscecsecsscesessscsssisoscevs invades lithuania latvia and estonia 2 cccecccssssseeees soviet japanese agreement on mongolian frontier tass denies troop massing on german border owe tsopuror polrciiie hi sccscciexscdartclatcsnsviiniiesidbeldnaicanteiatocins takes bessarabia and bukovina c.cccccsccscsccsessosssesccsevees iatetew denaeinen ug ccéicncikuincmnninmuninsanniiads molotov on anglo soviet relations mobatey on baroneat wl scucnsiigitiinmncknens claims right to be on danubian commission reaction to germany’s move into rumania u.s releases machine tool shipments see also finland corr eee eee eee ee eee eee eee eee o eee ee eee ee sees eeeheeeeeeoeeeee es soho ree e hee eee ee ee teeeeeeeee pee eot isoc rrr orr r eee eee eee eee ree eee e oe ece heseeses sees es eeee es cocr r eee ere ete e sees sese eee ee se eeee oses es eees sooo eere oee eee e oee ee sees estee ees eeeeseeoe oses sette eee eeeeeeeseceseeee seem eee eeeeeeeeeseeeeseeeee cente eee encase eeeeeseseeeeeeee ee eeeeeecereee coen eeeeeeereeeseeees reer oe oor retire r irr eee eee eeeeeeeeeeneeeeee sennen ee een eee eeeeeeeeeees soo e ene eee eee sees eee eeeeeeeeeeeee slovakia hungary charges anti hungarian moves cee eee e eee eweeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee spain changs taree mccccisisiidevssicnsiminienminineenenteninen inn uno ua assis isc ascinieveonnesnancntinsseetnmeaniniaaaiaant sunfer visits berlin and rome ppereerrerrrr itt t iti tr err sweden scandinavian rulers meet at stockholm anglo swedish commercial treaty pae i sition cncdccevietaapavtbesimnemacoiesint dasiencianhaccueeaunanerivenarets tereoee wrirroey gi co fti ices cesivcnsesenrsesrssvcassssvivsiseesints copenhagen conference on neutrality mre dope riond cccseicesscnssssctactensieeitammaosenvicbnomadbasseuarecernee protests warfare on neutral shipping drt wtene toot inn gsc cccckcctcicediseseceensssicctsaccecencamnincesrtns permits passage of german war supplies seem ee een e reese eeee eee eeeeeeeeeee parr ree er eere r eee eeo ee estee eee ee eees prerrr reer rerrrrrri itr ett rr syria italy sends military mission preeeeecioorerrrererrr tr trite rr 29 35 49 49 date march 29 1940 april 5 1940 april 19 1940 june 7 1940 june 28 1940 july 5 1940 july 5 1940 july 12 1940 august 9 1940 august 23 1940 august 28 1940 september 6 1940 sentember 6 1940 september 13 1940 september 13 1940 september 20 1940 october 18 1940 october 18 1940 october 27 1939 october 27 1939 october 27 1939 november 10 1939 november 17 1939 november 24 1939 november 24 1939 december 15 1939 december 22 1939 january 5 1940 january 5 1940 january 5 1940 january 5 1940 january 19 1940 april 5 1940 april 5 1940 april 5 1940 april 5 1940 april 26 1940 may 31 1940 june 21 1940 june 21 1940 june 28 1940 july 5 1940 july 5 1940 august 9 1940 august 9 1940 august 9 1940 september 20 1940 october 18 1940 october 18 1940 may 10 1940 june 21 1940 september 27 1940 september 27 1940 october 27 1939 january 5 1940 january 26 1940 february 23 1940 march 1 1940 march 1 1940 march 8 1940 april 5 1940 july 12 1940 september 13 1940 14 volume xix thailand relations with indo china ccccccccsssesssssssssssseececseeeesesees turkey franco turkish pact turco italian conversations 0ccccsccsscceesseceseesceeceececeessees press assails german ambassador von papen anglo turkish commercial agreement turco bulgarian conversations iii cui iiis his caindiatnincunsentbcbanbetennbecisescscesoccbapeccdoesetenseeseos seizes krupp shipyards dismisses german technicians applies national defense law ccccsscccessceessseseeseereceeeeeeeneees es en sine aund sepp wound sintectnacisesicccssensnnsisosensessnteseeterceceevencosssenees corp eee eee eee ee eeeeeneeeeeee sore e eere eee er eee rhee eee eee eee eee eee eeee union of soviet socialist republics see russia union of south africa political situation and aid to britain in war united states grew on japanese american relations in ale laladriteniesinaneiconintpnnencienmenaneneeee roosevelt kalinin exchange on finland ccccccesseeseseeree shipping and national defense cccccccsesececeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeees a i iii cnc acccenpsnoenantenptsnnonnndbornsosscceasoseces deficiency appropriation request scccssceseseeeeeeeeeeeeeeees tn pan american economic and financial relations mexican ruling on oil property seizure ccccccceeceeeeees reciprocal trade agreements act renewal faces contest roosevelt names m c taylor personal representative at ese es ens ea ph so ee roosevelt’s christmas messages to pope pius xii and protestant and jewish leaders in u.s ccccceeseeeeeeees grew nomura conversation on american japanese trade catalan cal icnthlilenaiénniineasennenacnerneveonesees congress and defense appropriations cccccceeeeeseeeeeees roosevelt budget message cccccccssssesssrccesesseseeeeeeeecseeneeeceees roosevelt message to comgress cccccceceeceeceeceeeeceeeeeeceeees trade pact negotiations with argentina and uruguay fail i i is sc ececeneneenddanisainnesebiionshinuscnseneniene ees ott ed stimson asks embargo on sale of war materials to japan terminates japanese trade treaty cccccsccsesccesseceeeeeceeeeenes i io cea cteelenenimenandnmeanentcbbisaneensenmenecee ee ee export import bank fund increase voted by senate two schools of thought on foreign policy c c000 house passes trade agreements program renewal i i oe i ci erretcentremnnnciontiinseannacnbaseceoeabnassnceses export import bank bill lo ms 0.0 cccccccseccceesesseeeeeeeeesees state department creates advisory committee on war inte corte tiidcaddenialadababiatelibddieliahidtiiibdidendeseniennseceddannesoeseienseioncence roosevelt on an cnduring peoace cccccsscssersereeeeeeeeceeeeees j h r cromwell minister to canada rebuked for toronto a lio kaicre da alae che gcidiieatineenoanlipeninebeinebeienneoieesees ese senate passes trade agreements act extension hull answers japanese statement on netherlands indies impending issues of foreign policy ccccccseseeseceeeeseeeees italo american diplomatic exchanges ccccccceseeeeseeees mexican reply to hull note on oil properties at position on dutch west indies ccccccccccssssecesssseteeeseeeeenes i cin ats asbnicdobied eeatibovaeeneetuabonneasenanciensetose ee ee heonomic ties with mexbeod cccscccsocsesscccsssecessseorseccssesesesees roosevelt on defense problems cccssseecceeeseceeesseeeeeeeeees defense program developments cccccccseeceeeseseceeeseeeeeeees naval appropriation bill cccccccssssocssssessssrcesceceeeeeseeees vandenberg urges new treaty with japan cccccceeeee0es foreign policy and defense issues in political campaign foreign policy pronouncements cccccccecccesseeeeeeeeeesseeerereees roosevelt on peace essentials cccccccsscecessseeceessseeceneeeeeees i iii sled deiitiicnienndiensshdphindebdehenesanndedetetwnseerecsvevssseronssesenee ee ei cnnktlicousisanissintienaseeeniereceneenasnsnninoninnentsensnennties 33 scnaanant date october 18 1940 october 27 1939 november 10 1939 december 15 1939 january 5 1940 january 19 1940 february 9 1940 february 16 1940 march 1 1940 june 21 1940 august 30 1940 june 7 1940 october 27 1939 october 27 1939 november 17 1939 november 24 1939 november 24 1939 november 24 1939 december 1 1939 december 8 1939 december 22 1939 december 29 1939 december 29 1939 january 5 1940 january 12 1940 january 12 1940 january 12 1940 january 12 1940 january 19 1940 january 19 1940 january 19 1940 february 2 1940 february 9 1940 february 9 1940 february 23 1940 february 23 1940 march 1 1940 march 1 1940 march 8 1940 march 15 1940 march 22 1940 march 29 1940 april 12 1940 april 12 1940 april 26 1940 april 26 1940 may 10 1940 may 10 1940 may 10 1940 may 17 1940 may 31 1940 may 31 1940 may 31 1940 may 31 1940 june 14 1940 june 14 1940 june 21 1940 july 5 1940 july 12 1940 july 12 1940 july 26 1940 july 26 1940 volume xix 15 united states continued no date roosevelt signs two ocean navy bill estimates 0 0 40 july 26 1940 army expansion plans 00000 41 august 2 1940 conscription burke wadsworth bill ccccccccsssssesseseeees 41 august 2 1940 denounced by molotov csseceee 42 august 9 1940 pioiiot wii ocscnictccssninsxericesensstelenaaelaeiiamamaentinasars 42 august 9 1940 plan to exchange destroyers for british naval bases 44 august 238 1940 roosevelt mackenzie king agreement on joint defense ie vncsinscsnnsctabinssocessiasangstienashenanaaininchevaaiodadidanaatiton 44 august 28 1940 canada and u.s push defense plan cccccssssssccsersreceeseeseess 45 august 30 1940 bxecutive control of foreign policy ccccceccesesessserseereesees 45 august 30 1940 oee soir acesecensinirtsistvinrsninenensiaiammadladialia 46 september 6 1940 boo cees cie biiiiiiid cccencececeessenjeessrennntiontnincsaceninansinaindins 46 september 6 1940 protective mediation pig ccsesesssnsceesssensersescsscciscnteaneenssseecs 46 september 6 1940 congress votes burke wadsworth bill 2.0 ecseesseseeseees 48 september 20 1940 argentina suspends import licenses for american products 49 september 27 1940 passes bill to increase r.f.c lending authority 49 september 27 1940 major legislation passed by congress c:sccssessessseeeeesees 51 october 11 1940 releases machine tool shipments to russia ccccccsseseeees 52 october 18 1940 progr vene of wurgre git sn cccxtcccsmsisinisainrsnionerionenteasinninees 52 october 18 1940 urges americans to return from far east cccccseeeees 52 october 18 1940 see also american states china european war 1939 finland neutrality uruguay ue ng tit os cscneectnnessscisarnentapianonsaamaniaenndaaitcabasaaeeitans 9 december 22 1939 uruguayan u.s trade pact negotiations fail ccsees 12 january 12 1940 asus tee torre occcccssememntiinsnicainententaiiannniinitinbiiliiiinn 49 september 27 1940 western hemisphere see american states yugoslavia grre cree gerd ccccncsescnemmnnneciindiminmmnnnsiniteeianinit 6 december 1 1939 bd ouiine iristeidisrsaccncsrtsricsnpsei gnsacenacaenmaoaaeraan 6 december 1 1939 anglo yugoslav commercial treaty ccssccessseeerceeseeeesreeeees 11 january 5 1940 ate commiurise wioreetor ciccieiiicriceccrmrisicieenminnenn 11 january 5 1940 yugoslav and bulgarian foreign ministers confer 16 february 9 1940 stoyadinovitch arrested on charge of plotting with nazis 27 april 26 1940 fp eore boop rio ciro svceianisicnnsaztvescensintecvtinnionsasancediaaigiiadae 36 june 28 1940 premier cvetkovitch urges rejection of any territorial de tried ossenissiventaciosincecenecitncnsnteaeaaninaeeanaendaeaene en 52 october 18 1940 +the ut on ines fn inter pretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year roum foreign policy association incorporated te a mia 8 west 40th street new york n y pict foreign policy bulletin yo xix no 23 march 29 1940 ee forthcoming fpa meetings march 30 new york where does our national interest lie april 1 worcester the struggle for the balkans april 2 baltimore problems in the far east april 9 utica the united states and the strife of europe april 12 baltimore europe at war 13 albany canada in world affairs elmira toward a world federal government 26 springfield the british empire under fire entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at che post office at new york n y under che act of march 3 1879 apr 1 1949 general library university of michigan ann arbor mich april april 23 april the allies and germany come to grips sumner welles returns from his mission the european belligerents are girding themselves for a test of strength in france paul reynaud has taken over the reins of a new government committed to fight and win in britain popular demand for more vigorous conduct of the war has produced a determination to press attacks on nazi germany from the air and on the sea and in rumania the allies and germany are once more coming to grips ina struggle for control of oil and food supplies reynaud displaces daladier the resig nation of the daladier cabinet on march 20 came as a surprise to the outside world the secrecy which had surrounded sessions of the french parlia ment together with the rigid censorship of news dispatches concealed the development of a govern ment crisis the russo finnish peace marking a de feat for allied diplomacy apparently brought to a head the growing but ill defined criticism that the government was not sufficiently enterprising and dating in its prosecution of the war the right and the center which have always been anxious to crusade against the soviet union attacked the cabinet for its failure to support finland more actively while the socialists the largest party in the chamber appeared to have taken advantage of the cabinet's embarrassment to press their demands for represen tation in the government on march 19 a majority of the chamber abstained from giving daladier a vote of confidence although but one vote was definitely cast in opposition the government de cided to force the issue by resigning the new french premier paul reynaud ac quired a reputation for great vigor and ability by straightening out the country’s disordered public finances an uncompromising opponent of nazi germany he is expected to be unyielding in his de tetmination to carry on the war while taking over personal direction of the ministry of foreign affairs he has left edouard daladier in charge of the war office many of the ministers of the previous cab inet remain although an effort to broaden its base was made through the inclusion of three socialists notably georges monnet who has become minister of blockade it is significant that m reynaud dropped daladier’s minister of justice georges bonnet who as foreign minister was identified with the ill starred munich agreement the reynaud government survived its first test in the chamber by a majority of only one vote which by subsequent changes was increased to 17 the right and part of the center frankly criticized the participation of the socialists while m reynaud was determined to preserve the democratic and pat liamentary character of the cabinet the right ex pressed preference for a government which would less obviously reflect the predominant political com position of the chamber at the same time a con siderable number of radical socialists abstained because of resentment that their chief daladier had been unjustly maneuvered out of the premier ship while these political intrigues reveal that the social schism in france has not been fully bridged they have not endangered the continuation of par liamentary government even in the critical war period exacerbation of internal strife may ultimate ly handicap the country’s military efforts but for the moment virtually the entire french people still desire to fight the war to the bitter end britain tightens the screws in britain prime minister chamberlain has so far man aged to stave off demands for the infusion of new blood into his cabinet the popular cry for more action was partly satisfied however by a series of air raids on the german seaplane base at the isle of sylt on march 19 this prompt reprisal for the german bombardment of scapa flow buoyed up public morale even though subsequent reports by eee 2 an ete a i er nm page two neutral observers cast doubt on the claims that much damage was done such raids may become more fre quent as larger deliveries of american planes help the allies to overcome the small margin of superi ority which the germans still retain in the air the blockade against germany is also tightening if protests from oslo are any indication the british are becoming less scrupulous about entering nor wegian territorial waters to check on the movement of german merchantmen on march 22 a british submarine penetrated the kattegat and torpedoed a german freighter carrying swedish iron ore and two days later a german collier was sunk off the danish coast oliver stanley britain’s war minis ter may have announced a new policy on march 20 when he declared we have learned it is the per son who ignores the rights of the neutrals who gets the advantage new test in rumania allied influence will be subjected to a severe test in the negotiations between germany and rumania which began on march 22 after the arrival in bucharest of dr karl clodius the reich’s traveling salesman in the previous round of the struggle for rumanian trade the british won at least a partial victory but ter mination of the russo finnish war in the meantime has brought a shift in the balance of power the german government may promise to protect buchar est from the fate which befell finland provided rumania adjusts its economic life to serve the war needs of the reich dr clodius is anxious to im plement the german rumanian agreement of gandhi wins victory in all india congress the fifty third annual meeting of the all india nationalist congress ended at ramgarh on march 20 with a vote of plenary powers to mahatma gandhi after five years in political retirement mr gandhi has emerged to lead the congress once more in its efforts to wrest independence from great britain throughout the sessions of the congress he advocated moderation and compromise as the best methods for winning independence and on several occasions defeated the left wing bloc headed by subhas chandra bose which favored a more vigorous policy as a prelude to further ne gotiations with the british viceroy mr gandhi de manded strict party discipline and allegiance to his principle of non violence we must break the bond of slavery he declared but if i am your general you must accept my conditions continuance of deadlock mahatma gandhi's return to open leadership in the congress is a new and important development in the struggle which has been going on since the outbreak of war in europe on november 5 the viceroy india asks for freedom foreign policy bulletin november 3 1939 march 1939 in which rumania undertook to step y its production of goods that germany lacks jy cently the bucharest government has repeatedly pressed its intention to raise the output of industy mining and agriculture although denying the ip plication that this increased production was to earmarked for the reich germany has built up sizeable clearing balance in its favor through th delivery of machinery and equipment and oy wants to capitalize on its investments by drawi more extensively on rumania for oil fibers and food dr clodius faces many difficulties by keeping about 1,600,000 men under arms rumania is nuding its farms of much needed labor the jy efficiency of the rumanian system of administratis is another obstacle to the improvement of transpo tation facilities and an increase in production pectations of any significant rise in rumanian gj output also seem doomed to disappointment th progressive exhaustion of the country’s oil reserva is reflected in the publication of production figure for 1939 which reveal a total of 6,154,000 metric tons compared with 6,600,000 tons the preceding year on the other hand the political constellation is certainly more favorable to germany the pres tige of the allies in the balkans has sunk to a ney low and the prospect of closer cooperation be tween moscow rome and berlin has its effect m every balkan capital the allies will have to a promptly and effectively to counteract this growing german influence john c dewilde lord linlithgow announced that his conference with indian leaders had failed and that he would resort to his emergency powers by november 1 the ministries in the eight provinces controlled by the congress party had resigned leaving the provin cial governors to rule by decree the viceroy’s te peated offers to include representatives of the con gress party and the moslem league in his executive council for the duration of the war were rejected by both groups the viceroy speaking at bombuy on january 11 pledged eventual dominion status to india in a conciliatory speech which according to mr gandhi contained the germ of a settlement a conference between lord linlithgow and mr gandhi on february 5 proved fruitless however and on march 1 the congress working committee passed a resolution threatening to renew civil dis obedience the negotiations of recent months have broken down largely on the issue of hindu moslem rela tions the all india moslem league headed by ali jinnah insists that the 77,000,000 moslems of india receive adequate rights and a proportionate shatt in bot der an gress congr as spo for b rove 4 mo ptesid gover toric prerec consis ent ct cern a desi east g the i alizec work depei legia split wher gan denc drasi pad we ss bs fa bos 2 oe amrsesarekws 8 i0n res ala ali are in both the central and provincial governments un der any future constitution and denies that the con gress party represents the moslem minority the congress party on the other hand assails mr jinnah as spokesman for the moslems and claims to speak for both the moslem and hindu populations to prove its point the congress on february 15 chose a moslem maulana abul kalam azad as its new president succeeding rajendra prasad the british vernment meanwhile has insisted that the his toric hindu moslem conflict must be settled as a prerequisite for self government the british have consistently upheld the moslems through the pres ent constitutional crisis partly out of genuine con cern for the rights of a minority and partly out of a desire to win moslem support throughout the near east gandhi's tactics the difficulty of solving the hindu moslem controversy has long been re alized by mahatma gandhi who has persistently worked for national unity as a basis for national in dependence his present demand for complete al legiance to his leadership however results from a split within the congress party itself since 1938 when subhas chandra bose was forced by mr gandhi's collaborators to resign the congress presi dency the radical wing has been demanding more drastic opposition to britain and a program of so page three cialism for india mahatma gandhi adhering to his life long program of non violence has refused to sanction any policy that might provoke bloodshed but has found i difficult to hold back his younger and more impatient followers to make sure that any new mass movement for indian we eh is limited to non violent action he is therefore com pelled to consolidate his leadership and demand party discipline the next few months will probably find both the british government and the congress party play ing for time and maneuvering to find some work able compromise mahatma gandhi would probably be satisfied if the british would pledge dominion status effective at the end of the present euro pean war and to make some immediate conces sions such an offer would satisfy most of the congress party and yet avoid any possibility of vio lence the british would insist upon protection for the various minorities and the native states and upon safeguards covering defense and commerce although the breakdown of the 1935 constitution makes a compromise far more difficult some work ing agreement is desirable particularly so that the provincial ministries may return to office and the central régime may develop federation and self overnment é james frederick green the f.p.a bookshelf the voice of destruction hitler speaks by hermann rauschning new york putnam’s 1940 2.75 the record of these conversations with hitler seem des tined to rank with mein kampf as an index to the ftihrer’s political philosophy international security by eduard benes arthur feiler rushton coulborn and edited by w h c laves chi eago university of chicago press 1939 2.00 the harris foundation lectures given in july 1939 with rare insight into human factors which determine foreign policy the authors review post world war efforts to assure peace if any one generalization can fit the views of three independent observers it might be that the value of collective security has not been disproved but rather that collective security has temporarily ceased to function for want of support by individualistic governments of the great powers political handbook of the world edited by walter h mal lory new york harpers for council on foreign rela tions 1940 2.50 an indispensable source of reference for information on the governments parties leaders and press of all countries completely revised to january 1 1940 for what do we fight by norman angell new york harpers 1940 2.50 a realistic and stimulating discussion of the factors underlying the present discussion of war aims and peace aims the author argues that the supreme grievance of every state is absence of security until that is redressed the redress of none other counts the fate of man by h g wells new york alliance book corp 1939 2.50 the new world order by h g wells new york knopf 1940 1.50 a world famous pamphleteer and prophet addresses minds which have suddenly become alarmed and open and inquiring because of the war the fate of man a philosophy of realistic pessimism bespeaks an urgent need for human adaptation to changed conditions the new world order points the way through social revolution scientifically planned and legally executed based on re spect for individual freedom finland by j hampden jackson new york macmillan 1940 2.00 a well written historical and interpretative study con taining most of the answers to questions which constantly arise over news from finland you americans edited by f p adams new york funk wagnalls 1939 2.50 fifteen correspondents of leading european asiatic and latin american newspapers accustomed to describing america for foreign readers now tell americans what they think of this country both revealing and instructive kodo the way of the emperor by mary a nourse new york bobbs merrill 1940 3.50 a history of japan’s development since the earliest times written in a popular and readable style the intro ductory chapters on the origins of japanese culture and civilization are especially interesting and valuable for the lay reader foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 23 march 29 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f legr secretary vera micue.es dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year 181 f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter vee washington bureau national press building mar 25 when under secretary sumner welles returns to washington this week he will find that the official atmosphere has undergone a subtle change during his absence in europe whatever he may be able to report to the president and secretary hull on the results of his fact finding mission he will encounter a deeper suspicion of any peace move and a stronger resistance to further diplomatic ac tion by the united states at this time praise for welles rebuke to crom well in every quarter there is genuine praise for the manner in which mr welles conducted himself in europe and even those who were most critical of his journey at the outset are ready to concede that he carried out a difficult assignment with un usual skill but these tributes to the under secre tary’s professional ability do not entirely conceal the apprehensions of that section of washington opin ion which is most opposed to any negotiated settle ment under existing conditions despite the appar ent failure to find a practicable basis for negotia tions this group believes that another effort to end the war will be made if and when germany suc ceeds in uniting italy and the soviet union in a bloc capable of dictating a settlement presumably mr welles will be able to give the president a full account of the feverish diplomatic maneuvering which accompanied the conference be tween hitler and mussolini at the brenner pass on march 18 last week however state department officials professed to be mystified by reports of an alleged 11 point program carried in newspaper dis patches from rome and washington joined ber lin london and other capitals in denying any knowledge of this particular proposal neverthe less the haste with which the white house sought to repudiate the story and to minimize the possi bility of peace proposals gave further evidence of the administration’s desire to steer clear of involve ment at this stage mr roosevelt made this evi dent at his press conference on march 19 when without referring directly to the 11 point program he cast doubt on the authenticity of all such reports from europe and remarked that the peace head lines seemed very empty the president’s com ments left no doubt in the minds of washington observers that the administration is not prepared to guarantee or underwrite any proposal for ending the war on hitler’s terms in sharp contrast to the praise for mr welles was the public rebuke administered to james h r cromwell our newly appointed minister to canada for his toronto speech on march 20 as might have been expected mr cromwell’s outspoken criticism of the isolationist attitude of the united states and his strong expression of sympathy for the allies aroused a storm of protest in congress with sena tors and representatives of both parties demanding that the american minister be recalled or otherwise disciplined while the sentiments expressed by mr cromwell may be shared by many officials in wash ington the white house indignantly denied reports that the speech had been approved in advance by president roosevelt secretary hull in his reprimand made it clear that the address contravened stand ing instructions to american diplomatic officers which forbid public discussion of controversial poli cies of other governments without prior knowledge and permission of this government this rebuke ap parently satisfied most of mr cromwell’s critics but for some it leaves unanswered the question whether important posts should be entrusted to po litical appointees without diplomatic experience of any kind planes for the allies meanwhile the ad ministration has tentatively approved a new aircraft export policy which will permit the allies to purchase the most modern american warplanes without de lay under the new plan as worked out by the war and navy departments the allies will be allowed to buy a limited number of new planes now under construction for the army and navy in addition they will be permitted to place orders for the latest experimental types hitherto withheld provided that no secret military devices are released with the planes this policy which is certain to encounter opposi tion when it is presented to the house military af fairs committee this week is defended on the ground that the expansion of american aircraft pro duction facilities far outweighs any possible loss from sale of the newest designs as a result of orders already placed it is said that united states pro duction of aircraft has tripled during the past year and if the plan is approved it is expected to pave the way for allied purchases totaling a billion dol lars within the next 18 months for the present only a small minority is asking about the possible economic consequences of such a war boom w t stone ws vv were vv french main li have a decidec financii since tl wat w opiniot seem volvin that ir leaks i the bl dashes bellige not ul many interfe wi of x the a ore ai in 19 000,01 tons port port ing tl baltic naval allie throu norv do a of m justic +foreign policy bulletin index to volume xx october 25 1940 october 17 1941 published weekly by the national headquarters foreign policy association 22 east 38th street incorporated new york n y seete index to volume xx foreign policy bulletin october 25 1940 october 17 1941 africa de gaulle forces take libreville see also european war core r ro ere eee ee oeh soe eee eee eee eeeeeeeeeo ees american states emergency committee inaugurated cccseesesseesseeceees roosevelt and hull on hemisphere defense trier amiepicam gotougc cries occccinreseessestecivicnvesscecasvenescsesensieses u.s increases export import bank facilities latin american concern over u.s lend lease action pre dies drone ccceciesnivnitinnantnntinsinnaliaeialin u.s mexican joint defense program ccsssscsssessssseees u.s canadian armament production agreement ou ie ses lor ss rsens te u.s blacklists latin american firms dealing with axis inter american front moves against axis reactions to blacklist tp eeeeeeeeeces ee eeeeeeereecceeee sere eeeereeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee coree r eere ree eee eters sees sees eeeeee seh eeeeeeeee sees es eeed argentina ripoeeerte ceos dovoriiiie occeiccnsssssnsscicasenesniatgsnsseonesnspcacsennstavi id otd bd tee ncecsteninccntrnniinemaneninaieineiieiinianin bn sgi sicdrs ccoinsscinninnivvstssemsacaipinsesindeaaivsansedls sale toned acting president castillo establishes temporary decree stains sisnsinavnccsastacdesoccsacincasniaeratantidiesesgseiaaeessemimtaahaniiean ts wo cii enceccncnstninicinniiteiabtiniynncstnintinniaianlaaidiniae congressional committee investigates nazi activities naat innvestigabion ptospombes 6 cccccscccecossnscccsreccosccvecsecestnseesscens economic cooperation with democratic powers pure computed ss ccccssscsiiintariccnnsnecrieripabbabicibanranmtetanies troops occupy military air bases to forestall plot eeereeeees eee eeeeseeseeeeeeee seeeesereseneeee australia srgr gee wo be cisicccninicniotmumaeonaaneasaee ries oe dart uired whi cess esters nspisivecccticicnteotornnios special cabinet meeting on far east tension eee ereeeeeeeseseeeeee balkans developments hinge on britain and russia see also european war coen e eee reassess eeseeeeees belgium free government aids britain opposition to nazi rule corre eee e ose ree e eee eho eee e eee eee sese eeeeeseseeeeee ees bolivia et bn 4 nbs ciidkcddccciiimceccernte een i se eee rt cse ar 2 eneen pe nmnn ap ieriaen 5 lp rnw esa ousts german minister nazi activities corre eee eee ree eee e eere eeeeseeeee eee eeeseeee teese este eeeeeseeeeeesseeeees book reviews abend hallett japan unmasked aglion raoul war in the desert cccccscccsoceccosssesccescess alexander fred australia and the united states the american impact on great britain 1898 1914 anderson e w nationalism and the cultural crisis in forage todct oig oo icinansvciinciastinsvisinciastnert titi denen armstrong h f chronology of failure the last days of the french republic corea eee eee eere ee eee eee eter eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 20 48 41 44 40 39 38 42 date november 15 1940 november 1 1940 november 1 1940 november 22 1940 november 29 1940 february 7 1941 march 21 1941 march 21 1941 april 25 1941 july 4 1941 july 25 1941 august 1 1941 august 1 1941 november 1 1940 november 29 1940 december 27 1940 may 2 1941 august 1 1941 august 22 1941 september 19 1941 october 3 1941 october 3 1941 october 3 1941 february 7 1941 april 11 1941 august 15 1941 october 25 1940 march 7 1941 september 19 1941 october 25 1940 august 1 1941 august 1 1941 august 22 1941 july 25 1941 july 18 1941 july 11 1941 august 8 1941 december 20 1940 november 29 1940 4 volume xx book reviews continued no date arnold h h and eaker i c winged warfare 00 44 august 22 1941 baldwin h w united we stand v.cccccsssssscvsssssssssssssssssssssee 32 may 30 1941 what the citizen should know about the navy 51 october 10 1941 ball m w this fascinating oil business 0secccessees 35 june 20 1941 banning kendall the fleet to scslsedameinebeiuatichininiie 14 january 24 1941 basil g c and lewis e f test tubes and dragon sue cisiliiiacadhitiatiensdienialicchenaaatiininareereingunrmmeanetsecennetenen 24 april 4 1941 baumer w h and giffen s f 21 to 35 what the draft and army training mean to you 8 december 13 1940 bayles w d caesars in goose step 52 october 17 1941 becker c l modern democracy csccccceecceceeereccesseeeeeeecees 50 october 3 1941 benham frederic great britain under protection 47 september 12 1941 bernays e l speak up for democracy ccccccssscseseereees 34 june 13 1941 bliss c a the structure of manufacturing production 14 january 24 1941 bodley ronald and hearst lorna gertrude bell 18 february 21 1941 borton hugh japan since 1981 cccccccccsccessoeseeseesrecsesenseseee 33 june 6 1941 brailsford h n from england to america a message 9 december 20 1940 brittain vera england’s hour cc ccccccssccccesesscesessceesseeeeees 32 may 30 1941 brown paul the abc’s of the i.dur ccccccsecessssseesseseenseee 25 april 11 1941 brown w a the international gold standard rein i siren deitinrennnsessuvinansnuretveeienveensnecmecreneceesserseneneeaeee 29 may 9 1941 carlson e f twin stars of cina cc.ccccssccessssseessereesseees 2 november 1 1940 bd iie brie oo cesvncocninccensesteccoccseecescccssssonecnsesevatonees 14 january 24 1941 carr albert america’s last cranced ccccscscccceesseccceseeees 18 february 21 1941 chambrun rené de i saw france fall will she rise again 2 november 1 1940 chandruang kumut my boyhood in siam 0cc 0000000 49 september 26 1941 churchill w s blood sweat and tears 29 may 9 1941 the city of man a declaration on world democracy 16 february 7 1941 clark colin the conditions of economic progress 38 july 11 1941 condliffe j b the reconstruction of world trade 42 august 8 1941 corwin e s the president office and powers 14 january 24 1941 dafoe j w canada fights 51 october 10 1941 dietrich e b far eastern trade of the united states 33 june 6 1941 dodd w e jr and dodd martha ambassador dodd’s stii sessenaaiesiteihdiasinibstihdiaalimsanasinntinietiiamabancinenamennneeineneenens 24 april 4 1941 elliston h b finland fights c.csssssee 18 february 21 1941 fahs c b government in japan 33 june 6 1941 farson negley behind god’s back c.scsssssesssssesessseseeseesees 25 april 11 1941 i attire 47 september 12 1941 feis herbert the changing pattern of international eco i ee 24 april 4 1941 finney burnham arsenal of democracy 0 ssessssesese0s 49 september 26 1941 fischer louis men in politics cccccscccsssceesesees 39 july 18 1941 flynn j t country squire in the white house 1 october 25 1940 fodor m w the revolution i8 om ccc.sssscssssessesesseseeseseeee 8 december 13 1940 foerster f w europe and the german question 0 49 september 26 1941 ford h s what the citizen should know about the army 51 october 10 1941 foreman clark and raushenbush joan total defense 22 march 21 1941 francis e v britain’s economic strategy 0s0000 3 november 8 1940 frankenstein sir george diplomat of destiny 3 november 8 1940 friedman i s british relations with china 1931 1939 14 january 24 1941 galbraith winifred in china now c.ccsccccsccssscssescesseseeees 48 september 19 1941 garratt g t what has happened to europe ccccc0000 13 january 17 1941 gaulle charles de the army of the future ccccccccccccsceceeoes 40 july 25 1941 goetz delia neighbors to the sowth cccccccccssccccsesseeeceeeeee 51 october 10 1941 gollomb joseph what’s democracy to you cccccccccccceseseeeee 4 november 15 1940 gordon manya workers before and after lenin 0 40 july 25 1941 gumpert martin heil hunger ccccccsccccsscscsscsccccssssseses 19 february 28 1941 a 6 november 29 1940 hahn emily the soong sisters scscccessesescesseresseeeseeeee 37 july 4 1941 halifax viscount speeches on foreign policy 00 29 may 9 1941 hardy c 0 wartime control of prices cccccccccseccsssseseseseeee 25 april 11 1941 healy k t the economics of transportation in america 15 january 31 1941 heide dirk van der my sister and i c.cccccessseseseeeeeseesseeees 22 march 21 1941 henius frank latin american trade how to get it and i ala aic aii actaaal ait telicaaditital ela ciegsndonite abate iepinieneninawenyvexsieas 44 august 22 1941 hessel f a and m s and martin w chemistry in aia acai leaniiam i annvetianbdineseseeeubinsaaaaoen 39 july 18 1941 hill helen and agar herbert beyond german victory 6 november 29 1940 hume e h the chinese way in medicine cc.cccee00es 20 march 7 1941 ingersoll ralph report on emgland cccccccescesceseeseeseeeee 22 march 21 1941 jackson j h and lee kerry problems of modern europe 47 september 12 1941 johnstone w c the united states and japan’s new erasers er dati oe ae so a a ne ae 51 october 10 1941 jones s l and myers d p ed documents on american foreign relations july 1939 juune 1940 ccccrcccccsecceesserseeees 2 november 1 1940 kaltchas nicholas introduction to the constitutional his iii sii i ccsicsnciniguiciennslovninebetbinnasictiacerensarssaperetoote 23 march 28 1941 katibah h i the new spirit in arab lands 000 22 march 21 1941 et tell ei i tellin volume xxx book reviews continued kemmerer e w inflation and revolution mexico’s ex doteinos ge tot rgte cncesissscnsscrescnrnctnsibiscansagecbiscaininnnaiagtens kennedy j f why england slept sscccccccsssssscccsssecsees klemmer harvey they'll never quit kohn hans not by aris alene cscsscccccessscecccesessconcesesssoes kuno y s japanese expansion on the asiatic continent landon k p siam in transition ccccccccccccscccvcscssscccesseccecees langdon davies john invasion in the snow cscseeceeeeeeee langer w l an encyclopedia of world history he laski h j where do we go from here csssessersssceees laves w h c ed the foundation of a more stable pee coomiod cicsscaxencccssqcmsensennbaeenbeboisecssenssonmipstananoeeenaesmaes leske gottfried was a nazi flier ee ee a ee eae logan r w the diplomatic relations of the united deagon with tai etfo ooe picncesescwtessserssenesinsincitaies lohrke eugene and arline the long watch in england low a m méme ated counter mine c.ceccccscocessercrcscccccccceceses lower a r m canada and the far east 1940 lyon l s and abrahamson victor government and bi giee id crscencntnenisecccniniihaianiicaaadinaiiaisneniamataiiinds mcinnis edgar the war firat year cccccccccssssssscsscese marder a j the anatomy of british sea power marlow james de gaulle and the coming invasion of gpu iiiee sninssctccsniccscacsaecbunesaeeemesetaneeereamrouanianesniatnediiagiaciwaiatiet i sis bn bi id so cossnsceccnscahgeninlvneiaiecapilipeipmitaiieth nian middlebush f a and hill cine elements of interna tional relations sciindaiseaaga eidldnancnaeiacoaht denied aaidlatomendamias mitchell kate and holland w l eds problems of the oid iisctisiicannienntinscnrapice lansing caiaitiiaaadaetae iligelaciaimnsiieieiipeeiaia a itaiat mote lara under the from flog6 sscicscsscssossscevercsstensesctvnvecevecese montague l l haiti and the united states 1714 1938 national industrial conference board the economic sen fo ii si casesicsisssatacincc ti ckdgetn aricsetasinccieeisloigaiettenicna nason l h approach to battle cccvccsisccossevecscssscrsececccvessscescens the new infantry drill regulations u.s army 0 newton a p a hundred years of the british empire nicholson n w battle shield of the republic olson a l scandinavia the background for neutrality paish george the defeat of chaoe ccccccccsssesseceesserecseees peffer nathaniel prerequisites to peace in the far east pileudalon algwergre primo cesscsscsccsesecssestsnasacosccesosses platt r r and others the european possessions in the ae a eerie iese rte es be orl sr een political handbook of the world ccc sscccsssssssssscsssesssenees the pope speaks the words ve pius xii prawdin michael the mongol empire c:cccccescsseeceeeeees price m p hitler’s war and eastern europe 0000 paansoies had d the armed forces of the pacific ele eere eee w.e the quest for peace since the world war reithinger a why france lost the war reveille thomas the spoil of europe c.cccccccssssesseeenerseeees reynolds quentin the wounded don’t cry rippy j f the caribbean danger zone 0 ccccccseeeceeeeees historic evolution of hispanic america robertson ben i saw bngland 00ccccescorescccccoscesesesssreccensess rossignol j e from marz to stalin samuel maurice the great hatred schuman f l night over burope ccccccccccccsccssoceccsssessce schumpeter e b ed the industrialization of japan and rear idol esiisssiscscincnasiesssiinissnciceneeninsenianeiinscinaviin scott f r canada and the united states ssseeeseee shepardson w h the united states in world a ffairs 1939 shirer w l berlin pie sucsisiiniuiccnxeinridesdvnnsncdemtaipeteamaniesans shotwell j t and déak francis turkey at the straits shuman r b the petroleum industry siegfried andré suez and panam ccccccccccssccsscsseccees slichter s h union policies and industrial management awad bec mics coon fe emiiw s56 monee setisseceacnccecresensesauviceicesesvaccsic snow edgar the battle for asia the south american handbook 0 00ss:cccccesssscccosssesasscosveseceess south eastern europe a brief survey ccccccccccccccecesseeees sprout harold and sprout margaret toward a new order of sea power american naval policy and the tone door outed poicoivcisitiestcceeenee nin stewart r b treaty relations of the british common so a re ees ee en ee rn cree ee strode hudson feveland forever cccccccccccocsesccccscssssoosssess sutherland i l g the maori people today cocr ree eee eee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eer eee e eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeees cee ee eeeeeeeeeeres sees coo e eee e eee nessa eee eeeneeereseeeeee seen ee ee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeteneees sor eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee eee prrrrrrrerrrrrrrrri ty date may 9 1941 october 25 1940 october 10 1941 june 13 1941 april 11 1941 december 13 1940 may 30 1941 april 11 1941 november 15 1940 june 13 1941 october 3 1941 july 18 1941 september 19 1941 november 8 1940 august 22 1941 june 6 1941 june 20 1941 january 24 1941 may 30 1941 february 28 1941 october 17 1941 november 1 1940 august 22 1941 october 10 1941 november 29 1940 november 8 1940 may 9 1941 february 21 1941 may 28 1941 november 1 1940 april 11 1941 june 20 1941 june 6 1941 august 22 1941 october 17 1941 june 13 1941 may 9 1941 april 11 1941 december 13 1940 september 26 1941 october 3 1941 june 13 1941 september 26 1941 october 10 1941 june 13 1941 december 20 1940 october 25 1940 august 22 1941 july 11 1941 march 21 1941 may 23 1941 june 13 1941 july 11 1941 december 20 1940 october 3 1941 february 14 1941 august 15 1941 december 13 1940 july 18 1941 february 28 1941 october 10 1941 august 15 1941 october 10 1941 april 11 1941 december 13 1940 october 10 1941 september 26 1941 6 volume xxx book reviews continued taylor edmond the strategy of terror cccccccccsseseeesees taylor g e the struggle for north china 0 0000 thomson david the democratic ideal in france and siiiiiiiy sieebsthiesiteteestnsisbiinaninametitiitattemnastaineinvemeninemanmuscanneszecosexeqente tung l china and some phases of international law twentieth century fund housing for defense valtin jan out of the night ccccccccscccscccseessssececeenseseeees van kleffens e n juggernaut over holland wang s t the margary affair and the chefoo agree tented coascsenensscustsebetensbebidnenntneseubeseeceutesneecesetoerenteeccesoucocsseesceveesees wells carveth north of simgapore cccccccccsecssssceeseeseeees white w a ed defense for america who's who tt latin amotiog 00cccescssccssessecesssecccesssccsssereoses wolfe h c the imperial soviets 0 ccccccccccseccssseeeseecces wylie philip and muir w w the army way yanaihara tadao pacific islands under japanese mandate sooo r rrr eee eee eee eee eeeeee brazil argentine trade agreement c.cccccccccccccsssessssssccssecseceecees u.s export import bank credit sore teeter hee ees e ee ee eee eee eee e eee eeee bulgaria king boris visits berlin i il aaenacscaieteeunsindinninabeanensioeesesoes denies germans occupy airfields turkish non aggression pact adheres to axis pact el en russia's moco om cocupalion cccceccccoccsccccesecccecccccecccsccccscoceees russia charges seaports are used as axis bases terre eere eee e eee eee eee eee eee eee eee reese eee eee eeeeee eee sore e eere r ere eee oee eee eee eee eee eeeee eee pre rr rere ee errr ert rey hore e eee ree e eere eere ees ee ee eee eee ee ee eee sees ee eeeeeeeee peererrrrrrrrriir canada i iti den scdalbdn eanievigasna ealesenannedicioeunevebonice i ciid 1 sccscsassnteipnciahuntgusousseiendnecdsbavosecebecoevectens u.s canadian armament production agreement chile political pattern political crisis ere r ree e eee hee ere e eee essere este eeeeee eee ee eee eee ee eee eee eeee ear r ee ree ee eere eere eee e eee eee eee ee eee eee ee esse eeee eee eee eee eee eee ee china ee ee eee cea a teese saa oe ee kuomintang communist rift i iid iiiiiiiiigiiiiil 0 soccnieinsassusennesnonepenseencestinonseescsssnnessees chiang kai shek disbands fourth route army i a a sephindlineneianabonse japanese ambassador to nanking régime discounts early hone rro e eee eee eee eee eee ee eee eee eset esse eee eee eee eere eee eee hess eee eee eee ee eees sore eere eee eere eee ee eere eee eee ee he eeee eee eee kuomintang communist relations japanese casualties in war u.s military mission corre eee ree eeo eee ee eee eee eee eee ee eere eee eee correo e err ree ee eee ee eoe eee eee eee ee eee eee ee eeo e eee eee colombia political situation elections spore eere eere eee eere eee eee eee eee ee eeee eee ee eee ee eee e eee eee ee ee ed seer ree eere eere eere eee e eere eere e reese eeeee eee ee eee hehehe ee eee eee e eee eeeeee saree eere eee there hehe eee eee eee eee ee eee eee costa rica u.s export import bank credit poppe e ies reer re cuba president batista installed u.s loan negotiations corre r eere eere eee e eee eee ee ee eee eee e eee eee eee eeee czechoslovakia free government aids britain cccccccccscessseserceeseneees germany arrests premier elias executes 24 in alleged plot dominican republic eee ee ne no ee 14 20 50 10 date may 9 1941 june 6 1941 april 11 1941 june 6 1941 may 23 1941 march 7 1941 june 13 1941 february 28 1941 july 25 1941 november 1 1940 october 3 1941 november 15 1940 april 11 1941 march 7 1941 november 1 1940 november 29 1940 november 22 1940 january 17 1941 february 14 1941 february 21 1941 march 7 1941 march 7 1941 march 7 1941 september 26 1941 february 7 1941 april 25 1941 april 25 1941 december 27 1940 may 2 1941 october 25 1940 december 6 1940 december 6 1940 january 17 1941 january 17 1941 february 7 1941 april 11 1941 may 16 1941 june 6 1941 june 6 1941 july 25 1941 september 5 1941 january 24 1941 may 2 1941 august 22 1941 november 29 1940 november 1 1940 january 24 1941 march 7 1941 october 3 1941 december 27 1940 volume xx ecuador president arroyo del rio takes office ee wind ceccesnitnsiticennevieeedackinitobicsacmnebaeaannat peruvian boundary dispute suspends german airline rere sooo eee eee eee eee e reese estee eee ee ee eeeee teese ee eees cree core oee oee esheets eee eseseseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeoeeees egypt cabinet resigns see also european war sar er oooo ree e oee rose eeo essere eee ee teese es eseesteeee sees eee eeeeeoee ees ethiopia british position on independence sop r oo eee oe terres hoes eee eet ees esse eeees european war 1939 axis and middle east oil pop trratl hs tool ciid asics cccesisscdss inectscsscssckceipemeeaartaneninees churchill asks france not to hinder british fight on hitler reo wenn onsnenise ss cceniacigreadiderec tihs etdasseadodoreaucadniwices france accepts hitler new order csccccccoscossscsocsdcseseoctessess british shipping losses and purchases bu cid teh choi ssi cnecsincczsicsererenrmercitientnicenoinnencte france delays peace with axis i sn ts od nicsaicrsinsisihistteeihiceccatiestniieildahiseleialaiidanaing turkey non intervention policy te rint ai tinie rs ncdccneseccsencastiictecessstnvcccenumleeiteateusacincbic cowie cr i i sissc ses ici icceckc sein sindecnasecassseseeeneins de gaulle forces take libreville cui ere ine ge seis n.cstssbintatricrrctcrricieercacccinone u.s allocates war material to british empire be ho rere come ee eee een ee ee eg el eee ee ee eee ne diin tr tin es cesicaasscriincansitnnnpcectammnnniaiilianiaednsiteitia ios otnry dori ge td assesses hcennsscninsiasccecdscessascocewncevene u.s advances work on atlantic bases germany assails greek premier see srniitinit sscsccunnscsitienenssstiiaieninnialcsbiialtiabsuantsieieleiiiiaieainatiihis british financial resources in u.s for war needs german plans for balkan reorganization ee se iud snssidhntncenhataeliil ts sesntiiainiihsbilibideiieaniansainies british u.s treasury officials begin talks on aid italian high command shake up cccccsccsssssesseseceeseeeseess political issue in british aid from u.s ccccccccceesseseeeeees id wein ircriirrcienittcnititnnincisicinsidinsihiciniamasthitainataatianiiit ator crogs te nope bepiow q s.cvisesescesccseccsacicsscissscoceseccesserace british drive italians from egypt cccccsscesssssssesesseeeees hitler calls war struggle of two worlds ccccccccceseseseeeeee british aid measures in new u.s defense program churchill on anglo italian hostilities germany on u.s aid to britain graziani on african struggle mediterranean moves stiiiinne sniiniid scccvvstiudicsintssiphhsenniubiiannsbesinictasnisianantieeulecdeiianesbasaaiiadtib german troop moves in balkans bint sitio i cuisinnisnnitseceuissiniesnnsiashnipsiiitiadeasboiidanasaadbiiaaniatiaiiaaatiabt sur uee raney mei edsoedsicdsscicntsnrsceoseeevedcromiecaaste emanate pete wcu ti ii cecsscirccsiniccocoscessnconmciccccnies u.s responsibilities toward peace cccccccsesssssssssssssssssees wheeler’s working basis for just peace se wrn gu rud a ceniicnchtecinesciitiiveienniensittdiiessienieniiannins france not to use fleet against britain ccccccccccccceeeees german airplanes attack in mediterranean ccccs0e0 hitler mussolini conference on mediterranean hull knox and stimson on lend lease bill se oe id insicicecosndsssengh eosin tecnansi eran brition empire armed loree gogre n.i.sccccceccccccsccccccscecscesesecessere passive resistance in german occupied countries dominions increase b1d fo beicbimn cc.cscscosssccscccesesccsseseeceesees american youth congress denunciation ur sii ing iiss ccisiaccascneecncctisnecrersicrasscexcsarsiocoanncenerans churchill warns bulgaria and rumania lend lease bill passed by house lindbergh opposes aid to britain balkans pressure by germany bn te od iiccocicseccannimoscatuanieeocedakeu ins ova tubicewecseicasaaaleeaiain hitler and mussolini on intensification matsuoka’s mediation offer to britain cccscccceeeeeeees bulgarian occupation by germany threatens greece and ione icotncacoincincsniuictenegaaicunetere neice ai free governments aid britain ore rrr eere eere oee reteset ee esse sese eeee ee eese teese sees so e eee en ene eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenes poor roe rse er eee teese eee eee eee e ee ee eeseeseees poor coo e ee ee eee oee ee eee ee eee eeeee sees es eees corr e eee eee eee eee ee ees ere eere ee ee seeeeeeeeees poor eee ree eee ee eee eee eee eeeeeeeeee poorer oooo e oes ee ee eee eset sese e ees eeees eee eees eeeeeeeseeeeeees see eee ee ee eeeeeeeeseeseeeeeeee er ro oreo e eee ee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee coree reco r eee ee ee eee see eee eoe eee eee eeeeeee sooo e eee ree eee ee eee ee sees oses ee eee sees eee ed sore ere e ree oe eee eee eee eeeeeeee eee ee eee oeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeed sor eee eee eee eee ee ee ee eee sees sees ee eee eee eee eee neeeneresseeeeeeeeeees preeerieec tri terri iti et ri no 28 48 34 i ol d co o 00 00 00 00 03 9 9 cn ot ot ot ot ib co co co co co co do pa a a date november 1 1940 may 2 1941 may 30 1941 september 19 1941 june 13 1941 april 11 1941 october 25 1940 october 25 1940 october 25 1940 october 25 1940 november 1 1940 november 8 1940 november 8 1940 november 8 1940 november 8 1940 november 8 1940 november 8 1940 november 15 1940 november 15 1940 november 15 1940 november 15 1940 november 22 1940 november 22 1940 november 22 1940 november 22 1940 november 22 1940 november 29 1940 november 29 1940 december 6 1940 december 6 1940 december 6 1940 december 138 1940 december 13 1940 december 138 1940 december 13 1940 december 20 1940 december 20 1940 december 20 1940 december 27 1940 december 27 1940 december 27 1940 december 27 1940 december 27 1940 december 27 1940 january 3 1941 january 3 1941 january 10 1941 january 10 1941 january 10 1941 january 10 1941 january 24 1941 january 24 1941 january 24 1941 january 24 1941 january 24 1941 january 31 1941 january 31 1941 january 31 1941 february 7 1941 february 14 1941 february 14 1941 february 14 1941 february 14 1941 february 14 1941 february 21 1941 february 21 1941 february 28 1941 february 28 1941 march 7 1941 march 7 1941 volume xxx european war 1939 continued shipping losses since beginning of war lend lease bill sed by senate post war order santos to take shape russia’s dilemma fe britignn advance im africa ccccccccccsorsssssscsesssccesscorsscsscocee turkey stands firm yugoslav german pact italian navy defeat by british ccccccccccccsssceessesseeeseees reconstruction stressed by halifax hoover and sii siiedlisiihsiaiitiditsbiihtnhethbatibanttanesetnactiiinetnniensinmnemmensceveneocennesense total british civilian casualties from air attacks u.s seizes axis ships in american ports cccscseesees yugoslavia defies axis control cccccccccessceseseesseceerssceeeeeee addis ababa yields to british cccccccccssscseseceseeeeeeeees britain strengthens greek defenses cccccccseeeseeeeeeseees germany invades greece and yugoslavia ccccsseees libyan withdrawals by british u.s denounces yugoslav invasion axis forces in egyptian territory moe rii mt iii 1 sc ssnsnnsnoceesevonvescocovescnescccceseeccesse yugoslavia’s dismemberment planned cccccsssereseseeees greek front weakening as srr rr en north african developments ccssscsssssessesseseseeesseeenenee ie eee british withdraw from greece churchill on defeat roosevelt and other public officials on naval protection for iti iii 5 esnacenatenteasantesnensnqneennennsosscceconscousennsion sn tl soon cacinnnengnbabeibebunneercensearenosecouteencunecense los ccenereeneniteniatinaendpnneneaconsseueneetooneese hitler on balkan campaign and on armament needs iraq outbreak weakens britain in middle east es ae ttt ats tr cce darlan for collaboration with german new order nazis try to unite europe against u.s and britain pressure for african bases accompanies german conces scte tienen snccciustsllictiecaeniiaediipidnanhtsinendicebencssionerveurcareescoounnecse duke of aosta surrenders to british cccccccecccsssseeeees general dentz on french position in syria s00000 germany uses french collaboration as shield against u.s be ee ae rudolph hess’s flight to scotland ccssssesesseeeceeeeeeenseee roosevelt replies to vichy on collaboration 0 total british forces in near east cccccccccccseeceeeeseeeeeees becomes struggle for naval and air power sss000 or ele hull notes raeder statement on american convoys u.s widens concept of defense cccccccscccsesseseseccresseseeensees anglo american defenses being strengthened in far east axis plans new near east move ccsssssseccssessessenseseeseeneeees tt hitler mussolini meeting at brenner pass cceeeee roosevelt proclaims national emergency british and free french invade syria peace rumors scotched by britain and u.s ccccccceeeees german war of nerves on russia ccccsseeccsessssseeeceeeeees lend lease act roosevelt’s first progress report iiis 1 clase shies pemeenmsenmasevnetinpnennynesernanunnetneeresoesebenneceee see eee eel att te iiit sscinseneceireunannsienengnaretineeuinenntenesonncensencsene hitler and von ribbentrop on invasion of russia resources to defy u.s and britain german motive in in is lsat aren narinla depp denbeineenenenainonagumenenntton roosevelt accuses germany of trying to intimidate u.s soviet assets and liabilities ccccccccssssseersessssseeeseeeeees u.s attitude on russia welles statement 000 soviet german struggle and world alignments tla niaicienecciinnbemingeenheeneesencenanene u.s releases frozen soviet credits ccccccccssssssecceesseeseneeees middle east moves by britaim cccceceessseseeeeeeeeenenseneeees nazis drive toward moscow stalin’s scorched earth policy anglo soviet mutual assistance treaty ccsecceeeseeeeee i i 1 soa srrreerisesnannnipnienenientterreresnsereceeneaneneey syrian armistice effect on u.s british policy toward aad dailblaasapabinaelbdbaniadinntvinsecensovenie propaganda devices of britain and russia c:scsse american russian notes om aid cccccccccsessrrsseesrseeeeeeeeeees oil exports as u.s instrument of policy ccccceceseeeeeeee i i ss rscadneemetinmennnntenuenevonenenceonvsnceseqetee german advance in ukraine cccccccsssccssssssssssessessssrersees coee ee eereeereeeeeesseeeeeeees ee eeeeeeeeesseeees date march 7 1941 march 14 1941 march 14 1941 march 14 1941 march 28 1941 march 28 1941 march 28 1941 april 4 1941 april 4 1941 april 4 1941 april 4 1941 april 4 1941 april 11 1941 april 11 1941 april 11 1941 april 11 1941 april 11 1941 april 18 1941 april 18 1941 april 18 1941 april 25 1941 april 25 1941 april 25 1941 may 2 1941 may 2 1941 may 2 1941 may 9 1941 may 9 1941 may 9 1941 may 9 1941 may 16 1941 may 16 1941 may 16 1941 may 23 1941 may 238 1941 may 23 1941 may 23 1941 may 23 1941 may 23 1941 may 30 1941 may 30 1941 may 30 1941 may 30 1941 june 6 1941 june 6 1941 june 6 1941 june 6 1941 june 6 1941 june 13 1941 june 13 1941 june 20 1941 june 20 1941 june 20 1941 june 20 1941 june 27 1941 june 27 1941 june 27 1941 june 27 1941 june 27 1941 june 27 1941 july 4 1941 july 4 1941 july 4 1941 july 11 1941 july 11 1941 july 11 1941 july 18 1941 july 18 1941 july 18 1941 july 25 1941 august 8 1941 august 8 1941 august 15 1941 august 15 1941 volume xxx european war 1939 continued iran gets anglo soviet warning fete dro ier curteoig icin ccsesthciisetiticcnewcseansintensinmne roosevelt churchill conference eight point declaration et trgiiid secrececesesntnieeiictnaapainniianibaesosninmimmtidiiesmnies stalin accepts anglo american proposal for moscow con tie cccinssscsnsonwiasuicgtebiinncniiabiaebansaaaan hia benadammetetamaide ddan fees come du nisi cnisticitsigssiscteapiistaietnnconesiatbasanibavtnscndtiiitant iran invaded by british and russian forces south america weighs course axis conference communique ccccccccrorssescseercosssecsroosseesees u.s and u.s.s.r on japanese representations on war supply shipments via vladivostok british strengthey near east front greer attack u aan communiqué bo iid nnar.csitrrersscicnnitannaiiasiniiaanenariniiaadaianaamiin russian campaign gains time for allies re ee russo german struggle gains and losses ey fr erent sae el syria allies differ on administration german gains in the ukraine tg cie vsssik sovinssi wesescinnesserdncbigiteaiantaieseanseeceseinuteaiadhoraiinene lend lease act second quarterly report ccssccceeeeeseee new lend lease appropriation before congress russia charges axis uses bulgarian ports as bases teena oe tmcnet du ti ie ccccccccrwrneetsnstiennceenetensneniennvente inter allied conference meets accomplishment churchill on german strength ur ou ti do nici cseecsstcctcticinccerenioviontincenesmecn trarmiin's wee dmitere bhi viicsisscccctsnccescccsstcnicscsoncvenccscesesecese scherbakoff’s reply on russian losses sssssssssssssesesesees british shipping and man power shortage sso gue tid si tssics sccunratetolaniacaterncc dations ansgnavtaniabtasevcnietcs red star asks british to act on another front see eeeeeeeeeeseseeeseseeee see eeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeneees cocr eee eee eee h oe oee e sese ee eeoeeeeeeee coo rs oooo rhee eet eee ee sees eee eee eo ee ee prererrreririrrirr itt rtrd sooo re eee eee eee eee ee eeee ee reeeee ce reece eeeereseseeseeeeeteeeeee corr eee eee ee eee eee ee eee eee eeeeeeee sooo eee ere eer eee e uses eee eee seeeee esos eeeeeess ee eeeeeeseeesereee corr eee oee ee eee e tess reso sese ee eees eset ee ee eees see eeeeeeeeeseseseeeeeeeeeee see eeeeeeeeeseseeeees far east dante ra we ccieerirnrcsiirgiaxcaniiniinguiincninimaenia anglo american netherlands effort to concert defense se i i nse ccctesenidibenstinedinnaiaciniccetunhiblaisuiiemenaaiiee british and american commanders confer in manila can agreement be reached in the pacific ceseeeees see also china japan foreign policy association trends in latin america monthly bulletin feature piii iniiinsesscnansrsesstsieentabneciaamaal oceania en anbbile aioe helen keller on broadcasts in braille ccseseseeeeeeeees general mccoy goes to latin america dinner for vice president wallace senne eee eereeeeeeeeeeeeeseesensees d h popper to study in latin america scccsssssccsssesssssssseee mire demtn vinita bomtth amor icr occscsceconcccscceccscscossnccevescccesecess new education and student secretaries cccceeeeeeeeees france vichy protests expulsion of french speaking inhabitants rid pcicinvcintainsenincsssiecuiinateninliiaminicreamnieanatcnte fall of vice premier laval flandin succeeds him pétain refuses to reinstate laval cccccccccosccsssccssssesseseosesese u.s names admiral leahy ambassador re wired tun eicccsnencsitscnsstieidsenniiniainartemeiacstinlebinnstpiainen syrian high commissioner put under weygand’s orders ue cn si i vcccsciinccdencceictiniceinuisieteninnasase ponsivn pemisenes g6 tigge sccisteiatneermninnanmnmiin darlan succeeds flandin as foreign minister 00000 national popular assembly sponsored by déat pétain consolidates govetnmene cccccscscsccceccccccccccesssesecccseseeces unoccupied zone to get u.s flour ccccccscssscscesssssesessees hull warns on u.s view on further collaboration with eeeeereneres sena e eee eeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeee se ereceeereeoese goring nevrecsesescccsssacneeennesceresnesinnensesrssontneconocetonteanseanseneneseters pi fi gcc cconsinccscncmset lesan baentpsatieda tetiarinbdhitsinicdadieaiar mendes dsr fs ote dwe we on cccvicticecccisiniencicdsiiiasvenin communism strengthened laval and déat shot cor eee roe ee terre eere ee eee eee ee ee eee e eee ese eee eeee ed pperrreeeerrerrrrirt rir er iit pétain accepts collaboration pprrrr reer errr eter pétain extends french legion membership for national revolution cccecrcsecsccccssseescoccorsssevsosssseoorecsnssssuasoenesooosense see also european war indo china 18 46 date august 22 1941 august 22 1941 august 22 1941 august 22 1941 august 22 1941 august 29 1941 august 29 1941 august 29 1941 september 5 1941 september 5 1941 september 12 1941 september 12 1941 september 12 1941 september 12 1941 september 12 1941 september 12 1941 september 12 1941 september 12 1941 september 26 1941 september 26 1941 september 26 1941 september 26 1941 september 26 1941 september 26 1941 october 3 1941 october 10 1941 october 10 1941 october 10 1941 october 10 1941 october 17 1941 october 17 1941 october 17 1941 november 22 1940 february 21 1941 april 11 1941 september 5 1941 november 1 1940 january 31 1941 march 14 1941 march 28 1941 may 9 1941 july 18 1941 september 19 1941 november 22 1940 december 20 1940 december 27 1940 december 27 1940 january 10 1941 january 10 1941 january 24 1941 january 31 1941 february 14 1941 february 14 1941 february 14 1941 april 4 1941 june 13 1941 july 18 1941 september 5 1941 september 5 1941 september 5 1941 september 5 1941 september 5 1941 volume xx germany no date yugoslav trade agreement 1 october 25 1940 ee ora rumania and slovakia sign axis pact 6 november 29 1940 expects no new adherences to axis pact ae 7 december 6 1940 rumanian oil pact lil 11 january 3 1941 eet oee 11 january 3 1941 soviet german trade pact cssssesssesessenssesseseensecsesneeneseese 13 january 17 1941 airlines in latin america displaced ccccccccssscecseeeeees 82 may 30 1941 turkish commercial agreement 34 june 13 1941 airlines in latin ne further displacements 48 september 19 1941 economic situation 49 september 26 1941 see also european war great britain anglo american spanish trade talks cccccsccceesosseeeeeees 8 december 13 1940 names viscount halifax ambassador to u.s 0000 10 december 27 1940 rl tn 12 january 10 1941 anglo turkish conferences on military cooperation 15 january 31 1941 sinned ten wien csc asesasoscnsosnsntersenseensinnsooneceetoesccsereceneerse 15 january 31 1941 exconomic tegimencation 0 cccccccooscscsseocccssesccsenccccescccossscosccees 15 january 31 1941 breaks diplomatic relations with rumania s0 17 february 14 1941 ct scoepmnmignsbunenenmnensonnesesaues 29 may 9 1941 i i a eepmnnomntonnnnepnanesoecootonees 33 june 6 1941 clothing and food rationing see a 35 june 20 1941 ren deciapmtemenbeenanndanimnenteuneeneneeneens 35 june 20 1941 ee 35 june 20 1941 production concentration plan cccccccscscssssssssssssscssrsees 35 june 20 1941 rsis i a rn 40 july 25 1941 action on japan’s occupation of indo china 00 41 august 1 1941 i a enovenpnonnsoneneensnentes 43 august 15 1941 anglo soviet trade agreement ccsssccssscessseeseeeseseeeeeeees 44 august 22 1941 to evacuate nationals from japan ccccceecessesseeneeceneeeees 46 september 5 1941 see also european war greece ees se ee 2 november 1 1940 see also european war greenland u.s protectorate agreement ccccccccccssssscsssssessssscceseesesses 26 april 18 1941 haiti ee sse no ee a ne ee 14 january 24 1941 lescot becomes president ccccssscccccsssssssccessssssssessesscees 28 may 2 1941 et se aer a er 18 february 21 1941 hungary be som tog ccescscscsnonsstvernnensesscanesniianonenenseecosensnssentecenseceenoosee 6 november 29 1940 i a cand chnpunibionetideooneniete 25 april 11 1941 warned by russia on yugoslav invasion cc:ccceeseseees 26 april 18 1941 tupi gnptneiedd giiouiid cscs ccccecccccciccccccosscccsscesscsonscccesesncsese 48 september 19 1941 iceland i i a a aninetnitihenionnenonnie 38 july 11 1941 i 7 elnpautigteateninnnupemeensnnns 39 july 18 1941 indo china thailand’s demands cause ctisis ccsecceceeseseeeeeseeeeeeeeeees 5 november 22 1940 es eee cea 13 january 17 1941 eee eel sl lc 13 january 17,1941 japan mediates thailand dispute terms cc0 ccccse0e 16 february 7 1941 france rejects terms backed by japan ccccccceceeseeeeeees 19 february 28 1941 i ick a cca siinsecueaibenebonsonneonssees 22 march 21 1941 trade agreements with japan cccsssecccsecseeecesseecereeeeeeeees 30 may 16 1941 japan occupies bases under agreement with france 41 august 1 1941 world reactions to occupation cccccccccosscssssssesessesseseeeseetes 41 august 1 1941 iran lee ee ee ee 1 october 25 1940 anglo soviet warning on nazi activities cccccceeee 44 august 22 1941 see also european war volume xx 11 or cetput occcccsccce slip ieuiebeidl anti british outbreak ee fa 5e cue io bid oe iccsteieseth ca cdtensanssentnnctbttevenasnpannence see gif tp rb is ms tcccccovintensicanssctnuesaniabonccebininticeeiaabapmandinn signs armistice with british ee eeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeee cop eee ee se eeo e teese ee eee tees ireland de valera churchill tilt on neutrality tie sccsssssovasaviscderesnvaninsqedvinsidsacesntaeaaaaiaaaaamamamaneemaaia british trade restrictions coco oo eee eee eeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee sooo o eee eoe oe ees oee eehss et eeee teese see eeeeeeee esse ested italy invades greece scsccceseees mussolini asks sacrifices sne gi sees ccrissccrsticoricnttnnintonecaenenidrsighintinintiongsancinees german italian food agreement raw material shortage see also european war seen eeererereeeeseeseees coo ee eee eee es oee ee sese eee eoee sese es ees eeee sees eere eoeos corr e ro ooo eoe ees eee e eee oeeeeeeeeeeseeeesesesese ese sese sees japan soviet non aggression pact negotiations cccsseseeeeseeeees grow matemor compctomcs ccccscecescececonsccccccessevccscccscesssconeseese oil from netherlands indies to increase imperial rule assistance association totalitarian structure strengthened cccccsesecceeseseeeeeee fete wumnes tore toon te cicsincicssacsssscsansesenessisintincsiavensnsin anglo american moves against possible japanese south the id vieciiccesecercismsanscestesinertnaeonnnistiagaacnsnig ees suggests end of all war after war scare in far east bowutward grive glows gow ccoccsscsssecescscscsscevsvercscscescescccseessns matsuoka to visit berlin and rome cccsssssssssessseeeesees wer mantevial imam ty thog te oscnccecinscsssssscececsonersenssaiasionsessen russian japanese neutrality pact cccccsccssrecsecsssssserereeeees contradictory statements on policy cccssecsccecssserreseeees bs seen tid énatscttncertoinidtdpemiacidemmicieenancatiiamanbaaae foreign policy u.s reactions otd cii a caicscctattacnsassstsveanacecigebcntveonenaoustnasincavennias weighs course in german russian war konoye’s new cabinet and axis ties ccccscssscsessersereeeeees anglo american warning on thailand ccccccesseceeeeees churchill on british attitude on u.s negotiations ee uger cor us pee nd wii os cecsecccohccsiscusashectnnvnsntnctnnsnckaveravontouss thc i cy ci ci a ivcsiicnssitcennccceccsnasscibucasiccsbscaicinounes anglo u.s precautionary steii ccceccccscoscsccocessesecceesecssoosese british nationals to be evacuated ccccccsccscsssssesssssesessceses u.s and u.s.s.r on representations on war supply sro wes worn coruie fooicccin cen ticcatioisins taasiectinecteetnsienss army reorganization hirohito takes command soic stuune mimiiue cccsscnccccectoy ten seacasancesunientembiaeatandioaase protests alleged sinking of korean ship by russian mines see also china indo china sooo eee seers eeeseeeseeeseseseesese sooo e ree eee eee eee eee e oee eee eee eee eeee sees ee eeeeos coro eee eee seen ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee latin america si ed wo bi seisininscnisctaciccbicicenisneesseacaietanisonns reaction to consejo de hispanicismo cccsccceessesseesscessecsees inter american development commission program inter american financial and economic advisory com mittee coffee agreement bp tno i ovens cscsscccsiecinnstadisttssceushisiarincboasaapucnenss german airlines displaced safo tt te ed istacicssesssavtiscsccrccarsabintantvenccccaucheiglenmiionetan ries ge toe we osiccccstsissiisiceensincictattnhaieacinatensicitlceiiiaai to wee trie chesaiicvrccosdmnsibainiessn macesendedamaicamacons weighs course of buropean wgp secscecscoccessscccsveceseccsesoeces german airlines further displacements see also american states fore o eee eee ee so eee eee esse ee eser eee eeeeseeeseee ees pre r rro er oe eee sethe ee sese e eee eeee eset eeee sees sees ee es cop o eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eeeeeee mexico to inaugurate president avila camacho pr curnioud osnn sssesieiikcdicisssccteiecenesbiainisiintieneaaaannan cmrp ced brot wire bb y csccicecennscitsasnsstcsncerrecnnscensstactiaanente president avila camacho on inter american cooperation sete e eee eeneseeeeeeeeeeeeeeees near east brute coe fpo wie ccceccssecsmncictenuniiiernienmenntion g0 go co cio 10 50 50 33 date october 25 1940 may 9 1941 may 9 1941 may 16 1941 june 6 1941 november 15 1940 january 10 1941 january 10 1941 november 1 1940 november 22 1940 december 13 1940 december 13 1940 december 13 1940 november 15 1940 november 22 1940 november 22 1940 january 3 1941 january 3 1941 february 7 1941 february 21 1941 february 21 1941 february 28 1941 march 21 1941 march 21 1941 april 18 1941 may 16 1941 june 6 1941 july 11 1941 july 11 1941 july 11 1941 july 25 1941 august 15 1941 august 29 1941 august 29 1941 august 29 1941 september 5 1941 september 5 1941 september 5 1941 september 26 1941 september 26 1941 september 26 1941 november 1 1940 november 29 1940 january 24 1941 january 24 1941 february 7 1941 may 30 1941 july 4 1941 august 22 1941 august 29 1941 august 29 1941 september 19 1941 november 29 1940 december 27 1940 october 3 1941 october 3 1941 june 6 1941 12 volume xxx netherlands no date free government aids britain 20 march 7 1941 se tir tis guid nsicscereccensierstnvvensecesecasenstncuevsesceneonscstoses 48 september 19 1941 netherlands indies oil increase for japan 5 november 22 1940 to enlarge surabaya naval base 5 november 22 1940 action on japan’s occupation of indo china 0 s00000 41 august 1 1941 neutrality roosevelt proclaims removal of red sea combat zone 26 april 18 1941 i le eres rareanannesnstenessebonsnouececeeee 37 july 4 1941 1939 act end present u.s policy cccccccccsssssecsssersserseees 50 october 3 1941 president roosevelt asks changes in act cccccsssssseseeees 52 october 17 1941 stand of panama on arming merchant ships 0000 52 october 17 1941 new zealand i iar caine nanmetsiemiehnntnnainenonnenneeesteerenenee 16 february 7 1941 visit of american warships csscccssssssessssessssssessseessees 25 april 11 1941 norway passive resistance to nazis cccccccccssssssesseessesssessssseeseseeeees 15 january 31 1941 free government aids britain cccscscesesscecsessseeeees 20 march 7 1941 martial law imposed after unions oppose nazis 00 48 september 19 1941 panama president arias takes offfc ccccsssescessssssecesseessecseeseesees 2 november 1 1940 lll tt 22 march 21 1941 against arming merchant ships cc.sss00e000 52 october 17 1941 coup ends arias government ccccccesecessseseeeeeessseeeeeseeenes 52 october 17 1941 paraguay president morinigo takes office 0 cccccccssccssssscesesseeeeeseeeesees 2 november 1 1940 peru eee ee 10 december 27 1940 ecuadorean boundary dispute ccccccceccscessecesseeeeeeeeeeees 32 may 30 1941 philippine islands under u.s export import control 0 ccccceccccecsssceeeeeeeeeneee 33 june 6 1941 u.s nationalizes armed forces ccscccsecseeeeceesseceseeeeeereeeenes 41 august 1 1941 poland free government aids britain cccccscescecesseeeeseeeeeees 20 march 7 1941 rumania i seinen eenneincuon 6 november 29 1940 mass executions by irom guard 2000 cccccssseeeesseecceseeeeeeeseeeeee 7 december 6 1940 ee st 11 january 3 1941 eel 15 january 31 1941 britain breaks diplomatic relations ccccccesseceeeeeeeee 17 february 14 1941 warming against saboteurs ccscccscssssscsecsssstssssesseseseseeeses 48 september 19 1941 russia dn i ces a erigneepemenensonnennnnnnnnnees 1 october 25 1940 japanese non aggression pact negotiations 4 november 15 1940 i a ca se tiatmitinalsonaeaneaniines 4 november 15 1940 ges sese ee a 4 november 15 1940 i ac cisblisnibnwnbupemapsonencoenacs 11 january 3 1941 ee 13 january 17 1941 loan agreements with chima cccccesssssesscesesessessceeeeseceeees 13 january 17 1941 crete se eae 13 january 17 1941 nii tunes piii ss sccnsmnsuecmnecnesspnensnentionscrecsseocsvoss 19 february 28 1941 refuses support to bulgaria’s axis ruled policy 20 march 7 1941 japanese russian neutrality pact ssseseeseseseenenreneneenees 26 april 18 1941 warns hungary on yugoslav invasion ccessseeesseeseeee 26 april 18 1941 ses et er a 30 may 16 1941 stalin succeeds molotov s premier sccsssssssccsssssssssesescssseeee 30 may 16 1941 lll 40 july 25 1941 imports from u.s 1930 1941 0 ccccccsccsssssseescesesceceesesees 43 august 15 1941 relations with u.s summarized 0.0 cccccccsseesssesseeseeeeeeeeee 43 august 15 1941 anglo soviet trade agreement cccccccesessssesssseceeeeeeeeeeees 44 august 22 1941 japan protests alleged sinking of korean wheat by russian acai a cuelbenabnladaibeegndenneatecweersenvesee 49 september 26 1941 es eee le le ee 51 october 10 1941 see also european war sage ite fet 2 loire ne let latte volume xx 18 ruthenia no date population nationality 26 april 18 1941 slovakia ie rrs nb ncescccecesecrssensresensnitisispeniniensabiiapenitiidaaniaanniaaian 6 november 29 1940 south africa bid gr wud ccecececesesesnnensnecnnnititianinsesiiiicieianniaiiiianiaiiisittiineitbind 16 february 7 1941 soviet union see russia spain annexes international zone at tangier c ccccccceeeseeees 5 november 22 1940 latin american reaction to consejo de hispanicismo 6 november 29 1940 anglo american spanish trade talks ccccsecsssssseeeseeeeees 8 december 13 1940 franco confers with mussolini and with pétain 0 18 february 21 1941 ends internationalism in tangier scsssccsssssssesssesees 23 march 28 1941 sufier on plutodemocracies and foreign policy 30 may 16 1941 bret bonus tones ccceecccccimnerensnssionicceceectmnniciniremintmninnins 39 july 18 1941 sweden comed oe ccsrccnisicssintictaicaintinicaiaiiainbadin 11 january 3 1941 syria high commissioner dentz put under weygand’s orders 12 january 10 1941 position qemmes tpg o.cc.cccsssccecccssseececcecocesecessonnnsshonenste 21 march 14 1941 tree ce fuori wig cc.crececeresensnsccsntasessneserevennenintesnnnsinnesies 29 may 9 1941 see also european war tangier spain annexes international zone cseseeessssresssserssersees 5 november 22 1940 ge ges trorctirerriied cecseissteisinceentennsesemeneninnenn 23 march 28 1941 thailand i sti cases cnsiiccescneatiiacbiipiiaiemarspinnelianiamcebmmunli 13 january 17 1941 japan mediates indo china dispute cccccccesssseseesseeseees 16 february 7 1941 france rejects indo china terms backed by japan 19 february 28 1941 eb kt ee eee ee 19 february 28 1941 indo china pence settlement cccccccsrsssecccossecesscevscrsccsecoscoses 22 march 21 1941 anglo american warnings to japan against attack 43 august 15 1941 turkey roma wonierees woticy cneccesicinicicssciovernenscessnsecieicrsammunasianeient 3 november 8 1940 erin arne die aresensicasssicrazauaceicn aiceeenimaeionaaa 6 november 29 1940 anglo turkish conferences on military cooperation 15 january 31 1941 bulgar turkish non ag gression pact sccccccessccscscceecseceneeeees 18 february 21 1941 attitude on possible german occupation of bulgaria 19 february 28 1941 closes dardanelles to ships except under permit 20 march 7 1941 eden and cripps confer in ankara cc.cccccccessssessscssecesees 20 march 7 1941 re et danone teen ak a 23 march 28 1941 german commercial agreement cccccssscssssscessesersecesecess 34 june 13 1941 psig cree wockeds csetcctimniinininten 47 september 12 1941 u.s.s.r see russia united states i i cseynncecscussseeneeneninentesnnaiatiinininieanialitinvidinitialieamneiiil 1 october 25 1940 raw materials steps for adequate supplies ccceee 1 october 25 1940 cr ee er ee 1 october 25 1940 eee con dn ied ainincsicictiniinserseniseaeaedincieininaoecenndaasiamation 2 november 1 1940 rai rop ire gerrrer whiee cicrisincaicuiceriesinininnsinlinnnal 2 november 1 1940 deere gerpmine adiamiss waqel occcccesctisicenicereenciiennttinnnens 2 november 1 1940 roosevelt warns france on western hemisphere 2 november 1 1940 welles on emergency committee provided by act of tiny ictasccsinssenibaicosesasesesiosaeiicncedaatasmaiiamtaiaaasamee email adam 2 november 1 1940 i ii ccxvenivssinannnnnniceiaitiiiindesienipgdhadiainndaiaitininhytebianinaaiiiaiie 3 november 8 1940 see cst coretceiir ncceniicinciinerieicvinnsssienitionniaiiionn 3 november 8 1940 be in tok iiisicccsvecasmnatsipeniionsegritaimaoiotentceimmaaarunies 4 november 15 1940 anglo american far eastern policy cccccssssseccsssssseeees 5 november 22 1940 pegesuoraggeow conmtotouiid occ ceceesessesssnccssssncccnsecescocnscoseseresecane 5 november 22 1940 argentine financial commission altives seeeeeeeessrereeeees 6 november 29 1940 divergent views on bid to britaim cccccccccrrcsesccoccssersssesoosersoese 6 november 29 1940 dg wr iii nine ccsiessnsecissnsiayciceebtianascnnciteiesininancenshaaaneaiaiares 7 december 6 1940 anglo american spanish trade talks ccccccccseseeeeseesssees 8 december 13 1940 defense production lag knudsen statement cssee00 9 december 20 1940 volume xx united states continued loans to latin american countries names admiral leahy ambassador to france new defense program o.p.m established roosevelt speech roosevelt’s annual message lend lease bill and presidential powers soviet putchases 0ccccssocerecsecccesceees loan negotiations with cuba roosevelt’s inaugural address cssccsscsecsssesseseesesseeeersees economic control agencies in defense effort ten months exports to japan house passes lend lease dill ccsscsessesssecseesecessensceeneees british aid short and long term problems 0000 house approves defense works at guam and tutuila shipbuilding program iiit titiiied sasietisiccnciatilactinincnitasintetiennantatenenensnenerecenneerennacseesenstcese senate passes lend lease bill final terms export control system in re as war material exports to japan a ses cesoemasansniatiwncessenicnerses defense appropriation total 1941 42 i oie iocenlincinaseensciincenieneeincsnetnetmeenconsnoones plour for unoccupied fane ccccccccccccessscccccsccscscsssseeseocceee seizes axis ships in american ports ccccccccccsssssseeseceeese hull denounces invasion of yugoslavia ess ee oe wellles fotitch conference ccccccccccccsssesscsccsescsscossecssosssesees greenland protectorate agreement ccccccssssceesecessseceeesees canadian american armament production agreement st lawrence waterway status cc ltt i os scsacdumnreeboncsonnoonnionte si minit ge ii bo cs csnccccnsescnsoeszcvocneccoosceencoeccecsceoceeos roosevelt on shipping pool i sues shipping government control question a sasembnanonbeumneinte eee eet defense program major defects c.cccsscccsesseceeseseersseeeees senate passes ship seizure bill french ships in american ports under protective custody i a sieesnenmnininonisbeneucete o.e.m report on defense progress ell lll ae extends export import control to philippines c00000 hull on relinquishing extraterritoriality in china roosevelt proclaims national emergency sssessceeesees hull warns vichy on further collaboration with germany freezes german and italian assets ccsccssssesecsssesscesseeees lend lease act roosevelt’s first progress report o.p.m cuts automobile output ere sent a ie defense expenditures and deficiencies ee rr welles on japan’s foreign policy cccccccssssssssssssssssseceesees congressional executive relationship a satannensintinnaniesein significance of iceland’s occupation pd proclaims latin american blacklist ccccccccssseseeeseeees action on japan’s occupation of indo china and bolivia’s anti nazi move i enntnsenencoovecnnen henderson knudsen clash on automobile output nationalizes philippine armed forces a scaphiieninmetonsoasnenennens ees ee american russian notes 0m aid ccssccsscceseceeseececeeeceeeseeses economic defense board functions ccccccscseescsseeeceeses factors in roosevelt short of war policy oil exports as instrument of policy price control bill introduced tankers for oil for britain sn conndtobensuebesoonmneton relations with russia summarized warns japan on thailand defense production status machine tool output cece eeeeereseseseses seen eeeeeeeereeeeeeeee seeeeeeeee pop e re rete renee eeeeeeee corr eee ee ee ee eee eeee eee eeeeee sore oee eee eters eee eeeo esse eee eeeeeeeeeee ees eeeeeee eee ee sees torr ree eere eee oee e eet e este eeee teese sees eeh as reer errr rrr errr rir reer rrr ty sooo eee ree eere eee e eere eee e eee eee eee eeeeeeee sore r eee eee eee eee eee eee eeee eee errr ir errr reer erry ce rere rrr seen eeeeneeeee ce eee e ee eeeeeeee sooner eo ree ee eee reet ee eee eters eee e eee ee ee eeee torr ere r eee eee eee ee eee eee eeeeee cee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee p ics teri ei reir ee ee ere eee penne eee eeeneneeee pere rr cente eee eter ee eeeeeeeeeee corr e eee eee eee e eee eee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeee soe rrr e ore e rests eoe e sees eee ee esse esse esse eee e ee sore e eere ee terre eee eee e eee eee eee ee eee eee ee eee faroe er rrr eee eee re eee eee eee eee eeeeeeee parr r eee hee erts eeo s ee eee sese ee hess eee ee sese eeed sore eere ree eero ee er ee teeth hehe eee eeoeee eeo e eee eee eed seer eere eee eee thee ee eee ee ee teese essere eee ee eeeeeeee eee eeeeed date december 27 1940 december 27 1940 december 27 1940 december 27 1940 january 3 1941 january 10 1941 january 17 1941 january 17 1941 january 24 1941 january 24 1941 january 31 1941 february 7 1941 february 14 1941 february 28 1941 februarv 28 1941 march 7 1941 march 7 1941 march 14 1941 march 21 1941 march 21 1941 march 21 1941 march 28 1941 march 28 1941 march 28 1941 april 4 1941 april 4 1941 april 11 1941 april 11 1941 april 11 1941 april 18 1941 april 25 1941 april 25 1941 april 25 1941 may 2 1941 may 9 1941 may 9 1941 may 9 1941 may 9 1941 may 16 1941 may 16 1941 may 16 1941 may 23 1941 may 30 1941 may 30 1941 june 6 1941 june 6 1941 june 6 1941 june 6 1941 june 13 1941 june 20 1941 june 20 1941 june 20 1941 july 11 1941 july 11 1941 july 11 1941 july 11 1941 july 18 1941 july 18 1941 july 18 1941 july 25 1941 july 25 1941 august 1 1941 august 1 1941 august 1 1941 august 1 1941 august 1 1941 august 1 1941 august 1 1941 august 8 1941 august 8 1941 august 8 1941 august 8 1941 august 8 1941 august 8 1941 august 15 1941 august 15 1941 august 15 1941 august 22 1941 august 22 1941 volume xx 15 united states continued no date roosevelt churchill sea conference eight point declaration 44 august 22 1941 churchill on british attitude on u.s japanese negotiations 45 august 29 1941 beer cn cae wrt sgn hiss cernesiecarstssincisnteiosecctvesstecsetmanen 45 august 29 1941 raises duty on japanese crabmeat cccccccsccssssssessssseesesenes 45 august 29 1941 south america’s opinion of iis anicnagitabanoiitiitate tl eat 45 august 29 1941 atta cubdut worse ncrieg oo ccieccccsnccsssicecciessccisnsenenteneelbaninran eink 46 september 5 1941 japanese ambassador transmits konoye’s letter to roose a i pere 5 eee see so es 46 september 5 1941 wenry makeion be goi cccccctecicesenietncsistitosninantacencnvnsiialaiistiness 46 september 5 1941 roosevelt speeches to awaken the country ccscsceeee 46 september 5 1941 wallace heads new supply priorities and allocations board 46 september 5 1941 greer attack german communique cccccseeseeseeeeeereecseseeeees 47 september 12 1941 re ee ee td 47 september 12 1941 lend lease act second quarterly report scccccessecesseees 49 september 26 1941 new lend lease appropriation before congress 49 september 26 1941 co re i tel a ee ee 49 september 26 1941 commercial treaty with mexico ccccccsssccsssrsccssssccsnesssenes 50 october 3 1941 roosevelt on religious freedom in russia comment 51 october 10 1941 house passes second lend lease dill cccccccessesseeeeeseeeees 52 october 17 1941 ed ini 5c ccctasosinnshahaebetspiemeasenueeesetadataieinaa uate 52 october 17 1941 ieee dori occvesccsssncsemninincneinnahintenaiemendicniimialins 52 october 17 1941 see also american states european war latin america neutrality uruguay i rig te tis niabecce wnsenndeessesinccgtcaalctecscuniamiceduaeadsgceielaeainaet 10 december 27 1940 doe wei ssisrivicdcicasemccicdishieoeaebiacdonon 87 july 4 1941 venezuela fe i oisaviesiserceensrrsinnientnadieneeabiniaaeiaitamenees 14 january 24 1941 ed cei sicatceciccsinssicineibabbinaaashviniimnieswasintaianiteenta 18 february 21 1941 bd tinie sncecicsnnniansitunciantiebibendeceteianaiionsadeasioimammiiaiioatioce 18 february 21 1941 rpe iiiiied sisi cnepnncisirsaitnmcueninnsstinioucatencarteine teak oiiiadnnditsseeganteamanaliaes 18 february 21 1941 medina angarita becomes president cssssesscesssssreeeeeees 28 may 2 1941 yugoslavia ra apo wooo is cecdisssieicciesswcsetgassbotuinctncsabenatenanmalinws 1 october 25 1940 prime minister and foreign minister visit hitler 18 february 21 1941 crg siwee punoee cur rong avs ecceneicncasincencecsinerescaqacsnticcnetipneieds 23 march 28 1941 i re a see er ee 23 march 28 1941 overthrows government enthrones king peter 24 april 4 1941 berugmor gruste gowottoioiie on cccccsccscecseccsecccccacesscoscccescienevbarinseres 25 april 11 1941 croat pro axis state formed 26 april 18 1941 tinue cnsicsiusiicesieccnakecnccucsantbececdéaieateceeenenoe eae nsuctaa ee 48 september 19 1941 guerrilla war conesuvansetoenonntecsenesenseennteninnanhiennniniiieianssnetasensonipininibiats 50 october 3 1941 +the axis college resulting mortal the vital rence on nounced eminded two un s in the e carib the seas pared to iven the tion for it which hipments jorse an y certain bn africa reports partment 1d would control 2 of this r of the lission to neces and y appear yyria the eport be ternative convoys the axis ng factor still seem yorters in lazi chal dy begun opinion isolation o occupy s in the this de ie exect stone ann arbor mi at entered as 2nd class matter y e j 5 j of m44cq sma 2 c2ll7an d iogy an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association dt yum foreign policy association incorporated ee brar 22 east 38th street new york n y i ast t treet new york n y ot ov mich vor xx no 32 may 30 1941 war becomes struggle for naval and air power ia reaching a decision as to the future course of the united states president roosevelt has had to weigh certain long term factors in the world situa tion which are bound to affect the course of the war and to determine the character of the future peace among these factors are extension of the war be yond the continental boundaries of europe the un disputed superiority of germany in land warfare the striking power of the german air force against the british navy in narrow waters as shown most recently during the battle for crete and the need to give the western peoples a psychological orienta tion toward the future away from a past which is now irrecoverable 1 extension of war outside europe at the out break of war in september 1939 it was possible for many americans to believe that the conflict was concerned with purely european issues and would leave the western hemisphere unaffected while hitler by 1939 had already visualized the war as a struggle for world power he too was preoccupied in the first place with domination of europe at that time he even contemplated some measure of coop eration between a german dominated europe and the british empire which was to be excluded from all influence over the continent in the course of the war however it has become necessary for the nazis even if they had not origi nally contemplated campaigns outside europe to overflow into africa and asia and to challenge britain in the atlantic in an effort to crush the brit ish navy and to cut britain’s communications with the united states and the british dominions which have become both the larder and the arsenal of the british isles this extension of war to other con tinents demonstrates in itself that the nazis are not adhering to their often proclaimed plan for division of the world into continental units each ruled by a master race and that the united states cannot achieve isolation within its continental boundaries whatever differences of opinion may divide ameti cans today both isolationists and interventionists agree on one point that the united states should be prepared to defend not only its own territory but the western hemisphere as a whole 2 change in character of war as the war de velops into a conflict between continents its char acter becomes rapidly altered from september 1939 until the close of the balkan campaign in april 1941 the war had been chiefly a contest between land forces supported from the air in this contest the germans demonstrated unquestionable superiori ty both in terms of man power and mechanized equipment it is estimated that as a minimum the germans have 250 divisions or 3,750,000 men un der arms of these 250 divisions barely 30 were used in the balkan campaign no army in the world is prepared today to confront that of germany on the continent of europe the soviet union could prob ably mobilize greater man power and has experi mented with many of the devices used by the ger mans notably parachute troops but military experts are virtually unanimous in believing that the red army could not compete with the germans either in leadership or in training and equipment more over the german army is backed by a modern and efficient industry drawing on the industrial resources and skilled labor of conquered europe which could not be matched in the u.s.s.r the british on the basis of their experience at dunkirk in the balkans and in north africa believe that their troops man for man can outmatch the germans but acknowl edge that they do not have equality in numbers and that their mechanized equipment especially tanks is inferior to that of the germans in quantity al though possibly not in quality now that the war has spread outside europe the germans are turning from land to intensified sea page two and air warfare the battle for crete where a su perior german air force has apparently wreaked havoc on the british navy and the sinking of the hood and the bismarck mark a new stage in the war until now there has been considerable difference of opinion among military experts regarding the vul nerability of warships to attack from the air the battle for crete although not conclusive again demon strates the effectiveness of a first class air force when pitted against naval units close to land the ger mans for the time being have air superiority and now that they control the atlantic seaboard can harry the british navy and merchant fleet the war has thus become a contest for control of the air and of the high seas what britain needs most urgently today are long range bombers and war ships discussion of whether the united states may be called on to send an expeditionary force to europe or africa is for the moment premature on two counts first this country does not have a suf ficiently large mechanized force available for such a purpose at the present time second operations on land against germany would become feasible only if germany had first been defeated in the naval and air struggle now raging in the atlantic and the mediterranean if germany can win the contest for control of the high seas it will have won the war if not it would have to confine its activities to the european continent where it would ultimately have to face the passive resistance of millions of euro peans as well as the possibility that britain might eventually achieve equality and even superiority in the air germany’s immediate purpose is to prevent american naval aid to britain by demonstrating its own naval strength stressing collaboration with france and threatening the united states with jap anese intervention in the pacific 3 beyond the war w hat it is legitimate for those who fear the effects of war on the united states more than the effects of nazi victory to ask whether under the present circumstances it is pos sible to defeat germany in europe no one no mat ter how well informed can possibly give a dogmatic read war on the short wave by harold n graves jr this headline book just published presents radio’s new role as a war weapon and describes nazi efforts to sway both neutral and enemy opinion as well as british countermeasures 25c answer to this question the defeat of nazism fe quires far more than mere equality in man power and armaments assuming that britain and the united states can achieve such equality by sacrifices commep surate with those accepted by the germans since 1933 it requires above all mobilization in the wester world of psychological forces which could transform apathy into enthusiasm defeatism into hope for the future this cannot be accomplished here any more than it was in europe until the western peoples become convinced that they are fighting not againg something but for something whatever course of action is adopted by the united states it must be coupled with a vision however general in formulg tion of the kind of peace the western peoples hope to establish in case of victory without such a vision the most painstaking preparations for defense of the western hemisphere may prove as easy to circum vent as the maginot line vgra micheles dray index to foreign policy reports available the index to volume xvi march 15 1940 to march 1 1941 is now ready and we shall be glad to send a copy to fpr subscribers who write for it library subscribers will receive their copies of the index as usual united we stand defense of the western hemisphere by hanson w baldwin new york whittlesey house 1941 3.00 the military correspondent of the new york times has written what is at once the best survey of the state of our defenses and the keenest critique to which our armed ser vices have been subjected in recent years the anatomy of british sea power by arthur j marder new york knopf 1940 5.00 an exhaustive study of the evolution of britain’s naval policies during the years 1880 1905 when many aspects of modern naval doctrine took shape the product of years of careful research this book should be in the possession of all students of sea power and related subjects invasion in the snow by john langdon davies boston houghton mifflin 1941 2.50 a revealing study written for the layman of the stra tegies of the opposing sides in the russo finnish war al though a prominent british leftist the author is in ful sympathy with the finns and finds no valid excuse for th russian invasion england’s hour by vera brittain new york macmillas 1941 2.50 a sensitive english author records her impressions ané experiences during the first year of the war a pacifist she accuses the guilty politicians who governed engiané after 1919 of responsibility for the failure to make a dut able peace if a better world is to emerge from the preset holocaust individuals and nations must reject power anl accept love as their guiding principle foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 32 may 30 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nation headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheres dean eéitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year ge strugs ameri of a di to take that t elimin of fin mately aéreo trolled sary al the paign in the nated ously 1 man fp line w pan a as arc pilots colom as of this the pl branch contro cided for th callao coura as the sn ecuad curtail oil col line w future sedta northe air act ameri here netwo th an an and th to pe i 7 mor cop zism fe wer and united oommen ce 1933 w estern ansform for the ny more peoples against ourse of must be formula les hope a vision e of the circum is dean able 1940 to be glad te for it pies of sphere by use 1941 limes has ate of our rmed ser marder in’s naval aspects of f years of session of s boston the stra n war al is in ful se for th macmillan ssions and a pacifist i engian ake a dur he present power ant nl d nations ean editon german air lines eliminated the struggle to displace nazi air lines operating in south america has been carried a step further as a result of a decision by the bolivian government on may 15 to take over lloyd aéreo boliviano it is understood that this company will be reorganized after the dimination of german personnel and the severance of financial ties with german interests approxi mately half the route formerly served by lloyd aéreo boliviano will be transferred to the u.s con trolled line of pan american grace once the neces sary authorization and subsidy have been secured the first and most impressive victory in the cam paign to clip nazi wings in latin america was won in the spring of 1940 when the large german domi tated scadta line of colombia operating danger ously near the panama canal was eliminated ger man pilots and technicians were removed and the line was reorganized as avianca with the help of pan american airways recently a small line known as arco which had been started by two ex scadta pilots was absorbed into avianca thus making the colombian round up complete a second major victory was achieved on april 1 of this year when the peruvian government seized the planes and ground establishment of the local branch of lufthansa suppression of this german controlled air line had already been officially de cided upon but action was accelerated in retaliation for the scuttling of german ships in the harbor of callao peru’s vigorous measures undoubtedly en couraged bolivia in tackling its own problem as a result of action by the peruvian government the small nazi air line of sedta which operates in ecuador has been isolated sedta has already had to curtail its services owing to refusal by a canadian oil company in peru to supply further fuel and the line will probably disappear completely in the near future pan american grace is already duplicating sedta’s routes thanks to these developments in northern western and central south america nazi air activity on a large scale is now as far as latin america is concerned pretty well restricted to brazil here the condor line still maintains an extensive network the ecuadorean peruvian dispute an announcement to the effect that argentina brazil and the united states are offering their joint services to peru and ecuador to help settle their boundary trends in latin america by john i b mcculloch sees controversy focuses attention on one of the gravest problems now challenging inter american statesman ship since the end of the three year chaco war be tween bolivia and paraguay 1932 1935 and the subsequent negotiation of a settlement between the nations involved the ecuadorean peruvian dispute has represented the most serious outstanding issue between any pair of western hemisphere republics within the past two months first venezuela and colombia then panama and costa rica have en tered into frontier agreements terminating century old disputes the issue between ecuador and peru is more serious than either of these however both in extent of area involved and in degree of ill will feeling has run particularly high in ecuador where persistent newspaper reports of peruvian advances in the south have led to vigorous defense prepara tions to prevent widening of this breach in inter american solidarity and to forestall attempts by the nazis to turn the troubled situation to their ad vantage the united states in conjunction with the two most important powers of the south american continent presented a joint mediation proposal of ficially announced on may 9 reactions in ecuador and peru have differed widely in ecuador by far the weaker of the two the offer has been accepted unconditionally and enthusiastically acclaimed peru’s acceptance how ever includes reservations the government is not prepared to debate the nationality of the three prov inces of jaén tambez and mainas which lima has considered peruvian territory for 120 years appar ently peruvians are worried by the use of the word equity in the mediation offer they fear this means a large scale reshuffling of frontiers and provinces impressive demonstrations have been held in the peruvian capital backing the government in its avowed intention of permitting no infringement of national sovereignty there are indications that anti united states circles in peru will attempt to soft pedal participation of argentina and brazil in the proposal and to turn current resentment in lima against the north american republic alone f.p.a radio schedule subject america charts its course speaker vera micheles dean date sunday june 1 time 2 15 p.m e.d.s.t station nbc blue network for more extensive coverage on latin american affairs read pan american news 4 bi weekly newsletter edited by mr mcculloch for sample copy of this publication write to the washington bureau foreign policy association 1200 national pre s building washington d.c washington news letter washington bureau national press building may 26 the debate on america’s rdle in the war reached a high point of tension last weekend as washington awaited president roosevelt's state ment to the nation and the world in both congress and the executive branch of the government ob servers found a reflection of the widening area of conflict abroad in the widening concept of defense held by representatives of the american people expanding defense concepts this ex panding concept of defense was revealed by unex pected moves isolationist leaders united with inter ventionists to urge immediate occupation of all french possessions in the western hemisphere dollar a year men joined with new dealers to de mand government intervention in critical defense industries opm officials supported washington columnists in outspoken criticism of existing pro duction schedules and administrative confusion to some observers this response to the deepening crisis seemed to hold the promise of greater unity and to suggest a common ground for action based on the widest application of the doctrine of hemi sphere defense and sheer self interest to others it pointed to war to still others even the broadest extension of the hemisphere formula appeared too narrow a base on which to build foreign and do mestic policies adequate for the emergency in the field of foreign policy members of the president's cabinet projected a course looking well beyond the western hemisphere to counter the nazi challenge on the seas renewing their warning that the united states would not surrender control of the seas to any combination of hostile powers secre taries stimson and knox publicly urged repeal of the neutrality act to permit a return to the traditional american policy of freedom of the seas secretary hull was no less emphatic at his press conference on may 26 mr hull took official cog nizance of a statement by grand admiral raeder in which the commander in chief of the german navy was quoted as saying that american convoy opera tions would be regarded as an act of war it was indicated in washington that this threat of nazi reprisals delivered in an interview with a japanese correspondent in berlin would draw an even stronger reply than the german warning of april 26 that the red sea was to be considered a war zone in that instance the administration reaffirmed its decision to send some 28 american merchant to the red sea presumably with naval escorts deliver war supplies to british forces in the n east on the domestic front statements by leading de fense officials last week introduced a sharper note of urgency and self criticism an official summary of 12 months progress in the defense effort released by the office of emergency management on may 25 frankly recognized shortcomings that had bee glossed over in earlier reports and acknowledged that the record was not good enough the report went on to show that while the expenditure of more than 42 billion dollars had been authorized or pro jected only about 45 per cent of this sum had beep contracted for contracts actually awarded up ty may 1 totaled 15.2 billion dollars with an addi tional 3.7 billion in orders for britain even more dis turbing was the continued bottleneck in machine tool production and the resulting lag in the ordnance and airplane program the strongest plea for expansion of defense pro duction and the sharpest criticism of administrative confusion came from a prominent business man on the staff of opm in a statement broadcast on may 15 w l batt deputy director of the production division declared that a radical change of attitude on the part of some people in government some people in labor and some people in industry mus take place if we are to make good our promises calling for drastic expansion all along the line mr batt warned that we cannot produce the vast quat tities of fighting material which must be produced and at the same time preserve our standard of living in terms of automobiles and electric conveniences and leisure hours in congress division of opinion persisted despite the growing pressure of events most observers who know congressional sentiment agree that an attempt to pass legislation to repeal the neutrality act ot to authorize convoys would encounter strong opp sition on the other hand there is virtual unanim ity on the need for speeding up the entire defenst program and any measures essential for defense of the western hemisphere if the executive is able to base its policy on the expanded concept of hem sphere defense it is assured of overwhelming sup port in both the senate and the house congress like the country is waiting for the president to lead w t stone vou x n th mat portan recent many gle be for co linked the in lie mé and th streng the on with j st japan the m fense strug scatte tinues fesuul consti fense shiprr ching munit be ab in ther in the secre mini tage ame peace order gove certa +foreign policy bulletin index to volume xxi october 24 1941 october 16 1942 published weekly by the national headquarters foreign policy association 22 east 38th street incorporated new york n y index to volume xxii foreign policy bulletin october 24 1941 october 16 africa biribtts ferwendin lb ncenccscctesccunssibsntpiciiisinnitctaeinaevntiniaiaiiainiin weygand retires as delegate general for french africa see also world war alaska canada u.s agreement on highway major u.s installations pushed pppprrriroirirr itty sooo ee ote sese teer ee se sets sese eeee ee ee ee ee es american states argentine brazilian trade treaty aids hemisphere defense u.s brazil netherlands agreement on u.s troops in stii xis.cinsisisciavecousnsnuasevstinuiameipeliasiccnsiiadasesidansalasamibmse a mm rio de janeiro conference on hemispheric war tie cnssinnnesseaetndhianinghaemimaaial economic problems on rio conference agenda 00 0 argentina questions rio conference hemisphere solidarity te ees eley deae ete sr welles gives u.s stand on hemisphere solidarity rio conference achievements c scccccseseccessssssserscssssssessees chile postpones action on final act of rio conference u.s presses hemisphere solidarity program eeeeeeee seeececseeseeees argentina asia db twee uno ccccctrccsintennniicictiainnndvninanis u.s trade agreement correction tou ced gee isiacccencteccissnsttensiineieicesinesien can fees cre wr te ccnewrintintsiscanlinieartitdnninvtiicingeiniaiineion se gh tis war grrboiiod ciciccsicectirnttieeseesitmnrnin questions rio conference hemisphere solidarity program anti axis moves limited attitude on war bids orncsnsecscsnenssinvschstttnitiiegenndinaiiisaihmadlitea tastes castillo gag policies strengthen neutrality se cred cchininecceeccsinssiiccstainaiilcensiaaeeinianeendiadia anti german demonstrations ccccccccsecsscccssssssscecevccscosescceees ortiz resigns presidency castillo becomes president u.s relations deteriorate whe pu ge crecaccttnnisntitniicttiiaiainanen castillo and relations with neighboring republics chamber votes break with axis and suspension of state oe gis cccnckacisavtissssamnstaraninpnsddeavidaasidaadam bandas heasdiaiandneth det ee rk ee ee oe reactions to brazil’s entry in wet cccccssccsseesesneesseseeeee welles charges use as center of axis activities prererrieriir titties cree eee eros tee e sees ee eee eee eee eeseeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeese ees soe e ret ehh eee ees eee eeeeeesoseseeeeseseoese eee ee eeeeseeeeeeeee eee eees corr ere coe sooo esse esse ese esse ee eteee eee eeeeeeeeseee ees oeeeeseceeeseseeeese raw materials under japan’s control prepii tipo it australia prime minister curtin on far east war imperial force preeeee reer iri iii it sore retro ere e eere eee eseee teese s tees es eeee sees sese eeeeee eee ee esse ees see also world war austria iron ore output sooo oe ore r eeo ee eee es teese esse es esse es eseseeee sese sesees sees eeeeeeeeee ees 1942 21 35 25 11 13 22 date november 28 1941 november 28 1941 march 13 1942 june 19 1942 november 28 1941 november 28 1941 december 19 1941 january 9 1942 january 23 1942 january 23 1942 january 30 1942 march 138 1942 march 138 1942 october 24 1941 october 31 1941 november 28 1941 december 12 1941 december 19 1941 january 23 1942 january 30 1942 february 13 1942 march 13 1942 june 5 1942 june 5 1942 july 3 1942 july 3 1942 august 7 1942 august 7 1942 october 9 1942 october 9 1942 october 9 1942 october 9 1942 october 16 1942 april 10 1942 january 2 1942 january 16 1942 march 20 1942 i i a i i 4 volume xxi baltic states rinne duguee tung o.cccccscccosccoccvscetenssnecconececedbocsoeseonsbecenoeacose i sa cabisamasrepeniconensbosebineuncenss belgian congo ee ee ee book reviews adamic louis two way passage ssesserrsseserersscessserses i ise aa arldisneihseesndeenbbdboavienedateberseseueresneotets baker r l oil blood and sand baldwin h w strategy for victory cccccsssseceeseeees wa barber joseph jr hawaii restless rampart 00 barnett r w hconomic shangkal cccccesseserssessresseesseee barrés phillipe charles de grille ccccsccssssssseesssseesseereres bevin ernest the balance sheet of the future ss0000 bigland eileen nto cre cccccccssrcccrsrocssssscosscssccscccsosoencs bingham woodbridge the founding of the t’ang dynasty birdsall paul versailles twenty years after cccccceeoe brooks hi leg phebomets of trove 00c0 ecccesccesccccecceccerecssesescocees buck p i american unity and as8iar cccccccccssserercccesesseees burt a l a short history of canada for americans buss c a war and diplomacy in eastern asia byas hugh the japanese ee my cecccccccecsereesseeeeeeeeeeeees carr e h conditions of peace c.cccccccccscssesessescccsesenecsees carter a e the battle of south america cccccccceeeeees a gs i mute binion oc nsventsishicsltinnasnnavensteccsonsesesstnecenaatece cecil viscount a great bxperiment cccccccccccccscserseeeeseees chamberlin w h the world’s 70n age ccccccccceeesssseeeees christian j l bn titties fortes iescectienstensetsenensemeszernerec clarkson j d and cochran t c war as a social insti iti 1s scniernelestipnicds dedicat hieupaesiiebinuies suntiadeaiceankancnenscbeieenesipetece conbett p e post war worlds ccccccccscsccssssssccssscceseeses cowles virginia looking for trowble 0 ccccccccsssseseeeeeeseeee crow carl meet the south americans ccccccceseeseesssscerseees cudahy john the armies masel cccccccssesssececsesesesscssesessees curtis monica ed norway and the war ccc.cccsssseceeeeeeees davies howell ed the south american handbook davies j e mission to moscow ssscccssscccccccessesseeesceeeees de rougemont denis and muret charlotte the heart of iii alliisinstiiicenspehann spiniuclibigisataeadalthaineieacibsinarenbinemcedentueveserrares de roussy de sales raoul the making of tomorrow diebold william jr new directions in our trade policy duffett w e and others india today cccccseesceeeeeeees duranty walter the kremlin and the people 000 einzig paul economic warfare 1939 1940 ergang robert the potsdam fiihrer ccce000 iiit mini cs cctanidal dissvdthelsvehnbiadhoasiansoacssbsbinbdonbéncenmprocerieeaneeses fergusson erna our hawi ccccccccccccssssrsssecssccseseeseeees ferrero guglielmo the reconstruction of europe fischer louis dawn of victory ccccccccccccssscsessssccssscsseseces fleisher wilfrid our enemy jo par ccccccccceseesssseseceeesseeeees fleisher wilfrid volcanic isle cccssccccccssccsscsssssssscceces galdames luis a history of chile 0 cccccccessssscccessecceeseees galloway george b and associates planning for america garnett david war t2t the ait ccccccccccccccccccssscccscccsscscssccccsces gayn m j the fight for the pacific 0 ccccccccsesssscseeeseeees gervasi frank war has seven face ccsccccccssesesssseseeee gessler clifford tropic landfall 20 cccccccccceesecsceeesecsceeeeeees gessler clifford and suydam e h pattern of mezico goodrich l c and fenn h c a syllabus of the his tory of chinese civilization and culture ceccccccccocsssssssesooen gordon m s barriers to world trade cccccccssessceeeeeeee graeber isacque britt s h and others jews in a gen tile world the problem of anti semitism ccccccs00 grant w d the new burd cccccccoscocccccccsscccscocsecsscccccesece grattan c h introducing australia ccccccccccccseccecesseees green p l our latin american neighbors ss00 0 greene k r c and phillips j d economic survey of sw area part 2 transportation and foreign guedalla philip mr chretr chill 0 0cccccccsscscscocccsessecesescssooseee gunther john inside latin amee7rica ccccccccceccsseccccesssseeeees haas w h ed the american emppire c0cccccccccsseecseceeees habe hans a thousand shall fell 00 ccccccccccccesseseeeesseeees hackett francis what mein kampf means to america hagen paul will germany crack 0 ccccsscssesseesesssscsnseceees hanson e p chile land of progress scccccceeeeeeesesssees harsch joseph pattern of conquest cccccccccscceesseeeeeeeeeee 26 date june 19 1942 june 19 1942 april 17 1942 december 26 1941 september 18 1942 october 2 1942 august 7 1942 december 19 1941 july 31 1942 april 10 1942 august 7 1942 november 21 1941 september 4 1942 april 3 1942 july 24 1942 october 16 1942 may 29 1942 july 31 1942 october 2 1942 august 7 1942 september 11 1942 june 26 1942 august 7 1942 december 26 1941 august 21 1942 september 4 1942 april 24 1942 april 17 1942 june 26 1942 december 26 1941 july 24 1942 august 28 1942 april 10 1942 august 14 1942 august 7 1942 september 4 1942 february 20 1942 april 10 1942 march 27 1942 march 27 1942 december 19 1941 july 31 1942 february 6 1942 may 29 1942 july 10 1942 january 30 1942 september 11 1942 may 1 1942 june 26 1942 february 27 1942 september 18 1942 july 31 1942 september 25 1942 august 21 1942 september 4 1942 april 24 1942 december 19 1941 february 13 1942 august 28 1942 october 16 1942 april 3 1942 may 1 1942 december 26 1941 december 5 1941 december 19 1941 august 14 1942 september 4 1942 december 5 1941 volume xxi book reviews continued hauser e o honorable a eee hayden j r the phili hedin sven chiang kat chek marshal of china herring hubert good neighbors hindus maurice hitler cannot conquer russia 0 0 hindus maurice russia and japan 0sseresersrserrverecsveeses holcombe a n dependent areas in the post war world holmes h n strategic materials and national strength homer joy dawn watch in i ncsccevesnsesnapniececivelapeeiibeatiionn hoover herbert and gibson hugh the problems of last ge fporod corecccessiccpessvensgupenneponsintantentipimbeiaanlansoiveesgecianesnintadiiigte hrushevsky michael a history of ukraine ccssseseeees ingersoll ralph action on all fronts cccscccossscsssssssssesssssesens ireland gordon boundaries possessions and conflicts in central and north america and the caribbean james fp ladle bong cccdoninuriiimatianindiennas jones s s and myers d p documents on foreign re lations july 1940 june 1941 cc.c.ccscsccossssessessssesessesvereeeseeess keesing f m the south seas in the modern world kelsey vera brazil in capitals kernan thomas france on berlin time ccscccseesseeseeesees kernan w f defense will not win the war 0 0 king hall stephen total victory preparation for a oe fordd ssccseassssasicisbnntsdenctnnhamuetcgmelamesintcneiaamaiaatiaden kiralfy alexander victory in the pacific ccccccssssesseees knickerbocker h r is tomorrow hitler’s cccccesseeseee koht halvdan norway neutral and invaded 00 lavine harold and wechsler james war propaganda oe whe tio bion anecsvcsnnsccnsenstivnscaneininssncnsccteditaiananten league of nations world economic survey 1939 41 lee dwight ten years leff d n uncle sam’s pacific islet cccccseccsccccssssssseeess lengyel emil dakar outpost of two hemispheres lengyel emil trig ccasccecesninigthtinnindainiitinesdndamianiiiegenpion levy roger lacam guy and roth andrew french in terests and policies in the far ena oesiae lewis cleona nazi europe and world trade 00 0 linebarger p m a the china of chiang k’ai shek lipp solomon and basso h v conversational spanish for army atr forces of the u.s cccccccccssoscsccscvcsssescesse lew david low 0c gee oop cinisscitcinttinainiven maccormac john america and world mastery mcguire paul westward the course ccccccecesesceeerecesees maritain jacques france my country cccccsseeesseeceeeeees masaryk jan and others the sixth colum ccccccssee00 michie a a and graebner walter their finest hour miaselwits h f the dragon st0re ccccccccsescccesssesssosesoeese mitchell k l economic survey of the pacific area part 3 industrialization of the western pacific moorhead alan mediterranean front nevins allan this is england today ccccsesscceesseeeeess padelford n j the panama canal in peace and war pelzer k j economic survey of the pacific area part 1 population and land distribution ccccccccceeeeeeeseeeseeseees perkins dexter hands off a history of the monroe doc bpg snnsucascstnecsnystnisunsetnesunninecaahienennasananes aaa edict petrovitch svetislav sveta free yugoslavia calling pigou a c the political economy of war porter catherine philippine emergency cccssseceseseeees pee ff xg chm fe ge sicncccencricercainsiscrceccssanceniginionss tae priestley j b out of the people cccccsorseiverercccsesssessesesecees ses randau carl and zugsmith leane the setting sun of por sarrrtancsrinsssioirsicceniniesapaamnagaamlpiiamanmanes remington w e cross winds of empire cccsssceeees richmond admiral sir herbert british strategy mil itary ee ert ate aiodelt rg rican curt tete bo vcccctsssencainninvnirntiniairis riess curt underground europe ccccsssccssccsssssssssssssssscees robinson howard and others fonud international or gorizalion ererereccrerecessosronesoonrocesssessoosesonsceqesenseccssoosennesseoseoooes roth andrew japan strikes south cccccccccsssssesssesesssenseees russell william berlin embassy ccccscccsssrcesssserssssssessees saint exupéry antoine de flight to arrds ccssseeees st john robert from the land of silent people schubert paul sea power in conflict ccccccsscssserseseeeeees schuman f l design for powe cccccccccoccsccossscseseecosoesoese solvave w 1 ta6g amrouoe mccsnisvisintanionnimsiemnnen scott john behind the urals an american worker in rusdla’e clbey of biel ccerecseeceremsisisnsennsssemensnacsesbevermennanens eeeeeee ee eeeeeeceeeeecees cee eeseeerseeeee sere eee eeeeeeeeseeeeseeseeseses eeeseece se eeeeeereereeeseseeeere a sbe h 88 z 25 24 17 10 10 28 44 47 43 42 17 24 23 43 36 17 38 date march 27 1942 march 6 1942 october 31 1941 april 24 1942 october 31 1941 august 21 1942 april 17 1942 october 16 1942 november 14 1941 september 25 1942 march 27 1942 august 14 1942 december 26 1941 september 25 1942 september 4 1942 september 4 1942 april 24 1942 june 26 1942 march 13 1942 april 3 1942 august 21 1942 may 15 1942 april 17 1942 december 19 1941 june 26 1942 june 26 1942 december 26 1941 april 24 1942 march 27 1942 july 31 1942 april 10 1942 august 21 1942 february 13 1942 december 19 1941 may 15 1942 august 21 1942 january 2 1942 august 14 1942 january 2 1942 november 21 1941 october 16 1942 july 3 1942 april 24 1942 august 28 1942 october 16 1942 november 14 1941 april 10 1942 april 3 1942 february 18 1942 december 26 1941 december 26 1941 may 1 1942 august 21 1942 april 17 1942 september 11 1942 august 14 1942 august 7 1942 february 138 1942 november 21 1941 april 3 1942 march 27 1942 august 14 1942 june 26 1942 february 18 1942 july 10 1942 a ee ae a sasa nt a is a eae aaa pe hea volume xxxi book reviews continued no date sforza carlo the totalitarian war and after 27 april 24 1942 smith h k last train from ber lam cccccccceceseeserseeneeee 48 september 18 1942 spykman n j america’s strategy in world politics 33 june 5 1942 stowe leland no other road to freedom cccccccceeeeeee 2 october 31 1941 strachey john a faith to fight for cccccccsscccesssecessseeees 25 april 10 1942 stryker perrin arms and the aftermath ccccccccee0ee 29 may 8 1942 tabouis genevieve they called me cassandra 47 september 11 1942 tamagna f m italy’s interests and policies in the far i oicadehashdtiaeiiciaatinaieinideiitidenienaneall elaialnepandatiennitalbiaciisertemeanmanrineetevees 41 july 31 1942 tate merze the disarmament ilmusion cccccccccecccececceees 50 october 2 1942 taylor se elie iiis iriscisceieninicinastamanvincteecenensieosseree 31 may 22 1942 thompson virginia thailand the new siam 21 march 13 1942 thyssen fritz i paid hitler 0 ccccccsccccssseccesseseees 17 february 13 1942 torres henry pierre laval cccccccocceccecsseccccssccccccsoccescesscoce 27 april 24 1942 townsend m e european colonial expansion since 1871 25 april 10 1942 toynbee a j survey of international affairs 1938 a aoerild caipel ca caiel ice della secalin ds vena eiahice vabsidiphidomaskehstesstconnient 42 august 7 1942 trend j b south america with mexico and central endian reo ae erates eae ae 32 may 29 1942 undset sigrid return to the future 0 cccccccccscseesseceesseeees 43 august 14 1942 vandenbosch amry the dutch east indies 0000000 21 march 138 1942 vinacke h m a history of the far east in modern it isl nd a cai nb tcnd al capadaanninebtaiegoncnaighesoeedcoeeenndee 44 august 21 1942 waldeck r g athene palace cccccccssssssssessssscessscecssseesses 23 march 27 1942 wales nym china builds for democracy cccss000000000 41 july 31 1942 wang ching chun japan’s continental adventure 46 september 4 1942 umuc a tcriigig bilchoy ncccececcececccsccsccsecsessscecescccecscecvsccccese 17 february 13 1942 white j l transportation and national defense 46 september 4 1942 white w l they were expendable cccccccccseseessseeeeeeee 50 october 2 1942 wilgus a c the development of hispanic america 7 december 5 1941 williams francis democracy’s battle ccccccseecceeeeeseeeees 38 july 10 1942 wilson c w central america challenge and oppor seed ssitininewsedsseuniensoticgnennhetccuinnanestlennbinntinisumtninnepnnitsbormtnpernanene 46 september 4 1942 wright quincy and others legal problems in the far ciid ccssichtiiedeiriechatticaundiassiassnensaguitaimesiadingibitstmceaewe 41 july 31 1942 wu yi fang and price f w ed china rediscovers esr a a ee 24 april 3 1942 young j r behind the rising sun 0 ccccccccceccesseecessseceeees 7 december 5 1941 zacharoff lucien ed the voice of fighting russia 30 may 15 1942 brazil ee eee te 6 november 28 1941 i ds ace cell snasnsincknidaidudectbtbiaceseteee 21 march 13 1942 iii sche ba siaphinsdcandoiehasndikstcelidebakeevieknblodavassevecsastensese 45 august 28 1942 a p justo offers his sword to vargas cccccccssssseeesseeeeeees 51 october 9 1942 see also world war bulgaria iis uu i sco oa ccsisdeniegmeaneandeecneeciinevenen 6 november 28 1941 i ii ttt aaa bic cin nentsnwsapgnendnowasngadaccauaqesnqiecsiusvcosonse 23 march 27 1942 nationalist sentiment and german demands 00 25 april 10 1942 canada joint war production committee of canada and u.s ei uie nutini 012 cscnrecennanhininanenedeesientepensousesonpessatergreneves 11 january 2 1942 alaska highway agreement with u.s cccceeesseeeeeeeeeeees 21 march 13 1942 plebiscite outcome shows styain ccccccesseeseetceceeeeesreeeeeees 29 may 8 1942 iii 2 ic ino asdaehicosansdabaveieiibedasedieeesboveseteosenseceseessoeee 29 may 8 1942 tries to avoid new consctiption ctisis ccceceeeeeeseeeeeeees 32 may 29 1942 see also world war central america loan from u.s for pan american highway 00 14 january 23 1942 chile i naar laa sadam iaaniemennesenemnmnennetings 16 february 6 1942 social and economic conaitions cccccecesseesseeeessereeseeeeeeees 16 february 6 1942 postpones action on final act of rio conference 0 21 march 13 1942 senate approves ggovernment’s coutse cccccesceceeeeeeseeeeees 37 july 3 1942 foreign policy cuts across party lines ssssseseeseseseseeeees 47 september 11 1942 rios cautious on sii iiis scncccenirsisicosscsescnbiseesscerconsenesecseves 47 september 11 1942 iii suite sali stn ceieniendinsiebeiapiinielianaebeiebbieneneeszooennanecuente 52 october 16 1942 i i i i oa ties caliasesabepstabeceecesebevecsepnoooese 52 october 16 1942 welles charges use as center of axis activities 52 october 16 1942 volume xxi china u.s withdraws american maines cccccsssrssesscssssersesseess nanking government signs anti comintern pact role in unified far east command five years of resistance to japan attitude om indlint gugcresom 00csscccescscccnssescsctesecssesencsiassconaasonss northwest economic military and political activity leading toward new supply routes via india and russia anglo american relinquishment of extraterritoriality press praises willkie see also world war prerrrri rir preece r ier ir irr ir scor r eee ee er er oee ees eee e eoe eh eset eeeeeeeees sooo ere eee r oee eoe esos esse eeee eee ese estee esheets eeees eee eees costa rica declares war on japan lend lease aid orr o rr etre eere oee er te eeeeeeeeseee teese eeoeeeeeee sees hoes coree ee reese eee e eee eeeeeeeeeeesseoeeeeseeeeeseseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeee eee eee es croatia signs anti comintern pact core o ree r eee oee reet teese teese ee eee esse teese ee eeeeed czechoslovakia bie nii os gcse cecicnccdicissasctcndcusineesenataeenanbasericaadaaal repudiates munich pact poor ree e eee o ose ese e eoe e tet eeeee sees eteeeeeseseeeseee oed dominican republic declares war on japan oar orr r eer eeo oe eee ee reet he hser ee esse eee eset eeeeeeeeeees ecuador perera dew ae be nv scccescccsine cessive sea aniic ain peruvian boundary settlement u.s building naval base epic coo e rro e ee oee este esse sees eeeeeeee estee tees eset ee eeeees egypt nahas pasha becomes premier nahas pasha’s policy political situation see also world war poeeeiii otic tic tir coo r ree eere eee ee hose oee es eoe eeeeeeeeoeeteeeeeeseeseeeseseess srr ee ero e hee oee ro eee eoe o sees oses eee eeees eset seeeeeeeeeee shee sees os europe en ooo lee ll lie rn ree 6 er so industrial resources serve nazi war machine nationalist sentiment obstructs new order unquelled by three years of nazi conquest pete ee ee eeeeeeeeesesessese finland rejects hull’s warning on war with russia signs anti comintern pact pegi whr ti aes sisssescckrreserc ch ctisneicsectrcreactoosin u.s warns against gd 0 germaany cicesscsccescsescccsccscesconesescoseses mannerheim on eastern karelia german report ue grre crit totti iv ccnetinci caistntcrcteereesersicicsveisntdnrcees procope on possible terms of peace coen eeeeeeeneeeeeeeeeeneee eere ere eee eee ee eee ees e eee e eee e sheet eset tees sese es cee e eee eee ee eter ee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee foreign policy association ee oe ii cintittterinnnenitisnienmibieninicinaniniaitiaes j w scott joins staff annual meeting annual meeting part in the war ie ind oasis civinnccestatecusescinpascet onan wepiiennciewondaiacamaiee war department buys publications eb be ee renin weer general mccoy back from pearl harbor investigation j me mcculloch made acting director of washinzton rine sninscavorinssusstcsncnvivaceenviericniaeeseaamantenlaneeresaveheumnadabiirabinies w p maddox made assistant to president d h popper made associate editor e s hediger joins research staff branch conference general mccoy heads military commission to try nazi spies john elliott to contribute washington news letter h p whidden jr and l k rosinger join research staff s s hayden made assistant to the president staff members in government seirvice ccccecesscsseeesesenees pti utiaw os ccercssoscinsattadsids i vixeaidaasapaascnaas genteel ai ie bid inesccrctisscctinsessninsemeineeoiveneenceanitndaieeada teins w.n nelson joins research staff see eee eere heres here oses tees etse eee eeeseeeeeeeeeee eee eeeess pperrrrrrrrrrrri titi irr coe re ree ree e tees eee e esse eere ee eseeteeeeeeeeeee theses eeeeeeeeeeeeseeees sore eere eere eee eere ee erste eere eere sese eeee sese ee eseeeeeeeeeeseeeeeees rere rrrrririrrrrirr rrr r iti r iri serene ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeseeee se ooe oooo eee eee eee eee ee eeeeeeeeeee coe kore eh eere eee e eee eee eoe ee eee tee eeeoees prererrrerrrr rir coe e eerste ee ee hee se reese ee ee ee eee eee eee 22 43 17 21 17 37 date november 21 1941 november 28 1941 january 9 1942 july 10 1942 july 24 1942 october 2 1942 october 16 1942 october 16 1942 december 12 1941 january 23 1942 november 28 1941 march 20 1942 august 14 1942 december 12 1941 november 14 1941 february 13 1942 march 13 1942 february 18 1942 july 3 1942 july 3 1942 january 16 1942 march 20 1942 april 10 1942 september 4 1942 november 14 1941 november 28 1941 june 12 1942 june 12 1942 july 24 1942 july 24 1942 september 25 1942 november 7 1941 november 14 1941 november 21 1941 november 28 1941 december 26 1941 december 26 1941 january 9 1942 january 16 1942 january 30 1942 february 138 1942 february 18 1942 february 13 1942 march 6 1942 april 24 1942 july 10 1942 july 10 1942 july 10 1942 august 21 1942 august 28 1942 september 18 1942 october 2 1942 october 2 1942 volume xxi france german executions denounced by roosevelt and churchill latin americans protest executions cccccccscccseesssssssseeeees vichy u.s relations critical cccccccrsscccssssscssssscsessssseees weygand retires as delegate general for french africa goering meets pétain and darlan vichy protests nazi reprisals cccsscccsssssssrsssssssseresessees u.s stand on free french in st pierre and miquelon bee rms otl me rtcimigis 20 ccccsccccecccceccccccscccssssevcsscesesccessoessceees pétain’s new year message u.s policy toward vichy pe eien ich sci cliaciiaiaet enh het nmbtinkepbekcliuabienbpateunceneieevescatevevers laval efforts to regain government post iis ico ie ut a circal a chaenatilacibniigiwabueneeamisecbseseeeseere laval returns to vichy cabinet scccccessssssseeceeeenereeeeeees a exchanges on u.s consulate general at braz stil niicctdsnciniciesiehahiuiabalisiasitidhasalinsthidididaisiinentaitigbindaenvunciinetsaqueceeonce laval forms new government trys to impose new order pros and cons of u.s vichy policy u.s recalls admiral leahy eee el tees sees i ee cr u.s asks admiral robert to bar axis use of french carib ere ee irr e ei ore ec u.s robert negotiations continue laval’s stand italy renews claims for tunisia industries german coordination cccceeeeeeesesesseeeeeeeceees laval urges total collaboration with germany labor refuses to work in germany ccsssseccceesseeesseeneees laval rejects roosevelt proposal on warships at alexandria u.s reasons for relations with vichy cccccsssesseeeeees vichy anti semitic orders protested by pope pius and re een ere ses gree set ret sps at herriot jeanneney warning to pétain ccccccccccsssssceeeeeeees hull denounces expulsion of jewish refugees and decree to conscript french labor for germany sccceeseeeeees benoist mechin ousted as secretary of state and tri color iiit cthitiisieielicadihanitnh ides dheumeamertiiensectiherenncoumentninebencecesiusne opposition to laval labor policy herriot held peer re serene sore oer ree eere eee eset ee eee here ee esse e esheets eeeees eet eter eaten eeeeeeeseeeeeeeeee cooter terete eeo o ee heres eee ese teese eee ee hehe eeeee eee ereeeneeeeee pree ee eoc i ore r irre torr eee ere r eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee oe opo ere e roe r hee ee eeee see ee eee sethe eseeeeeeeese eee eee eee es esher ee eeee esos free french national committee u.s stand on occupation of st pierre and miquelon u.s names representatives for consultations see een eeeeeneeneeeeeeees germany goebbels warns of consequence of defeat iie shiiiiiil 010 acceciedliceahdlh dakabbbegpatvtusbigbeersciaacstbewasedesonecconesésecees announces new signers of anti comintern pact pétain and darlan meet goering vichy protests nazi reprisals ccscsssccsssssssssssssssseeens hitler takes charge of military operations goebbels assails sweden and switzerland iron and steel from occupied europe ccc cclcnwimssecpiigeedshbndbubiednyeeeqereereieersecseecee i pi iii oss cc sanclsvwancnannscasweatoencnsctenessoonevece new order obstructed by nationalist sentiment laval tries to impose new order on france hitler takes over civilian authority st an nine geigiiiiid cicceredcensnsncncssenanseteensnesetoteserecesccccusee marshal von rundstedt heads troops in western europe hitler mussolini meeting at salzburg pune where meguniotuioiune osncscsececccseccccnsocteccccceccssovcccccecscesesesceeese laval urges france to collaborate ccccccccceeessesseeeeeeeeees forms netherlands corporation to establish dutch agri cultural colony in russia labor recruiting system peete eee eee eee nese eeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeteneeenee pperer trt ir rr iri prererrrerrrrirr titties ser ree eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee pere r ier rr iret eet preerrr terre ris eee eeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeese pree rrrrrrrrr rrr rie tit itr rd sooo ree ere eee eee eee oe ee eee eee oe eee ee eee eee eee shore o rhee eee eee e tess eeeeeeeeeeee sese ee ese ee sese sees ed see also world war great britain churchill denounces german executions in france churchill on british stand in event of japanese american sii 011 cici tecaasectastcisdulindindirkainekdobiedaiadinecinttabactbbeninbeiebsneceseede i adc ss sahediaasdtagintsaatalonahenndonntenenivaliaerventeecines ee loot lal oer te anglo american pact on post war economic relations labor party program for post war reconstruction lord halifax and the archbishop of canterbury on post i a alae benaaneeedeoseusaces oliver lyttelton on planning after the war seeeeeeee prrrrrrrerrrrrerrr rer is 88 bssaa wo date october 31 1941 november 14 1941 november 28 1941 november 28 1941 december 5 1941 december 19 1941 january 2 1942 january 2 1942 january 16 1942 february 27 1942 march 20 1942 april 10 1942 april 10 1942 april 17 1942 april 17 1942 april 24 1942 april 24 1942 april 24 1942 may 15 1942 may 15 1942 may 22 1942 may 29 1942 june 26 1942 june 26 1942 june 26 1942 july 24 1942 july 24 1942 september 11 1942 september 25 1942 september 25 1942 october 2 1942 october 2 1942 october 9 1942 january 2 1942 july 24 1942 november 21 1941 november 21 1941 november 28 1941 december 5 1941 december 19 1941 january 2 1942 january 16 1942 march 20 1942 march 27 1942 march 27 1942 april 10 1942 april 24 1942 may 1 1942 may 1 1942 may 1 1942 may 8 1942 june 12 1942 june 26 1942 july 17 1942 october 2 1942 october 31 1941 november 21 1941 november 28 1941 february 27 1942 march 6 1942 may 1 1942 may 1 1942 may 1 1942 volume xxi great britain continued sir kingsley wood of isc00io0 sissccicccsennsansatnecitvoonensiemins churchill report on second anniversary of accession to office churchill wins vote of confidence repridinkes tegrich pac q.cceccccnssccecsienecesssntmisteroomtetinsetmntaisnes relinquishes extraterritoriality rights in china see also india world war preriie iii prrerrrrrrir rrr guatemala declares war on japan ror r ee ree eee eee e reese eeo eee ee eere eee eee sese eee eeeeeees haiti declares war on japan corr ree ree ee eee eeo eee e eet e este ete ee steer sees ee eeeeeeoeees honduras declares war on japan oo e ree roe ee eee eo ero e eee et ee eee ee see eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees hungary rumanian hungarian recriminations horthy on unpreparedness seem meee eee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee coroner ere r soe eee o eset eoe ee sees eee ese estee ee eeeeeeeeed india briel 68 ago sciccdiccmisiccéicieptininiinaenaavaididiand chiang kai shek’s visit comrees detect giang o.ceccerseccsertigimbadenccenneinen viscount cranborne on political freedom deadlock as obstacle to war participation cripps to present british plan cei drg bodies 5ccesiescecsscecnusscosicsarnnuattlinstdivcemanpcevensoininatinins moslem league and congress party demands rejects cripps plan cripps’s comment c:ccsccssssseeeseees indian defense minister and indian members of war ciiioe six cxesccassscrcsctunscsnasvincevenvassae ee i aaaae tase british nationalist relations near crisis coree gce iriiis nis ceecccccrcivciocnsvenusnasesubacenpacsabaiatbinheaseabblevenacinss gana s shoomeibioncies cn.iccrsisimnoiainimnneneens rajagopalachariar resigns from working committee of tt ongs sccicwcncssacdiecprsuscsosoreneyibesitlindiabuicliticeniasabarea ieee congress leaders arrested after congress committee passes civil disobedience resolution crise deere gari ssaikssssscoesttienccionniccstisie nanan tourer wenn tid nscicescecrcetinweivncettsenneateeincreaensateres churchill statement to commonsd 00ccseccorccosescscvcecesesncseoseeseee indian leaders and british laborites ask roosevelt to rii ciicn cstnsnictsekcnsdcisnocceseneitaaar abated aeeemnedaaia aaa a iii sshicsiniiiin dussnadetasiiadat caterer ms crone tar tee oc sicscosectscieranislnsnciecdites sacar vtvccneadbeciniiens u.s on american troops in india aor ere eee ee rhee oee reese sees eee ee teese eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees prrererrrriirrri iit poeeerrioerrer errr rr iri rt soren oe eee rrr reese hoes e testes sese eee eeeeeees se eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesesese poeee cuo ecoooocio cii cte ti rire rr coree rro eee eee eere ee ee eee eee eeh eee eee ee international labor organization conference studies post war reconstruction cece eeeeeeereeeseeeereeeee iran see world war iraq see world war ireland iie gn siccis densicdicecticempdencich nemo cea anan nas de valera protests american troops in northern ireland military strength italy rendiepeiin taare ce vcusicsscestsccvsenithectevvssucciercacsomssoumumeenvents hitler mussolini meeting at salzburg renews demand for tunisia corr o eee eee eee oee seth see e ee eee ee eee eee sese eeees japan tgs0 cabinet carr ovol i seisicssciecisiintesrniscigecdinsvcmnestaneisinesins knox on its far tastarn dot iciccascccsicnecninennsiuntinnes tojo cabinet calls special diet session fete gr toon wie ccccescccecacenanterecreseesrsinivansnsantietbennsestoerarete te ood iid sii ccvcsiicgnenccigtoenireaniianstavesniuldeeeeniaanteeets sone treats wi ve aine sesccancccsgictiacecssctaccnscmisacncaneercestesens churchill on british stand in event of japanese american hostilities pteeeeeiteeti err ei sore r ree eee eee ere oe rhee eee sese sese ee eeee eee eee sees eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 16 16 29 32 or mm do do to no date may 1 1942 may 15 1942 july 10 1942 august 14 1942 october 16 1942 december 12 1941 december 12 1941 december 12 1941 march 27 1942 april 10 1942 february 20 1942 february 20 1942 february 20 1942 february 27 1942 march 6 1942 march 27 1942 april 3 1942 april 3 1942 april 17 1942 july 10 1942 july 24 1942 july 24 1942 july 24 1942 july 24 1942 august 14 1942 august 14 1942 august 14 1942 september 18 1942 september 18 1942 september 18 1942 september 18 1942 september 18 1942 november 7 1941 december 19 1941 february 6 1942 february 6 1942 october 31 1941 may 8 1942 may 29 1942 october 24 1941 october 31 1941 october 31 1941 october 31 1941 october 31 1941 november 14 1941 november 21 1941 10 volume xxi japan continued diet opens tojo and togo on aims in asia scc0eee kurusu talks in washington ccccccsssssssessssesereeseeeseeees tojo and togo on american and british interference u.s proposals rejected attacks u.s raw material supply china’s five years of resistance cccccccccssssssscsssessssseceeeees premier tojo replaces shigenori togo as foreign minister see also world war se eeeeeeeeseeseeeesseees latin america priorities crisis and u.s trade ccccccssssssecscccesseseeseseeees protests german executions in france cccccsssesssesssseeseees reactions to japan’s attack on u.s 200 ececcceeeeseeesessseeeeeeeees see also world war madagascar and indian ocean strategy british land coop o eee reo ooooh eee ee esthet sese eee seeees ese eeess corr ree eh eoe esters shee eso eeee ses etes eee oeessssesseee eee te ees eeeoe sees ee eees martinique es es ee cn en u.s asks admiral robert to bar use by axis 0000 u.s negotiations continue oooo c other eee eo oe teese eeteee sese ees eeseeeeee ees eeees mexico moomgnies wer ub cccccscsccseccecoccerecesscscccseescccvcocscccesccosveccceeses cer souris where tie 5 cccccecccccccsnrecccescocscecocccoccscecccsconesocnccoces american mexican defense commission cccceeseereeeeceeeeeees economic compacts with u.s 0 cccccsssscccesssscseecesscsseeseeceeees u.s mexican agreement on oil property values military strength i uii uis a eeeslnesindneeennchoeocnrsonetsoocoenese es elt le et agreement to send agricultural workers to u.s pimancial relations with us ccccccccccssssessssscscccsscccccssoes i esa seeteatinmmneniiotnomnennsennunnenee u.s mexican war pacts sooo ore sees eeo e oee e oooh este eee eeeeseseeoeeeseeseeeeeeee sese esse ee eees poor oee eeo o et ee eee esse teese ee ee este sees ee eeeeeeeeee sees miquelon free french occupation corre ere eere eee teeth estee ee eee ee eee eee eee eee ee ee eee netherlands nazis form corporation to establish dutch agricultural col ony in russia poor oreo shee et tees ee eeee eee ee eeseeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeeseseeees teese hoes netherlands east indies army strength see also world war neutrality house approves arming merchant ships c scc0es0e senate committee action after willkie statement senate repeals shipping restrictions of act house adopts senate amendments strategic consequences of revision nicaragua declares war on japan panama declares war on japan peru ioi iee 5 scsi unienbcebuscanubesoesead senmionsouss ecuadorean boundary settlement cccccccccscsssssereesseeeeeees president prado visits u.s cccccsccsccccsssscssccsccccescoscssccesccccccce u.s peruvian agreements philippine islands japanese invasion iiit iio sirs cticidinhiedib obit baadebantliatabehaabineahabiiasueniicceeesernsureonsbeece bataan falls portugal tungsten output corre e ree e eee teese eere eee ee see ee esse ee eee eeeeeeeeeedeee sese estee sees rere r reer rrr irs oo renee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeees corr er eee ee eee eee ee eee eeeneeeeeseeeeeees coro o eee eee oee ree e teese eee eee eeeee sop o oee teeth eee eee tees ee thee eeseee eee ee eeee sees esse eee ed tere pore eere reet ee eee teese eee ee eeeeeeeeee ee eee sees eee eeee ee sooo e eeo e oee eee oo hehe eee esos eee eee sese se eees ee eeed coree eee roe et oe eee e eee ee eee estee eee eee ee eeeeeeee ee esse eee ee es corre eee eee eee eeo sees eeeee ese eesee oee osee sees eeseee ees esse eeee esse esse eeee es pore eere oe ee eee ee eee tree eee o sees oses eee ees seeeee esse ss eeeeeeeee eee ees 00 fm co 39 13 ci ut bo do 17 32 10 52 date november 21 1941 november 21 1941 december 5 1941 december 12 1941 january 2 1942 july 10 1942 september 11 1942 november 7 1941 november 14 1941 december 12 1941 march 27 1942 may 8 1942 january 2 1942 may 15 1942 may 22 1942 november 28 1941 november 28 1941 january 23 1942 april 24 1942 april 24 1942 may 29 1942 may 29 1942 june 5 1942 september 25 1942 september 25 1942 september 25 1942 september 25 1942 january 2 1942 july 17 1942 january 16 1942 october 31 1941 october 31 1941 november 14 1941 november 21 1941 november 21 1941 december 12 1941 december 12 1941 november 14 1941 february 13 1942 may 29 1942 may 29 1942 december 26 1941 january 9 1942 april 17 1942 october 16 1942 sn volume xxi 11 reconstruction post war no date british aspirations and plans 28 may 1 1942 republican national committee resolution ssseeseees 28 may 1 1942 wiiisio om u0 temor scrccsmccititicigiernciennnninn 28 may 1 1942 vice president wallace on united nations objectives 30 may 15 1942 wallace speech implications scsssssceeseseee 31 may 22 1942 u.s initiative welles speech 33 june 5 1942 woemeniin’s gomer ero god cccweescsststnssssintsncanttnniccsnsennganatneinn 34 june 12 1942 anglo soviet and u.s soviet pacts ccccscscsssssssseeeseeseees 35 june 19 1942 geopolitics and problem of post war europe 000 40 july 24 1942 european hatreds and legitimacy ssssccersesreeeseees 46 september 4 1942 bishop de andrea on basic principles ccccssessseeseeesees 47 september 11 1942 rio de janeiro conference see american states rumania heats eth cope gi necccicitiisteitiesnsitieitnasincnaiaiilltiiinianinn 6 november 28 1941 hungarian rumanian recrimimations cccccccessseeeeeeees 23 march 27 1942 croatian slovakian agreement cccccccccsccsssssssrscssseserceeseees 25 april 10 1942 russia tame bonne deans bact tt cccsirececsisctstecississertieveenieeniasieeitinge oneness 4 november 14 1941 litvinov named ambassador to u.s csccseessreeeseeeeeeeees 4 november 14 1941 stalin asks united resistance of britain and u.s in war we ti once cinissicscivntsescenrsianald eiviseaaea tata nian 4 november 14 1941 core beg tort mgi oc ccccmiiceiitinicidisetenctenaaaibionsin 29 may 8 1942 re se boo 32 may 29 1942 poll ioot ine comm dower wire ascccceecscciescsicisennestsnnsechtslaisstonnteoronees 84 june 12 1942 see also world war st pierre ure fore crriueion cccnccenssintitsnininiicinceaniianiiinasias 11 january 2 1942 el salvador siueertor wee or sgiiord ceccencesncicccintinnininaninicienaaeaignamines 8 december 12 1941 slovakia omens i ae i nssscsisi sssccncectadintncssdcctaeqensaaonetuinnens 6 november 28 1941 spain tae sii ss vinenssisinsinsserivniionpatsemnicaaantsaciniasnmmaiataietnabises 33 june 5 1942 serrano stfer replaced by gomez jordana as foreign buns sccccicsschinsnivsinssatiniaienisiniagasntaisbmaielabaiaaaaaes 47 september 11 1942 cling ciid gud cnsicccnsnseninstininnipnnitnttdicinesicianiskaiilaabentnns 47 september 11 1942 sweden assailed by goebbels 13 january 16 1942 army maneuvers 22 march 20 1942 din giiiioie caiscsncsinccssevcsccusscicndunnciceousonaescccexceeumcnicenertentt 22 march 20 1942 ees sod thot wincessvicseceicszsesscncesmereneniiomencnitioaiees 22 march 20 1942 sitio sen cvicsveviinineveiunncinninniginaatiiiisitiigiianitanalinbasaiiannstnigniiaapiabaniiinti 49 september 25 1942 switzerland biutioe wy gci iniscevnnsssstidntcesscenssinctecsec nen ncaneiiniaenen 13 january 16 1942 tunisia peri sri ws cried on cevcinsivsnctciecenensemaeinnemmnanenaon 32 may 29 1942 turkey views pinpens certain tro cecccsceiscetecevinisisscevennictinninnaeicnnniones 23 march 27 1942 u.s lend lease shipments 23 march 27 1942 wer wood issecccdccscassonrisreces 49 september 25 1942 cored cutie cceccecesesctscnsssncnenetnannensiemninnnenemnnetennsniicitanantiaints 52 october 16 1942 united nations 26 anti axis states declare solidarity cccccsssscsssseseseeees 12 january 9 1942 united states argentine trade agreement cottection cccccccseseeeseneees 1 october 24 1941 deousr rane crbdie ccececrecicissnisiantinnnnimncaainnns 1 october 24 1941 state department creates board of economic operations 1 october 24 1941 asboreino clare retoorieig cccesccscsesinccscssnintivcnretinsieannmens 2 october 31 1941 12 volume xxi united states cortinued japanese american exchanges sssreee knox on japan’s far eastern policy c cscs ccssssssssseeseseeees velt denounces german executions in france armistice day problems c:cccccssessecsccessessesceeeeseesecesessenes latin american trade and priorities crisis 00000 finland rejects hull’s warning cccccccssssescecceseseseeceeseees japan sends kurusu to washington cccccsseeeeseeeeeees lend lease loan to ruussia cccccccsssseescecsesereeceesesssesceesseees russia names litvinov ambassador ccccscsceeeseseseeeeeeeee stalin asks united resistance of britain and u.s in war iiit crack ait mada ns intetvaediegndiitchetopes ndbiinnnsinaceenversseveiinene washington’s key role im war ccscccccsesssssceceessesceceeceseseceeees churchill on british stand in event of japanese american hostilities icienpideaeadhabinetdceidinakainensentedsthocenteressnes hase ip a sssinenebiabaeensteonsorsrnce withdraws marines from china ccccccceceessecceseeeeeeseeeees agreements with mexico ccccccsccccccssssssssesssessescscssseeseeesees lend lease aid to free french forces csssesesseeeeseseeeeeees ii oe waning i aicescscccccnccsccsccecccenscccsoncoccvccsccccccccsecesees enine gupoueme gid touiesuuiniie svc cccesceesccccccsccccsocccvsccccesecocecesescesoccceses si iii peni sisson con cares cntsnenesensvessinasoonsosusnastocsoocsuesies japanese american negotiations continue cccceeeee proposals which japan rejected ccccccsessccessseeeseseeeeeeeecees lend lease third roosevelt report ccccccssceeeesseeeeeeeeee raw materials cut off by pacific war 00 ccccccesseceeeseeeeeee and free french occupation of st pierre and miquelon joint war production committee of canada and u.s esl se edr a a jeeusdbeclossubuiccubonsoeses rio conference to test good neighbor policy economic i icuiieldicaltsaseadiachnaeld ici iccasieehageibdhsasteisnsindobineaeindboagensescseancediceoss roosevelt’s budget message cccccssessscscessesecesencsseesereseseeees roosevelt’s war production message cccesecceeeceeeeeeeees lend lease aid to costa rica and uruguay 00000 loan to central america for pan american highway mexican american defense commission cesseeseeeeee welles on hemisphere solidarity at rio conference st pierre and miquelon incident ccccsceeesseeseseeceeeeeees state department critics and defenders cccccccseeeeees ree ne ae anglo american agreement on post war economic relations i i ts cacdenbndantonences alaska highway agreement with canada ccccccceceeees i os cmemnedtansodeccnasions presses hemisphere solidarity program cccccsessssseseeees lend lease shipments to turkey cccccssseceeserereeceeeeeeees truman committee hearings on international patent agree init gli bivehaccsiedtcsbeiindaenhseuiionshiaaibiansiesebmbepaidiiesseconsuincnetiontecesseree recognition policy on free french in africa and new as ner re el es sia eae te er te truman committee further hearings ccccccssesesesseeees vichy u.s exchanges on american consulate general at i a a ae ee wolhessiucoovonenausess economic compacts with mexico 0.0 cccccccceeceecesceeeeeeeeeeees mexican u.s agreement on oil property values pros and cons of u.s vichy policy cccccccceeee ceseeeeeceeees recalls admiral leahy from france ccccccceseessseeeeeees sixth supplemental war appropriation act 000 ee sa ee asks admiral robert to bar axis use of french caribbean itil siestincsehdhslidishiisiianeheubiiechniisatesddesethulamnencettnineeseeqnesece economic warfare agencies scccsscccsssssscssssssssssssscsceceees i cs aoa shlacneticcdaapndpadienesonsivehinereounebes vice president wallace on united nations objectives rationing forced by shipping situation cc:scceseee00 robert u.s negotiations laval’s stand cccsceesseeeeeees poruvire procite d webte occccccnccccccescccescsccccsceccccccscssscccccceseesecs uiuidp engi muuiuuiiieiied cccccsncsconiécsseocasessstsesenseesnecoseonsoseosoceeet navy construction program cccssscssssssssssssesesessssssseceees weighs policy toward finland ccccccssssceeesssseeeeeeeeeeees master lend lease agreement with russia ceccesees puno srmeed benuginuiigboiid oe ccsccecccccccscncscceccsccvsscepeeecsocnsceccossees ends consular relations with finland cccccssccceeeeeees laval rejects roosevelt proposal on warships at alexandria names representatives for consultations with free french oes eea reasons for relations with vichy ccccscccesssseeeseerseeees hull on need for nations to win freedom by own efforts lend lease agreement with yugoslavia scccccceseseseeeees argentine relations deteriorate ccccccsssescsssssseerseereeseeees z wodwdaraaarhhuia hll hh he cocon dd date october 31 1941 october 31 1941 october 31 1941 november 7 1941 november 7 1941 november 14 1941 november 14 1941 november 14 1941 november 14 1941 november 14 1941 november 14 1941 november 21 1941 november 21 1941 november 21 1941 november 28 1941 november 28 1941 november 28 1941 november 28 1941 november 28 1941 december 5 1941 december 12 1941 december 19 1941 december 26 1941 january 2 1942 january 2 1942 january 2 1942 january 9 1942 january 16 1942 january 16 1942 january 23 1942 january 23 1942 january 23 1942 january 23 1942 february 20 1942 february 20 1942 february 27 1942 march 6 1942 march 13 1942 march 13 1942 march 13 1942 march 13 1942 march 27 1942 april 3 1942 april 10 1942 april 10 1942 april 17 1942 april 24 1942 april 24 1942 april 24 1942 april 24 1942 may 1942 may 8 1942 may 15 1942 may 15 1942 may 15 1942 may 15 1942 may 22 1942 may 22 1942 may 29 1942 may 29 1942 june 12 1942 june 12 1942 june 19 1942 june 19 1942 july 24 1942 july 24 1942 july 24 1942 july 24 1942 july 31 1942 july 31 1942 august 7 1942 volume xxi united states continued senin relations wed ciccscescpecesieminntnateitentcnnenseniniiiiientan indian leaders and british laborites ask roosevelt to mediate between gandhi and british government on american troops in india suis financial relations with mexico iharnsitadssonatibameuiaaiteasiniclioe hull denounces french expulsion of jewish refugees and decree to conscript labor for germany mexican agreement on agricultural workers mexican u.s war pacts purkey welcownos wm ciccsiccnstsicieitnctcitisedciagnsiubivinabechorwansie relinquishes extraterritorial rights in china 000000 welles charges axis use of argentina and chile as centers of nazi activities so eeee eee eeeeeweeseaeeeeereeeres see eeeeeeeereeeeseseeere conor eeo roe e tee oe eee eeeeeses eee eee estee esse eee esse ees ooo oe ooo e root eee eee se sese esse eee see eee eeees oes eeeees sees seed see also neutrality world war uruguay fe ee ee ga ccsesinsesessescikissasasannietbeepeesomatieiategbieabedaieie aaa baldomir dissolves congress sor orco resets eee ee teese sees eee eeeeeeseeeesseeeeees world war 1939 british labor asks invasion to aid russia cccsseccseeeees i.l.o studies post war reconstruction cccccesssssssesesreeeees prr duoiied acs crsccrececvssnsntsrensscersiniugrehivieniseetmenmicgenaaen stalin asks united resistance of britain and u.s in war of gor vicesiaxiccacintncccnsesspiallshalonsciatmoiancieapateadiaecoms wh oe by rn tou ox csenenncqanecalicensviierditatemnctmenmaaen goebbels warns germany of consequence of defeat great britain invades libya libyan campaign objectives podot recaces forte tereiol os crcrscnscicnsnensscspreisievsoevisasasveseaneevess latin american reaction to pearl harbor cssseesesseeees ue goce wue cur die ceccecnisitattstblicicticanstineriitaascisinsieets wee peeks war gy tru oscsisileictisecicveinmssccssasvnsenssaaneacintaes dcse si dodd oericesiesevisssnnticsiceseinslecessisceconabnaed lend lease aid third roosevelt report pearl harbor losses toga cuinunee died sceccsnncissnicstenapicniatsicsebieiceesccssieanecaontass russia’s non entrance into far east conflict if a sa se ar eae a ne far east needs unified command peri gr tvr ry caine occ ccccssisctinticcsctsecssessaascceevacezakniabaeianaiete philippines invaded by japan allies map unified strategy chp rooro tree chie cceissccssssncccerestcnicsstiatioceacdsennmn churchill statement before congress toi irie bie ginssceckivvnsesoinctaseteasiebitesossctbdbeneenaee hongkong surrenders i gin oases cerisvnicerevoessniticabubsieicindaiasssteeinimeoaiaas dr ae ctr sau ruin ass eiscainticcserecacetecsenecadanscttiatcctees allied command unified in southeast asia ccccccceeseeeees china’s role in unified command in far east pn shine ace ccccncienepscrcssinntiahicns vot eipaeecixbcoosiapensaninievanesentes united nations declare solidarity pe rrs or een eee netherlands east indies invaded by japan cccsc00000 ot oe bmt cinscecosccosussiehncsnnventeanellalnenauebansaadiedietoaetadaidimenseciedeus libyan campaign and mediterranean front eir curie gid scicccsenscssscscinindontnrinneccenne eens tai mii gene a decsscevseccesev seam icerentecinnon aden at tps wonton vccctcccsetnecninsiveitbbeiclsviiaibsesnsmeeteiaanaeaan weick srgth como troted inceci cen icesecaiacsscctcieatnicccntiiaetiaonse derren mveded be coma crccrcisiscincedunicsinternnnnccen pearl harbor investigating commission report bice ume tere ho gnn aaissicsnccsctsmsivcreaeeesececacen chetecasiteasinese churchill on problem of effective use of resources hitler admits setbacks in russia cccccccscssscssscccssccssccssees united effort calls for democratic action rg grin éncnccvcvencinclocditk hace ninecks nian pes japanese advance imperils allied supply routes libyan axis offensive threatens suez singapore naval base evacuated clsfamar kai elnei visite tigih cccccceccccccecsccsscccsccsccscosssecsssceccessseeee india’s importance in allied strategy song toned vi csccscrnncrscavesactmaseviadiitininteiceimsaloneenint cs ais so oup ue tuprniins fo icsnias conesstkdocsnilonaceinarndetidechisesaeepeencéiales bali and sumatra invaded sg core tine acca cisciccenesthigiiaecincd ccaanateks netherlands east indies post war status ccscsssseseesees on strategic and production problems of united ations soe ree e eee ee teese esse eee esse s tess eeeseeee sees sees coree ete ee eee e estee eee e esse ee eeeteeeeee eset eeeees corrs eee eee ser ee eee ee eee eeeeeeeeee ooo ee ree hore seer eoe sethe ee eeseeeeees shee eeseseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeo eeo se eeeeeeeeereseserereees ceo e toros se reteset oee e hee eee tees sese sees soe e oooo eee eee e oee e ee ees eee hee eset eeseeseeeees coree oreo eee tore e ee eee e eee eo eseo ee eeeeeeeeeeeees oooo o ore rhee eee e oses eee sees ete e sees eeeeee eee eeeeseeeseeeoees eee eeeeeereeeeseseseess copeco ro re reet eee eee eet teeth sees eeoeed prerrrrirrrirrrrir ir irr po eeeeeeseerueeeeses pe ee ee ee eeeeeeeeeeereeeseneeee eeeeereeseeeeeeeee cor oe dee e eee eee teese thee eee ee eee eee see ee ed co oso cor oh eee eh o ehh e ee ee oeee eee ee see r eere eoe here e eee eere teese eere e esser esse eee ees soo re ere r esheets teese eeee tees teese tosses eeodeeseeseseeeees esse eeseee nesses eeeees sa wooo oowodwdwddhamraiah chd date september 11 1942 september 18 1942 september 18 1942 september 25 1942 september 25 1942 september 25 1942 september 25 1942 september 25 1942 october 16 1942 october 16 1942 january 23 1942 march 6 1942 october 31 1941 november 7 1941 november 7 1941 november 14 1941 november 14 1941 november 21 1941 november 28 1941 december 5 1941 december 12 1941 december 12 1941 december 12 1941 december 12 1941 december 19 1941 december 19 1941 december 19 1941 december 19 1941 december 19 1941 december 19 1941 december 26 1941 december 26 1941 december 26 1941 january 2 1942 january 2 1942 january 2 1942 january 2 1942 january 2 1942 january 2 1942 january 2 1942 january 9 1942 january 9 1942 january 9 1942 january 9 1942 january 16 1942 january 16 1942 january 16 1942 january 23 1942 january 23 1942 january 23 1942 january 23 1942 january 238 1942 january 30 1942 january 30 1942 january 30 1942 february 6 1942 february 6 1942 february 6 1942 february 13 1942 february 13 1942 february 13 1942 february 13 1942 february 20 1942 february 20 1942 february 20 1942 february 20 1942 february 27 1942 february 27 1942 february 27 1942 february 27 1942 14 volume xxi world war 1939 continued no date ee ae 19 february 27 1942 andaman islands attacked by japan cccccccccccsseeeeceesseeees 20 march 6 1942 litvinov suggests new ffonts ccccessceceseessseesseeeeeseeeeeesees 20 march 6 1942 lord halifax warns of disunity among united nations 20 march 6 1942 canada to hold plebiscite on conscription sssceceeeees 21 march 13 1942 camadian conttidulion ccssecscsscssrcrsrscssscceseoecesscscccccooscocscoes 21 march 13 1942 four crucial strategic areas on eve of spring offensives 21 march 13 1942 british bomb industrial targets in occupied france 22 march 20 1942 china’s role in pacific ccccccccscsssccsssccsscsees bead 22 march 20 1942 ee gunes targus ei.scencecuesccsoseonsiesbascovsuccnecyerssenccceescooccnereers 22 march 20 1942 hitler on defeating russia csccccesecssessssssssssssesssssersesesees 22 march 20 1942 wellington koo on pacific war council ccccccceeeeeeee 22 march 20 1942 i or i chads nintileatebinendienmnnneetemmennces 22 march 20 1942 general stilwell to strengthen military liaison between i i a nspuauuseeeee 22 march 20 1942 evatt asks australian place in pacifie council 23 march 27 1942 macarthur made supreme commander in southwest pa tl scieashd htssieindanpiiesiiiiadiantidbinitinillnacsiininiiiniinkctiethiveeteatasenesegeinietteaee 23 march 27 1942 near east and nazi offensive ccccccccscsssssssecesseeeeeccecensceees 23 march 27 1942 u.s australian collaboration machinery ccccsssesseee 23 march 27 1942 beaverbrook urges supplies for russia scccccesceeseeees 24 april 3 1942 germans try to isolate russia in north cccccccssessssseeeeees 24 april 3 1942 obstacles to british russian u.s collaboration 24 april 3 1942 russia asks second front and more supplies 24 april 3 1942 free french demand clarification of status as ally of brit i i ena rhea alleles hha hallinta enepsnminenaenerenenen 25 april 10 1942 raw materials lost to u.s by japan’s drive in asia 25 april 10 1942 african colonies of free french and belgians aid united erne tre see sl ses ee ae ac 26 april 17 1942 serre se seeps eae a ree eno 26 april 17 1942 general marshall and harry hopkins in london 26 april 17 1942 united nations still on defensive ccccccessssesseeseeseeeeees 26 april 17 1942 beet tdoguiicinet tipgbeee ocececcvecceccsccsensceccocececcecsssescoosecoscoreeneceee 28 may 1 1942 eel le 28 may 1 1942 second front in europe advisability 28 may 1 1942 united command problems cccccccccsssssessscssssssssscesessesees 28 may 1 1942 i eee al cusiebensonctencesatues 29 may 8 1942 stalin on war aims and increased aid cccccssceesssseeseeees 29 may 8 1942 i oa ca eveensumanscaaapeercnentnedoes 29 may 8 1942 churchill’s speech on second anniversary of accession to ere rarer essec cre srst fps oa as 30 may 15 1942 vice president wallace on united nations objectives 30 may 15 1942 axig manpowe ptodiom 000 cccecreceerresesecscesscrersserscecsssscorers 31 may 22 1942 german casualties in russia cccssccssscsssssssssssssesseeeseees 31 may 22 1942 sn re cn nor sceabasepeeecsevesorsseiosvedacnes 31 may 22 1942 german plane situation cccccccccssssssccecesssseceee mitdcecicaminh 31 may 22 1942 eide eee ae 31 may 22 1942 allies face tests on all fronts cccccssssssssccsssesscsssceseees 32 may 29 1942 rls ee let 32 may 29 1942 i oo us a i capemnengnnbasenonncosonines 82 may 29 1942 cepa emeninamibnbenennenboonsees 32 may 29 1942 es ot 32 may 29 1942 cologne and essen bombed ccccsccssssccssssssssssssscsessesseses 33 june 5 1942 mexico approves war on axis ccccscsscsssssssssesesesesseesceceencees 33 june 5 1942 ie ion oo i oc ciss cccccnccdsccsecccccosccccconsveceeconcececeees 33 june 5 1942 anglo american production negotiations ccccssseeee 34 june 12 1942 british bombings effect on germany cccccseeseesseeeeeees 34 june 12 1942 i a cas nnsedindedibeotenneeneneee 34 june 12 1942 i ro to a sees nlperbalgnconoousccnsto 34 june 12 1942 war production allies and germany cccccccceeeeeseseeees 34 june 12 1942 aleutian island landings by japanese ccccccceccesseeeeees 35 june 19 1942 anglo american victory production program 0 35 june 19 1942 anglo soviet alliance on war and peace collaboration 35 june 19 1942 dutch harbor attack by japan ccccsssssescesesesessseeeerseeees 35 june 19 1942 pacific battles change naval balance ccccccccsesesseceseeees 35 june 19 1942 churchill roosevelt conversations in washington 36 june 26 1942 libyan setback and allied supply problem 000 36 june 26 1942 i aoa ila kinda shinndaeanenncncencodiecesaees 36 june 26 1942 sevastopol siege scchmisicinanitinesietjlleseisesipiailiesttaianttinheninmaneneheaenees 36 june 26 1942 eee sese ed sore 0 a 36 june 26 1942 brazil’s merchant marine under allied shipping control i cas opeabibdietrecenbatscese 37 july 3 1942 british withdraw from matruh c:ccccccscseceseeeeeeeeeeeereeeees 37 july 3 1942 german submarine campaign rouses latin america 37 july 3 1942 roosevelt churchill communiqué ccccccecssececesseeeeeseeeees 37 july 3 1942 war aims problem raised by allied reverses 0000 37 july 3 1942 british strike back at e alamein cccscsesseceeeeseeneeeeeeeee 38 july 10 1942 eels led tt t 38 july 10 1942 churchill wins vote of confideence cccccccsessssesseeseeeereeeesees 38 july 10 1942 german casualties in russia ccccccsccesscssssssecesesessssesseenes 38 july 10 1942 volume xxi world war 1939 continued german drive imperils southern russia sseserseeeseees sevastopol falls essseees ei i yn complacency dissipated by british setback in tid ctesnemiueisameiabandi japan’s drive in eastern chinese provinces scsssssseeees japan’s objectives in eastern china drive csseseeeees nazi economic difficulties in russia ccscsssscssssssesssesseees russia’s disorganized agriculture hinders nazis russia’s will to resist strength of nazi forces in russian rive ccssssscceeessees allied supply routes to brwoger cicicccocesssscnepssscsseciccesscisevcbesececore litvinov at white house to urge second front 00 roosevelt names admiral leahy chief of staff to the com stun ciee occsccsnscinsiessndniabiiasndcnaunstesitiswsberesnenesesinentinds second front and supplies to russia ccsssscesssseesseeeeseees shipping bottleneck and second front ccscccsseseseeeseeeeeees u.s yugoslav lend lease agreement ccccccesesesesseceereees yugosiay chotuiles aid to bitiet scccescccsccsccscssescscscoscesocsvenecsneness amer fie gab onde tis censiteeicctierietstecteeseesitincinminns japanese events leading to pearl harbor scsccceeeeeees japan’s brutality to americans ccccscccesssssseessesessssessrees eg rr ee ee second front talks show need for unified command german economic system overhauled sccccceeeeeeeeseeseees gorman want for wrote onic ciccisesisenisisnticntintomcsimineonienncrie major general clark on american troops and second front nasi ptopagatigr aimomg aligd oevicerscsccccscccetevessscccssrseccecccnsooses rr ee pol erg oe ere united nations setback in india ssccccccccosscosccccessccsserescosees allied air and naval activities in eastern mediterranean athamtie crarbor toe wo a cssciceckscnctesscececacesinsnssocevevsctbeossnneiee churchill stalin meeting in moscow cccccsscsesseesesesesseeces ee oe trie sccstessceenscsranscobimatecteacecteeeicened ise cedeniiacatiastocacts solomon islands importance of american offensive u.s british cooperation in north africa ccccccecesseeeees oee gctios woe kn ssisiicsicevviitistendntiniatatr tematacisiniaidicadiiiaeiets po gg ran ton a ec goes en ue oo dre pea crd nccontsscccinsdaniaaiieialanietciencsbietinsiinatiniins flying fortresses success in european raids 0000 latin america and brazil’s entrance sssccssesssesseeeneees middle east british air chiefs at churchill stalin confer re 8 8 ees russia’s danger calls for allies effort cccsecseseeeeeseeees sir h r l g alexander replaces general auchinleck as commander in chief of middle east ceccssseceeeeees chinese regain railway and airfields ccccccccccccccsessereesees tns true shui eciscisnscsnuscstteteecibabndcustennecteaoesaciinnesens european resistance ztowing ccccsssscssecssccssscscssssscesessssorss waar trot gp wuioriioiied asi cencticcci cccnscsteniccnsssceesctssconen sarvtiavinse japanese withdrawals in china scccscsccssssrsscssrescsssseessees navy department report on solomon islands repmarviel peart ot alg rwolio ooccicvsscsaccsiocncescieasscecssccissnsasinssoecs ere giite ccccteretrcenssenninigananaeiiatintinnanepnpiciadiaeinpis roosevelt and churchill foresee offensive in europe u.s british forces dispersal on scattered fronts indian discontent and possible japanese invasion stalingrad resistance gtwota ccseseccsscceccscecceccessossosvencccssseees united nations need to launch psychological offensive coo fuooe cr cid covnsicassimniaisnscicreiiainisaaiesereens secdid proms iss watoogoe ccccsesscvescccriscseccccssescescssiocticsescoies allied encouragement to occupied europe sccceesseeees churchill and atlee on second front ccccccsseessceceeeesereesees denials of moscow press assertion of u.s british moral dori sasscesiticsisccisscerseccunadadnaasay emmaniesiacuen canna be re se i icsescinscsnvsntos resect naiesh sonieteitaekaessabenaneaaaiainn willkie urges second front to aid russia bombihg of germany summaty cc.ccccoscccscccccccscccccccsosocscosess second front facilitated by bombing germany stalin asks fulfillment of allies obligations willkie on what common man wants cccccccscsssssssessees neutrals raw materials sought by allies and axis ng ie ee ea willkie’s chungking statement eeerereeeere ee eeeeeeeeceseee sette eee eeeesereeeeeseseeenes se eeeeeereeeeeeseres cece neon eeeseeereeeeseeees seeeeeeeeere sooo eeo oho hero e oee eee teeeee ees eee eee eee ees yugoslavia mikhailovich named minister of war cccecsseceeseeeeeees rumanian croatian slovakian agreement cries civics nceaccscusiecsas ccisaintenncbbadeoiabdicdedsctcetiaoadel u.s lend lease agreement sooo poor eee eee ese eeeeeeeeee torre ere ees eeo ee eet e estee teese sese eeseee sees eeeeeees 16 25 41 41 date july 10 1942 july 10 1942 july 10 1942 july 17 1942 july 17 1942 july 17 1942 july 17 1942 july 17 1942 july 17 1942 july 31 1942 july 31 1942 july 31 1942 july 31 1942 july 31 1942 july 31 1942 july 31 1942 august 7 1942 august 7 1942 august 7 1942 august 7 1942 august 7 1942 august 14 1942 august 14 1942 august 14 1942 august 14 1942 august 14 1942 august 14 1942 august 21 1942 august 21 1942 august 21 1942 august 21 1942 august 21 1942 august 21 1942 august 28 1942 august 28 1942 august 28 1942 august 28 1942 august 28 1942 august 28 1942 august 28 1942 august 28 1942 september 4 1942 september 4 1942 september 4 1942 september 4 1942 september 4 1942 september 4 1942 september 4 1942 september 11 1942 september 11 1942 september 11 1942 september 18 1942 september 18 1942 september 18 1942 september 25 1942 september 25 1942 october 2 1942 october 2 1942 october 2 1942 october 2 1942 october 2 1942 october 9 1942 october 9 1942 october 9 1942 october 9 1942 october 16 1942 october 16 1942 october 16 1942 february 6 1942 april 10 1942 july 31 1942 july 31 1942 init ra +at ann arbor mich péntered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vol xxi no 16 february 6 1942 united war effort calls for democratic action as the war spreads across all continents and oceans in ever widening circles it seems at times to lose definite shape and tangible lines of demarcation while the british withdraw from malaya into the stronghold of singapore american and dutch forces attack japanese ships in the strait of macassar and japanese islands in the pacific german advances in libya are counterbalanced by continuing russian gains on the eastern front un like the trench warfare of 1914 1918 the present conflict sways back and forth with few points of stability at which it can be fixed yet in spite of this apparent fluidity certain main trends become discernible in his speech of janu ary 30 hitler admitted germany’s setbacks in russia although he attributed them to the effects of the russian winter rather than to the military might of the red army hitler no longer held out the hope to his people of a victory in 1942 and told them the united states had now become germany’s principal enemy linking president roosevelt across the years with president wilson no room for complacency but diff cult as germany's position has been made by the unexpected hardships of the russian campaign and the entrance of the united states into the war it would be dangerously complacent to minimize the striking power the axis holds in reserve plans for joint utilization of this striking power were em bodied in a military convention signed in berlin on january 18 by germany japan and italy mr churchill in his speech of january 27 to the house of commons on which he received a 464 to 1 vote of confidence two days later did not hesitate to ad mit the narrowness of the margin that has hitherto separated britain and its allies from defeat far from taking a complacent view of setbacks in libya and malaya the prime minister who for years had been demanding rearmament frankly declared that the british empire had not at any time been prepared to fight the axis powers simultaneously on all fronts he stressed once more the problem that looms paramount in the strategy of the united na tions the problem of where available resources of men and matériel can be most effectively used much of the criticism directed against both mr churchill and mr roosevelt must be read not in the context of events since dunkirk or pearl harbor which revolutionized the thinking of millions in britain and the united states but in the context of the preceding quarter of a century during that quar ter of a century a majority of the british and ameri can peoples as well as millions of others through out the world opposed war and preparations for war they wanted peace and were reluctant to de vote the economic and financial resources of their countries to armaments insisting that these resources should be spent instead on improvement of standards of living and expansion of the amenities of life this would have been a legitimate and in deed a praiseworthy objective provided the rest of the world had been satisfied with the then exist ing situation that did not turn out to be the case if undreamed of sacrifices must now be made by britain the united states and the other united nations it is because at an earlier date these na tions failed to make the lesser sacrifices which at best might have served to maintain peace or at worst have permitted the anti axis powers to take the offensive ends and means today as these sacrifices are faced it is essential constantly to keep in mind not only the means by which this war is being won but also the ends for which it is being fought it is realized by china australia the dutch east in dies as well as by the conquered peoples of europe that from now on until the axis has been defeated the bulk of the financial and military contributions ee to the joint cause will have to come from the british empire the united states and russia which com mand the industrial resources needed for modern warfare if a choice is to be made between the lead ership of the nazis in their new order and the leadership of germany's principal opponents the anti axis peoples would unhesitatingly choose the latter but this does not mean for a moment that britain and the united states can neglect the wishes or aspirations of the peoples of europe and asia who until now have borne the brunt of the second world war australia has already indicated its con cern regarding the exclusion of the dominions from a vote in the british war cabinet at a time when australian troops are playing an important part in the defense of libya and malaya china has found cause for anxiety in the apparent concentration of anglo american attention on the task of defeating hitler first similarly norway and holland whose ships and in the case of holland colonial empire are such important assets in the global war would feel concerned if they are to be long excluded from the anglo american committees for the pooling of shipping raw materials and munitions whose es tablishment was announced in washington on jan uaty 27 in a struggle dedicated not only to the defense but also to the expansion of the democratic way of life it is essential that all the nations con tributing to this struggle should receive democratic treatment with due regard totheneed for speedy mili tary action otherwise nazi propaganda to the ef fect that britain and the united states offer the page two receive gratuitous encouragement valera in the same way britain and the united states jg this must be constantly on guard against becoming asso the le ciated during the war with any reactionary leaders cobh who might want to resume their rule over countries ameri now dominated by hitler such as king carol of fire ir rumania a favorite theme of nazi propaganda js territo that britain and the united states represent the and tl forces of reaction as opposed to the forces of the friend new revolution allegedly represented by hitler and pases his puppet régimes such propaganda has had little protes effect among europeans who can see for themselves withor what nazi rule means in practice and few are the deceived by the efforts of the nazis to bolster up atlant quisling in norway or the nazi dominated régime plane in czechoslovakia by giving them the semblance of mena permanence but it remains none the less essential neede for britain and the united states to be constantly in valer touch not only with the governments in exile which nortl may not always reflect the changing temper of their upon own peoples but also directly with those people co themselves who will be called on to reconstruc the g europe when war is over the appointment on jan in n uary 12 of general draga mihailovich who leads ducec his country’s guerrilla warriors against germany testec to the post of yugoslav minister of war indicates of th the way in which it might be possible to forge liv a cou ing links between the united nations which on the insist periphery of europe and asia are striving for mili six c tary defeat of the axis and the conquered peoples the who in various ways and at great personal risk are the also making a valuable contribution to the anti axis the world only another version of imperialism would cause vera micheles dean nort eire’s neutrality subjected to increasing strain pe the arrival of american troops in northern ire land on january 26 has again brought the irish prob lem into the foreground although northern ire land is in fact a part of the united kingdom eamon de valera premier of eire protested that he had not been consulted about the expedition he charged that the united states by sending troops to north ern ireland had recognized a quisling govern ment and had taken a lease on irish soil which seriously threatened the neutrality of eire partition the partition of ireland dates from 1920 22 when two governments were established in u.s shipping and the war january 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25c per copy an examination of the maritime position of the united states its condition at the beginning of the war what has been done thus far and what may yet be achieved forgign po.icy reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to fpa members 3 the island the irish free state was separated from that great britain and given the status of a dominion sista while northern ireland comprising six counties of ulster was left in the united kingdom norther ireland although subject to the british government hy possesses a government and parliament which exer feb cise jurisdiction over matters of local concern two ra thirds of the people of northern ireland are protes tants who favor union with england the catholic ms minority however demands union with eire the stationing of american troops in norther that ireland gave premier de valera an opportunity t0 but voice once again his government’s deep seated oppo que sition to partition in the constitution of 1937 which tior he introduced the national territory of eire ire eral land in english was defined to include the wholt rig of the island according to de valera the mainte bee nance of british and american troops in the north sup has made it impossible for eire to exercise juris con diction over territory it regards as part of its own tret neutrality impaired premier eamon dt soc ites 3s0 ers ties liv rili oles are xis page three valera has emphasized that eire will remain neutral in this conflict at all cost in particular he opposes the leasing of irish ports to britain berehaven cobh and lough swilly used by the british and the americans during the last war were turned over to fire in 1938 in return eire promised not to let its territory be used as a base of attack against britain and the chamberlain government believed that a friendly ireland would prove more valuable than bases in a hostile country only winston churchill protested at that time against the cession of the ports without some arrangement for common defense the use of the irish ports would shorten the north atlantic supply lines by at least 200 miles and planes based in ireland could reduce the submarine menace now that ships and planes are greatly needed by the united nations in the global war de valera fears that american soldiers were sent to northern ireland in a move to increase the pressure upon his government to cede the ports conscription this is not the first time that the government of eire has protested against events in northern ireland when conscription was intro duced in england in 1939 the irish government pro tested bluntly that the large nationalist minority of the six counties should not be forced to fight for a country to which they did not belong de valera insisted that the conscription of irishmen in the six counties would be an act of aggression and the roman catholic bishops of ulster denounced the measure as a violation of nationalists rights the chamberlain government therefore exempted northern ireland from the draft winston churchill reopened the issue however two years later again there were protests and the nationalists warned on on ern ent cet wo tes olic that conscription was unjust and would cause re sistance the british prime minister reconsidered and announced on may 27 that conscription in northern ireland would cause more trouble than it was worth according to estimates only 100,000 men would have been drafted supplies eire has meanwhile discovered that the role of a neutral is not an easy one because of its lack of shipping the problem of supplies is seri ous nine ships of irish registry were sunk during the first year and a half of the war and it became impossible to replace them ireland is therefore de pendent on the limited space available in british and american merchant ships for its imports sup plies of wheat oil coal tea and coffee have been drastically curtailed the shortage of raw materials has caused many factories to close down thereby in creasing the already serious unemployment defense when britain withdrew all of its military forces from eire by ceding the south and west ports in 1938 the government at dublin as sumed full responsibility for the defense of the country the transition was difficult however for the irish showed little concern over the march of events on the continent of europe and voted defense ap propriations grudgingly at present ireland has an army of about 250,000 men perhaps 50,000 of whom are equipped its navy numbers nine armed trawlers and nine small boats of other types its air force a few planes but not of the latest design although a.r.p services have been organized eire does not as yet have the anti aircraft defenses neces sary to withstand bombing raids strong american and some british garrisons‘on the frontier of north ern ireland stand ready to assist eire in the event of a german invasion it is doubtful however whether eire will voluntarily respond to allied pressure and abandon its rigid neutrality margaret la foy chilean election favors allied cause the triumph of juan antonio rios candidate of the left center parties in the chilean election of february 1 represents a victory for the anti axis forces in south america the victory however is implicit in the success of the strongest pro allied parties in chile not in any clear cut electoral issue debated by the two candidates both had asserted that they would cooperate with the united states but had refrained from commitments on the crucial question whether or not to sever diplomatic rela tions with the axis powers nevertheless if gen etal carlos ibafiez del campo the candidate of the right had been elected he would undoubtedly ha been swayed to some extent by the counsel of his supporters these included not only the landed conservative elements of the country who are ex tremely anti communist and even suspicious of the social doctrines of the new deal but also the pop ular socialist vanguard chile’s fascist party left wing program sustained the real significance of the election rests in the clear de cision of the voters to uphold the social doctrines of the left for decades the living standards of the chilean masses have been extremely low largely because according to liberals wealthy landowners and foreign corporations have skimmed the cream of the chilean economy in 1938 the radical so cialist and communist parties together with smaller left wing factions united in a precariously knit popular front and presented don pedro aguirre cerda as their candidate for president the cam paign was bitter but aguirre cerda managed to win by 2,111 votes out of a total of over 443,000 cast in large part his victory was due to an abor tive revolt by the popular socialist vanguard in which ibafiez who had headed a rightist dictator ship from 1927 to 1931 was indirectly implicated the legislative record of the intervening years has been rather mediocre the bulk of the social security measures for which chile is famous owe their inception not to the popular front but to the efforts of former president arturo alessandri palma in 1925 the aguirre cerda régime has made little if any progress in dealing with the problem of land ownership and the conditions of the rural worker probably because many large landowners belong to the radical party the biggest and most conservative of the coalition groups on the other hand the personnel of mines and industry has been assisted by a drive under government patronage to organ ize labor in trade unions and by laws requiring sharp increases in wages and social security benefits but the government has been unable to control the financial consequences of its own actions while the index of daily wages paid out rose from 200 in 1938 to 377 in september 1941 the production of minerals textiles and manufactures has shown only relatively slight increases and the number of acres sown to cereals has declined appreciably the result has been sharp inflationary pressure on all prices the cost of living in santiago rose 39 per cent between august 1939 and september 1941 with food prices advancing 51 per cent in the same period although people living on fixed incomes have been hit severely it is generally admitted that labor is on the whole still better off than it was in 1938 the inflationary cycle is continuing however with ominous implications for the future despite a constant drumfire of criticism from the right the country elected a congress on march 2 1941 with a small working majority of popular front members assuming that the coalition re mained solid in fact however it was rent by a struggle between socialists and communists over international policy and by the reluctance of many radicals to sanction the more extreme proposals and purposes of both the other parties instead of slow ly disintegrating the left wing alliance was gal vanized anew by the death of president aguirre cerda on november 25 1941 in the ensuing cam paign the right centered its fire on the allegedly communist tendencies of the popular front its challenge to authority and discipline and its admin istrative inefficiency admitting the inadequate na ture of their accomplishments the left wing groups asserted that the reconstruction effort after the great earthquake of january 1939 and the effect of the page four es f.p.a radio schedule subject navy steppingstones to asia speaker william p maddox date sunday february 8 time 12 12 15 p.m e.s.t over blue network for station please consult your local newspaper war on chile’s economy had prevented single minded concentration on the country’s pressing s cial problems they pointed out that the country di not possess the financial resources to carry out thoroughgoing popular front program until its ecop omy had been fundamentally altered a pause for consolidation after con siderable jockeying for position all the more pro gressive political elements united behind dr jua antonio rios in a democratic anti fascist front this union tacitly supported by the communist whose backing rios had refused warned the voters that ibafiez would restore the dictatorship he had formerly exercised this time with a definit fascist orientation dr rios himself is one of the most conservative of radicals and is reputed to bk personally friendly with ibafiez his speeches on domestic policy have not differed markedly from those of the general yet his election by a majority of over 55,000 indicates that chileans are being in creasingly impressed by the need for social reform in the immediate future a period of pause con solidation and readjustment is to be expected under the leadership of dr rios the campaign and it outcome are in many ways reminiscent of the mexi can election of august 1940 at that time president cardenas the left wing reformer stepped aside and permitted his party to elect the far more conserva tive manuel avila camacho whose adversary haé relied heavily on reactionary and fascist backers in both chile and mexico latin american voters are repeating the normal pendulum movements of de mocracy from progress to consolidation and again onward by ballots rather than by force and with a decided repudiation of leaders whose democratic faith appears doubtful davip h popper the reconstruction of europe by guglielmo ferrero new york putnam 1941 3.50 the story of the congress of vienna of 1815 told by an italian historian who believes that the problems of re building europe after napoleon offer some striking par allels to the problems of our times one sided in its ex altation of talleyrand and louis xviii but contains many interesting comparisons between these two periods foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 16 fepruary 6 1942 n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year bois published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president witiam p mappox assistant to the president dorotuy f lg secretary vera miicheles dean editor daviw h poppgr associate editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year national vol d i cario serve num and inate unit migl and pow cav aml izati sequ only and suff aus post sout poit equ sub c all bec ope the sup con mil sou +ae sing flow t similar intly and eatres of d in the without the aleu an west uietly re 7 strategy nson was the other the pres or prime r pleas ngton has for aus f general air forces n he came ar against ision was ty leader ft baatan ould head mquest of to remain 1 material ear is con ty but not nese have f new ait hing from tralia but f air bases sive being ul in new 10t unduly n the time japan it is yhether the sut it is an concentrate to win the vashington vardless of thing short 1 its course elliott nds apr 39 1943 entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 28 april 80 1948 soviet polish break compels allies to clarify war aims he spring campaign of the fourth year of war in europe opened over the easter week end it opened as so many times in the past with a nazi offensive not on the military but on the psychologi cal battlefront the efforts of the united states to detach finland from germany and thus breach hitler's fortress of europe have not only been de feated but outmatched by nazi efforts to break the united nations ring around europe through further ing a conflict between the soviet union and the polish government in london in this first round of diplomatic and propaganda warfare the nazis have won an outstanding victory they have won this victory not because either finland or poland wants to be dominated by germany but because neither feels any assurance that in case of a united nations victory their fate would necessarily be better than if they submit to nazi rule where allied diplomacy has failed is in providing a concrete and convincing alternative to hitler's new order in europe in view of the strict censorship imposed for weeks on news about the soviet polish rift it would be premature at this moment to try to assess blame among the participants in the crisis first revealed to the world by foreign commissar molotov’s note of april 26 to the polish ambassador in moscow but to understand the situation which now threatens the unity of the anti axis coalition laboriously formed over the past three and a half years by countries vic tims of either german or japanese aggression it is essential to bear in mind three things first the small countries of europe or for that matter of any other continent have been and continue to be objects not subjects of international diplomacy lacking suffi cient economic resources and adequate armaments they have no independence in any real sense of the word whatever political fictions may be woven around the concept of national sovereignty so far as the countries of eastern europe and the balkans are concerned they have today as for centuries a cruel choice between subjection either to the ger mans or to the russians as long as there is no other alternative some will lean toward germany others toward russia depending on historical tradition ge ogtaphical proximity and the degree of hostility felt in the past toward either of their great neigh bors this does not mean that if they had a free choice they would not prefer to move in the orbit of britain and the united states but to put the mat ter quite bluntly the experience of finland and po land to mention only the countries now in the news has been that the anglo saxon powers do not match their professions of sympathy with practical aid in time of dire need this experience unfor tunate as it may seem at this moment is definitely on the debit side of the allied ledger civil strife serves nazis second and even more important for the future the struggle now being waged for the allegiance of european peoples is not being waged on strictly national lines as between national states but also on civil war lines as between various groups of the population the nazis are bidding as they have since their rise to power for the support of the upper classes diplomats military men industrialists landowners who in poland and finland for example have been traditionally not only anti communist but long be fore 1917 when finland and part of poland had been included in the russian empire anti russian as well the russians on the other hand are bid ding for the support of those elements in every neighboring country who might be considered sym pathetic to both russia and the soviet system workers peasants intellectuals this inner struggle which was already so clearly defined during the spanish civil war has been consistently underesti mated by british and american statesmen it now emerges with stark nakedness in poland and yugo page two slavia and exists in latent form in finland hitler for his part has always been highly skillful in utiliz ing the twin forces of nationalism and fear of revo lution to divide and confuse his enemies the extent to which he has succeeded in this instance offers overwhelming proof that the weapon of propaganda has by no means been blunted but the third thing that the british and ameri cans must realize is that nazi propaganda alone could never have done the trick either in the case of finland or poland true some of the men who claim to speak for the finnish and polish peoples may feel that they have more to lose personally or as a group by a russian victory than a german defeat and trim their course accordingly the loss of these men would be on balance a gain for the allies the crisis goes deeper than that however it would be both unjust and untrue to jump to the conclusion that finland and poland or even considerable sections of finns and poles desire a nazi victory to make such an as sumption in the case of poland invaded in 1939 by both german and russian troops its leaders scattered its intellectuals decimated its workers and peasants subjected to forced labor for the german conquerors would be a gross perversion of the existing situation el what we must remember is that in the last analysis many finns and poles are swayed by uncertainty as to just what britain and the united states propose to do about europe in case of victory whether they intend to give russia a free hand in the region from the baltic to the black sea or plan to throw their full political military and economic weight into the task of effecting a reconstruction of europe on lines that would afford at least a minimum degree of security to the small nations no one expects precise blueprints but neither can hitler's new propaganda of promising the conquered peoples security and pros perity under the aegis of the german master race be effectively met by continued hesitation on the part of britain and especially the united states concern ing the responsibilities they are ready to assume for the post war reconstruction of europe if the allies can seize the occasion created by the soviet polish break to clarify their own aims in europe they will be in a better position to rally to their side those ele ments in europe who want neither nazism nor the soviet system but are left floundering by lack of leadership from the western democracies vera micheles dean mexico’s economy changing greatly under war conditions by ernest s hediger mr hediger bas just returned from a month's stay in mexico where he delivered a series of lectures at the national university on international economic relations in wartime the historic meeting on april 20 of presidents franklin d roosevelt and manuel avila camacho in monterey mexico and their joint visit the fol lowing day to corpus christi texas gave added emphasis to the close collaboration that characterizes the relations of the two countries during this war the speeches of both heads of state reflected the profound desire of their nations to remain strongly united and do all in their power to win the war against the axis a full fledged ally in relation to its wealth and population mexico’s contribution to the war effort of the united nations is far from neg ligible although being essentially non military it can hardly be spectacular mexico’s principal role in east and west of suez 25 the latest headline book which tells the story of the modern near east egypt turkey syria palestine arabia iraq and iran and its strategic importance to both the axis and the united nations order from foreign policy association 22 east 38th street new york the war is as a producer of strategic minerals in response to the war needs of the united nations principally the united states it has developed its output of copper zinc lead mercury tungsten anti mony and other urgently necessary minerals for some of these its exports have increased up to 50 per cent but this is only the more obvious part of mexi co’s war collaboration even if mexico had remained neutral it would undoubtedly have increased its pro duction of minerals and shipped them to us at the same time however it would most probably have been in a position to dictate the prices of these products and moreover would have requested in exchange definite quantities of other goods and raw materials instead being a full fledged ally mexico places these products at the disposal of the democ racies accepting the prices the latter established without asking in exchange the machinery and other manufactured goods it badly needs for maintenance of its own economic life during 1942 exports to the united states surpassed imports from this country by 50,000,000 as it happens this increase in exports of minerals and other mexican goods such as agricultural prod ucts cotton cloth shoes and straw hats is accom panied by a drastically reduced importation of for eign goods its foreign trade practically cut off by war and lack of transportation mexico must rely solely on the united states which finds itself um able to provide what mexico needs most tractots le ll analysis tainty as propose her they on from ow their into the on lines egree of s precise paganda ind pros ter race the part concern sume for 1e allies et polish they will hose ele nor the lack of dean ons erals in lations loped its fen anti tals for to 50 per of mexi remained d its pro s at the bly have of these 1ested in and raw mexico e democ rablished ind other intenance rts to the ountry by minerals ral prod is accom n of for ut off by must rely itself un tractofs ts trucks electrical appliances machine parts chemi cals etc according to declarations made on april 6 1943 by eduardo villasefior director of mexico's bank of issue the finished products made in the united states from copper zinc and lead which mexico needs and cannot obtain represent only 2 per cent of mexican exports of such minerals as a consequence of this primarily one way trade mexico’s economy is undergoing significant changes while the position of the wage earners is being im paired by the increase in the cost of living that of businessmen and landowners is being improved by the wartime boom falling off of imports due to ameri can government control over exports from the united states and abundance of idle money have created strong incentives to mexican production and given tise to a boom in farming mining and industry in 1942 alone over one hundred important new indus trial corporations with initial capital investments totaling some 11,000,000 were registered not in duding 124 new mining properties opened during the first nine months of the same year industrial shares have soared to unprecedented heights monetary consequences the obvious result of the impossibility of importing goods in an amount even distantly approaching the quantities exported from mexico is that the country is increas ingly acquiring credits in american dollars or their page t bree equivalent in mexican pesos owing to this influx of capital mexico’s currency circulation increased in 1942 by over 250 million or more than 10 per cent of its 1929 national income officially estimated at 2,402 million pesos and has continued to rise steadily ever since moreover this already high flood is swelled by the millions of dollars constantly be ing sent to mexico by united states corporations and individuals seeking either to obtain higher returns or escape from war taxation as there is scant possibility of using this capital for creative investment because of the lack of necessary ma chinery most of it remains idle or is used to buy up existing mexican property and goods such trans fers of property may give rise to resentment among the mexicans and create future political problems the considerable increase in available currency and decrease in imported goods have inevitably led to a substantial rise in prices with unrestricted compe tition among buyers in the absence of any rationing system prices have increased proportionately more than in the united states in spite of various govern ment efforts to establish price ceilings food index prices for instance rose from 149 1929100 in january 1942 to 175 in december of the same year the constant rise in prices besides breeding social unrest brings with it great financial difficulties for the government and might compel reduction of its program of public works and services victories in tunisia increase need for french unity fourteen weeks have passed since general giraud and general de gaulle met at casablanca announced their agreement on fundamental principles and promised to work out plans for effecting a complete union in the ensuing period the gap between the two french groups has been narrowed but efforts to close it completely have suffered so many disappoint ments that some observers in washington and lon don now believe its attainment more remote than ever at the same time the need for speedy rap prochement becomes more pressing as extremely heavy fighting on the tip of tunisia heralds the end of that crucial campaign in the north african theatre of war the soldiers of de gaulle and giraud ignore their differences and are giving an excellent account of themselves as they fight side by side and in close cooperation with the british and americans this harmony is in sharp contrast to the conflicting loyalties that have existed in the french navy a number of sailors have de setted giraud’s ships which are under repair in the united states to enlist in de gaulle’s fleet and others it is reported have been detained by fighting french authorities in scotland because they wanted f0 sign up with giraud so confused did the situa tion become that the united states intervened on april 23 and took the transfer procedure out of the hands of the ship commanders and their leaders entrusting it to a board on which there are repre sentatives not only of giraud and de gaulle but also of the u.s navy seriousness of disunity as the possibil ity of invading europe draws closer it becomes evi dent that french disunity may cause a serious situa tion at the moment when the united nations will need close cooperation between french and allied armies in north africa and the underground move ment in france close two way contacts have been maintained since 1940 between de gaulle and the organizations of resistance on french soil and al though the underground press lauds giraud as a gallant and able military hero it continues to con sider de gaulle its leader if the underground fol lows one general until the hour of invasion while the bulk of the french army in north africa follows another the stage might be set at best for the loss to the united nations of concerted french action against the axis and at worst for civil war in france frenchmen who have recently escaped to britain and the united states warn that revolution may become endemic in france as it did in spain after the napoleonic occupation if the war intensi page four oe ee fied antagonisms between groups are not held in france so far as the army is concerned giraud and check by the existence of a widely recognized and his advisers mostly military men have indicated unified source of authority that they believe france’s collapse in 1940 was due leaders differ over personnel dur to politicians rather than soldiers and conclude that ing the first weeks of the deadlock it was not certain the military must have a hand in the making of what factors were preventing successful fusion the new france de gaulle’s underground organiza when however general catroux de gaulle’s special tions made up chiefly of civilians are for the most representative brought giraud’s proposals for unity part leftist groups who fear that the army might to london on april 11 it was clear that more than be used against them different attitudes toward the catroux’s diplomacy was needed to bring the two empire are equally marked giraud’s use of im groups together a comparison of giraud’s sugges perial officials in his proposed council apparently tions with the countersuggestions of de gaulle on rests on the assumption that the traditionally close april 21 reveals that there are now two main points bonds between metropolitan france and the empire of divergence between the french leaders first there will continue unchanged de gaulle on the other is the matter of the former collaborationists who hand has been working out a system of decentraliza vou continue to hold important north african adminis tion in the approximately one third of the empire trative posts despite a number of political house which acknowledges his control this little publicized he a a 90 et a a re ee cere cleanings giraud still retains several men whom the change in the free french empire is due partly to fighting french refuse to accept into any organiza the necessities of war and partly to de gaulle’s con s tion in which they would participate giraud defends viction that the empire must become increasingly the retention of these administrators in the name independent brea of efficiency and maintains that they are doing dif should deadlock between giraud’s and de gaulle ficult and essential jobs in this period of military views persist it seems impossible that the allies will crisis since only a handful of officials are involved be able to stand aside regardless of their desire to in the controversy this point should not present in interfere as little as possible in the affairs of a orde superable difficulties friendly nation both britain and the united states disagree on transition period the will have to take a hand in speeding the union not ultin other more serious reason for divergence arises in only because of military necessity but because pet connection with the two generals plans for the pro they have helped to build up the two competing os visional organization they want to establish to rep movements ww nh resent france among the united nations to which inifred n fladsel the it does not now belong and to govern france dur thus ing the transition period that will follow the end of round trip to russia by walter graebner new york hostilities and precede the restoration of the repub lippincott 1943 3.00 as v in this small unpretentious book a correspondent of the lic giraud wants a council made up of colonial time life and fortune has given an unusually balanced governors and commissions working in close con vivid and understanding picture of the russian people and with tact with the army to speak for france while de their attitude toward the war the soviet government and 1 gaulle insists on an organization that will give rep a a a resentation to the underground and be superior to we can win this war by col w f kernan boston utu all military and imperial authorities during the littl beown 2088 1.50 plait the author of defense will not win the war argues sian for an offensive strategy involving early invasion of the transition period the giraud plan would presumably spell a period of military control until after the re european continent in decisive fashion ye uss patriation of french workers and petsoners now im the mountains wait by theodor broch saint paul webb 4 germany while de gaulle’s would provide for book publishing co 1942 3.00 b civilian government after the first emergencies are they came as friends by tor myklebost new york 0 past and before elections are held a ser see ps the fight of the norwegian church against nazism by r there is no casy possibility of merging these pro bjarne hiéye and trygve m ager new york macmil 4 posais for they are based not only on the different lan 1943 1.75 pol interests of the groups represented but on different both vivid and factual these books describe norwegias a conceptio sate ae resistance to the nazis mr broch who was mayor of su‘v th v a se the role two ape rtant institutions narvik also includes a first hand account of the germal cow e army and the empire will play in post war invasion ee foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 28 aprit 30 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nation in tl headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered to t second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at leat d one month for change of address on membership publications ern f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ae produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor a +c the and these ously asso ing in ealth over 2ment diree r the iment har as single nation cians vey of a national lust w york entered as 2nd class matter de rt pea ye 1 babrary may 12 1942 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxi no 29 may 8 1942 ficially reported to the vichy government’s am bassador at washington by the state department on may 4 indicates that the allies will strain every nerve to forestall enemy moves in the western in dian ocean the methods used by the united na tions give evidence to adroit planning the disem barkation was carried out as a temporary war measure just after japanese admirals had been ostentatiously entertained at vichy it was accomplished by british rather than free french or american personnel evi dently to prevent unnecessary embarrassment of the already strained relations between washington and the government of pierre laval at the same time the state department openly threatened to regard any resistance by vichy as an attack on the united nations as a whole the madagascar campaign does not minimize the importance of setbacks recently suffered on other fronts japan’s conquest of burma has inflicted a double blow at china by depriving it of access to the burmese oil fields and closing the burma road over which supplies from britain and the united states had been reaching chungking it also opened the way for a two pronged japanese invasion westward into india and northeastward into china nor was the situation in the orient improved by the announce ment on may 2 that the all india congress party had decided to meet japanese aggression by a policy of non violent non cooperation this announce ment threatened to split still further india’s already disunited political groups axis prepares for all out drive the tapid advance of the japanese coupled with refer ences in the german and italian press to an im pending campaign in the mediterranean once more emphasizes the crucial importance of russia and of the near and middle east which still bar the junc tion of axis forces at their meeting in salzburg on attack on madagascar hampers axis plans ws landing on madagascar by british forces of april 29 30 hitler and mussolini according to the official communiqué discussed plans for an all out offensive presumably on the russian front for which the fiihrer asked additional italian troops and in the mediterranean while the communiqué scrupulously refrained from mentioning japan it seems obvious that a new japanese offensive would be timed to coincide with an axis drive the salzburg conference followed closely on re ports of anxiety in italy concerning the gloomy tone of hitler's reichstag speech and his reference to preparations for another winter of war it seems en tirely credible that the italians are weary of war and weary above all of having to contribute so large a share of their industrial and agricultural production to germany’s war machine while receiving so little in return it would be dangerous however to place too much weight on axis sponsored reports of strains and stresses within germany and italy which may be merely bait for a peace offensive or to believe that the italians are in a position to throw off the nazi yoke on the contrary it was announced im mediately after the salzburg conference that addi tional contingents of the german gestapo had been sent to italy to maintain order similar measures ap pear to be under consideration in france where the nazi authorities are said to have demanded control by the gestapo over the police communications and transportation in occupied france on the eve of far reaching campaigns in europe and asia the allies felt encouraged not only by re ports of unrest in conquered europe but also by news from the russian and mediterranean theatres of war in his may day speech stalin urged the russians to sharpen their weapons and techniques for victory against germany in 1942 he also contributed to the diplomatic strategy of the united nations by de claring that russia has no aim of seizing foreign territory or conquering foreign peoples although _anagwt sss6s p.getuo eee he described the peoples of the baltic states mol davia and karelia as brothers at the same time he praised britain and the united states for increasing aid to russia according to washington sources ma terial destined for the russian front is being accorded top priorities ships taken from the south american run are rushing supplies to murmansk in the teeth of german raiders and by june first it is expected that american commitments to russia will be ful filled 100 per cent men and lend lease material are also being sent from the united states to iran and iraq as well as to north africa and on april 28 in his broadcast to the nation president roosevelt revealed that american warships are now operating in the mediterranean should r.a.f raid historic cities further relief is being given to russia by widening british air raids on german ports and industrial centers among them hamburg luebeck rostock and cologne as well as on strategic points in oc cupied countries notably trondheim in norway in this port the british claim to have inflicted further blows on the german cruiser prinz eugen which was being repaired after its flight from brest in febru ary in addition the british believe that the battle ships scharnhorst and gneisenau laid up at kiel and gdynia respectively had been so badly battered in the same flight that they will be out of action for a considerable time should these reports prove well founded germany’s strength in battleships and heavy cruisers will have been materially cut both in britain and the united states regret has been expressed that the r.a.f in the course of raids on luebeck and rostock should have destroyed his toric monuments of great sentimental significance ty the german people desirable as it would be to spare historic monuments it is difficult to see how air war fare if it is to be prosecuted at all and both british and americans have been demanding a second front in europe can be prosecuted in such a way as to pre serve historic landmarks which happen to be situated near military or naval bases or ports of departure for war supplies the germans have made no effort to spare the monuments of london or other cities they have attacked in britain concern over the preservation of sticks and stones no matter how hallowed by history seems out of proportion with the lack of concern felt for human lives it would be disastrous for the future of the united nations to indulge blindly in ruthless reprisals against the germans and japanese which would ultimately mold our thoughts and actions to the very pattern we reject in axis countries but it would also be entirely un realistic to believe that total war can be fought ina limited way the most valuable contribution that could be made by those who deplore the effects of ait raids is to bend every effort to the task of assuring in the future the establishment of a world order which might reduce the occasions for war to 4 mininum vera micheles dean canada’s conscription vote reveals internal strains as the final returns were tabulated in the national plebiscite of april 27 releasing the canadian gov ernment from its pledges against compulsory military service overseas the dominion anxiously awaited a statement from prime minister w l mackenzie king on the course he would now choose to follow the results of the referendum did not vary greatly from advance predictions with well over 4,000,000 persons participating some 63 per cent voted to re store freedom of action to the government the rela tively small majority in the country as a whole is due to strong anti conscription sentiment in quebec where 72 per cent of the votes were in the negative for a survey of india’s complex and delicate problems which bear directly on its war effort and on post war reconstruction read india’s role in the world conflict by margaret la foy 25 may 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 in the rest of canada more than four out of five persons favored mr mackenzie king’s proposal the threat to canada's unity the clash between french canada and the remainder of the dominion has once more laid bare the deep seated differences between their populations which underlie so many issues in canadian politics today as in 1917 the french catholic community of que bec and adjacent areas stands spiritually and to some extent economically self contained while the eng lish speaking elements of the country have over whelmingly supported all out aid to britain many it habitants of quebec remain isolationist affirming their determination to defend canadian territory a all costs but not to serve overseas on a compulsory basis at the present time only a handful of national ist extremists has ever claimed that religious and linguistic differences justified secession but the prov ince has jealously guarded its right under canadas federal system to a conservative pattern of gover ment marked by strong clerical influence when military conscription was adopted i in canada twenty five years ago there were riots and distuth ances in the province it was said that evasion of the law fr of su unity cautic june for h any war tions roof ticipé the temp scrip dari estak simp give to a serio shou unin don try wait inva nent nav abo com for aval c ecot exp the ing cha wit cre 3 qué tho she of 11 cer cal foe hea secy five al the er of deep vhich oday que some eng over ry if ming ry at ilsory onal and prov ada's veri nada stuth rf the s jaw ran as high as 40 per cent to avoid a recurrence of such conditions which would endanger national unity mr mackenzie king has proceeded with great caution under the national mobilization act of june 1940 compulsory military service was instituted for home defense without major disagreement from any quarter when the united states entered the war however and abolished all territorial restric tions formerly governing the service of conscripted troops the canadian groups in favor of fuller par ticipation in the war effort began a campaign to force the government to follow suit the premier at tempted to steer a middle course between the con scriptionist forces and the quebec opposition by de daring with little success that the issue was not establishment of compulsory overseas service but simply whether or not the government should be ven a free hand he must now seek some formula to achieve the desired purpose without provoking serious unrest in french canada whatever the outcome of these difficulties it should not be imagined that canada’s war effort is unimpressive through voluntary recruitment the dominion has 150,000 men serving outside the coun try over 100,000 of these troops are in britain waiting it is believed to act as the spearhead of an invasion force to be landed on the european conti nent the total number of canadians in the army navy and air force both at home and abroad is now about 400,000 up to the present volunteers have come forward in numbers sufficient to fill the quotas for overseas service quotas limited in size by the availability of shipping and equipment canadian price control in the field of economic stabilization on the home front canadian experience has to some extent served as a guide for the new scheme of price control announced in wash ington on april 28 in both countries increased pur chasing power in the hands of the public coupled with a diminishing supply of consumers goods had created the conditions for an inflationary spiral of prices and costs in the present fiscal year for ex ample canada’s war expenditures will be about 3 billion canadian or the equivalent of three quarters of the entire national output in 1937 even though canada has expanded total production by about 50 per cent since the beginning of the war shortages of many goods and services drove the cost of living index based on august 1939 from 107 to 115 between march and october 1941 effective de cember 1 1941 therefore an over all price ceiling calculated on september 15 october 11 prices was page three amma ee ssss on sunday may 10 from 12 to 12 15 p.m david h popper associate editor of the fpa will speak over the blue network subject how can democracies wage total war we hope you will listen in and let us have your reactions afterwards imposed on the dominion and has been administered by a wartime prices and trade board during the period of price control the cost of living has varied by only a fraction of one per cent the magnitude and complexity of the united states problems preclude the adoption of an identi cal policy in this country although the general sim ilarity of the two price control schemes is readily apparent outstanding among the differences is the fact that wages as well as prices have been frozen in canada except as they may be adjusted by a cost of living bonus to meet increased charges thus the pressure of increased purchasing power on prices is in part neutralized the canadian system more over regulates retail prices only while under the american plan manufacturers and wholesalers charges are frozen as well where rising production costs tend to diminish the margin left for the cana dian retailer attempts are made to eliminate market ing and production wastes by standardization or sim plification of products and other methods in acute cases especially when imported raw materials have risen markedly in price subsidies are paid to produ cers a mechanism whose adoption was announced by the office of price administration on may 3 finally the canadian board is not restricted by the necessity to maintain the prices of certain farm prod ucts at 110 per cent of parity while the initial accomplishments under the cana dian plan are encouraging the regulatory mechan isms in both countries will not face their sternest trials until the scarcity of consumers goods becomes much more pronounced than it now is when that moment arrives the tendency to evade or violate price controls will become intense today in all of non russian europe and even in britain the existence of an illegal black market is acknowledged in spite of severe punishment for breaking price and ration regulations unless canada and the united states can create and maintain a sense of individual and so cial obligation in connection with their economic con trols similar policing will be necessary here hence in the broadest sense the war is testing the efficacy of democratic institutions as they have never been tested before davip h popperr foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 29 may 8 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y 1942 secretary vera micheles dean editer davin h popper associate editor n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year isi published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national frank ross mccoy president wiriiam p mappox assistant to the president dorotuy f lust entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year a washington news letter prenat pred btagy may 4 the curve of national war expenditure took another sharp upturn last week when president roosevelt signed the sixth supplemental war ap propriation act of 1942 providing for new outlays of more than 19 billion since the fall of france in june 1940 the total funds set aside by the united states gov ernment for defense and war purposes now amount to 162,416,000,000 which includes 6 billion au thorized for naval expenditures in the fiscal year 1943 before the week is over according to current reports president roosevelt will ask congress for a seventh major appropriation which may be higher than any of those yet placed before the national leg islature in the year and a half which elapsed between mid 1940 and the attack on pearl harbor congress au thorized an outlay of 64 billion five months of war have therefore added approximately 98 billion to the total these figures of course include vast sums which are as yet unspent even at the current rate of expenditure which runs to about 100 million a day and which may be doubled before the year is out it may be 1944 before all the authorized funds have been paid out down to the end of the present fiscal year july 1 it is anticipated that only 34 billion or about one fifth of the total authorized within the past two years will have been expended in the next fiscal year it is estimated that 70 billion will be spent for war purposes plane expenditures in lead some light is thrown on the general character of american military strategy when it is noted that the largest single item of authorized expenditure has been for the construction of airplanes engines and parts less than a fourth or 35.5 billion of the sums authorized since mid 1940 have been allocated for this purpose in the latest appropriation act the pro portion set aside for airplanes was much higher than the long term average exceeding 45 per cent other important channels of expenditure are indicated by the funds made available during the past two years for ordnance 32 billion and naval construc tion 15 billion pay subsistence and travel for the armed forces so far seem relatively trivial amounting to less than 5 billion it is impossible to find an adequate basis of com parison for the cost of america’s present military preparations all other figures pale into insignificance beside it in 1933 the entire world spent only two and a half billion dollars for armaments and even in 1936 the new arms race then getting into full swing accounted for only 11 billion turning bade to expenditures during world war i the recog shows that in 1918 many months after the unit states had entered the war we expended just 6 bil lion the heaviest expenditure in any single year came after the armistice in 1919 when the figure rose tp 11 billion the total outlay made by the united states government from the outbreak of war to the signing of the peace treaty with germany in 192 came to a little over 27 billion somewhat less thap the amount which will have been expended in the current fiscal year to july 1 and during nearly half of that year the united states was at peace paying for the war facing the stupend ous task of paying for these war costs the country is being called upon to make its current contributiog in two ways 1 by paying the heaviest tax bill in its history and 2 by sharply reducing the con sumption of non essentials thereby releasing addi tional funds for the purchase of war savings bonds as for the first the revised estimates of net tax re ceipts as announced by the budget bureau on april 24 indicate that current levies will bring in during the fiscal year beginning july 1 nearly 17 billion or approximately one fourth of the anticipated war expenditure if congress should follow the presi dent's suggestion set forth in his budget message in january and raise the tax bill the next fiscal year by an additional 7 billion the receipts would then pro vide for 31 per cent of the outlay the second requirement is one of the conditions making necessary the extensive and elaborate price control system which is now being put into operation a rigid control of the production of consumers goods and service would not only contribute to the effort to speed the flow of materials and labor into wat channels but might particularly if it were accom panied by consumer rationing limit the amount of individual income being absorbed in current expendi tures thereby more funds might become available for the purchase of war bonds although it is com ceivable that the time may come when some form of compulsory war savings will be necessary no sub stantial support has yet developed for changing the present voluntary system wyll1am p maddox arms and the aftermath by perrin stryker boston houghton mifflin 1942 1.75 mr stryker furnishes a lucid explanation of the tech nical problems involved in gearing american industry war production and puts some baffling questions about post war problems without attempting to answer them his book can be heartily recommended to the layman +ench the ink of z bor and dvent to crop of e french jed since inet with ippressed 1938 the ver been en work es of the is collab e the fall ey sought ubted the england idemic of in 1941 nt roose in time dlitical in ar unlike iously af that this patriotism production ntrance of labor lead t william ip murray ited mine would call atened not goods and his move e future of rm of gov t after the unctions if be enough war the ow to com elliott inds briodical rova g enbral library univ of migm fore 4ign poli may j 4 1943 entered as 2nd class matter general library university of michigan ann arbor wich cy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 30 __ may 14 1943 north african victory pattern for ultimate axis defeat brilliant allied victory in tunisia which reached its climax on may 7 with the occupation of bizerte and tunis is obviously one of the de cisive events of world war ii just as hitler’s in yasion of the low countries in may 1940 started a chain of developments which led to the conquest of europe so this allied victory three years later is bound to bring military and political repercussions of similar magnitude german collapse unexpected a col lapse as sudden and complete as that of the axis forces in tunisia is almost unknown in german mili tary history it shows perhaps even more clearly than stalingrad that the nazis cannot resist allied arms when these are brought to bear in sufficient strength skillful use of concentrated air pounding massed artillery fire and infantry and tank attacks was apparently responsible in large part for the tapid allied advance but the germans also seem to have made strategic and tactical blunders in their defense of tunisia they not only attempted to hold lines that were too long for their reserves but per sisted in basing on hills and crags major positions which appeared strong but actually exposed them to assaults against which they had extremely limited fields of fire with their supply and replacement sys tems inadequate the morale of axis forces seems to have broken when these strong points were cracked by persistent allied attacks coming from many points at once where will allies strike now the western allies can probably be expected to strike their next blow at sicily and sardinia and at the small axis held bases in the sicilian straits control of these islands would clear the central mediter fanean for our supplies and profoundly affect the whole global war picture it would provide a short supply route not only to the southern front in russia but also to india and china this would give the allies for the first times thesimeans of the unity of strategic reserve which is always essential to unified comimand moreover it would permit the oil and gasoline needed in french north africa to be shipped by barge from the near and middle east rather than by tanker across the sub marine infested atlantic from the united states with the central mediterranean cleared the way would be open for the allies to mount an offensive from africa and the mediterranean islands against italy or southern france and if crete too were oceu pied against the balkans at the same time an early diversion from britain against norway or even a major offensive across the english channel must not be left out of the reckoning since the allies possess superior air and sea power and german strategic reserves are well back from the european coastal defenses it seems reasonably clear that a bridgehead can be effected wherever the allies wish to strike the great task will be to convert that bridgehead into a large scale of fensive but here the allies holding outside dines have an opportunity to draw off german reserves by a feint from one direction while making the real attack from another until fighter and bomber strength which must have been withdrawn from britain for the tunisian campaign can be replaced however a decisive thrust based on the british isles can hardly be expected reaction to tunisian victory politi cal repercussions of the allied victory ini north af rica are now being felt throughout the world grow ing restlessness among the occupied peoples of eu rope is causing the nazis great concern in holland the nazis have resorted to martial law in turkey and among the arabs of the middle east belief in an allied victory is rapidly gaining ground while in northern europe sweden is showing increased in dependence in spain too there was recognition of oe ag ao 5 ee a ee as rg abs ae a soe ona ae ae allied power for on may 9 general franco declared that the war had now reached a stalemate which made immediate peace the only sensible course for all belligerents among the united nations the effect of tunisia has been equally significant china is heartened by this show of anglo american striking force and hopes that it heralds a strengthening of allied power in the far east as well as in europe the soviet union evinces real appreciation of the efforts of its western allies and will undoubtedly meet any spring or summer offensive which hitler may launch against the russian armies with even greater confidence page two the allied victory too should smooth the path to french unity with all that will mean both for the future of france and the further success of allied forces finally it is clear that the political and eco nomic cooperation forged over many months betweeg britain and the united states has now developed under general eisenhower's leadership into effec tive military collaboration as president roosevelt said in his message to general eisenhower the unprecedented degree of allied cooperation makes a pattern for the ultimate defeat of the axis howard p whidden jr polish problem tests relations of great and small powers the soviet polish controversy which for a few days had shown signs of abating flared up anew on may 7 when soviet vice foreign commissar an drey y vishinsky made a statement to the british and american press accusing members of the polish embassy in russia of espionage and pro german activities this statement issued two days after stalin’s letter to the new york times correspondent in moscow in which the soviet premier declared that the u.s.s.r unquestionably wants a strong and independent poland following the defeat of germany has added to the prevailing confusion in this country concerning soviet aims and policies it might be useful under the circumstances to review the main issues raised by the soviet polish contro versy the first thing that must be borne in mind is that no american layman without official knowledge of soviet polish relations since the german invasion of russia in 1941 which reversed russia’s attitude to ward poland can reach anything resembling a well founded judgment about the activities of poles de ported or evacuated to russia after poland’s collapse in 1939 if past experience is a guide there are prob ably rights and wrongs on both sides russia wants friendly poland but whatever may be the merits of the controversy over the activities of these poles there is no reason to doubt that stalin was sincere when he said on may 5 that the u.s.s.r wants a relationship based for a survey of the league’s contribution to inter national collaboration and an analysis of the accomplishments of league agencies now function ing and the international red cross read geneva institutions in wartime by ernest s hediger 25c may 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to fpa members 3 upon solid good neighborly relations and mutual respect with a strong and independent poland or if the polish people so desired an alliance pro viding for mutual assistance against the germans as the chief enemies of the soviet union and poland for years before 1939 the soviet government had regarded with suspicion the activities of the polish government of colonels and especially of its for eign minister colonel beck believing that this group inspired by anti russian and anti communist sentiments was ready to play ball with hitler against the u.s.s.r these suspicions were sharpened by the realiza tion in moscow that poland whose industrial and agricultural backwardness made it highly vulnerable to german pressure would prove unable to resist an attack by germany which would place german armed forces directly on the soviet border russia's worst expectations on that score were realized when germany invaded poland on september 1 1939 the subsequent occupation by russia of polish ukraine and polish white russia and their incor poration on november 29 1939 into the ukrainian s.s.r and the white russian s.s.r respectively was justified from the russian point of view by con siderations of self defense but justifiable as these measures may appear from the russian point of view this does not mean that they become automatically acceptable to poles whose concept of a strong and independent poland does not include surrender of territory to russia now po land’s ally among the united nations nor is it easy for americans who have consistently opposed en croachments by this country on the territory of weaker nations in the western hemisphere to defend similar encroachments by russia on the territory of adjoining countries a convincing case can always be made by a great power which believes that its security or economic position is threatened by the policies of weaker neighbors the admittedly difficult equation between great and small nations may be ince pfo rmans as poland rent had 1e polish f its for that this mmunist against realiza trial and ulnerable resist an german russia's zed when 1 1939 polish eir incor jkrainian pectively w by con ear from nean that les whose ind does now po is it easy s0ssed en ritory of to defend rritory of in always s that its sd by the ly difficult s may be 7_ resolved either by the complete or partial subjugation of the small nations a policy hitherto denounced by the soviet government as imperialism or by an attempt to develop relations of equality within the larger framework of a regional or world organiza tion it must be hoped that the united nations in duding russia and the united states will follow the latter policy during and after the war and that the small nations in turn will show a spirit of co operation and not of nationalist intransigeance polish people must decide the fact that for a quarter of a century russia has been separated from the western world by mutual suspicion and hostility serves to obscure today on both sides the urgent need for building collaboration between them on new and not on outworn foundations the sec ond mission to moscow of former ambassador jo h e davies who is to deliver to stalin a mes sage from president roosevelt presumably urging a personal meeting between them may help to dis sipate moscow’s recurring suspicions about the aims of britain and the united states even more effective in this respect are the victories of allied forces in the f.p.a modern world politics by thorsten v kalijarvi new york crowell 1942 5.00 eighteen experts on international relations analyze fun damental factors governing the world struggle for power intended primarily as a college text but chapters on geo politics and total espionage will attract wider audience china after five years of war new york chinese news service 1942 1.00 informative essays on chinese government military af fairs economic conditions and education written for the most part by staff members of the ministry of informa tion in chungking voices of history great speeches and papers of the year 1941 by franklin watts ed with an introduction by charles a beard new york franklin watts inc 1942 3.50 out of a mass of material covering the world wide war here is a selection of representative pronouncements chosen 80 as to point up critical and important events and deci sions its chronological arrangement and excellent index make it a most workable reference tool as well as of his torical value this is the first of a planned series documents on american foreign relations july 1941 june 1942 edited by leland m goodrich with the collabora tion of s shepard jones and denys myers.boston world peace foundation 1942 2.75 fourth volume in a useful series fiji little india of the pacific by john wesley coulter chicago university of chicago press 1942 2.00 _a discussion of life in the fiji islands particularly the mpact of large scale immigration from india on native page three north africa which bring closer the moment when the opening of a second front in europe may relieve german pressure on russia but indiscriminate american apologia for soviet policy do not offer a sound basis for russo american collaboration in winning the war and the peace after the war stalin in his controversy with the polish government in london takes the view that that government con tains elements who had been hostile to russia before 1939 and does not represent the polish people this issue which is the real crux of the soviet polish con flict cannot be settled by russia alone or by the other great powers unreservedly backing russia it must be settled by the polish people to whom stalin is directing his appeal what the united nations can and should do is to create the conditions for a free expression of opinion on the part of the polish people this can be done only by the defeat of ger many which holds poland in thrall any attempt to divert attention from this first objective can only prolong the agony of both the poles and the rus sians now living under the nazi yoke vera micheles dean bookshelf society throws light on the nature of the south pacific islands the self betrayed glory and doom of the german gen erals by curt riess new york putnam 1942 3.00 this tale of the rise and fall of german generals gives a good insight into the mentality of the junker class which expected to rule germany through hitler in spite of frequent unverifiable statements the book is useful latin america its place in world life by samuel guy inman new york harcourt brace 1942 rev ed 3.75 a new edition of this classic on latin america brought up to date and considerably enriched mr inman’s book is undoubtedly one of the few excellent treatments of the subject year of the wild boar by helen mears new york lip pincott 1942 2.75 a revealing description of the daily life of japan with constant emphasis on the real japan of rigid customs and non western ways that lie behind a modern facade the author’s fascinating account forms a valuable accom paniment to works on japan’s international relations and internal political and economic conditions basis for peace in the far east by nathaniel peffer new york harper 1942 2.50 highly instructive and provocative analysis of the prob lems of peace in the orient the author’s proposals in volve crushing japan but giving it a just peace liberat ing china promoting self government in southeast asia and ending all preferred political positions and economic monopolies in the far east one weakness is the inade quate discussion of the soviet position in this region poreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 30 may 14 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f luger secretary vera micuees dean editor envered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one month for change of address on membership publications three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year bp isi produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter may 10 general enrique pefiaranda de castillo 50 year old president of bolivia who is at present the guest of the united states richly merited the warm reception he received in washington last week on april 7 president pefiaranda climaxed his series of amicable acts toward this country by leading bo livia into war on the side of the united nations with the notable exception of brazil bolivia is the only south american country so far to have declared war on the axis before general pefiaranda became president of bolivia in 1940 relations between his country and the united states were far from harmonious ameti can influence in that country was slight as exempli fied by the fact that la paz was the only western hemisphere capital without an american bank loans for this south american republic were floated in wall street at what bolivians thought exorbitant terms and were defaulted for the simple reason that that poverty stricken country was in no position to meet either principal or interest on the bonds in 1937 bolivia confiscated a 17,000,000 investment of the standard oil co of new jersey which is the only case on record outside of mexico of latin american expropriation of oil property this action however was amicably adjusted in april 1942 by an agreement between standard oil and bolivia german influence was strong mean while german penetration in bolivia had developed alarmingly with nearly 8,000 germans in the re public german influence was always strong and it may be recalled that the bolivian army was trained by the late ernst roehn hitler's intimate friend and ultimate victim the country’s aviation was a monop oly in the hands of the german lloyd aereo com pany which not only served every town and com munity in bolivia but maintained a weekly air service to berlin by way of brazil since pefiaranda’s advent to power the united states concluded in 1940 a five year agreement with bolivia whereby we undertook to purchase 18,000 tons of tin per year half the nation’s total produc tion and in 1941 washington contracted to buy bo livia’s total output of tungsten another critical war material for three years today after the capture of malaya by the japanese bolivia has become the united nations most important source of tin fur thermore the pefiaranda government expropriated the nazi air lines and immediately arranged with for victory the pan american grace company panagra to op erate them it is not surprising that the nazis plotted a coup d’état to overthrow pefiaranda but their con spiracy was discovered by the interception of a letter from major elias belmonte bolivian military at taché in berlin to the german minister in la paz triumph of good neighbor policy president pefiaranda said in washington last week that nazi agents were still working in bolivia and this was demonstrated in december 1942 when they tried to exploit labor troubles in the tin mines as an example of yankee imperialism the pefiaranda government frustrated this campaign by inviting u.s experts to collaborate with bolivians in studying and reporting on the labor situation workers in the patifio owned catavi mines pro ducing for the british asked for a 100 per cent wage increase and when the operators offered them 30 per cent they went on strike just before the strike the bolivian congress had passed an advanced labor code u.s ambassador pierre boal asked the la paz government how the new labor laws would effect costs of production of tin antimony lead and other products being bought by this country in some circles this action was interpreted as an effort to head off badly needed labor legislation in bolivia on april 20 the joint commission issued a report recommending among other things that the bolivian government raise the minimum legal wage and re move the restrictive provisions against free associa tion particularly labor meetings it also pointed out that education housing sanitation and health condi tions must be improved if living standards are to be raised the remarkable change in united states bolivian relations within the span of a few years is signal testimony to the success of the good neighbor pol icy the era of dollar diplomacy is definitely gone as president roosevelt indicated on may 7 when he revealed that he had apologized to president pefia randa for the act of certain united states financiers 15 years ago in making a loan to the bolivian govern ment at excessive rates probably what the president has in mind is that the era of private banking loans to foreign governments is ended and that such finan cial operations will be conducted in the future by government agencies like the reconstruction finance corporation john elliott buy united states war bonds +pbrig wn general lit jun 9 4949 neral linn entered as 2nd class matter an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 33 june 4 1943 3 a candid and balanced report of this country’s wat effort james f byrnes newly appointed director of war mobilization speaking at spartan burg south carolina on memorial day paid high ttibute to our military and war production achieve ments during a year and a half of participation in world war ii as mr byrnes pointed out the united states has already fought almost as long as it did during world war i suffering as yet far fewer casualties those americans who feel that britain and china and russia which have suffered incomparably more than we in terms of loss of lives of property or both are not always sufficiently ap preciative of our contribution to the war may well ponder this part of mr byrnes’s recapitulation but he also declared that this will be a much tougher war and that thus far we are only on the outer fringes of this war so far as personal deprivation on the home front and the loss of blood on the battle front are concerned allies catching up with axis at the ame time mr byrnes left no doubt that in spite of much confusion overlapping and struggle for per sonal power among government officials in wash ington as well as among industry labor and farmers throughout the country the united states has accom plished an outstanding job in meeting the war pro duction objectives set by president roosevelt objectives which at the time appeared fantastic of the figures cited by mr byrnes the most spec licular and the one most fraught with significance ata time when the allies are concentrating on round he clock bombing of germany and italy is that the 100,000th airplane manufactured since the war pfogram was launched came off the assembly line on may 31 the united states together with russia and britain have at length caught up with the axis and are forging rapidly ahead it is against the background of actual achieve expanding power creates new responsibilities for united states ments and potential dangers which must yet be faced before the united nations can hope for vic tory that current discussions about the future of the world must be projected there is on the one hand a tendency on the part of some americans to over estimate the contribution made by this country to the winning of the war and to insist in consequence that the united states should claim a major share in the making of the peace on the other hand there is an equally dangerous tendency to view this global conflict as of concern to the united states only in the asiatic theatre of war and to decry or oppose aid to other sectors yet it would seem that no one could fail to understand today first that the war in asia is intimately and irrevocably linked to the war in europe and africa and second that if it had not been for years of stubborn and at times desperate resistance on the part of britain russia china and the conquered peoples of europe the united states would have found it impossible to catch up as it has so successfully done on its lack of military prepara tions in an atmosphere of relative calm and security u.s policy needs clarification these considerations might help us to define the course that the united states could or should follow once the war is over just as this country was not able to escape through nonintervention or to win the war alone once it had been attacked so it will be unable to win the peace alone or to carry out a world wide relief and rehabilitation program through its own unaided efforts we shall need other countries in time of peace as we have needed them in time of war and while the other united nations are hop ing that we shall not turn to isolationism as we did in 1919 neither do they want us to embark on a policy of imperialism on the plea of reforming or re educating or rehabilitating the world all that is being asked of us and all that was asked of us during the inter war years is that we should play a part in world affairs commensurate with our re sources and should henceforth assume responsibil ity for the use of our power which at the end of the war will be enhanced manifold by our vast war production effort but until we ourselves have defined the role we want the united states to play it is difficult in some cases impossible for other nations to define their policy this was clearly indicated in the series of speeches that dr benes president of czechoslovakia delivered during the past two weeks in chicago and new york dr benes anticipates the defeat of get many in the not too distant future and believes that the final disaster of the axis powers will be of a much greater scope than that of 1918 at the same time he believes that the situation of the world when this disaster does take place will be far more difficult than it was in november 1918 he recog nizes that the small nations of europe sometimes carried nationalist intransigence beyond the bounds of reason and that returning to normal does not mean returning to the exact state of affairs that existed in europe before hitler’s rise to power but he remains firmly opposed to any attempt by the great page two oan powers to obliterate the identity of small nation dr benes looks to post war collaboration betweq britain and the soviet union envisaged in the anglo soviet treaty of may 26 1942 as the foundation stone of european reconstruction without the sovig union he believes that it will be impossible fo europe to prevent a new german drang nach ostey he hopes that the united states will participate jy the task of world reconstruction but his hope js tempered to a noticeable degree by the experience of 1919 those of us who may wonder why the spokes men of the united nations are not always as precise in their concepts of the future as we would like them to be must remember that hitherto the foreign pol icy of the united states has had less precision and proved more unpredictable than that of its present allies the greater our power becomes with the rapid expansion of our industrial production the more important it is that this power should be used not irresponsibly or haphazardly but with a coherent idea of the commitments we are ready not merely to advocate but actually to fulfill vera micheles dean china faces most acute crisis in six years of war the routing on june 1 of five japanese divisions which were directing a many pronged attack at chungking and the significant increase in chinese and american air power have raised the spirits of the chinese people but despite this success there is no doubt that generalissimo chiang kai shek’s gov ernment is threatened by a situation of unparalleled seriousness enemy forces have seized substantial por tions of rich rice producing territory in hunan and hupei provinces at a time when the country can ill afford to lose any part of the year’s crop this means that free china which for many months has been un able to cope with a disastrous famine situation in honan province must now expect even more difficult food conditions one symptom of the dangerous state of affairs is the rapid upward movement of rice prices in chungking during the past month japan is wearing china down ameri cans on the whole understand that japan is waging available at reduced rate bound volume xviii foreign policy reports 24 issues of foreign policy reports march 1942 march 1943 with cross index 4.00 a volume order from foreign policy association 22 east 38th street new york a war of attrition against the chinese but there is still a marked tendency to measure tokyo's success in terms of the capture of important centers rather than the deterioration of china’s powers of resistance a campaign for chungking would of course rep resent a supreme test of china’s endurance while a fourth japanese attempt on changsha key trans portation point would imperil the economic founds tions of the régime yet if such drives do not take place there will be no reason for complacency since japanese efforts on a smaller scale may have catas trophic effects on china after the wear and tear of six years of war in fact although japan has seized no prominent objectives in the current fighting free china is al ready feeling new pressure simply because important routes for the smuggling of commodities from jap anese occupied areas have thereby been closed for some years china’s most significant foreign souttes of supply has been its own territory under enemy control and this has been particularly true since the cutting of the burma road early in 1942 now it flation has reached a point at which it is not unusual for commodity prices to be 60 or 70 times the pit war levels of 1937 in some places rice is reportel to have risen more than a hundred fold in the pas six years and it is said that because of the scarcity of cotton only the very wealthy can afford to buy clothes western visitors to hard pressed china tel the same story of growing weariness and there 4 much speculation as to whether the government cal hold out for one year two or more japan one impc anese poli entourage en its po morale in its iron fi tojo visit anniversa its conces to the pu been exte anese con policy to althou cannot al pied chit chungkir flation tl governm it is harc shek wl cooperati ened dur even jap have seri wha reason t was an churchil given to nese ur out in c time it united plied in race is u tokyo t being ol pacific nothing to retait this lig in the the mos althoug the airplane anese f number second foreign headquart second clas one month re is ccess ather ance rep while 7 japan revises policy toward puppets one important political threat is the modified jap anese policy toward wang ching wei and his puppet entourage at nanking in a clever effort to strength en its position in occupied china and to weaken morale in chungking tokyo has recently concealed its iron fist with a velvet glove in march premier tojo visited nanking and on march 30 the third anniversary of wang’s régime tokyo relinquished its concessions and extraterritorial rights in china to the puppet administration financial aid has also been extended to wang and it is reported that jap anese commanders have been told to adopt an easier licy toward the chinese population although these temporary bribes and gestures cannot alter the real nature of japanese rule in occu pied china they may have some effect on morale in chungking where under the pressure of severe in flation there has been a sharp trend to the right in a government that has at all times been conservative it is hardly a secret that the position of chiang kai shek who is pledged to a policy of resistance in cooperation with the united nations has been weak ened during the past year under the circumstances even japan’s pretenses of a more liberal policy could have serious results what can be done there now seems little reason to doubt that chungking’s critical condition was an important topic in the recent roosevelt churchill discussions and that much thought was given to ways of lessening the pressure on the chi nese unfortunately japan is in a position to strike out in china on a large or small scale at almost any time it desires while the offensive power of the united nations although growing is not easily ap plied in that theatre of operations in a sense a great race is under way between japan and the allies with tokyo trying to force china out of the war before being obliged to deal with major offensives in the pacific area the military stakes are high they are nothing less than the capacity of the united nations to retain their primary land base in asia viewed in this light the welcome reconquest of attu island in the aleutians can have little immediate effect on the most critical aspects of our far eastern position although it may prove beneficial to chinese morale the first requirement of the chinese front is more airplanes with which to attack the advancing jap anese forces and these is reason to hope that the number of available aircraft will continue to increase secondly any action in the pacific area that diverts page three an important sector of the japanese air force will be very helpful thirdly china needs a large scale land operation such as the reinvasion of burma to pin down japanese troops and supplies we will know this fall when the heavy burma rains are over whether plans for such a move were laid in wash ington by the american and british military staffs political action important the united natians could also aid chungking in its efforts to combat japan’s policy of undermining china’s spirit of resistance one significant step in this direction was the abandonment of extraterri toriality by the united states and britain through treaties signed with china early this year it is also likely that the dissolution of the comintern has weakened wang ching wei’s propaganda since the bogy of communism has been one of his main weapons in the struggle to win support in chung king a third step that might have considerable effect would be the early repeal by the united states con gress of all measures for chinese exclusion and the placing of chinese immigration on a quota basis although this would result in the entrance of no more than 100 chinese in any one year the psycho logical effect of equal treatment would be very great in china and throughout the far east it would con stitute a most effective answer to japan’s propaganda that china is regarded as a racially inferior member of the anti axis coalition and might do much to lessen the anti foreign sentiment that has been grow ing in chungking since pearl harbor not least im portant it could play a political role in stimulating china’s defense against japan’s latest military moves lawrence k rosinger i flew for china by royal leonard new york double day doran 1942 2.50 experiences in china of an american aviator who served first as a personal pilot of chang hsueh liang and later of chiang kai shek the author’s understanding of chinese affairs is superficial but he gives an interesting picture of what he saw as well as a foreigner’s growing respect for china and its people foreign capital in southeast asia by helmut g callis new york institute of pacific relations 1942 1.25 a careful study of foreign investments in government bonds and business enterprises before pearl harbor the territories dealt with include the philippines netherlands east indies formosa malaya thailand indo china and burma kwangsi land of the black banners by rev joseph cuenot st louis b herder 1942 2.75 translation from the french of en account of catholic missionary work in south china during the early 1920 s foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 33 june 4 1943 one month for change of address on membership publications published weekly by the foreign policy headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leger secretary second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 association incorporated national vera micue.es dean editor entered as three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year bz 81 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor i ad an port washington news letter june 2 the sudden resignation on june 1 of m peyrouton as governor general of algeria has unex pectedly clouded the prospects for agreement between general charles de gaulle leader of the fighting french and general henri honoré giraud head of the french administration in north africa yet the formation on may 30 of a council of seven to govern the empire and represent the people of metropolitan france marked an important stage in the restoration of france's position as a belligerent power and of its influence in the councils of the united nations the objective that american and british diplomacy has been striving for ever since the invasion of french north africa last november seemed on the point of realization de gaulle giraud unity under the terms of the preliminary agreement proposed by gen eral giraud in his note of may 17 and accepted by the french national committee in london on may 24 he and general de gaulle each named two other vonferees and these six designated one other by majority vote on may 31 this commission to which two other members may be appointed later is to administer french affairs within its sphere of control until all the departments of france have been liberated whereupon the law of february 15 1872 generally referred to as the tréveneuc law will be applied this law came into being during the unsettled period after the franco prussian war and provided that whenever the legal powers of the french government and the national assembly ceased to exist the conseils généraux would take action these bodies were empowered to elect the senate under the french system of indirect suffrage and to appoint delegates who would then take those urgent measures required for the maintenance of order and in particular those which have as their ob ject the restoration to the national assembly of its full independence and exercise of its right both french leaders had made sacrifices to ar rive at a compromise the de gaullists had ob tained the exclusion from the actual governing body of resident governors like marcel peyrouton of al geria charles nogués of morocco and pierre boisson of french west africa for all of whom they have a deep aversion on the other hand general de gaulle had dropped his demand for immediate creation of a provisional french government this concession represented a notable success for the united states which has taken the stand throughout that the future government of france shall be left to for victory the free choice of the french people once their terri tory has been liberated from german occupation washington’s objection to recognizing either gen eral de gaulle or general giraud as the head of a french government is that neither has a legal man date to act in this capacity such as that possessed by other governments in exile general de gaulle who appears to enjoy a greater popular following than general giraud has by force of circumstance been recognized as head of the anti collaborationists by the leftist groups in france although his move ment includes several notable rightist figures while general giraud represents preponderantly the con servative and military elements in french north africa the united states has taken the point of view that it should not meddle in french politics by rec ognizing either or both of these movements jointly as incarnating french national sovereignty the tréveneuc law by providing a procedure for the return of power to the french people as soon as they can freely govern themselves suggests a method that may possibly be adopted in other occupied countries of europe after they have been freed of the nazi yoke consequences of union developments in algeria have demonstrated again the difficulties in the path of arriving at such unification both de gaulle and giraud are extremely ambitious and in flexible men and their followers are not yet by any means reconciled much progress however has been made since the casablanca meeting in january when the two french leaders only with great difficulty could be brought to shake hands and to concur in a vague statement that they had the common goal of beating germany it is to be hoped however that the union of gen erals giraud and de gaulle will be finally achieved despite all momentary hitches for such an agreement would be bound to have a stimulating effect on the iste c people of metropolitan france who have been con fused and perturbed by the quarrels of frenchmen abroad it is of the utmost importance that any dis cord be eliminated before allied invasion of europe so that the entire french population may rise with undivided loyalty to fight on the side of their lib erators the prospects of successful conclusion of ne gotiations between the two french leaders was doubt less a factor in inducing admiral rené emile godfroy to place at the disposal of the allies the french wat ships which have been mobilized at alexandria since the fall of france john elliott buy united states war bonds he m on jur dent ran democrat ment has to reveal and aims for tw the resigr m ortiz republic dictatoria directly f bor his 1 ous for tl can repu rio de j lution pr axis thy influence permittin hemisph moreove curb axi tion to mitted h and ma mental were bit tines es the char the unie cal part some kit coming septemh arg coup +fal las eae par ich venera fey nivears if 4 vy jun 26 1943 ulbrary entered as 2nd class mai a a1 michigan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxii no 36 june 25 1943 india’s military needs given priority in wavell appointment he appointment on june 18 of field marshal sir archibald wavell as viceroy and governor general of india to succeed the marquess of lin lithgow must be regarded as important in both its military and political implications by placing brit ain’s top ranking soldier at the head of the indian government prime minister churchill has given no tice that the british government still believes military considerations to be paramount in india and con templates no fundamental change in the political sit uation until the allied offensive against japan has been successfully completed new east asia command created the new viceroy who is expected to assume office in october will be assisted in his task of guiding india’s war effort by general sir claude auchinleck his successor as commander in chief in india but direct responsibility for the conduct of operations against japan will be placed in the hands of a sep uate east india command whose leader is to be announced in the near future when this appoint ment is made it can be expected that plans for com bined operations against burma involving indian british and chinese ground forces and american air units will be rushed to completion the initial task of the new east asia command will be to use the monsoon season which lasts until october for gathering sufficient air and sea power to wrest control of the bay of bengal from the japanese and for preparing the huge amphibious operation which will be necessary to effect major landings in the rangoon area of burma until preparations for hese landings and the drive up the irrawaddy and salween valleys are complete there will be no possibility of using the large force of indian and british troops built up by wavell in india during the last two years whether or not the allied victory in tunisia and the prospective clearing of the medi letranean will release the shipping needed for the invasion of burma is not yet apparent but it seems likely that every effort will be made by the allied high command to launch this offensive next autumn political deadlock continues ai though wavell who as commander in chief sat on the viceroy’s executive council is reported to have been willing to go further than his predecessor in meeting the demands of the indian nationalists it seems unlikely that the present deadlock between the indian government and the congress party will be broken by any move on the part of the new viceroy present indications are that mohandas k ghandi and the other congress leaders will be kept in con finement until they are ready to repudiate the policy embodied in the party’s resolution of august 1942 and to give what the government considers appropri ate assurances for the future this means that the executive council which is composed of 4 british members 4 hindus 4 moslems and one member each for the sikhs and the depressed classes but represents neither the congress party nor the moslem league will continue to carry on the government of india during the past year the moslem league appears to have gained considerable ground in the struggle for political power of the ministries now function ing in six of india’s eleven provinces five are pre dominantly moslem at the meetings of the moslem league the last week of april ali jinnah was more intransigent than ever in his demands for pakistan an independent state to be composed of the pre dominantly moslem regions of india and made it clear that his demand for the partition of india is an absolute condition of the league’s participation in the indian government congress on the other hand has not yet regained the influence it lost as a result of its defeat in the contest of strength with the british raj and is no more disposed than it has ever been to accept pakistan under these circum oo i l l page two stances the british government rightly or wrongly appears to believe that it would be unwise to reopen the discussions undertaken during the cripps mis sion of april 1942 and that the implementation of its pledge to india will have to await the end of the war regardless of the price which may have to be paid in terms of nationalist hostility india’s war production increasing notwithstanding the continued deadlock india’s war effort has increased at a rapid pace during the past year india’s defenses about which there was so much concern a year ago may now be considered secure although serious food shortages are reported in certain areas particularly bengal and war pro duction has been impeded by the political difficulties india’s contribution to the war effort of the united political straws in the wind while the eyes of the world are focused on the complex groupings and regroupings of armies navies and air forces in europe and asia preparatory to some kind of a showdown this summer political changes on the margins of the battlefronts bear watching in argentina the military government of president pedro ramirez has not justified the initial hope that it might eventually depart from castillo’s policy of strict neutrality or prepare the way for democratic elections the banning on june 10 of radio coded messages through which axis diplomats in buenos aires had been communicating with their govern ments to the detriment of the united nations ap peared to herald a change in argentine policy the ban however was then temporarily lifted thus al lowing the axis representatives to make new arrange ments by radio for future methods of communication on june 18 moreover president ramirez after hav ing declared that when the military revolution had cleaned and restored politics it would hand the country back to its politicians in the purest sense of the word announced the postponement of national elections two days later the pro nazi buenos aires newspaper e pam pero in an editorial passed by the argentine censor declared that general ramirez had organized a national revolution whose aim is to free argentina from the dictation of international the economic life of mexico has undergone far reaching changes during world war ii for an analysis of their effect on relations between mexico and the united states read impact of war on mexico’s economy by ernest s hediger 25c june 15 issue of foreign poticy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to fpa members 3 nations has been of great importance indian py duction provides 90 per cent of the needs of th indian army at home a force of approximate 1,500,000 a report issued by the united states offig of war information on june 7 revealed the extey to which war supplies from india guns steel sheey for anti tank mines and camouflage nets in par ticular aided in the allied victory in north africa an answer to india’s complex political econom and social problems still remains to be found but the moment the situation appears to be much more pp pitious for the launching of a large scale offensiyg from the indian base of operations than at any time since the fall of singapore howard p whidden jr bankers and foreign embassies this and other ey dence would seem to indicate that the revolution of june 4 was chiefly an attempt by the military to re assert argentina’s claim to primacy in south amer ica now challenged by the growing military powe of brazil which receives considerable lend lease aid from the united states as well as of chile and other countries of that continent which are collaborat ing with the united nations the united state recognized the ramirez government on june 11 fol lowing the lead taken by the principal countries 0 south america but it is not expected in washing ton that lend lease aid will be forthcoming for ar gentina until its foreign policy has been furthe clarified the most unfortunate aspect of the arges tine situation is that the practice of military dictator ships established by military coups which seemed tt be on the wane in latin america has again taken the place of elections by the people in argentina on june 22 eire’s 1,800,000 voters cast ballots the first wartime elections for the country’s parlie ment the dail eireann prime minister eamon valera was expected to remain in power with the government he had headed since 1932 although the opposition leader william t cosgrave advocate the substitution of a coalition régime in the lat elections held in 1938 de valera’s fianna ful party won seventy seven seats in the dail as agains forty five for mr cosgrave’s fine gael party tit labor party led by william norton encouraged bj recent successes in local elections has put up a larg slate of candidates although it won only nine seat in the dail in 1938 it is not anticipated that elections will alter eire’s policy of neutrality whi is supported by all parties james m dillon young independent member being the only candida advocating intervention in the war at the side of united nations some six weeks ago on may 1 captain sir bad ee brooke v ireland signed ul concernit sir basil stimulati ulster’s 18,000 his form duction by incluc ley and moore cortey introduct in this r the unit bitterly senting a 000 whi land an neutralit want cor land ha endanget as an im can force the nea univers the arab versity the fir of the gr short hist with emp war disc lippinc alaska u millan two re alaska fr most imp the terri as its mili soviet r dallin a clear pact witl author e isolation alone as within th ern natio eee eee foreign i headquarters second class one month f page three pro brooke was appointed prime minister of northern meanwhile on june 17 prime minister slobodan f the ireland replacing john m andrews who had re yovanovitch head of the yugoslav government in lately signed under criticism from his own unionist party london tendered the resignation of his cabinet to fig concerning his government’s unemployment policy king peter an effort is being made to form a cab xten sit basil considers that his two main tasks are the inet that would reflect as closely as possible popular heey stimulation of war production and the reduction of sentiment within yugoslavia where it is believed pat ulster’s high wartime unemployment figure of that the partisans backed by russia have effected fricg 18,000 in addition to the premiership he retains a reconciliation with general mikhailovitch’s chet 10mix his former post as minister of commerce and pro nik guerrillas and would give fair representation ut at duction he has broadened the basis of his cabinet to the views of serbs croats and slovenes such epro by including a representative of labor harry midg advance realignments of governments in exile with snsive ley and two presbyterian ministers the rev mr rapidly changing conditions in their homelands if time moore an expert on agriculture and the rev mr successful would be of good augury for the time cortey an expert on education sir basil favors the when the continent can be liberated from nazi rule introduction of compulsory military service which vera micheles dean jk in this respect would align northern ireland with the united kingdom this measure however is twenty fifth anniversary of f.p.a bitterly opposed by the nationalist minority repre the foreign policy association organized in 1918 e ev senting about a third of ulster’s population of 1,250 shortly before the armistice will celebrate its twenty on ot 900 which wants a union of north and south ire fifth anniversary on october 16 when it will re tot land and is sympathetic to de valera’s policy of double its efforts to aid in the understanding and ame neutrality the british government much as it might constructive development of american foreign pol pows want compulsory military service for northern ire icy especially with respect to post war reconstruc s aid land has no desire to inflame any issues that might tion we urge all members to save this date for in and endanger the stability of that area which now serves teresting meetings now being planned and to con borat as an important military and naval base for ameri sider ways and means of increasing the usefulness of can forces in the european theatre of war the f.p.a in this anniversary year 1 0b ies of the f.p.a bookshelf shing the near east by philip w ireland editor chicago behind both lines by harold denny new york viking or ar university of chicago press 1942 2.50 press 1942 2.50 urthe the arabs by philip k hitti princeton princeton uni freely to pass by edward w beattie jr new york rgen versity press 1943 2.00 ae tga de crowell 1942 3.00 ctator the first volume discusses the present and future role ned tt of the great powers in this vital area the second is a forgotten front by john lear new york dutton 1943 short history of the dominant native people of the region 2.50 en the with emphasis on their era of conquests i this is the enemy by frederick oechsner with joseph lots war discovers alaska by joseph driscoll philadelphia w grigg jack m fleischer glen m stadler clinton ot lippincott 1943 3.00 42 00 patlit slaska under a a etnes sicak i b conger boston little brown 1942 3 ca naer atms dy ean otcver ew or ac ene examples of the vivid writing good journalists do under on dé millan 1942 2.00 th tht two reporters accounts of the way the war is changing wress denny prison compe seeing every yet hh the alaska from a neglected outlying region into one of the picking out certain decencies in the enemy beattie freely b most important crossroads of the world both emphasize passing through gay and bitter days of war’s beginning jocates the territory’s political and economic problems as well never missing news values lear in south america to 1 las 8 its military preparations check nazi activity passenger on a plane forced down in a ea soviet russia’s foreign policy 1939 1942 by david j the desert making unforgettable story out of the fight igains dallin new haven yale university press 1942 3.75 against thirst and fatigue oechsner and his fellow y th a clear statement of russia’s foreign policy from the internees in germany after america went into the war ged by pact with germany to the battle of stalingrad the carefully analyzing the nazi régime out of their accumu das author emphasizes _the influence that two decades of lated experiences these correspondents give the kind of isolation have had in encouraging the u.s.s.r to stand information the public wants to read e sea alone as a third power and to wage a separate war vat within the framework of the military alliance with west owing to a typographical error only a part of this book will ern nations careful and scholarly note was published in the bulletin of june 18 i lon foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 36 jung 25 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national rdida headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dororuy f lest secretary vera michg.es dean editor entered as of second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications d f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year rb sw is produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor q i te mm mi th i i my if hi 8 washington news letter june 25 the most constructive recent step to wards placing congress on record in favor of par ticipation by the united states in an international organization for the preservation of peace after the war was taken by the house foreign affairs com mittee on june 15 when it unanimously approved a declaration of principle in this sense by representa tive j william fulbright the resolution submitted by this 38 year old freshman congressman from arkansas a former rhodes scholar and one time president of the university of arkansas declares with admirable simplicity and directness that the congress hereby expresses itself as favoring the crea tion of appropriate international machinery with power adequate to establish and maintain a just and lasting peace and as favoring participation by the united states therein mr fulbright frankly admits that the purpose of his resolution is to needle the dilatory senate for eign relations committee into taking action more than eleven weeks have now passed since that body created a special committee to study and report on a number of pending resolutions relating to the part to be played by the united states in the post war world the senate subcommittee held its first meet ing on march 31 when senator connally of texas its chairman promised that all the motions before it would receive the very closest and best considera tion since that time the committee so far as is known has done nothing about these resolutions rival post war resolutions at least eight resolutions concerning a congressional declara tion of policy on the responsibilities to be assumed by the united states when the war is over now lie before the senate foreign relations committee the first proposal offered by senator gillette of iowa on february 4 merely called for putting the senate on record as endorsing the principles of the atlantic charter the most ambitious resolution of course is the one submitted in the names of senators ball burton hill and hatch which was introduced in the senate on march 16 it proposes that the united states should at once call a meeting of united na tions delegates at which an organization of specific and limited authority would be formed with the objectives of a setting up temporary administra tions for axis controlled areas as these are taken over b giving economic aid and other relief to these areas c establishing permanent machinery for the peaceable settlement of international dis putes and d providing a permanent united ng tions armed force to keep the peace but the very fact that the ball resolution is so tailed is its chief disadvantage the administration j loathe to precipitate a bitter debate on the floor of the senate by asking that body to endorse the ball resolution the fulbright declaration has the virtue of achiev ing the fundamental purpose of putting congress op record in favor of post war international cooperation without provoking factional battles this is indicated by the imposing volume of nonpartisan support it has already secured all 11 republican members of the house committee voted for it and among its earliest advocates in the house itself were repre sentatives hamilton fish of new york and john m vorys of ohio both extreme pre pearl harbor iso lationists in striking contrast however to the im pressive nonpartisan support for the fulbright reso lution an associated press poll conducted in april showed that 32 senators were definitely opposed to committing the united states to post war participa tion in an international police force at the present time while 24 favored it and the others were still undecided a congressional declaration need ed a simple declaration of policy such as the ful bright resolution if adopted by both branches of congress with the support of both parties would serve the vital purpose of helping assure our allies that the united states will not as in 1919 revert to isolationism after intervening in a war to decide the fate of the world it is important that at this time our potential partners in any post war collective se curity system britain russia france and china should know exactly where the united states stands such an assurance is particularly necessary in the case of the u.s.s.r if the latter is to be persuaded to seek its security in some international institution to maintain the peace instead of the old fashioned method of annexing neighboring strategic territories the passage of the fulbright resolution by a de cisive majority in the house would probably force the senate foreign relations committee to take a tion on the post war policy resolutions now before it senator connally who has called the fulbright motion cryptic predicts that in the end his com mittee would drop all the resolutions in favor of one that it would draft itself john elliott 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 vou xxii hc cur governt experience fation wi not exactly the same it wage price pansion of price frst eightec a period o in spite of limited use index pri in non sub inevitable this rise ment decic amuch gre ucts accou which wa index wel bacon fish theese egs 0 british output th resulting f ticularly tl labor on tt took the fe ministry of thippers to added to taken the cent while 000,000 ir 1943 rou e xpenditur subsidie +foreign policy bulletin index to volume xxii october 23 1942 october 15 1943 published weekly by the national headquarters foreign policy association 22 east 38th street incorporated new york 16 n y index to volume xxii foreign policy bulletin october 23 1942 october 15 1943 africa politics of north african territories csescssosssesesesers see also france world war north african campaign amg allied military government see reconstruction argentina ex president justo opponent of isolation policy dies president castillo renews state of siege castillo reiterates neutrality policy coree drees celie be timid ccccnsrsstlansvecitcgesvecneosesencensnniseanaiions general ramirez forms cabinet 0 ccccccocsccccsccccscoscccecccessosees ramirez postpones national elections s recognizes ramirez government ccsscseeseeeeeesees arrests british and american executives of american and foreign power company pt ee a le me refuses to deny asylum to fascist or nazi leaders stand toward allies reviewed australia curtin wins election balkan states eeeeee se reece eeeeeeeeeseeseeeeeeseeee coe e eee eeeeeeeeeeeeseseeeseseseeeeeee see eeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeseseeeseeeseeee coon e er oros eer ee eos eee esse ee sese eeo esesseeeeesoess eeeceecesees orr ooo cee eee sese eee eso ee eee ee eeee ee seeeee ee for ror coo roe oee e eee ees oes ese sese se esse sese sese ees see sees se eees cope teer reet eoe ee eeo eee seees sees eset sess eeeees sees sees es eseeeeeeeseeeeeesess bolivia ee a ee le me eee een nnr uk burned a scl ienisscenlaeed mnie ieasiaaamaaaes joint commission report on labor stituation 006 pees sn whs te ccccccticcentciceccebiee iy iir tet ciil cccodieisetns toncgnsuehecnninnatsieihimmidaccasiaimatnmaalaas book reviews bere tiatiekt pacifie crag ccesisecccscsestssccvecsccsvecevtssseeessssions abend hallett ramparts of the pacific aglion raoul the fighting french america organizes to win the war amare ei b trg cre ficci oncccrvcecccccescccceescesesescuvesescceses angell norman let the people know sesesssesesseseenes artucio h f the nazi underground in south america bailey t a a diplomatic history of the american people baldwin l d the story of the ame7iicas ccccccccceseeees bayler w l j and carnes cecil last man off wake ree ree ne ee ee em teaeles rrr 20 ea baynes n h o0 bitlor’s spocgagg cccorecsesisviccccersssectncusnevenees beals carleton rio grande to cape horn beattie waar precler 60 pag ccvcccscesesevecscscscesseresseesssucincess bendiner robert the riddle of the state department berchin michael and eliahu ben horin the red army beveridge sir william social insurance and allied ser ie eevaceiniicanstcenininnnmnigiperninnianinvgiiaibaiaiin dina satiahiaaisiataeeiiaiatiiaiat bogart e l economic history of europe ccecccsceeeeees borkin joseph and welsh c a germany’s master plan brebner j b and nevins allan the making of modern bitre wicceunasssssniisenstiidasvaneniceasdscuncdalgipiianeiaateag moca iam iat brenan gerald the spanish labyfint hr ccccccecceesecersseees brenner anita the wind that swept mexico broch theodor the mountains wait cccccccccccssscccsescecees brodie a layman’s guide to naval strategy 0 broek j o m the economic development of the nether lands indies core eeee recess senseeeseseseeeess co eee oe eee eee te reeser eee eeeeeeeeeeee cee ee eee eeeeee eee eeeeeeeseseeseeeeeeee core eeesereceeeceeeseesseees ee eeeceececeeceseees coree oee teese eset e eee eeteseeeeoeseeoe oses sesees seeds seeeos sess eseeeeseeess no date november 20 1942 january 15 1943 january 15 1943 january 29 1943 june 11 1943 june 11 1943 june 25 1943 june 25 1943 september 10 1943 september 10 1943 september 10 1943 september 10 1943 august 27 1943 february 26 1943 october 8 1943 february 19 1943 may 14 1943 may 14 1943 may 14 1943 may 14 1943 june 11 1943 april 16 19438 september 3 1943 january 22 1943 december 11 1942 april 9 1943 december 25 1942 may 7 1943 october 1 1943 july 30 1943 july 2 1943 october 1 1943 june 25 1943 march 5 19438 april 16 1943 october 1 1943 october 23 1942 april 9 1943 august 6 1943 august 20 1943 august 6 1943 april 30 1943 december 18 1942 july 9 1943 4 volume xxii ee book reviews continued brogan d w the english people c.cccsccssessssesssssecsessees brown francis and herlin emil the war in mapes brown francis herlin emil and gray vaughn the war i oles alain acai ac hsenepavadbkmaviebidasntees eoepetinncteinees burden w a m the struggle for airways in latin geeress sas sey rrp ree noe et eeuee eee me burton m e the assembly of the league of nations butler harold the lost peace 0ccc.cccscccccssccscssscceesess byas hugh government by assassination 000 0 pag op all out on the road to smolensk callis h foreign capital in southeast asia cant giver the war se cassidy h c asics sienensetneeennens chamberlin w h canada today and tomorrow chambers f p grant c p and bayley c c this age of conflict 1914 1943 eee ete chase stuart the road we are travelling scc0000 chiang kai shek all we are and all we have i is i i a coco nod ssc vcs aniudsdeannscbanenonenetonce childs j l and counts g s america russia and the communist party in the postwar world i ie a eceeetasinencamnensabeninepenenmentt cornish l c the philippines calling 0 ccccccccsceeeseeeees coulter j w fiji little india of the pacific command b the cring missio0e 0c.cerccccoccccesscecscccessccees crow carl ed japan’s dream of world empire the i i oc on ts saininatnoboncenasnoncens crum w l fennelly j f and seltzer l h fiscal ree see ey se cuenot joseph kwangsi land of the black banners curie eve journey among wa r7i0ts ceccceseseeseesencees curtiss j s an appraisal of the protocols of zion dallin d j soviet russia’s foreign policy 1939 1942 daniel hawthorne slands of the pacific davis s c your career te defense 000000 cccccccccccesees dennison e e the senate foreign relations committee denny harold behind both lines deuel wallace people under hitler ccccsccssssssssseeeees doman nicholas the coming age a world control douhet giulio the command of the air driscoll joseph war discovers alaska 0.0 ccccccccceeseeeeees drucker p f the future of industrial man eckstein gustav jn peace japan breeds war 000 elliott w y and hall h d the british commonwealth stii itachi deeded teaiaiaeeiedicpcighinabedinebipineaintiiuinsaedooriindeesinnsaes oy rupert the netherlands indies and the united sid ssi id ecsinisiasnhnichndiahiidll taeinieaiaekiandbbebribninnibatbnseoesseeorsensdiesveertes enders gordon foreign devil ccccccccccccccssescssscccceces falk e a from perry to pearl harbor 0 cccccccceeees farago ladislas the axis grand strategy c00000 farago ladislas german psychological warfare i ccs andntvenesnensohneneners ss bee bae uted gd ponies dono oe soccciccccscccccccecessscsscessceseeensece spe daum doqumnind bod oi issscsccessiicsccoccsccscccccccccccscssscceee flannery h w assignment to berlin ccccccccccceceeceeees ford corey short cut to tokio the battle for the aleu ada aaa atic ia cenit bcs bipnabn abated kebbsscaoreonereionesecceree i i a os svinndrscavcovecneesos fried h e the guilt of the german army fromm bella blood and banquets seen ec aeguured wd gino bebe sscisceicccsccccc 0ccccccccvcccece gandhi mahatma my appeal to the british cc00000 goetz delia i ob mid eicincitaiicasicscukceusercsueccccvscesecone goodrich l m ed documents on american foreign re lations july 1941 june i sime de ciectiadetensecssencsendeuetos graebner walter round trip to russia cccccccccceeeeees greek office of information diplomatic documents relat ing to italy's aggression against greece i es nt cpimebinenebeobbdenssbtoesiouees gow j c bemert for togo ccccceseccessseccccesesccscsscoceccocccssceese hambro c j how to wim the pedcer cccccccccessscecceseeees hancock w k survey of british commonwealth affairs vol ii problems of economic policy 1918 1939 hanson e p ed the new world guides to the latin orate iti addn ss vidkasschnesdacosscounnseaaess harcourt smith simon fire in the pacific harris murray lifelines of victory csccsceseseereeeees harris s e postwar economic problems cccccccceeeeees harvey r f and others the politics of this war hediger e s el nuevo imperialismo econémico alemén seeeee soe r eee eee e eee thee teese eeee eee ee eset eee ee ee hee eee eee ee eeeeeeeeeseeneeees date august 13 1943 december 11 1942 october 1 1943 august 6 1943 march 26 1943 november 13 1942 december 4 1942 october 23 1942 june 4 1943 october 30 1942 june 18 1943 november 6 1942 october 1 1943 september 3 1943 march 26 1943 march 5 1943 august 20 1943 june 11 1943 may 14 1943 june 18 1943 may 14 1943 november 6 1942 may 28 1943 january 29 1943 june 4 1943 july 30 1943 january 22 1943 june 25 1943 august 13 1943 january 8 1943 december 11 1942 june 25 1943 november 27 1942 july 2 1943 july 9 1943 june 25 1943 april 9 1943 july 30 1943 august 13 1943 january 29 1943 december 18 1942 july 30 1943 october 30 1942 july 30 1943 august 20 1943 august 6 1943 july 30 1943 december 18 1942 july 9 1943 august 6 1943 april 23 1943 july 2 1943 i may 21 1943 july 2 1943 july 30 1943 may 14 1943 april 30 1943 july 30 1943 april 9 1943 january 22 1943 january 29 1943 november 13 1942 october 1 1943 may 28 1943 may 7 1943 april 23 1943 april 23 1943 june 11 1943 volume xxii book reviews continued hemleben s j plans for world peace through six cen see ree tee henius frank the abc of latin america herman fred dynamite cargo 0 cc.ccccccosscscccocesessossoseesoreccs herring hubert mexico la formacion de una nacio6n hersey john into the valley 00 ee m s and others strategic materials in hem isphere defense eae heydenau frederick wrath of the eagles hill ernestine australian frontier hindus maurice mother russia hinton h b cordell hull j 9 8 a holtom d c modern japan and shinto nationalism hornbeck s k the united states and the far east horrabin j f an outline of political geography hoye bjarne and ager t m the fight of the norwe gian church against nazism rccccccsccesesseeesseees hulbert winifred latin american backgrounds ee cb 8 ree ee se hutchison bruce the unknown country canada and beg foci scevisccceinisisiabansienssdctabbiibansmiasaiainamapemaincaaiieies inman s g latin america its place in world life of pacific relations war and peace in the pa siited micistastindeersnssarsinonnnsngtiiienstnnanentabimminiiiiiianaueenadaanti international labor office joint production committees ci i spiiiiis 6 cencsicsiceauioccisheatndansiniracintiemmatiiiaes pene fs we ig fo no too ccscicetiinninnssitniintintciskpeidiilinde ireland tom ireland past and present csessrcocsesseeses jabotinsky vladimir the war and the jew james selwyn south of the congo fjameson storm london called ccccccoceccorccorvcrssscccccserecceosersee jansen j b and weyl stefan the silent war joffé constantin we were free ccccccccccccccssccssssees kalijarvi t v modern world politics katona george war without inflation kennedy raymond the ageless indies cccesscsereserseseees kernan w f we can win this warr zsccccsesscesseseees keyes lord amphibious warfare and combined opera munn ucnsadidsscecesntstystnieinscalpsnitilissnisdanitatedeiadaa sdiasatalieaissiteetasaiaadeéamaaniiads kirk betty covering the mexico front cccsscccccsscssees kjelistrom e t h and others price control the war ses fg cc pciditvesissicuanicaadiieaeincetnicabiililimaiaiine kneller g f the educational philosophy of national pp eiiind cs ckasscviivsscbeiseipeninvesensiceibcouhataaieamasdadetenencoaeabeoahea kotschnig w m slaves need no leaders pu org derren gt broce ncnccsssasseessessiesserveresnosnnsnsinttaniane kreider carl the anglo american trade agreement kuo helena i’ve come a long way ccccssssserccessrccerseeesees laird stephen and graebner walter conversation in minion 1 dita jsnasunsinccepieddaceentescanaaibiaiaaniaaiauibesiseanacimdsmalaaiee langsam w c the world since 1914 es snd tio ssccccessnnscatniraccsistinwsinereenccseetgalliaineen league of nations relief deliveries and relief loans fpg essrinssinecreseenstheamnesiotcateniimmumiiiemanngailamaiia league of nations statistical year book 1940 41 s 000 league of nations the transition from war to peace iee ctieceinpnivintnsssivnnersrentninninisnsigiailisinianninhititiiinilaasitth reet dee permeeben fre ac ccsisenctecsectemensniorstntirseesestetacnn léon maurice how many world ware cccccccccscssscsees lieemnie mowe f flew fer crg iscncreccissicnsscessewssissccessterevenie leonhardt h l nazi conquest of danzig levine i d mitchell pioneer of air power lesson b w wings of delonee iiidnticditimiccichn liebesny h j the government of french north africa lindsay a d the modern democratic state 00 lippmann walter u.s foreign policy shield of the bite ecinereenscesiiecsanceiinenniangnannaialeialininiiaiipeeiaalias a o j international air transport and national se sees hk a re ts ledhene l p what about germany cccccscsssssessessees loewenstein karl brazil under vargas lory hillis japan’s military masters low a m the submarine at war ludwig emil the mediterranea csesccccccsssscovecsecesseeses macdonald a f government of the argentine republic mcinnes e w the unguarded frontier mcinnis edgar the war third year cccscsscssscssssesees mallory w h political handbook of the world 1942 mallory w h political handbook of the world 1948 masani minoo our india poco ee ee eee eee oe soto oses teese esse tees ossooe coco reese oses eee eee estee ee sees tes eesheeeeseeeessoess eeeveceees eeeeeeeesoeece corpo oe ee se eere ees sese sese esse esse oees eeeeeee cee eeeeeeeereseeeseceseeeeseeeeese cee eeerereeseeresereeeeee cee eneeeeseesaceeeeeeees ceeeeeeereseeeeeeeeesseeeeeeee coreen eee eee eeeeereseseseseeeeeee corr ere eee ee ee ee eee eee eee eee eeeeeeee see e rene eeeseeeeeeeeesceeess arr re ree oee rhee oe eee soeeeee ees see ee eeee eeo eeseseeeees date june 18 1943 march 26 1943 july 30 1943 june 11 1943 april 9 1943 december 11 1942 august 20 1943 july 2 1943 june 18 1943 june 18 1943 june 25 1943 july 30 19438 november 27 1942 april 16 1943 april 30 1943 march 26 1943 april 16 1943 january 22 1943 may 14 1943 july 2 1943 april 16 1943 june 25 1943 january 29 1943 july 30 1943 august 13 1943 april 23 19438 april 9 1943 july 16 1943 may 14 1943 august 6 1943 february 26 1943 april 30 1948 august 27 1943 april 23 1943 november 27 1942 march 26 1943 march 12 1943 october 30 1942 may 21 1943 july 30 1943 march 19 1943 august 13 1943 april 16 1943 july 30 1943 november 6 1942 august 6 1943 june 25 1943 december 11 1942 june 4 1943 april 2 1943 july 2 1943 november 13 1942 august 6 1943 september 17 1943 june 11 1943 august 6 1943 february 19 1943 march 5 1943 august 13 1943 october 23 1942 april 16 1943 january 22 1943 january 29 1943 april 23 1943 march 12 1943 april 2 1943 november 18 1942 aa ean nema eae eee volume xxii book reviews continued massock r g jtaly from witham 0 0 ccccccccseeeeeee matsuo kinoaki how japan plans to win maurice sir frederick the armistices of 1918 maurois andré 1 remember i remember mears helen voor of the wee bog 0ccscccsecvacssosesccscccccceceeee mendlesen m a easy malay words and phrases merrill f t japan and the opium menace cccccceceeeees michaelis ralph from birdcage to battle plane the i lianas aaninniintnastigcenionesoreenence michie a a the air offensive against germany vagy r c inter american statistical yearbook 1942 miller e h strategy at simgapore ccccccccccceeseeeeeeeseeees millspaugh a c peace plans and american choices milnes l a british rule in eastern a8ia ccccccceeceeees mitchell k l india without fable cccccscsssssecccnce moorehead alan don’t blame the generals morgan c m rim of the caribbean 20 2 ccccccceeseceseeeeeeees en e e admiral sims and the modern american sore reese reese eee teese sees ee eeeeeseeeees eee eeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee e eee heed cee eeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee mowat r b and slosson preston history of the eng i sii ails 0s seinceesinniscessennisiccbonotioescounencpevoesenoees munk frank the legacy of naziem cccccccessesseeceeeeeeees munro d g the latin american republics 00000 myklebost tor they came as friend 0.0 ccccccceessseeeeees a nation rebuilds the story of the chinese industrial iiit cxcenhuiiedtiensill th nsietremateasanesionetinmeemnntenatenmnnanenes nehru jawaharlal glimpses of world history neumann f l behemoth the structure and practice of i aise ientinennntnntinaniiibitbincenstnnnbsereces nevins allan america in world affairs ccccccccceeeeeeees os eee ee newman joseph goodbye 7 se ee es ae oakes vanya 8 oechsner frederick and others this is the enemy o’gara g c theodore roosevelt and the rise of the seeioed dori covecnssencsmacticiansensecenseene olschki leonardo marco polo’s precursors s 0 padelford n j the panama canal in peace and war ne eee i te in soionete eieio cccensncacecsssncsetonssssonsessossesscceseosoes peffer nathaniel basis for peace in the far east iii tei oan ccinentpneutinanavedverecsoscnsbecosoneonsoesoonece pierson donald negroes in brazil ccccccccceseceeseseeeessereeees porter br p uncensored france 0 c.cccccccccocccccccccccccccesccocccees potter jean alaska under arms c.cscccccsccccssscsssscveceseecess price willard japan rides the tiger cscccccceceesessecees quigley h s far eastern war 1987 1941 cccccccecseeeee raman t a what does gandhi want 000 cccccccccceeeeeeeee ranshofen wertheimer egon victory is not enough the strategy for a létsting peace 0 cccccceeccceeseceeeeeeeeee or emg ss ee reimann guenter patents for hitler csseeseeeeeeeeenees reston j ees sa a tn reves emery a democratic manifesto cccccceeeeeeeees riess curt the self betrayed glory and doom of the generals coco eee ee eee eeeeeeeeneeeeeeee see ee reese eeeeneseeeeees ee eeeseecces ed gee cn tiund ccnversssierennestnecssvupsnscensreccusessensers rycroft w s on this foundation the evangelical wit i i till ma diemidatiin ctinnmeetsenndoemnenonsvonence salvemini gaetano and la piana george what to do i it ii ncecesihhasitnnsilnsiriahienaainieeiatiaicindtpinnateariniscrnanmnannes savord ruth american agencies interested in interna it snntscssneshiabaiiststabeiineidadidiicathatbbhidenstieiieseotemeseesees de schweinitz karl england’s road to social security segal simon the new order in poland ccssccseseseeseees steel johannes men behind the warr ccccccssecccceeseeeeeeees stefansson vilhjalmur greenland ccccccessecssseceeeeececseeeees steiner j f behind the japanese mask 0 ccccseccceesees stevenson j r the chilean popular font cc000000 straight michael make this the last war ccccc0s000 strausz hupé robert geopolitics the struggle for space iiit scien cialis at cniacamebnnadupsidnienianeniibenansoeatoneseunceusce subercaseaux benjamin chile a geographic extrava es se re ss le see tamagna frank banking and finance in china taylor g e america in the new pacific cccccccseeeeeee ss te reed od peiiied accccsocsestncnocnoestensnsccesoccseceseesocecooees thompson laura guam and its people ccccccccceceeeeeeeee thompson p w how the jap army fights c0000 date march 19 1943 april 2 1943 august 27 1943 may 7 1943 may 14 1943 july 2 1943 august 6 1943 july 2 1943 july 9 19438 august 6 1943 april 23 1943 june 11 1943 may 7 1943 november 20 1942 august 6 1943 march 26 1943 may 7 1943 april 16 1943 may 7 1943 september 24 1943 december 4 1942 april 30 1943 july 30 1943 february 26 1943 october 23 1942 march 26 1943 december 18 1942 july 30 1943 may 21 1943 june 25 1943 july 2 1943 july 30 1943 november 6 1942 november 6 1942 april 16 1943 may 14 1943 may 7 1943 february 19 1943 october 23 1942 june 25 1943 april 9 1943 july 2 1943 november 27 1942 january 15 1943 december 4 1942 march 26 1943 april 9 1943 january 22 1943 may 14 1943 october 1 1943 january 29 1943 march 26 1943 september 17 1943 february 19 1943 august 6 1943 october 23 1942 april 2 1943 april 2 1943 august 13 1943 august 6 1943 march 19 1943 november 27 1942 august 20 1943 july 16 1943 may 21 1943 august 6 1943 april 2 1943 october 30 1942 volume xxii book reviews continued thompson virginia postmortem on malaya todorov kosta balkan firebrand persea cite falene beoog cskssssscesssecccesessisccssnassbactscccscenetes po ee ee se tregaskis richard guadalcanal diary cccccsessesrsecssees u.s war department the background of our war van dusen h p for the healing of the nations van valkenburg samuel america at war a geograph cre iie gccsicnesrncensivesvevsnitnatiitsiemeinmamaseneabiaiieeastiaaal miata voorhis jerry out of debt out of danger cccccccceeeees voyetekhov boris the last days of sevastopol wagner ludwig hitler man of strife pe sod tiong srvcstisicastininttngnnesinpetentasscinimedialaatavedsieeia ware c f the consumer goes to war watts franklin ed voices of history cccccccsscscssseeeees welles sumner the world of the four freedoms werner max the grek cg origo nccccscrccceciccrescssescnsconssesceversse werth alexander the twilight of france whelan russell the fling tiger 00 c.ccoccsssssssesesees whyte sir frederick india a bird eye view pr we cic con wo inniiie scnnecschcciailinchascinsetesanniaccessentenssmaresesines wilson c m ambassadors in white wolfert ira battle for the solomons 0 sssceeeseseeeseeees bal 5 ae gordon raymond poincaré and the french pres iii wswsadioesscensennsesancobinttipsieeamrnesnbalesiineidiaaheimetereesdadtaianett wrigms qguimey a stesdieg of we cncecccecsocecsreveveveseessentnsssevennees young sir george federalism and freedom s000 0 ziff william the coming battle for germany see eeeeeeeseeeseeeeeee poo e eee eee ee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeees eeeceecees seeeeseeeeeseees ce ee ee ee eens eeeeeeeeeseeeeeeee cop ee eee seeeeeeeeeeeeseseseees cece eeeeeeeseeeeeeereeeese eeeeeeeeereseseces brazil roosevelt vargas declaration at natal c:cccceeseeesseeeees u.s brazilian collaboration in rubber production ee eeeeeeceeses bulgaria king boris dies rrr ee ee ee ee or re rhee eee eees cesses e sees ee eeee sese eeeesees se eeoeeseseee ees burma see world war canada canadian american accord on lower post war tariff mackenzie king on new world order ties with british commonwealth sees dine tutor couuiion on siiccciecinescesctsnascrenmmnsenseundetadeatoonenbie u.s canadian joint war committee corrs rhee see ee eere see eee er ees eee ees ees chile i i oi vvcicce ccncdicnwinnsessseienceannesemnpteli aoe desataaieisnes reaction to sumner welles axis espionage charge ci iee iiis i cacsocscesssssanssinemieeniiandesinehiidanalesaadnaidinindacsiseetd breaks axis relations corr er eee ree eee ee eee sees se ese e eo ee ee eeet ee eseeeesose sees sees china bn se tid aictirno esringrecsieectccctgeiseiesannnnreonelbeelnaeiaaamananeesiate u.s and britain ready to give up extraterritoriality bill offered to admit chinese to u.s cccssecssccssersesssseesens i sil tie nes snnstestineuriisnccnancapnicleuigeledamesaaerseumiennaatiaaaat japan revises policy toward nanking puppet government summary of opinions on explosive conditions be dd sessusevccosrapssridicsncsaeunbaneanenscoueeteeeebeariremanineteaia tn meine siss:ixeinccieapssinedecensansceeasincesiecmanicieddeueuapeaae arose berne a eine dup x ccccnsaeseessiounnandacesivereiscsvesnneccecqrecenseconmenmians inflation undermines liberal groups we ee ge irons uii oss ci vein scceneescscccrcassosnscpnentigmnsaneee america’s interest in internal problem kuomintang communist relations ccccccscsecssseeseeeeeees central executive committee of kuomintang names chiang kai shek president of the national government people’s political council convenes seen eeeeeeeesceceseeee prererrirrrrr rir poeeeiiirrrrirrrrr i rrr pperetiietcti ic titi ii see also world war cuba president batista visits washington czechoslovakia benes plan for post war europe en sage tinie 1 casessnhadsusnsontietaibenseecadiabinusanadblcesaseueiguinianainants ie oe oe satin sctancsevnsaniincciarieriiousenadenansnteaeaeane err sor eee eere ete e reese eee ee eeo eeee od 18 42 46 10 20 31 31 date july 30 1943 august 13 1943 august 13 1943 november 6 1942 february 19 1943 january 22 1943 december 4 1942 july 2 1943 july 30 1943 june 18 1943 may 28 1943 november 20 1942 february 19 1943 may 14 1943 june 11 1943 june 11 1943 february 26 1943 january 22 1943 october 1 1943 june 11 1943 january 29 1943 july 2 1943 july 30 1943 april 9 1943 november 20 1942 july 16 1943 february 19 1943 august 6 1943 september 3 1943 december 11 1942 december 11 1942 may 7 1943 july 2 1943 august 27 1943 november 6 1942 november 6 1942 december 25 1942 january 29 1943 october 30 1942 january 8 1943 february 26 1943 june 4 1943 june 4 1943 august 13 1943 august 20 1943 august 27 1943 august 27 1943 august 27 1948 august 27 1943 september 3 1943 september 3 1943 september 24 1943 september 24 1943 december 25 1942 march 5 1943 may 21 1943 may 21 1943 8 volume xxii democracy no date eee ln 26 april 16 1943 war tests resiliency 000000 sroseceeaceeseeseseeecereceensececeserereoss 37 july 2 1943 prestige vindicated by end of fascism c.ssccssseeeseeeees 42 august 6 1943 denmark danes scuttle some fleet units move others to sweden 46 september 3 1943 ecuador ee 3 november 6 1942 president arroyo del rio visits washington 8 december 11 1942 seer ere cet al ty ee ar 10 december 25 1942 eire see ireland europe see reconstruction finland position in war and relations with u.s ccccscceseeeeeees 11 january 1 1943 i in ia cies sansincdaoanndegeon 20 march 5 1943 isis ccradanakcbvarbboceatbbevessocaceinasedearsceswenesie 20 march 5 1943 ete ass ee cree 20 march 5 1943 foreign policy association dis.ussion guide on united natioms ccccccsesssssceessees 2 october 30 1942 ee eel 3 november 6 1942 ballot for elections to board of directors ccseess0ees 5 november 20 1942 a ach hii entahinaenaecn be benneegenneneentente 9 december 18 1942 ee te tue ge mil cxcissinnisnestncecsesinenevedensteneveneccsesesecee 19 february 26 1943 to celebrate 25th anniversary c00eeeseseeeee 36 june 25 1943 board elects new chairman and vice chairmen 39 july 16 1943 begerots tesst bo berets oxecccecesccccsccceesscccescccccscscccscecee 45 august 27 1943 title of headline books changed to headline series 46 september 3 1943 annual forum and 25th anniversary ccsccssssssesssessees 48 september 17 1943 mrs h g leach chairman of 25th anniversary celebration 49 september 24 1943 blair bolles to do washington news letter replacing john elliott now major in u.s army cccccssseeeeeee 50 october 1 1943 iy gmumigiid ccsnsssssespepesntestesenersecssesesseteresoesscccceressccssscoonses 50 october 1 1943 este ee eee eee 51 october 8 1943 france admiral darlan’s mission to dakar ccccssessecesseeeees 2 october 30 1942 resistance to labor conscription policy cccccccccceeeeeeees 2 october 30 1942 u.s stand on labor conscription policy cccsscceeees 2 october 30 1942 roosevelt on relations with french after invasion of north sin sllinahecieihceesahaniat ested ianeeeiionnhinnabinstinenentuszenstecevsetoscsencevecseate 4 november 13 1942 ed gid thud chie cnccccensceesvccceccececcsescenecccsoccsece 4 november 13 1942 fighting french disclaim darlan leadership in africa 5 november 20 1942 ge ee 5 november 20 1942 pétain empowers laval to issue laws and decrees 6 november 27 1942 id sacrcinetsemnenaieseteeatiiininbesaceseseoeseenenccesess 7 december 4 1942 iii lec acradgnemeeeenenandeddineettatebbvenesoneacenesovese 7 december 4 1942 et aee dein chncnnscdcntenesngsteeeupeasseenncsveceneesecoeneceseseeeees 9 december 18 1942 hull assures fighting french commissioners on darlan 9 december 18 1942 i eiiacebcidaessiisvenetimesoepnaeseereeredcestonscencerterses 11 january 1 1943 grenier joins french national committee 14 january 22 1943 iiis sutin cs scsi sceecnenemennepnamedenonoennsanencusneosnncecsecuse 15 january 29 1943 casablanca accord on american british policy in north stii consnadinenndccnsinesinnenianttanenntamiuennnnementantruntnacsseceseenteceseceecetee 16 february 5 1943 reasons for de gaulle giraud disagreement 0 0 16 february 5 1943 giraud civil and military commander in chief in north sii siaieresiecnsetetahinaibateninaienenensnieneesnernetesscneretoeresecornececeuenateneeee 17 february 12 1943 coupeaenonee tiouuouretoms cccceccccccscsecccccccccocnscescocscesonscescoees 24 april 2 1943 ied where goed cncencesvecednsensssensceevsnsevesseveceeusecnessecesncocs 24 april 2 1943 es 24 april 2 1943 de gaulle giraud deadlock on transition period 28 april 30 1943 u.s acts in transfer of french sailors cccceeeeeeeee 28 april 30 1943 do gomie giraed aetoctiore 2 0200000 0cccccsccsssesscceseecccessccsscoee 33 june 4 1948 peyrouton resigns as governor general of algiers 33 june 4 1943 warships at alexandria put at allies disposal 33 june 4 1943 manifesto of escaped communist deputies c0000 35 june 18 1943 giraud asked to u.s for military talks cccccccsscsesees 37 july 2 1943 giraud retained as head of forces in africa 000 37 july 2 1943 conflicting views on u.s policy on france 00s0000 39 july 16 1943 so cesnirecnesiatusimpemmnnmonncnneenerneccszeccsoseons 39 july 16 1943 colonial policy of de gaulle 0 00cs.s.sserccrrescsssessecerseessere 46 september 3 1943 britain russia and u.s recognize french committee of se sntcicensninassqueciensinennisnenapubenneesmsececovereeeneventets 46 september 3 1943 french committee to have voice in mediterranean com i ltl alsa arensnennisiuccsoocvesencs 51 october 8 1943 see also world war for north african campaign volume xxii __ french committee of national liberation see france french guiana secedes from robert’s rule germany eee ot ge oe a iaissnctacasccncascosscsesincnecoccnastudmomiaecees mote co tro vot ied toots cnccsencecesetnscssecesncsescestiessscnteqneasoncebs general zeitzler made chief of staff exigleer’s tenth anniveteaty grog oncccccrccccccscsssovscccoscsnscesestoes hitler names doenitz head of navy csssssscccsessseseeeeeeees anti nazi german national committee formed in moscow sweden cancels transit agreement sssssscssssesssssssees goebbels promises people mote coelcion ccccesesceesees hitler names himmler minister of interior and chief of reich administration see also world war great britain churchill’s november 29 broadcast beveridge report on social sccutily c00esscsscssssesscccesceses indian leaders on british course in india cccceeeeeeees prepares to give up extraterritoriality in china pee tb uid ccccddtinsiccvecsstegnixesssosevetntionsniinenaanktnasnetanbiceoan eden helps clarify foreign policy ssccsmssssssssesseseeses churchill’s message on polish national day dominion ties with commonwealth ee 2 ee an recognizes french national committee cabinet changes et aee rene en ee ae harold macmillan representative to mediterranean com sn sacinceicsnnsdnckeoasiatenucaaetbccacieassetoaemiandtnaenoias ga naaieiaoiiie see also india reconstruction world war greece partisans question king george’s sincerity india leader’s comment on british course moderates try to end deadlock se td cori isnt csstcinsiccteeeinac dete cin ates william phillips appointed roosevelt’s personal repre oiiirt od saisecesnssconscersvsisovcnsiccescce ane eens britain names sir archibald wavell viceroy and governor pet er oe eine meee ot sn fees ss es eas political deadlock wme wigs oo ssssccrcesssnicccdosssccnnsbisssnpacancaccap he a aaah ea aaa ate inte crin osncesnsancusensbeieiusbiele euaieesekeuinlssemaeiaiabees cg a et renee ts ee ge tries crud o 00cccevdscvessodasccackubervebsesesccecebaceapsaabuns japanese propaganda uses famine situation ireland sir basil brooke new premier of northern ireland pei ne tities sicoesacicctnneicesicsasbducuanasacear leas ef ru ne weee cose ecsceiccimccvtnrsctvotndcemede bene neutrality policy italy ce coi a snsinn sasernisispens eben cohasabaceee amici psychological warfare policy of u.s cccssessessessseres coe booed hi scnsincicceseracsicasenapboensssbgltalainiaaaniais miata betas roosevelt urges italians to overthrow fascist régime scorza answers roosevelt appeal see also reconstruction world war japan py ins pourcioin nos ccicncscncesccerccsscsssksbsnseecnseaeriees revises policy toward nanking puppet government emperor and individual industrialists confer propagandizes in famine stricken bengal see also world war latin america welcomes allied invasion of north africa labor conditions and war effort national income cree e rset o eee eere ee ee sees eee eeeeeeeeeee sees ee sesors cote o eee eee eeeeeseeeeesereseeeeeeeees battle of tropics and raw materials for allies see also world war no 35 40 25 33 52 18 18 42 april 2 1948 november 13 1942 december 11 1942 december 18 1942 february 5 1943 april 16 1943 july 30 1943 august 18 1943 september 3 1943 september 3 1943 december 4 1942 december 11 1942 january 1 1943 january 8 1943 march 19 1943 april 2 1943 may 7 1943 may 7 1943 july 2 1943 september 3 1943 october 1 1943 october 1 1943 october 8 1943 october 8 1943 january 1 1943 january 1 1943 january 1 1943 january 1 1943 june 25 1943 june 25 1943 june 25 1943 july 23 1943 july 23 1948 october 15 1943 october 15 1943 june 25 1943 june 25 1943 july 2 1943 july 2 1943 october 23 1942 october 23 1942 february 12 1943 june 18 1943 july 23 1943 april 9 19438 june 4 1943 september 17 1943 october 15 1943 november 20 1942 february 19 1943 february 19 1943 august 6 1943 10 volume xxii malta i a cpuunnnscaceabcoceine martinique u.s accord with admiral robert 0 cccccccccsccoscssesceeees french national committee appoints henri etienne hop penot to succeed robert as high commissioner iti cere ceria tetianias ceeeteapwiatinipenecnanecanncecnnnen mediterranean commission see reconstruction mexico die ae tele i a as ccssshamsmnonusons roosevelt avila camacho meeting cccccccsssssssccesssssseeeeeeees middle east objectives of middle east supply center ccccccceeee u.s names j m landis as mesc representative panama gets u.s owned lands and facilities cccccccccccccceeeeeeee poland pure oeig tkomcist guobeion cccceccoesccessecsescccocecesceees i a is swsssnnsdicenbecbidion churchill’s message on polish national day sikorski’s part in relations with russia cccccccseeeeeees ee esse ces ee portugal roosevelt assurance on invasion of north africa oe in nil nk declemsbdbbecbendeensunbeeoctoneicenneees reconstruction post war ee es ee roosevelt names lehman director of foreign relief and ie ca ald seacinedioraincadiese seni tetububceseswsoesiiensdeeascecete i aaa ccncosuaeienninnstoeebeseuscos mackenzie king on new world order ccsecsssssssseeeeeeees roosevelt answers critics of rehabilitation plans grave political decisions confront allies in europe what kind of governments for post war europe american relief program in north africa 0 ecc000 role of military administration in countries occupied by iy sunil is ansaisdcls sol antieneveeninbbinallibuendsebiobadeetatsianiationsessteiie i iiis sii 1 sccsssadnsssnnapbnnnenocbebennnioounesoosece asia’s problems challenge initiative in east and west chiang kai shek on china’s aims and world cooperation iii scthiasdicanineaicieteneicnosnnnslipaptwapreeenreecetccnceetee public opinion must be heard on post war policy senator gillette proposes post war peace charter trgmres wugrtam toe tertoio 0sce ccccccecccccsscccsccccccsscccseecocccccccceseoee sumner welles on need to formulate aims 0 relief measures being prepared by united nations roosevelt and welles on forthcoming food conference nazi economic penetration poses complex problems ball burton hill hatch resolution and public opinion can depression after war be avoided cccccccccceeeeeeees nt iii isisicnsdiadeiidiinaisiinntbevistithensedeupennsonensteteenevencescenasveseces i pll sella u.s asks allied representatives to food and currency eee welles on renewal of reciprocal trade agreements act ie ccetliatiiisiintnniicintocereeuenatce currency stabilization plans of britain and u.s a cat nannaintcneinnpepeenveuesorneveneees differing ground plans for collaboration 000008 soviet polish rift forces allies to clarify aims polish problem tests relations of powets cccsseeeeees europe’s ples must be free to plan own future food conference practical test of post war ideals tr pe ee en food conference presents final report cccccseseeseeeeeeees allies must consider great changes in europe’s temper pope pius xii urges progressive and prudent evolution united nations relief and rehabilitation administration ey cllchdeensdeeuiivelith bnmssheucevnstsageeeserecnessenewnageetubgnoennnntonunangeaneees house foreign affairs committee approves fulbright re sg er ee eee rival resolutions before senate foreign relations com ee gk adechaadicledeinesiainceldscdbiicliinaaniaiaaiasaacorednabbensbsevecsssvooseces no 40 40 28 28 49 49 date october 23 1942 november 27 1942 july 23 1943 july 23 1943 april 30 1943 april 30 1943 april 30 1943 september 24 1943 september 24 1943 december 11 1942 march 5 1943 april 30 1943 may 7 1943 may 7 1943 may 14 1943 november 13 1942 march 12 1943 december 4 1942 december 4 1942 december 11 1942 december 11 1942 december 11 1942 december 25 1942 january 1 1943 january 8 1943 january 8 1943 january 15 1943 january 29 1943 february 5 1943 february 12 1943 february 12 1943 february 12 1943 march 5 1943 march 5 1943 march 12 1943 march 12 1943 march 19 1943 march 26 1943 march 26 1943 march 26 1943 april 2 1943 april 9 1943 april 9 1943 april 16 1943 april 16 1943 april 23 1943 april 30 1943 may 14 1943 may 21 1943 may 28 1943 june 4 1943 june 11 1943 june 18 1943 june 18 1943 june 18 1943 june 25 1943 june 25 1943 rte creer volume xxii 11 reconstruction post war continued amg now working in sicily under general alexander amg policies in sicily clues to procedure in italy united nations face decisions as axis weakens 0 allied assistance in liberated countries cannot be inter a a ean axis difficulties sharpen allied unity problem quebec meeting faces policy for liberated europe churchill urges conference of anglo american soviet for eign ministers and retaining wartime machinery italy’s surrender makes agreement on europe urgent mediterranean commission established churchill’s harvard speech analysis ccccccssssseseeeees hull urges nonpartisan discussion of american collabora ted sevinsviagnensitescniahinieheet sbiapbanmbaecantaggiaagsuaranitasiidandaiadaanaanamtia tei tnuiegone cececcsccpcncsnisscsesniemaertaaiiodevedesieapicmaaieaabins post war order to be rooted in war experience 0000 republican post war advisory council backs u.s partici pation in international organization world organization ultimate aim cree wood ciivessrsncasssissstasacusasaenroiincecetnneiea ee ttbdinmness return to normalcy no solution of europe’s crisis human welfare must be first concern of planners united nations relief and rehabilitation administration ns tie occesccacnsieennperivseenncinnditinotenetaanaaiaamaeneaaianaain differences in anglo american and russian balkan policies mediterranean commission composition and problems three power meeting seeks alternative to balance of power joint responsibility of united nations key to post war iit sccecsecescisseccdinscasasecsenececccsabianiemnanaasabanueeeinaaaeaaintin refugees bermuda conference seen eee eeereeeeeeseeseeeeeeseeeees rere rrrrrrr irri ett ir rr eeeeeeseee cor oe rrr ee eee ee esos eeeeee ees eseeeses sees eeeteseseseosehesees es relief see reconstruction russia co ep cin sa ceivsicsiesnineinscciciciesesicncabiisi sable teristic lalalaliii srs c0 casi wedd einrccerenncccnseenscnimnniineemininiantia ss fre eearer em nr rees pene tg ttb s cnscimensincanseeriornssssgeienaninn co npiciecscccrosnitcheimianamnianiieinicabetnasiaainenseciiaialalelie hostility toward finland unabated reepmaint oise tromtier goggin nccctcnccccsnsisesccscnevessnssssessasnssenes need for u.s discussion of post war relations standley and wallace on u.s relations soviet japanese relations rn aiuii oiciscnscecccaltbickosnsdnctecsieditaeah elites va cixaadesbeinaseaiaoin sikorski’s part in relations with poland stalin’s may list order of the day vishinsky on polish problem iiis iscissstecesestscincsncscidedibnmieendsadaseadeninnnsediaiaaeiasannaen comintern dissolution clarifies policy ccccccccccccerseeeees recalls ambassador litvinov from washington and maisky i bien vicsstenesccivcenicanssnesestnmandnninadipabaniecamnsdiaied recognizes french national committee cceseeseeseees vishinsky representative to mediterranean commission see also world war shipping i ied ccccncsmsannserceningrsesveeneniiiliciaialiadiltaiiideisiaaai naini submarine menace to united nations cccceeeeeeseeeeees admiral land on charter of u.s ships to united nations i iud ssinnsnensccessichsctannciianrnonee caseinbcaenassindaatiiiabstiussalatic roosevelt letter to churchill on chartering lie geratee t dores dui ceiccccccecenscociccsesuicissincivassbvoscesnes u.s governmental commissions for post war planning south africa i i cid i niiscicncenceccusssisitsebdeciuctnceczctsssstentitetiistow soviet union see russia spain roosevelt assurance on invasion of north africa oe ee ee eee gives u.s pledge of neutrality nee ese ee iberian neutrality pact with portugal 0.0 ccccsssesssessees ue cuno wue 6b csecicese ccciststvndecdssinhenciiasiaceteanenlubiianke see also world war ee eeeeeesereseeeeses seno ee reeseseeeeceeeseeeseeeeees corr ere r ero reese eere eset eeee sese sees es ereeeeeeeoeses seen eee rene neeeeeeeseeessserese prererrrerrrr rr ttre rr eee e eee eeeeeeeseeneseseeees seeeeeeeseceeses ar rr oe eee roe eee ee eee oee eee ese esse es eoeeeees reaann date july 23 1943 july 30 1943 july 30 1943 august 6 1943 august 13 1943 august 20 1943 september 10 1943 september 10 1943 september 10 1943 september 17 1943 september 17 1943 september 17 1943 september 17 1943 september 17 1943 september 17 1943 september 24 1943 september 24 1943 october 1 1943 october 1 1943 october 8 1943 october 8 1943 october 8 1943 october 15 1943 april 23 1943 october 23 1942 november 13 1942 november 138 1942 january 29 1943 february 26 1943 march 5 1943 march 5 1943 march 19 1943 march 19 1943 april 9 1943 april 30 1943 may 7 1943 may 7 1943 may 14 1943 may 21 1943 may 28 1943 august 27 1943 september 3 1943 october 8 1943 october 30 1942 january 22 1943 august 20 1943 august 20 1943 august 20 1943 august 20 1943 august 20 1943 august 6 1943 november 138 1942 november 20 1942 november 27 1942 november 27 1942 march 12 1943 march 12 19438 12 volume xxii sweden no foreign minister hansson on need for sudden defense 15 cancels transit agreement with germany cccceeeee 43 turkey i cemueid sill sccscscnnshininiinipsckinduisesieveuatsiataieieesenseece 9 union of soviet socialist republics see russia united states attorney general biddle announces removal of unnatur alized italians from enemy alien class cccccceeeeees 1 psychological warfare policy toward italy cc:cce000 1 vice admiral halsey relieves vice admiral ghormley of tti a i lt ato 2 hull assails vichy labor conscription policy 00000 2 chilean reaction to sumner welles axis espionage charge 3 ne eels ck sec 3 willkie on public discussion of war issues csseccseseeees 3 roosevelt assurance to portugal and spain on north afri sit tti ss ins cacsiha sit csteihehetialoeieseneconitanmebenniiapreninherensesesncces 4 roosevelt on relations with french after invasion of i rrrcre ees es ee eee eee 4 vichy france breaks off relations scsssssessseeseees 4 martinique accord with admiral robert 6 spain gives pledge of neutrality cccsccccsssssrseseseesseeesees 6 roosevelt names lehman director of foreign relief and itil i cicssistlahciaiciaatereenancerbibimaamenaheahedganennaaneecateoresee 7 canadian american accord on lower post war tariff 8 president arroyo del rio of ecuador visits washington 8 senate passes resolution authorizing transfer to panama lat ee 8 hull assures fighting french on darlan’s position 9 president batista of cuba visits washington 00 10 prentiss brown succeeds leon henderson as price ad i iicect hl aida edith citeacipedateibhenterese nnneesineusevesceccee 10 finland’s war stand and finnish american relations 11 roosevelt names william phillips as personal representa on eere ge or re es eee eee ee 11 prepares to give up extraterritoriality in china 12 sy nin to ninn ccncccccctcevssrveccecsecsosevesconcenserecose 13 trade agreements threatened in congress ccssesesees 13 wallace on reciprocal trade agreements ccc:cceeereseres 13 lend lease shipments to russia ccccsssssscccecessseeseeeseees 15 secretary knox and senators on future air and naval sess se a ee ee et eee 18 representative kennedy offers bill to end chinese exculsion 19 iinet cncivsiibnigubinincesanecceveserececes 20 welles on relations with finland 0 ccccccccescsesseeeesseeeeees 20 ee se ee 21 i i coanlncinsaannoinhdaudtcseesoevercsedesooeece 21 es le it tt 22 ee ee ee 22 need for discussion on post war relations with russia 22 standley and wallace on russian relations 22 welles on renewing reciprocal trade agreements act 25 roosevelt avila camacho meeting cccccsscessseeeeeceeeeees 28 roosevelt handling of coal crisis tests democracy in war 29 ee eee et ccie ee 31 director of war mobilization byrnes on war effort 33 renews reciprocal trade agreements act cccssseee 34 roosevelt urges italians to overthrow fascist régime 35 recognizes ramirez government in argentina 86 ee eee ld 38 foreign policy record of congress in session just ended 39 giraud visit and conflicting views on american policy on sid simeitdiathannhsatiasidenitaliheeibaantpianiacbaalicimmmeseneteennnedemuneenaees 39 ees 40 roosevelt merges bew and rfc subsidiaries in new office of economic warfare under l t crowley 40 state department forms office of foreign economic co ordination ofec under assistant secretary acheson 40 brazilian american collaboration in rubber production 42 canadian u.s joint war committee cccccssseessesesseseeees 45 treaty making power of senate cccccsssscssssscssssssecesssesees 45 res steer set 45 interest in china’s internal problem cccseccesseeeeees 46 recognizes french national committee c:cccceeeeeee 46 j m landis representative on middle east supply center 49 ow draft agreement for united nations relief and habilitation administration unrra 0.0 50 date january 29 1943 august 13 1943 december 18 1942 october 23 1942 october 23 1942 october 30 1942 october 30 1942 november 6 1942 november 6 1942 november 6 1942 november 13 1942 november 13 1942 november 13 1942 november 27 1942 november 27 1942 december 4 1942 december 11 1942 december 11 1942 december 11 1942 december 18 1942 december 25 1942 december 25 1942 january 1 1943 january 1 1943 january 8 1943 january 15 1943 january 15 1943 january 15 1943 january 29 1943 february 19 1943 february 26 1943 march 5 1943 march 5 1943 march 12 1943 march 12 1943 march 19 19438 march 19 1943 march 19 1943 march 19 1943 april 9 1943 april 30 1943 may 7 1943 may 21 1943 june 4 1943 june 11 1943 june 18 1943 june 25 1943 july 9 1943 july 16 1943 july 16 1943 july 23 1943 july 23 1943 july 23 1943 august 6 1943 august 27 1943 august 27 1943 august 27 1943 september 3 1943 september 3 1943 september 24 1943 october 1 1943 volume xxii united states continued lehman’s office of foreign relief and rehabilitation op erations subordinated to of ec cccccssccsosessessecesscenccscccece roosevelt makes lehman special assistant to plan for meeting of united nations to form unrra e r stettinius jr succeeds sumner welles as under root y ce terre oecincssnseseesvcatansinvtaneccseaeationsedanntaedianed e c wilson representative to mediterranean commission criticisms by five senators on return from fighting fronts see also reconstruction shipping world war war criminals roosevelt on punishment boeing 50cscursonescoscivanpetsvornebankhudbbohodseemnennempnesnasabaiaainaamite roosevelt warns neutrals on giving asylum to fugitive pae in soxcescenessnbcutcguossrsciianipinasintnkeiamaseemeuniascsna aa russia and britain back roosevelt view nie dori i ncccrecseessonenctancdiieanmedumignienarnctatsasvinces manatee u.s and britain promise to punish leaders ss0seee0 argentina refuses to deny asylum to fascist or nazi leaders women realism and idealism possible help in international rela tions orem oreo er ee eoe eee este shee ee eee sees se eeeeseeeeoseoeee oses see eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeseeeee ce or eee roh eere eos h ee eoe eee e eee eeeeeeoeeeeesesess tees eesese shes es eseees esser eeee os corre ree re ree eee eere sese eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeese seeded eeeeeseseeeseeeeeeseeesesesesere esos world war 1914 18 allied and associated powers collaboration breakdown of collaboration machinery world war 1939 africa stage for new military action pease sige seorline concintnrsctecsinectsimtictinimnibmininnns sovis guru or wot coemigid sscrcccccscscsiiciiccssicrnsssimasreaennnns admiral darlan’s mission to dakar allied and axis planes and tanks allies offensive against rommel sores 6 iee booed ccsiinieserinissrsnncistitinbeainnnvcitinnaiaiain solomons u.s japanese showdown ue see toe be iccccnccscisttdabicsasennaicineteeiemertciotiomein new isolationism in u.s hampers global effort anglo american offensives in africa cscccseesseseeseeseeceeees eisenhower announces giraud will organize french army brr tri x cceenesncocccesceccceasdsennnscsnesinnnsslbeaeeiabadiabianiaiaiaiainns eisenhower backs darlan as head of french forces in pred kcctiscscosisicrsetvsevecstsbiensecvecnsugentlaeaniaheasaabiaananiacan new strategic phase opened tone 6 biiio avciciesccerceséusiborscesenxcisaseenesnnsieenansveneeieeaiees africa new source of supplies for allies african campaign grave political issues ssssccssesesers french cease resistance to americans and british in north a soci ics ccaranscvicccesteeineaiedushasasnarnnieaeed eansaaie latin america welcomes invasion of north africa stalin on allied african invasion cites dente der inet twrgior cccickicsnchtses cscs ciccevscesssicorenersoutaaoets bpti seuuinens groor th atid dvsisersiccrserenerincsmminnetian far eastern allied position helped by african campaign dest sur co wrioiied aseseccccsnesccedisiiiascaccisssensessonilcanabaions roosevelt answers protests on darlan cccccseeesssseeeeeees allied successes hold out hope to europe pd io trie ns ccssncsvtncesiscssscsinses tice seicrcerneiceern anaes spain’s strategic importance cccccseesseeeees sp taduayenedvulavins realism and idealism in allies policies and aims bebrmmn tee per beaker goprgoy cssecicccccsnsccsscccccseccssscivsiocvssssvees knox on destruction of japanese shipping turkish neutrality helps allies united nations get dakar base iie tin as cccnscccacscnanconsndandinsaenemimnnass cusses senmiaesecinaneanlants political decisions confront allies in europe allied power in far east growing ccccccccsscssssssssesseees finnish position and relations with u.s ceeeeeeeeees china dissatisfied with treatment by allies 000 chinese military mission recalled from washington m s eisenhower on need for food in north africa german and japanese strength compared nee ene ri tne saccstcsininicsckcestumeiinltbiechysipieeiedbsdbeacsenenenenes stark on submarine losses cr iiis vic dice ccxesucosnpsngubsvencnceuneebosonmncmasbiaeouinteiens core cies fatos weno on cccsessescicskiccgdisventancceetaanetneaeen far east problems challenge asia and united nations leningrad siege lifted cees eeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeee coro oses eee eee teese o eere ee eee eseos rere rrr iret corr er eee renee eee ee eee eee eee eee eeeeeeee prettiiie it oepiii iii eeerereeeseeceseee corre eee e ree r ees e eere resto ese ree e ee ees eee eeeeseeees prererrrerrrrrrrrr ir i corp r ree eee eee reo ee roe ee eee ee eee eee ee corp eee e eee ee ee eeeneneseseeee eee esereeeseeee seer eee eeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeee coco oo orr eters e eee e ees oe resets oses eee eeee ees copenh terete ee sheets shee sese e eee eeee sees se eeeeeeseeseseseseees coen eee reeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees corpo r eoe or oee eset ee ete seeee eee eeseesee esos sees esse sees no 50 50 50 52 47 do oo w aitdairamaaaaamamnmn acha ere bb pon nnnnneee date october 1 1943 october 1 1943 october 1 1943 october 8 1943 october 15 1943 october 23 1942 october 23 1942 august 13 1943 august 13 1943 august 13 1943 september 3 1943 september 10 1943 december 11 1942 september 10 1943 september 10 1943 october 23 1942 october 23 1942 october 23 1942 october 30 1942 october 30 1942 october 30 1942 october 30 1942 october 30 1942 october 30 1942 november 6 1942 november 13 1942 november 18 1942 november 18 1942 november 18 1942 november 13 1942 november 20 1942 november 20 1942 november 20 1942 november 20 1942 november 20 1942 november 27 1942 november 27 1942 november 27 1942 november 27 1942 november 27 1942 december 4 1942 december 4 1942 december 4 1942 december 11 1942 december 18 1942 december 18 1942 december 18 1942 december 18 1942 december 25 1942 december 25 1942 january 1 1943 january 1 1943 january 8 1943 january 8 1943 january 8 1943 january 22 1943 january 22 1943 january 22 1943 january 29 1943 january 29 1943 january 29 1943 january 29 1943 18 volume xxii world war 1939 continued tripoli falls casablanca accord on american british policy in french north africa far eastern war not racial hitler again proclaims crusade against bolshevism stalin orders invaders hurled over boundaries north african policy evolving allied political unity lags behind military casablanca discussions carried forward in china general eisenhower heads allied operations in north africa roosevelt vargas declaration at natal burma road’s importance to allies lend lease aid to china mme chiang kai shek on china’s position national security claims threaten allied harmony roosevelt on aid to china stalin’s february 22 order of the day finland seeks way out russia presses second front demand territorial disputes play into nazi hands bismarck sea battle i i iiit ccctncscsnnserevenatesssceesenecsesencetessenecs french occupation payments to germany soviet japanese peace aids united nations allied modes of counterattack on submarines knox on submarine situation tunisian campaign u.s holds europe first despite pacific war demands mexico’s part franco on immediate peace tunis and bizerte occupied by allies allies plan eastern offensive without halt in west americans invade attu macarthur halsey discussions churchill answers senator chandler on why germany comes first china faces acute crisis pantelleria falls britain creates east asia command allies on offensive everywhere kula gulf battle pacific drives call for improved political strategy allied landings in sicily chiang kai shek and admiral horne on time of japan’s defeat king victor emmanuel proclaims italy will continue in war badoglio not ready to surrender allied advances in sicily catania taken conditions in china worry united nations soviet victories at orel and belgorod china front declines japanese casualties in china anglo american russian differences concerning urgency of early ending kiska occupied by canadians and americans quebec and moscow spotlight allied relations t v soong at roosevelt churchill quebec meeting china reports rejection of japanese peace feelers lord mountbatten heads new southeast asia command mounting nazi troubles do not mean early collapse roosevelt on unconditional surrender policy western front need acute italy surrenders allied setback at salerno sy er gains set stage for pacific offensive far eastern air activity italian navy at malta italy’s surrender great gain for allies lae salamaua successes of allies russians take bryansk allies occupy cos in the dodecanese t v soong on japan’s peace offers to china see also reconstruction shipping yugoslavia chetnik partisan rift cabinet of government in london resigns king peter approves tito partisan leader date january 29 1943 february 5 1943 february 5 1943 february 5 1943 february 5 1943 february 12 1943 february 19 1943 february 19 1943 february 19 1943 february 19 1943 february 26 1943 february 26 1943 february 26 1943 february 26 1943 february 26 1943 february 26 1943 march 5 1943 march 5 1943 march 5 1943 march 12 1943 march 12 1943 march 19 1943 april 9 1943 april 16 1943 april 16 1943 april 16 1943 april 23 1943 april 30 1943 may 14 1943 may 14 1943 may 21 1943 may 21 1943 may 21 1943 may 28 1943 june 4 1943 june 18 1943 june 25 1943 july 9 1943 july 9 1943 july 9 1943 july 16 1943 july 30 1943 july 30 1943 august 6 1943 august 13 1943 august 13 1943 august 13 1943 august 20 1943 august 20 1943 august 27 1943 august 27 1943 august 27 1943 august 27 1943 september 3 1943 september 3 1943 september 3 1943 september 3 1943 september 3 1943 september 10 1943 september 17 1943 september 17 1943 september 17 1943 september 17 1943 september 17 1943 september 17 1943 september 17 1943 september 24 1943 september 24 1943 december 25 1942 june 25 1943 october 8 1943 +forces came gainst n was leader baatan 1 head 1est of remain aterial is con yut not e have ew aif x from ia but r bases being n new unduly ne time an it is her the it is an entrate win the hington lless of g short course liott ds apr 3.0 1943 entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 28 aprit 80 1948 _soviet polish break compels allies to clarify war aims hg spring campaign of the fourth year of war in europe opened over the easter week end it opened as so many times in the past with a nazi offensive not on the military but on the psychologi cal battlefront the efforts of the united states to detach finland from germany and thus breach hitler's fortress of europe have not only been de feated but outmatched by nazi efforts to break the united nations ring around europe through further ing a conflict between the soviet union and the polish government in london in this first round of diplomatic and propaganda warfare the nazis have won an outstanding victory they have won this victory not because either finland or poland wants to be dominated by germany but because neither feels any assurance that in case of a united nations victory their fate would necessarily be better than if they submit to nazi rule where allied diplomacy has failed is in providing a concrete and convincing alternative to hitler's new order in europe in view of the strict censorship imposed for weeks on news about the soviet polish rift it would be premature at this moment to try to assess blame among the participants in the crisis first revealed to the world by foreign commissar molotov's note of april 26 to the polish ambassador in moscow but to understand the situation which now threatens the unity of the anti axis coalition laboriously formed over the past three and a half years by countries vic tims of either german or japanese aggression it is essential to bear in mind three things first the small countries of europe or for that matter of any other continent have been and continue to be objects not subjects of international diplomacy lacking sufh cient economic resources and adequate armaments they have no independence in any real sense of the word whatever political fictions may be woven around the concept of national sovereignty so far as the countries of eastern europe and the balkans are concerned they have today as for centuries a cruel choice between subjection either to the ger mans or to the russians as long as there is no other alternative some will lean toward germany others toward russia depending on historical tradition ge ographical proximity and the degree of hostility felt in the past toward either of their great neigh bors this does not mean that if they had a free choice they would not prefer to move in the orbit of britain and the united states but to put the mat ter quite bluntly the experience of finland and po land to mention only the countries now in the news has been that the anglo saxon powers do not match their professions of sympathy with practical aid in time of dire need this experience unfor tunate as it may seem at this moment is definitely on the debit side of the allied ledger civil strife serves nazis second and even more important for the future the struggle now being waged for the allegiance of european peoples is not being waged on strictly national lines as between national states but also on civil war lines as between various groups of the population the nazis are bidding as they have since their rise to power for the support of the upper classes diplomats military men industrialists landowners who in poland and finland for example have been traditionally not only anti communist but long be fore 1917 when finland and part of poland had been included in the russian empire anti russian as well the russians on the other hand are bid ding for the support of those elements in every neighboring country who might be considered sym pathetic to both russia and the soviet system workers peasants intellectuals this inner struggle which was already so clearly defined during the spanish civil war has been consistently underesti mated by british and american statesmen it now emerges with stark nakedness in poland and yugo slavia and exists in latent form in finland hitler for his part has always been highly skillful in utiliz ing the twin forces of nationalism and fear of revo lution to divide and confuse his enemies the extent to which he has succeeded in this instance offers overwhelming proof that the weapon of propaganda has by no means been blunted but the third thing that the british and ameri cans must realize is that nazi propaganda alone could never have done the trick either in the case of finland or poland true some of the men who claim to speak for the finnish and polish peoples may feel that they have more to lose personally or as a group by a russian victory than a german defeat and trim their course accordingly the loss of these men would be on balance a gain for the allies the crisis goes deeper than that however it would be both unjust and untrue to jump to the conclusion that finland and poland or even considerable sections of finns and poles desire a nazi victory to make such an as sumption in the case of poland invaded in 1939 by both german and russian troops its leaders scattered its intellectuals decimated its workers and peasants subjected to forced labor for the german conquerors would be a gross perversion of the existing situation page two lt what we must remember is that in the last analysis many finns and poles are swayed by uncertainty as to just what britain and the united states propose to do about europe in case of victory whether they intend to give russia a free hand in the region from the baltic to the black sea or plan to throw their full political military and economic weight into the task of effecting a reconstruction of europe on lines that would afford at least a minimum degree of security to the small nations no one expects precise blueprints but neither can hitler’s new propaganda of promising the conquered peoples security and pros perity under the aegis of the german master race be effectively met by continued hesitation on the part of britain and especially the united states concern ing the responsibilities they are ready to assume for the post war reconstruction of europe if the allies can seize the occasion created by the soviet polish break to clarify their own aims in europe they will be in a better position to rally to their side those ele ments in europe who want neither nazism nor the soviet system but are left floundering by lack of leadership from the western democracies vera micheles dean mexico’s economy changing greatly under war conditions by ernest s hediger mr hediger bas just returned from a month's stay in mexico where he delivered a series of lectures at the national university on international economic relations in wartime the historic meeting on april 20 of presidents franklin d roosevelt and manuel avila camacho in monterey mexico and their joint visit the fol lowing day to corpus christi texas gave added emphasis to the close collaboration that characterizes the relations of the two countries during this war the speeches of both heads of state reflected the profound desire of their nations to remain strongly united and do all in their power to win the war against the axis a full fledged ally in relation to its wealth and population mexico’s contribution to the war effort of the united nations is far from neg ligible although being essentially non military it can hardly be spectacular mexico’s principal role in east and west of suez 25 the latest headline book which tells the story of the modern near east egypt turkey syria palestine arabia iraq and iran and its strategic importance to both the axis and the united nations order from foreign policy association 22 east 38th street new york the war is as a producer of strategic minerals in response to the war needs of the united nations principally the united states it has developed its output of copper zinc lead mercury tungsten anti mony and other urgently necessary minerals for some of these its exports have increased up to 50 per cent but this is only the more obvious part of mexi co’s war collaboration even if mexico had remained neutral it would undoubtedly have increased its pro duction of minerals and shipped them to us at the same time however it would most probably have been in a position to dictate the prices of these products and moreover would have requested in exchange definite quantities of other goods and raw materials instead being a full fledged ally mexico places these products at the disposal of the democ racies accepting the prices the latter established without asking in exchange the machinery and other manufactured goods it badly needs for maintenance of its own economic life during 1942 exports to the united states surpassed imports from this country by 50,000,000 as it happens this increase in exports of minerals and other mexican goods such as agricultural prod ucts cotton cloth shoes and straw hats is accom panied by a drastically reduced importation of for eign goods its foreign trade practically cut off by war and lack of transportation mexico must rely solely on the united states which finds itself um able to provide what mexico needs most tractots vvvtrecwa f cro chp ss qa pn reser bm ooo nsw 8 as ou 6 ysis ty as pose from their the lines e of ecise anda pros race part cern e for a llies olish r will e ele yr the ck of an ns ls in ons ed its anti for 50 per mexi rained ts pro at the have these ted in id raw mexico jemoc lished 1 other enance to the ntry by inerals prod accom of for off by ist rely elf un ractors trucks electrical appliances machine parts chemi cals etc according to declarations made on april 6 1943 by eduardo villasefior director of mexico's bank of issue the finished products made in the united states from copper zinc and lead which mexico needs and cannot obtain represent only 2 per cent of mexican exports of such minerals as a consequence of this primarily one way trade mexico’s economy is undergoing significant changes while the position of the wage earners is being im paired by the increase in the cost of living that of businessmen and landowners is being improved by the wartime boom falling off of imports due to ameri can government control over exports from the united states and abundance of idle money have created strong incentives to mexican production and given rise to a boom in farming mining and industry in 1942 alone over one hundred important new indus trial corporations with initial capital investments totaling some 11,000,000 were registered not in duding 124 new mining properties opened during the first nine months of the same year industrial shares have soared to unprecedented heights monetary consequences the obvious result of the impossibility of importing goods in an amount even distantly approaching the quantities exported from mexico is that the country is increas ingly acquiring credits in american dollars or their page three equivalent in mexican pesos owing to this influx of capital mexico’s currency circulation increased in 1942 by over 250 million or more than 10 per cent of its 1929 national income officially estimated at 2,402 million pesos and has continued to rise steadily ever since moreover this already high flood is swelled by the millions of dollars constantly be ing sent to mexico by united states corporations and individuals seeking either to obtain higher returns or escape from war taxation as there is scant possibility of using this capital for creative investment because of the lack of necessary ma chinery most of it remains idle or is used to buy up existing mexican property and goods such trans fers of property may give rise to resentment among the mexicans and create future political problems the considerable increase in available currency and decrease in imported goods have inevitably led to a substantial rise in prices with unrestricted compe tition among buyers in the absence of any rationing system prices have increased proportionately more than in the united states in spite of various govern ment efforts to establish price ceilings food index prices for instance rose from 149 1929 100 in january 1942 to 175 in december of the same year the constant rise in prices besides breeding social unrest brings with it great financial difficulties for the government and might compel reduction of its program of public works and services victories in tunisia increase need for french unity fourteen weeks have passed since general giraud and general de gaulle met at casablanca announced their agreement on fundamental principles and promised to work out plans for effecting a complete union in the ensuing period the gap between the two french groups has been narrowed but efforts to dlose it completely have suffered so many disappoint ments that some observers in washington and lon don now believe its attainment more remote than ever at the same time the need for speedy rap prochement becomes more pressing as extremely heavy fighting on the tip of tunisia heralds the end of that crucial campaign in the north african theatre of war the soldiers of de gaulle and giraud ignore their differences and are giving an excellent account of themselves as they fight side by side and in close cooperation with the british and americans this harmony is in sharp contrast to the conflicting loyalties that have existed in the french navy a number of sailors have de setted giraud’s ships which are under repair in the united states to enlist in de gaulle’s fleet and others it is reported have been detained by fighting french authorities in scotland because they wanted fo sign up with giraud so confused did the situa tion become that the united states intervened on april 23 and took the transfer procedure out of the hands of the ship commanders and their leaders entrusting it to a board on which there are repre sentatives not only of giraud and de gaulle but also of the u.s navy seriousness of disunity as the possibil ity of invading europe draws closer it becomes evi dent that french disunity may cause a serious situa tion at the moment when the united nations will need close cooperation between french and allied armies in north africa and the underground move ment in france close two way contacts have been maintained since 1940 between de gaulle and the organizations of resistance on french soil and al though the underground press lauds giraud as a gallant and able military hero it continues to con sider de gaulle its leader if the underground fol lows one general until the hour of invasion while the bulk of the french army in north africa follows another the stage might be set at best for the loss to the united nations of concerted french action against the axis and at worst for civil war in france frenchmen who have recently escaped to britain and the united states warn that revolution may become endemic in france as it did in spain after the napoleonic occupation if the war intensi pee re ene aes bts slates 4 rs se we eet ro 7 re he page four fied antagonisms between groups are not held in check by the existence of a widely recognized and unified source of authority leaders differ over personnel dur ing the first weeks of the deadlock it was not certain what factors were preventing successful fusion when however general catroux de gaulle’s special representative brought giraud’s proposals for unity to london on april 11 it was clear that more than catroux’s diplomacy was needed to bring the two groups together a comparison of giraud’s sugges tions with the countersuggestions of de gaulle on oy 21 reveals that there are now two main points of divergence between the french leaders first there is the matter of the former collaborationists who continue to hold important north african adminis trative posts despite a number of political house cleanings giraud still retains several men whom the fighting french refuse to accept into any organiza tion in which they would participate giraud defends the retention of these administrators in the name of efficiency and maintains that they are doing dif ficult and essential jobs in this period of military crisis since only a handful of officials are involved in the controversy this point should not present in superable difficulties disagree on transition period the other more serious reason for divergence arises in connection with the two generals plans for the pro visional organization they want to establish to rep resent france among the united nations to which it does not now belong and to govern france dur ing the transition period that will follow the end of hostilities and precede the restoration of the repub lic giraud wants a council made up of colonial governors and commissions working in close con tact with the army to speak for france while de gaulle insists on an organization that will give rep resentation to the underground and be superior to all military and imperial authorities during the transition period the giraud plan would presumably spell a period of military control until after the re patriation of french workers and prisoners now in germany while de gaulle’s would provide for civilian government after the first emergencies are past and before elections are held there is no easy possibility of merging these pro posals for they are based not only on the different interests of the groups represented but on different conceptions of the role two important institutions the army and the empire will play in post war france so far as the army is concerned giraud and his advisers mostly military men have indicated that they believe france's collapse in 1940 was due to politicians rather than soldiers and conclude that the military must have a hand in the making of the new france de gaulle’s underground organiza tions made up chiefly of civilians are for the most part leftist groups who fear that the army might be used against them different attitudes toward the empire are equally marked giraud’s use of im perial officials in his proposed council apparently rests on the assumption that the traditionally close bonds between metropolitan france and the empire will continue unchanged de gaulle on the other hand has been working out a system of decentraliza tion in the approximately one third of the empire which acknowledges his control this little publicized change in the free french empire is due partly to the necessities of war and partly to de gaulle’s con viction that the empire must become increasingly independent should deadlock between giraud’s and de gaulle's views persist it seems impossible that the allies will be able to stand aside regardless of their desire to interfere as little as possible in the affairs of a friendly nation both britain and the united states will have to take a hand in speeding the union not only because of military necessity but because they have helped to build up the two competing vv nts movement winifred n hapseel round trip to russia by walter graebner new york lippincott 1943 3.00 in this small unpretentious book a correspondent of time life and fortune has given an unusually balanced vivid and understanding picture of the russian people and their attitude toward the war the soviet government and the country’s economic system we can win this war by col w f kernan boston little brown 1943 1.50 the author of defense will not win the war argues for an offensive strategy involving early invasion of the european continent in decisive fashion the mountains wait by theodor broch saint paul webb book publishing co 1942 3.00 they came as friends by tor myklebost new york doubleday 1943 2.50 the fight of the norwegian church against naziem by bjarne héye and trygve m ager new york macmil lan 1943 1.75 both vivid and factual these books describe norwegian resistance to the nazis mr broch who was mayor of narvik also includes a first hand account of the germat invasion foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 28 apri 30 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera michetes dean editor entered second class matrer december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at leat one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year a produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor i ee peo waeeoaéatgh fz +yf the ollab e fall ought ed the gland nic of 1941 roose ime cal in unlike sly af at this riotism luction unce of r lead 7 illiam murray 1 mine id call ed not ds and s move ture of of gov fter the ions if enough r they to com liott ds fp briodical rova genbral library univ of mig foreign may 14 1943 entered as 2nd class matter general library university of michigan ann arbor wich policysbutleee tin ae an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 30 may 14 1943 ham brilliant allied victory in tunisia which reached its climax on may 7 with the occupation of bizerte and tunis is obviously one of the de cisive events of world war ii just as hitler's in yasion of the low countries in may 1940 started a chain of developments which led to the conquest of europe so this allied victory three years later is bound to bring military and political repercussions of similar magnitude german collapse unexpected a ocol lapse as sudden and complete as that of the axis forces in tunisia is almost unknown in german mili tary history it shows perhaps even more clearly than stalingrad that the nazis cannot resist allied arms when these are brought to bear in sufficient strength skillful use of concentrated air pounding massed artillery fire and infantry and tank attacks was apparently responsible in large part for the tapid allied advance but the germans also seem to have made strategic and tactical blunders in their defense of tunisia they not only attempted to hold lines that were too long for their reserves but per sisted in basing on hills and crags major positions which appeared strong but actually exposed them to assaults against which they had extremely limited fields of fire with their supply and replacement sys tems inadequate the morale of axis forces seems to have broken when these strong points were cracked by persistent allied attacks coming from many points at once where will allies strike now the western allies can probably be expected to strike their next blow at sicily and sardinia and at the small axis held bases in the sicilian straits control of these islands would clear the central mediter fanean for our supplies and profoundly affect the whole global war picture it would provide a short supply route not only to the southern front in russia but also to india and china this would give the north african victory pattern for ultimate axis defeat allies for the first time le i means of ining 2 the unity of strategic reserve sewhicl essential to unified command moreover a permit the oil and gasoline needed im french north africa to be shipped by barge from the on mad and middle east rather than by tanker across the sub marine infested atlantic from the united states with the central mediterranean cleared the way would be open for the allies to mount an offensive from africa and the mediterranean islands against italy or southern france and if crete too were oceu pied against the balkans at the same time an early diversion from britain against norway or even a major offensive across the english channel must not be left out of the reckoning since the allies possess superior ais and sea power and german strategic reserves are well back from the european coastal defenses it seems reasonably clear that a bridgehead cam be effected wherever the allies wish to strike the great task will be to convert that bridgehead into a bitte ee fensive but here the allies holdingoutside hines have an opportunity to draw off german reserves by a feint from one direction while making the real attack from another until fighter and bomber strength which must have been withdrawn from britain for the tunisian campaign can be replaced however a decisive thrust based on the british isles can hardly be expected reaction to tunisian victory politi cal repercussions of the allied victory in north af rica are now being felt throughout the world grow ing restlessness among the occupied peoples of eu rope is causing the nazis great concern in holland the nazis have resorted to martial law in turkey and among the arabs of the middle east belief in an allied victory is rapidly gaining ground while in northern europe sweden is showing increased in dependence in spain too there was recognition of ath oi nes binge fa nen ene me sfe te do pe eat pet ewe te wie ye saee 1 2 wt oe card il 4 f a ee eee fn st ne eee ef sete sss ee ps ae wee art ees ats st as sia fg er oe ge a re page two allied power for on may 9 general franco declared that the war had now reached a stalemate which made immediate peace the only sensible course for all belligerents among the united nations the effect of tunisia has been equally significant china is heartened by this show of anglo american striking force and hopes that it heralds a strengthening of allied power in the far east as well as in europe the soviet union evinces real appreciation of the efforts of its western allies and will undoubtedly meet any spring or summer offensive which hitler may launch against the russian armies with even greater confidence polish problem tests relations of great and small powers the soviet polish controversy which for a few days had shown signs of abating flared up anew on may 7 when soviet vice foreign commissar an drey y vishinsky made a statement to the british and american press accusing members of the polish embassy in russia of espionage and pro german activities this statement issued two days after stalin’s letter to the new york times correspondent in moscow in which the soviet premier declared that the u.s.s.r unquestionably wants a strong and independent poland following the defeat of germany has added to the prevailing confusion in this country concerning soviet aims and policies it might be useful under the circumstances to review the main issues raised by the soviet polish contro versy the first thing that must be borne in mind is that no american layman without official knowledge of soviet polish relations since the german invasion of russia in 1941 which reversed russia's attitude to ward poland can reach anything resembling a well founded judgment about the activities of poles de ported or evacuated to russia after poland’s collapse in 1939 if past experience is a guide there are prob ably rights and wrongs on both sides russia wants friendly poland but whatever may be the merits of the controversy over the activities of these poles there is no reason to doubt that stalin was sincere when he said on may 5 that the u.s.s.r wants a relationship based for a survey of the league’s contribution to inter national collaboration and an analysis of the accomplishments of league agencies now function ing and the international red cross read geneva institutions in wartime by ernest s hediger 25c may 1 issue of forzign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to fpa members 3 n ee the allied victory too should smooth the path to french unity with all that will mean both for the future of france and the further success of allied forces finally it is clear that the political and eg nomic cooperation forged over many months betweeq britain and the united states has now developed under general eisenhower's leadership into effec tive military collaboration as president roosevelt said in his message to general eisenhower the unprecedented degree of allied cooperation makes a pattern for the ultimate defeat of the axis howarp p whidden jr upon solid good neighborly relations and mutual respect with a strong and independent poland or if the polish people so desired an alliance pro viding for mutual assistance against the germans as the chief enemies of the soviet union and poland for years before 1939 the soviet government had regarded with suspicion the activities of the polish government of colonels and especially of its for eign minister colonel beck believing that this group inspired by anti russian and anti communist sentiments was ready to play ball with hitler against the u.s.s.r these suspicions were sharpened by the realiza tion in moscow that poland whose industrial and agricultural backwardness made it highly vulnerable to german pressure would prove unable to resist an attack by germany which would place german armed forces directly on the soviet border russia's worst expectations on that score were realized when germany invaded poland on september 1 1939 the subsequent occupation by russia of polish ukraine and polish white russia and their incor poration on november 29 1939 into the ukrainian s.s.r and the white russian s.s.r respectively was justified from the russian point of view by con siderations of self defense but justifiable as these measures may appear from the russian point of view this does not mean that they become automatically acceptable to poles whose concept of a strong and independent poland does not include surrender of territory to russia now po land’s ally among the united nations nor is it easy for americans who have consistently opposed en croachments by this country on the territory of weaker nations in the western hemisphere to defend similar encroachments by russia on the territory of adjoining countries a convincing case can always be made by a great power which believes that its security or economic position is threatened by the policies of weaker neighbors the admittedly difficult equation between great and small nations may be th to r the jlied eco ween ped effec evelt the rakes jr s utual and pro ins as and t had olish s for t this nunist gainst a liza and erable sist an erman ussia’s when 1939 polish incor ainian tively y con r from n that whose does yw po it easy ed en ory of defend tory of always hat its by the lifficult nay be mee resolved either by the complete or partial subjugation of the small nations a policy hitherto denounced by the soviet government as imperialism or by an attempt to develop relations of equality within the larger framework of a regional or world organiza tion it must be hoped that the united nations in cduding russia and the united states will follow the latter policy during and after the war and that the small nations in turn will show a spirit of co operation and not of nationalist intransigeance polish people must decide the fact that for a quarter of a century russia has been separated from the western world by mutual suspicion and hostility serves to obscure today on both sides the urgent need for building collaboration between them on new and not on outworn foundations the sec ond mission to moscow of former ambassador jo seph e davies who is to deliver to stalin a mes sage from president roosevelt presumably urging a personal meeting between them may help to dis sipate moscow’s recurring suspicions about the aims of britain and the united states even more effective in this respect are the victories of allied forces in page three north africa which bring closer the moment when the opening of a second front in europe may relieve german pressure on russia but indiscriminate american apologia for soviet policy do not offer a sound basis for russo american collaboration in winning the war and the peace after the war stalin in his controversy with the polish government in london takes the view that that government con tains elements who had been hostile to russia before 1939 and does not represent the polish people this issue which is the real crux of the soviet polish con flict cannot be settled by russia alone or by the other great powers unreservedly backing russia it must be settled by the polish people to whom stalin is directing his appeal what the united nations can and should do is to create the conditions for a free expression of opinion on the part of the polish people this can be done only by the defeat of ger many which holds poland in thrall any attempt to divert attention from this first objective can only prolong the agony of both the poles and the rus sians now living under the nazi yoke vera micheles dean the f.p.a bookshelf modern world politics by thorsten v kalijarvi new york crowell 1942 5.00 eighteen experts on international relations analyze fun damental factors governing the world struggle for power intended primarily as a college text but chapters on geo politics and total espionage will attract wider audience china after five years of war new york chinese news service 1942 1.00 informative essays on chinese government military af fairs economic conditions and education written for the most part by staff members of the ministry of informa tion in chungking voices of history great speeches and papers of the year 1941 by franklin watts ed with an introduction by charles a beard new york franklin watts inc 1942 3.50 out of a mass of material covering the world wide war here is a selection of representative pronouncements chosen 80 as to point up critical and important events and deci sions its chronological arrangement and excellent index make it a most workable reference tool as well as of his torical value this is the first of a planned series documents on american foreign relations july 1941 june 1942 edited by leland m goodrich with the collabora tion of s shepard jones and denys myers.boston world peace foundation 1942 2.75 fourth volume in a useful series piji little india of the pacific by john wesley coulter chicago university of chicago press 1942 2.00 a discussion of life in the fiji islands particularly the mpact of large scale immigration from india on native society throws light on the nature of the south pacific islands the self betrayed glory and doom of the german gen erals by curt riess new york putnam 1942 3.00 this tale of the rise and fall of german generals gives a good insight into the mentality of the junker class which expected to rule germany through hitler in spite of frequent unverifiable statements the book is useful latin america its place in world life by samuel guy inman new york harcourt brace 1942 rev ed 3.75 a new edition of this classic on latin america brought up to date and considerably enriched mr inman’s book is undoubtedly one of the few excellent treatments of the subject year of the wild boar by helen mears new york lip pincott 1942 2.75 a revealing description of the daily life of japan with constant emphasis on the real japan of rigid customs and non western ways that lie behind a modern facade the author’s fascinating account forms a valuable accom paniment to works on japan’s international relations and internal political and economic conditions basis for peace in the far east by nathaniel peffer new york harper 1942 2.50 highly instructive and provocative analysis of the prob lems of peace in the orient the author’s proposals in volve crushing japan but giving it a just peace liberat ing china promoting self government in southeast asia and ending all preferred political positions and economic monopolies in the far east one weakness is the inade quate discussion of the soviet position in this region foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 30 may 14 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th screet new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lzgr secretary vera micueies dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor is ask eres ee retin ancetad i so epee ne ee rare ants deans mee ie pics app tein re ee ee ne wee t i 4 aye secdentes uoomineano a washington news letter may 10 general enrique pefiaranda de castillo 50 year old president of bolivia who is at present the guest of the united states richly merited the warm reception he received in washington last week on april 7 president pefiaranda climaxed his series of amicable acts toward this country by leading bo livia into war on the side of the united nations with the notable exception of brazil bolivia is the only south american country so far to have declared war on the axis before general pefiaranda became president of bolivia in 1940 relations between his country and the united states were far from harmonious ameri can influence in that country was slight as exempli fied by the fact that la paz was the only western hemisphere capital without an american bank loans for this south american republic were floated in wall street at what bolivians thought exorbitant terms and were defaulted for the simple reason that that poverty stricken country was in no position to meet either principal or interest on the bonds in 1937 bolivia confiscated a 17,000,000 investment of the standard oil co of new jersey which is the only case on record outside of mexico of latin american expropriation of oil property this action however was amicably adjusted in april 1942 by an agreement between standard oil and bolivia german influence was strong mean while german penetration in bolivia had developed alarmingly with nearly 8,000 germans in the re public german influence was always strong and it may be recalled that the bolivian army was trained by the late ernst roehn hitler's intimate friend and ultimate victim the country’s aviation was a monop oly in the hands of the german lloyd aereo com pany which not only served every town and com munity in bolivia but maintained a weekly air service to berlin by way of brazil since pefiaranda’s advent to power the united states concluded in 1940 a five year agreement with bolivia whereby we undertook to purchase 18,000 tons of tin per year half the nation’s total produc tion and in 1941 washington contracted to buy bo livia’s total output of tungsten another critical war material for three years today after the capture of malaya by the japanese bolivia has become the united nations most important source of tin fur thermore the pefiaranda government expropriated the nazi air lines and immediately arranged with for victory the pan american grace company panagra to op erate them it is not surprising that the nazis plotted a coup d’état to overthrow pefiaranda but their con spiracy was discovered by the interception of a letter from major elias belmonte bolivian military at taché in berlin to the german minister in la paz triumph of good neighbor policy president pefiaranda said in washington last week that nazi agents were still working in bolivia and this was demonstrated in december 1942 when they tried to exploit labor troubles in the tin mines as an example of yankee imperialism the pefiaranda government frustrated this campaign by inviting u.s experts to collaborate with bolivians in studying and reporting on the labor situation workers in the patifio owned catavi mines pro ducing for the british asked for a 100 per cent wage increase and when the operators offered them 30 per cent they went on strike just before the strike the bolivian congress had passed an advanced labor code u.s ambassador pierre boal asked the la paz government how the new labor laws would effect costs of production of tin antimony lead and other products being bought by this country in some circles this action was interpreted as an effort to head off badly needed labor legislation in bolivia on april 20 the joint commission issued a report recommending among other things that the bolivian government raise the minimum legal wage and re move the restrictive provisions against free associa tion particularly labor meetings it also pointed out that education housing sanitation and health condi tions must be improved if living standards are to be raised the remarkable change in united states bolivian relations within the span of a few years is signal testimony to the success of the good neighbor pol icy the era of dollar diplomacy is definitely gone as president roosevelt indicated on may 7 when he revealed that he had apologized to president pefia randa for the act of certain united states financiers 15 years ago in making a loan to the bolivian gover ment at excessive rates probably what the president has in mind is that the era of private banking loans to foreign governments is ended and that such finan cial operations will be conducted in the future by government agencies like the reconstruction finance corporation john elliott buy united states war bonds +peri pate me general libi uriv of bice d the renge sition in the it pe he at no elieve issian bases chaps irchill russia a llies anese tt ss jun 9 1943 entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 33 june 4 1943 in a candid and balanced report of this country’s war effort james f byrnes newly appointed director of war mobilization speaking at spartan hurg south carolina on memorial day paid high ibute to our military and war production achieve ments during a year and a half of participation in world war ii as mr byrnes pointed out the united states has already fought almost as long as it did during world war i suffering as yet far fewer casualties those americans who feel that britain and china and russia which have suffered incomparably more than we in terms of loss of lives of property or both are not always sufficiently ap preciative of our contribution to the war may well ponder this part of mr byrnes’s recapitulation but he also declared that this will be a much tougher lwar and that thus far we are only on the outer fringes of this war so far as personal deprivation on the home front and the loss of blood on the battle front are concerned allies catching up with axis at the ame time mr byrnes left no doubt that in spite of much confusion overlapping and struggle for per wnal power among government officials in wash lagton as well as among industry labor and farmers throughout the country the united states has accom plished an outstanding job in meeting the war pro duction objectives set by president roosevelt objectives which at the time appeared fantastic of the figures cited by mr byrnes the most spec tacular and the one most fraught with significance ata time when the allies are concentrating on round the clock bombing of germany and italy is that the 100,000th airplane manufactured since the war pfogram was launched came off the assembly line on may 31 the united states together with russia and britain have at length caught up with the axis and are forging rapidly ahead it is against the background of actual achieve expanding power creates new responsibilities for united states ments and potential dangers which must yet be faced before the united nations can hope for vic tory that current discussions about the future of the world must be projected there is on the one hand a tendency on the part of some americans to over estimate the contribution made by this country to the winning of the war and to insist in consequence that the united states should claim a major share in the making of the peace on the other hand there is an equally dangerous tendency to view this global conflict as of concern to the united states only in the asiatic theatre of war and to decry or oppose aid to other sectors yet it would seem that no one could fail to understand today first that the war in asia is intimately and irrevocably linked to the war in europe and africa and second that if it had not been for years of stubborn and at times desperate resistance on the part of britain russia china and the conquered peoples of europe the united states would have found it impossible to catch up as it has so successfully done on its lack of military prepara tions in an atmosphere of relative calm and security u.s policy needs clarification these considerations might help us to define the course that the united states could or should follow once the war is over just as this country was not able to escape through nonintervention or to win the war alone once it had been attacked so it will be unable to win the peace alone or to carry out a world wide relief and rehabilitation program through its own unaided efforts we shall need other countries in time of peace as we have needed them in time of war and while the other united nations are hop ing that we shall not turn to isolationism as we did in 1919 neither do they want us to embark on a policy of imperialism on the plea of reforming or re educating or rehabilitating the world all that is being asked of us and all that was asked of us during the inter war years is that we should play a part in world affairs commensurate with our re sources and should henceforth assume responsibil ity for the use of our power which at the end of the war will be enhanced manifold by our vast war production effort but until we ourselves have defined the role we want the united states to play it is difficult in some cases impossible for other nations to define their policy this was clearly indicated in the series of s es that dr benes president of czechoslovakia elivered during the past two weeks in chicago and new york dr benes anticipates the defeat of ger many in the not too distant future and believes that the final disaster of the axis powers will be of a much greater scope than that of 1918 at the same time he believes that the situation of the world when this disaster does take place will be far more difficult than it was in november 1918 he recog nizes that the small nations of europe sometimes carried nationalist intransigence beyond the bounds of reason and that returning to normal does not mean returning to the exact state of affairs that existed in europe before hitlet’s rise to power but he remains firmly opposed to any attempt by the great china faces most acute the routing on june 1 of five japanese divisions which were directing a many pronged attack at chungking and the significant increase in chinese and american air power have raised the spirits of the chinese people but despite this success there is no doubt that generalissimo chiang kai shek’s gov ernment is threatened by a situation of unparalleled seriousness enemy forces have seized substantial por tions of rich rice producing territory in hunan and hupei provinces at a time when the country can ill afford to lose any part of the year’s crop this means that free china which for many months has been un able to cope with a disastrous famine situation in honan province must now expect even more difficult food conditions one symptom of the dangerous state of affairs is the rapid upward movement of rice prices in chungking during the past month japan is wearing china down ameri cans on the whole understand that japan is waging available at reduced rate bound volume xviii foreign policy reports 24 issues of foreign policy reports march 1942 march 1943 with cross index 4.00 a volume order from foreign policy association 22 east 38th street new york page two crisis in six years of war powers to obliterate the identity of small natiog dr benes looks to post war collaboration betweg britain and the soviet union envisaged in the anglo soviet treaty of may 26 1942 as the foundation stone of european reconstruction without the soyig union he believes that it will be impossible fo europe to prevent a new german drang nach ostey he hopes that the united states will participate jy the task of world reconstruction but his hope j tempered to a noticeable degree by the experience of 1919 those of us who may wonder why the spokes men of the united nations are not always as precise in their concepts of the future as we would like them to be must remember that hitherto the foreign pol icy of the united states has had less precision and proved more unpredictable than that of its present allies the greater our power becomes with the rapid expansion of our industrial production the more important it is that this power should be used not irresponsibly or haphazardly but with a coherent idea of the commitments we are ready not merely to advocate but actually to fulfill vera micheles dean a war of attrition against the chinese but there is still a marked tendency to measure tokyo's succes in terms of the capture of important centers rather than the deterioration of china’s powers of resistance a campaign for chungking would of course rep resent a supreme test of china’s endurance while a fourth japanese attempt on changsha key trans portation point would imperil the economic founda tions of the régime yet if such drives do not take place there will be no reason for complacency since japanese efforts on a smaller scale may have catas trophic effects on china after the wear and tear of six years of war in fact although japan has seized no prominent objectives in the current fighting free china is al ready feeling new pressure simply because important routes for the smuggling of commodities from jap anese occupied areas have thereby been closed for some years china’s most significant foreign souttes of supply has been its own territory under enemy control and this has been particularly true since the cutting of the burma road early in 1942 now in flation has reached a point at which it is not unusual for commodity prices to be 60 or 70 times the pit war levels of 1937 in some places rice is reported to have risen more than a hundred fold in the pas six years and it is said that because of the scarcity of cotton only the very wealthy can afford to buy clothes western visitors to hard pressed china tel the same story of growing weariness and there much speculation as to whether the government cal hold out for one year two or more es we 2 2hcluce lation sovie le fo osten ate ip ope is nce of pokes fecise them n pol 1 and resent th the n the herent rely to ere is uccess rather stance fep while trans yunda t take since catas ear of ninent is al ortant n jap 1 for source enemy ce the yw if nusual e pre a e past carcity 10 buy ra tell ere is nt cal wee japan revises policy toward puppets one important political threat is the modified jap anese policy toward wang ching wei and his puppet entourage at nanking in a clever effort to strength en its position in occupied china and to weaken morale in chungking tokyo has recently concealed jts iron fist with a velvet glove in march premier tojo visited nanking and on march 30 the third anniversary of wang's régime tokyo relinquished its concessions and extraterritorial rights in china to the puppet administration financial aid has also been extended to wang and it is reported that jap anese commanders have been told to adopt an easier policy toward the chinese population although these temporary bribes and gestures cannot alter the real nature of japanese rule in occu pied china they may have some effect on morale in chungking where under the pressure of severe in flation there has been a sharp trend to the right in a government that has at all times been conservative it is hardly a secret that the position of chiang kai shek who is pledged to a policy of resistance in cooperation with the united nations has been weak ened during the past year under the circumstances even japan’s pretenses of a more liberal policy could have serious results what can be done there now seems little reason to doubt that chungking’s critical condition was an important topic in the recent roosevelt churchill discussions and that much thought was given to ways of lessening the pressure on the chi nese unfortunately japan is in a position to strike out in china on a large or small scale at almost any time it desires while the offensive power of the united nations although growing is not easily ap plied in that theatre of operations in a sense a great tace is under way between japan and the allies with tokyo trying to force china out of the war before being obliged to deal with major offensives in the pacific area the military stakes are high they are nothing less than the capacity of the united nations to retain their primary land base in asia viewed in this light the welcome reconquest of attu island in the aleutians can have little immediate effect on the most critical aspects of our far eastern position although it may prove beneficial to chinese morale the first requirement of the chinese front is more airplanes with which to attack the advancing jap anese forces and these is reason to hope that the number of available aircraft will continue to increase secondly any action in the pacific area that diverts page three an important sector of the japanese air force will be very helpful thirdly china needs a large scale land operation such as the reinvasion of burma to pin down japanese troops and supplies we will know this fall when the heavy burma rains are over whether plans for such a move were laid in wash ington by the american and british military staffs political action important the united natigns could also aid chungking in its efforts to combat japan’s policy of undermining china’s spirit of resistance one significant step in this direction was the abandonment of extraterri toriality by the united states and britain through treaties signed with china early this year it is also likely that the dissolution of the comintern has weakened wang ching wei’s propaganda since the bogy of communism has been one of his main weapons in the struggle to win support in chung king a third step that might have considerable effect would be the early repeal by the united states con gress of all measures for chinese exclusion and the placing of chinese immigration on a quota basis although this would result in the entrance of no more than 100 chinese in any one year the psycho logical effect of equal treatment would be very great in china and throughout the far east it would con stitute a most effective answer to japan’s propaganda that china is regarded as a racially inferior member of the anti axis coalition and might do much to lessen the anti foreign sentiment that has been grow ing in chungking since pearl harbor not least im portant it could play a political role in stimulating china’s defense against japan’s latest military moves lawrence k rosinger i flew for china by royal leonard new york double day doran 1942 2.50 experiences in china of an american aviator who served first as a personal pilot of chang hsueh liang and later of chiang kai shek the author’s understanding of chinese affairs is superficial but he gives an interesting picture of what he saw as well as a foreigner’s growing respect for china and its people foreign capital in southeast asia by helmut g callis new york institute of pacific relations 1942 1.25 a careful study of foreign investments in government bonds and business enterprises before pearl harbor the territories dealt with include the philippines netherlands east indies formosa malaya thailand indo china and burma kwangsi land of the black banners by rev joseph cuenot st louis b herder 1942 2.75 translation from the french of ean account of catholic missionary work in south china during the early 1920 s foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 33 june 4 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year b81 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news le etter sitter june 2 the sudden resignation on june 1 of m peyrouton as governor general of algeria has unex pectedly clouded the prospects for agreement between general charles de gaulle leader of the fighting french and general henri honoré giraud head of the french administration in north africa yet the formation on may 30 of a council of seven to govern the empire and represent the people of metropolitan france marked an important stage in the restoration of france’s position as a belligerent power and of its influence in the councils of the united nations the objective that american and british diplomacy has been striving for ever since the invasion of french north africa last november seemed on the point of realization de gaulle giraud unity under the terms of the preliminary agreement proposed by gen eral giraud in his note of may 17 and accepted by the french national committee in london on may 24 he and general de gaulle each named two other vonferees and these six designated one other by majority vote on may 31 this commission to which two other members may be appointed later is to administer french affairs within its sphere of control until all the departments of france have been liberated whereupon the law of february 15 1872 generally referred to as the tréveneuc law will be applied this law came into being during the unsettled period after the franco prussian war and provided that whenever the legal powers of the french government and the national assembly ceased to exist the conseils généraux would take action these bodies were empowered to elect the senate under the french system of indirect suffrage and to appoint delegates who would then take those urgent measures required for the maintenance of order and in particular those which have as their ob ject the restoration to the national assembly of its full independence and exercise of its right both french leaders had made sacrifices to ar rive at a compromise the de gaullists had ob tained the exclusion from the actual governing body of resident governors like marcel peyrouton of al geria charles nogués of morocco and pierre boisson of french west africa for all of whom they have a deep aversion on the other hand general de gaulle had dropped his demand for immediate creation of a provisional french government this concession represented a notable success for the united states which has taken the stand throughout that the future government of france shall be left to for victory the free choice of the french people once their terri tory has been liberated from german occupation washington’s objection to recognizing either gen eral de gaulle or general giraud as the head of a french government is that neither has a legal man date to act in this capacity such as that possessed by other governments in exile general de gaulle who appears to enjoy a greater popular following than general giraud has by force of circumstance been recognized as head of the anti collaborationists by the leftist groups in france although his move ment includes several notable rightist figures while general giraud represents preponderantly the con servative and military elements in french north africa the united states has taken the point of view that it should not meddle in french politics by rec ognizing either or both of these movements jointly as incarnating french national sovereignty the tréveneuc law by providing a procedure for the return of power to the french people as soon as they can freely govern themselves suggests a method that may possibly be adopted in other occupied countries of europe after they have been freed of the nazi yoke consequences of union developments in algeria have demonstrated again the difficulties in the path of arriving at such unification both de gaulle and giraud are extremely ambitious and in flexible men and their followers are not yet by any means reconciled much progress however has been made since the casablanca meeting in january when the two french leaders only with great difficulty could be brought to shake hands and to concur in a vague statement that they had the common goal of beating germany it is to be hoped however that the union of gen erals giraud and de gaulle will be finally achieved despite all momentary hitches for such an agreement would be bound to have a stimulating effect on the people of metropolitan france who have been con fused and perturbed by the quarrels of frenchmen abroad it is of the utmost importance that any dis cord be eliminated before allied invasion of europe so that the entire french population may rise with undivided loyalty to fight on the side of their lib erators the prospects of successful conclusion of ne gotiations between the two french leaders was doubt less a factor in inducing admiral rené emile godfroy to place at the disposal of the allies the french wat ships which have been mobilized at alexandria since the fall of france john elliott buy united states war bonds ta aoonn astoooda nw +zz o chiev ss on ration icated ort it ers of ng its xepre hn m yf 180 1e im t reso april sed to ticipa resent re still jeed 1e ful hes of would allies vert to ide the s time hive sé hina stands in the suaded titution shioned ritories y a de y force ake ac before ilbright is com of one ott 943 or william y bis ys uniy ef 4 vers sod entered as 2nd eee 6an library de foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y you xxii no 37 july 2 1943 he current controversy in the united states over government subsidies has drawn attention to the experience of britain and canada in preventing in fation while conditions in the three countries are not exactly comparable the basic problem has been the same in each namely to prevent an inflationary wage price spiral without checking the necessary ex pansion of production price control in britain during the frst eighteen months of the war britain went through a period of rising prices comparable with our own in spite of price fixing rationing high taxes and a limited use of subsidies the general cost of living index primarily under the stimulus of rising prices in non subsidized foods rose 28 per cent and the inevitable demand for higher wages accompanied this rise but at this point the british govern ment decided to hold the cost of living index by amuch greater use of subsidies the following prod ucts accounting for 97 per cent of the food index which was 60 per cent of the general cost of living index were now under the subsidy program meat bacon fish flour bread tea sugar milk butter theese eggs and potatoes the level of prices paid 0 british farmers was set high enough to stimulate output they were assured against any financial loss sulting from increases in cost of production par ticularly the higher farm wages designed to keep hbor on the farms in the case of imports subsidies ttok the form of absorption of trading losses by the ministry of food in addition subsidies were paid to shippers to prevent higher transportation costs being added to food prices since these measures were taken the cost of living index has risen only 1 per tent while subsidy payments increased from 78 000,000 in 1940 to an estimated 600,000,000 in 1943 roughly 3 per cent of total british budgetary expenditures subsidies however could hardly have checked the how subsidies have operated in britain and canada inflationary tendencies in britain without increasing ly rigid rationing and extremely high taxes while the major objectives of rationing were to provide an even flow of supplies over a period of time and to assure equitable distribution rationing was also in tended to reduce consumption by restricting effec tive demand and implement price control both in come taxes and sales taxes on non essential goods have also done much to reduce the pressure on prices surtaxes on high incomes involve a maximum rate of 9744 per cent while lowered deductions and al lowances mean that the maximum tax free income for a single person in britain is 440 at the same time the sales tax rates run from 16 per cent to 100 per cent with the large scale diversion of cur rent savings to war bonds and certificates by march 1943 456 per capita compared with 133 in the united states british fiscal policy has thus been able to ease the task of price control by supplement ing rationing and subsidy arrangements canada's experience from august 1939 to december 1941 when the price ceiling was estab lished in canada prices rose by about 15 per cent up to april 1943 they had increased only 1.8 per cent above that point as in britain high taxes and rationing have played their part in holding this level but subsidies have also been an important factor while they have been used to alleviate the squeeze due to prices being out of balance in the period on which the price ceiling was based and to stimulate output as in the case of cheese milk and butter probably their most important function has been in helping to prevent a wage price spiral with wage increases tied to the cost of living index consumer prices had to be held in line or a cost of living bonus to wage earners would have been neces sary this could only have increased business costs and the vicious inflationary spiral would have been in full swing subsidies were used therefore to page two stabilize or reduce retail prices on tea coffee butter and milk domestic subsidies were used also to main tain prices on such items as fresh fruits canned goods beef footwear and fuel while subsidies on imports were paid when the goods were regarded as essential and the increase in cost was a result of a rise in price in the country of origin holding prices in line by use of subsidies protected the entire popu lation against a rise in living costs not simply the wage earner in achieving this result canada spent 65,161,500 on domestic and import subsidies be tween september 3 1939 and march 31 1943 while the situation in the united states differs in some respects from that in canada and britain particularly the latter where substantial lend lease basis for french unity slowly emerges in algeria a point of equilibrium was reached in the french political situation on june 26 when the french committee of national liberation agreed to retain general giraud in command of the forces in north and west africa and general de gaulle as the com mander of all other forces in the empire thanks to this compromise settlement the immediate break down of french unity so painfully achieved and precariously maintained has been averted at least for the moment however the crucial issue of army reform has by no means been settled and meanwhile the serious possibility exists that the spirit of the french forces may be undermined by uncertainty as to their allegiance de gaulle in line with his con sistent opposition to all those who have actively co operated with vichy or were directly responsible for the defeat in 1940 continues to insist that many of the officers in the present french army in north africa should be ousted at once giraud on the other hand defends most of these men who now command his troops on the basis of the records they have more recently established and opposes any immediate dismissals furthermore giraud feels under personal obligations to these officers for many of them are old friends who were his comrades in arms in world war i and served under him in tunisia where the french army made its remarkable comeback anglo american intervention under normal conditions disagreement between french the economic life of mexico has undergone far reaching changes during world war ii for an analysis of their effect on relations between mexico and the united states read impact of war on mexico’s economy by ernest s hediger 25c june 15 issue of foreign poticy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to fpa members 3 food imports make it easier to finance subsidies it is none the less true that the basic problem y face is the same with our cost of living index 28 per cent we have reached the same stage afte roughly the same period of participation in the war as britain had in april 1941 and it seems quit possible that subsidies especially for food woul now be useful both in checking any further price rig and in stimulating production if effectively admip istered and accompanied by stricter rationing anj taxes high enough to siphon off more of the surply spending power of the nation they might conceiy ably work as successfully as they have in britain and canada howarb p whidden jr men over the question of army reform would be strictly french affair now however that north africa has been an active base for combined allied operations the british and americans feel that the are justified in insisting that the french army be kept as it is rather than risk a possible decline in efficieng by a change in officers especially since the new ap pointees might be unfamiliar with local condition and with the men they would be called upon to lead moreover since american and british troops fought under giraud with success in tunisia general eisen hower apparently believes that the future safety of his forces depends upon maintaining the french mili tary command intact accordingly the united ne tions high command has thrown its support 0 giraud by informing the french committee tha sweeping military reforms could not be allowed at the present time and by inviting giraud to come to the united states within the next fortnight for militay conversations since the new settlement was brought about partly by strong allied pressure it deepened the line of cleavage not only between the two french general but between britain and the united states on the one hand and the de gaullists on the other some of de gaulle’s followers reject the allied plea of mili tary security as justification for intervention and it sist that the issue of who is to lead the french fore into battle is a purely national question in line wit this emphasis on french sovereignty the june issue of combat the organ of the de gaullists in a giers sought to carry an editorial which was prompt censored criticizing the french committee for fal ing to assett french interests in the face of allie wishes in fact it seems that de gaulle’s politid strength in north africa which has been growill rapidly since his arrival in algiers on may 30 increasing as a result of this latest rebuke by alli diplomacy in other words resurgent nationalis among the french who are beginning to recover fr td ow ss oc oo moo qo se wt ee dies m1 we lex up after e wat quite would ce rise admin ig and urplus onceiy in and jr d bea north allied at they kept icieng ew dition o lead fought fety of h mili ad ne ort e that 1 at the to the nilitany t partly line of the one ome of of mili and it 1 forces ne with une 2 in their nation’s collapse has increased de gaulle’s pop ularity and at the same time has aroused opposition to the support given giraud by the allies although it is no secret that many de gaullists deeply resent what they regard as anglo american meddling de gaulle himself attempted on june 27 to allay ill feel ing between his followers and the allies by praising britain the united states and the u.s.s.r for the role they are playing in the liberation of france hope that french unity will be preserved in this present crisis rests on several facts which are over looked in many of the sensational and conflicting re ports now coming out of algiers first de gaulle and page three giraud are in fundamental agreement that the lib eration of france takes priority over all other con siderations second both french leaders are basically in accord with the united states not only because of traditional franco american friendship but also be cause the united states supplies almost all the equip ment of the restored french army in north afri finally general eisenhower enjoys the confidence of both de gaulle and giraud and is trusted to safe guard the best interests of all the allies in an im portant theatre of military operations winifred n hadsel the f.p.a bookshelf blood and banquets a berlin social diary by bella fromm new york harper in collaboration with co operation publishing company 1942 3.50 the keen observation and sharp pen which made the author such a good politico social reporter for the ullstein papers prick inflated nazi egos giving a vivid picture of the cruel mad life in berlin before the war the coming age of world control by nicholas doman new york harper 1942 3.00 a broad historical discussion of the failure of nation states and the logical likelihood of their being supplanted by a world society regardless of the war’s outcome theodore roosevelt and the rise of the modern navy by gordon carpenter o’gara princeton princeton uni versity press 1943 1.50 this follows the more comprehensive princeton books on naval power by harold and margaret sprout and bernard brodie it is in the nature of a period piece full of sound and interesting information pertinent to an un derstanding of present day naval and foreign affairs battle for the solomons by ira wolfert boston hough ton mifflin 1948 2.00 vivid descriptions of the fighting about guadalcanal during october november 1942 written by a very capable correspondent war and peace in the pacific new york institute of pacific relations 1943 1.25 a preliminary report of the institute’s eighth confer ence on wartime and post war cooperation of the united nations in the pacific and the far east held in canada december 4 14 1942 will serve as a useful introduction to current and future problems in east asia cordell hull a biography by harold b hinton garden city doubleday 1942 3.00 the record of an american secretary of state who has been steadfast rather than showy living according to his reasoned belief in democratic decencies mitchell pioneer of air power by isaac don levine new york duell sloan pearce 1943 3.50 the first biography of the outstanding united states prophet of victory through air power his unsuccessful struggle for a new concept of war is an important chapter in the history of our disarmament years australian frontier by ernestine hill new york double day doran 1942 3.50 vivid description of the less well known fringes of the island continent from bird cage to battle plane the history of the raf by ralph michaelis new york thomas y crowell co 1943 a thorough anecdotal account of the history and current activities of the raf both amusing and informing some prior knowledge and interest in the field of military avia tion are desirable however for full enjoyment america at war a geographical analysis edited by samuel van valkenburg new york prentice hall 1943 2.50 specialists show the importance of geographical influ ences on the united states during the conflict and the approach to peace hitler’s speeches 1922 1939 edited by norman h baynes new york oxford university press under the auspices of the royal institute of international affairs 1942 15.00 this vast interpretative compilation is so arranged as to give a definite picture of the mind and methods the allies are fighting its use is facilitated by extensive bibliographic notes and an exhaustive index far eastern war 1987 1941 by harold s quigley bos ton world peace foundation 1942 2.50 a very valuable scholarly yet simple account of the first four and a half years of the far eastern conflict the author covers events in china and japan as well as devel opments in international relations easy malay words and phrases by marius a mendlesen new york john day 1943 1.00 a simple introduction to every day malay spoken from malaya to new guinea my appeal to the british by mahatma gandhi edited by anand t hingorani new york john day 1942 1.00 the full text of various articles and statements by gandhi during the months preceding his arrest indispen sable to the understanding of indian conditions and of the efforts of a pacifist to lead a non pacifist political move ment foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 37 jury 2 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lugr secretary vera micuaies dean editer entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter jury 2 eamon de valera who by virtue of having been prime minister of eire since 1932 has been head of a parliamentary government for a longer period than any european statesman now in office is likely to continue to enjoy that distinction for the remainder of the war in spite of losses suf fered in the general election held on june 22 it is true that his party fianna fail lost the independent majority it possessed in the previous dail eireann under the system of proportional representation that prevails in eire fianna fail emerged with 66 seats against the 73 that it held in the out going parlia ment fine gael the party of ex premier william t cosgrove won 32 seats as compared with 40 labor 17 as against 10 and the farmers who had no seats before won 14 but although mr de valera has lost seven seats and his majority he will probably succeed in mak ing a deal with one or more of the other parties that will enable him to hold office he is still the fore most statesman in eire indeed considering the length of time he has been in office and the eco nomic strain to which his country has been subjected during the war the outcome of the election may be regarded as a personal triumph for the prime min ister this interpretation is confirmed by the fact that mr cosgrove his principal opponent who made the need for setting up a coalition national govern ment the chief issue in the campaign lost eight seats the chief surprise was the rise of the farmer party which starting from scratch gained 14 seats the success at the polls of the labor and farmer parties indicate growing concern on the part of the voters with the country’s labor and food problems foreign policy no issue certainly there appears to have been no dissatisfaction with de valera’s policy of rigid neutrality all parties and nearly all candidates endorsed the course that the dublin government has followed throughout the war barring an act of aggression by the axis eire may be expected to remain aloof from the conflict the fact that eire can be neutral is proof of the reality of the independence that it obtained by the anglo irish treaty of 1921 when world war ii broke out in 1939 eire was the only member of the british commonwealth of nations which refused to declare war on germany today it is the only english speaking community in the world that is not at war with the axis the allies have scrupulously respected eire’s neutrality despite the grave strategic disadvantages it has entailed for them the consequences of eire’s neutrality became especially serious for the british in the summer of 1940 when following the fall of france the nazis obtained submarine and air bases on the atlantic coast at that time the southerm irish bases of cobh queenstown bere haven and lough swilly which had been handed over to eire by the cabinet of neville chamberlain under the agreement of april 25 1938 would have been of inestimable value to the british navy in fighting the nazi u boat menace even president roose velt’s friendly overtures failed to persuade de valera to grant the british the use of these important bases eire’s neutrality has also proved harmful to the cause of the united nations in other ways since dublin maintains diplomatic relations with the axis nazi agents can and do collect information in the irish capital on the movements of allied shipping convoys and on american troop movements in north ern ireland transmitting it to berlin nor is eire’s neutrality benevolent to the cause of the allies as was washington’s neutrality before pearl harbor it is so rigid that even the heroic exploits of irish men fighting in the allied armies are not permitted by the censorship to be mentioned in the press position of northern ireland but while recognizing eire’s right to remain neutral britain and the united states have consistently re fused to accept dublin’s objections to their use of northern ireland as a base for military operations the united states completely ignored the sharp pro test made by de valera on january 27 1942 on the occasion of the arrival of the first contingent of american troops in the six counties when he con tended that this action constituted tacit recognition by washington of the partition of ireland from the long range point of view of achieving the unity of ireland a goal desirable in itself it may be questioned whether eire’s decision to remain outside a conflict that will determine the life or death of the english speaking world was a wise de cision if the de valera government had linked its fate with the rest of the british empire in 1939 it would to a great extent have cut the ground from under the feet of supporters of britain in northern ireland as it is the cleavage between the two sec tions of the irish people has been deepened a large part of the sympathy that de valera and his party enjoyed in the united states has been forfeited and partition if not made permanent may have been indefinitely extended john elliott 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 aoaoanso 2a wt oo ms vol 4 +ill entered as 2nd class matter will y a ishop biversrs i vn at bor wes ee foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiii no 6 november 26 1948 events in vichy throw new light on europe’s underground a petain’s futile attempt on novem ber 18 to defy his nazi overlords by deliver ing a radio speech recognizing the national assem bly’s authority in the event of his death before pro mulgation of a new constitution clearly indicates the way the political wind is blowing in france the chief of state’s bid for allied support abroad and de gaullist sympathy at home also testifies to the effec tiveness of the allies war of nerves against axis held europe on the eve of the grand assault against the continent like the nazi soldiers and officials who it is reported are attempting to secure affidavits from people within the occupied countries stating that their past behavior has been exemplary pétain is trying to prepare for the day of reckoning french underground rejects move his efforts appear doomed to failure however for vichy has little to contribute to the deliverance of france and the good will of the french people will not be curried by a last minute conversion as early as august the important french underground news paper resistance foresaw the present attempted shift on the part of pétain it warned that he and other nazi collaborators were scheming to make laval the scapegoat for the vichy régime and insure their own escape from punishment by creating the impression that they favored restoration of democratic govern ment at the first opportunity but as this journal con cluded frenchmen will not be caught in this snare men who engineered the defeat cannot claim to be the saviors who will rescue france from traitors pétain’s belated effort to recognize democratic in stitutions also indicates the present strength of the underground movement in france the organizations of resistance began to take form in the autumn of 1940 when small groups in occupied france tried to communicate with relatives and friends in the un occupied zone and to do what they could to hinder the nazis the underground movement has grown with each indication that the german armistice terms were far harsher than the vichy government orig inally claimed and after laval announced in the sum mer of 1942 that frenchmen would be sent to work in germany it expanded rapidly the liberation of corsica and other allied successes in the mediter ranean during the past three months further encour aged its development into a force that is now strong enough to rock pétain’s confidence in his régime new leaders for europe elsewhere in europe similar signs of vigorous resistance to the nazis point to the existence of groups which will fig ure importantly in the future of europe within the various occupied countries underground movements have produced leaders who will continue to play dom inant roles following liberation of their nations al though the names of these men and women are al most entirely unknown to us now since their safety and present effectiveness require anonymity there is abundant evidence from the underground press and witnesses who have escaped from europe that these new leaders enjoy widespread popular confidence and will command positions of responsibility in eu rope’s post war political life even more important than this supply of new leadership within the axis occupied countries is the reservoir of ideas concerning the future that the un derground movements have created to be sure the elaborate post war planning that flourishes in the united states is a luxury which europe’s under ground leaders cannot afford because of their pre occupation with resistance to the nazis since plans for war and peace are closely linked however and because hopes for a better future help keep resistance to the axis at high pitch some underground discus sion of post war goals has been carried on since the beginning of axis occupation and in recent months belief in the possibility of early liberation has stimu lated additional discussion of the complicated prob lems to be faced in europe after victory is won no return to normalcy despite the in evitable differences in points of view among the underground movements of the various occupied countries unanimity exists on one point that there shall be no return to normalcy for pre war condi tions led in each country only to axis conquest and succeeding years of privation and suffering there is however a marked contrast between the aspirations of the resistance movements of those countries which had arrived at fairly satisfactory solutions to their political and economic problems in the pre war peri od and those which had not whereas the under ground in norway belgium and the netherlands stresses the extension of pre war legislation providing for improved housing better educational opportunities and greater social security for workers leaders of re sistance in other countries tend to advocate more far reaching changes in france there is general agreement that the third republic is dead and must be replaced by a fourth republic characterized not only by greater political stability but by economic reforms which will improve the lot of the workers and end the control of great wealth by small groups in poland yugoslavia and greece opposition groups which were almost en tirely silenced before the war by the semi fascist régimes of their countries are now urging thorough going political and economic changes in poland the emphasis rests on establishment of truly representa tive government and more equitable distribution of land and other forms of natural wealth in greece the problem of whether the government should be a elections to be touchstone of bolivian democratic process mexico city political activity in bolivia has in creased considerably in the past few weeks and will continue to do so until next year when the presiden tial election campaign scheduled for march may will be in full swing president enrique pefiaranda del castillo in office since 1940 when he was elected to succeed the late german busch by a vote of 75,000 to 15,000 over his leftist opponent josé antonio arze cannot be immediately reelected according to the bolivian con stitution preliminary consultations as to a new pres ident are already under way at la paz and the ques tion dominating discussions is will the elections be really free or will the president impose a successor of his own choice present political set up bolivia's popu lation totals about 3,500,000 people but only those who can read and write may take part in the elec tions as illiterate and desperately poor indians con stitute over 80 per cent of the population the num ber of voters is comparatively small moreover they are so divided along political and ideological lines pagetwo monarchy or a republic is foremost owing to distry of the king engendered by his acquiescence in pre war dictatorship and the goal of the yugos underground appears to be replacement of pre y serbian domination by a genuine federation of ser croats and slovenes role of the big three in view of strogy internal minority opposition in some countries jj these programs of reform it would be utopian to lieve that the underground movements projectej changes can be realized without generating frictiog but whether this friction reaches its maximum minimum proportions depends largely on the attitud the big three take toward europe if as a meay of maintaining their own safety the anglo america bloc follows the balance of power policy and th u.s.s.r attempts to secure spheres of influence jj europe the big three will tend to intervene withi the liberated countries to improve their own position on the continent under these circumstances th tangled yugoslav question for example could be come a testing ground for the great powers with the u.s.s.r and the anglo american bloc supportiny rival groups and ignoring the wishes of the yugo slavs on the other hand if the big three proceed tp develop the framework of cooperation outlined by the moscow conference and look toward a system of collective security to guarantee their interests the underground leaders will be assured far greater free dom in carrying out their proposed plans for the re construction of their nations winifred n hadsel that coalition governments are inevitable since no single party is ever able to take power alone at present there are six important political parties the country three of which republican genuine republican and republican socialist this latter so cialist in name only are generally considered con servative the other three nationalist revolution ary unified socialist and revolutionary left are in varying degrees leftist the bolivian congress composed of a senate of 28 members in which repre sentatives of the conservative parties are in an over whelming majority and a house of representatives of 110 members in which the right and left are about equally represented preliminary skirmishes the political ball for the coming presidential as well as congressional elections started to roll last month when president pefiaranda called in the leaders of the four tradé tional parties those listed above minus the ne tionalist revolutionary and revolutionary left and asked them to accept a candidate of his choice to bt selected later friends of the administration hailed gene two f desig candi ing presic parti to act du may sourc politi earlic ordet of we at c this a co febr ever pefia bolit in tk josé ary retut activ for a com justi lati has in port mac tion in e soy refs r e 0 at es if nuine ot so con ition are ss is repre over atives t are l ball ional ident tradé ne and to be nailed general pefiaranda’s move as one in favor of unity and peace opponents particularly members of the two parties not consulted declared the measure was designed to deprive them of the right to present a candidate the consultation and bargaining now go ing on will probably last many weeks and if the president succeeds in persuading the four traditional parties to back his plan the minorities may be forced to accept his candidate during an official visit to the united states in may 1943 president pefiaranda according to reliable sources was advised in high places to grant greater litical freedom to opposition parties five months earlier secretary of the interior pedro zilveti arce ordered bolivian troops to fire ruthlessly on a group of workers who had gone on strike for a wage increase at catavi one of bolivian tin king patino’s fiefs this aroused so much protest all over america that a commission of inquiry was sent to bolivia in february 1943 in the recent cabinet shake up how ever secretary zilveti was confirmed by president pefiaranda in his post nevertheless the situation in bolivia seems to have somewhat improved while in the united states president pefiaranda received josé antonio arze exiled leader of the revolution ary left party and formally promised that he might return to bolivia and be free to resume his political activity this and other facts have raised great hopes for a more effective democracy in the near future the coming months will show whether these hopes are justified bolivia's economic plight like most latin american countries bolivia since pearl harbor has been suffering from an excess of paper currency in circulation the result of increased wartime ex ports of strategic materials and decreased imports of machinery and other needed commodities the infla tion created by this state of affairs is greater by far in bolivia than in any other latin american country page three for a survey of the post war objectives of belgium czechoslovakia france greece the netherlands norway poland and yugoslavia read post war programs of europe’s underground by winifred n hadsel 25c november 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 a a according to statistics of both the bolivian bank of issue and the league of nations bolivia occupies the unenviable position of being the western hem isphere country in which the cost of living has in creased most since the war the cost of living index established by the bolivian central bank reached 701 at the end of 1942 1936100 representing a level seven times higher than seven years before from january to december 1942 alone the index went from 555 to 701 this goes far to explain the unrest among salaried people in bolivia whose wages buy less and less every month 2nd who must constantly battle to secure at least partially compensating wage increases ernest s hediger is china a democracy by creighton lacy new york john day 1943 1.50 although granting that china is not democratic in the sense of having universal suffrage or representative gov ernment the author believes that the spirit and people of china are democratic and that a new china is being built in the course of the war american diplomacy in the far east 1941 compiled with a foreword by k c li new york k c li woolworth building 1942 3.00 a collection of documents consisting chiefly of official press releases of the department of state the goebbels experiment by derrick sington and arthur weidenfeld new haven yale university press 1943 3.00 matter of fact description of nazi efforts to control the minds of germans and their conquered peoples adds little to previous accounts greek miracle by stephen lavra new york hastings house 1943 1.50 short account of greek resistance to the nazis which the author thinks kept them from advancing further in the near east pacific blackout by john mccutcheon raleigh new york dodd mead 1943 2.50 a journalist’s report on the fall of the netherlands east indies together with several chapters on australia in teresting but superficial and lacking in detail exchange ship by max hill new york farrar and rine hart 1942 2.50 the former chief of bureau of the associated press in tokyo describes his experiences in japan before pearl harbor his imprisonment by the japanese and his return on the asama maru and gripsholm in the summer of 1942 malta magnificent by major francis w gerard new york whittlesey house 1943 2.50 with warm admiration for the people who went through a literal hell of bombing major gerard describes his two years as information officer on malta he regards the island as having held in her slim hands the destiny of the united nations foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 6 november 26 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lust secretary vera micueres dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications beis f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter nov 22 rumania seems destined to be the first axis satellite country to fall to the united nations it is shaken by the approach of the soviet armies through the ukraine toward the dniester river by the recent bombings of the rumanian ploesti oil fields and of sofia the bulgarian capital a few miles south of rumania and by the prospect of turkish entrance into the war or at least turkish authoriza tion to send russia bound allied supply ships through the straits into the black sea even before the sofia bombings general ion antonescu ru manian dictator conferred with adolf hitler and reportedly sued for permission to withdraw most of the rumanian troops from russia and last week it was reported from ankara and berne that ru manian owners of merchandise are selling in panicky anticipation of the country’s collapse carol’s campaign this prospect raises a strange political problem for the united states carol hohenzollern who abdicated on september 5 1940 and now lives in exile in mexico city has hired an american press agent russell birdwell to convince the american people that rumania wants carol to return as king his son mihai now rules the colum bia broadcasting system has agreed to let carol tell his story in a nationwide broadcast and a number of newspapers inspired by mr birdwell are pleading the king’s cause the campaign is intended to reach its climax about the time of rumania’s defeat the aim of this publicity is of course to arouse americans to press for government assistance to carol since the ex king reached mexico in july 1941 the state department has steadfastly refused to grant him a visa to enter the united states on janu ary 7 1942 carol announced that he had organized a free rumania movement with himself at its head and leon fischer of new york city a sort of precursor to mr birdwell issued statements to the american press on february 12 1942 washington discouraged the movement sumner welles then acting secretary of state said that the presence of carol in this country would not be conducive to the war effort of the united states nor to the kind of na tional unity we want during the war the birdwell undertaking which marks the first time an ex king has sought through press agentry to regain his kingdom is embarrassing to the united states government but any possibility that it will change its attitude toward carol is remote in the first place decisions about carol’s future will come not from this country alone but from the united states in company with its allies and the rumanian people and no statement from russia or britain ip dicates sympathy with carol's hopes in the second place this government desires the united nations to be in a position to take full advantage of ru mania’s fall when it comes for us to raise the issue of carol would only confuse the war in the balkans inside rumania the prospect is slight of an internal crack up in rumania before the arrival of enemy troops at its frontier considering that fron tier as the pruth river line fixed in june 1940 when the u.s.s.r annexed bessarabia and northern buko vina the great majority of rumanians are united in fear and dislike of russia and german soldiers now police rumania nazi minister von killinger in bucharest dictates to dictator antonescu who has lost all his following in the country rumania sup ported antonescu when he joined germany in the war against russia in order to regain bessarabia and northern bukovina but interest in the war disap peared when rumanian troops crossed the bessarabian boundary and invaded the ukraine recent rumanian defeats during the red army advance have made antonescu intensely unpopular juliu maniu leader of the peasant party is first in popularity among rumanian public men this fact speaks well for rumanian thought for maniu a more than technically able politician stands for the idea of freedom and democracy once prime min ister before carol became king maniu never formed a government under carol and during the past three years antonescu’s police have kept him under close watch what régime the russians favor in rumania is unknown but it is interesting that last year charles davila former rumanian minister in washington who speaks in behalf of maniu in the united states attempted to establish a basis of rumanian russian rapport in a series of conversations with maxim lit vinov then soviet ambassador to the united states there is also the possibility that war may break out between rumania and hungary before russiat troops reach the balkans rumanian speeches radio broadcasts and newspaper articles reflect an intensé fying determination to retake the half of transyl vania transferred to hungary by the vienna award of august 30 1940 such an outbreak would speed rumanian collapse and collapse will disclose the extent of carol’s political strength in his own countty blair bolles 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 landi three led t strate since front ha at wi the n actio led tl deriv diate yond sive origi prote cam threa were perh tacul baul reali v fore next of th answ tara land erati pacit we v here num w +foreign policy bulletin index to volume xxiii october 22 1943 october 13 1944 published weekly by the national headquarters foreign policy association 22 east 38th street incorporated new york 16 n y index to volume xxiii foreign policy bulletin october 22 1943 october 13 1944 anglo american caribbean commission toe troie 1 tomioatiior cccescesssscsscccciamtanel eee eteeacbuatnapthecetbens west indian conference set up as advisory body arab federation egypt and arab states confer on post war plans argentina recognizes new bolivian régime ii iee asain asiss eusicek snccnnncnnnsiedidahabbennioniiinieniueneeinaeaeeaaniaees sebhcoumed tvorciireion c0screscccssivcisnicnsnscssndbosininarsiocetestnnneiens coup forces out ramirez as president farrell succeeds bind rcvcsciucctunesssnenisdcensinshcchipeisennthstalaasebsasiseleeninsenasebadaeeaiaacheeas coup widens breach with united states gou grupo oficiales unidos influence britain and u.s recall ambassadors allied action deterred by war needs tok rong cer trieroiin aicsiccccsiciessensiinasieniintansissninnstbicivionnns peluffo defends argentine policy cccccccssssssscccssesesccesesees recalls ambassador escobar from washington financial situation ee eeeeeeseeeeees ee eeeeeeeeeeereeee por eee eee eee eee eee eee esse sees ee eeeeeeeeeeee cee eeeeneeeeeeeseeseeseeeeees corres t re rhee eee h ee ee sese eee sees oar eee ree er ees oe ee eos eee esee ese se este eeoeesseoesseeeees sees eees ceo ree terest essere es eeeeeeeee sees es eeeeeeeeeeod atlantic charter anglo american talks on application churchill’s statement australia commonwealth post war policy shown in pact with new zealand ere re ree e oe ree eere o ees e esse se eseeeeeeee sees ees es eee eeessesees seer ror rr eee eere eoe ee ees ee eeee ee eeessooeeeseseesesoseseseeeeeesseessesee sese se eseses popc or sese eee ee oe eee oee oses es eee esse eeess aviation united nations preliminary talks on international air agreement belgium british commonwealth membership suggested bolivia economic situation iie piiiiiid 5 incs:cdsanidiimsaraetasenincianigeliaanongseheeasseectataaeenan coup ousts president pefaranda biel armies 0 anssirsincitcunboennniatiaesiiaetensitivamanaianmmanysahagebin anaes wii oruunos fiore vccicrspsnsesicoicssseseninvimnetennieiaetiediain anti axis republics move to find possible outside fascist ried se doig nistisecenretesinaaerscenstoeesvsdancrameenaieten asrotad togretinod cobtio os cccccessercxececsececsoncevocscinbintiabicaueieoie de lozada junta representative in u.s on its democratic iiit wisnesininsrcocssexsgsvchtannonnartenaamneesbinaiasianatencenamieeaniiains hull on outside forces as aiding revolt u.s refuses recognition recognized by britain u.s and eighteen american re publics corse e er oee reso ee esse se eeee eee se ees ese seseeses esse eseeseseoses ses ese sees sees seeeeceeecesoeeeeseees eee eo ee eee ee oee e oee e sees oe ee eee esoeeseseeeseeeseee sess oeeeeeeeeese es cor ere eo oo ees ese eoe eeeeeo eee eseoeoeet esos foro r ree re er eee eee eeo e eee ees ese oses sese es es eeeeeseess este ese eeeseeeese sees reed book reviews ament lavina mee ned tied iicececescscscsissnescerscwsavscsnscnvtbentts adler j how to think about war and peace alcott carroll my war with japan cccccsoccccsscssccooscesees allen h b come over into macedonia banning kendall our army today cccccesecsseseeseeeeeeses baruch b m and hancock j m war and postwar policies ee teeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeees cope eh ere e see ree e eset ee ee etes esse os ss eeeeeeesesseeses sees eee eeseeseseeseeeeeseeseees 17 34 25 10 11 11 11 14 14 14 16 38 19 19 25 date january 14 1944 january 14 1944 january 28 1944 january 21 1944 february 4 1944 february 4 1944 march 8 1944 march 8 1944 march 8 1944 july 7 1944 july 21 1944 august 4 1944 august 4 1944 august 4 1944 august 25 1944 august 25 1944 april 14 1944 april 14 1944 february 11 1944 june 9 1944 april 7 1944 december 24 1943 november 26 1943 november 26 1943 december 31 1943 december 31 1943 december 31 1943 january 21 1944 january 21 1944 january 21 1944 january 21 1944 february 4 1944 july 7 1944 december 17 1943 february 25 1944 april 28 1944 february 25 1944 november 19 1943 april 7 1944 volume xxiili book reviews continued becker c l how new will the better world be bender j f comp nbc handbook of pronunciation biggerstaff knight the far east and the united states bombay plan for india’s economic development bonsal stephen unfinished business brailsford h n subject india 0 ccccesecrcscesesecssssceesesecs brown j m to all hands an amphibious adventure bruun geoffrey clemenceau eee carus c d and mecnichols c l japan its resources eons sr ea tre ile oa ei chamberlin w h the russian enigma cccsecceeeeeeees chang h h chiang kai shek asia’s man of destiny cherne leo the rest of your life cccccccceseseessesseseeeeees chiang kai shek resistance and reconstruction i teens lc cianfarra camille the vatican and the war collis maurice the land of the great image coudenhove kalergi r n crusade for pan europe coupland r the indian problem ccccsccccssssseeseeseeeeeeess cressey g b asia’s lands and peoples cccseeeseeee curtis monica ed documents on international affairs ir ee pnt sr ag i ee senne dallin d j russia and post war europe 0cccceeceeees diamond william the economic thought of woodrow i ecnintcincananenbinnonighionien diver maud royal indica see en duggan stephen a professor at large yt rene eee ee dulles f r the road to teheran emerson gertrude voiceless india fischer louis empire then a cari a flynn j as we go marching ee ete freyn hubert pog crabs note dg oncicccccccccccccccccsccccccesece furbay e d top hats and tom toms gayn m j journey from the east gerard f ww malta magnificent roper row een gibson hugh the road to foreign policy setecantensidntichidtianeis gilbert w h jr peoples of india goette john japan i ic scccnnceancsasosesatsceeesons goffin robert the white brigade goodhue cornelia the journey into the fg 0 ccccc00ee00e goodrich l c a short history of the chinese people goshal kumar yo ae greenlaw 0 s the lady and the tiger cc.scseesseeeees gull e m british economic interests in the far east gunther frances revolution in india hagen paul germany after hitler ccccscccceesseseseeeeees haines c g and hoffman r j s the origins and back ground of the second world war i oe io bien me uie ccbctenciniuticemsnenticcssesitenssnagnoenniene 7 c p the amazon the life story of a mighty itera dilaadh leech aidit etek adhd aninnbbananwinciencecednatesniecsdoncneeeone haynes williams the chemical front cccccce00000 hershey burnet the air future ccce ccccscccsssesscseceesescseees hill max exchange ship ccccccccccssssee ees hogg george i see a new china cccccccccccseccscececsceseeeeeeees holborn l w war and peace aims of the united na ees se cen serre se ene ee ee a hughes e j the church and the liberal enniintond hull helen mayling soong chiang nanee hynd alan betrayal from the east hynd alan passport to treason cccsseseeeee ickes h m a ingersoll ralph the battle is the pay off egworgey frgiom beetl of teuggig cevcsnccisssccccccsecscsesecscesccccsssesses jane’s all the world’s re tine mui iie oo ccnicscscncstsncnesnereccecsveneeceses ichisconcsb joesten joachim what russia want ccccccccccccccscceceeess johnston g h the toughest fighting in the world j m a modern foreign policy for the united tni uel tetas diesen he nde isi eamehemniendebauenehawneeswensnens de jong l and stoppelman j w f the lion rampant keenan j l a steel mam tm india 0ccccccecsccsssssssesseeees keller james and berger meyer men of maryknoll kerr walter the russian army its men its leaders ee fen ees a aor rr nas kris ernst and speier hans german radio propaganda kulischer e m the displacement of population in europe coo c eee eee e eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeees corr e eee eee tee eee teen eeeneeeeee coenen ee eeeeneeeeeeeeeeeees date june 30 1944 november 12 1943 november 5 1943 september 8 1944 june 30 1944 september 8 1944 december 3 1943 february 18 1944 november 12 1943 july 14 1944 january 21 1944 september 8 1944 august 18 1944 november 12 1943 march 31 1944 march 31 1944 december 31 1943 january 21 1944 september 8 1944 september 8 1944 november 12 1943 january 21 1944 july 7 1944 april 28 1944 december 3 1943 march 10 1944 september 8 1944 september 8 1944 february 25 1944 june 2 1944 january 21 1944 april 21 1944 july 14 1944 november 26 1943 august 4 1944 september 8 1944 november 5 1943 february 25 1944 february 25 1944 april 28 1944 july 14 1944 december 17 1943 march 31 1944 september 8 1944 september 1 1944 october 22 1943 august 11 1944 november 19 1943 february 4 1944 january 21 1944 november 26 1943 september 8 1944 february 18 1944 june 2 1944 november 5 1943 april 21 1944 october 22 1943 december 3 1943 january 21 1944 january 21 1944 january 21 1944 january 21 1944 july 7 1944 november 5 1943 april 28 1944 july 21 1944 january 21 1944 december 31 19438 july 7 1944 september 22 1944 january 21 1944 volume xxiii book reviews continued lacy creighton is china a democracy ccccccccesseseeenes laing alexander way for ame ticd 00 csse scsrcccsscsssvessees landheer bartholomew ed the netherlands 0 lattimore owen and eleanor the making of modern cgi insscihiccsnsinaiidietniiastivabansiunsossihaiemmbeiiinins smasabaidaaanta dada lavra stephen greeks meals cccsisesecececervevesevecdventonrsionitecss li k c comp american diplomacy lippman walter 07.3 war mgqee sccccssescccestncicusnqrestctnieees liu nai chen and others voices from unoccupied china lowdermilk w c palestine land of promise 0 mccoy m h and mellnik s m ten escape from tojo mackenzie dewitt india’s problem can be solved macvane john journey into war mosotingr balvagor ge dogg sccecccccecssccsiesececscssessccceusquesmasvees maguire w a the captain wears a cro88 sesseesee mallory w h ed political handbook of the world parliamente partics dad pree ccccccccccccoccsscccocsceccaccsecevcses matthews h l the fruits of fascism ccccccccccececeeeeees may m a a social psychology of war and peace miller douglas via diplomatic pouch cccccsseseesesereeees milton g f the use of presidential power 1789 1948 mitchell kate and goshal kumar twentieth century boreiia ca siccsueresaiiaieivnsseasehtnesenveveiamne i aaaeaeamaadamaa aaa moraes f r and stimson robert introduction to india j ee fe td a ean re a a cae ae nathan otto the nazi economic system cccccccccsscseees naughton s j pius xii on world problems 0.000 o’shaughnessy michael peace and reconstruction a catrethe emma d bwotouos cvccesinssevecccsetessceaninwensencshevecreveess pares bernard russia and the peace c.ccccccccscccceccscees peck a m the pageant of canadian history pol heinz the hidden enemy the german threat to de i ne ponsonby arthur henry ponsonby queen victoria’s pri i i iiss concede sensecctasccpsibeannnauarinbathanateorsepinensencconatiae prewett virginia the americas and tomorrow pyle ernie here is your war raleigh j m pacific blackout siig spoons oud bio sicecerrntiiteninncenssicnnnencibnnsaticcenwienues ramsey guy one continent redeemed redmond juanita j served on bataan reynolds quentin the curtain rises 00 2 cccceeeeeeeeeeeees riess curt the nazis go underground po a oe eres sansom g b japan a short cultural history schultz sigrid germany will try it again ccceeeeeee sereni a p the italian conception of international law sharkey don white smoke over the vatican beer red wemeet tere vvaciccessiencuteathocdocnndueciatctaib dada sington derrick and weidenfeld arthur the goebbels btn ccuinasscccevissiiddeceessousscnpnas scnhionsteaemimnionbesascniaadiaiamonbias skomorovsky boris and morris e g the siege of lenin goteed nnsesicstesensoonenstesensbntighnssveasmmntvenmenensaconsmiphaleasaeemiaeaontds smith g h and good dorothy japan a geographical i a ee sorokin p a russia and the united states ec aes te wc or g ecu ei oo piiticasesnnscpndneeesanieaveinccinceonces stuart g s latin america and the united states swing br g preview of history seccoseocesesscsossoscessensasceess taggart w c my fighting congregation cc00000 tao ming wei my revolutionary years cccseeeeesseesees er a pree ere nn inset 9 tregaskis richard invasion diary et ee ee rea ne van sinderen adrian four years a chronicle of the war by menths september 1939 september 1943 vansittart lord lessons of my life wales bh g yeare of burg o ociccsnccecscinssssinsecsenens ward a c a literary journey through wartime i eer ecole ea sered conese 29s oe bo ripe mre mii si a ool pe ro pie oie cs apc scckisss cas sanvcotaceackedaceetapemeaeeorces wason betty miracle tn hellas ccccccseccccsssessesssessssecees weller george singapore is silent ccccccccccseseseeseseeeeees welles sumner the time for decision cccccccsseeeeee0es wheeler keith the pacific is my beat cccccccccoosseseseeees white d f the growth of the red army 00006 white leigh the long balkan night cccccccccceeeeeees wilson c m middle america 20 19 date november 26 1943 december 17 1943 june 2 1944 july 14 1944 november 26 1943 november 26 1943 february 18 1944 august 4 1944 july 14 1944 july 21 1944 september 1 1944 september 8 1944 april 7 1944 march 3 1944 march 8 19447 april 7 1944 july 21 1944 november 19 1943 august 4 1944 june 16 1944 june 30 1944 april 28 1944 june 2 1944 february 25 1944 june 9 1944 march 10 1944 march 10 1944 july 7 1944 january 21 1944 february 25 1944 december 31 1943 june 9 1944 december 17 1943 november 26 1943 march 31 1944 february 25 1944 december 3 1943 april 28 1944 september 8 1944 april 21 1944 june 30 1944 october 6 1944 january 21 1944 june 30 1944 may 12 1944 november 26 1943 july 7 1944 october 29 1943 july 7 1944 january 21 1944 february 25 1944 december 3 1943 march 8 1944 june 16 1944 february 25 1944 september 8 1944 january 21 1944 june 30 1944 december 31 1943 december 3 1943 january 21 1944 june 23 1944 december 3 1943 december 3 1943 august 4 1944 june 2 1944 july 7 1944 march 31 1944 august 18 1944 6 volume xxiiili book reviews continued wilson c m trees and test tube ccccecseceesceeeseeeeseens winter gustav this is not the end of france wintringham t brazil aranha resigns as a minister brazilian expeditionary fo political situation seen eeneeeeseneees om the story of weapons and tactics ruined sistepensestonscninssnihicios soe eere ee ee eero teeter ee eeee eeo eee eee eere oses eeeee esse eeo eee ee ee bretton woods conference see united nations monetary and financial conference bulgaria russo bulgarian four day war ends cairo conference 1943 china’s rise to great power implied by chiang kai shek’s iid itinhcncritinaieedtnndesiduneetnngtnneunttencssssiesenevitesenneceesenenee korean independence pledge russian attitude canada canol project and u.s canadian relations e0000 0 mackenzie king rejects halifax plan for post war policy among members of british commonwealth en mackenzie king on unity and freedom of action in com monwealth hore ee ere e eee eee r eee eters e eee eese eee oe ee eeeeeeeeeeee ee eee eee ee ee eee eee ees footer eere reese eee e eee esher eters eee eeeeeeee eee teese eee eee oe ee eee eee e eee eee eeeneeeees saree eoe e ree eee e ether eset setters eee ee hee ee thee ee ee eee eee caribbean commission see anglo american caribbean com cartels u.s takes up international problem cc:ccscesceeseeeeeeees chile names mora ambassador to u.s cccccccccssssseesesseeseseeeeees china roosevelt asks chinese exclusion law repeal signs moscow accord i cas camneibbicadarnsonset chungking communist difficulties i a rs succeeds soong as chairman of board of bank of i ahaa etait cee aaa acilatiensantienisnnianiniaaions mme sun yat sen on national troops blockade of guer sl lll american concern over conditions sun fo on slow political progress cscsscsscseseeeeeeeees kuomintang communist parleys at chungking and sian i i a a scesecamnnoncbenes i leela wallace outlines basis for far east harmony internal political differences and military situation u.s military mission confers with chinese communists people’s political council session ccccssesessesesseeeeeeeee chiang kai shek on keeping up struggle in eet ee ae nelson and chiang kai shek agreement on wartime indus a ag alle a american british chinese statements on supply situation criticism internal of chungking see also world war colombia declares war on germany cuba es ne czechoslovakia russo czech pact coree orr ree ree e eere eee eee e eee eee eeeeeee corre rrr eee eere eee ee ee eee eere eee eee eet ee eee oo ore eere oe reet eoe eere shee eee teese ee oee eere ee eee ee eee eee ee eee e oed dumbarton oaks see reconstruction ecuador revolution egypt conference with arab states representative coo ee sese ree e eee eere oses eters eee ee eee ee sese ee ees eee eeeeeeee eee e sees ee eeeeeeeees 50 o 00 co 17 23 32 34 49 42 34 32 34 15 date december 17 1943 january 21 1944 november 5 1943 september 1 1944 september 1 1944 september 1 1944 september 29 1944 december 10 1943 december 10 1943 december 10 1943 december 3 1943 february 11 1944 march 24 1944 may 26 1944 june 9 1944 september 22 1944 august 4 1944 october 22 1943 november 12 1943 december 10 1943 february 25 1944 february 25 1944 february 25 1944 february 25 1944 may 5 1944 may 5 1944 june 2 1944 june 2 1944 june 2 1944 june 30 1944 september 1 1944 september 1 1944 september 22 1944 september 29 1944 september 29 1944 september 29 1944 october 13 1944 october 13 1944 december 3 1943 june 9 1944 may 26 1944 june 9 1944 january 28 1944 volume xxiii eire duet eear tambor gor cnccccececccncsccassanecincdensehatnionieeaiaiaainen isolation move by allies to safeguard invasion plans europe underground movements ais cccccccccccssccscsscccsessscssscccssecesnss occupied countries want aid not tutelage from allies ee le be see eee ae will expediency alone determine allied policy national régimes not amg to rule liberated countries allies seek underground unity before invasion fate of private property in occupied countries german looting under study by committee political preparations for invasion seccecccsssssessesereees liberated peoples tackle self rule problems see also reconstruction far east moscow accord implications underground movements finland objects to russian armistice terms again rejects russian armistice wettig nii ts sodas esesniseeseviensedcdcnntieendambininichueaauiaaeiiaeatineaiemntialemielaatnll tete oed purges drgniied ccccccseccmneesirceininceeninntageinnion mannerheim made president may modify pro german rapes sec ar ne pn sp a sra surrenders eeeeee ee eeeceeeeereseseees peer eeeeeeesereseeeees eee eeeeeeeeeseseseeeeeees eee eeeeeeeseeeeeseeeseses corr ree eee eee ee ee ee eee te eeee esse ees eesee ese seoes pupp ti i irr corre eee eee eee ee es eeeeeeeeeeseeseseees pre eiiici iris ptittitit tit tit it ttiti ttt tiiitiitriiti itt riiteiitiit titi ttt ttl cor oe eero e eee e toes eee eees sees eeoeesesesee ses eseseseeeeeeseseseseseseoeees foreign policy association toro ie vavssccninctanisitcesccedtintininineslndtiians pppoe to tops oe tic oicisncitscsiaciaiiiise senshi mrs dean attends unrra council meeting g s mcclellan joins research department blair bolles heads washington bureau ccsssssesesseeees olive holmes joins research department ccsssseseees c g haines becomes assistant to the president annual forum speakers france french committee of national liberation reorganizes cro duis sisciersesittinencipinnnininiininmoamsians french troops arrest lebanese officials causes 0 pétain’s effort to recognize democratic institutions underground rejects forrir wat vvccesesssscnisscisiscsssssisccavcossice french committee of national liberation seeks recogni so site tuoiid vine crencenetenccccocicesinesonimmemmnianaiis colonial conference brazzaville ae ree ee provisional constituent assembly moves toward parlia ese ee ist true es colonial plans at brazzaville td gupotinl wotgutid ac ccsecesesctiecaticcenssoneenttcaas algiers military court sentences pucheu to death for ir sacccocncncacensvecescsseccnsnsassensaadaetaaeneseiieabeaices samen aeeias de gaulle on french committee’s responsibility when in vasion occurs bit cxaiscobininntacissqenessansies tonrcniecisnedtpalaiiabapusssnaeealaesleaaiataetataonsiaibcabotanatieibtie u.s recognition policy and military needs beige curroriie ctr doouiiiiioue cesciiicceccsencecsissacenecccensesonsienssoneenes maquis to be incorporated into french army porto stine oncss secsicsiatiadascamenianenseimaapumnmnatnetion eisenhower to deal with de gaulle after invasion de gaulle protests administration of freed france by ag cora tinue occ sticrenectpcttvicsnehindeesiee eisenhower proclamation to french people roosevelt invites de gaulle to washington c 000 causes of friction between french committee of national et ea rs be general koenig named commander of the french forces of the interior acting under eisenhower underground activities aid allies ee ee een nee eee franco british agreement on civil administration ee re ee eee eee liberated french move toward fourth republic u.s de gaulle administrative agreement pe eeeeeesesecesessaseeee ee rro e ee eee rse o crete sese reese seee esse esse sese seeees oses eeeeeeeccese coo eee eee ee eee hee ee ee ee ee eee ets eeeeeeeee coro ree eee ete e sees eee esse eseeeses ee eeee sese eess coosa er eee eee eee ee eeo ee ee eeoe sees oses sees eee ees oee sese eeee esse ee esee sees eet eeeeeeseseeceseeseseseses prerrrrrrrrrrr iii cece eeecceeeeereseeseseees corr eee eee ee eee eee eee ee eee eeeeeeee sees eeeeeeesenseee seeeeeeesesseecees cenc eeeeeeeseeseeseneeeseeeeee french committee of national liberation see france no 22 22 date march 17 1944 march 17 1944 november 26 1943 december 31 1943 december 31 1943 march 3 1944 april 21 1944 may 19 1944 may 19 1944 may 19 1944 may 26 1944 july 21 1944 november 12 1943 may 19 1944 march 10 1944 april 28 1944 june 16 1944 june 30 1944 august 11 1944 september 8 1944 september 29 1944 october 29 1943 november 12 1943 november 19 1943 january 7 1944 march 17 1944 july 21 1944 september 22 1944 september 29 1944 november 19 1943 november 19 1943 november 26 1943 november 26 1943 february 4 1944 february 4 1944 february 4 1944 february 4 1944 february 18 1944 february 18 1944 march 17 1944 april 7 1944 april 7 1944 april 7 1944 april 14 1944 may 19 1944 may 26 1944 may 26 1944 june 16 1944 june 16 1944 june 16 1944 june 23 1944 july 7 1944 july 7 1944 july 14 1944 july 14 1944 september 1 1944 september 1 1944 september 1 1944 ma volume xxiii germany no date moscow accord on policy toward c cccsccceseesseesseeeeeeeeenee 4 november 12 1943 inflation po ree 8 december 10 1943 hitler’s assassination attempted ee te ee ae 41 july 28 1944 i a ca shcmnsmensiuntes 41 july 28 1944 turkey suspends nee and economic relations 43 august 11 1944 wehrmacht purge ee eee ae 43 august 11 1944 de industrialization of a defeatist policy inidbteniasialieneninats 51 october 6 1944 unconditional surrender ie vieciienttreinsinenmetutt tnibeasancctisobbniees 51 october 6 1944 see also world war great britain senators criticisms after visit 0 0ccc.cccccccccscseeeeseees 1 october 22 1943 i ns vs coc ccovenmncntconece 2 october 29 1943 bpoureeis pouo waf cueigor 2.2 0c5 cicccccccccccccccceescccocsseccccseoccesoce 2 october 29 1943 i eee 2 october 29 1943 i ee a 8 december 10 1943 belgian membership in british commonwealth suggested 10 december 24 1943 smuts proposes commonwealth extension to western europe siinehdadieniabsctiacsscboustbiasssics 10 december 24 1943 to end opium smoking monopoly shiiinaleniiianenit 14 january 21 1944 eden on use of spanish troops against ra 15 january 28 1944 halifax on post war policy among british commonwealth iir sie ia carat ata sasnaeaid duu bieddbadhdsiccididéasesvesiceesesticeedios 17 february 11 1944 halifax proposal dominions views c 0 ccseeeeeees 17 february 11 1944 eden on proposed u.s pipeline in near east 18 february 18 1944 churchill and eden on foreign policy re 20 march 3 1944 churchill on yugoslavia pbedbahabidcddadannbcckodia cacao 20 march 8 1944 backs russian peace offer to a 21 march 10 1944 lend lease aid ian a 21 march 10 1944 anglo american cooperation and post war trade policies 23 march 24 1944 ec 23 march 24 1944 anglo american talks on application of atlantic charter 26 april 14 1944 asks sweden and turkey to stop sending germany ball bearings and chrome respectively cc:ccsessssseeeeeeees 27 april 21 1944 calls on dominions for post war unity c00cc0ccceeeeeeees 28 april 28 1944 churchill on commonwealth and world order 28 april 28 1944 churchill on imperial preferences ccccccecceeceeseeeeeeees 28 april 28 1944 restrictions on neutrals i os ee a ae 28 april 28 1944 churchill on greek political nat 29 may 5 1944 spain’s concessions in agreement with britain and u.s 30 may 12 1944 dominion prime minister’s declaration after london con ference en eee ae se 32 may 26 1944 dominion conference backs world order cssc00cc.ccsssse 32 may 26 1944 churchill’s references to spain pse pare 33 june 2 1944 recalls ambassador from argentina cccc0 ccceseee 38 july 7 1944 see el lee 38 july 7 1944 franco british agreement on civil administration of wa tnanneuingeins 39 july 14 1944 i i capnntinannaiannconne 43 august 11 1944 employment policy white paper c sscsssccesseeeeeees 44 august 18 1944 phillips incident disturbs ecciesttaetiner ea relations 47 september 8 1944 churchill meets tito 9 et ee 48 september 15 1914 anglo american conferences at quebec oe ear 49 september 22 1944 churchill on russo polish problems ssseseseeeesees 51 october 6 1944 churchill warns against haste in security decisions 51 october 6 1944 american british chinese statements on chinese supply ge ot ee a sl ar re el se saas 52 october 13 1944 see also palestine petroleum greece eo ta cupenchangecenenperessanenenees 2 october 29 1943 a scahiialiinmmenc sacbcbtlondnaibitacwodeed 2 october 29 1943 i sn kdirpmiaiesenineewinvecesuvens 2 october 29 1943 background cg se te eee eee eee sd 29 may 5 1944 churchill’s message jet tin sli 29 may 5 1944 russia backs leftists assails government i in n exile se scecaleailis 29 may 5 1944 hungary te i a ccsesenmsnnndeetiae eaten lcbinssideovsdeaseoisass sstesooutens 37 june 30 1944 india japanese invasion tojo’s statement ccccccceeccceeeeees 24 march 31 1944 phillips incident disturbs anglo american relations 47 september 8 1944 international labor organization convenes international labor conference at philadelphia nt alk aiaac ac tnenl datetpnstcenrastuitededtic cunts tates cumtedecegueasceccoowss 27 april 21 1944 i tine rcsnnasvpanidlticldsiinistiineciins ieee rae ak 31 may 19 1944 we ge sued lenals pup thishthde shoots 31 may 19 1944 volume xxiii __ iran teheran conference declaration on opium and opium treaties ireland see eire italy badoglio government cobelligerent status bago lio tesigmaation ptawigs cecoreceiccccccccrsccsascvecctocccstesnesiveratest sforza and croce on government re ere ap 2h ers moscow accord on policy toward armistice commission personnel pme won 5 cescastuscanczonnnsndapdenmueiinnsesninteenssietnasapiaacetanaeaeaeaadae impending government changes radoo vel cfs movoto osc cvccscseudonniacconsencnsnconstieidcshesnthaaentieh russia recognizes badoglio régime cc sscceceeeeeeeneeeeees h f grady on need to oust the king es ee se en ea t stalemate below rome upsets political timing seioeted conde sound occccnccorsixcisencenctasgumnintcnictucnnstbbpeoeant six anti fascist parties in badoglio cabinet bonomi replaces badoglio 0cs.cccicesccccccscosecconcsvcnssssossbusscaess king victor emmanuel retires fe net ei le ee le cee ne must face self rule responsibility ccccssscceseeesreceeeeeees py ae ee hopes for allied aid in economic difficulties splinter parties active japan comers contetomco gocibiong gm occicccscreccccscicnaceserseceerescesasscocetesons grew on policy toward after defeat ccccccsceeceeseeseeseeees people are key to peace not the emperor 00 0 dismisses chiefs of army and navy general staffs propaganda changes other tightenings at home soviet japanese agreements on sakhalin concessions and on fisheries bt minnie dsnernasntcsnnsnnnslibabevsdieapnialailmiaiinninatiassaes eatin iinadaan roosevelt on policy toward after defeat see also world war korea cairo conference pledges independence underground movement latin america labor confederation to call inter american economic con tgiege ded oueevon ccccijvicevinssrtenterintekiteaactasileaieeter asus senator butler assails cost of good neighbor policy pps rins 66 11.0 pout cine incendie enna revolutions test good neighbor policy lebanon french troops arrest lebanese officials causes french lebanese crisis officially ended london economic conference 1933 reason for failure mediterranean commission middle east landis report moscow conference 1943 three power meeting cooperation pattern pe ge midi onexsercitidinncintia dah desieviahaneseriieiedinindacaeieaiaaaaien far east implications of agreements sseeeeereeeeeeees statement on german atrocities ccccccceceeeeeeseeeeeees eee netherlands to end opium smoking monopoly new zealand commonwealth post war policy shown in pact with aus tralia oil see petroleum oo he me be co do 14 17 date december 10 1943 july 21 1944 november 5 1943 november 5 1943 november 5 1943 november 5 1943 november 12 1943 february 11 1944 february 11 1944 february 11 1944 february 11 1944 march 24 1944 april 7 1944 april 7 1944 april 7 1944 april 21 1944 april 28 1944 june 16 1944 june 16 1944 june 16 1944 july 21 1944 july 21 1944 august 25 1944 august 25 1944 december 10 1943 january 7 1944 january 7 1944 february 25 1944 march 10 1944 april 14 1944 july 28 1944 august 18 1944 december 10 1943 may 19 1944 november 19 1943 december 3 1943 may 12 1944 june 9 1944 november 19 1943 february 4 1944 march 24 1944 november 5 1943 january 28 1944 october 29 1943 november 5 1943 november 12 1943 november 12 1943 november 12 1943 january 21 1944 february 11 1944 10 volume xxiii opium britain and netherlands promise to end smoking monopoly congress authorizes president to act cccccscsccsssessesreeeeenes i so hl llbdiscmnendnonaesessocesecononece war stresses danger and need for controls cceseeeses palestine arabs send message to u.s congress ccssssessseesssenees resolutions in u.s senate and house on jewish immigra tion roosevelt on british white paper on immigration paraguay eeceeeeereeeee tes ss ie a petroleum ickes on u.s plans for pipeline in near east e international and domestic aspects cccseccsseessssecereetees u.s consumption and eserves cccsecssesssrsrresssssesreesseeees ambio atgticrt betoctiote 2.00 cccccrccescsccccsccccccscesscccccccecccscceees philippine islands i ett spain congratulates laurel japanese puppet 000 osmefia becomes president on death of quezon iy iil siac ag acastoheenindivnabenreccesenaeeoweceenseqeeseoneee poland background of polish russian relations ccssssee ribbentrop molotov agreement on eastern poland border settlement proposed by russia cssssesseeseeees government in london assailed by russia sssc00e0e ppro u.s attitude on territorial question i a te or russo polish issue shows need for consultative machinery ihe erent eere oe ee ae premier mikolajezyk visits washington ccccsccceees underground representative visits washington i i lcd oo nsdeieietosansevcoesecqoectoors russo polish controversy less tense cssessseeeessesessses i i ooo cas cnscencnevescncndocecosscsnceset polish committee’s foreign policy cssecsssssersssreresseeees soviet administrative agreement with new polish commit i a asccereatncnenigbenteusuceuscedsonees churchill on russo polish problems cssssscessssseeeseees drops sosnkowski as commander in chief of armed forces 2 es ee ee lublin committee and moscow assail komorowski reconstruction post war european advisory commission ite ininrthaneemeannaunionne unrra council meets elects lehman director general occupied countries want aid not tutelage from allies unrra adopts u.s financial plan ccccccccsssseseesseseres unrra pattern of international collaboration controversy on sending food to europe through blockade invasion compels allies to face unresolved problems dominion prime ministers conference backs world order what are u.s objectives in europe cccsccesseeseseees what u.s policy will best assure stability in europe invasion speeds plans for world organization roosevelt on tentative project for world organization secretary hull asks allied en hull conversations with senate and house on world organ ization senators views en germans robot bombs pose ethical problem for future dumbarton oaks conference on world organization europe must share in decisions on germany 0000 fear of communism nazis last hope for soft peace er ee senate attitude factor at dumbarton oaks 0000 changes in europe’s temper require american understand eeeeeeeeeeeeee preeeet ieee rr ce eeeeeereeseeeeeeeees reer orierieriiriii i itt rr irre soar eee eere eere eee eset eere se ee eeee seer esse eee eeeeeseseeeeeeeeseeeeese eee ees see ees esse sess ing is u.s working with democratic forces in europe churchill warns against haste in security decisions international collaboration system necessary to relieve con rs tt to security organization plans hinge on u.s elections dumbarton oaks tentative proposals for the establish ment of a general international organization unrra’s work and national sovereignty cee meee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 22 22 22 30 date january 21 1944 july 21 1944 july 21 1944 october 6 1944 march 17 1944 march 17 1944 march 17 1944 may 12 1944 february 18 1944 february 18 1944 february 18 1944 august 18 1944 october 22 1943 november 12 1943 august 11 1944 august 11 1944 january 7 1944 january 7 1944 january 14 1944 january 14 1944 january 14 1944 january 28 1944 january 28 1944 may 12 1944 june 28 1944 june 23 1944 june 23 1944 july 21 1944 august 4 1944 august 4 1944 august 4 1944 october 6 1944 october 6 1944 october 6 1944 november 12 1943 november 19 1943 november 19 1943 november 26 1943 december 17 1943 december 17 1943 january 7 1944 may 12 1944 may 26 1944 may 26 1944 june 2 1944 june 9 1944 june 9 1944 june 9 1944 june 16 1944 june 16 1944 july 14 1944 august 25 1944 september 8 1944 september 8 1944 september 15 144 september 15 1944 september 22 1944 september 29 1944 october 6 1944 october 6 1944 october 6 1944 october 13 1944 october 13 1944 volume xxii __ 11 refugees no date roosevelt executive order creating war refugee board 37 june 30 1944 es kr ye ol os rr a 37 june 30 1944 spanish policy assailed by celller ssssssssscsercececeeseesees 37 june 30 1944 unrra operates middle east centers ccccscccccssessseseees 37 june 30 1944 ie eee ee ee 37 june 30 1944 relief see reconstruction roman catholic church russian attack izvestia on vatican foreign policy points gi tid scikscoicsscadececcsiccccceccodestucensbsboesacenouaiestinaetaadieatets 18 february 18 1944 rumania carol’s publicity campaign in u.s ccccccccccsssscsoccsssessoees 6 november 26 1943 rine iiod xecnecsiccccnsenavmmsninanal thancctstenntas want 6 november 26 1943 rn ciid cissscctessersieivvennslaicnitatintanacea 50 september 29 1944 russia cr cog orig oie scccnnssnciccctcvntnesaienninntamaammaieet 2 october 29 1943 bee cuo cud occas cninsssrvietnincictdndslsinidincisdtibbiecsted december 10 1943 war criminals trial and execution cccsscsssccssssscssseseeses 10 december 24 1943 background of polish russian relations sscseceeeeeees 12 january 7 1944 ribbentrop molotov agreement on eastern poland 12 january 7 1944 assails polish government in london cccccssessseeeereeees 13 january 14 1944 polish border settlement proposal c scssecccsscecsessereesereres 13 january 14 1944 on use of spanish troops against russia ssseesee 15 january 28 1944 polish issue stresses need for consultative machinery 15 january 28 1944 molotov on foreign policy right of each union republic 17 february 11 1944 izvestia attacks vatican foreign policy points at issue 18 february 18 1944 stalin on invaded territory freed ccccscccccssssssscsseeseeesers 20 march 8 1944 great britain and u.s back armistice offer to finland 21 march 10 1944 rae goi seceniisscencecccsnshoinsecedssemtaabiigantahanntaiaaadiamiaalans 21 march 10 1944 european policy contrasts with american indecision 23 march 24 1944 recognizes badoglio régime ccseseseeeseeees cakiveeahadlicoaaan 23 march 24 1944 izvestia on reason for recognizing badoglio s00 25 april 7 1944 soviet japanese agreements on sakhalin concessions and a binns scicescccmrspusiceenhsrcateeersabesseadlesioscaeaccochehedcle ielauaaboeeaiecalidonbiidel 26 april 14 1944 finland again rejects armistice ccccccsccccccccsccssccocccoscccccese 28 april 28 1944 attitude on greek political crisis cccccccsssccceesseeeeseees 29 may 5 1944 brin sion sgnssns saciccnsiassinscacesidbandsedcanesemndunedeevoaaaaets 30 may 12 1944 ene ae a aa 32 may 26 1944 so be gmd csccitsdicnccctainiaiandenees 39 july 14 1944 russo polish controversy less tense ccscssccessseceeeeeeeeees 40 july 21 1944 administrative agreement with new polish committee of nour icnisccacosaseigeucegusoectaditnaighatumsiiuindanteabeae tas eadeian ete 42 august 4 1944 pea th wonee toit sai ickesccctscsscnbivesccnsscccrenssvsrsincnics 42 august 4 1944 polish committee’s foreign policy cccccccccscececeescsssseeees 42 august 4 1944 i ty ti iio nes shicscintethaevieeppesinsanidiiseminciesteisecene 48 september 15 1944 boearity key to foreign wom cecciscercescocssecsiveccecsesecsscosseccvossvence 48 september 15 1944 signs armistices with bulgaria finland rumania 50 september 29 1944 assails komorowski new head of polish armed forces 51 october 6 1944 churchill on russo polish problems ccssscesseseesseeeees 51 october 6 1944 security international see reconstruction for dumbar ton oaks e siberian bases see world war soviet union see russia spain congratulates laurel puppet head of philippines 4 november 12 1943 celle ure ged ceerececerenecrvecsnsvseneuniagilingiantiieeniniemeinmaniinien 4 november 12 1943 british and russians criticize use of troops against russia 15 january 28 1944 u.s on use of spanish troops against russia 000 15 january 28 1944 u.s suspends caribbean oil shipments ccccsseeeesseees 16 february 4 1944 concessions in agreement with britain and u.s 30 may 12 1944 bre imiiiiiid icssicrindissnniediibisnssiiniinasexcunldtiliaaavacdiakaaaecsanesiimesedteaiaaiaanaia 33 june 2 1944 cee sinned 04.1 sscicinnssiidbiatninnnacaauiliiicemmiecsanibimimeantiadaattel 33 june 2 1944 ce nd fd tid oissccccrcsmissniiarsesnitincinerenevesennemumninaianti 37 june 30 1944 ambassador hayes barcelona speech ccccceceeeeeeeeeeeeees 42 august 4 1944 be ee ee er ee aa 42 august 4 1944 sweden britain and u.s ask end of ball bearing shipments to ger miteiieet acoccavaseonsnineiasnedesehenssieebslveeniieesacaeeeraniientadaaamamaenta sakaacateadi 27 april 21 1944 refuses to end shipment of ball bearings 0 000 28 april 28 1944 12 volume xxiii teheran conference 1943 agrees on military operations against germany sr arie la se pledges freedom of small nations ccccceeeeeeeees se sr eastern poland issue tests accord on small nations turkey britain and u.s ask end of chrome shipments to germany i iiis i i sashes cndeonsentsbcshmmnadaseuubeseessdeen suspends diplomatic and economic relations with germany united nations monetary and financial con ference preliminary talks on stabilizing world currencies i sui uii 0 snassuecessssnsuscssecanecscecersseseresees assured by draft agreement for international monetary i oa i atin eeanttenemssunbeeuccnsiesenesemenoeneeetecs enc ella lll talks show need for broad economic agreement agreements will face congress test csccsscsesesseesreneeeees il cia neretacsdetintenrninn tubvisienenanennsagerecencnsncccoaionnses united nations relief and rehabilitation admin istration unrra see reconstruction united states chinese exclusion law repeal asked by roosevelt connally foreign policy resolution before senate ii te dol sansa cenkepenssesinestencsucuewencvoeecepeseesereseteeces nee unni scsi sccecesscckscscenesevabeseechtecsesooccbescoseser philippines roosevelt message on independence srmiit genuueiiiee gun bipueinied cscececciccccccssscoviccncsecveseossocqcosccesves welles on formulating foreign policies ccccceceeeeeees willkie on international collaboration ccccccseccceseees a a irie avatesuvivnnaddausvncesenesceveneovevensecestecwonse i aia aetiacensdsesiibahcetvnbnitnsds wibinintaciintecrorestevseusteneee ae onin 5.5l cnatecesvctasusasd vossetcvscescsssobesoescosoose i iit isles sisnlicsasinabaninnsssaseessrencccdendsersedetdsecosers canol project and canadian u.s relations c00 000 senator butler assails cost of good neighbor policy be iii dics calli inacenvevebsandndibnadinesininsenndtobueseiennebeoiecceesees fights inflation as menace to internal stability and inter i os a acedlebbhasscnubabieeebobibisebescsvereonvecses as ok dehibussenstivanbtncovedbssvossoncvoeeceie republicans on roosevelt foreign policy ccccceeeeees military services education program c:cccccccsceeseeeeeeees gg rs sre so ee en gap between u.s and europe ccccssssssssessssssseetenseeees polish american groups and papefs ccccecceceesseeeeeeeeereees polish boundary problem attitude on cccccccecseseseseeeeeees i i iie la cinsracanshenvennsernesnestsioccoascotonionscesoetin landis report on middle east scscscssssscssesseeseererees on spain’s use of troops against russia ccsscceeseeeees possible policy change toward unfriendly governments ett suspends caribbean oil shipments to spain roosevelt on form of italian government ccccccccceeesees ickes on plans for oil pipeline in near east 000 baruch report om teeconvetsion cccssceereecserseerereesreesseneeenee silence on foreign policy disturbs people c s0 state department reorganized cccccccceessreeeeseeeceeeeeees argentine coup widens dreael c.ccscccccsssssessscseeeces backs russia’s peace offer to finland ccccsssseceeeeeeees crowley and stimson on lend lease to britain and russia lend lease act hearings on extension amendment sug roreieioieid ccncneccccecctecsocscnecepecvcesosssccovencoenseoosqosoqousssueccsooovanecscosedeoes asks eire ireland to remove axis consular and diplo waacis teptosomertives 22.0200 00ccrcccerecccrsccccccccoveosccsvovesvoccoscssooees anglo american cooperation and post war trade policies i jl te anccesssupsmosssnesevcoteoroaqeonesoencepvoccouccessepe currency stabilization plam 2 ry se ah ss db russia’s policy in europe contrasted with american hull’s 17 point statement on foreign policy public asks foreign policy clarification ccccccseeeeeee republicans criticize foreign policy c cccsceceeeeeeeees ie wn id sond cnsecrnisrsensensepescccccssesescsocenseccoenseceneees french recognition policy controlled by military needs pogue on probable air transport policy c.scccssserseereeees anglo american talks on application of atlantic charter foreign policy hull’s easter speech ccccccseecseceeseeeees i ie rs csinandnbnemieniniwenseosnginsnequqneuenien coco doatiatiprr wdnr rrr rrr date december 10 1943 december 10 1943 december 10 1943 january 7 1944 april 21 1944 april 28 1944 august 11 1944 march 24 1944 march 24 1944 may 12 1944 july 14 1944 july 14 1944 july 28 1944 july 28 1944 october 22 1943 october 22 1943 october 22 1943 october 22 1943 october 22 1943 october 22 1943 october 22 1943 october 22 1943 october 29 1943 november 5 1943 november 12 1943 november 12 1943 december 3 1943 december 3 1943 december 10 1943 december 10 1943 december 17 1943 december 17 1943 december 24 1943 december 24 1943 december 31 1943 january 14 1944 january 14 1944 january 21 1944 january 28 1944 january 28 1944 february 4 1944 february 4 1944 february 4 1944 february 11 1944 february 18 1944 february 25 1944 february 25 1944 march 3 1944 march 3 1944 march 10 1944 march 10 1944 march 10 1944 march 17 1944 march 24 1944 march 24 1944 march 24 1944 march 24 1944 march 31 1944 march 31 1944 march 31 1944 march 31 1944 april 7 1944 april 7 1944 april 14 1944 april 14 1944 april 14 1944 volume xxiil 13 united states continued no date asks sweden to stop shipping ball bearings to germany 27 april 21 1944 asks turkey to stop shipping chrome to germany 27 april 21 1944 delegates to international labor conference 27 april 21 1944 figuepres policy bowete 00 00ccccevsinsccintiennsbisedibiastnadeabiaesislie 27 april 21 1944 politicians urge retaining control of air and naval bases crurege cepi woe osccccccecccestverspvinsnsoviaitintbtieansinnsliiaiiiitans 28 april 28 1944 connally against change of two thirds rule s00 29 may 5 1944 hull plans to cooperate with congress sssesseseseseeses 29 may 5 1944 latin american policy problems sssccssssssssssersesseees 30 may 12 1944 spain’s concessions in agreement with britain and u.s 30 may 12 1944 authorizes eisenhower to deal with de gaulle after in iimied sicihssdnnscuceeecoamnesnadeitietisaensesiesieitindamtiasionatniaieaniada eee aan 32 may 26 1944 oe ee eg ge ee 32 may 26 1944 inter american development commission conference reso oe 8 ee ane ee ee ae 32 may 26 1944 welles on post war foreign policy ccccsscseceeeeeeeeeeceeees 32 may 26 1944 eee eee ae oe ioe oie 33 june 2 1944 loo ee oe ee eee eee 33 june 2 1944 good neighbor policy tested by revolutions 34 june 9 1944 eisenhower proclamation to french people 0 35 june 16 1944 france complexity of relations with c cccsssseeeeeeeee 35 june 16 1944 roosevelt invites de gaulle to washington 0000 35 june 16 1944 poised hqtiot sicassncssinss cscsessnsoeessidbeiaaeenecdnantaseltntancaaimeaaaa 35 june 16 1944 french committee of national liberation reasons for ini sicitasicncindossiacenistarncacsniseanisicolaaaeaeedandbesmaimaaaaneiee 36 june 23 1944 polish premier mikolajezyk visits washington 36 june 23 1944 polish underground representative visits washington 36 june 23 1944 hands finnish minister procope his passport 37 june 30 1944 wallace visits china and siberia outlines basis of far ps ea 37 june 30 1944 recalls ambassador from argentina ccccccessessceeeeeees 38 july 7 1944 mii toniiod ceccinvsitpshncicsenckslgaciiaiacttiapisadbiniaiasmimscctninnttndlablcack 38 july 7 1944 borer docg wingo ci cecceccccsitnitsinstnititininniistatinndshinopsiteactias 38 july 7 1944 de gaulle visit reasons for speech on arrival 39 july 14 1944 war needs deter allied action on argentina 000 40 july 21 1944 eruuguores re mui ceccsasssesenscs sasercescsesncceseiessssccesssssunios 41 july 28 1944 ambassador hayes barcelona speech ccccccsecccceceeeeeeeeees 42 august 4 1944 argentina recalls ambassador escobar ccccccseeeeeeees 42 august 4 1944 mora new ambassador from chile ccsssesssseceesssseeeeeeees 42 august 4 1944 siiied geno cuuiiiiine sssse es ccsscccssssavvasensticicasactastipliansadnainteree 42 august 4 1944 state department memorandum on relations with argen br oret cis i ra re arr i se 42 august 4 1944 roosevelt on policy toward defeated japan c.c scceee0 44 august 18 1944 dumbarton oaks conference on s cutity cccccseeeeseeeeeeeees 45 august 25 1944 hull dewey exchange on foreign policy aims of conference 45 august 25 1944 suspends gold shipments to argentina c:ssseeseeseees 45 august 25 1944 willkie on dumbarton oaks policy on small nations 45 august 25 1944 administrative agreement with de gaulle ccsseeeeeeeees 46 september 1 1944 american military mission confers with chinese com id escinisimrnsaninnsnieniinaisisiiiasacigal la areal tei hee ata i ae 46 september 1 1944 phillips incident disturbs anglo american relations 47 september 8 1944 anglo american conferences at quebec ccccseeeeeees 49 september 22 1944 takes up international cartel program ccssscseseeees 49 september 22 1944 nelson chiang kai shek agreement on china’s wartime in grre ciid sissctetis ia ticsteniccioncnnad 50 september 29 1944 popc poc beogt guoceiriiet cccccescccescsscscsscocsnsccnscsccssctenansesese 51 october 6 1944 american british chinese statements on chinese supply uci cessing kc ccnsecsniccasconsiuabailin aiaaeedab eal dnsaccatta aoe 52 see also petroleum reconstruction refugees world war war criminals october 13 1944 moscow conference statement on german atrocities 4 november 12 1943 russia leads in trial and execution ccccccccsssssssseccseeeees 10 december 24 1943 united nations commission for the investigation of war si oiiie q ccvvanscsaventnessncsas cies wsbidenidcadibelea lads ana se 10 december 24 1943 world war 1939 siberian bases senator lodge’s statement ccceeees 3 november 5 1943 moscow accord policy on continuing fight on germany 4 7 7 november 12 1943 december 3 1943 december 3 1943 december 3 1943 colombia declares war on germany gilbert islands seized by u.s marines nimitz on strategy against japan teheran conference agrees on military operations against sint westtnen sacensvead dente saicnittie sine seess gavenpeightinainsn oteeeattae 8 december 10 1943 pte tee tie ivcceitecensericnnincedestinencetasareccsnncamtziaerens 11 december 31 1943 roosevelt announces general eisenhower’s appointment to lead invasion of europe from north and west 11 december 31 1943 eisenhower’s staff for anglo american invasion 14 january 21 1944 two front war will be final test of german reserves 14 january 21 1944 army navy report on japanese atrocities cccceseeeeeeees 16 february 4 1944 volume xxiili world war 1939 continued nazi defeat first step toward avenging japanese atrocities ee re eels ae te ec censorship military and political and stilwell on importance of china in defeat of apan japan tightens home front after losses in pacific russia crosses dneister river burma strategy japanese invade india neutrals difficulties invasion forces allies to face unresolved problems political preparations for invasion allies invade western europe allies occupy rome japanese take changsha in central china saipan invasion progress against japan will u.s pacific gains offset japanese drives in china cherbourg taken by allies french underground aid to allied armies robot bombs pose ethical problem for future allies invade southern france roosevelt on pacific strategy after meeting with mac arthur and nimitz brazilian expeditionary force in italy eisenhower announces destruction of nazi seventh army k c wu on american air bases in chinese communist territory red army junction with yugoslav partisans ae conferences at quebec plans for war on apan chinese military difficulties and u.s ccccccessesesseeeeeees russia with other allies approval signs armistices with bulgaria finland and rumania internal weaknesses cripple china’s effort yugoslavia tito demands recognition churchill on king peter and tito impasse between tito and king peter broken mikhailovitch out of peter’s cabinet subashitch cabinet churchill meets tito red army junction with tito’s forces yugoslav committee of national liberation refuses unrra aid date february 4 1944 february 4 1944 february 25 1944 february 25 1944 march 10 1944 march 24 1944 march 31 1944 march 31 1944 april 21 1944 may 12 1944 may 26 1944 june 9 1944 june 9 1944 june 23 1944 june 23 1944 june 23 1944 june 23 1944 july 7 1944 july 7 1944 july 14 1944 august 18 1944 august 18 1944 september 1 1944 september 1 1944 september 1 1944 september 15 1944 september 22 1944 september 29 1944 september 29 1944 october 13 1944 december 31 1943 march 8 1944 june 30 1944 june 30 1944 july 21 1944 september 15 1944 september 15 1944 october 13 1944 +ae eee ee mar 11 1944 entered as 2nd class matter 2 general library 7 1944 vievors.ty of michizan a aan arbor michigan ase foreign policy bulletin em and al of an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association ion foreign policy association incorporated an 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y ting you xxiii no 21 marcu 10 1944 s at tly allies back russian efforts to make peace with finland ittee a the finnish government postpones accept withdraw immediately after accomplishing this task r on ance of the russian armistice terms as announced in conclusion moscow reserves for later discussion tay by the moscow radio on february 29 finland’s hope the question of reparations demobilization of the airs that it will be able to bargain for a better offer is be finnish army and disposal of the petsamo region 1 of coming more and more illusory russian planes have the russian terms appear reasonable not only sses attacked finnish cities and ports and the red army when considered in the context of finland’s partici nof is now within 100 miles of tallinn an estonian pation in the war against the u.s.s.r but alongside naval base from which the russians might be able the demands moscow has made on the polish gov ness to control the gulf of finland moreover both brit ernment in exile this relative leniency may spring fice ain and the united states to whom the finns have in part from the fact that a lesser degree of animosity om long looked for intervention are presenting a united has historically characterized russo finnish relations irec front with the u.s.s.r in his latest speech prime than has been true of the russians and poles but the af minister churchill endorsed russia's view that it has chief reason must be sought in the red army’s view de the right to reassurance against further attacks from of military strategy its experience in this war has xela the west and early in february secretary of state indicated that poland is the natural battleground for tters hull reiterated his advice to the finns to get out of a grand assault on the soviet union while finland s e the war at once is valuable to an enemy only in blocking russian the russia’s terms judged by the fact that the supply lines and launching localized attacks the icul finns participated in the siege of leningrad and al strategic interpretation of the moscow terms is borne ye as lowed the germans to use their northern port of out by the fact that in 1940 the russians handed back the petsamo in preying on anglo american supply routes petsamo to the finns while now after the port has ffice to murmansk the proposed russian armistice terms figured prominently in blocking the routes of allied pay seem moderate indeed no call for unconditional supplies to murmansk moscow reserves it as a sub ublic surrender is made and no request for changes in the ject of later negotiations nfor present finnish government is included although the finns objections despite the mod rove the russians indicate they would welcome a more erate character of the russian demands and the enor e in friendly cabinet in helsinki the proposals provide mous military pressure being brought to bear on vcies first that the russo finnish border be left as estab the finns the government in helsinki continues to the lished in 1940 following the winter war this raise numerous objections to moscow’s stipulations ative means that the whole of the karelian isthmus in for one thing the finns dread being cut off from ger note cluding finland’s second largest city viborg and its man supplies of food and fuel and fear that their ypose famous mannerheim line fortifications as well as country will become a battleground for the german inted the finnish coast of lake ladoga would become part and russian armies as the nazis may fight to defend to be of the u.s.s.r the russians also demand that fin their access to vital finnish supplies probably the utters land break off relations with germany and intern most important reason for the finnish government's tions nazi forces estimated at seven divisions in northern hesitation is its fear that once the russians have oc f the finland if however the finns need help in dispos cupied finland they will remain permanently this 2 ing of the germans they can call on the red army distrust of the soviet union dates from the period on the explicit understanding that the russians will when the finns were included in the tsarist empire and has been the keystone of finland’s foreign policy since the republic was established in 1917 in their struggle against both russian domination and the in fluence of the bolsheviks finnish nationalists con sisting for the most part of the nobility and mer chants obtained german aid during the succeed ing years finland looked at various times to the scandinavian and western nations or to germany for support against the u.s.s.r now that the soviet union has emerged as the strongest military and political power in this area finnish foreign policy can no longer rest on its traditional basis but must seek a new orientation such a modification in policy might perhaps be made along the lines followed by president benes of czechoslovakia who believes that the best interests of his country can be preserved only by close friendship with both the soviet union and the western powers instead of by playing the latter against the u.s.s.r stake of all united nations although getting finland out of the war is of primary con cern to the russians and finns this event would have significance for the other united nations as well mil itarily removal of the german troops from finland and a shortening of the eastern front would release red army units for service elsewhere perhaps for a thrust against the baltic states in a move that might serve as a corollary to anglo american attacks in western europe this spring politically the results for the united nations as a whole would also be far reaching since finland’s conclusion of peace japan tightens home front as outer defenses crumble japan’s rulers are leaving few stones unturned in their attempts to cope with present difficulties and to prepare for new war problems of still greater seriousness under measures announced in tokyo on march 4 total mobilization of all high school and college students will take place school and college buildings will be made available as military store houses hospitals or air raid shelters women will be subject to labor mobilization and important new air raid precautions will be initiated food consumption and luxury activities are to be curtailed and all after noon and evening papers discontinued added power for tojo these moves are designed to help tighten up the war apparatus they are part of a series of significant internal develop ments during the past month including the replace ment of three cabinet ministers agriculture and commerce finance and transportation and com munications the removal of the army and navy chiefs of staff and the announcement of the largest budget in japanese history requiring sharp increases in taxes and war savings the main objectives of cur rent policy would seem to be to further centralize japanese economic and political life to prepare for page two might be expected to have repercussions in bulgaria rumania and hungary where losses on the eastey front and from anglo american air attacks are jp creasing dissatisfaction with axis domination more over britain and the united states might expect tp cooperate with the u.s.s.r in applying armistic terms to finland on the basis of the precedent fo joint action established by the mediterranean com mission and emphasized by president roosevelt's ag nouncement on march 3 that russia would secure third of the italian navy however it must be recog nized that american neutrality toward finland may be a complicating factor in our participation in the ultimate finnish settlement the soviet union’s reference to reparations focuses attention on an important issue of the forthcoming peace that has thus far received little attention ig this country that the u.s.s.r expects enemy nations to repair the damage and destruction wrought by their armies comes as no surprise for last fall pro fessor varga a leading russian economist estimated that the soviet union would have a claim of 15 billion against germany alone but it is in moscow proposed armistice terms for finland that reparations are for the first time applied to a nation other than germany remembering the difficulties that arose from efforts to collect 32 billion from germany after world war i all the allies will need to work out a united policy on reparations lest this question again lead to economic chaos winifred n hadssel mass air raids on japanese cities to secure maximum labor power for essential production especially of ships and planes to eliminate all unnecessary eco nomic activity and to impress on the general popw lation the full gravity of japan’s military position one of the important by products of the process has been a further development of the power of premier tojo who so far appears to have successfully passed the buck for all difficulties to his political and mil itary associates especially significant is the change in propaganda inside japan as is well known the japanese author ities although frequently speaking of a crisis in general terms for a long time sought to hide from their people the blows that the united nations were inflicting in the pacific now this policy is being modified and the people have been told a few of the details of military developments notably in the com muniqué of february 21 admitting the loss of cruis ers destroyers transports and planes at truk and that of february 26 announcing the loss of 6,500 japanese on kwajalein and roi in the marshalls apparently the government has decided that the en tire truth can no longer be kept from the country aa ww aria stery fe ip more astice it for ure 4 evog may n the uses ming on in tions ht by pro nated 150 cow's ations than arose many work estion sel imum lly of 7 c0 popu 5 1t10n ss has emier assed 1 mil ganda athor is in from wert being of the com cruis and 6,500 shalls he ef untry e there is also some reason to suspect that growing pular concern over the military situation may have helped to bring about the change disagreement in tokyo however diffi cult it may be to judge the temper of the japanese people signs are certainly not lacking of differences within japan’s ruling circles the cabinet shake up and the dismissal of the chiefs of staff are sugges tive of deep disagreement over war policy japan’s leaders are presumably doing some hard thinking about how to anticipate future attacks and how to prolong hostilities in the hope that the united states will become war weary and accept a negotiated peace this is clearly a fruitful field for official disagree ment especially since many tokyo officials must be wondering whether their own country will not suc cumb to war weariness first although in comparison with the european war the pacific conflict is still in an early stage the ground is already being knocked from under some of the alarmist conceptions circulated about japan not so many months ago no one for example any longer suggests that it will be necessary to fight for every inch of ground on the road to tokyo since it is indisputably clear that with the overwhelming air and sea power made possible by american produc tion important island areas can be passed by in our forward push through pacific waters the united states fleet instead of being restricted to a rather small ocean radius by the necessity of returning fre quently to rear bases can now carry its bases with it for considerable periods of time the development of the fleet train involving tankers ammunition and supply ships ioating drydocks and other elements required for rcpairs and replenishment of fuel and materials gives our fleet a phenomenal mobility re viewing the japanese soldier our conception of the japanese soldier is also being changed by the course of events his bravery de page three what is the allied stake in yugoslavia what are the roots of yugoslavia’s internal conflict what has axis occupation meant what are the parti sans goals what is the position of the govern ment in exile what are the prospects for balkan federation the struggle for yugoslavia by winifred n hadsel 25c march 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 aaeneel termination and formidable military qualities remain unquestioned but he is very different from the super man who we were told would never crack or sur render a london times report of january 8 from the new guinea front declares of the japanese pri vate he is extraordinarily dependent upon his offi cers and very much at a loss when as has happened more than once in this theatre all his officers are killed on such occasions he huddles together with his fellows and seems to be deprived of all power of action and decision and on kwajalein veteran american infantrymen with previous experience in the aleutians were said to have been convinced that most of the japanese soldiers would have surrendered had it not been for the opposition of their officers and a few determined regulars this testimony that enemy troops do not possess an indestructible morale offers a basis for a realistic although not a complacent view of the far eastern war we still have a long way to go in asia but we are clearly going there at a faster pace than anyone could have anticipated two years ago the progress that is being made however places new responsibil ities on united nations policy makers for it is be coming increasingly necessary to pay attention to the political aspects of the war with japan as long as japan seemed to many to be an unbreakable political unit there was no strong compulsion to think of the japanese people as an important element in future developments now a new phase of the war is ap proaching when under the impact of mass bombings japan’s common man may assume considerable politi cal significance plainly it is necessary for the united nations to arrive so far as events permit at more concrete conclusions about future policy toward japan lawrence k rosinger pius xii on world problems by james w naughton s.j new york america press 1943 2.00 useful analysis of the pope’s pronouncements by subject with workable index a professor at large by stephen duggan new york macmillan 1943 3.50 the long time head of the institute of international education writes interestingly of efforts to create among people of different countries a better understanding of each other and each other’s culture peace and reconstruction a catholic layman’s approach by michael o’shaughnessy new york harper 1948 2.00 bases his hopes for social justice on the papal encycli cals and on many years of practical business experience in the united states and abroad foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 21 marco 10 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheles dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year se isi produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor oa rr to wee ca oe le de we ry a a ae washington news letter stbbes marcu 6 on march 11 1941 president roose velt signed an act to promote the defense of the united states the lend lease law on march 11 1943 after affirmative votes of 407 to 6 in the house and 82 to o in the senate lend lease was extended for one year to june 30 1944 now congress is con sidering a resolution authorizing the act's extension for a second time and hearings are being held be fore the house foreign affairs committee chairman leo t crowley of the foreign economic admin istration the agency administering the act told the committee on march 1 that lend lease aid up to december 31 1943 totaled slightly less than 20 bil lion or about 14 per cent of our defense and war expenditures since the act went into force what lend lease settlement con gressional renewal of lend lease is taken for granted chairman bloom of the house foreign affairs com mittee expects the hearings to end this week or early next week and the house will debate the bill soon afterwards some republican members of the house have prepared amendments aimed at restrict ing the president's authority to determine the benefits which the united states shall receive in return for distributing goods under lend lease section 3 para graph b of the act states the terms and con ditions upon which any such foreign government re ceives any aid authorized shall be those which the president deems satisfactory and the benefit to the united states may be payment or repayment in kind or property or any other direct or indirect bene fit which the president deems satisfactory president roosevelt in his report to congress on lend lease operations for the year ended march 11 1942 listed these four benefits 1 direct military as sistance to american security which results from the fight our allies are waging against the common enemy 2 reciprocal aid we receive from our allies which according to chairman crowley of fea totaled 1,500,000,000 by september 30 1943 3 possible return to us of goods sent out on lend lease 4 realization of the objectives set forth in article vii of the master agreement which envisions mu tually advantageous economic collaboration among nations after the war the house and senate com mittee reports on lend lease extension of february 26 and march 10 1943 respectively accepted the president's catalogue of benefits and the catalogue is safe from enlargement this year unless congress enacts restrictive amendments proposed by critics of for victory buy united states war bonds the administration representative vorys republi can of ohio is considering offering an amendmen to change the law’s title to mutual war aid act which is innocuous in itself but dangerous for the administration in that if it were accepted pro ponents of amendments modifying section 3 b might find it easier to get consideration even tentative contemplation by congressmen of restrictive amendments shows a present concern for the nature of the governmental economic settle ment that will follow the war president roose velt announced on march 3 that under secretary of state edward r stettinius jr will take part in eco nomic and political talks in london affecting the united states and britain press reports said that dis cussion of agreements that might be reached ynder article vii of the master agreement was on mr stettinius agenda congress will of course reserve the right to pass on proposals to implement article vii the form chosen for any particular proposal in this field will follow normal constitutional practice the house foreign affairs committee declared in its 1943 lend lease report the committee also said that payment in gold or in goods has in the past proved self defeating and destructive and would after this war seriously interfere with the achievement of the conditions of world economic order on which the prosperity of this country largely depends aid to britain and russia britain and russia have been the chief beneficiaries of lend lease secretary of war henry l stimson told the house foreign affairs committee on march 3 the u.s.s.r is to a substantial degree dependent upon the united states in maintaining her lines of com munication by the transportation equipment pro vided under lend lease administrator crowley said that the lend lease shipments to russia up to decem ber 31 1943 included 170,000 trucks 33,000 jeeps 25,000 other military vehicles 4,700 tanks and tank destroyers 100,000 submachine guns 1,350,000 tons of steel 384,000 tons of aluminum copper and other metals 400,000,000 worth of industrial equipment 7,800 planes 740,000 tons of aviation gasoline and other petroleum products and 145,000 tons of pe troleum refinery equipment shipments to britain im cluded 3,900 planes 460,000,000 worth of aircraft engines and parts aviation gasoline 4,800,000 tons of steel 460,000 tons of non ferrous metals and other essential raw and fabricated materials blair bolles 19 +entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vol xxiv no 8 december 8 1944 u.s moves to aid economy of postwar britain be basic principles on which anglo american trade relations will proceed in the post war period have been greatly clarified in the past few weeks on november 30 it was announced in washington and london that the two governments had reached an agreement on the immediate issues of the nature and extent of lend lease aid to be granted to britain in 1945 a short term agreement which will be of the utmost importance in laying the foundation for future economic cooperation this joint statement follows on president roosevelt's proposal in the quarterly lend lease report to congress of november 24 that lend lease aid to britain cease after the war phase ii of lend lease details of the agreement indicate that lend lease aid to britain and reverse lend lease will be adjusted to meet 1 the new conditions presented by germany's downfall 2 the continued war against japan and 3 the reconversion needs of the two countries with a view to avoiding disastrous consequences for the economy of either under these arrangements lend lease aid will be reduced by 43 per cent thus pro viding 2,700,000,000 for munitions and 2,800,000 000 for non munitions items some of these provi sions become effective on january 1 1945 others with the defeat of germany or the enactment of a new lend lease appropriation for june 1 1945 while the 43 per cent reduction in lend lease aid to britain for the period immediately ahead provides a significant commentary on the progress of the war it is the broader frame of reference within which the reduction is made that is most important on september 10 1941 british policy with respect to the disposal of lend lease goods was formulated in a white paper which precluded commercial ex port of articles received under lend lease the present agreement in no way invalidates that policy announced unilaterally but it will now be possible for britain to arrange for commercial imports which may be reprocessed for its export trade thus after 1945 ao shipments to britain of any manufactured goods for civilian use which enter into the export trade nor raw materials nor semi fabricated materials such as iron steel and some nonferrous metals will be made under lend lease in recognition however of britain’s domestic needs as it enters the sixth year of a war which has so greatly strained its physical and moral resources future lend lease shipments will include housing materials completely prefabricated homes and foodstuffs in this connection a white paper published on november 28 reveals heretofore secret statistics which seek to demonstrate that on the basis of its population the british war effort has been greater than that of any other belligerent the new lend lease agreement recognizes this situation and expresses in some measure the common bond which has carried our countries through the hard days of the war to approaching victory exports vital to britain american and british officials after weeks of negotiation have thus reached an agreement which not only recognizes britain’s vital interest in reviving its export trade but lays plans for reconversion in both countries on a percentage basis so that there will be no undue competitive advantage for the exporters of either nation this arrangement should allay the anxiety expressed by many britishers that our desire for an expanded export market would tend to nullify brit ain’s hope for economic stability after the war these fears have been at the root of much mis understanding with regard to future anglo amer ican trade relations the degree of pessimism that had developed among the british on this subject was reflected in the urgent plea for cooperation in eco nomic affairs which the british ambassador lord halifax felt required to make in his speech to the investment bankers of america in chicago on no vember 28 when he described britain’s present finan cial position and its vital interest in export trade since 1939 britain has incurred overseas debts double the amount of previous overseas investments and its export trade has decreased by over two thirds in vol ume and over 50 per cent in value at the end of the war and even before britain’s first necessity will be the revival of this trade in order to maintain its balance of payments and its standard of living the public demand for a decent standard of living now crystallized in various plans to achieve full employ ment has become a paramount factor in all public policy domestic or foreign as lord halifax point ed out the essential exports can be made again only if britain can import raw materials for its factories and foodstuffs for its population the november 30 lend lease agreement offers hope in this respect by the attention now given to britain's export trade the importation of large quantities of foodstuffs and a reconversion program geared to our own aid to cooperation the most important page two aspect of this agreement is the recognition that amer ican interests will be served by a strong and stable britain the serious differences which exist between the two countries were demonstrated at the chicago aviation conference the text of the present agree ment however suggests a very careful appraisal of the situation and reveals a spirit of cooperation which will be needed in approaching such questions as the reduction of tariffs imperial preferences the abolition of other restrictive trade mechanisms and the extension of further public or private credits for britain if the british want private loans this would necessitate the repeal of the johnson act a recom mendation to this effect was also made to congress by the administration on november 30 such devel opments along with the expected congressional ap proval of the lend lease agreement should afford official british circles ground for belief that this gov ernment would not willingly jeopardize britain's future economic position grant s mcclellan transition to modern economy perturbs latin americans in the past five years the emergence of latin american countries as an important source of critical materials needed for war production has caused far reaching changes in their economies characteristic of wartime changes have been concentration on the production of strategic materials a shift in the direc tion of trade toward the united states as one by one the pre war markets of latin america in europe and asia were eliminated and economic diversification enforced by inability to import foodstuffs and manu factured goods now with peace in sight and the imminent possibility of retrenchment in united states spending the people of latin america are appraising their post war position with some uneasiness before the war they were on the borderline between a co lonial economy and a modern diversified economy now they wonder whether the difficult transition can be made without serious political and social con sequences trend toward industrialization the war period has altered economic and social con ditions the balance between agricultural minerai and industrial production has shifted perceptibly production levels have risen sharply even spectacu larly agriculture has been marked by increased culti vation of those items in which the given country was deficient and intensive production of raw materials no longer obtainable from the far east in mining too a marked expansion in both volume and nature of output has taken place latin american production of mercury has risen from 5 to 10 per cent of the world total tungsten from 10 to 20 per cent and antimony from 50 to 75 per cent being now equiv alent to the total pre war world production of all these developments however the trend toward in dustrialization has been most significant a number of countries notably argentina found themselves able not only to meet domestic demand for manu factured items but to export to neighboring coun tries on the average latin american industrial pro duction has risen between 15 and 20 per cent thanks to price rises and wage increases indi vidual incomes have attained new high levels in terms of real income however these increases have been nullified by the rising cost of living inflation ary conditions occasioned by shortages of goods and by large increases in the volume of consumer purchas ing power represented by bank deposits and currency and aggravated by speculation are present in most latin american countries in chile where inflation is at present at its worst the cost of living index has risen 100 per cent since 1939 in order to curb the rise in prices every country has adopted either price controls including rents or rationing measures and some have attempted both in addition governments have initiated fiscal and monetary measures even to the extent of restricting the purchase of foreign ex change despite these severe anti inflationary meas ures prices have continued to rise primarily as a result of ineffective administration of the controls but also because the economic structure of most latin american countries is such that a policy of price ceilings is difficult to maintain credits abroad although latin america will emerge from the war burdened by inflation diff culties it has one important asset in the possession of large dollar and sterling credits abroad which may prove a stabilizing factor during the transition period as a result of an exceptionally favorable balance of trade it has accumulated over the five year peri od 1939 44 close to 4,000,000,000 in gold and for eign exchange chiefly dollars a sum representing a 300 pe to our shortage isphere the lat ain ham by lend less abli states 1 almost ports in cent ti change price in measure 1941 w whetl on the p adjustm siderabl firms there americz zil col part of grams during place o chase tl expansi the moc tion sys traffic it has lon mexico these p just t tells 1784 eleme goetz illust calde study delia the fir for foreign headquart second cla ne month ee pins et nee et aes be sern sp om alte eat moar eta al a 300 per cent increase over its 1939 holdings owing to our concentration on war production and the shortage of merchant vessels available for hem isphere trade this country has been unable to meet the latin american demand for commodities brit ain hampered by supply and shipping shortages and by lend lease restrictions on exports has been even less able to sell to latin america while united states imports from latin america have increased almost 116 per cent since 1938 therefore its ex ports in this same period show a rise of only 49 per cent the phenomenal accumulation of foreign ex change has been considerably affected since 1941 by price increases for the actual volume of our imports measured in pre war prices has not exceeded that of 1941 where and how these credits are to be spent whether on repatriation of foreign investments on the purchase of industrial equipment or on the re adjustment of outstanding debts is a matter of con siderable interest to american and british business firms e there are indications that a number of latin american countries mexico chile argentina bra zil colombia and venezuela may invest at least part of this newly acquired purchasing power in pro grams of industrial rehabilitation and development during the war they have neither been able to re place old outmoded factory machinery nor to pur chase the necessary heavy equipment for industrial expansion nor have they been able to proceed with the modernization and extension of their transporta tion systems to the extent necessary to permit a rapid trafic in commodities industrial planning however has long been underway and some countries notably mexico and brazil are already actively embarked on these programs while others are only awaiting the page three just published the dragon and the eagle 40 tells the story of chinese american relations from 1784 to the present it is written especially for upper elementary and junior high school students by delia goetz well known author of books for young readers illustrated by thomas handforth winner of the caldecott medal and a guggenheim fellowship for study in the far east delia goetz is also author of teamwork in the americas the first fpa book for young readers order from foreign policy association 22 east 38th st new york 16 end of the war to obtain access to united states and british sources of supply but it is speculative just how long these funds will last the accumulated de mand of devastated european countries for food stuffs and raw materials may serve to create addi tional latin american credits abroad at the same time however it is expected that the demand for critical materials will drop sharply at the end of the war the united states has already withdrawn cer tain of its latin american contracts moreover there will again be available far eastern sources of such materials as rubber quinine and mica now produced in this hemisphere at a higher cost sooner or later therefore latin american countries will have to face the problem of how to pay for their programs of industrialization the solution of this stubborn problem of the dis posal of raw materials the orderly development of industries without resort to uneconomic tariff or subsidy protection continued economic aid from the united states and extension of favorable credit terms the conclusion of commercial agreements to facilitate economic interchange all these are questions on which joint action at a future inter american con ference is necessary o.live holmes this 7s the third im a seévies of articles on post war latin america the foreign policy association does not publish an annual report with financial statements due to the cost of such publication and to the paper shortage however if members are interested and wish to have details in regard to our activities and finances we shall be glad to furnish them if they will call at the office or write to us escape from java by cornelius van der grift and e h lansing new york crowell 1943 2.00 a brief account of japanese rule in occupied java to gether with the story of the manner in which three dutch men escaped from the island in a 25 foot fishing boat mak ing their way across three thousand miles of the indian ocean a history of russia by george vernadsky new haven yale university press 1944 2.75 rewritten with much new material added to show changes in attitude since the original text appeared fifteen years ago meet your congress by john t doubleday doran 1944 2.00 describes rather favorably and interestingly the work of congress and in the chapter what’s wrong with congress brings out the author’s ideas on relations with the executive flynn garden city foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 8 ne month for change of address on membership publications december 8 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lggt secretary second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 incorporated national vera micheres dean editor entered as three dollars a year please allow at lease f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labe 4 e ri oe se washington news letter state department shake up offers opportunity for reforms now that the united states has assumed in world affairs a role commensurate with its vast industrial and military power it needs adequate machinery for the conduct of its vastly expanded international re lations in the past the state department had often functioned well in the achievement of the limited foreign policy objectives sought by this country but as it was functioning before the outbreak of war in 1939 the department reflected primarily the rela tively narrow needs of a predominantly isolationist country effective participation by the united states in an international organization that could really promise security to all nations will require far reach ing reforms in our system of conducting foreign affairs changes needed the opportunity for re forms comes with the advancement of edward r stettinius jr to the post of secretary of state as successor to cordell hull stettinius is not expected to initiate much policy on major lines he may be content to follow the lead of president roosevelt and intimate white house advisers on minor lines he may accept the advice of the foreign service whose task in the department and in the diplomatic and consular missions abroad is to deal with the technical details of day to day political matters in the field of organization however stettinius an efficient businessman could take a number of bold steps during the past year he already has consid erably improved the public relations of the depart ment on december 4 the president announced a sweeping reorganization intended to strengthen the department for its war and postwar tasks with the removal of adolf berle jr breckinridge long and g howland shaw and the appointment of joseph c grew to the post of under secretary vacated by mr stettinius and of william l clayton nelson a rockefeller and archibald macleish to assistant secretaryships the first need in the department is harmonious in tegration of its various offices today they sometimes conflict with each other and the department has no effective arrangement for reaching rapid decisions at the top as is done by a military general staff or for forcing subordinates to accept such decisions al though the partial reorganization of the department last january 15 was designed among other things to relieve the assistant secretaries of detailed work for victory buy united states war bonds so that they might form part of a group of high policy makers the department often seeks to arrive at decisions through a long series of consultations among high and subordinate officers who repeat familiar arguments a second essential need is reform of the foreign service its officers will need training in the require ments of a diplomacy suited to the prospective changed position of the united states which will want energetic and well informed agents actively advancing the interests of their country abroad members of the foreign service will better under stand those interests if they are given an opportunity to meet nren and women from all walks of life all over the united states to make the service more attractive to a greater number of young men the department should further increase the pay level of its officers in one instance at least a career man was drawing 5,000 annually after 17 years of ex perience the salary of ambassadors has for long been 17,500 to that now is added 3,000 in allow ances allotted to all ambassadors whether they serve in panama or britain yet only a man of large independent means could hold the expensive post of ambassador in london economic foreign policy a third need of the state department is strengthening of its eco nomic divisions past attempts to place administra tion of economic affairs in the department have worked out unfortunately especially in the case of export control economic warfare and foreign relief but formulation of policy in economic affairs remains there invariably the political sections of the depart ment have stifled the initiative of the economic divi sions this experience suggests that a strong eco nomic foreign policy may be developed more effec tively outside the state department and considera tion is being given in washington to the possibility of turning over the long term functions of the for eign economic administration to the department of commerce the united states needs a resourceful and active economic administration that will contribute to prosperity at home and stability abroad the days are gone when united states commercial representatives abroad could perform the functions expected of them merely by gathering market statistics blairr bolles 1918 t wo cent wars sh civil str concern ranged dash thi w het tion of pected t nouncec tions in lems of influenc one of his wor good th future cern nol liberato w h discussi howeve and ed agree o comm dress t offered fight f has pro but he +foreign policy bulletin index to volume xxiv october 20 1944 october 12 1945 2 published weekly by the national headquarters foreign policy association 22 east 38th street incorporated new york 16 n y index to volume xxiv foreign policy bulletin october 20 1944 october 12 afghanistan to bak cpim poppy pumbmeit ceccrcrcscccccccsececosscccnnsenccsnornsoanesscies arab federation see middle east argentina requests meeting of american foreign ministers taneee feguofial peortoai o ccccccecessecccarccscoosssnccosscsoctsnssousse nationel bocutiey goetos ccccccecicccacescececcismessennasectisnssacsnbionnecens suppresses cabildo and el pamper csccccscsecsccssessseeeeseeees inter american conference on problems of war and peace gopiotvss torbon tof dross ovccccesecccccsesessesessssnocconqonasioocsoress declares war on germany and japan cscsccscsssssreseseeeeeeees eee grotrede asiicciiic'se dusnspcshiinbicatcnncstcguateeieabeishibletalicsitiaseiiatoadidas tein dfs me prtii or innit scctscrcresenicedicnnionscasenetenssvisivetepietealaaa ee eg rr ee meee ee nee et oe bi bd aissccncitnapeseencnanicadseovinsinseieieineatiniaaaanibinee ssgmirion ge bogrececrl potion oc iccccccccceccccesessipecnceenrstncocceecevesennesees uy 2s toured docure gre cscerassseiscseein tre teeieteinniaunien bag eee government’s economic measures unite its opponents oc ee a as se oe se u.s senate gets clayton report on axis economic spear re ar rs ere erat ee re ot stk ewes i ie i iinecinccins nvareancceaaiatienninsecesbasmnearamanaaiats rockefeller indicts farrell government sssessssseseeeeees arrests follow discovery of rawson armed uprising plan seine cuiiiin a ssnddocpapiicinsnaiaczapeerceaasscenicbencanpionnastieaeasertioeciaa what chance for hemisphere action cccccscsesssssssseeeserees atlantic charter status atomic energy atomic bomb makes international organization necessary marshall and truman on need for control cseseesseseeeees australia evatt on meeting of council of foreign ministers austria britain and u.s do not recognize régime announced by eer dacre ee eee oe er aviation civil aviation conference at chicago ccccsseseseesreeees conference defers basic decisions ccccccccccccsssscssscssesseceees direrine gis of britates omid ub ccccsssccciseccivisescvecssseserseccssabes bn sivisceecdasoiceninrcccstoitvddibexioblicicaaiaaas too did ovvcnicsnrccmnssinniasccntdaaedai belgium anglo belgian financial agreement berlin conference potsdam see international organization book reviews adaans doretiog we steed bieiie cccsccicceeteivsecsetsctncssciccoresiszeses aguirre j a de escape via ber lan 0 ccccccccccccscccssssssveseees arndt h w economic lessons of the nineteen thirties ayling keith bombardment aviation c.cccccceesseeeeseees bailey t a woodrow wilson and the lost peace 1945 34 39 39 39 47 47 51 51 51 11 36 44 52 ooo 17 51 15 16 date december 1 1944 november 10 1944 december 1 1944 february 23 1945 february 23 1945 march 23 1945 april 6 1945 april 27 1945 april 27 1945 may 11 1945 june 8 1945 june 8 1945 june 8 1945 july 13 1945 july 13 1945 july 13 1945 july 13 1945 september 7 1945 september 7 1945 october 5 1945 october 5 1945 october 5 1945 december 29 1944 june 22 1945 august 17 1945 october 12 1945 october 12 1945 may 25 1945 november 17 1944 november 17 1944 november 17 1944 december 15 1944 december 15 1944 october 20 1944 february 9 1945 february 23 1945 october 5 1945 january 26 1945 february 2 1945 volume xxiv book reviews continued barnouw a j the making of modern holland benns f l europe since 1914 in its world setting beveridge w h full employment in a free society bisson t a america’s far eastern policy s0ccceee0 brodie bernard a guide to nawal strategy sss0eee brown j m many a watchful night ccsscsseereseereeeees cardwell a s poland and russia the last quarter i a aa daasiscssnsnensconnenqncnensos clark s a mexico magnetic southland ccccse000 cleveland r m and l e neville the coming air age cloete stuart against these tree 0ccccccsecsscccssesoressees colegrove kenneth the american senate and world site cso oad ian thachdeliead earinct bel aaeinhaigatiiveamandeneenenccteweceossovecenere colton e t toward the understanding of europe coward noel middle east diary ssscccssssssssscsssessccssees croce benedetto germany and europe cccccccceeeeseeeseeees i i so ie cca cnccnncoaneoocnescosscosessses dallin david the real soviet russia ccccccccceeseeceeeseeees dent h c education in transition ccccccccccccceccscccsseees bu iy bi pii i ino oon cccsveccovsnacccccnscczenesscceeeeorsoseeee ensor r c k a miniature history of the war down to i a cctcncanennguesdecunoveceneceeocuneenense pete mermers tre seews of pege cccoccceeeseesessccseesccccesseeseee fleisher wilfrid what to do with japan ccccccccceseees se a eg bint a ouniuiod csc ccsceseseccsscarscosececncoessseacete foreign affairs bibliography a selected and annotated list of books on international relations 0.00000008 fraenkel ernst military occupation and the rule of law friedrich c j american policy toward palestine soreogl mrmeend god miouiinod oceccecccccevescscensccossccssseccconeveeceesreosece goebel d b and julius goebel jr generals in the white a a a ec enkenanscusnensenenvedooes goodrich l m and m j carroll eds documents on american foreign relations july 1943 june 1944 graham r a hope for peace at san francisco corneli van der and e h lansing escape from two cnccotescbcccccccccoqccesescensbbocesecosccesoocenccesenccccecocqooscoccooococcoccocessocecs halm g n international monetary cooperation hansen a h america’s role in the world economy hardman j b s rendezvous with destiny 000.000 ree bc iis fo pou od bouton occccccccecsevsccsseessssccsegevesersoes hertz frederick nationality in history and politics hill norman claims to territory cccccrcccscssccssccssesscseceeses hinden rita ed fabian colonial essays csce0e00000 i st spu tpe jid cic cucccocuapusascserevsceosnconecossngqonees hoffman r j s durable peace a study in american i ccannnadnatinetencindenens how to end the german menace a political proposal by a eo snaetesevesnsesenecasinns to i ey secnsanenequaoucnsconetoecaseneyees international labour office constitutional provisions concerning social and economic policy css 0 international labour office social policy in dependent ta cae ialihie callie anainctiansaeesonenetoneenmmnenbene jacoby gerhard racial state the german nationalities policy in the protectorate of bohemia moravia jordan w m great britain france and the german ees str ts es ae cee rte kemmerer e w gold and the gold standard king w l mackenzie canada and the fight for freedom koenig l w the presidency bne ere ctigeg 20 00 cccccecreees ee willis nippon the crime and punishment of laa cael a ck eopisons eovcownssatabietinis laski h j faith reason and civilization c00c00000000 lattimore owen solution in as8ia ccccccccccecceesseerseeeeeeeeees league of nations economic financial and transit de partment international currency experience lin yutang the vigil of a nation ccccsscsscssssssessescseseeeees logan r w ed what the negro wants c.cccccsseeeeeeeee mccallum r b public opinion and the lost peace mccormick t c t problems of the postwar world mcinnis edgar the war fourth year ccc0ccceeeeeeees mackenzie compton mr roosevelt 0cccccccccsesessreseceseees malinowski bronislaw freedom and civilization mallory w h ed political handbook of the world micaud c a the french right and nazi germany mises ludwig von omnipotent government 0000 moon penderel strangers in india ccccccccceceeeeeeeeeeees mowrer p s the house of europe 0 cccccccccscseceseeeseeeesees 46 31 date december 29 1944 october 5 1945 may 25 1945 august 24 1945 may 4 1945 april 6 1945 february 2 1945 december 29 1944 june 22 1945 october 5 1945 november 10 1944 august 31 1945 may 4 1945 december 29 1944 august 17 1945 september 21 1945 april 13 1945 march 2 1945 may 18 1945 october 5 1945 august 17 1945 december 8 1944 october 5 1945 february 2 1945 july 13 1945 july 20 1945 september 21 1945 september 21 1945 may 18 1945 december 8 1944 august 31 1945 august 17 1945 april 13 1945 august 31 1945 april 13 1945 october 5 1945 august 31 1945 may 18 1945 february 2 1945 february 2 1945 january 19 1945 february 2 1945 august 31 1945 february 23 1945 november 10 1944 june 8 1945 september 21 1945 march 2 1945 august 24 1945 may 4 1945 october 5 1945 august 31 1945 september 21 1945 april 27 1945 august 17 1945 october 5 1945 february 16 1945 april 27 1945 august 31 1945 august 31 1945 november 10 1944 august 17 1945 september 21 1945 october 5 1945 volume xxiv book reviews continued panikkar k m the future of south east asia raisz erwin atlas of global geography cccccessseeeereesees robequain charles the economic development of french pii osiciewienstsesestaseicccctbmimncanilinicea tampaleidtanadladawemmeiaiteeniis root waverly the secret history of the war s0000 moatnger ei e ct o cvg ciccccccccsnecitrcccessrnetitsblalantbatnnainas rosinger l k china’s wartime politics ccccscseeeeeeeees rowe d n china among the powe sccsccccessceesseeseees tae 2.0 lette ce atacand sanceau elaine the land of prester jon cccccccsecceseeees schriftgiesser karl the gentleman from massachusetts sforza carlo contemporary italy its intellectual and ours cpgiure nc ccecescectesicecoganveihonniveviaiensssttidieadacmnas shotwell j t the great dewtebew iccciciccsccicscdiictesncsoictae shuster g n and arnold bergstraesser germany a a se de ns ater tac snow edgar the pattern of soviet power ccccccccceceeees soward f h twenty five troubled years 1918 19482 staley eugene world economic development ccccceceeees stapleton lawrence justice and world society 0 stevens edmund russia is no riddle 1 cccccccosescccsseecees strode hudson timeless mexico cccccccccccssssscesccvesessees van alstyne r w american diplomacy in action van zandt j p civil aviation and peace vernadsky george a history of russia cccccceccceceseessees viner jacob and others the united states in a multi fe odoue tected reikccnesccannsmestaciesnnibcigchincicicatancaante ee oee pe gis fof top ciig cece carina ccecintioanee weerd h a de great soldiers of world war ii weigert h w and vilhjalmur stefansson ed compass of the world a symposium on political geography weller george bases oversea ccccccccsccscccocccsscsscveseccccesesees white w l report ott the rue rtwh csceiscecscsserscovonsccstesssesees wieschoff h a ed african handbooks 1 6 000 williams j h postwar monetary plans and other essays wilson f m in the margins of chaos cccccccsessecccceeeeeees wolfert ira american guerrilla in the philippines bretton woods see united nations monetary and financial conference bulgaria russia scores anglo u.s criticism of fatherland front wind sciccennsinecesnncdasds oh sninecosnsammebaoutatanciandadaieinins steven meaonnanial canada recognizes provisional government of france chile ri ciid sisciicincccstss dinsiosciieeisesdbaaideeadeiaiaaaniaaaiaaetaalanen dieeserebion of douigstoret 0 cisissisnmicncinninniimmmnnin china chiang kai shek régime and kuomintang dissension sun fo urges political changes cccssrcssssersssessseeneres chungking communist coalition essential to progress communists political and military strength cccserees i uf wocrtie moomoto bewete ccccccccccsecsicvassssctecsienssestcssietincinarens cr sd ccscnercptnevennsinigtiicciceenictiaatiataiesictvanandilbiaibaadiehiapan sun fo on political tutelage 2cc.cicccsiscccccccesccscssnesssesescconsnsees ambassador hurley’s achievements sssssesssscssesssseeeees arent cine wore cnnciekccicisncitncsicincedtorentetinecsvssnernes chiang kai shek promises constitutional government military slt ation 0 cccccssscssssecsesscoseess sp sccisusicellriahanenivacinin chungking communist relations ccccccsssscosorcssscscestcosscccees chungking teorganizes atmice ccccccccccccsccccesssoessdbacésoessces 5 grew reiterates american policies scccsssssssccsesessssereeees manila’s fall aids supply prospects c0 cccccccssssessssesscsees chiang kai shek calls national assembly for november 12 chungking communist split is war problem for u.s hurley on u.s aid to crhumgiing ccscccssscccossesesssvecssccesssese pre douuune cio cic sncecendevesnisinisusintiesinstnbinnnptnnnennniidtmniieneses mao t'se tung on need to call conference in yenan national congress of chinese communists cceceeeeees 4 national congress of the kuomintang resolves to hold con cerretorl couwoueioee oon ccsesiscdesnsincccthtitecctsccetasvcnienisinnitaiiionns 15 proposed constitution provisions cccccssccsssccsesesoosese pe cett ub awk dekh wig svssiiccscscsccccescicssevescseesscsesssnessvces kuomintang communist zap stows ccccscsscccssssceseceseeessseeees 48 date january 12 1945 april 13 1945 august 24 1945 august 17 1945 august 8 1945 february 2 1945 august 24 1945 august 17 1945 april 13 1945 december 29 1944 november 10 1944 july 13 1945 february 2 1945 september 7 1945 april 27 1945 august 31 1945 april 27 1945 may 18 1945 may 18 1945 november 10 1944 july 13 1945 december 8 1944 october 5 1945 june 8 1945 may 4 1945 february 23 1945 april 27 1945 may 25 1945 may 18 1945 january 26 1945 august 31 1945 may 18 1945 august 17 1945 september 14 1945 november 10 1944 december 8 1944 february 23 1945 october 20 1944 october 20 1944 october 27 1944 october 27 1944 november 3 1944 november 24 1944 november 24 1944 january 5 1945 january 5 1945 january 5 1945 january 5 1945 february 9 1945 february 9 1945 february 9 1945 february 9 1945 march 16 1945 march 16 1945 april 13 1945 june 1 1945 june 1 1945 june 1 1945 june 1 1945 june 1 1945 july 6 1945 july 6 1945 volume xxiv china continued chow ping ling urges chungking yenan cooperation japan sees its only hope in allied rift sccccceeseeeeeeeeee eee rectan cantiicevadnrbconeessenceeseece a as cassmsseesnsonsososonsssese chiang asks mao tse tung to confer c.cccccscsssseceeeeseees chu teh presents yenan demands to chiang i iia a dance teceniinanegsccectecuresaiicoressoeseoeone higashi kuni on chinese japanese relations chiang kai shek on outer mongolia ccccceseeeeeeeees i sa sc cpnesitinrnnsonosooanoncnstes chiang kai shek on national umity cccccccsceeeceeeeeeeees red star and soviet radio on chinese situation chungking yenan dispute on japanese surrender u.s backs chungking against communists in north china council of foreign ministers see international organization crimea conference yalta i ta einen erpnmmigmabgnncespnntnansocceetooes plans for germany offer model for handling japan compromise policy on poland scccccccscsrcccsesssesscssceees parliament gives churchill confidence vote on decisions see also international organization czechoslovakia benes on way to set up government in kosiée 006 democracy i na seedinchanennutinnnioboonscesonsiianes i i coil icachaalddan linhelartbaneengennaeseteesvooceoances will u.s use economic power to aid it abroad dumbarton oaks see international organization ecuador i ss logrsaneornnccesansncenestaonsosoushonsece europe eg pemmmnnne security zones may be defined at moscow stii cinucsspennsidneshsinniniiatneinninadiiaitiabindainanetennercoeetiessecenceneszeqseceecocesee great powers must agree on aims of intervention political problems call for spirit of compromise understanding eastern nenee strengthens russia’s policy cuior comeotomgs grtocmiotes 2 ccccccccceseorsesscscscccccsesccccccceseee big three support trend toward stability c:c:ceee lack of clear objectives hampers u.s cccccccsccsseeseeeeees see also international organization european advisory commission france invited to take part im wok ccccccccseeeeeseeeeees studies german question finland a i crendinnninsiienennnseosennsononets foreign policy association es ese a is i me nore dori botibed cccrcecocccccccccossccssccccccsecescoves bt ie id ge iid cn cccsecceccocescosscoccescscesercvcscccecsecoosee annual report nonpublication of csscsccsssesesssrresseesees representation at san francisco cccssscsssesssceseeesssesesees france anglo french exchange agreement sssssesseeeeereneees anti franco spanish guerrilla activity on border i atin crnaticceasnsdnentecorscososooeoones de gaulle on directed cconomy cccseccseerseseseeereceeeeeees u.s great britain russia and canada recognize provi la ceresllanheteeatilinadescnnnginannorreenereteneeinenee invited to take part in european advisory commission ee ele ate ttt i tone scits rmcenennnnegnansqencansenersnnenasevece ee iii itetanibinnasnsivenkinnsmeresteqetuenenenesoareeyseennoqousnasioons iiit soll cscs cbtlnisdiamnienreepvbesenecsquccsvecasepicbroseecconces u.s aztecs to inctorse sxpotes 0.0ccccccccrrcccsrsrrcsserrccessscossescceees de gaulle on german settlement cccccsesccsseeeeseeeereeenes be ed putin meine ccs ccccrcocecesccescscevoacecsecocccssccosccenees a os cai cenhccrcenncndnonvonccessnescaeaopneees criticism of de gaulle policies sccccssrsssssscssscssssscossees preerorierrrrrrrrr i tet ett iter eee tee co ole te 24 33 date july 20 1945 july 20 1945 july 20 1945 august 17 1945 august 24 1945 august 24 1945 august 24 1945 august 24 1945 august 31 1945 august 31 1945 september 7 1945 september 7 1945 october 12 1945 october 12 1945 february 16 1945 february 23 1945 march 2 1945 march 2 1945 march 30 1945 june 22 1945 august 31 1945 august 31 1945 february 23 1945 october 20 1944 december 15 1944 december 29 1944 january 26 1945 february 16 1945 march 30 1945 june 1 1945 november 17 1944 february 2 1945 march 30 1945 october 27 1944 november 17 1944 november 24 1944 december 8 1944 april 20 1945 october 20 1944 november 3 1944 november 10 1944 november 10 1944 november 10 1944 november 17 1944 december 22 1944 january 26 1945 january 26 1945 january 26 1945 january 26 1945 february 2 1945 february 9 1945 february 23 1945 may 4 1945 ee volume xxiv __ u france continued pétain returns possible effects of trial cccssceeseeeseees sobrtey rti ossicecscccoresstsecinsiscineesisstuilnasstelidimmamiianiaoaantet american and british stand on syrian dispute tangier’s status heightens french spanish tension be gallo te wasktingeet csscscscnussilsctdtieinnstinidiiiases laski wants socialist victory po qouptnie nccccensasssicscanncasisidabiacithiodoanimamiea mena what reactions to new balance of power ccccsecsseeseseees coc re eoe e etoh those oee e eo eeee eoe etee hohe oe eee see also indo china germany pn bs ee ee ee a es es se de industrialization suggestions ccccsesscssessssescorseee what agreement will big three reach ccccccccceeseeeees crimea conference agreements ccccccccssccssscsscsscscsscccsescees go pores 2 oee 22 5 ue bt es 2 ae i sid ccvconscnicoesicccnansinaiatatidhiiidcnge adic anaacaienat tas allied zones and occupation conditions settled anglo american policy big three at potsdam try to unify policy cccceseceees er ip srr ee ere eer roe crimi rite ceiesccnecieinindicccensectncttcebinssantancciecs troeeiotin bonsions tueutoc teer q 0 ceccceccssccosescsessesseeeseeees fe fos doin eisercsercenciatntntninn aeiabenamnsin economic integration of zones of occupation c 00000 frr cm guroiioed cecnciceccnstisiitin veniaetacnsetiscanatetiephidtietinnen u.s demobilization effect on military government will u.s revise occupation policy ccssccccssecseessereeeess see also world war great britain anglo belgian financial agreement csessseeececeeeeeereeeees anglo french exchange agreement ccccccsseceeseereseseereesees ps ee eee ee churchill roosevelt statement on italy ccccceesesseeeeeeseees ee i reo wrg disso nn cessddasnaneessiadiognateioicleineninatons recognizes provisional government of france 0 pi ee anglo american short term agreement on 1945 lend lease gee rd timi oncrconcccttahcocesssctabeecsshoeceesbehienacerabsniiosetdecbecar abe lord halifax on need for export trade cccsssssssseseseeees can oe oui 56a siincocananeatenecandoendesvcavccdsoreanesnaaeatons siro tvoreion denn th tno siccecescactactvimainacancactanssstarsegapiansaaecnt cinies gu tie ccicincesscscssnenssctisconbarnscsesudobiekioustecenrcsubelbaces greek intervention policy approved and opposed cetes ge tete te truioiiee anccccececsosesecretccrcedeccsesusecsedtelenes depomereeatans geo tnguiod wiicccscciticcicccearianvecstacctrienabeinbeccaniitcens se ture iii svncskceestcnsec ccadensreseendscceddanintieannciniatinens crea om tear gd ip oiod gsicisisscsiscniccieqncvensedseerniliotiewent churchill on poles and german territory ccceseeeeeees crimea conference agreements cccccccccscccccccscsscscccccceceees ut ta i iid ios eccccatbittnnnseecep dip enssctinmtenideamitanas parliament gives churchill confidence vote on crimea con oi gid 6c scctisiisnsitstiniconrkcncichameigeddicdetimete ies cupctte ene seweigs doig kc iceiccessicissiiccsenqccinsdanteactalleeedibiies peetests tito’s sland of trieoo ciicccinincnieecisetideke refuses to recognize austrian provisional government cumpchet oxi cabinet puri sicisciicccscccsstsccenmeencicecovnceniticetitctes elections to hinge on domestic reconstruction issues truman sends davies to talk with churchill attitude on franco syrian dispute ccsssssscccssssseeseecees couregocne oee cvnecinenicrcinccccisschthobsemecicsisice ncaa frees indian national congress leaders cesseeeeeeeeees se ie ee soniiid ins sscsdicessoncereresetenvbnsonnnacsndsccattnnicudbbebameniie bie three agree on new polish régime ccccccseeeseeseenees ciee cuno aac ctcaviissinressonissocthadeueneactenpatalieddiapiliitabnsnudieci indian nationalist conference with wavell breaks down 8 eee an ae tle eve te ea whe doodriiiid ks cerececoscccrnsehaetinctinudstadiandsliacesdlbsdesshtiaeis churchill on world relationships i 8 eae laski wants socialist victory in france ccsesssssseseess what reaction to new balance of power ccccsseesseeseeeess woe srr re ird gi cheese cise teticieeitsitesvicaa lend lease settlements and trade policies ccccseceeeees economic aims in common with u.s cccccssssssssesessseereees date may 4 1945 june 1 1945 june 8 1945 july 6 1945 august 24 1945 august 24 1945 august 24 1945 august 24 1945 november 24 1944 february 2 1945 february 2 1945 february 2 1945 february 16 1945 april 20 1945 may 11 1945 may 11 1945 june 15 1945 july 20 1945 july 20 1945 july 20 1945 august 10 1945 august 10 1945 august 10 1945 september 28 1945 september 28 1945 september 28 1945 september 28 1945 october 20 1944 october 20 1944 october 20 1944 october 20 1944 october 20 1944 november 10 1944 november 17 1944 december 8 1944 december 8 1944 december 15 1944 december 15 1944 december 22 1944 december 22 1944 december 22 1944 december 29 1944 december 29 1944 january 12 1945 january 26 1945 february 2 1945 february 16 1945 february 23 1945 march 2 1945 may 25 1945 may 25 1945 may 25 1945 june 1 1945 june 1 1945 june 1 1945 june 8 1945 june 22 1945 june 22 1945 june 22 1945 june 29 1945 august 3 1945 august 3 1945 august 3 1945 august 3 1945 august 24 1945 august 24 1945 august 24 1945 august 24 1945 august 31 1945 september 7 1945 september 14 1945 volume xxiv great britain continued nationalization of central banking services and coal in a eck sensenenommnnsonnenoonneces negotiates with u.s on mutual economic aid 00 russia scores anglo u.s criticism of bulgarian and ru iiis aioe caenieiniaaenttitbeebtoconinestncderecccevenocceseececoenes anglo american economic conference agenda will divergent economic views hurt anglo american unity ry wh ind men iineiiibd sac ccuraccncetevetncveoscocsocccensescosconeseess ee sle communiqué on relations with middle east 00 economic ends shape labor party’s foreign policy renews cripps offer of indian self government see also international organization palestine greece british intervention policy csscsssseseseesreresereeneneseeeesenees i ee cc cnsntncgnnnoccovetovecosecseos es me meer ter sruingurs nccocccccccccccscvecssscccoocceceeceosssces i cesdcabnaneubeedusenabecsatnouevaren es ree eee ee ea guatemala i i scguaenoeusesvocnnveveiweecioes hungary ida aldara depeonnnenmnabacabigheoneesin india britain frees national congress leaders cesccceeees os oee wavell conference with nationalists breaks down britain renews cripps offer of self government indo china sn gin npdoouite boring hnccicsivccscccccscccseccccccceszceesecvvscssees japan stages puppet empire of annam ssseeee0 nationalist resistance to teetnn se ssiiisiidnciaccondviaauniagosasiesees i a sccediessenecnssvenetsodoocts france announces autonomy after war cccsccseeeerenes france bans government opium monopolies 0000 inter american conference on problems of war and peace opens in mexico city sec cemespmemgnutenmeooncesocensuccceveorenneneves et ee american nations seek common ground in postwar plan etic ectntsientevsanncensensbobennboinateesonensozoopesenees ee ttt resolution on argentina’s absence cc cccceeseeeeeeeeeeeees see also international organization international organization crisis in europe demands further definition of u.s policy german drive heightens need for more allied unity nse ccetruhiosnntaninonesooonsenece ed ee mr gnniiied erociccncscssscectceneseteccceseccsccsscocsoocss roosevelt seeks senate support on security treaty roosevelt suggests interim formula for europe u.s illusion of security and anglo american tension russia’s world outlook and experience with unrra need for concerted action on germany c cccssseeeeeseeeeees i iie gid 0s csneneseasashibbiunsceccszocnsscccccnsccorescceve churchill on need for cooperation cccccseeseeeeeeeeeceees health agency essential in future plans cscee00 nations try to reconcile power and responsibility padilla asks human dignity for small latin american eee se ee roosevelt on world cooperation sssssccssesescesessssssesees criticisms of dumbarton oaks and yalta await san fran sut njuinaile ictingictilieesecideeidditeaiennninceuniailiiiinntnantinttinateienserccessceneeee economic peace terms of 1919 and 1945 contrasted regional objectives of chapultepec must be harmonized ell russia asks three votes in general assembly 00 senator vandenberg proposes revision of borders u.s and britain reject soviet request to ask polish pro visional government to san francisco cccceceeees colonial issue on eve of san francisco conference mandates question at san francisco pree err irri iret etree march 23 1945 date september 14 1945 september 14 1945 september 14 1945 september 21 1945 september 21 1945 september 28 1945 september 28 1945 september 28 1945 september 28 1945 september 28 1945 december 22 1944 december 29 1944 december 29 1944 january 26 1945 july 20 1945 december 1 1944 january 26 1945 june 22 1945 june 22 1945 august 3 1945 september 28 1945 march 16 1945 march 16 1945 march 16 1945 march 16 1945 april 13 1945 october 5 1945 february 23 1945 march 9 1945 march 9 1945 march 23 1945 march 23 1945 december 22 1944 i december 29 1944 i january 5 1945 january 5 1945 january 12 1945 january 12 1945 january 12 1945 january 19 1945 february 2 1945 february 2 1945 march 9 1945 march 9 1945 march 9 1945 march 9 1945 march 9 1945 march 16 1945 march 23 1945 march 23 1945 april 6 1945 april 6 1945 april 6 1945 april 13 1945 april 13 1945 reer fso ean ee volume xxiv_ international organization continued iran security russia’s chie bir iiikcctiisiticatientiicicins molotov in washington for talks on poland cesseeees poland key to success or failure at san francisco u.s and britain refuse warsaw government san fran erate te er i rn rrl vee great powers differ on approach to security sseseees points stressed at san francisco by big four spokesmen small nations hopes at san francisco serra coe cccecetncisinine:sivdinitihliinisaa ag rateaiaiiiainan framing united nations charter proceeds despite frictions molotov latin american clashes on argentina and war gi dinsiccacevetaconocesacocnsnnasstnnshesadguiuidninnnielhadalen elaine cemberence stree socutiet msccccicssccieitisrentecemccsctnnibene trusteeship formula sought at conference sscceseeees national vs collective security san francisco key issue regional arrangements compromise formula 00 stassen on trusteeship and strategic bases issue conference provides re appraisal of situation in wake of pet onee wir aciccesevccitsssccoasesicackssaateeksccnbuaiatscssscscaae aaa smaller nations challenge yalta agreement on veto power uncio charter and veto dispute ccccccccsseseceeeseeceseneees fear of change must not jeopardize peace veto power accord at san francisco cccccccssssssssesssses differing ideas of democracy affect cooperation truman churchill stalin to confer in berlin trusteeship u.s position uncio charter provisions pc ee gt iiiie s.occnccecaenicuciresioningensalanedrennaninapiaiadananaeds big three conference at potsdam to define responsibilities se tepc s ruoted cccccceccccecccosesentavensesvntennncesbennennstieaiennnivente big three at potsdam try to unify policy on germany will big three reconcile fundamental aims 0s 0000000 potadame terms of germany ecccsccerevercersveceecsessenssoceannecveosoncss needed even more because of atomic bomb and war crime comceiie dcocencccreccrscscecccesescoscocczecssusesaninuniscosebosetovenvbesotdsborenscenmeiton churchill on international bodies ccccccsssssessssseseees council of foreign ministers of the big five meets in bir scrcetcinsnicesccruicebanecsassstecneseinenveniasaataehiaaaaaaimndadaaanin meeting of foreign ministers ends in stalemate russia’s attitude at foreign ministers meeting evatt on outcome of meeting of foreign ministers new approach needed to rebuild big three unity potsdam declaration on peace treaties a cause of trouble at foreign ministers meeting se pee eee ee eeeeeeeeeeseeeseeeseeees cena eeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeseeses ee eeeeeeeeeseeeees ae eeeeeeserseeeeeeeees ere e ee ooo ror eee eee reese ereoe eee ese seeeseeesesese sees ppetiiiiii eter enews eseeeeeree po ree eee sere eee renee eee eeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee russia’s oil claims cause conflict with u.s c cccccccseseees pravda urges government change core o oee serre h ere e eee eee eeee eee eee eeee italy re ee grid i eccensencsshitiinanatiiinciitsiniaeniniiniatiaiianns churchill roosevelt statement on control cee wrod die kecierscticescctssescinsidstihbiaannniinnnaldaa unrra supplies held up cee gripes sscnencniccivisctanictisutererssasianibicenacasniiamneamieaeies allied commission announces steps toward independent mein iniceiweusesusétiseetecodstaniorsensinkshtheumnieeenniibeenareetaaaionaas economic difficulties pins mcu oi.ccsccnceisssnccnsssontstsiebbeiantesiaiaeeentoummceesonidemonantens wo uocerioid turgeiiiie oncccccnirssesiviicsssiatietierecesictainstinamnionel britain and u.s protest tito’s stand on trieste es orr ee pere det st colonies status a problem corr reo ee eee rhee eere eeo e esse eeee shee esse sese eee eee ed prererrrerrrrrrrrrr iri iit i iri eee ree o eee eere eee ees e sese teese sese eee essere eees japan koiso cabinet shaken by defeats and internal criticism shigemitsu on japanese soviet relations crimea conference implications 0 scccccssccscsccecsssceee admiral kobayashi urges new political party boe nn ciee geo ceconcnetnatisictnastennersamscagsacesereeme anglo american chinese ultimatum issued at pots iiiee bischastniteceurasnedtivhaxesbaevnesevtncunctineigetieabeenagnntnteiumeneoaeniants emperor as an obstacle seite tied a.nssss ot eecestereaceneenapenndigmnnsiaiesenmiacdenanatnonnetedamntiate ee uk supers seuioui n cecsacossumnaunasinbeueanonmmenmmanmummaotabanedtis higashi kuni on chinese japanese relations 0000 macarthur and byrnes on democratic political reforms occupation paves way for stern political moves macarthur abolishes imperial general headquarters macarthur on use of occupation forces sete eee nese renee eeeeeeeeeeeeee orr ere eee eee eere eee eset reese esha sees teese eee eeee sese eee eed eeeeeees coe eeeeseeeeeeeeeereseeeeseses date april 18 1945 april 27 1945 april 27 1945 april 27 1945 may 4 1945 may 4 1945 may 4 1945 may 11 1945 may 11 1945 may 11 1945 may 18 1946 may 18 1945 may 25 1945 may 25 1945 may 25 1945 june 1 1945 june 8 1945 june 8 1945 june 15 1945 june 15 1945 june 22 1945 june 22 1945 june 22 1945 june 29 1945 june 29 1945 july 13 1945 july 20 1945 july 27 1945 august 10 1945 august 17 1945 august 24 1945 september 14 1945 october 5 1945 october 5 1945 october 12 1945 october 12 1945 october 12 1945 november 10 1944 july 20 1945 october 20 1944 october 20 1944 october 20 1944 december 22 1944 january 26 1945 march 2 1945 march 2 1945 may 11 1945 may 11 1945 may 25 1945 june 22 1945 september 14 1945 january 26 1945 january 26 1945 february 23 1945 march 23 1945 july 13 1945 august 10 1945 august 17 1945 august 17 1945 august 24 1945 august 24 1945 september 7 1945 september 7 1945 september 14 1945 september 14 1945 10 volume xxiv japan continued state department changes 7 mean change in policy black dragon society dissolved cccccscccccccssssseeesereeeees long range plan needed to help macarthur sy ie ied 0.0 casssissseassnsscesseccsvccescoccescsscosvosseonses macarthur on cut in occupation force see also world war korea occupation policy confusion labor world trade union conference stresses international role latin america argentina requests meeting of american foreign ministers views on dumbarton oaks and postwar aims 00 wartime conditions cause unrest credits abroad eee se cn trend toward industrialization cc sscccescsseseeseeesereeeees countries having diplomatic relations with russia hopes for overhauling of hemisphere policies see also international organization lebanon see middle east mexico proposed u.s mexican water treaty problems middle east si cei cecnsatpesectinbebncaucnnnsoensonsonsnee crooner fated tie geion occccccccccccecccccc ce cccescoccscccccoccsscoes french interests in syria and lebanon cts neneeoontocnensssenseonnsecs i i i oct deiveanabnencenrssieboncuaeibiies i eea british communiqué on relations with eeeee opt eee prete errr corre ree eee eere eere eere ee eee eset reese ee eeeeeeeo ppeeert ieee iret ttre rite eet sor eee eere eee eee e eere eee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eere eee eee seer teese eee eee eed norway i ii os cash enmnenenemennevesounteeaiees opium afghanistan to prohibit opium poppy planting france bans government monopolies in indo china palestine new zionist platform i a seianiibastenipooononee terrorists kill baron moyne british resident minister in en hn denetiendbinenessocqanocesssééeit te cs 2 snasancuonecsbosconavesdusempesoes arab league opposes zionist plans attlee’s proposal paraguay declaration of belligerency peru declaration of belligerency a sas albaisicilnnb sdaubediesessonsecsoesbeesessousbionte philippine islands macarthur leads leyte invasion cscscessssseecerseeeeeenes puppet laurel declares war on u.s cccsscccssseerseeessneeeneeees i nciasscretnzemineenecasenqrecnccccocoouvessvcceseeeseoree macarthur on collaborationists osmefia on early independence ccccssccssssesserressereseensens resistance during japanese occupation manila falls to u.s troops poland mikolajezyk asked to anglo russian conference churchill and stettinius statements cccccccseseeesreeeeeeees stettinius on russo polish border issue crimea conference agreements crimea conference compromise igiiiiinid scrcscagnsinsncnsdesliptheseesacsesovsoedoveconcesecosnenecsoccessoococseoooonseeces mikolajezyk soviet press brushes ccccsesseeeeesreeeeneeeenes em 5 ce big three agree on new polish régime see also international organization pope pius xii on democracy pporrrtteerrrrerirr iret iit etter corre eere eere ee eee ee eere er ee ee eee eee esse esse eee eeeeee eee eee sees eeeeed pperrrrrrrir errr irr tee ppprerrrrrrrirtiti titi itr ppprrreerrrrrrri tt ra preeerrierririrt rrr rt pprrrrriir rte titre ptetet itep iie teeter prreeeeererrir rrr eee oe eee eee ee ee eoe ee eee ee estee eeeeeee eee eeee eee eeeoeseseeeeoooed 18 0000 00 3 51 5 5 34 50 19 19 39 date september 14 1945 september 21 1945 september 21 1945 september 21 1945 september 28 1945 september 21 1945 february 16 1945 november 10 1944 november 24 1944 december 1 1944 december 8 1944 december 8 1944 december 8 1944 december 15 1944 december 15 1944 march 2 1945 february 23 1945 february 23 1945 february 23 1945 february 23 1945 june 8 1945 july 20 1945 september 28 1945 december 1 1944 december 1 1944 october 5 1945 november 17 1944 november 17 1944 november 17 1944 november 17 1944 june 8 1945 september 28 1945 february 23 1945 february 23 1945 july 13 1945 october 27 1944 october 27 1944 january 19 1945 january 19 1945 january 19 1945 january 19 1945 february 9 1945 october 20 1944 december 22 1944 january 12 1945 february 16 1945 march 2 1945 april 6 1945 april 27 1945 april 27 1945 june 29 1945 december 29 1944 14 15 44 ___ volume xxiv 11 reconstruction relief to europe blocked by war shipping needs russia bars unrra representatives from czechoslovakia he por oing csicninciiccssrniniasessienhstbiedinaetaieedletaiiiagmlianee ti peeaeh wtalomate with fruawi spsisisstasrcecseissesccrsscerecaneenzcccninnss unrra gets russian port facilities tprueeeid wommiiiod 00 0 cissinosscbenesinianeniaiuanpestodsonepinieanicasibmmaneaiioatin unrra crisis shows need to unify relief unrra to hold conference in london cccccsseeesesseeeeeeees confused policy of u.s on feeding europe prererrirrri rire ee eeeeeeeetesenseseeeseese relief see reconstruction rockefeller foundation international health division projects during war oro e eee eere eee e ores eee eee s eere eee eeeeeeoe eset se reee reto es rumania ee ge ct peele re tyne ee stan pestores tigrsyivgrid ciciieten iene ae russia scores anglo u.s criticism of groza government russia bra tigre corudo oud hsictnibcgeke so enentnarecentenscemnsanecsatenaenenies claims to iran oil cause conflict with u.s ccccsseseseeeees recognizes provisional government of france nop worirt ubsirt torreioie cceniccsescecciiencapeeensstnerertantnanaseanens latin american countries having diplomatic relations bf stig gi os vaccccanosnsesccreatieaiedetasbicuameoineiplanacsiiacatniun bars unrra representatives from czechoslovakia and tpuiiiiiii cncavvenbresssnivssanentaniontisennaipininbdagiiiansdlinar aed stettinius on russo polish border issue cccssccceeeeseeees ptiowe titra pert sectiriig eicevcccccsecscernsccccccscnsescoresssinseesien shigemitsu on russo japanese relations ceccsceeesseeeee understanding eastern europe strengthens policy er ro tt war crimes commission nonparticipation crimea conference agreements c.cccccsccsssssessscsccccscseceseees stalin restores transylvania to rumania mikolajezyk soviet press skirmishes warsaw régime soviet treaty cccccccssssscsssscsssccsscssscesees announces austrian provisional government pravda on end of german menace ccccccessccceeeseeesseeceeeees relations with u.s interest middle west clotemnet pretax ue0e eg sami sass csdi vec cccxcssagreenewicaee truman sends hopkins to talk with stalin cssseeees ps see nd err oe communism and american soviet collaboration br ete qi ooiccpcresecensinsenprcinnnnlatbiaigiainasiy aukinsia cases taes u.s soviet cooperation needed in far east big three agree on new polish régime note to turkey on basis for new treaty i ae as ee eee pravda urges iranian government change presents demands to turkey sri en ier iii oivcccenco oninsstcbessasestiaiaastustensnakiocasiaina tenes creo v ue oee coting oi snccniceciccnsseeschestebieccnscscsceccakedieatnets red star and soviet radio on chinese situation stalin declares kurile islands and southern sakhalin so fine puted ce nsecqeevevcpcncoesssyecsutnueesiaebetasoaieatauaibasetaideds scores anglo u.s criticism of bulgarian and rumanian régimes soeeee pperrrrirrrrrirrrrr tt irri seen eeeeeeeeerereeseeeseees peete etre enter eeeeeeseeees there eoe e eere eters ee eee teese ee eeee ees eeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeees eee ese eeee eee eseeeoes see also international organization salvador revolt ere eee eee eee eee e eee ee eee ee eee seer sees esse esee sese esse sees ee eeeeee sese eeseesoesese sees spain guerrilla raids along french border ssssssceeeeeeeeeeees prince juan proclaims opposition to franco policies tangier’s status heightens french spanish tension approves bill of rights corte chine occicvescceasecesccssssss din sieodendebendsicbebuciticlistenatcians franco benefits from opponents division eeeeeeeeee seaeeeeeeees poeeeec icp iit i ie rrr sweden aids allies by cutting trade to germany and helping de sure qiiieitiiie seiccececasaccsss cigemnsnnitenciinaiomantiindestadsinanl ded re bernes thot wb concniscenrrnmnninniaviinnitennings no 10 12 15 41 41 49 date december 22 1944 january 5 1945 january 19 1945 january 26 1945 july 27 1945 july 27 1945 july 27 1945 september 21 1945 march 9 1945 march 30 1945 march 80 1945 september 14 1945 october 20 1944 november 10 1944 november 10 1944 december 1 1944 december 15 1944 december 22 1944 january 5 1945 january 12 1945 january 26 1945 january 26 1945 january 26 1945 february 2 1945 february 9 1945 february 16 1945 march 30 1945 april 27 1945 april 27 1945 may 25 1945 may 25 1945 may 25 1945 june 1 1945 june 1 1945 june 15 1945 june 15 1945 june 15 1945 june 15 1945 june 29 1945 july 13 1945 july 20 1945 july 20 1945 july 20 1945 july 20 1945 august 31 1945 september 7 1945 september 7 1945 september 14 1945 december 1 1944 november 3 1944 march 30 1945 july 6 1945 july 27 1945 july 27 1945 july 27 1945 march 30 1945 march 30 1945 5 12 volume xxiv_ switzerland no date increases aid to allies by non assistance to germany 24 march 30 1945 syria see middle east tangier ite sees et a ee 38 july 6 1945 turkey russian note on basis for new treaty c.cccccceceeseseeeeees 39 july 13 1945 ss etstopenenbens 40 july 20 1945 united nations conference on international or ganization san francisco see international organization united nations food and agriculture organ ization roosevelt sends message to congress ccccssssscssssesceseseeseees 25 april 6 1945 united nations monetary and financial con ference bretton woods roosevelt urges congress to approve proposals 18 february 16 1945 criticisms of bretton woods proposals in house commit a ccnameanpnnonmbensess 24 march 30 1945 house passes bretton woods agreement ccs essreeeeeees 35 june 15 1945 united nations relief and rehabilitation admin istration see reconstruction united nations war crimes commission see war criminals united states churchill roosevelt statement on italy ccccccceeceseseeeees 1 october 20 1944 ii iiit ccs chtentantintimsesnonecccccssccccccesseescoccecoreees 2 october 27 1944 presidential campaign and foreign policy ccesceseeee 2 october 27 1944 roosevelt on foreign policy issues scccscccceeeceesseeereeeeees 2 october 27 1944 will elections bring greater international collaboration 3 november 3 1944 recognizes provisional government of france 0 0 4 november 10 1944 russia’s claims to iran oil causes conflict ccceceereseeee 4 november 10 1944 i i iie os ss seracactlnncedgnacnevetesecnseestonavestncoscotooee 5 november 17 1944 evolving new attitudes toward britain and russia 5 november 17 1944 i cas sncanepneenosbiorenbinses 5 november 17 1944 congress new internationalist members csseeeee 7 december 1 1944 stettinius succeeds hull as secretary of state 00 0 7 december 1 1944 anglo american short term agreement on 1945 lend lease ra le se 2 ee 8 december 8 1944 state department reorganization cccccscscceeecseeeesseeees 8 december 8 1944 latin americans hope for overhauling of hemisphere poli renee eat sas a ee ae 9 december 15 1944 stettinius on intervention in europe ccsssseeeseeeeeseees 9 december 15 1944 i os cmsstnbessoosnedabionness 10 december 22 1944 esis serenrneninicuremneiesnnscnceoeiereewienpeeqees 2 january 5 1945 ee 12 january 5 1945 hurley’s achievements in chima cccsccscccscssessseeresereeseeees 12 january 5 1945 roosevelt message to congress foreign policy sections 13 january 12 1945 stettinius on russo polish border issue ccsssscsesseeeees 13 january 12 1945 vandenberg on foreign policy secssseescsseresseessseesserseeees 14 january 19 1945 agrees to increase exports to france c sscssssseessssesensees 15 january 26 1945 er 15 january 26 1945 diplomatic appointments should be on merit 0000 16 february 2 1945 american medical materials aid guerrillas s0 17 february 9 1945 grew and owi on delay in aid to civilian france 17 february 9 1945 grew on policies toward china cccccssccerssceesreererseerseenees 17 february 9 1945 crimea conference lla acntrtincidcatenseninemmbiinines 18 february 16 1945 roosevelt on proposed monetary fund and world bank 18 february 16 1945 iiit tee teiiiniiid sins cicoccussenemsnseeteasoenscopnseosenessccssocsccosecoascceee 19 february 23 1945 proposed u.s mexican water treaty problems 0 20 march 2 1945 chinese disunity u.s military problem c0 sseeeseeees 22 march 16 1945 sweden buys fighter planes ssssssseesesesessenesrerensnesnesees 24 march 30 1945 foreign economic policy proposals ssssseessreceseeeeeneees 25 april 6 1945 house passes lend lease extension act seccseseseeseeeees 25 april 6 1945 roosevelt favors united nations food and agriculture eieio cxsseitinecedhdetesectsensssscesceensceccnevecesssccosesscensboousnunednooes 25 april 6 1945 en oe ge cf gi cccccocccceccnssccssrecccorcscesvccegecosccsonceeces 26 april 13 1945 roosevelt’s fearless ideals guide for security conference 27 april 20 1945 roosevelt’s legacy of good neighborliness in foreign affairs 27 april 20 1945 recognizes argentine government scsssseesereeesereesees 28 april 27 1945 bases telecommunications examples of navy influence on iiit satlinehatehdhcielednseninacinleanihdidaianbcdbbinssedtabbteinattiiovapinest 29 may 4 1945 a el volume xxiv 18 united states continued forrestal on reduced navy building program s00 hull cites roosevelt on trade agreements act 00s0000 protectionists fight trade agreements act extension trade agreements act and world labor standards trade agreements and full employment cccsscccseeesseee middle west interest in russian relations proteate tito’s stand on trieste cccocccccsocecerececccesssescovensessceses refuses to recognize austrian provisional government conflict with russia not inevitable c:sscececssesessereees truman sends davies and hopkins to britain and russia iste ncvossscrciniuldensoriassciiiiitibanddmmenteaitmsnstdliavitivmaiadimaann attitude on franco syrian dispute 0 ssccsesssesssseessserveres criticism causes review of policy on argentina economic policy search dewey on tariff big triteiio 0 c 0cseseccctmneessccesosranennetienneneilaaiaiintnaainl far eastern policy requires u.s soviet cooperation russo american collaboration and communism will tariff cuts lead to freer world trade cccececeeeees atlantic charter on trade on et nape ter seealeede one rene world trade expansion requires greater imports big three agree on new polish régime ccseceeeeeeeeeees byrnes succeeds stettinius as secretary of state state department changes needed sccccceesseseeceeeseersceeeees what is best to help unity of chima sssccccsssssererseeees clayton reports to senate on axis economic spearheads sr euleidir cuncicovonedvchinspcatsnsannsieunidevaidmesibiententssnned aaa policy on japan needs clarifying ecr or poon dup gd siccivesescoicetinctinnigiiaticrdiitisnrncmainiiane how will atomic bomb and war crime concept affect policy ee li wegs demd lenne bid te trreroi 0 ccsceisessssthinsensinipentscnesseminitons will it use economic power to aid democracy abroad braden succeeds rockefeller as assistant secretary of tia sisinsencccavesincsssbaeehsdukdecosnsiaacialilinna onan aseeeeiledaanaainatens lend lease reckoning forces showdown on trade policies returns to hull policy on argentina ccccceseseeceeeeenes rockefeller indicts farrell régime in argentina truman and byrnes on lend lease settlements economic aims in common with britain cccccceeseeseees negotiates with britain on mutual economic aid russia scores anglo u.s criticism of bulgarian and ru er ep nn tale es oi ae ser sie turan noe ciee savnecccitesstc lc ecttbdcacentstiabunnsicennendonictnns korean occupation policy confusion c ssecccceeseeesseseeees long range policy on japan needed to help macarthur owi on europe’s desperate need for food rey ss ee ree will divergent economic views hurt anglo american unity anglo american economic conference agenda s00 foreign issues need strong presidential leadership pop ri bore count on ctenciecnctassnstebctibehbeicsannivenianiees frg gip gord icinncoccssatimtibisintinisienintnienibibtevinseinndietiign will it revise occupation policy in germany 00 backs chungking against communists c:cccseseseeeeees truman and marshall on atomic energy ssssscseseeeeee see also international organization japan world war uruguay criticizes dumbarton oaks charter declaration of belligerency seeeeeeeresces coen eee e neon eeeseseeeeeseneees ee eeeeeerseeeeeses ort e rrr e eero ees eee esheets ee eeseeeeeeeoeseoeee sese eeeesees oee es hoo e eer eee eee eee eeeeee thee ee este eeeeeeee estee eee eeeeeseeeseees eeeeseesee orr ee eee ee eee ee esse sese ee sees ee sees se sees sees es seeeeeeeeeeeeses eeeeeeescereeeee por o ree ee eee eee eee eere eoe eee eeeo hess sees cone reer eer eeereeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees sore e ree eee er eee eoe reto eee sese e esse ee eeee estee tees war criminals resignations from united nations war crimes commis bien sccscicckshsiidsighnanututicnnniecennaasseiiantedtidasmadideaaatgamstaieudiniaamiaes common policy needed by allies cccscccccrssccccccscccccceseeeese soviet nonparticipation in commmission sssssssesseeseees german brutalities stress need for action ccccceeeeeees war crime concept accepted by britain france russia uu stee daivivisin ouentiniisdidane hamapinceicnndianiiaiamnninedstiadinedaaia world war 1939 1945 macarthur leads leyte invasion frmamoss navy gotore 220000 000c.ccrcrcercsseesrercerersascecnasanasagoesoseorees u.s recalls general stilwell from china ccccccssssseeees german position compared with 1918 surrender soni gion osc nstiensconeecsscocovehsneseireeneenseentantnoreebneersan german counterattack pperrrireir ir se eeerereeenceeeee aor ror oer eee eee ee ee eet ee sets sees eeeheeseeeeesesese sese eees 3 10 11 date may 4 1945 may 18 1945 may 18 1945 may 18 1945 may 18 19465 may 25 1945 may 25 1945 may 25 1945 june 1 1945 june 1 1945 june 8 1945 june 8 1945 june 15 1945 june 15 1945 june 15 1945 june 15 1945 june 15 1945 june 15 1945 june 22 1945 june 22 1945 june 22 1945 june 29 1945 july 6 1945 july 6 1945 july 6 1945 july 13 1945 july 13 1945 july 27 1945 august 17 1945 august 24 1945 august 31 1945 august 31 1945 september 7 1945 september 7 1945 september 7 1945 september 7 1945 september 7 1945 september 14 1945 september 14 1945 september 14 1945 september 14 1945 september 21 1945 september 21 1945 september 21 1945 september 21 1945 september 21 1945 september 28 1945 september 28 1945 september 28 1945 september 28 1945 september 28 1945 october 12 1945 october 12 1945 november 24 1944 february 23 1945 february 2 1945 february 9 1945 february 9 1945 april 27 1945 august 17 1945 october 27 1944 november 3 1944 november 3 1944 november 24 1944 december 22 1944 december 29 1944 volume xxiv world war 1939 1945 continued german offensive supplies western front problem london economist criticizes u.s strategy montgomery praises american soldiers macarthur campaign to free philippines from japan hungarian armistice signed japanese cabinet shaken by defeats manila falls to u.s troops declaration of belligerency by chile ecuador paraguay peru and uruguay u.s accelerates pacific moves japan says french officials in indo china cooperated with u.s air forces bombing alone will not defeat japan neutrals increase aid to allies as german defeat impends argentina declares war on germany and japan is u.s china policy consistent with pacific war needs macarthur and nimitz command u.s army and navy forces in pacific soviet denounces neutrality pact with japan germany surrenders pacific war coalition not just an american show politics and strategy against japan peace issues demand early big three meeting japan sees its only y in allied rift in china atomic bomb strikes hiroshima truman warns japan japan accepts unconditional surrender secretary of state byrnes issues note on hirohito hirohito on origins of byrnes denies atomic bomb was chief cause of japan’s defeat japan’s formal surrender marshall report on america’s participation yalta see crimea yugoslavia crimea conference agreements sst are britain and u.s protest tito’s stand on trieste tito assails greece zionists see palestine date january 5 1945 january 5 1945 january 12 1945 january 12 1945 january 19 1945 january 26 1945 january 26 1945 february 9 1945 february 23 1945 february 23 1945 march 16 1945 march 238 1945 march 30 1945 april 6 1945 april 13 1945 april 18 1945 april 13 1945 may 11 1945 may 18 1945 may 18 1945 may 25 1945 july 20 1945 august 10 1945 august 10 1945 august 17 1945 august 17 1945 august 24 1945 september 7 1945 september 7 1945 october 12 1945 february 16 1945 may 11 1945 may 25 1945 july 20 1945 +act of 1924 stable career e state de n the careet rs and min ssarily come the united nternational ative ability 3 have ap ate dwight abassador to lomatic rec ion through bassador to rtime diplo and direc ation before se the pres among the and ambas er our high ll times be d public set citizens aft on the basis 1s of special resident will ossible met jorial salaty of the mos allowances r bolles in ds brn arbor wich egp 16 1945 entered as 2nd class matter pbriobical rovm gerreral librar univ of mic foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vor xxiv no 17 feervary 9 1945 fall of manila opens way to china coast he entrance of american troops into manila on february 3 less than a week after the first american motor convoy crossed the china border along the newly opened road from india turns the dock back to the early days of the pacific war it was at the beginning of january 1942 that manila fell to the japanese and within a few months the burma road was also cut for almost three years the philip pines have suffered under japanese rule while china has been dependent upon air transport for virtually all the foreign supplies it has been able to secure but today the philippines are well on the way toward liberation and the first break has been made in the japanese blockade of china china’s supply prospects these events which are so fraught with emotional significance especially the release of allied prisoners held by the japanese are also of prime military importance for they lay the basis for strengthening china’s war ef fort and landing american troops on the china coast or formosa the first convoy on the ledo road re named the stilwell road by generalissimo chiang kai shek was six miles long and included jeeps am bulances medium and light artillery as well as trucks loaded with ammunition and other supplies totaling hundreds of tons undoubtedly china’s supply prospects are brighter than at any time in the past four years particularly since domestic production of war materials may be expected to increase in fact as donald m nelson pointed out in a report published on january 26 steps are being taken to raise china's total war out put by the spring of this year to double the rate of lat november the favorable aspects of the situa tion should not be exaggerated however for imports and home production combined will fall far short of china’s needs not until a port is opened somewhere along the coast will it be possible to make large quantities of supplies available unfortunately the japanese are doing their utmost to build up strength against american landing forces this is the mean ing of the current drives in southeastern china as a result of which japan has taken the rest of the can ton hankow railway and is also threatening cet tain advance airfields which remained in american hands after the chinese retreats last year in the face of these developments and the experi ences of 1944 chungking is taking steps to reorgan ize its armies according to an announcement of february 1 about a third of all military personnel will be dismissed many superfluous military organ izations abolished and sharp increases made in the pay of officers and men it may seem peculiar for a country to cut down its armies in the midst of war but chungking has actually had many more soldiers than could be properly equipped or cared for under current conditions dismissing part of the personnel will enable the government to allot more money for the remaining forces u.s aid to guerrillas there are clear cut indications that the united states army is look ing forward to cooperating with china’s guerrilla forces as well as with the central troops one sign of the times is to be found in the fact that almost ten tons of american red cross materials consist ing of sulfa drugs microscopes x ray equipment surgical instruments and other medical supplies have been flown to the communist capital at yenan by the china wing of the air transport command this represents a significant bréak in the central blockade of the communist areas and it is encour aging to note that it occurred with chungking’s aid the delivery of these materials may be connected with the highly favorable report on medical activ ities in the northwest submitted by major melvin a casberg a doctor attached to the american mil itary mission which has been in communist china since last summer lll sss pee tu 0 e eeee ss ss__ the guerrilla troops of the eighth route and new fourth armies are undoubtedly anxious to work with the united states army there is reason for example to believe recent japanese radio reports that the guerrillas have been constructing secret air fields in anticipation of their later use by american planes in fact general chu teh commander in chief of yenan’s forces has specifically mentioned the building of landing fields as one of the ways in which his armies could cooperate with the allies against japan other forms of aid suggested by gen eral chu are provisioning allied submarines from sections of coast controlled by the guerrillas supply ing intelligence about the enemy extending help in the rescue of allied aviators and disturbing the enemy in central and north china while he is fight ing the allies in southeast asia unsettled politics meanwhile the polit ical problem of chungking communist relations re mains to be settled the most recent development in this connection occurred on january 24 when chou en lai communist representative in the national cap ital returned there from yenan in an interview given before he left the northwest chou declared that his object was to propose to the government the kuomintang and various lesser political groups or ganized in the federation of chinese democratic parties that a preparatory meeting of all parties and groups be held to lay the basis for a national af fairs conference and a coalition government well established american policies toward ching were reiterated by under secretary of state joseph c grew on january 23 when he declared that the con summation of a kuomintang communist agreement would be very gratifying we earnestly desire the development of a strong and united china mr grew added that this government has been lending its best efforts to be of service in appropriate ways such as through the exercise of friendly good offices when requested by the chinese whether anything will come of these efforts it is impossible to say without question it is highly desirable that when american forces land in china they enter a united country in which there will be no question as to the governmental authorities with whom they must deal in any particular area lawrence k rosinger u.s follows shortsighted economic policy toward france although the location and agenda of the big three conference remain heavily guarded secrets president roosevelt is believed to have gone to this important meeting determined to fulfill the promise stated in his message to congress on january 6 that the united states will use its influence to secure for liberated peoples the right to a free choice of their government and institutions in implementing this policy the president will undoubtedly find that american economic power constitutes his strongest single weapon with it the united states may bring pressure on britain and russia to readjust in accord ance with democratic principles their plans for those countries of special strategic importance to them with it the united states could also help prevent the growth in the liberated countries of the misery and despair that have all too often in the past given birth to totalitarian régimes in the light of this opportun ity it is disheartening that so little american eco nomic assistance has thus far been extended to france as it attempts to solve the economic problems that threaten to produce a political explosion france puzzled by lack of aid to frenchmen who enthusiastically received the amer ican armies last summer as they raced up the rhone valley or fought their way across normandy united states failure to follow up this display of armed power with a program of much needed economic aid for france is as perplexing as it is disappointing this does not mean that the french have not re ceived american supplies particularly of a military nature the united states has equipped 80 french air force units 8 divisions of the army and agreed to supply 8 more these supplies are regarded by the french as of great importance not only because they help them fight for victory but because they speed the resurrection of national power an achievement on which the french lay great emphasis in addition the french civilian population will undoubtedly benefit greatly from the reconstruction work done by americans for military reasons on transport and port facilities and finally the united states army has brought in 175,000 tons of civilian relief sup plies consisting of food soap and some clothing but this amount was merely of token size for so largea population france's greatest need is for basic raw materials a few key machine parts and civilian transport since these supplies would give french industries the boost they require to set them in motion again this need has not been met and as a result the french are unable to make the wartime economic contribution they believe they could otherwise be making for contrary to predictions made before d day their it dustrial equipment has emerged largely intact from the german retreat and the allied invasion how ever without outside help the entire french economj has come perilously close to collapse shutdowns it french industrial plants affect 2,500,000 to 3,000,000 workers an enormous group in a nation that nuit bers approximately 35,000,000 when prisoners of wat and drafted laborers in germany are subtracted from the total national population moreover for lack 0 transport to move food supplies from agricultural i urban re yation fe and tou of food der thes arises hi ment of its natior nomic an help it seemes adoption aid for i the unit with the three mor liberty s be assigt equipmer this ton french re peared st of franc states ad serious w to this p productic shortages the unite billion dc tated fre now sending populatic the fren schedule period b february french h ised the to chang gram for postpone for a s repo foreign pi headquarters scond class 1 we month fc be s nent the oups or mocratic rties and onal af t td china joseph t the con greement tly desire ina mr n lending ate ways od offices anything le to say hat when a united as to the must deal singer nce nd agreed ded by the cause they they speed hievement n addition ndoubtedly work done nsport and tates army relief sup othing but so largea materials sport since 2s the boost this need french are ontribution aking for ay their it intact from sion how ch economy 1utdowns if 10 3,000,000 n that nuit ners of wat tracted from for lack d ricultural t yrban regions french cities are on the verge of star vation food riots have recently taken place in lyon and toulouse and labor troubles traceable to lack of food and employment have become frequent un der these circumstances the question inevitably srises how can france move toward the establish ment of a popularly elected government and regain its national strength if the country is torn by eco gomic and social unrest help to france postponed last month it seemed that obstacles which had prevented the adoption of a broad program of american economic aid for france had been overcome on january 15 the united states announced an export agreement with the french whereby during each succeeding three month period space equivalent to that of 26 liberty ships or approximately 260,000 tons would be assigned for shipping to france rehabilitation equipment and raw materials for essential industries this tonnage represented only a fraction of the french request for 1,000,000 tons a month but ap peared sufficient to satisfy at least the most pressing of france’s civilian needs in addition the united states adopted measures that would help solve the stious unemployment problem in france according to this plan developed at the request of american production authorities who face acute manpower shortages at home as well as the french government the united states army was to obtain more than a billion dollars worth of critical goods from resusci tated french industrial plants in 1945 now however it appears that these plans for sending prompt american aid to the french civilian population are being severely curtailed in january the french expected to receive 6 of the 26 ships scheduled for their use during the first three month period but they have received none to date during february it is probable that 10 ships will arrive in french harbors the remaining shipping space prom ied the french is apparently on order but subject tochange in effect therefore the united states pro yam for economic assistance to france has been postponed page three for a survey of the french situation read struggle for a new france by winifred n hadsel 25c july 15 issue of foreicgn poticy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 a f amma emmmnen must relief await victory of such major importance to the united states is the critical economic situation in france that acting secretary of state joseph c grew broadcast a report on the problem of supplying the french civilian population on february 2 and the office of war information released a similar statement on the subject on febru ary 4 both mr grew and the owi explained that the united states wants to do everything possible to aid france that it has already done a great deal and that it is determined to do more in the future they declared however that at the moment the united states is temporarily blocked in its efforts to extend greater assistance because of the priority of military requirements both in europe and the far east in short the official position of the united states is that much of the program for aiding france must wait until victory over germany is won that military necessities must come first is a strong argument perhaps the strongest that can be ad vanced at a moment when great battles are in their decisive stages moreover it is clear that france's greatest hope for future economic and political sta bility lies in the achievement of a speedy military decision what is disturbing is the possibility that the value of allied victory over germany may be gravely impaired if we concentrate on winning it to such an extent that we neglect to help the french and the other liberated peoples tackle their civilian problems so that civil war may be avoided it is not after all only in war that there is danger that action may be too little and too late during the current period of national recuperation in france some of the main lines of future political and economic pat terns are inevitably being drawn it is in the midst of war therefore as well as in the more remote post war period that we must use our economic power to help the french maintain conditions neces sary for the establishment of those freely chosen institutions president roosevelt has promised them and other liberated nations otherwise we may attain our immediate objective of defeating the nazis and fail to gain our long range goal of advancing amer ican security by maintaining the friendship of france and other european nations winifred n hadsel we stood alone by dorothy adams new york long mans green 1944 3.00 an american girl who went to europe to study and married into a polish family writes so charmingly and with such love for the people and country that even those whose views differ will feel an understanding sympathy foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 17 fesruary 9 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lest secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as ttond class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least we month for change of address on membership publications 181 f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor be eee pinawec ae a eeoe he cee we 0 eh a oe es ee se tw wises ones 6 washington news letter loe will allies achieve common policy on war criminals the allies twice have recognized that they have a common interest in the punishment to be accorded war criminals the first occasion was on october 21 1943 when they established in london the united nations commission for the investigation of war crimes the second on november 1 1943 when president roosevelt prime minister churchill and marshall stalin signed a declaration promising that the major war criminals would be punished by the joint decision of the governments of the allies yet in practice the soviet union britain and the united states have approached the problem of war criminals independently they have declined to take advantage of an excellent opportunity to practice international cooperation weaknesses of war crimes commis sion many factors have weakened the war crimes commission the soviet union has never pattici pated in its work we ourselves will judge our torturers and this we will entrust to nobody ilya ehrenburg well known russian journalist was quoted by the moscow radio on january 15 the commission has had only the powers of an interna tional study group whose proposals both britain and the united states have ignored the two out standing representatives on the commission sir cecil hurst of britain and herbert c pell of the united states sought to turn it into a plenary agency but their respective governments discouraged these efforts sir cecil resigned and on january 26 acting secretary of state joseph c grew said that mr pell was not returning to the commission as congress had failed to appropriate funds to pay the expenses of his office the reluctance of the powers to put their faith in international commissions is almost as disheartening as the fact that disagreement about the treatment of war criminals continues to exist even after german territory has been invaded both on the east and west by allied armies a portent of the enemy's fall the powers disagree on the criterion for deciding who is a war criminal on whether the nazis who have com mitted crimes against more than one country should be tried by international judicial courts or military courts whether the most important nazis should be dealt with by a different process than their under lings and whether important nazis if they are sepa rated from the others should be hailed before some special court or disposed of by political judgment the british consider that the roosevelt churchill stalin statement calls for a political judgment buy the united states and russia lean toward a trial punishment for top nazis certain public apprehension over disclosures of the weakness of the war crimes commission has forced britain and the united states to strengthen their separate policies with respect to war criminals the goverp ments of both countries have now accepted pell formula that war criminals include those guilty of persecuting their fellow nationals a device aimed at punishing germans hungarians and others who harrassed jews in their own countries richard lay minister of state announced this policy for britain in the house of commons on february 1 and acting secretary grew announced it for the united states at a press conference on february 2 mr law’s state ment however was open to the interpretation that the germans themselves might try their compatriot anti semites which meets with little approval here the allies will endanger their relations with one another and play into the hands of the defeated enemy unless they determine to reach a common agreement on details of the war criminals issue the united states government is sincere in its protests tions that it will expect war criminals to pay for their crimes and the determination of the soviet government on this score is perhaps the best assur ance that hitler will not be sent to some st helena the best policy will be served if the public instead of urging full disclosures now of united states pol icy on war criminals presses for international agree ment on policy the united states and britain might endanger prisoners of war held by germany if the two countries should announce before german sut render specific programs for settling accounts with designated war criminals germany has already mis treated prisoners from other countries in reprisal thus on december 6 1944 the sofia radio at nounced that the bulgarian red cross had accused the germans of amputating the hand of a captured bulgarian officer and the index fingers of two bul garian privates while the soviet embassy in wash ington reported in its bulletin of february 2 that tht nazis had killed 165,000 soviet prisoners of wal during the german occupation of lithuania blair bolles for victory buy united states war bonds 1918 ft mar you xxi big 3 he the c attended churchil course of ite and doubtles stamp o give and meeting decisions approval sion to g ing then peared t of seriou drac addition nazis t major p the euro tablishm countries war uni for gerr beyond surrende tion to ing the however hot our and insi aad thei 0 resto tinction és undo face the s defeat 80 mill ic +foreign policy bulletin index to volume xxv october 19 1945 october 11 1946 published weekly by the national headquarters foreign policy association 22 east 38th street incorporated new yorkk 16 n y index to volume xxv foreign policy bulletin october 19 1945 october 11 1946 afghanistan security council recommends admission to un albania groeke boundary gispwte cccccccsscccesscsssespnsssecstetesasesssatsbesaeinnecs rejected as member of un ccccccccccccccssccccstccccessssecocescosssnsioossnanee allied control commission see japan allied control council see germany argentina perén resigns as vice president c cccccccscsssssscesooosoees u.s senate differs with truman on argentine policy perén charges u.s interference in political campaign perges glockso wrcot cccciisinichnncicinnitnntimnninniniainnn u.s blue book and election results u.s olde y ccccseccecccecercsccessoscerercnastinsssseuestlinnseesasessensentanerbossavesbens pern movefmmone’s loco cceccscssecssscsssarcccssocssosssiadesesesastacses per6én on future cooperation with other american nations senate ratifies act of chapultepec and united nations coe aa cisiiscdacetssccnsesscncvensssnesseemndiebeinalpiadehiadiniaanianaleneniian atomic energy fulbright urges u.s to back international inspection byrnes denies use of bomb as threat trumati attlee king propomels ecciesscecccesosssscisssosecscumaiariversevene conference of ministers at moscow recommends un com minsion to consider produotoe wxiccisccissésetincenssitignisiinenncn scientists oppose secrecy policy on domd ccsceeesesesenees truman favors mcmahon proposal for civilian control ti ccecsicncaeshccensevoscieesessnasvess saunas sguchciubiingieidasieannnialestabeenie wallecd agree cocrory nce crcscetssnicusincinicemmnmscmadidamiotn senate committee debates civilian or military control u.s policy and world umrest cccccoccescrccccsrsescsesesccascossovessorcoee asrorot tedoet plotocand cccssccscspincssecssrsinsesteseectannnlasbianseincter baruch program for international control ccccssesesseees baruch proposals for veto on atomic development author ber cececcectsesnchetsthonnseosnoesesebtoensebeetnaehiabanemeeantenee tina apeataebeeetnernetsintne gromyko presents russian proposals bikini tests effect on control plans peumseh edie bar wee ccccccccnccaiswnicsieasnbsivnciedunindbemeae wallace baruch controversy shows need for u.s u.s.s.r concessions austria bae sebadicnies got nae iicecinscccecesvinwntisaiavitaasptttnaeiida te co eee et ek re a ae ns ar belgium export import bank loan bolivia tumia cverthtowws sovotimigmes cccrscercsiccicrnndnncesescsserngisonintsianenes villaroel assassinated guillén made provisional president book reviews adamic louis a nation of nations arne sigrid united nations primer basch antonin a price for peace ssssssserereesrreenseessnensens beals carleton and others ed what the south ameri cons thimke of u8 0 ecccccoccserscscovcccococscccccssosccoosssesenososoosoes bell h c f woodrow wilson and the people ppererrrerrrrrrrrrrrrrrtti iti t so ree eee eee eee eee eee eeeeeeseeeeeeee sos eee eee eeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeee no 47 47 47 10 43 43 14 28 14 date september 6 1946 september 6 1946 september 6 1946 october 26 1945 october 26 1945 february 8 1946 march 22 1946 march 22 1946 april 19 1946 august 30 1946 august 30 1946 august 30 1946 october 26 1945 november 28 1945 november 23 1945 january 4 1946 february 8 1946 february 8 1946 february 8 1946 march 1 1946 march 1 1946 april 5 1946 june 21 1946 june 21 1946 june 28 1946 july 5 1946 july 5 1946 october 11 1946 october 26 1945 november 30 1945 december 21 1945 august 9 1946 august 9 1946 january 18 1946 january 18 1946 april 26 1946 november 23 1945 january 18 1946 volume xxv book reviews continued eee te tee clo re berger elmer the jewish dilemma ccssccosesseecesssesseees alfred the economic development of the middle sn ia diiieieriiansananancirieaiaiauiaasensdaienineietundadeianitenienseestenesecesenseesocess borchard edwin american foreign policy c:c00 0 buchanan n s international investments and domestic ee ee lr sie rel ene ey ee een carr e h nationalism and after c.cccscecsscsesessseseseesees chih tsang china’s postwar markets ciano galeazzo the ciano diaries cccsccccesssseceeesececeee cole fay cooper the peoples of maylaysia 000 commager h s the story of the second world war cooke m l brazil on the march a study in interna i sc emssrnnsnosee cranston ruth the story of woodrow wilson cressey g b the basis of soviet strength cc000 curtis lionel world war its cause and cure dallin d j the big three oe tl davis k s soldier of democracy c.scsssscseecseceesseseeees dean v m the four cornerstones of peace dickinson r e the regions of germany ebenstein william the german record cccccccceeseseeeees edwards c d and others a cartel policy for the united ers rsre nmsa se een ees even i fy mice ue uie bp ieioed cv ceccnenecncscceccssenccsevcsccenscoseoeee a t k can rrepresentative government do the rsessidrere id peat ght lee s ceres eee fitzpatrick e a universal military training forbes w c the philippine islands ccccccsseceeeseeeee freyre gilberto brazil an interpretation fuller j f c armament and history furnival j s netherlands india ne ttt guérard albert france a short history i a crmricesecncnmnnet harris s e economic problems of latin america hauser heinrich the german talks back nn oo lett honig pieter and verdoorn frans ed science and scien state te the netherlands indies cccccccccccsscccccccscescsseseseecses infield h f cooperative communities at work jackson r h the case against the nazi war criminals ip a sesamendiinbacncennenoes jane’s all the world’s aircraft 1943 1944 same'e fighting shine 1948 1944 0cccccceveeccssescssssesessecessoossooes janowsky o i nationalities and national minorities josephs ray argentine diary sererererrceeerreerersereeeeseeenss de kerillis henri j accuse de galle ccccccssseesesecesseceeees korean affairs institute map of korea 1945 c cccccceeeeees lamont corliss the peoples of the soviet union loewenstein hubertus zu the germans in history longrigg h a short history of eritrea cccccccceeeeeeeeees mcinnis edgar the war fifth year cccscsssscsscsssees memahon f e a catholic looks at the world 0 maki j m japanese militarism its cause and cure mook h j van the netherlands indies and japan i ence anenenacennpnceneens moore h l soviet far eastern policy 1931 1945 be ns fr i fid vcctbeciiicctesceencdenstsbcccntesecseccenseccnes pan chao ying chine fights o10 cccccccccssssccossocsccscsssovsscesscess pelzer k j pioneer settlement in the asiatic tropics pertinax andré géraud the grave diggers of france powell j b my twenty five years in china cccccccceee price willard japan and the son of heaven ccccscseeeeees prosser d g journey underground bs es ae nunn mt teins acccnccscsesesecsseccersveecesececescsorccces ranshofen wertheimer e f the international secre acca a oe clnacideslensaniebatniabeindenananetneoneonooteseceees ia med cep ried senencemnstgnssenngnuvtsnnsveneresecotserecenecsserseece rennie y f the argentine republic cccccccssseecsseseeereees richter werner re educating germany c c0cecsereevees roth andrew dilemma in japan cccccccsssssssseeseersesersessseeesees salomone a w italian democracy in the making se sie gu did cxctinmncuhsnneitnetbenannentnnvcecsesevevesenceceeees scrivener jane inside rome with the germans seydewitz max civil life in wartime germany sharp r h south america uncensored ccccceesseeeeeeees smith t l brazil people and institutions 00 00 soule george america’s stake in britain’s future sop e ere ee eee en eeee ee eeeeeeneeeeeee serre ree e eer eee e eere eee eee ee ee ee eee ee eeeeeeee preece i cercrrrrrrrr ett itr see eeeeereeeeeeeeseeeeeeeees co eee eee eee eeeeeeeeneeeeeeeeeeeeeeee date october 26 1945 march 15 1946 may 10 1946 may 38 1946 july 5 1946 august 9 1946 march 15 1946 september 6 1946 february 22 1946 september 6 1946 january 18 1946 april 5 1946 july 12 1946 september 6 1946 july 19 1946 december 28 1945 january 18 1946 january 18 1946 may 17 1946 january 18 1946 july 5 1946 may 17 1946 december 28 1945 february 1 1946 february 1 1946 january 18 1946 january 18 1946 february 1 1946 april 5 1946 july 12 1946 may 17 1946 november 23 1945 april 5 1946 january 18 1946 june 14 1946 january 18 1946 april 12 1946 april 5 1946 october 26 1945 october 26 1945 may 3 1946 november 23 1945 may 10 1946 january 18 1946 july 19 1946 september 6 1946 september 27 1946 september 6 1946 january 18 1946 july 5 1946 february 8 1946 february 1 1946 november 23 1945 june 14 1946 february 15 1946 february 1 1946 april 26 1946 january 18 1946 january 18 1946 march 29 1946 april 5 1946 february 1 1946 november 23 1945 april 5 1946 january 18 1946 may 17 1946 april 5 1946 january 18 1946 april 5 1946 november 23 1945 april 5 1946 april 5 1946 volume xxv book reviews continued stark preya the arab fok cceccecsssscqiewcesnecsisvircaneevnunits stein gunther the challenge of red china sturzo luigi italy and the coming wold sssseseeeseeees thompson w s population and peace in the pacific timasheff n s the great retreat isecccocceccesecessccccecseevessesore viekke b h m nusantara a history of east indian ap oripoundo svscsciccsdersicscnnsssetsisediiemasansmantanennerte warburg j p foreign policy begins at home warburg j p unwritten treaty weinrich max hitler’s profeseor 1 00 01vssccccsctecssosscsoesonees wilson c m ed new crops for the new world yakhontoff v a ussr foreign policy ccecscessssseeess zabriskie e h american russian rivalry in the far east a study in diplomacy and power politics 1895 1914 brazil bee cong ting gicerecisssimnsterciseineneriiiinaingends bxport lmpart bee for ccnccccsscssseccscactectostecsesenteversbaectetecetness president dutra takes office cost of living rises bulgaria conference of ministers at moscow orders government cririiiig saecvssitenernticseriemccinmantineiicheadeae u.s russian exchanges on broadening government canada truman attlee king atomic energy proposals ssss000 st lawrence waterway treaty hearings before u.s sen ate pperrrrrrrrr rir seeecese eee ree ree eee eee oee eere oee e esos esse sese sees es esee ese esse eeereeseeeseeesess sese oe eeeeos preece eerie ree ror e ee ree r eee e oee eee oee eeeeee sees sees eseseseseeeseeeeeeeeseseses esse eeeeee eoe eees chile export import bank loan doo iid no iiciicrsnscinanscncunininnadidintnnnigamntaiinntcagnaineannilinns strikes reflect economic insecurity orem guoceoee furie wiccicstccski cere cestisitesceniccssupiaceanssssuteenas leftist victors urge economic reform china accepts u.s proposal for allied advisory council on japan u.s to establish military misgiod 1 10cccsccccccscscessosssescosesses washington divided on u.s intervention manchuria focus of internal struggle manchuria resources and population u.s maritsan far wwomtthh cie tieicssconssiccereensstcsiccensviteeneen hurley resigns as american ambassador assails u.s crinr policy 00 sss0sscssecsssosnshipsvonssavstabienssouoesonrosennabesaeeesooqseoes truman names general marshall as special envoy byrnes on need to broaden government hurley policy modified raptes bo grit oesecinsnceriscctpcnectapcclienes ansdinclnoviesticatinkseauaamrnatetts truman statement on u.s policy cccccc.c.ccccocccecscesvecsccesseccosees conference of ministers at moscow decisions ssses nationalists and communists confer with general marshall u.s gives backing to national government 1.0 cescsesesees political consultation conference issues unity agreement bigmimcance ccccccorecrconseserevecssesooes poccousoccooeyeoeonpasnaesoccosoesoeuns yalta secret pact on manchuria and u.s prestige central government communist unification accord signed chiang kini ahaok orn tritici tit ncncsssncocsscessesscsessnjesnimensvensaxeconse communist demand on manchurian issue scsssseseeeeeees kuomintang communist settlement in manchuria essential do weg aa cerivesnaccescteunisvegpgjeoseossinicnboncpuanasenmansecenebeeatnneeteeren annie manchurian situation and post war far east 00000 chou en lai opposes foreign aid to present government government communist clashes in manchuria raise civil woe crroie rsecencccessssnsescecsasinitbecsapapinoaamnminia aieaealaptrstenemetets kuomintang central executive committee session truman on leaders and political umity ccccccssesseseeees unsettled conditions face china bound americans marshall on military unity and political unity local politics barometer of civil strife policy control in shanghai problem of press freedom effects of marshall’s mission u.s policy’s apparent contradictions perplex chinese can u.s prevent full scale civil war examples of needed internal reforms sssscecsseesessessesees support by chinese liberals would strengthen u.s position coo e eee eee eeeeen esse eeeeeeeseeeees prerererrrrrri itt tii corre eer sooo eere estee eee eee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeseseeeseseseeeeees cor eee ee ee eee eee o oe see es ee ee ee es teer sees esse es eee seed coco ere t otst tree eset erste eee eeeeee rct re 51 10 17 48 12 22 date december 28 1945 january 18 1946 january 18 1946 july 5 1946 july 12 1946 february 1 1946 october 26 1945 october 4 1946 october 4 1946 february 1 1946 august 9 1946 october 4 1946 november 9 1945 december 21 1945 february 8 1946 september 13 1946 january 4 1946 march 15 1946 november 23 1945 march 15 1946 december 21 1945 february 8 1946 february 8 1946 september 13 1946 september 13 1946 october 19 1945 november 9 1945 november 9 1945 november 30 1945 november 30 1945 november 30 1945 december 7 1945 december 7 1945 december 14 1945 december 21 1945 december 21 1945 december 21 1945 january 4 1946 january 11 1946 january 11 1946 february 8 1946 february 22 1946 march 1 1946 march 1 1946 march 1 1946 march 1 1946 march 1 1946 april 12 1946 april 12 1946 april 12 1946 april 12 1946 june 7 1946 june 28 1946 july 5 1946 july 5 1946 july 5 1946 july 19 1946 july 19 1946 july 26 1946 july 26 1946 august 2 1946 6 volume xxv china continued i i iii ansesieetenecntinentenecnstnvnsansnnecacances mediation failure calls for review of u.s china policy constructive steps u.s can take russia’s intentions colonies ne led conference of ministers moscow announces peace conference by may 1 1946 00004 adopts compromise procedure on peacemaking byrnes report on results far eastern agreements preerr rie rrir rt ete tir oer eee eee ree eset eee eee eee reese esse tees eee e esse eee eee ee ee eee ed seer r ee eere ee eee ere teeter terete eee eere eset eee eee eeeeeed oe rrieoeceirr rir it it tii irr council of foreign ministers london peacemaking duties under potsdam declaration council of foreign ministers paris hy gunamned task altered by changes in europe since v e ees er ee 2 ee sa ee byrnes proposes 25 year allied treaty to keep germany i a a cepiewnenanse conflicts among victors delay peace settlement byrnes proposes peacemaking be handed over to confer ence of 21 nations that took part in european war big four agree on free discussion by peace conference draft treaties drawn up terms closes with debate on germany czechoslovakia elections danube river u.s and russia contend for control dardanelles see turkey denmark export import bank loan economic conditions elections egypt anti british riots follow british reply to request for 1936 treaty review arab states to bring anglo egyptian dispute before arab iiit shad tcilasllcs iadhiddlntnattinnpenabhnenbengaetarennenorcceconsecere hafez afifi pasha on anglo egyptian negotiations dissolves subversive organizations europe daily contacts aid russo western understanding elections reflect big three competition ccccecseereees set course toward social coemoctacy cccsesseeeseeseeeesesees central inland transport organization cccccceeeeeees emergency economic committee ccccccscssssssserssseseeseees rine wii miiiiiiindd sciussiencnsantcvccnnseevedsscasoconcorcossesenceeces joint economic agencies promote tecovety cccceeeeceeeeees russia’s objections to un proposals for recovery food truman on conservation program to relieve starvation es ag se te te ee ee eee aan te i i i a tindatsieninepeceemnanesenecinbovesccorocees russia to supply france with grain sssccssssesssssessrees singapore conference on asiatic problems 00s0 00 world action needed to alleviate famine c0sscceeseeeees end of unrra raises distribution problem 0 united nations food and agriculture organization pro se ee sid mitt cneccstneceneneneqecenanesvevernecsnssuveceoeeansneetese foreign policy association f r mccoy appointed to far eastern advisory com ngrf iese eee eee int iid gir oi cictiinnctiatenannppntinmsmetenecncveneoscsoncesecccceee president truman commends work ccccssesesesscssseeesseeees board of directors proxy and who’s who ccccccceseeeeeee rte giuiinond decccnecssetepbapapephinpronnomopoopupenecssoopecostenes i ni a i ict nsnntnonnnonaporonosonpeoesens f r mccoy resigns as president ccscccssesssscesseeeesseereneees prerrrrirrrrererrrrirr i it it corre eee oe oo eee ore e eee ee hoes eset eee eee ee sees ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee carr eee r eee eee eere ee ee eee ee essere tees ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeee eee ee eee heed corre ree er ere eere eee eee e ee ee eee eee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee eee eee ee ee o eeeeeeeeesereees no 48 48 49 49 et pt ee os ae 33 10 11 11 date september 13 1946 september 13 1946 september 20 1946 september 20 1946 october 19 1945 december 28 1945 january 4 1946 january 4 1946 january 4 1946 december 14 1945 april 26 1946 may 3 1946 may 3 1946 june 28 1946 july 12 1946 july 12 1946 july 19 1946 june 7 1946 may 31 1946 december 21 1945 december 28 1945 december 28 1945 march 1 1946 march 1 1946 april 12 1946 july 19 1946 november 30 1945 june 7 1946 june 7 1946 june 21 1946 june 21 1946 june 21 1946 june 21 1946 october 4 1946 february 15 1946 april 26 1946 april 26 1946 april 26 1946 april 26 1946 august 16 1946 october 11 1946 october 19 1945 october 19 1945 november 2 1945 november 16 1945 february 15 1946 march 1 1946 april 12 1946 volume xxv foreign policy association continued h h hutcheson joins staff proxy for special meeting cccccsccccscccssrecccosescrssosssscesessevscccvecs d f leet resigns as executive secretary result of special meeting of august 27 ccsccscceeseerersees h m daggett named executive secretary scsseeeeees v m dean becomes director of publications 000 t k ford appointed editor of headline books 0 augusta shemin succeeds helen terry as assistant editor of research publications statement of ownership pprrrrirerrrrr titre se eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeses eee eee eee ee eee eee hes ee esse ese eeeeeeoeseeeeeee sess coro eee eee eee ree eee ere eeeeeeeeeees eee eeeseses oses steered france tine hobo ccinecescececsansesersnsvanteuicsnennstaniectbaaagneniiiaccetidiaaadmmnte administration of german zomg 00s0c0rsscrccsccsecscscccascesesessosoosooesee misconceptions affecting american attitude export trmport barikk joqt ccccecccssicencsevstiscesestectcascteeveuonsteenesen asks british and u.s stand on breaking relations with pf rbiioo ak caliksincisicscsnssncterserierennndnicsneshieaana an position i pemenmaing secsseciticiiecncscsncctistisespebeneieninniens beomomic gagrries ccccieseseosesenssssssvicisntistuigusieieiaiaineiianin de gaulle resigns as leftists oppose military budget de trtig socccocsvennconccrovvowersensesassesnsignenunniecddinisinataieanapaaaavdnt gouin elected interim presigent ccsswssedsedsescnuscecsvincncsiamiitiees american french british note urges spaniards to over creo tered cocevcscessecniinisasctocslabectedestidevianaadiaadadtntnsedn spanish frontier closed ty aoe serne bord bie ceieccenesssinsstscatsecenstdeiadincsmaecbecmamionantzamnatiadl to wet erate brome trogir 1sccctssiccitiiaicdtirictnddaendinnnen draft constitution makes assembly supreme csssssse0000 riod seciscensctccedevesensctevcbexisntmecicanbbadided aaa ascinimiamnteniietiant tare soi bead cccnsiersncsnccssscsnoschicinnveevtendacetiiptbllicsteallaaaadie tte franco siamese difficulties over disputed territories groupements temporary status in u.s loan agreement gets briga tenda area under italian draft treaty see also indo china germany att seat gi croniig cevsiinsincsnnccisctmincaiaceatacssnmmmiiialagtemnin allies tighten economic controls ccsessccsssssssssssssscsssssssees etre ount ige coco cisccincssigasinnksoeisnavstecremeeaes ere oorin yeahs were truriiee sw oinioe os ccrccncirenyccevisecticksnsssuscunininneneeeneraaeaaiae allied control council work reflects national differences a iled ture suote tabi ceecnesiccansipatncbecsscietertchesveseinenent u.s to hold elections in its zone pitop coomiied cio ccscictinrnsicctcintbdedsiensssnsntinsserasbiacnaies socal cfanslotmation tocebbrtg oc scrsecccsccssecscvcccseceresssoncsensacveevese byrnes clarifies u.s economic policy ccccscccccssssssseees hard and soft american plans contrasted oe re ae eens allied control council plan for controlled economy wid ouro gar toi in vrcccsensaceccsctensecpcenecedeeniescetubtntee anes byrnes proposes four power treaty for continuing disarm bttigag cocccnccccccccescocesecccsusccccasensenseseanncenoseoncecapanoncsequanenseneeuseeavneete why europe is skeptical of byrnes digwut gh cour dod sities tbininetnnenenioe byrnes asks economic cooperation among zones 0 economic rift and east west division bt wu miiine 5 x ccsissonsivcicsecnenrseeicmetians teneanammabienmenmaamnrnrtas preparations versus self sufficiency tired etree tep gornieioee ossccncssscseidicceedeccciccnreccteensuasaees britain accepts u.s invitation for economic cooperation russia’s action on u.s invitation for economic cooperation we iit sone ce ccsnccsscssncpuntbindsigininhosanaedebabiaeeasnstonietenste amelie beyrvids cnh amer iene mott pevcieeliscetsecdcensecsinsocscanecbeaeninaiins elections show conservative trend cccccccsssssssssesssessesees molotov answers byrnes on polish border c.ccceeeees u.s plans industrial and land reforms cccssssseesseeeees noel baker medved exchange before economic and social council pprttttti tt tittie tit t oeeeereceeerecereseeen orr e ree ee eee ee ee ee esse eset ee eeeseoeeoseeeese esse sese e eee eeeseeee sese ee sseees ese eees great britain accepts u.s proposal for allied advisory council on sod gs ccicessinndjacsosseizececceheciebesnss culate ldaapia cai tsadaecddiaidaaialaatl sis plans new constitutional status for british malaya labor expresses resurgent spirit position om germntr gqooogt ciseiissiscisicsctisisicvcénsncletbacemeenveies administration of geremad bows onisccccivccscssccesiviscdsvescsessesccnesseseces u.s joins in palestine problem survey cscssesseesseeeees truman attlee king atomic energy proposals iran revolt tests big three relations sooo eee eee eee eee ee eee oee eee eeeeeeeeeeee cesc eeeeeeeeseseeeeees corr eee eee eee sees ee eee eeseeeeseseeee 29 34 35 39 clot im co co co do oam de date april 19 1946 august 2 1946 september 6 1946 september 6 1946 september 20 1946 september 27 1946 september 27 1946 september 27 1946 october 11 1946 november 2 1945 november 9 1945 november 23 1945 december 21 1945 january 4 1946 january 4 1946 february 1 1946 february 1 1946 february 1 1946 march 8 1946 march 8 1946 march 8 1946 april 26 1946 may 38 1946 june 7 1946 june 7 1946 june 14 1946 july 5 1946 july 12 1946 october 26 1945 november 2 1945 november 2 1945 november 2 1945 november 9 1945 november 9 1945 november 9 1945 november 16 1945 november 16 1945 december 21 1945 december 21 1945 january 25 1946 april 19 1946 april 19 1946 may 3 1946 may 10 1946 july 19 1946 july 19 1946 july 19 1946 july 19 1946 july 19 1946 july 26 1946 august 9 1946 august 9 1946 september 13 1946 september 27 1946 september 27 1946 september 27 1946 october 4 1946 october 19 1945 october 19 1945 october 26 1945 october 26 1945 november 9 1945 november 16 1945 november 23 1945 december 7 1945 volume xxv great britain continued anglo american loan agreement terms cccccsccesseeeeees france asks attitude on breaking relations with franco byrnes on u.s loan truman asks congress to approve loan coree e eer eere eere eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee sheets eo eee eee oee american french british note urges spaniards to over throw franco sore e eere ree eere eere eee re eere eee eeeoe ee eee eee eee ee churchill asks u.s british association in u.s speech protests russia’s failure to withdraw troops from iran stalin on churchill speech per eit iec cii rrr tet iii eee teeter eerie un offers best means of reconciling big three conflicts reshapes alliances to hold position in middle east british dominions conference london senate debates proposed u.s loan senate approves loan co renee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneees career eere terete eee eee eee ee eee e eee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee white paper opens way for india’s independence anglo american notes criticizing rumanian government anglo american unity in europe to be tested in paris bevin praises u.s proposals in europe ccc:sseeseeseees labor party conference economic gains under labor party financial pacts outside sterling area u.s loan and british trade policy truman signs loan agreement files claim for reparations from italy see also egypt palestine greece opinion divided on russian note to un on british inter es see eee elections royalist minority wins gets dodecanese islands under italian draft treaty albanian boundary dispute plebiscite favors recall of king george security council drops charge of aggressive action toward ieee ayes hungary ae russian navigation agreement crore e eero reo ee eee e eere eee ee eee eee ee eeeeeeees error rro eee e ree eee eere eee eee eee eee ehe eee e ee ee eee u.s ambassador smith protests russia’s collection of hungarian reparations reparations issue iceland corre e eere ere eere ee ee eeee eee eee eee ee eee eee ee eee eee security council recommends admission to un india congress and moslem league famine and political issues pakistan moslem league objective british white paper opens way for independence moslem hindu riots nehru accepts british bid to set up all indian executive nh indo china french plan rehabilitation viet nam annamite group revolts against french rule france grants cambodian autonomy france recognizes viet nam republic franco chinese treaty french and annamite army totals indonesia see netherlands indies international trade conference postponed until 1947 iran persia coree ee eee eerste eee eee eeeeee este theses eee eee eeeeeeeeeseeeeeees beavers teete big threc felations ccccssccccccccsccccscecccccsccccsosccees charges russian interference in internal affairs asks un a ee sore e ree e ree eoe ere eere ee eee eee ee ee eee eee ee eeeeeeee britain and u.s protest russia’s failure to withdraw meine enetuidicndvcncsomvonitgioeeete coree ere eere e erste eere ee eee ee eee eee eee e eee eee dispute raises problems of orderly change 00000 russia assails council settlement of issue asks removal ffom agenaa ccccccccceseees russian troops withdrawn what kind of intervention torr oort e eere eere sees eee ee estee ee ee eee eeee eee eeees coree eere oee e oreo rhee eere eee eee e eee e eoe ee eee eeeeeee soe ore hooters eere eere teeth sese eee eee eee eee ee ee eee 12 18 18 21 22 23 23 26 29 29 31 35 35 35 37 39 39 41 16 26 39 47 47 50 50 19 19 19 32 45 45 22 25 26 9 date december 14 1945 january 4 1946 february 15 1946 february 15 1946 march 8 1946 march 15 1946 march 15 1946 march 22 1946 march 22 1946 april 12 1946 may 3 1946 may 3 1946 may 17 1946 may 24 1946 june 14 1946 june 14 1946 june 14 1946 june 21 1946 june 28 1946 july 12 1946 july 12 1946 july 26 1946 september 6 1946 february 1 1946 april 12 1946 july 12 1946 september 6 1946 september 6 1946 september 27 1946 september 27 1946 november 30 1945 may 31 1946 august 2 1946 september 6 1946 september 6 1946 february 22 1946 february 22 1946 february 22 1946 may 24 1946 august 23 1946 august 23 1946 october 19 1945 october 19 1945 march 15 1946 march 15 1946 march 15 1946 march 15 1946 july 12 1946 december 7 1945 february 1 1946 march 15 1946 april 5 1946 april 12 1946 may 31 1946 may 31 1946 volume xxv ireland rejected as member of un italy export import bank loan bebbceeots ccccesersercssecnsseneserncunececencntaneescoconsneineeeraioedileinastenaneameeites pope pius xii pre election appeal losses in draft peace treaty r.secccccrsecsrerscsserrcssssersssessrseees reaction to treaty term c ccccccccccccccrresccssssesscsssosesseensorseners trieste compromise reached by council of foreign min sgd sipckcscnciensecceccseseccsaduncossennupaiiinsestninaediacsitigtciiain tiaavcaee britain files claim for reparations japan u.s proposes allied advisory council powers mgceturet gr codeioe cisiacsncithinittnaneecciimengees u.s accepts allied control under agreements made at con ference of ministers at moscow selects got goce exscedecssccigescbiossinintysteninecenaniipsinaiiaieieiainnin macarthur abolishes militaristic societies bars active mil harints lrg ghoggioie cecccceecessceinnesonsineeicin secespinasorribeaabvelaeiets macarthur bans state support for shinto ccssssseeeeees mromeried wiig ciivcccicnssesenscinisicinieateualsiencaaha sate aichiaaaiadmeassmimesseiio new constitution proposed lk kk ey re u.s proposes 25 year program of allied supervision korea us boviet cggpation policiee sccccssiriiisonesicaersencumentaparns conference of ministers at moscow agrees on trusteeship up to five years before independence latin america wants u.s economic aid fears intervention c00 8 truman message on military collaboration with other puoticam podurics 5b ic ncscceseesssvsssssenseescbd pibaiedtealnadctatieweth u.s plan favors creation of rival world blocs decrmot our om ti pout sercerideceesntiaaiearibirnertnvnigiiincnnsaen renews european contacts to counterbalance u.s lebanon syrian lebanese issue before un security council malaya british plan new constitutional status manchuria see china mexico toledano charges u.s interference in presidential cam paign soc eee eee reese reese eeeo ee ee eee esos esse ese eseeeeeeed pperertirri irri iii rrr prerrrrrrrir rrr irr coro eee ere eoe eee sores e oee eeeeeese ee seed eeeeeeeees cece eeeeeeeseseeeeeeeseseeeeee ce eeeeeeeeeseeeeseseee mongolian people’s republic rejected as member of un narcotics united nations narcotic drug commission ccccsssseseees netherlands export import bank loan see also netherlands indies netherlands indies indonesians oppose dutch rule in javar cccsccccsccssessseeeesees allies seek formula to end indonesian impasse dutch concessions inadequate teououree weuduri cesveensanisisenientinitecaerrewsercrvisraemenioonsinvegaunn dutch and indonesian nationalists differ on ukrainian re public note to un on british interference norway export import bank loan ccccccccscccsscsescessssosensocsovsccoseceeees nent dreeirrrirg 0 scisisccnssiuiinneaniaieamniekevensssoidapiibnsisminciaammiehio ee re pee ttt sie ete aera he onset palestine arab opposition to jewish immigration ctwotten ge wionemnod ciinciedevssesmianssesichatimartiesviiaaiigiemninne truman attlee exchanges on immigration u.s joins britain in survey of problem sseseseeeeenees anglo american commission opens hearings personne bo or 11 11 16 10 11 1o1 5 5 5 13 september 6 1946 december 21 1945 june 7 1946 june 7 1946 july 12 1946 july 12 1946 july 12 1946 september 6 1946 october 19 1945 january 4 1946 january 4 1946 january 11 1946 january 11 1946 january 11 1946 april 19 1946 april 19 1946 april 19 1946 june 28 1946 november 16 1945 january 4 1946 february 8 1946 may 10 1946 may 17 1946 may 24 1946 may 24 1946 march 1 1946 october 19 1945 february 18 1946 september 6 1946 april 5 1946 december 21 1945 october 19 1945 december 28 1945 december 28 1945 december 28 1945 february 1 1946 december 21 1945 december 28 1945 december 28 1945 november 16 1945 november 16 1945 november 16 1945 november 16 1945 january 11 1946 10 volume xxv palestine continued will anglo american inquiry help european jewry anglo american report opposed by arabs and zionists u.s british disagreement over attlee’s views on report bevin on problem irgun zvai leumi proposes jewish liberation army truman on british military measures weis eee giureoneiee ge trowuid nosccececscncsccccccesssceccesecocececccoscccceeve anglo american talks begin in london c0cscceeseeeeeee arab higher committee urges truman to admit more i gla cahdanonbbdpensesvocctsoboceeeee arabs as possible threat to britain see sees ee a ees ee anglo american cabinet committee proposes partition britain presses u.s for clearer policy british seal port of haifa russia on partition plan panama u.s panamanian statement on war time bases 00 peace allies must maintain wartime unity cccccsseesseeseeeeeees byrnes on peace conference and peace making will it have to be entrusted to un peace conference paris i a ceentemanmesenece will discuss freely draft treaty decisions reached by coun ege alta economic questions paramount at opening c seee0 small nations try to keep big four from dominating u.s and britain back molotov’s opposition to change in act nella ibn aniennnienigenenneneete new balance of power underlies procedure dispute agrees on procedure in making recommendations to coun i i lec etbanecdiannencinanineayees byrnes molotov exchanges on equality of economic oppor acacia lh laine ace tehebiniettambibeianenenbrenes crisis forces u.s to weight long term policy 0000 reparations debate raises issue of ability to pay philippine islands economic and labor probleme scc0 sccsssssssrsscsessseensesees elections roxas defeats osmefia roxas in washington poland io i i ia clincetehbinsneemalintnnediawaveaseene lange asks security council to break relations with spain i a csaeietbensbbenbenvoneebernesceuser civil strife threat portugal rejected as member of un rumania conference of ministers at moscow orders government i ceded a ied aan cab niksdsdicbasibeeesncineeeves anglo american notes criticizing groza government molotov on russian collection of reparations pree pee ii stoo ert eter rrr ri seeeee corr eee ere ree ee eee ee eee eee eee eeee prereerierrilicrrrrrerrrr ttt titi iit titer it core ee eere eere reet e eee eee eee sees eee ee eee eee eee e eee eod prrrrrrrerrrrrr yy correo eere eere ee eere erste esse esser esse ee eeeeee sees ss eeeeeeeees farr oer e eoe ere e ee eere sees sees eee ee sees eee eee eeeeeeeee eee eee eee ee ed soe rrr e roe eee ere ee eere eee eee sese hehe ee eee eeeeeee peer eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeee russia accepts u.s proposal for allied advisory council on iiit this cciaisteieenneiti i niadseminenaliieanipinebetdinenssucenntenensrecorenneee nee our cities ooo asics os doidcscceccencsarcosivosecscecepencocccces administration of german zone ccccccccccesersssssserenseseees molotov answers byrnes on polish german border rpv irs tormeiois 1 tegegr oecciecccecccecscscececcoccveccccccsceccecescoceee byrnes assurance on american aims in europe 0 0 european contacts aid russo western understanding ron sre er ee ee iran revolt tests big three relations cccccecscccsseseeseees charges britain interferes in greece asks un to inv sti seen onsinahenthiinichdaisiindiasselaiainhabibelighiabidpiinndasaabisibinebibiovvecesouveeereresetes gets special privileges in manchuria under secret yalta eaa sshdtcibiinteinanatnthendanneersenibesensendaududnuentecdiseidsendedvuesovesoes iii tennis sc sc nstcisiestaetestieblivnenbaesntosumecubenctesaoeseeee is she alone to blame for disturbed world pravda assails churchill’s u.s speech pre ppp rer reer ity 32 35 39 39 43 43 44 44 45 47 30 30 30 10 28 29 41 47 12 47 co iain de a nner nr oo date january 11 1946 may 10 1946 may 10 1946 june 21 1946 july 12 1946 july 12 1946 july 12 1946 july 19 1946 july 19 1946 july 19 1946 july 19 1946 july 19 1946 august 2 1946 august 16 1946 august 16 1946 august 16 1946 september 27 1946 october 19 1945 may 24 1946 june 14 1946 july 12 1946 july 12 1946 august 2 1946 august 9 1946 august 9 1946 august 16 1946 august 16 1946 august 23 1946 august 30 1946 september 6 1946 may 10 1946 may 10 1946 may 10 1946 december 21 1945 april 26 1946 may 3 1946 july 26 1946 september 6 1946 january 4 1946 june 14 1946 september 6 1946 october 19 1945 october 26 1945 november 9 1945 november 16 1945 november 16 1945 november 30 1945 november 30 1945 november 30 1945 december 7 1945 february 1 1946 february 22 1946 february 22 1946 march 8 1946 march 15 1946 volume xxv 11 russia continued u.s russian exchanges on bulgarian government stalin on chusgwill speeches ciciceseccicssurcecadinrsessivescacethedetebteventenisee un offers best means of reconciling big three conflicts stalin reply to baillie questions to gbodly grain co ferrod cccccctertsccttitcnceuiinlinmannssdeesiotinns contends with u.s over control of danube basin hungarian navigation agreement to get reparations from italy molotov oft geterat dotnet ncsccceccicisnssnssinsesicscstasccceeaicene u.s ambassador smith protests russia’s collection of fiursrpige popataliorg o cccccessksistsciscsthndaieiiesscieeabeaieigaaiectee on partition plan bor palewtine secisisccsisiterticcsosssccpeesiadiostietess turkey reveals russian stand on control of dardanelles history of dardanelles guestige sisisssissssasscccsccvescesdacsccioseccesyoncs turkey rejects proposal for new dardanelles regime u.s note on dardanelles fra miborial 1g sigir ocecscesushninncsrcee bee shaciscanivasaseet ee ciaebined objections to economic and social council proposals for europea n cconomic tocovety 0ccsccsccccsecsccrcsssessocccescoecccccccocees outlook for u.s soviet trade ropes lorwin report stalin answers to werth questions reflect internal prob lems cee r eee ree eoe eec o eee eee eee e eee eee ee eee reese oses eesere sese se eseseseeeeesseseseoeseseeseees stalin on capitalistic encirclement see also atomic energy iran pprrrrriri iii etre cee e eee seers seer esos eseeeeeeeeeeeeeeseneeee pteptt ttt t errr rite tert iter eeeeeeeres core r eee ree ee reese eee sees oe se estee ee eeeeeeseee eee eeeees scandinavia countries discuss closer coopetation sseseceesereseseneeeees siam files information with un on french troops in siamese territory franco siamese difficulties over disputed territories pa et be eee ee a as cn spain civil war fear impedes franco ouster feefecwne lewes gec avcicc ce cccssctntsestetiscearensvtedaacsanaees american french british note urges franco’s overthrow security council discusses polish proposal to break rela cromer were cial ccicnscsccccrencessmquaeiaheaiehistelesncsanaiaibeiaaei ia iain security council sub committee advises placing problem before assembly oooo eee ee eeeeneeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeee sweden became corio 0cicccsineseievinnsicstiaiee aetaipiladbtavcimtenieialers security council recommends admission to un syria lebanese syrian issue before un security council transjordan rejected as member of un trieste compromise reached by council of foreign ministers trusteeships australia belgium great britain and new zealand an nounce intentions on mandates truman on bases turkey reveals russian stand on control of dardanelles history of dardanelles question ccccssscssesserrseseresseensees rejects russian proposal for new dardanelles regime u.s note to russia on dardanelles ukrainian republic charges britain interferes in indonesia asks un to in vestigate evererrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr iit iti iti rr seeeeeeeseeeeseees eeeeee prererrerriri rit ir rr petttititititi ttt united nations food and agriculture conference opens ssssssssseseereeeees senate acts on making armed forces available to security council success depends on prompt peace settlement s0 cseses preparatory commission establishes headquarters in u.s to begin functioning january 10 1946 sccsssessserreseres truman names senators connally and vandenberg as dele gates rrr ror e ere ere eee e ree eee ee hess ees eseseseeseseeeeee teese eeeeeeeeesereseseeeeeees pprrrrrerrerrrrrerrrrrtrrrrrr tri i ii 11 35 35 12 21 28 35 47 39 15 15 44 46 46 46 16 10 11 11 date march 15 1946 march 22 1946 march 22 1946 april 5 1946 april 26 1946 may 31 1946 may 31 1946 july 12 1946 july 19 1946 august 2 1946 august 16 1946 august 16 1946 august 30 1946 august 30 1946 august 30 1946 september 20 1946 october 4 1946 october 4 1946 october 4 1946 october 4 1946 december 28 1945 june 14 1946 june 14 1946 june 14 1946 january 4 1946 january 4 1946 march 8 1946 april 26 1946 june 14 1946 december 28 1945 september 6 1946 march 1 1946 september 6 1946 july 12 1946 january 25 1946 january 25 1946 august 16 1946 august 30 1946 august 30 1946 august 30 1946 february 1 1946 november 2 1945 december 14 1945 december 14 1945 december 21 1945 december 28 1945 december 28 1945 t a eee ene er es nena 12 volume xxv united nations continued will u.s party rivalry impair effectiveness s0s00 interventions by great powers and effectiveness of un iie sil cahinn.ciii scat tiene obteinndda lévetislibeunhisa viirapnadeeasinenssaveveese iran charges interference by russia asks investigation russia and ukrainian republic charge british interfere in greece and indonesia respectively ask investigation distinction between a dispute and a situation which might sn i i iii ss cao cna caclhintidanbpesesesensvonceanneseqcencocoseos eee te rurnnee tinounoins gi 55s neccvnrenstvecvcosetovccsccvsesicercocecneese syria lebanon issue before security council endangered by trend toward rival blocs sssssssseeereees offers best means of reconciling big three conflicts et td security council opens second meeting cssssesscceesseeeees equality differing concept of russia and western powers iranian dispute raises problems of orderly change narcotic drug commission set up se so oo i otic cere athiivndoodenanendvenonvocente russia calls iranian settlement illegal ccsssssseeeeeeeee russia wants iranian question off council agenda oe council discusses polish proposal to break with ery te penis ds ea ae er creme subcommittee of security council advises placing spanish iee si cseusin gdiicasuecebninectaneesescevertereces will foreign ministers have to entrust peace making to a ahi ncnletlelatatiscn sin sdenicichus saben einbianansiilinieaveiaibavoveianseecoese veto power and baruch proposals for atomic energy control will bikini tests strengthen baruch efforts to curb veto new use of veto in membership debate cccccsssssseeeeees security council recommends three membership applica rebres reet sle ele 2s en sur sre se leen security council rejects five mmebership applications russia’s objection to economic and social council pro posals for european economic recovery seen eeeeeeneeeeeeeeeeeee pperrrrreee rir ir rt iter ere united nations food and agriculture organization copenhagen conference proposes world food board united nations relief and rehabilitation administration dismisses general sir frederick morgan restricted area of operations i 0 cca ticlapntenenbonmnesaenesnccees i to a nchednwcbovotinsnaedebincoene lehman on food shortages and policies decision made to disband see eee eee eee eeeeeeeeneeeeeeeeees united states attitude on future german economy esscsessssseeesesesesnes senate differs with truman on argentine policy spruille braden named assistant secretary of state i slhdatibanmnononennettiwes i es a scsenbnbdinnanensusuavareroseecoeusnos recognizes venezuelan government a od iil sen seneaincliudnecennantimnnebenecceeees oie suis tur tein cccccnnsensenessponsccenscteccosesevocoees misconceptions affect attitude on france ccsceeeeeeeeeeees byrnes assures soviet on american aims in europe european contacts aid russo western understanding pearl harbor investigation and roosevelt foreign policy iran revolt tests big three relations c:cccccssseesssseeeeeees senator wherry asks investigation of state department world cooperation reality or myth to americans anglo american loan agreement terms ccccccsseeeseeees intervention trend reflects expanding interests senate acts on making armed forces available to un se rce rte re ee ee eee eee expenditures abroad contribute to security export import bank loans it linda diac adindindbneipnabaaaatintesieensenventnceceseese commitments require foreign policy coordination forrestal proposes national security council hull system of cooperation with congress sseseeess state war navy coordinating committee swink names connally and vandenberg as delegates to cente eee eeeeeeseeeeeeeeeee pree seen eeeeereseseeeeeses carrere eere ee eere reese eee e reet e sees esse teese ee eese eset eseeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee esse eeeeeees truman recommends merger of war navy departments urges indonesian peace a sp eee een ee eeeeeeeeeeeeee 51 52 13 24 24 24 00 co contain ot co codd 1 1 date january 18 1946 february 1 1946 february 1 1946 february 1 1946 february 15 1946 february 15 1946 march 1 1946 march 15 1946 march 22 1946 march 29 1946 march 29 1946 april 5 1946 april 5 1946 april 5 1946 april 5 1946 april 12 1946 april 12 1946 april 26 1946 june 14 1946 june 14 1946 june 21 1946 july 5 1946 september 6 1946 september 6 1946 september 6 1946 october 4 1946 october 11 1946 january 11 1946 february 15 1946 march 29 1946 march 29 1946 march 29 1946 august 16 1946 october 26 1945 october 26 1945 october 26 1945 november 2 1945 november 2 1945 november 9 1945 november 9 1945 november 16 1945 november 23 1945 november 30 1945 november 30 1945 november 30 1945 december 7 1945 december 7 1945 december 7 1945 december 14 1945 december 14 1945 december 14 1945 december 21 1945 december 21 1945 december 21 1945 december 28 1945 december 28 1945 december 28 1945 december 28 1945 december 28 1945 december 28 1945 december 28 1945 volume xxxv 13 united states continued pr gis boer ceceevecennipthessnnuitniitiinisiciditscnapainaltn lalla iaiuiuiilapiapiaies 12 january 4 1946 demobilization protests foreign occupation policy 14 january 18 1946 will u.s party rivalry impair un effectiveness 14 january 18 1946 foreign service and state department needed improve tire oieikisadesonessicnvacitinnsesdinsessnsqeleteniaas nantes 15 january 25 1946 politics in diplomatic appointments ccccccccsessssees eeeeees 15 january 25 1946 truman message on state of the umion ccccccceeeessseseesees 15 january 25 1946 truman on need for forces abroad ccssssseccssscccesecssesseeeseres 15 january 25 1946 truman on tariff and trade restrictions cccccsseesesessess 15 january 25 1946 latin america wants economic aid fears intervention 17 february 8 1946 byrnes upholds need for british loam cccccccccssssesssssesees 18 february 15 1946 truman asks congress to approve british loan 18 february 15 1946 truman on conservation program to relieve starvation store oncessacenveisrsnvsnstivcsselepatstaupedionsstaoteatbanieigstgtaeeiteis 18 february 15 1946 american french british note urges spaniards to over groot fr uid scisvececssssovsatesssstenia nnmsidaaaransaneneckeagraetaninantan 21 march 8 1946 immigration restriction bills before congress 0 21 march 8 1946 isolationism still powerful in congress csscsssssssessereeees 21 march 8 1946 is russia alone to blame for disturbed world 000000 21 march 8 1946 lisaita same sr fe fprmco ccctsttisssienicerteeestsimrntinisiaiionmene 21 march 8 1946 churchill asks british u.s association c.csccesssseesees 22 march 15 1946 protests russia’s failure to withdraw troops from iran 22 march 15 1946 russian u.s exchanges on bulgarian government 22 march 15 1946 st lawrence waterway treaty hearings before senate 22 march 15 1946 blue book influence on argentine elections c0cceee00 23 march 22 1946 republican statements on foreign policy ccccsssesseeseerees 23 march 22 1946 stalin on correhiill specced ccncscccscinsssceceapesoscncnshonstcevageavsoonsoncne 23 march 22 1946 un offers best means of reconciling big three conflicts 23 march 22 1946 a deter ceo ons cr vecesennsccctincens nee emeioaaen inane aes 24 march 29 1946 merierty pouch gibcurciotg 2 asicscncnccserseccvsceesseveccesnsstecsonenoesensens 24 march 29 1946 pde onin eicesi se vinnie anenen kernal cdncnlinensoncenenipratenmmat 27 april 19 1946 diplomatic reverses raises questions on foreign policy 27 april 19 1946 german forataciois ponig ocecscciceesese cover csepnvssccesanaueshienetesronmnases 27 april 19 1946 yugoslavia refuses to let u.s soldiers testify for mikhail tei sinvnsscceuseaniniensacsvtesnseecsatagienddeaniasaammuuasbasiaiddcnsaauemanmtiaan 27 april 19 1946 truman sends hoover overseas on 000 ssscsesesseeseeserenes 28 april 26 1946 re en eee meee 29 may 3 1946 foreign loans and political aims abroad ccccseserseeesreees 29 may 3 1946 debates proposed british loam cccssserssseseeseeees 29 may 3 1946 resident elect roxas of the philippines visits washington 30 may 10 1946 truman message on military collaboration with other bmoricrh togudircs n ccciviiennanniiomsmmmnnnenins 30 may 10 1946 hemisphere plan furthers creation of rival world blocs 31 may 17 1946 poorly informed public cannot judge foreign policy issues 31 may 17 1946 senate approves loan to britain cccccscscccccsscssssssccssonses 31 may 17 1946 latin america renews european contacts as counter bal tg a.ninrvensonssiciieranneivnaacdowsoveqhencittelthgndiiaiaeaioasiasinsinieraaaaitid 32 may 24 1946 messersmith on latin american policy csccccccessserseseres 32 may 24 1946 contends with russia over control of danube basin 33 may 31 1946 domestic differences weaken economic leadership 33 may 31 1946 become soom woucg occccecsesccsnccécccocsyervesnsecsesteceoserssocensstvenetee 33 may 31 1946 tree pogue grids 6 0cesseinccccsssocescesnsiseeeseneseestnecntaseonntincemanentes 33 may 381 1946 cre ga iid nccaceitienscxcscenenscs agai acaeennieamainiaanan 34 june 7 1946 anglo american notes criticizing rumanian government 35 june 14 1946 anglo american unity in europe to be tested in paris 35 june 14 1946 groupements temporary status in french loan agreement 38 july 5 1946 inflation threat hinders move to end foreign purchasing nine cisninisevoensicciertcanitaietncteullp adalah int catntinnatade 38 july 5 1946 truman vetos bill to extend price conttol cceseeeereeeeees 38 july 5 1946 i british loan and world trade csscsscsssssessssessssessesesssessesees 39 july 12 1946 americans view peace negotiations with greater realism 41 july 26 1946 loan policy needs emphasis on impotts cceeeeeeereeeeeeeeees 41 july 26 1946 truman signs british loan agreement cccceesseereees 41 july 26 1946 ambassador smith protests russia’s collection of hun watian tepatalions ccccscecssccscccrerecccsesnccocescoessssiacsesessoosees 42 august 2 1946 appropriation for state department’s international infor macion pfomfam 000000 ccrscscerescosersscsescoscosensccocoseesononeaseesessssees 43 august 9 1946 broadcasts and libraries promote policies abroad 43 august 9 1946 policy on ending of unrra ccccccscsrssscscccccssvocecsessessoreess 44 august 16 1946 truman signs foreign service act provisions 0 45 august 23 1946 note to russia on dardanelles ssessseeereeeererereeeenseneneees 46 august 30 1946 paris crisis forces u.s to weigh long term policy 46 august 30 1946 on ability to pay in fixing reparation claims 00 47 september 6 1946 backs unrra aid to yugoslavia despite plane incident 49 september 20 1946 wallace on foreign policy ccccccccsccsscsccesessseesererseccosesess 49 september 20 1946 attitude on retaining war time bases ccsccccsssssessessees 50 september 27 1946 ands tih sen is ee vicccnccusdbtinds ascunkndtincligneieaaabaaamniat 50 september 27 1946 wiaccees meee bs cie di ovssecscsth cceasestssesennticicteinrercrrns 50 september 27 1946 panamanian u.s statement on war time bases c00 50 september 27 1946 policy on greece needs reshaping eseeeeereseeeerseerserees 50 september 27 1946 14 volume xxv united states continued wallace resigns from cabinet outlook for soviet american trade ropes lorwin report truman names w a harriman secretary of commerce see also atomic energy china germany japan palestine uruguay note on need for western hemisphere agreement on joint intervention venezuela revolt ousts medina u.s recognizes betancourt government viet nam see indo china war criminals nuremberg tribunal verdict on nazi leaders western hemisphere uruguay’s note on need for joint intervention agreement world war 1939 1945 peace see peace world war 1939 1945 war criminals see war criminals yugoslavia refuses to let u.s soldiers testify for mikhailovitch trieste compromise reached by council of foreign min isters u.s backs unrra aid despite plane incident date september 27 1946 october 4 1946 october 4 1946 december 14 1945 november 9 1945 november 9 1945 october 11 1946 december 14 1945 april 19 1946 july 12 1946 september 20 1946 +foreign policy bulletin index to volume xxv october 19 1945 october 11 1946 published weekly by the national headquarters foreign policy association 22 east 38th street incorporated new york 16 n y index to volume xxv foreign policy bulletin october 19 1945 october 11 1946 afghanistan security council recommends admission to un albania allied control commission see japan allied control council see germany argentina perén resigns as vice president cccccccrccssccscccssccssssesvesesecvessse u.s senate differs with truman on argentine policy perén charges u.s interference in political campaign a ee prr a ee serer yee renee eneeees u.s blue book and election results ue ios sescsecinticeveccespaiavenqhstbbnincredbvticeislanniciektlbaplataialaans pope bovepmirgre's toouug 6s ccccrcnssssicinsisdicnnpercsinpiiategbiidaibinte perén on future cooperation with other american nations senate ratifies act of chapultepec and united nations i s ciccrossosicccseessssnricccnmennnsndecheannaesiciatialsaanalannaian atomic energy fulbright urges u.s to back international inspection byrnes denies use of bomb as threat pruman attlee k.ing promowrs vscescssececesecsrceressvmsniingeivereesentone conference of ministers at moscow recommends un com mission hh consigst ptodtomag coicceescssscrccceverssicossiscserisncionssosoes scientists oppose secrecy policy on domd ccseeseeesseeees truman favors mcmahon proposal for civilian control ui cceccsicntcncnnsinecccunensnensmsinuaiiaieatandialkcauldiallt caiaiiiactddianas allies bee eee cee ee eee senate committee debates civilian or military control u.s policy and world unrest agrob toots becpogrnd 5 cesiseccresiviecnvctivevsenseminitaciiaeminaenee baruch program for international control sseseseseeeees baruch proposals for veto on atomic development author bef cececoocdsesessonsseccesesovoesevebesiorensitinpiebebabnependucentdecebennepinaneianeinentts gromyko presents russian proposals cccsssssesssseseessseeeeees bikini tests effect on control plans cccsseerressseesssereeeees pratants pags totucr oon ccuccssnnnssiirmainnsinictetpeerteiainnnns wallace baruch controversy shows need for u.s u.s.s.r concessions austria allied relations confused elections belgium export import bank loan bolivia pumba cpst owe sovotiaoie occeinesctiertnnsedesccensanesresneevintnisiavit villaroel assassinated guillén made provisional president book reviews adamic louis a nation of nations eeeeee pprirrerrrriri itt ii seer ee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeesesseeeeeees arne sigrid united nations primer sssesseresseeeereseeres basch antonin a price for peace ssesserseersesseescessneesees beals carleton and others ed what the south ameri cons think of u8 cccccrcccccccerescocccccerccccccsoccocscsosssssonevsoccossese bell h c f woodrow wilson and the people 0 0000 1b9 date september 6 1946 september 6 1946 september 6 1946 october 26 1945 october 26 1945 february 8 1946 march 22 1946 march 22 1946 april 19 1946 august 30 1946 august 30 1946 august 30 1946 october 26 1945 november 23 1945 november 28 1945 january 4 1946 february 8 1946 february 8 1946 february 8 1946 march 1 1946 march 1 1946 april 5 1946 june 21 1946 june 21 1946 june 28 1946 july 5 1946 july 5 1946 october 11 1946 october 26 1945 november 30 1945 december 21 1945 august 9 1946 august 9 1946 january 18 1946 january 18 1946 april 26 1946 november 23 1945 january 18 1946 i in i 4 i volume xxv book reviews continued eel te sas eee os ot berger elmer the jewish dilemma c.ccssscosscssesceseesessees ee alfred the economic development of the middle lain iiaaialictiatnaaiinliladnaiiccnnpeniiidaaiateslinbiibiansetabervescevecesecceces borchard edwin american foreign policy 0s0000 buchanan n s international investments and domestic cit ra lit re ma iis ud ractpetibeadinesdendusevivipecses carr e h nationalism and after c.cccescccescserssssesseseses chih tsang china’s postwar markets ciano galeazzo the ciano diaries cc.cseccseccerseescecesees cole fay cooper the peoples of maylaysia s000 commager h s the story of the second world war cooke m l brazil on the march a study in interna i a connomopnscocen cranston ruth the story of woodrow wilson cressey g b the basis of soviet strength cc00 curtis lionel world war its cause and cure dallin d j the big three iy i caccsceneentncococeccccecese davis k s soldier of democracy 0 scccccccssesscsssscescecees dean v m the four cornerstones of peace dickinson r e the regions of germany ebenstein william the german record cccccccccccccesssseecsees edwards c d and others a cartel policy for the united eset ae eo a eee bt bis ban to pce fp ycorowg 0 c.c.cocesceccececscecssscosssccosecesece t k can rrepresentative government do the se aiisienebeiaheeeeaiaiesiadidhdeaidiadlbdihiceinetiatbstnimeiaiittaahebetanennvenceseceseeccsnauneces fitzpatrick e a universal military training forbes w c the philippine islands cccccesesccssceeeees freyre gilberto brazil an interpretation fuller j f c armament and history furnival j s netherlands india goris jan albert ed belgiwam csccccsessscseesecseessceceeeseeses guérard albert france a short history i ll le lee le harris 8s e economic problems of latin america hauser heinrich the german talks back i ning tu cin ss cccsnsnrcnsncncsendsesooccoecceses honig pieter and verdoorn frans ed science and scien stats te che netherlands tragic 0 0ccssecscccssscseccccecsscsccoscessees infield h f cooperative communities at work 0 jackson r h the case against the nazi war criminals i pi a anoudinnsonsonsoanoosoes jane’s all the world’s aircraft 1943 1944 w.cccccsccceccceesseeseees jane's fighting shine 1948 1944 ccc cscccrccccssesesesrecessesccseesseees janowsky o i nationalities and national minorities jomephis ray argentine diary 0000ss 0ccrcccrescescosssceessecscecsccceeces de kerillis henri j accuse de galle ccccccseeesssseceeees korean affairs institute map of kored 1945 cccccseesesees lamont corliss the peoples of the soviet union loewenstein hubertus zu the germans in history longrigg h a short history of evitred cccccccsccceesseeeeeees mcinnis edgar the war fifth year cccssccssssssessees memahon f e a catholic looks at the world 00 maki j m japanese militarism its cause and cure mook h j van the netherlands indies and japan ee i si 05s cehnesnineninsinssincceonnceneccnenessesoune moore h l soviet far eastern policy 1931 1945 0 pe aaguot uie vf orig oo boge nnccheccicsincescsecsssesrsccesoreceosccesscceee pan chao ying china fights o12 sssesseserrseccsreeseereeeeeees pelzer k j pioneer settlement in the asiatic tropics pertinax andré géraud the grave diggers of france powell j b my twenty five years in china 0cccceeeee price willard japan and the son of heaven ccessseeevees prosser d g journey underground sssesseecsresssereesees ee ranshofen wertheimer e f the international secre iiit ndesciediainbiasdanihetadshigionsidstehesbiabiiiseneiaegeninbietebeeebeberooversecooweoteonenees bd ob uii ccnesecnnesanitninnnvesceemersvecesesssescecssccseees rennie y f the argentine republic ccccseseereesseeeeees richter werner re educating germany cccseeeeeseeeees roth andrew dilemma in japan ccsccesessersrsersreseereeeserseeees salomone a w italian democracy in the making lg mite mn seis cncevsneccteveninaiiheinnsbintnereoveveeneeeossccoreste scrivener jane inside rome with the germans 0 seydewitz max civil life in wartime germany sharp r h south america uncensored ccssseeceseseees smith t l brazil people and institutions c000000 soule george america’s stake in britain’s future seen eee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeees date october 26 1945 march 15 1946 may 10 1946 may 3 1946 july 5 1946 august 9 1946 march 15 1946 september 6 1946 february 22 1946 september 6 1946 january 18 1946 april 5 1946 july 12 1946 september 6 1946 july 19 1946 december 28 1945 january 18 1946 january 18 1946 may 17 1946 january 18 1946 july 5 1946 may 17 1946 december 28 1945 february 1 1946 february 1 1946 january 18 1946 january 18 1946 february 1 1946 april 5 1946 july 12 1946 may 17 1946 november 23 1945 april 5 1946 january 18 1946 june 14 1946 january 18 1946 april 12 1946 april 5 1946 october 26 1945 october 26 1945 may 3 1946 november 23 1945 may 10 1946 january 18 1946 july 19 1946 september 6 1946 september 27 1946 september 6 1946 january 18 1946 july 5 1946 february 8 1946 february 1 1946 november 23 1945 june 14 1946 february 15 1946 february 1 1946 april 26 1946 january 18 1946 january 18 1946 march 29 1946 april 5 1946 february 1 1946 november 23 1945 april 5 1946 january 18 1946 may 17 1946 april 5 1946 january 18 1946 april 5 1946 november 23 1945 april 5 1946 april 5 1946 e volume xxv book reviews continued stark freya the arab taland ccccccrrcorccrcrcccescosccveccoscessensees stein gunther the challenge of red china ccseeeeeeeees sturzo luigi italy and the coming wooid csssereseees thompson w s population and peace in the pacific timasheff n s the great retreat cisiccreccerceresersssccessessegsceces vlekke b h m nusantara a history of east indian dr porcuii osiensccccssnritnaininsmentinctininnnaanatneit warburg j p foreign policy begins at home 0000 warburg j p unwritten treaty weinrich max bhitler’s professors crcicenvevsessrcccesstssesecesecssesees wilson c m ed new crops for the new world yakhontoff v a ussr foreign poltey cccsserceseseseees zabriskie e h american russian rivalry in the far east a study in diplomacy and power politics 1895 1914 sooner ree eere reese sees see h sees ee eeseeeseee esse ee eeseeseeeeee ete eees teese sese eeeeeeeeeeeees brazil bee ett vaio ceccccctsicscscensinveetsetanniiceessmenmneala bemert tramert gw for oo cccesvesssdsescivecdssiessensieatteovttbensatinteeenes prorigone duewr cac cfcc occccccsvisccceccessasessnnccosnenconcnessentibboonnce coe ce tive doig cccnccesceseccecsncsientintettiats icine bulgaria conference of ministers at moscow orders government ig cisansnbtcoscesecnceccsvscharscccsseemsseetianetenedaaaaaniaaadan u.s russian exchanges on broadening government canada truman attlee king atomic energy proposals 00e0 st lawrence waterway treaty hearings before u.s sen ate chile export import bank loan c0cecsessccocssscorcnconsssscsnsceveccsescessssens iie gaciccincccesiniinsscckiatihintinientssonninniaintacelanaine strikes reflect economic insecurity un goon foci ais acici ssc cecsnccserstcticicimictinntinnm leftist victors urge economic tefotm ccccccecseeesscepeneeeees china accepts u.s proposal for allied advisory council on japan u.s to establish military mission ccccccccssrcccesseseeeseseees washington divided on u.s intervention ccceeeeeeeeeees manchuria focus of internal struggle cccccccsseessereseees manchuria resources and population sscsssccrrseserrereneeeees u.s marries in north cre cccsccccccsesecccscccssconscccnesesicisneseqnonces hurley resigns as american ambassador assails u.s chine dolicy ccrsssscosssessssccnsecsecosaseessatsonbsonseoosnvssensoessesbooosseses truman names general marshall as special envoy byrnes on need to broaden goveernmeent cccccereeeeseessees hurley policy modified ccccccscccssssssrercecssssrreesesesesersesscees erties go cei onccecicscecescspesstosiencetinens censubecdassercuccesuapnceseotaapbensanees truman statement on u.s policy ccccccccssssssereesseseesees conference of ministers at moscow decisions sses00 nationalists and communists confer with general marshall u.s gives backing to national government seecseeeeees political consultation conference issues unity agreement proud oh ij a ccocisccrnscrarpeeineeetaensans socaccnecceccececoupennassborassenesonee yalta secret pact on manchuria and u.s prestige central government communist unification accord signed chinta timid cinokk or wrvth 5 ccncscceicicecicdtenscicgirsirragernsccesecess communist demand on manchurian issue ssseesseseeeees kuomintang communist settlement in manchuria essential fop unity 00000 cerescecssecorcccsocveroossvoccccososscscesecssenscsoooescouecssoossnes manchurian situation and post war far east cc:c0008 chou en lai opposes foreign aid to present government government communist clashes in manchuria raise civil whe ciee a c.ncccccsccovesiesssssccisaraiehiacqncinnenecdnedivteerhacemmipaucsatiibess kuomintang central executive committee session truman on leaders and political umiity ccccccsssseeseeeeees unsettled conditions face china bound americans marshall on military unity and political unity local politics barometer of civil strife sscecseseeereees policy control in shanghai c0ccccccccccccsssscscnesssoseocsvovseccces problem of prees lrocgoim cccccccsscccrssscscecrscccvessovsensosscnssevecscersess wiacta cl toga sc mario osceecccciiiccemnnsiicnaige wie u.s policy’s apparent contradictions perplex chinese can u.s prevent full scale civil war csccscccseeeescssreeeseees examples of needed internal reforms cceccesseeeeesserneeree support by chinese liberals would strengthen u.s position date december 28 1945 january 18 1946 january 18 1946 july 5 1946 july 12 1946 february 1 1946 october 26 1945 october 4 1946 october 4 1946 february 1 1946 august 9 1946 october 4 1946 november 9 1945 december 21 1945 february 8 1946 september 13 1946 january 4 1946 march 15 1946 november 23 1945 march 15 1946 december 21 1945 february 8 1946 february 8 1946 september 13 1946 september 13 1946 october 19 1945 november 9 1945 november 9 1945 november 30 1945 november 30 1945 november 30 1945 december 7 1945 december 7 1945 december 14 1945 december 21 1945 december 21 1945 december 21 1945 january 4 1946 january 11 1946 january 11 1946 february 8 1946 february 22 1946 march 1 1946 march 1 1946 march 1 1946 march 1 1946 march 1 1946 april 12 1946 april 12 1946 april 12 1946 april 12 1946 june 7 1946 june 28 1946 july 5 1946 july 5 1946 july 5 1946 july 19 1946 july 19 1946 july 26 1946 july 26 1946 august 2 1946 ss es a 2 soos atone acacia ieee ee aes oar pee ei aes seas 2 pea se nn ap eee 6 volume xxv china continued i iiuiiedd sss snsssinencnssiuesiccocosnccsonssencsscenoes mediation failure calls for review of u.s china policy constructive steps u.s can take russia’s intentions colonies ns ee alaa conference of ministers moscow announces peace conference by may 1 1946 00000 adopts compromise procedure on peacemaking byrnes report on results far eastern agreements cepr o ree ee eee eee e eee e eere eee eee eee sees eeee see ee oe oee eee eoe sese eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeseee esse sese ee ee eee eeeee freer eee r ere ree ee eee eee o ores eere eee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeee corr ree ree roe eere ee essere eees esse eee ee ee ee eeeeeeeeeee council of foreign ministers london peacemaking duties under potsdam declaration council of foreign ministers paris wypeemaking task altered by changes in europe since v e ete eee ee a byrnes proposes 25 year allied treaty to keep germany ier rss mcs crac ath ee oe a conflicts among victors delay peace settlement byrnes proposes peacemaking be handed over to confer ence of 21 nations that took part in european war big four agree on free discussion by peace conference draft treaties drawn up terms closes with debate on germany poppi ririr ri rrr irr rt rir preece ii ec iii cerri retiree er czechoslovakia elections corre r eer eere retr eere eere eere reese eee eee oee e eee eeee ee eeeeee ehts tees reset tees ee eeeees danube river u.s and russia contend for control dardanelles see turkey denmark export import bank loan economic conditions elections egypt anti british riots follow british reply to request for 1936 i ica d eee ornate eronaemnnbnenennaienge arab states to bring anglo egyptian dispute before arab es re aes ee sar sa ae ee hafez afifi pasha on anglo egyptian negotiations dissolves subversive organizations europe daily contacts aid russo western understanding elections reflect big three competition set course toward social cemoctacy cccsssesessereeeseees central inland transport organization emergency economic committee iee wine minn i ccddiiisdenuesncnssdecensssecocsecoconscsossnceores joint economic agencies promote tecovety cccccceeceecerees russia’s objections to un proposals for recovery food truman on conservation program to relieve starvation sor ree eere ee eere eere eee ee eese este eee ee este eee eeeeooes pppeerererrrr rir rt ttt ier ie it ri rrr orr r renee eros e reet eee esot es esse eeee sees eeeeeeeeeeoseeeeee sees ee eseeeeeeeeesoeeeee ed prerrrrieirrr ii i cee een ee ee eeneeeeeeeeseseseseees sere eeeereeseeereseeeeesceseeees poorer ee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeseeeeese aa alt aa kc taeaaeal darted oa vesanindentelingsenbedinerecouse sii urs suing 11a ia cchciclactiondeghtanbidatingreseoveusanioosiosoeeeeescocees russia to supply france with grain ccccccccssssesessseeesees singapore conference on asiatic problems c 00000sss00 world action needed to alleviate famine c s:seceeeeees end of unrra raises distribution problem 0 united nations food and agriculture organization pro ee spie i inesincecccetrerrenancosenstnesensceneseesvcovennsecesase foreign policy association f r mccoy appointed to far eastern advisory com be ee est or ae 5 a ee i i i nacnetnicpaniddemeceewtnonnbasnosseccoenes president truman commends work ccccessesssescessseressesees board of directors proxy and who’s who cc ccceseseeee i since geriiinot 1d dicccecescencpenrapesobinesonsnrresooseprescosoosccotsenes ie a i na nrrmnnntaboopnnnnnresosees f r mccoy resigns as president ccscccsescsseeesseeesssressees date september 13 1946 september 13 1946 september 20 1946 september 20 1946 october 19 1945 december 28 1945 january 4 1946 january 4 1946 january 4 1946 december 14 1945 april 26 1946 may 38 1946 may 3 1946 june 28 1946 july 12 1946 july 12 1946 july 19 1946 june 7 1946 may 31 1946 december 21 1945 december 28 1945 december 28 1945 march 1 1946 march 1 1946 april 12 1946 july 19 1946 november 30 1945 june 7 1946 june 7 1946 june 21 1946 june 21 1946 june 21 1946 june 21 1946 october 4 1946 february 15 1946 april 26 1946 april 26 1946 april 26 1946 april 26 1946 august 16 1946 october 11 1946 october 19 1945 october 19 1945 november 2 1945 november 16 1945 february 15 1946 march 1 1946 april 12 1946 ree volume xxv 7 foreign policy association continued no date h h hutcheson joins staff ccccccccccscsscecsscssscsscccvencooesssess 27 april 19 1946 proxy for special meeting ccccscccoccccccrrccccssscessosssccssesnerececeees 42 august 2 1946 d f leet resigns as executive secretary scscscesseereees 47 september 6 1946 result of special meeting of augqust 27 cccccceeeeeeserereees 47 september 6 1946 h m daggett named executive secretary sessseeeees 49 september 20 1946 v m dean becomes director of publications 00 50 september 27 1946 t k ford appointed editor of headline books 50 september 27 1946 augusta shemin succeeds helen terry as assistant editor of research puublications isc.cccccsesccsseccorssscssvesssssssessesesers 50 september 27 1946 statement of ownership ccccccecocesreressssescecessvescoesecnpebessoesecees 52 october 11 1946 france tion hk ctnsekcassccccneceecciectonesecsitndmneanaa ni anineebienetatntenmen 3 november 2 1945 administration of german zone scesccccsscccsssccssecssccovecsseceses 4 november 9 1945 misconceptions affecting american attitude ccccseccsseeeees 6 november 238 1945 export import bank loan c.ccccccsscscsccccccssossecsensssenessseeees 10 december 21 1945 asks british and u.s stand on breaking relations with pgi ssbsileciiictescsstoierrsncineserccsthenensdciibaaieciiamentaa aes 12 january 4 1946 position in porcouarking ccssveieissccsssecsdssscorecpeiesentesscamiuetadas 12 january 4 1946 bweononvic ghmcriics cssceccsccecsssnsiissistchbintiegesteessessstneiccgielenibeninte 16 february 1 1946 de gaulle resigns as leftists oppose military budget de pias oseki icicececsencvscecnesntevnsavessseveemnunlaalintainemaaaamaatanna 16 february 1 1946 gouin elected interim president cscsecccsseeseessenssenseenes 16 february 1 1946 american french british note urges spaniards to over ers trig si cidtikccnsicesistecrsicceeee i aaa 21 march 8 1946 beamigh lromtier gow c.cccccessectsvescstvensvecccessscesseincsveermmbensebonss 21 march 8 1946 we dees rnr meet cc sninsisendsniniieantiausigiebiiatenigniaeaanasenkammmdicalenimmesaaee 21 march 8 1946 fo wet e7rain tpo toga ws clbiicnde cnet 28 april 26 1946 draft constitution makes assembly supreme csssesses0 29 may 3 1946 teins ici cinssdsincescosecinstbitssesnstittaniaddcataidansaunnsaemmininininaai 34 june 7 1946 egite ia te ds onececeesasesesincancesnsbecsitnnainiasiisnebig patios eniieiiaaanaeaianil 34 june 7 1946 franco siamese difficulties over disputed territories 35 june 14 1946 groupements temporary status in u.s loan agreement 38 july 5 1946 gets briga tenda area under italian draft treaty 39 july 12 1946 see also indo china germany ti cree oe diiiie on cccisniittiasticsovedanicnatoscnasitmciaighoaenls 2 october 26 1945 allies tighten economic contours 0i ccccscescccescccsssscsecsccccescees 3 november 2 1945 dcterbiiouioe doig oi cccceceneniiiventhnctsianvoussipeveeeemnaascoanpieoeats 3 november 2 1945 wy ae weee sure suiinid ac vccensicassescnscdezccitesctustnsommuderntunteninansannn 3 november 2 1945 allied control council work reflects national differences 4 november 9 1945 atom cess cote lse ciid nese csctsscsscansasecssscsccessccesesteisinnibananons 4 november 9 1945 ip ep pe eg een aw one 4 november 9 1945 tear reed goi cecsccitaiaiernseniinesnierineesaiatenenieiaiaione 5 november 16 1945 socri cpatineofmacion nocobbreg cccscssccsdicceccoseccscoiscesossvesensesennerss 5 november 16 1945 byrnes clarifies u.s economic policy cccsscsesccecesevscsessees 10 december 21 1945 hard and soft american plans contrasted ssessee 10 december 21 1945 elu i a ee 15 january 25 1946 allied control council plan for controlled economy 27 april 19 1946 ue dotned gee por ateuioir insicicecscciicccasssicepeseccssseuqnersovanmiaerapene 27 april 19 1946 byrnes proposes four power treaty for continuing disarm unniiee x cakicencédawenetanvmenciieeiammniaiialiiines saeiaeaeucscteseeeaneataaiibeen 29 may 3 1946 why europe is skeptical of byrnes ccccccccssssssssosessceees 30 may 10 1946 seoul gu corrouis cte oid cenictisccnithievinceieceissenesqacsanpsonspsocease 40 july 19 1946 byrnes asks economic cooperation among zones 0 40 july 19 1946 economic rift and east west division cssssssscccssesseeees 40 july 19 1946 sent gu amieeint x:casisnpevencsaiiiemnectetopaiaaeuienianmeinemanaserenamanantt 40 july 19 1946 preparations versus self sufficiency sccccccccsssessessees 40 july 19 1946 aetieee etreete ter goenwbaog ccciccccecsincccereccscescenssesesssssoapapionnns 41 july 26 1946 britain accepts u.s invitation for economic cooperation 3 august 9 1946 russia’s action on u.s invitation for economic cooperation borne wii ec leecn snccxcovescuncrwocntanmsnsthcdoentaitom cama acavcmnamtemeanites 43 august 9 1946 eres cr troon botiet eiiicrhecancs ncdetecensseoicsinientenation 48 september 13 1946 elections show conservative trend ccccsccscccscccssecessscees 50 september 27 1946 molotov answers byrnes on polish border ccscsesseeees 50 september 27 1946 u.s plans industrial and land reforms ccccccscsssseees 50 september 27 1946 noel baker medved exchange before economic and social ieee vsoceisisossixsntrscovcseniucuhialaaalaantiddandanineiedanagiataamiedtasdin 51 october 4 1946 great britain accepts u.s proposal for allied advisory council on ori bo vicnciiincitnrestcnscvnenneshiibuandacbaibllesapallaani i a agree discs 1 october 19 1945 plans new constitutional status for british malaya 1 october 19 1945 lamol grptouane torutuotie giiete si cisncivccsnsccecsinesssiciageaeneseneccees 2 october 26 1945 position on german coougtey sincccceccccciccccsissiceescecceccccbesececseseooees 2 october 26 1945 administration of german zone csccccsssssssssesssssseeseseess 4 november 9 1945 u.s joins in palestine problem survey ccssssessssssseeees 5 november 16 1945 truman attlee king atomic energy proposals ss0000 6 november 23 1945 iran revolt tests big three relations csessseesseeeeeeeeeees 8 december 7 1945 1 ie tt i 4 8 volume xxv great britain continued anglo american loan agreement terms sccssseeeseees france asks attitude on breaking relations with franco i a cecnenonoonie truman asks congress to approve loan cc ssscseeeeseeeee american french british note urges spaniards to over etre sets ne churchill asks u.s british association in u.s speech protests russia’s failure to withdraw troops from iran er un offers best means of reconciling big three conflicts reshapes alliances to hold position in middle east british dominions conference london senate debates proposed u.s loan eee ae white paper opens way for india’s independence anglo american notes criticizing rumanian government anglo american unity in europe to be tested in paris bevin praises u.s proposals in europe a it scnsencherensdhgencnenaneseoccccesss economic gains under labor party cccssccssescssessesreseneees financial pacts outside sterling area u.s loan and british trade policy truman signs loan agreement c ccessccecsceessceeeseesseceeees files claim for reparations from italy see also egypt palestine greece opinion divided on russian note to un on british inter heal cde diniepicineniliaghannsessnasbtniibenbstanaectabes elections royalist minority wins ccccccsscesseeseeseeeesees gets dodecanese islands under italian draft treaty i i i si ceesncsneienadbiictanisiemdsasdiinessbtiyeeosocooes plebiscite favors recall of king george ccccccseeceeeeees security council drops charge of aggressive action toward albania eeeeee coro e eee ee eee eee eee rene eee eseeeee pee err i rrrrr ctr r i reer rrr oee ree reo eere ees eerste et es eters ee ee sese eee ee see esse eee esos eee ee oses eee ee ees hungary ee see ee et russian navigation agreement cccsscsccscesesseceesseeeeeenes u.s ambassador smith protests russia’s collection of hungarian reparations reparations issue iceland security council recommends admission to un india congress and moslem league i cie iii ss csvsvencnnenenaweresneveceesesorsecoonees pakistan moslem league objective cccccccesssesseeceesees british white paper opens way for independence eb ey te ae sh a nehru accepts british bid to set up all indian executive council indo china i 82 a dcp aseeceacnecoseceecocoasosovsccece viet nam annamite group revolts against french rule france grants cambodian autonomy cccsssesseceeeeseeeees france recognizes viet nam republic franco chinese treaty corr ee oreo eee eee ee eee eeee eee eee eee eee eset e eee e eee oee sore r ero o eee he eee eee eee eee eee esse ehs eeeeeeeee eset eee ee esse eos corre eere eters eee eee hee ee eere eee eeeeseeee eee ee eeeeeeeeee sese oee eee ee here eee eee ce ee eee eeecereeeseneeeeeeeeeeseeeee sore r oer reet ree ee eee oee eee eee eset eerste sese ee eee ee eee eeeee prerrrrrirrir rit tr errr indonesia see netherlands indies international trade conference postponed until 1947 iran persia revolt tests big three relations ccccccsccssssssssssesssseeess charges russian interference in internal affairs asks un std cchiinisclisaliibbnanbedivevesrtstnaehdibbinemnedckoosessessencencececees britain and u.s protest russia’s failure to withdraw et serbiliditeddncsnenosibinibusissadaatensereisailenttinesibudersersioseoceceseoscsseuces dispute raises problems of orderly change s00000 russia assails council settlement of issue asks removal li aiid cahiboeneeonanenebsoouencenterse russian troops withdrawn what kind of intervention cope eee eere eee e eere hess esse sees testes eee eeseeeeesoseseeee sees fore e eero tere eeo ee tees eee eee e eee ee eee eee eee eee eee spore oooo ete eee eee te eee ee sese ees eee ee eee eeeeeee sees date december 14 1945 january 4 1946 february 15 1946 february 15 1946 march 8 1946 march 15 1946 march 15 1946 march 22 1946 march 22 1946 april 12 1946 may 3 1946 may 3 1946 may 17 1946 may 24 1946 june 14 1946 june 14 1946 june 14 1946 june 21 1946 june 28 1946 july 12 1946 july 12 1946 july 26 1946 september 6 1946 february 1 1946 april 12 1946 july 12 1946 september 6 1946 september 6 1946 september 27 1946 september 27 1946 november 30 1945 may 31 1946 august 2 1946 september 6 1946 september 6 1946 february 22 1946 february 22 1946 february 22 1946 may 24 1946 august 23 1946 august 23 1946 october 19 1945 october 19 1945 march 15 1946 march 15 1946 march 15 1946 march 15 1946 july 12 1946 december 7 1945 february 1 1946 march 15 1946 april 5 1946 april 12 1946 may 31 1946 may 31 1946 ee volume xxv ireland ratetted an member of un ccssianennnniiiiomaliahiinans italy seer emmoee thame bog oc ceccensccereacisiienisccensyseovesauaamanse scid icles ixecnsevsdinindinrgiinnssensegpapanatasdeialdesesens aaah ten pope pius xii pre election appeal losses in draft peace treaty ccccrosessscssrcsccererorescesessssscsscees reaction to treaty term cccscccccsccocrccorcsccessscccsossceensssseseossneos trieste compromise reached by council of foreign min isters japan u.s proposes allied advisory council powers pts cre a ori cecisccenciinirctadintaiemarinessoemamian u.s accepts allied control under agreements made at con ference of ministers at moscow feregind guid goumoagt cuscndintncinpinnsvthibinteninenscshasiedinintnntoonns macarthur abolishes militaristic societies bars active mil itarists from elections corpo ree eero eere esto reset eee ee ete ee eee ee sess esse sees oses macarthur bans state support for shinto cssssseeeeeees soe doin ii vscceciicincinsneeicathepssoeasnaaccncsasesercmcpsieaatiaenents new constitution proposed er emmnen wein shae trie canin onc cecinceteeccnscesecosonssoiocsuicansbielbincesiiebins u.s proposes 25 year program of allied supervision korea us soviet o capation palletes ccsscecsscsscccessssscescescoumvneninecees conference of ministers at moscow agrees on trusteeship up to five years before independence latin america wants u.s economic aid fears intervention c0c0000 truman message on military collaboration with other rwmericnd wabi nddninniniccmnagaucihadnomuasd u.s plan favors creation of rival world blocs 000 reoumotourne ot ut bonney ccsecstessnsecsesserrsenicromaemnianiinnninnnis renews european contacts to counterbalance u.s lebanon syrian lebanese issue before un security council malaya british plan new constitutional status manchuria see china se eeeeeereeeeseeseeeeeeseeeere mexico toledano charges u.s interference in presidential cam paign mongolian people’s republic rejected as member of un narcotics united nations narcotic drug commission 000008 netherlands export import bank loan see also netherlands indies netherlands indies indonesians oppose dutch rule in java ccsssessssssseeeeee allies seek formula to end indonesian impasse dutch concessions inadequate ng sor xiin scihvsbisianichiietaropimnsonigneeslaiatnensmtineseininee dutch and indonesian nationalists differ on ukrainian re public note to un on british interference norway export import bank loan economic conditions elections palestine arab opposition to jewish immigration creare ge whos oc.cciedeesancisnesiciabamnwnistevienninteiaadias eameniion truman attlee exchanges on immigration u.s joins britain in survey of problem sscsessssseeeees anglo american commission opens hearings personnel see eeeeeereseeeeeeeesees ppettiitt tritt mr ne bo o wnnne j 1 september 6 1946 december 21 1945 june 7 1946 june 7 1946 july 12 1946 july 12 1946 july 12 1946 september 6 1946 october 19 1945 january 4 1946 january 4 1946 january 11 1946 january 11 1946 january 11 1946 april 19 1946 april 19 1946 april 19 1946 june 28 1946 november 16 1945 january 4 1946 february 8 1946 may 10 1946 may 17 1946 may 24 1946 may 24 1946 march 1 1946 october 19 1945 february 18 1946 september 6 1946 april 5 1946 december 21 1945 october 19 1945 december 28 1945 december 28 1945 december 28 1945 february 1 1946 december 21 1945 december 28 1945 december 28 1945 november 16 1945 november 16 1945 november 16 1945 november 16 1945 january 11 1946 10 volume xxv palestine continued will anglo american inquiry help european jewry anglo american report opposed by arabs and zionists u.s british disagreement over attlee’s views on report ne ese sse ss loe lts irgun zvai leumi proposes jewish liberation army truman on british military measures iee goruoniee ge iud inccccccsessscccccccsecceeessecsccsscccesoceecee anglo american talks begin in london ccceseeeesees arab higher committee urges truman to admit more a ls cpalsensbennbensceoecse arabs as possible threat to britain i i halen tc ddvatiasebeduanlsbeoverosorecécssesccese i ak ot cena nscantesitinnninesenccenensseceseeeccene anglo american cabinet committee proposes partition britain presses u.s for clearer policy british seal port of haifa russia on partition plan panama u.s panamanian statement on war time bases peace allies must maintain wartime unity ccscsccseceseesseeeeees byrnes on peace conference and peace making will it have to be entrusted to un peace conference paris ee se a ee es ae ee will discuss freely draft treaty decisions reached by coun i se tiiitind ccncisisanennanastnbbasnccsnananeccnencosssueséscesosees economic questions paramount at opening s000 small nations try to keep big four from dominating u.s and britain back molotov’s opposition to change in ee eis ae ot ttd new balance of power underlies procedure dispute agrees on procedure in making recommendations to coun ell et tt byrnes molotov exchanges on equality of economic oppor rta enter see sc srr oo crisis forces u.s to weight long term policy reparations debate raises issue of ability to pay philippine islands economic and labor problems cccccccsccssssccessssecsccsscccesees elections roxas defeats osmefia roxas in washington poland ini oro in ol aeesemutneinvctecnoesonones lange asks security council to break relations with spain a ca is eesenilinenbenenonnennnnes civil strife threat portugal rejected as member of un rumania conference of ministers at moscow orders government sin wich disstiniscienceppetisieniienttiiatiaaddimenieiadiibtbinaiiiniieereirercense scores anglo american notes criticizing groza government molotov on russian collection of reparations eeeeeeee srr orr eee ree eee ee eee ee ee ee eeeeeeeeee eeeees coe eee ee ee eeee reese seeneeeeeeeeee sore ree eere teer eere sese hess ee eeee eset eee ee sees esse e coo e ore reet eee sees eee ee eeeee esos eee eee eee t estee ete eeed ee eeeesereeesseeeese prerrrrrrrrrrrrr titty corre eer ee r ors et eee ere oee ee eee eeeeeeeeee coro ere eere see ee eeo eee eee eee eee ee ee eeee crra oee ere ee terres eset ee eee esse ses eseeeeeeeeeeeseeeoeseeeeeeeees core oreo erste ee eere sese tess seeeee sese sese ee sees ee eeee eee eee ee esse od horror eere error eee e esos esse oee ees e ee eee eeeeeeeeee cone eeeeeeeseceeeeeeeeee russia accepts u.s proposal for allied advisory council on brs netvencate sate cress tc nettie essa sete administration of german zone ccccsccccccsssresssssesssseeseees molotov answers byrnes on polish german border wo vios foireioms 1 teotor 1s0ccccccccccccesccececcsescccoccsosccccscoseee byrnes assurance on american aims in europe 0 european contacts aid russo western understanding iid saul nsccdiniissebovatiennddnadepnsdidinsdaaintnbestocccassevececezevece iran revolt tests big three relations c:cccccsscsscssessseeeeees charges britain interferes in greece asks un to inv:sti sii rsnuieissnis suh iuiciaaitantadiie dal biaiiadiaisaliaialis hintaan dibdidliiiiminibtiwesncioenectececcoeesneocs gets special privileges in manchuria under secret yalta teer eere e teeth ores teese eee eeeeeseseese se seee ees eeeeeseee sese eeeses ee eeseee sees eseeeees soe s oreo reet teeth eee hee se ees esse sese ees eeeeeeoe sd ocr eee e eee een eeeeeeeeeee pp errr 12 47 coiqin or de date january 11 1946 may 10 1946 may 10 1946 june 21 1946 july 12 1946 july 12 1946 july 12 1946 july 19 1946 july 19 1946 july 19 1946 july 19 1946 july 19 1946 august 2 1946 august 16 1946 august 16 1946 august 16 1946 september 27 1946 october 19 1945 may 24 1946 june 14 1946 july 12 1946 july 12 1946 august 2 1946 august 9 1946 august 9 1946 august 16 1946 august 16 1946 august 23 1946 august 30 1946 september 6 1946 may 10 1946 may 10 1946 may 10 1946 december 21 1945 april 26 1946 may 3 1946 july 26 1946 september 6 1946 january 4 1946 june 14 1946 september 6 1946 october 19 1945 october 26 1945 november 9 1945 november 16 1945 november 16 1945 november 30 1945 november 30 1945 november 30 1945 december 7 1945 february 1 1946 february 22 1946 february 22 1946 march 8 1946 march 15 1946 volume xxv 11 russia continued u.s russian exchanges on bulgarian government stati ce chrbcnt greged ccsccccivaccorcsnceecsnsessisebussdatteliokecdiaests un offers best means of reconciling big three conflicts stalin reply to baillie questions fo grodty serun wo frgiiod ccccicckcecescthsesseissncchssntngerssedabantnne contends with u.s over control of danube basin hungarian navigation agreement to get reparations from italy prosorsy crk gn boned oencccccsssinsssiiesiesastitcabenteasrecoee u.s ambassador smith protests russia’s collection of secumetind pomp eeiois hn cccccsscscisisessincssbicanssansvetneatbecebdtaaetenenue on partition mar tor palentine cecicciccsisiccdcserscrcisseicurtassoeteavbiece turkey reveals russian stand on control of dardanelles history of dardanelles question c csesssccssssssesseessseeseees turkey rejects proposal for new dardanelles regime wb bosd ci tid siva sient bhkinssseciccvcigustrcmeteatnitices fei geiieeis ri si sss secsiiondexciganedbtabbbacdanessgsisaissvanaaeeseetaoe objections to economic and social council proposals for european cconomic tecovety 2.0 0ccsccccccrsssrsscsssscsoocssesscccoesooes outlook for u.s soviet trade ropes lorwin report stalin answers to werth questions reflect internal prob lems eeeeeesseseees see also atomic energy iran scandinavia countries discuss closer coopeetaation ceeeceeseneeeeenereees siam files information with un on french troops in siamese territory franco siamese difficulties over disputed territories pe ee ee ee spain civil war fear impedes franco ouster pee same goi oiak ncn cscsiahansss dein ttecllcsinessenininsdchaiaiardeitiaiarceine american french british note urges franco’s overthrow security council discusses polish proposal to break rela coun weurd sch nce cocstsccssonssecsccnnnpiliabiaceatmeleeenngge iiintiaiaiameei iain security council sub committee advises placing problem before assembly sweden og corbin onsvscnkccesncscienasnsensecdameitosccglinioniabatednaen security council recommends admission to un syria lebanese syrian issue before un security council transjordan rejected as member of un trieste compromise reached by council of foreign ministers trusteeships australia belgium great britain and new zealand an ned toterones cu tutti cn cncccccccncccccesccccccecccssnsecnsbessees truman on bases turkey reveals russian stand on control of dardanelles history of dardanelles question ssssssssersssssesseseersens rejects russian proposal for new dardanelles regime u.s note to russia on dardanelles ukrainian republic charges itain interferes in indonesia asks un to in vestigate ptttitititititititi li united nations food and agriculture conference opens scsscsssssseseereesees senate acts on making armed forces available to security cnr i o cecal tiesasevenseconsiendakscceeanabbnemiiiianiaiiesstiontansniortine aaah success depends on prompt peace settlement s.se0000 preparatory commission establishes headquarters in u.s to begin functioning january 10 1946 ccccccscrcsrrereeeees truman names senators connally and vandenberg as dele gates rrrrrrerrerrrrrerrrrrtrrrrrrt irri 46 51 51 11 date march 15 1946 march 22 1946 march 22 1946 april 5 1946 april 26 1946 may 31 1946 may 31 1946 july 12 1946 july 19 1946 august 2 1946 august 16 1946 august 16 1946 august 30 1946 august 30 1946 august 30 1946 september 20 1946 october 4 1946 october 4 1946 october 4 1946 october 4 1946 december 28 1945 june 14 1946 june 14 1946 june 14 1946 january 4 1946 january 4 1946 march 8 1946 april 26 1946 june 14 1946 december 28 1945 september 6 1946 march 1 1946 september 6 1946 july 12 1946 january 25 1946 january 25 1946 august 16 1946 august 30 1946 august 30 1946 august 30 1946 february 1 1946 november 2 1945 december 14 1945 december 14 1945 december 21 1945 december 28 1945 december 28 1945 12 volume xxv united nations continued will u.s party rivalry impair effectiveness s 000 interventions by great powers and effectiveness of un ne 5 tres duitins dish diintineh cteisn wisiehinicihlaidipdiitilinvoeaneditseiaebaneinrceenes iran charges interference by russia asks investigation russia and ukrainian republic charge british interfere in greece and indonesia respectively ask investigation distinction between a dispute and a situation which might a aes 2 ns shiccallatagbennsaneeconensneonecoccneceres nee smgrininee trinoiiin gre 55.5 ccnnsesnsuvonsocoscocccccosseccoccccosecees syria lebanon issue before security council endangered by trend toward rival blocs csssseseeseees offers best means of reconciling big three conflicts uueneied toucunomd geuiouneio cccccvesnsecsvneseivenccccccscnveverevonsecosesocese security council opens second meeting cccsssecscceeseseeees equality differing concept of russia and western powers iranian dispute raises problems of orderly change narcotic drug commission set up yg er russia calls iranian settlement illegal ccscsssssssesseees russia wants iranian question off council agenda wood council discusses polish proposal to break with i et aes eee dea cialialieaesnaenonoenanndioonerrens subcommittee of security council advises placing spanish ed se i 5.51 ssnesncsbtadsvseevsticencecuescoetensoeeveeees will foreign ministers have to entrust peace making to 0 erase essec ser rms oa re a veto power and baruch proposals for atomic energy control will bikini tests strengthen baruch efforts to curb veto new use of veto in membership debate cccccsescceeseees security council recommends three membership applica se ites ieliatsinks ducatdldiiiiaanadekabeaedsunadrodaiieliunstyewensiceryenasegeuvenres security council rejects five mmebership applications russia’s objection to economic and social council pro posals for european economic recovery ce eeeeeeeeeeeeeereseeees corr ree eee eee eee eee eee eee eeee ee eeeeeeeees coop r eee ee eee eeeseseeeeeeeee united nations food and agriculture organization copenhagen conference proposes world food board united nations relief and rehabilitation administration dismisses general sir frederick morgan restricted area of operations i 5 daca chibiaicdtlnscntinsbsenescesosececnccesouecee sio ds cthenntiansncinqaencdsancoedensccrtaccesssetnceeee lehman on food shortages and policies decision made to disband coo ree eee eee eee eee eee ee eee eee eee ee ee eeeeeeeee po ee ee rene ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeee prererererrirrerrr i i ri titi r ie rrr it united states attitude on future german economy cssscsssceseseseeeceseeees senate differs with truman on argentine policy spruille braden named assistant secretary of state i se ele lll tt se a tu uit san csc ennesonseeseesnossosvovcevovocceceseoeese recognizes venezuelan government erties ged dune pot miiotie oo csccccscccacencsccvecseststscccoscecncccccecoccecees i suis sl eid sssesaresnnsoconcconoocosoes misconceptions affect attitude on france cseececcceeeees byrnes assures soviet on american aims in europe european contacts aid russo western understanding pearl harbor investigation and roosevelt foreign policy iran revolt tests big three relations cccsccssessssseeeeees senator wherry asks investigation of state department world cooperation reality or myth to americans anglo american loan agreement terms cssscseseeeeees intervention trend reflects expanding interests senate acts on making armed forces available to un se se ini is tilssdut ccencdliiensipiaslediimaldlietadeteticcntesscecbeesesdicesescones expenditures abroad contribute to security export import bank loans eee liter on et commitments require foreign policy coordination forrestal proposes national security council hull system of cooperation with congress sssssss state war navy coordinating committee swink names connally and vandenberg as delegates to per ei iiis rr core eeeeeeeeereereeeeeenes prec seeeeeeeeseecese see eeeeeeseseseseseees coro eee ere eee eere e eee hser eee eeeeseseee esse sees sees es sees esse eeeeeseeeees sese eoe eeees truman recommends merger of war navy departments urges indonesian peace 52 date january 18 1946 february 1 1946 february 1 1946 february 1 1946 february 15 1946 february 15 1946 march 1 1946 march 15 1946 march 22 1946 march 29 1946 march 29 1946 april 5 1946 april 5 1946 april 5 1946 april 5 1946 april 12 1946 april 12 1946 april 26 1946 june 14 1946 june 14 1946 june 21 1946 july 5 1946 september 6 1946 september 6 1946 september 6 1946 october 4 1946 october 11 1946 january 11 1946 february 15 1946 march 29 1946 march 29 1946 march 29 1946 august 16 1946 october 26 1945 october 26 1945 october 26 1945 november 2 1945 november 2 1945 november 9 1945 november 9 1945 november 16 1945 november 23 1945 november 30 1945 november 30 1945 november 30 1945 december 7 1945 december 7 1945 december 7 1945 december 14 1945 december 14 1945 december 14 1945 december 21 1945 december 21 1945 december 21 1945 december 28 1945 december 28 1945 december 28 1945 december 28 1945 december 28 1945 december 28 1945 december 28 1945 volume xxv united states continued nd qe iid a cececencisnbiossseninnsaicupiibibidmbabcs sites iatiaegaadadeaalantion demobilization protests foreign occupation policy will u.s party rivalry impair un effectiveness foreign service and state department needed improve wrote ccvovdnacesccnesisccccereocccesbnoccoccsssugacsnssveiuainestuaetecescenbonestacuaseteneesse politics in diplomatic appointments cccccccrsrrsreees vocceees truman message on state of the union truman on need for forces aoa cscscccesssseeesesessreseeeeseees truman on tariff and trade restrictions esesereeeees latin america wants economic aid fears intervention byrnes upholds need for british loam cccccssesesseeeeeees truman asks congress to approve british loan 0 truman on conservation program to relieve starvation tore oc cnnesssisessorsecescésvcetactnsichlebsebindineibasieiahsiaiaiaadetaaaimnae american french british note urges spaniards to over cpt toi cove evnivncss tiieaseomndccaieeasingeeeammiiiatetn tain immigration restriction bills before congress isolationism still powerful in comgress ccccssessesessereeees is russia alone to blame for disturbed world re re eee es ere churchill asks british u.s association cccccssssssees protests russia’s failure to withdraw troops from iran russian u.s exchanges on bulgarian government st lawrence waterway treaty hearings before senate blue book influence on argentine elections scccceeeeeees republican statements on foreign policy sgalim ori crperet bpocce cesesccccdccvecatacpitinesse shesceiveguiennedeavins un offers best means of reconciling big three conflicts a sri grttiiieid nseccinscsc0essntbiciesesnseecetuedietaieetevearvetrmeetbaeanntataibe military policy discussions rogers botiee ericssicvsivicenpnisnsininsvettselidbacsicstimansencheemalaparens diplomatic reverses raises questions on foreign policy gsottagt torebeioir dotiey oie csciscceccctsnseensscessensssigsenssacinnmnnans yugoslavia refuses to let u.s soldiers testify for mikhail giuiiiieed.sdanoveccenndunieweinnsesscesseeseannsniiunenamiaaabeaniaabesaaniadeemmnaiainaie truman sends hoover overseas on food er ge tus asc renee eer oe ee foreign loans and political aims abroad debates proposed british loan cccccccssssseseesseees resident elect roxas of the philippines visits washington truman message on military collaboration with other bgcico ttibcg occicnsccsctsnesssessinshnvectanenscnicerocmmmmibmnee hemisphere plan furthers creation of rival world blocs poorly informed public cannot judge foreign policy issues senate apptovss tort 20 betigri ceciccsssvicccoscscecccccoscecesnnssscassorces latin america renews european contacts as counter bal mich cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccscccccesececccoceseeesoeceocccocecccccccooccoococoeccosoceces messersmith on latin american policy csssscsccssssssseseres contends with russia over control of danube basin domestic differences weaken economic leadership touring tonite wouieg ssiesccaccceseoscnscictreesctescesastuatetasneetnnenteorence ee 8 ere se ree ee ee ee eee ce bib tin wit seiiccinanaccsnccnsceneicilgpasbbannannrentnssniiaaeabereaianaye anglo american notes criticizing rumanian government anglo american unity in europe to be tested in paris groupements temporary status in french loan agreement inflation threat hinders move to end foreign purchasing i nics isivninsecdsnetcehuinadeahadtaaiaanabanassaaadaktamaiddioaanane truman vetos bill to extend price control bev iticts lemri go wotne chwe cc ascccsssteinsiivcsciesssscencsecsenscdedtecvssenes americans view peace negotiations with greater realism loan policy needs emphasis on impotts cceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees truman signs british loan agreement scssssssesssseeseees ambassador smith protests russia’s collection of hun pwatian tepatacions cccccssccccsosscescccccesoseveesersesiacevescososees appropriation for state department’s international infor wngeion ptobtfam 0 cseccercessccsencrssescotanesenmesconensenecsevsenedsastevencesses broadcasts and libraries promote policies abroad policy on ending of unrrba c cscroscoccssconsrvocccoosvococesesesevenees truman signs foreign service act provisions abe to tessin ote lito rtiouiin vicecisscceciccesseccveversssntaiscntacarenseesien paris crisis forces u.s to weigh long term policy on ability to pay in fixing reparation claims 000 backs unrra aid to yugoslavia despite plane incident wallace ctr tour polit sicecescsesniasccsiewsiscecscccsescessnnvenecnvenesversese attitude on retaining war time bases es sf ou ee ree ie eee ls ee eee ee oe panamanian u.s statement on war time bases policy on greece needs reshaping eeeeeeseseces prererrrerirrieir i i 99 bor ne bo bot co co co why bo do bee 02 go go go go co go co wo out im co go co go dd do wc 00 go 39 as ee rey ho ole cc 46 a007 ocooouo 50 january 4 1946 january 18 1946 january 18 1946 january 25 1946 january 25 1946 january 25 1946 january 25 1946 january 25 1946 february 8 1946 february 15 1946 february 15 1946 february 15 1946 march 8 1946 march 8 1946 march 8 1946 march 8 1946 march 8 1946 march 15 1946 march 15 1946 march 15 1946 march 15 1946 march 22 1946 march 22 1946 march 22 1946 march 22 1946 march 29 1946 march 29 1946 april 19 1946 april 19 1946 april 19 1946 april 19 1946 april 26 1946 may 3 1946 may 3 1946 may 3 1946 may 10 1946 may 10 1946 may 17 1946 may 17 1946 may 17 1946 may 24 1946 may 24 1946 may 31 1946 may 31 1946 may 31 1946 may 31 1946 june 7 1946 june 14 1946 june 14 1946 july 5 1946 july 5 1946 july 5 1946 july 12 1946 july 26 1946 july 26 1946 july 26 1946 august 2 1946 august 9 1946 august 9 1946 august 16 1946 august 23 1946 august 30 1946 august 30 1946 september 6 1946 september 20 1946 september 20 1946 september 27 1946 september 27 1946 september 27 1946 september 27 1946 september 27 1946 oe ee 9 anne os eee 14 volume xxv united states continued wallace resigns from cabinet 4 outlook for soviet american trade ropes lorwin report truman names w a harriman secretary of commerce see also atomic energy china germany japan palestine uruguay note on need for western hemisphere agreement on joint intervention venezuela viet nam see indo china war criminals nuremberg tribunal verdict on nazi leaders western hemisphere uruguay’s note on need for joint intervention agreement world war 1939 1945 peace see peace world war 1939 1945 war criminals see war criminals yugoslavia refuses to let u.s soldiers testify for mikhailovitch trieste compromise reached by council of foreign min isters date september 27 1946 october 4 1946 october 4 1946 december 14 1945 november 9 1945 november 9 1945 october 11 1946 december 14 1945 april 19 1946 july 12 1946 september 20 1946 +o e 9 1946 foreign policy bulletin index to volume xxiv october 20 1944 october 12 1945 a a s published weekly by the national headquarters foreign policy association 22 east 38th street incorporated new york 16 n y index to volume xxiv foreign policy bulletin october 20 1944 october 12 afghanistan re cie ou ne gociicceriiiasiseteencentcietenecatiterervonaens arab federation see middle east argentina requests meeting of american foreign ministers tanaka memorial program sprrcrtiet dou grrtod puvcscdcidscssecncstecbings stajaitecsnimsctenpanioents suppresses cabildo and el pamper ccccccsesscscsereessssesceeees inter american conference on problems of war and peace gee amma tor wis iin cekik civecccstssdceisinctcosnsgotamsecinieees declares war on germany and japan cccscsessssscscrccsessesees biiig gion scnscsicnse dein spsntinecsatasiansguainisbbacanubdbdiahiacicantiaamanterdianlins u.s grants recognition seated at san francisco i uii ys pcsreccesacisinsesssossetecedssncoadinpeaneieéenapaeaemmbananeates statute of political parties crake wow our otiot on in cccccnscscencitenetinnecccheschscnssbceasasebntainaincunens parvell phedewe tree gopviomw 5.0 ccccccceseesssechoassncsseavevssorevuess government’s economic measures unite its opponents fte mite qhiition oc cncicsvscesccocscccencsenesaauantensabanlaoensentincnns u.s senate gets clayton report on axis economic spear iii tice desdasit as dan veegiadiislienvbconduseosenetieosemmondecetasetinanieetrararone uit un asi ce te dd rockefeller indicts farrell government cccccssssssssesssess arrests follow discovery of rawson armed uprising plan piuinl amine svsissnisdeicisteisesapasannunsinestaiocpeacsuiatoetommomamenes what chance for hemisphere action 0 cccccccsssssssssssseeeees atlantic charter status atomic energy atomic bomb makes international organization necessary marshall and truman on need for control australia evatt on meeting of council of foreign ministers austria britain and u.s do not recognize régime announced by russia aviation civil aviation conference at chicago conference defers basic decisions ccccccccccccsssscssscscesscceees differing aims of britain and u.s cccccccccccoscssssccescccesesss achievements belgium anglo belgian financial agreement berlin conference potsdam see international organization book reviews adams dorothy we stood alone ccccccccccccssssssesceccscesececesens aguirre j a de escape via ber lan 0ccccccccccccocssscesceees arndt h w economic lessons of the nineteen thirties ayling keith bombardment aviation ccccccsececeseeeeeeees bailey t a woodrow wilson and the lost peace 1945 no jwroogo 51 16 date de ce mber 1944 november 10 1944 december 1 1944 february 23 1945 february 23 1945 march 23 1945 april 6 1945 april 27 1945 april 27 1945 may 11 1945 june 8 1945 june 8 1945 june 8 1945 july 13 1945 july 13 1945 july 13 1945 july 13 1945 september 7 1945 september 7 1945 october 5 1945 october 5 1945 october 5 1945 december 29 1944 june 22 1945 august 17 1945 october 12 1945 october 12 1945 november 17 1944 november 17 1944 november 17 1944 december 15 1944 december 15 1944 october 20 1944 february 9 1945 february 23 1945 october 5 1945 january 26 1945 february 2 1945 4 volume xxiv book reviews continued barnouw a j the making of modern holland benns f l europe since 1914 in its world setting beveridge w h full employment in a free society bisson t a america’s far eastern policy cscceeeee brodie bernard a guide to nawal strategy c0se0 brown j m many a watchful night c0ccccecsssesssesees cardwell a s poland and russia the last quarter ries on se dees ee ee ee clark s a mexico magnetic southland 0 cccccceeees cleveland r m and l e neville the coming air age cloete stuart against these tre 00 ccseesreccsssserssseee colegrove kenneth the american senate and world cee eee ee ee a ee colton e t toward the understanding of europe coward noel middle east diary ssscscccssssssssscssessesenes croce benedetto germany and europe cccccccscssesseeseseees i i ns sccsccnsncnnccnscensesecesensceees dallin david the real soviet russia ccccccccsssesereeeees dent h c education im transition cccssccceesseseessesees ns ita i i ee scaicnssscscrenssssosoosecse ensor r c k a miniature history of the war down to el peis herbert the simews of peace 000 ccesssccsssscesscsecseee fleisher wilfrid what to do with japan cccscceeeceees re one uni on cacccctssecesvocverccscnnnses foreign affairs bibliography a selected and annotated list of books on international relations ccccccseeeeee fraenkel ernst military occupation and the rule of law friedrich c j american policy toward palestine se ees ce rgd cncccnescnscseonesoveeseescccocnsseccesosees goebel d b and julius goebel jr generals in the white os snaeuminbanacbeccnenebootinnes goodrich l m and m j carroll eds documents on american foreign relations july 1943 june 1944 graham r a hope for peace at san francisco grift corneli van der and e h lansing escape from i a es aaa tc lh alte tania bacon enocovevetwecvers halm g n international monetary cooperation hansen a h america’s role in the world economy hardman j b s rendezvous with destiny 00008 le is 2 reed deon toriiie occ sccocccecosccccccovsscssessecccesees hertz frederick nationality in history and politics bemee eugene cogs og tf oftuout crrcccececoocscccscccesesccocsssccesocees hinden rita ed fabian colonial essays c ccceeeeeeeee i poe ciee 2s sccenscecccccecocccconccsoonqneees hoffman r j s durable peace a study in american ae se endinntonniuossntnaee how to end the german menace a political proposal by ee eet i si i ss ccscasceeneevnnvocsnssvecnoeusconece international labour office constitutional provisions concerning social and economic policy cccssseee00 international labour office social policy in dependent ar ce sur ae pe pe as a a ee jacoby gerhard racial state the german nationalities policy in the protectorate of bohemia moravic jordan w m great britain france and the german i enseessonnons kemmerer e w gold and the gold standard king w l mackenzie canada and the fight for freedom koenig l w the presidency and the crisis s00 0000 lamott willis nippon the crime and punishment of ee eee oas ses el eee laski h j faith reason and civilization ccccccccesee00 lattimore owen solution in a8idr cccccccssscsseeseseerseesecsees league of nations economic financial and transit de partment international currency experience lin yutang the vigil of a nation cccccccssscsessssssesesseecsees logan r w ed what the negro wants ccccccceseeee mccallum r b public opinion and the lost peace mccormick t c t problems of the postwar world mcinnis edgar the war fourth year ccceeeeeeeseeees mackenzie compton mr roosevelt sccccccccccsssssesccerereees malinowski bronislaw freedom and civilization mallory w h ed political handbook of the world micaud c a the french right and nazi germany mises ludwig von omnipotent government c000 moon penderel strangers tm nia 00 ccccccccecccceeceesesseseeees mowrer p s the howse of europe cccccssssssesssessesecesees date december 29 1944 october 5 1945 may 25 1945 august 24 1945 may 4 1945 april 6 1945 february 2 1945 december 29 1944 june 22 1945 october 5 1945 november 10 1944 august 31 1945 may 4 1945 december 29 1944 august 17 1945 september 21 1945 april 13 1945 march 2 1945 may 18 1945 october 5 1945 august 17 1945 december 8 1944 october 5 1945 february 2 1945 july 13 1945 july 20 1945 september 21 1945 september 21 1945 may 18 1945 december 8 1944 august 31 1945 august 17 1945 april 13 1945 august 31 1945 april 13 1945 october 5 1945 august 31 1945 may 18 1945 february 2 1945 february 2 1945 january 19 1945 february 2 1945 august 31 1945 february 23 1945 november 10 1944 june 8 1945 september 21 1945 march 2 1945 august 24 1945 may 4 1945 october 5 1945 august 31 1945 september 21 1945 april 27 1945 august 17 1945 october 5 1945 february 16 1945 april 27 1945 august 31 1945 august 31 1945 november 10 1944 august 17 1945 september 21 1945 october 5 1945 volume xxiv book reviews continued panikkar k m the future of south east asia raisz erwin atlas of global geography c csescsecsereeeees robequain charles the economic development of french ta aine oses oy es root waverly the secret history of the war cccc0000 pemmemmer es h crs crbege sicccccvvccacessncnccsscessbislactnccinscbocincs 5 rosinger l k china’s wartime politics 44 rowe d n china among the powers ee a as kb ee ee eee a sanceau elaine the land of prester jorn cccccccccseceececees schriftgiesser karl the gentleman from massachusetts 944 sforza carlo contemporary italy its intellectual and moral origins gir 44 shotwell j t the great decision 0 ccccccscssscesesseeseceeees 144 shuster g n and arnold bergstraesser germany a i i rs hbk ea 945 snow edgar the pattern of soviet power soward f h twenty five troubled years 1918 1948 staley eugene world economic development 00 ccc0e0e0es stapleton lawrence justice and world society 0.00 stevens edmund russia is no riddle ceccccccccccccccccceccosecccce cece strode hudson timeless mexico ccscccesssscsscscecsscsscccesseces van alstyne r w am rican diplomacy in action 44 van zandt j p civil aviation and peace 0 csrerceeees vernadsky george a history of russia cccccccscccccceceseccees viner jacob and others the united states in a multi 45 ener ne ce a ae ps reread se we en pr too i weerd h a de great soldiers of world war ii 1945 weigert h w and vilhjalmur stefansson ed compass of the world a symposium on political geography 1945 weller george bases overseas sccccccsccccosssssessesccessceesens white w l report on the russians ccccccccssscseeseceesecees wieschoff h a ed african handbooks 1 6 144 williams j h postwar monetary plans and other essays 15 wilson f m in the margins of chavos ccccccccccccccsscesees 15 wolfert ira american guerrilla in the philippines bretton woods see united nations monetary and financial 15 conference 5 bulgaria 45 russia scores anglo u.s criticism of fatherland front dinu wisnepioscsyidnhisiatineranenrnsennistanuaicnmanisedeaauenaainanmanaanmati 945 canada 245 recognizes provisional government of france 00 945 chile bi iii 5 scien vncice aivhivsiensenesb busiaiencaiedeaanatnleiananciteanaee 945 declaration of belligerency cecccescsscccsccsscesccscesresseeseess 45 china chiang kai shek régime and kuomintang dissension 1945 serte fo wewss pomcicr coarmos occecesccecescsnsssecccscscossscscnscsdeversonee chungking communist coalition essential to progress 1944 communists political and military strength c00 tei ee sepuunone cogmuomied ccckiccnecececcccvsssksshecsscavocsdalcetbeoaueeten 1945 ee sind a cncactapiomsmesnnicinidlctiieittncciniibiasitiuinselsccabdbscanlbbansi se ae 8 eer nro cr eee ambassador hurley’s achievements ccccssssssscecseesereeeees 45 ree c rrod tommuione caciiiecsscnecnvesssicvisccerssssecsstibasinsicctiieiens chiang kai shek promises constitutional government 45 se woon scce nessa cocesvoncescssdeoactctusidiowiencs phevicnlscbaliaagieunaiet chungking communist relations ccccccccccsccscssssssvessocccceess 945 t chungking reorganizes armies cccccescscssesscssseseeeessseeseenens 1 1945 grew reiterates american policies cc:ccsssseeeeeeeeeeeeeees 5 manila’s fall aids supply prospects cc:cccsecsssecsossesoeeceeee 945 chiang kai shek calls national assembly for november 12 45 chungking communist split is war problem for u.s 1945 f frvreey on u.s wid to clrcama lin aie ciiiccccssscsncesicccsssicivevesseceveete 5 ee spend cinminiiit ocsnceonenodesoadcudsaiadsasnecnsiehuceipenampnenutetiassitderedia 945 mao t'se tung on need to call conference in yenan 945 national congress of chinese communists ceeeeeeeee 1944 national congress of the kuomintang resolves to hold con 945 ne unwind cis cesssibisnsdsctstiabinvasclieniisenssnsntaniaccabeanl 1 1945 proposed constitution provisioms cccccssccseceseecsesssseeseesees 945 h how can u.s best help unity ccccccccccscssscesescsssescsscesceees kuomintang communist 2ap 2tows ccscccccssescsscsecssssesseeees date january 12 1945 april 13 1945 august 24 1945 august 17 1945 august 8 1945 february 2 1945 august 24 1945 august 17 1945 april 18 1945 december 29 1944 november 10 1944 july 13 1945 february 2 1945 september 7 1945 april 27 1945 august 31 1945 april 27 1945 may 18 1945 may 18 1945 november 10 1944 july 13 1945 december 8 1944 october 5 1945 june 8 1945 may 4 1945 february 23 1945 april 27 1945 may 25 1945 may 18 1945 january 26 1945 august 31 1945 may 18 1945 august 17 1945 september 14 1945 november 10 1944 december 8 1944 february 23 1945 october 20 1944 october 20 1944 october 27 1944 october 27 1944 november 3 1944 november 24 1944 november 24 1944 january 5 1945 january 5 1945 january 5 1945 january 5 1945 february 9 1945 february 9 1945 february 9 1945 february 9 1945 march 16 1945 march 16 1945 april 13 1945 june 1 1945 june 1 1945 june 1 1945 june 1 1945 june 1 1945 july 6 1945 july 6 1945 6 ae ok china continued chow ping ling urges chungking yenan cooperation japan sees its only hope in allied rift soong stalin talks end em ssn enteeconcoonsanneesoce chiang asks mao tse tung to confer ccccccccsssssesceeeeseees chu teh presents yenan demands to chiang reet ss erie esas el ne ae higashi kuni on chinese japanese relations chiang kai shek on outer mongolia i aos snswctinctnoncccoscceneneies chiang kai shek on national unity cccsscsssssscesesseeees red star and soviet radio on chinese situation chungking yenan dispute on japanese surrender u.s backs chungking against communists in north china council of foreign ministers see international organization crimea conference yalta ies iii alah al ciiniciicnentibinstiiohdunentpantbidectqnsovorsenessces oneeooee plans for germany offer model for handling japan ii pounce nin oo cccsnecdsecosoccessnccsecccecceccosccsscoccees parliament gives churchill confidence vote on decisions see also international organization czechoslovakia benes on way to set up government in kosiée democracy eset ea eee 5 sne ee ee sg mn i faa aan cianiiardi naa ibitiptinaisandptbeeseovservensoceees will u.s use economic power to aid it abroad dumbarton oaks see international organization ecuador declaration of belligerency europe anglo russian security zones may be defined at moscow i elana ciated lad salle daraabaahihnenandnueeseecousensoseccocenes great powers must agree on aims of intervention political problems call for spirit of compromise understanding eastern europe strengthens russia’s policy cyimmor contetemce artostisties 0cccrcccccesreecsssesescoceecssooeeee big three support trend toward stability cccccccsseees lack of clear objectives hampers u.s cccccceescseeseeeeees see also international organization european advisory commission france invited to take part in work studies german question finland elections poorer crete ee oee ee esot essere eee esse sese ese e ee seeeeo ese ees pe eeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeese soo eee oe eee stereo eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee so erto ree eee eee eee eee eeeeeee ese eset eee eee eee ee ee eee coo r ree e eere eere eee teer tees eee eeeeeeeeeee eee se eee eeeoeeeseee teese eee eee ee eee eeeee foreign policy association es ete lot tt h a smith elected to u.s senate ne ieee get suiiiiiininiis scccsnovsossarbeccscsecsonecesess cesceeeeecos annual report nonpublication of representation at san francisco france anglo french exchange agreement 0cccssssesseeerereneees anti franco spanish guerrilla activity on border i i cs sscdncdnansornosocciacooenes de gaulle on directed cconomy eseseseeeseereeeerereeeeeers u.s great britain russia and canada recognize provi i al ner tnerneenonntuedbnrensen tee invited to take part in european advisory commission is ici seiditsienseldieabanbdipenngienhainmencesontacoie eoscosoncoures economic difficulties et iii sceninridlihtsenescunvupennmenmneesepneteteasvernencceanouenenneseons iil til nance ctdlbeaumtnonnqubedsousessnoroooocsstecunrntorsonses id sins ssscchscenedencssucssoeceresocscostossenebeses de gaulle on german settlement u.s aid to civilians curtailed acai saa scarenesncereececboucocssesoscouesnete criticism of de gaulle policies pperrrrrerrr irri teri titre iittt pperprrrerir rr per rreree rite eed cocr ee ers ee seer ee eere ee ee seeeeeee ores teese e sees eeeeeeeeeeeeees coo eee eee reese eres eee eeeeeeee eee eee sees es eeeees 19 date july 20 1945 july 20 1945 july 20 1945 august 17 1945 august 24 1945 august 24 1945 august 24 1945 august 24 1945 august 31 1945 august 31 1945 september 7 1945 september 7 1945 october 12 1945 october 12 1945 february 16 1945 february 23 1945 march 2 1945 march 2 1945 march 30 1945 june 22 1945 august 31 1945 august 31 1945 february 23 1945 october 20 1944 december 15 1944 december 29 1944 january 26 1945 february 16 1945 march 30 1945 june 1 1945 november 17 1944 february 2 1945 march 30 1945 october 27 1944 november 17 1944 november 24 1944 december 8 1944 april 20 1945 october 20 1944 november 3 1944 november 10 1944 november 10 1944 november 10 1944 november 17 1944 december 22 1944 january 26 1945 january 26 1945 january 26 1945 january 26 1945 february 2 1945 february 9 1945 february 23 1945 may 4 1945 on peo meer volume xxiv france continued pétain returns possible effects of trial cccscccceseseeeeees tn iid oxccinccncecececedesncecuinensclaabasinebeb aia techsiniiasrekmaliaaiets te american and british stand on syrian dispute tangier’s status heightens french spanish tension er ee aa ee een ae eee laski wants socialist victory i citi scisccewsesntivcisnncesstidbinstgliiabachndinanis what reactions to new balance of power ccccsseesseceeseseeee see also indo china germany reasons for surrender in 1918 de gaulle’s demands de industrialization suggestions i what agreement will big three reach 00 cccccccccceeeeeeeee crimea conference agreements mem muiiiiiuiint os sonanksdnancicscensisterestmenecchudeen at political problem for allies re ce eae een rl al allied zones and occupation conditions settled anglo american policy big three at potsdam try to unify policy i sne iee cerscnecnnceresrevenneusiinnsiiitiaditsitiaiibiisabiiacniaidicipaa aint h i ii tied ocesendeninccsinscbbtbaieivinnriondadambibicsasisacianens territorial sessions a future threat cccccccccssssssceseees ee en rint saicb yn cncercessntnsinakens ania ipodianbiaridennbias wien economic integration of zones of occupation c00000 i or iie gessckenincccdngecteieniornsebiconencneiennceteisienais ns u.s demobilization effect on military government will u.s revise occupation policy cscscccsssesssssssssssees see also world war great britain anglo belgian financial agreement cccccsseeeecceseseeeeeeeees anglo french exchange agreement cccccccscccscceesseseeesrseeeees ser goueotogd eenciccsstiscccceieeriaiieenerescteteaven churchill roosevelt statement on italy ccceeeeeeesseeeeeees rt iee teed 2 cciscussdnendceabueieannsenduendnesdaaneunsbabietnins recognizes provisional government of france be te tid oi cnciciscdceseesteicntesesnsesoccerteretaknialieiates anglo american short term agreement on 1945 lend lease so in bien sc ccocnecasthpoceneseetetentidingnerecheibecntenidiunedasectonescutenn lord halifax on need for export trade c.ccceceeesssreeeersees re air dbas hp laf palo err st rae weee ete sunnn toe duuinio ie 0 ccpeupseaovuambcaianciuhonsonenerecenunerneeess cie boe spurned 05.56 ncai chit soknecedipseanetamauniecuatoeacandeciegaeestiass pe tee duped ccccccsnncssctvidecsucdnrend aneaiameauemcistupdebbiasenesieaaens greek intervention policy approved and opposed cee tunes trios tay fein oc citnasetnscocsnrvcinxcosedncsessbevnectaibberices ios ce ion asec ecsiccisacecshccacecsnccssiccssisecetiniaasueandncess i setae sei icc esse stickies debhakicnaninsvitisisiniaudiaitiatiaiiens cpst ot ture grr gpoooo aascisnsen sicceiccienreniscsseinsccstaipntiintonl churchill on poles and german territory cccsscceeeseees crimea conference ag teements cicccccccccescsscoscesesosscsseoses ee ee smee parliament gives churchill confidence vote on crimea con sy eumiiiid 5 ccccdtnisiescissaicracitecncasenth pect smmotaaeatas coee cue soi ont ve sccsccicsssesnsctniiirieeenictiaalnntiinntass poo to 8 cer ge z piooor ciniecctieiinss eink refuses to recognize austrian provisional government chuvert gti cabinet tori o.cissiscccscocssssccsscsccovesissvesecssébesitienss elections to hinge on domestic reconstruction issues truman sends davies to talk with churchill k attitude on franco syrian dispute ccccccssssssesseseeess coron tuednud ices cccncccnscencietscibiihncdsiasiinioutpladscdbcdcllbibdlaaaabe cas frees indian national congress leaders ccccccccsesseseees iie 00d tuned cxeivinrisidennsistasianieaprtaandncienisanaienevatmaseatinnesenn bie three agree on new polish régime cccsceceseceeseeeess ee re eoe fe ee ee a indian nationalist conference with wavell breaks down be cee es eee re se uie ccaceecncnsnncvstehecicsstlibcaian citiiinestibidaiinalecdialies churehil on world relationships c c.cccccccscsesseccsesesessoosse ee ne eee ens laski wants socialist victory in france what reaction to new balance of power s0 cseeeeesees es re ee mee ae lend lease settlements and trade policies csecceeee economic aims in common with u.s ccccccssssecsecessceeeees me me me mm co co co dd or or or c1 oo co eo co oo id pd po ph pp ps cota noon date may 4 1945 june 1 1945 june 8 1945 july 6 1945 august 24 1945 august 24 1945 august 24 1945 august 24 1945 november 24 1944 february 2 1945 february 2 1945 february 2 1945 february 16 1945 april 20 1945 may 11 1945 may 11 1945 june 15 1945 july 20 1945 july 20 1945 july 20 1945 august 10 1945 august 10 1945 august 10 1945 september 28 1945 september 28 1945 september 28 1945 september 28 1945 october 20 1944 october 20 1944 october 20 1944 october 20 1944 october 20 1944 november 10 1944 november 17 1944 december 8 1944 december 8 1944 december 15 1944 december 15 1944 december 22 1944 december 22 1944 december 22 1944 december 29 1944 december 29 1944 january 12 1945 january 26 1945 february 2 1945 february 16 1945 february 23 1945 march 2 1945 may 25 1945 may 25 1945 may 25 1945 june 1 1945 june 1 1945 june 1 1945 june 8 1945 june 22 1945 june 22 1945 june 22 1945 june 29 1945 august 8 1945 august 3 1945 august 3 1945 august 3 1945 august 24 1945 august 24 1945 august 24 1945 august 24 1945 august 31 1945 september 7 1945 september 14 1945 iis great britain continued nationalization of central banking services and coal in i sii si itl cnc ndasabmabnneubagororncescososoceseosesoos negotiates with u.s on mutual economic aid 00 russia scores anglo u.s criticism of bulgarian and ru i a eres enicenboveccsnccenores anglo american economic conference agenda 0000 will divergent economic views hurt anglo american unity be nore bi iinind seccsccecocecetccesesvovsccscseccessesessescoreese eist ss gree sess communiqué on relations with middle east economic ends shape labor party’s foreign policy renews cripps offer of indian self government see also international organization palestine greece se i hassses osccrreuteennnacetubercocoonssctenceavecsees a ccduibectioncsacnsboosoodcenses td a _denbuccnsepebeveceevecscootecoees assailed by tito guatemala i snap eumanvontcbecnnpvesunedies hungary es se oa co ee india britain frees national congress leaders ccseeeeeeee a ssnsencocnncccseccceseusen wavell conference with nationalists breaks down britain renews cripps offer of self government indo china dome shouenos docouk tering 5.60006000ccccccscccccccccecesceccsescecsess japan stages puppet empire of annam ccceceseeeeees nationalist resistance to japanese rule ccccssccesseeeees i ls sac dnacscecncctocsenctesesuosecoee france announces autonomy after war c:cccccceeseeeeeees france bans government opium monopolies sec008 corre eee r er eee eee eere esse esse eee eee eeeeeeeeee ee eeseeeee sees ee ee eee eeee inter american conference on problems of war and peace opens in mexico city sc cvncctnctionewbeunnccsocnseeiusccoecenscccoee i escalated en necenonnsensonenesconceseeseece american nations seek common ground in postwar plan eens nciceicstasanisetaannbeceoebessoustecsocaseucrocerencs pe cimeie tutingeiedg cccccseccccosesocvensoresoceneccqeneosoosecces resolution on argentina’s absence cccceccccsesesseeseeeerseees see also international organization international organization crisis in europe demands further definition of u.s policy german drive heightens need for more allied unity i sd ons s ccresdiysabdeverertelbernesesonsorneccocssees i ee gunner ioe cackidseccocvecevbuscscssesccseccesoenes roosevelt seeks senate support on security treaty roosevelt suggests interim formula for europe u.s illusion of security and anglo american tension russia’s world outlook and experience with unrra need for concerted action on germany ccccssccccceeseeeeees i at i so sic had dad slcscuvencuabecsserorcotonssscvec churchill on need for cooperation ccccsessseessesesesseeeees health agency essential in future plans ccccceseeeees nations try to reconcile power and responsibility padilla asks human dignity for small latin american ese se en tors vgis gee worse coded reior 2 ccccceicersccccccccccssscecovcccseosesseees criticisms of dumbarton oaks and yalta await san fran i caileadlal iiciadiictscn edie naiiliniatniccesnetitesliiailiniaiainhinaitiebticeaiieancecccssvecsecese economic peace terms of 1919 and 1945 contrasted regional objectives of chapultepec must be harmonized lll ae russia asks three votes in general assembly senator vandenberg proposes revision of borders u.s and britain reject soviet request to ask polish pro visional government to san francisco ccccccceeeesees colonial issue on eve of san francisco conference mandates question at san francisco cccccccsceeseseeseeees date september 14 1945 september 14 1945 september 14 1945 september 21 1945 september 21 1945 september 28 1945 i september 28 1945 september 28 1945 september 28 1945 september 28 1945 december 22 1944 december 29 1944 december 29 1944 january 26 1945 july 20 1945 december 1 1944 january 26 1945 june 22 1945 june 22 1945 august 3 1945 september 28 1945 march 16 1945 march 16 1945 march 16 1945 march 16 1945 april 13 1945 october 5 1945 february 23 1945 march 9 1945 march 9 1945 march 23 1945 march 23 1945 march 238 1945 december 22 1944 december 29 1944 january 5 1945 january 5 1945 january 12 1945 january 12 1945 january 12 1945 january 19 1945 february 2 1945 february 2 1945 march 9 1945 march 9 1945 march 9 1945 march 9 1945 march 9 1945 march 16 1945 march 23 1945 march 23 1945 april 6 1945 april 6 1945 april 6 1945 april 13 1945 april 13 1945 945 oon on rt oe aa es 7 p __ volume xxiv international organization continued reeteties tpaia's brace bir ccccivceckkingertictseimennnsibeaernaie molotov in washington for talks on poland ccccceeee poland key to success or failure at san francisco u.s and britain refuse warsaw government san fran ii saini oyshin'ss's daatese cs ticesiivns oes dililitina oditel hie ng hdninialaensaaaminlal great powers differ on approach to security ccccscceeeeee points stressed at san francisco by big four spokesmen small nations hopes at san francisco te sasininisesvitersinasig stipisittiaipeatinsticdilaaiiatasiaicliiinaldiaieaalinadiabans framing united nations charter proceeds despite frictions molotov latin american clashes on argentina and war i ciceccrscsdccisunenesnsocccecnhsnnnnsacnctindbbicndiaiebaddaavada asain enamats commotomcs setornbs bocutiey cccccsisccidccssercasorecosnvcessedcorcnscnocees trusteeship formula sought at conference sscseeee national vs collective security san francisco key issue regional arrangements compromise formula 00000 stassen on trusteeship and strategic bases issue conference provides re appraisal of situation in wake of i tie a csccecvcdic snncasncseksbicckauessnsapeasataeanshsiessiplabmenationes smaller nations challenge yalta agreement on veto power uncio charter and veto dispute cccccccccccosscccscssvsscseess fear of change must not jeopardize peace veto power accord at san francisco ccccccccssssessesseees differing ideas of democracy affect cooperation truman churchill stalin to confer in berlin trusteeship u.s position uncio charter provisions ys ions o.ccscecncervancsscnsoarbiahiessaneiinnninnscndienaialiniiniings big three conference at potsdam to define responsibilities br tr ciid ceccscsscesseescssssunieieniciseimnsintiintmsaaes big three at potsdam try to unify policy on germany will big three reconcile fundamental aims 00008 pourra copies cr goprirty c.cceccsweesisnsmosseressensenveremnenabentonese needed even more because of atomic bomb and war crime cotiiid dicccececesstnteesscccnccssencesesecacetomssunieinteehstienematidnteremetninint churchill on international bodies cccecssssseessseseeneees council of foreign ministers of the big five meets in bad sarer tesisntohirssslaiensiactipouenintaaeaaainiis meeting of foreign ministers ends in stalemate russia’s attitude at foreign ministers meeting evatt on outcome of meeting of foreign ministers new approach needed to rebuild big three unity potsdam declaration on peace treaties a cause of trouble at foreign ministers meeting eee eenereeseeeees core ree oe oe eee eee eee ee eere oreseees ses ese ses essee tess see ewmeseeseeeares iran russia’s oil claims cause conflict with u.s cc.ecceceeeees pravda urges government change italy fo ee ee ae et am churchill roosevelt statement on control sie id tutte sncescescrpnececonsnnsestgshehnttainnumntiiantenaonadaiiadiitaiies unrra supplies held up re ll a tt allied commission announces steps toward independent sinned cctadcaedcnsescosineesoveditnunesorseotinksaereeneerdanaenaetnts sis soni 1.3 sacs oouniisinemmasemabbenbunasseoesantaaduatl ee weis o iiscxnectitnpinconsiievchbtcdiokunnubshiibsiansnseideiacaiaieiaation seed tmd acces encesssssiniisorsicaniillimeveesteihicnsscamentanac britain and u.s protest tito’s stand on trieste sided sunsisinsnseidnuscenccccntnotiiihticalinendadibititniaiiidebaeiaaitinhipaia colonies status a problem coro ere ree ere res oee h eee eeeeee hehe eee eeeese sese eee eeeee core r ere e ere esse eee eee eee e sees ee eee esse sees ee eees japan koiso cabinet shaken by defeats and internal criticism shigemitsu on japanese soviet relations crimean conference implications cccccccccccccesssssccesccccossecese admiral kobayashi urges new political party ey ity ee greed geuteiniinee ccecossnemmsadnresaassoarniesinaneimeanianeenats rejects anglo american chinese ultimatum issued at pots sunn x it mcobaaiacgealltonahieiiniesnensaubeecumamn dicimemena aes texoaaaieeanaanete emperor as an obstacle bi iiit silat ecastetacanionagtgnsmemnanameanaaphdaanrceeotonmiamoeneiain ii tl pein iii 0 on scnssibaseeateoeienipenmmmenenessaimauedoenenaamaiel higashi kuni on chinese japanese relations s000 macarthur and byrnes on democratic political reforms macarthur abolishes imperial general headquarters macarthur on use of occupation forces 9 date april 13 1945 april 27 1945 april 27 1945 april 27 1945 may 4 1945 may 4 1945 may 4 1945 may 11 1945 may 11 1945 may 11 1945 may 18 1946 may 18 1945 may 25 1945 may 25 1945 may 25 1945 june 1 1945 june 8 1945 june 8 1945 june 15 1945 june 15 1945 june 22 1945 june 22 1945 june 22 1945 june 29 1945 june 29 1945 july 13 1945 july 20 1945 july 27 1945 august 10 1945 august 17 1945 august 24 1945 september 14 1945 october 5 1945 october 5 1945 october 12 1945 october 12 1945 october 12 1945 november 10 1944 july 20 1945 october 20 1944 october 20 1944 october 20 1944 december 22 1944 january 26 1945 march 2 1945 march 2 1945 may 11 1945 may 11 1945 may 25 1945 june 22 1945 september 14 1945 january 26 1945 january 26 1945 february 23 1945 march 23 1945 july 13 1945 august 10 1945 august 17 1945 august 17 1945 august 24 1945 august 24 1945 september 7 1945 september 7 1945 september 14 1945 september 14 1945 10 volume xxiv japan continued state department changes may mean change in policy black dragon society dissolved ccsscccccccssssscrssssssssreees long range plan needed to help macarthur ee lee macarthur on cut in occupation force see also world war korea occupation policy confusion labor world trade union conference stresses international role latin america argentina requests meeting of american foreign ministers views on dumbarton oaks and postwar aims wartime conditions cause unrest credits abroad res trier iss sf se oo eee trend toward industrialization ccescccsscecsseesesceeserensees countries having diplomatic relations with russia hopes for overhauling of hemisphere policies see also international organization lebanon see middle east mexico proposed u.s mexican water treaty problems middle east i i is ie scantscnnecceennccoescccncooneesnnesene comperenee of ata fogstation cccccccccccccccsccccccccccccescessoes french interests in syria and lebanon ci cmnccnseccuencnecossnvensaesess i i i 2 5 5 sca cncnencoenesoeceanssines russia resumes historic role eeeeee corr eee eee ee errors eeeeeeee pore e eere eere roe e teese eo ese reese sese ee eeeeeeeoeo corea porte ether ete hers eee eere seer eeeeeee coree esr eee eere eee reet eee os estee ee eeee sees estee eee eeeee eee sees esos eees corr eee eee eee encase eeneeeseeeeees core roe eere teese eee eee eere e ee eere oee e eeo ee eeeeee norway io sei co cstigutscmanoeeoesniuennooreece opium afghanistan to prohibit opium poppy planting france bans government monopolies in indo china palestine new zionist platform i sc ancuecuemnpnncscnoene terrorists kill baron moyne british resident minister in res sc tetas a a ou a a sss sca csasitncncesocasbiscconconsesonpenees arab league opposes zionist plans attlee’s proposal paraguay declaration of belligerency peru iee truigiiriirgird is sstanessetansosusvectocvissesesesoescnsecbooes is al duss seichslavababiynesoteioudbicbiseisdonseebssecsentesctbetereeeobioses philippine islands macarthur leads leyte invasion ccsssssssssesssessserseeeeeseees puppet laurel declares war on u.s ccccccesseeerseeeseeeeneeees tts iid dllecesnnesupsnnncnssetoccccccequanqescccecesoooccoosesooeeeess macarthur on collaborationists ccscsccsssssesesssereeseeeeess osmefia on early independence cccsescesssesereessseerseenenes resistance during japanese occupaation c ccercesseeseeeeees ie ce unis sc ccccecusnnduadincivvensvicscenscensosccosccsonsees poland mikolajezyk asked to anglo russian conference 0 churchill and stettinius statements ccccccseseseesereseeeeees stettinius on russo polish border issue csseessseeeeees crimea conference agreements cssesecrseecsseecesereeeseeeenes crimea conference comptomise scccccceeseerseessreesceeneeeeeeeeees i aicoiecinsistiia till ie enistindanaceneduntesestsorrscossceceneveeecocooioececoncees mikolajezyk soviet press brushes 0 ccccsseeeeseeeereeeeeeees soviet warsaw régime treaty ccccccccccrccccssssscccscscsesccscseseese big three agree on new polish régime c0cssccreeeeeeeeees see also international organization pope pius xii see teeieiten scccvsilivvosccatentoeyesueveszerssenbisuccesevadccsssovoceeesstsoniassiuabonne pperrrererrrerrrrr ri irti rit tt corre eee ree e eere ee eere eee eee eeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeees esse ee sese eee es 49 18 wowwddi10d 11 date september 14 1945 september 21 1945 september 21 1945 september 21 1945 september 28 1945 september 21 1945 february 16 1945 november 10 1944 november 24 1944 december 1 1944 december 8 1944 december 8 1944 december 8 1944 december 15 1944 december 15 1944 march 2 1945 february 23 1945 february 23 1945 february 23 1945 february 23 1945 june 8 1945 july 20 1945 september 28 1945 december 1 1944 december 1 1944 october 5 1945 november 17 1944 november 17 1944 november 17 1944 november 17 1944 june 8 1945 september 28 1945 february 23 1945 february 23 1945 july 18 1945 october 27 1944 october 27 1944 january 19 1945 january 19 1945 january 19 1945 january 19 1945 february 9 1945 october 20 1944 december 22 1944 january 12 1945 february 16 1945 march 2 1945 april 6 1945 april 27 1945 april 27 1945 june 29 1945 december 29 1944 a 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1944 1944 45 7 1944 1944 1 1944 7 1944 8 1945 3 1945 3 1945 5 1944 1944 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1944 22 1944 1945 16 1945 945 a5 945 945 45 29 1944 volume xxiv reconstruction relief to europe blocked by war shipping needs russia bars unrra representatives from czechoslovakia se sii ikiicnthccdtinienciniissnnaaigisliaiaccuaiaceinsinalilascimlachstla ect sanlatiathaiat te ep pebeeer stalemate with frubgir cccisssciciccseccocnnsscessncserecsevsscceceseces unrra gets russian port facilities rr fel esri tel re ae unrra crisis shows need to unify relief unrra to hold conference in london relief see reconstruction rockefeller foundation international health division projects during war rumania sce woon pert 2 1ccccccensaiisciccssncedtnaiebinennsssiiihigcalinadinatis stalin restores transylvania sccccssccsssscssesosessceesceensees russia scores anglo u.s criticism of groza government russia recognizes provisional government of france norwegian russian relations 0ccscccoccsssssssceosessceesseessees latin american countries having diplomatic relations io iie trie oven oeniesiapnaiiioetenaiadinimaietioe canton bars unrra representatives from czechoslovakia and poland war crimes commission nonparticipation crimea conference agreements ccccccscscsccesccesssceseeeecersersees stalin restores transylvania to rumania mikolajezyk soviet press skirmishes warsaw régime soviet treaty cccccccsscsscescsseseccesssssseesers announces austrian provisional government pravda on end of german menace conflict with u.s not inevitable ccccccccesssccececsssecees truman sends hopkins to talk with stalin pr er es oer communism and american soviet collaboration i tess sle lien ee a u.s soviet cooperation needed in far east big three agree on new polish régime note to turkey on basis for new treaty 0 cccccccscsscesessesees so eae er eh pravda urges iranian government change presents demands to turkey a lae chinese soviet pact terms ccccccscccsccssscesccosceseccesccessessees red star and soviet radio on chinese situation stalin declares kurile islands and southern sakhalin so ey 1st 1 scores anglo u.s criticism of bulgarian and rumanian dried chats ovdnicnicccsennentidtieecensen sensi cstesends sbaauisoera aes see also international organization salvador revolt spain guerrilla raids along french border cccccccccccsssscscsseeeees prince juan proclaims opposition to franco policies tangier’s status heightens french spanish tension approves bill of rights sig ciid 5 sccasosacsvosssonsenddaensamii tai caddicdceukdasitccsinians franco benefits from opponents division sweden aids allies by cutting trade to germany and helping de on te pl rooney de se see teper penmnee trea wd ceccessvvesscscessecctpascerenstintnaeestonn date december 22 1944 january 5 1945 january 19 1945 january 26 1945 july 27 1945 july 27 1945 july 27 1945 september 21 1945 march 9 1945 march 30 1945 march 380 1945 september 14 1945 october 20 1944 november 10 1944 november 10 1944 december 1 1944 december 15 1944 december 22 1944 january 5 1945 january 12 1945 january 26 1945 january 26 1945 january 26 1945 february 2 1945 february 9 1945 february 16 1945 march 30 1945 april 27 1945 april 27 1945 may 2 may 25 1945 oi ro or may 25 1945 june 1 1945 june 1 1945 june 15 1945 june 15 1945 june 15 1945 june 15 1945 june 29 1945 july 13 1945 july 20 1945 july 20 1945 july 20 1945 july 20 1945 august 31 1945 september 7 1945 september 7 1945 september 14 1945 december 1 1944 november 3 1944 march 30 1945 july 6 1945 july 27 1945 july 27 1945 july 27 1945 march march 0 1945 0 1945 co co 12 volume xxiv_ switzerland increases aid to allies by non assistance to germany syria see middle east tangier i ea cpaceawnuninion turkey russian note on basis for new treaty cccccecscecseeeeeeees russian demands core ee eere eee ee hser ee oe eos ee tees tees sees esse eee eeeeseeeseoeeeeeeees united nations conference on international or ganization san francisco see international organization united nations food and agriculture organ ization roosevelt sends message to congress cssecsessesseseeseeees united nations monetary and financial con ference bretton woods roosevelt urges congress to approve proposals criticisms of bretton woods proposals in house commit a ansnescoccneceocenensenneomencgees house passes bretton woods agreement c c ssseseeeeeee united nations relief and rehabilitation admin istration see reconstruction united nations war crimes commission see war criminals united states churchill roosevelt statement on italy ccccceccsseeeeeenees i ss csneeccncnssccccccecessscccscconcene presidential campaign and foreign policy cccesessseee roosevelt on foreign policy issues ccccccccsecssssessssserees will elections bring greater international collaboration recognizes provisional government of france 0 russia’s claims to iran oil causes conflict c:ccceeseesoeee i iii is cs oceniccceuiecguatnsesonecsetnnnccoestos evolving new attitudes toward britain and russia i piii trl ss stsnnasesssnerenepoccccqeooreneseces congress new internationalist membefs cceseeeeeee stettinius succeeds hull as secretary of state 00e000 anglo american short term agreement on 1945 lend lease sol cool nc nacnsienomianmendiogenoneveandnonsbeattordons state department reorganization ccssscssssreeseeseessees latin americans hope for overhauling of hemisphere poli ts seem i stettinius on intervention in europe cccssscssesssseessees en ne en ian canmenganeieneuncbibonocssonvneneduasoeeees i iid sncocsemnesnvenenonestecoquensoveoseroocseseooes hurley’s achievements in china c.ccccccssccrsrcccssssssrecsseseees roosevelt message to congress foreign policy sections stettinius on russo polish border issue cccsssscsesersseees vandenberg on foreign policy cssccseseessersscessssesesrssseenes agrees to increase exports to france ccssecssseesseseserensees radia snicttetenenenmnaitibibonpecoqnecensommengereeeuestes diplomatic appointments should be on merit cc0sc000 american medical materials aid guerrillas s0 grew and owi on delay in aid to civilian france grew on policies toward chima cccscccrcscseeereesersseeeeees crimea conference agreements ccecsccsseeseceeesresseseeeerenes roosevelt on proposed monetary fund and world bank iii iie sii sis sccernniansapobhontnnevestmacsiteoeuscasccccococeceseoree proposed u.s mexican water treaty problems chinese disunity u.s military problem 0 sseseseeees sweden buys fighter planes sssssssecssssssssssesenenceeenenees foreign economic policy proposals 0 sscsserssssseeerseeesees house passes lend lease extension act sssssseesssereeserereees roosevelt favors united nations food and agriculture iiit cchsattidncctdhieressatssantitersccssenencenccccsonsconcesecieenseenebsanooei hurley on aid to chungking 0cccccsesssssssseseeeeeseseeeees roosevelt’s fearless ideals guide for security conference roosevelt’s legacy of good neighborliness in foreign affairs recognizes argentine government 0 cccsssssecserersseseees bases telecommunications examples of navy influence on se mei cotcnsiptudedhdtibstunsnntvaenttunediisinessseeticcosoeesenementvangnene no 24 j c1 cto co do dd do 00 co date march 30 1945 july 6 1945 july 13 1945 july 20 1945 april 6 1945 february 16 1945 march 30 1945 june 15 1945 october 20 1944 october 27 1944 october 27 1944 october 27 1944 november 3 1944 november 10 1944 november 10 1944 november 17 1944 november 17 1944 november 17 1944 december 1 1944 december 1 1944 december 8 1944 december 8 1944 december 15 1944 december 15 1944 december 22 1944 january 5 1945 january 5 1945 january 5 1945 january 12 1945 january 12 1945 january 19 1945 january 26 1945 january 26 1945 february 2 1945 february 9 1945 february 9 1945 february 9 1945 february 16 1945 february 16 1945 february 23 1945 march 2 1945 march 16 1945 march 30 1945 april 6 1945 april 6 1945 april 6 1945 april 13 1945 april 20 1945 april 20 1945 april 27 1945 may 4 1945 u volume xxiv_ united states continued forrestal on reduced navy building program hull cites roosevelt on trade agreements act cs0000 protectionists fight trade agreements act extension trade agreements act and world labor standards trade agreements and full employment ccccscsscsscessssees middle west interest in russian relations poomg thor serme om tices ncceciciccececscccereceeccesseceresanenionten refuses to recognize austrian provisional government conflict with russia not inevitable cscccccccssssesscceseneees truman sends davies and hopkins to britain and russia iee cesentubbemnescithbevienssnnieapilialiatenidl ieee aie attitude on franco syrian dispute ccccccccscsscececseseceeceeres criticism causes review of policy on argentina economic policy search dewey on tariff ama nn ee et far eastern policy requires u.s soviet cooperation russo american collaboration and communism 5 will tariff cuts lead to freer world trade c.csscccsesseeees atlantic charter on trade putt a moins rind wihidisccaceiciocer he se a world trade expansion requires greater imports big three agree on new polish régime ccccccseseeseeseseeeees byrnes succeeds stettinius as secretary of state state department changes needed cccccccccscseccscceesensvesess what is best to help unity of china c cccscscsssoccsssseseoes clayton reports to senate on axis economic spearheads ine sittin sis sontashasthiensnsietiostinaghininanapiaaninaaatiaseaieaaecisaandieannnets policy on japan needs clarifying be ee ne how will atomic bomb and war crime concept affect policy rl re rnr bee 2 ee nouns bag co trig sseccensccsecinssiiccwssnsccneennsescnssonpiesions will it use economic power to aid democracy abroad braden succeeds rockefeller as assistant secretary of simi pntidsscaseenseshtiblichetasserscsnsbailennslidiaaaiinentinilteibiadiiaiaenake lend lease reckoning forces showdown on trade policies returns to hull policy on argentina cccceseeeeessssenes rockefeller indicts farrell régime in argentina truman and byrnes on lend lease settlements economic aims in common with britain cccccsccssessees negotiates with britain on mutual economic aid russia scores anglo u.s criticism of bulgarian and ru i i oar evesnnsucsinatusgasaiintsieovelbanasianhichensenthaatiaiabtin sud suite ii oiceencieiekkbtekicsi vvbsncsucehavsancicentntaientete korean occupation policy confusion ccccsccsscccsssscssseses long range policy on japan needed to help macarthur owi on europe’s desperate need for food ris 23 ec beer rs see eae will divergent economic views hurt anglo american unity anglo american economic conference agenda see0 foreign issues need strong presidential leadership foreign policy confusions oy city eee 5 cncancnmmasaiissaieiaiidiniibibibasaneschsseeconnioniedians will it revise occupation policy in germany 0 backs chungking against communists ccs.ccsesseeesees truman and marshall on atomic energy csceceeeeeeeeseees see also international organization japan world war uruguay criticizes dumbarton oaks charter declaration of belligerency seeeeeeeeeseee cena etre teen eeeeeseseeesoeseee eeeeee ce eeweeeeeeeeeeses oee r eere eee hee eee eee eee ese toes resets sese esee sess seer se eeeeeseeeseess se eeeeeeeeeeeees war criminals resignations from united nations war crimes commis serie aiaithisisviccnveeacinshedivanannphinthncetensiecvenemaniaedelletdtineiabenaevsaunhianmiies common policy needed by allies ccsccccoccscccsssscsccccsscscceccecees soviet nonparticipation in commmmisssionn 2 cccsecseeeeeeeees german brutalities stress need for action ccscceeeeeees war crime concept accepted by britain france russia u.s world war 1939 1945 macarthur leads leyte invasion i tt ging spec esos ctunsscsnnnndngpiasseieneuvinreonnncceeenenensneveieien u.s recalls general stilwell from china ccsceeeeeeees german position compared with 1918 surrender ie sui ooo sisi cossersnsens secrecnnictepenessuiaintdagessiatuesiniennetbges german counterattack ae ere ere ee eee ere eee eee sese ee eee eeeeeeeeeeee ses ese esse ed date may 4 1945 may 18 1945 may 18 1945 may 18 1945 may 18 1946 may 25 1945 may 25 1945 may 25 1945 june 1 1945 june 1 1945 june 8 1945 june 8 1945 june 15 1945 june 15 1945 june 15 1945 june 15 1945 june 15 1945 june 15 1945 june 22 1945 june 22 1945 june 22 1945 june 29 1945 july 6 1945 july 6 1945 july 6 1945 july 13 1945 july 13 1945 july 27 1945 august 17 1945 august 24 1945 august 31 1945 august 31 1945 september 7 1945 september 7 1945 september 7 1945 september 7 1945 september 7 1945 september 14 1945 september 14 1945 september 14 1945 september 14 1945 september 21 1945 september 21 1945 september 21 1945 september 21 1945 september 21 1945 september 28 1945 september 28 1945 september 28 1945 september 28 1945 september 28 1945 october 12 1945 october 12 1945 november 24 1944 february 23 1945 february 2 1945 february 9 1945 february 9 1945 april 27 1945 august 17 1945 october 27 1944 november 3 1944 november 3 1944 november 24 1944 december 22 1944 december 29 1944 volume xxiv world war 1939 1945 continued german offensive supplies western front problem london economist criticizes u.s strategy montgomery praises american soldiers macarthur campaign to free philippines from japan hungarian armistice signed japanese cabinet shaken by defeats manila falls to u.s troops declaration of belligerency by chile ecuador paraguay peru and uruguay u.s accelerates pacific moves japan says french officials in indo china cooperated with u.s air forces bombing alone will not defeat japan neutrals increase aid to allies as german defeat impends argentina declares war on germany and japan is u.s china policy consistent with pacific war needs macarthur and nimitz command u.s army and navy forces in pacific soviet denounces neutrality pact with japan germany surrenders pacific war coalition not just an american show politics and strategy against japan peace issues demand early big three meeting japan sees its only hope in allied rift in china atomic bomb strikes hiroshima truman warns japan japan accepts unconditional surrender secretary of state byrnes issues note on hirohito hirohito on origins of byrnes denies atomic bomb was chief cause of japan’s defeat japan’s formal surrender marshall report on america’s participation yalta see crimea yugoslavia crimea conference agreements os semestecscnenneonconng britain and u.s protest tito’s stand on trieste tito assails greece zionists see palestine date january 5 1945 january 5 1945 january 12 1945 january 12 1945 january 19 1945 january 26 1945 january 26 1945 february 9 1945 february 23 1945 february 23 1945 march 16 1945 march 23 1945 march 30 1945 april 6 1945 april 13 1945 april 13 1945 april 13 1945 may 11 1945 may 18 1945 may 18 1946 may 25 1945 july 20 1945 august 10 1945 august 10 1945 august 17 1945 august 17 1945 august 24 1945 september 7 1945 september 7 1945 october 12 1945 february 16 1945 may 11 1945 may 25 1945 july 20 1945 +foreign policy bulletin index to volume xxiii october 22 1943 october 13 1944 published weekly by the national headquarters foreign policy association 22 east 88th street incorporated new york 16 n y index to volume xxiii foreign policy bulletin october 22 1943 october 13 1944 anglo american caribbean commission sr 1a dortiiirtiiud vcccsesicessccencerienmerisasenrniciviiwipaeerstuthe west indian conference set up as advisory body arab federation egypt and arab states confer on post war plans 0 argentina recognizes new bolivian régime cn in oo ancss oreccescerssvorcsumibmnehsiceniiansiayeadiiebaleundeanpeaiebiee sii tituorcueiord o.ccoseccecsssinsieneisinsianisesineieiias coup forces out ramirez as president farrell succeeds iid fc5 sda cnssccenerbios ine wnipsitinedstpnicsdeciiatataeeleehiddahinmnmnasasbiaaaliienai canes coup widens breach with united states gou grupo oficiales unidos influence britain and u.s recall ambassadors allied action deterred by war eed ccccccssseecesseeseeeeees up rois gre tere tiiis us ccvccccicvetcsessivssnsosecccscsenssincitbbenstaiens peluffo defends argentine policy ccccccccccsssssseseessserseeeees recalls ambassador escobar from washington financial situation oooo ree ee eero eee sees sees eset eseeeeeeesseeeee sees es eeeeee esse eeos coc oeee reese eee ese esser sees ee eeeesseeseesesese atlantic charter anglo american talks on application churchill’s statement australia commonwealth post war policy shown in pact with new zealand corpo ree e oro ere ee eee oee sees er eee eeeeesee esse ores eee sess sese es ceres eer oe eer ee oee es teese eee esessooeessesees esse sess seed sees oses esse se oesesesess coro ee ee ee eeeeeeee sees eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeseeee aviation united nations preliminary talks on international air agreement belgium british commonwealth membership suggested bolivia economic situation pint amniiriiid 1 0s:sicces'cdbrsninig gn cusinrdieaiiaaelindincaniininidnd vabaaaedlains tembelasrmeres coup ousts president pefiaranda rine a omnimiiiiee ssc sinsathcinansdosannitidletibenesaantneigweentuatunnddeaimaeaeaite wes umunnrg fy guioie nncccsicecessscrncesinecencssevevtssssnpnactournleens anti axis republics move to find possible outside fascist ne ee ae ee ee eet tot suri tordrimos tomtiid cccocecscessoncsvssncceineccasscskasseniebecteccters de lozada junta representative in u.s on its democratic piii x sinos vcassiesedsvessnisenvasininesinihdginablainninsessuemmnialaelbaginanantaaes hull on outside forces as aiding revolt erase srnr ormirtiongd ciincontesocosmsseiainevosseceonssecamacetadideinien recognized by britain u.s and eighteen american re reiter svisicecincqvannctsniohcansictsensveniatuca le eabice avacdnikscol id eaeneeeedl book reviews bente lewid bist ngc la srcccsessssssciscscssssscesssisnsvssebestes adler j how to think about war and peace alcott carroll my war with japa cccccccccccsscssccssscesees allen h b come over into macedonia banning kendall our army today cccccscscsseeseereeseeees baruch b m and hancock j m war and postwar policies opo r eee oee eee eee oe esse eee eeess teese sees oeseoesseeeesseees esse sese seees ees see eee oe eee eee e eee ee eee eee eeeseeeeeseseeeees pro ree eee eoe eee e ether eee es ees es esse see esesesesesseseeseeeeee esse se seeseseoseess date january 14 1944 january 14 1944 january 28 1944 january 21 1944 february 4 1944 february 4 1944 march 3 1944 march 8 1944 march 8 1944 july 7 1944 july 21 1944 august 4 1944 august 4 1944 august 4 1944 august 25 1944 august 25 1944 april 14 1944 april 14 1944 february 11 1944 june 9 1944 april 7 1944 december 24 1943 november 26 1943 november 26 1943 december 31 1943 december 31 1943 december 31 1943 january 21 1944 january 21 1944 january 21 1944 january 21 1944 february 4 1944 july 7 1944 december 17 1943 february 25 1944 april 28 1944 february 25 1944 november 19 1943 april 7 1944 wc i h ee ee 8g tate fae nantn ania al leila ale lae ae te volume xxiili book reviews continued becker c l how new will the better world be bender j f comp nbc handbook of pronunciation biggerstaff knight the far east and the united states bombay plan for india’s economic development bonsal stephen unfinished business boe boe bice cine bined cccececncccceccseceencccicecosececossnseeces brown j m to all hands an amphibious adventure bruun geoffrey clemenceau i os milas mpi eiiii o sncnsestsnenenssanenssninenebensaheascessenasenes carus c d and menichols c l japan its resources pe eo eee sr te chamberlin w h the russian enigma c.ceeeeeeeeees chang h h chiang kai shek asia’s man of destiny cherne leo the rest of your life cccccccccecssesseccesseeesceees chiang kai shek resistance and reconstruction ee ee cianfarra camille the vatican and the war collis maurice the land of the great image coudenhove kalergi r n crusade for pan europe coupland r the indian problem c sssscssesssceeeeesss cressey g b asia’s lands and peoples ccs seese e curtis monica ed documents on international affairs aa ca cecabeiianlehive ols dallin d j russia and post war europe sc seecseeees wees william the economic thought of woodrow el atti i eciertestsesenernntontiantncntin ss sent duggan stephen a professor at large dulles f r the road to teheran ccccccccccccesesceceeeeeceeees emerson gertrude voiceless india fischer louis empire 00000 flynn j t as we go marching c.ccccccecccsssceseessescesseeees freyn hubert free china’s new deal c.ccccsssesereeeees furbay e d top hats and tom toms gayn m j jowrney from the east c.cccccccccecceccsssscserseeees gerard f w malta magnificent gibson hugh the road to foreign policy gilbert w h jr peoples of india goette john japan fights for asia goffin robert the white brigade cccccecscccccesseseeeeeeeees goodhue cornelia the journey into the fg c 00000 goodrich l c a short history of the chinese people goshal kumar the people of india ccccccccsesscsessseeeeseess greenlaw 0 s the lady and the tigers ccccss0sse000 gull e m british economic interests in the far east gunther frances revolution in india hagen paul germany after hitler cccccccccsccccsscsseeesceeseee haines c g and hoffman r j s the origins and back ground of the second world war ee c p the amazon the life story of a mighty ii edn citi deta ie eadadinaisinnencaronrsoesieccseyiacesoce haynes williams the chemical front hershey burnet the air future cccccccccccccceccecececcesceseseees hill max bachange srép ecccccccccssesses.sesesee eceiphiaidabienk hogg george i see a new china ccccccccccececcseecscesecceesceees holborn l w war and peace aims of the united na tions aee ree eere eere eee eoe ee eeee sese se eee eee ee eee eee teese eeee eee eset sese eee sees ee eeeess hughes e j the church and the liberal society hull helen mayling soong chiang c00 c0000000 hynd alan betrayal from the east hynd alan passport to treason ii un po oc cetiniopsnmenbesaunecesssnsecérecsseons ingersoll ralph the battle is the pay off 0 cc0cc0cc0000 iswolsky helen soul of russia cccccccccsscccsseessccccececceeseee jane’s all the world’s aircraft 1942 ccccccccccscccccscccecceccceeee sa i neansuntnoninitchiivecashh joesten joachim what russia wants ccccccccccecccceeeceeees johnston g h the toughest fighting in the world o j m a modern foreign policy for the united i re sese ees saeed ele a et de jong l and stoppelman j w f the lion rampant keenan j l a steel mam im india cccccccccsssesessesseeceeeee keller james and berger meyer men of maryknoll kerr walter the russian army its men its leaders et ls re ea ae kris ernst and speier hans german radio propaganda kulischer e m the displacement of population in europe seeceees pperrririr iit tite re ere eee errr rere ttt coop pee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eeeeeeeess fern eee ree eere seer eere esos ee eeeeeeee eee ee eee eee eee ee eee eee esse eee eee reese sees date june 30 1944 november 12 1943 november 5 1943 september 8 1944 june 30 1944 september 8 1944 december 3 1943 february 18 1944 november 12 1943 july 14 1944 january 21 1944 september 8 1944 august 18 1944 november 12 1943 march 31 1944 march 31 1944 december 31 1943 january 21 1944 september 8 1944 september 8 1944 november 12 1943 january 21 1944 july 7 1944 april 28 1944 december 3 1943 march 10 1944 september 8 1944 september 8 1944 february 25 1944 june 2 1944 january 21 1944 april 21 1944 july 14 1944 november 26 1943 august 4 1944 september 8 1944 november 5 1943 february 25 1944 february 25 1944 april 28 1944 july 14 1944 december 17 1943 march 31 1944 september 8 1944 september 1 1944 october 22 1943 august 11 1944 november 19 1943 february 4 1944 january 21 1944 november 26 1943 september 8 1944 february 18 1944 june 2 1944 november 5 1943 april 21 1944 october 22 1943 december 3 1943 january 21 1944 january 21 1944 january 21 1944 january 21 1944 july 7 1944 november 5 1943 april 28 1944 july 21 1944 january 21 1944 december 31 1943 july 7 1944 september 22 1944 january 21 1944 volume xxiii 5 book reviews continued no date lacy creighton is china a democracy ccscsseeeseseeeenes 6 november 26 1943 laing alexander way for ame ticd s seesscecscscsssescesesssees 9 december 17 1943 3 landheer bartholomew ed the netherlands 0 33 june 2 1944 lattimore owen and eleanor the making of modern t cour c:csicbeaciselieatdatabaaaddesadmencenlcéaiemaniadinndnionncanenmncaticahaaamaala 39 july 14 1944 lavra stephen greek mg gels ccccisccscewccwseeceveosrcecreviussstewctenente 6 november 26 1943 li k c comp american diplomacy 00000 00 wiceeatoeetinta 6 november 26 1943 liebling a j the road back to pasis sssecsscssecees 18 february 18 1944 4 lippmann walter u.s war bono cscisesescccsitsivansecqrsscnsapapeees 42 august 4 1944 3 liu nai chen and others voices from unoccupied china 39 july 14 1944 lowdermilk w c palestine land of promise 00 40 july 21 1944 mccoy m h and mellnik s m ten escape from tojo 46 september 1 1944 mackenzie dewitt india’s problem can be solved 47 september 8 1944 4 macvane jolin journey tito wl cvcsccccccccs ccccccocossscosccccesess 25 april 7 1944 deae ioeg teritamot gr drg oncecicacectiretincrensinesessessesisonsinaiowe 20 march 3 1944 3 maguire w a the captain wears c88 cccccccceereeeeess 20 march 8 1944 mallory w h ed political handbook of the world prvermnemte partios ed prego rrocsecvissecncsocesscsesescesateveves 25 april 7 1944 3 matthews h l the fruits of fascist cccccesssccsceeeeses 40 july 21 1944 may m a a social psychology of war and peace 5 november 19 1943 4 miller douglas via diplomatic pouch cccscccececessseeees 42 august 4 1944 4 milton g f the use of presidential power 1789 1948 35 june 16 1944 mitchell kate and goshal kumar twentieth century 43 tiniieie c:vnicunscisciabettsbieinnenouniesuavanssdsiareencdadaiamatsaacianlbains niaiiiaaiees 37 june 30 1944 moraes f r and stimson robert introduction to india 28 april 28 1944 ee ae we ed dorm cicussceiacs cpcouinewarsucuinsasinhaanvopiamitemnin sz june 2 1944 vi nash walter new zealand cccccccccccssseeeess ep ar sms 19 february 25 1944 wy nathan otto the nazi economic system cc.cccceeeeeees 34 june 9 1944 a naughton s j pius xii on world problems 0.000 21 march 10 1944 i o’shaughnessy michael peace and reconstruction a 4 ctd ciee ote iigd ices cnisnccnceiccscnseiparneesecensasonveces 21 march 10 1944 4 pares bernard russia and the peace ccccccccccessscees 38 july 7 1944 i 4 peck a m the pageant of canadian history 00 14 january 21 1944 pol heinz the hidden enemy the german threat to oe sncincarincessnvienteseleainimatadieanasnneeameania 19 february 25 1944 ponsonby arthur henry ponsonby queen victoria’s pri ie nl ci siisansnddbasachisneeepiieninneiaiinianentsiwepeiildaapemnaaeeniale 11 december 31 1943 prewett virginia the americas and tomorrow 000e0 34 june 9 1944 pyle ernie here is your war es 9 december 17 1943 4 raleigh j m pacific blackout sinsih slain dsceelaaica a aha 6 november 26 1943 3 raman t a report on india pr nee es ee ae 24 march 31 1944 14 ramsey guy one continent redeemed c.cceeceeeeeees 19 february 25 1944 14 redmond juanita j served on bataan sa ete 7 december 3 1943 reynolds quentin the curtain rises oan 28 april 28 1944 riess curt the nazis go undergroung sssssseesseeseees 47 september 8 1944 43 bees dd ed tro awaoceor fe cocecnscccsccoepessicnensacesesenssacces 27 april 21 1944 sansom g b japan a short cultural history 37 june 30 1944 i 14 schultz sigrid germany will try it again cccceeeeeeees 51 october 6 1944 h 14 sereni a p the italian conception of international law 14 january 21 1944 i sharkey don white smoke over the vatican 0 37 june 30 1944 i te eee nene ea ees on ok ee 30 may 12 1944 i sington derrick and weidenfeld arthur the goebbels expervment 000e aiitses'shepenepisispaesanieiceeapsaaaidiaeaonaaaiamaaaae 6 november 26 1943 143 skomorovsky boris and morris e g the siege of lenin 4 gutiie cxccxsca kcswavnncaossesesnctiiamscoestaanbiansousiaceendatnediad aaa eaits 38 july 7 1944 j 4 smith g h and good dorothy japan a geographical 143 ae ad et tma rais eo hiner ale wee 2 october 29 1943 mt 44 sorokin p a russia and the united states 38 july 7 1944 1 ee sp eoin os ocecsoeninndivabesnmmanssbbecsacannns 14 january 21 1944 if 44 stuart g s latin america and the united states 19 february 25 1944 swing r g preview of history cccccccsscccscesccesersses 7 december 3 1943 i 13 taggart w c my fighting congregation ae eee 20 march 8 1944 i tao ming wei my revolutionary years sdjivesbiakeobotonel 35 june 16 1944 h these are the generals cccceccceceeeees in sista seda ee 19 february 25 1944 i 3 tregaskis richard jnvasion diary bg bet aa rie 47 september 8 1944 1 4 van ess john meet the arab soke ten ees laer si 14 january 21 1944 iy 4 van sinderen adrian four years a chronicle of the h 4 war by months september 1939 september 1948 37 june 30 1944 4 vansittart lord lessons of my life ccccccsscsssscesssssseees 11 december 31 1943 i wales h g q years of butmgnees 000c.ccccccsesscocsvesseescsesses 7 december 3 1943 of 13 ward a c a literary journey through wartime h sui tos oiicah os tamtsesnaenhunsupneteisnmiamcehoneobanadass elias danamncinaseereneaeanes 14 january 21 1944 if a rn tie ro ens torre he 36 june 23 1944 hy wason betty miracle in hella cc cccccccccccccssscscssccccees 7 december 3 1943 4 weller george singapore is silent o cccccccccceceseeeeees 7 december 3 1943 a 143 i welles sumner the time for decision 42 august 4 1944 wheeler keith the pacific is my beat cc0.000eee 33 june 2 1944 white d f the growth of the red army as 38 july 7 1944 944 white leigh the long balkan night 000.0 c00008 24 march 31 1944 a wilson c m middle america 44 august 18 1944 epee me or 6 volume xxiii book reviews continued wilson c m trees and test tubes cccccsecccsesecccesseseee winter gustav this is not the end of france c000 wintringham tom the story of weapons and tactics brazil aranha resigns as foreign minister csssscceseseeeees brazilian expeditionary force in italy political situation cor m eee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseees soe r eset eters eoe t oses reese ee eeeeee eee eee eee eoe ese sees esse ee eee bretton woods conference see united nations monetary and financial conference bulgaria russo bulgarian four day war ends cairo conference 1943 china’s rise to great power implied by chiang kai shek’s i a i consevennenonenonneces korean independence pledge russian attitude canada canol project and u.s canadian relations cc00000 mackenzie king rejects halifax plan for post war policy among members of british commonwealth eee ee mackenzie king on unity and freedom of action in com monwealt oooo oe eee sees eere eee ese ee ee eee es eee eee ee eee eoes sore eee ee ee eee es eee eeeeeeeeee eee eee sees seeeeee sees esse sese shee eee eeed certo eee eeeeeereseeeee caribbean commission see anglo american caribbean com mussion cartels u.s takes up international problem chile names mora ambassador to u.s scccscccssssssscesssseseseeseees china roosevelt asks chinese exclusion law repeal signs moscow accord es as cn en chungking communist difficulties res rs cte cet succeeds soong as chairman of board of bank of se dest diadictahdienelidinneatiibindnsleieienmiasinlieiaimnanematithinmiainnnnnnrerinmineies mme sun yat sen on national troops blockade of guer tc crrrrccinsmnaninintionenbinobunesioss american concern over conditions sun fo on slow political progress scssssseseccsseesersesees kuomintang communist parleys at chungking and sian i ce els emmnanen tt wallace outlines basis for far east harmony 0.00 internal political differences and military situation u.s military mission confers with chinese communists people’s political council session c sccscscsssssesssessreseesees chiang kai shek on keeping up struggle bf i ae es nelson and chiang kai shek agreement on wartime indus ee aai ae tt american british chinese statements on supply situation criticism internal of chungking see also world war colombia declares war on germany cuba eee ee a czechoslovakia ee dumbarton oaks see reconstruction ecuador revolution egypt conference with arab states representative soo ee eee eeeeeereseseeeeeeeeeeeeeeee coop ec eee r ee ees e eere eee eee eset ee esse ose ee eee e eee e ee ee eee e eee ei rr coop e eoe oee eere o ee eee eee ee ee ee ee eee e ee hee ee oeeee preeritieierererrrrrrrr ir it it iti rr rere r ee teeeeeeeesecseseeseeee 50 go 00 co 49 42 34 34 15 date december 17 1943 january 21 1944 november 5 1943 september 1 1944 september 1 1944 september 1 1944 september 29 1944 december 10 1943 december 10 1943 december 10 1943 december 3 1943 february 11 1944 march 24 1944 may 26 1944 june 9 1944 september 22 1944 august 4 1944 october 22 1943 november 12 1943 december 10 1943 february 25 1944 february 25 1944 february 25 1944 february 25 1944 may 5 1944 may 5 1944 june 2 1944 june 2 1944 june 2 1944 june 30 1944 september 1 1944 september 1 1944 september 22 1944 september 29 1944 september 29 1944 september 29 1944 october 13 1944 october 13 1944 december 3 1943 june 9 1944 may 26 1944 june 9 1944 january 28 1944 14 3 3 4 4 volume xxiii eire drc vargo gor occicececccscsresessssiencicsctinencvensentanguiailaniiaiaintes isolation move by allies to safeguard invasion plans eeeeeeee europe underground movements aims ccccccccsscssssssssccsesssssssecenes occupied countries want aid not tutelage from allies ge detwpenn st o08 ub sicsccsctniceiennwaninai will expediency alone determine allied policy national régimes not amg to rule liberated countries allies seek underground unity before invasion fate of private property in occupied countries german looting under study by committee political preparations for invasion 0 sccccssccsssessssessssees liberated peoples tackle self rule problems ee eeerecesecessoeses see also reconstruction far east moscow accord implications underground movements coco eoe teese essere eee oe esse esse eses oses toes putt iiit tii finland objects to russian armistice terms again rejects russian armistice we nine iiss siinssemnninncuaciaeesitasclieinbesbenisiensaicelataidsiataiesiaeamaliaaliaamaiaaalll ties pires corio wriioie a vcsciicniicccnccssenscncceesssnnnttnentnincsaisseins mannerheim made president may modify pro german seti scticsssuitistinssinesioss evaitiieltinivenitiieniaiihhietesiiinlaliasaninilasinig saniadeaiaeialuaninni surrenders preriirietiir irr ptitttititititt itil ttt coro eee eee eee e eere e oe oree sees eeeeeeeseeoeee sees ee seeseeesseessseseeeseees foreign policy association tr nurnrd ened wriciincinsceticeth entation prey tor dor of th occ w sacccedicacsscctscets caisiesecsscsitinsnitclanetiinn mrs dean attends unrra council meeting g s mcclellan joins research department blair bolles heads washington bureaw cccsseesseesereees olive holmes joins research department scssccseeeeee c g haines becomes assistant to the president annual forum speakers ppuppiiiii i france french committee of national liberation reorganizes ee borniine cncciceewiniciostsiseaainiaininiaaandntnamnan french troops arrest lebanese officials causes 000 pétain’s effort to recognize democratic institutions underground rejects pétain move cccececeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeees french committee of national liberation seeks recogni i ie sd ig aa onccssironctnasnsncicasoanscesvicnsesintennnnstaaseinbanaia colonial conference brazzaville en geuiig cie gio watcccccsdcteseeecessceciimasnccssteiticameestas provisional constituent assembly moves toward parlia ga pe colonial plans at brazzaville se gurtieee ducnuing oo ksiveciersicttientrcstitimtinmatnmene algiers military court sentences pucheu to death for me ssncascsntensedverseesecesssonnntiehineitnn dhaetodoeeaaaaniewss seeds de gaulle on french committee’s responsibility when in vasion occurs iii c:csitiss csp ices vino nsssabnaiasacttbdas maskekeeee maniac kewiasiepecatnc ad etitoichi u.s recognition policy and military needs fauil sbursommste otl tocomtitcion o cecnccccscccsccccccccncceesconcosesecesoscrccees maquis to be incorporated into french army pon oinien cuties sscscconiiiidnantuiuniiniainsasseannnsbisaasaenmnieebeuss eisenhower to deal with de gaulle after invasion de gaulle protests administration of freed france by fe cn tti sscenitsicsnscnininccnesneionnsinttclicbinnnacion eisenhower proclamation to french people roosevelt invites de gaulle to washington ccssc0 causes of friction between french committee of national fo ee bs er a es ee ee general koenig named commander of the french forces of the interior acting under eisenhower underground activities aid allies fe run ieee wu ii inci gcc cedccncnncesucessocesvecnencasaveensaneees franco british agreement on civil administration bo corres otic noe tung i ieicececcosinitcndensianteitegnimnnieritnntones liberated french move toward fourth republic u.s de gaulle administrative agreement ee eeereerececeseeess sor ee eee eee ee eee eeee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeees french committee of national liberation see france date march 17 1944 march 17 1944 november 26 1943 december 31 1943 december 31 1943 march 3 1944 april 21 1944 may 19 1944 may 19 1944 may 19 1944 may 26 1944 july 21 1944 november 12 1943 may 19 1944 march 10 1944 april 28 1944 june 16 1944 june 30 1944 august 11 1944 september 8 1944 september 29 1944 october 29 1943 november 12 1943 november 19 1943 january 7 1944 march 17 1944 july 21 1944 september 22 1944 september 29 1944 november 19 1943 november 19 1943 november 26 1943 november 26 1943 february 4 1944 february 4 1944 february 4 1944 february 4 1944 february 18 1944 february 18 1944 march 17 1944 april 7 1944 april 7 1944 april 7 1944 april 14 1944 may 19 1944 may 26 1944 may 26 1944 june 16 1944 june 16 1944 june 16 1944 june 23 1944 july 7 1944 july 7 1944 july 14 1944 july 14 1944 september 1 1944 september 1 1944 september 1 1944 volume xxiii see also world war great britain germany moscow accord on policy toward a ln dh an aninsrisbpibidibibindiaaptihissacnallasnbien hitler’s assassination attempted i i a eonnennenonenten turkey suspends diplomatic and economic relations de piii biiied cnccsscsaditlacecceocoveenanssevteisipsiesece de industrialization of a defeatist policy unconditional surrender necessary settee rene een eee en ee ee eee eee eeeeeeeeneeeeeee corr ree ee eee eee ee eee eee eters eee eeeeeeeeeeeeee coccrr rrr ree eee ee nee ete renee eeeeeenee senators criticisms after visit se rte tct ta domestic post war outlook moscow conference opens set iee ee ee de belgian membership in british commonwealth suggested smuts proposes commonwealth extension to western europe dalarsaisnecestieldebiapserneets to end opium smoking monopoly cc0cceccsseessesesseseeseeevees eden on use of spanish troops against russia halifax on post war policy among british commonwealth pies sidi cicticcstiainnienaslinnelbaneecapncnandcntdpetnetndisatscccdéséescivreineesesscsessene halifax proposal dominions views 0c sc.sesesseeeeeseeeeeeee eden on proposed u.s pipeline in near east churchill and eden on foreign policy churchill on yugoslavia ccce000e backs russian peace offer to finland i ie a inet taal ddbd asi iiseessosisiesccccceesess anglo american cooperation and post war trade policies on anglo american talks on application of atlantic charter asks sweden and turkey to stop sending germany ball bearings and chrome respectively c cccccesesecesseseeeees calls on dominions for post war unity 0 c0c0000e eeee0 churchill on commonwealth and world order churchill on imperial preferences restrictions on neutrals eaten ird ie ctecitleeiecside churchill on greek political crisis ccccccecccsecesceeeesseceeees spain’s concessions in agreement with britain and u.s dominion prime minister’s declaration after london con soe a a ne ee ae dominion conference backs world order churchill’s references to spain recalls ambassador from argentina egress sess a eee franco british agreement on civil administration of france employment policy white paper cs sccscecssssseseeseees phillips incident disturbs anglo american relations a casnnahanenes anglo american conferences at quebec churchill on russo polish problems ccc:ccccceesseesseeeee churchill warns against haste in security decisions american british chinese statements on chinese supply situation pere ere rrr terre eee eee eee eres see also palestine petroleum greece ell la lal es lo meek km a ee ee background of political crisis ts un cert als aweeddbbtbiacbar alveoes sdvoves russia backs leftists assails government in exile hungary anti jewish moves india japanese invasion tojo’s statement eesoceevesececenones phillips incident disturbs anglo american relations international labor organization convenes international labor conference at philadelphia sa sh ccwcedlbwepancstarueonens i a wserra ell cca os dco nesesnmenceeec philadelphia charter date november 12 1943 december 10 1943 july 28 1944 july 28 1944 august 11 1944 august 11 1944 october 6 1944 october 6 1944 october 22 1943 october 29 1943 october 29 1943 october 29 1943 december 10 1943 december 24 1943 december 24 1 january 21 1944 january 28 19441 february 11 1944 february 11 1944 february 18 1944 march 8 1944 march 8 1944 march 10 1944 march 10 1944 march 24 1944 march 24 1944 april 14 1944 april 21 1944 april 28 1944 april 28 1944 april 28 1944 april 28 1944 may 5 1944 may 12 1944 may 26 1944 may 26 1944 june 2 1944 july 7 1944 july 7 1944 july 14 1944 august 11 1944 august 18 1944 september 8 15 september 15 1 september 22 19 october 6 1944 october 6 1944 october 13 1944 october 29 1943 october 29 1943 october 29 1943 may 5 1944 may 5 1944 may 5 1944 june 30 1944 march 31 1944 september 8 1944 april 21 1944 may 19 1944 may 19 1944 w oo 144 44 ee _volume xxiii iran teheran conference declaration on opium and opium treaties ireland see eire italy badoglio government cobelligerent status bado lid terimmation ptomigs 2 corsccccceccscccocsveccdssnsstndencesesebees sforza and croce on government cd rio inties 5 cvacconsixecexeunuaapsbonctero niece babectaseonse miaagaiaunaeroe moscow accord on policy toward armistice commission personnel bm mui on cicicnnikcdinccnnssonnbanguansidthnns induscasamncdaeeainaaanae ed impending government changes poop unee cur po vommroie o.ssciccccetnscncinnsnntnnnnnsnonesidicthnatelnibendies russia recognizes badoglio régime 00sseeseeeeeeesesnreeees h f grady on need to oust the king sr at rnid 5s 5 csccncnseoiesainacieiltbadiliinicndiencniinninasitcennad stalemate below rome upsets political timing ee or eee ee six anti fascist parties in badoglio cabinet tromount tupemcos tragormo cccccaisccccccerctsciviccdsecescveasscges rinses king victor emmanuel retires ps iie pcccnsenesicicnsncecnsentivecedcdadtiluiaie'wissksidcleondpiedtstiaibsin must face self rule responsibility cccccccsesseeeeeseneees epourire tf mpcrincicd cotiig ooiicccsccesacoscensctecrosesseseseesescaacs eee hopes for allied aid in economic difficulties splinter parties active japan cairo conference decisions on s.cscscseccccccscceseceeees grew on policy toward after defeat cccscccseceeseseseees people are key to peace not the emperor preeerri rit titi itt ier r rrr propaganda changes other tightenings at home soviet japanese agreements on sakhalin concessions and on fisheries bt iiit bsstiisnscccentinsnaeslldtenssvviatshtinlaiiaindadieieniiiiieaininenamaaimateima senile roosevelt on policy toward after defeat cc 000 see also world war korea cairo conference pledges independence ccccceeeeeseeeees underground movement latin america labor confederation to call inter american economic con nr seeinod a.icciniscninsscsarthcisskaaiinassaderetpeincciaasaavenssice senator butler assails cost of good neighbor policy rs oe ty 0os oried encivnirs ctu edncnainnsndiban revolutions test good neighbor policy lebanon french troops arrest lebanese officials causes french lebanese crisis officially ended london economic conference 1933 reason for failure mediterranean commission middle east landis report moscow conference 1943 three power meeting cooperation pattern fe ces bin vcconsnitennssstnnntthanbeseiahemseninedeeeniecrebineenishonnanes far east implications of agreements statement on german atrocities 0.006 netherlands to end opium smoking monopoly new zealand commonwealth post war policy shown in pact with aus tralia oil see petroleum no ar pp wcown nm ddd dr rr ow nsence noor aon oot a tew ol dm me oe co do date december 10 1943 july 21 1944 november 5 1943 november 5 1943 november 5 1943 november 5 19438 november 12 1943 february 11 1944 february 11 1944 february 11 1944 february 11 1944 march 24 1944 april 7 1944 april 7 1944 april 7 1944 april 21 1944 april 28 1944 june 16 1944 june 16 1944 june 16 1944 july 21 1944 july 21 1944 august 25 1944 august 25 1944 december 10 1943 january 7 1944 january 7 1944 february 25 1944 march 10 1944 april 14 1944 july 28 1944 august 18 1944 december 10 1943 may 19 1944 november 19 1943 december 3 1943 may 12 1944 june 9 1944 november 19 1943 february 4 1944 march 24 1944 november 5 1943 january 28 1944 lectober 29 1943 november 5 1943 november 12 1943 november 12 1943 november 12 1943 january 21 1944 february 11 1944 ne peaees ost fr eco re be st oh 10 volume xxiii opium britain and netherlands promise to end smoking monopoly congress authorizes president to act cccsescsscsesessseresseses ese ee ca dasencnsvscesncabesecouccetoce war stresses danger and need for controls ccccsceseeees palestine arabs send message to u.s congress csscssssssssseseeees resolutions in u.s senate and house on jewish immigra i a leia alti ceh onal ctiidinsicichehigdepabeinenennseneheetinimadesereseoseereenes roosevelt on british white paper on immigration paraguay red lasn deecenlbuissalbnissiaiaulisedaintbsbiniaewestisersens petroleum ickes on u.s plans for pipeline in near east nena international and domestic aspects cssceseceerresssreressseees u.s consumption and tesetves cscceersscserseeerssersrcsseeneees anglo american agreement cssssssressseeesererssseerresssens philippine islands nr stii cnscnsneemensimnenendinenesuneceseraseecooeccooncenee spain congratulates laurel japanese puppet 000 osmefia becomes president on death of quezon 00 i iiis cecteeedi ii ci neraidinaheenenbabieabetubedesenonuraesceoseqooococces poland background of polish russian relations 0 00sss00 ribbentrop molotov agreement on eastern poland border settlement proposed by russia ccssssesccsessesees government in london assailed by russia 00000000 u.s attitude on territorial question ccccccscssessesseeees inca ncnc ol ccenusbapebyunniepeesecessnccoyeonons russo polish issue shows need for consultative machinery iii es sae ee aor ro ee premier mikolajezyk visits washington cscsseesees underground representative visits washington ureopetourg gebeub cccceccecceccccecosncccseccccseccecvccsesecocccsevceseososeeeesers russo polish controversy less tense c.ssscssssersseseeseneees i oe oc sn scdncnsbebactebtbnecseocseocees polish committee’s foreign policy cssssccssssseseseresessseees soviet administrative agreement with new polish commit haa sanegemencvenenbonnnnsmeseesvesooenen churchill on russo polish problems c:scsseseseseseeeeees drops sosnkowski as commander in chief of armed forces rrr nc te lublin committee and moscow assail komorowski reconstruction post war european advisory commission ssssssssseesseessersssssees i wii iii cssiscssccdatcsnncocnesbediteudiiscnsoesrensevensecs unrra council meets elects lehman director general occupied countries want aid not tutelage from allies unrra adopts u.s financial plan ccscccsssssseeseeeeees unrra pattern of international collaboration controversy on sending food to europe through blockade invasion compels allies to face unresolved problems dominion prime ministers conference backs world order what are u.s objectives in europe cccessssssessesseees what u.s policy will best assure stability in europe invasion speeds plans for world organization roosevelt on tentative ae for world organization secretary hull asks allied talks on project 0 00 hull conversations with senate and house on world organ i eee i i rii inno io ticsnsieatinpiisenentehensaehbheewoonecconeceeee germans robot bombs pose ethical problem for future dumbarton oaks conference on world organization europe must share in decisions on germany 0000 fear of communism nazis last hope for soft peace ee ee senate attitude factor at dumbarton oaks cces000 changes in europe’s temper require american understand coo e oee eere eere oe ee reet ee ee sees teese tees eee ee teese eee eeeeseeee eee ee tees ese eeeeeeeeeeeed security organization plans hinge on u.s elections dumbarton oaks tentative proposals for the establish ment of a general international organization unrra’s work and national sovereignty see newer eereseesseseseeeeeees date january 21 1944 july 21 1944 july 21 1944 october 6 1944 march 17 1944 march 17 1944 march 17 1944 may 12 1944 february 18 1944 february 18 1944 february 18 1944 august 18 1944 october 22 1943 november 12 1943 august 11 1944 august 11 1944 january 7 1944 january 7 1944 january 14 1944 january 14 1944 january 14 1944 january 28 1944 january 28 1944 may 12 1944 june 23 1944 june 23 1944 june 23 1944 july 21 1944 august 4 1944 august 4 1944 august 4 1944 october 6 1944 october 6 1944 october 6 1944 november 12 1943 november 19 1943 november 19 1943 november 26 1943 december 17 1943 december 17 1943 january 7 1944 may 12 1944 may 26 1944 may 26 1944 june 2 1944 june 9 1944 june 9 1944 june 9 1944 june 16 1944 june 16 1944 july 14 1944 august 25 1944 september 8 1944 september 8 1944 september 15 1y44 september 15 1944 september 22 1944 september 29 1944 october 6 1944 october 6 1944 october 6 1944 october 13 1944 october 13 1944 en volume xxiii m 11 refugees no date roosevelt executive order creating war refugee board 37 june 30 1944 i eg sg cus fr eee ea 37 june 30 1944 spanish policy assailed by celller cscsssssccesesssrsecesees 37 june 30 1944 unrra operates middle east centers ccccccceceseseeseeeeees 37 june 30 1944 ee mie ou wie csiicntacceccssesisonchepnsiteosseileseedbbicbbensiniileabamactataladae 37 june 30 1944 relief see reconstruction roman catholic church 4 russian attack izvestia on vatican foreign policy points se mir weodasavccigeteiewescecupevascetvesvusedinksdedeuteenumbereeeetreccneaaammes 18 february 18 1944 rumania 1 carol’s publicity campaign in u.s sccccscsssscoscsssesscees 6 november 26 1943 se iir ssnncsccenssenssamnasninaniatotsaweisce deka 6 november 26 1943 sd tid siiciemmceassamaceenctiadiads aba 50 september 29 1944 russia cure deine 10 cccsectenicistvattensdeitbalnbnannsniitcasiabiaabaiaaaiadtn 2 october 29 1943 be co cin ccc cccesesereasmenisnets alain bapeee 8 december 10 1943 war criminals trial and execution cc0cccccccccccssssssscccessesees 10 december 24 1943 background of polish russian relations cccssessseseeee 12 january 7 1944 ribbentrop molotov agreement on eastern poland 12 january 7 1944 assails polish government in london ccccecessseereeeeeees 13 january 14 1944 polish border settlement proposal cccsccescceseseeseeseecereneees 13 january 14 1944 on use of spanish troops against russia sssssesseeees 15 january 28 1944 polish issue stresses need for consultative machinery 15 january 28 1944 molotov on foreign policy right of each union republic 17 february 11 1944 izvestia attacks vatican foreign policy points at issue 18 february 18 1944 stalin on invaded territory freed ccccccssssscessssccssees 20 march 3 1944 great britain and u.s back armistice offer to finland 21 march 10 1944 bid tei ivcaxdavevvndsceciatinctnccetnigtanndisaaesnatieanateaaanines 21 march 10 1944 european policy contrasts with american indecision 23 march 24 1944 hecogmines badogiio pegimns q ccesssessscccessssososecosccovssessssononsesses 23 march 24 1944 izvestia on reason for recognizing badoglio 0.0 25 april 7 1944 soviet japanese agreements on sakhalin concessions and be fini 5c cansciinncnoncnesicccensecadasonmcciceactbensesitackilinetetaalaend 26 april 14 1944 finland again rejects armistice cccccccccccscssssssssssscees 28 april 28 1944 attitude on greek political crigha c cccccecscccsceccssccssdsssscacsvseoss 29 may 5 1944 iii cine vevissctsvcdeaesesesshadinsc:goetestenivatysnieanenutets 30 may 12 1944 ee rea a ee an nee 32 may 26 1944 bt oe gi gid cocks etccceccdistniettinnsnmieaaen 39 july 14 1944 russo polish controversy less tense scccsessescsceseeseeneeeeeees 40 july 21 1944 administrative agreement with new polish committee of liles las palo toot tn ant ei 42 august 4 1944 ara i see id sa scisien as skesscnnncetssencesevetecesocsenenicatnel 42 august 4 1944 polish committee’s foreign policy cccscscccsscsecccesscsesseeees 42 august 4 1944 be te md vaiticixavaccichnrnceacuseisienntiitineeiintniemadeamanncen 48 september 15 1944 ocuesed ey to tolman wort ccncsccsecncivacccesacesseceicsscinsoceevienescees 48 september 15 1944 i signs armistices with bulgaria finland rumania 50 september 29 1944 assails komorowski new head of polish armed forces 51 october 6 1944 churchill on russo polish problems csccccccsssscceccsseesees 51 october 6 1944 i security international see reconstruction for dumbar f ton oaks i siberian bases see world war i soviet union see russia i f spain congratulates laurel puppet head of philippines 4 november 12 1943 8 en eas sy se 4 november 12 1943 i british and russians criticize use of troops against russia 15 january 28 1944 u.s on use of spanish troops against russia 0 000 15 january 28 1944 u.s suspends caribbean oil shipments ssscesssssseesseeees 16 february 4 1944 j concessions in agreement with britain and u.s 30 may 12 1944 be sriieied sernscnnssoneriniantnincereenissiiatiianininmapmahiietnteaieaitanatantatadaion 33 june 2 1944 4 cruperet's totctomces cerrercecrerecoscrevsccsensevccevoosesenseessoecsssetees 33 june 2 1944 h ie lia le i 37 june 30 1944 ie ambassador hayes barcelona speech ssceseesceeeeeeeeeees 42 august 4 1944 h weee ea cmee moeeiont socsccidincscessoenasnsbeiaesesnactsueheatsiechsupmmareuebennes 42 august 4 1944 sweden britain and u.s ask end of ball bearing shipments to ger mieied cxinsuddusisanaunchanronsdovenushosenstenreiianiinteaaanbivainshesasaniedintrwaaredes 27 april 21 1944 refuses to end shipment of ball bearings csesseeeees 28 april 28 1944 12 ____ volume xxiii teheran conference 1943 no date agrees on military operations against germany 8 december 10 1943 i a a a eghdbvennveeccoeseccoosss 8 december 10 1943 pledges freedom of small nations cccccsssseeceeesssseeeeeees 8 december 10 1943 eastern poland issue tests accord on small nations 12 january 7 1944 turkey britain and u.s ask end of chrome shipments to germany 27 april 21 1944 ii ach cccacdasbadlicbedinasscduiaahapanasseninendsesceos 28 april 28 1944 suspends diplomatic and economic relations with germany 43 august 11 1944 united nations monetary and financial con ference preliminary talks on stabilizing world currencies 23 march 24 1944 ied guniniiiined puiinid cc ccccscncscecnsncsceonesnoscocesccesseseoseces 23 march 24 1944 assured by draft agreement for international monetary iii sos cachet rl ecceriiinttatimnoesnnmmeneneeetenenensnesaccecemnpensenenes 30 may 12 1944 ei siri di tsanennioisentanenoeeptinerenonsegeverececcucezesccesevooees 39 july 14 1944 talks show need for broad economic agreement 39 july 14 1944 agreements will face congress test c:cscsssessesseeseeeseeees 41 july 28 1944 ea tene tet ee 41 july 28 1944 united nations relief and rehabilitation admin istration unrra see reconstruction united states chinese exclusion law repeal asked by roosevelt 1 october 22 1943 connally foreign policy resolution before senate 1 october 22 1943 pi li edb taiadncecesebectanstubsnncnvecosetnnasssteneeeebonevieousevece 1 october 22 1943 ir eee guuuiinee cecicesccrccesvesnrerendevcssscneestecseetereseusoosecee 1 october 22 1943 philippines roosevelt message on independence 1 october 22 1943 reo cunnieed gie muuineed 5 cscckececdeccescccevscccceresssesscocscccceesere 1 october 22 1943 welles on formulating foreign policies ccs:cseeeeees 1 october 22 1943 willkie on international collaboration ccseeee 1 october 22 1943 i i ss sanep cn bnn due navbecceaniceocesosevenconcereenenss 2 october 29 1943 i dealt rcsnsdeehipbsuvesesencevebebibeseneecetencrebbartceroences 3 november 5 1943 et cat raeminentniidabaneamnecennreeweneetnenenuneetee 4 november 12 1943 la icasisanhvevervivoussasesorcsectoseserveseedeenecoes 4 november 12 1943 canol project and canadian u.s relations 7 december 3 1943 senator butler assails cost of good neighbor policy 7 december 3 1943 ee iy baden a cociccinscsctubsssbecissniaaneddenseincenecevesesesssess 8 december 10 1943 fights inflation as menace to internal stability and inter iir licenses sons isebancetnnntqaneibetsancetwecsccmacnseene 8 december 10 1943 i i inode aalictlonrcbehtdsbassinn vehceestituoicceserceccccessevesens 9 december 17 1943 republicans on roosevelt foreign policy ccccssceeeeees 9 december 17 1943 military services education program cccccscceeeeseees 10 december 24 1943 nt i nd aaidecrceh tbdcccecsctovaccsdsasicsecstosseicecevsvectscovesiicveee 10 december 24 1943 ud sr te une todd oo crecscsesssscesevesssrsssscesesescescssonccooes 11 december 31 1943 polish american groups and papeets cccccceseessssesrseeeeeeeenes 13 january 14 1944 polish boundary problem attitude om ccccceccsseseeeeeeeees 13 january 14 1944 i i ass ibabnlnsdencsosbensocoscanctots 14 january 21 1944 landis report on middle east cscssssssssessesessesesssesees 15 january 28 1944 on spain’s use of troops against russia ccsssesseeseeees 15 january 28 1944 possible policy change toward unfriendly governments 16 february 4 1944 nii wh uid mii csscsentsasnncesthivccnsococserecesescesecesecs 16 february 4 1944 suspends caribbean oil shipments to spain 0000 16 february 4 1944 roosevelt on form of italian government 000008 17 february 11 1944 ickes on plans for oil pipeline in near east 00000008 18 february 18 1944 baruch report on teconvetsion c.cccessescceseeseeeeesesseesesrensees 19 february 25 1944 silence on foreign policy disturbs people c:cceees 19 february 25 1944 state department reorganized 0 ccccccseeesceeeeeseeeeeeeeees 20 march 3 1944 argentine coup widens breach ccccccssesscessssesseseeeesees 20 march 8 1944 backs russia’s peace offer to finland cc csseseseeeeeees 21 march 10 1944 crowley and stimson on lend lease to britain and russia 21 march 10 1944 lend lease act hearings on extension amendment sug ge sac a er ses se a he cer 21 march 10 1944 asks eire ireland to remove axis consular and diplo il 1 ain icconcabutniaienvesteceoioe uibonernobegqsoepeceseont 22 march 17 1944 anglo american cooperation and post war trade policies 23 march 24 1944 a sivvccdiabousssnesiperenesaueveqencssensecbooosecessensoys 23 march 24 1944 pi lh ceria ciennecssnnisesecossestsoenececsssacevesoes 23 march 24 1944 russia’s policy in europe contrasted with american 23 march 24 1944 hull’s 17 point statement on foreign policy 0000 24 march 31 1944 public asks foreign policy clarification ccccccsseeeeees 24 march 31 1944 republicans criticize foreign policy scccccssssesseeees 24 march 31 1944 a tl crcesnches scosuvensanmecneowenee 24 march 31 1944 french recognition policy controlled by military needs a5 april 7 1944 pogue on probable air transport policy cccccccessseeees 25 april 7 1944 anglo american talks on application of atlantic charter 26 april 14 1944 foreign policy hull’s easter speech ccccccsesesseeeees 26 april 14 1944 ee a i in 26 april 14 1944 volume xxiii 13 united states continued no date asks sweden to stop shipping ball bearings to germany 27 april 21 1944 asks turkey to stop shipping chrome to germany 27 april 21 1944 delegates to international labor conference 27 april 21 1944 phgeeree pouch cowrte 00 0.0 cccessihesssistssianssesbecndeitenivennnnlinsthitih 27 april 21 1944 politicians urge retaining control of air and naval bases grerimoe gufirg woe o0erec.ccccccccssczecinsesvecsitesstbsbosocesesesissnatintnes 28 april 28 1944 i connally against change of two thirds rule 0s000 29 may 5 1944 4 hull plans to cooperate with congress ssccscccccssseeerseeesees 29 may 5 1944 latin american policy plodisiid ccecersersssensecscerssnsccsarcensnsece 30 may 12 1944 spain’s concessions in agreement with britain and u.s 30 may 12 1944 authorizes eisenhower to deal with de gaulle after in miriiiiiod costhstacaciismnseonavnaiadaamnsoecniescinicndentiokanimbiniiineiatndsinnticaaiamsiiad 32 may 26 1944 ng 5 ee 32 may 26 1944 inter american development commission conference reso i poon cut uy gruneid secesenncccessscivtesanncscinitgsosnecctesncagbbiictbali 82 may 26 1944 welles on post war foreign policy c:cssssccsssessseceesssseeees 32 may 26 1944 ey sry re ur satis ics sa ednckeken stoic acess ee 33 june 2 1944 wrens cre rm for tame o ccccentessscinteeipntbononccensscapnednsinbaniodns 33 june 2 1944 good neighbor policy tested by revolutions 00 34 june 9 1944 eisenhower proclamation to french people sss00 35 june 16 1944 france complexity of relations with cccccccsssssseeseees 35 june 16 1944 roosevelt invites de gaulle to washington cc0e 35 june 16 1944 uii rouiot oicsccrorescsscorsstnsnrsvesscbibabeanasedaemenanscscatectintintlentntaiaa 35 june 16 1944 french committee of national liberation reasons for sne dr ae aone 36 june 23 1944 polish premier mikolajezyk visits washington 36 june 23 1944 polish underground representative visits washington 36 june 23 1944 hands finnish minister procope his passport 00 37 june 30 1944 wallace visits china and siberia outlines basis of far ee ies es pt ee 37 june 30 1944 recalls ambassador from argentina ccccceeceeseeeeeeeeeees 38 july 7 1944 ees eere se oe ee ee eee ene tee 38 july 7 1944 rt re wit oeisessectadtnshircinntbieicedcccadiessslidipelnsectuns 38 july 7 1944 de gaulle visit reasons for speech on arrival 39 july 14 1944 3 war needs deter allied action on argentina 40 july 21 1944 th ee eee eee 41 july 28 1944 ambassador hayes barcelona speech ccccc:c:cccseeeeeeeeeees 42 august 4 1944 argentina recalls ambassador escobar ccc0sseeeeeeeees 42 august 4 1944 9 mora new ambassador from chile cccsseescsecessensereeeeees 42 august 4 1944 sn une sii esesnsnsioniaceedssoiinicnencsspsennciectodaaieoaoees 42 august 4 1944 t 9 state department memorandum on relations with argen 2 ii tstinciic chic lsenenndbeesnntnnitietinhiconededndsaisiiiades ama tia senttasceuuaibacieth ania 42 august 4 1944 3 roosevelt on policy toward defeated japan cccsseeseeees 44 august 18 1944 9 dumbarton oaks conference on secutity cccceeseeeeseeeeees 45 august 25 1944 3 hull dewey exchange on foreign policy aims of conference 45 august 25 1944 13 suspends gold shipments to argentina cssesesesenee 45 august 25 1944 willkie on dumbarton oaks policy on small nations 45 august 25 1944 administrative agreement with de gaulle ccsecceeeeeses 46 september 1 1944 american military mission confers with chinese com io scticonssissigivaitennincciisaciespnsieimatbciieiall tlie tise iets issn eit ea 46 september 1 1944 phillips incident disturbs anglo american relations 47 september 8 1944 i anglo american conferences at quebec cccccccscsscceeeees 49 september 22 1944 takes up international cartel program ccccceseeseees 49 september 22 1944 nelson chiang kai shek agreement on china’s wartime in i 14 gustrial cepansiom ccrercccersererseccsesdorsesocrsconecrecessscecenonenenee 50 september 29 1944 14 foreign porcy sebor cectsors 0 ccsrerercesrssoeccsesevesesinanvenseee 51 october 6 1944 14 american british chinese statements on chinese supply 14 i nie issacntistasacecitkndhsisccésinqatanctenaeiadckendadkderdtcantimeanemenan 52 october 13 1944 see also petroleum reconstruction refugees world war war criminals moscow conference statement on german atrocities 4 november 12 1943 russia leads in trial and execution ccccccssssseeeeseeceseeees 10 december 24 1943 united nations commission for the investigation of war ae eae nee mee re ee oe ee 10 december 24 1943 world war 1939 siberian bases senator lodge’s statement 3 november 5 1943 moscow accord policy on continuing fight on germany 4 november 12 1943 colombia declares war on germany cccccsccccccsessereeeseeees 7 december 3 1943 gilbert islands seized by u.s marines 0 cccccceeeeeees 7 december 3 1943 nimitz on strategy against japan 0 cccccccceseseeceeeeeeees 7 december 3 1943 teheran conference agrees on military operations against situ ciinnten secvesrenes snaine sittin aeiplis vid ctiaesnacsnenseallbaitipiil 8 december 10 1943 pw rr se eee er eee 11 december 31 1943 roosevelt announces general eisenhower’s appointment to lead invasion of europe from north and west 11 december 31 1943 eisenhower’s staff for anglo american invasion 14 january 21 1944 two front war will be final test of german reserves 14 january 21 1944 army navy report on japanese atrocities ccsseeeeeees 16 february 4 1944 volume xxiii world war 1939 continued nazi defeat first step toward avenging japanese atrocities ns srs create et etre censorship military and political and stilwell on importance of china in defeat of apan japan tightens home front after losses in pacific russia crosses dneister river burma strategy japanese invade india neutrals difficulties invasion forces allies to face unresolved problems political preparations for invasion allies invade western europe allies occupy rome japanese take changsha in central china saipan invasion progress against japan will u.s pacific gains offset japanese drives in china cherbourg taken by allies french underground aid to allied armies robot bombs pose ethical problem for future allies invade southern france roosevelt on pacific strategy after meeting with mac arthur and nimitz brazilian expeditionary force in italy eisenhower announces destruction of nazi seventh army k c wu on american air bases in chinese communist territory red army junction with yugoslav partisans sane conferences at quebec plans for war on apan chinese military difficulties and u.s ccccccesssseeeeeseeees russia with other allies approval signs armistices with bulgaria finland and rumania internal weaknesses cripple china’s effort yugoslavia tito demands recognition churchill on king peter and tito impasse between tito and king peter broken mikhailovitch out of peter’s cabinet subashitch cabinet churchill meets tito red army junction with tito’s forces yugoslav committee of national liberation refuses unrra aid date february 4 1944 february 4 1944 february 25 1944 february 25 1944 march 10 1944 march 24 1944 march 31 1944 march 31 1944 april 21 1944 may 12 1944 may 26 1944 june 9 1944 june 9 1944 june 23 1944 june 23 1944 june 23 1944 june 23 1944 july 7 1944 july 7 1944 july 14 1944 august 18 1944 august 18 1944 september 1 1944 september 1 1944 september 1 1944 september 15 1944 september 22 1944 september 29 1944 september 29 1944 october 13 1944 december 31 1943 march 8 1944 june 30 1944 june 30 1944 july 21 1944 september 15 1944 september 15 1944 october 13 1944 +foreign policy bulletin index to volume xxii october 23 1942 october 15 1943 published weekly by the national headquarters foreign policy association 22 east 38th street incorporated new york 16 n y index to volume xxii foreign policy bulletin october 23 1942 october 15 1943 africa no politics of north african territories cccssscesesessesees 5 see also france world war north african campaign date november 20 1942 amg allied military government see reconstruction argentina ex president justo opponent of isolation policy dies 13 january 15 1943 president castillo renews state of sie ge cssccsseesceseeseees 13 january 15 1943 castillo reiterates neutrality policy ccccccsssssssssessees 15 january 29 1943 coe bet ore corsets bo pour ccccrrecssiesercccnsccsccnsccevescnescesnenennenen 34 june 11 1943 gomaral ramires forms cobnge ccrcscccescceccosesesscescoesssvcssconsocces 34 june 11 1943 ramirez postpones national elections scccseesersereeeees 36 june 25 1943 u.s recognizes ramirez government ccccccccerseseeeseres 36 june 25 1943 arrests british and american executives of american and ee ue csuuiniiiet ccscacidhsnnnensecetesvneconeiantiibanitoasanensene 47 september 10 1943 ee ing suid sinicuhiovessuncrinsenianwasetaiplibsine narieeeadesiehialiannede 47 september 10 1943 refuses to deny asylum to fascist or nazi leaders 47 september 10 1943 stand toward alllies reviewed cccccccssssscesssscesesesrsssnsess 47 september 10 1943 australia ri sine whdrniiiiid cicsssisccnncnnsiauisinnanintaiunnesnannebsadeceenastbiasseabenaiial 45 august 27 19438 balkan states btid cccitiininemwinttiinsneinsesnaiatieiatiimannncteaeuibaelaieiliaaneamdaiil 19 february 26 1943 differences test allied unity in europe ccsccccssseseeesees 51 october 8 1943 bolivia bet miiineiiniiiid sis dis nsesccansicecinuisini ites headipioniawinig uaivcdlapiabsionsasheliaiidascaaliade 18 february 19 1943 rs sener gr tated sxicsssnvevciciehsskdeniecennberiieinerebineptatalietaneesiann 30 may 14 1943 joint commission report on labor stituation 000 30 may 14 1943 promreots porrtoter wiwibr wb cciccsosesiccccesoesscesecesresesesiviosions 30 may 14 1943 si tute ieee on.csditenisdeciemeeceinssibinasbebncuscaiciaisaieseebinesibdiasteadebamtantel 30 may 14 1943 book reviews abend hallett pacifie crartc o.cccsievcsecccosevscvccccsccscccsssesesvesstons 34 june 11 1943 abend hallett ramparts of the pacific ccsssccceeesseeeees 26 april 16 1943 aglion raoul the fighting fremeh ccccccccccssssosssecsseceee 46 september 3 1943 america organizes to win the war ccccccccsscesseresesseereesess 14 january 22 1943 amery li s tdia and freedom 0 ccccscssscocsecsecsescccccceses 8 december 11 1942 angell norman let the people know cccccesecsssessesseeeees 25 april 9 1943 artucio h f the nazi underground in south america 10 december 25 1942 bailey t a a diplomatic history of the american people 29 may 7 19438 baldwin l d the story of the americas cccccccccceees 50 october 1 1943 bayler w l j and carnes cecil last man off wake se arran a amc epi at mbn enn 41 july 30 1943 baynes n h od bétler’s sreeghee crecseisecsceccecseccesooececssesss 37 july 2 1943 beals carleton rio grande to cape horn cccsccccsssessscees 50 october 1 1943 beattie baewere preeler 60 pags cccicesisesecsvssescorccesecsesssonsessiaane 36 june 25 1943 bendiner robert the riddle of the state department 20 march 5 1948 berchin michael and eliahu ben horin the red army 26 april 16 1943 beveridge sir william social insurance and allied ser wy iiss kin ccd claapicamialiglieintainencdatumainiaieanieeaiaadiakausipseiaiaaianatio 50 october 1 1943 bogart e l economic history of europe ccccccsceeesses 1 october 23 1942 borkin joseph and welsh c a germany’s master plan 25 april 9 1943 brebner j b and nevins allan the making of modern pitti ssscictstip canis aciaksctieiecibauiibalacnisiialdaa tesa ie nae accel ala 42 august 6 1943 brenan gerald the spanish labyfint h cccccccccosssceesseee 44 august 20 1943 brenner anita the wind that swept mexico cseccses 42 august 6 1943 broch theodor the mowntains wait ccccccccsesssecsesseeees 28 april 30 1943 brodie a layman’s guide to naval strategy s00 i december 18 1942 broek j o m the economic development of the nether bie soiiiieidd xq veccckstsivestnbthisaecocontecisiphnanieall naib iediasacaddsteedeenananiads 38 july 9 1943 volume xxii book reviews continued brogan d w the english people ccccsssssssecssssssesesssees brown francis and herlin emil the war in maps brown francis herlin emil and gray vaughn the war bse teireobsatoedacsegeededens eveenseevceness burden w a m the struggle for airways in latin eere sese ee ee ton eee ee burton m e the assembly of the league of nations bunnot trbfoig the legb foros 2 cccccecccccecccscecccscccccscssveeee7s byas hugh government by assassination c00000 caldwell erskine all out on the road to smolensk callis h g foreign capital in southeast asia nn en ee chamberlin w h canada today and tomorrow chambers f p grant c p and bayley c c this age i scepemmmecccnsostmnnsecsosnetnoncs i li sca sseccnsonnoetncdenscoonens chase stuart the road we are travelling ccccce0000 chiang kai shek all we are and all we have i us wn ee ied nscssasiindsteriesssonosesabbsncccnsverescteseooees childs j l and counts g s america russia and the communist party in the postwar world erts te or cornish l c the philippines calling 0 secccccsesess coulter j w fiji little india of the pacific se ss rs cued bomroned 6.2.00 ccecercceceeseocccepaseenseceters crow carl ed japan’s dream of world empire the eit tc aiccia sss tpegiicenauerenenesnocearepanccenantaeuesoone crum w l fennelly j f and seltzer l h fiscal i mo i calc scnsaspenannptonnnoneognnennens cuenot joseph kwangsi land of the black banners curie eve joutrey gmorg wettiote 00.00.0 000ccccrcessscerserercece curtiss j.s an appraisal of the protocols of zion dallin d j soviet russia’s foreign policy 1939 1942 daniel hawthorne islands of the pacific i cee miles em cp gib biotin 6 cee occcccnececccnccccsseseccees dennison e e the senate foreign relations committee demy harold berénd both lanes 0 ccccccccccccccccccccsescoscees deuel wallace people under hitler cscsscsssssssssseseees doman nicholas the coming age of world control douhet giulio the command of the air driscoll joseph war discovers alaska cccccccseceseseeeees drucker p f the future of industrial man eckstein gustav in peace japan breeds war s w y and hall h d the british commonwealth tie rns teiccandinisha depen ennnntteh cakeusenpareiedeobeeeroncnoreneiesesecvesensteneess ws rupert the netherlands indies and the united seed udit cinshinutinahedeviialiimanidinntchctadtbentisicséeieeberceesabveewnadbedbcsecae enders gordon foreign devil 0 cccccccccccccccccccccssccccees falk e a from perry to pearl harbor cccececeeees farago ladislas the axis grand strategy 0000 farago ladislas german psychological warfare eee ees ste cte bl ban beg oo gh pou boos nc neiiscssiccicccccsccececcececcossenecee ss ree nid guid ssissdcesecsaseccsscisecscesessscccescccasecesee flannery h w assignment to berlan csccccoosscsees ford corey short cut to tokio the battle for the aleu tians lisl einddauien easel ashitnemrrnnsatkdbabecbuebbeabbecskbeccsevoccosconbessecenes i sei nii a cccschcatacsatvuptisasacssoesasicccccssooccencesocs fried h e the guilt of the german army fromm bella blood and banquets gallagher o d action im the east cccccccccsssesssesceeseees gandhi mahatma my appeal to the british goetz delia half a hemisphere c.cccccssesccccseesessseceeeesees goodrich l m ed documents on american foreign re en spud rou nunn oicopc cecctssssicsccsescovsecccocecvsvsssopecs graebner walter rownd trip to russia cccccccceeeeeeeeees greek office of information diplomatic documents relat ing to italy’s aggression against greece ccceeeeeees i a cs enunnnndsosnsbucseousce grew j c report from tokeyo 000 ccecccccsssccccssssoccscserccresseee hambro c j how to wim the peace cccccerecssssscesssceecces hancock w k survey of british commonwealth affairs vol ii problems of economic policy 1918 1939 hanson e p ed the new world guides to the latin oe ee ns toe harcourt smith simon fire in the pacific harris murray lifelines of victory ccccccsseeseseseeeees harris s e postwar economic problems cccccccseeecesees harvey r f and others the politics of this war hediger e s el nuevo imperialismo econémico alemén ce eeeeneeseeeees eeeeeeee date august 13 1943 december 11 1942 october 1 1943 august 6 1943 march 26 1943 november 13 1942 december 4 1942 october 23 1942 june 4 1943 october 30 1942 june 18 1943 november 6 1942 october 1 1943 september 3 1943 march 26 1943 march 5 1943 august 20 1943 june 11 1943 may 14 1943 june 18 1943 may 14 1943 november 6 1942 may 28 1943 january 29 1943 june 4 1943 july 30 1943 january 22 1943 june 25 1943 august 138 1943 january 8 1943 december 11 1942 june 25 1943 november 27 1942 july 2 1943 july 9 1943 june 25 1943 april 9 1943 july 30 1943 august 13 1943 january 29 1943 december 18 1942 july 30 1943 october 30 1942 july 30 1943 august 20 1943 august 6 1943 july 30 1943 december 18 1942 july 9 1943 august 6 1943 april 23 1943 july 2 1943 may 21 1943 july 2 1943 july 30 1943 may 14 1943 april 30 1943 july 30 1943 april 9 1943 january 22 1943 january 29 1943 november 13 1942 october 1 1943 may 28 1943 may 7 1943 april 23 1943 april 23 1943 june 11 1943 42 42 942 volume xxii book reviews continued hemleben s j plans for world peace through six cen iie on ntadisncpninnsacsebensenbiipbonncidlenmiiansatbtelinmaicaenniean naan henius frank the abc of latin america herman fred dasmcette cari xscccecscesecsesccoceccesteisenientantocosee herring hubert mexico la formacion de una nacion hersey john into the valley eccccccscscscssssseccsecssscerssserees hessel m s and others strategic materials in hem rr tos ee heydenau frederick wrath of the eagles hill ernestine australian frontier hindus maurice mother russia hinton h b cordell hull ds fie desc se mao ung cisccvenstantaynrsititadtoineinnsisintngiaiin holtom d c modern japan and shinto nationalism hornbeck s k the united states and the far east horrabin j f an outline of political geography hoye bjarne and ager t m the fight of the norwe gian church against nazis rccococcccccrcsrcescesersorscesecercercecscere hulbert winifred latin american backgrounds se se bs ee es hutchison bruce the unknown country canada and be oid xcnsiitiivuinkiaihhaigstincatitineniientiaiaiatibites cnieadiaiadiaaaiaean ili atitate inman s g latin america its place in world life institute of pacific relations war and peace in the pa 1 sepp tpttptttttttitttttttttt ttt tttti ttt ttt tt ee re nl nome labor office joint production committees eti siveteiscteclicssntsisacicsiiasiannehnienenctisinptaiinmemaniinte or ee eee ee et ae ireland tom jreland past and present scccccscoseseeeees jabotinsky vladimir the war and the jew james selwyn south of the congo jameson storm london calling ccccccsssessseserscseecereseerses jansen j b and weyl stefan the silent war joe constantin we were free cccccccccocssessscccscssscccssccees kalijarvi t v modern world politics katona george war without inflation kennedy raymond the ageless indies cccccceeesseeseeees kernan w f we can win this war 1 ccccccccccccccccsecees keyes lord amphibious warfare and combined opera tions kirk betty covering the mexico font ccccessccsessssessses kjelistrom e t h and others price control the war ce re roe ee ae kneller g f the educational philosophy of national mpu 1c csecaicnssodeenslndegnessdssidedsuctaiianiinadaeusmendndemaiae taka kotschnig w m slaves need no leaders kraus rené burope tr revolt cccccccoccsccssccscccccescscccssessecnseeees kreider carl the anglo american trade agreement kuo helena i’ve come long way ccccsesscserscensseresseeesees laird stephen and graebner walter conversation in semi cknibnick schsisanssenxinislenitech onneesieaabimanianiigilinhnsincaetsaansanigiamenanaie langsam w c the world since 1914 ee foi bogiiiiine unsnisiccserninindecsnsenmnnimnmanienimannniilalbate league of nations relief deliveries and relief loams tinie sntaibinbsisinoeinonqcieneleiaiinssiniidsuuiabianimmnnsadanieanidinbaniamaiadaaanananat league of nations statistical year book 1940 41 000 league of nations the transition from war to peace sii ions cnensissotnnnnscssiksiliinenementasiiundiguaineitaliasiaiiaibitiebiaiaieniiitibualiaisiiil ra es aoc oons fvd scscticceiteninstineininacsseddamcmmmencesscbisoene léon maurice how many world war ccccccccesssscssees leonard royal 1 flew por crwng 0ccccscoccccsocseveccsccccsccesseese leonhardt h l nazi conquest of danzig levine i d mitchell pioneer of air power laueee b w wes of dotowio en nithindeinineinntheien liebesny h j the government of french north africa lindsay a d the modern democratic state 00000 lippmann walter u.s foreign policy shield of the briieee cedoneveeqsereveceevereinahoerentiusitiaiaiesniiiadiaaiiaimeiiaiapsiiineidmahilins lissitzyn o j international air transport and national i se tsi xr ns or leshan l p what about germany ccccccccccccocccccsssees loewenstein karl brazil under vargas lory hillis japan’s military masters low a m the submarine at war ludwig emil the mediterranea ccrsccccccsssessesesesseeseses macdonald a f government of the argentine republic mcinnes e w the unguarded frontier mcinnis edgar the war third year cccscssssssssseescnees mallory w h political handbook of the world 1942 mallory w h political handbook of the world 1948 masani minoo our india coe eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeet cee e oc eee eereeesereeeeeseeesesseesesee popc ee ee eee eee er tere sess esse oses tees eeseoe eeeeecenees ee eeeeeeeceseeeeeeeecees coop roo eet o eee eeo e ees eee eeses esse sees eeeereercccecees see eeeeereseeeeceesesceseseees oe ee eee eeereeeeeseceeeseeseeeeees core eeeeeeeeececosseeseees eeeese seer eee eeeeeeeeeeeeesesseseeseee seesaw ee ereeeeessesoeeee se eeeeeeeeeeeeeseseseees ceeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeee cee eee ee eeeeareeeteeeseseseeeeeees ceo e eee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeee see eeeeeeeeses cece rene eeeeeeseeeseeeeeees aoe r ere eo hor ee eee reese e tether esse oeeese see eeeeseeeees date june 18 1943 march 26 1943 july 30 1943 june 11 1943 april 9 1943 december 11 1942 august 20 1943 july 2 1943 june 18 1943 june 18 1943 june 25 1943 july 30 1943 november 27 1942 april 16 1943 april 30 1943 march 26 1943 april 16 1943 january 22 1943 may 14 1943 july 2 1943 april 16 1943 june 25 1943 january 29 1943 july 30 1943 august 18 1943 april 23 1943 april 9 1943 july 16 1943 may 14 1943 august 6 1943 february 26 1943 april 30 1943 august 27 1943 april 23 1943 november 27 1942 march 26 1943 march 12 1943 october 30 1942 may 21 1943 july 30 1943 march 19 1943 august 13 1943 april 16 1943 july 30 1943 november 6 1942 august 6 1943 june 25 1943 december 11 1942 june 4 1943 april 2 1943 july 2 1943 november 13 1942 august 6 1943 september 17 1943 june 11 1943 august 6 1943 february 19 1943 march 5 1943 august 13 1943 october 238 1942 april 16 19438 january 22 1943 january 29 1943 april 23 1943 march 12 1943 april 2 1943 november 138 1942 volume xxii book reviews continued massock r g jtaly from within cc.cccccccscscssessessseeeeersees matsuo kinoaki how japan plans to wim 00 c ccccceeeeees maurice sir frederick the armistices of 1918 cc0000 maurois andré i remember i remember cccse0000 mears helen year of the wild boar secseccsoressssescseseeeees mendlesen m a easy malay words and phrases merrill f t japan and the opium menace ccccc0000000 michaelis ralph from birdcage to battle plane the re ean michie a a the air offensive against germany ee r c inter american statistical yearbook 1942 miller e h strategy at singapore ccccseccerseceesereevees millspaugh a c peace plans and american choices milnes l a british rule in eastern as8ia ccccccceeceeees mitchell k l india without fable csssssssscccccccnce moorehead alan don’t blame the generals i morgan c m rim of the caribbeame cccccsecssecseeseeeess morison e e admiral sims and the modern american sooo oe cerro eee ese tee e teese estee ee eeee sese os eset eee ees mowat r b and slosson preston history of the eng es ess ce munk frank the legacy of nazisa csscoccseessersseesesees munro d g the latin american republics c00000 myklebost tor they came as friends ccccceeseeeees a nation rebuilds the story of the chinese industrial sittin shcridicceilnigl as cccheennhenmiecaetditndibhetbmnsnessstenoeemasineveescoes nehru jawaharlal glimpses of world histo neumann f l behemoth the structure a ee sel te nevins allan america in world affair cccccccececeesseeees newman j r the tools 5 2 se newman joseph goodbye japan cccccsccccssesssssssrseseserseneeseees oakes vanya white man’s folly 0 scccscccssssssrscesssessscensees oechsner frederick and others this is the enemy o’gara g c theodore roosevelt and the rise of the i tien snicidiadienial nr ieeanonsecasiguadhinhedeseencasacecccessocbosesaseneseee olschki leonardo marco polo’s precursors c000000 padelford n j the panama canal in peace and war padover s k tof cteor cecersorvevevererersesecnrseeressenresnsescerececncnees ee els mien ep uioued deiuied cececcvcccesesccssusensseessasconeceveceevocee peffer nathaniel basis for peace in the far east sn ns irin cities scccsnsnescensncctbesncoseessasescadooaesevcovsenseoceee pierson donald negroes im brazil cccccccccccceeeseseeeesseceeees por ce bes f t mocmoot or py grcs ccceccccccccssecesccccececcocccccoccoezecce potter jean alaska under arms ccccccrcsccsecccsssssccesccscees price willard japan rides the tiger cccccccceesseceeeeees quigley h s far eastern war 1987 1941 cccccccecceeeee raman t a what does gandhi want 00 ccccccscceseeseees ranshofen wertheimer egon victory is not enough the strategy for lasting peace cccccccccceeeeeeceeeeeeeeees mang se ees reimann guenter patents for hitler cscececsereseseserenses reston j i i rd wn lied ericeccnsscscccssstcntecsossesoenes reves emery a democratic manifesto ccccsescsceeerees riess curt the self betrayed glory and doom of the iie tiuieiiiied siinsicticesnetnieicditiliiictnailimesciasbertenscsttstsneceseness robinson pat the fight for new guinec i ee eg se ccncinrncintesneanseessnunesserensscccsennneeee rycroft w s on this foundation the evangelical wit ee letter salvemini gaetano and la piana george what to do eet eee ltr eee savord ruth american agencies interested in interna ssid scdecndsnnsienpiencsshiackagaiaididmradtiahtidinasdscevesscageccsseses de schweinitz karl england’s road to social security segal simon the new order in poland 0 ccccsssseesseeeeees steel johannes men behind the wr ccccccccssecccceeesseeeeees stefansson vilhjalmur greenland ccccccserecrseeceseeecssseseees steiner j f behind the japanese mask ccccssecseseees stevenson j r the chilean popular front 0c00000 straight michael make this the last war cc:ss000 strausz hupé robert geopolitics the struggle for space i i acacia itatsinetaesanavqunnognecevecdee subercaseaux benjamin chile a geographic extrava i a daiidll ieesiehiindsiinstiiiampecennercisinadadiipllatbeinienbiressescescneottesee tamagna frank banking and finance in chine 0.0 taylor g e america in the new pacific ccccccccsseeeeees si ts med ges meieiod cccocccosactucebedrensboetnsocctoceserscoctscoensces thompson laura guam and its people cccccccescceeeeees thompson p w how the jap army fights 0 00000 se eeeeeeceeescosee date march 19 1943 april 2 1943 august 27 1943 may 7 1943 may 14 1943 july 2 1943 august 6 1943 july 2 1943 july 9 19438 august 6 1943 april 23 1943 june 11 1943 may 7 1943 november 20 1942 august 6 1943 march 26 1943 may 7 1943 april 16 1943 may 7 1943 september 24 1943 december 4 1942 april 30 1943 july 30 1943 february 26 1943 october 23 1942 march 26 1943 december 18 1942 july 30 1943 may 21 1943 june 25 1943 july 2 1943 july 30 1943 november 6 1942 november 6 1942 april 16 1943 may 14 1943 may 7 1943 february 19 1943 october 23 1942 june 25 1943 april 9 1943 july 2 1943 november 27 1942 january 15 1943 december 4 1942 march 26 1943 april 9 1943 january 22 1943 may 14 1943 october 1 1943 january 29 1943 march 26 1943 september 17 1943 february 19 1943 august 6 1943 october 23 1942 april 2 1943 april 2 1943 august 13 1943 august 6 1943 march 19 1943 november 27 1942 august 20 1943 july 16 1943 may 21 1943 august 6 1943 april 2 1943 october 30 1942 ce volume xxii 7 book reviews continued no date thompson virginia postmortem on malay sssseeessees 41 july 30 1943 todorov kosta balkan firebrand cccccssssscssscsscssseseessesees 43 august 18 1943 seem gem teleans tog ouue siisccscsccsiccescecessecissesishictentssennibes 43 august 13 1943 pe rg op 8 fe ene 3 november 6 1942 tregaskis richard guadalcanal diary ccccccessessessceees 18 february 19 1943 u.s war department the background of our war 14 january 22 1943 van dusen h p for the healing of the nations 7 december 4 1942 van valkenburg samuel america at war a geograph ne iie piccicereveescnsinssovscesttipianlasansebencinmiieeitginaddiiidasiaiatintans 37 july 2 1943 voorhis jerry out of debt out of danger cccccccceeeeeee 41 july 30 1943 voyetekhov boris the last days of sevastopol 35 june 18 1943 wagner ludwig hitler mam of strife ccccsccsccccssssseseeeenes 32 may 28 1943 te sor fp enins ncrecnseassnnneleinesiiainineneannpeseiaiteensonts 5 november 20 1942 ware c f the consumer goes to war c.ccsceeseesssseseeeees 18 february 19 1943 watts franklin ed voices of history ccccccccssssesseseeees 30 may 14 1943 welles sumner the world of the four freedoms 34 june 11 1943 wrorop berk tag cree cm oigig aiicccrnseceesescesccesscnscensevsceserese 34 june 11 1943 werth alexander the twilight of france ccccccssseeees 19 february 26 1943 whelan russell the fling tigers cccccccsscsrsssesescseeceres 14 january 22 1943 whyte sir frederick india a bird eye view 0 50 october 1 1943 po ss we oe so o s er eae 34 june 11 1943 wilson c m ambassadors in white cccccccccccccsossessseeees 15 january 29 1943 wolfert ira battle for the solomons cccccccccccececcssseceseeees 37 july 2 1943 wright gordon raymond poincaré and the french pres rii install sont ona papusnenceaihlcieiienithia starched iauiaat eb onideadadiaadiinecan 41 july 30 1943 wrimmt guimey a stecdag of we ovcccsecccccorscosvecccsesosovecnsssoncseeve 25 april 9 1943 young sir george federalism and freedom sese000 5 november 20 1942 ziff william the coming battle for germany 0 0 39 july 16 1943 brazil roosevelt vargas declaration at natal ccccsesssssssseees 18 february 19 1943 u.s brazilian collaboration in rubber production 42 august 6 1948 bulgaria in od 50s vu sesvesscnlivscoonsbacnsietguuietpanbacetsnanctanatentennaliieaiaaaad 46 september 3 1943 burma see world war canada canadian american accord on lower post war tariff 8 december 11 1942 mackenzie king on new world order cccccccsecceseccsesesseeees s december 11 1942 eo wepeee sor egree cootmrgriiiorieid si cccccessnpecseescexeeccombreveogeeenen 29 may 7 1943 penn ur prd gouuiioe ns ccncchsscccescoreseccsinossecteroneastraieemacesens 37 july 2 1943 u.s canadian joint war committee ccccccscossssseccsscees 45 august 27 1943 chile nt see ee ee eee 8 november 6 1942 reaction to sumner welles axis espionage charge 3 november 6 1942 ns rs ps oe oe soh no bee bed eee 2s 10 december 25 1942 i i ieiiied 5 cdenscnccosscscmuticusenssttebtivntianssvenseetacemuaievadaian 15 january 29 1943 china reidy tor teriiiinid 10 20ccaenepstwesiesiingndumscuamseuieaunsamuieeaiaaieanaenanemtebitivs 2 october 30 1942 u.s and britain ready to give up extraterritoriality 12 january 8 1943 bik flared te admit chinese to ub cccsccccscsssssvssessoscneeepeccess 19 february 26 1943 iie tired 0 eseoniga pescesnsieindebbassewenseeinnaneiielbeaedaiin ianeiaaaannes 33 june 4 1943 japan revises policy toward nanking puppet government 33 june 4 1943 summary of opinions on explosive conditions ss0 43 august 13 1943 bt iid icksavee enseptpsinnrecetdiienimsabtasgboddlineeetaacniadangaeanente 44 august 20 1943 oo tie ss nsxcscinousannnnnsccteiaiiaanadnniokseumnasansliepcoemaageneuneibenaas 45 august 27 1943 ne iie hoi i nscnicsecincsesinaminbtioucecedecevscncestacecosetaanmeleeveln 45 august 27 1943 inflation undermines liberal groups ccccsseessseesscessesseeees 45 august 27 1943 eee in poinriines rerinioin 5 csseccnccononcscessesnsosscxnccmnmsenteens 45 august 27 1943 america’s interest in internal problem cccccseseseeeeees 46 september 3 1943 kuomintang communist relations c sssssssseeseseeeseeneeeees 46 september 3 1943 central executive committee of kuomintang names chiang kai shek president of the national government 49 september 24 19438 people’s political council convenes ccssssssesereseseseenes 49 september 24 1943 see also world war cuba president batista visits washington ccccccsseccecseeceeeeees 10 december 25 1942 czechoslovakia benes plan for post war europe ccccsscsssssssssscssssessvscsenees 20 march 5 1943 piii irie iii cccsconsncnecsnseceeupstpusediicabasesvsetouetueesipiseniaienniinan 31 may 21 1943 bee te hngiiis usctnnetcinnencasnssicvincenonsentnniatibidedaiiaiieinduiimiamaamaneds 31 may 21 1943 8 volume xxii democracy eee le lt ee oe i senemecntsecceescesesipes prestige vindicated by end of fascism cccccececeeeeees denmark danes scuttle some fleet units move others to sweden ecuador eee ae ss a president arroyo del rio visits washington 00 iit di cadiiinidlll testiciensschinieilinabebasetpathicelbndsitenebveccseeeseves eire see ireland europe see reconstruction finland position in war and relations with u.s ccccccccccsseeees i i i ct icctatissbetennmnbeninncnocabooeniosanes i ee ee ee se ee tt foreign policy association discussion guide on united nations ccccceeesseeeeeeeees iii sscsnlail csessesencstpuaebtnicvetsuvensecoeeestestcceecesen yews ballot for elections to board of directors 000000 eee ss se ee ae ae ne cee ee ne i icme tumem scsscsssushsscchessessoossseessccevscccseccreste id uie nii 5 cccccecececesoncccceoscoscoceccocscocseessos board elects new chairman and vice chairmen ri min oh i oss cccocvecencosesecccoscsescewesenccocseiors title of headline books changed to headline series annual forum and 25th anniversary cccccccseeeeseeeeseeeees mrs h g leach chairman of 25th anniversary celebration blair bolles to do washington news letter replacing john elliott now major in u.s army ccccccceeeeeeees ui ccidiinesnddeseebanoogeestoenbueecoesoonencseces cal ddateeeietnresrientbittmepenneneniibbetecneebencesooocoses france admiral darlan’s mission to dakar 0 cccccsceeeeeeeeeeeees resistance to labor conscription policy ccceseeesseeseeeeees u.s stand on labor conscription policy cesseeeeeees on relations with french after invasion of north si atta oa ca eahatieeiabihneabebioessebeusesocesssoooccsoees vichy breaks relations with u.s cccccccssscccsssssscsssrseseeses fighting french disclaim darlan leadership in africa ge pétain empowers laval to issue laws and decrees cl cn sna dtiemsnenepnciveresonesocsoocoees oe eee ll aaa hull assures fighting french commissioners on darlan ache scene ibenemrlanovensntetccecorooseseesosece grenier joins french national committee 0 be ine tro oe iit on orice secccecoccecsepsecsscccscesesecccccsocccsccsoscoecs casablanca accord on american british policy in north stitt sncuttatiiieshshiktat bell dialianibsaghilindebaetninebesdensadsetsansecesvtcesossococees reasons for de gaulle giraud disagreement 0 giraud civil and military commander in chief in north tice sxeciennsbenonunnenesecdaseneneecseseessoores raei mumondeuneiiind ccccccccccescscsvsscecsscesccesencnsesencsceseees nines coeecenciinaencenbabbaesesennaecoresevereooes ire a a e de gaulle giraud deadlock on transition period u.s acts in transfer of french sailors sssssseeseees i gin 0.0 sasvcencevesecnsvessocovccesovscoosensoes peyrouton resigns as governor general of algiers warships at alexandria put at allies disposal manifesto of escaped communist deputies s0ss0 giraud asked to u.s for military talks 0 cccccseeeeeees giraud retained as head of forces in africa 0000 conflicting views on u.s policy on france sesseee bg ele tll ii 2s casenichnneradebapeshbeguhesnecsscocseresceneesine britain russia and u.s recognize french committee of ere se se ee french committee to have voice in mediterranean com a i sae otha adbbdabbedeecescdencsesoocoesse see also world war for north african campaign oamw date april 16 1943 july 2 1943 august 6 1943 september 3 1943 november 6 1942 december 11 1942 december 25 1942 january 1 1943 march 5 1943 march 5 1943 march 6 1943 october 30 1942 november 6 1942 november 20 1942 december 18 1942 february 26 1943 june 25 1943 july 16 1943 august 27 1943 september 3 1943 september 17 1943 september 24 1943 october 1 1943 october 1 1943 october 8 1943 october 30 1942 october 30 1942 october 30 1942 november 13 1942 november 13 1942 november 20 1942 november 20 1942 november 27 1942 december 4 1942 december 4 1942 december 18 1942 december 18 1942 january 1 1943 january 22 1943 january 29 1943 february 5 1943 february 5 1943 february 12 1943 april 2 1943 april 2 1943 april 2 1943 april 30 1943 april 30 1943 june 4 1943 june 4 1943 june 4 1943 june 18 1943 july 2 1943 july 2 1943 july 16 1943 july 16 1943 september 3 1943 september 3 1943 october 8 1943 2 volume xxii french committee of national liberation see france french guiana secedes from robert’s rule germany stalin on german people reaction to beveridge report general zeitzler made chief of staff hitler’s tenth anniversary speech hitler names doenitz head of navy anti nazi german national committee formed in moscow sweden cancels transit agreement goebbels promises people more coercion hitler names himmler minister of interior and chief of reich administration see also world war great britain churchill’s november 29 broadcast beveridge report on social security indian leaders on british course in india prepares to give up extraterritoriality in china eden in washington eden helps clarify foreign policy churchill’s message on polish national day dominion ties with commonwealth subsidies and price control recognizes french national committee cabinet changes labor unrest harold macmillan representative to mediterranean com mission see also india reconstruction world war greece partisans question king george’s sincerity india leader’s comment on british course moderates try to end deadlock moslem league problem william phillips appointed sentative roosevelt’s personal repre britain names sir archibald wavell viceroy and governor general political deadlock war output america’s interest food shortages famine in bengal causes japanese propaganda uses famine situation ireland sir basil brooke new premier of northern ireland elections for dail de valera’s party wins neutrality policy italy internal discontent cabinet shake up roosevelt urges italians to overthrow fascist régime scorza answers roosevelt appeal c:cceesececeeeeeees see also reconstruction world war japan soviet japanese relations revises policy toward nanking puppet government emperor and individual industrialists confer propagandizes in famine stricken bengal see also world war latin america welcomes allied invasion of north africa national income battle of tropics and raw materials for allies see also world war psychological warfare policy of u.s cccceseeeseeeee ladop gomgicions ang wal chote nccecccciccoccscccccccecccccoccesese no date april 2 1943 november 18 1942 december 11 1942 december 18 1942 february 5 1943 april 16 1943 july 30 1943 august 18 1943 september 3 1943 september 3 1943 december 4 1942 december 11 1942 january 1 1943 january 8 1943 march 19 1943 april 2 1943 may 7 1943 may 7 july 2 1943 september 3 1943 october f 1943 october 1 1943 rw october 8 1943 october 8 1943 january 1 1943 january 1 1943 january 1 1943 january 1 1943 june 25 1948 june 25 19438 june 25 1943 july 23 1943 july 23,1948 october 15 1943 october 15 1943 june 25 1943 july 23 1943 april 9 1943 june 4 1943 september 17 1943 october 15 1943 november 20 1942 february 19 1943 february 19 1943 august 6 1943 10 volume xxii malta axis renews blitz martinique u.s accord with admiral robert ccccccscccssssssccceeee french national committee appoints henri etienne hop penot to succeed robert as high commissioner strategic importance soe e ere reet ero e eee e teese eee eee eees eee see oes ee esse ee eeee oses mediterranean commission see reconstruction mexico contribution to war effort ee es laser erste cee ener eee aera are roosevelt avila camacho meeting middle east objectives of middle east supply center c:cccceeeees u.s names j m landis as mesc representative panama gets u.s owned lands and facilities poland russian polish frontier question to 7 aa aloha dic elbchdigensidiebbbwbesesescocnsespbeceectoes churchill’s message on polish national day sikorski’s part in relations with russia vishinsky on polish problem portugal roosevelt assurance on invasion of north africa ei anisill ss caccbinubabbuhiebcnessanabevestnecsscocece reconstruction post war aioe ic ensanenhabiiabbgirbdenersesemempneennores roosevelt names lehman director of foreign relief and ii co usutedh salta a caddueabiatncestsagh estintésecectdbonscussdstabsdeasee i as ana caidh scbcadebeovetebeceerserccesinesesece mackenzie king on new world order cscccccesessssseeeeeee roosevelt answers critics of rehabilitation plans grave political decisions confront allies in europe what kind of governments for post war europe american relief program in north africa ccceee role of military administration in countries occupied by iie iiis scccced iodinciehienisisichcllcsnebibienliicenndiutisbiddintixtneesseeecncosecets ii iii 21 0s sic ssnssncnupeineiodhesenccscenesecosees asia’s problems challenge initiative in east and west chiang kai shek on china’s aims and world cooperation tid sat isa siaaiscluhssccqnsmsadbbbandoonovensecneeencsceeece public opinion must be heard on post war policy senator gillette proposes post war peace charter i i id 55 565s coatccd cceundoseaseuéssctdlivstoossceccesssces sumner welles on need to formulate aims ccc000 relief measures being prepared by united nations roosevelt and welles on forthcoming food conference nazi economic penetration poses complex problems ball burton hill hatch resolution and public opinion can depression after war be avoided ccccccccseeeeeeees sii iil incl leleacanaipntbhintnegnunaeetonereceececceseccosececees re se ets ls sst u.s asks allied representatives to food and currency ey tinned ss cass aceicntnssirsebnecgsnsbsnatccsccneesesooeveneons welles on renewal of reciprocal trade agreements act i aac chnneinpsli man snilbcnesserssbeeboccecesenccees currency stabilization plans of britain and u.s eg eee a differing ground plans for collaboration cccce0 soviet polish rift forces allies to clarify aims polish problem tests relations of powers cccseeceeees europe’s peoples must be free to plan own future food conference practical test of post war ideals ine ors ee food conference presents final report c.ccsessceeeeeeeeees allies must consider great changes in europe’s temper pope pius xii urges progressive and prudent evolution united nations relief and rehabilitation administration coro er eee ere eee eee eee e eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee soar ree re eee ere ee eee eee eee eee eee ee eee eee eeeeee sii se linn lirroaleh rhaeiling ae dalldontuadonenehsecrurssesctepacetepeseeusencensnene house foreign affairs committee approves fulbright il a hild cea saci aprnanentigneanpentossgsednoweeneccoses rival resolutions before senate foreign relations com se eliibicisalitndsdebtindigncdltdehakdivisndlandsactedibdasatindecrssosereveccecceoteesis date october 23 1942 november 27 1942 july 23 1943 july 23 1943 april 30 1943 april 30 1943 april 30 1943 september 24 1943 september 24 1943 december 11 1942 march 5 1943 april 30 1943 may 7 1943 may 7 1943 may 14 1943 november 13 1942 march 12 1943 december 4 1942 december 4 1942 december 11 1942 december 11 1942 december 11 1942 december 25 1942 january 1 1943 january 8 1943 january 8 1943 january 15 1943 january 29 1943 february 5 1943 february 12 1943 february 12 1943 february 12 1943 march 5 1943 march 5 1943 march 12 1943 march 12 1943 march 19 1943 march 26 1943 march 26 1943 march 26 1943 april 2 1943 april 9 1943 april 9 1943 april 16 1943 april 16 1943 april 23 1943 april 30 1943 may 14 1943 may 21 1943 may 28 1943 june 4 1943 june 11 1943 june 18 1943 june 18 1943 june 18 1943 june 25 1943 june 25 1943 volume xxii 11 reconstruction post war continued amg now working in sicily under general alexander amg policies in sicily clues to procedure in italy united nations face decisions as axis weakens s00 allied assistance in liberated countries cannot be inter wmhtint se setar berit cisnccececscecsecmatetsosrreccencusincenenmmnens axis difficulties sharpen allied unity problem 0000 quebec meeting faces policy for liberated europe churchill urges conference of anglo american soviet for eign ministers and retaining wartime machinery italy’s surrender makes agreement on europe urgent mediterranean commission established churchill’s harvard speech analysis ccccssessecssssesees hull urges nonpartisan discussion of american collabora cscceunsunsasevdcinsionseutiagpsoceaeentnes setaenceiai a made de ii 5 cecssccarsencsiecusiaigionesavectsdeaivanecesen innate post war order to be rooted in war experience s.ss000 republican post war advisory council backs u.s partici pation in international organization world organization ultimate aim eeccecersceces cee eereeeeeeesereseeeseeeeeees cee eee eeeeeeeereeenseeeeeeseeeenes tere r ict er beptetisesiie tit ti eee tiere return to normalcy no solution of europe’s crisis human welfare must be first concern of planners united nations relief and rehabilitation administration re fte nnase enssoresiguvnsianinninstiplgnenntiagmaademmnonidimimamiias differences in anglo american and russian balkan policies mediterranean commission composition and problems three power meeting seeks alternative to balance of power joint responsibility of united nations key to post war security eeeeecesee corr eee eee e oe ee oee eee e eee eere eoe es tees es esse es seseeeseeeeeeeeoeeseeeseeeeeseeeeees refugees bermuda conference cope oreo o oe eere tere o sese seeeeeeeeseseseseoee eoe eeeeoeeeeoesese et o relief see reconstruction russia co sup oi ceninncioncnctisconssesunileeitsiabiniacestibadatavcaliase mimi re ci ii il iiisicevenctimsicinesdietinincesignmaitininninneiiens ee ee een en mere cere ay sound tou ttr cccscancencsescocnneerenioncenompnimanints iie geri 4 scsnoncieechbdensnincinendneacenininisageninasicnenanendouiitabhlbiees hostility toward finland unabated russian polish frontier question sccccssccssscsscsssssccsseses need for u.s discussion of post war relations standley and wallace on u.s relations ccccccccseseeeees dcr trois tormeioine 00ccecsscissitlinicicsicsestinnnictinaeetniiintiilens iiis ccscissccialtbishiccinnnoviiisileasteisieeledasieiieicesindelioiieleadaiia sikorski’s part in relations with poland stalin’s may 1st order of the day vishinsky on polish problem bi chelsea cialis tenancies riedie amth ded aa eeaat aaa comintern dissolution clarifies policy cccccccseseeeeseees recalls ambassador litvinov from washington and maisky i maiiiied cnscccvmntadsjeesensemanesslssbiliniialsniuihgecsiaalehldabailed recognizes french national committee cceeeeseesseees vishinsky representative to mediterranean commission see also world war shipping rn iii occannrnisieseigmniianinesen abbas thiamine blasts ad aeeatl submarine menace to united nations cccccssseseseeeesees admiral land on charter of u.s ships to united nations et seiiidd ennccsencenighincsntnncenstntitianniidshtiiiicsinencitinenhilicddsaisilaldins roosevelt letter to churchill on chartering en es i eee u.s governmental commissions for post war planning south africa eee con esvisiiishicnsencconditisinisstisencduecosinianscctledegdiatiea tas soviet union see russia spain roosevelt assurance on invasion of north africa ey see 20 sediniiinoiet 1 a csensncsusabsdboup npeinsiacieipebennsassiiiiceiaeinmne gives u.s pledge of neutrality ie miiinedied c cxkiisnovcnensseisinusthignbediescauiseubesouinaniabiaalienane iberian neutrality pact with portugal cccccccesessssseees i ions where ws cece cnscnntietelbcadsbddsitbinaccsicntseticinnstiititile see also world war co eweeeeeeeseeeeeses sennen eee eee eeeeeeseeeeeeeseeees poeperiierirrr irri iter rrr tii ramon date july 23 1943 july 30 1943 july 30 1943 august 6 1943 august 13 1943 august 20 1943 september 10 1943 september 10 1943 september 10 1943 september 17 1943 september 17 1943 september 17 1943 september 17 1943 september 17 1943 september 17 1943 september 24 1943 september 24 1943 october 1 1943 october 1 1943 october 8 1943 october 8 1943 october 8 1943 october 15 1943 april 23 1943 october 23 1942 november 18 1942 november 138 1942 january 29 1943 february 26 1943 march 5 1943 march 5 1943 march 19 1943 march 19 1943 april 9 1943 april 30 1943 may 7 1943 may 7 19438 may 14 1943 may 21 1943 may 28 1943 august 27 1943 september 3 1943 october 8 1943 october 30 1942 january 22 1943 august 20 1943 august 20 1943 august 20 1943 august 20 1943 august 20 1943 august 6 1943 november 138 1942 november 20 1942 november 27 1942 november 27 1942 march 12 1943 march 12 1948 12 volume xxii sweden no foreign minister hansson on need for sudden defense 15 cancels transit agreement with germany c ceeeeeees 43 turkey in gmeiind 22k csc ciascntibdssenibsctineatbecinisestintiesecerseseconete 9 union of soviet socialist republics see russia united states attorney general biddle announces removal of unnatur alized italians from enemy alien class ssceeeee 1 psychological warfare policy toward italy c0ssssseee 1 vice admiral halsey relieves vice admiral ghormley of rts peter 2 hull assails vichy labor conscription policy 0ss000 2 chilean reaction to sumner welles axis espionage charge 5 selle l le 8 willkie on public discussion of war issues ssssseeeees 3 roosevelt assurance to portugal and spain on north afri rrr reds sm es 4 roosevelt on relations with french after invasion of sre iir ares so ee a ss a 4 vichy france breaks off relations cssscsssseseeceeeeneees 4 martinique accord with admiral robert cccccsesssees 6 spain gives pledge of neutrality sscrsscssesssecsssrsseereeses 6 roosevelt names lehman director of foreign relief and rgr el se 7 canadian american accord on lower post war tariff 8 president arroyo del rio of ecuador visits washington senate passes resolution authorizing transfer to panama i ia rttnnnesiepernnccororconcconsqase 8 hull assures fighting french on darlan’s position 9 president batista of cuba visits washington 00 10 prentiss brown succeeds leon henderson as price ad i a oi al cedars nmsebboredubeepnccecocseqnece 10 finland’s war stand and finnish american relations 11 roosevelt names william phillips as personal representa iiit ci cciaillatelili shai sathgsalanttialalpeecdiniieeseetierscerstenessoncevesne 11 prepares to give up extraterritoriality in china 12 oed gees bd gribgd ccccectcecrccrsersececscesescesosncscorccececoes 13 trade agreements threatened in congress ssseseseeees 13 wallace on reciprocal trade agreements cccsssecsesseereres 13 lend lease shipments to russia cccccccssrrrscsssssssesseeees 15 secretary knox and senators on future air and naval i i a aac icinlaciaattaeinniraioosianeserentarsieninetes 18 representative kennedy offers bill to end chinese exculsion 19 ee ete tt laat 20 welles on relations with finland cccccccsssccsssessssesceres 20 a creer nrinscnteesneseenvncvcecooutnveneceseseooess 21 wheeeed cu ceugo wer bgi ncccccccccccccccssecscesccccesscccsccscccccessccceees 21 i lod cer rananienunndiesetunatansensieceuneeseceveneesee 22 iil hl cas cninccnssempuatinatepsoneencaqnanseessecscconccescouers 22 need for discussion on post war relations with russia 22 standley and wallace on russian relations 00 22 welles on renewing reciprocal trade agreements act 25 roosevelt avila camacho meeting ccccssssesssesssecseeeees 28 roosevelt handling of coal crisis tests democracy in war 29 i da enaicciatenlinaekaaneateoeenesouesooseccsseneses 31 director of war mobilization byrnes on war effort 33 renews reciprocal trade agreements act ccsesee 34 roosevelt urges italians to overthrow fascist régime 85 recognizes ramirez government in argentina 36 i eel aat 38 foreign policy record of congress in session just ended 39 giraud visit and conflicting views on american policy on ai ss alcetrcesned sbemaetbesentacciansdeessentcescece 89 boe bs tirgere gugino occcrececececeeccceccosccccccsecccccoccoscosccocccers 40 roosevelt merges bew and rfc subsidiaries in new office of economic warfare under l t crowley 40 state department forms office of foreign economic co ordination ofec under assistant secretary acheson 40 brazilian american collaboration in rubber production 42 canadian u.s joint war committee ccccecseseersessereeeees 45 treaty making power of senate cccscssceeesessesseesseesseeenees 45 i acs owentsnenniahanetooneceeseosboe 45 interest in china’s internal problem cccccssseesseeereees 46 recognizes french national geummaibees a a sy 46 j m landis representative on middle east supply center 49 er draft agreement for united nations relief and ehabilitation administration unrra ccccccceseee 50 date january 29 1943 august 13 1943 december 18 1942 october 23 1942 october 23 1942 october 30 1942 october 30 1942 november 6 1942 november 6 1942 november 6 1942 november 13 1942 november 13 1942 november 13 1942 november 27 1942 november 27 1942 december 4 1942 december 11 1942 december 11 1942 december 11 1942 december 18 1942 december 25 1942 december 25 1942 january 1 1943 january 1 1943 january 8 1943 january 15 1943 january 15 1943 january 15 1948 january 29 1943 february 19 1943 february 26 1943 march 5 1943 march 5 1943 march 12 1943 march 12 1943 march 19 1943 march 19 19438 march 19 1943 march 19 1943 april 9 1943 april 30 1943 may 7 1943 may 21 1948 june 4 1943 june 11 1943 june 18 1943 june 25 1943 july 9 1943 july 16 1943 july 16 1943 july 23 1943 july 23 1943 july 23 1943 august 6 1943 august 27 1943 august 27 1943 august 27 1943 september 3 1943 september 3 1943 september 24 1943 october 1 1943 volume xxii 18 united states continued lehman’s office of foreign relief and rehabilitation op erations subordinated to of ec ccecccosccsesesccssosessscsecscoceesses roosevelt makes lehman special assistant to plan for meeting of united nations to form unrra e r stettinius jr succeeds sumner welles as under pert ce trg cecigesnincctrinrtinistinindeaenipaamianes e c wilson representative to mediterranean commission criticisms by five senators on return from fighting fronts see also reconstruction shipping world war war criminals roosevelt on punishment rie iirl vsssciccdscsase osvahubibocenthcishasbbeehecveeaemsesaninieianciiaainanies roosevelt warns neutrals on giving asylum to fugitive ee tieiiriint on ncisncsousisaimnnmosevieiaienunconsiousgianeienanamaniaaaanietta russia and britain back roosevelt view supeneeiriaetn ganuine onccssenesvesssansccsnaunenmnisnigasenessesieeunsvebeenianmianta u.s and britain promise to punish leaders sssceesees argentina refuses to deny asylum to fascist or nazi leaders women realism and idealism possible help in international rela tions ppererrrrri irre iii itt rrr oe ore rro roe ere ree eee eee ee eee sees estee ee seseeeseeseeseseseeese esse esesseeseseeos corr ror e ree eoe eee sees ee eeee estee se eeseseeeoee sees es eseess tees esse sese eeseseseseseseeess world war 1914 18 allied and associated powers collaboration breakdown of collaboration machinery world war 1939 africa stage for new military action pores boar choreiried ccocisccercctsenereseidbtsininnniiciniioneen suv es sine cel wat ceumiiiid ccctics cescscciestocescicressnesccstnnnbabeseose admiral darlan’s mission to dakar allied and axis planes and tanks allies offensive against rommel ce se bie iscciccttisiisnaeiptiinvinniminwnnmanmamnaiae solomons u.s japanese showdown cte curoe ff bee enc eecessigtnatabentsnipinravinnesenesanntnotimecccnaine new isolationism in u.s hampers global effort anglo american offensives in africa csccccccsseseeceseeseeees eisenhower announces giraud will organize french army in africa eisenhower backs darlan as head of french forces in biiiie te vibenisiesensestetinssssaeeineisiiniaisnowshisieaeaeitemineseaisdeeeiainniadaaniaiamas new strategic phase opened ee siiiiiied ciccnccoscnenncatidlvsccbonciacointeingnsiaattenaaiesamlideaaaieaninein africa new source of supplies for allies african campaign grave political issues ccssecceeeeers french cease resistance to americans and british in north piii 514 iiacincshacasintneocsnemcsieianvalisbaneenusteebelabeuessininssesaeiasonetnenmriate latin america welcomes invasion of north africa stalin on allied african invasion ce res dacp ugrt tivroion cess chsiinciiceciscicccccecssecesisnercceanntale errctrnno bepniid goa tr baltic ccccereccsciceceecccssecciccacscteestennnes far eastern allied position helped by african campaign seco ence eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseseseseses crore ree eere e eee ee eee e eh eee esse eee es hee sees roosevelt answers protests on darla cccsscssssseeeeeeees allied successes hold out hope to europe td idb csniscccviccnnensnessttecnnersettnpetiereniacdmnestceatamenieics spain’s strategic importance ceseeseeeeeees es realism and idealism in allies policies and aim bea be fe teorcotn gepogiiy wicsicccnscsnsecisesccscrcesiierssinceceneces knox on destruction of japanese shipping turkish neutrality helps allies united nations get dakar base i iiiiiiol ninucacebsabanerniciniccesssnensipiaasitaeiiissastucigaeieaa political decisions confront allies in europe allied power in far east growin ccccccssssssssssssssseeses finnish position and relations with u.s ccccccsssseseseeees china dissatisfied with treatment by allies cccccccceees chinese military mission recalled from washington m s eisenhower on need for food in north africa german and japanese strength compared se ae oy tipiiiirioud ccesneccisascccasticnbsnnenntedcxecdonscabacwerimansbaadenions stark on submarine losses a ciiieiiiiiiniid 01.0 no as cosicoevnnctigeensnsaibegeiessteneauabdineebiamecne ce i eo woriiing ooo cesissssccccccssdicoienniconceoatneniabdineices far east problems challenge asia and united nations leningrad siege lifted correo tere seer see ee ese eeeeeeeseeeeeeoeeseees es eses esse sees 47 wow wo wiaarvmrraraaaan agcha ek ff pon nn nnneee date october 1 1943 october 1 1943 october 1 1943 october 8 1943 october 15 1943 october 23 1942 october 23 1942 august 13 1943 august 13 1943 august 13 1943 september 3 1943 september 10 1943 december 11 1942 september 10 1943 september 10 1943 october 23 1942 october 23 1942 october 23 1942 october 30 1942 october 30 1942 october 30 1942 october 30 1942 october 30 1942 october 30 1942 november 6 1942 november 138 1942 november 18 1942 november 13 1942 november 138 1942 november 13 1942 november 20 1942 november 20 1942 november 20 1942 november 20 1942 november 20 1942 november 27 1942 november 27 1942 november 27 1942 november 27 1942 november 27 1942 december 4 1942 december 4 1942 december 4 1942 december 11 1942 december 18 1942 december 18 1942 december 18 1942 december 18 1942 december 25 1942 december 25 1942 january 1 1943 january 1 1943 january 8 1943 january 8 1943 january 8 1943 january 22 1943 january 22 1943 january 22 1943 january 29 1943 january 29 1943 january 29 1943 january 29 1943 a 4 4 at a ee volume xxii world war 1939 continued tripoli falls casablanca accord on american british policy in french north africa far eastern war not racial hitler again proclaims crusade against bolshevism stalin orders invaders hurled over boundaries north african policy evolving allied political unity lags behind military casablanca discussions carried forward in china eisenhower heads allied operations in north rica roosevelt vargas declaration at natal burma road’s importance to allies lend lease aid to china mme chiang kai shek on china’s position national security claims threaten allied harmony roosevelt on aid to china stalin’s february 22 order of the day finland seeks way out russia presses second front demand territorial ee play into nazi hands bismarck sea battle will japan take the offensive ccccccccsssossccssecccseseeees french occupation payments to germany soviet japanese peace aids united nations allied modes of counterattack on submarines knox on submarine situation tunisian campaign u.s holds europe first despite pacific war demands mexico’s part franco on immediate peace tunis and bizerte occupied by allies allies plan eastern offensive without halt in west americans invade attu macarthur halsey discussions churchill answers senator chandler on why germany comes first china faces acute crisis pantelleria falls britain creates east asia command allies on offensive everywhere kula gulf battle pacific drives call for improved political strategy allied landings in sicily chiang kai shek and admiral horne on time of japan’s defeat king victor emmanuel proclaims italy will continue in war badoglio not ready to surrender allied advances in sicily catania taken conditions in china worry united nations soviet victories at orel and belgorod china front declines japanese casualties in china anglo american russian differences concerning urgency of early ending kiska occupied by canadians and americans quebec and moscow spotlight allied relations t v soong at roosevelt churchill quebec meeting china reports rejection of japanese peace feelers lord mountbatten heads new southeast asia command mounting nazi troubles do not mean early collapse roosevelt on unconditional surrender policy western front need acute italy surrenders date january 29 1943 february 5 1943 february 5 1943 february 5 1943 february 5 1943 february 12 1943 february 19 1943 february 19 1943 february 19 1943 february 19 1943 february 26 1943 february 26 1943 february 26 1943 february 26 1943 february 26 1943 february 26 1943 march 5 1943 march 5 1943 march 5 1943 march 12 1943 march 12 1943 march 19 1943 april 9 1943 april 16 1943 april 16 1943 april 16 1943 april 23 1943 april 30 1943 may 14 1943 may 14 19438 may 21 19438 may 21 1943 may 21 1943 may 28 1943 june 4 1943 june 18 1943 june 25 1943 july 9 1943 july 9 1943 july 9 1943 july 16 1943 july 30 1943 july 30 1943 august 6 1943 august 13 1943 august 13 1943 august 13 1943 august 20 1943 august 20 1943 august 27 1943 august 27 1943 august 27 1943 august 27 1943 september 3 1943 september 3 1943 september 3 1943 september 38 1943 september 3 19438 september 10 1943 september 17 1943 september 17 1943 september 17 1943 september 17 1943 september 17 1943 september 17 1943 september 17 1943 september 24 1943 september 24 1943 allied setback at salerno oes gains set stage for pacific offensive far eastern air activity italian navy at malta italy’s surrender great gain for allies lae salamaua successes of allies russians take bryansk allies occupy cos in the dodecanese t v soong on japan’s peace offers to china see also reconstruction shipping yugoslavia chetnik partisan rift december 25 1942 cabinet of government in london resigns june 25 1943 king peter approves tito partisan leader october 8 1943 +foreign policy bulletin eer et sate a je io ee ae ee a index to volume xxi verte ri october 24 1941 october 16 1942 pe bpa te tins ca panes ih 1 1 ay i 4 published weekly by the national headquarters foreign policy association 22 east 38th street new york n y incorporated index to volume xxii foreign policy bulletin october 24 1941 october 16 1942 africa no date rs seren te cstecesssnsciusitsinintinitinercihitianeindiaainenaales 6 november 28 1941 weygand retires as delegate general for french africa 6 november 28 1941 see also world war alaska canada u.s agreement on highway cssseseeseeeeeenes 21 march 13 1942 major u.s installations pushed scssseseeeeseneeneeeeeees 35 june 19 1942 american states argentine brazilian trade treaty aids hemisphere defense 6 november 28 1941 u.s brazil netherlands agreement on u.s troops in tin svvsosccathadeiasnacgancvanteienctumamaeaietvainetdidiisbiikdibeaasideataiiniate 6 november 28 1941 hull calls rio de janeiro conference on hemispheric war oie necenscesinthatasininereqpereresseeneeanihnionsansiniinaniainiaetadiianinaindaianivi 9 december 19 1941 economic problems on rio conference agenda 00 12 january 9 1942 argentina questions rio conference hemisphere solidarity iii sisccesvnsesiicsiwnitninxcckeocnareigaanmamanaad tates suleaseaipegsdacapiethih 14 january 23 1942 welles gives u.s stand on hemisphere solidarity 14 january 23 1942 rio conference achievements cccccccccssssssssssensssssssseseess 15 january 30 1942 chile postpones action on final act of rio conference 21 march 13 1942 u.s presses hemisphere solidarity program 00 0 21 march 138 1942 argentina tis suid siro o cccistasnsientaditnitbtdnninnmdiniatiela 1 october 24 1941 u.s trade agreement correction ccccccccscccscccsevcsceseosseseess 2 october 31 1941 bor ruud bout iisiiciscictincssccicnccetistiiensesscsiccececssensetoesiats 6 november 28 1941 og ba srr er ne arn eee 8 december 12 1941 ee sk sees i nd cdiadincencedtistisixicinnd 9 december 19 1941 questions rio conference hemisphere solidarity program 14 january 23 1942 festa ctu triiee oii cnncstsncccinccnttichtpenctatbatsanscsscenecesiinipenivtic 15 january 30 1942 des be wd sesiscntinstiis icine daaimnainbnciadios 17 february 13 1942 ps re ee encore e ls i see ae 21 march 13 1942 castillo gag policies strengthen neutrality c00000 33 june 5 1942 bt muiiiiiid 2.0 cinisscanseensancieenaieeemainmabediatelabeeliiiiiccusiaaniess 33 june 5 1942 amti germmell gourorsetblione ccccecscccccssessossccsccscectencccssscocesessess 37 july 3 1942 ortiz resigns presidency castillo becomes president 37 july 3 1942 sf hs nn ied cevicacicoreceletaliiesiaielibimisiintntiathanddabiaaliabeiaations 42 august 7 1942 a i ms eer ee ee eee 42 august 7 1942 castillo and relations with neighboring republics 51 october 9 1942 chamber votes break with axis and suspension of state ers rare sn ieee ees 2 test a ee 51 october 9 1942 cimaines ovor recon wh atid occ ciccsccckccccsccccsccncccectessenecccssessese 51 october 9 1942 reactions to brazil’s entry in wap cccccccsssscccccscossccsevecee 51 october 9 1942 welles charges use as center of axis activities 52 october 16 1942 asia raw materials under japan’s contto ccscccseeeersereeeeees 25 april 10 1942 australia prime minister curtin on far east war cccccccseesseeees 11 january 2 1942 ee sio setecesesinnvesseennenrcineiaignabschitipeapeniuliaeiipmananiegandaia 13 january 16 1942 see also world war austria so bor oui sisiivticncticniincicingntnneiiainees 22 march 20 1942 volume xxi baltic states plight under nazi rule 004 problem after war poor eee ree eee etoh esse esse oses eee eee eees eoe sesesese teese e sees ee heed belgian congo mineral output sor eee roe eere eee ee ee eset esee es eeeeeeesesesseseeeeeeses ese ee ohss see ees book reviews adamic louis two way passage err iiis tei os as let cacti altel cecedewedebesusiaboervanvanbooressoerecroncnone baker r l oil blood and sand sccccccccsssssssssccssssssensssees baldwin h w strategy for victory scccscrcsscssssssssoseess barber joseph jr hawaii restless rampart 0000 barnett r w economic shanghai barrés phillipe charles de gaille cccssscssssrsssssssessssseees bevin ernest the balance sheet of the future bamang wileen lo crag ccccecscocesccevscsscsscesccesecesecsvooscccssseces bingham woodbridge the founding of the t’ang dynasty birdsall paul versailles twenty years after brooks h l prisoners of hope ccccccccccccsescessssssesessrsscseeeees buck p s american unity and as8ide cccccccscsssscssseceeeeees burt a l a short history of canada for americans buss c a war and diplomacy in eastern asia byas hugh the japanese enemy i i sc tinie 2ocd scceissnsccscercensveccsecscgsnstoeracseces carter a e the battle of south america es lee a cecil viscount a great experiment cccccccceecsceeeereeeeesees chamberlin w h the world’s iron age christian j l modern burma ccccccccccccssescsssccssscssssesceees clarkson j d and cochran t c war as a social insti i aio saas aia eliodela anes cbbaaicualing mddiderpeslionescantciantpstovesbuaeneneee corbett p e post war worlds cowles virginia looking for trouble crow carl meet the south americans cudahy john the armies masel ccccccccsssccssccscsssscccocesees curtis monica ed norway and the war cssscssceseeseees davies howell ed the south american handbook davies j e mission to moscow ccccccccscssssscsececssescccseees de rougemont denis and muret charlotte the heart of situs sltiics tabs unseentiataioepedduiainiahaanauipuaitedibasallthuenhivetaageaeyenedeeneceeecees de roussy de sales raoul the making of tomorrow diebold william jr new directions in our trade policy duffett w e and others india today ccccccseeceeeseeeees duranty walter the kremlin and the people einzig paul economic warfare 1939 1940 ergang robert the potsdam fiihrer sitet iitiinieis cn ccsd ceded ctaddscbicsnbbentanastiapimacesbesseneicenesereeeccevensacenie fergusson erna our haws cccccccccssscssssssssssccsccsssscesccees ferrero guglielmo the reconstruction of europe fischer louis dawn of victory ccccccocccccccscccocccsosccccesccccees fleisher wilfrid our enemy japan benge we mmee icl pocguiiiig feed coccsccccctcecccssccccccccccscsocccosccesesssoes galdames luis a history of chile ccccccccssssssscsseseccceseees galloway george b and associates planning for america garnett david war tt the ait ccocccccccccccscccccscccsoccccscsccscossces gayn m j the fight for the pacific cccccscsssessssseceeees gervasi frank war has seven faces gessler clifford tropic landfall c:ccccscsccsesscscssssesssescseees gessler clifford and suydam e h pattern of mexico goodrich l c and fenn h c a syllabus of the his tory of chinese civilization and culture gordon m s barriers to world trade ccccccccccssssseceseees graeber isacque britt s h and others jews in a gen tile world the problem of anti semitism ur re a le grattan c h introducing australia cccccccccseseesecesseees green p l our latin american neighbors c00cc0ss000 greene k r c and phillips j d economic survey of ew area part 2 transportation and foreign seti snceielitrnstnspuelddihdta mini tcteaseteendndnnsiensicansietipeeedinnteineceunnetennente ee gunther john inside latin america ccccssseeseeeseseseceeee haas w h ed the american empire habe hans a thousand shall fall 0 ccccccccccccccssccseceseseeees hackett francis what mein kampf means to america hagen paul will germany crack ccccccsssessesscsssssessssceees hanson e p chile land of progress harsch joseph pattern of conquest prrrrririri tir sooo e oos e dee sets eet eee e ote ee sooo ee eee eeeeeeseseeseeee eeeeesceeeeses oe see ee eee eeeeeeeeeeereeeeeeee eeeeee sor eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseneeee reer rrrrrrrrrrri iy cee e ee eeeereseseeeeeeees eeeeeceeeeee corp re oee roe eee e eee et eee eee eee eee sop oo ee eee e ee eee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeee co eee eee eeseeeeeeeeeeees cece ewes eeeseseeeeenes perr rrr rr f 26 date june 19 1942 june 19 1942 april 17 1942 december 26 1941 september 18 1942 october 2 1942 august 7 1942 december 19 1941 july 31 1942 april 10 1942 august 7 1942 november 21 1941 september 4 1942 april 3 1942 july 24 1942 october 16 1942 may 29 1942 july 31 1942 october 2 1942 august 7 1942 september 11 1942 june 26 1942 august 7 1942 december 26 1941 august 21 1942 september 4 1942 april 24 1942 april 17 1942 june 26 1942 december 26 1941 july 24 1942 august 28 1942 april 10 1942 august 14 1942 august 7 1942 september 4 1942 february 20 1942 april 10 1942 march 27 1942 march 27 1942 december 19 1941 july 31 1942 february 6 1942 may 29 1942 july 10 1942 january 30 1942 september 11 1942 may 1 1942 june 26 1942 february 27 1942 september 18 1942 july 31 1942 september 25 1942 august 21 1942 september 4 1942 april 24 1942 december 19 1941 february 13 1942 august 28 1942 october 16 1942 april 3 1942 may 1 1942 december 26 1941 december 5 1941 december 19 1941 august 14 1942 september 4 1942 december 5 1941 sow volume xxi book reviews continued hauser e o honorable enemy hayden j r the philippines c s.cecccesserceeserereserseesessnsenes hedin sven chiang kai shek marshal of china herring hubert good neighbors ssrcerseeserreeeeneecesenreseees hindus maurice hitler cannot conquer russia hindus maurice russia and japa ssesseeserersserereeeseeneees holcombe a n dependent areas in the post war world holmes h n strategic materials and national strength homer joy dawn watch in craing ccceerrerseerrrecererreeeeeeeees hoover herbert and gibson hugh the problems of last ce piiid oc nccveressassnscnsinsincngcanesecinneechibpnieianataabotniaveeaieahabandinohs hrushevsky michae a history of ukraine ingersoll ralph action on all fronts sssccsseseceseseeseeess ireland gordon boundaries possessions and conflicts in central and north america and the caribbean jaaeae fb th baeble gogo sacnccstniblacsns enessvnsertrespttecetnbaievaas jones s s and myers d p documents on foreign re geabtona jules loao fung tog occscevccrcceseveasicoceinsaressvansseeceseqves keesing f m the south seas in the modern world kelsey vera braail te capitals 2 00c.sscccscccssescsssoscosccesscosesece kernan thomas france on berlin time c.sssscesseseessees kernan w f defense will not win the war 00.00 king hall stephen total victory preparation for a ee ceo onsicecsesechictsisevniddesmnminaatabias adabbisatieswareienniaeantamaialiies kiralfy alexander victory in the pacific cccccsescsseeeeees knickerbocker h r is tomorrow hitler’s cscssseeeres koht halvdan norway neutral and invaded 0 lavine harold and wechsler james war propaganda cn brs chir tio csncccnececiicetasassnscnuilentainseesneestabautsintneinsston league of nations world economic survey 1939 41 li epg fou 2 good vs ccsinscorcetmainnidadesssnecouttaecmmmminietn leff d n uncle sam’s pacific islets ccccccscsssecessssesseees lengyel emil dakar outpost of two hemispheres ree terr tot wccsccecssssssiinitailineintemenipbnnsenstagaiacistitanlaiains levy roger lacam guy and roth andrew french in terests and policies in the far east ccccccscssssessessesees lewis cleona nazi europe and world trade 00000 linebarger p m a the china of chiang k’ai shek lipp solomon and basso h v conversational spanish for army att forces of the u.s c cccosessccoscccessscevecovseese lo dot ecu ce cg foo cseiacititsctcsttnciannccniiionnion maccormac john america and world mastery mcguire paul westward the course ccccccccceceseeeseeseeeees maritain jacques france my country cccccceseeeseeeseneeees masaryk jan and others the sixth colwmm cccesssee0e michie a a and graebner walter their finest hour wismmorertts eh f tie tevgone bd cccsecisccssecssccocsscscssessenernste mitchell k l economic survey of the pacific area part 3 industrialization of the western pacific moorhead alan mediterranean front nevins allan this is england today cccccccsseseeeeeees padelford n j the panama canal in peace and war pelzer k j economic survey of the pacific area part 1 population and land distribution cccccsesereceeeeeeeeeees perkins dexter hands off a history of the monroe doc piii accoxsscastincisvictieasessonennsnseniiaierenma uaa daaaiedentaaens petrovitch svetislav sveta free yugoslavia calling pigou a c the political economy of war porter catherine philippine emergency pe gd bd i sarees scisnennntnstscrsccnsssonsncnericcrsves pricatiog j 1b gesd of ge ppogied cccececcssscesorsiccsesesssesscssseneie ces randau carl and zugsmith leane the setting sun of gme scsscinasnincretisvnvescleebtalbiagieeauiaeaninn iia tenia iolateaiodabiaaaiaa remington w e cross winds of empire cccccsseseeeees richmond admiral sir herbert british strategy mil ee i ttd wecciennceneinntitsineevigincciiteantanninaniiieiininiied wea cart te ei sack ctaisdeets seacoseevevsiccnsinntisapmstsinzccnse riess curt underground bere ccesesssscsccccssscscevectsecosocevesee robinson howard and others toward international or ori ccncentneerenierinernstnnnntttiniinnnictnnmennsintatagaemiiiniintin roth andrew japan strikes south russell william berlin embassy cccccccccccsssscsssesssessscesees saint exupéry antoine de flight to arras ccccccecceeees st john robert from the land of silent people schubert paul sea power in conflict schuman f l design for power ee we ls cour oie detciniiridioncincenivimmneninnns scott john behind the urals an american worker in russia’s city of steel eeeereeerenesee ee eeeeeerecseses ce eeeeeereeeeeeseeeeeees eeeeeeeeeeeseers eeeeeces ee eeeeeeecsceese see eee etna eesereeneeseeeseseeseees cen eee eee eeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeses coco e eee esse se sese e eee eeeeeeeees ee eeceeeeeeeee poor eee sree eeseeeeseeeseeseseeees soccer eee eto eero eee eset eeee sese eeeed coree oro eee oer eee eeee teese seoeeeseeess sese seeeseseeees date march 27 1942 march 6 1942 october 31 1941 april 24 1942 october 31 1941 august 21 1942 april 17 1942 october 16 1942 november 14 1941 september 25 1942 march 27 1942 august 14 1942 december 26 1941 september 25 1942 september 4 1942 september 4 1942 april 24 1942 june 26 1942 march 13 1942 april 3 1942 august 21 1942 may 15 1942 april 17 1942 december 19 1941 june 26 1942 june 26 1942 december 26 1941 april 24 1942 march 27 1942 july 31 1942 april 10 1942 august 21 1942 february 13 1942 december 19 1941 may 15 1942 august 21 1942 january 2 1942 august 14 1942 january 2 1942 november 21 1941 october 16 1942 july 3 1942 april 24 1942 august 28 1942 october 16 1942 november 14 1941 april 10 1942 april 3 1942 february 138 1942 december 26 1941 december 26 1941 may 1 1942 august 21 1942 april 17 1942 september 11 1942 august 14 1942 august 7 1942 february 13 1942 november 21 1941 april 3 1942 march 27 1942 august 14 1942 june 26 1942 february 18 1942 july 10 1942 ea sar air ac 6 hi volume xxi book reviews continued no date sforza carlo the totalitarian war and after 27 april 24 1942 smith h k last train from ber lam cccccccssecessssseceeseese 48 september 18 1942 spykman n j america’s strategy in world politics 33 june 5 1942 stowe leland no other road to freedom ccccceseee0e 2 october 31 1941 strachey john a faith to fight for ccccccsccscessseseeeeeeees 25 april 10 1942 stryker perrin arms and the aftermath 29 may 8 1942 tabouis genevieve they called me cassandra 47 september 11 1942 tamagna f m italy’s interests and policies in the far iii sicbibictdiclnsiiicnsseshehedeeiitapscievetsla ea hieemnahipsniansiiejusiecenesaseeseuseveetezees 41 july 31 1942 tate merze the disarmament ilusi0n cccccccceeceeeseseeees 50 october 2 1942 pa bes acy onin eiteiiee ginceciccqnussoviccoecencesececscocceeeeececonsee 31 may 22 1942 thompson virginia thailand the new siam 00000 21 march 138 1942 se poems 0 uie gipuiiod iennccccsncccceccesscséececescoceseecscesoccosocese 17 february 13 1942 toeres henry prerve leal 0 cccsescvcesessovecccescssscccsccocececsssees 27 april 24 1942 townsend m e european colonial expansion since 1871 25 april 10 1942 toynbee a j survey of international affairs 1938 fr i ipa led aac ihn ne reach aspaeaceubcestaysiceeareeen 42 august 7 1942 trend j b south america with mexico and central i ag a sei ea enseaeametidien 32 may 29 1942 undset sigrid return to the future ccccccsscccseceessseseeeees 43 august 14 1942 vandenbosch amry the dutch east indies cccce00000 21 march 138 1942 vinacke h m a history of the far east in modern suit chipset ls aamiia clad tieenedidiebiscnitiibipsibieindieteninestinsnmeemnetvesenneien 44 august 21 1942 waldeck r g athene palace cccccsssssssccssssssessscsscccseecees 23 march 27 1942 wales nym china builds for democracy ssce0ee000e 41 july 31 1942 wang ching chun japan’s continental adventure 46 september 4 1942 ee sami mmiii assiccade tnqsausibicededeesuskseneeosevceetensocosocese 17 february 13 1942 white j l transportation and national defense 46 september 4 1942 white w l they were expendable 00 ccccccseccceesseeeeeeees 50 october 2 1942 wilgus a c the development of hispanic america 7 december 5 1941 williams francis democracy’s battle ccccccccsseseeecesseees 38 july 10 1942 wilson c w central america challenge and oppor sutiiiiet cccinsisesonbintuhipcobonspetietiniennheedlinanigmindinntinnnseensintumneyeonrscecs 46 september 4 1942 wright quincy and others legal problems in the far si tiiiiiitiinis sista iterate iaesepenichnanstaatieeenseiansiinnineenesore 41 july 31 1942 wu yi fang and price f w ed china rediscovers i as icccal ai cprtdael ha statics tancndihansiepodudgakiicobcatoeniiesinetees 24 april 3 1942 young j r behind the rising sum cccccccccsessesseesessseseeses 7 december 5 1941 zacharoff lucien ed the voice of fighting russia 30 may 15 1942 brazil sn iiia ini 5 sents idhtnnitorinemnsnbsamensstinnsoaveeseneune 6 november 28 1941 et ges rss a a pp 21 march 13 1942 i cal ile sd ics ce sac ateccbdnanieeiscubecnce 45 august 28 1942 a p justo offers his sword to vargas ccccssccceesseceeeeees 51 october 9 1942 see also world war bulgaria en se ee a 6 november 28 1941 i a a cusiatpnestocneunionte 23 march 27 1942 nationalist sentiment and german demands 00000 8 25 april 10 1942 canada joint war production committee of canada and u.s i iid nod en lnictenaiieeintomnnonnncnnageinesseveunaphienecs 11 january 2 1942 alaska highway agreement with u.s cecscsssssseeeceeeeeeees 21 march 138 1942 plebiscite outcome shows straim 2000.0 cccecccceeseeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeee 29 may 8 1942 i a coosuvsionepesbineoccons 29 may 8 1942 tries to avoid new consctiption ctisis ccccceceeeeeeeeeeeees 32 may 29 1942 see also world war central america loan from u.s for pan american highway 000 14 january 23 1942 chile iti sol sani esieilaa dba ha iliataenstbidaabebenndimabniemetnereecresereenvenes 16 february 6 1942 social and economic conitions ccsccccssssrrecsssrscsssrsrsees 16 february 6 1942 postpones action on final act of rio conference 21 march 13 1942 senate approves goveernment’s coutse cccesseeceeeeeeeeeneeees 37 july 3 1942 foreign policy cuts across party lines cccccssssseeeeeeeseeees 47 september 11 1942 rios cautious on foreign policy ccccsseessececesececsseeecesesssees 47 september 11 1942 ees el tn 52 october 16 1942 i tl sich cemamlbantndicnodensobnbentebestonsece 52 october 16 1942 welles charges use as center of axis activities 52 october 16 1942 volume xxxi china u.s withdraws american maines cssecsccesesesersseeeees nanking government signs anti comintern pact role in unified far east command five years of resistance to japan ace rake ot tite sigrid cnc ciscsecisiccenssesiscistinseicreamsabiveniavines northwest economic military and political activity leading toward new supply routes via india and russia anglo american relinquishment of extraterritoriality press praises willkie see also world war sere eeeeereresenee prerrrrrrrr rrr rrr titties coro e ree er ee oee te eee esse eee e ee eeeeeseess eeeeeeee corpo eere rhee e eos oes e sees eee eseee estee sheet e sese sese ee reed costa rica declares war on japan lend lease aid cort rrr eee eere ee eee eee eee e estes eoe estee eee eeeee sees sess coco o ee eee eee e eee ee oete eee eoe s esot ee esse see eee sese eee seees ee eeereese sese ss croatia signs anti comintern pact coree e eeo eee ere e sese ee eee eee thee soe e ee eee sees eeed czechoslovakia bi i ig gis dens cc vacsannsicianaiccnovchipndiccancndeetncidbnadlecceteamalaneds repudiates munich pact rrr eee eee e oro ee ee eeo eoe e eee ees ee etoh ee eees ee esse eseees dominican republic declares war on japan conor rrr eer roe ee eee eere eee eters eee eseeeee ees eeeseoeesees ecuador ee cioeroe fined ve cesctisursineronevanchaunedivaks hactacdsnsicumemmmuaeeeamien peruvian boundary settlement u.s building naval base coro cee eee eee eee eee ee eoe eee e eee ee eee eee eeeees egypt nahas pasha becomes premier nahas pasha’s policy political situation see also world war poeeusi ict ir ict tet ti ii ttt iti corr r ee eere reese eee se oe see oee eee eeeeeesee sees es eeeeee es esse ess cero tere eer ser ere eee eo esos eee eere eeeeees teese sese es eeeees esos senses europe steel pin snare den srt do beet industrial resources serve nazi war machine nationalist sentiment obstructs new order unquelled by three years of nazi conquest eee e eee eeeeeeeeetenseeese finland rejects hull’s warning on war with russia signs anti comintern pact i rie eid so ccniiecceckclniscsescicsengratesesossascemmnsianeasonestie u.s warns against aid to germany 0 cccccccccccccsccscccesceseseses mannerheim on eastern karelia german report weta snd curin iid oa ciictinetcsiderekiccd cdectecedcccturnsceetcceences procope on possible terms of peace tee eit oisoc cic etre titi i ii foreign policy association in se nii os ioccasanvacxsncsssnvonesntcenesenbsisecedieciianbiseasianesine j w scott joins staff annual meeting annual meeting part in the war sn iiuiidy icin inhavachsidiindaiaaiaaamepouih aabaet ebeniecenimaonnibanicbanaied war department buys publications po ee 2s uyu c6 eee eee general mccoy back from pearl harbor investigation j i b mcculloch made acting director of washington rii aiccosspssssedssiesehnkansidibeasenisainiaieadheansetadia eeaadapaadseacuecea tema thats w p maddox made assistant to president d h popper made associate editor e s hediger joins research staff die goioiion soncavccsiavaereusietbicttiibdandcciominmminaliin general mccoy heads military commission to try nazi spies john elliott to contribute washington news letter h p whidden jr and l k rosinger join research staff s s hayden made assistant to the president staff members in government service ne si wvinscs sncciusnsictonsidevisianabiaibabiastcanialdtu tuaieucsiibcnbombinieds nn nii siseisixesinsanedadsidebiastiabsondaincaaicetciceantbicbinuatvalennidia w.n nelson joins research staff ree re ree re eee eeo eee eee e te oe ee eee eee ees eee ss esse ees ee ee seed pperrrrr rrr rrr rrr corr eee r ere ere eere eee ee eee e reese estes eee oses ee estee oeeeeseseseeseeees corre renee reo eee eere e seer eere ee ee eeeeee tees ees ese eee es tees ee eeeees se ee eeeeeeeeeeeereseeesese corr eee oee e hehe e eee eere eee eee ess ee eeee seen eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesereseee core eee ee eee eee ees eee eee eee eee eee eeee sees 22 43 date november 21 1941 november 28 1941 january 9 1942 july 10 1942 july 24 1942 october 2 1942 october 16 1942 october 16 1942 december 12 1941 january 23 1942 november 28 1941 march 20 1942 august 14 1942 december 12 1941 november 14 1941 february 13 1942 march 13 1942 february 18 1942 july 3 1942 july 3 1942 january 16 1942 march 20 1942 april 10 1942 september 4 1942 november 14 1941 november 28 1941 june 12 1942 june 12 1942 july 24 1942 july 24 1942 september 25 1942 november 7 1 41 november 14 1941 november 21 1941 november 28 1941 december 26 1941 december 26 1941 january 9 1942 january 16 1942 january 30 1942 february 18 1942 february 13 1942 february 13 1942 march 6 1942 april 24 1942 july 10 1942 july 10 1942 july 10 1942 august 21 1942 august 28 1942 september 18 1942 october 2 1942 october 2 1942 volume xxi france german executions denounced by roosevelt and churchill latin americans protest executions eee es cid wormerotid cuteioe orcccsccccocecsccccecisapeoacceseoserceporcescocseess weygand retires as delegate general for french africa goering meets pétain and darlan vichy protests nazi reprisals ccccsccccssccccsssscssssssssssseees u.s stand on free french in st pierre and miquelon ee ied drmuuiniiind ccccvvscctcossvecessecsessanstesterestvesenccesacecssous pétain’s new year message u.s policy toward vichy i a a acteennnesnnensansroosens laval efforts to regain government post sese tes scs se earl torres co vici chduice onccscceccoscceseesececccsecccsccccocesescccees ee exchanges on u.s consulate general at braz bovis ccocccccccccccscccccccccsocessosccecoscccccsccccocccscccopocscccscccccccccccccoooocooece laval forms new government trys to impose new order pros and cons of u.s vichy policy u.s recalls admiral leahy ee ss ee se see ei u.s asks admiral robert to bar axis use of french carib ee es ee el eto u.s robert negotiations continue laval’s stand italy renews claims for tunisia industries german cootaination cccccccccscscscsssssscsecceceees laval urges total collaboration with germany labor refuses to work in germany sccccssscccesseeceeseeeeees laval rejects roosevelt proposal on warships at alexandria u.s reasons for relations with vichy cccsccsesseeees vichy anti semitic orders protested by pope pius and re een adore re se ee eee herriot jeanneney warning to pétain ccccessecseeeeees hull denounces expulsion of jewish refugees and decree to conscript french labor for germany csccccceseesssseeeee benoist mechin ousted as secretary of state and tri color sr es so nre ae or ae ee eae opposition to laval labor policy herriot held oper tee eee eee eee eee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee coree retr ror t eoe eee ee eee eeo eee ete eeee sooo ree rhee eee e eee e eee e teer sees ee eee esse eeeoh sees soto e ete r eee eee e eset eset eeo e eee eee e ees eee eeooe prec sorter ore e teer toot te eee eee eee ee ee eee cao o teeter roe eee ed eere e essere esse ee ee shee eee eee sor o ror eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee eeeeeeeeee coro r oro eoe ree ores sees eset eee estee eee eeee oooo eee r eoe e eee ee ee eh eee eoeee este sesh se eee eee eee eeee tees eee ee eeeeee hehehe tees free french national committee u.s stand on occupation of st pierre and miquelon u.s names representatives for consultations eee ee eeeeeeeesereeeeees germany goebbels warns of consequence of defeat a ns aad oes cncloniabagostbernnecsnosetes announces new signers of anti comintern pact pétain and darlan meet goering se ed uie uii 15.0 ccncnepuiipteahinesoveseseetoneetsvcceseereove hitler takes charge of military operations goebbels assails sweden and switzerland iron and steel from occupied europe re see ss cee ore ti pin i so sccishen oxcenoceccensvenvencscecesecesecosensvece new order obstructed by nationalist sentiment laval tries to impose new order on france hitler takes over civilian authority ee te in wii sacs ccncccsicasescecoctscnseseesnccersscssceresocereceeee marshal von rundstedt heads troops in western europe hitler mussolini meeting at salzburg ele lee tl laval urges france to collaborate ccssccccsssssceeesseeceeees forms netherlands corporation to establish dutch agri cultural colony in russia labor recruiting system cee en eeeeeeeeeneeeneeeeeeeeee eee eeeneeeeeeseeeee pe ee ee eee eee eee eeaeeeeeeeee seen eee ee neeeeeeeeeeeneeeeee coree ee ee het eee eee eee eee eeeeeeeee prererrr eter rrr penne eee eeeeeeeseeeeeeee pere poor r ree eee ee eee eee ee ee eee eea eee corre eere ese e oee tees ee ee ee eee ee eee ee eset ered cope r eere he hee eee teese ee eeee esse ee eee sees esse sees eeeees see also world war great britain churchill denounces german executions in france churchill on british stand in event of japanese american i pd a ks taal mbacbemnabsepboondneniesseseceeeie re sg 5 ao 2 ednosediainliglascdaipnveceaibicovercocevons eee oe oth aoo a otol tr sod anglo american pact on post war economic relations labor party program for post war reconstruction lord halifax and the archbishop of canterbury on post war changes oliver lyttelton on planning after the war coo or ree e eere eee trees eee rhee eee eeee eee ee eee eeesereee eee eeee ee eeeeeee ees pprerrrrertrrr rer rrr t errr 88 bssaan vw date october 31 1941 november 14 1941 november 28 1941 november 28 1941 december 5 1941 december 19 1941 january 2 1942 january 2 1942 january 16 1942 february 27 1942 march 20 1942 april 10 1942 april 10 1942 april 17 1942 april 17 1942 april 24 1942 april 24 1942 april 24 1942 may 15 1942 may 15 1942 may 22 1942 may 29 1942 june 26 1942 june 26 1942 june 26 1942 july 24 1942 july 24 1942 september 11 1942 september 25 1942 september 25 1942 october 2 1942 october 2 1942 october 9 1942 january 2 1942 july 24 1942 november 21 1941 november 21 1941 november 28 1941 december 5 1941 december 19 1941 jaruary 2 1942 january 16 1942 march 20 1942 march 27 1942 march 27 1942 april 10 1942 april 24 1942 may 1 1942 may 1 1942 may 1 1942 may 8 1942 june 12 1942 june 26 1942 july 17 1942 october 2 1942 october 31 1941 november 21 1941 november 28 1941 february 27 1942 march 6 1942 may 1 1942 may 1 1942 may 1 1942 volume xxi great britain continued sir kingsley w00d o17 in6comest cecisssssecscccescccsscconccovtcosevessdesseness churchill report on second anniversary of accession to office churchill wins vote of confidence pro tr trtcir ie oases cccecsccsecsncrgivlacemnttnesensbecerssctniiaents relinquishes extraterritoriality rights in china see also india world war pperrreierriri eit tei guatemala declares war on japan haiti declares war on japan honduras dgertor wee ot ardond miscciccinvescss cecserncidencniecetea ees hungary rumanian hungarian recriminations lorthy on unpreparedness india des cil i nis ccté wenrinrnsecestonsieasamntaasisedaatainntemmaond chiang kai shek’s visit cot toee auc ciid be siccccncicesisaiseretprcnsniaoaavegressennerstereers viscount cranborne on political freedom deadlock as obstacle to war participation cripps co peomone tevicioi duar ociiiiis ceinsccitacesincseniccsscectmnters stanton cfr trod aces ticceacecionnccsvcdssadicnenstnsealeckonsbacwiovssanmeianiiaeen moslem league and congress party demands rejects cripps plan cripps’s commene ccecsecesseseesees indian defense minister and indian members of war bimiiine svnsesssccasncnsasessednscenncdsecsceceblgeliaeemaaiaurss sateen british nationalist relations near crisis cone ccie wainceccncccnivatecievénienbissekoedencasbcaceobanss wareuaaaes cert tadtab erection 6c cscscssccaccacecssooceptagnievscereositinnanents rajagopalachariar resigns from working committee of sou ncccscccensecncaiecsonsninnaepaninta el amnieaeichee a aaiaa ts congress leaders arrested after congress committee passes civil disobedience resolution cre iee sii poasichnsccccssdenteusersigieecssnnsicctenristsrmmneitn soe terre rod ccsncsins ccntoieinicccssationinveareee chkmrechill statement to commie ice ceicscscscicccvsccsssecascecsacssssserees indian leaders and british laborites ask roosevelt to es rr rt ede et ae ss a gigi kacsicciiccsesvcsacedetibcneieviedittaaiiaen i ei cie gniiccesiicknsiinanitcdeedhpvwalicivanasiasins adios u.s on american troops in india se eeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeserese international labor organization conference studies post war reconstruction iran see world war iraq see world war ireland tis c seciinsknsns scocesocssentsteconeotninpensiscgseoveinincioestauabbecmainneras de valera protests american troops in northern ireland psc dodo osc ceccstnsenisnsicsccecusithivsoaehceuietdee tena oiaaaen italy bicmsieial feo ciee conic cedcncininrscsesicssevensecsstrectaorssseneaiees hitler mussolini meeting at salzburg renews demand for tunisia japan tod codingh sage ove viccscnsssttiiconicin errenietrescisstatigaesubintiniions eug on 1g taf terwcoti doug vscieciccessessccs ecesrsscnsnensidisstieranseses tojo cabinet calls special diet session tom ge forriie weee cesisnesiiinthvistdsonobineimestaasenls ul niors cii occ ccescisissesccersscncersecesssccseraeuentessiouets nts te ere tih feo vciincicctcevececsecscsicinsiextecivesereos churchill on british stand in event of japanese american hostilities 9 16 16 2 29 32 dod whe or date may 1 1942 may 15 1942 july 10 1942 august 14 1942 october 16 1942 december 12 1941 december 12 1941 december 12 1941 march 27 1942 april 10 1942 february 20 1942 february 20 1942 february 20 1942 february 27 1942 march 6 1942 march 27 1942 april 3 1942 april 3 1942 april 17 1942 july 10 1942 july 24 1942 july 24 1942 july 24 1942 july 24 1942 august 14 1942 august 14 1942 august 14 1942 september 18 1942 september 18 1942 september 18 1942 september 18 1942 september 18 1942 november 7 1941 december 19 1941 february 6 1942 february 6 1942 october 31 1941 may 8 1942 may 29 1942 october 24 1941 october 31 1941 october 31 1941 october 31 1941 october 31 1941 november 14 1941 november 21 1941 10 volume xxi japan continued diet opens tojo and togo on aims in asia cseeeeee kurusu talks in washington ccccscessssscceesceesrseseeeeeeees tojo and togo on american and british interference u.s proposals rejected attacks u s ccccccccsscsssssscssesseees i oi alterna rh cacntehcliscocdennsnstecststeanstecocesceseess china’s five years of resistance ccccccccssssssssseesceseeeceeees premier tojo replaces shigenori togo as foreign minister see also world war latin america priorities crisis and u.s trade ccccccccoccccccccessscscceseees protests german executions in france cccccccccsscsseeeeeeees reactions to japan’s attack on u.s 2 ccccccccseseeesseseeeeeeees see also world war madagascar ee mini cooour grind cnet ceriieeccccocsisvizescscnscccvcesosssicoroeesecces piii auch cuclluehacatidestsladaildlaasinkibesdteowstlgsysthabiidocassnsesevcecsenanesevetonse martinique i 8 a ccienevnnovetnnentnevece u.s asks admiral robert to bar use by axis 0000 re mexico i so ssuubidedecnnosabvnouteniaatons i i i s ccaes sansnurnnnoenict goavecteinasnoonboceesseree american mexican defense commission c ceseeeeeeeeeeeeees economic compacts with u.s ccccscccccccssscscsscscccssscccscsessesee u.s mexican agreement on oil property values i 2 carchbubtndnbesoeesnibisioecodbennvenese sees ee eseries ly ee retin ele ee let agreement to send agricultural workers to u.s poe uie uie hi zebg caine eisdcctenacooscecvsdiccessctscscnseecccerese gs ee et u.s mexican war pacts miquelon et suieieiinedd is cocictiscacsiesnnaiiepenieasicdinincidlsdisssvccsecerseeseseness netherlands nazis form corporation to establish dutch agricultural col ete iie onlusitihdiecsteaitiadlan cs eres dilhabuntighbiicnattnasasetnornseanterseeses netherlands east indies nii a cedis.chekchalbecsiphcesethasasestieciindbasinsetasseesecquckeietseesorsecse see also world war neutrality house approves arming merchant ships cccsccceeeeeees senate committee action after willkie statement senate repeals shipping restrictions of act scceeeeeee house adopts senate amendments ccccccccecesesseeeeeeeeeeees strategic consequences of tevision cccccccssrsecseesseeeeceeees nicaragua i i al narellcneirenctedinnaienunsaduchaenseseeeersobonse panama bpoueetor woe ch dood ocecccecaseivcveesescorevccswencecsenvecvoececocewesecqeccoce peru i a asia ips teodoieennonsnonnvens ecuadorean boundary settlement c:ccccccscssssssseseeerereeeee innes sie ee ti 2.01.0 cccuspsasbenssobenscesencnnwessotoosrsesosoecs u.s pefuvian raetccmome 0crccccccccscccsevscoccccscsccsccvccccsccesecseees philippine islands i cst ncaoncmibadinidhensbeeninimmeetibedeeneceenenmpneseensccnsone get prise i ery sse ar se rea rs se caren portugal ee sg ae oe oe or oo m co 39 13 clot do do date november 21 1941 november 21 1941 december 5 1941 december 12 1941 january 2 1942 july 10 1942 september 11 1942 november 7 1941 november 14 1941 december 12 1941 march 27 1942 may 8 1942 january 2 1942 may 15 1942 may 22 1942 november 28 1941 november 28 1941 january 23 1942 april 24 1942 april 24 1942 may 29 1942 may 29 1942 june 5 1942 september 25 1942 september 25 1942 september 25 1942 september 25 1942 january 2 1942 july 17 1942 january 16 1942 october 31 1941 october 31 1941 november 14 1941 november 21 1941 november 21 1941 december 12 1941 december 12 1941 november 14 1941 february 13 1942 may 29 1942 may 29 1942 december 26 1941 january 9 1942 april 17 1942 october 16 1942 eee volume xxi 11 reconstruction post war no date tresgae sem ratlath cae imig cin tieeecrcscisicncrecsecesccsnncrscessecvizese 28 may 1 1942 republican national committee resolution cssseseeees 28 may 1 1942 we ees ota uf soriiiiiiio dicssiccncciteciceciticipsecvssneiesitiseceieeeee 28 may 1 1942 vice president wallace on united nations objectives 30 may 15 1942 wallace speech implications ssccessesssssesceserescseseseees 31 may 22 1942 u.s initiative welles speech cccccscssssssssesssssesssscscessees 33 june 5 1942 fri curing sinosesisinssintciccschinccsrsncdecctsivenaiaabbianeven 34 june 12 1942 anglo soviet and u.s soviet pacts cccsssssccssscsssssceseeseees 35 june 19 1942 geopolitics and problem of post war europe 0s00000 40 july 24 1942 european hatreds and legitimacy c0 sscscsesscssssssseeeees 46 september 4 1942 bishop de andrea on basic principles csscccsesseseeeesees 47 september 11 1942 rio de janeiro conference see american states rumania signs anti comintern pact pusithisiahisitiidesat ansianccieiatcepataaeetvale 6 november 28 1941 hungarian rumanian recrimimations ccccccsesesseeeesees 23 march 27 1942 croatian slovakian agreement scscccsecseseeesssseseeseceseeeees 25 april 10 1942 russia ds to ti fk cinccsscanecanticetsackiascsinennciabintemamects 4 november 14 1941 litvinov named ambassador to u.s ccccsscssecessseseessseees 4 november 14 1941 stalin asks united resistance of britain and u.s in war we ne ksccssdisigreiadcsscvscacintussteca todas acureoceanccnaeaals 4 november 14 1941 srcgeien os mo toot biioboit cn cccces sn seinsccnsns acdcncchisseconsbetcasnssaabioneanes 29 may 8 1942 ci ou sii sick icici csnsccecnccccnscitannth susoeasbeciobensohedeeismtunnetenamliios 32 may 29 1942 topeiiot ine ghatmag howe wee occa scsiciccesecdscdecenconsvececisatiaciasciacsorens 34 june 12 1942 see also world war st pierre pe fed coioeion ensicnecctnndicsscticccminnmeininaes 11 january 2 1942 el salvador boeecor we win conor os issccecsinsciinsiceinsessibiadenaiiiaaninnciuistaeasaneel 8 december 12 1941 slovakia sours wreei coomriiirtt oee 02a ccciniticcarincscssccsntrrseicssvetpeconiune sauces 6 november 28 1941 spain bt curing sa cisisscisnesesiasiinsediascessoniaienaeeiateanis 33 june 5 1942 serrano sider replaced by gomez jordana as foreign teenie cccssstenapiessnitnesniornnsentuiniahadiaiinsinlaidesaninieiaineianiinatiite 47 september 11 1942 testis iid tid esssccsnstivinsenticninnabsevioesehitianiibenadarencabtitaessunatiitstnas 47 september 11 1942 sweden be bak gioia one ccececsnsissvcciizniinn bila gciibchacaidallte tactunes 13 january 16 1942 sem wis ocisccncsnnssscsccsvcncrectecstnnevoienasiecusscetanibentnanatausinnens 22 march 20 1942 bei gion cdsscentcnccisistacsnssnintbnassncacaacbineineasccpeammnbvabanaians 22 march 20 1942 be ses toned sniccaisicesasescddinetoms nist 22 march 20 1942 mit cncsscccihevecsuttinsadeiessvasesnocenndaiadmusaadiosiaetasciventeunancle meamaaiiaaliions 49 september 25 1942 switzerland se fr corn hereccnisnscicritncccrtinteienisintctennen 13 january 16 1942 tunisia ori touche curie o 0cesceicsssssessvemninstinniieinsnentidoaepiaeneaans 32 may 29 1942 turkey work per cu te once civnscincisvesessensnneerenrncicemreninn 23 march 27 1942 tie brood grtiine osc cscssiscinccesivnsercnsensacosenscereanerertneiieneses 23 march 27 1942 tinie occ ccctnecienandassinace siesacaanticesnsicvaesnssieuiacecasbaniapaalnes 49 september 25 1942 chd gi cccesvcncemeicvisnniscesdntnticiintianamegntadions 52 october 16 1942 united nations 26 anti axis states declare solidarity ccssssscsscsssseseeees 12 january 9 1942 united states argentine trade agreement cortectionn ssccceceseeeseereees 1 october 24 1941 trseceg wowes crdoiig 0 ccorescscnsssecccacctedeorssereesesisvspsnsesnnenientessesns 1 october 24 1941 state department creates board of economic operations 1 october 24 1941 areentine tpage aetccmioie 2 cccccccsscsececorssvsecesrsccesevenseacopesooceses 2 october 31 1941 volume xxxi united states continued japanese american exchanges sccsrseereeeereerreseereeeneeees knox on japan’s far eastern policy ssscccsesecseeeeessseeeses roosevelt denounces german executions in france ni si iii asia siachncrcedbioutacsebecanscossieessqntverpscscocosnee latin american trade and priorities crisis 0 ssssseee finland rejects hull’s warning cccccccsesecesseeesessserseeeeees japan sends kurusu to washington ccsccssssccssseeeeeeees ie mud te memimiimine iinccslusilade nebasncnesintooveqearstaonceeqarescovensdee russia names litvinov ambassador cccssssscseeeesseseeees stalin asks united resistance of britain and u.s in war iio alae ratt ds hs caieeanantahondbnastonaaeepibareceesarenseeniesdireent washington’s key role i wap cc.cccccccccssscssscscssscsssccsesesscosecces churchill on british stand in event of japanese american hostilities fir as stiles col elds saneadnadiadiaconbeysuatersscotseodasetens ees es es a withdraws marines from china cccsssssccssssesessessesssesens pae ortrotios wirtl tegricd onc ccccecccscssccsscsrccqcovcssevecceesccccccccescevooees lend lease aid to free french forces i hr i csi ns ncenstacecenceansbeeséeonrectsenaquencuanececoce sends troops to surinam i i o_o cscesssuencensssccnennccscotos japanese american negotiations continue proposals which japan rejected ccccccssssscssssssseesesessesesees lend lease third roosevelt report cccccescscsceseeeseeeeeseeees raw materials cut off by pacific war c:ccccccssseseseeeeeeseees and free french occupation of st pierre and miquelon joint war production committee of canada and u.s draws up principles rs a a sr se rio conference to test good neighbor policy economic core ree r ere ere oe eere heree ee sees es eeeeeeeess teese esse ese see ee eeeeees reese sese eee ee ed pprreiri irri rrr sore error reet eee oe eee eee eeo e ee ehts ees eese see eee eee eees foo r ere eere eee o eere eee s sees ese eeeeeeeeee teese eesee eee eee roosevelt’s war production message cccecsssccseeeeeeeeeeeeees lend lease aid to costa rica and uruguay 0000 loan to central america for pan american highway mexican american defense commission ccccceeeeeseeeeees welles on hemisphere solidarity at rio conference st pierre and miquelon incident ccccccccssssseseeesereeees state department critics and defenders er re a a er anglo american agreement on post war economic relations i ns acess dgutsennsvconcne alaska highway agreement with canada ty i cncumeiconansornenonte presses hemisphere solidarity program lend lease shipments to turkey ccccccccscccecssseseeeeceeeeseees truman committee hearings on international patent agree iii dalsiicdasuicheadscincassabedladllinisnialaciiihtiinktimeessemabunnameereceessronepetoeszesioce recognition policy on free french in africa and new gn rrs se sets se ee truman committee further hearings cccsssesseeeeeeeeeees vichy u.s exchanges on american consulate general at a de scanudeseneovuscoaseitece economic compacts with mexico cscccsessccsssesssssesseseeees mexican u.s agreement on oil property values pros and cons of u.s vichy policy recalls admiral leahy from france cseeseeeeeeeeeeees sixth supplemental war appropriation act 2 a a aeiginetennetingneseeonnatuocuse asks admiral robert to bar axis use of french caribbean re see er es ser se i an on economic warfare agencies i so ie sian nttinpipnonooooocetes vice president wallace on united nations objectives rationing forced by shipping situation robert u.s negotiations laval’s stand peruvian president’s visit peruvian u.s agreements navy consttuction pfogtam 0 c ccccscccscssccccccescsscccscoccccceres weighs policy toward finland ccccsessessssssssececeeceeeoess master lend lease agreement with russia pushes alaska installations 0008 ends consular relations with finland scceeeceeeeeees laval rejects roosevelt proposal on warships at alexandria names representatives for consultations with free french einer npd reasons for relations with vichy ccccsccsssssssssesessseeees hull on need for nations to win freedom by own efforts lend lease agreement with yugoslavia cccccssssessecseeeses argentine relations deteriorate ccccccccssecsscessecessesseeseeeens eeeeseee see eeee ee eeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeees seer eee e eee eeeeeeeneeeeeeeeee prerrrrrerrrrrrrtrrrr irri it porrerrrrrrrrri iii it se eeeeeeeeeeeeeseaeeeses sooo r eer eee ree eere eee ese teese oee eee eee oee eeee ee corr e eee eee eee ee ee eee eeeeeneeee poor e eee eee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeee foe eee oro e teeter toes ee eee tees ee ee eee eere ee eh eee soe err roe eere eee hser eee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeee ee eee ees z wcoaaaaahoiig lhe hh coconwnw do date october 31 1941 october 31 1941 october 31 1941 november 7 1941 november 7 1941 november 14 1941 november 14 1941 november 14 1941 november 14 1941 november 14 1941 november 14 1941 november 21 1941 november 21 1941 november 21 1941 november 28 1941 november 28 1941 november 28 1941 november 28 1941 november 28 1941 december 5 1941 december 12 1941 december 19 1941 december 26 1941 january 2 1942 january 2 1942 january 2 1942 january 9 1942 january 16 1942 january 16 1942 january 23 1942 january 23 1942 january 23 1942 january 23 1942 february 20 1942 february 20 1942 february 27 1942 march 6 1942 march 13 1942 march 138 1942 march 13 1942 march 13 1942 march 27 1942 april 3 1942 april 10 1942 april 10 1942 april 17 1942 april 24 1942 april 24 1942 april 24 1942 april 24 1942 may 8 1942 may 8 1942 may 15 1942 may 15 1942 may 15 1942 may 15 1942 may 22 1942 may 22 1942 may 29 1942 may 29 1942 june 12 1942 june 12 1942 june 19 1942 june 19 1942 july 24 1942 july 24 1942 july 24 1942 july 24 1942 july 31 1942 july 31 1942 august 7 1942 volume xxi united states continued nih velatemin wr cccesicscescccwcninarssnetssnsicennssnemevinebgeaannatiine indian leaders and british laborites ask roosevelt to mediate between gandhi and british government oe cmaopicrm ceooin th tie as ccrcaesisciceecneensssccsieiecssionasnisaneettie pprmcirt peurciore wire tiring eonscsenssesseccccsesecresccdeneskeahensetcens hull denounces french expulsion of jewish refugees and decree to conscript labor for germany ssscseessseessees mexican agreement on agricultural workers mexican u.s war pacts fares y wcicotioe we mien ciscccesicaresabiins sessssaedsciconsendinncapineannisonie relinquishes extraterritorial rights in china 000 welles charges axis use of argentina and chile as centers of nazi activities cee eeeeeeeseeeeeseseeers cop ree reet ores teese eeee eee es este essere eeeeee esse eeees eee oe oee r eoe e eero sese ee sese esse sees sees seeeeeeo eee eee sees eees see also neutrality world war uruguay pore r ee hee eere heres ee eee eees este sees es eseeeeeeeesee sheet ee eeeo eoe eee sese es correo eer eere eeeeee eee es ese eeeeeeeeeseeeee sese ees world war 1939 british labor asks invasion to aid russia i.l.o studies post war reconstruction pg iie cincecesnvessonkescdsertinblstaadestarendterscieensageaieeeteinteaniaaes stalin asks united resistance of britain and u.s in war we iie ssa cdccaceasccdaceuncapsociotncianiniaincmicdsdavvezsaatanmiantbareuhe pe oi bne ud cacecscnstcxcasasasiccensecditeniansssnctapermereiemaiicin goebbels warns germany of consequence of defeat great britain invades libya libyan campaign objectives pte recs toute bono saiscestcinsseccesistinseisencesictenstociniseeneeeans latin american reaction to pearl harbor se ine wrg oid dior ccceccicsinnisttiveiccsiosseseeckinssiomnipiamenens lf bs or rg a eee neem sis nii assoc ieclaeaie he oual lend lease aid third roosevelt report pearl harbor losses ee aero ee sre hie heme mas eee russia’s non entrance into far east conflict re aes non wugmnmine rud caciscacccacaustabeeecsscseicestnancobincieoeisnctestbibaueeon far east needs unified command es tap br i no vscacetstreicsicistntntricesicenmstotionemnsness philippines invaded by japan allies map unified strategy cpci te trod soi einai svc icebiniedscttocnctictioiocenimniiosiictniceins churchill statement before congress ir ninn toute i seisssssdsccovn csadagdceneeieioeievallian usb elcsaauieteiaanoabenmtaunsents hongkong surrenders rt ion on giiscciensevitackssvecensiteveninabbamnsncincsticdiuvicivlebiaautde tree eecunnoiie th touring occ cisiicccents scsvsatliscvncsswnssetennsnnaecaceneens allied command unified in southeast asia ccccceceeeeees china’s role in unified command in far east ne tin aosscveccengsexclncesathare ductbrintedineieastnestid ctabeobbesk united nations declare solidarity preto t oe wii cccinetiit late risncccsinviininen netherlands east indies invaded by japan ss i oo ccescovesnecendsbnactncaunsign tiie tae vciatiien aneaieaameabebiaabenets libyan campaign and mediterranean front tpguiei rcineeiey oud énsircssincdsrccuntcimsdeeees ola catietedabeatdiccibuammnceieeiowenes sii or timi cc ccsccarssinnvdinsciinianieaneaesdiasleiuiensameorniee tae ucehisbageaananelcamaaal iie te iii ceneisaxessnnsnvixcessuulsscegseceastsceniebbescteasivenmiaeianiouaeas rng sie wine gree gna sictsisniiteince caccicssinticeerencrecciectedetnbonnie woeewreeen der te an aise ccinieinsccsccctestsacscisinncscdedicvieaee pearl harbor investigating commission report rio conference formula churchill on problem of effective use of resources hitler qgmite sgcdaces 1m tabbid occceiccssscccsccdccccoscccsocecscsseencese united effort calls for democratic action argentine attitude japanese advance imperils allied supply routes libyan axis offensive threatens suez singapore naval base evacuated celene tr mi ee wig brnue cess voscksecicinccesccccccenscdtedccsceocsesoves india’s importance in allied strategy in tion iis icias truignnntansncotnnes gea aneaeeestabai wicket eines boas poe ota touinoii iccsess sasins scacasnnds oicsdnosscetnetedintdaenabae bali and sumatra invaded i se tn sivictncitntipsnteieanitiiititntbannsiteseiiitiribinbeibaiadiasiive netherlands east indies post war status cccccccsceees roosevelt on strategic and production problems of united nations cor eee ee ee eer ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees eeeeeeseeees cooh ee ee meee ee eee ees essere e et ees ee seese sees eee ee sees corr eee eee eee eee eere eee eee ee eere hoes se eeeseoeeeeeess eee eeewreeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeees oe r ee roe re er eeo eoe ee eee eee sese ee sese eee eeeeseeeeeeeroeeese sees coo e eero shee e eee eee eee ee eee este eeeeeeeeeees correo eee ee ree e reese sese hess eo esee he eeeeeeeeeeeees cor e eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeeeseeees corner eere ee eee o see ee esse eee e eee eee teese sees sees es seseeeeees caen eeeeeneeseeeeeeeeee corr ore reet eee eee eoe eee e eee ee shee eset es cor eee ee eeeeee ese eeeeeeene oooo ree eee eee eee eee ee ee eee eee eeee eee eee ee ee corre oee e oooh ete eee ee eee ee reet ee eee eee eseeee sees oper eoe eee eee ee eee estes theses sees eset seeeeeeeoreseses ee eeeeeeeseeeeeser sese eeeeeees 14 20 wwooooowddodaraiar wot date september 11 1942 september 18 1942 september 18 1942 september 25 1942 september 25 1942 september 25 1942 september 25 1942 september 25 1942 october 16 1942 october 16 1942 january 23 1942 march 6 1942 october 31 1941 november 7 1941 november 7 1941 november 14 1941 november 14 1941 november 21 1941 november 28 1941 december 5 1941 december 12 1941 december 12 1941 december 12 1941 december 12 1941 december 19 1941 december 19 1941 december 19 1941 december 19 1941 december 19 1941 december 19 1941 december 26 1941 december 26 1941 december 26 1941 january 2 1942 january 2 1942 january 2 1942 january 2 1942 january 2 1942 january 2 1942 january 2 1942 january 9 1942 january 9 1942 january 9 1942 january 9 1942 january 16 1942 january 16 1942 january 16 1942 january 23 1942 january 23 1942 january 23 1942 january 23 1942 january 23 1942 january 30 1942 january 30 1942 january 30 1942 february 6 1942 february 6 1942 february 6 1942 february 13 1942 february 13 1942 february 138 1942 february 13 1942 february 20 1942 february 20 1942 february 20 1942 february 20 1942 february 27 1942 february 27 1942 february 27 1942 february 27 1942 aaa r we es 55 i be ee so phe ee es volume xxi world war 1939 continued ee ls lett andaman islands attacked by japan litvinov suggests new fronts cccscccccccccccccscrcssseresscssececeees lord halifax warns of disunity among united nations canada to hold plebiscite on conscription ie ni so sic cdcliatdancsebusuhibiisenibippubstasercccecesces four crucial strategic areas on eve of spring offensives british bomb industrial targets in occupied france ne ni sne i oasis sis cacccencgmegedb bediinessdnueeuscnoendseouesacseccese se oy guinire tinie ali ctnesshceocacninattesiubenickiccessguesscessevssoeceoresooee brognot of gotuacing trubgir 0 000kssccccsececceesecsevesesecencosescesescccsestoveee wellington koo on pacific war council be mee wee i pci cece cessksctpasstbbbncecdnnsnsbscoceveonscoesssvesesnee general stilwell to strengthen military liaison between rii gniinin 1tliiiisy i caccncaah nchhsahecislgheadisidaiatiliaiibichehageaierecnerseonseosesaees evatt asks australian place in pacific council ne made supreme commander in southwest pa iil jiacuehdstaeciediaidiaiediaeeinlidanatatdeniilianiaitidhdheleaditiireeseeneseneseyetsbetnanes near east and nazi offensive ccccscorssscsseesseccecseceeneneeeees u.s australian collaboration machinery beaverbrook urges supplies for russia germans try to isolate russia in north c scceceeeeeeeeees obstacles to british russian u.s collaboration russia asks second front and more supplies 0 000 free french demand clarification of status as ally of brit ain and u.s raw materials lost to u.s by japan’s drive in asia african colonies of free french and belgians aid united rence sssr ss et ses ss src a nes se leclerc srr eto general marshall and harry hopkins in london united nations still on defensive hitler’s reichstag speech i ii te iie 5.2 onus cian sedcossinpenbeccusecsusibeotovebssecesse second front in europe advisability united command problems ra er alan coin csnnsventtboeseonsooocestons stalin on war aims and increased aid oe ees ll etre speech on second anniversary of accession to rrr acis sri see sese it vice president wallace on united nations objectives i si sca scias bade dnenescbocedcosnsebsecescecees german casualties in russia german drive in crimea i ss ms caldincssenennnnneeiverecsnnbaceces i ini 0d stii gis scecastcéntsecctascucessscccesincsscooiecceteeste allies face tests on all fronts eg les ee ee tll ad japanese offensive in china mexico moves toward war tunisia demanded by italy cologne and essen dombed cccccccccosscscsccccsosccesscccsccccccccsess mexico approves war on axis se ion ii chiicsaenshehdesenevececcscsssosieccenececevsetese anglo american production negotiations british bombings effect on germany bt ne a ee i oo nn cm satsdecbgooncinnconensdacceese war production allies and germany aleutian island landings by japanese ccccccseeeeeeeeeees anglo american victory production program 00 anglo soviet alliance on war and peace collaboration dutch harbor attack by japan ccccccccssssccesesereessseeceeees pacific battles change naval balance cccccccsssessssseeeees churchill roosevelt conversations in washington libyan setback and allied supply problem russian resistance es irie te sti cpt ate i rtl lode iancecechcpsmedadehenibnadtesseonsciveesonséboncse brazil’s merchant marine under allied shipping control i a ls a ccseceidenilint ecgubeeerecs british withdraw from matrulh cccsscccccsssessrssscccessssseceess german submarine campaign rouses latin america roosevelt churchill communique cccceeesseesecssseeeeeeeeeees war aims problem raised by allied reverses british strike back at el alamein i 23a aca dhaneeirsnhetdecsetivonncsnssieeorsecctuetets churchill wins vote of confidence german casualties in russia sao r reo eee oee oe ee thee hes eet ee ee eee seer eee eee reer eeeeeeeeeeeesees eeeeereneees sooo ere eee ee eee eee eeeeeeeeee peete aera seen eeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeees sooo roe h eere eere oe eee eee the ee teese eeeeeees esse tees eeeeee eee eee eeo eeee ees eee see e eee ee eee eee eeeeeeeeeaseeeeseeeees ope oreo eero eee eee es eee e teese eee se ete eo teese se eoe cor ee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee eeeeeeee feo e eee rro e ee eere eee sees esse eee sese ee eee e tees ed sor ror eee eee eee eee e hess esse seeeee sese sees sese eee ee sees foote ee ee eee eee e eset eee eee eo eee eoe ee ee eee toro reo e teeter et eeee teeter este eee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeee es corr ere eee reese oee e eee oee e ee eee eee eee ese eeeeeee soo r ore r eee teeter eere ee see ee ee etee eee soes eee oe eee soo r ree ere eee eee erste ee eere ee eee eee eee ee eee eeee pperrorierrrrrer rire iri errs corr eee ee eee eee eee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeee co eee oe rete eee eeeneeeeeeeeeeneeee ee eeeneeeeeee seco cence eeeeeeeeereeeeee coree oreo r eee eee rhee teste oses sees sees eee ee tees testes sees oee sees eeeeeeeeee see eeeeeeeeeeesereeeeee fore o eee ere e ee tee reet eet r eee ee ee ee ee eee ppereriic ir ppereriiiiirr iri irri i date february 27 1942 march 6 1942 march 6 1942 march 6 1942 march 13 1942 march 13 1942 march 13 1942 march 20 1942 march 20 1942 march 20 1942 march 20 1942 march 20 1942 march 20 1942 march 20 1942 march 27 1942 march 27 1942 march 27 1942 march 27 1942 april 3 1942 april 3 1942 april 3 1942 april 3 1942 april 10 1942 april 10 1942 april 17 1942 april 17 1942 april 17 1942 april 17 1942 may 1 1942 may 1 1942 may 1 1942 may 1 1942 may 8 1942 may 8 1942 may 8 1942 may 15 1942 may 15 1942 may 22 1942 may 22 1942 may 22 1942 may 22 1942 may 22 1942 may 29 1942 may 29 1942 may 29 1942 may 29 1942 may 29 1942 june 5 1942 june 5 1942 june 5 1942 june 12 1942 june 12 1942 june 12 1942 june 12 1942 june 12 1942 june 19 1942 june 19 1942 june 19 1942 june 19 1942 june 19 1942 june 26 1942 june 26 1942 june 26 1942 june 26 1942 june 26 1942 july 3 1942 july 3 1942 july 3 1942 july 3 1942 july 3 1942 july 10 1942 july 10 1942 july 10 1942 july 10 1942 volume xxi 15 world war 1939 continued no date german drive imperils southern russia ssseerseserereees 38 july 10 1942 se lies piccincessicsceceessavneacabednarensucsndtetabaccbavisivnceemamniabiniiatn 38 july 10 1942 washington complacency dissipated by british setback in amet cccesmrscssbicinessteckigvitnmibabaaaamndsaaraiadsadaaiiammmauiiels 38 july 10 1942 japan’s drive in eastern chinese provinces sersereeees 39 july 17 1942 japan’s objectives in eastern china drive ccsssssessseeees 39 july 17 1942 nazi economic difficulties in russia ssccccssssssssesseseseres 39 july 17 1942 russia’s disorganized agriculture hinders nazis 39 july 17 1942 i swe bd ii gentnercicsese tinea ai itaaianedanetininaiiieine 39 july 17 1942 strength of nazi forces in russian drive ccccessccsesseees 89 july 17 1942 aleg supply powmben g0 amin seciecisactictamssscerceisenivsinssisctiasns 41 july 31 1942 litvinov at white house to urge second front 0 41 july 31 1942 roosevelt names admiral leahy chief of staff to the com prone te cc ccecevecssniererannbinnansiiitintanornnnimemneiinnine 41 july 31 1942 second front and supplies to russia csccsccccccssserseceeseees 41 july 31 1942 shipping bottleneck and second front cccssccsssssrssersersrens 41 july 31 1942 u.s yugoslav lend lease agreement sssssssssesssrssessseness 41 july 31 1942 yugoslav chetniks aid to allies cccccccccssssessesssscssssseees 41 july 31 1942 darts pud ge gout guus crcetcncecteritiqreceeetsertsecctiztiemeee 42 august 7 1942 japanese events leading to pearl harbor cseeeeeees 42 august 7 1942 saed’s drugalely go dmi oeccscccsncescscscnscccescicctsysccossevecsesese 42 august 7 1942 bersoer i sce ge trotsie ccvvinieciseninitcasrsrctestcncttaninesentennnaneess 42 august 7 1942 second front talks show need for unified command 42 august 7 1942 german economic system overhauled cccccccceessesessseeeeeees 43 august 14 1942 caer taree sow si anoanicacscesiaccnssnctcecssensrstaninabansetneneoses 43 august 14 1942 major general clark on american troops and second front 43 august 14 1942 nazi propaganda among allies ccccccssssesesesessersessseeeeses 43 august 14 1942 iee uid csissinnnseccita bssarbhosicsstenccisnshcdaibieanaends wotaaghitannns 43 august 14 1942 united natioria setae im trgir sescsessecessesseccszosccsenecocénennsesers 43 august 14 1942 allied air and naval activities in eastern mediterranean 44 august 21 1942 aare ae cte tue put cnc escnscsescscintincasesencesecsectencactincsmetnsis 44 august 21 1942 churchill stalin meeting in moscow ccccsccccsssssesssssseseees 44 august 21 1942 be gue digi ceceicnnsscsoscccceiphipetinceniniersbsinantiiiaatimlbadtanee 44 august 21 1942 solomon islands importance of american offensive 44 august 21 1942 u.s british cooperation in north africa ccccseeeeseeses 44 august 21 1942 i ssis es ri ey 45 august 28 1942 ee clv iiiid ches gud ccesiscsicssascsstgecinitctsncéqisiorscnigerstanecistzns 45 august 28 1942 sss ses 45 august 28 1942 flying fortresses success in european raids 0 0000 45 august 28 1942 latin america and brazil’s entrance ccsscsseeesesesssneees 45 august 28 1942 middle east british air chiefs at churchill stalin confer said sniscesnncseedhiacinsetdanetetenhdamunianianalliasa tata isneeteliieiemmantel 45 august 28 1942 russia’s danger calls for allies effort scssecsscssssseeeees 45 august 28 1942 sir h r l g alexander replaces general auchinleck as commander in chief of middle east cccccccsseeeeeeees 45 august 28 1942 chinese regain railway and airfields cccccssesssseeees 46 september 4 1942 ters fore we ccetssecncncs.aaiscbichisinvtimransstieseseianenene 46 september 4 1942 european resistance ztowing c.scccssssssssessssesesssesessssecseseeeees 46 september 4 1942 se pone i nai inancsiraiesstceictgetsicbencevuiitinsivteaiins 46 september 4 1942 japanese withdrawals in chima ccccccsccssesesceessesseeseseeseeseees 46 september 4 1942 navy department report on solomon islands 0 46 september 4 1942 rommel gierwets ob ag rmeti occceccceccssssccecccccesscecssccsetescessenseee 46 september 4 1942 terre cei coiccccnsenemionsinrstapaniinsinintinnetsargeritengneneiiceennmne 47 september 11 1942 roosevelt and churchill foresee offensive in europe 47 september 11 1942 u.s british forces dispersal on scattered fronts 47 september 11 1942 indian discontent and possible japanese invasion 48 september 18 1942 stalingrad resistance stwwvdooum sc scccsssccvecsescccccccvenssasscscovecesessees 48 september 18 1942 united nations need to launch psychological offensive 48 september 18 1942 oy et ee ee eet enon 49 september 25 1942 eens trees tam wit ceccicrteetttrterccrerrernsctticitinnsiciacven 49 september 25 1942 allied encouragement to occupied europe cceseeeceeees 50 october 2 1942 churchill and atlee on second front cccccecsseseeseseeseeees 50 october 2 1942 denials of moscow press assertion of u.s british moral oi asiesicasicstecsceinnesinscgeaamaptaaineenelincinessiatieneaiaidibieeitoarens 50 october 2 1942 iil sui mid cnsneciesnnptnesteneinsspabeaiileiganiebinksakeaneadascesiennamieees 50 october 2 1942 willkie urges second front to aid russia ccccccccsceeseeees 50 october 2 1942 bombihe of germany summaly cccccccccscccccccsssccccscosccecscosees 51 october 9 1942 second front facilitated by bombing germany 51 october 9 1942 stalin asks fulfillment of allies obligations cccccecees 51 october 9 1942 willkie on what common man wants ccccscsccessseeseeeees 51 october 9 1942 neutrals raw materials sought by allies and axis 52 october 16 1942 ne enn nea nee 52 october 16 1942 wittig chem age seatoiioiee occocccccccecececscsciccccissecccecsesenseecess 52 october 16 1942 yugoslavia mikhailovich named minister of war ccccssssssssessseeeeees 16 february 6 1942 rumanian croatian slovakian agreement csssseseesseeees 25 april 10 1942 sues gpu pcccasecncdssoctcshinkittintyshintnicianncqesnsaaialnteddidanennseats 41 july 31 1942 rte soeur tees toit asciisiscdsicccttasiniciscrsinnbice cinemas 41 july 31 1942 +foreign policy bulletin index to volume xx october 25 1940 october 17 1941 published weekly by the national headquarters foreign policy association 22 east 38th street incorporated new york n y index to volume xx foreign policy bulletin october 25 1940 october 17 1941 africa de gaulle forces take libreville see also european war core roo ee eee ee hose e eere eset ee ee esse eeeeeee american states emergency committee inaugurated cccccccscsssssssessceees roosevelt and hull on hemisphere defense tuber american gelemse ta sceccsccescssscesescosccscsenecesatvnccnesscsesnes u.s increases export import bank facilities 00 latin american concern over u.s lend lease action pg bee robe sicccctersneneensedeetnntiieninainiabdiiios u.s mexican joint defense program sccsccssssesseseeesers u.s canadian armament production agreement i duriiiiod i ccescovceesess se msdescasensepncerecetsdabemioretanteennetbekenias u.s blacklists latin american firms dealing with axis inter american front moves against axis reactions to blacklist cee eeeeeceessseseeonseeseeee sere eeeeeeeseeseseeeeesenees argentina poorriiat ceres detoioie occesceccceccsetseeveciesctcessensninmmenseannbentiins po be et eee eee ri tuned tatil ovicsicaieipaliilsseshisteaiesieailiibeantditieriabicuitia de esa aceetaa as acting president castillo establishes temporary decree mii eisawesetniesintsnibccmngtiiatesbeasineriediensadeitvanisiaedeenanion tea dure toprim oooo os csiscstesccsinvanecccesescss accastrinpidendaccintons congressional committee investigates nazi activities wass ivorcigreion ptortorbod ccrcesccsccccsescessscacsscsccnassaneivessses economic cooperation with democratic powers ss nuri on cceiginsccssisecseesotschsenatviadinsaicene taencdiaiiadin troops occupy military air bases to forestall plot australia se goiee dd bid essisiisietnsisiisidinbatsnisteihteinteenn ih atidiatn veres ce rmutiirr wrcuiig cssicsccessnscoricienesecsesscesevensensansoneonnnses special cabinet meeting on far east tension seat eeeerereeeeeeeeeee balkans developments hinge on britain and russia see also european war belgium free government aids britain opposition to nazi rule bolivia me i gi ti caccscccsinnsiscecsiainteleemaceiciccettodbaaninianacees mine munin csiccecneisescccicnscsovaccentatoostecsednemsemadeied ousts german minister nazi activities book reviews abend hallett japan unmasked 0 cc.cccccccssssccssscessescceesecscees aglion raoul war in the desert cccccccccssssssssscessssessceees alexander fred australia and the united states the american impact on great britain 1898 1914 0.0.0.0 anderson e w nationalism and the cultural crisis in ig ae ss nae se ts a s t armstrong h f chronology of failure the last days of the french republic date november 15 1940 november 1 1940 november 1 1940 november 22 1940 november 29 1940 february 7 1941 march 21 1941 march 21 1941 april 25 1941 july 4 1941 july 25 1941 august 1 1941 august 1 1941 november 1 1940 november 29 1940 december 27 1940 may 2 1941 august 1 1941 august 22 1941 september 19 1941 october 3 1941 october 3 1941 october 3 1941 february 7 1941 april 11 1941 august 15 1941 october 25 1940 march 7 1941 september 19 1941 october 25 1940 august 1 1941 august 1 1941 august 22 1941 july 25 1941 july 18 1941 july 11 1941 august 8 1941 december 20 1940 november 29 1940 4 volume xx book reviews continued no date arnold h h and eaker i c winged warfare 44 august 22 1941 baldwin h w united we stand o.cccccccccccssecsessssssecsessoeeoce 32 may 30 1941 what the citizen should know about the navy 51 october 10 1941 ball m w this fascinating oil business cc0ceee000 35 june 20 1941 banning kendall the fleet today 14 january 24 1941 basil g c and lewis e f test tubes and dragon pe es say eis a rcn 24 april 4 1941 baumer w h and giffen s f 21 to 35 what the draft and army training mean to yow ccccccssseeseeees 8 december 13 1940 bayles w d caesars in goose step 0ccccccceeees 52 october 17 1941 becker c l modern democracy 00 0000 s 00 50 october 3 1941 benham frederic great britain under protection 47 september 12 1941 bernays e l speak up for democracy ccesseeeeeeee 34 june 13 1941 bliss c a the structure of manufacturing production 14 january 24 1941 bodley ronald and hearst lorna gertrude bell 0 18 february 21 1941 borton hugh japan since 1931 33 june 6 1941 brailsford h n from england to america a message 9 december 20 1940 brittain vera england’s hour cc ccccccccccssessssssscccsesceesecees 32 may 30 1941 brown paul the abc’s of the i.d.r ccccccccssscssssseseeeeees 25 april 11 1941 brown w a the international gold standard rein atin cereenestenininensenetebtieninenee 29 may 9 1941 carlson e f twin stars of china 2 november 1 1940 ae 14 january 24 1941 carr albert america’s last chance cccccccccsssessscsecseceees 18 february 21 1941 chambrun rené de i saw france fall will she rise again 2 november 1 1940 chandruang kumut my boyhood in siam c.cccesseeeseess 49 september 26 1941 churchill w s blood sweat and tear cccccccccececceeeees 29 may 9 1941 the city of man a declaration on world democracy 16 february 7 1941 clark colin the conditions of economic progress 38 july 11 1941 condliffe j b the reconstruction of world trade 42 august 8 1941 corwin e s the president office and powers 14 january 24 1941 dafoe j w canada fights 51 october 10 1941 dietrich e b far eastern trade of the united states 33 june 6 1941 dodd w e jr and dodd martha ambassador dodd’s egress ee se rie ar 24 april 4 1941 elliston h b finland fights 18 february 21 1941 fahs c b government in japan 33 june 6 1941 farson negley behind god’s back ccccccscsssssessssssesseesesseeee 25 april 11 1941 bomber’s moon ccccceccseeeees ileal iatiithat 47 september 12 1941 feis herbert the changing pattern of international eco nomic affairs 24 april 4 1941 finney burnham arsenal of democracy ssssssssessseeee 49 september 26 1941 fischer louis men in politics 0ccccccccccocccesssesscesececseseee 39 july 18 1941 flynn j t country squire in the white house cc 0 0 1 october 25 1940 fodor m w the revolution is om cc.ccccccccssssesssesscecseseeeee 8 december 13 1940 foerster f w europe and the german question 49 september 26 1941 ford h s what the citizen should know about the army 51 october 10 1941 foreman clark and raushenbush joan total defense 22 march 21 1941 francis e v britain’s economic strategy c.ccccecescsceseses 3 november 8 1940 frankenstein sir george diplomat of destiny 3 november 8 1940 friedman i s british relations with china 1931 1939 14 january 24 1941 galbraith winifred in china now ccccccccccccscssescesssescecseeceee 48 september 19 1941 garratt g t what has happened to europe cccccccccsese0e 13 january 17 1941 gaulle charles de the army of the future cccccccccccccccscooes 40 july 25 1941 goetz delia neighbors to the south c.cccccccccccsccesceseeseeceseee 51 october 10 1941 gollomb joseph what’s democracy to yow cc.cccccccceceesees 4 november 15 1940 gordon manya workers before and after lenin co.cc 40 july 25 1941 gumpert martin heil hunger cc.ccccccsscssscsssscscessecseeseseees 19 february 28 1941 gunther john inside a8ia cccccccccssssssesccesscecesscesceseecersees 6 november 29 1940 hahn emily the soong sisters csccsccsssssssscessscssseesees 37 july 4 1941 halifax viscount speeches on foreign policy 0s000 29 may 9 1941 hardy c o wartime control of prices cccccccccscccssseseeeeeee 25 april 11 1941 healy k t the economics of transportation in america 15 january 31 1941 heide dirk van der my sister and i c.ccccccssscsccssesessesesesseeeee 22 march 21 1941 henius frank latin american trade how to get it and ge somite sr a oa 44 august 22 1941 hessel f a and m s and martin w chemistry in ae esl esl a rs reet eee 39 july 18,1941 hill helen and agar herbert beyond german victory 6 november 29 1940 hume e h the chinese way in medicine 0 ccccc.cs000s 20 march 7 1941 ingersoll ralph report on emgland 000 cccceesseeessseeeseene 22 march 21 1941 jackson j h and lee kerry problems of modern europe 47 september 12 1941 johnstone w c the united states and japan’s new rg ae ree e ss mere res so pat ss a rei 51 october 10 1941 jones s l and myers d p ed documents on american foreign relations july 1939 june 1940 cccccccocecsseereeeseeee 2 november 1 1940 kaltchas nicholas introduction to the constitutional his tess er 23 march 28 1941 katibah h i the new spirit in arab lands c000000 22 march 21 1941 volume xxx book reviews continued kemmerer e w inflation and revolution mexico’s ex sotenos oe breil scctsccntrsitilersnencetmcsnetiniincuehienintenenns kennedy j f why england slept cscccccsssssscssovsscsseseseees klemmer harvey they'll never quit kohn hans not by arms alone s.ccccscssessesesreesseessssseeees kuno y s japanese expansion on the asiatic continent landon k p sian tt transition cccccccccccccosssecescnscesscsoccees langdon davies john invasion in the snow langer w l an encyclopedia of world history s laski h j where do we go from here cccccsscceess laves w h c ed the foundation of a more stable une minim iccecsesssscssnersencpuacualensrtoeiienewweccesiaieadaaaemaeenerans leske gottfried was a nazi flier sr te es ore cu feit io wrcierccisatbaasciensscancntaneaiaiansiatnennes logan r w the diplomatic relations of the united 6 um eee eee lohrke eugene and arline the long watch in england low a m mine and countermeine ccccccccocccccccseccccscccceses lower a r m canada and the far east 1940 lyon l s and abrahamson victor government and ff ee es art mcinnis edgar the war firat year cccccccccssccsssssscccceee marder a j the anatomy of british sea power marlow james de gaulle and the coming invasion of uii cnnsanrtarceiiossassviiedecontetananiaiunaanabaneietsaiakindagainensmcnenntlit ne bie lic acy sooo sscrasntbcieniaiaprecceeipnetacebesianinanielaitins middlebush f a and hill chesney elements of interna pum minow nksccicnisdssvursiahehdctaacibininenihspaataarcaiaienienmainnntie mitchell kate and holland w l eds problems of the lte t cra le lorie ea ee ts lent ae od brot lara under the fre too sisescssesersccsnvnsssstantasocseoncaveince montague l l haiti and the united states 1714 1938 national industrial conference board the economic be ea ee wooo rin bice camiiiorno be droid ncicatieseasdoticeasekccsenerendiatsieniie the new infantry drill regulations u.s army 000 0 newton a p a hundred years of the british empire nicholson n w battle shield of the republic olson a l scandinavia the background for neutrality paish george the defeat of chaos cccccccsessersecsssecersseres peffer nathaniel prerequisites to peace in the far east pem adoietg puriie scscasccsesccessescconensctincccsivecssvecee platt r r and others the european possessions in the ii oid 1s sc cicsns castle acter bachicenan sem caneninaiadmaibamaaies political handbook of the world cssssccccessscsssssesessees the pope speaks the words of pius xii prawdin michael the mongol empire c ccccccccccseceeseees price m p hitler’s war and eastern europe ccseeees puleston w d the armed forces of the pacific le el ets mt os oe re eee w.e the quest for peace since the world war reithinger a why france lost the war reveille thomas the spoil of europe ccccccsssccessssessecees reynolds quentin the wounded don’t cry cccccsceccseeees rippy j f the caribbean danger zone ccccccesssecesecees historic evolution of hispanic america roberteon ben f saw baguand c0ccvcescccccoccosnsccccssvotocceseeses rossignol j e from marz to stalin samuel maurice the great hatred schuman f l night over europe ccccccccccsossccoccessssssees schumpeter e b ed the industrialization of japan and sg fimo easiness aicidtaiiesteemcaencrerscaneicetaaeomensaiebin scott f r canada and the united states cccccccceeeseees shepardson w h the united states in world affairs 1939 i fr s ee a nt ai shotwell j t and déak francis turkey at the straits shuman r b the petroleum industry siegfried andré swez and pamaamas ccccccecccccccssesscccees slichter s h union policies and industrial management smith r a our future in asia snow edgar the battle for asia the south american handbook cccccccossssccossssssesssessessecees south eastern europe a brief survey cccccccccsssccereeees sprout harold and sprout margaret toward a new order of sea power american naval policy and the og sr ee ee ee ale ty na eae stewart r b treaty relations of the british common ie ane poon sccceiicutaininihabckicn'vssssuatescieneieebiaaiesoe ines aiid strode hudson finland forever c0 cccccccscscsccssevescocecsscves sutherland i l g the maori people today soccer oe ee therese the ee ee ee ee ee eees coro eee reer eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeees seen eee ee eeseeeeeeeeeeeeees sor e eee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeseseeeee date may 9 1941 october 25 1940 october 10 1941 june 13 1941 april 11 1941 december 13 1940 may 30 1941 april 11 1941 november 15 1940 june 13 1941 october 3 1941 july 18 1941 september 19 1941 november 8 1940 august 22 1941 june 6 1941 june 20 1941 january 24 1941 may 30 1941 february 28 1941 october 17 1941 november 1 1940 august 22 1941 october 10 1941 november 29 1940 november 8 1940 may 9 1941 february 21 1941 may 238 1941 november 1 1940 april 11 1941 june 20 1941 june 6 1941 august 22 1941 october 17 1941 june 13 1941 may 9 1941 april 11 1941 december 13 1940 september 26 1941 october 3 1941 june 13 1941 september 26 1941 october 10 1941 june 13 1941 december 20 1940 october 25 1940 august 22 1941 july 11 1941 march 21 1941 may 23 1941 june 13 1941 july 11 1941 december 20 1940 october 3 1941 february 14 1941 august 15 1941 december 13 1940 july 18 1941 february 28 1941 october 10 1941 august 15 1941 october 10 1941 april 11 1941 december 13 1940 october 10 1941 september 26 1941 6 volume xxx book reviews continued taylor edmond the strategy of terror taylor g e the struggle for north china 004 thomson david the democratic ideal in france and iti titel ialcstnanideiaidisresnblensiceineaaiortietaneebnstiesenentoccencoserresesseesse tung l china and some phases of international law twentieth century fund housing for achat dguissionstinninebe valtin jan out of the night eee se sa en van kleffens e n jugg wang s t the margary affair and the chefoo agree a wells carveth north of simgapore ccccccecceececcsrsesseserseeees white w a ed defense for america who’s who in latin ammericd ccccsccssssessesessereecesesseresenseserees wolfe h c the wags es wylie philip and muir w w the army way yanaihara tadao pacific islands under dasnntes mandate sor oe roe ee eee eee eee eeeeee ppp brazil argentine trade agreement cccccccccccssccssesesserseessecssseeeseneces u.s export import bank credit 0 cccccccssssesssssceereeseenes bulgaria ee sie iiit nsacsceetctnescttinestindietinnsiibcsopensccsucseeteseusehenhens eet a denies germans occupy airfields turkish non aggression pact ni i iii sn ccsccunisentqutblbebanttibenssboctsbosorosesecsoe ini ti mooi oss snrececessetesonsissosamicceteessecesceseccoovecescocece russia’s mote on occupalion ccccccceseeececceecescsceeceeceeeeerenenes russia charges seaports are used as axis bases 000 canada foe roe o eet ee teese e ethos sees eeeeeseeeeee ee eeee eee eeeoeseeeeeeeee sees sore or eee e ete ee oses eeo eo es ee eoeeeeeeeee essere sees e eee eoe cee eeeeeeeeeeneeee chile political pattern political crisis carrere ree ee ere ee eee eee ese eset seeeeeses este ee eeee eee eee eee eee ee oee soe r rrr eee eee oee ee eee eee heres eee ee eee esse eee sese sese eet testes eset e eeo oe china ee iid cis cnsscriesinstaiaiinlitiliatbiiahablivnebindnnnenattanenner ee iii weed cccccsccccccnscccnessscsescrsesscsecsscscsssossoose si pii mien cicisoecenseresssdensoosenconessusenectecsescoses chiang kai shek disbands fourth route army i a dea cp tnemanguatnbueqintbowertacsoncese japanese ambassador to nanking régime discounts early si lois th eiaceiadiaciatiie sgh dadalelnesbdcabhahineanbadseidedatweesseveescerseunecosesce hull on relinquishing extraterritoriality ccccccseeeees kuomintang communist relations cccccccecceeseeeesssssseseeees ed ciid ted oui cccccnutnstesnnsnincstesavscssseescetesouesecsneenenes i ance snentensiicacitasenotemecbenentn colombia eee el a a ee elections sela iri alicia talli ths edinsirahsscahtiebienetipaennwienaneubiaseibsesetscedciewene costa rica u.s export import bank credit ccccccccccsssrsssssesssersesceseees cuba president batista installed cccccccoccccssscccccscsscsseccccceccesces cepa gln nee nounbdbecrinmebenssbawnseciiey czechoslovakia free government aids britain ccccccccsccceesseeesscssseeeees germany arrests premier elias executes 24 in alleged plot dominican republic ee iee geo se a ee ee date may 9 1941 june 6 1941 april 11 1941 june 6 1941 may 23 1941 march 7 1941 june 13 1941 february 28 1941 july 25 1941 november 1 1940 october 3 1941 november 15 1940 april 11 1941 march 7 1941 i november 1 1940 november 29 1940 november 22 1940 january 17 1941 february 14 1941 february 21 1941 march 7 1941 march 7 1941 march 7 1941 september 26 1941 february 7 1941 april 25 1941 april 25 1941 december 27 1940 may 2 1941 october 25 1940 december 6 1940 december 6 1940 january 17 1941 january 17 1941 february 7 1941 april 11 1941 may 16 1941 june 6 1941 june 6 1941 july 25 1941 september 5 1941 january 24 1941 may 2 1941 august 22 1941 november 29 1940 november 1 1940 january 24 1941 march 7 1941 october 3 1941 december 27 1940 ee oe ce volume xxx ecuador president arroyo del rio takes office spine side scsncosthiissccnndcsseecespdearachoncelsiavesiacedaleeabeaeambcnnans peruvian boundary dispute suspends german airline prererrririr rrr itt iit rir poor e eee eee eee eee ees eee see oee ee ee sees eee eso sees eees poor eee ee eee ee eee ee see eee eoe sees sees ee eteeseseeeeeeee egypt cabinet resigns see also european war oop oo hoo e eee ee eee oee eee e eee see ee eeeeeeeseeeseeeeeeesesesseseeeeeeeeses ethiopia british position on independence european war 1939 axis and middle east oil britain’s balkan problem churchill asks france not to hinder british fight on hitler ti dig vcccsncasstnciccscnitactecepsicvinpsatetngcseienaaaenes france accepts hitler new order cccccccsccosccsssscescsccecsee british shipping losses and purchases sus me boo tod einecessneiieinacateiiciniisannnnsiitadiioieltndidectbids france delays peace with axis csccsccsessssosssessssesssseseeees id ne tr ird sien eescsassinraictnisieeninesnadacialbediaedadiaabiils turkey non intervention policy cees senn sw trin ic ccs cancsvndcesiacnssctsienmesnancesiaaceabensenabeuioosin coe cor ee wis oiccesisscsccistacsccscccn erecta rnvevnnios de gaulle forces take libreville cui tee ee inu rie iniscassiinsiticiscinanscredcacesenioceoeeabeostnnets u.s allocates war material to british empire ser cine i sio is scstasvernbwsesdbsindiaiuonstactinsaseuscsbeurtoneionieuiad sa re cronin bi scscnchsecisnisiniectineictnniapantrinciiesiniaritcataiialisuliie senne siiiinel sh iii sss sncceiniesinsnhesiniersaivnsinhesnslabndinibiaiasitiaints puss puot tomer pears oe awg cccncicceciccssccecovecsccvvvcescaccesercaveveetsers u.s advances work on atlantic bases germany assails greek premier iee thiintind scecsssnecsscietasemnentisiuigiacaianiaiindnnatshiieleichabiibelibmaa dias staat british financial resources in u.s for war needs german plans for balkan reorganization bn ees sees se ree aen ts rt sennen british u.s treasury officials begin talks on aid italian high command shake up cssscsssssssssssesscesseseeess political issue in british aid from u.s ccccccssesssessseseeees iec oe es ee allbed troops in north agrbee cc.ccsccccccsscccscccsscssecscssesoscescceces british drive italians from egypt cc.cccsssscssssssssssesessees hitler calls war struggle of two worlds cccccccccssssseseesees british aid measures in new u.s defense program churchill on anglo italian hostilities germany on u.s aid to britain graziani on african struggle poon guiwue ciciriserccsticiiicssinsicem ene prin tri sccccinstsinainn rensiatanacabeesiencoatoet aubeaaweneanaeesoumcebeieuncataniol german troop moves in balkans ccccscccssecossssssseseseencesecese pi iiie mid cic eceicstvinitastaveneadasorecctuccpusa taba nenieeke ena ea blkdaé nen cnet tiiniiiin s.csenicindisanetaisiaeshinientndicichonsacasibeindeitainnaemasbambenaias ee le re a ne ct u.s responsibilities toward peace ccccsssssscsssssscessees wheeler’s working basis for just peace bo ore wria taa fri osiccdansscnviases ice cranslonsaeessicoeeccdegvountes france not to use fleet against britain cccccccsesseeees german airplanes attack in mediterranean c000000 hitler mussolini conference on mediterranean hull knox and stimson on lend lease bill ok ke sa nnn neta british empire armed force total cccccsssccsssssssssseesees passive resistance in german occupied countries dominions increase aid to britain ccccccssssssssssesseesees american youth congress denunciation murai wai i iia ocr ciccvsctac nae atcnenhedecasceatccbdinanaeeamieoteeys churchill warns bulgaria and rumania lend lease bill passed by house lindbergh opposes aid to britain balkans pressure by germany be ue id oicisiiocss'ccascearaccemas siemens cxakcansecueabacereemeenre hitler and mussolini on intensification matsuoka’s mediation offer to britaim scccccssseeeeeeees bulgarian occupation by germany threatens greece and touted saitsistunncovesiepsessnaeteapallitialasstaadadehieadasiaaieanaldiaaamamaitiahabdies free governments aid britain corr e ee eee eee eee ee see eee eeeeeeeees so ose o ros e oe ees os esse eee ee eee eees sees eee ees sooo e ror eoe seer oe oee er eee ee eee sees eeeeeee oe eeereeeeseseeseses coop ee ee we eeeeseeeeereseseeeereseeee coo e ceos oee eoe eee e sees ee eee ses eeees eee eees eee eaten eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeres ere eee mene eeeeseeeeseneeeeeeeees bo ou woo cow dwoidvarraninac ph pp coo co co co co do date november 1 1940 may 2 1941 may 30 1941 september 19 1941 june 13 1941 april 11 1941 october 25 1940 october 25 1940 october 25 1940 october 25 1940 november 1 1940 november 8 1940 november 8 1940 november 8 1940 november 8 1940 november 8 1940 november 8 1940 november 15 1940 november 15 1940 november 15 1940 november 15 1940 november 22 1940 november 22 1940 november 22 1940 november 22 1940 november 22 1940 november 29 1940 november 29 1940 december 6 1940 december 6 1940 december 6 1940 december 13 1940 december 13 1940 december 13 1940 december 18 1940 december 20 1940 december 20 1940 december 20 1940 december 27 1940 december 27 1940 december 27 1940 december 27 1940 december 27 1940 december 27 1940 january 3 1941 january 3 1941 january 10 1941 january 10 1941 january 10 1941 january 10 1941 january 24 1941 january 24 1941 january 24 1941 january 24 1941 january 24 1941 january 31 1941 january 31 1941 january 31 1941 february 7 1941 february 14 1941 february 14 1941 february 14 1941 february 14 1941 february 14 1941 february 21 1941 february 21 1941 february 28 1941 february 28 1941 march 7 1941 march 7 1941 volume xxx european war 1939 continued shipping losses since beginning of war me 5 ale bill by senate post war order ins to take shape russia’s dilemma british advance in africa turkey stands firm yugoslav german pact italian navy defeat by british a reconstruction stressed by halifax hoover and ee se eee total british civilian casualties from air attacks u.s seizes axis ships in american ports ccccsseesees yugoslavia defies axis control cccsccccsssscseeesssrseeeeeneeeseees addis ababa yields to british ccccccccsscssecessseeeeeesees britain strengthens greek defenses sscsssssesees germany invades greece and yugoslavia csseeee libyan withdrawals by british c:cccssccsssceseseeeseseeeees u.s denounces yugoslav invasion axis forces in egyptian territory md i oss cccrcrcnccsecconseecnsccveccocevesossoaee yugoslavia’s dismemberment planned ie sis gui cececccsscencsscccesssscescosovcnscssseconecesosoess north african developments c:cccccsccssssssesssssseeenecsessenenes inet netiannnterinianidndennemmunccerccnssecensees british withdraw from greece churchill on defeat roosevelt and other public officials on naval protection for iiit tein dass cnensunsetinsupeisnantenntoresseancccocseeses two courses before u.s se iiit nti cctintnsinscncienssseesnnmntinoenthnneesrcasececcocesecescceecees hitler on balkan campaign and on armament needs iraq outbreak weakens britain in middle east stine tiuinid cxnsusnsanscnetgemntesacussensncensueteennnecinneeccesescceces darlan for collaboration with german new order nazis try to unite europe against u.s and britain pressure for african bases accompanies german conces i te sitet coal il ha na ieaneapanvesennenchdaqeseccesveevccscsevecessecse duke of aosta surrenders to british ccccccsssceeeeseeees general dentz on french position in syria s0s00e germany uses french collaboration as shield against u.s iiit tinie oii seeniersctinsnheanranensteegencncqueetvenneovensencoeseete rudolph hess’s flight to scotland csscccsceseseesseeesensees roosevelt replies to vichy on collaboration 0 s00 total british forces in near east c:ccccccccecssscesesseeesenee becomes struggle for naval and air power ssssse00 lll ltt hull notes raeder statement on american convoys u.s widens concept of defense cccscccscseseressersecsrssereseenes anglo american defenses being strengthened in far east axis plans new near east move ccccscsscsessssssesseseerseseeees en eee hitler mussolini meeting at brenner pass roosevelt proclaims national emergency british and free french invade syria daa peace rumors scotched by fk german war of nerves on ruussia ccccceessssseersesssereees lend lease act roosevelt’s first inated tepott c0000 iit sitios id erecnetsenencensdicunbesbebsiabevbeensesecesecenteoeneete se eee lll td germany invades russia sccccssecessrecseessssseesessessesesenees hitler and von ribbentrop on invasion of russia resources to defy u.s and britain german motive in in iii iii lt saldcharib sn ane saenannispinenenssseemtoesserneseceretsevsceeates roosevelt accuses germany of trying to intimidate u.s soviet assets and liabilities ccccccccessseeeeeeceeseesteseeeeeeens u.s attitude on russia welles statement csceeee soviet german struggle and world alignments ih eedeeeeeneeneeancbeeatigeensencnenceusseceee u.s releases frozen soviet credits cccccccccsseseceeeeeceeeeeeees middle east moves by britain ccccccccsssscsssssseeeseeseenecees nazis drive toward moscow csss s0e see en stalin’s scorched earth policy ccccccccesesesereeeeessseeeeseeses anglo soviet mutual assistance treaty cscsereseeeeees rt pil 22.5 cccastuniuiishnsbiesvercececteecsosoeacesonserensones syrian armistice effect on u.s british policy toward i itt tiled nl iat ins da dcacaceedinseendpbieanteecnsorcceneresecooncecess propaganda devices of britain and russia ssesseeeees american russian notes om aid ccccssecseessscsesseeesseessesenens oil exports as u.s instrument of policy ccccccserseererreees tie iii 2st eresennscenaensencccooncoeseronoecsee german advance in ukraine ccccccsscssssscsssssssscsssssserescess sees eeeeeeeceese date march 7 1941 march 14 1941 march 14 1941 march 14 1941 march 28 1941 march 28 1941 march 28 1941 april 4 1941 april 4 1941 april 4 1941 april 4 1941 april 4 1941 april 11 1941 april 11 1941 april 11 1941 april 11 1941 april 11 1941 april 18 1941 april 18 1941 april 18 1941 april 25 1941 april 25 1941 april 25 1941 may 2 1941 may 2 1941 may 2 1941 may 9 1941 may 9 1941 may 9 1941 may 9 1941 may 16 1941 may 16 1941 may 16 1941 may 23 1941 may 23 1941 may 23 1941 may 23 1941 may 23 1941 may 23 1941 may 30 1941 may 30 1941 may 30 1941 may 30 1941 june 6 1941 june 6 1941 june 6 1941 june 6 1941 june 6 1941 june 13 1941 june 13 1941 june 20 1941 june 20 1941 june 20 1941 june 20 1941 june 27 1941 june 27 1941 june 27 1941 june 27 1941 june 27 1941 june 27 1941 july 4 1941 july 4 1941 july 4 1941 july 11 1941 july 11 1941 july 11 1941 july 18 1941 july 18 1941 july 18 1941 july 25 1941 august 8 1941 august 8 1941 august 15 1941 august 15 1941 fee a reet et tt tt volume xx european war 1939 continued iran gets anglo soviet warning i dg si soicigsincoiccnesicesevusiabireninthambiimsnibealidiiesmmmuaidenihs roosevelt churchill conference eight point declaration iee rii ccccnccantanscdnsoatinnciesuaanedenmmeneunenvencsneaineatelistnilbentenaiecs stalin accepts anglo american proposal for moscow con si scantisciscninccetassendisnacciesmineiavngesnntiabigiaitnganceadsmeaial scr cor ie caviucietivcrcesesenitnnasnrestiicerinsitianinantanaepaisiatil iran invaded by british and russian forces south america weighs course fe cei coi saiisesiccinssasccsrervisizioncniataitnitinncncinnin u.s and u.s.s.r on japanese representations on war supply shipments via vladivostok british strengthe near east front greer attack g 1an communiqué bd incun sosssiebihtahisastbiaaa mia casdoinnckininsncipeiubataanalnieaiiceaiadille russian campaign gains time for allies seines oe uiiinnd sii da cininsenncccecesssecencecenevenvonconsconsiewnscesies russo german struggle gains and losses rs ss es cp syria allies differ on administration german gains in the ukraine iran occupied lend lease act second quarterly report csscccceeeeseees new lend lease appropriation before congress russia charges axis uses bulgarian ports as bases prcrreeos ge tinie tf gi lik cececerennsnereieerninesensnantvnstinesteatnacinin inter allied conference meets accomplishment churchill on german strength orr cur ri irre tcc is ccc cctiecaninceveesiccsgicapeciamnieiine bremen whnr seis ti eitsicseininetstcsecesccsiccicicasctscntciseremenecs scherbakoff’s reply on russian losses cccccsssssseseseceeees british shipping and man power shortage drive on moscow peoe enon ee eereeseneeeeeeee cocr oee esos eee ee ereeteoeeeeseeos ee eses eso eeees cocr eee eee oee eet sess estes eee eees prerrrrrrrrrrirtr titi irre rrr orr reer er eee ee eeeeeeeeereeseeeeseeeeeees heer eeeeeeeeseseereseeereeeeee coenen ee ee eee eee eeeesesseseseaeeeeee corr e eee eee ee ee ee oe esse see eee eeeeeee eee eees carer eee eee reese eee sese se ere sese esos ese eee sese sese seseee ee eeeseeee sees se ee es se eeeeeeereseeeeee corr eee ese eee e eee oe eee e eee eeeeee eee eeeeeee toro ree oer see e eee eere eee sese seeeee eee eoe oeeeoeeesesesesee ee eeee sees cee eeeeeeeereeeeeeees far east a aee oui aiancsisscerssivnsnissiniicsinsnmnnsvenibibanaiintinaanamainiaal anglo american netherlands effort to concert defense ce un ci ocinicedcrchasaiie ieee cndene british and american commanders confer in manila can agreement be reached in the pacific ccsccceeeseeees see also china japan foreign policy association trends in latin america monthly bulletin feature ion citacsiscvscconsaswnansgucasteconiaconiadasshelaelanoasbianasiaiadasonaisacavaed tis helen keller on broadcasts in braille cccccscessceeeeesees general mccoy goes to latin america dinner for vice president wallace cccccccccscsssssssesees d h popper to study in latin america mrs dean visita south ammerica cccccccccccccoscssccsccccsoscsescees new education and student secretaries seen eeeereeseeeseeseseseseeneeee france vichy protests expulsion of french speaking inhabitants oe rii ni ctsevicsvincariuiabibisieiinaaiiishcstabimaeisbeiigialiainaaeeaniss fall of vice premier laval flandin succeeds him pghnits votamen to tomaso lavoe q cccsesccsecccccccccosscccsrscsesesvessese u.s names admiral leahy ambassador i we tru incersianicdanscesicnstnaianadininmnuiestiesianicimmsiiabdbitiienniie syrian high commissioner put under weygand’s orders ses une cae sie aa ciccccncstedenisniinicaneinnernbinmeentinin posrivo torgmos bo tiouid sessrennicsincctrceecetsrisntiniennetininns darlan succeeds flandin as foreign minister 0000 national popular assembly sponsored by déat pétain consolidates govetnmene cccccccsssssorecssssscesscccsseenses unecempiod mame so wo ws tor ccccscscccsecasccsecsnsecnavesecesesssoere hull warns on u.s view on further collaboration with iiiiiiiint cossccecsonveciscuduiiiesenaieusasdonanaimessenenaaieaniastaaaaeaiatl i tie tb re a vecnssenstcecnssmncsnsnemaestieeie xuaeaanigdatapiasamielasemnabdaals anti nazi revolt and unrest communism strengthened ie dine ti wins siaccisnisachticunssnaoeidnetidniiawaniiemimaainen toned dern cotiiocoeiod cccistiscccitetirsiivcticmmmnnnnns pétain extends french legion membership for national seite sainsvinessirsescnsnsibielstitetsiaclieiatdeuicaiieeniaiallialtahieisiibacsaaeldh ta nie see also european war indo china ce eeeseeesereeee poeeererer irri iri i tit rit tii core ree eee ee eee eee eee estee eee eee ee sees ee eeeeeeeees 18 46 date august 22 1941 august 22 1941 august 22 1941 august 22 1941 august 22 1941 august 29 1941 august 29 1941 august 29 1941 september 5 1941 september 5 1941 september 12 1941 september 12 1941 september 12 1941 september 12 1941 september 12 1941 september 12 1941 september 12 1941 september 12 1941 september 26 1941 september 26 1941 september 26 1941 september 26 1941 september 26 1941 september 26 1941 october 3 1941 october 10 1941 october 10 1941 october 10 1941 october 10 1941 october 17 1941 october 17 1941 october 17 1941 november 22 1940 february 21 1941 april 11 1941 september 5 1941 november 1 1940 january 31 1941 march 14 1941 march 28 1941 may 9 1941 july 18 1941 september 19 1941 november 22 1940 december 20 1940 december 27 1940 december 27 1940 january 10 1941 january 10 1941 january 24 1941 january 31 1941 february 14 1941 february 14 1941 february 14 1941 april 4 1941 june 13 1941 july 18 1941 september 5 1941 september 5 1941 september 5 1941 september 5 1941 september 5 1941 volume xxx germany yugoslav trade agreement hungary rumania and slovakia sign axis pact expects no new adherences to axis pact rumanian oil pact swedish commercial pact soviet german trade pact airlines in latin america displaced eeeces turkish commercial agreement airlines in latin america further displacements economic situation see also european war great britain anglo american s names viscount restricts irish trade see eee eee eeeeeseeeserseseseeeseeee cee ee eeeeseseseseeseseseeseeeeeeeee ish trade talks ppp alifax ambassador to u.s cccccccceeeee anglo turkish conferences on military cooperation democracy in wartime economic regimentation breaks diplomatic relations with rumania cabinet reshuffled eden on arab unity cee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeetes clothing and food rationing income tax increase labor restrictions production concentration plan cabinet changes pee teen eee eeeeeeeeeeseeses sp oe eee eee ee ee eeee eee eee eee eeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeee poco ee eee eee eeeee eres eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeereceee action on japan’s occupation of indo china 0 warns japan on thailand anglo soviet trade to evacuate nationals from japan see also european war greece invaded by italy see also european war greenland u.s protectorate agreement haiti political situation os lescot becomes president hoover food plan hungary signs axis pact teleki’s suicide agreement coc e eee tere eee see eee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeereseeseorees ce eeeereseeseeeseses cop eee eee eee reese eeeeeeeeeeeeneee pee eee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseneeeeee cops eeo o eere eee eeeeees ees eeeeeseseeesese sese eese sees soe ere eoe hs otst estee ores eee ooee sees sese sees esse eeeeeeeeeee eee ee ees warned by russia on yugoslav invasion ccccceceeeeeeees warning against saboteurs iceland u.s occupation significance of occupation indo china thailand’s demands cause crisis invaded by thailand japan relations with cee eeeeeeceeeenees poor eee eee ee eee eee eneeeeeeeeeeeee sores r eoe teese he ete teste eeeeee tees oe eeesoseeeeeteeeses eee eee es eseeeees eeeeseoees seer ee eeo e eee eeee ee eeee sees teese ee eee eeo ee eee eeeess poop e eee meee eens eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee sor oro eee ee oee oer reese eeo e ee eee tees eee eoe eo eee eee eeeee ee eeeeeees sor eee eee stoo e estee ees ooes eee se eee se seeeseeeeeeseeee eso e eee es japan mediates thailand dispute terms cccccecseeeeeees france rejects terms backed by japan peace settlement trade agreements with japan coro pee eee eee eee eee eeeeeeneeeeneee corre oe ooo e eee teer ee eset este seeese eee seeeeseseeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeseees sooo eee eee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeees japan occupies bases under agreement with france world reactions to occupation iran ye roduction coco re ree oe eee ee hehe ee eee eee eetes sooper r oho e eee toot teese hess eeee esos hesseeseossseesesseeesseseses ees eseeeess nglo soviet warning on nazi activities ccccseceeeees see ps european war date october 25 1940 november 29 1940 december 6 1940 january 3 1941 january 3 1941 january 17 1941 may 30 1941 june 13 1941 september 19 1941 september 26 1941 december 13 1940 december 27 1940 january 10 1941 january 31 1941 january 31 1941 january 31 1941 february 14 1941 may 9 1941 june 6 1941 june 20 1941 june 20 1941 june 20 1941 june 20 1941 july 25 1941 august 1 1941 august 15 1941 august 22 1941 september 5 1941 november 1 1940 april 18 1941 january 24 1941 may 2 1941 february 21 1941 november 29 1940 april 11 1941 april 18 1941 september 19 1941 july 11 1941 july 18 1941 november 22 1940 january 17,1941 january 17 1941 february 7 1941 february 28 1941 march 21 1941 may 16 1941 august 1 1941 august 1 1941 october 25 1940 august 22 1941 eee srr et ree volume xxx see also american states a ee ct se sine u.inssnisaceiticiseaetdaniamnitisaniniabidniinbiadtenis ee ft ie in tai ccttcicecsnsnsitdemsinsesnstnntnnntesininanmnntennts inet gd wpi cacevennsesedincmnpinibiibinindeessemmnatsinitnniiianeiens ss uted wot trutriid cnc ceccsiectstrnssncensscenenretstionttenneninnees ireland de valera churchill tilt on neutrality on ee ar rr ne oe sue british trade restrictions pprrrrrrerrrrritiii tir r italy i gor sercvesesrnsnseneesiminiietiadeannianaiipsnidiiiainimninieimin mussolini asks sacrifices i pin ccorinivertrssiitaiindiiteninietiansiasnmeaiaionthiaiibiaiilaiaiaaeden german italian food agreement raw material shortage coo r ooo eee eee eee oeeeeeseeee eee oses eeeesesese sese ee eees ppereririi rit rrr crore rro o re oo eee oee s ee ee sees eeeseeee ese sees eoess sees sese sees see also european war japan soviet non aggression pact negotiations cep de cio conmob onion ccscccesseecicrssescscsnesensssenceesenessaseseserntie oil from netherlands indies to increase imperial rule assistance association totalitarian structure strengthened ccccessscssesssssseeees tem mem tew hy thc teen weccerceasecercesnmneninsecntetiinsages anglo american moves against possible japanese south ti sid hi cscsecceciacccsctrcasbdaeaiderenscbutenncuneieininensiierecenes suggests end of all war after war scare in far east ssouigeuwpte gtive giswe gow cniccevcnccecsscesscsscecoresecnsnsecovessceeversers mateunoka to visit berlin and rome ccscccccccsesesccesessecsscoes war memterial iaportes bho gib cescessescsccssscossoseescecsosssssonssecses russian japanese neutrality pact cccssssecsscsssssseeceeesees contradictory statements on policy ccccccssssssssssssscosees iis snes tet iil ccdcconstvenssiiuieasd giaduwetwbyiadidininicsenibebadsaahamian toutes foreign policy u.s reactions i ee leh ee re mote me stine weighs course in german russian war konoye’s new cabinet and axis ties cccccccccsscsssrsceeseseeees anglo american warning on thailand ccccccsseessceees churchill on british attitude on u.s negotiations ee oe fir ti vivitar cksesiciiscscsccentaicitnnttoernicnn ef ee i i us cii evcsctssvisiirosincesexeiescccneeesinanvunseresionen amgte u be pueccruacmaty duo cca ccs cicscicescesiccesecsscucnccsenesesepsees britigon nationals to de svrcuree cccceccccccccccccsescnssecscesscsseoscce u.s and u.s.s.r on representations on war supply sl cit hii hlapisteincsctcnsiveeiciinsassetrnenranaaes army reorganization hirohito takes command tee te tute wcceiicisnctcicnnitncnnattsnintaeciiciniteniiainiaiteniets protests alleged sinking of korean ship by russian mines seer eeeeeeeeeeeeeseeseeeeseeeees cece eee eee se eeeeeeeeeseeeoeeeeeeee seeeee cocr reese e ee eee eee sees teese eee sees sees ese eeees coro ere eee ee ee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeees see also china indo china latin america seeley sworn ts ie saisisaesisetnabicin ccna cocenniadiapaapaialiiphdatiianad reaction to consejo de hispanicismo sccccccceessseseccceeeeeeees inter american development commission program inter american financial and economic advisory com mittee coffee agreement so i uni oi ciinsiniccncritaonantssinbtetieipssteseakinisenicttiaisiidinntiianin german airlines displaced bre oie as giros oiccitsriccinririintioimnddinana pae ce toogr woe sinicxsicctnsasictinisinrintincensomicnaen tin ging rig kccecsicexecienscusislidgeanty euuibplaiiskieaidesoasawenncetasabunaeue aan weighs course of european wap ccccccccccccscccccssscssseessssesees german airlines further displacements peper oo eee oooh eerste eee ee ee eee oses eee eee sees es eee ees sper eee ee ee eee se eee eee sees eee ee ee eee teese e sees eeeoe es pprrrrrrerrrrr rrr it it iter mexico to inaugurate president avila camacho nno urns siccsccpinshchvncsisssrbactnentivsiintinetsemeinaaeeaniain comameewotal trabity wits 6s scscicccentastisesesresnssssevessibaoradiagsstiniese president avila camacho on inter american cooperation eee e eee eeeeeeneeeeseeeeeeees near east eden on arab unity 00 c0 co odo 33 date october 25 1940 may 9 1941 may 9 1941 may 16 1941 june 6 1941 november 15 1940 january 10 1941 january 10 1941 november 1 1940 november 22 1940 december 13 1940 december 13 1940 december 13 1940 november 15 1940 november 22 1940 november 22 1940 january 3 1941 january 3 1941 february 7 1941 february 21 1941 february 21 1941 february 28 1941 march 21 1941 march 21 1941 april 18 1941 may 16 1941 june 6 1941 july 11 1941 july 11 1941 july 11 1941 july 25 1941 august 15 1941 august 29 1941 august 29 1941 august 29 1941 september 5 1941 september 5 1941 september 5 1941 september 26 1941 september 26 1941 september 26 1941 november 1 1940 november 29 1940 january 24 1941 january 24 1941 february 7 1941 may 30 1941 july 4 1941 august 22 1941 august 29 1941 august 29 1941 september 19 1941 november 29 1940 december 27 1940 october 3 1941 october 3 1941 june 6 1941 12 volume xxx netherlands free government aids britain opposition to nazi rule per netherlands indies oil increase for japan to enlarge surabaya naval base action on japan’s occupation of indo china ao ataante neutrality roosevelt proclaims removal of red sea combat zone llc a ccreineneneteumaceneasecseecoossseocsoose 1939 act znd present u.s policy corso cece ee ee eeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee president roosevelt asks changes in act stand of panama on arming merchant ships oe new zealand war aid to britain visit of american warships norway passive resistance to nazis free government aids britain sooo oooo o eters sese oses tees es ee ee eeed rr martial law imposed after unions oppose nazis 0 panama president arias takes office permits u.s bases against arming merchant ships coup ends arias government paraguay president morinigo takes office peru loan from u.s ecuadorean boundary dispute eeeeeeecsereee philippine islands under u.s export import control u.s nationalizes armed forces poland free government aids britain rumania signs axis german oil russia balkan policy uncertain er ee eerrer re mass executions by iron guard eeeeeeeeee biied cticseiireenssebutceneneeeceeececs revolt by iron guard group britain breaks diplomatic relations warning against saboteurs eeeeeeeeeeeeee see eeeeeereeeeeneees coo rro eee ee ee eee eee eee eee eeeeeee rrr poor o eeo e oses t eters teeter ees ee oeeoeee pe ririi corr oe oort eee eo eee eee eee eee eee eeee socorro hee hore eee ee eee eee ee eee ee sport o ore e eee oee e eee eee eee ee ee ee eee ee reer errr ppp ere japanese non aggression pact negotiations 00 molotov visits berlin timoshenko on policy see ee eeereeeeeeeeseeseeeee coco e orr e ee eee eee ee eee ee eee eee eee eee terr a sesiesenemabuiunbeddesunieesooseiene german soviet trade pact loan agreements with china oil exports corpo r ee eee eee eee settee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeenee relations with thailand pee eeeereeeeeseeeees terre rrr id rrr rrr rite errr iid cor ero oe oee est e ee eee eee ee eee eeeeeee refuses support to bulgaria’s axis ruled policy japanese russian neutrality pact peet ee eee reese eeeseseesseseseseees stalin succeeds molotov as premier political developments imports from u.s 1930 1941 relations with u.s summarized anglo soviet trade agreement pee eeeeereeseseseseesees pe rer warns hungary on yugoslav invasion recognizes iraq poor o reto e toe e eee eee eoo hehe eeeeeeee ee sorter ote h eee e tee eee ee eee eee ee eee oee cooter ooo roh eh ees e ee ee eee ee eee eee e eee spos esoc o oee he oee hehe oses tees ee sees ee japan protests alleged sinking of korean ship by russian mines religion attitude on ccsce000 see also european war cote eeereceseseeeses date march 7 1941 september 19 1941 november 22 1940 november 22 1940 august 1 1941 april 18 1941 july 4 1941 october 3 1941 october 17 1941 october 17 1941 february 7 1941 april 11 1941 january 31 1941 march 7 1941 september 19 1941 november 1 1940 march 21 1941 october 17 1941 october 17 1941 november 1 1940 december 27 1940 may 30 1941 june 6 1941 august 1 1941 march 7 1941 november 29 1940 december 6 1940 january 3 1941 january 31 1941 february 14 1941 september 19 1941 october 25 1940 november 15 1940 november 15 1940 november 15 1940 january 3 1941 january 17 1941 january 17 1941 january 17 1941 february 28 1941 march 7 1941 april 18 1941 april 18 1941 may 16 1941 may 16 1941 july 25 1941 august 15 1941 august 15 1941 august 22 1941 september 26 1941 october 10 1941 ee v manne x ee ayer oi eifs ie ao ee es ee qr fe ppm volume xx ruthenia population nationality slovakia signs axis pact south africa attitude on war soviet union see russia spain annexes international zone at tangier latin american reaction to consejo de hispanicismo anglo american spanish trade talks franco confers with mussolini and with pétain ends internationalism in tangier sufier on plutodemocracies and foreign policy british permit imports sweden german commercial pact syria see r eee ee oo ees es ee eseo eee essetosessesees sess oe sesess es eees coo oer eero eoe eee ee teese eeeos oses oeesoe esse eeeoseeeeeeeeseseeeeeeeseoeeeees socorro oee ee eee ose e eee es eere esse es oeeseseteeeeoeeeseseeeoe sese esse sess see e eee eeeeeeeseseseesesseeseeeees eeseeeee corr o oooo oee ee tee eoe eee eee eee ee ehae ee eereeereeeeeesee teriiiii err pe eeeereeseeeesonee corre re ee eee oreo ee eee e eee e eee eeeeeeeeseseseseseeee sese oees corres eee ee eere ee ee eeee ee eeee eee es essere sees esse eeeeees high commissioner dentz put under weygand’s orders position assumes importance number of french troops see also european war tangier spain annexes international zone spain ends internationalism thailand invades indo china japan mediates indo china dispute france rejects indo china terms backed by japan coc e eee ee oe soo heres eee e eere se ees se sees oses ee eess peer o re oe oreo eee res oee eee ese eee esse esse seeeseeseeeeeees crp r oe oo eee eee r eee sese eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee prererteerrrri itr rit ert rr so eee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeseseeeseseeeeeeee ee eeeseesseees seo ther ti eecetaes daccadcmbieinieareatiseentaiechsisaineenecuannaette indo china peace settlement anglo american warnings to japan against attack turkey non intervention policy declare martial law u.s.s.r see russia united states defense plants parr eee eee eee eee eee eee ese e eee eee ee esser see ees ppereriierirri titi rit rit iii iii ree eee ee eee eee ee ee ee ee ee eo sees eee e sees esse sees esse sees ss eeeees anglo turkish conferences on military cooperation bulgar turkish non aggression pact attitude on possible german occupation of bulgaria closes dardanelles to ships except under permit eden and cripps confer in ankara position on greece german commercial agreement neutrality under pressure corr eee ee eee eee eee eee ese eeeeeeeeee eee eeeeereseeeeee coro eee eee e ee eee eee eeee eee eeeeeeeeeeee pooerrrierrrrrerririirirri tii ti ii iri tii orr r ee eee eee eee eee eee ee hehe ee eee eeee esse estee ee eees ror eee ere oer eee ee eee tees oe ee oeeeeeeeee ses ese sese ee eeseeeseeeseeeeeeesees raw materials steps for adequate supplies war material output hull on sea power latin american officers visit navy creates atlantic patrol roosevelt warns france on western hemisphere cor e eee eeeeeeeeneeeeeees roo r pe eee eee eoe reset etoh eeese eee see eee eee eeee tess ses eee ees one e eee ree ree eee e eer eere reese ee esse eee seee eee see eee eee hess sees coro o ee oe ee hereto eters ehts eeo eros sees eee ee eee ees ceo r ree ree ehh eee eee eoe eee see esse oses ee eeee sees ee eeeeeeseeeseee welles on emergency committee provided by act of eee ae plane output shipping under construction british investments in anglo american far eastern policy matsuoka grew conference argentine financial commission arrives divergent views on aid to britain loans to china ror ere ree re retr eere ee eee eee e eee eeee sees eeo e eee ese eseeeeeeed preeereterrrriririr irri tii rrr it ere eee eee ee eer eere eee teese eee eee ee sese hess ee eees core eee ee neon eee eeeeeeeeeaseeeeee carpe eee reet eee hero eee teese esse ee eeee ere e ee eee ree eee eee ees oee oeee sees ee eeee ee eeseseseseeesseeoeeseees ee sees anglo american spanish trade talks defense production lag knudsen statement ppererererrrerrrrrri tii titi se eeeeeeeeeeeseceeeesees no 26 16 11 00 3 ga gd gt ot co co do wnonwnnwnnrhee date april 18 1941 november 29 1940 february 7 1941 november 22 1940 november 29 1940 december 13 1940 february 21 1941 march 28 1941 may 16 1941 july 18 1941 january 3 1941 january 10 1941 march 14 1941 may 9 1941 november 22 1940 march 28 1941 january 17 1941 february 7 1941 february 28 1941 february 28 1941 march 21 1941 august 15 1941 november 8 1940 november 29 1940 january 31 1941 february 21 1941 february 28 1941 march 7 1941 march 7 1941 march 28 1941 june 13 1941 september 12 1941 october 25 1940 october 25 1940 october 25 1940 november 1 1940 november 1 1940 november 1 1940 november 1 1940 november 1 1940 november 8 1940 november 8 1940 november 15 1940 november 22 1940 november 22 1940 november 29 1940 november 29 1940 december 6 1940 december 13 1940 december 20 1940 14 volume xx united states continued loans to latin american countries names admiral leahy ambassador to france s0.0000 new defense program o.p.m established roosevelt speech roosevelt’s annual message caancastols lend lease bill and presidential powers ccccccccsssssseeees eel ls lal lll lae colo loan negotiations with cubbar cccccccccsssssssssssssssessssseesseeesses roosevelt’s inaugural address sscccscesesssssscecesssseeensseees economic control agencies in defense effort ssssss000 ten months exports to japan cccccccrscecsseseeseeereesees house passes lend lease dill ssccessssssssessesssersecsceseeseneess british aid short and long term problems cc00000 house approves defense works at guam and tutuila all lalla a ie inc ceemsadnsnmneipnroeniooonsorennene senate passes lend lease bill final terms cccsccceeeeeee et pe i ar war material exports to japan ccccccsscsssessssssessesseesersees a skscuistosabuntsencens defense appropriation total 1941 42 ooo eececceeseeeceeeeeeeeee eere gss ss oe oe flour for unoccupied france ccscccccsssccssessscesessseseserensses seizes axis ships in american ports cccccccsccesseessseeeeeeees hull denounces invasion of yugoslavia cccccccccccsseseseeeeees ele te ee welles fotitch conference c.ccccccccsrsssssssccescssssessesscessseeses greenland protectorate agreement cccscsesssseesseessesserseees canadian american armament production agreement st lawrence waterway status ccccsssssssessesseessessessesessees bpemeo tigr tumiotie those 2.22.0 ccccsccceccsscccccccecssccccoscccccsccccossesocceee een ninn mnuired wound caceccsscsenncococccecsocsececoveecesctooscnss i i wn ton bon cna ccccececescececccnsccccccesecncsevcccceocces roosevelt on shipping pool la i cata canemmeeeunennncnns shipping government control question ccccccceesesseseeseeees ts et ee a a cnissnumnsipnsonesevete defense program major defects cccccesecscecseseesesessceeeeees senate passes ship seizure bill french ships in american ports under protective custody defense concept widens o0 e.m report on defense progress i dca cad cnipniateonieasbooscenessossoieneotne extends export import control to philippines 0 hull on relinquishing extraterritoriality in china roosevelt proclaims national emergency e0seseeseseees hull warns vichy on further collaboration with germany freezes german and italian assets cccsscsssessesssssesessseeees lend lease act roosevelt’s first progress report o.p.m cuts automobile output sccccssccssssssssssssssssseesseees i a a as sscncunccvenansbontceoners defense expenditures and deficiencies cccceceeeesseeeeees i i ace 1 ss ccnheebaseescdaconseccecceses welles on japan’s foreign policy c:ccccsocesssesssecssecseseseesees congressional executive relationship c ccsccsseseeesees i a ssseunensnonsoosneeee significance of iceland’s occupation ccccssccesseceserseceeeeess td proclaims latin american blacklist cccccccccessseeeeees action on japan’s occupation of indo china 0000 nee i gunnupiiiiine binion co ccccccncasmscececcececocsccoseciccescsnscsceeece ee eee oe henderson knudsen clash on automobile output nationalizes philippine armed forces scecesseceeeesseees a sinssionishnepsecencooonsonoes be gu iid no ccs ccccecccncececcnccrsscconeecsoccvecece american russian notes om aid ccccccccssrsseessscsersssssecseeeecees economic defense board functions cccscceescsesseereceesees factors in roosevelt short of war policy oil exports as instrument of policy cccccccssecsesseesseeeeesees a tt vane res i i un oa ccncecccnccccccroccccesensceeteconnes relations with russia summarized tue gunning piii 5 cscsscusocasosestecsocssbcceccccsessoccosnecceee iii iste ccs coaccinaicccactenccawbessasteosececosseecsctes machine tool output eeeeeesees orr r oee eee eere trees ee esheets eee esser eee eee eeo sor root eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeee coro eee eee ee eeeeeneeeeeeee seen eee eee eee eee eee eee eeee ee esas ease pope en eere eoe ree hser eee e eee eeeeoeeteesoheeeee ee oeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees date december 27 1940 december 27 1940 december 27 1940 december 27 1940 january 3 1941 january 10 1941 january 17 1941 january 17 1941 january 24 1941 january 24 1941 january 31 1941 february 7 1941 february 14 1941 february 28 1941 februarv 28 1941 march 7 1941 march 7 1941 march 14 1941 march 21 1941 march 21 1941 march 21 1941 march 28 1941 march 28 1941 march 28 1941 april 4 1941 april 4 1941 april 11 1941 april 11 1941 april 11 1941 april 18 1941 april 25 1941 april 25 1941 april 25 1941 may 2 1941 may 9 1941 may 9 1941 may 9 1941 may 9 1941 may 16 1941 may 16 1941 may 16 1941 may 23 1941 may 30 1941 may 30 1941 june 6 1941 june 6 1941 june 6 1941 june 6 1941 june 13 1941 june 20 1941 june 20 1941 june 20 1941 july 11 1941 july 11 1941 july 11 1941 july 11 1941 july 18 1941 july 18 1941 july 18 1941 july 25 1941 july 25 1941 august 1 1941 august 1 1941 august 1 1941 august 1 1941 august 1 1941 august 1 1941 august 1 1941 august 8 1941 august 8 1941 august 8 1941 august 8 1941 august 8 1941 august 8 1941 august 15 1941 august 15 1941 august 15 1941 august 22 1941 august 22 1941 1 rr ene volume xxx united states continued roosevelt churchill sea conference eight point declaration churchill on british attitude on u.s japanese negotiations see cu cd we cud ceciintnciterncictcinennsitinaliinantin raises duty on japanese crabmeat south america’s opinion of aps ct ol wrureiercioe vs cccecccovseriistnteicnnticrintinmeanin nnn japanese ambassador transmits konoye’s letter to roose velt pru wer bo chai oo csiciciesigevicdecncsccrecsarscscomnceeeeinraninioeees roosevelt speeches to awaken the countty cseeseees wallace heads new supply priorities and allocations board greer attack german communiqué sureeuet guuneioun ccnccsicascateamnatingadesnibtesvasenstonecteensacnaeiennns lend lease act second quarterly report cccssscceeseeeeees new lend lease appropriation before congress ees ee tn cocaisinittisinstenchdcossuntncnbiantictninesenicteaastetiiaas commercial treaty with mexico ccsccccssssssesreceessseeeenesceeees roosevelt on religious freedom in russia comment house passes second lend lease bill sui rii ao i caicseinisannatinsesiiieccesdepasieciiteddleamnssssintetaatuavipiobibtanaan celia shipbuilding program oprrr rrr preeti rrr iret eee e meee ee eee eee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee shee eee eeesesseeese esse eeeeeeesseeeseeeseeeeeeesees so rro eee eee eos er ee eee eee es seeeseeeeeeee ce eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees pputerectirrrrrr itt t itt ir see also american states european war latin america neutrality uruguay be innis tt iir sa sna quicsicoienotnisonasnaiiolciliuenhsiheisndiaeaaainaueatemat dies neutrality suggestion crore ere ee eer oreo eee tees ee eeeeeeee eee see eeeeesee sees eeeeeeeeo venezuela nine unmiiiiid ccsaverccisanacenstisiosuminesiachatliabionbateilaepistumatehomaiatnieis economic situation exchange problem ee re liter aed ae he neo medina angarita becomes president pprrererrrrrrrrrrirrrrrr rir iii sooo eee eee eee oee ohss sees ee esse ese eee eeeo oses se eeee sees eeeseeeees prerrrrrrrrrr ret i i rr yugoslavia i rr i iaiiiiciitnitinssinisinitenieniiaitiateiiatiitien prime minister and foreign minister visit hitler croat serb division on pact ug i i aici ccsnacasncecmnessecrraiatapnsssivasievcesnncinceamaenion overthrows government enthrones king peter matchek enters government croat pro axis state formed unrest oooo eee eee reese ees e esse e teste oeee eee eee eeeeeee prerrrrrrrrrrrrirt peerererrirrriirr iii ppprrrrirrirrrrri iti iii coro e eee eee ee eee eee eee ee ese oe es eeseee sese sese es esesesesesesseeese ese ese eee ee tees eseses coro eee re eee eee e terete eee eee oee eee esse sees esos eseesseossoese es esesoseeeoes date august 22 1941 august 29 1941 august 29 1941 august 29 1941 august 29 1941 september 5 1941 september 5 1941 september 5 1941 september 5 1941 september 5 1941 september 12 1941 september 12 1941 september 26 1941 september 26 1941 september 26 1941 october 3 1941 october 10 1941 october 17 1941 october 17 1941 october 17 1941 december 27 1940 july 4 1941 january 24 1941 february 21 1941 february 21 1941 february 21 1941 may 2 1941 october 25 1940 february 21 1941 march 28 1941 march 28 1941 april 4 1941 april 11 1941 april 18 1941 september 19 1941 october 3 1941 +foreign policy bulletin index to volume xix october 27 1939 october 18 1940 published weekly by the national headquarters foreign policy association 22 east 38th street incorporated new york n y index to volume xix foreign policy bulletin october 27 1939 october 18 1940 africa axis powers seek control copper oreo oee eee orth eee e teese ees ese eeeeseee es eehees esse see also european war 1939 altmark see neutrality american states roosevelt on western hemisphere solidarity 000000 pri ung oi sdecvcrctesctasistcssanitisriansnsncianicdsniaiahwieoeus hleomispheric gefense pyesolwtioes cccceccossesscscccesveesescecsccsiesese western hemisphere plans economic defense teme gui citie ceccecctienicchtineantnnnecesininintannssinlieniinsinn roosevelt’s cartel plan for latin american products u.s calls meeting of foreign ministers ccssecsseeeseees u.s warns on western hemispheric territory transfers pi ry dae ee ee secretary hull on monroe doctrine delegation to havana conference cccccccccssssscscssssccscess hull answers british plan to pool anglo american re eid secittiisttnsascnnecascscspetlicnentebeinpstinineiiiiaianatntdaihsadiaidatiiaidaitlais havana conference achievements act cccsscccsseseeeeeees canadian american agreement on defense board plan to exchange american destroyers for british bases anglo american agreement on exchange of submarines bn i 205 sscccnsiexnsutinekacnanteotucce viene tedieiadsdaamndamaenieaaiaes simtitca tod oe dato oniine asc eccisisccnscccnsteteaicnarinssisininsnaatianiats u.s grants sum to export import bank for western hem isphere marketing ee eeeeeeereeeseeeesseeee eeeeeeeeee ce eee eee eee ee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee es sees oeos esos ee eee eee argentina argentine u.s trade pact negotiations fail at havana conference asama maru see neutrality australia military preparations corr r eee eee eee ee eoe eee estee sees eset sees ete ee este rests ese sees balkans nrninnin sigint csicaxasiesvnaniccnnssneontbenmietaves cinatenkiqueeuasaeaeeanlbereumatins conference at belgrade conference results te sii oc scennsicersniiicescataetinvicompetaanotanainean ss oe tire ted aii catescennsenesacecicncccccssececehiveiiatsninntnaieine f er ree es revisionist sentiment eee oe eee ee eee e hee eee test eee ee eee eee eee es este steed aro eee ree ror ee eee eee eee ee sees eere ee ee ee eee oeseeeeeee eee eee eee ee eee corr e ee ree eee ere eee eters eee sees ee eees eee eee ese eeses eee eee sees baltic states russia invades lithuania latvia and estonia 0 lithuania latvia and estonia vote for inclusion in u.s.s.r belgium pn wri siccsasisiscisisnssccccvecenrtin asians eee aaa troop mobilization oro e eee eee eee ee eee eee ehts ore ee ehs eeeseeeeeeeeeseeeeeeree esos sees see also european war 1939 blockade see neutrality no 49 date september 27 1940 april 19 1940 june 7 1940 june 14 1940 june 14 1940 june 28 1940 june 28 1940 june 28 1940 june 28 1940 july 5 1940 july 12 1940 july 19 1940 july 19 1940 august 2 1940 august 23 1940 august 23 1940 september 6 1940 september 13 1940 september 27 1940 january 12 1940 august 2 1940 september 27 1940 october 11 1940 december 15 1939 february 2 1940 february 9 1940 february 9 1940 march 1 1940 april 19 1940 september 20 1940 june 21 1940 july 19 1940 november 17 1939 january 19 1940 volume xix book reviews abend hallett chaos in asiat ccccccccsesscsecesssssecceeesssseeeeeees adams f p you ameericans ccccccccsssrcssscssssssssessessssseceseees alexander roy the cruise of the raider wolf alioshin dmitri asian odyssey ccssssssersseceseesseseeees allen g c japanese industry its recent development ee alte oo a alsop joseph and kintner robert american white paper angell norman for what do we fight 0 ccccccccsceeseee bailey t a a diplomatic history of the american people beard c a a foreign policy for america c0ssc0000 beard c a giddy minds and foreign quarrels bell a c sea power and the next war cscccccceesseseeees benes eduard feiler arthur and coulborn rushton be iii cache incdinieenitncineinaninutenanieniveeceetenesseouss bidwell p w the invisible tariff ccccccccccccssscssssssseeeeees bisson t a american policy in the far east bloch kurt german interests and policies in the far east booker e l news is my job a correspondent in war i mini sctis salliccdiaalbsis tach nnetisasddaeebnahibiaidaniaanihhshesseneeuscrensovenavies borchard edwin and lage w p neutrality for the i al eckcernnavebnnabbinoeniaudoceibneecen borkenau franz the new german empire cccccsseeeeee i wo i esesausinsentnsinsibcieneusdcooacsnnetonsnones brown f j hodges charles and roucek j s eds contemporary world politics cccccssccssssescesseessessesseseeees buell br 1 teolated ammevied 00cccc.cccosssssessscccccccccccccccccssccsees buell r l poland key to europe ccccccccssecessseceeseeeeeees ey ce dey tipe ovecnnsctemustnnmennceseinnseesevcessbnsitiinsascnses catlin george the story of the political philosophers so i sci chahaicciiniccsinntniniinganalliedaehilaticiniceabesdnenevenebtniées chamberlain neville in search of peace cccccccsccsssceeees chambers f p the war behind the war 1914 1918 chen ta emigrant communities in south china churchill winston step by step 1936 1939 ccccccccceosees clyde p h united states policy toward china cohn georg neo newtrality ccsccccccocssccsessscscsecsressceseees cole g d h the british common people 1746 1938 cole margaret and smith charles democratic sweden daladier edouard in defense of france davis g t a navy second to nome cccccccccsccceseseeeeesees de breycha vauthier a c sources of information del vayo j a freedom’s battle ccccccscccccscsscssesseceecees derrick michael the portugal of salazar cccccc0000 edwards g w the evolution of finance capitalism binzig paul hconomic warfare cccccccsccessesessecessesteeceees einzig paul world finance 1938 1939 ccccccccsccsssesesseeees ellsworth p t international economics ccccccccscssseees emden c s ed selected speeches on the constitution farley m s the problem of japanese trade expansion in the post war situation ccccccccccccccscrssccsscserssccssccscocssosers gathorne hardy g m a short history of international siciiiie saiaik:cascnaniabsicntcepiatnticsdsttosconininsoverssermioreteste gollomb joseph armies of spies cccccccccececsssccceeeeeessteceees gooch r k manual of government in the united states graham frank and whittlesey c r golden avalanche grattan c h the deadly parallel 0 ccccccccseeeeeeteceeeee gregory h e and barnes kathleen north pacific fish o hiece cvcccccccccccccccscccsecscestccsesoccccoscvccoscsccccooccccocoseccccccccccosccoceccoesececce gunther john inside europe war edition hale w j farmward march chemurgy takes command hambloch ernest germany rampant cccccccesseeseceeeeees hambro c j i saw it happen in norway 0 ccc000000 hanson haldore human endeavor the story of the i ed ch sd ae i anesanbehbberiwneneueseuneonesenvansens hauser e o shanghai city for sale hauser heinrich battle against time ccccccccsseeeeeeeees hicks ursula the finance of british government 1920 tide usiialidieaiascdbazeithinietalinsaitiniabaidieaiantihinnesiinebeiermtnbesenaeeentunenunesetee hino ashihei wheat and soldiers ccccccccceessseseeceeeteenes hishida seiji japan among the great powers hodson v h slump and recovery 0 ccccccccesccseecseeeeeeeneee horrabin j f an atlas of current affairs institute of pacific relations agrarian china institute of pacific relations recent articles in japanese i il lions apeailbsbemincanieiidueuaiiieebiweeneonseeeenioete i i a i ora caialinscnmebisenabaneeatoverosacctboese jennings w i a federation for western europe jones f c shanghai and tientsin c0 cccccccesseceserseseeeeees kai shek m s mme this is our china eee eeeneeeeee see eeee see eee eee ee eereeereeeeeeeeens see ete eeeeeeeeneeeee fee e een ee eee eer enone date february 2 1940 march 29 1940 august 9 1940 august 9 1940 may 31 1940 may 31 1940 march 29 1940 june 14 1940 june 28 1940 june 28 1940 january 12 1940 march 29 1940 june 14 1940 may 31 1940 may 31 1940 august 9 1940 september 13 1940 december 15 1939 december 22 1939 december 29 1939 july 26 1940 november 24 1939 august 9 1940 february 16 1940 october 4 1940 december 29 1939 november 24 1939 august 9 1940 december 1 1939 october 4 1940 november 17 1939 march 8 1940 december 15 1939 december 29 1939 june 14 1940 august 9 1940 october 4 1940 february 16 1940 october 27 1939 july 26 1940 december 22 1939 november 17 1939 december 22 1939 may 31 1940 december 1 1939 june 28 1940 february 16 1940 december 29 1939 february 2 1940 august 16 1940 february 16 1940 february 2 1940 december 29 1939 october 4 1940 february 16 1940 july 26 1940 december 15 1939 december 22 1939 november 24 1939 august 9 1940 october 27 1939 january 19 1940 october 18 1940 december 15 1939 march 29 1940 september 13 1940 august 9 1940 august 16 1940 aes volume xix book reviews continued kaltenborn h v i broadcast the crisis kamal ahmad land without laughter cccesccccccseseesees kemmerer e w the a b c of the federal reserve teiious ccsnccevscocesceesgpiconenenpernnnecnansnsgiiiiaatintnatiobmniuaiamemaniialtia bevnes j m flow to pte for wi ccccecesciscceccecsccssscesiensconssves kohn hans revolutions and dictatorship csseseeeeeeee kuznets simon commodity flow and capital formation lamb harold the march of the barbarians lamont corliss you might like socialism cscccceeeeees langsam w c documents and readings in the history of bg congr bole cnciicsrisnsinininaemanan langsam w c the world since 1914 et ee ee ee ee eee leiser clara ed lunacy becomes us hitler and his mien snsinsccesceenccteaisscacemaapessdatesesetinmeorenanmaecanesiae rng ree tre drome dcisicissstesercinnssesissomisinatsvatninglaeieid liddell hart b h the defence of britain ccccceeeeeeee lippmann walter some notes on war and peace lockwood w w our far eastern record loewenstein karl hitler’s germany ccsscccssssssssssesccsseeees loéhrke eugene and loéhrke arlene night over england maccormac john canada america’s problem 0000000 mcguire paul australia her heritage her future mallory w h ed political handbook of the world ee ton fe food cnsarnsasvenenseesettuncvsssebisecincsasseeaniins marriott j a commonwealth or anarchy ccccccccccererees maurois andré tragedy t1 france 0cccsvccevesesceseesessvevseeseses meriam lewis and schmeckebier l f reorganization of ero pegronme govertoorrl ossccceiicescsscnssscsenssnissesiiunmncmnnaeis micklen nathaniel national socialism and the roman iee soriiond cra ciessendiassininnctnaacinenveinacaamnasaaabiie millis walter road to war america 1914 1917 millis walter why europe fights cccccccccssesssssccssegososees milner i f g new zealand’s interests and policies in nr bo tous vcscarssssncsisannscatensabcedtapaininedginaabaatiaiacenmmeianmetin miner d c the fight for the panama route mowrer e a germany puts the clock back cssccccee000 national industrial conference board conference board studies in enterprise and social progress deine ter toig four wuiie cncccsccciscecestisensscscsvsssonscsocqeonionenrnins norman e h japan’s emergence as a modern state northern countries in world economy scccccsssrrccseesseees nourse m a kodo the way of the emperor 000 orton william twenty years armistice 1918 1938 poliakoff v augur europe in the fourth dimension perm stramgere everywhere e.nsercssieessensmnessereenscennssmaesqovin pfankuchen llewellyn a documentary textbook of in bo eiee taiad onicennesvisesenncasdeintornietinnssnnis deininbdlasiniecuiecet dius pol heinz suicide of a democracy 0 0cccsereserssscecsceescensoesse poole k e german financial policies 1932 1989 portell vila herminio historia de cuba ccccccesssesesesseeees pratt fletcher sea power and today’s war pribichevich stoyan world without end ccccceceseseeeeees pickler c e how strong t6 brita cccessccssscesssseereenee rauschning hermann the voice of destruction ridgeway g l merchants of peace riesenberg felix the pacific ocean rosinger l k deadlock tn crain ccccorssrsseccccesescceseocsoss rosinski herbert the german army cccccccccccrccccrsscccsssccecees roucek joseph s politics of the balkans ccccsccceseeeees royal institute of international affairs the baltic states royal institute of international affairs southeastern sde wos dinieecinnsrecinsisictaa canoes anna salter sir arthur security can we retrieve it savre fc bi tro wo foci msceccceremeiecresceiennnn scarfoglio carlo england and the continent sencourt robert spatn’s ordeal ssssccsoosscsrcsscecossvevenscecocses sharp w r the government of the french republic sheean vincent not peace but sword cccccssseeesseeees shepardson w h and scroggs w 0 the united states pf ee ne ners meer shepherd j australia’s interests and policies in the far ie soi ccsnssccidnnscnadssonscannsatbawuunveceissedsuiebhebintaspeudigadcia i tuaie ate ik shridharani krishnalal a study of gandhi’s method and ses doorn so sccticcncncciomtervoninnccisnaidiaoecdaie suas pui ck tmoundoe cccktnichasisecnencsbconinnsdouvbintaiacsienmauainion ee es ee en eee ee smith r m the day of the liberals in spain c.ccccccseeee spever hans and kahler alfred war in our times seca eeeeeeeeeeeeeseseneees ceeweeeeeetteeeeeesees eee e ree ee ete eeseeseneeeeeeeeeee peete ee eeeeeeeeseeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeesoees eee entree eeeeeeeeee coen eeeeeeeeeereeereee eeeeee eo rs coo tore oo 32 date november 17 1939 august 9 1940 december 15 1939 june 28 1940 december 22 1939 october 27 1939 august 9 1940 february 2 1940 february 2 1940 july 26 1940 june 14 1940 november 17 1939 december 1 1939 january 12 1940 august 9 1940 march 1 1940 february 2 1940 october 27 1939 august 30 1940 december 29 1939 march 29 1940 may 31 1940 february 16 1940 october 4 1940 february 16 1940 december 29 1939 february 2 1940 july 12 1940 may 31 1940 june 28 1940 january 12 1940 august 9 1940 march 15 1940 may 31 1940 march 15 1940 march 29 1940 december 29 1939 december 15 1939 december 29 1939 august 9 1940 october 18 1940 december 29 1939 october 27 1939 december 1 1939 june 7 1940 november 17 1939 march 29 1940 october 27 1939 september 20 1940 march 1 1940 july 12 1940 december 1 1939 october 27 1939 october 27 1939 october 27 1939 december 1 1939 december 15 1939 october 4 1940 december 29 1939 december 15 1939 december 1 1939 may 31 1940 october 27 1939 october 18 1940 october 4 1940 october 27 1939 december 15 1939 6 volume xix book reviews continued spurr w a seasonal variations in the economic activ i ta eich boe ia tncnconnembencabisgahinnseisaneswoecccesassosseeooness staley eugene world economy in transition vilhjalmur iceland the first american re nn iar ellaadeniaia tenia nticiasiipec te diledacaasbbiaabcinceuedascinensecesoecoce stolper gustav german economy 1870 1940 swire j bulgarian conspiracy cccccccssecrcccssececerecteccsscecseeee teichman sir eric affairs of china tolischus o d they wanted war c.cccccccccccccsseceseeneeeres utley freda china at war ccccccccccccsossssessssssccssssscssscsscees villard o g fighting years memoirs of a liberal editor is not inevitable problems of peace thirteenth eer ss re ote ee eae ricer a eee wasson theron mineral map of europe wells h g the fate of mam ccccccccssesccssessseeecsseceeseeeeeees wells h g the new world order 0 cccccccccceseseesseeseeeeees werth alexander france and munich whitaker j t americas to the south ccccccccssssscceseeseeees wilde j c de popper d h and clark eunice hand en se iiit 5iicircvsccualiticshensdindinddptiabnceimitcincenssedibagecersrecrecensce eel uu sidouied sinrenecssnessastetaresstncusctvessvossbocssesobeoceccooscsess willoughby w w japan’s case examined c.cccc00000 young j p international trade and finance coco ret eee ee eee eee eee eee eeeeeeeee corr eee eee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeees eee eeeeeeeseseeee bulgaria italo bulgarian trade treaty od cence bo toit onescescsccsccsescreccescecessescccssnncoccccccccocccceseses trade agreement with u s.s.r 00 cceeecceseeseesssesseeecerseeeeees turco bulgarian conversations king boris on foreign relations ccccssscsesssseesesesceeeeees german stand on territorial claims rumania cedes dobruja dobruja recovery sooo o ooo toner esse eee shee eee eee noe eeeeeeeeed sooo o oe hoe hoe e et eee eee eee eee eee eee sooo sosh teer eee see es ete e sees ee esse sese eset sees eee eees serre eee eeee esot eee ses esees costs eee eseeseeeees tee eee sees eeeeeeeesees canada economic problems quebec elections war plans dissolves parliament calls elections ccc scccseseseesserees king agreement on joint defense sue sedibsinaneuenseansiliinenialiideenstianinnsaimctstevetoysentesbieeescenntenencnnstcons pushes defense plan with u.s ccssccsscsssesssceseeerssssceseeenes see also european war 1939 se eo ceo eee es eet eeseeeeeee esse estee eee eses ese sees sees eee ee sees saree oe reo oee eee e eee eseeeseseeeses estee eseseeeeeeseeeee esse sese ee eees sooo ene e eee sete eeeeeeeseeeees china ambassador grew on japanese american relations anglo french troops in north china withdrawn iie seiiiuuiiiid sscienssdiedesitiocnrnmestigunistinvtenstetnstnsstaecessocorevessencsee sumner welles on u.s treaty rights ccccccssecsseeseees japan pushes wang ching wei government move i a sosetunedemetinasindibatiie arita on wang ching wei government indo china railway bombed tid tie treiiuee ccccectisctncncessenescscnccncessecessccceccseccencesees takao saito assails proposed wang ching wei régime kwangsi campaign curtailed shanghai municipal council local japanese government ud cidiiahasionsiitninitaitinniasainenicnais u.s statement on wang ching wei wang ching wei régime set up japanese drive along yangtze ccccssscccsssssscesesesececseseecees franco japanese agreement on indo china sc00s000 franco japanese agreement on shanghai concessions asks britain to stop supply movement by way of tied shcihineinntibtgnensiientintiniitaniennatnestenibnionhasiebietatietnaninnaetectenesceorenteees rs etl elt u.s warns americans to leave hongkong britain closes burma road ccccscsscccssssscsssesscssceseesseeseenees churchill on anglo japanese agreement i i sac ceathbcetnetecorecotocnneee japanese demands on french indo china 0ss0essesesees british troops withdraw from shanghai tientsin and i silat erndelincinesiiienerietieanpandnieesiieibinsaititibhanlettiabetinahitversseeewerentorens indo china situation ee aee st tnr japan rejects shanghai decision issue transferred to u.s anglo american alignment and far east policy ereeeeeeeee eee eeneeeeeee oort e eee enna en eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee pooh cree hoes eee esse eeee eee see eee eee shee eeeeeee poor oee oooo eee e steht eet e sese eee sese eee tees sed coo oe ee eee eee eee eee eee eee eeeeees eee errr rrr sorter onto otters esse eset e ethos eee eee ee eee eeed cee ee eee e eee ee eeeeeeeeeeee cor eee teeta e eee eee teense eeeeee soo ee teese er eee eee eee eee eters eeeee thee eoe e eee ee eee eee een eeeeeees date august 23 1940 october 27 1939 august 23 1940 october 18 1940 february 2 1940 december 15 1939 october 4 1940 february 2 1940 august 9 1940 december 29 1939 august 9 1940 march 29 1940 march 29 1940 december 15 1939 june 14 1940 may 17 1940 october 4 1940 july 26 1940 november 17 1939 november 10 1939 january 5 1940 january 19 1940 january 19 1940 march 1 1940 july 19 1940 august 23 1940 september 20 1940 november 3 1939 november 3 1939 november 3 1939 february 2 1940 august 23 1940 august 30 1940 october 27 1939 november 24 1939 november 24 1939 november 24 1939 january 19 1940 january 19 1940 february 9 1940 february 9 1940 february 9 1940 february 9 1940 february 23 1940 february 23 1940 april 5 1940 april 5 1940 june 21 1940 july 5 1940 july 5 1940 july 5 1940 july 5 1940 july 5 1940 july 26 1940 july 26 1940 july 26 1940 august 9 1940 august 16 1940 august 16 1940 august 16 1940 august 23 1940 september 13 1940 e ee volume xix china continued now date in nine csscecitdocisvincsesitcdoneniebibaanormaoumeatnaiatbiianseaes 47 september 13 1940 franco japanese pact on air bases in indo china 49 september 27 1940 hull on status quo upset in indo chinas cccececseeeeeeees 49 september 27 1940 sofc gion oa sccisiscinecsctantnssiacvsocceveitcsnaeileciniias 50 october 4 1940 ti tre pooiiin ciieriies sissesesistccsssiscstscsscoseasesniecessbinnaiauneniet 52 october 18 1940 thailand relations with indo china eccsesssseeeeeeeseeene 52 october 18 1940 cuba peeeine scuineriue 0 cccvvscnpsbaiseuenangunditemniunseashsarastactneraaeie 7 december 8 1939 ruined sncesssnnamnessscresimnbinnessinneenjijeinalicteieiaedaninaaddnaiaamiaaaaaananin 39 july 19 1940 czechoslovakia nazi régime punishes prague disorders s:ssssceesssseeeereees 5 november 24 1939 denmark scandinavian rulers meet at stockholm ccccccseseeeeeeeees 1 october 27 1939 copenhagen conference on neutrality cccssesesseceeeseeceres 19 march 1 1940 see also european war 1939 egypt king farouk asks prayer for porcr coscsisccescassecsnscsniecssisssssveeons 48 september 20 1940 see also european war 1939 eire see ireland estonia see baltic states european war 1939 belgium netherlands peace proposal ccsccsssesreseeeesees 3 november 10 1939 britain and france reject proposal ccssssssssssssseessees 4 november 17 1939 franco british economic control accord cccssseseseseeeeeeses 5 november 24 1939 ii tins cos cin ius tarptcaiinttg cen neatiieeseeernentacnbeheameeamernaeeees 5 november 24 1939 chamberlain on british peace aims csccssssseesseseeseereees 6 december 1 1939 suoneed dune tain tt gortrbiit on cciececccsesesccnscastececesecsensenenenvensss 6 december 1 1939 bf sein suriiiniiit twins scsesvcactsacisuvensaskervssansicecencktebenvunsnesenmvens 8 december 15 1939 inet oe mining sis cts dnadestuanasorechoavenasnnves omssqdoasieacenpeneseieestiaeee 9 december 22 1939 pygrco bricish fmancial accot oecccicccccccsscicessccceceseseecsocssesevesse 11 january 5 1940 iiis tinue tiong scrcasiscrenneisacececcsinnainasineniiasitibinmaingiieian 11 january 5 1940 prps ue tiiuoond acs sicnccceniersssscnisexesanserssetianeinnnaeneesenien 13 january 19 1940 be i te oig ancdssicvcscsseisassciatensercnseriniicteioninatenebinte 17 february 16 1940 sumner welles on exploratory peace trip ccecessesseeeeseees 17 february 16 1940 sie te tri cskccendves imtaleasclintesnincipraeeonnemnaeat 18 february 23 1940 pre gi miluoee inccctrincacciademmnenniccnnnnanaine 18 february 23 1940 two schools of thought on u.s attitude ccccssccceseseees 18 february 23 1940 british and french purchasing commissions increase air crue geoes svinesdacssccinveseytbecsabinnaceeeterss baa baicanabedimanibeivis 19 march 1 1940 chamberlain on british french aims hitler’s reply 19 march 1 1940 ree i goed ciscisserteatictis ccna eenrieoas 20 march 8 1940 welles memo to french finance minister reynaud 21 march 15 1940 roosevelt oi ai cmautint porce csicscecccvessecccecsssssicesssessiseccecessenses 22 march 22 1940 anglo french supreme war council meets ssscessseesee 24 april 5 1940 german white paper on american diplomacy’s part in se ge we sisicccccmnaean cada 24 april 5 1940 ri oi 56d sisctssesessscececiextanbrieuciaaemtat and iaseeencaeens 24 april 5 1940 germany occupies denmark invades norway sscse00 25 april 12 1940 supreme war council declaration of anglo french aims 25 april 12 1940 allied and italian naval strength in mediterranean 26 april 19 1940 rt cn oe rie ase cccsncnenieclsennisticcseren essa nant 26 april 19 1940 economic consequences to allies scccccosscssscssssessssovsssees 26 april 19 1940 u.s action on norwemimth trvarion cccsccsccisccssicesessissicceccceceses 26 april 19 1940 prt rii gi ess ccsccensnccecsteecccactiecnriccrnsenscenveasasetes 27 april 26 1940 ate poceree te trout cctcccececnscsesenneteseinsecscinnesinninnnaninnnne 28 may 3 1940 chamberlain policies attacked ccc.cccccccssscsscscccsescosecscssoosece 28 may 3 1940 germany charges allies planned to invade norway 28 may 3 1940 german strategy wins if notwy ccccccccccccccsccsesssesesszeneveces 29 may 10 1940 peggicettangat goveiodinoned cccccccesiccesssccscccescssssnccosvenvensesavecesees 29 may 10 1940 re ou cee rti cicictinniniiviitidiinteninnniemnsiecininbitesilinnas 30 may 17 1940 belgium luxemburg and holland invaded c:ccceeeeee 30 may 17 1940 claret wil grpriiiuie sncsesticiacdctccaa cers ceca 30 may 17 1940 position of u.s on invasion of low countries 30 may 17 1940 churchill warns britain on direct attacks cccceeeee 31 may 24 1940 dee ciid rine sie bisisisicecicnicneniinruiiiemeauns 31 may 24 1940 perot on guieroiiioes nisddssstiscesisiraxctmcneinmcmmmamnigs 31 may 24 1940 ite git gig ccciceinitcieritesnsniceshicenestcitvtiiseniiiaiilllaiaiaiiaiae 31 may 24 1940 volume xix european war 1939 cogtinued ru seuous tow weee ghee q ccccececccccevecceseesccosccccecscccscccescnesees britain prepares for invasion ccccsssccesesssecessecesessceeeeeeees british emergency powers defence act cccce seceeeeees king leopold orders belgian army surrender canada and dominions aid britaim ccccccceceseseeeeeeeee allied purchases from u.s arranged french government leaves paris italy enters cceeees mussolini on mediterranean aims france collapses ccccscescccssees french defeat and u.s foreign policy cccccssssseeeeees i on ebnendbiereosanebeanecneouesenetooeseees bpe mun guid nice ensecnecensecsceccesccccnccossccccscecsbeceececseece french national committee formed by gen de gaulle britain moves on french fleet so iid cs scnenssnccnnsecstnonpencnsecsecsccenbeesocsse denmark under german control cccccccecesssesesseeceeeeeseeees germany advises u.s to discontinue scandinavian re a acelin eee iiliainhhnennichihinpiaiisiagntnereeevereedireees germany fails to depose king haakon cccccccceeeeeeees sweden permits passage of german war materials britain rejects hitler’s peace bid i a iii oro eeins buctoinnsenighacsebosesabncinsenvecssecsoscseeeet pershing and stimson on sale of american destroyers to iii 2s icin cca aaeacnbbnanetiitaindenbabebinenbenonvenceoeeeors i as ccntvsseoeguiadebaecabbesbacsectoesce relief problem hoover appeal germany blockades britain italy threatens greece canadian position at re near east strategic moves si ii cisstdsdidiariahneetnnciiesebanengieiiecwnmnenetereeaneneratnancesets i ie fie cscasthtidcanblitatulngbinmirnenaenonteeeutenseebene german air raids on britain near east happenings iii nics accnsvnisswedccdcbsbtscsecicohbsecseaebtssscsecesorsosanee i i id iii sc nssrientibniinnsbilehieinntoesrtwesansieoneecsocsocosons si hie iid gi iii oc ncnnccasssncesntiscrcscsnssecasncsessenectecccoesccce aris porns patciion ge beeick 0 cccccescccsccccccosccescssssocesosescccscee african port of dakar bombarded ccccsssccsssesseeeeeeees egypt severs diplomatic relations with italy italian troops occupy sidi barrani ti iie iid sv cscrccsccssccccscctccncecccscccccesccccccccecoocees japan joins axis powers in alliance i cii iii ssc sncedbsdssdsdnssssisecbeieoreteecesseesocesesooses canadian military preparations ccccccccsecssecessesseseeeeee hitler mussolini brenner pass meeting mediterranean objectives of axis cee e eee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee sooo or ee eee ee eee eee eee eeeeeeeee poor e roe eto eee eee eee eee ese ee eee eee eee cena nero rene eeeeeeteeeee pore oooh eee eee eee eee e eee estee eee eee eee ee eee eee soo r orr eee ere h setter ee eee eee ee ee eee eee correo tere o eere see eee ee eee eee ee eee eeeeeeee spcc oee ooo t eee e thee e eee sees sees tees eee ee eee sapporo e ese reese teese eee sse eet es esse eee sees ee eese ee eeee sees sees eees sore e or ore soto e tee sese eee eeeeseeeoeeeseseeeee sees soto eere eee sees eere eee esos sees eee e eee eee ee eee soccer eee ore e eee ee eee eee thee esse ee eee esse ee eeee ee eros eee heed see eeeeeeeteeeeeseeeeee corr ee eee renee eee eee eee eee ee ee eeeeeeee opp eee eer sor ee eee rete meee eee eeeeeeeseeee prec rrr see also finland for finnish soviet conflict finland i etc lleadsbahevasisenneisnieseearavantieanoinennenaentonad ia a ccbeninasenietonosereseninat roosevelt kalinin exchange sccccssscccscssssecceseescesssecseeeeees soviet finnish negotiations fail iad eeriicinieneneeenavesderennseereniecons people’s government u.s reactions ree et ee ee ee ee u.s credit and debt payment action ege se russian seandinavian notes on scandinavian aid american credit proposal and actual aid churchill asks aid of neutrals cccccccsesssssssessosseesseceeses scandinavian ai cccccceceeees sweden refuses military aid u.s grants loans oldies sen aentinsenbabobainednnaeesdensdebaeeegbedanesceoee peace negotiations peace concluded preperrir rrr eri t ttt irre rrr sooo ere ree hoe e os eee e eee e sees eee eeeeeeeeseee sese oe eeeeeees soo ree eee e hose oe esse es eseseseeeeeseseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee e ee eee eee ees corr ree ere eee e eee ee eeeeeeeseereee cooter ree eee ee ene eeeeeeeeee sees coro meee eee eee eee eeeeeeeesaseeeees corr re retro eee ees ee et ee eee esse sess eeeeee eee ee eee sese es eeee teed ere foreign policy association os cals nabaoanesieiacebiceinaaewabesdebinscdooses ese eo oe cct tema ttt al eee proposed amendments to constitution new headquarters corso ree eee eee eee ee eee eee eee eeeee core oee eee oee eee eee eseteeeeeeeesseeeheseeeseseeeeee eee eeee see eeee ed date may 24 1940 may 31 1940 may 31 1940 may 31 1940 june 7 1940 june 14 1940 june 14 1940 june 14 1940 june 14 1940 june 21 1940 june 21 1940 june 28 1940 june 28 1940 june 28 1940 july 12 1940 july 12 1940 july 12 1940 july 12 1940 july 12 1940 july 12 1940 july 26 1940 august 9 1940 august 9 1940 august 16 1940 august 16 1940 august 23 1940 august 23 1940 august 30 1940 august 30 1940 august 30 1940 august 30 1940 september 6 1940 september 13 1940 september 13 1940 september 20 1940 september 20 1940 september 20 1940 september 27 1940 september 27 1940 september 27 1940 september 27 1940 october 4 1940 october 4 1940 october 11 1940 october 11 1940 october 11 1940 october 11 1940 october 27 1939 october 27 1939 october 27 1939 november 17 1939 december 8 1939 december 8 1939 december 8 1939 december 15 1939 december 15 1939 december 22 1939 january 19 1940 january 26 1940 january 26 1940 january 26 1940 february 23 1940 march 8 1940 march 8 1940 march 15 1940 march 22 1940 november 24 1939 january 26 1940 february 16 1940 march 8 1940 september 20 1940 te re rt volume xix 9 ee france no date te se 1 october 27 1939 senet crueiiirs grgoor cccressecsesrcesnsessuntemnnnnniabadiaialeds 10 december 29 1939 bien oh id saideatis bcihaniscenincsinsicin savoevn'ownensinaeeeetecehuniaadsnnieneacigibaaaniaaana nae 11 january 5 1940 reynaud succeeds daladier as premier cabinet changes 23 march 29 1940 asks recall of soviet ambassador cccccccssscccssssesssenceeses 24 april 5 1940 ie groin saidsccsccnsesecesuvcsnssinstniebuaksinsnnbnenietiacelaleieapmneanceiac 31 may 24 1940 cee id ocscsccnss arccicecdanerebbeoesasiassulguesbuammbammmasencess 34 june 14 1940 ne i iie oi wssvinsccdcussnerentneinnncniamreomeseamaaieiaasioas 35 june 21 1940 tos corn soutiirs ai casniiccrtcccsiisictaeiace 35 june 21 1940 pétain government severs diplomatic relations with britain 38 july 12 1940 pgghin cstasros tow cfds o.cecrescercesersesnevessococccesvenseseniassioivese 39 july 19 1940 urpoine somniiiid yicissocsses.scussscssaencsenicbeceesesinioeeunnseeseseabenneminan 39 july 19 1940 doo rrod visas csctststsasitioiagenecadachoandaaaais 39 july 19 1940 germany demands supplies in unoccupied section 00 47 september 13 1940 pe oueiss grin on oes evvescsscccctscstieetniiaisenviceniaiteiliamspomigiibaets 48 september 20 1940 cee tooumrruierion nissscccinaiicmeuscanee 48 september 20 1940 german demands on pétain government cccsssceessseesseees 48 september 20 1940 ss dione ccnivinkictincacvcesee cacnntednncusmadbpnetaeieatainsiiadindaccctaimincimetaeads 48 september 20 1940 franco japanese pact on air bases in indo china 49 september 27 1940 see also european war 1939 germany br gue female tre sisiiesveannsvssecacsencantacslaosepavcvioumeamiansbipeienes 4 november 17 1939 we geiiiid tepou o sncachsscccavccsscsxcescsnesseensocascareninubeaaniiotesees 6 december 1 1939 tee bts basse for fare sidnccickecrcscasemaannccn 8 december 15 1939 german rumanian exchange and oil treaty ccccccceeseees 11 january 5 1940 smc oon oncssscecescnecsvestassossousseceesenbettnabarvoretmaaes 11 january 5 1940 ie ntiniied 5.2.5 bc cssstane nnsomisestiontnaiooneben naeeian aoncouan aaa ee 15 february 2 1940 bn i oo socich vs ncsicseenie ssasnsinendsntnunaeeboudsanesaaueoetonaechicoiamimer aioli 15 february 2 1940 pie cud oii cncsciniscsiemntesshoncasecsinavoaseomsaema eae 15 february 2 1940 ne i oo psnccnsin si sncesvsnrannitecleniangn wenden aaisaamne maaan 16 february 9 1940 wong torr wirtes rrodie vc ccissiicssccscccesseinccceearistearocerornrsa rian 21 march 15 1940 german rumanian talks at bucharest cccccccscssesseseeees 23 march 29 1940 iron ore imports sate vncebirenpaphapbiadaateite vita tvdataiaacdtaaahind 24 april 5 1940 iron ore shipments csi daivinmnieelianiadatmaas tiensenatateesrmeecaetaaemate 25 april 12 1940 pre geo coree oe inicietsin cevsndassunenvenncscasnssevsecnievesancbicasess 26 april 19 1940 ene sii idoi 5s scocnassnsasisacticcashsanweshastaesmsaibenesmmauminaennas 35 june 21 1940 puto ero ure doremimng os siccescsscavictsanacasisnnnceanencessninadsdonaceanceionvs 37 july 5 1940 reo said om eiinos oa ssecicsccieseceizexahuinessvcnkaceibaeieensesinticesioete 3 july 12 1940 bigiwopign tetcteotio c1atian cvccccsscicciccccacsinesacccsuccccsovansestessnanteons 39 july 19 1940 peurprtion copticoligl cibiiig nc cccsiscicccecesisccscccecoccccccensenerseciasvanee 39 july 19 1940 i st a odd sito sick cccnsacscanccstamadeadaneabatarccain esate 50 october 4 1940 see also european war 1939 graf spee see neutrality great britain all india national congress manifesto reply cccccsee 2 november 3 1939 lobe tigre gn hose wot worms dccuscricncorssosseenserreerreasoisnnveomnene 4 november 17 1939 ble georwe cupistig boge cicccccctccsicpevesecesersenescsnaporsitincees 10 december 29 1939 commercial agreements with greece sweden turkey es gsesscise tein cinicavvecosannisinabtacdeushan tien lataioeniaaaaninaaiiaes 11 january 5 1940 amun eine memeeee tons casccsxenhinccokstnahasiaeanielieceeb ven serencerbemennmnioeress 11 january 5 1940 hoare belisha resigns war ministry sccsccccsscsssesseess 12 january 12 1940 political crisis and cabinet changes ssccccscscsscssesesseeees 12 january 12 1940 rejects american republics protest on neutral rights 14 january 26 1940 pe eg ee ee en a 20 march 8 1940 ambassador craigie on anglo japanese relations 24 april 5 1940 churchill on policy toward russo ccecccocccssescscesessssccesvocesssces 24 april 5 1940 english commercial corporation for balkan trade 25 april 12 1940 russia asks reopening of trade negotiations ccceeeee 27 april 26 1940 pi tein io oni vesicvxacsnatetensssovensteuaienepeessen ces eauntiedeviabasuadiniclsews 28 may 8 1940 ee ii si vciivcarosssusctcen cdeoam ernanenesiebnniceeseeernansurembaniatiaeniacts 28 may 3 1940 reroutes merchant ships around good hope ccccccscerees 29 may 10 1940 be mini sires vensnigdiin seasiceactrnaiibeisbinistivah went deueienatrapiene eine 30 may 17 1940 churchill succeeds chamberlain as prime minister 30 may 17 1940 fifth column activities suppressed cccccsssssssesesees 32 may 31 1940 sends sir stafford cripps to russie c 0cccccssccsesecsssrssssesseseceseses 32 may 31 1940 ore cr bide os ssinvnccsccccsccrctaescsacnnceonnanaieanees 36 june 28 1940 hull on plan to pool anglo american resources 0 39 july 19 1940 anglo japanese agreement to close burma road 40 july 26 1940 ogd bie bik verscernsineecsccsntieiion meni mageeian 40 july 26 1940 anglo japanese arrests and counter arrests cccccsceerees 42 august 9 1940 molotov on anglo soviet relations cccccccsccsscsccssscsscesssees 42 august 9 1940 linlithgow on dominion status for india cc ccssseeeeees 3 august 16 1940 plan to exchange american destroyers for naval bases 44 august 23 1940 10 volume xix great britain continued churchill on american canadian defense plan chamberlain resigns reopens burma road see also european war 1939 neutrality greece greco italian pledge anglo greek commercial treaty see also european war 1939 greenland roosevelt on relation to western hemisphere peeeresererereesseeees havana conference see american states hemispheric defense see american states hungary count csaky on rumanian relations italo hungarian conversations teleki warns pro nazis charges anti hungarian activities in slovakia german stand on territorial claims demands on rumania obtains northern transylvania cor ree reso os eee tore sees sese sees eeee ee eeee ees seeeeeeeeeee ceeeeeeeseseseasenee pre rrr india all india national congress manifesto british reply hindu moslem relations nationalist congress votes gandhi leadership lord aan on dominion status all india congress reply coco corrs se e eeo ee eeee tees eo ees sees indo china see china ireland de valera broadcasts to u.s 0 cccccccssscccccesceseeccceeeeeeeceeseeeees terrorist disturbances political conditions prerrrrrerri rir iti rrr pere eeeeeeeseeeeeseeseeeeees italy cabinet reorganization greco italian pledge italo bulgarian trade treaty rine cii i ssnsccnccossnnsnssonenseccsressecoseecsesosesoceoescos turco italian conversations balkan and axis policies sn win iii iiit oosinscecenceenancensnsensesousenvecnosncnsccssernecseosecess pope pius returns visit of king and queen italo hungarian conversations cccccccccccsceeeseesesseseeeeeerereeees protests british coal ban and ship seizure ii iii 3.0 ssssscncesnsusdetenonssnochooreneresensetsscsosensnniie von ribbentrop visits rome hitler mussolini conference future réle conflicting views on eentetiny wap scesseccccessssesecceseeseeees italo american diplomatic exchanges trade with u.s girds for way s.see000 war potential hitler ciano comferencee ccccccccccsssscsssssecessssssessssersseseceses iie tid cnsccncnensitinidinnbsdnebbenmibaviannenantensebcsncccenes japan joins axis powers cocr r oses estee esse dee es oe seeeseseseoe tees ee esee eee eee oses seed pee e eee eeeeseeeeeeeneeeesee prrrrrriririiri rrr oe prrrrrerirrrirri irri feet neers eeweeeeeeeseeeeees correo o reese see t sees eset eeer eee hess es ee esse eeee ee eee eeeeereres sooo eee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee japan soviet japanese negotiations ccccsssseessseeeesssesseeeeseesene grew nomura conversations on american trade relations soviet extends fisheries convention soviet japanese negotiations cabinet crisis coco c eee eee e eee eee oe eee eee eeeteeeeeeeeeees prrrrrerrrrreri rrr rir cera ereseeeeeteseeeesees pee eeeeeeereeeeseeeeeeeee 25 date august 30 1940 october 11 1940 october 18 1940 november 10 1939 january 5 1940 april 12 1940 december 1 1939 januarv 19 1940 april 26 1940 may 10 1940 july 19 1940 august 23 1940 september 6 1940 november 3 1939 march 29 1940 march 29 1940 august 16 1940 december 29 1939 december 29 1939 may 31 1940 november 10 1939 november 10 1939 november 10 1939 november 10 1939 november 10 1939 december 15 1939 december 22 1939 january 5 1940 january 19 1940 march 8 1940 march 15 1940 march 15 1940 march 22 1940 april 19 1940 april 26 1940 may 10 1940 may 10 1940 june 7 1940 june 7 1940 july 12 1940 september 13 1940 october 4 1940 november 24 1939 january 5 1940 january 5 1940 january 5 1940 january 19 1940 january 19 1940 january 19 1940 et ee volume xix japan continued u.s ends trade treaty arita’s message to diet budget estimates electric power restrictions naval tonnage joinders see also china latin america inter american economic committee meets inter american labor conference pan american treasury conference we ini sia csctaveccsvesersnsicnsnikeccetnsnoenaeeeeencahe nes reaction to leasing british bases see also american states latvia see baltic states league of nations expels u.s.s.r as gesture to finland lithuania see baltic states luxemburg invaded by germany mexico ruling on oil property expropriation reply to hull’s note on oil properties soon gid weee wiiiis siccsisceptiessunenicbennteinscsueieeneninitenananiaiie nazi activities political situation military service burke wadsworth compulsory military training bill congress votes burke wadsworth bill netherlands premier de geer on invasion danger cancels military furloughs japan denounces arbitration treaty proclaims state of seige see also european war 1939 netherlands indies arita statement dutch and american rejoinders neutrality submarines of belligerents barred from american ports and territorial waters bill passes senate city of flint incident act signed oooo rootes e eet eee oee eeoeeeseee eee e esos ese eseses oee oeeseseoes ere eee eee oos ooet oee eee essere oses es sess eseeee eset sees soo r eee roo o ores teese sese ee sees oses tees eseeeseseess seeees sese eee eees sooo scot eeo reet eso e eee ee ss eseseeeoes sees eere es eeeees foose eero ere eee eee e sethe ee seeeee hess es eeeeeeesoeee tees sese ese sese se ser ess denounces arbitration treaty with the netherlands craigie on anglo japanese relations arita on netherlands indies dutch and american re oooo eee rene eee eeeeeeeeeeseseeeeeseeee seer oort eee reset ete ee eese ees ees sees estes eseeeeeeesesee sees ee eses esse esse eeeees soviet japanese agreement on mongolian frontier vandenberg urges new american japanese treaty konoye forms new cabinet anglo japanese arrests and counter arrests greater east asia policy protests u.s embargo on war supplies dissolves minseito party weighs course thor reese heros ete ee tees see e sees eee eee eee eeeeeeth sees corp eee eeeeeeeeeseeeeees poor roe oreo hee eee e eee sees hehe sees e esse esse eeeess oper oooo eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee torre eee eoe eere ee ete e reese ee sese tees tees eese esse eeesoess seer ere eere etre ee eeee eee esesee tee ees eeeeee ees eeeseeeeeseese sese es eerees joins axis powers in ten year alliance coe oro ee eee ee eeneeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees eee meee eeeeerereeeeseeees sooo roe eeo e seo e eere e sees seth oee eee oes pope r eero oooh hehe esc ee eee tee eeeees shoe h ere eee hehe es eo teoe oe oe eoe eee eeseeeeess soo eee eee eee eeee eee seeeeeeeeeee eee eee eee eee eee ee eeeeeeeeee seen eee corr er pe eee ee renee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeetes sare eee rrr eee er eee ee esse eeee ores seer sees oses sese shee ees s eee eeses sese sese sees i i ec cardenas reviews achievements cc.ccccccssccscccccscccccccescces almazan followers defy government camacho proclaimed president elect sor r eee ee eee eee eee ee eee eee e eee eee ees eee eee esse se eseseeeee ppeeeciuosiciicri rer irri iri i iter rt itd aar ror eee ee eee eee oo ee reese eee eee sese sese esse eee ee sees esse sees sees eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ese eoe ese ees sese se eeeees sees sse eeee es oeeeeeee sese sess nine iiis 6 cvnasincnaia sigscauecsinsasecouheas aimee aman eae ae effects on american shipping soo rore eoe eere eto eet ee sees theses sees ee esse hess m co iw aad 27 mownne date february 2 1940 february 9 1940 february 9 1940 february 9 1940 february 9 1940 february 23 1940 april 5 1940 april 26 1940 june 21 1940 june 21 1940 july 26 1940 august 9 1940 august 9 1940 august 16 1940 august 28 1940 august 23 1940 october 4 1940 december 1 1939 december 1 1939 december 1 1939 june 7 1940 august 30 1940 december 22 1939 may 17 1940 december 8 1939 may 10 1940 may 31 1940 may 31 1940 may 31 1940 july 19 1940 september 13 1940 september 13 1940 september 27 1940 august 2 1940 september 20 1940 november 17 1939 january 19 1940 february 23 1940 april 26 1940 april 26 1940 october 27 1939 november 3 1939 november 3 1939 november 10 1939 november 10 1939 november 17 1939 12 volume xix neutrality continued moral embargo asked by state department it sce nd nenepemnchepesnnnnhnoebadeersoneeeess panama declaration invoked in graf spee incident britain rejects american republics protest 000 british u.s exchanges on interference with mail pittman and schwellenbach embargo resolutions ee cii iiit ci ssccrtrstnsnsesneencteestonseoseesseescncsesseeese asama maru incident anglo japanese exchanges copenhagen conference cscccccssscscssrescceeeesssessesceeceeesensees halvdan koht on norwegian position italy protests british coal bam cccscssseseesceeereceeeeeerseeees scandinavia protests warfare on shipping american and allied experts discuss blockade british war minister stanley on neutral rights ee mii tis eicccietennccccccrcaccsesncesensscsncscoccocsccsveceseceesseseosse roosevelt applies act to norway cccssccsssccesseeesseeeeterenes britain extends blockade to portugal and spain havana conference recommendations ccccsccceseeeeeesees u.s embargoes petroleum and scrap metal exports japan protests u.s embargo on war supplies germany blockades britain eeeeeeeereee rere rrrrrirriig corp root ohs ee eee ee reese eseseeeeee see eeeeeeeeeeneee cee ee eeeeeeeeneeee eee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee poets ero o ree eee ete e stereo ee eee eee he ee eee eeeeeeeee new zealand ii cerietabiipemibehnebncetenncernedeennednnnenees norway scandinavian rulers meet cau anciecalestsesbosbansessnobunessadneoscsecnsetes copenhagen conference cscccccocccccsssesrrcccssscesscsscsccccssooces protests warfare on neutral shipping molotov warns scandinavia see also european war 1939 socces oee os estee reet teese theses eee eeeeeeee ee eseeeeee sees rer eer poor oe tots sethe esse eee ee eee eeeeeeee eee eee esse eee ees palestine british restrict land sales panama declaration of see neutrality peace christmas speeches soe r tee erts eee teese ethos see eee es eeeeeeeeseee thee eee e ee eee eee sed philippine islands sii sill scsi iidihdes taeeieinptenmmnknensesenaninenseeessbsineonceeees pius xii pope encyclical assails totalitarianism up iniins suuiiiiy muu vcviccccscnsscrcsnrnsssccnseceoccesncnescscecosesoecesscoss returns visit of italian king and queen sore retr e oee eee eee ee eee eee ee eee eeeeee corr eee eee seen eeeeeeeeeeeeeees poland government formed in france teer eee eee eee errr portugal position in axis struggle for africa oooo eee meee n anne eee eeeeeeeeeeeneees roman catholic church roosevelt names m c taylor personal representative at wd ccrecmevstinitiy sooo o oro oe hee e hehehe sere eee eee eeeeee poop eee eee eeneeeeeneeeeeeeeee rumania hungarian rumanian relations rt mn io cinanemnssinns russian demands rumored ccccccccscccsssssssseesessceseececceeeeeeees german rumanian exchange and oil treaty tatarescu on bessarabia i ceueitions yugoslav and rumanian foreign ministers confer calls military reserves i se i tie 1 cus esisenenaunnensesesecseussenessocnscoresseorcens frees iron guard members tatarescu on defense peete eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee po roo eee h eh oo eee eo eee eee eeeeeeeees esse eee e hee eee eee ed een eeeeeeeeees coro eee e eee teen eeneeeeeeeeeeeees er rere eee eee ee eee eer ere reer 20 10 10 11 49 date december 8 1939 december 22 1939 december 29 1939 january 26 1940 january 26 1940 february 2 1940 february 23 1940 february 23 1940 march 1 1940 march 1 1940 march 8 1940 march 8 1940 march 22 1940 march 29 1940 april 5 1940 may 38 1940 august 2 1940 august 2 1940 august 2 1940 august 16 1940 august 23 1940 october 11 1940 october 27 1939 january 26 1940 march 1 1940 march 8 1940 april 5 1940 march 8 1940 december 29 1939 october 27 1939 november 10 1939 december 29 1939 january 5 1940 november 17 1939 september 27 1940 december 29 1939 march 15 1940 december 1 1939 december 1 1939 december 15 1939 january 5 1940 january 5 1940 february 2 1940 february 9 1940 march 1 1940 march 1 1940 march 22 1940 march 22 1940 e volume xix 13 rumania continued no date clodius in bucharest for german rumanian talks 23 march 29 1940 prrneoy cte trriiiin oncescsssvsissccvninstnncinnecientnininaitietinniiianin 24 april 5 1940 bans new contracts for cereal exports to germany 26 april 19 1940 gigurtu succeeds gafencu as prime minister cscsss0es 33 june 7 1940 carol forms party of the nation sccccsssssssccessssesseeees 36 june 28 1940 carol orders mobilization appeals to germany 00 37 july 5 1940 soviet takes bessarabia and bukovina cccccssscesseeereeeees 37 july 5 1940 bo deed ier ceenssientsismncmenitiiniaiiaaicindanaaaads 38 july 12 1940 comgiscntes drikiads 00 tgw nccssiccinsssitiniinsineisnshataiiieie 42 august 9 1940 cee tort ues 86 trwnrige cccmsitndidvsconokiomnnains 44 august 23 1940 sot tr grid os cnc ecceccentcctsenssericetiiansversetbiantnccenebaageadiasai 44 august 23 1940 axis powers compel northern transylvania transfer to ieg aocscncncecresescssevsissceunensinretivniiagiaamiaaaamaed 46 september 6 1940 becomes german protectorate ccccccoccossccccccssccrcesscncstoccscsveseostes 46 sentember 6 1940 ds rn a ce ren 47 september 13 1940 cui i 5s baissivncccasesevecsastncinasonsedinetaessentbensiiaamitatiaeimmmens 47 september 13 1940 antonescu proclaims legionary state ccccssssssssseseeees 48 september 20 1940 german troops protact cg tid ccccsstccsescscsicsscccsssscciseccrescese 52 october 18 1940 cis qe ic ccesiicsastnevacssstinciansesencecliintiammaaialaeenentiamababdieandiaiaitccnis 52 october 18 1940 russia mn ot in cada ccbsacicanascsecairnioececvatouecpeotomnaaameminiees 1 october 27 1939 ne me a rm eee ee 1 october 27 1939 roosevelt kalinin exchange on finland scssscscssssseeseees 1 october 27 1939 boroont sp dodo botnop scceesevescicsessscensneenecnnnssnntiinintencsusliidhiiin 3 november 10 1939 pimiot bowiat mametiantiows bail cccccssccsscsscvscesncsesoscssonsesnetones 4 november 17 1939 soe sie bo gro cnccntessinncascvicrviatnnaviininiinmaisiaaaiaiieitiin 5 november 24 1939 bovice tamarsbs womocireici oscccccccecececcccnesccccecscsecossenesestensecasoose 5 november 24 1939 edquiuranges ui trruarter tigr oi io cicsisscccsssreiiecesecsscinesnsesscaccentonens 8 december 15 1939 motos wr emss ce toweioiid os ccccsscsisccccevecesciscevevsassconevsnteasars 9 december 22 1939 ipt tarts renin oncecsivenicscseccatedicenssninicsscnentsatnsinecdccoat 11 january 5 1940 extends soviet japanese fisheries convention s seeeeeees 11 january 5 1940 urc aep i ciiiriond occcsinsicisintssscoesntnlercateccmaconasndiieaaias 11 january 5 1940 owing framers romogireiding onvcciciccccsciscrscsscecsccsnscecesonsdessicservene 11 january 5 1940 trade agreement with bulgaria ccccscsccssssssssesscsssssesenses 13 january 19 1940 churchill on british policy toward russia cccccccssesesess 24 april 5 1940 france asks recall of soviet ambassador sseeseeseeees 24 april 5 1940 poune owe troorrruion chcscccncsccdvaharsessecsassaiccsncdecsessanaseotzeonsaities 24 april 5 1940 beosooot wate tortguiogig hcciciicicccestsnceresecevssnsssacitsassaniviandetsens 24 april 5 1940 asks reopening of trade negotiations with britain 27 april 26 1940 pian scte sir dcrtore chi viccccevsecesiccnccnssessccsscesencsctace 32 may 31 1940 invades lithuania latvia and estonia 2 cccccccsssssssees 35 june 21 1940 soviet japanese agreement on mongolian frontier 35 june 21 1940 tass denies troop massing on german border 00000 36 june 28 1940 owi assp ie lotmeiioe oi c.cccceccsscceiciscveci iscetecdidateteithantanweteoreeds 37 july 5 1940 takes bessarabia and bukovina ccccccccsscssesssssvesesoeess 37 july 5 1940 nn conroe ue dy 5b ccccccssastonesioncssestemeeedntaans 42 august 9 1940 molotov on anglo soviet relation nsciccssscescoscsessessssesssscoseuscsves 42 august 9 1940 piasetev on barone wel sscicnccccnninicsndoniniiissaesates 42 august 9 1940 claims right to be on danubian commission c00000 8 48 september 20 1940 reaction to germany’s move into rumania cceeceeee 52 october 18 1940 u.s releases machine tool shipment ccccsssecesseeeeees 52 october 18 1940 see also finland slovakia hungary charges anti hungarian moves scscscecssreseseesees 29 may 10 1940 spain checetnien twict cavisciccithcdctsaccscisicmnseimeentennannennen 35 june 21 1940 no ures cain fol cic occicrenitecieinie cca eenemenemreacee 49 september 27 1940 sufier visits berlin and rome c ccccccccscsssssssrvcessssosseees 49 september 27 1940 sweden scandinavian rulers meet at stockholm cccssseeeseeseeees 1 october 27 1939 anglo swedish commercial treaty cccccsssscscscccsssseeees 11 january 5 1940 se be fr ii sais csins ntnssines isnt saasectoasovatbesewieesonseasebeusvannecssenieeeenes 14 january 26 1940 wroeos mtiertg bid go puma oiccncsciccccsccssicssicceseisvencentesiesense 18 february 23 1940 copenhagen conference on neuttality ccceeeereeessseeseeees 19 march 1 1940 terte cooutiieioins occcenenersesstiniaeensstntinitetinseneninininanaianenssninennntin 19 march 1 1940 protests warfare on neutral shipping cccsscceseeseereeseerees 20 march 8 1940 sne wht tooriiiti ocisicensctrescesscvessescereescctiveneneterietitcn 24 april 5 1940 permits passage of german war supplies cccssesseeeeseees 38 july 12 1940 syria disiie cendin sitatary mais iicisicdccecsnecir remnants 47 september 13 1940 volume xix thailand relations with indo china cccccccccscscssssessesesssssesseceeeeererees turkey i oi se eae cr etirenenenannennaccnneqeneanenes turco italian conversations ccccssccessccesseeesseeeceerseceeecseees press assails german ambassador von papen anglo turkish commercial agreement sc0ssecseeeeesees turco bulgarian conversations cccssssesesssssseeseeserseeseee iiit ti iiit sctricldintecscnncnnnatnsinnsocenccecessneustecteseconsecorercosesers seizes krupp shipyards dismisses german technicians applies national defense law ccccccccccescscscssseeceseessceneseeees german trade pact stand on european war pop eee eee eee nese seeeeneneeeees se eeeeeeeeeeereseseseseeeees union of soviet socialist republics see russia union of south africa political situation and aid to britain in war 006 united states nee grew on japanese american relations in aaa a ahsdindtnatecnnennttaeuanencubedsiiunenee roosevelt kalinin exchange on finland ccccssseseeseeees shipping and national defense ccccccccceceeseseeeeeeeeeseeeees si i oss nsasncemiecbsonvninvebuvencnsacksertercnsentonstores deficiency appropriation request ccsscsesseessecesseeeeeeseenes et pan american economic and financial relations mexican ruling on oil property seizure ccccccceesceeeseees reciprocal trade agreements act renewal faces contest roosevelt names m c taylor personal representative at iii saith ick caisson calenapiadieieidedinenenianinninastanesadnenntteuntine roosevelt’s christmas messages to pope pius xii and protestant and jewish leaders in u.s cccseeeeeseeeeee grew nomura conversation on american japanese trade i sissies cdiemieenaniinnnensoeonensacercosoccessseccosees congress and defense appropriations ccccseeseeceereeeseeee roosevelt budget message ssccccssssrseesereecesssececsseeseeenseeeenes roosevelt message to comgress cccccccscccesscessseeseeceenseeeeees trade pact negotiations with argentina and uruguay fail i i cii gis ssccsrccnveccccsscnsseqceocesessessdcecsconnsesacooutoves bs iiiiiiid sccandintimicinpectinasnneneetnetacannenecesnseresstuedevesooieitioes stimson asks embargo on sale of war materials to japan terminates japanese trade treaty ccsccssscsessseesseeeseenenes iii nso acca ca cauecsatnseanietpboenetignmiasaeniuainesereesoonacnones se i it iin cell ni occnepuaichncaininiligtanaiabethareserinekeseonsonceneenton export import bank fund increase voted by senate two schools of thought on foreign policy c:csceee house passes trade agreements program renewal ce export import bank bill loams ccccccsecceseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees state department creates advisory committee on war i a acetctcsaanenseresnersacsessoesieseseesedoeces roosevelt on an cnauting pcace 00scccseesseseeseececeesseeeseeeeees j h r cromwell minister to canada rebuked for toronto iiit nicideenisddlisinuapiaipiliseibipbnmnninbaibiitudecsumnivnresosieesssesesseoeccaverecours sii iii 6s icriesiniapiciceticsnigndcacetaerrnnseriedatesecsnsseococccncncnoveesess senate passes trade agreements act extension hull answers japanese statement on netherlands indies impending issues of foreign policy c sccssecsesseceeseeeeeseeee italo american diplomatic exchanges ccsesssseesseseees mexican reply to hull note on oil properties 0 position on dutch west indies ccsccsssesssesseeseseseseeeees i ercmndpeunbbbconscseconnsnnsvaseeeee es sh isc wen kccte pen qncimtotta esvocsotrecssovscotesoooeresesee economic ties with mexico ccccccccscccsessssssseesseeeeceeenecees roosevelt on defense problems sssssseeseeessseesssesseeneeeens defense program developments ccccccccccseseesseceeeeeeeeeeeenes ne iie tti vscnunesesstessicestbiosencesrccesecececscccrcesocenegens vandenberg urges new treaty with japan ccccceeeseeee foreign policy and defense issues in political campaign foreign policy pronouncements ccccscessessesceeeeeeeseseeeeeeres roosevelt on peace essentials c.scccsscescesseessesseeseeeeeeeeees i iii so sich cincinbeessiienshentineennentectensonsenconceceoccconacetes ru tin wind sas crtiiscscececcsseccenssascrccscsncesteressosasoceeceessccnsee no 33 cnaoanhke 10 date october 18 1940 october 27 1939 november 10 1939 december 15 1939 january 5 1940 january 19 1940 february 9 1940 february 16 1940 march 1 1940 june 21 1940 august 30 1940 june 7 1940 october 27 1939 october 27 1939 november 17 1939 november 24 1939 november 24 1939 november 24 1939 december 1 1939 december 8 1939 december 22 1939 december 29 1939 december 29 1939 january 5 1940 january 12 1940 january 12 1940 january 12 1940 january 12 1940 january 19 1940 january 19 1940 january 19 1940 february 2 1940 february 9 1940 february 9 1940 february 23 1940 february 23 1940 march 1 1940 march 1 1940 march 8 1940 march 15 1940 march 22 1940 march 29 1940 april 12 1940 april 12 1940 april 26 1940 april 26 1940 may 10 1940 may 10 1940 may 10 1940 may 17 1940 may 31 1940 may 31 1940 may 31 1940 may 31 1940 june 14 1940 june 14 1940 june 21 1940 july 5 1940 july 12 1940 july 12 1940 july 26 1940 july 26 1940 ee se ee eee volume xix 15 united states continued roosevelt signs two ocean navy bill estimates tape cei cii occesvinsvccrstteiictncnsesiteninsinonsanianitsmaigghninibiies conscription burke wadsworth bill denounced by molotov fers orice gduiitted cocceriecereesconsanemnnantitnssniahiannainennaiinadsaiin plan to exchange destroyers for british naval bases roosevelt mackenzie king agreement on joint defense piii inccoitsastoisesiecsounmsasnipanubesesbehaneaientoghatniiteenstigimaaasseiniisaans canada and u.s push defense plan bxecutive control of foreign policy soi dont iioing oiciscccsenccansenscrssctenapetoinccisscsenaiedieanniinaaaies ol ware cine woo siicccsccesstnsescsccosenesscscsnosnccsabsenssieaneas ppococcevo necrtimreion perm oncsscscscsscecsscessssosescccssantiveincossscesates congress votes burke wadsworth bill eececsseeeeeeees argentina suspends import licenses for american products passes bill to increase r.f.c lending authority major legislation passed by congress sccccssssssssesesessees releases machine tool shipments to russia sootges chs runes gd eccnicintirrcccrceniciretenvecsnctecinneennions urges americans to return from far east ccccsseeees see also american states china european war 1939 finland neutrality eeeeerececeecese sooo eee eee ee eee eee ee eeeeeeesesseeeseee oreo rrr resto esse estos shee ees erste seeeseseseeeeessss sees es errr core e eoe ee eee the eee eo oee eee esse eeeeeeee se eeeeeeeeereseees cor e eee eres eseeeeeeeeeeee uruguay re oo oi voi ccsinciccsnienpiomcaertestaeeantnieinetaieinntrammnteuens uruguayan u.s trade pact negotiations fail arrests nazi leaders eee eeeeeeeeesceeeeeeeees corre rsens ee eeo o ee hee eee see eeoe eee eeee eee eeee see ese eee oesess western hemisphere see american states yugoslavia german trade drive i gig ici sviien tas viiscevsseneupacncuappcn badiaeanaanieantaaeseaeekateeitats anglo yugoslav commercial treaty csseecsseeees aseecocemate tioirton aiscinsiicnscnecciccasesesvtesneccresneceseeniontnaeeese yugoslav and bulgarian foreign ministers confer stoyadinovitch arrested on charge of plotting with nazis fore tort iu oviesiecesscascassnersiehevneiaivinceinssemndansaiaedtaanasan premier cvetkovitch urges rejection of any territorial de mands corr ere re eere ere e eee ee eee esse eee eesee esse ee eeeeeeeseseeee esse seed coree eee e eee eee eh ee herr eee eee eeoe eee ee essere teese sees ees tree eseeeeeeseeeeeeeeees 49 date july 26 1940 august 2 1940 august 2 1940 august 9 1940 august 9 1940 august 28 1940 august 23 1940 august 30 1940 august 30 1940 september 6 1940 september 6 1940 september 6 1940 september 20 1940 september 27 1940 september 27 1940 october 11 1940 october 18 1940 october 18 1940 october 18 1940 december 22 1939 january 12 1940 september 27 1940 december 1 1939 december 1 1939 january 5 1940 january 5 1940 february 9 1940 april 26 1940 june 28 1940 october 18 1940 +foreign policy bulletin index to volume xviii october 28 1938 october 20 1939 published weekly by the national headquarters foreign policy association 8 west 40th street incorporated new york n y eee renee 4 index to volume xviii october 28 1938 october 20 1939 aland islands no date desnelin bisae liehathe boat ciisiscssiincitinininteinntonnan 32 june 2 1939 albania se wie trod ci sists sninsennctccnsuiecevecieqiniailelocesedakouuesninssavacsmmeevelivdens 25 april 14 1939 seu uren souuiiiir os ciceccciscevsvissetveccesssccitnenbvenvvbyentensenaionens 25 april 14 1939 irriiiiie ts wri isiinnsincxicsiccavsetauptatninseostnnconasaignbaiaeenaatontodn 26 april 21 1939 argentina ee gre ted serinuiscciisinticniccinnsscneceteninpndann 6 december 2 1938 curtalia teaertes prem wah ccecscccscrcesncssecassrovccsenssosensssensetoounsees 19 march 3 1939 nazi party activity held unconstitutional cceceeeeees 29 may 12 1939 asia teh a we bong td hisses cscncsccccscsiciss scrnservenemearemianearrnnins 7 december 9 1938 australia i id 6 ucccnesacanesstileibbiicieaciinidsninintasedencamammenhaiecaioenets 32 june 2 1939 dcrr wire ote gon maiint os enissevcssccsssciisinacecesecesvevosssaqaausnsneanainess 47 september 15 1939 balkan states uninc srmnumuiid 55 cai ssasieeisisencpepimcneiscs enoceokewsssinaaaiententonees 6 december 2 1938 ns rine sound s:csccccicis caquarntoaiheised babnsoseinineenemiemamnanntebenccoaes 6 december 2 1938 ed su cui ic cevcsen casseastoasesetirsarresetueeonasomeracnens 51 october 13 1939 baltic states forged stings rii ccceeesiceeecsininnmmnnnins 50 october 6 1939 barbey h g i ci ione oiosnescieneoncdandionnemeniaamauiamentite 3 november 11 1938 belgium king leopold visits queen wilhelmina cccscceeeeesees 6 december 2 1938 nin 3 2 cacnslaccgaumuasinelmadnimaaenentietteanb bam ialehighaakatiiese te micuaale 24 april 7 1939 king leopold calls conference of scandinavia and nether sinned xccsvcccuikxcoiencousvosndnien tishebasdot steiocpisiaubeuschassaaebcceli aaa iaina 44 august 25 1939 bolivia nro a xncccerecsssanisenrennonccenevesnstianmnaatnnnctnmniiiinniaitentnnennet 2 may 12 1939 ies sei sc eccnenvcenecvsenssnsenesinnsiensdsctninvintninadnniienntiieaaiasinaniaiaanetitiis 32 june 2 1939 book reviews albrecht carrié rené italy at the peace conference 12 january 13 1939 angus h f canada and her great neighbor 21 arneson b a the democratic monarchies of scandinavia march 17 1939 52 october 20 1939 ascoli max and feiler arthur fascism for whom 20 march 10 1939 baidukov georges over the north pole ccccccccccssseeseeeseeee 31 may 26 1939 su ree oud ocexunictinnacagiincpbnaiabiiesitieceinnnininadsahinntiiaiaaiblaepenianbiian 14 january 27 1939 bank ff th predetar ta somo ccsccssnsecesccccivsessssscscsceescressnenes 3 november 11 1938 bowis carieton americ satay seccsccesisssicsscssoosscscccsnacesscscssssceess 5 november 25 1938 sports fi tec dup oo nno dit g ccviciccsenccnsscccncsasciassmassticenenvecios 33 june 9 1939 ben shalom abraham deep furrows scccccccccceseeeeereesees 18 february 24 1939 roureeri srorer tc rocmmioioe bissccciniccccocsisiescsvecassscccgsesssvensevn 31 may 26 1939 birtles bert bailes tt tre me qow6 ccecescesccccccscvsescescccccssssoses 35 june 23 1939 boveri margret mediterranean cross currents ccceceseeees 10 december 30 1938 bowman isaiah limits of land settlement ccc000 8 december 16 1938 briffault robert the decline and fall of the british bie siinbtnnrrncvencentpinagipeintsidiniuhiathiiidiiianbinighdlbaibiiaiadeabi 35 june 23 1939 browne olf lillian pius xi apostle of peace 00 3 november 11 1938 buck j l land utilization in china ccccccssccossscecees 1 october 28 1938 buehler e c ed british american alliance 00000000 29 may 12 1939 bruck w f social and economic history of germany tam tr te oo bi scciciccemravepersteccnctsnchcscucanpiocecswonvenen 1 january 13 1939 cardozo h g the march of a natio cccccccccsscceeenseees 2 november 4 1938 carr katherine south american primers cccccccccccscsseseseeeee 35 june 23 1939 chase stuart the new western font ccccccccccssssesseeees 32 june 2 1939 cherne l m adjusting your business to war os 36 june 30 1939 volume xviii book reviews continued childs m w this is democracy collective bargaining i il iatenensnetitiepesnnanaaeenetgnesensenetpretenseceeeeueneteee clonmore lord pope pius xi and world peace colby c c geographic aspects of international relations common jack seven shift cccsccccseccsssscssssssscessscecsssssoees coyle d c roads to a new america 00 cccccccceessesseseeeceees crow carl he opened the door of japan ccccsssceeeeees of 1 ci ty asl chididstesbtacalichdenepbicecessasedoscovcocencccenséosesee the crucial problem of imperial development 0000 danton g h the chinese people cccccccccccceseesssseessseceeees dean v m hurope tm retreat ccccsccccsrscssscseecseeseessccees denby elizabeth hurope rehowsed c.cccccceeeesseeeeeesseees dilts m m the pageant of japanese history 00000 dodd martha through embassy byes ccccccccccseseeessees dow d m australia advances ccccccceesssseececesssseeeeesereees dulles f r america in the pacific 0 ccccccccccsssceeseeeeeeeeeees dulles j f war peace and change cccccseeeceeeeeeseeeees duncan jones a s the struggle for religious freedom i ace samasnenenabontesteeseiootes einzig paul economic problems of the next war ekvall r b gateway to tibet ccscccssessessessesscessescsscenes eliot g f bombs bursting im air ccccccsscssssessssesereeesseseees emerson rupert malaysia occccccsecscssssssecsseseseesscsecsorsees farago ladislas arabian antic su ie nt ie tires 0 cataconesenevsscesonvencsneecsoceecocoeee fields harold the refugee in the united states fleming d f the united states and world organization ford g s dictatorship in the modern world frascona j i visit search and seizure on the high seas frey arthur cross and swasttha 0 ccccccccccseseccccccsseeecseceees frischauer willi twilight in vienna fuchs martin showdown in vienna gardner mona the menacinig sum ccccccccseesseeseseeeeseeeeees gayer a d homan p t and james e k the sugar boomomi of potter trego o.ceccecsecceccessceceessessccsccvecsccescessosseeccoees gedye g e r betrayal in central europe ccccscceeeeeee gelber l m the rise of anglo american friendship the german reich and americans of german origin germany s claim to colonies c.scccccsccscccssssscsssessessecceoseess godshall w l american foreign policy c csssssesesees gooch r k source book on the government of england grant a t k a study of the capital market in post war britain griswold a w the far eastern policy of the united i ncirnstuietnainatuiuniunes gunther john inside europe cccsccccsccsccsssecssssssssscsceseseeseees hanke lewis editor handbook of latin american studies hansen a h full recovery or stagnation c.ccccccccsecseeeee harper s n the government of the soviet union harris herbert american labor ccccccccssssesssssesscessesssensesees hart liddell through the fog of war ccccccccccccsesscseceeeeee hasluck e l foreign affairs 1919 1937 i nee heimann eduard communism fascism or democracy hindus maurice we shall live again ltt hodgson stuart the man who made the peace neville ee se ee horrabin j f an atlas of current affairs ccceceseeesees howe quincy blood is cheaper than water cc.ccsecee00e hubbard g e eastern industrialization and its effect on the west hudson g f the far east in world politics hutton graham survey after munich cccccccessscceeeeeeee ireland p w iraq a study in political development isaacs h r the tragedy of the chinese revolution janowsky o j people at bay c 0 ccsscsssesesssesessessssceseces joesten joachim rats in the larder johnson a c anthony eden c.ccccscccocsssscssscsessscersoseee jones f e the defence of democracy ss:sessseseeeeeeeee keith a b editor speeches and documents on inter sers ele ee ee keller a s lissitzyn o j and mann f j creation of rights of sovereignty through symbolic acts king hall stephen chatham house kirkpatrick f a latin americ cccccccceeeeceeseeeeseeeeeees knight m m morocco as a french economic venture rgm tats peres of bogor cccccscsncsevsesecsccssosessseesssvecesseoeees ee eeeeeseeee ppeeii tit eee oeeeee seeeeeee see eeeeees fate eer eero ere re eee e ee eere ohhh eee eee eee eeee eee eee eere eee ee eee eere por r renee ener ee ee eet eee eeeeeeee date december 23 1938 november 11 1938 december 9 1938 december 16 1938 january 27 1939 may 12 1939 november 4 1938 january 13 1939 january 13 1939 february 10 1939 december 23 1938 january 13 1939 april 28 1939 november 4 1938 may 26 1939 february 10 1939 may 19 1939 april 21 1939 december 30 1938 june 16 1939 february 24 1939 may 19 1939 may 12 1939 february 10 1939 february 17 1939 october 20 1939 june 23 1939 may 19 1939 december 23 1938 june 23 1939 august 4 1939 august 18 1939 march 3 1939 june 2 1939 january 27 1939 october 20 1939 may 26 1939 june 30 1939 december 23 1938 march 31 1939 january 27 1939 december 30 1938 january 27 1939 october 28 1938 january 27 1939 june 2 1939 february 17 1939 june 2 1939 june 2 1939 june 9 1939 march 24 1939 june 9 1939 may 19 1939 june 2 1939 december 30 1938 august 25 1939 march 17 1939 january 13 1939 june 23 1939 october 28 1938 april 7 1939 june 23 1939 march 17 1939 december 30 1938 december 30 1938 june 2 1939 june 2 1939 march 31 1939 november 4 1938 volume xviii book reviews continued kolnai aurel the war against the west kuczynski r r colonial population cccccsscsecesseeeeeeeees lansbury george my pilgrimage for peace scssevseeees lasker bruno and roman agnes propaganda from ccie cine oo ccunsasniimmstinminies gosatinensvinistaivelininmcuaaiaiea lasswell h d propaganda technique in the world war latourette k s the development of china cccccccceceeees lederer emil and lederer seidler emy japan in tran genin a ccincestenssnensesinnscssignasiataeiidishvasiandapaqnlaneieanaataieamieammnein leigh randolph conscript burope cc cccccscesscsssescsescesesees lennhoff eugene the last five hours of austria levene ricardo a history of argentina cccccssseesesesereees lewis cleona america’s stake in international invest pdt csdiiitgnnvsacvienssmseneevaeeinnaicnienadepeiamenienaee linebarger p m a government in republican china zu loewenstein prince hubertus conquest of the past luck s e observation t2 russia c.cccccrccesssesscceseccesesses macartney g a hungary and her successors 0 macartney m h and cremona paul ijtaly’s foreign ne spied foie sistscicresiasscaccosoctsssectececentesauasianmmieetmamabienn wee pommnes a g bia bebb ncn ceeconccseccspennoceapesenareveceeceyseanes ae h f the real conflict between china and tit inennittnessgtendsiconennennaunieenseieentaiainiadnaiaeiaemmnsiaiaas hiatal aeteiatiands mallory w h ed political handbook of the world mann erika and klaus escape to life cscsccsseseeseeseeeeeee mann thomas the coming victory of democracy mendelssohn bartholdy albrecht the war and german pit 20 ts scacicehitnnisadsedubcicianterescatthan uctaasiaetemianiaa tere wakes mendizabal alfred the martyrdom of spain menne bernhard blood and steel cccccccscccsccsscccosccsesceseee merriam c e the new democracy and the new des eine ncvitssocscaiscedsasesyeieampemndioniiibamudaensieinaimammmatmainmannaaete monroe elizabeth the mediterranean in politics seowrer e a tie drie feo xncnccecesecesasessstisancinereevsvceves mihlen norbert schacht hitler’s magician mullett c f the british empire mumford lewis men must act ccccccsccsscccssrescessessseseeseeees murray gilbert liberality and civilization ue gene ds uinoy 6 snsccnnsguttdeiccansiebesdeeupstuantsisiseeaeieoniencdaannts nourse e g and drury h e industrial policies and soong sv oiugie cvscncinscicecsnnsintnintoncenvicpiccnnaoaneageveaniiniaiis oppenheim l international law vol i peace 0 padelford n j international law and diplomacy in the boe chd bonde ice isccticnsisinrstsntiniesshcnconenaatase tania pan s c y american diplomacy concerning manchuria petrie sir charles the chamberlain tradition pa sf og sr in reaer nen pollock j k the government of greater germany price g w i know these dictators prtowtieg ti 1 premed cvovogrg cociscecaccsccsessscesseccnancasorssizeceess quigley h s and blakeslee g h the far east an poopie ton oun coisiciiciccssntlicdiicenincntecineenas rappard w e the crisis of democracy sssssessees reich nathan labor relations in republican germany reischauer r k japan government politics maomers j el camibalisms ge cet occccciiccesccnsssencsvansecsscncsvsoeenne royal institute of international affairs study group of members of the british empire c.ccccssccceseessessceeeeceesees rudin h r germans in the cameroons a ip scseitiiiieticmntbiiaaschcipinmniiteiiiciiaaiitasin sainte aulaire comte de geneva versus peace eps tn roi foie soni acnincinicnionsisintan ones steieescianaietiinnidaaiinls sehuschuias kurt ma assit ocssiiccessececcesesscescvercesessassessenscios sears l m history of american foreign relations seton watson r w britain and the dictators sneed coupe bu tei cvcccscocsnscescnsisseressexnsenssnnsoveenanseis slocombe george a mirror to geneva smedley agnes china fights back cccccssscssseseseeseesseees smyth j h and angoff charles the world over 1938 snow edgar red star over china ccccccceserserssessresseesesees sontag r j germany and england ccccccessseesseeeeeenes spengler j j france faces depopulation i ihe cates gone auiiiiin ccsnssnonsiansiencgnieatinmnaseneaannnaaabincennnentes sprout harold and margaret the rise of american fo od viiciecccvusemsbliinrcbsiitrsninnilitinatinaiasiennpisciaaiabiiiiad delta iiasiaaiitin ees tics er iee tie vennnccocsnciatintiadannnccsinnnsnincinanapninipmaaliaiidin strong a l one fifth of mankind csccsessresscorsssssccsssees stuart g h latin america and the united states oe eee eeeeeereseeeeeeeeeeeees eeeeesee coen eeeeereeeeeeserenes corr ree ree eee ee oe eeo eee ee eee e eee ee eee eeeeeeee one ee ee eee e eee eeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeee cee enone eee eeeer eee ee seeeeeenenee pe ee cece eeeseeeseeneeeeees eeeeeeee date november 4 1938 november 11 1938 december 9 1938 june 2 1939 october 20 1939 november 25 1938 june 2 1939 december 9 1938 december 23 1938 december 23 1938 june 2 1939 january 13 1939 january 13 1939 november 4 1938 october 28 1938 december 16 1938 march 17 1939 february 24 1939 april 7 1939 may 12 1939 november 25 1938 september 29 1939 december 23 1938 december 16 1938 october 20 1939 february 17 1939 may 26 1939 march 31 1939 november 4 1938 march 24 1939 december 9 1938 may 19 1939 december 30 1938 december 16 1938 june 30 1939 april 21 1939 june 9 1939 june 30 1939 may 19 1939 november 4 1938 march 31 1939 march 17 1939 june 2 1939 january 13 1939 june 9 1939 june 23 1939 december 30 1938 june 9 1939 november 25 1938 june 2 1939 june 2 1939 june 2 1939 february 24 1939 april 14 1939 december 23 1938 may 26 1939 december 30 1938 june 16 1939 june 30 1939 april 21 1939 october 20 1939 april 28 1939 june 30 1939 april 7 1939 december 23 1938 december 9 1938 volume xviii book reviews continued studies in income and wealth scscssssssscssssersssrssecseseseneees tabouis geneviéve blackmail or war cccccssccsesereceseeees tansill c c the united states and santo domingo stitt gill lla kena damaescoeeuieienhadiandibmenmotwiansereconzececsccoccorencogeante h j the reciprocal trade policy of the united iiit dines hiieialaaaneusiaataheecibeenceenetianstemnetinerereenecereesezcessececocscecqnene teeling william pope pius xi and world affairs temperley harold and pensom l m foundations of british foreign polacy 0cercsssccesrssssscesesssocsssssscsscsssscseeses thompson virginia french indo china 0 cccceccseeeeeeees toynbee arnold and boulter v m survey of inter ine i in sc vssnscskccacsenrtrecisoncenesonssvovseescocesecenecocoses tracy m e our country our people and theirs treat p j diplomatic relations between the united states and japan 1895 1905 cccccccccsserscceceesssessecceesrersecceees trevelyan g m british history in the nineteenth cen fss an vespa amleto secret agent of japan vilaplana ruiz burgos justice wet fb bn ceo cobb nccccccccccesccccsesccccssoccsvscsecsssesceseseseoces wales nym inside red china cccccccseesssseceessesssecesesseceees walton w p marihuana america’s new drug problem wheeler bennett john the forgotten peace s00000 williams m w dom pedro the magnanimous williams valentine world of action cccccccccceeeeseseeeeeees wise j c woodrow wilson disciple of revolution wiskemann elizabeth czechs and germans c0000000 wrong g m the canadians the story of a people young a m tmperial japan ccccccccessssssccceseeecseceeeteensees young c h and reid h r y the japanese canadians e p czechoslovakia keystone of peace and emo sooo eee ee eh eee eeeeeeeneeeeeeeeeee so ore rro ote e hee ee ree ee eee eee ee ee eee ee eee peete eee eeneeeeeee eeeeeeee foe reo e reto ee ooe este eee eee eese se eseseeeeeeeeeeeeoe eee esse ee sees eee eeeeeeeo ore brazil i aanmenesdnceneonsnn brazilian american relations cccccccccscccessssssssessrseceeesesseees foreign minister aranha seeks aid in washington brazilian american agreements ties scenscentnenentosenonsunonssonnees a a seesseunonstiooentoaneineninns res eee ne seeeeeeeeres poor eee ee eee eee ee eee eee eee eee es esee ee ee eee buell r l coons ree hee see eee oses sees sees esse sese sees es eeeeeeeeeeseeeeoe ese eeeeeeos bulgaria dissolves nazi organization sore eero teer eee eee rhee eee eeee eee eee eee ee eet eee eee oe canada canadian american trade agreement and empire unity es er declares war on germany ppeerrrrerrrr titties coo c oer toot oee eee eere eee sese eee ee seeeeeeeeese sese ee eeeeoeeeeeeeed sao e eee ror eee eee ore eee ee estee sese ee esse eeeeeeeeeeeeo chamberlain j p accepts visiting professorship at oxford ppeerrrierrrrr irri irr ri chile ee ee mor german trade sore oren eee erts ee eeeeee sese teeter eetee eee seesee testes ime eeeeeee ee eo od china chiang kai shek on peace rumors japan takes canton and hankow csssssssesssessseseseeeeees japanese protests on foreign interests in far east us protests violation of open door japan answers ammeetiicaan noe cccssesessseeeeessseceseeseeesseeeees chinese american monetary agreement ccccecccseeeereees japan’s plan for new order in asia ccccsscsceeeseeeeseenenee premier konoye on japan’s war aims cccccsseessseeseeresenes ii 0 i ncescncnndhighianenaccnconserecoocccscenevoceneseene wang ching wei expelled by kuomintang csseseees ee re manchoukuo border incidents cccccssseesescseeeeseeeereesesseees british action on fimancial aid ccccsecsssssssesereneeeeeeeees peiping régime measures against foreign traders prererrreerir trite prerrerrerrr ere do do ee tt tt conan ocoococoocounnnn date june 23 1939 december 23 1938 march 17 1939 october 28 1938 november 11 1938 march 3 1939 february 17 1939 june 9 1939 october 28 1938 april 14 1939 april 21 1939 november 25 1938 november 25 1938 november 25 1938 may 26 1939 january 27 1939 february 24 1939 december 16 1938 january 27 1939 february 24 1939 march 31 1939 december 30 1938 march 17 1939 may 26 1939 january 13 1939 april 28 1939 december 2 1938 january 27 1939 march 3 1939 march 17 1939 may 19 1939 june 23 1939 october 20 1939 october 28 1938 may 5 1939 april 21 1939 november 25 1938 june 2 1939 june 2 1939 september 15 1939 june 16 1939 december 2 1938 may 12 1939 november 4 1938 november 4 1938 november 4 1938 november 4 1938 november 25 1938 december 30 1938 december 30 1938 december 30 1938 december 30 1938 january 13 1939 february 17 1939 february 17 1939 march 10 1939 march 10 1939 39 cate ysneeneomoaei volume xviii china continued shanghai municipal council keeps policing rights japanese drive on foreign settlements japanese marines at kulangsu c.sccsseetessecssssrcssssseereeeees u.s and great britain reject japanese demands on tat tor siiiinietnceneertinnicrcreenriicantnennnes brition plan to protect iprs oncccccecccccccscecssccccssorseccnsocessonsee secretary hull on tientsin dispute cccccccsssereesseseeees japan strikes at western concessions ccccsccessssseseeseseeesees british nationals searched at tientsin ccesesceeeeeeeeeee fighting on manchoukuo outer mongolia border soviet trade treaty pri gin ssesenivcincscrvecilsssincnecttdetsrcasenstnapenaadeiadiphtianievel admiral yarnell rejects japanese demand to withdraw nationals and naval vessels from swatow sccceceee u.s protests kulangsu blockade and bombing of amer coro iris ncccsicscitinicisittinnnndintinlinlinndiomaimens dr iginh sanious a oriiie ansecevininnssiccsisniesssesrinrcerevnseancererinsins japan incites anti british feeling ovc fometiono cuet origin gecicccicciniciievecssnsieccenevceseansucntosteieavcies effects of treaty denunciation on anglo japanese nego sii ints sanisncennitidaconepsdetieeas dassaialeesnenaancanmaganiaametnnt iain u.s denounces japanese american trade treaty chamberlain cautious on far east cccccccscssssssscsesseeees japanese aviators destroy british steamers 00000 britain rejects bilateral discussion of japanese economic otras he tlie cout oigiior ks isiaiesccenccscccscssncsscencesesciscnsccoss british sergeant shoots chinese policemen in shanghai european war’s effect on japan re ot caner ee eee appeasement in far east changsha victory cuba ooeeeeeceeeees ete ee ee eeeeeeeeeeerseeseeeeeeeeeee cor eee eee eee roe eoe ee ee eerste reet sees eeseeeeeee eee eee seeeee sees hes soar r roe here eeo eee see eee sese sese ee eese sese ees eseeeeees eee ee ee eeoe ees see eee nema eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee ee eeeeeeeeee czechoslovakia clomt of mimmich te greet brrirg ir occcccccccrcossesssccccavcensecsssceovcstenens hungarian and polish territorial claims pueur uuiunng quit icnenncsntccgsnsnicexesericscsetniniinntonetionins refuses to cede ruthenia to hungary i se noone fra seccccccctcsccescensscseensn eaicmeniamiteuieanss nazis in ruthenia encourage ukrainian liberation president hacha ousts premier tiso tiso confers with dies cciserkensesvcasnecseinesisagusinbabammntanae awetubaamntaheanedianetaenodih yields to hitler’s demand for independent slovakia german occupation as a move for pan german europe danzig see poland denmark prererrrrrrrirri itt titi rire poor eee ree ee eee eee eee eee eeeeeeee corp eo eee e eee e eee ee esse ee eeooheeeeeeeee eee sees estee eeeeee esse eeeese se eeeeeeeeeeeees coree e et e eoe teese hee ee reese ee ees ereee sese tees ee es dodecanese islands garrisons reduced estonia german non agztession pact ccccccescecescscscersscsesecesenceeseees soviet air and naval bases established c cccesesseeeeees soviet estonian mutual assistance pact german minorities repatriated europe struggles to check german advance ii suri cara besennisnnnnncisnemninmalaauaninuies britain suggests five power conference ee pe oal es democracies encirclement drive slows effect of hitler’s reichstag speech iii iscusscisievennescicatvnihadbcicadaaslbnésssaninnkiaeleididanstbantedisie is eines cn psnssienienitiiisidieneaibmentiieecesitcniivadiiaebaiaisiilieviian moves toward showdown on brink of war plunges into war te ae iie sceacescckccsatbcccenncicinmiesoncetannnevinctbleelbiensaasdetedisielt dangers of russo german pact upheaval poor oe ere eee eee ee eee roe eee eee esse sese eees preeppc rrr sooo ror oreo reese eee oee e eeo ee eee teese sees ese eeeeeeese sees estee seed sooo o er eee hee ree eee ees oee eee eee esse eee seseeeeseses eset eee eee ees srr e eee eee eee eee eee eere eee esse ee eee eee eoeseeese hess eeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeee sese eees date march 10 1939 may 26 1939 may 26 1939 may 26 1939 june 23 1939 june 23 1939 june 23 1939 june 30 1939 june 30 1939 june 30 1939 june 30 1939 june 30 1939 june 30 1939 july 28 1939 july 28 1939 july 28 1939 august 4 1939 august 4 1939 august 11 1939 august 11 1939 august 25 1939 august 25 1939 september 8 1939 september 22 1939 october 20 1939 october 20 1939 february 10 1939 february 10 1939 october 28 1938 october 28 1938 november 11 1938 december 2 1938 december 2 1938 december 30 1938 march 17 1939 march 17 1939 march 24 1939 april 7 1939 june 9 1939 september 29 1939 june 9 1939 october 6 1939 october 6 1939 october 13 1939 december 2 1938 december 9 1938 march 17 1939 march 24 1939 april 28 1939 may 5 1939 june 2 1939 august 11 1939 august 25 1939 september 1 1939 september 8 1939 september 15 1939 september 22 1939 september 22 1939 8 volume xviii european war 1939 indexed in this volume under poland finland se es a nt ae a a mission returns from moscow cccccccccccssssssssscesseceseenseseees foreign policy association barbey bequest twentieth anniversary luncheon csccccccssceseeeeeeees ss ies 0 asda du ssensorerecsorcoccsconecscocessceoce h j trueblood joins staff c.ccccccccccccsssscccsccscsscccssesscesceees j p chamberlain resigns as chairman of the board general f r mccoy succeeds r l buell as president sn gni iiit scliettidisnctiarennsnasinbehensabssstveveccrsceececeeseccaccoveseveees france premier daladier on empire development radical socialist party congress ccccsccssecessesseseeeseseeees foreign policy reorientation ssssssssssesssssscssesesssssesesese japan protests shipment of munitions through indo china i ie i es cnecheanasouronendsncaneveccnssenonnececcoess paul reynaud becomes finance minister a ca osc ceecnteonnrestrncesoonencenecesencese anglo french conversations ssssssssseseesesssssssesessseeeeesenes franco german amity declaration confidence vote for daladier cssscssscceesessesseseeresseseeees refuses italian revisionists demand for territory ee daladier visits corsica and tunisia cccsscsscsseeeeeeeseee italy denounces laval mussolini accord i at osc aecereipnecnneeesecneoscensesocncccsoocceeee daladier refuses to cede land or rights protests japan’s taking haiman ccecceeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeseeees reoccupies east african territory ccccccccscsseseeeeeesseseenes recognizes franco régime in spain daladier gets decree powers increases army erratic tanintbsdbntnddastnbinierinenerneesstonses ite wii tine cs cesnassisssassseesuoccosoessnessoesccecsecccssece daladier on italian demands rumanian commercial treaty cccscessscesessesssesesecesesceeeees anglo french pledge of support to greece and rumania i ninn td uit recs vencenctccsstdsnsctcccnecbecscsentsecceossectoceseaced franco turkish mutual assistance agreement anglo french mission in moscow ese0 exchange control and special appropriation see also poland germany eastward expansion alarms poland ccssscsscceeseeeseeeees general von epp demands return of colonies a ao seeemsenasubonsnonnennen american ambassador called home treaties with czechoslovakia cccsssssssssseseesesesseeeseesnees franco german amity declaration rumanian trade agreement a cnnbtnousnacanwonsasnnes neville chamberlain protests nazi press attacks on earl erne is i ara german american notes on ickes attack on hitlerism increases submarine tonnage ed mien pid ii css ccscsnssnstncsicadivcossicconincscceccenccesses nazi press assails the netherlands ccccscsssseeseeeesees refugee loan as possible aid in trade slump unfavorable trade development commercial influence in mexico ccccscseeseescseseesesesceseeees dr funk succeeds dr schacht as head of reichsbank military service measures cccccccsesssscsescececesecccseessscseeees reich league of german officers dissolved backs italian colonial claims hitler’s reichstag speech c.ssccsseresssssssessssesessessesseseeeseees polish german pact reaffirmed pruosiom efago telations 2.00000cccccececccecoscccescocsceccseeseoscessecsccseeece eases pressure on jews emigration plan german italian trade accord cccccceeeseesesesceecseseceeeeeeeees stalin on russo german relations over ukraine u.s action on german imports ccccccssseecessceessesseeeeeeeeees german rumanian economic agreement serta eee eeeeeeeeeeeneeereees peete eee ee rere eeeeeeeseseseeee poor ror ree eee ee eee e eee e eset eere oee coo e eee meee ee esas eee eeeeeeeeeee sor ee ee tenn ee ee ee esse eee eee eeeeee pperrrrrrrrr rir iter coco e sro er oee eere see ee esse os eeee sees sees es eeeeesoss corea reo e eee e esot este ee teese ee eeseeeeese sees see eeeesesesee eee eeeeseeeeod cocr err ee reso e reese esos eset sees sees sees eee eee oe seen eeeeeeeeeeereeeseees eee eeeneeeeeeeeeeeeee pere errr reer er cr rier rr saar ro ree ree ee eho eee ee eee esse ese eee ee eeee eee ee eeeeee soot cro oo rotter eee e teeth eee ee eee ese sese esos eeod spor e ooo e ee eee eee eee es ee eee ee eeeee eee eeee cee ween e eee eeeeereeeeee pp ei sop e eee eeeeeeeeeseereseeeetes pprrrrrrrri err rir ry eee we eee e eee eeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeee no date october 13 1939 october 20 1939 november 11 1938 november 25 1938 march 3 1939 may 5 1939 june 16 1939 july 14 1939 september 15 1939 november 4 1938 november 4 1938 november 4 1938 november 4 1938 november 18 1938 november 18 1938 november 18 1938 december 2 1938 december 16 1938 december 16 1938 december 16 1938 december 16 1938 january 6 1939 january 6 1939 january 6 1939 february 3 1939 february 17 1939 february 24 1939 march 3 1939 march 31 1939 march 31 1939 march 31 1939 march 31 1939 april 7 1939 april 7 1939 april 21 1939 june 30 1939 june 30 1939 august 11 1939 september 15 1939 october 28 1938 november 4 1938 november 18 1938 november 25 1938 december 2 1938 december 16 1938 december 16 1938 december 23 1938 december 23 1938 january 6 1939 january 6 1939 january 20 1939 january 20 1939 january 20 1939 january 20 1939 january 27 1939 january 27 1939 january 27 1939 january 27 1939 february 3 1939 february 3 1939 february 3 1939 february 3 1939 february 17 1939 february 24 1939 march 17 1939 march 24 1939 march 31 1939 volume xviii 9 germany continued no date wimpmmnkianls cm rowie tberlie bwi6 cccescccassccecncsnsesssecsnnsssacsesveccosese 23 march 81 1939 bne tuiiee a cesnstinerocesvestcconniasimaedldoboniaeeapaaneinsaceuaieaaa nao 23 march 31 1939 anglo french pledge of aid to poland ccccssccsssceseceeveees 24 april 7 1939 on living room and versailles treaty c.ssssscceseeseees 24 april 7 1939 hitler’s wilhelmshaven speech sscsscssesssscsssecsseeesencesees 24 april 7 1939 reaction to anglo polish alliance cssssessesesseseesseeeeseesens 25 april 14 1939 rie timi snncsscnnsccnbtnictnnsceiesinesnininbissehitmathinieaitiasiniamanenindaccd 26 april 21 1939 aee sek seeoiieid sicesccpisentncksectascaiiiaibmidiehelsadimniuaamhadiiatnectiuands 26 april 21 1939 roosevelt message to hitler and mussolini 000 26 april 21 1939 nevile henderson returns to berlin ccssessscccssssseesseseees 27 april 28 1939 pp ee ear ee een 27 april 28 1939 denounces anglo german naval agreement and polish ggopurgt rut cmtortigt woe ocvecceccorevsessccctsnnsseevinintniscncersnases 28 may 5 1939 socoristrer gts crutesnccentuitninninamenmennapiiniiisibpiantnne 28 may 5 1939 hitler answers roosevelt in reichstag speech 0000 28 may 5 1939 cireigte riiieed ccncacsarmseancereeoosenninietninibiiimenieneannantnsidnaianmionnnin 29 may 12 1939 italian military and political alliance planned 29 may 12 1939 ruined geduminoey ainticnrissnsinnsiictindbideiesimapinigianmnaamaitcndiite 80 may 19 1939 scandinavian countries reject non aggression pacts 30 may 19 1939 ue hii sininaniwscsccroesnebtieddaihdiesivesiicsduitientiiiiadeiaeossigeisiaigaasadi meedmnaaehiaibale 32 june 2 1939 finhe glermianm military sir grgo ccciciscsccisssceensiaasinesctets 32 june 2 1939 non aggression pacts with denmark estonia and latvia 33 june 9 1939 prince paul of yugoslavia visits berlin cccccseeeeseeee 33 june 9 1939 chamberlain on settlement by negotiation cccccccseee 34 june 16 1939 halifax on encirclement and lebensrawam ccccccccceseeeees 34 june 16 1939 fetes soldiers who served in spain ccccccsccsssssssssessseesees 34 june 16 1939 japanese connection with axis ccsccssccscssssssessecsssssesesesenes 35 june 23 1939 east prussians in danzig for coup 0 scecsssssscssssssseesees 37 july 7 1939 rr ee eee 88 july 14 1939 chamberlain denies rumored loan to germany after hud rrs net edm 2 se ee 40 july 28 1939 ciano von ribbentrop conversations cssccscsssessssseseeseees 43 august 18 1939 fiitier confers with damila lorga cce.cccecsessccceeeesssccosces 43 august 18 1939 hungarian foreign minister csaky in berlin ccc000 43 august 18 1939 beneues troops ott paliaks worgs sccevscinsckscnscieccccseccstensckkercstenectic 44 august 25 1939 non aggression pact with russia c.cscsccccsssssscsssecssecees 44 august 25 1939 sey qe gtiuigd cciceeissscsensscinnespsinictipiaaitennieiniead 44 august 25 1939 britain and france reply to hitler’s demands for danzig res aes rta ntis ee 45 september 1 1939 iee tn dined xrnnsiitshsiuiiiiesseesensiientinpsttiamesinentiainiiniiniinaiiian tia itain 46 september 8 1939 iii druid srvvsi unienrsnitehianmpipucthintiiiiiansiammbibapactintiasiadlamiytdaciatindaas 47 september 15 1939 economic gains from conquest of poland ccccsesesseeeees 49 september 29 1939 gg ee a ee 49 september 29 1939 soviet german border in poland fixed by treaty 50 october 6 1939 soviet german declaration on future course in europe 50 october 6 1939 soviet german economic collaboration scsccesessceeeees 50 october 6 1939 repatriates germans in latvia and estonia c:c00000 51 october 13 1939 rumanian trade treaty renewal cccccsccccecccesesesseceeeecees 51 october 13 1939 hitler’s reichstag speech outlines peace terms cccc000 51 october 13 1939 great britain defense appropriations and delays seino cnainoacsipeiiistiaatniuiaaeatiias 1 october 28 1938 meprqamines territorial arig c.cccscsccccscsscossscsessscrsevscvscszesesesis 1 october 28 1938 commons votes anglo italian accord ccccccccccccccececeeeeeeeeees 3 november 11 1938 chamberiait on spain ard traly x.ccccccccccccccsccsssocsscccceteccssoseess 3 november 11 1938 pg ten iodine toi asic crsssacaissslads cecbenvscinicssvensseankceuseadietereianien 3 november 11 1938 anglo american trade agreement ccccccsssesseseseesccccceeeees 5 november 25 1938 adeio pvomer comvepbreigig gi cscecciciccscsrcssecisecscessccsasseusssernesecvnse 6 december 2 1938 postpones recognition of franco’s belligerent status 6 december 2 1938 report on palestine partition scheme cccccccccccesssseeceesees 6 december 2 1938 tanganyika offered as refugee settlement cccccccceoseeeees 6 december 2 1938 neville chamberlain protests nazi press attacks on earl site aicllanitivinabisontghiiaicee siinhaaibipghidihecnianbuctpsniassaioaaeacd de 9 december 23 1938 export guarantee fund expansion c.cccccsscsssssesessceeeceeeees 9 december 23 1938 ry see ee se 9 december 23 1938 chamberlain and halifax to visit rome ccccccccccceeeeeee 11 january 6 1939 oe eg aera er eee 12 january 13 1939 outcome of chamberlain mussolini meeting c:cccccsee0 13 january 20 1939 fre 14 january 27 1939 military preparation and civilian defense plans 000 14 january 27 1939 ee a eee 15 february 3 1939 sir samuel hoare on british strength cccccccccccccssssseseeees 15 february 3 1939 protests japan’s taking hainan ccccccccccccsesescssesssesssesceceee 17 february 17 1939 tripartite conference on palestine cccccccosocesssececseeeees 17 february 17 1939 a la ie eng 18 february 24 1939 halifax on threats to vital interests c00 ceseccesceeeee 19 march 3 1939 se oing ireoipotios puinon ssi csoicnissnicenccccnccnstnsccinacincniinmiiadesiudia 19 march 3 1939 recognizes franco régime in spaim cccccccssccesceccccsceeee 19 march 38 1939 chamberlain and hoare suggest five power conference 21 march 17 1939 10 volume xviii great britain continued no date iiit cl adie pendbdliansantligbeinsroonetoneceseesconcncccasqeestee 21 march 17 1939 chamberlain on anglo french guarantee of polish inde orgetecd 000.00 0ceccceccccecerccceccecccvcssevescssscsonsreecssescescsccevenceaseessoosees 24 april 7 1939 it ininoreded cccsninearsorsonsesecssnaneresesveresroconeccrsocosansqceesnesececee 24 april 7 1939 obstacles to anti aggression coalition in eastern europe 25 april 14 1939 anglo french pledge of support to greece and rumania 26 april 21 1939 chamberlain on invasion of albania c.ccscsccseesseesseees 26 april 21 1939 ie mt iii si icicincccnensencienrasneconseseeseseccrecccsecccsvsecceccnce 26 april 21 1939 anglo french pledge of support to greece ccsccceceeeeees 26 april 21 1939 bn iii sles iccennesenenestvenmvensvencesoosresccceocescceresecoeeenee 27 april 28 1939 creates ministry of supply 27 april 28 1939 expeditionary force 27 april 28 1939 nevile henderson returns to berlin 27 april 28 1939 nnn ci cccceceendepaetineeatenehcccseccceencesonsseseeseseoveusese 27 april 28 1939 anglo german naval pact denounced cccccsssesssesereseeees 28 may 5 1939 barter negotiations with u.s ccsccssssssssesessssersesseeesseeees 29 may 12 1939 anglo rumanian economic agreement cccsssecsessseseeeee 30 may 19 1939 anglo soviet pact prospects improved csssecsseseseeseesees 30 may 19 1939 anglo turkish non aggression agreement sssscecsseeeee 30 may 19 1939 reveals palestine settlement cccsesscssesecseessssereeeeseeees 30 may 19 1939 king george vi and queen elizabeth visit canada in em iii sicsealiledhitecsesnbh niseainadnaninkineswnscteternesecessecovecesoes 32 june 2 1939 negotiations for anglo soviet pact ssccccsssessccseeseseeees 32 june 2 1939 molotov on russia’s terms for anglo soviet pact 33 june 9 1939 anglo soviet pact hangs fire ccccssssscceseseeecccsesseseeeeeeeeees 34 june 16 1939 chamberlain on settlement by negotiation not force 34 june 16 1939 halifax on encirclement and lebensrawm 00.00000000008 34 june 16 1939 scope of barter accord with u.s 0 ccccccccceeccceesceeeesetereeeees 34 june 16 1939 a pius xii opposes anglo soviet pact ccccseceeeseeee 34 june 16 1939 u.s signs barter agreement ccccsecssseccesessssssecseseeceseeeeres 36 june 30 1939 to increase government guarantees of non commercial ex a enessnbomsnnonsnentonnin 38 july 14 1939 mobilization tests saati ditiah inielieiiidehiptetncinicteneterescnmitae 39 july 21 1939 supplementary arms budget ccccccssssscssessceessseeeeetecenes 39 july 21 1939 chamberlain denies rumored loan to germany after hud sain ccmasnnnnnenesinoneabesencncooescoccaie 40 july 28 1939 anglo french mission in moscow ccccccccsssssssssssesssessesseess 42 august 11 1939 i sca entdenbbenmcabiadiaeaossorensenioces 42 august 11 1939 passes emergency powers dill csssccceeeeesseceeeeeeceeee 45 september 1 1939 special session of parliament sccccsssssssssseesseeceeeeseeeeee 45 september 1 1939 british turkish mutual aid pact ccccscscccssesessssseeeeeeeeees 51 october 13 1939 negative reaction to hitler’s peace terms 00000 51 october 13 1939 barter agreement with russia ccccssscscesessseesscseerseeeees 52 october 20 1939 rse se see ee 52 october 20 1939 see also poland greece anglo french pledge of support csccccssceeeseessceesecesees 26 april 21 1939 greco italian agreement on frontier troops se e00 49 september 29 1939 hungary claims czechoslovak territory ccccccsssecessssceesssceeeeeeees 1 october 28 1938 territory gained in czechoslovakia cccsccssecesseeeeeeeees 3 november 11 1938 eee de ete 6 december 2 1938 a ss eisennrninnabennnsononsienonneee 6 december 2 1938 count ciano visits budapest cccssscesscceesseeeseeeesseeeseeeees 10 december 30 1938 joins anti communist pact 13 january 20 1939 teleki succeeds imredy as premier 18 february 24 1939 nazi gains in elections 000 33 june 9 1939 iis iii ass iarndenenanlinnbeninnndconsonsnnececocsceveseeeebes 43 august 18 1939 renews diplomatic relations with russia s sess 49 september 29 1939 ireland i iii ss eateoinnononatonsconcconnacanesines 14 january 27 1939 neutral in war on germany ccccscersessessesssscssserenceseeesenes 47 september 15 1939 italy i sili cntininsonnoenccnensbabosenesosbocsoubans 3 november 11 1938 france refuses revisionists claims me 8 december 16 1938 count ciano visits budapest 10 december 30 1938 chamberlain and halifax to visit rome c00 00000 11 january 6 1939 denounces laval mussolini accord ccsccccsssseseeeeeeeeeees 11 january 6 1939 not to disturb mediterranean status quo cc.sssseeseesess 11 january 6 1939 prieioiiiied grid oc.ceecocccccesevsessscescecnsececsecvescecseccscsecseceesevee 13 january 20 1939 outcome of chamberlain mussolini meeting 000000 13 january 20 1939 warns against intervention for spanish loyalists 13 january 20 1939 mexican barter agreement ccccssessesseseescesceseeseeseeseestens 14 january 27 1939 germany backs colonial claims ccccccsessssssesesseeeseeeeees 15 february 3 1939 french and british moves in answer to mobilization reports 18 february 24 1939 38 38 wore eam volume xviii 11 see also albania poland japan see also china latin america italy continued canenmen teetibe trade goeo0d o crcccrsccnicecsinisarnpianeiinnsisnassncssines mussolini on colonial claims and rome berlin axis daladier on italian demands ge te trin ccsicncicaccccicecainsesccomiatussanabbianiesteaasnsiananeeenneubll roosevelt message to hitler and mussolini italo yugoslav conversations son tn trodntiie eecscossieisiriisensttiwntieniciccedeean german military and political alliance planned pr iie tid ovissnsesnsisiisvceorsdiees eceteronsacssnevatiecpentccaemeell ttalo german military slitamco cccccccccccccccccessossossosesssscososesess fétes troops who served in spain japanese connection with axis see eoe iii icteirencciceciciceninisimannvntceminanont ce a ruins tiiiie bocccisioniccnerceaniicetaeanee ciano von ribbentrop conversations cccsseesseessessecceeeeee greco italian agreement on frontier troops reduces dodecanese islands garrisons coro ee eee ree eee ee eet sees eee eee eee esese tees sees oe cre ere oee ee eee eee ee eee eee eee eset eeeeseoheeeee hos co eeeeeeesereeeeee prereerieiiriretr rt ttre ppeppieiiiri irri iter ee eeeeseerseeeseseeeeeseee see e eee rene eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeees ere see sh tei ccsnnstontiinssscewrisiocnsorinsisomnatnenintias emotot asks duagtst appeoval cceiececiscccoreccrrcesovorescevesesosevencest si mien sivesusicscthcocvstemnsdbcs nniiiscaiabinlaieiaeaeehbiiitaiaabdeianiietiiie invokes national mobilization act provisions mexican barter agreement sin siintiie minit isos oaersicistdanciinctn nse pienenesensedtaccoansinnheeimanstiiaden russo japanese fisheries question russo japanese war rumors suited sncalllibsshsiaisiasebipivhapoubnatbiisidetaesensbaaaamiainaiaitieletaialimseniceiualbadann ee bi i tid i sacnccinsahcinildtanineinentinenesitinniitanbiaieniinatiantaa soviet fisheries dispute settled cscsccsscesscsssssesssssesssenses connection with rome berlin axis muu hmiittiiiuteslivunichnsesieiensnseseisbehjenbasigtleiaiiibieitaheesihdeiigaseetanbaeielimataciatiataeh readjusts policy to european war new foreign policy bases prerrrerrrrrrrrri titi titi e rit iii rrr poor eee ere eee eee ee ee eee eee eee eeeeeeeeeee coco e eee ere eee se ee seer ee esse eseee esse esse eo eees prereti rrr rr eter eri irr t rt tte t tr ppepeeticsorirrr rrr iti it eee r iret ir et u.s delegates to lima conference ccccccccccccccccccscccccsssescceccese a a berle denies u.s plans military alliances for defense prospects of lima conference achievement limited lima conference achievements ee ae u.s cooperation program progresses panama conference be ty site incctsinsishcseniciiggnsealie aa iaieiahetiiprinnnescediameivibiandaaibiains a kk ee eeeseeceeeee corre ooooh ose hee eee eeoeeeeesese sees ee seeeeees orr or ror eere seth oses eee ese eset ste ee esse esse esse eeeeee essere latvia cgcortiam rot rgtorrior boge nccececcecccescscececccescresesiccctennccsesseseceen german minorities repatriated soviet latvian pact ere pp rr conor ere e ero e ee ee eee ee ee eros eee esos ee eeeseeeeeesesesesseeeesess lima conference see latin america lithuania oe al terest rte ett i er en polish trade agreement germany seizes memel seo e eee ee eoe e eee ee eee eee e eee eset eseeeseeesesee eee senos corre ere o eere eee here estee eee eee ee eee eee eeeeeseeeeeeeeees mccoy general f r sy os sf sn ee ee mexico mexican american agrarian dispute settled german commercial infggmes ccccccccccccesccccscccsvesccsocsscesencesocesios italian and japanese barter agreements cec tinie wh wri scene ssinsincqniancctudiouaveccnencusubavesseuabanainediente es ures oe cio a ossssidccisvicniercseereesinesiomimnipimanennnts u.s urges oil settlement corre r ee eere eee e eee teese eeee eee eres teese sese esse eees munich agreement see czechoslovakia netherlands king leopold of the belgians visits queen wilhelmina assailed by nazi press date february 24 1939 march 31 1939 april 7 1939 april 21 1939 april 21 1939 april 28 1939 april 28 1939 may 12 1939 may 19 1939 june 2 1939 june 16 1939 june 23 1939 july 14 1939 july 21 1939 august 18 1939 september 29 1939 september 29 1939 november 4 1938 december 30 1938 january 13 1939 january 13 1939 january 27 1939 february 24 1939 february 24 1939 february 24 1939 march 10 1939 april 21 1939 april 21 1939 june 23 1939 september 8 1939 september 8 1939 september 22 1939 november 25 1938 december 16 1938 december 23 1938 january 6 1939 april 21 1939 june 2 1939 october 6 1939 october 20 1939 october 20 1939 june 9 1939 october 13 1939 october 13 1939 december 16 1938 december 30 1938 march 31 1939 july 14 1939 november 25 1938 january 27 1939 january 27 1939 february 10 1939 august 18 1939 august 18 1939 december 2 1938 january 20 1939 volume xviii neutrality pittman resolution to amend act possible courses of action by congress views of h l stimson and b m senate opinion divided stalemate in congress trade at your own risk proposals hull’s proposals see eeeeeceeseseseseseesseeseeeeees sie is seeceeeeseseseeececeess sere eeeeesesseseneseeesees pome ee eee eee eee seer eeneeeeeeeeeeeeesteaee see eens eee eeeeeseeeeeeeeeesesseeeeeee cee eeeeeeeseeserereees state department backs bloom resolution ssesseoeees house foreign affairs committee for favorable action on bloom resolution senate opposition se eeeeeeeeeererereseseoeses house votes to retain embargo eeeeeee rere rri iri y poor reese ee eeereeeeeseeeeeseeesesee impasse unbroken by roosevelt message scssseeeseeeeeees proclamations and new wartime mea sutes ccceceeeeeeeeees administration to press for embargo repeal hull statement to belligerents on neutral rights pittman resolution provisions seeeeeees sor eee e eee eee eee ee esse eres eeeesseeseeeee roosevelt message asks embargo repeal csscscssesserseees advisory committee of american republics 0 0 declaration of panama territorial waters question ee eeereseeeseeeeereee ir iiiii tet american shipping and pittman bill effects s0s0 0 new zealand declares war on germany nicaragua president somoza visits washington sooo ree eee eee eee ee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeee sere cree eeeeeeeeeesesesesseeeeseeees rii cecil ei ccabbddssabeenbsonsessesibebbusesesstoes palestine british report on partition scheme tripartite conference on settlement conference results paraguay spore eee oe eet eo sets eee eee e eee eeo eee ees coe ehr tree re ee he eee hehe terete hehe seed porto e sees teese reset eee sese esse esse tess eeeeeeee eee eeeeeee eee oees britain reveals settlement arab and jewish reaction poertirerirrrrr rir iri i irr prrrrerrrrrrrrr iri rit eri see eee ee eee eeesesereseeseeeesssssseeses es seer ee philippine islands iiit eciscateniandeianneitintisidiiideaidutntndinianainsesenineenrensettnesecaseeetetoornn a a sclbcouebannlcenbaniobes poland alarmed by germany’s eastern expansion cccccseeees claims czechoslovak territory pprrerrrry czech polish agreement on ceded land cccceceeeceeeeeeeee lithuanian trade agreement municipal elections so oe enone eeeeseeeeeseseeees prerrrrrriry prerrrrrr tri rrr tert eer ppprrerr terre ere polish soviet non aggression pact renewed cccse0 colonel beck visits hitler polish german pact reaffirmed polish soviet trade pact rere rrer rire tr errr pup errr er ri rrr it rere rumanian foreign minister visits warsaw 0000 anglo french guarantee of independence 0cceceeeee german reaction to anglo polish alliance 0 germany demands danzig seer eeeeneeee ooo e eee eee ee ree ee eee eee e eee eee eran eeee polish german non aggression pact denounced beck on hitler’s abrogation of polish german treaty russia accredits ambassador to warsaw csseseseeseees britain warns germany on danzig ore major general sir edmund ironside in warsaw conflict over terms of british credit pperrrrrerrrrrerr rit rrr i ie icinceelindcidiniicdisanlciigipceosnumsevessennoneneesenensees reese ey eel se ae a ie forster danzig nazi confers with hitler german troops mass on border prrrrrrrerrrrrrrri ir rrtr i rrr i i rire britain and france reply to hitler’s demands for danzig i a trtineeinbsnsenenemseonnbetnpennreecs britain and france reaffirm obligations ss0ssses italy’s stand uncertain in german polish conflict hitler rejects anglo french pleas for direct negotiations with warsaw orders invasion italy neutral in war oprrerrir rrr i 17 18 date march 24 1939 march 31 1939 april 14 1939 april 14 1939 may 19 1939 may 26 1939 june 9 1939 june 9 1939 june 23 1939 june 23 1939 july 7 1939 july 21 1939 september 8 1939 september 22 1939 september 22 1939 september 29 1939 september 29 1939 october 6 1939 october 6 1939 october 6 1939 october 13 1939 september 15 1939 may 12 1939 june 2 1939 december 2 1938 february 17 1939 march 3 1939 may 19 1939 may 26 1939 may 26 1939 june 23 1939 february 17 1939 february 24 1939 october 28 1938 october 28 1938 november 11 1938 december 30 1938 december 30 1938 december 30 1938 january 20 1939 february 3 1939 february 24 1939 march 17 1939 april 7 1939 april 14 1939 april 21 1939 may 5 1939 may 12 1939 may 19 1939 july 14 1939 july 21 1939 july 28 1939 july 28 1939 august 11 1939 august 18 1939 august 25 1939 september 1 1939 september 1 1939 september 1 1939 september 8 1939 september 8 1939 coeoro an volume xviii 13 poland continued re ie fid issncncecnisstcancsandshinnesensetallacssvessnvtinicke british planes drop leaflets over germany british troops in france sofie set aone tei wiiseteitentivencenmsioncuciissicntscebeitehantaninsunmnnenetia french forces on german territory submarines sink british ships ie we tino ceenceestniteccenntitrctitncepsntvinnnienisniinnitinibsiaitiedpianieeliaiaite italy’s neutrality helps germany scccsscsscesseessenscessseeeee britain and france reject peace offers of hitler and mus iiit snscesesttstivertoerescevetienimigssaceviidiiianitieliaeiitaiienaiadiiningiaaiaaaminaliiditiciiiasaiis seine 5 1 coinnitian shsissuipamenkehiiouastiitanndansdecibametuenaaleeanmntnaa eiceanacara be sie aiscicncieiccrintiomnicenmennean maritime warfare’s effect on neutrals i ue ee ini sncnchusethcissutenbitinnadeinavamnuvincbedsetaienigianeeneenteaiis beediation bemtimment im come tees ccccccccsccscccscccsesesccvceveescevese reactions of french to hitler peace terms britain rejects hitler’s peace terms hitler’s blood bath threat puerto rico admiral leahy made governor refugees myron taylor american representative on inter govern sre tod gapcncccctesasccesnensshcecdininccevicsuaciasinnieiidediamentions relief and resettlement plans tie cit ot oe big trgb inccccccnccscccensscscnnscoccccnscsssevesseceees be wine airiatnicsnsneinssseunsicpitenmidapidauesunainteiiaibsideabigpiniastneeaaiaes german proposals to assist jewish emigration roman catholic church nde spu seit tied scissile political implications of papal election ge ok brr ee eer oe nace pd fe bs rid corr seiicctienitisintinercnnsisictehiinintaicathiniinii pope pius opposes anglo soviet pact rumania king caro visits london and berchtesgaden i _____ a a nmnenapl reo ue mnner oe eter sen noten sne montes serum unt orem cn ts guporonid oi isccccoscnteisiasccsctecnsnniiabaiaitheltiaiahiaics foreign minister garfencu visits warsaw german rumanian economic agreement fd dei oie cored oecstcttetehceicicinennitiniiinidiniainiion anglo french pledge of support ccccccscsssssscecsesssserssssrenes anglo rumanian economic agreement elections to chamber of deputies foreign capital in oil industry fame tete nririis wei ooo acorn nnn ccisvasnennetclamnsbeneboennes premier calinescu assassinated german trade treaty renewal se eeeeeeereeeeeseeeseeneeeee serco eoe eee ee thee oooo esos eee eee estee tether ee ee coro rene eee renee ene eee eeeesesereeereee prerrrrrererii titi etttetr coro e ere ee eee eoe ee eee eee eee e se ee eee ee ee eees russia a polish soviet non aggression pact renewed cccccsseeeeeees nnn tinenen seit as senses chinghissinnlenadiiptbniuascanamseemannienias se pug mn tinge wiccsdcsiscsassocesscehtsascaccinbchatereenstoenaaank russo japanese fisheries question tg sromrd wat tutmoed onciccc.ccccicscsecscssissessaecesdecsvecevntecdives stalin on russo german relations over ukraine fisheries dispute settled nak ns sibecmard ste elaasesesaes came eeaaieneiaeeaak m molotov succeeds litvinov as foreign commissar aeeredits bambaasadoer to pom nccececcccssscccssnscavecseccdeccmnsonees anglo soviet pact prospects improved cccccseeseeesseeereeseees blocks league action on aland islands negotiations for anglo soviet pact ccccssssssssesssseesesees molotov on terms for anglo soviet pact pio tiotus woce ds tid ceevccccnicinediiesnttcccsicesiaccluciasivmbintnem pope pius opposes anglo soviet pact ce cd rig asinine isesiseesinncctecteieeidceee can eamereloneen sats oui sudo brit unimnoe occiccinsc sn eccssccescrntionaics nn anglo french mission in moscow scscsssssssssssecesseeeseeeees concludes non aggression pact with germany german true agrocmont gepw icicicecitiiiiesnmrcicn premier molotov assails france and britain on poland supreme soviet ratifies german pact hungary renews diplomatic relations eo ener rare turkish foreign minister in moscow ccccccscsssssssssseseeees ces tnc os biting oe vcccneeetenicancdereatstcsacnccrventectaaaedes sora e ere ee ere ee ee er eoe e sees seer ee ee ees oooo eee eee eee eee eee ee eeeees sore eee eee eee ee eee eee ee eeee eee eeeeee senne eee ee eeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeese date september 15 1939 september 15 1939 september 15 1939 september 15 1939 september 15 1939 september 15 1939 september 22 1939 september 22 1939 september 29 1939 september 29 1939 september 29 1939 october 6 1939 october 13 1939 october 13 1939 qctober 13 1939 october 20 1939 october 20 1939 may 19 1939 november 25 1938 december 2 1938 december 2 1938 january 20 1939 february 17 1939 february 24 1939 march 10 1939 march 10 1939 june 16 1939 june 16 1939 december 2 1938 december 16 1938 december 16 1938 march 17 1939 march 31 1939 april 7 1939 april 21 1939 may 19 1939 june 9 1939 september 29 1939 september 29 1939 september 29 1939 october 13 1939 december 30 1938 february 3 1939 february 24 1939 february 24 1939 february 24 1939 march 17 1939 april 21 1939 may 12 1939 may 19 1939 may 19 1939 june 2 1939 june 2 1939 june 9 1939 june 16 1939 june 16 1939 june 30 1939 july 28 1939 august 11 1939 august 25 1939 august 25 1939 september 8 1939 september 8 1939 september 29 1939 september 29 1939 september 29 1939 october 6 1939 2 i oe so 14 volume xviii russia continued establishes air and naval bases in estonia sseeeeee soviet german declaration on future course in europe soviet german economic collaboration cccccccsseeseeeeees soviet estonian mutual assistance pact cccccsseseeeseeee treaty fixes soviet german border in poland i 2 as ceanetvervocccoscorecoconspsonneorosees i ta ationnslisnenntngeeneecconeoscsnonunpeceetoose ruthenia see czechoslovakia scandinavia rejection of german non aggression pacts cseeseeeeeees soviet union see russia spain chamberlain on italy’s intentions c.cccccceseeeesecesseeeeeeees number of italian soldiers ccccccccssssscccssssesescessesecsesees british and french defer recognition of franco’s belli ning mniieiiid raliviavsesevonstocecscncsccescosssgabectivecstnecccnecreoseccoseosccscees italy warns against intervention for loyalists estimate of foreigners on both sides ccssccssccssssssereeees a i ial caceieansctassecebaecercsotiesceeecersossvecesacercccnsesessccee gayda on withdrawal of italians cccscsseerseeessssersesesees ed suid tied ccnrsaserenscntunpusisbneseeseqviweeceustoocecceeuesenevee european powers strive for control cccccsssseeeseseseeeeeesens france and great britain recognize franco s 0000 clas sacecieanepineeabentnrensonceeonsveseoenasweses law of political responsibility cccssssccsseeseseeeneeeees u.s recognizes franco régime ccccccsessseeeseeseseeeeeeeeeeee fascist powers reveal aid ccccsssccssscsccssssscsseescsseccsessescesees pope pius on franco victory cccccccsccssssssseecsssesecceneeceeeeees count ciano’s visit cccese00 loyalist funds sent to mexico cccceccsesseeeeseeseeeeeeeceeeeeeee i nado cnsleennntsoseneonnnsehoonebebbirosentosere reconstruction scsssesesesees syria france cedes hatay to turkey thomson c a resignation papo eee eee e eee eeee se eeeeeeeeeees spoor eee oooo eee eee eee setae eres eeeee saree eere eere eh eee oee sees teese eseee see eseeseseeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeee eee ee eee e eee eee trueblood h j joins foreign policy association staff turkey oe a ee gives germany arsenal contract ccccccssssesseeseeeeesseeseeeeeeee anglo turkish non aggression agreement france cedes hatay in sytia ccscccccecssseercceeessssreeceetenee franco turkish mutual assistance agreement foreign minister saracoglu in moscow british turkish mutual aid pact ccccccccceseseseeceeeeeereeeeees i iii caisicgcateslidtidehautavbushssstndcsbossscseccesscsveceseseresceecsessecee united states ambassador kennedy’s speech sscsssssscsssssssssseessseneseeeeeeee official foreign policy differences cccccceeeseceeeceseseeseeee airplane exports to japan cccccccsessssseccesseesscccceeesseceseeeenes note to japan on open door violations cc0c.cceee0000 defense program and industrial preparations calls home ambassador to germany mexican american agrarian dispute settled canadian american trade agreement anglo american trade agreement ccccccceceesseseeeesceeseees names myron taylor to inter governmental committee eee ee delegates to lima conference foreign relations 1918 1988 cc.ccccsscsssssssscessesseseecsceceece president roosevelt on defense program and pump prim ta ciara ceased aes cieasiincindadacnboieancedoebuntoecniescousitieceuee german american notes on ickes attack on hitlerism i i cic lentcclicgende eh seenancsesacosorcneaesseoscoee defense figures in roosevelt’s budget message foreign policy in president roosevelt’s annual message roosevelt’s message on defense brazilian american relations prerrrererrrirer ttt ett r reer i rere perr peet eee eeeeeeeeseseee senne eee ee ee ee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeee prererrrrrisr retirees poorer oooo eee eee eere shee esos eee eee eeee eee eee so or oo re eee eee eee e eee reet ee teese se eee seer ee ed sooo oe eee ee rhee eere ee esse se ees esos eee ee 30 tiorotr aannwnne poche ek ek bd ek pet oar wodnnk co date october 6 1939 october 6 1939 october 6 1939 october 6 1939 october 6 1939 october 13 1939 october 13 1939 may 19 1939 november 11 1938 november 11 1938 december 2 1938 january 20 1939 february 3 1939 february 3 1939 february 17 1939 february 17 1939 february 24 1939 march 3 1939 april 7 1939 april 7 1939 april 7 1939 june 16 1939 june 16 1939 july 21 1939 august 4 1939 august 4 1939 august 4 1939 june 30 1939 march 3 1939 may 5 1939 april 7 1939 april 28 1939 may 19 1939 june 30 1939 june 30 1939 september 29 1939 october 13 1939 october 20 1939 october 28 1938 october 28 1938 november 4 1938 november 4 1938 november 11 1938 november 25 1938 november 25 1938 november 25 1938 november 25 1938 november 25 1938 november 25 1938 december 9 1938 december 16 1938 january 6 1939 january 13 1939 january 13 1939 january 13 1939 january 20 1939 january 27 1939 february 10 1939 ktr ipiot 39 1 re no volume xviii is 15 united states continued no date cuban american trade agreement negotiations 16 february 10 1939 roosevelt definition of foreign policy ccssccccsessssseeeeseees 16 february 10 1939 roosevelt denies placing american frontier in france 16 february 10 1939 secrecy over french airplane mission 0sssseeeeees 16 february 10 1939 cou tuono sci oa cteteecccseusinscnsinnisensintecsivetamanninninn 17 february 17 1939 sid iieiint icncccusiniecenisinenidinigntetimiiasndiliaieninnsnntiiginliastiemvnsinapiadtingiies 17 february 17 1939 roosevelt on ominous reports from abroad 0 18 february 24 1939 mmapeeetne court mobo cccscnssercctcccecsvesscocesnstansnbssngenonevensteinn 19 march 8 1939 brazilian foreign minister aranha seeks aid in washington 19 march 38 1939 renews export import bank charter cccssccsseceeseeeees 19 march 3 1939 guam improvements bill rejected ccccccesssecsseeessseseeeeeee 20 march 10 1939 house passes three defense measutes csccccessessceceeeeseeeeee 20 march 10 1939 results of foreign affairs debate in congress 00000 20 march 10 1939 brazilian american agreements cccccccsssecsccsssecssssssseeseees 21 march 17 1939 countervailing duties on german imports scceeseeee 22 march 24 1939 ps uid domiii aricivcsierecinsidanneseiverciattnnrisniecdisteserstdce 24 april 7 1939 roosevelt proposes cotton export subsidy ccccsecceeseeees 24 april 7 1939 rn wut nino 5 sscccnitncsinenoesacsonscursnamapatenmetcrecasives 24 april 7 1939 ue uh sn oe tn iri iiivixnnccecresactstereetaenicccnetecabcnse 25 april 14 1939 roosevelt’s warm springs statement ccccccecescseeseesseeeeees 25 april 14 1939 reaction to presidemt’s mesg gee ccvccccsceccossccccocesenccvsocsececeees 26 april 21 1939 roosevelt defense pledge for western hemisphere 26 april 21 1939 roosevelt message to hitler and mussolini s0sccses0s 26 april 21 1939 congress and roosevelt message cccsssccssssrssseseeserseeeseees 27 april 28 1939 house votes to continue stabilization fund ccccceeeee 27 april 28 1939 gl perl ott s 28 may 5 1939 barter negotiations with great britain ccccccssseessesees 29 may 12 1939 president somoza of nicaragua visits washington 29 may 12 1939 appoints admiral leahy governor of puerto rico 30 may 19 1939 gomeral bimrainl winlis tor bgee ncc.csccccescsccessesecssececsveessconersevee 30 may 19 1939 reorganizes cruiser division of battle force ccccccc 0 30 may 19 1939 po i re a es ee 32 june 2 1939 latin american program progress cccccssscsceesseeeseeeeeeesees 32 june 2 1939 prior sine cis ssac snccuesvikervnscinndesseetendiondatccetaaniieesaioocetaanet tea 32 june 2 1939 pp dched mocooe roriue bioiig ce cceiscccacccstensenevsrecvvressececennabiinnnatnanicn 34 june 16 1939 ee i nd beinn svncéchcocsssenatinevvebncstdnceciuanscaicnaniaaitbiadanien 34 june 16 1939 sou sp tiiniiiiiiiid cs sscssseccied thettnheleeaeh chithaeplabiasintaataneiaaahins 85 june 23 1939 senate opposition to war insurance dill cccccceeeseee 35 june 23 1939 self liquidating loan program cs sccsscsssssssssssssscesesseeees 36 june 30 1939 signe british darter agreement cccccccccccoccssesccececsscsccosens 86 june 30 1939 senate bloc attacks president’s monetary power 37 july 7 1939 tere roca uno sed uci sii g acticecnts ona vensnacabouneanstesaveumadoes 43 august 18 1939 roosevelt notes to king of italy hitler and polish pres ident urging peaceful settlement ccccccsssccessseeeeeees 45 september 1 1939 adjustments to european war cccsscscssssssssssscessesscsssceesees 46 september 8 1939 hull’s statement to belligerents on neutral rights 48 september 22 1939 mediation sentiment in congress ccccssssssesscsesssssseeseees 51 october 13 1939 in i so as aah hn alcatel 51 october 13 1939 effect of war on latin american trade cccccesccccseeeees 52 october 20 1939 pe ee me wn iis ssscctias ss dinsahancadecicamdcasnnnausscecieuacissacamunmccaieed 52 october 20 1939 see also china latin america yugoslavia iii ite alicesssiietiienis ognbcigsadloa otenainiaibasicgsaulasalebcaeaanaac ca ac omiaticis 8 december 16 1938 rin win vib icccnssccnssausdarsatvibclaseucncsloniilnbeeesncclaiiaddinocuials 16 february 10 1939 italo yugoslav conversations cccccccccssscssssssssssscsscssseeseseees 27 april 28 1939 oo 8 8 8 ee nee 33 june 9 1939 i ri st 43 august 18 1939 pis rinnny coins nceensscsincinitisestiestiiasinnienvilitaaniiaiandinadalaaidianailiee 45 september 1 1939 +index to volume xvii foreign policy bulletin october 29 1937 october 21 1938 africa anglo italian accord alexandretta sanjak of see syria arabia anglo italian accord argentina american army bombers at inauguration of president j 5 armaments japan urged to keep london naval treaty limits japan replies london naval conversations hull on inadvisability of disarmament move austria rome protocol powers confer chancellor schuschnigg visits hitler cabinet reorganized hitler schuschnigg settlement terms schuschnigg on independence hitler forces schuschnigg to drop plebiscite seizes country pons huet rp pegnee boing ecinsnensecenensecncovsosvevenssoresseartonantnneests hitler orders plebiscite to approve anschluss jewish purge catholic bishops stand taken without vatican approval plebiscite approves united states recognizes anschluss mussolini’s genoa speech germany defaults on debt service united states asks debt payment belgium van zeeland resigns as prime minister bolivia accepts chaco peace terms with paraguay book reviews adamic louis the house in antigua angell norman the defense of the empire 00000000 angus h f the problem of peaceful change in the pacific area armaments year book arnold t w the folklore of capitalism barsogon el ai pyseee co foros ciciccecsicvscvesvasececcrsincesancsense auld g p rebuilding trade by tariff bargaining aydelotte w o bismarck and british colonial policy background of war baker jacob cooperative enterprise baker n d why we went to war baldwin h w the caissons roll beals carleton glass houses bemis 8s f a diplomatic history of the united states benns f l european history since 1870 benson a b and hedin naboth editors swedes america berdayev nicolas the origin of russian communism bertram j m first act in china bidwell p w our trade with britain bases for a re ciprocal trade agreement bisson t a japan in china borchard edwin and lage w p neutrality for the united states borgese g a goliath the march of fascism date april 22 1938 april 22 1938 february 25 1938 february 11 1938 february 18 1938 april 8 1938 april 22 1938 january 28 1938 february 18 1938 february 25 1938 february 25 1938 march 4 1938 march 18 1938 march 18 1938 march 25 1938 march 25 1938 april 8 1938 april 15 1938 april 15 1938 may 20 1938 june 17 1938 june 24 193 november 5 1937 july 22 1938 november 19 1937 january 14 1938 december 10 1937 march 11 1938 january 21 1938 march 11 1938 november 5 1937 november 26 1937 december 3 1937 december 3 1937 november 26 1937 february 11 1938 june 10 1938 january 7 1938 march 4 1938 july 29 1938 june 10 1938 february 4 1938 october 21 1938 july 1 1938 november 26 1937 march 11 1938 volume xvii book reviews continued borkenau franz the spanish cockpit cccccccserseceeeeeee bryn jones david frank b kellogg c ccccesscsssseseeeeees j m american foreign policy in canadian re suiied sillibdestiniesdaiiaelisilliaatinsieanbinedibisansahiiientraeptentienueencescenneeespeseuennnenee carr e h international relations since the peace treaties carter boake and healy t h why meddle in the i itactiti act lliescasc cinch dettanddihhisniekesucescsercousascossesvssnebenee chamberlin w h japan over asia 00 nent ss chapman c e republican hispanic america a history rr nte ee a ee corbett p e the settlement of canadian american dis sirtiiee venaroansaptenusleiininnmynsbennentantseventigttetessepeeeeccesecsecenececeesceesseneneese cranston earl swords or ploughshares s sssesseeeeneees cruttwell c r m f a history of peaceful change in 8s 8 sn dalton j e sugar a case study of government control davis s c the french war maenine cccccseecressereessees diplomatic correspondence of the united states inter american apasres vol ix mexteo cerccccrrsrscssscseesess dulles f r forty years of american japanese relations dupuy r e and eliot g f if war comes s00 einzig paul world finance 1985 19387 cccccccccccsssserees ekins h r and wright theon china fights for her life elliott e s and others international control of non esos ee faulkner h u american political and social history ferguson w k and bruun geoffrey a survey of euro i ccd sieil ns kitsihintbcgriilnbadnuebentssniaseeunaqertercnneqeoneeoes fodor m w plot and counter plot in central europe forman s e a good word for democracy 000000 freeman l r discovering south america 00000000 freund richard watch czechoslovakia cccccccceesseeeeees gannes harry when china unites cccsscccsscsssrccesseceeees gracchus g s8 the renaissance of democracy 000 greene laurence the filibuster cccccccsssscosssessssesesseeees griffin c c the united states and the disruption of the i os cwtanennenasnnetoboocoonvinnes ccie un burdened found eisiccccesnnasnacceseccsncscsceccccsssevesceveess handbook of international organizations cceerereseeees hanke lewis editor handbook of latin american studies han seng chen landlord and peasant in china hanson s g utopia t ur nguety c ccccesccccressessesssecessssecees harrison henry lreland and the british empire hartshorne e y the german universities and national sre s ee oe ae heald stephen editor documents on international af resets sr rs rien yo heimann eduard communism fascism or democracy albert historical and commercial atlas of si iiiccesthensineeiditlintiareiineniensidtandisianibinuebagieectmenareettunererssuseneeceee herskovitz m j life in a haitian valley ccccceeeeee hewett e l ancient life in mexico and central america ls ole ma se ieee cptendud secceteesecrececensecceccteccocoscstercoceencs hinton h b america gropes for peace sssseeesssseeeees holland w l and mitchell k l problems of the pa cee a ccocomutoncsioons hoover c b dictators and democracies ccccccceseeesseeees horrabin j f an atlas of current affairs c0 s0000 hubbard l e soviet money and finance 000000 hughes e r the invasion of china by the western ree os ea i iis ud 1 iirl 10s sscncnssensenasscsonanenccconssctooreees huxley aldous ends and means scccsseessessssssceseseeeeess inman s g latin america its place in world life innis h s the dairy industry in canada 0.000 international trade in certain raw materials and food stuffs by countries of origin and consumption ireland gordon boundaries possessions and conflicts in cick lantinsnentennsensnsentitecncseevsebeies jennings w i1 cabinet government ccceccesseeeeseeceeees jones m h swords into ploughshares cc cccsseeeeeeees kane a e china the powers and the washington con i lac las badeinhindl cael asacanobisdneevadewewesenseneceevescesoncio keesing f m education in pacific countries kellett e e the story of dictatorship s0sceeeeeeee kennedy a l britain faces germany cc0ceceeeeeeees king hall stephen chatham house c0ccssccsssessesenseeees kirk g l philippine independence motives problems gh cer ea eee ae date march 11 1938 december 24 1937 april 15 1938 october 29 1937 may 20 1938 december 10 1937 july 29 1938 november 19 1937 november 12 1937 february 4 1938 november 5 1937 november 5 1937 march 25 1938 april 29 1938 december 3 1937 november 19 1937 november 19 1937 may 20 1938 november 12 1937 january 21 1938 march 4 1938 december 10 1937 february 4 1938 october 29 1937 april 22 1938 november 12 1937 february 4 1938 june 10 1938 april 1 1938 january 7 1938 march 25 1938 october 29 1937 november 12 1937 april 22 1938 march 18 1938 february 4 1938 july 8 1938 june 3 1938 november 5 1937 january 28 1938 november 5 1937 january 21 1938 august 26 1938 april 22 1938 february 4 1938 february 11 1938 november 5 1937 march 25 1938 december 24 1937 january 21 1938 december 3 1937 january 7 1938 january 21 1938 april 29 1938 november 5 1937 january 7 1938 may 13 1938 april 29 1938 march 25 1938 november 26 1937 june 3 1938 november 5 1937 7 7 137 volume xvii book reviews continued knoblaugh e h correspondent in spain c.ccccecsesseeceneees knudson j i a history of the league of nations kohn hans western civilization in the near east kone fh b chtany reb sccinciencenunnicwnnnienan kuno y s japanese expansion on the asiatic continent landau henry the enemy wt hat cscccccccccroserescessscceveesee lasker bruno and roman agnes propaganda from cpi ce poo sncetiasciciissismcmencninmanae lederer emil and lederer seidler emy japan in tran secoour 5 cconcsawicicienssdccajaepsueplnteispmakiaanadea masa kad lichtenberger henri the third reich liepmann heinz poison in the air ee ee oe ee eee cs ea ne ee lyons eugene assignment in utopia cscscsseessesseeserersees machray robert the poland of pilsudski 1914 1936 mackay r a and rogers e b canada looks abroad maclaurin w r economic planning in australia 1929 jobs vexssccivnnccssacedsncescdnerninnapapetcniesiehiieanioneiaicie iinakaadeuateaeeenenalaies madariaga salvador de theory and practice in interna ceo iee te ouio ind xiccsiccsccsinicvinasdescunpumaiac hac thopateonemramicdaaadeeiiaiin malek yusuf the british betrayal of the assyrians mallory w h editor political handbook of the world bogs ccereceaseiicsnnscorkateesncehigatventtalelethreamabsnianctaamnnae martelli george italy against the world peeters tees tee gi fe gg viiccctntsintamiiguiciacivtiaridimvaierens mathews basil india reveals herself cccsscccssssessseees matthews h l two wars and more to come megaro gaudens mussolini in the making 0 ssc000e00 the message and decisions of oxford on church com riuren gue tinged oc ccasaciicesvindpsisadecdtabbiesssteinniineeenalantsaeelscenens mills f c prices in recession and recovery sse00e0 modley rudolph how to use pictorial statistics mone teowiow secsviisccssckvindcaisiecincdsacaticsadtlnaciasinnernscils m monica sister and then the storm eortc e tin ti four fe ie sisicanssecavchscelnnrceeisiecrictdinnanates the new deal an analysis and an appraisal c.s0000 niemdller martin from u boat to pulpit cccccccccccccesees nutrition final report of the mixed committee of the reta ce pegi csviniscsescntacnicnessesinisnniios sabelcadapimmiinbiabeiacicn nutrition the relation of nutrition to health agricul ture and economic policy o’brien t h british experiments in public ownership ie cii ictcesinsnsnncecibesitntaneidantieecesicern ivtcaeeeisaaiiiaiaaenae ceres te tro tih ti ocestirsessiscsicsiecvecssecansiremcsenees pee cary beet we ge bos vesiccsssissessesieensteverietinviers ps bas fag cie i aitictaiiink et ceccssctaiicccssccmnnston p e p report on international trade ccssescscccssssseaes report on the british social services 00.0000 perkins dexter the monroe doctrine 1867 1907 petrie sir charles lords of the inland sea phelps v l the international economic position of peo igii casiscricersseconsinnsynevevstianeninabpiveatciscmniarstaantheisesens vie pigou a c socialism versus capitalism ccccccesceceeeseees porter c w the career of théophile delcassé postgate raymond and vallance aylmer england goes ae ii sshinieshinevsconucokwens vecsleauemamariadiaaileitanad soaceveunamaancdieainameciverm price willard children of the rising sun a program of financial resear er cccccccccescosecesssscsesorvecees ralston j h supplement to the law and procedure of rocopigeige tf vcriiiied oc cviccnestcensniincncesensesttaniintsentiinnelananintas rappard w e and others source book on european oi iiiy osissinsssiscessvsdvanndakuptnadstinneliiabientiurciagliehaaammaa a eadus raushenbush stephen and joan the final choice reciprocal trade a current bibliography bide tao g be ee tee ovscccsenestensrssiibittanssnrcnnniocmaeeaen mae report of the committee on the maintenance of american fe oud ose vcescacnessepneninaguisenensmianskissanbediecenteaeeennn ands reynolds reginald the white sahibs in india 0 c00.0000e rivera diego and wolfe b d portrait of mewico robbins lionel economic planning and international ied ca sccerseaxatctnecevessniattbinninbiuiensias easnasioseesiinniabdecss ae amasiaeees roberts s h the house that hitler built rohaon w a public bmber tee xicscciccesscssvsescscctssatessscosesiveses rogers f t spain a tragic journey ccccrersersssrcccsesseeees roosevelt eleanor this troubled world cccccsseseeeeseeees royal institute of international affairs china and japan saerchinger césar hello americ ccccccccccsssrccscesssscsssscseces sainte aulaire comte geneva versus peace scherer j a b japan defies the world pee e ee eeeeeeeereeeeereeees ppeereri trite eee eeee recess esereeeeeseseeee do em 1 co se onmnmwwo cco date february 4 1938 march 4 1938 november 19 1937 march 25 1938 may 6 1938 january 7 1938 june 3 1938 june 3 1938 october 29 1937 december 31 1937 january 21 1938 november 12 1937 november 5 1937 june 24 1938 november 26 1937 january 7 1938 november 19 1937 july 29 1938 january 21 1938 december 3 1937 april 29 1938 january 28 1938 june 10 1938 january 21 1938 november 26 1937 december 31 1937 november 12 1937 november 12 1937 january 14 1938 november 5 1937 february 11 1938 november 12 1937 january 14 1938 march 4 1938 june 10 1938 march 11 1938 march 25 1988 november 12 1937 february 4 1938 april 1 1938 april 29 1938 december 31 1937 november 12 1937 december 3 1937 may 18 1938 december 31 1937 november 12 1937 october 29 1937 november 19 1937 december 31 1937 march 18 1938 january 28 1938 april 29 1938 november 12 1937 december 31 1937 march 11 1938 november 19 1937 november 5 1937 april 22 1938 july 15 1938 may 6 1938 june 3 1938 february 11 1938 4 volume xvii book reviews continued schmidt c t the plough and the sword labor land and property in fascist italy sscssscrsesesesseessees schuman f l germany since 1918 cccccsccccccsesseccsscccees schuschnigg burt my austria cccccccreccrccccsccscccsecsevecee segal simon the new poland and the jews ccc00000 sender ramon counter attack in spain 0 ccceccccsseesseeeeees shapiro h r what every young man should know 8 re ot i a en shepardson w h the united states in world affairs ise ce rael eed dan eanailetesea las a maalisandnsbesosensooeswercscesesaciee snow edgar red star over china ccccccsccscsccscesesceees storrs sir ronald memoirs of sir ronald storrs strange william canada the pacific and war wemeter c amereem goad 80 wef 2c cccccecesce ccceescecccevees tiltman hessell the far east comes nearer tobenkin elias the peoples want peace s0sseeee toynbee a j survey of international affairs 1936 trivanovitch vaso economic development of germany lae tupper eleanor and mcreynolds g e japan in amer i sss csepasnonoemnnante viewees g b tre mglcor c6 tie ccceccceesesscccsccccnsccenses volk h m h a van der economische politiek in belgié rs caanisaciguinbsminiceis cancnebhaestinres vondracek f j the foreign policy of czechoslovakia wallace h a technology corporations and the general nn rc eo a picaudbliocnaiesetosenncoces ware n j labor in canadian american relations white w w the process of change in the ottoman id aii sacs llaiaabe ti seta ahioalhs athe tnicice seneedibanbbdotiiinawauiavenerecercoces whitehead t n leadership in a free society whittlesey c r international monetary issues tt es oe snccntsoshosaniscsoeccsesecce wilgus w j the railway interrelations of the united i css cual beonasownnhiies wolfe h c the german octopus yakhontoff v a eyes on japan brazil president vargas takes dictatorial powers fascist possi ls sane cussmanoucceccondicwccocsonbidcs sumner welles on vargas coup abortive revolt anti nazi moves british west indies economic unrest in jamaica and trinidad bulgaria loan from france canada roosevelt pledges american aid against aggressor backs st lawrence waterway chaco see bolivia china america’s far eastern policy acids adiniemncdvenbehnwooomecetase japan refuses to attend nine power conference japan’s southern activity i 0 calaateeninmeneczsceccenensnsonisesenbibes american concern over brussels conference 00 chiang kai shek refuses direct negotiations with japan germany offers to mediate in sino japanese conflict nine power conference meets at brussels mediation pro ic hadi inncnitainvcsininaiiereiibbienioneentntiiniinmeneeeceveenmnnetaninnen i cm i cast triitntats cdecntstacnsacencesnttrscecessscocesenes france bans munitions shipments via indo china moves government offices to interior ccceceseerseseeeeeenees japan claims sovereign rights in shanghai international li ccersgsintsioneunceeeenesnicenneeseors japan flouts brussels conference cc sscssseeeeseeeesteneeteeees united states on japanese control of maritime customs i i ciiitirtieretiercnirisecennncivcesetecnccovsessecncesenesnsceneses japanese control of shanghai revenues scsseseeeeeees united states protests panay incident cesceeereeeeeeeees ee 46 44 cd cad cod pet ed pd bet et coo os o1c cron or ce date february 11 1938 december 31 1937 june 3 1938 june 10 1938 december 17 1937 march 25 1938 july 29 1938 january 28 1938 january 7 1938 july 1 1938 april 29 1938 november 5 1937 march 11 1938 july 8 1938 november 19 1937 november 19 1937 december 10 1937 october 29 1937 october 29 1937 november 12 1937 january 21 1938 april 22 1938 november 5 1937 december 17 1937 december 24 1987 january 7 1938 may 6 1938 november 12 1937 november 19 1937 december 17 1937 may 20 1938 may 20 1938 may 20 1938 july 1 1938 september 9 1938 august 26 1938 october 29 1937 october 29 1937 october 29 1937 october 29 1937 october 29 1937 november 12 1937 november 12 1937 november 12 1937 november 12 1937 november 26 1937 november 26 1937 november 26 1937 november 26 1937 november 26 1937 december 10 1937 december 17 1937 december 17 1937 december 17 1937 37 jie si 937 937 937 937 937 937 937 937 937 937 937 937 937 volume xvii china continued great britain protests shelling of ships c eeceeeeseeees panay incident tests american foreign policy japan takes tsinan and hangchow se fs movoto 5 tscasecsiescinyhrneshiteniansctervvenianeiins united states accepts apology for panay attack chiang kai shek gives up premiership cordell hull on american interests ibaa rrna tate sacieicckidivcionisnorceissensvvesiieneivnnadneacane military equipment purchases ob eer ee rr eee united states on injuries to citizens in war zone fesecmatr tk corio ccccicirccihcecedierineckseictsmi santo etsniscidens kuomintang creates people’s political council kuomintang makes chiang kai shek permanent chairman of central executive committee psruc urna sui i i vce ceevennenccoccnsascxessssunentqsseapactnuansivounie united states trade in 1937 wee triotorord ficunrs siscccticisettrniccstireinine anglo japanese agreement on customs receipts rr a ir rr japan conciliates foreign interests reserves rights on customs receipts sea carne tagciioe oe cinicsecicisrsacenecbssedovetacounnsontuieemeeeeuaateiene fighting along lunghai railway american exports bolster japan is rd todd isecsccnctnnecaincensistsacccmceemcsitemcinamnitonenewn people’s political council meets ti ce cri wii sv iciniin so eres eeecieniacsccasicstavteeintlntieans american japanese exchanges on encroachment on amer so dior casercie santas usccasnsccessvinindieaedeaienanestsaiadaa aa csoooe tep i wot oon worm foecccicccnsiecitienssese seen japanese soviet clash at changkufeng diplomatic ex ne be céinpsincncsnsvpoeniiodihanmennrneneeameieeniiieraeaeinas semrrons totie donut titiie siciiisiencemiscqcsnnstncictimnnaennse asks league of nations to act against japan under ar point 5 ciao insane iese ctserceceeniunaadebeeoeidianieeeuaiages eaeanusatem iasiaee sca aaaanamienias czechoslovakia tie eien ceunii cccccessircoreccciesnpesneaeennsdonninncstninstictinamenmeaeantann konrad henlein demands autonomy for german minority trade agreement negotiations with united states rumanian foreign minister visits prague yvon delow ot flcrct cuo wccccivinscssesccsssceseicasesisissnitpensesecene signs american czech trade agreement ssssssssessssesees moves to give german minority proportional civil service ori cn cecesinsnnpiccossstncscerinsintinrscincesasaeemalasenas britain geclimes to suatarese big sacccrcccccesccssecccescoccsccsesseescsies other minorities to unite with sudeten germans in au ur geting 0 csccicssciccscseeniasnmtininianianenirwekactiatienhinstasseeeones premier hodza’s proposal on minorities recognizes german seizure of austtia cccseeseceseeeceee eres sudeten party conference henlein’s program henlein visits london henderson visits berlin mobilizes after eger incident municipal elections pict gorge ioi ose ciscsseniscesisnessicessnjsrtimessiaienninaskaaanataceenees great britain mediates in crisis lord runciman to be ee ee et ere ee eer ey le pens se british home fleet to hold maneuvers north of scotland german maneuvers play on other nations wish to avoid ue secicasanehisctnenneeescenvaconjeninbeg dik ceieteidiatenteloeclaebeeonaaaaanbitioie sir john simon on critical sitwation ccccccccoccscccccecesssscosees hitler confers with henlein rejects runciman plan for grurrie bongo c nsnciciicrtsinrccctsliasistmnnmemiienions indications of american btgibod cccnsccicsccsisisniircesccesetsacereneiess possible ceding of sudeten area studied by british bessel ss dot ouroue gion ciccisictcnerierrcrndnscecenemiceasvitnenine proclaims martial law in sudeten districts britain and france accept hitler’s terms csccceceeseeees chamberlain hitler berchtesgaden meeting c0ssse questions raised by diplomatic realignment after cham mini sreieis acncieces ecseninceceieecandeanbanmennmunaniescubbajaiesioauiaaaadetmiaaalitl ans ire oe atuirior asics ssciittcdicssciccicaceminnninieminpenaiomninnnns henlein flees to germany sudeten party dissolved sudeten gmigréa form free cops q ccscccccsescccscccescscssccccesconces godesberg demands turn tide against hitler in i in issn vccccaicinecertnecansitwsetncsnsnnmcibincnneiinins refuses hungary’s demand for territory roosevelt appeals to hitler reply date december 24 1937 december 24 1937 december 31 1937 december 31 1937 december 31 1937 january 21 1938 january 21 1938 january 21 1938 january 28 1938 march 4 1938 march 4 1938 april 8 1938 april 8 1938 april 8 1938 april 8 1938 april 22 1938 april 22 1938 may 13 19388 may 13 1938 may 13 1938 may 13,1938 may 27 1938 june 3 1938 june 17 1938 june 17 1938 july 15 1938 july 15 1938 august 5 1938 august 5 1938 august 5 1938 august 19 1938 september 23 1938 october 29 1937 october 29 1937 november 5 1937 january 28 1938 march 4 1938 march 18 1938 march 25 1938 april 1 1938 april 8 1938 april 8 1938 april 8 1938 may 6 1938 may 20 1938 may 27 1938 may 27 1938 june 17 1938 july 29 1938 september 2 1938 september 2 1938 september 2 1938 september 9 1938 september 9 1938 september 9 1938 september 16 1938 september 16 1938 september 23 1938 september 23 1938 september 23 1938 september 23 1938 september 23 1938 september 23 1938 september 30 1938 september 30 1938 september 30 1938 september 30 1938 6 volume xvii czechoslovakia continued no date rumania and yugoslavia to aid if hungary attacks 49 september 30 1938 mowoos conotw gict tc pf pmmoo boe c.cccccceccssrecscascssvosccccccee 49 september 30 1938 i ns se se 49 september 30 1938 i saceauacubasascsbasccosceseosese 50 october 7 1938 spununduns cuuniounond gueuutiriiged ono cscs cccccccccccccccscccccsvovesscveces 50 october 7 1938 runciman report and recommendations sssssssseseseseee 50 october 7 1938 er i ees sctunsosnccseeccnnsccancsvese 50 october 7 1938 i ses let 51 october 14 1938 effects of munich accord on american policies 0 51 october 14 1938 international commission assigns territory 00 51 october 14 1938 tre os os 2 ee 51 october 14 1938 danzig catholic comter party giesolwed cccccececc.s ccccccceccesesse 1 october 29 1937 i ad cd cmencvasenecenewesinccaoeein 1 october 29 1937 dean v m lectures ot carleton college 0 sccccccccccscssscscssccsesccssscosseses 22 march 25 1938 appointed research director of fpa ccccccccsccssceeseeseeeee 31 may 27 1938 dominican republic ee iie nsssisosiscenthatiivasineessenqreesesoeneesnesecsnastnntes 3 november 12 1937 haitian dominican tension and inter american peace ma ae sas cssencenunnnanesiene 6 december 3 1937 by mt i norco coceescescccccassssecccccevesssccccesers i december 24 1937 i a sos scnenensonnenansinabtioninnteis 12 januarv 14 1938 economic conditions rrr ee es 15 february 4 1938 egypt king farouk dismisses cabinet of mustapha nahas pasha 12 january 14 1938 eire see ireland ethiopia reil ese ss et tse 26 april 22 1938 league of nations on recognition of conquest 30 may 20 1938 europe fascist dictators court danubian countries 0 14 january 28 1938 i a pad oso eeteesucecdotevsaunscees 17 february 18 1938 io ssa aubbensesennapbucoaiiuasin 22 march 25 1938 a ica dc udiaa lb saddcduibdaddboudeooor vennonslibnsseioces 24 april 8 1938 powers struggle for mediterranean control 000005 36 july 1 1938 dynamic germany confronts europe cccccsssesesseeeeeees 37 july 8 1938 be mu nn ciid oo ccsccesccevcncscceccccersecccscveccecosecooees 45 september 2 1938 te un nii isa secitesessndccccecceocsesonssverceseosseors 48 september 23 1938 czechoslovak crisis repeats 1914 pattern cccsceeeeeees 49 september 30 1938 ptoi sd cii ei sciccncvtensccsacsocceseccsccvevsevecncnsenossee 51 october 14 1938 evian conference see refugees foreign policy association miss ogden resigns a8 secretary ccsscsessssessessssssscssees 11 january 7 1938 re a i os cecetencssodecvesecccesnsctacssetesseos 13 january 21 1938 new appointments to board and national committee 14 january 28 1938 mrs dean made research director cscesccccesssseeeeeeeees 3 may 27 1938 ro os sechnpnedid hademnaniontedoeeuninenedios 34 june 17 1938 france bans munitions shipments to china via indo china 5 november 26 1937 chautemps and delbos visit lomdom cccccsscceeeeseeeeeees 6 december 3 1937 i sort c sichcncbvnsecoonscesnotvonensteieses 6 december 3 1937 as scsupoucnnainonues 7 december 10 1937 franco british conversations on offers to germany 7 december 10 1937 asec eamh genes bane shanbscnbneeniunetie 11 january 7 1938 tea acca sotusalivanencuonciorsebeseesenonenbebeianecia 11 january 7 1938 i a os casneseunennbonpniannbsl 11 january 7 1938 chautemps government falls and re forms c000000 13 january 21 1938 i a so ss cs ncisonimusabinonenanessseberoniiiss 13 january 21 1938 léon blum organizes government ccccccccccceeesesceeeseeteteeee 21 march 18 1938 chautemps governmennt fesi_ns ccccccssscecececeececereseeeeeeeees 21 march 18 1938 ree sae sc cee 21 march 18 1938 protests german seizure of austria ccccccceecccseeesceeeeees 21 march 18 1938 be i in oi csecsceenccaseseenccecocesecacsesaceecesseosancecie 21 march 18 1938 a cocnsebinnncnbeabtnbancebonsens 25 april 15 1938 i a esaimnvbuneueouenvestvecss 25 april 15 1938 angio french conversations at london conclusions 28 may 6 1938 set eeuinuee scuiianpunlictsuhrenciesiuessddiaunniaserccstauevasepsereveectseeweusestas 29 may 13 1938 38 38 oo volume xvii france continued program to increase production and rehabilitate finance franco turkish friendship pact and declaration on alex ei ivciciecsecccessavescvelenqtudeeatbinaaabiectencoerrcenaerietaieaagaaaan english king and queen visit paria cecccesceseccessevesevenesseseaes asks meaning of german army maneuvetis cceseeeeees eeeeh is mined 2 ccnaonnesnusedesubanieniaimensdcas toseuseacanmecieinaucac accredits ambbaesador to too cccccsicscecceccssssccsvssssssevnscsssesonsseets repeeeny docg wei sisicccciinsswenscsemnsvnianceeteniannilnnaseetin cers ge sine iie ccenscicshcciccisstrentsicrsicrincitcbnsisnnnnetios see also czechoslovakia germany wor teoterony weee trod gisviececnicccdcceenscssccstnsxatcncncedincencssseoninns italy signs german japanese anti communist pact offers to mediate in sino japanese conflict 00006 ie eee i torii be co oct ig scenes o content tncetacaneanneces franco british proposals on settlement cccsccceeeeeeee polish foreign minister visits berlin cccccseeceeeee sees anxious for trade treaty with united states cccscsees bi iii siccciserecdsoructdeactidintoheh es ico sabia ees joachim von ribbentrop named foreign minister chancellor schuschnigg visits hitler cceccesseeeeeeeeeees britain yields to rome berlin axis ccccccccccssssssssssssssssseses ps e odum iii iisrstrscascsen tars ccaseiessscceriiatiintersinensininnes hitler on foreign policy and colonies ssssssesceeeeeeeeeees seer ene tru cii gicrecicaceibeentitctecseatereamiadeainecesiticierne hitler mussolini conversations at rome ccccsscceeeeseeees mussolini on italo german friendship ccssseeeeseeeeerees league of poles in germany charges on polish minority economic measures against jews cccccccsccsescccssscsessccesseres re gion x crcteeocation ainiasaciea na aonnabinane emaenatts french ask meaning of army manecuvets cccceseenesseeseees visit of hummerian begiit trotgiy sc ccccsesscsccccssessecrvesecscessees see cori ge tu wake cc ssrtendctentrnerteti ne ccniaeenoaimeen eere ere hy demoed ee sicicseesicitasececrsenedesisstamentverteessiins eg oe aieee wicconcvsuseccieostounsnckecaseunervesrencensaceunetaeaidineasetanbahea hitler on democracies and jewish world enemy see also austria czechoslovakia spain great britain anglo american trade agreement negotiations 008 re iiis gaia sccatveatnrcscinsccoventndsetnemstonniaeesrngansainens tesooniiine core woiiion ocsinciceincsncccteres stntnsiee steadiness anglo american trade agreement negotiations s0008 ee te wee chong oancctssticcecs seeciccccsivensectnssszecccnensvonns chautemps and delbos visit london scccccscsscesecccsceeses sut wooo insci cic cccrreisnnticigiegrasstinarininatcevcean eect eoemonion sor sii as csinsicisieengrnsicenindatnnractavannieiehanacannartareneneaetes franco british conversations on offers to germany protests japanese shelling of ships cssccccessscsscsscesscsvoes pum drorteee niicicacicicccmarininiinenidinnnniaaian american cruisers to attend singapore naval base opening patio etigt botoomibtee botti i ciccccccccceccncacssenvecesnsisnsovscepessoscees pmd pmoticat wwe chb nciccecccecersscessensesnssssssesercneeveccedicivnes ray ti gos cris coicicrtinttesiiceinanss rater we tried sins csndtasieasoctncrsasceescitvcemeneanentinninanaans see bs to tice a ed gasessisceisiccasssretrnritiictimerrecneneins explores anglo italian agreement possibilities spain obstacle to anglo italian accord ccccesssseseeeees neville chamberlain on foreign policy and central euro sin mie cas cinzvevssh scoop ua edueelnkdenc puneatancn canine taaiaoicistmniaientiies recognizes german seizure of austria cccccesesesseeeeeeeeeees protests mexico's o11 gxutodtineion 00ssscvcrcssscosaceoncescesonesee suerte sadie gr teons giiiud ecco tccnacatesticadecacotmnnseenienrntondsimie american stand on anglo italian accord ccceceeeeeeees anglo french conversations at london ccccesseeteeesseees pr eusoe chores crete wciceinssscescecczniacssccrsicesesinnsasdaenpeneanes munities ssn ow rea acetic ose aor eel inde cle decane dani onaamanaa aaa dente saruior gout ooicsaesscccciastseerstccrcsessrserriormee bree orme sriiiniiiid 5 cnsssians saksecaecciecedensvapenacuiabineuedaaenasieaaraearetell rse lene ae cle tian ee sir thomas inskip on consctiption ccccccseeseeeseeereeeereeeeeees se get iiodd vssicaxccceacasenescannvaoneanicucevaghchorniotensuboitaavenmninsiida c fof ee ene chamberlain continues appeasement policy 0 00000 frg bite stour 2c ccccccstesciceiessiiiiesiniaescinacnncaaeaimeabeccis commons accepts simon finance bill authorizes aviation in i ivsicinsusccnnasviccanndiniiehioavetlsdaedadiaiabetdsadibavinennetned ce ts tied co isiesctasasnicinccnniiciat constant angel deneneacieaeeeseteiee see also china czechoslovakia palestine spain aoc do oo date may 13 1938 july 8 1938 july 29 1938 august 19 1938 september 9 1938 october 14 1938 october 14 1938 october 14 1938 october 29 1937 november 12 1937 november 12 1937 november 26 1937 december 10 1937 january 28 1938 january 28 1938 february 11 1938 february 11 1938 february 18 1938 february 25 1938 february 25 1938 february 25 1938 february 25 1938 may 13 1938 may 20 1938 june 17 1938 june 24 1938 july 8 1938 august 19 1938 september 2 1938 september 9 1938 september 16 1938 october 14 1938 october 14 1938 november 5 1937 november 19 1937 november 19 1937 november 26 1937 november 26 1937 december 3 1937 december 10 1937 december 10 1937 december 10 1937 december 24 1937 december 31 1937 january 21 1938 january 28 1938 february 4 1938 february 25 1938 february 25 1938 february 25 1938 march 4 1938 march 11 1938 april 1 1938 april 8 1938 april 15 1938 april 22 1938 april 29 1938 may 6 1938 may 6 1938 may 6 1938 may 20 1938 may 20 1938 june 10 1938 june 10 1938 june 10 1938 july 29 1938 august 5 1938 august 5 1938 august 5 1938 september 9 1938 volume xvii haiti in au css da daasnsouelseasesestvsbad eves ccoscnecsteesiects haitian dominican tension and inter american peace ma ahaa shas nds scnoacsdiapaeerscarsseteorssscesessneunesesecie a ei serves scckonsacedavcdsbenedetouncustesecssoose a a i cca sectmbanseandetinsbeccsssecsstocenceneses hungary rome protocol powers confer at budapest c:sssesee offers united states debt settlement ccecssssseeeesens bela imredy succeeds daranyi as premier ssssseseeeees i als seeeenaissgnansnetannentomenyaanninn little entente on right to rearm ccccccccccssscsssscrcsssecceess india congress party opposes federation cccccsscccsssesccssscees tests new constitution on release of political prisoners ireland ines miiingong miuiieing cos cceccsacvesescessccccocccccceveosasecconesess i satacnacnsnabundiibonooseocesooes italy i oc ran ease peeve voctonseccsnccoqeeness signs german japanese anti communist pact 8 withdraws from league of nations ccccccsesssseeeseees rome protocol powers confer at budapest ccccceceeees explores anglo italian agreement possibilities spain obstacle to anglo italian accord cccccseeeeeeeees hitler writes to mussolini on seizure of austria mussolini’s stand with germany cccccssccsseseessssseseesees mussolini’s speech on army strength ccccccccceceseeeeeees signs anglo italian accord summary sssseeeeeeeeeees american stand on anglo italian accord c sceeeceeeeees hitler mussolini conversations at rome cccceeeeeeeeees i a ssnavornccscosacsarconunens mussolini warns secretary woodring ccssseeeeeeeees eee ire ss re ecp ae ee a ot anti semitic measures pope pius condemns racism france accredits ambassador to rome csesseeceseeesees see also spain japan italy signs german japanese anti communist pact a cceeretad hcipniienieenbbaveseececevesonsovesetoones aii cs se andnimnsncosersnonontoores ie nds didseoneidinciinebaipatnabobdaceewtbbeceuncneuetanerseatoeerenasee ees ra co oe rr ec urged to keep london naval treaty limits cssseeee sr no eee ae a ee i ti ss caiccrtdsunsbencetccsevcesesccscvenersesosesoote alaska fishing controversy settled cccsssserssssssrerseeees budget and war appropriations ccccsssssessessesssessssssesenees reaction to american naval program csscssscsseseceseeeees en economic and financial difficulties cccccssssseeeeeeees iii ge gone osc cccsnscccccccccccccecceceseensescecssoeee rr cs ieee te a backs germany and italy on anti comintern pact noncommittal on european situation 1 cccccscceeeeeeeeeees effect of munich accord on foreign policy ccsseeeeees ugaki resigns as foreign minister ccceccceseeeeeeees see also china narcotic drugs latin america sumner welles on latin american policy of united states closer radio ties with united states ccccccceseceeeeeeeeees se i i ei i sie occ scicccnsupecocctresdcnecccecssesennasocasonnes five countries hold informal conversations at rio de se ese se re eee rer eee i a ele vcc sre to united states rapprochement plans ccccccssececeeseeeeeees lima conference agenda sissadiasdetithanhistetaeuiialidnnatiineanniatabia date november 12 1937 december 3 1937 december 24 1937 january 14 1938 january 28 1938 march 4 1938 june 17 1938 september 2 1938 september 2 1938 march 11 1938 march 11 1938 january 28 1938 january 28 1938 may 6 1938 october 29 1937 november 12 1937 december 17 1937 january 28 1938 march 4 1938 march 11 1938 march 18 1938 march 25 1938 april 8 1938 april 22 1938 april 29 1938 may 13 1938 may 20 1938 may 20 1938 june 17 1938 july 1 1938 august 12 1938 october 14 1938 november 12 1937 november 26 1937 december 31 1937 december 31 1937 january 14 1938 january 14 1938 february 11 1938 march 4 1938 march 4 1938 march 18 1938 april 8 1938 april 22 1938 april 22 1938 may 13 1938 june 3 1938 june 3 1938 september 23 1938 september 23 1938 october 21 1938 october 21 1938 december 17 1937 february 25 1938 february 25 1938 april 15 1938 may 20 1938 june 3 1938 october 21 1938 a 38 38 wa i volume xvii league of nations ae wi sists eisitmnnitavienessticsicnns cncoiabedaaiaasaie aia corte grier coto woniiiiin wsiiccscsesiccaticscesivcissnssssncncanienibniees council rejects loyalist resolution on non intervention poabaind wobepes treats cow recccesicssssciinceiecsicsceccarianscantreanttnaticees china asks action against japan leet d f elected secretary of foreign policy association lima conference see latin america lithuania poland compels restoration of diplomatic and trade re bn iincccnicen cavsecisanieseonsssndestsedaimatusmeindoinaniesini pala little entente conference at bled acts on hungary mexico sy pon trre gr occscictiaserddmdesieeoae cena oil and mexican american relations sepeet won ot wine bomiiiin ccicciicccescicosseccscccesacizicecascssscate silver agreement with united states cccccccccccscesseeeeeees dispute with british and american oil companies de roiniiioie code iccnicsscnctesacocunsmmubsndssdnnasasaaulicedacaclireaaicammedamieicess united states stops buying silver ccccccccccccssossossceseossseeee prm ae ie wai oie sscsacneizesenincivinsvertavtincdcictedacanmadernaien a britain protests oil expropriation a eee enema eee et ae ene oil settlement deadlocked sum coogee sowie ccccissscc saccesiscatacsessecsnsssseeitadaewaiuataateenda hull note urges arbitration of land program issues american mexican land compensation issue s rejects land settlement proposals ccsccscsseseeseseseeseeeseeens munich accord see czechoslovakia narcotic drugs charge before league of japanese army traffic in china neutrality be ii as cesses scecehletnlin ea auaeab asa amas aca buell hull correspondence on spanish embargo congressional hearings postponed cccssccessscceseeeeeeeeneees attacks on embargo hull pearson clash scccceeeeeeeees hull pittman letter on inadvisability of lifting embargo pressure ztoups upge ecmdamgoes cccceeeecceessecseesecseeererenes state department discourages airplane exports to japan action of oslo conference ogden e g resigns as secretary of the foreign policy association oslo conference see neutrality palestine british commission on partition meets cseseseeseseeeeeees prt epee cuoe nie sisi cnciscccceciensessscetvinnresentaaeeniserivctooes uniuioiiu 5 oc bicinanicssnsendapebamnasaammabieatacvansbederncienblooeamemaamronsmale donec ied gurcrdee co ttuie utiod cciiccceccceccccei cncccncecscosncsccsasiccassanesnsons zionists ack united states sipport c.cccsccccesssscccocscccsesossccsen paraguay see bolivia for chaco philippine islands general macarthur retires as field marshal of philippine sid os snncstinnsusesesssiascucsuivesepsbntiretievknicaassehtceleeiints tirana uae i ticuirtiie einscciicscsccnsvcnabacskicnneecsnensdseasavein united states may extend economic ties c.cseeereeeeeeeees high commissioner mcnutt on independence 0 roosevelt quezon telegrams on export fax ccccecesseeeeseeees report of joint preparatory committee cccccecsseereeees pius xi pope condemns racism poland foreign minister beck visits germany ccccceeeseeseeeeeeees lithuanian diplomatic trade relations restored league of poles in germany charges on polish minority retires from council of league of nations ccee demands teschen section of czechoslovakia 0 s000 bo bo 32 39 52 date december 17 1937 february 4 1938 may 20 1938 august 19 1938 september 23 1938 january 21 1938 march 25 1938 september 2 1938 december 3 1937 december 3 1937 december 17 1937 january 21 1938 march 25 1938 april 1 1938 april 1 1938 april 8 1938 april 15 1938 may 20 1938 june 24 1938 june 24 1938 july 29 1938 september 2 1938 september 9 1938 july 15 1938 march 25 1938 april 1 1938 april 1 1938 may 13 1938 may 20 1938 june 17 1938 june 17 1938 august 19 1938 january 7 1938 june 3 1938 june 3 1938 july 22 1938 october 21 1938 october 21 1938 november 5 1937 december 3 1937 january 21 1938 march 25 1938 april 15 1938 may 27 1938 august 12 1938 january 28 1938 march 25 1938 june 17 1938 august 19 1938 september 30 1938 10 volume xvii refugees no date state department project for inter governmental committee 23 april 1 1938 members of american national committee cssssssesees 28 may 6 1938 m c taylor american member of inter governmental asc eeedeceuubnsrsepcetencveibacssaccasboosesanse 28 may 6 1938 evian conference achievements sccseccsesssssssssseeseees 39 july 22 1938 rumania i ks ccpiouesinaneosacuancanebionsnnce 7 december 10 1937 as cestensenaasrancseieebeeasesesces 10 december 31 1937 i ccansintinpesinaneetecceceniisonsesente 10 december 31 1937 sc cdatnendirpennerovnsonccrecscosseenoonanss 11 january 7 1938 i a eaeentnocnnnensncesedenoeens 11 january 7 1938 foreign minister micescu visits prague scssesseerees 14 january 28 1938 king carol drops goga sets up national union 17 february 18 1938 carol strikes at iron guard arrests codreanu 0 27 april 29 1938 ey ouununeies ciee sacectupbyttdisttuiniiciisretonsnoccoepesesoceeeocrmeveccones 49 september 30 1938 russia peuugtnes sammiono ti thud o.cicccescccccccsccecceccssecsecescsessasesees 10 december 31 1937 proposes peace loving nations confer against aggression 22 march 25 1938 japanese soviet clash at changkufeng diplomatic ex ese srs snes a sse are 41 august 5 1938 pumomgno iovise dotgest efuce cccccecccccccccseceseccescessecseceseseesnsees 43 august 19 1938 see also spain spain italian stand on token withdrawal of volunteers 1 october 29 1937 bavcoiome tow lgpruse canieal 000c0ceccccerecsosceseccsesccsccccceseess 2 november 5 1937 i a sccwsonmenonenocencntconceones 2 november 5 1937 fascist national council established ccsesssssessseeees 2 november 5 1937 sine iil sis ns ciunesidstpeahesrirnamanablcadéétnedorevesasteconscesoenecceesncores 2 november 5 1937 italo german demands on belligerent rights for rebels 2 november 5 1937 non intervention sub committee meets ccceceseeseeseeeeees 2 november 5 1937 i i i dics cca candi ndivcsdaassenccapsesinnnavevecnesecscocesecsossenensecoees 2 november 5 1937 russia on withdrawal of foreign volunteers 0000000 2 november 5 1937 great britain to exchange commercial agents with na a wupeecenghiiodinlnsininbeoentes 3 november 12 1937 i i iiia ce dealrcedanhnepsntceraeanntotesveotecacce 10 december 31 1937 american senators and congressmen greet loyalists 16 february 11 1938 i lean ccraccemissvonacconasonendeenseesnnses 16 february 11 1938 franco government reorganized cssccsceceeseeessseeseenneneeeees 16 february 11 1938 piracy recurs in mediterranean csssssesseseesseneenes 16 february 11 1938 british formula withdrawing foreign volunteers 20 march 11 1938 rmpreige pomgicr govoioitiotes 0 0snccccessecseeseccscsocssossecseceves 20 march 11 1938 i ee sne ss catacesscurndcsomveesivesereesncancbesehrseveegeoteeee 20 march 11 1938 ee iee cccatndhablastqcavekbesebeuberavincndstesnoweecnceesseneoreeeseneenenene 20 march 11 1938 inn iiit sl hats oe aedicshelaobsidlanintasuchnices ecbeehantebibnanaaveoreaeeceqeesensconecse 22 march 25 1938 british prime minister reiterates non intervention stand 22 march 25 1938 france refuses negrin’s appeal for immediate aid 22 march 25 1938 cassis nneeneniduvebeanaenannonseuentes 22 march 25 1938 iii sine dnsccresoconnsecretivesuntonnevconesensoccvenececcersoosneces 24 april 8 1938 supe mute stsinecacascoscussvnccencsscencoscascossccssvscscscocesescseceeers 26 april 22 1938 sec seagummenrenecntonenccscnnensone 27 april 29 1938 burbueotind dome teguttottatiorr 6 ccccccccccccsccccccccescccssccsceccocscccce 27 april 29 1938 i sack wdiced dhcseennsantnesansoconceonrsens 27 april 29 1938 pope pius britain france and united states decry rebel i alana sshawneetunnasintbidadesoens 27 april 29 1938 ouumi co oud cssecccesncnenssescerccrnsonengesseesoccccesoveeseenceosooce 27 april 29 1938 league of nations rejects loyalist resolution on non inter i a a case tremsnnonenionnnnes 30 may 20 1938 ao cntnsdonsasonanboneseneiinn 33 june 10 1938 esl ott 33 june 10 1938 russia modifies stand on subcommittee non intervention sers sers sueseee ei 2 ase 33 june 10 1938 franco spanish frontier closed c.s.cscccsssressssecsoseeees 36 july 1 1938 loyalists threaten to bomb points whence aerial raiders stii oneal secdasanialnidnianbaecnennehebainereetienteurinadintnsececcevssscnceouseonsetorerne 36 july 1 1938 non intervention committee adopts british proposals 36 july 1 1938 chamberlain on anglo italian agreements and spanish a csonncoceusuubescabboncesouetouioh 41 august 5 1938 airplane strength of both forces cccccccessssscsssseesseseees 42 august 12 1938 british merchant ships bombed 0cc.cccccccscosscsssssssecseseseoeeees 42 august 12 1938 loyalists accept volunteer withdrawal program no i a cspabmannontenanoneebes 42 august 12 1938 loyalists strengthen resistance ccscsccseeseeeseseerecsseesees 42 august 12 1938 franco rejects withdrawal plan asks recognition of belli suited sib blstiacsnsbhaipenienssenensienssenebresvabitnedinerescccoesecorcessorcnceeesenenesie 44 august 26 1938 te 44 august 26 1938 italy to withdraw 10,000 troops cccccsessseeeerseeeeeeeeeees 51 october 14 1938 ss ss or volume xvii 11 suez canal ree dralian 20000d sv.cnscisincinineuninvsiiinadiaviiiiiiiisbnsiiiiniiaiiata syria franco turkish pact on sanjak of alexandretta turkey franco turkish friendship pact and declaration on alex piii ric heccins ncvnnsovqinondinsionniiidiccuabguainnerdeanieteamnoemaaamanemta export credit from france credit from germany union of soviet socialist republics see russia united states gallup and philadelphia inquirer polls on far eastern mien kccacccictasscarececesscnsinacatetsountenniiscannnee manienitamiaaiemmnnecereretions czech and british trade agreement negotiations annual report of the secretary of the navy dep tcrins couiiioeidtd toi g cecn ccs snerscs ccccccscsesintusnncsercebsentivacntio british trade agreement negotiations mexican american friction codatore gha tovghn wotieg oiscccicecnessccccsisescaccssercncsscenestenataconsion ee tr bi oi in sicnivancetiminieriiarncicasenanenes sumner welles on latin american policy dominican haitian conciliation ludlow amendment terms pee wooo cicceitctiinetsissishciencrsierininmannnne roosevelt on foreign policy annual message csssececeeeeee re run bined seccvciceereensinseniebessorechasetionsetennsscteiintintaiannies ees gtrtieiiiig isis esicicsnscscessssesiisacccnricvessnsnanintennientaamacnan lae gurotnore golodiee crescicerssistcceitinendictivincemionmmnanns cruisers to attend opening of british naval base at sing diu isssaicsnacoiennaseutciesdcnaenehsioeiones siaeabis tildeiedoeunaaae nraaent ada degricer cevet outgoing cncickcisccceccentinicicciiviniiierrniomein germany anxious for trade treaty anglo american naval talks wr tinie shine cncsssecnsvecetcmnseunciinchabannetiniaintabceasasanehcachenasicanentienn foreign policy and naval expansion program 00 0 note to japan on london naval treaty limits cordell hull on armament program ccccccsssscssceeseseeteeees further debate on navy and foreign policy naval issue hinges on china fe i pe id cavsccepnrsntciteriieaiansscnctnncstecinaeraniarowiens army bombers visit argentina new ship time bo sowtlh aac red crccseccncccscccesseccesarssccecsesaceresoseos strengthens radio ties with latin america foreign policy predictions ruined tie drouin oo vccestiidicsenircismertieecaieene claims sovereignty over canton and enderbury central bne iiiiiiil siicss0sihancasusudonazabicinvennicecehialaneneeidil abdiaanieananamiaa house naval affairs committee urges passage of naval ris tire sviscsnsoniscinntenreseieeiand adkdiaaniaeaarion alaskan fishing controversy settled cccccssssesceeeeseeeeees american czech trade agreement signed naval expansion and far eastern policy secretary hull on foreign policy co sr ee ee ee a tn td i ao sisrtccrrccsecccctsciinsecicissescesvieniennncess admiral leahy asks for super battleships ccssceseseee ee init wruiiioit o nivnsexnciccsacnes nhtecnecinetongneneneiennieeurenstnoees names captain monroe kelly naval and air attaché to co ig viv acnsenssscssnciedvigusmitaiebintininssivcennieenaielaateetiblant iors recognizes german seizure of austria ccccsseessseseeereeeees hull on inadvisability of disarmament move japanese reaction to naval program 1937 trade with china and japan roosevelt on anglo italian accord pemwnd dense cle bo ron nisi cccesi tciccecscrimincineenen mussolini assails secretary woodring on dictatorships pan american cultural cooperation cccccccsscserssessseeees roosevelt urges creation of committee on conserving phos sii scccinenscanasensesemnnidinsnaennniiniaanimaiabenianendieieaananmaaiis fete streigos ccccenncscstnicicisemieniscineinenimnnagiaaaniiatin naval maneuvers and foreign policy cccscsscsessesesseerseees hull asks world order based on law csccccsssseesseseeeersees sumner welles protests aerial bombings c000eseeees asks germany for austrian debt payment c0seesees urges mexico to arbitrate land program issues 0 oon lore feb peek feed ed nrrr ooo bo date april 22 1938 july 8 1938 july 8 1938 september 9 1938 october 14 1938 october 29 1937 november 5 1937 november 19 1937 november 19 1937 november 26 1937 december 3 1937 december 10 1937 december 17 1938 december 17 1938 december 24 1937 december 24 1937 december 31 1937 january 7 1938 january 7 1938 january 14 1938 january 14 1938 january 21 1938 january 21 1938 january 28 1938 february 4 1938 february 4 1938 february 11 1938 february 11 1938 february 18 1938 february 18 1938 february 18 1938 february 18 1938 february 25 1938 february 25 1938 february 25 1938 march 4 1938 march 4 1938 march 11 1938 march 11 1938 march 18 1938 march 18 1938 march 18 1938 march 25 1938 march 25 1938 april 1 1938 april 8 1938 april 8 1938 april 8 1938 april 15 1938 april 22 1938 april 22 1938 april 22 1938 april 29 1938 may 6 1938 may 20 1938 may 27 1938 may 27 1938 june 3 1938 june 3 1938 june 10 1938 june 10 1938 june 24 1938 july 29 1938 12 volume xvii united states continued roosevelt pledges aid to canada against aggressor backs st lawrence waterway august 26 1938 status of american mexican land compensation issue september 2 1938 indications of stand on czechoslovakia september 9 1938 mexico rejects settlement proposals ssccscssscsseseeneenees september 9 1938 silent on hitler’s nuremberg speech european policy uncertain 7 september 16 1938 2 october 21 1938 see also china latin america neutrality philippine islands van zeeland paul report on economic conditions february 4 1938 yugoslavia political situation december 10 1937 premier stoyadinovitch visits germany january 28 1938 premier stoyadinovitch visits italy july 1 1938 i a ass cnnennronennenniennnsiientiibd september 30 1938 foreign policy bulletin published weekly by the foreign policy association 8 west 40th street incorporated new yorrk n y national headquarters +index to volume xvi foreign policy bulletin october 30 1936 october 22 1937 argentina british trade agreement opposes leasing of over age u.s destroyers to brazil armaments british rearmament lag naval treaties of 1922 and 1930 expire 1936 london naval treaty and supplements signed austria italo austro hungarian protocol vienna conference chancellor schuschnigg on independence schuschnigg and mussolini confer on anschluss belgium anthony eden on british aid in attack neutrality issue premier van zeeland defeats rexist leader degrelle dr schacht’s visits freed of locarno obligations to france and britain territorial integrity guaranteed germany promises to respect territorial integrity bisson t a sails for far east bolivia paraguayan army prevents chaco peace book reviews abend hallett and billingham a j can china survive adams a b national economic security allen h e the turkish transformation angell j w the behavior of money ball m m post war german austrian relations beard c a the devil theory of war benns f l europe since 1914 bienstock gregory the struggle for the p billingham a j see abend hallett birnie arthur an economic history of the british isles boulter v n see toynbee a j brady r a the spirit and structure of german fascism chamberlin w h collectivism a false utopica clark grover the balance sheets of imperialism clark grover a place in the sun cohn d l picking america’s pockets coudray h du metternich 7 cole g d h and others what is ahead of u8 0 crabités pierre unhappy spain desmond r w the press and world affairs ernst m l the ultimate power farago ladislas palestine at the crossroads fergusson erna guatemala fleming peter news from tartary florinsky m t fascism and national socialism foreign bondholders protective council annual report 1935 fox ralph france faces the future the future of the league of nations gannes harry and repard theodore spain in revolt germanicus germany the last four years hagood johnson we can defend america ne heald stephen ed documents on international affairs 193 2 date december 11 1936 august 20 1937 november 20 1936 january 8 1937 july 23 1937 november 20 1936 november 20 1936 february 26 1937 april 30 1937 december 4 1936 march 26 1937 april 16 1937 april 23 1937 april 30 1937 april 30 1937 october 22 1937 january 15 1937 june 25 1937 april 16 1937 june 4 1937 february 5 1937 march 26 1937 october 1 1937 march 5 1937 march 5 1937 august 6 1937 october 22 1937 october 15 1937 september 10 1937 january 29 1937 january 29 1937 march 26 1937 march 5 1937 october 1 1937 october 1 1937 october 8 1937 march 26 1937 october 22 1937 april 16 1937 february 5 1937 march 26 1937 november 6 1936 november 6 1936 march 5 1937 january 22 1937 october 1 1937 june 4 1937 august 13 1937 j 2 volume xvi book reviews continued no date hedin sven the flight of big horse csssccessesseseeeneees 19 march 5 1937 i he os capneauncesnetenesenenecesie 22 march 26 1937 bed sue tgs beonion coooy tobied o.cncccnencccccsecesscccescccoccsceseseneces 21 march 19 1937 horrabin j f an atlas of current affairs third edition i ar dace a scapueasibasosoebosaeoens 50 october 8 1937 howard h n see kerner r j hudson g f the far east in world politics 00 49 october 1 1937 huizinga jan in the shadow of tomorrow s:se000008 19 march 5 1937 a a as ecnenssconeuneiabtesenesounes 28 may 7 1937 domes f e hitler's drive to the hast cccccceceseseos 49 october 1 1937 i en re iie cca conacnanimannedensenenceserccesniecneseestenntases 28 may 7 1937 karig walter asia’s good neighbor cccsseseeeeeereeeeees 37 july 9 1937 kemmerer e w the abc of the federal reserve system 25 april 16 1937 kepner c d jr social aspects of the banana industry 34 june 18 1937 kerner r j and howard h n the balkan conference i socebnenensosensusccontoontocese 15 february 5 1937 knaplund paul gladstone’s foreign policy c s0c000e 2 november 6 1936 larkin j d the president’s control of the tariff 19 march 5 1937 league of nations balances of payments 1935 0 0 52 october 22 1937 league of nations international trade in certain raw materials and foodstuffs by countries of origin and i i chancniensotinnnsdbensecccecserie 52 october 22 1937 league of nations world economic survey 1935 1936 25 april 16 1937 lewinsohn richard the profits of war sccccccccsseseeeeeeees 50 october 8 1937 lippincott isaac the development of modern world trade 2 november 6 1936 lloyd george david memoirs of david lloyd george i ee 2 sebbvavbsvncesounaiio 49 october 1 1937 becingie a d collective secusvrity cceenssescscocccscescossescsessese 25 april 16 1937 mcneill moss geoffrey the seige of alcazar cc0000 49 october 1 1937 madariaga salvador de anarchy or hierarchy 00 49 october 1 1937 madden j t and nadler marcus the international i sa chaeouernbenbenbubbes 19 march 5 1937 madden j t nadler marcus and sauvain h a america’s experience as a creditor nation cccccccccecceeee 49 october 1 1937 mair l p native policies im africa cc.cccccccccecseccecseee 33 june 11 1937 miller max mexico around me c c.ccccccccccccsscocccccsssssses 30 may 21 1937 i cge bwm foo boiiid vccceccecseccsscccevrceccsecccencseoececoces 14 january 29 1937 millis walter viewed without alarm cccccccccccccceeeccceeeeees 22 march 26 1937 mitsubishi economic research bureau japanese trade i eo ssiaccuantivetneondnesonss 15 february 5 1937 mowat r b diplomacy and peace c.ccccccsessssessssessccees 37 july 9 1937 nadler marcus see madden j t noel baker p n the private manufacture of arma eee eet ss 6 eer ce ee aa 28 may 7 1937 sere spomocmom popepme of b pgbs 5 ccccccoccscsccceccosscccesesssess 32 june 4 1937 ottlik georges annuaire de la société des nations 1936 15 february 5 1937 paxson f l pre war yegre 1918 1917 0 cccccecscecece 32 june 4 1937 es wc ming sue mine buono occcceceessccccecsnesnecccsncnseeseoosees 10 january 1 1937 politics and political parties in rumania 0 c0cc0cc0000 37 july 9 1937 purdy frederick mass comsumption 0 ccccccccccsececeeeeeeeeeees 16 september 10 1937 rappard w e the government of switzerland 49 october 1 1937 repard theodore see gannes harry rienow robert nationality of a merchant vessel 50 october 8 1937 rotvand georges franco means business cecccccccccoccccocceceeeee 52 october 22 1937 salvemini gaetano under the axe of fascism 10 january 1 1937 sanchez g i mexico a revolution by education 30 may 21 1937 sauvain h c see madden j t schacher gerhard central europe and the western world 25 april 16 1937 schuman f l international politics ccccccccceceeeeeeeeeeee 46 september 10 1937 shepardson whitney and scroggs w o the united states tm world affairs i 1986 cccccccocccccccccssssccsccseccee 50 october 8 1937 as sceuiiessmeeetenieseneovenesoes 52 october 22 1937 i co os sccbbldebtievvsasouceoeetcceere 32 june 4 1937 slocombe george the dangerous sea ccccccceeeeseseseseeeeeees 28 may 7 1937 sombart werner a new social philosophy cccc00000000 52 october 22 1937 squires j d british propaganda at home and in the united states from 1914 to 1917 c.cccccccccosocccccccscsssesccccece 52 october 22 1937 staley eugene raw materials in peace and war 50 october 8 1937 i i 0s ccs chau bashebbisnaséianeseventooveseceonesss 52 october 22 1937 steiger g n a history of the far east 0 cccccccccccceeeee 19 march 5 1937 sternberger estelle the supreme cause 0 c.ccccccccccccecesseeeeee 33 june 11 1937 open ils tiny dionne dodnitwoe co evnscncccccncctecesccccccesosccscecccoccsceees 52 october 22 1937 stimson h l the far eastern crisis ccccccccccccsseeeseeeeees 10 january 1 1937 strachey john the theory and practice of socialism 22 march 26 1937 strong a l spain i arms tt 1987 0 ccccccccocccccessesccecccoes 49 october 1 1937 tatum e h the united states and europe 1815 1822 22 march 26 1937 thomas norman after the new deal what 19 march 5 1937 thorez maurice france today and the people’s front 15 february 5 1937 volume xvi 3 book reviews continued no date towrhgng tgidd aol bmowoid noocccvicsecnssctccccscnsctczsecousecinunsens 21 march 19 1937 toynbee a j and boulter v m survey of international spun dun stsssincseiencconseosauigalll tinizlesmibabncntisit notin ci katate 42 august 13 1937 trotsky leon the revolution betrayed 34 june 18 1937 utley freda japan’s feet of clay e.sscccrcssersssscsssrscsenceeees 34 june i8 1937 vernadsky george political and diplomatic history of boe csderaccsvcinstavcgssuicdtalasdiinruiaisdsidciseabsdarinieasa asia aes 22 march 26 1937 vinacke h m a history of the far east in modern meme sescinssinsniee tbdualeaiewe aaa etd telecine a a 27 april 30 1937 werth alexander which way france 37 july 9 1937 willert arthur what neat in europe cccccccesseeeseees 15 february 5 1937 ce ee etm rae es 49 october 1 1937 bon ee einune 5 ccccsscnncinciemameekeaneataneneniaaaacncstncaeeeaeneme 25 april 16 1937 yung wu the flight of an empress ccccccccsesssesesees 10 january 1 1937 brazil 6 united states withdraws plan to lease over age destroyers 13 august 20 1937 buenos aires conference see latin america bulgaria mumoiav potertied cemoee oicscsciiccissscsacrsocniccamnmmenmie 14 january 29 1937 von neurath’s visit 34 june 18 1937 6 canada anglo canadian trade agreement 0 cccscccssseeeesssseees 19 march 5 1937 chaco see bolivia china iir ce ten ian oon scan sch renateseccurceantssesionend 3 november 13 1936 chang hseuh liang captures chiang kai shek 8 december 18 1936 chiang kai shek’s release settles sian coup 10 january 1 1937 nanking government and shensi forces agree 15 february 5 1937 prormchs tages wmissiot trining onccccccccicssccsccosseveccecovecossscceesnes 23 april 2 1937 kuomintang rebuffs communists ccccecececeseseeceeeeeeeeeees 23 april 2 1937 7 soviet japanese tension on manchoukuo border settled 37 july 9 1937 chiang kai shek refuses any settlement detrimental to tie vncccnccsinccaniedpinscpntnnkcnudiiencndimccaenaaketeweussteencnanseenaaaae 39 july 23 1937 clash with japan wo sine sisicccnsensncchnsdsites texcanaabesisaiducaidocsss 39 july 23 1937 nanking and communists negotiate to resist japan 39 july 23 1937 ss 20k ti bid oa sinscacacoccrsnsaisensiueiiovegnevacdasianeetuncuecsvoumee 40 july 30 1937 hirota on japan’s intent not to yield ou eeeeeeeeeeee 10 july 30 1937 calls for por ol lss tes fe ern 41 august 6 1937 ee in establishes control of peiping win satcccsxenertaceateries 41 august 6 1937 7 konoe on japan’s aim to preserve china against occidental sine sacinictansionmaedaudidandeheinahitnas baeiauelnansinabian sacaauadsaiaiiewca 1 lugust 6 1937 key pittman on american action under neutrality act 4 august 6 1937 chiang kai shek refuses to yield territory 43 august 20 1937 137 chinese bombs kill foreigners in international settleme nt 43 august 20 1937 japanese put marines in shanghai warships in whangpoo une ciavnamihinscaecsuacsesbincesenemcamamnsmiasucrcmucdeussbestass vases canneneein 43 august 20 1937 japanese troops enter peiping 13 august 20 1937 7 american policy on treaty sanctity pichictthivaenksstaasaaneesubiniabiene 44 august 27 1937 shell hits u.s cruiser augusta ne ee 44 august 27 1937 united states sends more marines to shanghai 44 august 27 1937 american freighter wichita sails with airplanes for china 45 september 3 1937 japanese naval forces blockade coast cccccecceesesseeeeees 45 september 3 1937 137 japanese planes wound british ambassador 00 45 september 3 1937 non aggression pact with soviet cccccccssssccssscssssesees 45 september 3 1937 put grieiater gorge tobciiiiid sesicncessscscsteiecsessscadncmaeeceas 46 september 10 1937 7 japanese diet approves hirota’s statement on breaking arie oe rind oininccicnisnssni asnnsessarechpasacscaicsdeeaosuneeniaaeaee 46 september 10 1937 tesponsibility for bombing american ship pre sident 7 pii scccsenusencivenceomneenakiabss aeleuilatcaaendinaben teeianabieasdkkaiasanaaeeneie 46 september 10 1937 roosevelt says americ mms bua os cwt tbe ccccicisssscicscasacccce 16 september 10 193 7 asks league to invoke articles x xi and xviii against iid ccodsnidcsnscseretessnbinsebauasinbins tile htcaggehinnta panies aie 48 september 24 1937 7 american government owned vessels forbidden to carry arms to japan privately owned do so at own risk 48 september 24 1937 mine tirturren fid os ssiensksnccitcctescencccensensieoeepeeeniceieeeel 48 september 24 1937 7 american ambassador johnson returns to nanking em bumiiiiit 10 dc uvsdect xpiccboqniieiliba cena veimnalibeaassiasueasisasocas aiskncstaasemteias tee cabo 49 october 1 1937 american asiatic fleet to remain for protection of nationals 49 october 1 1937 united states protests to japan against nanking bom eine cnncsnacssocsnsaqecasnensicgebiauouueerapemmennenemee uelancabracme ecmeieoes 49 october 1 1937 american munitions shipments tightly controlled a 50 october 8 1937 i american state department silent on reply to note on 7 ni dium a sccscsvncvciscececocccceseecous seustestees gmcaiabeaca 50 october 8 1937 4 volume xvi china continued british groups ask boycott on japan cccccccesceceseeeeeeeees leland harrison american minister to switzerland sits with league’s far eastern advisory committee league assembly condemns japanese bombing of open steel ccanessablaeliatubednsubdanidiaidstiniibed matentdertqaens besten siinbeeeessresnueqoesesute soviet warns against attacks on nanking embassy league adopts far eastern advisory committee report league calls conference of nine power treaty adherents reactions to president roosevelt’s anti isolationist speech h l stimson and key pittman urge boycott against japan united states declares japan violates nine power treaty i sa i ca annaigeneincdnnsannomennoetinanssers united states names n h davis as delegate to brussels conference of nine power treaty signatories collective security french appeal to germany on european settlement i a cc spnooeitubenscicecevtosooeess euronean powers at odds on proposed new locarno pact france and britain free belgium of locarno obligations i mind i ics cdccanecoessccscevocsnszececcesseveciers germany promises to respect belgium’s territorial integrity cuba colonel batista’s military dictatorship pons udine duninonetiind co ciccsesececsecencsssscscosscesoccosnsseseeseonscesse federico laredo bru succeeds gom0z cccccccccessseeeeeeseeees czechoslovakia puoomrote wit gofmiat trimoticy 00 cccccecccccovessecesscocccoses portugal breaks off diplomatic relations egypt becomes sovereign state joins league of nations europe european crisis and roosevelt’s opportunity franco british overtures to germany for general settle seed dvdyecuhsteeracddnenienabeibetnehaicineeranatenesenebocssveteeaseecseneeeeceeccssseewecnce hitler vague on general settlement i ee re rior mocipoiid groin bogen oc.cccccccsccccccvcocccccnssccccccccscessesccosesees powers seek general settlement finland on re aoc ot a te france blum government’s moderate trend acts against colonel de la rocque radical socialist party congress i a a i oc penseasiesinneanes maurice thorez assails premier blum ccccceceeeeeeee franco turkish negotiations on alexandretta i sah ac asdcienoonnbabesnntecneonions blum appeals to germany on general european settlement blum cabinet approves change in economic policy exchange equalization fund commission national defense loan a ce sarreand erndsbansunsoiebeduanbietes chautemps government asks emergency financial powers a essa sie mec atesndandbacercavénovidveessebuveerecésed ruootwor tiotmoe otl tocowoty cccccccccccivcccccdcccccccsccssosescsccccscscccceee cuts budgetary expenses raises taxes ccccccscssseeseseeecees political uncertainty financial conditions political situation trade balance see also spain germany italo german accord reet es 8 erts rp sess ean raw materials rogram i esussiasucones denounces waterways provision of versailles treaty german japanese anti communist accord corr eee eee eee eeeeeeeeesoeee 51 51 51 97 52 10 of dod date october 8 1937 october 8 1937 october 8 1937 october 8 1937 october 15 1937 october 15 1937 october 15 1937 october 15 1937 october 15 1937 october 22 1937 january 29 1937 march 26 1937 march 26 1937 april 30 1937 october 22 1937 january 1 1937 january 1 1937 january 1 1937 march 19 1937 august 27 1937 june 4 1937 june 4 1937 9 77 november 27 19 january 29 1 february 5 1937 february 26 1937 march 19 1937 april 23 1937 february 26 1937 october 30 1936 october 30 1936 october 30 1936 december 11 1936 december 11 1936 january 15 1937 january 22 1937 january 29 1937 march 12 1937 march 12 1937 march 26 1937 june 25 1937 july 2 1937 july 9 1937 august 13 1 august 13 1 1 937 937 august 13 37 october 1 1 october 1 1 1 october 1 qs 127 9 2 2 october 30 1936 november 6 1936 november 6 1936 november 20 1936 november 20 1936 november 27 1936 pet se volume xvi __ 5 germany continued no date german japanese pact arouses g moctacies ccccccceeceseeees 6 december 4 1936 franco british appeals for general european settlement 14 january 29 1937 pern tou pub ocssicciciinkineccicdcoinonsenanedeanteennic 15 february 5 1937 adolf hitler reviews achievements ed ci acinscrantidsyntecte sceuvuniisatimnsactiidaledebigtaiicdlpcadadles dilate dariactcteaiat 15 february 5 1937 os qin as ssce éscvvesncactiattssancesabadiidovantecricstavbpaiiedenbienia 16 february 12 1937 be i so icine eeiticcitteitenisciinioviecirneiecwesniialiiibabiens 18 february 26 1937 central europe checks nazi moves cscssscsccsssseseesenees 21 march 19 1937 attitude on proposed new locarno pact ial 22 march 26 1937 eve tigrmrotic wiser trormiiiid ccscicccnscesescceiccccccoccosocecerisccuecceasess 26 april 23 1937 von nearathn’s wieit to bimeeolind cccscscccsescssesscoccesvsrscsnsesee 29 may 14 1937 church struggles intensified 3 may 8 1937 assails vatican for cardinal mundelein’s attack on hitler 36 july 2 19387 von neurath visits danubian capitals ccssseeeseeseees 34 june 18 1937 further attacks on confessional church cccccccecceseeees 36 july 2 1937 ee ce ane a a ee a 47 september 17 1937 os ot fd pointed inediscikissscinicctenaskessocndcicclekscinceuss 47 september 17 1937 nazi congress at nuremberg 47 september 17 1937 schacht sees need for economy cccccccccesssssccccssscsscceseeees 47 september 17 1937 sets up state iron mining and smelting corporation 47 september 17 1937 rupees wru rr tmi aoc cc cats cancusanaguuieseceantendionesdanvasesactadex tease 49 october 1 1937 promises to respect territorial inte rrity of belgium 52 october 22 1937 see also spain great britain cuts palestine immigrati quota et cerne ir ten tn 3 november 13 1936 anthony eden on anglo german relations asnivacapseveduaviemen ie 4 november 20 1936 eden on anglo italian relations in mediterranean per 4 november 20 1936 polish foreign minister beck visits london 4 november 20 1936 rearmament program lag 4 november 20 1936 argentine trade agreement 7 december 11 1936 crisis over king edward’s proposed marriage 7 december 11 1936 puri iii 6 pas.nssaccsacecxissasssnccpeenonseetbedeaionwerceceeeieimebnanen 8 december 18 1936 iden appeals to germany for general european settlement 14 january 29 1937 stanley baldwin on security pact ccccccccssssssssesseseees 18 february 26 1937 rearmament ot ecm edc rnase teint srr meee meee rl aie ane 18 february 26 1937 anglo canadian trade agreement i sabes saitoh 19 march 5 1937 129 italy recalls correspondents bans british papers iat a 29 may 14 1937 imperial conference sian sebdtanaadliadateiatie bivicishaeairoonenmmeeaataaaiae 30 may 21 1937 j approves royal commission report urging p lestine par mien akcnnsnisicewniiniens csdava saci ccvascesuntoedss tami adebicca kn tecateans sentra ar ai 38 july 16 1937 dé optimism on progress of anglo american trade treaty ne oe nara ee er apie a sovchoneasehabeuaie 50 october 8 1937 chamberlin and eden on foreign policy sunieeabaakneeet ae 52 october 22 1937 see also spain 37 hungary italo austro hungarian pane er viitaeub a arees baci eran 4 november 20 1936 vienna conference cd eucositasneaty oeusaahaasmoaieae tat eae 4 november 20 1936 6 moves against nazi pene tr ation sleds da naleaieiteakens sbvnkpeee aauaieastaamaas 21 march 19 1937 6 wore gwg wme ics sien es ociassscesbisboaedscheictecaxcsesioesdiocaieinesn spewts 34 june 18 1937 ob 36 india eg protest as new constitution becomes effective we eae 24 april 9 1937 4 7 ireland z adopts new constitution ica atipiauinlasisite eet i skgetie nieces rr 38 july 16 1937 italy meu mnont ceres atmo dorce a accccdcncceccccccesscocccssnceccesensceeese 2 november 6 1936 anglo italian relations in mediterranean ccccecceeeeeees 4 november 20 1936 italo austro hungarian gckcsosesqunecersvioawanssoncueniieatncetet 4 november 20 1936 seti hui ssscicunrnsnandaniiisesaieiaensanshatimiaisameatienssinietthiabeliaiininnni 4 november 20 1936 14 mussolini in libya bids for moslem og ee 22 march 26 1937 u cais wr nnuinrin crite sinccinnsnsvaiccbvanove dinioaasspbieninceveraniiesanesecseisans 23 reat 2 1937 4 mussolini attacks anti fascist news writers eeeeee 23 april 2 1937 mussolini and schuschnigg confer on anschluss 000000 27 ay yril 30 1937 vere biguratih vistt to mermbolire enccecscecccscccesccccssescsicscorces 29 may 1937 recalls correspondents bans british papers 00 29 may 14 1937 eg nn ee ue en ee ee 49 eet 1937 se iiit tries sus iccscersachnenbiceeleehecaineetiencaauebaanseamnneienitenale 51 october 15 1937 see also spain 936 japan 9236 german japanese anti communist accord cccccceeeeeeceeeeees 5 november 27 1936 1936 tussia postpones renewal of fisheries agreement 5 november 27 1936 1936 ss i i es ee 6 december 4 1936 1936 german japanese pact arouses democracies c:cseeeeeeeeeee 6 december 4 1936 ee epuiue stinet acrresonais ancisbaacndeinscsunaiinnssavnshacsaeabseamauniadnan 14 january 29 1937 6 volume xvi japan continued rr ii ud pin ooo cnccsccccnnccocccccccccsscsccccscecesscesees ugaki resigns hayashi forms cabinet behind the political struggle ret sse ean eee eae hayashi régime falls prince konoe forms new government see also china latin america president roosevelt on purpose of buenos aires conference draft convention for inter american consultative commit ee roosevelt and hull stress democratic unity at buenos aires achievements of inter american peace conference league of nations pe in ceeri on sccrnsecesserccsinossccovsssecsoccesscaccsecoee rt ar a or see also spain libya mussolini’s visit italy sends troops locarno agreement see collective security manchoukuo see china mediterranean sea anglo italian relations see also spain mexico cardenas signs amnesty decte cccccsesscsssesssesssecsescessees bstuee wodmotiinet ge gti cnccccccccccctercsecccccccccccsvecscccsesescvenees american good neighbor policy to continue munitions american exports in september highest since establishment of munitions control board neutrality united states bars export of war material to spain united states congress debates proposals ccse0008 cauumewogd poguod dee ptoviiong 0 ccccrcsesseccccsssscosceccccsveccecees see also china palestine great britain cuts immigration quota cccccccecececeeees re lalit lnt eta british government approves royal commission report arabs rebel against british plan for partition mufti haj amin el hussein deposed escapes to syria paraguay army hinders chaco peace philippine islands me ee pure proiiou wruie owe oo sisncesn coo ci ccc cenncccscccocscecessseee p v mcnutt appointed high commissioner lh ped nip tlinnsoedensetinoboaucasans expert’s committee to study economic future poland foreign minister beck visits london polish rumanian relations portugal breaks off diplomatic relations with czechoslovakia see also spain roman catholic church es ser or ee ee see also germany rumania 44 4 date january 29 1937 february 5 1937 march 12 1937 may 7 1937 june 11 1937 november 13 1936 december 11 1936 december 11 1936 december 25 1936 january 15 1937 june 4 1937 march 26 1937 october 21 1937 november 20 1936 february 19 1937 february 19 1937 october 22 1937 october 22 1937 january 15 1937 february 12 193 may 7 1937 november 13 1936 march 26 1937 july 16 1937 october 22 1937 october 22 1937 june 25 1937 march 5 1937 march 5 1937 march 5 1937 april 26 1937 november 20 1936 december 4 1936 august 27 1937 august 13 1937 december 4 1936 february 26 1937 137 1936 1937 _volume xvi russia postpones renewal of japanese fisheries agreement semen comores ch toc iiue occccncincsssentoninmentmnsortarananeeive litvinov assails german japanese agreements moscow political trial finnish soviet treaty campaign against trotzkyism mass executions communist party establishes military councils in military unni sieiccascossuhn dechacnaseslidus di oatedicsabalcion petted chia eionssenlsscices aaa rn init ie oo cicessicsmnincienoseucinnidecncnabicetiadacseoaacedsanenen new trade agreement with united states nom rebtession pace with crib cniccccecccccceeccesccccsscascccoovecssscoenes warns japan against attacks on its nanking embassy see also spain social scientists a as he ee soviet union see russia spain soviet union on non intervention portugal breaks off relations i i i british labour party and trades union council demand loyalists be allowed to buy arms abroad 0ccceeeeees london non intervention committee whitewashes members stanley baldwin and anthony eden on british non inter ng eden’s leamington speech italy and germany recognize rebels cccccssseseesenceeeeees franco british protests on german volunteers league action on madrid appeal and franco british medi ation plan iasases anglo italian mediterranean accord signed franco british notes on volunteers ser italy portugal and soviet coop uii meti feo gutor anc inssscdkccctecesscensesccccstersnses germany and italy reply on volunteers ne pred tibuiiiie dries ivinsicccccccncosccnsedsccessascistorens united states bars shipment of war material first six months of wa german italian replies mor non intervention committee arranges for control of volun foreign minister del vayo protests to league on volunteers international naval patrol rettig fh trod gitotibigo ceccccecscericincrocivisescoces rebels capture the mar cantdbrico france urges action on italian volunteers count grandi on volunteers ey tue icon ono sess ec carsstastivvdpesnanidaovuccceinunsbnimasusannevart great britain warns british ships from blockaded area empvetiocn cag gitotbive th tout cccccccccscccccccescsccsseccevecenccessssaes italy and russia make conciliatory moves non intervention committee inaugurates patrol poe col oee gior word siiisccchssssediivasccssaiscsvnsracesasictarressdoticoks ys kd ff ree een anarcho syndicalist revolt in barcelona pup unoi sepdu dood oe ccisccsscsanuccreca ehesiitensiassatoonavescaueleovecsacersaciats largo caballero cabinet falls juan negrin forms govern rie sicobs sintie cidu sosiien sk bik suceseainnsdeduheashiersshubicsecavsrs weeomntneee aap eats deutgorlamd uncigone 0.0ccccrrceesccscsnccscevccsoscescceseees german ships bombard almeria league council endorses non intervention committee move to withdraw non spanish combatants ccccccscssscccseeeeeeeees presents white book on italian aggression to league inet sicccwncecsecakesbccaiuniquaccgostinnmeacky adectontsaieesice ae eee deutschland incident adjusted eee he a eet ae rie ae neville chamberlain asks moderation cccccccccscceseseseeees germany and italy again withdraw from patrol hitler assails france and britain on leipzig incident british compromise control plan submitted plan would recognize rebels as belligerents brunete taken and retaken 45 a pach fh ch pees fem fh wm co do do do bo date november 27 1936 december 4 1936 december 4 1936 february 19 1937 february 26 1937 may 28 1937 may 28 1937 july 2 1937 august 13 1937 september 3 1937 october 8 1937 september 3 1937 october 30 1936 october 30 1936 october 30 1936 november 6 1936 november 6 1936 nove mber 6 1936 november 20 1936 november 27 1936 november 27 1936 december 25 1936 december 25 1936 janu iry 8 1937 january 15 1937 january 15 1937 january 15 1937 january 15 1937 january 22 1937 january 29 1937 february 26 1937 march 19 1937 march 19 1937 march 19 1937 march 19 1937 march 19 1937 april 2 1937 april 2 1937 april 16 1937 ay 16 1937 april 16 1937 april 23 april 30 1937 april 30 1937 may 21 1937 may 21 1937 may 21 1937 june 4 1937 june 4 1937 june 4 1937 june 4 1937 june 18 1937 july 2 1937 july 2 1937 july 2 1937 july 2 1937 july 30 1937 july 30 1937 july 30 1937 volume xvi spain continued b date eden on british mediterranean interests july 30 1937 socialist and trade union internationals demand france lift arms embargo against valencia july 30 1937 nyon conference called on piracy in mediterranean september 10 1937 russia charges italy torpedoed soviet freighters september 10 1937 germany and italy absent from nyon september 17 1937 nyon agreement concluded yes dia iiedhicnciteticbeig september 17 1937 britain and france carry out nyon terms september 24 1937 italy stalls on nyon accord september 24 1937 loses re election to seat on league council september 24 1937 negrin asks league for right to acquire war material september 24 1937 bova scoppa delbos conversations on italy’s attitude britain proposes franco british italian conference on for eign intervention france extends invitation to italy del vayo asks league to grant negrin’s demands franco british note to italy on three power conference league assembly fails to adopt political commission’s resolution against non spanish combatants chautemps government cautions on opening franco span ish frontier italy refuses to attend three power conference suggests non intervention committee deal with volunteers bruno mussolini to fly in rebel territory eden on non intervention france and britain agree to submit volunteer question to subcommittee of non intervention committee french and italian plans submitted to subcommittee italy recalls two generals from rebel forces 2 sugar international conference at london agreement concluded provisions syria franco turkish negotiations on alexandretta league commission inspects area ao al 5s cated sthipdaaseeoncecenassoeoasteeteconress textile industry international conference at washington turkey franco turkish negotiations on alexandretta union of soviet socialist republics see russia united states president roosevelt on buenos aires conference european crisis and roosevelt’s opportunity relations with philippine islands takes part in conference on textile industry convened by international labor organization takes part in international sugar conference experts committee named to study economic future of philippines signs international sugar accord no change in gold price contemplated new trade agreement with soviet union withdraws vlan to lease over age destroyers to brazil secretary hull’s statement on peace replies 0 optimism on progress of anglo american trade treaty negotiations roosevelt’s chicago speech abandons isolation reaction to roosevelt’s speech state department’s new atmosphere mexican good neighbor policy to continue despite oil situa tion see also china neutrality spain wertheimer m s yugoslavia bulgarian yugos av treaty italo yugoslav treaty di sag chsanlenenalanbsebebinaedaeccedishesesescoens chamber of deputies signs concordat with vatican october 1 1937 october 1 1937 october 8 1937 october 8 1937 october 8 1937 october 15 1937 october 15 1937 october 15 1937 october 22 1937 october 22 1937 october 22 1937 october 22 1937 april 9 1937 may 14 1937 january 15 1937 march 26 1937 april 9 1937 january 15 1937 november 13 1936 november 27 1936 march 5 1937 april 9 1937 april 9 1937 april 23 1937 may 14 1937 june 11 1937 august 13 1937 august 20 1937 august 27 1937 october 8 1937 october 15 1937 october 15 1937 october 15 1937 october 22 1937 may 14 1937 january 29 1937 april 2 1937 june 18 1937 august 6 1937 foreign policy bulletin published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated new york n y national headquarters 8 west 40th street +filename identifier date publisher identifier access dup 1 sim_foreign policy bulletin_1936 02 07_15_15 txt sim_foreign policy bulletin_1936 02 07_15_15 1936 02 07 foreign policy association http archive.org details sim_foreign policy bulletin_1936 02 07_15_15 false 2 sim_foreign policy bulletin_1936 08 07_15_41 txt sim_foreign policy bulletin_1936 08 07_15_41 1936 08 07 foreign policy association http archive.org details sim_foreign policy bulletin_1936 08 07_15_41 false 3 sim_foreign policy bulletin_1936 01 10_15_11 txt sim_foreign policy bulletin_1936 01 10_15_11 1936 01 10 foreign policy association http archive.org details sim_foreign policy bulletin_1936 01 10_15_11 false 4 sim_foreign policy bulletin_1936 01 24_15_13 txt sim_foreign policy bulletin_1936 01 24_15_13 1936 01 24 foreign policy association http archive.org details sim_foreign policy bulletin_1936 01 24_15_13 false 5 sim_foreign policy bulletin_1936 01 17_15_12 txt sim_foreign policy bulletin_1936 01 17_15_12 1936 01 17 foreign policy association http archive.org details sim_foreign policy bulletin_1936 01 17_15_12 false 6 sim_foreign policy bulletin_1936 01 31_15_14 txt sim_foreign policy bulletin_1936 01 31_15_14 1936 01 31 foreign policy association http archive.org details sim_foreign policy 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policy bulletin_1946 03 29_25_24 1946 03 29 foreign policy association http archive.org details sim_foreign policy bulletin_1946 03 29_25_24 false 623 sim_foreign policy bulletin_1946 09 27_25_50_0 txt sim_foreign policy bulletin_1946 09 27_25_50_0 1946 09 27 foreign policy association http archive.org details sim_foreign policy bulletin_1946 09 27_25_50_0 false 624 sim_foreign policy bulletin_1945 11 23_25_6_0 txt sim_foreign policy bulletin_1945 11 23_25_6_0 1945 11 23 foreign policy association http archive.org details sim_foreign policy bulletin_1945 11 23_25_6_0 false + +oo yvern de at r 14 cast tions sanc dean tria reor once ienna s his er by 10 re 1 now erior reign ranks vy cab irtual iklas men is the com tions imedi rently yrivate ia the irhem ve un liopian ded as in the is re cial as 1 from s thus ion to ion not impos s it dif toward italian easing broad al gov by ger 3 active n yet hing on benefit limer 1 nationa fan editor year foreign policy bulletin nterpretation of current international events by the members of the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vol xv no 1 november 1 1935 the end of naval disarmament by david h popper the naval situation in europe anglo german naval agreement german naval renaissance naval power in the pacific japanese american competition october 23 issue foreign policy reports 25c a copy subscription 3 to members 5 to non members entered as second clase matter deoember 2 1921 at the post britain’s choice geneva or isolation he existing confusion in the european situa tion is not likely to be dispelled before the british general election on november 14 premier laval of france has continued his efforts to re solve the ethiopian crisis by diplomatic negotia tions but no settlement acceptable to london rome and geneva has been evolved the chances of appeasing jl duce’s colonial ambitions preserv ing at least nominal ethiopian independence and assuring british supremacy in the mediterranean appear slight the league coordination com mittee was convened on october 31 to specify the date probably in mid november when the eco nomie and financial sanctions already agreed upon in geneva will go into force on the eve of this meeting 38 nations had already informed the league that they would impose an arms embargo against italy 29 had promised to block loans and credits and 24 had agreed to ban all purchase of goods from and sales of essential war materials to italy britain’s determination to continue its leader ship in pressing enforcement of economic and financial sanctions was re emphasized in the short parliamentary session of october 22 25 which devoted itself exclusively to a debate on foreign policy on october 22 sir samuel hoare british foreign secretary declared that his majesty’s government had been earnestly and sincerely at tempting to apply the provisions of the league covenant because we are convinced that if they do fail the world at large and europe in particu lar will be faced with a period of almost unrelieved danger and gloom denying that britain was motivated by any imperial interest save the na tural concern that a world wide empire must feel for the preservation of world wide peace sir samuel attempted to reassure mussolini by stat ing that britain had not regarded the controversy as an opportunity for attacking fascism he declared however that since the end of 1934 the british government had made incessant repre sentations to mussolini warning him of the gravity of the issues involved in the ethiopian question after defending the league’s attempts to settle the crisis by conciliation and its conse quent delay in taking punitive action the foreign secretary expressed his belief that the economic pressure envisaged at geneva would shorten the duration of the war if collectively applied and if states not members of the league do not attempt to frustrate it this lack of conviction in the immediate ef ficacy of economic sanctions was emphasized by sir samuel’s reiteration of the necessity for real collective action in their application as well as cooperation in resisting any attack upon one state for the action it has taken to defend the covenant in connection with this obvious ref erence to a possible blockade of italy by the brit ish fleet he assured the house that franco british solidarity had been established and that the french interpret article xvi of the covenant as we interpret it nevertheless the foreign secretary stoutly denied that resort to military sanctions had even been discussed at geneva prime minister baldwin addressing parlia ment on october 23 underlined sir samuel’s dec laration that britain did not contemplate isolated action against italy he stated however that it must be prepared to take risks for peace and to that end must build up its armed strength the prime minister’s remarks in the house as well as his subsequent campaign speeches make it clear that the british government is determined to carry out a policy of intensive rearmament from which it will not be deflected regardless of the league’s success in applying economic sanctions 3ritain’s present whole hearted devotion to the league offers a splendid election platform it remains to be seen whether the baldwin govern ment’s rediscovery of geneva will outlast the elec tion especially in some future eventuality when british imperial interests do not coincide so com pletely with those of the league in any case whether it pursues a pro league policy or returns to splendid isolation britain is determined to strengthen its military naval and air forces meanwhile the effectiveness of league applica tion of economic sanctions against italy must de pend in large measure on cooperation of non member countries above all the united states in his note of october 26 to the president of the league coordination committee secretary hull reiterated the deep interest of the united states in peace and prevention of war and listed the steps already taken by this government in the present crisis the course thus pursued the note declared indicates the purpose of the united states not to be drawn into the war and its desire not to contribute to a prolongation of the war the note was favorably received in geneva although it fails to indicate what further steps the united states may take under the neu trality legislation the president and the state department for the time being at least are ap parently unwilling to extend the arms embargo to include other raw materials meanwhile the dan ger remains that britain and france may settle the ethiopian war by making concessions to mus solini such encouragement to aggressive action by other dictators would make the future of world peace dubious indeed mildred s wertheimer british call naval conference after months of fruitless effort to discover a preliminary basis of agreement the british gov ernment on october 24 invited france italy japan and the united states to participate in a naval conference at london on december 2 1935 the united states promptly announced its ac ceptance while the other governments have indi cated they would reply favorably it is under stood that if prospects for an agreement develop other naval powers presumably germany and the u.s.s.r will be asked to attend the primary reason for the british invitation is a clause in the london naval treaty which calls for a conference this year to determine what shall replace the washington london agreements when they expire at the end of 1936 rarely has an international conference been called under less auspicious circumstances political animosities and accelerated naval building have made limita tion at present tonnage levels a virtual impossi bility in the pacific area the conditions which prevented the united states great britain and japan from reaching an agreement during their conversations of last year remain unchanged japan continues to press its activities on the asi page two atic mainland and to insist on naval parity with the united states on october 23 secretary swanson reiterated american insistence on con tinuation of the present ratios while on septem ber 27 president roosevelt had reaffirmed the naval building policy within the washington and london naval treaty limits which would be al tered only by a failure to renew these treaties in europe the british national government is using the possibility of collective action against an aggressor to win a mandate for heavier british armaments including the addition of 20 cruisers to the present strength of 50 a naval conference which sanctions this increase must permit cor responding rises in the strengths of other navies the british also desire to maintain a two power standard in relation to continental european fleets a difficult objective in a period of european tension alarmed by germany’s building pro gram under the anglo german naval agreement france is hastening the construction of four capi tal ships recently authorized although work on italy’s two 35,000 ton vessels is proceeding very slowly there is no indication that mussolini will abandon his claim for parity with france this paris is determined not to yield the most which may be achieved at the forth coming conference therefore would appear to be a mutual adjustment of building programs until 1942 and some degree of qualitative naval limita tion britain announced its intention to seek the former when it abandoned the ratio system on july 22 1935 but the british government has not satisfactorily answered the japanese contention that such an arrangement would only renew the principle of ratios in another form with regard to qualitative limitation which would prevent the construction of new types of ships making treaty vessels obsolete at one stroke the british desire to decrease the size and gun calibre of capital ships and cruisers the united states however is resolutely adhering to the status quo while the japanese although they favor smaller naval ves sels refuse to bind themselves on this point until their demand for parity is granted in the pres ent situation no great hopes can be said to exist for the compromises on major issues which are f necessary for a continuance of naval limitation d h popper the theory of money and credit by ludwig von mises translated by h e batson new york harcourt brace 1935 4.50 a magnum opus on monetary fundamentals largely written before the war by one who believes that recur ring economic crises are nothing but the consequences of attempts to stimulate economic activity by means of ad f ditional credit foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 1 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1921 november 1 1935 published weckly by the foreign policy association raymond leslie buell president esther g ogden secretary vera micheles dean editor at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 incorporated national one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year cas ale ee an he sgr stake el ee ees co +nst ish ers nee or ver an an ro nt ipi on ery will his rth be ntil ita the on not tion the ard the 2aty sire f ver the ves intil res xist are tion fises ourt rgely ecul es of f ad jational ital aas pcre ee ar re nei bs ena ler 5 editor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the members of the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act i di a of march 3 1879 sg i 4 3 oy j 7 so 9 vou xv no november 8 1935 lc sy sav vis could the league have averted the conflict can it succeed in stopping war is the league ready to apply sanctions what is the attitude of the united states the league and the italo ethiopian crisis 22 by vera micheles dean november 6 issue of foreign policy reports periodical division library of congress washington d ee re eee japan strikes a snag in china he japanese demands presented to the north china authorities at the end of october have been sidetracked at least temporarily by two un expected developments china’s newly promul gated silver policy and the attempted assassina tion of premier wang ching wei the attempt on wang ching wei’s life occurred on november 1 while the ruling committees of the kuomintang were assembled at nanking in plenary session police authorities identified the assassin as a former sergeant in the nineteenth route army which fought japan at shanghai in 1931 1932 the fact that wang ching wei one of the foremost chinese advocates of sino jap anese rapprochement was singled out as the ob ject of attack has served to focus attention on the opposition within the country to the govern ment’s policies concerning japan when wang re signed last summer following acceptance of japan’s demands in north china it was rumored that the pro european and pro american clique at nanking had forced his hand at that time generalissimo chiang kai shek’s personal efforts were required to induce him to withdraw his resignation this awkward issue will again be raised should it now prove necessary to replace wang ching wei china’s departure from the silver standard officially announced by finance minister kung on november 3 was attributed to serious overvalua tion of the chinese currency as a result of the abandonment of the gold standard in recent years by many leading nations and the rapid rise in the world price of silver the effects on china of these events for which the american silver pur chase policy is chiefly responsible have been severe internal deflation growing unemployment wide spread bankruptcies a flight of capital abroad a fall in government revenues and an adverse bal ance of payments the new monetary policy calls for the nationalization of silver and adoption of a managed paper currency how successful the nanking authorities will be in enforcing the sur render of silver holdings and securing general ac ceptance of the new bank notes remains to be seen since the government intends to maintain the present exchange rate of the chinese dollar with foreign currencies it is apparent that other considerations than the alleged overvaluation prompted the new step the evidence tends to indicate that it was primarily designed to facili tate efforts to prevent the large outflow of silver and thus bolster the chinese currency and the position of the government banks the fact that tokyo received no advance no tice of this move while great britain apparently expected it has intensified the vigorous condemna tion with which it was greeted in japanese circles japan’s suspicions concerning the activities of sir frederick leith ross british treasury adviser now in china were expressed in the shanghai mainichi’s report of a 10,000,000 british ex change stabilization loan in return for a virtual british monopoly on the reconstruction of china’s railway system leith ross immediately denied the reports of a british loan to china and asserted that nanking’s silver move was entirely inde pendent nevertheless promulgation of the sil ver law was followed immediately by issuance of british regulations backing it up to the fullest ex tent although the actual degree of british influence on china’s new silver policy still remains to be ascertained recent events afford sufficient indi cation of the anglo japanese duel waged over this issue leith ross left tokyo on september 18 without having obtained japanese cooperation in advancing financial aid to stabilize the chinese currency meanwhile continued smuggling of silver from china had reached proportions which were seriously threatening china’s monetary and banking structure that much of this silver was being smuggled to japan was indicated by sep tember trade figures showing japanese silver ex ports totaling 20,973,000 while the officially re corded imports of silver amounted to only 1,675 for the first nine months of 1935 japan’s exports of silver totaled 144,160,000 compared with 7,625,000 in the same period of 1934 the re sulting threat to china’s financial system gave rise to fears for the security of 31,000,000 of chinese loans held in great britain dispatches from london on november 1 reported the ap pointment on the advice of leith ross of a com mittee of prominent british financial experts to negotiate in case of need on behalf of british holders of chinese bonds two days later the nanking authorities announced the adoption of the new monetary policy these developments have obviously dealt a se vere blow to japan’s program for an economic rapprochement with china their natural corol lary will be renewed and intensified japanese pressure on the nanking régime it remains to be seen whether this pressure will take the form of further demands in north china or direct ap proaches at nanking t a bissonn should u.s embargo raw materials on november 2 the league coordination com mittee composed of 52 states decided that eco nomic and financial sanctions against italy should go into effect on november 18 four days after the british general elections this decision was made possible by the renewed cooperation of france and britain which had seemed to be drift ing dangerously apart in the italo ethiopian crisis on october 26 france had clarified its pledge of naval assistance to britain in the medi terranean by a memorandum in which it prom ised collaboration on sea land and in the air pro vided britain reduced its mediterranean fleet to avoid untoward incidents with italy experts of the two countries now holding preliminary meet ings in london on the eve of the naval confer ence are to work out details for fueling and pro visioning british ships in french ports franco british cooperation was further dis played on november 2 when the league at the suggestion of belgium gave britain and france a mandate to continue diplomatic negotiations with italy in the hope of reaching a peaceful set tlement of the conflict both belligerents are ap parently not averse to a compromise mussolini is said to be ready to accept a collective league mandate over ethiopia provided italy receives a predominant position in its administration and obtains some ethiopian territory while reports from addis ababa indicate that haile selassie might consider cession of the province of ogaden page two to italy in return for an outlet to the sea possibly through eritrea britain has hitherto declared that it will tolerate no settlement unless it is ac ceptable to the league as well as to italy and ethiopia yet any settlement which gives mus solini more than he would have obtained without resort to force would encourage potential aggres sors to take the risks of war in the hope that other countries will shrink from paying the price of peace teluctance to pay this price has already been shown both by some of the league members and by the principal non members of which the united states is the most important until no vember 18 italy can import all key raw materials provided it can pay cash and shipments from many of the countries accepting sanctions have noticeably increased in recent days even after sanctions go into effect the league will have no embargo on such sinews of war as oil cotton and scrap iron which are exported in large quantities by the united states a vicious circle will thus ensue the league will hesitate to embargo raw materials which italy can purchase from non member states while non members will not be eager to ban exports permitted by the league the roosevelt administration is aware of this problem the congressional neutrality resolu tion of august 24 1935 however is limited to arms ammunition and implements of war and the term implements of war cannot now be ex tended to include key raw materials except by dubious interpretation nor can neutrality legis lation be revised until congress reassembles in january meanwhile both president roosevelt and secretary of state hull have exhorted ameri can exporters to consider the risks of war trade and urged them not to reap abnormally increased profits from exports to the two belligerents a policy which only by courtesy can be described as neutral since our trade with ethiopia is negligible the administration is closely watch ing all shipments consigned for export or trans shipment to italy and intends to publish trade figures in the hope of exerting moral pressure under the congressional resolution however ex ports of raw materials to italy are entirely legal nor do american exporters incur any risk un less the league powers decide to impose a naval blockade which mussolini has declared he will regard as an act of war if the united states sincerely desires to reap no profits from war trade with italy it must go beyond the present neutrality legislation and impose an embargo on raw materials necessary for war purposes vera micheles dean foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 2 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at november 8 1935 raymond lestte buell president f p a membership five dollars a year published weckly by the forcien policy association estuer g open secretary new york n y under the act of march 3 incorporated national vera michetes dean evitor 1879 one dollar a year 1 +hw ed nd s ut 2 s er lu to ind ex by ris velt pri ade sed a bed is tch ins ade ure ex ral un ival will ates war sent on ational ej itor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the members of the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vol xv no 3 november 15 1935 could the league have averted the conflict can it succeed in stopping war is the league ready to apply sanctions what is the attitude of the united states the league and the italo ethiopian crisis by vera micheles dean 25c november 6 issue of foreign policy reports entered as second class matter deoember 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 periodical division library of congress 4ashington d c italy strikes back n armistice day a week before league sanc tions were due to go into effect italy ad dressed a note to both members and non members of the league threatening to take counter meas ures in this note mussolini denied the legality of the league’s action in adopting sanctions defend ed italy’s course in east africa protested against the proposed penalties and warned of reprisals the note expressed particular bitterness concern ing the league boycott on italian exports which it described as more than an economic measure and a true act of hostility which amply justifies inevitable counter measures that this was no idle threat was indicated on november 12 when a fascist decree provided that beginning november 18 special licenses must be obtained for the importation of 128 com modities licenses will apparently be issued by the ministry of finance only for imports from countries not participating in league sanctions when they can provide the commodities listed these include not only raw materials already em hbargoed by the league rubber zine and various metals and minerals but also articles not yet on the league’s blacklist such as cotton raw silk textiles and certain foodstuffs notably butter and wheat government regulation of trade in min eral oils had already been decreed on november 10 while these threatened reprisals may give pause to some league members like yugoslavia 20 per cent of whose exports normally go to italy they may also prove a boomerang for the italian population even before the application of sanc tions and licenses prices of gasoline and various foodstuffs have soared sky high in italy and con tinue to rise in spite of the government’s struggle against profiteering italy’s determination to resist league sanctions appears to have been strengthened by the incon clusiveness of diplomatic negotiations with france and britain sir eric drummond british am bassador to rome is reported to insist that italy withdraw two more divisions from libya and abandon anti british propaganda in the govern ment controlled press while mussolini who has already moved one division from the libyan fron tier to the interior of tripoli refuses to take fur ther action until britain recalls some of its more powerful battle cruisers from the mediter ranean many italians believe that britain by its firm stand in the ethiopian crisis hopes to ex tract a pledge that italy will never again challenge british supremacy in the mediterranean region meanwhile the two principal non league coun tries germany and the united stateg have acted independently in the direction of strength ening sanctions against italy on november 7 the hitler government announced that an embargo on arms and ammunition to both belligerents had been in force since the beginning of hostilities and that if in the course of the conflict there should be an extraordinary increase in exports of cer tain raw materials and foodstuffs to the detriment of germany’s economic interests the government would adopt appropriate measures the first step in that direction was taken on november 12 when germany which needs both imported and domestic raw materials for its own program of rearmament embargoed as of november 16 a list of commodities which includes potatoes ma terials for iron metallurgical and rubber indus tries and various metals and minerals but ex cludes such key raw materials as coal and copper this measure according to the nazis is based solely on internal economic necessities it is in teresting to note however that it coincides with renewed negotiations between germany france and britain concerning a possible european settle ment germany it is reported might offer to limit its armaments and return to the league provided that france scraps its mutual assistance pact with the soviet union which has not yet been ratified and gives the nazis a free hand in eastern europe m laval who has long favored franco german rapprochement and was reluctant to sign the soviet pact might not be averse to some compromise such a step however would be resisted by the nationalists who although hos tile to communism want soviet support against germany and by the left groups which want to collaborate with moscow in resisting fascism the roosevelt administration which can take no action on a raw materials embargo until con gress reconvenes in january has meanwhile made it increasingly plain that the united states will find it difficult to follow a policy of isolation in his radio speech of november 7 secretary of state hull pointed out that the shipment of arms is not the only way and in fact is not the principal way by which our commerce with foreign nations may lead to serious international difficulties he emphasized that our own interest and our duty as a great power forbid that we shall sit idly by and watch the development of hostilities with a feeling of self sufficiency and complacency when by the use of our influence short of becoming in volved in the dispute itself we might prevent or lessen the scourge of war similarly president roosevelt speaking on armistice day at arling ton national cemetery pointed out that while the primary purpose of this nation is to avoid being drawn into war yet we cannot build walls around ourselves and hide our heads in the sand but must seek in every practicable way to pro mote peace and to discourage war the issue is thus being more and more clearly drawn between those who desire outright isolation yet frequently refuse to forego trade with belligerents and those who believe that the united states acting inde pendently of geneva can take action which may aid the league both in eliminating the causes of war and in stopping war once it has begun vera micheles dean greece recalls king george ii the greek plebiscite held on november 3 under the military dictatorship of premier and regent marshal kondylis resulted in an over whelming victory for the monarchy a million and a half ballots were cast for the crowned re public and only 32,400 in favor of continuation of the so called uncrowned republic the two alternatives presented to the voters the signifi cance of the poll was diminished by its very size despite the almost complete abstention of repub lican voters 500,000 more ballots were cast on november 3 than in the plebiscite held in 1924 and the total vote recorded was apparently larger than the number of registered voters in greece military control stuffing of ballot boxes and com page two e plete suppression of republican electioneering as well as strict censorship of the press make jt hard to believe that the plebiscite reflects the ac tual opinion of the greek people king george ii has nevertheless accepted his people’s call to the greek throne and is expected to arrive in athens on november 24 the king personally favors a constitutional monarchy pat terned on the british model he will consequent ly find it difficult to cooperate with regent kon dylis who has already announced that he will re main in power after the king’s return and whose dictatorial policies do not square with george's more liberal views at the same time the king will hardly be in a position to oppose the men who have returned him to the throne unless he wins the support of the republicans owing to tension between britain and italy greece has become an important strategic factor in the mediterranean this lends color to reports that restoration of the monarchy was desired if not facilitated by great britain hope of british support was apparently decisive in persuading george ii to return despite the obvious unfairness of the plebiscite it is rumored moreover that marshal kondylis has pro italian sympathies and might therefore oppose british use of greek har bors and aviation bases britain is apparently hopeful that restoration of king george will sta bilize greece internally and at the same time strengthen the country’s tendency toward a pro british anti italian policy mildred s wertheimer f p a contributions tax exempt from time to time during the past year mem bers have notified us that the united states bureau of internal revenue had disallowed as a deduction in computing net taxable income con tributions which they had made to the foreign policy association on april 26 1929 the bureau of internal revenue ruled that beginning with the year 1927 contributions to the f p a were de ductible on the ground that the association is an educational institution however due to the fact that the collector’s office in the second district of new york failed to include the foreign policy association in the list of exempt organizations in certain cases contributions have been disallowed this matter was taken up with the office of the commissioner of internal revenue and we are advised that the collector referred to above has been requested to amend his records to conform to the ruling made in april 1929 we are bringing this to the attention of members who may have had difficulty in this connection foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 3 november 15 1935 published weekly headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lestig bust president esther g ocpen secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year by the foreign policy association incorporated national +ring ike jt le ac d his ected king y pat juent kon ill re whose orge’s king n who wins italy factor eports red if sritish iading irness r that es and k har rently ill sta e time a pro mer mpt r mem states d as a 1e con oreign bureau vith the rere de yn is an the fact district 1 policy ions in allowed e of the we are ove has onform nembers nection i national ean editor year ras gc eee coa awe foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the members of the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as secend clase matter december 2 1921 at the post ely omice at new york isy n y under the act svf mareh 3 1879 vol xv no 4 november 22 1935 f p a discussion meetings in new york 1935 1936 luncheon meetings hotel astor november 23 1935 december 7 1935 january 25 1936 february 15 1936 january 4 1936 march 7 1936 marcu 28 1936 there will be one evening meeting the date to be announced later pericdical division 7 ng es s library of congress a s washington d c nw 7 bulletins from all fronts league besieges italy on november 18 despite italy’s threat of reprisals the league for the first time in its history applied economic sanctions against an aggressor fifty states which nor mally buy 60 per cent of italian exports will now bar all imports from italy with the exception of money gold silver books newspapers maps and music while 52 will embargo various raw ma terials needed for war with the notable exception of coal oil cotton iron and copper which are also produced by two non league countries the united states and germany normally the united states supplies 58 per cent of italy’s cotton 21 per cent of its oil 25 per cent of its copper and 11 per cent of its iron and steel on november 16 secretary of state hull pointed out that exports of these commodities which are essentially war materials had con siderably increased adding that this is directly contrary to the government’s policy and the gen eral spirit if not the letter of the neutrality resolution adopted by congress last august while sanctions may at first rally the italian people behind mussolini they are bound to create serious problems for many key industries to take but one example the fiat automobile works already face loss of foreign markets as a result of the league boycott as well as drastic curtail ment of domestic sales owing to the prohibitive price of gasoline whose importation and sale are strictly regulated by the government this situa tion spells not only widespread unemployment but also ruin for industrialists who had hitherto supported fascism as a bulwark against com munist expropriation mussolini apparently in tends to forestall popular dissatisfaction and gain a diplomatic bargaining point by occupying as much ethiopian territory as possible in the short est possible time this is indicated by the recall of general de bono a veteran fascist whose tac tics were apparently too slow for mussolini and his replacement by marshal badoglio chief of the general staff at one time known for his anti fascist sentiments a rapid advance into ethi opia if practicable might possibly induce brit ain to give italy better terms when it comes to a settlement it is equally possible however that it might lead the italian army to another adowa v m.d britain renews baldwin’s mandate strength ened by both its energetic stand in favor of the league and its rearmament program the national government of prime minister stanley baldwin won a surprisingly complete victory in the brit ish elections on november 14 the government will enjoy a safe margin of about 245 in the next parliament as compared with the phenomenal ma jority of 411 seats gained in the panic elections of 1931 the government’s loss is much less than even the conservatives had expected although the labor party increased its parliamentary rep resentation only from 59 to 154 according to the popular vote it has recovered almost all its losses since 1929 in fact the opposition polled nearly 10,000,000 votes or only about 1,500,000 less than the government total the elections further increased the trend to ward the return of the two party system the small parties fared badly the national labor ites lost 5 of their 13 seats and former premier j ramsay macdonald as well as his son malcolm was defeated the opposition liberals had their representation cut from 30 to 17 and lost their leader sir herbert samuel the conservatives now hold 385 of the 428 government seats while the labor party dominates the opposition j.c w nazi anti jewish decrees the nazi executive decrees of november 15 amplifying the nurem berg anti jewish laws deal with citizenship in termarriage and sex relations and the servant problem but omit all reference to economic mat ters in general they appear to embody some slight concessions hitler however may issue further regulations at any time and the new orders therefore cannot be regarded as a signifi cant victory for nazi moderates the decrees provide that only reich citizens that is persons of german or related blood who could vote on september 15 1935 may pos sess full political rights jews are specifically barred from citizenship voting and holding public office those still occupying public office for the most part war veterans must retire by decem ber 31 1935 the law now recognizes only three classes of persons germans jews 75 or 100 per cent jewish and jewish mixtures in the latter category individuals 25 per cent jewish may attain citizenship the same applies to half jews who do not belong to a jewish religious com munity and are not married to jews marriage and extra marital relations between jews and non jews and even between the various jewish categories are strictly regulated the age limit for aryan servants in jewish homes has been lowered from 45 to 35 provided they were em ployed before september 15 1935 hitler apparently aims at eventual assimilation of so called jewish mixtures the future of full and 75 per cent jews however seems hope less the new decrees do not regulate their eco nomic position and thus allow continuation of boycotts imposed by local officials despite admoni tions from above commenting on the situation the london times declares that the nuremberg laws are making nazi germany more than ever a paradise for blackmailers m.s w trade pact with canada the signing on novem ber 15 of a canadian american reciprocal trade agreement effective for three years marked the end of a period of tariff retaliation which helped to reduce trade between the two countries by 60 per cent between 1929 and 1934 the agreement whose general provisions closely follow those of the six trade pacts previously concluded by secretary hull lowers duties on american ex ports valued at 415,000,000 in the year ending march 1930 canada our largest foreign source of supply receives tariff concessions on many products some competitive and some complementary to the united states economy canadian woodpulp and newsprint are admitted free for the duration of the agreement and reductions in duty are allowed for specified quantities of cattle cream seed potatoes and certain types of timber and lumber many other agricultural and forest products as well as fish minor mineral products and aged whiskies are admitted at lower rates in return page two e canada levels barriers on hundreds of american agricultural and industrial items by granting the united states tariff treatment as favorable a that accorded any other non british nation and revising the system of arbitrary customs valua tions at present in force canadian duties more over are reduced on over 80 items including fresh vegetables citrus fruits machinery and electrical equipment and iron and steel manufactures considering the many obstacles to freer trade between the two countries the agreement is sur prisingly broad in scope canada has been bound by the empire preferences established in the ot tawa agreements while the roosevelt adminis tration has had to face the economic nationalism of american agricultural organizations in a pre election year to american economic groups which will feel increased competition the admin istration has pointed out that while imports from canada will be limited to a very slight fraction of our market they will aid canada by increasing the demand for its relatively small export surplus d i fp the philippines with the inauguration on november 15 of manuel quezon as first president of the philippine commonwealth the islands en tered the ten year transition period of controlled autonomy designed to lead toward complete in dependence in 1945 a decree signed by presi dent roosevelt certified the transfer of power to the new executive and other officials elected on september 17 under a constitution ratified by a philippine plebiscite last may during the period of probationary apprentice ship the united states will retain its sovereign ty over the philippines through its high com missioner washington will control defense for eign relations and important phases of finance and may exercise the right of intervention pros pects for a successful conclusion of the transi tional period are already clouded by questions concerning the future international status of the islands their internal stability and economic welfare general douglas macarthur formerly chief of the united states general staff has been named military advisor to the new régime and immediately on his arrival at manila president quezon announced the inauguration of a system of universal compulsory military service in the eco nomic field the progressive raising of tariff bar riers by the united states against philippine ex ports 85 per cent of which are now shipped to this country threatens disastrous consequences unless a reciprocal trade conference scheduled early in 1936 guarantees a substantial american market for the commerce of the islands a 1 foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 4 november 22 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1935 published weekly by the foreign policy raymond lestiz buell president esther g ogden secretary vera micheles dean editor 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 association incorporated nation 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year 2 hp tae i af sts 3 by +ade ind ot lis yre ups 1in 1 of sing lus on lent en led in esi r to l on nv a tice ign for ince ros ff insi rions the omic 1erly been and ident m of ec0 bar e ex od to ences luled rican a.t nations editor r foreign policy bulletin research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y an interpretation of current international events by the members of the om vol xv no 5 november 29 1935 outer mongolia a new danger zone in the far east by t a bisson japan’s advance in inner mongolia outer mon golian issues founding of the mongolian people’s republic stages of the mongolian revolution november 20 issue of foreign policy reports 25c entered as second class matter dedember 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 periodical division library of congress tashineton d.c japan postpones north china autonomy apan’s projected seizure of five north china provinces under the guise of an autonomy movement confidently predicted for november 23 at the latest ended in an anti climax on novem ber 24 with the proclamation of autonomy for a small area in northern hopei and eastern chahar provinces the failure of the earlier program proved somewhat embarrassing to tokyo which advanced several conflicting explanations to ac count for the obvious setback to japanese plans although the original five province scheme has temporarily miscarried there is every indication that the newly established régime in northern hopei will attempt to extend its sphere of control in the near future from its earliest stages the north china au tonomy movement had clearly been supported both by the tokyo foreign office and the japanese military a series of conferences at shanghai between japanese diplomatic military and naval officials had ended on october 21 in full agree ment on a new policy regarding chinese ques tions preliminary demands were presented to the north china officials on october 29 in a note submitted by the japanese consul general at tientsin on the same day the japanese ambas sador akira ariyoshi declared in an interview at shanghai that the unsettled conditions of the five northern provinces required the estab lishment in north china of a stable and reliable government of genuine permanency with this support from japanese diplomatic officials the military headed by major general kenji doihara of the kwantung army brought pressure to bear on the chinese generals of the northern provinces to establish an autonomous régime at peiping major general doihara’s conferences with the north china generals were given added point by the mobilization of several divisions of the kwan tung army at shanhaikuan by the middle of november the stage was set and the proclama tion of autonomy was scheduled for the week of november 18 on november 21 however the five province movement suddenly collapsed and on november 24 an autonomous government re stricted to north hopei and eastern chahar was proclaimed at tokyo official sources first claiméd that the five province scheme had never been authorized and then fell back on the customary assertion that a split had developed between the war and foreign offices since full japanese diplomatic military cooperation had existed in the early stages of the movement it is clear that some un expected opposition must have appeared to war rant the later caution of the foreign office no satisfactory explanation of the sources of this opposition has yet been made certain of the con tributory factors however are fairly obvious no popular support for the autonomy movement ex isted in north china several of the chinese gen erals notably shang chen in hopei and han fu chu in shantung were apparently unwilling to participate in the japanese sponsored program at nanking the project met with increasing re sistance attributed to british support the possi bility that japan’s seizure of north china might foster anglo american cooperation at the london naval conference was also reported undoubtedly the decision to postpone the move ment turned largely on the situation existing at nanking where the fifth kuomintang congress has been in session since november 14 this congress has been attended by a broad group of kuomintang leaders including yen hsi shan and feng yu hsiang from the north and a strong rep resentation from the southwest political council at canton the urgent demand of the cantonese for resistance to japan is seriously affecting the position of the pro japanese clique headed by premier wang ching wei already weakened by the attempt to assassinate him on november 1 it is reported that many of wang ching wei’s fol lowers failed of re election to the central execu tive committee of the kuomintang and that his post may be taken by one of the southern leaders under these circumstances the tokyo foreign of fice may have thought it unwise to push through the north china autonomy movement at this time since it would serve further to strengthen wang ching wei’s opponents at nanking japan’s re luctance to take military action in face of the local incidents at shanghai was possibly in fluenced by similar considerations pending the final outcome of the kuomintang congress at nanking it is difficult to estimate the extent to which china may resist japan’s aggres sions it is clear that strong sentiment for a final stand against japan has arisen throughout the country making it difficult for chiang kai shek to continue his conciliatory policy the message issued by hu shih and other leading educators of north china calling on the nanking government to use the resources of the entire nation to main tain its territorial and administrative integrity supplies further evidence of the popular demand for more effective opposition in the present cri sis the japanese military have hesitated to send troops into north china preferring to work through the local chinese generals should these generals refuse to join the newly formed autono mous régime in northern hopei the japanese may be obliged to engage on large scale military operations to enforce the establishment of the proposed north china state t a bisson anti british feeling in egypt after three years of comparative calm egypt has been disturbed during the past fortnight by a series of riots student agitations and popular demonstrations last week egyptian editors and members of the bar association went on strike it is rumored that young egyptian nationalists are secretly arming the immediate occasion for the disorders was sir samuel hoare’s guildhall speech of november 9 after referring appreciatively to egypt’s co operation in league sanctions the british foreign secretary discussed suspension of the egyptian constitution the 1923 constitution he remarked had proved unworkable and the 1930 one unpopu lar the disturbed internal situation made it un wise in his opinion to draft a new organic law at the present time egypt which after being a british protectorate during the world war was granted qualified in dependence in 1922 has always regarded the con stitutional issue as a matter of purely domestic concern britain has concurred in this view contending that the british high commissioner at cairo has not interfered with constitutional page two questions sir samuel hoare’s speech however is interpreted by egyptians as proof that britain has actually been blocking the country’s return to constitutional government for five years egyptian nationalists have been demanding restoration of the 1923 constitution which gave the extremist majority control of par liament they never recognized the constitution of 1930 which virtually destroyed ministerial re sponsibility to parliament and prevented the chamber from initiating financial legislation last december this constitution was abolished by nessim pasha the only nationalist prime minis ter egypt has had in five years his action led egyptians to anticipate an early return to the or ganic law of 1923 ten months later when no constitution had yet been drafted the nationalists 7 withdrew their support from nessim pasha and demanded his resignation the recent disorders indicate further opposition to the prime minister for permitting his policy to be dominated by brit ish interests a new crisis has thus developed in the pro tracted struggle between moderate and intransi geant nationalists which began in 1922 when britain abolished its wartime protectorate over egypt both groups demand british withdrawal from egypt but disagree regarding the price f egypt should pay to secure that withdrawal the a ethiopian war has emphasized the advantage of f having a clear cut definition of anglo egyptian relations alexandria has become an important f british naval base british land and air forces in egypt have been greatly increased if war should break out between britain and italy egyp tians fear that their country might be converted once more into a british protectorate extremists insist that nessim pasha should now be demanding concessions from britain instead of granting them egypt they argue should aid f britain against italy only in return for a treaty liquidating all outstanding issues between the two countries and establishing egyptian independence f on a permanent basis moderates in reply con tend that egypt’s chance of securing independence ff will be stronger if it cooperates loyally with brit ain in the present crisis they endorse nessim f7 pasha’s decision to apply sanctions against italy ff and fear that extremist agitation will destroy egypt’s prospects of ultimate emancipation elizabeth p maccallum mussolini’s italy by herman finer new york holt 1935 3.75 a comprehensive and valuable account of italy’s political by situation before the march on rome the character of mussolini and the doctrines and institutions of fascism fy foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 5 november 29 1935 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nationa headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lesire bugiit president esther g ogpen secretary vera micheies dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year +owever britain saturn to ve been titution of par stitution erial re ted the islation ished by e minis tion led the or when no ionalists isha and lisorders minister by brit the pro intransi 2 when ate over thdrawal he price wal the ntage of egyptian mportant ir forces if war ly egyp onverted ould now 1 instead hould aid a treaty n the two pendence ply con pendence vith brit e nessim inst italy destroy tion allum york holt y’s political raracter of of fascism red nations dean editor a year 5 phe tre te foreign policy bulletin research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y an interpretation of current international events by the members of the entered as second class matter degember vol xv no 6 december 6 1935 subscribe for a friend affairs and incidentally solve your christmas problem regular membership 5 headline books in boards 2 the gift of a year's membership or sub scription to f.p.a publications will stimulate interest in foreign a christmas card announcing your gift will be mailed from national headquarters foreign policy bulletin 1 foreign policy reports 3 fo 2 1921 at the post wy office at new york 1g 94 n y under the act rc 44 of march 3 1879 l ision fol aa difficulties of peace by raymond leslie buell mr buell has just returned from a four months visit in europe nyone traveling across europe cannot fail i a to be impressed by the seriousness of the eco nomic and political situation no general war s however is expected for the next few years largely because germany is not yet prepared either with armaments or alliances it is possible that mussolini might resort to war as a result of the oil embargo but since italy would have to fight france and britain combined it is hardly probable that jl duce would choose this form of suicide meanwhile the league of nations has shown surprising vitality during the past few months the action of more than 50 states in designating italy as an aggressor and in applying economic sanctions constitutes an historic event for the first time since the depression govern ments have sacrificed immediate economic inter ests for the sake of what they regard as an ulti mate good they have done so in the belief that only the establishment of the principle of collec tive security will prevent the outbreak of a more general war and facilitate economic recovery the view that league action against italy is due purely to british imperialism is superficial true national interests are at stake in this as in every other international controversy but the 50 states at geneva did not accept the heavy sacrifices in volved in economic sanctions solely to advance british imperialist interests they accepted these urdens because of the belief that their own safety slay in a strengthened league similarly in brit ain the demand for sanctions has come not from traditional imperialists who could make a deal with italy tomorrow but from the liberals and iborites most of whom are strongly anti imperi list these people deeply believe as the peace ballot indicated that a real league is the only alternative to future war in addition to the pinch of economic sanctions italy has apparently begun to suffer reverses in ethiopia the establishment of a military cen sorship by general badoglio is a confession that the northeast campaign is not going well while in the ogaden the italians have been obliged to surrender a number of posts and today seem but little further advanced than at the start of their campaign unless a decision is reached before the rains begin a few months hence italy’s war may lead to a stalemate as a result of sanctions and the military situa tion mussolini has apparently grown desperate following a report on november 25 that the league had decided indefinitely to postpone dis cussion of the oil embargo mussolini intimated that such an embargo would be regarded as a hostile act mysterious troop movements took place and there were even reports that italy would bomb the british fleet in the mediterranean the acute tension produced in london by these rumors was eased when m laval immediately after ob taining a vote of confidence from the french chamber which reassembled on november 28 sol emnly informed the italian ambassador vittorio cerruti that any act of war against britain would be an act of war against france and the whole league at the same time it was announced that the league coordination committee would discuss the oil embargo on december 12 an embargo which rumania and the soviet union had already approved in principle while answering mussolini in his own language the french and british governments have once more attempted to find a diplomatic solution of the problem they may be correct in seeking to negotiate a peace settlement instead of demanding an unconditional surrender but a negotiated peace means that concessions must be made to italy mussolini had already rejected the offer advanced by haile selassie before the outbreak of war to cede the ogaden in return for an ethiopian port in brit ish or french somaliland apparently mussolini ve c8 gent sere demands not only a strip of territory linking up eritrea and italian somaliland but the tigre valley which constitutes the heart of the old am haric empire obviously france and britain cannot accept a proposal providing for the dis memberment of ethiopia without disavowing the league the ultimate solution of the italian and german problems lies in the reallocation of raw materials and the revival of world trade but the immediate task is that of satisfying italian pres tige without damaging the independence of ethi opia should france and britain widen the nego tiations so as to reallocate their colonial mandates to italy as well as germany the present situation would be radically changed in europe the policy of the roosevelt adminis tration toward the italo ethiopian dispute has commanded general admiration in order to fol low an independent course the united states imposed its arms embargo before the league acted it also voiced moral disapproval of oil ex ports even though the league hesitated on this point whatever the intent of the american pol icy its effect has been to stiffen league action having no responsibility for passing on the merits of the dispute and removed 3,000 miles from mussolini’s wrath the united states has not had to weigh the international consequences of its acts so closely as france or britain few europeans believe however that recent american policy foreshadows any reversal in the attitude of the united states toward league mem bership the league’s recent action has undoubt edly aroused the admiration of many thousands of americans but no fundamental change in ameri can policy can be expected until this country is convinced that the great powers represented in the league are ready not only to apply sanctions against an aggressor state but also to take con structive steps to meet the economic needs of the have not countries revolt in brazil on november 24 a widespread army revolt con fronted the vargas government with its most dangerous challenge since the sio paulo uprising of 1932 the movement first centered in the northern states of pernambuco and rio grande do norte the authorities crushed it there after three days of fighting only to face a military out break in rio de janeiro on november 27 the bulk of the army however remained loyal to the government and an energetic attack brought the surrender of the rebels before the day was out the causes of the revolt are not entirely clear it is difficult to determine the extent to which regional jealousy so often a factor in brazilian page two unrest affected this movement probably of mor fundamental importance was the extensive dis satisfaction created by the failure of the vargas administration to carry out many social and eco nomic reforms pledged in its original platform some of which were incorporated in the 1934 cop stitution president getulio vargas in a state ment of november 28 charged the communist with responsibility for the revolt impartial ob servers concede that the movement had com munist backing but indicate that it was dominated by socialist and nationalist ideas aside from demand for the expropriation of foreign com panies to liberate brazil from the imperialism of foreign capital its program was moderate in tone calling for an 8 hour day equal pay for men and women doing equal work a weekly rest day annual vacations with pay hygienic working con ditions shop committees to safeguard enforce ment of social legislation unemployment insur ance and old age pensions the government’s triumph over the insurgents is reported to have markedly strengthened its position but unless repression is followed by constructive action the rule of president vargas may again be challenged in addition to hostility from the left the government must cope with an aggressive fascist movement the green shirted integralists which claims from 500,000 to 700 000 supporters including numerous army and navy officers recently the brazilian congress joined labor and the church in opposing the in tegralists whom they described as sworn ene mies of democracy asking the government to dissolve the movement economic relations between the brazilian gov ernment and the united states have recently im proved on november 30 the brazilian congress ratified a thawing agreement to free 23,000,000 in blocked commercial credits and on december president roosevelt proclaimed a_ reciprocity treaty charles a thomson inflation ahead by w m kiplinger and frederick shel ton new york simon schuster 1935 1.00 some hints on how the investor and business man should prepare for the coming inflation peace yearbook 1935 london national peace council 1935 1 6 a survey of the peace movement during the past year facing two ways by baroness shidzue ishimoto new york farrar and rinehart 1935 3.50 an autobiography of a leading figure in the struggle for women’s rights in japan with intimate details of japanese family life and customs policies and opinions at paris 1919 by george b noble new york macmillan 1935 3.50 interesting review of the clash of old and new diploms cies in making the peace settlement foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 6 decempgr 6 1935 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nationa headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lgstig bugit president ester g ocpan secretary vera micheles dean edito entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year i +__ ___ of more ive dis vargas and eco latform 934 con a state imunists rtial ob id com yminated from orl com erialism lerate in for men rest day ing con enforce it insur surgents ened its owed by lt vargas hostility with an n shirted to 700 my and congress r the in orn ene iment to lian gov ently im congress 3,000,000 cember 2 ciprocity homson erick shel 00 nan should ce council past year 1oto new ie struggle details of 2 b noble w diploma foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the members of the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vol xv no 7 december 18 1935 testing league sanctions by john c dewilde how effective are the sanctions applied to italy will they deter other countries from aggression can sanctions be reconciled with the need for international change december 4 issue of foreign policy reports ape entered as class matter second december 2 1921 at the post a office at new york 4 n y under the act i a sn of march 3 1879 bel 13 nr 1 5 xk y sg i oy lodical division library of congress washineton d c6 has britain betrayed the league 2 eee eee ee set eee es oe ee o december 8 sir samuel hoare and m laval made a final effort to secure a peace settlement in ethiopia before proceeding to the application of an oil embargo although the terms have not yet been published press dispatches agree that britain and france would give italy a vast area in southern ethiopia partly as an nexed territory partly as a zone for colonization together with the tigre province in the north east except for the holy city of aksum in ex change ethiopia would receive a port on the red sea probably at assab in italian eritrea safe guarding british and french interests in adjoin ing territory the plan does not give mussolini a corridor connecting italiaix somaliland with eritrea it is not clear whether what remains of ethiopia will be placed under league supervision these concessions which would give italy part of the old amharic empire as well as outlying areas go far beyond what had been previously of fered to mussolini the french and british for eign offices apparently believe that it is better to give italy about half of ethiopia than to run the risk that the dispute might lead to mussvlini’s overthrow or imperil the peace of europe these considerations are reinforced by the critical situa tion in the far east as well as the continued weakness of the french cabinet these factors however were all present last september when british and french spokesmen categorically proclaimed their intention to defend the covenant it was largely as a result of their declarations that the league took the unprece dented step of naminy italy the aggressor and im posing sanctions to offer mussolini at this date even more territory than his troops have been able to occupy after his defiance of the league and the anti war pact will gravely disillusion mil lions of people throughout the world who had re cently believed that despite its initial failures the league might be made into an effective in stitution of international law and justice last summer in response to a remarkable out burst of british public opinion the baldwin gov ernment drastically changed its league policy it fought and won the november elections largely on the league issue in his address to parliament on december 3 king george again declared that the government would continue to exert its influ ence in favor of peace acceptable to the three parties in the dispute italy ethiopia and the league yet if press reports are correct the 3aldwin government on december 8 joined that of m laval in making a proposal wholly incom patible with the spirit of the league even before it had resorted to effective sanctions in 1932 the league powers and the united states solemnly adopted the non recognition doctrine under which they refused to recognize japan’s seizure of man churia today france and britain propose to bring diplomatic pressure on haile selassie for the purpose of inducing him to cede half of his territory to italy which has defied international law no less than japan should such a program be adopted italy’s eventual absorption of ethiopia would apparently be only a matter of time un willing to surrender anything of value which they own france and britain seem ready to sacrifice ethiopia whose territorial integrity is guaranteed by the league there is little wonder that the negus is reported indignantly to have rejected the hoare laval proposal it will be interesting to see whether public opinion in britain as well as in other league countries acquiesces in this unabashed desertion of the collective system raymond leslie buell new autonomy project in china a powerful mass demonstration of thousands of students in peiping on december 9 the first evi dence of large scale chinese student unrest in four years denounced the japanese sponsored autonomy movements and called for immediate military resistance to japan the demonstration converged on the headquarters of general ho ying ching war minister in the nanking gov ernment who has been arranging with japanese military officials in north china for an autono mous régime in hopei and chahar provinces this reported settlement of north china issues was apparently facilitated by chiang kai shek’s complete domination of the recent kuomintang congress at nanking from which he emerged with enlarged dictatorial powers the area em braced by the proposed hopei chahar régime in cludes peiping and tientsin as well as the stra tegic railway system of north china it would ab sorb the autonomous district recently set up by yin ju keng in northern hopei yin himself would be given a high post in the new régime despite the fact that nanking had ordered his dis missal and arrest on november 27 the govern ing body would also include tsao ju lin leader of the anfu clique which pawned china’s resources for the nishihara loans advanced by japan in 1918 tsao ju lin’s name in china is synonymous with traitor he was driven from office by the student uprising of 1919 which smashed the anfu clique and forced rejection of the versailles treaty on december 7 the nanking government be came virtually a one man dictatorship in addi tion to his kuomintang offices chiang kai shek took over the chairmanship of the executive yuan corresponding to the post of premier from which wang ching wei had resigned since chiang continues as chairman of the military af fairs commission he will nenceforth exert direct control over both the political and military poli cies of nanking chiang kai shek’s assumption of enlarged dictatorial powers deals a severe blow to the movement for a democratization of the nanking régime which has been led by such men as hu shih agreement with canton which might have broadened chiang’s political base and strengthened resistance to japan has not been achieved the warnings to respect treaty rights of other powers in north china which sir samuel hoare and secretary hull directed at japan on decem ber 5 although significant as a hint of anglo american cooperation in the far east have not affected japan’s activities in that area genuine resistance to japanese aggression must originate in china before international support of the chinese liberation struggle can be mobilized on an effective scale t a bisson page two a france survives a cabinet crisis only the last minute adoption of drastic meas ures against the semi fascist leagues of the right saved the laval cabinet from defeat last week when the french parliament reconvened on no vember 28 after a prolonged recess the govern ment faced a precarious political situation the economy decrees enacted under the special powers conferred on the government last june had aroused bitter opposition particularly as they af fected war veterans and civil servants of limited means still more dangerous to the cabinet was the demand of the left for a curb on the allegedly subversive agitation of various anti parliamen tary organizations during the parliamentary re cess the cleavage between the left and the right had been sharpened the socialists and com munists united in a common front since july 1934 had joined with the more moderate radical socialists and other left groups in a loosely or ganized popular front designed to combat fas cism at the same time the so called fascist leagues particularly colonel francois de la rocque’s croix de feu had continued to recruit adherents and conduct an active campaign against parliament and revolutionary elements the strife thus aroused had become even more bitter after november 16 when participants in a croiz de feu meeting at limoges fired on a counter demonstration organized by the popular front sr arr aonircw 96 60 os nh co a ie premier laval successfully negotiated a compro mise on the economy decrees with the radical so cialists thereby insuring a vote of confidence in his financial policy the radical socialists how ever insisted that the government strengthen the mild decrees it had enacted on october 23 to curb street demonstrations and regulate the bearing of firearms the cabinet seemed in danger of im minent defeat on december 6 when suddenly a parliamentary spokesman of the croix de feu proposed disarmament of all political groups and disbandment of semi military organizations af ter the socialists and communists expressed their approval premier laval immediately introduced three bills setting up machinery for the dissolu tion of all associations having the character of grcups of combat or private militias forbidding the carrying of firearms and punishing incite ment to assassination in the press on these bills the cabinet received a vote of confidence before they passed the chamber however the left made them even more drastic the senate may not ac cept the amended bills and it remains doubtful whether the croix de feu and similar organiza tions will tamely submit to them y prwitpe foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 7 dscemmper 13 1935 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nationa headquarters 8 west 40th screet new york n y raymond lasimg bugit president esthmnm g ocpgn secretary vera micheles dan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year 1s yc nal ee eris create alo es pai i pie nat aie te a 2 ee oe +ro the urb r of y a feu and neir iced olu of ling ite ills fore ade ac tful iza tional uditer foreign policy bulletin am interpretation of current international events by the members of the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vol xv no 8 december 20 1935 the cuban revolution fall of machado by charles a thomson the first of two reports dealing with the revolution ary disorder and social unrest which have dominated cuba for more than two years this issue describes the united states mediation the general strike the army’s revolt machado’s fall and the brief céspedes régime december 18 issue of foreign policy reports entered as second clase matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 library of congress divtston of accessions washincton d c 6 od a peace without honor fficial publication of the hoare laval peace plan on december 13 only served to increase world indignation at the manner in which 3ritain and france claiming to act as the league’s representatives had intended to dismember a league state to satisfy the territorial ambitions of a declared aggressor the plan provided for an exchange of territories under which ethiopia was to cede outright 60,000 square miles in re turn for a corridor of 3,000 square miles through italian eritrea including the port of assab in addition britain and france were to use their influence at addis ababa and geneva to secure the formation in southern ethiopia of an italian zone of economic expansion and settlement total ing 160,000 square miles for which ethiopia was to receive no territorial quid pro quo in this zone italy was to enjoy exclusive economic rights to be exercised by a privileged company which would acquire all unoccupied lands and a monopoly of exploiting mines forests and other natural re sources this company would be obliged to con tribute to the economic equipment of the coun try and to expend a portion of its revenue for the benefit of the natives the italian zone was to remain an integral part of ethiopia but to be controlled by league services in which italy was to play a preponderant but not exclusive role questions regarding administration of the zone were to be handled by one of the principal league advisers who might be of italian nation ality and who would act as assistant to the chief league adviser at addis ababa the league ser vices throughout ethiopia would regard it as one of their essential duties to insure the safety of italian subjects and the free development of their enterprises the immediate outcry raised against the hoare laval proposals by ethiopia the british press and parliament the french radical socialists and the small league powers in europe and latin america has already more or less doomed them to failure captain anthony eden british min ister for league affairs figuratively washed ere kenya sull mi st gp llaly fo ethiopia ethiopia lo staly hoare laval plan britain’s hands of the whole scheme on decem ber 12 when he told the league sanctions com mittee that the peace pronosals were neither definitive nor sacrosanct and that britain would cordially welcome any suggestions for their im provement at his request the sanctions com mittee convoked for the specific purpose of con sidering an oil embargo against italy postponed action until after the league council summoned for december 18 had passed on the peace plan while the hoare laval scheme will probably either be abandoned or materially modified the question remains whether britain acted consis tently in sponsoring such a deal various consid erations have been mentioned in justification or extenuation of british action japan’s renewed drive into china unrest in egypt italy’s threat to lake tana the confusion of france’s internal situation the reluctance of british financial and industrial interests to support an oil embargo tory sympathies for mussolini fear that the british fleet immobilized in the mediterranean since september would not prove a match for that of italy all these considerations however were present in actual or potential form at the out break of the italo ethiopian war and must have entered into the calculations of a government with the least pretensions to foresight the key to britain’s action must be sought elsewhere in the attitude of france the baldwin government had repeatedly declared that it would support the collective system only on condition that all league powers great and small pulled their full weight should the collective system prove ineffective it intimated that britain might have to loosen its ties with the continent and look to its own de fenses by unilateral action again and again dur ing the ethiopian crisis britain had sought to obtain a definite pledge of french naval assistance in case of italian attack on the british fleet only to receive somewhat ambiguous assurances from m laval who has never concealed his reluctance to alienate italy the imminence of a league embargo on oil which mussolini had warned would mean war made it imperative for britain to remove all doubts regarding french intentions m laval’s last minute reply as delivered to sir samuel hoare during the ill fated week end of december 7 was apparently that france not an oil producing country firmly opposed an em bargo and would require at least a fortnight be fore it could come to britain’s assistance in the mediterranean had britain gone ahead with an oil embargo under these circumstances it might have been left holding the bag in a league war with italy here was the eventuality always envisaged if not necessarily desired by the baldwin gov ernment france’s unwillingness to apply ulti mate sanctions left britain free to pursue its al ternative course of isolation qualified only by the necessity of avoiding war in western europe this would explain not only britain’s desire to settle the ethiopian dispute as promptly as pos sible but also its eagerness to re open negotia tions with germany regarding arms limitation and a western air pact the league having proved ineffective in the relatively simple case of italian aggression could no longer be relied on as a bulwark against german expansion in such a case was it not the better part of valor to insure britain against naval and air attack by germany leaving the collective system to shift for itself in eastern europe such a move by britain would not be altogether unwelcome to m laval many french observers have already pointed out that league sanctions as tested in the italo ethiopian crisis would prove wholly inadequate in the case of far swifter and page two a more efficient aggression by nazi germany france’s post war search for security once di rected at strengthening the league has conse quently turned to other objectives m laval is apparently not averse to revival of a four power pact first proposed by mussolini in 1933 un der which france britain germany and italy would safeguard the status quo in western euv rope and possibly austria a prime necessity of this scheme is that italy should be recalled as soon as possible from its colonial adventure and re stored to the european concert of nations true a four power arrangement might jeopardize france’s post war alliances in eastern europe and its more recent pact of mutual assistance with the soviet union but the question is being in creasingly asked in france whether meme is worth the bones of a single poilu and the franco soviet pact now coming up for ratification in the french parliament has never been popular with m laval who seems to prefer a direct agreement with germany should france and britain hav ing for diverse reasons despaired of collective se curity seek to establish a great power directorate they would deliver a mortal blow at the league which could be parried only by strong action on the part of the small powers and effective opposition by a fully aroused public opinion vera micheles dean an international bookshelf space does not permit listing the unusually large number of excellent works on international af fairs recently published in the united states among outstanding books are i write as i please by walter duranty simon schuster 3 a distinguished journalist who combines political insight with the intuition of a novelist gives the absorbing story of his experiences in the baltic states and soviet russia like a mighty army by george n shuster appleton century 2 an excellent popularly written account of nazi attempts to coordinate the christian churches and establish blood race soil and germanism as re ligious principles in the third reich ewrope’s crisis by andré siegfried wiley 1.50 a leading frenchman traces the economic decline of europe and concludes that europeans must be reconciled to a permanently lower standard of living woodrow wilson life and letters neu trality 1914 1915 by ray stannard baker doubleday doran vol v 4 woodrow wil son’s biographer gives a lucid analysis of the in numerable and complex problems raised by the efforts of the united states to remain politically aloof while expanding its foreign trade o.k.d.r foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 8 decempgr 20 1935 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nation4 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lestig bubit president esther g ocpen secretary vera michetes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year +rge af es ise a cal the itic m1 azi and ne’s of be of leu ker nil in the ally iiona ad itor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the members of the research sta subscription one ar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1931 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 vol xv no 9 december 27 1935 coming f p a meetings 4 should western powers get out of asia 4 boston europe’s hour of decision 7 baltimore american policy in the far east 9 utica europe’s hour of decision 11 albany the world’s stake in the ethiopian conflict 11 philadelphia europe’s hour of decision 18 boston ermany 18 providence british foreign policy 18 springfield europe’s hour of decision 25 buffalo england and the world crisis 29 minneapolis is america moving towards fascism january new york britain swings back to the league ollowing a memorable demonstration of the influence which public opinion when aroused can wield in a democratic state prime minister 3aldwin on december 18 sacrificed sir samuel hoare an exponent of secret imperialist diploma ey and on december 22 replaced him with cap tain anthony eden britain’s most active advo cate of a strong collective system the impression that the new foreign secretary intends to urge drastic sanctions against italy even at the risk of war was strengthened by simultaneous an nouncement of plans for modernization and mech anization of the british army and by reports of fresh negotiations between the general staffs of britain and france despite frequent denials it had been obvious even before the british elections that sir samuel hoare and his minister for league affairs did not see eye to eye in the italo ethiopian crisis sir samuel held the view which he elaborated once more in his speech to the house of commons on december 19 that drastic sanctions would mean war that while britain would be able to retaliate with full success war would in volve dissolution of the league and that britain should not become involved in such a conflict without the assistance of other league powers notably france he had consequently endeavored to avoid an anglo italian clash by offering half of ethiopia to mussolini who according to hoare had originally intended to wipe the name of abyssinia from the map captain eden by contrast has demonstrated his belief that sanc tions if sufficiently prompt and drastic to be really effective may stop war before the aggres sor has had either strength or opportunity to strike back that if pushed to their ultimate con clusion sanctions may mean war but that this risk must be taken if future aggression is to be prevented by collective means and that the best way for britain to avoid the risk of war is to align all league states which can render military and naval assistance thus implementing the league with the force it now lacks and driving the aggressor to the wall captain eden’s ability to carry out a policy of strong sanctions will depend to a large degree on the support he receives from prime minister baldwin whose attitude toward the league ap pears little more than lukewarm in a speech marked by both weakness and evasiveness mr baldwin pleaded on december 19 for the sym pathy of the house of commons which gave him a majority of 225 votes he admitted that he had committed an error of judgment which he attributed in part to lack of liaison between sir samuel hoare wrestling in paris with m laval and cabinet members engaged in the leis urely occupations of the traditional british week end it was obvious however that he had not expected the exhibition of deeper feeling in the country on what i may call grounds of conscience and honor in spite of the fact that his govern ment had been returned to power just three weeks before on a platform pledged to support of the league system lack of popular support he declared meant that the hoare laval proposals were absolutely and completely dead he in dicated that in his opinion the principle of sanc tions was fundamentally unsound and that when the melancholy affair of abyssinia is over the league might have to be reorganized his speech strengthened the suspicion that if the hoare laval plan had not been revealed to the british public by a leak in the paris press and had been accepted by mussolini the baldwin government might have attempted to cram a fait accompli down the throats of both ethiopia and the league britain’s abandonment of the hoare laval scheme enabled the league council on decem ber 19 to give it decent burial henceforth ne gotiations with italy will be handled not by brit ain and france which have aroused the mistrust of the small states but by the committee of thirteen comprising the entire council member ship with the exception of italy party to the dis pute the league committee of eighteen charged with application of sanctions will prob ably meet early in january to discuss sanctions on oil coal and iron the unknown quantity in the situation remains the attitude of france while the hoare laval plan met with bitter criticism from the left which caused m herriot’s resignation as leader of the radical socialists a large section of french opinion still believes that sanctions mean war and that war must be avoided at all costs m laval succeeded in obtaining a vote of confidence in the french chamber of deputies on december 17 and is generally expected to remain at the helm at least until the budget has been voted in janu ary and possibly until the parliamentary elec tions scheduled for may yet even m laval who has hitherto displayed a genius for diplomatic prestidigitation may have to reconsider his posi tion if the new british foreign secretary steers the league in the direction of an oil embargo captain eden had already sought to avoid the danger of playing a lone hand against italy by consulting the mediterranean powers greece turkey and yugoslavia as well as rumania and czechoslovakia concerning the military and naval assistance they would be ready to furnish should an oil embargo lead to war their replies given before publication of the hoare laval plan were apparently in the affirmative if france under these altered circumstances continues to balk at drastic sanctions it may find itself iso lated in europe an eventuality which no french statesman can view with equanimity the apprehension aroused in italy by the ap pointment of eden regarded as a sworn enemy of mussolini gives some measure of the difficul ties confronted by duce in his ethiopian cam paign mussolini’s delay in answering the hoare laval proposals until they had been killed in london and geneva clears the way for drastic league action at a time when the italian forces in ethiopia are faced with increasing difficulties in maintaining lines of communication and sup ply now that the door to diplomatic concessions has been slammed mussolini might conceivably resort to the hysterical act of defying the whole world the risk of provoking such defiance must be taken by all those who believe that the world will never enjoy security until the threat of un punished aggression has been removed by force if necessary vera micheles dean page two election prospects in cuba cuban elections postponed four times be cause of continuing unrest are now scheduled t take place on january 10 1936 however the resignation of president mendieta on december 11 together with other recent events raises doubts concerning both the possibility and the signifi cance of the projected poll the reform parties took no part in the struggle charging that ballots mean nothing with united states influence and the batista dictatorship so dominant in island affairs the old parties nominated candidates but a bitter electoral dispute jeopardized their participation in the contest there have been three leading candidates 1 ex president mario g menocal named by the national democrats or former conservatives 2 miguel mariano gémez the joint choice of his own republicans and of mendieta’s nationalists and 3 carlos manuel de la cruz nominated by former president machado’s liberals a com plication arose regarding this last ticket al though the national assembly of the liberals backed de la cruz the provincial assemblies of the party due to reported pressure from colone batista shifted support to gémez choosing as their presidential electors the lists previously named by the gémez parties the supreme elec toral tribunal however vetoed this manoeuvre and gémez supporters threatened in consequence to withdraw from the contest president harold w dodds of princeton university was invited by the cuban government to suggest a solution for the difficulty his formula gave the gémez cruz electors freedom to choose between the two can didates on december 18 these electors voted to back gémez thus eliminating the candidacy of de la cruz general menocal however had al ready foreseen that the dodds ruling would thus strengthen his leading rival and had refused to continue in the race unless president mendieta resigned a demand which brought the presi dent’s downfall and his replacement by secretary of state josé a barnet plans are thus going forward for an election in which only the two traditional parties will participate the former conservatives supporting menocal and the liberals dominating the gémez coalition political uncertainty has adversely af fected economic conditions in the island al though cuba has experienced some economic re vival largely as a result of united states sugar and trade policy declining revenues in recent months and increased public expenditures par ticularly for the military have stirred apprehen sion for the future charles a thomson foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 9 degcemper 27 1935 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nations headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp leste bum president esther g ogpgn secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year 29 gas soo co oheeeel b ewe tf +als nel mona itor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the members of the research sta subscription one lar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vol xv no 10 january 8 1936 the cuban revolution reform and reaction by charles a thomson this issue covers the political and social revolutions initiated by the fall of machado and the decisive role played by the roosevelt administration in cuban affairs both revolutions have failed and the forces of protest have been driven underground whether to disappear or to reappear in more aggressive form the future alone will decide january 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25c entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post omce at new york n y under the act fashincton dd ge chinese student uprising blocks japan or the first time since the shanghai hostilities of 1932 the nationalist sentiments of the chinese people are threatening to break through the restrictions imposed by the nanking govern ment despite nanking’s government edict of june 10 1935 which prohibited all anti japanese activities the chinese students have presented a nation wide demand for resistance to japan’s ag gression in midwinter and facing brutal police assaults the students have rallied to mass demon strations which surpass those of 1919 and 1925 in extent and numbers the elemental force of this movement has defied suppression by the nan king authorities and measurably slowed down the rate of japan’s progress in north china as in 1919 the movement originated in north china and its first demands were directed against china’s rulers last october eleven universities colleges and middle schools in peiping and tien tsin formed a students federation on novem ber 1 the leaders of this body addressed a mani festo to the students of the nation urging the necessity for organization and solidarity at the same time they dispatched a petition to the kuo mintang plenum which was then meeting at nan king decrying kuomintang absolutism this peti tion demanded freedom of press speech organi zation and public assembly as well as guarantees against the arrest of students without due process of law these demands were supported by an im pressive indictment summarizing characteristic features of the nanking dictatorship student dis cussion groups closed down and their members arrested student dormitories of peiping univer sities secretly raided by the police publications suppressed and burned 300,000 chinese youths executed since 1927 while the number abducted and imprisoned was beyond calculation when the japanese sponsored autonomy program de veloped in north china the student federation launched the protest movement which has since swept the country m inauguration of the hopei chahar autonomy council arranged by general ho ying ching nanking’s minister of war with the japanese military was temporarily postponed by the strength of the peiping student demonstrations of december 9 11 the nationalist reaction against nanking’s non resistance policy was intensified by the cabinet reorganization of december 13 gen eral chang chun a hupeh militarist educated in japan was made foreign minister the ministry of the interior went to chiang tso pin chinese diplomatic representative at tokyo for the past three years wu ting chang tientsin banker who headed the recent chinese economic mission to tokyo became minister of industry with the task of furthering sino japanese economic co operation the shanghai banker chiang chia au became minister of railways another key post in view of japanese railway projects in north china all of the new ministers were edu cated wholly or partly in japan while the entire cabinet it was reported secretly agreed to sup port a program of sino japanese cooperation the bitter feeling provoked by these cabinet choices was demonstrated on december 25 when tang yu jen newly appointed vice minister of railways was assassinated in the french conces sion at shanghai tang yu jen had previously been wang ching wei’s assistant in the foreign ministry serving as chief go between in the nego tiations with japan at the time of his death he was conferring in shanghai with major general rensuke isogai japanese military attaché these events have blocked japan’s plans for the peaceful annexation of north china for the time being all talk of a five province autonomy project has ceased the new hopei chahar coun cil has been officially inaugurated but owing to the nationalist uprising it has proved impotent to further japanese plans in north china unwill ing to risk a large scale intervention the japanese hy g joes of march 3 1879 ote periodical division 4 v k a 4 library of congress oe military have been reduced to two expedients on the one hand they have encouraged the piecemeal expansion of yin ju keng’s autonomous state in the districts of northern hopei and eastern chahar on the other hand they have sent small forces of japanese troops into the mongol areas of chahar in order to set up an inner mongolian state under japanese auspices at the same time renewed clashes have occurred on the outer mongolian manchoukuo border the warnings delivered by outer mongolian officials now visiting mos cow however indicate that japanese aggressions directed against the mongolian peoples republic will meet with strenuous resistance although japan’s attempt to control north china through a puppet régime has been tem porarily side tracked the danger has by no means passed there is every indication that the new nanking cabinet has pledged the establishment of a north china government through which japan’s program of sino japanese cooperation may be realized this outcome can only be prevented by the broadening of the chinese student move ment into an effective national demand for united resistance to the japanese invaders t a bisson trade program gains momentum with the conclusion of trade agreements with honduras and the netherlands on december 18 and 20 respectively the trade reciprocity program of secretary hull is beginning to make more rapid progress the nine countries with which trade pacts have now been signed supplied about 36 per cent of the united states imports in 1934 nego tiations are being actively pursued with nine other states and a number of agreements including one with spain are to be concluded in the near future the agreement with honduras is of minor im portance our exports to honduras in 1934 amounted to 5,866,000 as compared with 12 719,000 in 1929 and our imports during 1934 were 7,791,000 as against 12,833,000 for 1929 since 99 per cent of the products we buy from honduras are exempt from duty the chief con cession granted by the united states is to keep on the free list such products as coffee bananas and cocoa beans in addition reductions in duty are accorded on balsams pineapples mango and guava pastes and pulps and prepared or preserved guavas honduras in return concedes substantial duty reductions on smoked and canned meat prod ucts condensed evaporated and dried milk canned and dried fruits cotton shirts and certain soaps medicines and pharmaceutical products rates on a number of other products are bound and certain articles are to be kept on the free list page two ee the agreement with the netherlands which be comes effective on february 1 is second only to the canadian pact in the volume of trade con ducted under its general provisions in 1934 we sold to the netherlands and its colonial posses sions goods valued at 74,285,521 while our im ports amounted to 80,655,075 the united states will lower its tariff duties on 41 products most important are the reductions on cigar wrapper tobacco from 2.275 to 1.875 per pound and af ter june 30 1936 to 1.50 and on all flower bulbs except narcissus from 6 to 3 per thousand sig nificant reductions are also accorded on holland gin prepared cocoa and chocolate and potato starch the united states further agrees to keep on the free list a wide variety of products in cluding ammonium sulphate quinine sulphate caraway seeds and oil and certain spices the chief concession made by the netherlands is an undertaking to buy american milling wheat or flour in quantities equivalent to 5 per cent of its domestic consumption provided the price and quality are competitive with other foreign offer ings since its import duties are relatively low the nether ands only agrees not to raise rates on many american products and to keep certain others on the free list special import monopoly fees however are lowered on some commodities and enlarged or clarified quotas are granted for a number of american manufactures john c dewilde japan’s policies and purposes by hirosi saito boston marshall jones 1935 2.50 the japanese ambassador to the united states presents japan’s case on contemporary issues in the pacific quack quack by leonard woolf new york harcourt brace 1935 2.00 brilliant excoriation of political and intellectual quack ery i change worlds by anna louise strong holt 1935 3.00 a modern american pioneer gives the story of the new life she achieved in the soviet union theodore roosevelt and the japanese american crisis by thomas a bailey stanford university press 1934 3.00 the most thorough study of an important episode monetary mischief by george buchan robinson york columbia university press 1935 2.00 a series of disjointed articles on finance written from a conservative point of view tobacco under the aaa by harold b rowe ton brookings 1935 2.50 wheat and the aaa by joseph s davis brookings 1935 3.00 the two most exhaustive studies of the aaa that have yet appeared the aaa is held to have been quite suc cessful in its tobacco program but the conclusions regard ing the operation of the wheat program are generally unfavorable new york new w ashing washington foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 10 january 3 1936 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated raymond lestig bug.t pressdent esther g ogden secretary vera micheles dean edsior nationa entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year p i +er ton ents jurt ack ork 1818 1934 new om a ling yton have suc rard rally ational edsior foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the members of the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york a es vol xv no 11 january 10 1936 bound volume xiv of foreign policy bulletin november 1934 to october 1935 indexed for ready reference 1.00 a copy entered as second class matter december 1921 at the post ce at new york i nay under the act of ach 3 1879 4 library of congress sad q sma washington d c the united states moves toward isolation he opening of congress on january 3 was the occasion for two far reaching although somewhat contradictory expressions of american foreign policy in a strongly worded message president roosevelt denounced the aggressive tendencies of autocratic governments abroad and pledged by implication the moral support of the united states to the 90 per cent of the world which is striving to preserve peace on the same day administration leaders in the senate and the house introduced a strict neutrality bill applying equally to all belligerents and reflecting a desire to insulate the united states against the effects of future foreign wars contrasting the success of the good neighbor policies among the american nations since 1933 with the deterioration of the world situation president roosevelt declared that the autocratic nations of the world have impatiently reverted to the old belief in the law of the sword or to the fan tastic conception that they and they alone are chosen to fulfill a mission and that all the others among the billion and a half in the rest of the world must and shall learn from and be subject to them in the face of this situation he added the peace loving nations find that their very iden tity depends on their moving and moving again on the chessboard of international politics for the united states and the other american nations the president declared that there can be but one réle through well ordered neutrality to do naught to encourage the contest through ade quate defense to save ourselves from embroilment and attack and through example and all legiti mate encouragement and assistance to persuade other nations to return to the ways of peace and good will evidence that adequate defense is not to be the least important of the government’s policies was afforded by the publication of total estimates of 609 million dollars for the navy and 375 million for the army in the 1936 budget sent to congress on january 6 the administration’s neutrality bill prepared by the state department and introduced by sena tor pittman and representative mcreynolds makes large concessions to the strong congres sional group which fought for mandatory neu trality legislation at the last session in dropping its demand for wide discretion to permit the presi dent to apply embargoes against an aggressor state the administration effectively removed the one issue which threatened to provoke controversy and prolong the debate in congress there are sev eral explanations for its surrender on this issue three reasons are given in informed quarters 1 the disastrous hoare laval deal convinced the state department that american public opinion would not support a policy of cooperation with league mem bers in applying sanctions against an aggressor 2 president roosevelt was unwilling to run the risk of injecting a controversial foreign policy issue into the political campaign and chose to ride the wave of popu lar anti war sentiment 3 senator key pittman chairman of the powerful foreign relations committee privately informed the president and the state department that the senate would turn down any measure which allowed the presi dent to discriminate between belligerents a comparison of the administration neutrality bill and the mandatory group bill introduced on january 6 by senators nye and clark in the senate and representative maverick in the house shows that the broad objectives of the two mea sures are very similar both provide that all embargoes and prohibitions shall apply equally to all belligerents although the administration bill adds an escape clause in the proviso unless the congress with the approval of the president shall declare otherwise this proviso is ap parently acceptable to the mandatory group both bills provide that key war materials shall be limited at the discretion of the president to normal peace time quotas both prohibit loans and credits and both restrict travel by american citizens on belligerent vessels where the two bills differ is regarding the amount of discretion to be given the president in deciding when and how embargoes and prohibi tions are to be applied the nye clark maverick bill would make the arms embargo apply auto matically on the outbreak of war and not merely at any time during the progress of war as in the administration measure it would fix a definite time basis for quotas on key war materials and not leave this to the discretion of the president it would also permit congress to apply more drastic restrictions if the normal trade quota proved ineffective and would tighten the provi sions for prohibition of loans and credits while the administration bill gives the presi dent power to proclaim that all transactions with belligerents are at the risk of american na tionals the nye clark maverick bill adopts the cash and carry plan which would require that all exports by sea shall be solely at the risk of a foreign government or national thereof finally the mandatory bill goes considerably further than the administration measure in re stricting american shipping and preventing american vessels from traveling in areas of bel ligerent hostilities thus marking a sharp de parture from the traditional policy of freedom of the seas the debate in congress will center on the ad ministration bill which will probably be given the right of way in both the senate and the house the tactics of the mandatory group will be to submit amendments embodying features of the nye clark maverick bill and other resolutions in troduced by independent members in view of the similarity of the two major bills an agree ment should be reached without great difficulty to what extent it will keep the united states from becoming involved in war or affect future ameri can policy remains to be seen outside the united states the president’s mes sage and the neutrality proposals created diverse reactions his strictures on dictatorships were unfavorably received or suppressed in the coun tries affected on the other hand the quota limi tation for war material exports aroused criticism in the democratic states of europe french and british publicists broached the necessity for seek ing alternative sources of supply and indicated that american policy would prove a stumbling block to further league sanctions against italy british comment welcomed abandonment of the freedom of the seas doctrine but remarked that the quota policy was a stiff price to pay for it it also pointed out the possibility of a maritime con flict between the united states and league powers over trade with neutrals not discussed in the american proposals william t stone page two france faces uncertain future with considerable difficulty and at the expense of many concessions premier laval managed to survive repeated attacks on his domestic and for eign policies during the last month of the year early in december he saved his government from defeat by consenting to drastic bills providing for the disarmament of all political organizations and the dissolution of private semi military forma tions on december 28 he weathered by a margin of only 20 votes a bitter attack on his complacent policy toward italy and its aggression in ethi opia but only after a last minute speech in which he vigorously protested his loyalty to the league of nations finally on the last parliamentary day of the old year he secured the adoption of the 1936 budget incorporating with some modifications most of his economy decrees that m laval withstood these successive at tacks was due not only to an astute policy of concessions but above all to the reluctance of the left to take power before the general elec tions are held next may m edouard herriot’s radical socialists who form the strongest party in parliament are loath to take the helm now especially since they realize that the socialists cannot be relied upon to support them the new year is nevertheless likely to witness much politi cal maneuvering which will continue to endanger the life of the laval cabinet the enforcement or non enforcement of the laws directed against the various fascist organizations which were ap proved by the senate on december 24 may occa sion much controversy the financial situation may also prove troublesome the budget is bal anced on paper at slightly over 40 billion francs but a considerable part of expenditure for arma ments has been incorporated in a separate loan budget totaling more than 6 billion francs more over tax receipts are likely to prove disappoint ing since business life is still stagnant the de flationary policy of the government has not yet succeeded in permanently improving the precari ous position of the french currency which re mains overvalued john c dewilde money and the economie system by e m bernstein chapel hill the university of north carolina press 1935 3.00 the author condemns the gold standard as intolerably bad but his plea for planned money ignores some prac tical objections practical socialism for britain by hugh dalton george routledge 1935 5s an elaboration of the official program of the british labour party by a member of its national executive london foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 11 january 10 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th sereet new york n y raymmonp lusi busit president esthmm g ocpen secretary vera michetes dean editor entered as second class mawer december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year an +re vet iri re 4 ein ess ibly rac jon tish ional ditor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the members of the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vol xv no 12 january 17 1936 the new american neutrality by raymond leslie buell the pros and cons of the new neutrality the neutrality act of august 24 1935 the administration and isolationist bills now pending before congress can the united states remain neutral january 16 issue of foreign policy reports entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york a oe n y under the act y g 42a march 3 1879 periodical division tibrary of congress ashington d c _japan beats a_ retreat at london t the london naval conference no less than in china the smooth progress of japan’s war chariot has been brought to a jarring halt during recent weeks the thorough airing given the japanese delegation’s demand for naval parity in early december proved somewhat disillusioning to tokyo especially in view of the lead taken in this matter by great britain asa result japan’s delegates agreed temporarily to shelve discussion of a common upper limit and the conference proceeded to a consideration of british proposals for an advance exchange of information on build ing programs progress along this line was halted on january 8 when admiral nagano refused to engage in further discussion of such proposals un til his delegation’s demand for parity had been granted this statement at once provoked a crisis far from yielding however the other conferees allowed it to be suggested that the conference would continue after the threatened withdrawal of the japanese delegation and that germany and the soviet union would be invited to attend fur ther sessions faced with complete isolation tokyo beat a hasty retreat new instructions is sued by the japanese cabinet on january 12 ordered admiral nagano to refrain from with drawal unless the conference rejected the parity principle outright this lessened intransigence on naval matters as well as the hesitation evinced in the north china autonomy program illustrates tokyo’s dilem ma the bitter domestic campaign against the betrayal involved in the 5 5 3 ratio precludes any thought of surrender on the parity issue by japanese leaders on the other hand there is a tardy realization of the benefits which accrued to japan by reason of the limits imposed on british and american naval construction not only would the costs of maintaining parity place an additional strain on japan’s finances politically such money would be ill spent if it encouraged anglo ameri can cooperation in defense of the western stake in china the emphasis of tokyo’s china policy has al ready shifted to meet this new situation faced by an aroused chinese nationalism which has temporarily blocked the path of cooperation with nanking japan has halted its drive into north china and thereby lessened the immediate threat to anglo american interests at the same time there has been a marked increase in jap anese provocations against the soviet union jap anese forces have occupied northern chahar and entered suiyuan extending the encirclement of outer mongolia renewed incide.ts have oc curred on the border between outer mongolia and manchoukuo on january 9 soviet border guards seized a japanese military plane which had landed 25 miles inside the siberian frontier near vladivostok finally there have been fur ther reports that japan’s army leaders are seek ing to conclude a military agreement with ger many these events may be a hint to the western powers that japan’s actions in north china are solely directed toward preparing the base for an attack on the soviet union should this thesis be accepted by britain and the united states the serious risks of war now existing in the far east would be intensified such an outcome of anglo american cooperation in the orient would provide an ironical commentary on the efficacy of power politics a japanese attack on the soviet union especially if seconded by germany could least of all be localized any support accorded to this en terprise opens up the shortest route to a world wide conflict if anglo american cooperation on far eastern issues is to justify itself it must be conducted in such a way that it strengthens the collective se curity system the machinery for such action al ready exists in the far eastern advisory com mittee of 22 nations set up by the league assem bly in february 1933 to enforce the verdict ren dered on the manchurian dispute at the time the united states accepted membership on this committee while the u.s.s.r refused since then the soviet urion has resumed relations with the united states and entered the league despite the weaknesses revealed by the hoare laval deal the league machinery has proved a formidable obstacle to mussolini’s expansionist program in ethiopia if it can achieve a satisfactory ethi opian settlement the way will be open for the far eastern advisory committee to deal with the problem of japanese aggression in china a combined anglo american soviet effort exerted through this committee and backed by the other league members would change the whole outlook in the far east t a bisson the german refugee problem in presenting his letter of resignation as high commissioner for german refugees on december 27 mr james g mcdonald made a moving appeal on behalf of an international solution of a grave humanitarian problem according to this letter more than half a million persons against whom no charge can be made except that they are not what the national socialists choose to regard as nordic are being crushed it is being made increasingly difficult for jews and non aryans in germany to sustain life condemned to segre gation within the four corners of the legal and social ghetto which has now closed upon them they are increasingly prevented from earning their living indeed more than half of the jews remaining in germany have already been deprived of their livelihood in many parts of the coun try there is a systematic attempt at starvation of the jewish population the threat of a new exodus of refugees which seems imminent de mands the friendly but firm intercession with the german government by all pacific means on the nart of the league of nations of its member states and other members of the community of nations although about three quarters of the 80,000 refugees have been settled in new homes the task of caring for the remaining thousands can not be borne by the office of the high com missioner or by the cooperating private organiza tions it should be entrusted to an organization directly under the authority of the league a step toward carrying out mr mcdon ald’s wishes was taken on january 9 when a league expert committee proposed that the coun cil name a new high commissioner and authorize him to work much more closely with the league page two ls than has heretofore been permitted for example the services of the secretariat would be available f to him and he would be expected to present direct f ly to the assembly in september a comprehensive f program for the handling of the refugee problem the committee also recommended that a confer ff ence be called to negotiate an international con vention for the legal protection of refugees inf foreign countries it is significant not only that germany refused to publish mr mcdonald’s let ter of resignation but also that soviet russia and fascist italy are opposed to effective league in ff tervention on behalf of refugees even if the ex perts report is adopted the cost of supporting refugees must continue to be borne by private philanthropy yet if the task is to be effectively discharged direct financial support from govern ments is essential 1 should the nazi government allow jews to leave the country with their property the situation would be improved such emigration however is now forbidden except to palestine on the ground that germany cannot suffer the loss of the capital involved one method of meeting this ob jection was proposed early in january when it was suggested that the council for german jewry organize a plan of assisted emigration on behalf of the 90,000 jews under 35 years of age ac cording to the plan about half this number would f be settled in palestine and the remainder in other hospitable countries in order to secure nazi con sent for the project an appeal would be made to the jewish communities throughout the world to raise a sum of 15,000,000 with which to pur chase german exports it is believed that the f nazi government thus assured of receiving for eign exchange would consent to the mass emigra tion of these jews and their property so many ff objections however are being voiced against any subsidy to german exports that it seems doubtful whether this ambitious program will f prove practicable in its present form raymond leslie buell the gay reformer profits before plenty under franklin d roosevelt by mauritz a hallgren new york knopf 1935 2.75 a trenchant criticism of the roosevelt administration stalin a new world seen through one man by henri barbusse translated by vyvyan holland new york macmillan 1935 3.00 the author of a searing world war novel extols stalin who in his opinion has not only defended the bolshevik revolution against the counter revolutionary trotzsky but has made a notable contribution to world peace by his policy toward national minorities opener fea lt hg fea te fay ge pe foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 12 january 17 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th screet new york n y rarmonp lasiig buagit president esthen g ocorn secretary vera micheles dagan editor entered as second class mater december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y umder the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year +ple ble act ive em fer ave tion ver the the ob n it wry half ould ther con e to d to pur the for gra lany linst ems will ll nklin york ation aenri york talin hevik tzsky yy his jational editor act rra wd ag joanie foreign policy bulletin stl an interpretation of current international events by the members of the es research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as socond class matter december a 9 2 1921 ac che post fas office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 vor xv no 13 january 24 1936 geneva special studies the foreign policy association has taken over the agency in the united states for geneva and the geneva special studies published by the geneva research center subscription rates geneva a monthly review of world affairs 2 a year geneva special studies 8 10 issues 3 a year combination offer 4 a year eriodical division library of congres ia eee marking time in europe he stalemate reached in european politics following the collapse of the hoare laval deal threatens to be prolonged by the death of king george v and the expected downfall of m laval confronted by the imminent defection of six radical socialist ministers notably m herriot under the circumstances it seems prob able that the league council which opened on january 20 will postpone decision regarding an oil embargo against italy and at the same time decline to make new peace proposals britain is apparently effecting a strategic retreat from the advanced and solitary position it had reached at geneva in september when it mobilized vir tually its entire fleet in the mediterranean al though the league at that time contemplated no military and possibly no drastic economic sanc tions this was indicated by mr eden on january 16 when he declared that britain would move forward in such a way as to make sure the other nations at geneva are with us in deed in addition to words mr eden’s point of view does not seem to differ essentially from that of sir samuel hoare who argued that an oil em bargo could not be imposed unless league states other than britain adopted measures of military precaution against possible italian retaliation that such precautions may have been taken since sir samuel’s resignation is shown by re peated consultations between the british and french general staffs and by the announcement on january 8 that part of the british fleet would take a spring cruise in spanish waters begin ning january 17 while french warships would maneuver off the coast of north africa it is not clear however whether this naval shift is in tended to meet sudden attack by italy or to remove the danger of such attack for at the same time some of the british ships which had particularly aroused italian opinion were recalled to their home ports the belief appears to be spreading that the slow progress of italian forces in ethiopia further hampered by the early fall of little rains and italy’s increasing financial and economic difficul ties may soon bring the conflict to a close without the necessity of applying an oil embargo and pos sibly precipitating a war which could only re dound to the benefit of germany for fear of german aggression continues to dominate all diplomatic calculations this fear has been increased by the fiasco of britain’s attempt to discuss an arms limitation agreement with the hitler government by germany’s agitation against league control of danzig its criticism of anglo french military and naval consultations which according to the nazis contravene the locarno treaties its threat to terminate demili tarization of the rhineland its demand for re turn of the colonies and its hostility to the franco soviet pact of mutual assistance which still awaits ratification by the french parliament europe thus finds itself in a vicious circle fear ing german aggression france and britain hesi tate to broaden the conflict by drastic action against italy yet failure to take such action serves to encourage nazi territorial ambitions the vacillations of the two great league powers are already causing important shifts in european alignments austria which had previously counted on mussolini for protection against nazi aggression now realizes that its refusal to apply sanctions against italy has alienated france and britain yet does not trust the efficacy of the col lective system as an alternative it is now seek ing the approval of the little entente especially czechoslovakia hitherto opposed to hapsburg restoration for the return of archduke otto on january 19 prince von starhemberg austrian vice chancellor indicated that the time might come when the hapsburgs would again rule austria to the advantage of europe the ground for such a move has apparently been prepared by chancellor schuschnigg of austria who on janu 7 t i li be gail ary 17 visited prague ostensibly to deliver a lec ture and discussed the central european situa tion with the new czechoslovak president dr benes a similar conviction that in case of aggression every state will have to rely on its own ingenuity and strong right arm rather than on the collective system is revealed in the soviet union disillu sioned by france’s coolness toward the franco soviet pact on january 15 marshal tukhachev sky assistant commissar for defense told the central executive committee of the u.s.s.r that the soviet army previously estimated at 950,000 had been increased to 1,300,000 and was equipped to meet military dangers both in the east and in the west the soviet press pointed out that the u:s.s.r in its struggle for peace and security cannot have faith in anything but its own power especially in view of the hesitation shown by states formerly considered the champions of col lective security and the league of nations yet the soviet government which on doctrinal communist grounds should be particularly aroused by a fascist imperialist war waged against a backward people seems no more eager than france or britain to take the initiative in applying drastic sanctions against italy which it continues to supply with coal oil wheat and lumber if the reality of collective security falls short of the ideal this is due to the reluctance of all states not france and britain alone to rec ognize that in the last resort league sanctions may involve the use of force vera micheles dean naval limitation ends sharply reversing its previous no concessions no rupture stand the tokyo cabinet on janu ary 14 instructed its delegation at the london naval conference to press japan’s demand for parity this demand was rejected by the united states and great britain on january 15 follow ing which the japanese delegation formally with drew from the conference as a result the treaty limitations on naval armament which have been effective since the washington conference of 1922 will expire on december 31 1936 the sudden reversal of tokyo’s position over the week end of january 13 was explained solely on grounds of prestige held to be of special importance in connection with japan’s present dealings with china in its final statement on january 15 the japanese delegation summarized the case for parity real disarmament it was asserted required the abolition or drastic reduc page two tion of offensive arms thereby assuring a state of non menace and non aggression to reach this goal it was said a common upper limit fixed as low as possible was necessary answer ing for the united states norman h davis pointed out that contracting powers with large navies would have to scrap or sink many ships to reach this common upper limit while powers with smaller navies could build up to the com mon level equality of security he continued did not mean equality of naval armament but superiority of defense in home waters a con f dition vitally affected by the factor of ge ography for these reasons the principle of f a common upper limit would not serve as a basis for negotiation and agreement similar argu ments were advanced by the british delegation which also rejected the japanese plan as a basis f of reduction and limitation following the japanese withdrawal the four remaining powers continued to discuss proposals for an advance exchange of information on build ing programs as a substitute for treaty limita tion preliminary discussions on qualitative limitation apparently found great britain ac cepting the american thesis of the need for capital ships of large tonnage and heavy armament with japan germany and the soviet union out f va side the conference such agreements as may be reached will probably have to be qualified by an m escape clause to guard against the building programs of the non signatories an under these circumstances whatever hope ex isted of avoiding a general naval race has virtu ff ally disappeared the united states is already engaged in the largest peace time building pro f gram in its history the navy department’s estimated expenditure for 1936 totals 563,641 000 as compared with japan’s expenditure of 158,137,000 although this disparity is largely caused by united states efforts to catch up tof treaty limits congressional circles are already considering adoption of a battleship replacement program to begin next year the possibility of fortifying american insular possessions in the pacific including guam and the philippines has also been raised it may well be asked whether these naval preparations are required to preserve american neutrality or whether they are de signed to defend american interests in asia inf the latter case it becomes even more imperative that the problem of japanese aggression in china be handled by collective action including greatf britain and the soviet union as well as thef united states t a bisson foreign policy bulletin vol xv no headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y 13 january 24 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nationa raymond lesite bugit president esther g ocpen secretary vera michetes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year +nationa editor ir foreign policy bulletin research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y an interpretation of current international events by the members of the vot xv no 14 january 31 1936 religion in the third reich by mildred s wertheimer the three year struggle of national socialism to coordinate the evangelical church with the totalitarian state conflict between national socialism and catholicism par ticularly over control of education january 29 issue of foreign policy reports enrered as second class matter december 2 1921 at che post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 rlodica division italy advances league reconnghters a desperate effort to win a decisive victory before the heavy rains begin in june italian troops have taken the initiative in southern ethi opia and after allegedly killing 10,000 ethiopians have advanced about 280 miles from dolo beyond noghelli general graziani is now close to allata a center which controls communications between addis ababa and the south this ad vance represents a radical change in italian strategy at first general graziani attempted to march up the fafan valley for the purpose of cap turing harar which dominates the jibuti railway and other connections between addis ababa and the sea with the failure of this campaign grazi ani’s forces have been diverted to the extreme southwest in an effort to dominate the colonization zone promised italy under the mhoare laval agreement it remains to be seen whether from these inland points the italians will be able to protect their lines of communication the final outcome of the war will probably be determined in the north here the ethiopians claim that in the biggest engagement of the cam paign they have surrounded makale and cut off two fascist columns attempting to rescue the be sieged troops rome has denied this claim as serting that the ethiopians have been repulsed with a loss of 5,000 casualties in comparison with 8743 dead and wounded italians 4 the mediterranean bloc in an effort to remove the danger of an anglo sltalian war mr eden british foreign secretary presented a memorandum to the league council mon january 22 providing for mutual assistance under paragraph 3 of article xvi of the cov henant according to this memorandum the british government had sought to ascertain in the event of special measures of a military character being aimed at great britain by italy whether other mediterranean powers would collaborate in re sisting such measures the memorandum de clared that france turkey greece and jugo slavia had agreed to provide such aid on condi tion of reciprocity czechoslovakia and rumania endorsed this understanding which means that both the balkan and the little entente are solidly behind britain spain a country where fascist sentiment is strong declined to give such concrete assurances although generally reaffirming its obligations under article xvi the establishment of this mediterranean bloc brought forth on january 24 the most formal reservations and protest from the italian gov ernment it intimated that the mobilization of the british fleet last august before the council had taken any action was extraordinary and that formation of the mediterranean bloc di rected against italy itself constituted a threat to european peace pointing out that france had agreed to come to britain’s aid only when it acted in accordance with a league decision italy de clared that the sanctions thus far applied were acts of individual league members and not of the league council or assembly the italian statement closed by stating in the most explicit manner that the italian action in ethiopia which was of a colonial character is not designed to represent and never will represent a threat to european peace it might have been expected following the mediterranean military consultations that the league would proceed to impose an oil embargo the league committee of eighteen however de cided to appoint an expert committee to study the effect of such an embargo on italy and also the possibility of preventing tankers belonging to league powers from carrying oil from non mem ber states to italy this delay in strengthening sanctions is discouraging in the face of intensified hostilities nevertheless precedents of im portance are being created and the league has already gone further than ever before in at tempting to check an aggressor two disputes aired at its january session the league council also induced the government of the free city of dan zig to put into effect a decision of the world court which had declared illegal a number of decrees revising the penal code in accordance with nazi philosophy although not challenging the validity of the danzig elections last april the league is nevertheless safeguarding in the free city civil rights which hitler has openly flouted in germany the council in addition eased tension between uruguay and the soviet union created by uruguay’s abrupt decision on decem ber 27 to break off diplomatic relations on the ground that the soviet legation in montevideo was a center of communist propaganda in bringing this incident before the league m litvinov declared that uruguay had no right to sever relations with another league member without first placing the dispute before the coun cil m guani the uruguay representative declined to prove his government’s charges on the ground that it was strictly a domestic affair the council finally passed a resolution on janu ary 24 expressing hope that relations would be only temporarily interrupted since uruguay had refused to give proof of its charges and the u.s.s.r was willing to leave the question to in ternational public opinion these two controver sies show that even in an age of unprecedented nationalism the league may serve to cushion the shock of disputes which might otherwise prove serious raymond l buell political maneuvers in france faced with defeat in the chamber of deputies premier pierre laval and his cabinet of national union resigned on january 22 after a little more than seven months in office two days later the veteran radical socialist senator albert sarraut succeeded in forming a new ministry the resignation of the government was pre cipitated by the decision of the radical socialists who form the largest party in the chamber to withdraw their support from m laval on janu ary 19 the party’s executive committee voted a resolution of censure against the cabinet and ordered all radical socialist deputies to join in defeating the government after this action the retirement of the six radical socialist ministers from the cabinet and the resignation of m laval became inevitable the fall of the laval government marks a page two definite victory for the left wing radical social ists led by edouard daladier who has now beep elected the party’s president with the approach of parliamentary elections scheduled for thist spring the radical socialists showed an increas ing desire to disassociate themselves from a cab inet whose domestic and foreign policies had be come unpopular despite its participation in th government the party played an active réle jp the anti fascist popular front which includaf all the left groups hostile to m laval it col laborated in drafting a program of minimum eco.f nomic financial and political demands which wa published by the popular front on january 11 4 agreement on this common program together with the repudiation of m laval by the radical socialists will probably insure that all the left groups including the communists and socialists will support each other in the forthcoming elec tions m sarraut’s cabinet shows a distinct shift to ward the left although the right is still repre sented by georges mandel and general felix maurin the appointment of marcel déat a prominent neo socialist to the air ministry and of joseph paul boncour as minister of state and delegate to the league of nations was evidently designed to secure the support of the socialists former premier pierre etienne flandin who ha become minister of foreign affairs is expected to bring the government the support of the centre only the extreme right and left are therefore likely to oppose the cabinet the new government will probably confine itsel f to routine business pending the elections whichf may now be advanced from may to the end of march it must however deal with the serious financial situation of the treasury which will have to borrow more than six billion francs dur ing the next few months for current expenses tax receipts are still running far below estimates and the 1936 budget failed to provide revenue for a considerable part of the appropriations for national defense since the french market i scarcely in a position to absorb further govern ment loans an effort is being made to obtain credits from a consortium of british banks the cabinet also faces decisions in the field of foreign policy although it will probably proceed cau tiously the new government is expected to shov a greater willingness than its predecessor to co operate with britain and the league of nations m flandin although orginally opposed to leagu sanctions is known to be anglophile and m pau boncour has always been an advocate of collect tive security john c dewilde ocala tei ek dbs ok i tan ol rade poker ber en ean en mes estore ita coll sarc ee es foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 14 january 31 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nations 4 raymond lesitzs bugell president esrmmn g ogpen secretary verma micuetes dean editor headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y ander che act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year i f p a membership five dollars a year ial een ach this eas cab be the e in udes col co wai ther f dical f left lists elec profil ue oat td a ais diaries t to pre felix at a and and ently lista f o hash ected e the i t are pp ae tiles peni r le itself which id of rious will dur onses nates 1e forh s fore cet isfy yvern ff ybtainke the yreignh cave show to co itions cague paulf collec f lde i cachoin dee tin etal ae nation be i edie ar book general dictatorship in the modern world by g s ford ed minneapolis university of minnesota press 1935 2.50 thought provoking surveys by eight able writers the lords of creation by f l allen new york harper 1935 3.00 dramatic history of the financial dictators of the united states since 1900 the mind and society by vilfredo pareto new york harcourt brace 1935 4 vols 20.00 an over rated work setting forth the non logical sources f conduct history of western civilization by harry elmer barnes with the collaboration of henry david new york harcourt brace 1935 2 vols 10.00 an exhaustive inquiry into all aspects of mankind’s evelopment in the west ar and the private investor by eugene staley new york doubleday doran 1935 4.50 indispensable to all who would probe deeper into the auses of war history of american foreign relations by l m sears second edition revised and enlarged new york crow ell 1935 3.50 brings an excellent background guide up to date nternational security by p c jessup new york coun cil on foreign relations 1935 1.50 a timely analysis of the ways in which the united states can contribute to the prevention and repression of war economic ations can live at home by o w willcox norton 1935 2.75 the author maintains that almost all nations can obtain an adequate supply of foodstuffs at home provided the st scientific agrobiologic methods of cultivation are employed the new deal and foreign trade by alonzo e taylor new york macmillan 1935 3.00 a critique of secretary wallace’s planned middle irse in foreign trade which somewhat exaggerates the obstacles in the way of the administration’s present for eign trade program silver dollars by william p shea 1935 1.00 another misleading plea for silver economie planning by g d h cole 1935 3.00 a popular writer on socialism foresees a slow but in evitable transition to planned economy 4 imerica must act by francis bowes sayre new york world peace foundation 1936 75c cloth 35c paper n outline of what we must do to assure jobs wages narkets and peace the formation of capital by harold g moulton ington brookings 1935 2.50 an analysis of the relation of national income to capi tal investment which concludes that our present economic system requires a larger flow of funds through consump tive channels rather than more abundant savings the cotton crisis institute of public affairs southern methodist university dallas 1935 a thorough discussion of the cotton problem particu larly as it was affected by the a.a.a the boom begins by l l b angas new york simon schuster 1985 2.00 the author of the coming american boom foresees an inflationary upswing in business new york new york putnam new york knopf wash notes europe germany’s foreign indebtedness by c r s harris new york oxford university press 1935 2.90 an extremely useful guide through the maze of ger many’s foreign debts and defaults the author concludes that germany will be unable to resume service on its for eign debts so long as it maintains the gold parity of the mark and at the same time indulges in a program of in ternal economic expansion the soviet union and world problems edited by samuel n harper chicago university of chicago press 1935 2.50 this series of notable lectures delivered at the eleventh institute under the norman wait harris memorial foun dation held at chicago university in june 1935 constitutes an outstanding contribution to the study of soviet foreign policy an economic survey of the colonial empire 1983 don his majesty’s stationery office 1935 7.50 this invaluable reference book on british colonies may be obtained from the british library of information in new york city britain’s air policy present and future by jonathan griffin london gollancz 1935 5 the author makes a strong case for the inadequacy of the proposed western european air locarno the last of free africa by gordon maccreagh new york appleton century 1935 4.00 spirited account of an expedition to ethiopia supple mented by a foreword and epilogue on that country’s present diplomatic entanglements the spirit of geneva by robert de traz new york ox ford 1986 2.25 an optimistic philosophical interpretation peace in the balkans by norman j padelford new york oxford 1935 2.00 a useful discussion of recent balkan conferences the next five years new york macmillan 1935 5 an admirable effort by 152 englishmen to formulate a program of action for britain deutschland und die vereinigten staaten in der welt politik by alfred vagts new york macmillan 1935 2 vols 15.00 a monumental contribution to american diplomatic his tory lon etat des forces en france by pierre frédérix gallimard 1935 15 fr the best available survey of conditions in present day france paris far east war and diplomacy in the japanese empire by tatsuji takeuchi new york doubleday doran 1935 4.50 an excellent scholarly analysis of the conduct of jap anese foreign relations illustrated by case studies of eighteen key diplomatic events in the history of modern japan china’s millions by anna louise strong new york knight publishing co 1935 2.50 a new edition of the author’s first hand account of the chinese revolutionary upheaval in 1927 with three addi tional chapters on the nanking government the sino japanese controversy and the league of nations by westel w willoughby baltimore johns hopkins 1935 5.00 a comprehensive and authoritative treatment of the sino japanese dispute the japan year book 1924 association of japan 1934 a valuable reference work tokyo the foreign affairs 5.00 the foreign policy association and the nation announce an editorial contest for college students on the subject will neutrality keep us out of war first prize 50 second prize 25 five third prizes five subscriptions each for one year to the nation five fourth prizes five student memberships each for one academic year in the foreign policy association conditions the contest is open to all undergraduate college students entrants must write an editorial of not more than 1000 words on the subject will neutrality keep us out of war manuscripts must reach the student secretary foreign policy association 8 west 40th street new york n y not later than march 15 1936 a copy of the editorial must also be submitted to the local campus newspaper on or after march 15 students whose manuscripts are refused by their college newspapers are not barred from this contest where there are several entrants in one school college papers may wish to sponsor a campus editorial contest to determine which manuscripts they will print and are free to publish these any time after march 15 each editorial must be accompanied by student's signed statement that the editorial is original and noc copied from any source together with the name of the college newspaper to which he expects to submit it on or after march 15 the endorsement of an instructor giving name department and school address must also appear on the student's statement neither student’s signature nor teacher’s endorsement should appear on editorial manuscripts will be judged on the basis of factual information logic and effectiveness of presentation prize winners will be announced in the may 1 issue of the foreign policy bulletin and the editorial winning first prize will appear in the may 6 issue of the nation judges raymond l buell paul u kellogg president foreign policy association editor survey graphic and the survey freda kirchwey william t stone editor the nation vice president foreign policy association special offer to contestants if you will enclose 35 cents in stamps we will send you the new american neutrality and the dangerous year both by raymond l buell and a list of suggested readings on the subject of the contest acceptance of this offer is optional 1s +foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the members of the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 f2b 8 1938 vol xv no 15 february 7 1936 e e students bd in high schools or colleges join the f p a our special membership offer for second semester 60 cents will bring you foreign policy bulletin each week february 1 june 1 headline book dictatorship special admittance to f p a discussions periodical division library of congress washivicion d se clouds on the central american hreats of civil strife have recently agitated both honduras and nicaragua in honduras the ambition of president tiburcio carias to ex tend his term of office has promoted discord while in nicaragua apprehensions have been stirred by the presidential candidacy of general anastasio somoza commander of the national guard president carias elected in october 1932 for a four year term seeks to nullify a constitutional provision against re election although the pres ent constitution prescribes that amendment can be effected only by a two thirds majority in two successive legislatures congress ordered elections to be held on january 26 for a constitutional con vention these resulted in the choice without opposition of 59 nationalists all members of the president’s party the convention is to meet on march 8 should revision include the agrarian law which is attached to the constitution the way would be opened for expansion of banana production by the united fruit company along the republic’s eastern littoral where existing legislation prohibits sale of land to the company although honduras has enjoyed a substantial measure of peace in recent years the elections of 1928 and 1932 were free and fair the presi dent’s re election maneuvers have led to dissen sion carias program is combated both by the opposition liberals and by a faction in his own party but protest has been met by repression newspapers have been silenced and congressmen expelled from the country prominent in the op position are two former presidents miguel paz barahona and vicente mejia colindres the for mer has resigned his post of minister in wash ington the latter has taken refuge in costa rica nicaraguan elections will be held in november of this year to choose the successor of dr juan b sacasa who has governed the republic since january 1933 when the military intervention of the united states came to an end on the with drawal of the marines the national guard which they had trained was entrusted to general so moza a nephew by marriage of president sacasa when a year later general sandino was seized by guard members and shot in cold blood despite a safe conduct from president sacasa general somoza acknowledged responsibility for the act under the terms of the nicaraguan constitu tion somoza is barred from the presidency by his relationship to the president as well as by his position in the national guard when these facts were pointed out by dr sacasa in a newspaper interview of january 11 somoza’s partisans de clared that his candidacy represented the popu lar will which should prevail over the dead hand of the law the guard chieftain is backed in his campaign by former president moncada and by a considerable portion of the liberal party he also claims the support of general emiliano chamorro the dominant figure in the conserva tive party vice president rodolfo espinosa a rival for the liberal nomination has threatened civil war if general somoza persists in a can didacy which is legally impossible somoza’s control of the national guard has greatly increased his political strength during the united states intervention guard officers en joyed a certain extraterritorial status the guard regulations were admittedly contrary to the nic araguan constitution as a result of this heri tage from american interference the guard has continued in practice to be a state within the state its commander exercising more actual power than the president of the republic somoza’s rivals charge that guard members are active in the present campaign favoring their commander at the expense of other candidates a number of opposition journalists have been attacked somoza’s partisans demand that his candidacy be legalized by a complete revision of the repub lic’s basic law but constitutional amendment is as difficult in nicaragua as in honduras should general somoza decide to override con stitutional prohibitions by the strength of the guard that product of united states intervention will prove an effective instrument for the estab lishment of dictatorship as has been the case in the dominican republic two other central american countries guatemala and salvador are already under military dictatorships in salvador general mar tinez retired from the presidency in 1934 for a period sufficiently long to permit his re election in accordance with constitutional norms in guatemala a constitutional amendment of july 11 1935 extended general ubico’s term from 1937 to 1943 in costa rica whose maintenance of demo cratic institutions contrasts sharply with the practice of neighboring states presidential elec tions are scheduled for february 9 the two lead ing candidates are both civilians leén cortés minister of public works and octavio beeche formerly chief justice of the supreme court the communists who recently have developed considerable strength in costa rica are expected to poll between 10 and 15 per cent of the total vote charles a thomson political deadlock in greece the death on january 31 of marshal kondylis greece’s king maker has further confused the political situation created by the national as sembly elections of january 26 in which the lib eral venizelist party obtained 144 out of 300 seats the venizelists who had previously sup ported the republic and fought restoration of george ii altered their attitude following the king’s return on november 25 after venizelos an exile in paris had declared that he opposed dictatorship but not constitutional monarchy george ii also won republican sympathies by his amnesty decree of december 1 pardoning 758 venizelists imprisoned as a result of the anti monarchist revolt of march 1935 and annulling sentences against 400 exiles including venizelos who is now free to return to greece the amnesty decree was bitterly contested by kondylis and his military followers who feared reinstatement of venizelist officers which would have displaced kondylis appointees the kondylis forces how ever obtained no satisfaction from the neutral demerdjis cabinet formed on november 30 chiefly for the purpose of effecting political recon ciliation and carrying out the fairest and most unhampered elections in recent greek history in these elections the venizelists won a striking 1 civil strife in greece foreign policy balletin march 8 1935 page two victory but failed to secure a majority in the na tional assembly where they are deadlocked with 141 anti venizelists divided intotwomain factions the moderate wing of the popular party led by former premier tsaldaris and the extreme wing headed before his death by the ex venizelist kondylis who favored dictatorial not constitu tional monarchy the balance of power between the two principal parties is held by fifteen com munists the largest group ever elected to the assembly it was expected at first that themis tocles sophoulis leader of the venizelists in the absence of the grand old man of greece would be invited by the king to form a coalition govern ment with the support of the tsaldarists m tsaldaris who seemed to favor such a coalition joined the kondylists on january 31 in opposing venizelos return and reinstatement of venizelist officers yet the anti venizelists are too divided among themselves to form a coalition cabinet nor is sophoulis anxious to accept the communist offer of cooperation fearing such a move might provoke widespread opposition in the country as a result of this deadlock the demerdjis cab inet which had handed in its resignation on january 29 has been asked by the king to remain in office possibly until the national assembly convenes on march 12 greece’s internal situation is complicated by a conflict on foreign policy king george appar ently wishes to model his government on that of britain and to strengthen the ties between the two countries greece has already promised that it will give britain naval assistance in case the british fleet is attacked by italy as a result of league sanctions it has been reported that in return for this support britain might cede to greece the island of cyprus which it occupied in 1878 and assist athens in recovering the dodec anese islands largely inhabited by greeks which italy wrested from turkey in 1912 the king’s pro british policy is opposed on the one hand by venizelos who has been credited with pro italian sympathies and on the other by the followers of kondylis at one time regarded as an admirer of mussolini vera micheles dean 2 italy adwvances league reconnoiters ibid january 31 1936 powerful america by eugene young new york stokes 1936 3.00 a plea for a pax americana federal states and labor treaties by william lonsdale tayler new york 405 w 117th st the author 1935 2.00 cloth 1.00 paper timely and valuable in view of membership of the united states in the international labor office foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 15 fesruary 7 1936 published weekly by che foreign policy association incorporated narional headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lestig bugtt president esther g ocoen secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year +sai he na d with ctions led by e wing nizelist nstitu etween 1 com to the hemis in the would rovern s m alition yposing nizelist divided abinet imunist might ountry iis cab ion on remain ssembly od by a appar that of een the ed that ase the sult of that in cede to ipied in dodec 3 which king’s nand by italian wers of nirer of dean 1936 k stokes lonsdale hor 1935 p of the 1 national ean editor year foreign policy bulletin 4g interpretation of current international events by the members of the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at che post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 vol xv no 16 february 14 1936 the international problem of refugees by norman bentwich director high commission for refugees coming from germany mr james g mcdonald’s letter of resignation as high commissioner for refugees jewish and other coming from germany has aroused world wide interest the report analyzes the international problem of finding homes for po litical exiles and describes the various bodies created by the league to deal with the refugee question february 12 issue of foreign policy reports 25c piviston pax americana ashington dispatches of february 8 reported administration plans for a pan american peace conference designed to fortify the good neighbor policy in the western hem isphere by more definite provisions for preserving peace now that the chaco war has ended it was intimated that the parley would afford a timely opportunity to strengthen inter american machin ery for the prevention of future conflicts the con ference agenda may also include redefinition of the monroe doctrine resented by many latin americans as an expression of self assumed super iority on the part of the united states should the doctrine be changed into a multilateral decla ration committing all the american states to unified resistance against aggression another obstacle to inter american understanding might be eliminated some observers view the proposed conference as a step in a definite administration policy to build an american peace president roosevelt in his message to congress on january 3 con trasted the unity prevailing in the american hem isphere with the growing menace of autocracy and aggression in other parts of the world assistant secretary of state sumner welles speaking at baltimore on february 4 stressed the various forces which draw the american republics to gether and declared that they all face the same international problems and that in their relations with non american powers the welfare and secur ity of any one of them cannot be a matter of indifference to the others the recent conclusion of the chaco conflict made it possible for the state department to in itiate the present negotiations on february 8 the bolivian congress ratified the chaco peace protocol which had received the final approval of the paraguayan congress the previous day this protocol signed at the buenos aires mediation conference on january 21 outlined a compromise agreement concerning exchange of war prison ers provided for re establishment of diplomatic relations between bolivia and paraguay and re iterated mutual guarantees against the resump tion of hostilities the boundary dispute which provoked the conflict still remains without solu tion its consideration has been postponed until presidential elections scheduled for may in both paraguay and bolivia can clear the domestic political atmosphere a recently reported army plot in paraguay led by colonel rafael franco illustrates the post war unrest in the former belligerent countries as well as the widespread preoccupation of south ameri can governments with alleged communist activi ties colonel franco commandant of the military academy at asuncién was exiled on february 6 charged by the authorities with heading a com munist conspiracy to overthrow the government according to other sources however the move ment originated in the discontent prevailing among the demobilized troops particularly the younger officers and the students these groups incensed at the wrangles of the older professional politicians had planned to make franco a presi dential candidate in past years franco has re peatedly played the réle of a stormy petrel in 1931 he attempted to organize an army revolt against the civil government and his unauthorized attack on the bolivian fort vanguardia in 1928 is reported to have precipitated the chaco conflict during recent months the communists have been charged with responsibility not only for the franco plot but also for the army revolt in brazil subversive activity in uruguay leading to the breaking off of diplomatic relations with the soviet union labor unrest in mexico and a rail road strike in chile among the dictatorships and semi dictatorships which rule many of the south american countries it has become popular to ex aggerate the influence of the numerically small communist groups and apply a radical label to any reform movement in chile as a result of the railroad strike the right wing government of president alessandri closed congress on february 7 decreed martial law for three months and arrested some 600 oppositionists former cabinet ministers retired army officers and others charles a thomson will europe preserve status quo by collective action the funeral of george v provided an unusual opportunity for diplomatic conversations both in london where representatives of the principal european states called on king edward viii and mr eden and in paris where they broke their homeward journeys to confer with the new french foreign minister m flandin the paris conversations in which germany italy and po land did not participate were chiefly concerned with the future of austria the prospects of an oil embargo against italy and the possibility of a german move to end demilitarization of the rhineland negotiations regarding austria were directed at the formation of an eastern european bloc composed of the little entente states czecho slovakia rumania and yugoslavia and the soviet union which might replace italy now absorbed in colonial adventure as official defender of aus trian independence against the designs of nazi germany the austrian vice chancellor prince von starhemberg was at first reported to have promised m flandin that his government would not restore the monarchy without the consent of the little entente provided the latter furnished austria with financial and economic assistance on february 5 however following archduke otto’s surprise visit to paris starhemberg denied that he had given france an ironclad pledge re garding restoration meanwhile the soviet union heartened by m flandin’s decision to submit the franco soviet pact of mutual assistance to parliament for ratification expressed its readi ness to collaborate with france’s ally rumania it declined however to participate in a bloc for defense of austria on the ground that regional alliances tend to weaken the authority of the league it is now expected that the little en tente possibly with the aid of hungary greece and turkey will undertake both the protection of austria and the economic reconstruction of the danubian region italy’s absence from negotiations concerning a region where it had previously claimed a sphere page two of influence registered the extent to which it has been forced to withdraw from european politics this was further emphasized on february 2 when a league committee of experts representing the principal oil producing and tanker owning coun tries began to study the possibility of an embargo on oil the committee is reported to have reached the conclusion that italy had stocked only enough oil to continue military operations until the be ginning of the ethiopian rainy season and that an effective embargo would paralyze it at the end of six months the opinion was also expressed at geneva that provided the united states limits its an act ae ae babes sabes a oil exports to the normal figure or 10 per cent of italy’s total imports the league embargo might prove successful especially if league states pro hibited use of their tankers for transportation of oil to italy should the united states however continue its policy of trade at your own risk and should american oil producers seek to capture the italian market the league powers might be obliged to blockade italy to prevent failure of the oil embargo and a blockade in turn might be regarded by mussolini as an act of war at the moment however it appears more likely that the threat of oil sanctions may serve as an entering wedge for renewal of peace negotiations with a view to bringing italy back into the european con cert before it has been so weakened as to prove a valueless ally against germany fear of hitler has been recently heightened by reports that germany is on the verge of remili z tarizing the rhineland in violation of the ver sailles and locarno treaties and by nazi demands for return of african colonies onies and the baldwin government appears in no hurry to consider the hoare proposal of septem ber 11 for redistribution of raw materials when george lansbury veteran laborite and pacifist moved in the house of commons on february 5 that the government should immediately summon a new conference on migration of peoples and ac cess to markets and raw materials the cabinet spokesman viscount cranborne replied that the time was not ripe for such a conference the con tinued reluctance of many league powers to con sider any attempt at revision by peaceful means squarely raises the question whether the collective system which has proved unexpectedly successful in penalizing if not stopping aggression will be used merely as an instrument for preservation of the status quo vera micheles dean britain which has acquiesced in nazi rearmament and urged german participation in the london naval con f ference remains adamant on the subject of col foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 16 fesruary 14 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association headquarters 8 west 40th screet new york n y raymonpd lesitg busit president esther g ogpan secretary vera micheies dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 incorporated nationa one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year ar +foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the members of the entered as second r class matter december ne ax 2 1921 ac the post a office at new york e rv n y under the act of march 3 1879 2 2 rt peri lic 1 mavasluay t hye o raa ee liorary va yvoneress wa t 2 t d se neutrality ics research sta 1en subscription one dollar a year the foreign policy association incorporated on 8 west 40th street new york n y rgo vol xv no 17 february 21 1936 hed igh the new american neutrality be by raymond leslie buell er the pros and cons of the new neutrality the neutrality act of august 24 1935 the administration and isolationist al bills now pending before congress ye can the united states remain neutral ght january 16 issue of foreign policy reports 25c oro 1 of ver fl retreat from sk ff ure ts difficulties inherent in any real effort to t be isolate this country have been revealed by the f three developments of the past few days be 1 bya vote of 204 to 36 the house of represen the tatives on february 14 appropriated 376,000,000 the for the army the largest appropriation ever made ring r this purpose in peace time this bill provides th a b for an increase from 118,000 to 150,000 in the con f regular army and an increase of 5,000 in the rove f national guard the procurement of 565 airplanes ind an expenditure of 8,500,000 for seacoast de 1 by fense projects it seems probable that congress nili fh will vote nearly 600,000,000 for the navy bring ver ing total military appropriations to about a billion ands dollars for the coming year as compared with hich 540,000,000 in 1934 despite a widespread de rged mand for balancing of the budget no business crease in our military and naval establishment is ifist necessary to defend the continental united states con organization appears to have protested against col f these military expenditures which will absorb nno about a quarter of the regular budget yet it nl cannot be seriously contended that such an in en ry 5 from invasion congress apparently wishes to be 1mon in a position to defend this country’s interests d ac far beyond our borders it is infected with the binet world wide desire for bigger and better arma t the ments con 2 the belief of influential political leaders that boca armaments may be legitimately employed for ve purposes other than continental defense was indi full cated in a prepared statement read to the senate wil on february 10 by key pittman chairman of the po 4 foreign relations committee he asserted that it is high time that congress take cognizance of the an japanese policy with regard to china and its intended effect upon the united states he denied any simi larity between the american monroe doctrine and nationa japanese policy in asia for under the monroe doctrine editor we did not arrogate to ourselves the right of conquest ir x or domination in the americas the real monroe doctrine for china he said is embodied in the nine power treaty which japan has challenged absolutely and which the signatories generally have apparently ignored mr pittman declared that vice admiral sankichi takahashi commander in chief of the japanese fleet had in effect recently told the united states to abandon our naval policy refrain from expanding our commerce with china and cease the protection of our foreign commerce otherwise japan would extend the cruising radius of its navy to new guinea and borneo and fortify formosa and the mandated south sea islands according to the senator never in the history of modern times has such an undiplomatic arrogant and impertinent statement been volunteered by one holding such a position congress will not be bulldozed into the abandonment of our national defense the protection of our legitimate trade or our commerce with china the united states does not intend to surrender the freedom of the seas japan has closed the door to american business in manchuria in viola tion of treaty rights we have a right to worry about the violation of peace treaties if such treaties cannot be respected then there is only one answer and that is dominating naval and air forces 3 in view of this statement which repudiates the fundamental assumptions of the permanent neutrality proposals it is not surprising that senator pittman should announce on february 11 that the effort to enact such proposals had been abandoned for this session and that instead an attempt would be made merely to secure extension of the present neutrality resolution until may 1 1937 subject to an amendment prohibiting loans and credits to belligerents on february 16 the house passed the resolution by a vote of 353 to 27 the reason advanced in some quarters for aban donment of the permanent program was that iso lationist senators such as hiram johnson threat ened a filibuster which might postpone the desired adjournment of congress until after may 1 since the neutrality resolution of august 31 1935 does not under the present interpretation give the president the right to impose an embargo on raw materials italy may evade the conse quences of a league embargo by increasing its purchases from the united states crude oil ex sceesdiieiiesieeninambaniamdndan ports from the united states to italian africa showed an increase of 600 per cent in november 1935 over november 1934 while exports of gaso line to italy during december 1935 showed a 100 per cent increase over the previous month despite these increases a league expert com mittee reported on february 12 that italy had oil reserves which would last only three and a half months in the event of a league embargo pro vided the united states held down its exports to pre war levels congress however appears unwilling to place any restrictions on oil exports its attitude might possibly have been different had the league acted more promptly with regard to its embargo at the same time the almost hys terical demand for the new neutrality which swept this country a few months ago seems to be evaporating even more quickly than its severest critics anticipated it still remains possible for league states to stop american oil shipments by establishing a blockade of italy but such an extreme course involves the risk of war with mussolini and serious disagreements with the united states league members have already indicated that they might hold this country responsible for continuation of the ethiopian war and frustration of the league sanctions the united states and collective security a group of thirteen senators led by senator nye made a last minute fight for wider neutrality legislation on february 18 however the senate by a vote of 61 to 16 rejected their amendment to the pittman resolution one may sympathize with the aim of the nye group to stop the development of profits which may involve the united states in war just as one may sympathize with the desire of senator pittman that treaty rights be re spected but both groups are likely to fail in achieving their objective because they stubbornly refuse to think in terms of international organiza tion and collective security recent debates have demonstrated that neither congress nor the ad ministration is willing to surrender foreign trade the freedom of the seas or american treaty rights in other parts of the world a surrender implicit in the effort to build a chinese wall around this country on the contrary the government is building up a powerful military air and naval force which senator pittman frankly states may be employed to make japan respect treaty rights obviously any such course involves the grave danger of hostilities the outcome of which cannot be accurately predicted this danger could be averted and the legitimate international interests of the united states safeguarded if this govern page two e ment would associate itself in collective efforts to mediate disputes when they arise and if neces sary take concerted measures of economic non intercourse against any state deemed by us to be an aggressor collective security does not mean that the united states should join the league of nations a pos sibility which few europeans envisage but it does mean that the united states should join with other powers in accepting measures of consulta tion and economic action for the purpose of mak ing the anti war pact a reality raymond leslie buell french government disbands royalists the sarraut government which with the aid of the socialists obtained a sizable vote of confidence in the chamber of deputies on january 31 met and survived another test last week the political quiet which had prevailed on the surface of french the adoption of the principle off pre srrrsp rat eir te politics was suddenly broken on february 13 when f a group of the royalist camelots du roi attacked and severely injured the socialist leader léon blum as the latter in an automobile attempted to pass the funeral procession of the royalist his f the cabinet on learn f torian jacques bainville ing of the attack was compelled to take immedi ate and drastic counter measures the law passed last december which authorizes the government to dissolve anti republican and semi military political organizations the cabinet decreed the dissolution of the royalist party known as the action francaise and its subsidiary groups the camelots du roi and a student group at the same time it decided to bring action against the publicist charles maurras for incitement to murder in the royalist organ action francaise it is doubtful that the attack on m blum presages a renewal of political disturbances out the campaign leading up to the parliamentary elections early in may the so called fascist or ganizations of the right have been put on the defensive if the right needed any demonstra tion of the strength and unity of the left it was provided by the 200,000 people who participated on february 14 in a huge parade staged under the auspices of the popular front in protest against the assault on léon blum the symbol of anti fascism moreover such organizations as the croix de feu realize that the government will be compelled to dissolve them also if they provoke serious disturbances jouhn c dewilde acting underf ale though political tension is likely to persist through f foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 17 fepruary 21 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nationa headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lesiig busit president esther g ocpen secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year ant oat oe ew oe oe 6a oe eo 2s ga n +ss to ces 10n be 5 2 ol ited pos t it vithe ilta nak sey ail ca lg j d of b ence met tical ench vhen cked b léon ipted his f arn f nedi f nder rizes and binet f yarty diary roup ainst ment mw eaise blur al ough ntaryp st or n thel istra t was pated or the rainst anti s thel rill be ovoke lde ee j 4o bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the members of the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vol xv no 18 february 28 1936 foreign policy the quest for ethiopian peace by vera micheles dean the league mandate to france and britain italian counter sanctions effect of sanctions on italy maneuvering for peace the terms of the hoare laval deal the after math hoare’s defense mediterranean consultations will the league apply an oil embargo february 26 issue of foreign policy reports 25c entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 another swing of the spanish pendulum he general elections of february 16 provided spain with the most clear cut test of strength yet possible between its right and left forces they resulted in a victory of the popular front a working alliance of left republicans socialists communists and certain anarcho syndicalists over a more loosely joined right coalition which included the catholic popular action party big land owners industrialists monarchists and other conservatives of the 473 seats in the new cortes the left bloc will control approximately 250 the right groups about 175 and the center parties perhaps 50 these estimates include a number of seats whose fate remains to be determined in a run off election on march 1 a general amnesty for the 30,000 persons im prisoned after the left wing revolt of october 1934 was the most urgent measure listed in the platform of the popular front as soon as the left victory became known immediate fulfillment of this pledge was demanded in mass demonstra tions and prison riots rumors that an army coup might cheat the popular front of its triumph at the polls increased general unrest the portela government which had conducted the elections decreed a state of alarm modified martial law and reimposed a press censorship when these steps proved insufficient to calm the growing agi tation the cabinet resigned on february 19 and president alcala zamora appointed manuel azafia leader of the popular front to head a new ministry a general amnesty was promptly decreed and this move served to re establish public order the february elections ended a period of domi nance by the right and center groups which be gan in november 1933 these groups decisively crushed the revolt from the left in october 1934 nationa 9 editor ar s qguillity but their success failed to assure political tran since then six governments have fol 4 lowed each other in office at madrid constitu tional guarantees were almost constantly suspend ed during 1935 in september alejandro lerroux leader of the moderate radical party who had headed a succession of ministries was replaced as premier by joaquin chapaprieta an independent lerroux remained in the cabinet as foreign min ister but political scandals later forced his with drawal a development which seriously weakened the right center coalition chapaprieta sought to remedy the republic’s economic maladies resulting from an unfavorable balance of trade chronic budget deficits and con tinuing unemployment some economy measures were effected but the attempt to balance the budg et failed when the catholic popular action re fused to support a program of heavy taxes on the rich loss of this group’s backing led to the fall of chapaprieta in december president alcalé zamora while personally a devout catholic dis trusted the loyalty to the republic of gil robles leader of popular action and his allies although gil robles as head of the largest party in the cor tes was the logical person to form a cabinet he was passed over in favor of manuel portela valla dares a center politician it was this interim ministry which supervised the elections the election result may prove more significant as a defeat for the right than as a victory for the left restoration of the monarchy was not an issue in the campaign but any danger that the spanish republic might be undermined by a trend toward fascist dictatorship or a catholic authori tarian state appears to have ended for the time be ing moreover the catholic popular action and its allies have been balked in their hopes to modify anti clerical and other liberal provisions of the constitution it is not clear however to what extent the left groups can maintain sufficient strength and cohesion to carry out their promises of banking reform division of large estates secu larization of schools protection of labor and an extensive program of public works their major ity in the cortes will not be large support from both the socialists and the catalan esquerra may be uncertain the former who constitute the largest group in the popular front have refused representation in the azafia cabinet which is made up entirely of left republicans outside the government the socialists will be in a position to exert continual pressure on the administration while retaining freedom of action to stage a coup should opportunity arise in favor of a socialist republic it is also reported that the socialist party needs time to adjust the rift between the followers of francisco largo caballero who re membering the fate of their comrades in austria advocate violent seizure of power by the prole tariat and the less numerous adherents of pro fessor julian besteiro who urge a moderate and revolutionary course in catalonia the left victory rescued from prison and returned to office luis companys and his associates who in october 1934 declared for a separate catalan state al though premier azajia favors restoration of au tonomy to catalonia he opposes independence for that region charles a thomson revolution threatens chaco peace social and economic unrest following the chaco war and dissatisfaction of the military with the policies of professional politicians apparently mo tivated the successful coup d’état which took place in paraguay on february 17 after only a day of fighting the revolutionists led by colonels fred erico w smith and camilo recalde seized control of the government at asuncién and forced the resignation of president eusebio ayala they proclaimed as provisional president colonel ra fael franco the popular hero of the chaco war whom the government had exiled to argentina on february 3 ostensibly because he had engaged in communist activity colonel franco re turned on february 19 to assume the leadership of the new government according to the mandate conferred on him by the revolutionists he will convoke when opportune a national constituent assembly which is to reorganize and modern ize the republic presumably the quadrennial presidential elections scheduled for march 1936 will be indefinitely postponed meanwhile the country will be ruled by a military dictatorship enjoying some support from the left while both colonel franco and the newly ap pointed foreign minister dr juan stefanici have pledged themselves to honor the peace agreements made by the previous régime the revolution seems page two to have jeopardized the success of further negotia tions regarding the chaco in accordance with the peace protocol signed at buenos aires on june 12 1935 hostilities between bolivia and paraguay have ceased the armies have been demobilized and exchange of prisoners is now taking place un der the terms of an agreement only recently rati fied by the two countries the buenos aires peace conference which made these arrangements ad journed on february 14 pending the outcome of presidential elections in paraguay and bolivia like the league of nations and other peace agen cies this conference has so far failed in its task of settling the dispute over the ownership of the chaco either by direct negotiations or the formu lation of an arbitration agreement it is now ex pected that the conference when it resumes its sessions will have even greater difficulty in per suading paraguay to take a conciliatory stand on this question the army and the leaders of the revolution accuse the politicians of surrendering the fruits of a hard won military campaign should the new government prove to be intransigeant it will be in a good position to maintain its claims for the peace settlement left paraguay in de facto possession of almost the entire chaco persistent refusal by paraguay to accept a reasonable arbi tration accord might well endanger once more the maintenance of that pax americana which presi dent roosevelt only recently held up as a shining example to the rest of the world john c dewilde corporate profits as shown by audit reports by w a paton new york national bureau of economic re search 1935 1.25 an interesting attempt to determine corporate earnings from accounting records out of my past the memoirs of cont kokovtsov edited by h h fisher stanford university stanford uni versity press 1935 5.50 an important treatment of the financial political and diplomatic history of russia from 1903 to 1918 by a tsarist minister of finance valuable for scholars inter ested in the period mechanization in industry by harry jerome new york national bureau of economic research 1934 3.50 the author catalogs mechanization in selected indus tries since 1920 and suggests that unemployment thus created is likely to be temporary the economics of inflation by h parker willis and john m chapman new york columbia university press 1935 4.50 a penetrating study of a subject which has created much popular misunderstanding costa rica and civilization in the caribbean by chester lloyd jones madison university of wisconsin press 1935 1.50 a brief survey of economic and social factors in central america’s most progressive republic foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 18 feesruarryy 28 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymmonp lesiig buet president esther g ogden secretary vera miche.es dean edjtor entered as second class mater december 2 1921 at che post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year +__ __ otia with june guay lized e un rati peace ad ne of livia agen task f the rmu w exx 28 its per nd on f the ering hould int it aims facto istent arbi re the presi ining lde irnings edited d uni al and by a inter ry york 3.50 indus it thus d john press d much chester press central national 4 editor tar foreign policy bulletin 4n interpretation of current international events by the members of the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y xv no 19 marcu 6 1936 for the background of the news bulletin articles read these foreign policy reports the trend toward dictatorship in japan february 13 1935 the quest for ethiopian peace february 26 1936 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at che post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 periodical division library of congress washington d c fascism or liberalism in japan esignations offered by the ranking gen erals of the supreme war council constitute an admission of indirect responsibility by the army command for the assassination of three leading japanese statesmen in the military up rising at tokyo on february 26 the force of this act is somewhat blunted however by the fact that it includes the moderate generals as well as araki and mazaki the extremists whose activities were primarily responsible for the attempted coup d’état coming on the heels of the general elec tion of february 20 in which the popular vote registered a pronounced anti fascist trend the assassinations represented a deliberate attack on the parliamentary régime and afford an ironic commentary on japan’s claim to be the stabiliz ing force in east asia the uprising was staged by about 900 officers and men of the 3rd infantry regiment of the first division moving with extreme secrecy and speed in the early hours of february 26 the leaders of the coup successively attacked the residences of ix leading statesmen viscount saito lord privy seal and general watanabe inspector general of military education were immediately killed finance minister takahashi succumbed to his wounds admiral suzuki lord chamberlain was seriously injured while count makino es caped unhurt not until february 29 was it dis closed that premier okada who was at first thought to have been killed had escaped his brother in law colonel matsuo who resembled him had been mistakenly killed in his stead three days passed before the rebels who had oc cupied strategic centers near the imperial palace rrounds were finally disarmed one or two ring leaders in the coup and several shamed loyalist oficers committed suicide some twenty other officers implicated in the uprising have been dis missed from the army and placed in a military prison the non commissioned officers and men are segregated in their barracks the election returns of february 20 were un doubtedly the spark which set off the revolt they marked the climax of nearly four years of quiet maneuvering behind the scenes by the moderate statesmen who had gradually reasserted their authority over the army extremists despite the support given to the latter by a minority the most reactionary of japanese capitalists these moderates or liberals have never disavowed the results achieved by the military conquests in china they represent the dominant view of japanese business and finance which seeks to place a brake on territorial expansion that pro ceeds at too fast a pace jeopardizing the gains already achieved and putting an undue strain on japan’s economic and financial strength follow ing the assassination of premier inukai in may 1932 these elements through the last elder statesman prince saionji succeeded in placing the moderate compromise candidate viscount saito in the premiership he was succeeded in july 1934 by admiral okada who represented similar views during the early years of this period general araki outstanding leader of the army extremists held the post of war minister the army program in china was followed through to its conclusion the new state of manchoukuo was set up japan resigned from the league steady penetration of north china was accom plished and the washington naval agreements were denounced throughout these years how ever the moderates imposed certain checks on the army program despite all efforts by the army extremists the inner group of imperial advisers continued to be dominated by the moderates of these prince saionji was the most influential in the imperial household ministry also count makino as lord privy seal and his successor viscount saito as well as lord chamberlain suzuki were all moderates the same struggle went on in the cabinet with similar results each year although the budgets for the armed forces vastly increased finance minister takahashi sought to pare down the huge estimates of the military and naval departments foreign minis ter hirota finally succeeded in arranging an agreement for the purchase of the chinese east ern railway from the soviet union though at one time the military were apparently bent on taking it over by force general araki was succeeded in the war ministry by general hayashi who in the summer of 1935 undertook to transfer ex tremist army officers from key posts one diffi culty remained the seiyukai the more national ist and fascist of the two major parties still re tained a majority in the lower house of the diet which had been elected in february 1922 in the recent election the government supported minseito party timidly anti fascist secured 204 seats while the seiyukai was reduced to 174 even more significant of the anti fascist trend was the election of 23 labor party candidates 18 socialists as against 5 in 1932 and 5 additional representatives of proletarian parties the bal lots of the japanese people which registered their distrust of the fascist and expansionist aims of army extremists were answered by the bullets of the assassins at one stroke the insurrection wiped out much of the quasi liberal gains slowly achieved over the past four years in the first few days after the coup it appeared likely that an outright ex tremist such as general araki might be made premier the emperor’s moderate advisers were scattered or in hiding and the army extremists were making full use of their advantageous posi tion with the reappearance of premier okada however time has been gained for maturer con sideration and prince saionji and count makino have been called into consultation by the em peror even so the demand for a strong premier to quell the army unrest will probably dictate the appointment of a military man of more or less avowed fascist views to head the next cabinet the final choice will have a profound effect on the immediate outlook for war or peace in the far east t a bisson peace or an oil embargo when the league committee of eighteen re assembled in geneva on march 2 mr eden british foreign secretary declared that his gov ernment favored an oil embargo against italy and was prepared to join in its early application if other supplying and transporting league states were ready to do likewise this surprise move fol lowed a plea by m flandin french foreign minister that the league committee of thirteen page two which includes all council members with the exception of italy should make one more attempt at conciliation within the framework of the league covenant it was apparently agreed that if italy failed to accept the league’s peace terms by march 10 the oil embargo would be imposed without waiting for action by the united states meanwhile italy which claims smashing victories on the northern front and complete demoralization of ethiopian forces has intimated that it might open peace negotiations but will not consider a settlement less favorable than the hoare laval deal denounced by world opinion last december as a betrayal of league principles mr eden’s declaration at geneva indicates that britain now believes the league should go ahead with an oil embargo irrespective of action by the united states in the hope that this move wil cause the american people to demand limitation of our oil exports to italy that the washington administration may be contemplating such a course is shown by the proclamation which presi dent roosevelt issued on february 29 when he signed a bill extending the august 31 1935 neu trality resolution to may 1 1937 subject to a number of amendments the new act in addition to reaffirming the imposition of an arms embargo against all belligerents whenever a state of war comes into existence bans loans and credits to warring nations it will not however apply to an american republic or republics engaged in war against a non american state or states provided the american republic is not cooperating with a non amer ican state or states in such war thus penalizing any latin american country which endeavors to fulfill its obligations as a league member by participating in collective action against an aggressor nor does the new act give the president power to embargo or limit exports of raw materials in time of war in his febru ary 29 proclamation the president said that greatly to exceed the normal basis of trade with the result of earning profits not possible during peace and especial ly with the result of giving actual assistance to the carrying on of war would serve to magnify the very evil of war which we seek to prevent he conse quently renewed the plea he had made to the american people last october that they so conduct their trade with belligerent nations that it cannot be said that they are seizing new opportunities for profit or that by changing their peace time trade they give aid to the continuation of war should the league independently of the united states impose an oil embargo on italy the ameri can people will be squarely faced with the ques tion do we want to accumulate war profits by capturing the italian market for oil or to avoid obstructing league action against an aggressor by restricting oil exports to the pre 1935 level vera micheles dean foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 19 marcu 6 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp leste busit president esther g ogpen secretary vera micheles degan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year contributions to the f p a are deductible in computing income tax hus wwe x bs wh +tion era and oply war the ner any l its y in the imit bru y to it of cial the very nse ican rade they t by the ited 1eri ues 3 by void ssor vel ln lational editor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the members of the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y os voi _xvno 20 marcu 138 1936 will the dictators win the dangerous year by raymond leslie buell in this 80 page study mr buell analyzes conditions in germany italy and soviet russia where dictatorship is on the march and in the great democratic countries which he see rr 5m finds confused uncertain and pacifist 33 foreign policy pamphlets no 2 march 1936 entered as second class matrer december 2 1921 at the post office at new york eo pone y under the act of march 3 1879 library of congress washineton d c will the end of locarno mean war q march 13 the league council will be con fronted by an appeal from the french and belgian governments asking that nazi germany be punished for its flagrant violation of the rhineland zone demilitarized by the versailles treaty and the locarno pact of 1925 this action was suddenly announced on march 7 in a formal memorandum presented by the german govern ment to representatives of the locarno powers and hitler’s speech to the reichstag on the same day more than 20,000 german troops as a sym bolic gesture marched into the rhineland where the maintenance of any armed forces or fortifications is prohibited by the violated treaties since the time of richelieu the presence of germany on the right bank of the rhine has been an important element in france’s sense of inse b curity attempted to have the rhineland transformed into an independent buffer state and only with re at the paris peace conference france luctance accepted a compromise providing for allied occupation of the right bank of the rhine an occupation terminated in 1930 and perma nent demilitarization of a zone on both banks by the terms of the locarno pact of 1925 to which britain italy and belgium are also parties germany and france promised not to resort to war against each other except under authority from the league or in self defense which in cluded resistance to a flagrant breach of the de militarized zone in his reichstag speech of may 21 1935 hitler declared that germany would fulfill all obligations arising out of the treaty of locarno so long as the other partners are ready to stand by that treaty the german government regards the observance of the demilitarized zone as a contribution toward the appeasement of eu rope of an unheard of hardness for a sovereign s state the german memorandum of march 7 argued that the conclusion of the franco soviet pact which was directed exclusively against ger sete hac many constituted a violation of the locarno agreement since it irnposed on france an obliga tion to attack germany in the absence of a recom mendation by the league council as a result the german government no longer considered itself bound by the locarno pact and beginning today restituted full unmitigated sovereignty of the reich in the demilitarized zone of the rhine land at the same time the reich announced its wil lingness to make new arrangements to safeguard european peace as follows 1 a new demilitarized zone applying equally to ger many france and belgium 2 a 26 year non aggression pact with france belgium and the netherlands which britain and italy would be invited to guarantee 3 a western air pact designed automatically and ef fectively to forestall the danger of a sudden air attack 4 non aggression pacts with states bordering on the east of germany including poland and lithuania 5 return of germany to the league of nations on the understanding that negotiations should subsequently clear up the question of colonial equality and separation of the covenant from the treaty of versailles german fears and needs in his address to a hurriedly assembled reichs tag hitler justified his course by elaborating his fears of soviet russia it is impossible he declared to build a connecting bridge between the bolshevik revolution and neigh boring states europe is divided into two parts the area dominated by the national cultures of the west ern world and the area governed by that intolerable bolshevik doctrine which preaches destruction despite his repeated efforts to reach an understanding with france he said france had now made an alliance with russia which constitutes a fathomless tragedy and may lead to unpredictable consequences while conjuring up these fanciful fears of com munism hitler declared that germany does not want war and recognized that every country has a duty to european culturized civilization but germany has cake ee two problems which must be solved if peace is to be maintained the first is economic welfare the second political equality here 67,000,000 people are living on a very restricted and not everywhere fertile area these people are no less industrious than other european peoples and also no less insistent upon living they have exactly as little ambition to be shot dead heroically in pursuit of a shadow as have the french and english although the german eco nomic problem is largely internal it concerns other peoples so far as the german people by a solution of this question is forced economically as a buyer or seller to be in connection with other peoples and here it would be in the interest of the world to under stand that the cry for bread among a forty fifty or sixty million population is not a trumped up piece of maliciousness of a regimé but is the natural expression of the necessities of the struggle for exist ence twice during his speech he referred to the small space for living enjoyed by germany with regard to political equality he declared that the germans can solve the economic problem only if this people also in its relations with other nations possesses a feeling of political security and with it of political equality it is impossible forever to deal with or even lead a people possessed of honor and of bravery forever as if it were made up of helots if the german people is to be of any value for european cooperation it can have this value only as an honor loving hence equal part ner since germany has now won the struggle for equality it is willing to return to a policy of european collective cooperation we have no territorial de mands to make in europe territorial tensions can not be solved by wars but should be removed by a slow evolutionary development of peaceful coopera tion although violation of the demilitarized zone had been expected indeed it was a logical con sequence of germany’s decision to re arm last march hitler’s decision has precipitated a new international crisis cancelling army leaves the french government has hurriedly moved 50,000 troops to the german border on march 8 the french and belgian governments addressed notes to the league asking it to act against the inten tional violation of the versailles and locarno treaties in a radio address of march 8 premier sarraut of france protested against the brutal con tempt of law displayed by germany declaring that the presence of german soldiers on the rhine prevents for the moment any negotiations by contrast the british foreign minister mr eden in a statement to the house of commons on march 9 after condemning the unilateral viola tion of treaties declared that the british govern ment would clear sightedly and objectively ex amine hitler’s new proposals at the same time he stated that should any actual attack upon france or belgium take place the british gov ernment would come to the assistance of the country attacked on march 10 the signatories page two french and belgian forts vz demilita rized zone pe env ps belfort waves 2 a ee awitzerland of the locarno pact with the exception of ger many assembled in paris but postponed action until the council meets the liquidation of unequal treaties despite hitler’s open breach not only of the versailles treaty but of the voluntarily negoti ated locarno pact it seems unlikely that the ff league council will authorize a new occupation of the rhineland in the first place there are certain considerations of equity if not of law which support the position taken by hitler un der the principle of equality on which germany insists a demilitarized zone should apply equally to the french and belgian sides of the western frontier but both france and belgium havef made this virtually impossible by proceeding with the erection of enormous fortifications lawyers may differ as to whether the franco soviet pac of may 1935 violates the provisions of locarne but politically and psychologically it can hard be denied that the conclusion of this pact consti tuted a serious error from the point of view o collective security in its struggle against the peace settlement oi foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 20 marcu 13 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond legsiig bug president esther g ogden secretary vera micheles dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 nationa one dollar a year contributions to the f p a are deductible in computing income tax oe eee 4 2 hace i 7er tion ete ee oie abd the roti the tion are law un 1any lally tern have withe ryers pac urn urdl nsti w of aint d de ea nt of nationa editor ase mat ft ya 8 rs mr reed bae 2 i 1919 germany is following the example set by france following its defeat in the napoleonic wars in 1848 the second french republic is sued a manifesto denouncing the peace treaties of 1214 1815 in much the same terms which hitler employs today moreover soviet russia repudi ated in wholesale fashion international obliga tions accepted by the tsarist régime treaties which violate fundamental considerations of jus tice or prove economically unbearable cannot be indefinitely maintained the present crisis was ooner or later inevitable the question is wheth er it is to be liquidated by repressive measures resulting in war or by mutual adjustment in view of the new military and political strength of germany it seems clear that france will not resort to a new occupation of the rhine land without assistance from other league pow ers taking advantage of the weakness of the french position mussolini is now offering his cooperation against germany on condition that the league withdraw economic sanctions against italy possibly ethiopia may be sacrificed on behalf of a strong anti german coalition yet in several recent statements mr eden has indicated britain’s reluctance to follow this course at the same time france cannot consistently demand sanctions against germany when it opposed effec tive sanctions against italy which committed a far greater offense by invading ethiopia true hit ler has violated several treaties but he has not embarked on a war of aggression in defiance of the covenant or the anti war pact the covenant requires the imposition of sanctions only against a state which illegally goes to war which ger many has not done a negotiated settlement in view of these various considerations it would appear that the negotiation of a new settlement with germany presents the least danger for the immediate future despite the violation of the de militarized zone there is really no serious issue concerning the western frontier germany has no intention of attacking france it knows as it did not in 1914 tthat such an attack would be resisted by britain to the utmost the real ques tion is whether germany is determined to wage war on the soviet union and carry out its ambi tions in central europe in accordance with the program formulated by hitler in his autobiog raphy mein kampf hitler now insists that ger many will not seek to change any frontier by force will conclude non aggression pacts with its neighbors and will return to the league despite his fulmination against bolshevism he does not demand termination of the franco soviet alliance nor the expulsion of the soviet union from the league many observers however contend that in view of his record both at home and abroad hitler’s promises cannot be trusted assuming that hit page three ler is completely insincere in his professions for peace and cooperation an assumption which seems doubtful the answer to this criticism is to be found in strengthened collective security which would make it impossible for germany to seize foreign territory and in world economic amelioration which would reduce the pressure for german territorial expansion notwithstanding the difficulties created by the italian campaign in ethiopia collective security would be advanced if britain together with the soviet union france the little entente and the balkan bloc agreed to re interpret article xvi of the covenant so as to provide for precise mili tary obligations against aggression in central and eastern europe confronted by such an alignment germany especially if it rejoined the league would find it virtually impossible to succeed in absorbing central europe and attack ing the u.s.s.r the general strengthening of the covenant rather than the conclusion of new regional pacts or alliances points the way to a solution of the problem the prospect for suc cess would be increased if concessions were at the same time made in the field of raw materials markets and colonial mandates pessimists predict that despite its strong sanc tions stand against italy britain will decline to assume specific commitments with regard to cen tral and eastern europe that france will refuse to undertake any negotiations with germany un til its troops are withdrawn from the rhine that italy will defeat any attempt at european ap peasement unless its aspirations in ethiopia are realized that nazi germany is determined to fight the soviet union and dominate central eu rope possibly the pessimists may prove to be correct if so the world will soon witness another general war on the other hand if wise states manship and a sense of moderation prevail the year 1936 may see the present crisis liquidated and the prospect of a more enduring peace greatly enhanced raymond leslie buell geographic disarmament a study of regional demili tarization by j h marshall cornwall new york ox ford university press 1935 5.00 exhaustive survey of a practical method for hindering the outbreak of hostilities american foreign policy in the post war years by frank h simonds baltimore johns hopkins press 1935 2.00 this volume by a distinguished publicist exposes the inconsistencies of american policy and pleads for a sane program of isolation germany today and tomorrow by h a phillips new york dodd mead 1935 3.00 the author pleads for a more sympathetic understand ing of germany the united states in world affairs 1934 1935 by w h shepardson and w o scroggs new york harper 1935 3.00 an extremely useful survey published annually by the council on foreign relations we z ors mc a a a staff members in the field since the first of january mr buell has visited f.p.a.branches in boston hartford utica phila delphia springfield albany minneapolis st paul columbus cincinnati pittsburgh buffalo and elmira this trip has enabled him to report to the branches on his impressions of the euro pean situation after four months spent in geneva and in visiting various capitals of europe on march 14 he will speak for the providence branch mrs dean spent two very interesting days the end of february in up state new york addressing the state normal school in potsdam and the women’s student government conference on world problems held at st lawrence university in canton which was attended by representatives of five colleges she also spoke for the greenwich school forum a highly successful venture spon sored by the private and public schools of green wich connecticut staff members in geneva in accordance with the plans announced last august miss wertheimer sailed for europe january 3 to remain with the geneva research center until april 1 after which she plans to visit germany austria and poland returning to the united states the middle of april mr de wilde of our research staff sailed march 4 to take miss wertheimer’s place in geneva and will be fol lowed by mr stone who will be in charge of the center during may and june mrs dean will take up the work of the center during july august and september a special grant covering traveling expenses has made this cooperation with the geneva research center possible popular education department activities the department has organized 123 headline book clubs in twenty five states and alaska it will be glad to send information to those inter ested in forming such a club in their community mrs maxwell stewart student secretary of the foreign policy association has prepared the study plan to be used by the national peace con ference as a basis for the study project can you vote for peace the basis for the kit which will be provided for each group is peace in party platforms the fourth in the series of head line books this fourth book will be published the last week in march the foreign policy association is sponsoring an international relations institute in new york for members of women’s national organizations on march 28 in connection with the f p a lunch eon discussion scheduled for that date the pro foreign policy bulletin august 9 1935 f.p.a notes gram will include lectures round tables and a demonstration of the marathon technique of group discussion using the can you vote for peace projects of the national peace conference as the subject we urge all f p a branches which have not as yet held an institute to consider sponsoring at least one this year student contests the scholastic contest has produced some very interesting headline histories and essays on the subject how can america keep out of war high school students from thirty eight states took part in this contest the judges are now looking over the papers and the winner will be announced soon the college editorial contest sponsored jointly by the f p a and the nation on the subject will neutrality keep us out of war does not end until march 15 papers are already beginning to come in from all parts of the country includ ing we are happy to say some of our branch cities public affairs committee in an effort to meet the growing demand for accurate information on public affairs a public affairs committee has been established with raymond leslie buell as chairman the pur pose of this committee is to prepare pamphlet material based on the results of long time research and generally disseminate knowledge regarding public questions the first pamphlet entitled income and economic progress is based on a four volume study of the brookings institution further pamphlets dealing with so cial and economic problems confronting the united states will soon appear in addition to mr buell the public affairs com mittee is composed of the following individuals harold g moulton treasurer brookings insti tution lyman bryson columbia university evans clark twentieth century fund frederick v field american council institute of pacific relations william t foster pollak foundation luther gulick institute of public administra tion felix morley editor washington post george soule national bureau of economic re search francis pickens miller executive sec retary maxwell s stewart editor the members of the committee are serving in a personal capacity and the organizations with which they are connected are in no way respon sible for the activities of the committee for the first year the committee is financed by a grant from the maurice and laura falk foundation its office is in the national press building wash ington d.c esther g ogden ai it +erence anches nsider e very on the war s took ooking sunced jointly subject es not inning includ branch nd for public with e pur mphlet ig time wledge mphiet 288 is vokings rith so ig the s com iduals s insti rersity ederick pacific dation inistra post nic re ve sec ing ina is with respon for the a grant idation wash gden 4 hak et es ee foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the members of the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post cs office at new york n y under the act of maseh 3 _1879 z la ye vol xv no 21 marcy 20 1936 japan’s trade boom does it menace the united states by t a bisson an extremely valuable study of japanese trade re futing the alarmist statements circulated in the united states regarding japan’s inroads on the american market march 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents oy 7 pag sriodical diviggon wr ey ibrary of congress al ghing ton d c league powers split on hitler offer by mildred s wertheimer london march 17 the british are very anxious to negotiate and have brought great pressure on berlin but the cabinet apparently realizes its legal international position is funda mentally weak the french holding britain to its locarno promise of assistance achieved mon day’s harsh but legally water tight telegram to berlin if the germans refuse to negotiate except on their own terms economic and financial sanc tions by other locarno powers are not ruled out it seems probable that a new anglo french alli ance may result from the present crisis but this would not solve the eastern european problem the germans are reported very nervous at the possibility of such an alliance hitler’s move was undoubtedly motivated by the serious internal economic financial and political situation ger man leaders are sharply divided this plus the coming elections probably strongly influenced the stiff french attitude british opinion deplores the flagrant treaty violation but insists on nego tiations the sugar coating on hitler’s pill has had the desired effect in britain where there seems to be little understanding of hitler’s ulti mate foreign policy aims it is reliably reported however that there is a split in the cabinet eden and five other ministers threatening resignation unless britain honors its solemn word under lo carno the whole situation is confused tense and very serious but i have the personal impression that there will be no war now europe looks gift horse in the mouth on march 15 the league council which at 3ritain’s suggestion had convened in london instead of geneva invited germany to be repre sented at a meeting summoned to discuss remili tarization of the rhineland in violation of the locarno treaty the hitler government replied on the same day that it was prepared to attend in principle subject to two conditions that its representatives would participate on a basis of equality and that the council snould consider not only the rhineland question but also hitler’s march 7 peace proposals alsbald a phrase trans lated by the league secretariat as forthwith and denounced by the french as a fresh provoca tion but later interpreted by the germans as in due course on march 16 the council informed berlin that germany would participate on the same terms as other powers guaranteed by the locarno treaty france and belgium that is with full rights of discussion the votes of the three powers not being counted in calculating unanimity with regard to hitler’s peace pro posals germany was notified that it is not for the council to give the german government the assurances it desired on march 17 germany accepted the council’s invitation with the pro viso that it can at the same time discuss hitler’s peace terms with the locarno powers britain france belgium and italy the council’s decision to invite germany was adopted only after preliminary stormy discus sions in which france supported by poland rumania which spoke for the little entente and the soviet union urged economic and financial sanctions against germany such sanctions ac cording to the french would promptly subdue germany whose economic situation has steadily deteriorated in recent months the british so eager for sanctions against italy opposed any move which might aggravate the international situation and insisted on serious consideration of hitler’s peace proposals the british cabinet as in 1914 is profoundly divided on the euro pean crisis the majority headed by mr bald win resist sanctions against hitler and are re luctant to give france ironclad military guaran tees as a substitute for locarno in this attitude they are supported by a preponderant section of the press by opinion in parliament and by such diverse personalities as the pro fascist viscount rothermere the liberal lord lothian and the labor party leader clement r attlee a mi nority of the cabinet led by mr eden foreign secretary and viscount halifax lord privy seal urge assistance to france and support of the col lective system they have the backing of two former foreign secretaries sir austen cham berlain and sir samuel hoare as well as winston churchill and lord cecil president of the league of nations union british opinion like that in the united states is more impressed with ger many’s past wrongs than with the future wrongs it may commit to right them is so eager to avoid war that micawber like it seeks to temporize in the hope that something will turn up to avert a fatal outcome and either fails to grasp or else disregards the fact that the present crisis lies not on the rhine but in eastern europe germany’s new drang nach osten now that the smoke of the rhineland coup has cleared away it becomes more and more obvious that the nazi government faced with economic deterioration and political friction at home was in urgent need of new pageants fresh bulletins of victory from the diplomatic front as a sub stitute for the meat eggs and butter now being sacrificed for armaments the march into the rhineland was well timed for the staging of an other plebiscite on march 29 which will give hitler one more opportunity of rallying the ger man people and impressing the world with its unanimity and devotion to the leader but the question must be asked how many more times will the nazis have to adopt the device of pre cipitating an international crisis to consolidate their power and how often can that device be used without provoking war germany has already played its trump cards withdrawal from the league rearmament the rhineland even if it should demand return of german colonies this is the last card it can play without raising the issue of territorial revision in europe nor will remilitarization of the rhine land or return of the colonies relieve the eco nomic and social tensions now tightly bottled up by the nazi dictatorship if as hitler claims germany’s population whose growth is sedu lously fostered by the government needs soil and room to live it will not find them in africa where only 21,000 germans had settled before 1914 nor in france and belgium thickly popu lated and heavily industrialized it can only find them as hitler has already stated in mein kampf for all the world to read in eastern europe where it claims territory on two counts to effect the racial unity of the german people and page two to destroy that demon communism which noy holds sway over the ukraine rich in grain an mineral resources hitler is at present methodi cally carrying out his mein kampf program by seeking to win if not the friendship at least the neutrality of france and if possible drive wedge between france and britain the british have some ground for taking hitler’s profession of peace on the rhine at their face value thes professions are sincere at present hitler has m desire for war in the west what he wants is free hand for expansion in the east by peacefu penetration if possible by force if necessary once germany has completed its rearmament or has found it cannot arm further without obtaining raw materials outside its borders germany’s attempt to divide europe into twc camps between which it could hold the balance playing the réle of dictator in european politics to which it has long aspired places france in a most difficult dilemma it is not impossible that france might extract a military alliance from britain as the price of abstention from sanctions against germany a british alliance wouldfy temporarily strengthen france’s security but once the nazis have refortified the rhineland france no longer able to march into germany woul lose all influence in eastern europe and sinky to the position of a third rate power such a def velopment would play directly into the hands of hitler it would also hasten the orientation of the little entente and balkan countries directly menaced by nazi territorial ambitions toward the soviet union the only great power actively in terested in blocking germany’s eastward expan charrette sion some observers contend that war between germany and the soviet union is outside thef realm of possibility because the two are sep arated by a barrier of neutral buffer states yet when germany attacked france in 1914 it was not across a common frontier but through neutral belgium as economic conditions in the soviet union improve the neighboring neutrals lithuania latvia estonia even poland may conceivably experience unrest and disaffection what more simple then for nazi germany than p er to claim that communism menaces these coun f tries and to take them into protective custody no responsible statesman would at this juncture want to assume the onus for launching a pre ventive war against germany but no statesman who takes a long view of the european situation can fail to recognize that hitler’s pledge of non aggression in the west promises not peace but war in eastern europe vera micheles dean foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 21 marcu 20 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lgsiig bugit president estheer g ogden secretary vera micuetrs desn edstor entered as second class macter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year an ss eh et of +10d ry t or ning two ce ities in a that from tions rould once ance rould sink a de is of f the ectly 1 the y in ppan ween the sep ates a it ough 1 the rals may tion than oun dy ture 4 rt is rir sa eens a op a oe rr ool ae ia aoa a ibs dbanatiia debian aaletreatcs wbats aa pre 3man ation non but an national kdstor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the members of the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second yw class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under che act ne of march 3 1879 vol xv no 22 march 27 1936 why has mussolini nationalized industry will fascism mean the end of capitalism read italy in the world crisis the italian corporative system by vera micheles dean foreign policy reports 25c each a new world peace conference uring the past week the league powers and germany have taken a step toward a nego tiated peace the first obstacle was surmounted when germany was admitted to the league coun cil in london on march 19 after being assured that its representative could participate on a basis of equality on the same day the league council passed a resolution finding that germany had violated the versailles treaty and the locarno pact by sending troops into the rhineland on march 20 belgium france britain and italy the four locarno powers issued a declaration which condemned the abrogation of locarno by germany stated that the obligations and guar antees of that agreement continued in force and announced that the general staffs of the four countries would arrange the technical details nec essary to fulfill these obligations should the oc casion arise in addition they invited germany to lay before the permanent court of interna tional justice the question whether the franco soviet pact is compatible with locarno a second part of the four power declaration dealt with a provisional arrangement for the rhineland pending adjustment of the situation germany was asked to suspend the dispatch of further troops and war materials to the rhine land and not to proceed with any fortifications in return france and belgium would undertake not to send additional troops to the german fron tier an international force representing the four powers would occupy a restricted zone in the rhineland and an international commission would supervise the fulfillment of the provisional arrangement the locarno powers also declared that should germany accept such an arrangement they would examine hitler’s proposals for revision of the status of the rhineland and conclusion of new non aggression and mutual assistance agree ments among the locarno signatories as far as the four powers were concerned they would un dertake cou:crete military commitments to defend each other against attack and would press for the permanent prohibition or limitation of forti fications in the rhineland finally the locarno powers declared them selves ready to ask the league council to call an international conference which would deal with the following matters 1 the organization of a precise and effective system of collective security under article xvi of the covenant 2 an agreement for the armaments 3 the extension of economic relations and organiza tion of commerce between nations a proposal obviously including raw materials 4 the consideration of the non aggression pacts proposed by germany with regard to central and eastern europe in proposing the permanent prohibition of forts in the rhineland and the general strengthening of collective security under article xvi the lo carno powers show they are aware that the prob lem of security concerns not only western but eastern europe the four powers moreover agreed to refer a draft resolution to the league council under article xi of the covenant which would authorize a league committee to study the question of sanctions to be taken against uni lateral action by germany on march 20 the british and italian govern ments also addressed letters to paris and brussels to the effect that should the effort at conciliation fail they would take all practical measures to insure the security of belgium and france against unprovoked aggression and would establish or continue contact between their general staffs for this purpose ethiopia to be sacrificed in accepting these proposals the sarraut cab inet abandoned its original refusal to negotiate with germany until after the evacuation of hit effective limitation of mre we me oa sice swig te ler’s troops from the rhineland and the baldwin cabinet for the first time officially agreed to gen eral staff conversations regarding the western frontier on march 18 the italian representa tive signor grandi informed the council that while his government recognized that the locarno obligations were clear and definite italy could not apply sanctions against germany so long as sanctions remained in force against rome m flandin told the french chamber on march 20 that he was seeking to bring about the simul taneous suspension of hostilities in ethiopia and of sanctions against italy it is not improbable that before approving the present proposal for a coalition against germany italy will demand compensation in africa in refusing to accept violation of the rhine land as calmly as they did germany’s re arma ment last march and in threatening certain sanc tions if germany unconditionally rejects their proposals the league powers have given hitler a severe jolt while hitler will not accept the proposal to establish an international force in the rhineland he is expected to advance counter proposals whether a compromise finally emerges depends on britain’s success in inducing both france and germany to make further concessions raymond leslie buell the new cabinet in japan the personnel of the new cabinet formed by koki hirota on march 9 nearly two weeks after the military uprising in tokyo was substantially modified by strong army pressure hirota’s first choices for cabinet posts including shigeru yo shida as foreign minister suggested that the moderates were once more in the saddle their advantageous position however was undercut by the drastic purge rapidly carried through by the high army command four of the seven rank ing generals on the supreme war council hayashi araki mazaki and abe were retired from active service on march 7 the three re maining members exclusive of the princes on the council were automatically removed by ap pointment to executive posts terauchi to the war ministry uyeda to the position of proconsul in manchoukuo succeeding minami and general nishi to the inspectorate general of military ed ucation replacing the murdered watanabe a number of other high officers were later removed from their posts and further changes are ex pected among regimental officers in the annual army transfers soon to be announced despite the retirement not necessarily permanent of page two araki and mazaki foremost leaders of the ex tremists their outstanding adherents major generals itagaki and doihara still remain in active service as a result of this voluntary purge the army command gained a vantage ground from which it could demand equal concessions by the mod erates general terauchi’s refusal to assume the war ministry wrecked the cabinet line up first proposed by hirota after three days of nego tiation the army finally gave its approval to a thoroughly revised list of cabinet appointments three of the earlier nominees were dropped premier hirota temporarily assumed the foreign affairs portfolio until a foreign minister ac ceptable to the army could be found the army f also refused to allow kawasaki a minseito man ff to occupy the home ministry which was finally f awarded to ushio a non party bureaucrat despite the minseito’s election victory it holds but two minor posts in the new cabinet as does also the seiyukai the defeated party the resig nation of baron ikki as president of the privy council and the appointment to this post of baron hiranuma head of the kokuhonsha the most influential fascist organization in japan also marks a decided advance by the extremists in the imperial household ministry however the moderates have retained control through the ap pointment of yuasa as lord privy seal and mat sudaira as minister of the imperial household f the statements of policy emanating from the new cabinet make it clear that the political situa tion has reverted to the 1931 1932 era when the army was aggressively pushing its views the army’s pressure will be countered mainly by premier hirota and the new finance minister eiichi baba who shares the fiscal views held by takahashi pledges given to the army regarding increased funds for defense and farm relief however are at least partially responsible for serious apprehension in japanese business circles reflected in stock losses aggregating 400 million yen on march 9 when the tokyo stock exchange reopened after a twelve day suspension taka hashi had steadily rejected the army’s demand for increased taxation preferring to cover mount ing expenditures by bond issues but it is now feared that tax increases bearing directly on in dustry will become necessary this issue as well as questions relating to foreign policy will have to be thrashed out in the cabinet which con tinues to be a battleground for the bitter conflicts of policy within japan’s ruling circles t a bisson foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 22 marcu 27 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1921 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association raymond legsitg bugit president incorporated national esther g ogpen secretary vera micheles dean edéster at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year cal 4 ala ab en so ea es pits tiumabaiie sat poe eprom fol pt sgpc ion fh atpeadp ceed 8 tinier alone lh at a sat an +mm the ex major lain in e army which e mod ime the ip first f nego al to aff tments ropped oreign ter ac e army to man finally aucrat t holds as does e resig 2 privy f baron le most n also sts in er the the ap id mat isehold om the il situa hen the s the inly by finister held by rarding relief ble for circles million cchange taka demand mount is now r on in as well ill have ch con onflicts isson national an easter year leeks ik bian aoe aelia it paren rs s95 spite t9 u8 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the members of the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vol xv no 23 april 3 1936 what will the elections bring to france on the answer to this question hinges the future of demo cratic government in the french republic political conflict in france by john c dewilde april 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 germany’s peace plebiscite uring the past week the two fascist states in europe have exhibited feverish activity off set to a certain extent by a house of commons de bate in britain marked by firmness and modera tion as had been predicted hitler rejected on march 24 the offer made by the four locarno powers on the ground that it was primarily based on new discriminations intolerable for a great nation germany however agreed to ad vance new proposals after hitler’s peace plebis cite on sunday march 29 nearly 45,000,000 germans participated in this plebiscite which was hailed as the greatest internal triumph of the régime 99 per cent of the votes cast endorsed hitler’s foreign policy and 98.5 per cent of the eligible voters went to the polls germans who showed any reluctance to cast ballots were routed out by energetic storm troopers and virtually the only way a voter could express a negative vote was to spoil his ballot or cast a blank even so many blanks were counted in support of hitler mussolini moves toward socialism in italy fascism is girding itself for new struggles on march 22 italy signed an agree ment with austria and hungary supplementing the rome protocols of january 1934 this agree 23 mussolini chamber of deputies in favor of a national coun cil of corporations representing economic inter ests and the nationalization of large industries needed for war purposes inated by one premise the inevitability of the when how nobody can tell of destiny run fast ment provides for austrian independence and for mutual consultation between the parties regarding political and economic matters it strengthens italy’s position in the negotiations for central european reconstruction which the little entente states hope to start in the near future on march announced the abolition of the this plan is dom nation’s being called on to face another war but the wheels under the impetus of belli cose nationalism fascist italy is rapidly moving toward state socialism the benefits of which are accruing not to the workers but to militarism in a desperate new effort to bring the negus to terms italian airplanes on march 29 destroyed the unfortified and demilitarized city of harrar in violation of international law far from being of military value this destruction undoubtedly will antagonize the local tribes which italy has wished to win over despite recent communiqués painting glowing victories well informed observ ers remain skeptical as to italy’s military pro gress one correspondent who just returned from the front writes it has taken six months to penetrate less than 115 miles into ethiopia and this was the easiest part of the campaign in the north the rains are starting and mussolini’s armies are nowhere it is difficult to see how the league members can lift sanctions against italy before fighting ceases despite outside pres sure the negus seems no more willing to sur render to mussolini than at the beginning of the campaign britain and collective security that britain is conscious of its grave responsi bility in the present crisis was indicated in the house of commons debate of march 27 ina statesmanlike address foreign secretary eden while stressing the gravity of the present situa tion defended the commitments towards france assumed by britain in the four power declaration of march 20 the military conversations soon to take place he said were purely for the purpose of carrying out existing political obligations they corresponded to the naval conversations last fall regarding fulfillment of the league covenant in the mediterranean the locarno agreement mere ly carried a stage further the commitments al ready undertaken in the covenant it was conse quently fantastic mr eden declared to suggest fay g wells new york herald tribune march 29 1936 periodical division tibrary of congress 10 cae wop t d c a shin lon x 9 sa wat or that foreign country i should like to say to france that we cannot insure peace unless the french government is ready to approach with an open mind the problems which still separate it from germany and i should like to say to ger many how can we ever hope to enter negotiations with any prospect of success unless you are pre pared to allay the anxieties in europe you have created speaking for the labor opposition hugh dalton criticized the government on the ground that it had abandoned a league policy in favor of an anglo french alliance according to the labor party locarno is not enough its prin ciples should be extended to the whole european continent including the soviet union if ger many refuses to return to the league the other countries must organize peace without her and britain must make it clear that germany is to have no free hand to attack poland czechoslo vakia austria or russia neville chamberlain chancellor of the exchequer declared that un provoked aggression by germany against czecho slovakia or any other power in eastern europe would immediately come under the notice of the league and we would be bound by our obligations to the league which we would be ready to fulfill in common with other members evidently britain is not willing to give the fascist states a free hand either in central europe or in africa although the british are still denounced in france for not applying sanctions against hitler the french public is on the whole gratified by brit ain’s unconditional pledge to defend it against at tack and in an election speech of march 29 for eign minister flandin although questioning the value of germany’s signature did not exclude the possibility of negotiations provided the basis of such negotiations is precise and serious raymond leslie buell three powers sign naval treaty in a final effort to preserve the principle of naval limitation during a period of uncontrolled armament competition britain the united states and france signed a new naval treaty in london on march 25 this treaty which abandons the ratio and tonnage system of the washington lon don agreements embodies two main features 1 a system of qualitative limitation which seeks to prevent competition in new types by de fining the maximum size and armament of vessels to be constructed by the three signatories during the next six years these provisions fix the top limit for capital ships at 35,000 tons aircraft page two that britain was tied to the chariot wheels of this carriers 23,000 tons cruisers 10,000 tons de stroyers 3,000 tons and submarines 2,000 tons 2 a provision for advance notice of all war f ship construction during the life of the treaty with elaborate stipulations for exchange of in formation on building programs each power is required to inform the others of its contemplated program during the first four months of every year under the terms of this flexible agreement the three powers will be free to build as many ships as their national defense requirements dictate or their budgets permit the treaty makes no pro visions for scrapping over age vessels and the ff parties apparently contemplate retaining many old ships in all categories while proceeding with new construction the united states voluntarily agrees to a holiday in construction of 10,000 ton cruisers but is free to proceed with the building of new 35,000 ton capital ships and the comple tion of its present building program britain is free to lay down the 25 small cruisers necessary to bring its fleet up to the 70 ships desired by the admiralty for nearly ten years the text of the treaties moreover is studded with clauses which permit the signatories to lay aside hampering restrictions whenever their require ments of national security are threatened by the building programs of other states the value of any naval agreement which does not include italy and japan is problematical and the carefully worded escape clauses emphasize the united states regard the future in view of japan’s continued advance on the asiatic mainland the notes exchanged by norman davis and anthony eden reaffirming the principle of parity be tween the united states and britain assume greater significance than the treaty itself al though there is no tangible evidence to support uncertainty with which britain france and the the rumors of a new anglo american understand 4 ing it is apparent that japan’s activities in china and its denunciation of the washington london agreements have brought britain and the united states closer than at any time since the washing ton conference william t stone our enemy the state by a j nock new york william morrow co 1935 2.25 interesting discussion of the process by which the state gains power at the individual’s expense cuban sideshow by r hart phillips havana cuban press 1935 distributed by baker and taylor new york 2.25 a vivid and caustic diary of revolutionary days 1933 1984 by the wife of the new york times correspondent foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 23 april 3 f p a membership five dollars a year 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lesige busi president esthen g ocpan secretary vera micuetes daan heiter entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year nationa tt rete oe escape f +de ns ar aty in r is ited ery the 1ips tate ot o the any vith ple the ape side lire the does and the the y 3 seah sy inst lys t 4 an’s the 10ny ume al port and hina ndon 1ited 1ing illiam state yuban new 19383 ident nationa edster eee foreign policy bulletin interpretation of current inte by the research staff subscription one deller a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y return postage guaranteed 17 ot xv no 24 april 10 1936 hird printing wiet russia 1917 1936 lo b vera micheles dean a secondtevision of the pamphlet published in december 1933 which provides7a clear and informed analysis of the principal aspec the soviet experiment a record of de velopments withtw7thé soviet union and a survey of soviet foreign relations 1 affairs pamphlet no 2 single copies 25 cents entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at che post office at new york g n y under the act sa ct of march 3 1879 y z 1y as ot é 7 ae 2 ry a rt tt a periodical division library of congress washington d c hitler’s peace plan menace or promise itler’s much heralded peace plan deliv ered to the british government by herr von ribbentrop special nazi envoy on april 1 and communicated by mr eden on the same day to e rance and belgium adds little to the fuehrer’s reichstag speech of march 7 and is significant hiefly for its omissions the principal points of this plan which is clearly directed at winning the sympathies of the british people are as follows western europe germany proposes a standstill period of four months during which it will undertake not to increase troops in the rhineland provided france and belgium give a similar pledge fulfillment of this understanding is to be supervised by a commission com posed of one representative each from britain and italy the locarno guarantors and a third neutral power the most important omission here is that germany fails to promise not to refortify the rhineland a promise which mr eden had urged as hitler’s contribution to the appeasement of europe if the reich as reported is preparing to erect fortifications in the former demili tarized zone then france may eventually be prevented from rendering effective aid to its eastern european allies in case of german aggression the five locarno powers at once or at latest after the french elections scheduled for april 26 are to begin negotiations for a western air pact and 25 year non aggression treaties between germany and france and germany and belgium to be guaranteed by britain and italy these non aggression treaties are particularly welcomed by the british public which hopes that they will usher in a period of peace and prosperity in west ern europe while at the same time giving britain a breathing space in which to strengthen its armaments the franco german treaty is to be ratified by a plebiscite of the two nations as distinguished from parliaments such a plebiscite if modeled on the com pulsory plebiscite held in germany on march 29 might be expected to prove more unanimous under the nazi dictatorship than under the french democratic régime and might thus impress british opinion with the over whelmingly peaceful sentiments of the german people france and germany are to pledge themselves to control the press and the schools in an effort to prevent all expressions of opinion which might poison relations between the two countries this pledge assumes the establishment by france of a totalitarian censorship such as already exists in germany at the same time this pledge if scrupulously carried out would require immediate suppression in germany of hitler’s mein kampf germany reiterates its willingness to rejoin the league of nations either at once or on completion of negotia tions and suggests the establishment of an international arbitration tribunal which is apparently intended to supplant the world court eastern europe only one of hitler’s 19 points refers to eastern europe germany declares its willingness to negotiate bilateral non aggression pacts with states on its southeastern and northeastern borders presum ably for a 10 year period these pacts are not to carry the guarantees of other powers such as germany is willing to accept in the west and will depend entirely on the word of the two signatories if the reich for instance concludes bilateral non aggression pacts with lithuania austria and czechoslovakia and then de cides to absorb austria by force czechoslovakia by its pledge of non aggression would be precluded from in terfering in the struggle until the league had reached a decision about sanctions against the aggressor the plight of ethiopia which patiently waited for league action is hardly calculated to encourage germany’s neighbors in eastern and southeastern europe nor does hitler’s peace plan mention the soviet union limitation of armaments germany proposes practi cal measures to check unlimited armaments competi tion its principal suggestion contemplates abolition and prohibition of offensive weapons heavy tanks and heavy artillery the reich at present is not well equipped with these weapons and lacks the money to construct them their abolition would consequently in volve a sacrifice not by germany but by france and the soviet union while the british government accepted hitler’s peace plan as a basis for further negotiations it was clearly disappointed by its failure to repair the damage caused by violation of locarno on april 1 in accordance with the locarno memo randum of march 19 mr eden handed a letter to the french and belgian ambassadors in london stating that should efforts at conciliation with germany fail britain will at once in consultation with france and belgium consider reciprocal measures to meet the situation and for this pur pose will establish or continue contact between een gree oy us th ot 103 the general staffs of the respective countries in an effort to maintain an even balance between france and germany the british foreign secre tary suggested that hitler’s peace plan as well as french counter proposals framed by m flan din should be discussed not at another meeting of the locarno powers as urged by france but in geneva where the league committee of thirteen convened on april 8 to consider prospects for an italo ethiopian settlement mr eden’s success in transferring negotiations with germany from a locarno to a league plane will depend on the attitude of france which seems determined to end league sanctions against italy and bring mussolini back into the european concert to ward off the possibility of a nazi putsch in austria now that the italian forces have reached lake tana which lies in the british sphere of influence and have inflicted defeat on the army personally led by haile selassie musso lini is expected to insist on a peace settlement more favorable than the hoare laval plan and on direct peace negotiations between italy and ethi opia without interference by the league mean while italy’s victories accompanied by aerial bom bardment of undefended towns and the use of poison gas have once more aroused british public opinion which demands sterner sanctions against il duce britain which tends to condone ger many’s breach of locarno will find it difficult to win france’s support for fresh league action in the case of italy for france which in deference to british opinion has abandoned the negative attitude it took in the early phase of the rhine land crisis and intends to submit constructive counter proposals continues to regard italy as necessary to the reconstruction of collective secur ity on the basis of regional mutual guarantee pacts vera micheles dean border clashes alarm far east the gravest aspect of the manchurian outer mongolian clash on march 31 is not alone its di mensions which far exceed those of any of the previous border incidents much more serious is the fact that the kwantung army was again acting independently of the tokyo foreign office which was not informed of the details of the affair until two days after it occurred according to dispatches from ulan bator on march 31 a force of several hundred japanese and manchoukuo troops equipped with tanks airplanes heavy artillery and machine guns penetrated 28 miles south of lake buir nor into outer mongolia after severe fighting marked by heavy casualties page two on both sides they were finally driven back across the border two days later on april 2 a kwan tung army communiqué asserted that the fighting had occurred twelve miles north of lake buir nor in manchurian territory in judging the accuracy of these respective ver sions the relation of the border incidents to the internal political struggle in japan must be con sidered the soviet union has accepted premier hirota’s protestations of peaceful intentions at face value and has cooperated in the efforts to establish a joint border commission to investigate disputes on the frontiers of manchoukuo on march 17 the soviet union further agreed that the proposed commission should be empowered to verify the border as fixed by treaties by setting up new border signs stretching barbed wire and digging ditches between the posts despite this partial concession to the japanese demand for a re demarcation of the boundary negotiations are still held up by tokyo’s insistence that the competence of the commission be restricted to one section of the manchurian siberian border while the soviet authorities contend that it should cover the whole of the manchurian siberian as well as the manchurian outer mongolian frontier success in forming such a commission would tend to limit the kwantung army’s ability to resort to independent military action on the manchurian borders frontier clashes occurring at this time constitute in effect the kwantung army’s answer to hirota’s negotiations with the u.s.s.r over the formation of a border commission the so viet union pointedly alluded to this situation by warning the japanese government on march 31 that it assumed grave responsibility if it permitted the actions of subordinate organs to intensify the present causes of friction premier hirota declared on march 25 that there would be no war while he held office yet the kwantung army pushes forward its military preparations in manchuria north china and inner mongolia the de facto understanding between japan and germany even though the latter is not yet in a position to act is another ominous sign confronted by this growing threat the u.s.s.r has reorganized and strengthened its de fenses in eastern siberia the soviet union has also signed a mutual assistance pact with the mongolian people’s republic making clear that it will resist a determined japanese invasion of outer mongolia in the last analysis the decision for war or peace will be made at tokyo where the moderate forces now seem to be steadily losing ground to the extremists t a bisson foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 24 aprit 10 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lagsiig bueit president esther g ogpgn secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year +ns ild hat yet ary ner een js ous the de has the hat 1 of 3i0n the sing n tional rditor foreign policy bulletin 4n interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year c foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y return postage guaranteed you xv no 25 april 17 1986 dictatorship in the dominican republic by charles a thomson an analysis of the assets and liabilities of dictator ship caribbean style and the good neighbor pro gram of the united states april 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 a c e i ye on periodical divigion ps a 2 fva sc 3 s4 a fod cong s dy j ws ongmy 9 2 b s wy a was nn nn d se unt league strives for peace on rhine and nile s part of the league’s effort to restrain both hitler and mussolini the committee of thirteen meets on april 16 to determine whether its invitation to italy and ethiopia to open armis tice negotiations at geneva has borne fruit if not then the league sanctions committee of eighteen is to discuss once more the application of an oil embargo these decisions were taken at a meeting of the league council which opened on april 8 only after bitter arguments between the french and british delegates aroused by italy’s use of poison gas in ethiopia and its pene tration of the british sphere at lake tana mr eden demanded a show down with the italian government in reply m flandin french for eign minister attempted to secure indefinite ad journment of the league committee of thirteen in favor of direct negotiations between rome and addis ababa when eden demanded a formal investigation of the charge that italy has been using poison gas flandin insisted on simultaneous investigation of italy’s charge that ethiopia is employing dum dum bullets the decision of the league committee to continue peace negotiations constituted a victory for the british point of view nevertheless the prospect of securing a nego tiated peace between italy and ethiopia on terms compatible with the covenant appears remote intoxicated by new military victories mussolini declared at a cabinet meeting on april 8 that he would be satisfied only with the total an nihilation of the ethiopian troops he is ob viously making a desperate effort to crush all resistance before the rains come next month if he succeeds the league can do nothing except to refuse to recognize the fruits of aggression for at this late date military sanctions seem out of the question if he fails the strain imposed by the war and existing sanctions on italian resources will increase involving unpredictable interna tional consequences the french peace plan at the opening of the council’s meeting the french government published a memorandum commenting on hitler’s peace plan of april 1 after intimating that all future agreements would be valueless if the german government be lieved it was entitled to ignore any treaty on the ground of the vital rights of the german people it declared that prohibition of fortifications in the rhineland was essential to european security it argued moreover that the german bilateral non aggression pacts divorced from any provi sion of mutual assistance would add nothing to the engagements taken by germany under the anti war pact france anxious not only for her friends but also regarding her obligations as a member of the league of nations cannot con ceive a settlement of western security in which she disinterests herself from the security of the rest of europe the memorandum inquired whether germany would again secede from the league should it fail to secure satisfaction with regard to colonies was germany willing to ac cept the league’s jurisdiction in case of violation of its non aggression pacts did it favor quan titative limitation of aerial and other armaments would it recognize the european territorial status quo as valid in an accompanying declaration the french government sketched its own plan for european organization this plan provided for a general european agreement aimed at the strengthening of collective security if a general agreement is impossible at present collective security should be achieved by regional ententes the principle should be accepted that no treaty can be modified except by the consent of all no demand for modification shall be proposed for twenty five years sanctions should be applied not only against acts of aggression but also against treaty violations for this purpose states should main 0 a een ae ne a om os vis ae we ae ee i a tain special military forces at the disposal of a european commission or the league council this european commission should supervise the execution of treaties and by a two thirds ma jority decide the size of armaments of every eu ropean state subject to appeal to a permanent arbitration board by a similar majority it should pass on the validity of regional pacts in the light of the proposed general european agreement with regard to economic difficulties the french plan provides for the widening of markets and the security of trade through conclusion of a european customs truce and customs union the establishment of international trade tribunals to prevent the breaking down of economic relations and the organization of a european money and credit system to secure raw materials and pro vide a population outlet colonial tariff régimes should be modified without affecting political sovereignty none of these economic steps should be taken until the problem of political se curity is solved while some of these economic ideas are inter esting the french thesis that no territorial boun daries should even be discussed for twenty five years and that the armament and treaty obliga tions of every state should be determined by a two thirds vote of the european commission which france would obviously control is plainly unacceptable to germany if not to other states nevertheless the french plan as a whole keeps the door open for negotiations the locarno powers meeting in geneva on april 10 issued a communiqué with italy ab staining which declared that while the german government had not made the contribution neces sary for the restoration of confidence it was nevertheless desirable to explore all opportunities for conciliation consequently britain would get in touch with germany to determine the meaning attached by the german government to its pro posed non aggression pacts with eastern and central european states in case germany makes any material change in the rhineland situation the locarno powers agreed to meet at once note was taken of the fact that conversations between the belgian british and french general staffs will begin on april 15 both the french and german peace plans will be presented to the league council and in any case the locarno pow ers will confer again at the next meeting of the council which is scheduled for may 15 barring some new provocative act on the part of hitler this decision would seem to postpone any funda mental action on the german problem until after page two the french elections on april 26 while at the same time inaugurating negotiations for a new settlement raymond leslie buell spain ousts its president on april 7 the spanish cortes by an adverse vote forced the withdrawal of niceto alcalé zamora president of the republic since 1931 the motion on which the cortes voted declared that the president had unnecessarily dissolved the previous parliament on january 7 under ar ticle 81 of the spanish constitution the president may dissolve the cortes twice during his six year term but parliament has the right to review the necessity of the second dissolution an unfavor able decision involving automatic dismissal of the executive diego martinez barrio presiding of ficer of the cortes temporarily succeeded to the presidency elections to choose a new executive are scheduled for may 17 president alcala zamora’s efforts to strengthen center forces and to steer a middle course be tween the violently antagonistic left and right had earned for him the hostility of both groups the initiative in ousting him however was taken by the socialists supported by the left republi cans the deputies of the right abstained from voting meanwhile premier manuel azafia with his left republican cabinet continues in office since the elections of february 16 azafia has been un der heavy pressure from the socialists and their allies to carry out promptly the reform program advocated by the popular front demonstra tions of victory by left wing groups led to the burning of churches and convents newspaper of fices and political centers of the right parties street clashes resulted in numerous fatalities seizures by the peasants of extensive landhold ings including two properties owned by president zamora testified to the impatience of the masses for agrarian reform on march 26 60,000 farm laborers occupied large estates in the province of badajoz they were induced to withdraw only when the authorities promised to press for divi sion of lands charles a thomson another swing of the spanish pendulum foreign policy bulletin february 28 1936 income and economic progress by harold g moulton washington brookings 1935 2.00 in this lucidly written study dr moulton concludes that the basic defect of our economic system lies in the distri bution of national income he calls for a more flexible price structure which will permit the masses to obtain the benefits of larger and more efficient production foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 25 april 17 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymoonp lesiig bueit president esther g ocpen secretary vera micheies dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under che act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year as et le oe ee 2 ee +at the a new jell dverse alcala 193 clared ed the ler ar sident x year ew the ifavor of the ng of to the cutive nethen se be right rroups taken epubli from th his since en un 1 their ogram onstra to the per of arties alities idhold psident masses farm ince of w only r divi ison bulletin moulton des that e distri flexible tain the national n editor ear foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y return postage guaranteed vol xv no 26 apri 24 1936 n y under the act of march 3 1879 uy yo it a sb qp political conflict in france by john c dewilde what will the april 26 elections bring to france on the answer to this question hinges the future of democratic government in the french republic april 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents nazi germany means war by mildred s wertheimer miss wertheimer has just returned from a three months visit to europe the most striking impression gained from a visit to germany the last week in march is that the very nature of the hitler régime is such as to make further faits accomplis inevitable the rhineland coup of march 7 was almost en tirely the result of domestic pressure the actual date chosen was determined by the fact that in geneva on march 10 mr eden was expected to answer m flandin’s question as to britain’s in tentions regarding its locarno commitments the reoccupation of the rhineland however was undoubtedly the consequence of urgent represen tations made by dr schacht to hitler and the cabinet against nazi radicals this quarrel be tween moderates and radicals had become so seri ous that a practical impasse had been reached while dissatisfaction among the masses mounted steadily hitler is said to have been greatly dis turbed by reports from the secret police of grow ing discontent among all classes of the people the german debt had reached astronomical pro portions the foreign exchange and raw material shortage was acute certain foods were scarce the reich desperately needed and continues to need money raw materials and food and in order to quiet the german people it was evident that a major success which could be capitalized by dr goebbels was the sole way out such a success could only be achieved in foreign policy and despite the opposition of the moderates and of the army itself hitler reoccupied the rhineland the army however remains indifferent to politics it is not in sympathy with many nazi policies but for the present is getting what it wants rearmament the army moreover needs a period of quiet to complete its reorganization and unless serious internal disturbances occur there seems little or no likelihood of army intervention in the political field on the other hand the gen erals are waging a virtual war with the nazis to settle the question of the disposition of the special guards ss the pretorian guard of the party this group numbers 150,000 of whom at least 40,000 are armed they are under the com mand of himmler head of the secret police and the army demands that they be incorporated in the reichswehr or in the regular police in either case it would cease to be the private army of hitler and the party radicals and some ob servers fear that another june 30 purge may be precipitated before this question is finally settled the rhineland coup however has temporarily sidetracked these internal dissensions and allowed the nazis to concentrate public attention on for eign affairs it is impossible to predict how long the appeasing results of this diversion will last when the lid shows signs of blowing off again another coup will become necessary and the next time the nazis will have to cross a frontier meanwhile hitler is attempting to play a réle in foreign politics comparable to that which he played in 1930 1933 during the so called period of legality in german domestic affairs in order to secure the raw materials and money nec essary to complete rearmament the leader is pos ing as the peace angel of europe even offering to return to geneva there is not the slightest doubt however that the expansionist aims of nazi foreign policy as laid down in hitler’s mein kampf remain unal tered the nazis would naturally prefer to achieve their goal by eventual peaceful annexa tion of germans outside the reich made possible by the preponderance of german armed force meanwhile it seems clear that no matter what concessions the nazis may make to the western european powers in order to gain the necessary breathing spell now they will under all circum stances fortify the rhineland this would reduce the value of potential french assistance to the little entente and poland to a minimum and we eee een ae oe ae or would virtually give germany the free hand in the east which it covets above all things hitler’s offer of bilateral non aggression pacts moreover would further weaken the already tottering col lective system and might introduce bilateral wars in europe thus hitler’s signature on freely negotiated international treaties may be trusted only as long as the german army feels unprepared for war or the domestic situation in the reich remains quiet enough to obviate re newed foreign political successes the league marks time on ethiopia on april 20 the league council adopted a reso lution which deplored the breakdown of concilia tion in the italo ethiopian conflict reaffirmed the obligation of league states to apply sanctions against italy without providing for their in tensification this resolution represented a com promise between britain’s demand for an oil embargo and france’s desire to continue negotia tions with mussolini in the hope of aligning italy with the anti german powers the compromise was largely due to the efforts of mr eden and m paul boncour french minister for league af fairs who persuaded the british foreign secre tary that france could not apply further sanctions on the eve of parliamentary elections for fear such a move might play into the hands of the pro fascist and anti sanctionist right which hopes to overthrow the left center government of premier sarraut he consequently urged post ponement of oil sanctions until the next meeting of the council scheduled for may 11 when he believes that the popular front composed of left parties will have won at the polls the council’s resolution was based on a report from salvador de madariaga chairman of the league committee of thirteen who had acted as mediator between italy and ethiopia in an at tempt to open peace negotiations within the framework of the league and the spirit of the covenant the madariaga report declared that while the league’s appeal of march 3 to the two belligerents had received replies that offered a prospect of a prompt cessation of hostilities and final restoration of peace such hope must for the moment be abandoned mussolini’s conditions as delivered in geneva by baron aloisi on april 16 were that an armistice could be signed in the field by marshal badoglio only after italy had received guarantees that haile selassie would not use this breathing space to rally and reorganize his troops that negotiations must be conducted directly between italy and ethiopia without in terference by the league although a silent page two league observer could be present that negotia tions must be held not in geneva whose atmos phere is regarded as inimical to italy but on the neutral territory of ouchy in switzerland and that the peace treaty once concluded would be submitted to the league the ethiopian repre sentative wolde mariam rejected these terms as wholly unacceptable and demanded that the league should apply all sanctions envisaged by article xvi of the covenant including an oil em bargo and military measures with italian troops already in dessye and pressing on to addis ababa from the north and harrar from the south in an attempt to effect a junction of the two armies led by marshal bado glio and general graziani italy is in no mood for compromise and apparently will not rest content until it has occupied all of ethiopia the italian victories are disturbing to the british not only because an aggressor is thus successfully defying the collective system but because italian control of lake tana headwaters of the blue nile which irrigates the anglo egyptian sudan gives mus solini a strong card for future negotiations with britain at the same time the british contend on the basis of a league report on sanctions pub lished april 16 that italy has lost half of its gold supply since the outbreak of war that its foreign trade has been drastically curtailed and that even if it should occupy addis ababa before the beginning of the rainy season it will be so weak ened by the league’s economic siege that it will be unable to enjoy the fruits of victory or even maintain its lines of supply in ethiopia further weakening of italy however is feared by france which believes it must have mussolini’s aid to check a german putsch in austria or czechoslo vakia unless and that is the fundamental un certainty of the european situation britain makes it clear to hitler that it will intervene in case of nazi aggression in eastern europe with at least as much dispatch and determination as it has displayed in ethiopia british public opinion already alarmed by the franco british belgian staff consultations for military action in the west which opened in london on april 15 is not pre pared to underwrite the peace of eastern europe yet the only alternative to a collective system sufficiently strong to check a potential aggressor as pointed out by premier sarraut to french provincial editors on april 16 and by mr eden in the league council on april 20 is gradual disintegration of the league and resumption by each state of untrammeled freedom to defend itself against aggression by all the means at its disposal vera micheles dean foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 26 aprit 24 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lasiig busit president esthmm g ocpan secretary vera micheles dxan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year +7 he tv d d y z oe ft sa bake sg 5 subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y return postage guaranteed foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff entered as second class matter december 2 m92 at the post office tew york b ound the act 4 eee 32 1879 sa a wee v no 27 may 1 1936 european military policies by david h popper aft analysis of recent trends in military thought and or ganization among the continental states which presumably would become embroiled at the outset of a european con flict france germany italy and the soviet union may 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents will nanking resist japan he sudden elevation of shigeru kawagoe for mer consul general at tientsin who worked closely with the kwantung army to the post of ambassador at nanking offers one more indica tion of the pressure steadily applied by japan to reduce china to the status of a protectorate this policy is officially formulated in the three point program elaborated by premier hirota when he occupied the foreign ministry which calls for recognition of manchoukuo by nan king suppression of anti japanese activities in china and joint sino japanese military action against communism encroachments in north china as its main weapon in enforcing nanking’s acceptance of the three point program japan has dismantled and refashioned the political struc ture of north china unwillingness to risk an open military occupation led to the collapse of major general doihara’s ambitious five province autonomy scheme last november but in hopei and chahar provinces japanese domination has become nearly complete the former demili tarized area in northern hopei is now ruled by yin ju keng’s puppet régime with its capital at tungchow only twelve miles from peiping this east hopei autonomous anti communist coun cil has been gradually assimilated to manchou kuo its armed force of about 15,000 troops is officered by japanese while several hundred japanese troops are also stationed at tungchow a second body the hopei chahar political council set up at peiping last december under japanese pressure occupies a much less clearly defined position its chairman is general sung cheh yuan who controls the 29th army a force of some 55,000 men his council consists mainly of a set of notoriously pro japanese figures in cluding one or two members of the former anfu clique several japanese advisers are attached to the council but it also maintains direct con nections with nanking from which it receives 3 monthly subsidy said to total approximately one million yuan this semi autonomous political status is matched by the undefined limits of its territorial control in hopei the council exerts no influence over yin ju keng’s autonomous state in chahar the northern and eastern dis tricts are dominated by general li shou hsin also a japanese puppet the rest of chahar is presumably under the jurisdiction of the hopei chahar council although japanese military mis sions at kalgan and other cities are directing further advances in chahar and suiyuan provinces japan’s economic penetration of north china has also assumed serious proportions in recent years enormous quantities of japanese sugar rayon cotton cloth salt and flour have been smuggled into north china with the connivance of japanese officials according to japanese sources goods worth 250 million yuan were smuggled into china in 1935 these operations have recently been facilitated by yin ju keng’s admittance of goods into his area at rates from one fourth to one tenth those of the chinese mari time customs as a result he is obtaining rev enues of 2 million yuan a month while the tientsin customs receipts was reduced by 3 million yuan in march chiang suppresses anti japanese movement since december 1935 a broad movement of re sistance to japanese aggression has developed among the chinese people touched off by the student mass demonstrations this movement has spread to college professors and intellectuals middle and primary school teachers women’s or ganizations newspaper reporters and editors workers and farmers groups and business or gans at peiping and shanghai these various groups have coordinated their activities in local national liberation associations with an uncom promising anti japanese program the peiping ome es ee me association’s manifesto calls for the uniting or ganizing and arming of the chinese people in a war against japan to be financed by confiscation of japanese properties in china it demands com plete freedom of assembly speech and press re lease of political prisoners and an end to civil war despite rumors that the nanking régime is preparing to fight japan chiang kai shek has taken vigorous steps to suppress the growing anti japanese movement thus carrying out one of the items in hirota’s three point program on february 20 the nanking government issued an emergency law to cope with anti japanese activities by this law troops and police are em powered to use force or any other effective means to dissolve meetings and parades to sup press propaganda in the form of writings pic tures or lectures and to punish all persons who give shelter to violators of these provisions since the issuance of this edict the chinese police have raided the dormitories of yenching and tsinghua universities at peiping and futan university at shanghai in order to arrest the leaders of the student organizations at times the whole stu dent body has resisted these arrests suffering brutal clubbings from the police publications issued by the liberation associations have also been suppressed despite these measures the student agitation continues new periodicals are appearing and the work of the associations is gaining wider support communists in the northwest a third factor in the chinese political situation is the emergence of communist armies in the northwestern provinces where their program of drastic land reform and establishment of soviets has gained wide popular support eighteen months ago the main body of the chinese com munists began a long trek from kiangsi province their old base westward toward szechuan in the spring of 1935 this army effected a juncture in western szechuan with the second largest com munist army in china after several months rest the combined forces moved north and defeated the main government army blocking an advance into kansu in the autumn of 1935 after this victory the communist armies again divided one force under chu teh moved back into western szechuan to consolidate a base in that area the other force under mao tse tung marched north into kansu and shensi where it joined local com munist armies early in 1936 a section of these forces crossed the frozen yellow river into shansi province where it is still operating consolidation of this northwestern base would page two have two important effects it would offer re sistance to the spear head of japanese penetra tion into inner mongolia small communist raid ing parties seeking to cut the peiping suiyuan railway along which the japanese are advanc ing have already been reported in suiyuan prov ince in the second place direct communist operations against the japanese would afford ad ditional stimulus to the anti japanese movement in north china and thus exert further pressure on the nanking régime mao tse tung the politi cal leader of the chinese communist movement has openly offered to join forces with chiang kai shek in a united front against the japanese invaders despite repeated threats the leaders of the kwantung army have so far failed to move japanese troops against the communist concen tration in the northwest instead they have per mitted chiang kai shek to send six divisions of government troops into shansi province to fight the communist forces the nanking government is now faced by op position on three fronts continued japanese aggression growing resistance to japan from the chinese people and communist advances in the northwest it cannot waver much longer between the clear alternatives raised by this situation chiang kai shek must either choose to become an outright tool of japan or mobilize the country for a united and determined struggle against the invader t a bisson editorial contest awards two hundred and forty one college students participated in the recent editorial contest sponsored jointly by the f p a and the nation papers were sent in from 115 colleges and 38 states the first prize of 50 was awarded to marion josephine donnelly a senior studying economics at the university of california and the second prize of 25 to william h haight jr a senior student of journalism at the university of wisconsin five third prizes each consisting of a subscription to the nation were awarded to dorothy g jacquelin university of california janette lewis university of colorado dorothy b jackson mt holyoke college marion short new jersey college for women and louis fein stein temple university fourth prizes con sisting of student memberships in the f p a were won by william r trimble reed college george alsberg black mountain college mar jorie h guess william smith college william j burns university of illinois and katherine causey university of north carolina m a stewart foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 27 may 1 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp leste bugit president esther g ocpen secretary vera micheeles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year se pt od i jaane to pili cin sai ae win nt actin mins hn am +see _____ fer re netra t raid uiyuan dvanc prov munist rd ad yement essure politi ement shiang panese eaders move oncen ve per ons of o fight by op panese om the in the etween uation yme an ountry nst the sson udents sontest vation ind 38 ded to udying ind the sity of ting of ollege mar liam j cherine vart national n editor ear pa armor oi rv 9 eve et lark ro ds se nape dae mib se foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y return postage guaranteed vol xv no 28 may 8 19386 european military policies by david h popper an analysis of recent trends in military thought and or ganization among the continental states which presumably would become embroiled at the outset of a european con flict france germany italy and the soviet union may 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at che post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 aca r rf co bs vor tones de c the end of ethiopia espite assertions that he would fight to the finish emperor haile selassie on may 2 took flight to french somaliland where he boarded a british warship for palestine his armies demoralized by italian poison gas and his retreat to the western provinces cut off because of dis affection of tribal chiefs apparently bribed by italian funds the emperor was obliged to abandon his capital the wild looting subsequently taking place in addis ababa in which the turkish and american legations were attacked subsided with the arrival of italian troops on may 5 in view of the unpopularity of sanctions in many league states it may be expected that since war has now ended league sanctions will be lifted at the council meeting of may 11 al though italy’s economic position would thus be eased its difficulties would by no means be solved the task of maintaining an army of 500,000 men in ethiopia during the rainy season mopping up and exploiting the country will be costly and dif ficult italy has already lost much of its gold re serve and foreign trade the half hearted sanctions imposed by league states last november did not attempt to restrain the italian armies in the field their purpose was merely to weaken the foundations of italy’s do mestic economy from the beginning it was re alized that despite this pressure italy could carry on war for at least a year but it was hoped that ethiopia would be sufficiently strong to resist for this period the resources of this native kingdom however proved no match for the fascist legions with their heavy artillery tanks airplanes and poison gas as a result of ethiopia’s destruction the first serious effort of the league to resist a flagrant act of aggression has met with failure in a seven months campaign mussolini has belied the prophecies of his own staff that ethiopia could not be conquered for several years he has suc cessfully resisted the efforts of the league and defied the british empire once more it has been demonstrated that an aggressive dictatorship can acquire what it wants through overpowering force and unscrupulous treaty violation without meeting effective resistance from the gneat status quo powers most of which are liberal democra cies so long as the immediate interests of these powers are not directly involved if the democracies are not eventually to be overwhelmed by the anti liberal dictatorships they must soon offer some form of resistance such resistance can come through a reorganized and strengthened league or through return to the opportunistic ruthless and ineffective methods of power politics the present trend is unmistakably in the latter direction whether it continues to be so depends on the world’s three great democracies france britain and the united states french uncertainty british chagrin under both laval and sarraut france refused to support the league against italy because it desired mussolini’s aid against germany to day this aid seems more valuable than ever with the conquest of ethiopia mussolini’s prestige and influence in europe have greatly increased it is hardly likely that the french elections of may 3 will alter france’s policy apart from the ques tion whether a socialist government can long maintain internal peace france’s unprecedented anti fascist majorities may increase tension with germany especially if léon blum a jew should become premier chagrined at mussolini’s striking victory prominent sections of british opinion once more incline toward isolation they blame the failure to check italy on the faulty structure of the league which in their opinion should be reorgan ized so as to become either a purely humanitarian institution or a concert of a few great powers this type of criticism will be discounted by those who remember that with the notable exception genta eppage te hk of anthony eden the conservatives in control since 1931 were never pro league at heart and that the baldwin government belatedly and half heartedly adopted a league policy only after be ing driven to it by the pressure of british opinion this failure to stop aggression should not be placed on the league but on its component member states which hesitated to assume responsi bility for upholding its authority britain today is feverishly rearming but unless pro league sentiment once more re asserts itself this strength will be used not on behalf of a strengthened world organization but to bolster up the old system of balance of power which at best can maintain peace only for a few years if as a result of the ethiopian debacle britain should limit its foreign policy to an alliance with france safeguarding the rhine frontier nazi penetra tion in central and eastern europe would proceed apace notwithstanding the opposition of france and italy once dominant in this area germany in alliance with japan might eventually reduce france and britain to the position of second rate powers and liberalism generally would enter a period of eclipse the united states rearms the remaining great democracy the united states is also belatedly arming on may 1 the house of representatives despite the opposition of 73 congressmen largely from the middle west voted an unprecedented naval bill appropriating 531,000,000 to further the construction of 102 naval vessels and 33 additional airplanes and authorizing the building of two new battleships contrary to the pacifist view the weakness of american policy is not the increase in its arma ments the weakness of the armament policy of both britain and america is that it is not linked up with a dependable international program in theory it is possible for the united states to bottle itself up under the new isolation advocated by a number of liberals nevertheless america today is building a military establishment far larger than is necessary to defend this country from invasion and apparently it is the intention of the present administration to protect the whole of the western hemisphere against attack at this session congress refused to abandon the doctrine of the freedom of the seas and neutral rights and there is a strong undercurrent in favor of remaining in the philippines and fortifying the pacific islands according to these trends the united states will probably enter the next world war just as it did the last the death of the league with the return to power politics competing armaments and shift page two ing alliances sooner or later means a new worl war which is bound to injure this country se verely such a war might yet be prevented if the g united states would join with britain and france in placing their armaments behind a new effort a world organization to dislodge italy from ethiopia or japan fron manchoukuo but much can be done to prevent new aggressions on the part of the dictatorial powers for numerous reasons the united states will not today take the lead but if britain the most stable powerful and enlightened democracy in the world determines to make a new effort at world organization based on the two great prin ciples of collective security and peaceful change the united states sooner or later should give such a movement its warm support raymond leslie buell the left wins in france the final french elections held on may 3 re sulted in a sweeping victory for the popular front composed of left parties creased their seats in the chamber from 10 to 71 the socialists for the first time the largest single party returned 146 deputies a gain of 49 and the radical socialists 115 an additional group of dissident communists and socialists was elected and the popular front may reckon on some 375 deputies out of a total of 618 this left victory which outstrips the most optimistic predictions of popular front sup porters apparently represents a negative vote against previous governments rather than an ex pression of opinion regarding specific policies the socialists are reported ready to form a gov ernment which m léon blum despite his ill health will probably lead it is not yet certain whether the communists will join a semi bour geois government negotiations for a cabinet may in any case be expected to test the cohesive quali ties of the popular front the groups composing this front are fundamentally agreed on only one issue the menace of fascism meanwhile the financial situation grows daily more acute and the new left government scheduled to take office in june will doubtless have to bear the onus of de valuating the franc provided the currency is main tained on the gold standard until then the left has also been more pro sanctionist and anti italian than the right center groups which have been governing france but the ethiopian catastrophe and the breakdown of the collective system raise questions of foreign policy whose solution must strain the resourcefulness of any government m.s.w foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 28 may 8 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lesiig busit president esthmr g ocpsn secretary vera miche.es dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year today nothing can be don the communists in s may +__ vv world itry se d if the franc ffort at be done n from prevent tatoria 1 states 1in the nocracy ffort at it prin change ve such uell r 3 re r front ists in to 71 t single 9 and group s was kon on e most t sup e vote an ex olicies a gov his ill certain i bour et may quali posing ily one ile the ind the ffice in of de main ie left italian e been trophe 1 raise 1 must nment 3 w national n editor bar foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international evegp by the research staff subscrjpes lar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y return postage guaranteed vol xv no 29 may 15 1936 u.s international balance of payments by frank whitson fetter the history of the american balance of payments up to the world depression the changes which have taken place since 1929 and their significance for the future international position of the united states may 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 erlodical division ibrary of congress a shineton d 6 europe struggles with dictators n may 9 two days before the league coun cil convened in geneva premier mussolini announced italy’s annexation of ethiopia and pro claimed king victor emmanuel iii emperor of ethiopia thus resurrecting the roman empire after a lapse of fifteen centuries marshal bado glio was named governor general of the con quered territory with the title of viceroy in northern ethiopia badoglio’s army is reported to be restoring law and order and to have taken over the jibuti railway while in the south general graziani has occupied harar and completed the fascist conquest of that section of the country il duce has won a great victory and strengthened his position at home but the fruits of this victory will not ripen for many years meanwhile the league council faced with mus solini’s fait accompli met in geneva on may 11 under the presidency of anthony eden ignoring italy’s annexation of ethiopia and thus uphold ing the stimson doctrine of non recognition of the results of aggression the council voted to retain the italo ethiopian dispute on its agenda baron aloisi the italian delegate refused point blank to sit at the table with the so called ethi opian representative and walked out of the ses sion in a rage on may 12 mussolini ordered the entire italian delegation to leave geneva although italy has not yet resigned from the league opinion in geneva seems to have hardened against italy and sanc tions apparently will not be lifted for the present the small european powers and even france are now backing britain in its determination not to submit to italy but relations between london and rome are reported to be growing increasing ly tense the council may formally condemn ii duce’s annexation of ethiopia at this meeting but a settlement will probably be postponed until a special council session called for june 15 when it is hoped that the new french government will have taken office it seems unlikely that france’s belated sup port of sanctions will save the situation britain has suffered an almost irreparable blow to its prestige the league’s authority has sunk to a new low and mussolini has annexed a league member as a result of the ethiopian debacle hitler stands to be the chief potential winner in europe miilpred s wertheimer britain quizzes hitler the questionnaire submitted to the german government on may 8 by sir eric phipps british ambassador in berlin seeks to clarify various german notes and memoranda delivered since march 7 especially hitler’s peace plan of march 31 the main points on which britain seeks fur ther information are as follows 1 does germany now regard itself in a position to conclude genuine treaties the questionnaire empha sizes that it is of course clear that negotiations for a treaty would be useless if one of the parties hereafter felt free to deny its obligation on the ground that it was not at that time in condition to conclude a binding treaty 2 will germany respect the remaining operative clauses of the versailles treaty and any agreements which may be said to originate in that treaty’s pro visions 8 has the point been reached at which germany can declare that it recognizes and intends to respect the territorial and political status of europe except in so far as it may be altered by free negotiations and agreement 4 what form are the non aggression pacts offered by germany to its neighbors in northeastern and southeastern europe to take does germany agree that these pacts may be guaranteed by mutual assis tance arrangements britain adds that a general set tlement would be greatly facilitated if germany in terpreted the phrase northeastern and southeastern europe as covering not only contiguous states but also latvia estonia and the soviet union hicler’s peace plan menace or promise foreign policy bulletin april 10 1936 5 what does germany intend to do regarding non interference in the internal affairs of other states as distinguished from external non aggression this ques tion concerns nazi agitation in austria czechoslovakia and other countries with german minorities which hitler hopes to absorb in the third reich without the firing of a shot 6 in view of germany’s announced willingness to return to the league the hitler government is asked to indicate its future attitude toward the permanent court of international justice and to explain the functions and constitution of the new international court pro posed by hitler on march 31 in conclusion britain states that this question naire is not to be regarded as exhaustive other matters including presumably the colonial ques tion to which no reference is made will have to be raised at a later date for the present britain wants to deal only with points whose elu cidation is essential to the opening of general negotiations the british questionnaire would seem more im pressive if it were not for the fact revealed by a recent british blue book that the foreign office has been addressing substantially the same ques tions to hitler for a whole year and has as yet received no satisfactory reply on may 23 1935 following hitler’s reichstag speech of may 21 outlining a 13 point program of foreign policy sir eric phipps sought to discover the precise meaning of the phrase equality of rights to ascertain whether hitler’s reference to sections of the versailles treaty which discriminate mor ally and practically against the german nation was intended to keep open the questions of the rhineland demilitarized zone international riv ers colonial mandates and austria and to in quire what action hitler proposed to take to im plement his offer of non aggression pacts with neighboring states the german government re plied on may 31 that it did not see how it could further clarify hitler’s speech by means of defi nitions all subsequent british inquiries which grew more pressing as time went on were waved aside in berlin with references to the holiday season the nuremberg party congress of sep tember 1935 the italo ethiopian crisis and the effects of the franco soviet pact on the european situation it seems doubtful under the circum stances that mr eden will prove more successful than sir john simon or sir samuel hoare in pin ning hitler down regarding his plans for the future of europe vera micheles dean new president in spain on may 11 manuel azania premier of spain’s left republican cabinet since the february elec tions became president of the republic succeed page two ing the more conservative niceto alcala zamora who was forced out of office on april 7.7 azania was chosen by the electoral college a body made up of the deputies in the cortes and an approxi mately equal number of electors named by popu lar vote on april 26 the election of the new ex ecutive who enjoyed the support of the popular front was uncontested the right groups ad vanced no candidate it is expected that the cab inet will be continued with few changes and with a premier drawn from the ranks of the left re publicans president azafia a bourgeois liberal enters of fice at a time when political tension is acute since the february elections the parties of the popular front left republicans socialists communists and syndicalists have secured 1 an amnesty for 30,000 political prisoners 2 re employment of all workers discharged for revolutionary ac tivities 3 dissolution of the falange espanola spain’s fascist organization and imprisonment of its youthful chief josé antonio primo de rivera and 4 acceleration of agrarian reform while only 8,400 tracts of land had been distribu ted from 1932 when the land law was approved until february 1936 70,000 tracts are reported to have been allocated during march and april of this year despite these gains it seems uncertain how long the popular front can hold together the socialists who constitute its largest group may soon withdraw their militant chief francisco largo caballero is working to enlist communist and syndicalist support for the organization of one united workers party rank and file unrest continues active in both town and country meanwhile alarm and apprehension are prev alent among the forces of the right many con servatives have left spain taking their funds with them and the flight of capital is estimated to exceed 500,000,000 pesetas calvo sotelo mon archist deputy in the cortes has charged that disorders occurring between february 16 and april 2 cost 74 dead and 355 wounded 106 churches were damaged by fire josé maria gil robles leader of the catholic popular action party declared on may 5 that the government’s failure to defend conservative interests was lead ing many of his partisans to embrace fascism charles a thomson spain ousts its president sbid april 17 1936 the crisis of the middle class by lewis corey new york covici friede 1935 2.50 exhortation to the propertyless middle class to support communism for its own best interests foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 29 may 15 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lgsiig bubll president esthem g ogpgen secretary vera micheles dsan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year an wol wh +__ mora azania made proxi popu www ex ypular is ad cab with ft re rs of since ypular unists inesty yment y ac bola iment 10 de form tribu roved orted april how the may ncisco lunist on of inrest prev y con funds mated mon that and 106 ia gil ction nent’s lead m son new upport national editor ur foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the members of the subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y return postage guaranteed wot xv no 30 may 22 1936 austria establishes a fascist state by mildred s wertheimer what is schuschnigg’s internal policy why is austria the key to peace in europe september 25 1935 issue of foreign policy reports 25 a copy entered as second class matter december 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act march 3 1879 riodical division ibrary of congress i vashington d c austria flounders in european whirlpool he bloodless coup of may 14 by which chancellor schuschnigg of austria ousted his vice chancellor prince von starhemberg from a reconstructed cabinet marks one more step in the series of internal readjustments which austria has undergone in an effort to preserve a modicum of freedom from simultaneous interference by germany italy and the little entente the im mediate pretext for starhemberg’s sudden down fall was a telegram he had sent mussolini on may 12 congratulating jl duce on his triumph over ethiopian barbarism and democratic hypocrisy this telegram which brought pro tests from britain and france also forced the resignation of the foreign minister berger waldenegg a close friend of the prince the may 14 coup however was the climax of a conflict for power between the chancellor a de vout catholic and christian socialist leader and prince von starhemberg who served not only as vice chancellor but as leader of the fatherland front a non party organization composed of all groups and individuals loyal to the schuschnigg regime the prince was known for his devotion to mussolini who until the ethiopian war had subsidized starhemberg’s private army the heim wehr mussolini seems to have double crossed starhemberg by demanding at the italo austro hungarian conference held in rome on march 20 23 that austria establish a conscript army of its own on april 1 a week after his return from rome chancellor schuschnigg proclaimed the in troduction of universal conscription in defiance of the st germain treaty of 1919 which had limited the austrian army to a professional force of 30,000 under the new decree all able bodied men between the ages of 18 and 42 are liable to be called up for service with or without arms not only in the regular army which owing to austria’s scant financial resources will probably be limited to 50,000 pbut also in labor battalions conscription which starhemberg had vigorously opposed sounded the death knell of private mili y organizations including the chancellor’s own catholic sturmscharen and starhemberg’s heim wehr which the prince declared on april 26 would be disbanded only over his dead body despite these brave words schuschnigg indicated on may 15 that the heimwehr would soon be dis solved and assumed leadership of the fatherland front demoting starhemberg to the post of patron of the front’s section for women the effect of these developments on austria’s internal situation is still uncertain chancellor schuschnigg is not a 100 per cent fascist like starhemberg and seems at present anxious to conciliate the workers and peasant leaders with democratic sympathies this might indicate willingness to abandon the harsher features of dictatorship and make concessions to the out lawed socialists a program which would meet with favor in france and britain on the other hand schuschnigg is personally not friendly to socialism and has displayed no such marked hos tility to naziism as starhemberg it is believed moreover that he is not entirely opposed to haps burg restoration which might serve as a bulwark against absorption of austria by hitler germany the extent to which starhemberg’s downfall will affect austria’s foreign policy is even more unpredictable mussolini has recently redoubled his efforts to hold austria in italy’s orbit at the same time schuschnigg seems less susceptible to italian influence than the prince and more anxious to steer an independent course in foreign affairs at present he apparently favors economic cooperation with the little entente the prefer ential trade treaty concluded with czechoslovakia on march 10 promises some relief for austrian trade especially if it can be followed by similar improvement in austria’s relations with the other two little entente states rumania and yugo slavia such a rapprochement however is doubt ful as long as the schuschnigg government does v ee not officially renounce all hope of hapsburg restoration for rumania and yugoslavia unlike czechoslovakia which is directly menaced by nazi germany fear the return of the hapsburgs more than austro german union yugoslavia more over resents vienna’s subservience to italy and mussolini did all in his power at the rome con ference to hamper a rapprochement between austria and the little entente the confused situation plays directly into the hands of ger many which misses no opportunity to emphasize the unity of interests of the two german speaking peoples it is not without significance that one of schuschnigg’s first moves following the ouster of starhemberg was to confer with herr von papen german minister to vienna regarding improve ment of austro german trade relations the hitler government having failed to browbeat austria into union with germany has apparently changed its tactics and may yet win by concilia tion what it lost in 1934 by violence vera micheles dean independence for puerto rico the atmosphere is unbelievably charged with resentment hysteria and bitterness the bill has aroused a wave of anti americanism such as has never been experienced here such according to a well informed american in the island has been the reaction to the measure for puerto rican independence introduced on april 23 by senator millard e tydings the bill offers puerto ricans the opportunity to vote in november 1937 on the proposition shall the people of puerto rico be sovereign and independent should the ballot be in the affirma tive a convention is to draw up a constitution which must be approved by the president of the united states and ratified by the people of puerto rico following these steps the island would enjoy commonwealth status for four years and then become independent during the common wealth period united states tariff duties would be progressively applied to puerto rican products until finally full rates would be in force puerto ricans have long been almost unanimous in urging determination of a permanent status for the island but have differed as to the exact character of that status the majority coalition in which the conservative republicans and the trade union socialists have joined favors contin ued association with the united states either in the form of statehood or a home rule régime the liberal party has had for some time a plank for independence in its platform but within re cent years has stressed the prior importance of page two economic improvement through development of the reconstruction program fostered by the roose velt administration the only out and out inde pendence group is the nationalist party fanatical in its demand for political freedom but almost reactionary in its economic and social doctrines led by pedro albizu campos harvard graduate it marshalled only 5,000 votes in the 1932 elec tions and has drawn its adherents chiefly from students and other youth balked in its efforts to attract mass support the nationalist party turned to terrorist tactics from its ranks came the two young men who on febru ary 23 murdered colonel e francis riggs island chief of police and an enlightened and popular official following arrest the assailants were killed in the station house by police the death of colonel riggs and the difficulty of getting juries to convict those guilty of political assassina tion confronted washington with the possible ne cessity of imposing martial law the united states would thus have been cast in the rdle of a colonia oppressor at a time when the approaching peace conference at buenos aires made friendly rela tions with latin america all important it was apparently hoped in washington that an offer of independence would force puerto ricans to face the reality of their demands undercut nationalist propaganda and advance in addition the good neighbor program moreover puerto rican in dependence would relieve the united states of a considerable financial burden the federal gov ernment has been spending approximately 1 000,000 a month in relief and congress has voted 26,000,000 for a reconstruction program although the island’s poverty and overpopula tion seriously cloud prospects for successful inde pendence the puerto rican people deserve a fair opportunity to vote on their future destiny the conditions incorporated in the tydings bill un fortunately have led many puerto ricans to view that measure as an attempt to force the rejection of independence by coupling it with economic suicide puerto rico normally sells 95 per cent of its exports to the united states and the closing of this market by tariff barriers higher than those imposed on cuba would mean ruin for the island puerto ricans also resent the bill’s fail ure to offer any alternative to independence except continuation of the present hated colonialism the alarming tension in the island calls for definite assurance from washington that the tydings bill which is reported to have the sup port of the administration will not become law without ample opportunity for the consideration of needed amendments charles a thomson foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 30 may 22 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lesure bueit president esther g ocpen secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year vol +atical imost rines luate elec from t the from ebru sland pular were death stting 3sina le ne states lonia peace rela t was rer of face nalist good in in of a gov r 1 voted pula inde a fair the ll un view ection nomic r cent losing than or the 3 fail xcept lism s for t the sup e law ration son national editor ar pe prion deae a ig a 8 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y return postage guaranteed vol xv no 31 may 29 1936 n the nazification of danzig by mildred s wertheimer the situation in the free city of danzig offers a sig nificant test case of nazi policy concerning germans outside the reich june 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents entered as second class matter december 2 1921 ac the post office ac new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 yy er lorary oi vongress ashineton d c ee tariff see saw in washington riving steadily toward completion of the eighteen trade agreements for which it had opened negotiations the roosevelt administration in the last three months has signed pacts with nicaragua guatemala france and finland the effect of secretary hull’s vigorous campaign for lower trade barriers has been partially offset however by the economic nationalism exhibited in recent tariff increases designed to bar japanese textiles the conclusion of agreements with france on may 6 and finland on may 13 1936 bring the roster of completed trade pacts to fourteen the french agreement ranks among the most impor tant of our trade arrangements and is our first comprehensive commercial treaty with france in overacentury its conclusion marks the culmina tion of long and difficult negotiations directed at reconciling two widely different commercial sys tems in recent years american exports to france have suffered more from the application of discriminatory quotas than from high or in equitable tariff rates while french exports have been severely affected by heavy american duties the chief concessions made by the united states therefore consist of reduced tariffs while france in return substantially ends anti american dis crimination in quotas and customs duties france’s concessions affect american exports valued at about 24,500,000 in 1935 among the articles on which french quotas are enlarged tariffs reduced or existing rates guaranteed are passenger automobiles and chassis certain fresh and dried fruits machinery fish and crustacea rubber manufactures silk hosiery lumber and certain paper products textiles and chemicals in addition certain assurances are given with regard to purchases of american leaf tobacco equitable treatment of american motion picture films and reduction of an import turnover tax on american products to the rate applied on do mestic sales of similar french products the united states for its part grants concessions on french imports worth 19,070,000 in 1935 the most impcrtant duty reductions are those on per fumes vanilla beans tinsel products roquefort cheese brandy champagne still wines and ver muth broadsilks lace and cigarette paper on the whole duties are altered on limited varieties of products which are characteristically french sell for high prices in the american market and hence are supplementary to the bulk of domestic production for this reason the french agree ment has aroused practically no protest in wash ington in the trade agreement with finland american lard fruits and vegetables tires cotton and vari ous manufactures receive advantages in return for concessions on granite small cream separa tors and finnish wood and cheese products the increasing scope of the hull trade agreements program is illustrated by the fact that more than 90 per cent of our imports from finland chiefly newsprint and wood pulp had already received concessions in prior agreements notably those with sweden and canada finland is now guaran teed these concessions which it had been enjoying under our most favored nation policy and in ad dition certain american rates already reduced in earlier pacts have been further lowered in the finnish agreement by extending the benefits of these reductions to all nations which do not discriminate against american products the united states demands and receives equivalent benefits under trade treaties negotiated between foreign nations observers who had regarded these trade agree ments as evidence that the roosevelt administra tion wholeheartedly supports liberal interna tional economic policies were startled by the sud den announcement on may 21 of duty increases of 42 per cent on items comprising nine tenths of japanese cotton cloth imports in 1935 while japanese imports of bleached printcloths were about 13 per cent of domestic production in this sub category imports of all countable cotton cloths from japan during 1935 were only one half of one per cent of domestic production obviously japanese competition is confined to a small por tion of the american textile industry this tariff increase may have the effect of strengthening the administration’s political influence in textile states such as massachusetts and rhode island at a press conference on may 22 president roosevelt is reported to have said that the increase in these duties was not inconsistent with the reciprocal trade program since the latter was intended to lower tariffs without hurting domestic interests the reciprocal trade program is directed at re ducing trade barriers so that each nation may concentrate on production of the type for which it is best suited if this program must give way each time a minor domestic interest is injured the prospects for economic cooperation based on interchange of efficiently produced goods may be come remote it remains to be seen with what success the united states can urge foreign coun tries including japan to lower barriers against its agricultural surplus when it is unwilling to dispense with tariff subsidies for relatively in efficient american industries moreover little progress can be made in developing international trade so long as the united states and other countries fail to re establish political confidence d h porppper cuban president inaugurated with the inauguration on may 20 of miguel mariano gémez as cuba’s sixth constitutional president the series of provisional administra tions which have governed since the fall of machado in august 1933 came to an end the new executive son of cuba’s second president is a politician of practical experience who holds mod erate views on social and economic questions in the array of problems confronting the in coming régime the most urgent is posed by the batista dictatorship which forced mendieta and barnet to rule practically as puppet presidents batista now commands an army almost twice the size of that under machado his influence has extended octopus like into congress and all government offices within recent months so many army opponents have been arrested and then shot while attempting to escape that the su preme court and both houses of congress have demanded that justice be meted out to those guilty of acts of bloodshed is gémez strong enough to subordinate the military to civil authority in page two the past batista has enjoyed the evident favor of united states ambassador caffery informed cubans assert that g6mez must have firm support from washington if he is successfully to challenge army dominance to restore the prestige of the civil arm presi dent gémez may also need to broaden the base of his political support he owes his election to a coalition in which the liberals outweigh in im portance his own republicans and the national ists dissension over patronage has already weakened this alliance which has only a small majority in congress over the powerful menocal democrats the left wing parties the grau auténticos young cuba and others stand at pres ent outside politics with their leaders in exile their hopes for fundamental reform frustrated they have turned to plots of armed insurrection g6émez position would be materially strengthened if he could win to some degree the support of those groups he has already announced plans for a general amnesty which would free political prisoners and permit the return of exiles should this step be followed by fair elections for a consti tutional convention with plenary powers pros pects for political tranquillity would be brighter such a development would facilitate the reopen ing of the national university and the island’s high schools which have been closed since feb ruary 1935 despite general economic improvement in the island the new administration inherits a budget deficit approaching 10,000,000 this is attrib uted in part to the demands of the army which is reported to consume a third of the total budget of 65,000,000 another economic problem is that of the republic’s credit abroad if credit is to be restored president gémez must face resumption of payments on 60,000,000 of public works loans defaulted by previous administrations charles a thomson peace or war the american struggle 1626 1936 by merle curti new york w w norton 1936 3.00 a useful and interesting history of the american paci fist movement a constitutional history of the united states by andrew c mclaughlin new york appleton century 1935 5.00 useful and pertinent in the present pother about the constitution canadian american industry by herbert marshall frank a southard jr and kenneth w taylor new haven yale university press toronto ryerson press 1936 00 first detailed survey of american investments in canada and the initial volume in a series on canadian american relations foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 31 may 29 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lasurg bumit president esthar g ocpun secretary vera miichelrs dagan eéitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year __ yr of med port enge resi se of to a im onal eady mal 10 al rau ores xile ated tion ened t of ylans tical ould nsti oros hter ypen ind’s feb 1 the idget trib thich idget that to be otion oans on national editor election to national board at the regular meeting of the board directors of the foreign policy sociation incorporated held in the ty of new york may 20 1936 mrs yard james of new york was elected jirector to fill an unexpired term in class of 1937 new branch chairmen mr peter a karl has been elected irman of the utica branch to suc j mr arthur n gleason and mr rold chapman bailey has been ted chairman of the hartford nch to succeed mr berkeley cox meetings in the branches attendance in several branches re figures for the season are now e t mplete show a marked rise the total for minneapolis soared from 389 to 3,053 while boston increased from 2,841 a year ago to 4,903 sig nificant changes in the average at tendance per meeting are also to be found in the increase over the previous year of 67 per cent in baltimore 37 per cent in philadelphia 36 per cent n buffalo 32 per cent in worcester snd 19 per cent in cincinnati camp on international relations the f.p.a together with the new srsey joint council on international relations is again sponsoring the amp on international relations which roved so interesting to young people ist summer it will be held for the week of august 22 to 29 at camp hawnee in the heart of the pocono mountains at shawnee on delaware pennsylvania the general subject of the conference will be the united tates and the world crisis and a timulating program of lectures and round table discussions will be pleas intly intermingled with sports and tunts all young people between the iges of fitteen and twenty five are welcome to attend and we especially irge that our student members uid sons and daughters of f.p.a members will take advantage of this opportu nity for prolonged discussion on nternational problems some of our branches may wish to provide one of their student members with a scholar ship for the camp the total expense will be 20 as only a limited number can be accommodated reservations should be made early f.p.a notes radio broadcast june 1936 10 30 p.m e.s.t the foreign policy association and the national broadcasting company are cooperating in a round table dis cussion over wjz and the blue net work of the national broadcasting company on the subject what do the dictators want the speakers are mrs anne o'hare mccormick miss dorothy thompson princess helga von loewenstein and mrs vera micheles dean mr raymond leslie buell will preside popular education department activities the headline book clubs now num ber 160 in twenty seven states and alaska the chautauqua home read ing circles have decided to use the first four headline books in their study course next fall and have placed an order for a minimum of 000 paper copies of each book the publication date of the next headline book clash in the pacific is june 21 two more books are promised by september 15 l threats to world peace 2 american foreign policy f.p.a sponsors conference a joint conference on interna tional relations was held may 8 and 9 at the central branch of the y.w.c.a in the city of new york this confer ence was sponsored by the foreign policy association the emergency peace campaign and the new york federation of churches it was at tended by representatives of church labor and youth groups women's clubs and cooperatives the program aimed to provide clinical demonstrations of new methods for presenting ideas in the field of international relations in cluding the forum technique discus sion the radio and visual education the principal speaker at the first eve ning meeting was mr james g mcdonald f.p.a exhibits available exhibits of foreign policy publica tions and study material have been arranged for the spring and summer conferences and conventions of the women's organizations the friends in stitutes the emergency peace cam paign and others for the most part a standard exhibit is sent consisting of wo posters and a set of headline books with leaflets for distribution r amphlets are sent on consignment where facilities for sale are provided f pla material was on sale at the conference of the progressive edu cation association in detroit and at the conference l t of the american ibrary association in richmond vir sinia both conferences were attended y mr goslin mrs stewart attended education association e in buffalo new york and k advantage of this opportunity to nfer with some of the branch officers ncerning plans for next winter ha proar ssive nfe ren miss gilfillan who is doing inten ive work with women’s organizations finds that almost no committee re rts are given by club members with ut frequent reference to the work of the f.p.a research staff and the de partment of popular education from a foreign correspondent the f.p.a recently asked a group of american correspondents abroad who have been receiving foreign policy reports whether they wished to be continued on the mailing list their replies were uniformly en thusiastic the most striking of these letters said everybody in a_ dictatorshi country where there is no wes thing as freedom of the press or information on world policies must needs be sketchily nlsanal unless institutions like yours help to fill us in on necessary facts headline history contest the following are the first prize winners in the headline history con test which the f.p.a sponsored in scholastic magazine for high school students class a cities less than 10,000 first prize 25 helen hansen laurel high school laurel nebraska class b cities from 10,000 to 100 000 first prize 25 louise ann ben nett cheyenne high school chey enne wyoming class c cities over 100,000 first prize 25 jane greenwell high school of commerce portland ore gon the judges for the contest were mr walter millis new york herald tribune staff dr mary woolley president mt holyoke college pro fessor carlton hayes columbia uni versity erty book the u s and neutrality american neutrality 1914 1917 by charles seymour new haven yale university press 1935 2.00 an argument that germany’s submarine policy rather than american war profits took the united states into the war can we stay out of war by phillips bradley york w w norton 1936 2.75 favors a system of licensed trade in war necessities and an agreement providing for concerted action against an aggressor state can we be neutral by a w dulles and h f arm strong published for the council on foreign relations new york harper 1936 1.50 excellent guide to american neutrality policies neutrality lis history economics and law new york columbia university press vol i the origins by p c jessup and francis déak 1935 3.75 vol ii the napoleonic period by w a phillips and a h reede 1936 3.75 vol iii the world war period by edgar turlington new 1936 3.75 vol iv today and tomorrow by p c jessup 1936 2.75 the most comprehensive discussion of neutrality ending with a plea for the establishment of a league of neutrals soviet union marxism and the national and colonial question by joseph stalin new york international publishers 1936 2.00 a valuable collection of articles and speeches handbook of the soviet union compiled by the american russian chamber of commerce new york day 1936 3.00 a very useful up to date reference work on economic and social developments in the u.s.s.r containing maps charts and a wealth of statistical material soviet union 1935 a symposium by soviet leaders new york international publishers 1936 1.25 a collection of outstanding speeches delivered in 1935 by leading soviet officials including stalin and molotov which cover various aspects of the country’s economic and social development as well as foreign policy and foreign trade latin america brazil a study of economic types by j f normano chapel hill university of north carolina press 1935 3.00 a topical treatment of brazilian economic history val uable in assessing the significance of present day devel opments the mexican claims commissions 19238 1984 by a h feller new york macmillan 1935 7.00 a scholarly investigation of a little explored field cuba and the united states 1900 1935 by russell h fitz gibbon menasha wisconsin the collegiate press 1935 a factual review of political and economic relations black democracy by h p davis new york dodge 1936 2.50 a new edition brings up to date the best general ac count of haiti’s dramatic history religion in the republic of mexico by g baez camargo and kenneth g grubb new york world dominion press 1935 2.00 a brief survey centering on the growth and present status of the protestant movement in mexico notes far east japan must fight britain by lieut commander tota ishimaru new york telegraph press 1936 3.00 a japanese naval officer argues that the most rewarding field of expansion lies in the southeastern pacific necessi tating a war with britain the problem of the far east by sobei mogi and h vere redman philadelphia j b lippincott 1935 2.00 the chapters on the functioning of japan’s political in stitutions constitute a notable contribution eastern industrialization and its effect on the west by g e hubbard new york oxford university press 1935 7.00 an excellent detailed study of industrialization in japan china and india with special reference to the effects on great britain togo and the rise of japanese sea power by edwin a falk new york longmans green 1936 4.00 fascinating biographical study of togo combined with an expert analysis of the naval aspects of japan’s first two wars with china and russia when japan goes to war by e yohan and o tanin new york vanguard press 1936 3.00 an attempt to determine japan’s ability to withstand the strain of a major war through an analysis of japanese industrial and financial strength diplomatic commentaries by viscount kikujiro ishii baltimore johns hopkins press 1936 3.25 an english translation by william r langdon of the mature reflections of one of japan’s senior diplomats europe the eve of 1914 by theodor wolff new york knopf 1936 4.50 a brilliant penetrating analysis of pre war european diplomacy by the former editor in chief of the berliner tageblatt indispensable for an understanding of present day developments in europe sawdust caesar by george seldes 1935 3.00 blistering indictment of mussolini by a well known journalist copious quotations from il duce’s writings but little attempt at documentation the british year book of international law 1935 new york oxford university press 1935 6.00 the sixteenth issue of this excellent annual compendium of articles on international law government in the third reich by fritz morstein marx new york mcgraw hill 1936 1.50 a valuable analysis of the process of government in nazi germany that blue danube by j d e evans 1935 7 6 a useful study of the succession states including the distribution and treatment of minorities and the political social and economic systems in these new states economic new york harper london archer our silver debacle by ray b westerfield new york ronald press 1936 2.50 a critical summary of the american silver purchase policy and its domestic and international effects cartel problems by karl pribram washington brook ings 1935 2.50 a penetrating analysis of a modern form of industrial organization 100 money by irving fisher 2.50 professor fisher’s plan to substitute government issued currency for check book money seems impractical and exaggerates the importance of money as a determining factor in our economic life new york adelphi 1935 ol +or tota 3.00 warding necessi japan fects on lwin a ed with irst two n new and the apanese ishii of the ats knopf iropean ferliner yresent larper known ritings new endium marx rent in archer ing the olitical york irchase lustrial i 1935 issued al and mining wsbesstre foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y return postage guaranteed vol xv no 32 june 5 1936 great britain and the race problem in palestine by elizabeth p maccallum basic conflict of interests search for a clearly defined policy the application of british policy land régime self governing institutions august 29 1934 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at che post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 4odical division rary of congress ashington d c japan drives on in north china nce again japan has shifted the brunt of its attack from outer mongolia and the soviet borders to north china it now presses forward to exclude all chinese and western influence from this area japanese troops threaten a drive to eliminate the last vestiges of nanking’s control in the north while large scale smuggling opera tions are undermining british american trade and investments throughout china the immediate political crisis in north china is fraught with graver potentialities than at any time since 1933 japan’s military preparations have proceeded methodically for several months with full cabinet backing a large barracks has been constructed at tientsin to house the addi tional japanese troops whose dispatch was fore told several weeks ago roughly 10,000 japanese soldiers or five times the normal quota are now stationed in the peiping tientsin area a skeleton officer force sufficient to take command of a large sized army has been assembled at peiping and tientsin on the chinese side it is no longer certain that nanking can avert a showdown by timely capitulation the students are again demonstrating in peiping tientsin and shanghai despite the drastic suppression meted out to them under the emergency measures promulgated by the nanking government anti japanese senti ment in north china is much more pronounced than in earlier years the officers of the twenty ninth army of general sung cheh yuan head of the hopei chahar council are reported to be de manding resistance to japan in this atmosphere the presentation of japanese demands in connec tion with the railway explosion near tientsin which bears suspicious similarities to the mukden incident of september 18 1931 might precipi tate a widespread movement of chinese military resistance underlying japan’s moves in north china is the fear that nanking is falling under anglo american influence as the two western powers seek to stave off the threat to their economic in terests in china the reality of this threat cannot be doubted smuggling has attained its greatest proportions only in recent months what this means to foreign trade in china is shown by the effects of the lesser scale smuggling of last year a new estimate by the bank of china sets the value of japanese goods smuggled into china dur ing 1935 at 63 million dollars if japan’s legiti mate exports are added the total value of jap anese goods sold to china in 1935 exceeded 100 million dollars giving japan first place by a wide margin on the other hand united states ex ports to china for 1935 were cut nearly in half declining to 38 million dollars from 69 million in 1934 britain’s exports to china also suffered while even more serious concern is felt in london over the drastic decline in chinese customs rev enues as a result of the increased smuggling in 1936 most of the chinese customs revenue goes to service foreign loans a considerable propor tion of which is held in london in short japan has discovered a new technique for closing the open door in china under present circumstances neither britain nor the united states can exert sufficient direct pressure to call a halt to japan tokyo has bluntly rejected the recent series of anglo american verbal protests on the smuggling issue until lately moreover british and american differences over the silver question have stood in the way of a concerted effort to bolster nanking’s resistance to japanese aggression china’s man aged currency reform of last november carried out under british auspices was intended to relieve nanking of fiscal difficulties which had been in tensified by the american silver purchase policy it may also have looked toward linking the chinese currency with sterling when the united states limited its silver purchases from the london mar ket this scheme fell through as a result nanking turned directly to the united states ot ee pens treasury which purchased 50 million ounces of china’s silver in november 1935 further con ferences led on may 18 to an agreement by which the treasury will continue to purchase silver from china at market prices the proceeds will be maintained chiefly in new york and used for chinese currency stabilization purposes thus such foreign control over china’s currency as may exist will rest in american rather than british hands this issue illustrates the dangerous game of power politics which has developed in the far east with each power jockeying for position at the expense of the rest the success of japan’s aggression has rested mainly on the differences which separate the united states britain and the soviet union the three powers primarily affected two months ago japan was striking at the soviet union today it strikes at britain and the united states which clearly occupy the more vulnerable position with the league unable to intervene in the far east only concerted anglo american soviet action independently of geneva can check japan it may well be that such action represents the last hope of reversing the steady drift toward war in the far east for unless this is achieved japan can pick its time and opponent at leisure in the resulting conflagration an american neu trality policy may prove as weak a reed as it did in 1914 1917 t a bisson racial conflict rends palestine palestine is again seething with unrest the immediate cause of the present outbreak was a demonstration staged on april 17 at the funeral of a jew killed by arab brigands two days later the first serious riot occurred in jaffa where the jewish quarter was burned and its inhabitants were forced to flee to the neighboring all jewish city of tel aviv since then there have been al most daily disturbances accompanied by sys tematic destruction of jewish owned crops sabotaging of jewish business and a thorough going arab general strike half a hundred lives and thousands of dollars in property and com merce have been lost previous disturbances in 1920 1921 1929 and 1933 were all provoked by the same difficulties which underlie the present trouble conflict be tween two races each claiming palestine as its homeland the jews fortified by the balfour declaration of 1917 and the terms of the league mandate the arabs by thirteen centuries of occu pation and the resentment of both jews and arabs over britain’s failure to grant them au tonomy on several occasions most recently in page two december 1935 the british have proposed a legislative council as a first step toward represen tative government only to encounter opposition aroused by racial antagonism they have conse quently governed the palestine mandate through a high commissioner with almost unlimited powers despite the prosperity which zionists have brought to palestine the arabs demand ces sation of land sales to jews and resent the jewish policy of employing only jewish labor while the outbreak which has raged for the past six weeks may be explained in terms of race conflict and political agitation several factors make it more intense and bitter than former troubles jewish immigration has markedly in creased since hitler’s accession to power the annual total averaging under 7,000 before 1933 except for the 1925 influx of 33,000 polish jews jumped to 38,000 in 1933 42,300 in 1934 and over 61,500 in 1935 it will be about 40,000 this year the pan arab movement has been greatly strengthened recently by the increased political power of the arabs of iraq and saudi arabia and by the decline of britain’s prestige princi pally because of its apparent defeat in the ethi opian affair pan moslemism although at present a less important factor than the arab political movement has contributed to the palestine unrest by sympathetic agitation in transjordania egypt and syria britain has openly charged italy with fomenting the present agitation and observers believe that these charges have some element of truth moreover a new generation of young mili tants has succeeded in imposing unaccustomed unity on the various arab factions the british having stated emphatically both in parliament and through the high commission er in palestine that they would not yield to vio lence have brought about 5,000 troops from egypt enforced strict curfew in the towns af fected by riots and threatened to apply the regu lar semi annual quota list permitting some 20,000 jews to enter the country by october 1 a con siderable increase over the previous six months for the future they have promised to appoint a royal commission with full powers as soon as order is restored both jews and arabs remem bering previous investigations which did not ap preciably alter the situation doubt that this com mission can succeed in solving the problems of palestine helen fisher the basis of japanese foreign policy by albert e hind marsh cambridge harvard university press 1936 2.50 a study of the problems of population industrialization and foreign trade underlying japanese expansion foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 32 jung 5 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lesiig bugit president esther g ocpen secretary vera michetes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year vol took star met of j jun stri tive par ord pla tive i tra pat sig tio the pol inc ba chi jol +foreign policy bulletin mars an interpretation of current international events by the research staff oa class matter december ry ac ae 2 1921 at the post subscription one dollar a year a ary office a new york foreign policy association incorporated oii 2 n y under the act 8 west 40th street new york n y fy of march 3 1879 return postage guaranteed 4 gf i xv no 33 june 12 1936 2 a j vol av no dk june 12 1936 lorm 39 political conflict in france ll peanypoete engress by john c dewilde political conflict between the right the centre and the division of acces3i0u3 wa left work of the national union governments economic crisis and deflation controversy over foreign policy offen sive against fascism croix de feu and front paysan rap prochement of socialists and communists trade union unity the popular front april 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents washinzton d c the first french socialist government he french popular front government with the socialist leader léon blum as premier took office on june 5 under most difficult circum stances on may 26 strikes had broken out in the metal trades and spread quickly to other branches of industry until by the end of the first week of june almost 1,000,000 workers were affected the strikes appear to have been without union initia tive although the general confederation of labor participated in the settlement there was no dis order or sabotage the men took possession of the plants remaining there night and day while rela tives brought in food it seems that the strikes which were marked by traditional french respect for property were ap parently a spontaneous mass demonstration de signed not only to secure certain definite allevia tions but to impress the incoming left government that the rights and interests of its principal sup porters must be respected the strikers demands included a 40 hour week with payment on the basis of 48 hours lighter tasks for women dis charge of married women whose husbands have jobs and recognition by employers of workers shop committees for collective bargaining after a fortnight during which the strikes became in creasingly widespread an agreement was reached on june 8 in a conference between representatives of employers and workers presided over by premier blum in his first ministerial declara tion on june 5 m blum had stated that the gov ernment would immediately initiate legislation for a 40 hour week collective wage contracts and paid vacations these promises formed the basis of the settlement which it is hoped will terminate the strikes if these measures are put into effect french labor will have won a considerable victory by a strike of enormous proportions conducted without violence and with only minor public in convenience although the first achievement of the blum government appears to be a victory for the left the cabinet’s tenure of office is at best precarious depending as it does on a united front which will be difficult to hold together there are 35 mem bers in the new ministry of whom 16 are social ists 14 radical socialists one socialist unionist and one dissident communist the communist party having refused to participate in the govern ment for the first time in french history three women are members of the government although women have not as yet the right to vote in france and the women ministers therefore have no politi cal affiliations among the members of the gov ernment however there are many familiar names which cast some doubt on the fundamental char acter of france’s new deal camille chautemps is minister of state edouard daladier is vice president of the council and minister of defense pierre cot is minister of air and yvon delbos an unknown quantity in foreign affairs is foreign minister all are radical socialists and their posts are among the most important in the cab inet on the other hand vincent auriol and roger salengro holding respectively the port folios of finance and the interior are socialists pierre vienot a socialist and an outstanding ex pert on german affairs is under secretary at the quai d’orsay m blum moreover has already ousted the former governor of the bank of france jean tannery and replaced him by emil labeyrie the latter a financial authority with left sym pathies is a member of the court of accounts which reviews annually the financial accounts of the government blum’s announced program in cludes nationalization of the munitions industry reform of the statutes of the bank of france and modification of the decree laws in favor of civil servants and war veterans m blum is reported to have reassured worried bankers and financial magnates during the four week interregnum before the new government eet sp ae took office that he did not intend to make revo lutionary changes and as a result the gold drain from france stopped at least temporarily never theless it already seems apparent that the french socialists have learned from the british labour party and premier blum will not become a second ramsay macdonald whether he will be strong enough to break the strangle hold of the bank of france on french affairs remains to be seen blum is committed to keep the franc on gold but the strike settlement will increase labor costs while the government’s program calls for large expenditures on public works it seems impos sible that france will not be forced to devaluate the new government has not yet announced a definite policy in foreign affairs except to renew allegiance to the league of nations there is however growing apprehension in france regard ing the results of mussolini’s ethiopian victory and it is likely that french policy will tend toward closer cooperation with britain nazi germany remains the major problem of any french govern ment whatever its political complexion but it is too early to forecast the effect if any that the new ministry will have on the european situation mildred s wertheimer revolution in nicaragua on june 6 president juan b sacasa was forced out of office by general anastasio somoza chief of the nicaraguan national guard beginning on may 28 members of the guard had overthrown local officials in many cities and set up govern ments of their own choosing the fascist minded blue shirts cooperated in this move for a time president sacasa attempted resistance but his po sition was hopeless and he was finally compelled to resign and leave the country the reins of gov ernment were temporarily assumed by interior minister irfas who summoned congress in special session on june 9 to designate an executive for the unexpired portion of sacasa’s term for some months somoza’s campaign for the presidency in the november elections has kept nicaraguan politics in turmoil the constitu tion barred his candidacy on two counts 1 his relationship with the president nephew by mar riage and 2 his position in the armed forces but his followers have scoffed at legal obstacles or at best demanded constitutional amendments in the hope of legalizing their leader’s position dr sacasa mild pacific indecisive had made the primary purpose of his administration to keep clouds on the central american horizon foreign policy bulletin february 7 1936 page two the country at peace he wished to prove that nicaraguans could live in concord and avoid do mestic disturbances which might threaten another united states intervention in apparent pursuit of this goal sacasa failed to take effective action against general somoza when in february 1934 members of the national guard treacherously seized and shot general sandino although the latter was in managua on a presidential safe con duct the same motive led dr sacasa to foster conversations between leaders of the conservative and liberal parties whose traditional rivalry has caused recurring strife in the interest of a single slate for the november elections the conserva tives led by general emiliano chamorro were not averse to such a move in view of their decisive defeats in the marine supervised elections of 1928 and 1932 an agreement signed on may 12 pro vided for bi partisan support of a ticket headed by liberels in return the conservatives were as sured two cabinet posts and other government of fices this agreement however failed to win the approval of general somoza whose drive for power had placed him in position to dictate sooner or later his own designation as president thus the sequel to united states intervention in nicaragua seems likely to follow the pattern al ready set in the dominican republic where a marine trained guard has been used to set up and support a tyrannical dictatorship latin american fear that the nicaraguan situa tion might result in united states interference was evidenced by representations to the state de partment on the part of chile and peru on june 4 secretary hull declared that the united states would adhere to a strict non intervention policy in accord with its moral support of the 1923 treaties washington had formerly refused to recognize central american rulers who achieved power by force but the recognition in january 1934 of the martinez government in salvador apparently signalized the abandonment of this policy charles a thomson the french parliamentary committee system by r k gooch new york appleton century 1935 2.75 an excellent study of the most important cog in french parliamentary machinery government control of the economic order edited by b e lippincott minneapolis university of minnesota press 1935 1.75 a number of economists and political scientists examine in a rudimentary way the practical and theoretical prob lems of government control over economic life foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 33 june 12 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lasime bugit president esther g open secretary vera micheles dkan editor entered as second class matcer december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year a ol +on ited tion the ised ved lary idor this n itional editor foreign po an interpretation of current inter é 5 subscription one dollar a yeat foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y return postage guaranteed licy bulletin entered as second class matter december 1921 at the post office at new york an y _cander the act n i 2 df mar 3 1879 vol xv no 34 june 19 1936 origins of the locarno crisis by vera micheles dean an analysis of franco british diplomatic negotiations with germany which is essential to an understanding of the locarno crisis precipitated by the reich’s remil itarization of the rhineland june 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents library of congress washinzton d c will nanking fight japan or canton fter two weeks of suspense it is still un certain whether the demand of the kwang tung kwangsi generals for permission to send an anti japanese force northward through chiang kai shek’s territory will result in civil war large armies mobilized by the southwest authorities and nanking face each other along the line of the northern kwangtung kwangsi boundary and pre liminary clashes in southern hunan have been re ported on the other hand the growing strength of the nationalist movement is steadily forcing china’s military leaders and political cliques to establish unity on the basis of a common front against japan since the first student demonstra tions in peiping last december this movement has become so powerful that the canton government has now accorded it official support of china’s im portant military leaders only chiang kai shek at nanking still remains opposed to the adoption of an uncompromising anti japanese program mean while the stand taken by the cantonese author ities has supplied an additional powerful stimulus to chinese nationalism and strengthened resis tance to japanese aggression as a direct conse quence of this development the new forward moves planned by the japanese military in north china have been brought to a standstill this re sult is a clear rebuke to the nanking government which has continuously acted on the assumption that the anti japanese movement must be sup pressed in order to avoid giving offence to japan although the motives of the canton authorities have been impugned by chiang kai shek and his followers at nanking the facts of the situation testify to the differences between the respective policies of the two régimes under an emergency edict promulgated by the nanking government all anti japanese activities have been forcibly suppressed in the central and north china prov inces the most recent example of this practice occurred on june 13 defying the ban some 5,000 chinese students demonstrated in the streets of peiping with placards and leaflets denouncing the increase of japanese troops in north china and calling for united action of all chinese forces against japan the demonstration was broken up by the chinese police many students were in jured and many arrested the gates of peiping were closed to bar entrance of students from uni versities outside the city while the schools within the city were surrounded by police and gendarmes this is not an isolated incident in recent months student demonstrations in shanghai tientsin and other cities have been similarly dealt with by nan king’s police forces on the same day june 13 a demonstration also took place at canton described as one of the most gigantic parades and mass meetings in the history of the city this meeting called to pro test against japanese aggression gathered under the official auspices of the canton government at the head of the parade marched officials of the city and provincial governments followed by in fantry regiments cadets boy and gir scouts first aid nursing units from sun yat sen university ordinary citizens students farmers workers and coolies the demonstration ended at the city athletic field where several hundred thousand people assembled in a vast mass meeting three resolutions were passed at this assembly 1 for a telegraphic demand to nanking asking immediate action to resist japanese aggression 2 for a nation wide order to military authorities to mobil ize their forces to block the japanese invader 3 for requests to chinese overseas in america and elsewhere to urge nanking to fight japan immediately the mass demand that is rising throughout china for united action against japan is rem iniscent of the 1919 movement which swept the japanese dominated anfu clique from office it is the best guarantee that no political group either in a a canton or nanking will be able to plunge the na tion into fratricidal civil strife at the present moment however the responsibility for this de cision rests primarily on the shoulders of gener alissimo chiang kai shek for nearly five years he has held command of the nation’s strongest military forces without once lifting his hand against the successive japanese encroachments four years ago at shanghai he permitted the heroic nineteenth route army a cantonese force to struggle unaided against the japanese military machine is chiang kai shek now pre paring to play the same role again t a bisson bolivian overturn both belligerents in the chaco conflict para guay the victor and bolivia the vanquished have been the scene of post war revolts which brought to power military dictatorships with rad ical social programs on may 17 three months after the successful coup of colonel rafael franco and his followers in paraguay the bolivian army ousted president luis tejada sorzano and took control of national affairs the bolivian revolt placed in office a mixed military and civilian jun ta headed by colonel david toro 37 year old war hero and chief of the army general staff as in paraguay the movement had left wing support represented by three so called socialist parties the marxian socialists who command some labor sup port the national socialists made up chiefly of former army men reportedly influenced by nazi ideas and the republican socialists the more liberal of two old time parties the chaco war loosed new forces in bolivia a mountainous land locked republic where a small group of ruling whites exploit and dominate al most three million indians and mestizos the mil itary came out of the war with enhanced powers and pretensions which were opposed by civilian groups resentful of the army’s failure to win the war political rivalries had been stirred anew by the election campaign with the choice of a pres ident scheduled for may 31 economic unrest was widespread despite the fact that the price of tin the country’s leading export had almost doubled since 1931 wages had lagged behind a rise in the cost of living resulting from currency devaluation the demobilization of 50,000 army men and repatriation of 30,000 war prisoners con tributed to unemployment a general strike pro vided the immediate cause for the governmental overturn colonel toro has announced that his régime page two will establish a frank and just state socialism and effect complete social reform his pro gram is seemingly designed to improve the condi tions of the working classes at the expense of the wealthy ruling group the state is to assume in creased control of economic life and new taxes are pledged against absentee capital and uncultivated land the declaration that the new government would recognize all international treaties made by the previous administration has allayed fears that the revolution might threaten the chaco peace charles a thomson his majesty the president of brazil by ernest hambloch new york dutton 1936 3.00 an argument that the origin of brazil’s troubles lies in the presidential rather than the parliamentary form of government balance or chaos a new balance in world basic indus tries by scoville hamlin new york richard r smith 1936 2.00 proposes that states be represented in the league assembly on a basis of units of wealth and population foreign policy in the far east by taraknath das new york longmans green 1936 2.00 contains illuminating analysis of nineteenth century imperialist politics in the far east much less satisfactory on current issues china changes by gerald yorke new york scribners 1936 2.50 a travelogue combined with a general discussion of china’s problems valuable chiefly for its first hand ac counts of the fukien rebellion 1933 1934 and the japanese invasion of jehol 1933 propaganda and the news by will irwin new york whittlesey house mcgraw hill 1935 2.75 pungent observations of a seasoned newspaperman the agricultural crisis by joseph m goldstein new york john day 1935 4.00 a rather poorly written and organized discussion of the difficulties facing agriculture in the chief producing countries an economist’s confession of faith by gilbert jackson new york macmillan 1935 2.75 a canadian economist attributes our present day troubles to selfishness and greed and calls for a change of heart and conscience world court reports edited by manley o hudson vols i and ii washington carnegie endowment for interna tional peace 1934 1935 5.00 a collection of the advisory opinions and judgments of the permanent court of international justice including a useful history of each case political handbook of the world 1936 edited by w h mallory new york harper 1936 for council on for eign relations 2.50 compact valuable survey of the period the commonwealth of the philippines by george a mal colm new york appleton century 1936 5.00 a general survey paying especial attention to the new government foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 34 june 19 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lesiig bugii president estherr g ocprn secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year a tol kf ing con the of poil has deb mit r tail dec the dir cre is eac to ad acc nit tee nis col ea tio re pr ar sei bu fr of +yr e foreign policy bulletin an interpretation subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y return postage guaranteed of current international events by the research staff vol no 35 june 26 1936 soviet russia 1917 1936 by vera micheles dean a revision of the pamphlet published in december 1933 which provides a clear and informed analysis of the principal aspects of the soviet experiment a record of developments within the soviet union and a survey of soviet foreign relations world affairs pamphlet no 2 25 cents entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at che post oa office at new york om 42 n y under the act of march 3 1879 cc a 2ms 17 zae aie a ate a of 14 n 7 we coyel ical division library of congress washineton d c the new soviet constitution or the first time in the history of the soviet régime the russian public is freely discuss ing a vital political issue the adoption of a new constitution this discussion is the outgrowth of the work of a special constitutional commission of 31 members headed by stalin which was ap pointed in february 1935 the draft constitution has now been published and will be the subject of debate until next november when it will be sub mitted to the all union congress of soviets omitting the reference to world revolution con tained in the 1923 constitution the new document declares that the means of production belong to the state the economic life of the u.s.s.r is directed by the state’s economic plan toward in creasing the general wealth in the u.s.s.r there is established the principle of socialism from each according to his capacity to each according to his work thus the soviet union has not adopted the communist formula of compensation according to need which is left for the indefi nite future moreover the constitution guaran tees private property in houses household fur nishings articles of personal consumption and comfort and savings accounts the right of each individual to employment rest and educa tion freedom of religious worship as well as anti religious propaganda and freedom of speech press and assembly are guaranteed defendants are entitled to legal counsel in the courts and no searches may be made without warrants the soviet union is to retain its federal basis but the number of federated republics is increased from seven to eleven the legislative authority of the union will consist of a supreme council of two chambers which will take the place of the present all union congress of soviets abandon ing the old system of indirect elections by soviets the new constitution provides that the lower house or council of the union containing about 600 members shall consist of one deputy for every 300,000 people elected by direct and secret ballot the congress of nationalities or second cham ber will consist of deputies chosen by the su preme councils of the 11 federated republics it will have 238 members while each body will de liberate separately they will meet jointly to elect the president of the union the presidium of 31 members and the council of commissars who direct the administration in cooperation with the presidium the congress will serve for a four year term and will meet twice annually it may ask questions of the administration which must be answered within three days when the two houses fail to agree new elections will be held the presidium may refer any question to popular ref erendum and a deputy may be recalled by a two thirds vote of his constituency the judges of the higher courts will be chosen by the supreme council but the judges of the people’s courts will be directly elected for five year terms the right to vote under the new constitution is granted to all citizens over eighteen regardless of sex race social origin religious belief previ ous activities or amount of property owned un der this provision workers and peasants will have the same electoral rights and the franchise will be extended to many thousands hitherto excluded although the new constitution seeks to guarantee individual rights and democratic representation in the new soviet parliament it will not ap parently reduce the all controlling position of the communist party on the contrary it declares that this party remains as the foremost associa tion of toilers in their struggle for social order the new draft however represents one more ef fort on the part of the soviet authorities to re lieve the burden imposed on the population by the five year plans and to insure their loyalty in the event of the outbreak of war many western observers will be skeptical of the ability of the soviet leaders to reverse the practices of the past twenty years and respect the personal rights of the individual nevertheless any attempt in this direction can only be welcomed in a world marked by the rise of repressive dictatorships raymond leslie buell extremists gain in belgium on the heels of an election in which both right and left extremists made notable gains belgium has been faced with a serious strike situation a walkout at first spontaneous but later sponsored by the trade unions began on june 3 at an ant werp dock encouraged by french successes the movement spread rapidly until it embraced an estimated total of over 500,000 workers the gov ernment has taken strong measures to prevent disorder and to keep strikers from following the french example and occupying their places of work nevertheless serious disturbances have occurred particularly at liége and charleroi and martial law has been declared in two provinces as in france negotiations for a settlement have been supplemented by legislative proposals de signed to grant concessions to the workers includ ing the 40 hour week the strike wave has been handled by the recon stituted van zeeland cabinet which took office on june 13 after a three week ministerial crisis precipitated by the elections of may 24 the vot ing showed a strong extremist tendency the rexist party whose victory was received with joy by the german nazis won 21 seats in the cham ber of deputies representing about 11 per cent of the popular vote the rexists strength came mainly from the walloon districts extremist sentiment among the flemings turned to the sepa ratist flemish nationalists who doubled their representation the communists also made im pressive gains largely at the expense of the so cialists however the three principal parties socialists catholics and liberals which have been collaborating in a national union govern ment since march 1935 still retain a comfortable majority 156 votes out of 202 although their relative alignment has changed the catholics handicapped by internal dissension and recent corruption scandals lost 16 seats and for the first time in 50 years surrendered their place as the largest single party in parliament despite their own election losses the socialists took over the leading position the most important single fact in connection with the elections is the unexpected strength of the rexists this group began its independent existence only six months ago after its leader page two 29 year old léon degrelle split off from the cath olic party degrelle a spell binding orator with few definite ideas is known as a little hitler and manages his party on fascist lines before the election he threatened to follow an obstruc tionist policy but has recently stated that he would permit his followers to vote all reason abie laws his campaign was waged chiefly on a clean government issue with the rest of the platform calling for vague social reforms and an authoritarian government the rexist success provides an instructive con trast with the situation in france there a work ing class united front including both socialists and communists has succeeded in checking re actionary forces even in the face of a desperate economic situation in belgium premier paul van zeeland’s national government has brought the country partial prosperity notably through currency devaluation and extensive public works despite these economic gains socialist collabora tion with the conservative catholics and liberals has failed to prevent the growth of a menacing fascist movement helen fisher the coming american fascism by lawrence dennis new york harper 1935 3.00 a plea for fascism in the united states sweden the middle way by marquis w childs new haven yale university press 1936 2.50 interesting account of sweden’s workable blending of capitalism and cooperation mexican interlude by joseph henry jackson new york macmillan 1936 2.50 the account of an automobile trip to mexico via the new pan american highway the banana empire by charles d kepner and jay h soothill new york vanguard 1935 2.00 the struggle for power of the united fruit company in the caribbean serves as a case study in economic im perialism the catholic tradition of the law of nations by john eppstein washington d c the catholic association for international peace 1936 3.50 a valuable compendium of the teaching of catholic christianity upon international morality the drama of upper silesia by william john rose brattleboro vermont stephen daye press 1935 3.50 a comprehensive historical study of a region rich in natural resources long a bone of contention between germany and poland is the navy ready by f russell bichowsky new york vanguard 1935 3.00 critical study of naval effectiveness foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 35 june 26 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymmonp lasiigp busit president esther g ocprn secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year +ath with itler efore truc it he ason on a f the id an con vork alists y re erate paul yught ough orks bora erals acing er ennis new ng of york ia the ay h npany ic im john iation tholic rose 3.50 ch in tween york national editer an interpretation of current international events by the research st subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y return postage guaranteed foreign policy bulletin if vol xv no 36 july 3 1936 the united states silver policy by john parke young the purpose of the administration silver program the resulting rise in the price of silver and the effects on the united states and other countries are analyzed in this report july 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents entered as second class matter december 1921 at che post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 division a yn odical 2 vv of congress agshington d c improvement in europe his week the league council and assembly are meeting in geneva for the purpose of ending sanctions against italy such action may be impeded by argentina’s demand for ap plication of the non recognition doctrine and by a personal appeal which haile selassie intends to make to the assembly it seems probable how ever that the ethiopian dispute will be liquidated on terms acceptable to italy the removal of sanctions will disappoint many league supporters but may contribute to european appeasement if it ends fear of an anglo italian war and facili tates italy’s return to the stresa front against germany taking advantage of the recent anglo italian deadlock nazi germany during the month of june continued its efforts at economic penetration in central and eastern europe in early june dr schacht visited various balkan capitals ostensibly for the purpose of concluding new commercial agreements most of the balkan states have cred its frozen in germany and can receive payment only in german manufactures as a result of schacht’s barter policy german purchases of ag ricultural products and raw materials from the balkans have increased enormously during the past two years yugoslavia alone has doubled its exports to germany and now will increase them still further this year moreover germany is expected to take 60 per cent of bulgaria’s ex ports in contrast to 26 per cent in 1932 should germany come to dominate the trade of central europe and the balkans the days of french political supremacy in this area would be numbered an effort to strike at this supremacy seems to have been made by colonel beck foreign min ister of poland who visited belgrade late in may his visit gave rise to the report that beck was assisting hitler in an effort to create an anti soviet block composed of germany poland hun gary and yugoslavia fear of a german coup in another quarter was aroused on june 26 when albert forster the nazi leader in danzig bitterly assailed sean lester league high commissioner and said that the league in the free city had become super fluous his opinion was endorsed the next day by the semi official deutsche diplomatische korres pondenz in an effort to check the german offensive the little entente states czechoslovakia rumania and yugoslavia held a conference in rumania on june 6 which for the first time was attended by the heads of all three states here decisions to oppose hapsburg restoration in vienna and union of austria with germany were renewed the military staffs of these states subsequently met to discuss coordinated military action in central europe and on june 22 the little en tente held an economic conference although these states still seem to be divided over their atti tude toward the u.s.s.r the little entente re mains intact and politically at least yugoslavia remains in the pro french camp a more serious check to germany may develop from a speech made on june 18 by foreign min ister eden in the house of commons when he announced that since the british government alone had taken the initiative in imposing sanc tions against italy it was its duty to take the lead in lifting them the british government had no apologies to make for the past but now nothing but war with italy could restore the in dependence of ethiopia the mediterranean se curity pact concluded last december however would continue in effect for the time being while the government would maintain a mediterranean defensive position stronger than that which had existed before the ethiopian dispute as for the future the government was determined that the league should go on turning to germany mr eden declared that it was important for europe to be assured that germany intended to respect the political status quo except as it might be modified by negotiation and expressed the hope that hitler would soon reply to the may 6 ques tionnaire in coming to terms with italy britain has strengthened its hand against germany hopes for a european settlement were also aroused by the foreign policy declaration of the blum government in france on june 23 while favoring the lifting of sanctions against italy the government said it was determined to solve the european security problem through the present framework of the league reinforced by regional security agreements france would seek an un derstanding with germany and press for a new disarmament convention the government would introduce legislation to nationalize the manufac ture of war material a european commission should be established to study the economic needs of european nations and to promote economic re covery it is significant that the declaration did not repeat the demand made by france on april 1 that germany sign an agreement not to question any european frontier for 25 years thus it appears that france britain and italy are again being driven by common interests into an anti nazi coalition supported by the soviet union and the little entente the object of this coalition moreover seems to be to bring germany back into the european system rather than isolate it italy however may yet break with france and the little entente over the question of the haps burg restoration meanwhile german economic penetration of the balkans is increasing and nazi propaganda is virulent in both czechoslovakia and rumania the internal situation in france re mains critical and despite mr baldwin’s state ment of june 23 declaring that britain did not intend to let europe look after itself important british circles advocate the adoption of a policy of isolation the future of europe still depends primarily on franco british collaboration raymond leslie buell foreign policy in party platforms four years ago the american party platforms showed an encouraging trend toward interna tionalism with the world court and consultation under the kellogg pact approved by both major parties this year world cooperation has fared badly senator borah has persuaded the repub licans to repudiate two previous platforms and three republican presidents by coming out against the world court in the very next paragraph however the platform promises to promote inter national arbitration the republican ban is also page two extended to the league of nations and any en tangling alliances in foreign affairs the demo crats although pledged to continue the good neigh bor policy promise to guard against being drawn by political commitments international banking or private trading into any war which may develop anywhere even the socialists who in 1932 advocated league membership with reser vations omit mention of this subject in 1936 the new union party sponsored by father cough lin demands complete isolation and is consistent in adding a provision to keep our armed forces at home under all circumstances republicans democrats and unionists alike ask for adequate defense forces although the republicans express willingness to cooperate in arms limitation the socialists toning down their 1932 plea for com plete disarmament by example demand drastic reduction in armaments with stronger neutrality laws the deepest cleavage between the two major parties is in the economic sphere the republi cans roundly denounce the reciprocal tariff trea ties and the democrats as warmly defend them both in accordance with 1932 policies in general the republicans alone have remained true to their old faith they still want high protective duties and restoration of the flexible tariff in 1932 the democrats advocated a competitive tariff for revenue but this year have abandoned that phrase in favor of a cautious statement asking continuation of mutual tariff reduction agree ments adding that they will continue as in the past to give adequate protection against unfair competition and foreign dumping the union party also demands protection against currency manipulation and low wage foreign products the socialists do not mention the tariff although in 1932 they were demanding the creation of inter national economic organizations to deal with such questions the war debts position is exactly reversed in 1932 the republicans avoided the issue while the democrats called for full collection this year the republicans want to collect every penny while the democrats are silent both major par ties demand a sound currency the democrats want to avoid fluctuations but go into no further detail landon has committed the republicans to an early return to the gold standard the repub licans also offer to cooperate with other nations toward stabilization as soon as we can do so with due regard for our national interests and as soon as other nations have sufficient stability to justify such action helen fisher foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 36 jury 3 1936 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national raymond les.ige buell president esther g open secretary vera micheles dean editor 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year at ol con lea dete and svi to 1 anc sup pel pol lief opi wo of of +eing ional thich who eser 1936 ugh stent yrces pans juate ress the com astic ality lajor ubli trea hem eral their uties the for that king rree 1 the fair nion ency the h in nter such 2 the rear nny par erats ther is to pub tions 0 so id as y to er jational editor an interpretation 0 search ste saksiliie one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y return postage guaranteed current international events by the foreign policy bulletin aff vol xv no 37 july 10 1936 the nazification of danzig by mildred s wertheimer the situation in the free city of danzig offers a sig nificant test case of nazi policy concerning germans outside the reich june 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents entered as second class matter december 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act f march 3 1879 vl 13 1939 eriodical division ibrary of congress washington d a farewell to sanctions he extraordinary league assembly sum moned on june 30 at argentina’s request contented itself with acknowledging that 58 league states had proved powerless to prevent one determined aggressor from subjugating a small and defenseless people in an effort to win a sympathetic league verdict italy submitted a note to the assembly on june 30 stating that slavery and forced labor in ethiopia had already been suppressed that the natives would not be com pelled to perform military duties other than local policing and territorial defense that religious be liefs would be respected and the free use of ethi opia’s languages guaranteed italy moreover would consider it an honor to inform the league of nations of the progress achieved in her work of civilizing ethiopia neither this note nor the catcalls and jeering of italian newspaper correspondents subse quently expelled from geneva prevented haile selassie from addressing the assembly on june 30 in a moving speech the exiled emperor described the horrors of italian gas warfare which had wrought havoc among the civilian population he reviewed the course of the italo ethiopian conflict asserting that at the outbreak of war in october 1935 the league states had assured him that the resources of the covenant would be employed to insure the reign of right and the failure of vio lence he had placed absolute confidence in the league had consequently made no prepara tions for war yet when italy invaded ethiopia had found it impossible to purchase arms from league states which meanwhile did nothing to check the transportation of italian troops and mu nitions through the suez canal relying on league support haile selassie had personally refused all proposals made by the italian gov ernment if only i would betray my people and the covenant of the league he concluded by asking what reply have i to take back to my people the assembly’s reply as delivered by the dele gates of both great and small powers showed that the ethiopian question long since regarded as dead only awaited inconspicuous burial atten tion centered on two issues the prompt lifting of sanctions which it was hoped would permit italy to join other league states in blocking german aggression and reform of the league to be achieved either by depriving it of all but consulta tive functions and enlarging its membership to include the united states and other non league countries as urged by denmark and the nether lands or by bolstering up the general obligations of the covenant with specific regional agreements for military assistance against aggression as ad vocated by france and the u.s.s.r the union of south africa alone demanded continuance of sanctions against italy disappointed by the assembly’s avoidance of a clear cut decision the ethiopian delegation on july 2 submitted two resolutions on which it asked the league states to vote frankly and loyally without ambiguity or subtlety of language the first provided for a proclamation by the assembly that it would not recognize any annexation made by force of arms the second for a recommenda tion to league states that they guarantee a 50 000,000 loan to be floated by ethiopia under condi tions fixed by the league council the assembly’s steering committee shelved the first resolution substituting for it on july 4 a statement declar ing that it remained firmly attached to the prin ciples of the covenant and other diplomatic documents excluding the settlement of territorial questions by force thus leaving every league state to decide for itself whether it will recognize italy’s conquest of ethiopia it also recommended the adoption of measures to bring sanctions to an end which will be done on july 15 and invited league members to present before september 1 any proposals they might wish to make regarding improvement of the covenant ethiopia’s finan cial resolution submitted to a roll call was an swered in the negative by 23 delegations while 25 abstained from voting the immediate effects of the league’s acqui escence in italy’s conquest were forcibly brought home an hour later when dr arthur greiser nazi president of the danzig senate declaring that he spoke in the name of all the german people defied the league council bitterly at tacked sean lester of the irish free state league high commissioner and demanded termination of league jurisdiction over the free city fol lowing his unprecedentedly insolent speech which was greeted with enthusiasm by the ger man press dr greiser gave mr eden the nazi salute and when this gesture provoked laughter thumbed his nose at the press and public poland which has charge of danzig’s foreign relations sought to minimize greiser’s outburst and indi cated that it would not interfere with danzig’s internal affairs provided its rights and interests in the free city guaranteed by the versailles treaty were respected by germany and the dan zig nazis the british who at first had been inclined to let poland handle the danzig incident later obtained the appointment of a league com mittee composed of france britain and portugal to watch the situation in the free city where the next blow at european peace is expected to fall yet in the light of ethiopia’s experience it may be doubted that league watchfulness alone will prevent nazi germany from securing danzig or any other territory it may covet in eastern eu rope what started out in october 1935 as a noble experiment to establish collective security by penalizing an aggressor ended in july 1936 as a mad scramble of leading league states to cut their ethiopian losses and win the aggressor’s aid against the threat of german expansion the principal argument advanced at geneva that the end of ethiopia’s resistance made further sanc tions futile would merely prove that force re mains the decisive factor in international rela tions and that a strong and determined aggressor has nothing to fear once his victim has been sub jugated the so called realism which appeared to demand italy’s return to the stresa front at any price overlooks one important reality that the league’s refusal to press sanctions in this case has jeopardized in advance the success such mea sures might have had in the case of german ag gression the ethiopian affair reveals not the breakdown of league machinery whose effec tiveness depends entirely on the willingness of league members to make it work but the bank page two ruptcy of leadership in league states and their reluctance to make substantial sacrifices for col lective security by condoning aggression in one quarter the league has already encouraged it in another to contend that peace can be achieved by making concessions to actual or potential ag gressors is to establish a false premise true con flict may be temporarily avoided by meeting the aggressor’s terms which become more stringent with every concession but such peace which at best is no more than a precarious truce can only serve as a prelude to war vera micheles dean japan rejects naval treaty the tottering edifice of naval limitation by in ternational agreement faces destruction as a result of japan’s formal refusal on june 29 to adhere to the london naval treaty of 1936 while the treaty may come into force without tokyo’s ac cession britain france and the united states can scarcely be expected to maintain limitations with respect to gun calibres and tonnage of cate gories unless japan gives assurance that it will do the same japanese naval authorities certain to lose in an unrestricted competition may yet decide for reasons of prestige to observe the provisions of the treaty without directly adhering to it it might thus survive intact except for the clause which requires assent by japan and italy before april 1 1937 if gun calibres on capital ships are to be limited to 14 rather than 16 inches japan’s action was preceded by a british move setting the stage for an upward revision of fleet tonnages when the 1930 naval treaty expires at the end of this year that treaty stipulates the tonnage which each naval power shall possess on december 31 1936 without specifying the limits which may be attained on prior or subsequent dates hence the powers have thus far refrained from dismantling a considerable volume of over age tonnage in the lighter categories britain now plans to retain 40,000 tons of destroyers due for scrapping by invoking the escalator clause of the 1930 treaty which permits certain tonnage increases after due notification if construction by non signatory powers affects the signatories na tional security the united states which in sisted on this legal method of procedure and refused to conclude a special agreement sanction ing the british move will then have the right to retain an equivalent tonnage of its wartime destroyer fleet japan has already informed london that it desires to keep more than 20,000 tons of over age but useful submarines david h popper foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 37 juty 10 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymoonpd lesiig buell president esther g ogden secretary vera miccheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year vol july ea cr +we ff aaee_s when saeucumsus se wil ee ow es oe ie cop cu lal ae iy sc foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y return postage guaranteed vol xv no 38 july 17 1936 the league and the chaco dispute by helen paull kirkpatrick a study of the methods employed in settling the chaco conflict which illustrates the difficulties of league intervention on the american continent july 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents a qo entered as second ae class matter december 4 ta 2 2 1921 at the post a i kas office at new york eo 4 n y under the act 4p twn of march 3 1879 al division oes a abiuly oi vongress i shington d cc hitler plays trump card in austria he austro german accord announced in a communiqué jointly issued by the two govern ments with italy’s approval on july 11 represents a striking victory for chancellor hitler’s policy as expressed in mein kampf of bringing all german speaking peoples within the orbit of the third reich in this accord germany undertakes to recognize austria’s complete sovereignty as defined by hitler on may 21 1935 when he de clared that the reich neither wished nor intended to annex austria or mix in its internal affairs but that the german people of which the six million austrians are considered a part should have the right to self determination various measures will be adopted to relieve the tension which has existed between austria and germany since 1934 when austrian nazis inspired from berlin assassinated chancellor dollfuss ger many will remove the 1,000 mark tax on visas to austria and end restrictions on austrian trade while vienna will permit the return of austrian nazis now exiled in germany and the circulation of german newspapers thus far the bulk of concessions appears to be made by berlin aus tria however and this is the kernel of the ac cord promises to bring its political policies especially in so far as they concern the german reich into conformity with the fundamental recognition of the principle that austria professes herself to be a german state this pledge which opens the way to austro german union in one form or another is not to affect austria’s special relations with italy and hungary the july 11 accord is reported to be accom panied by two secret annexes the first obliges the austrian government to maintain an army of 300,000 which would protect germany from a rear guard thrust by the little entente the sec ond deals with the question of hapsburg restora tion which germany has vigorously opposed hitler it is understood demanded a pledge that this question should not be raised for ten years but chancellor schuschnigg of austria merely gave secret assurance that restoration was not a topical problem announcement of the accord which was not expected to be made public until the end of july was apparently hastened by press reports divulg ing its principal provisions by hitler’s desire while refusing to answer the british questionnaire of may 8 to give concrete evidence of his pacific intentions toward neighboring states by his de termination to prevent the conclusion of a rumored italo soviet accord for defense of austria against nazi aggression which would have completed germany’s isolation and blocked its drive into the balkans and by the anxiety of both germany and italy to establish a common front for bargaining with britain and france at the locarno confer ence scheduled to meet in brussels on july 22 while the austro german accord appears at first glance to remove one of the most dangerous sources of european conflict it is in reality a shrewd move to bring austria under german con trol not by violence which failed in 1934 but by conciliation extremist austrian nazis may not for reasons of policy be at first permitted to play a conspicuous réle in vienna but it seems a fore gone conclusion that they will ultimately control the country and consummate the anschluss which france and the little entente have resisted since the war faced with a choice between reconcilia tion with the social democrats bitterly opposed both to naziism and the dollfuss brand of fascism and rapprochement with the german nazis chancellor schuschnigg whose catholic and fascist connections predispose him against so cialism chose the nazis as the lesser of two evils his decision spells the doom of such remnants of tolerance as had been allowed to survive in the austrian guild state as the nazis assert them selves it may be expected that political dissenters ee jews and even catholics will share the fate of their comrades in germany while under the july 11 accord the german government promises to refrain from interference in austria’s internal affairs the return of austrian nazi exiles and the influx of german tourists will serve the nazi cause less conspicuously but probably more effec tively than the direct methods of dr goebbels propaganda ministry to describe austria’s nazification as an act of self determination by the austrian people whom the government has long ceased to consult would be ironical the austro german accord is bound to produce fundamental changes in europe’s shifting diplo matic alignments by sponsoring this accord italy has abandoned its post war attempt to dom inate austrian politics an act it may rue the day nazi germany confronts it on the brenner pass italy’s retreat from austria may indicate that its financial and military resources have been more seriously drained by the ethiopian campaign than the world had been allowed to realize true col laboration with hitler furnishes mussolini with a powerful weapon to extract further concessions from britain and france such as british aban donment of the mediterranean accord against italy which france had already denounced on july 9 in the hope of placating rome and the grant of loans or credits for the exploitation of ethiopia the lifting of league sanctions far from leading to reconstruction of the stresa front as hoped in london and paris has merely caused italy to raise the price of its participation in european politics yet it is germany not italy which stands to gain most from the austrian transaction with a friendly if not yet annexed austria as base germany can operate even more effectively than in the past to bring the balkan countries within its sphere of economic influence and to detach them from france and britain without the fir ing of a shot merely by the use of tireless propa ganda and economic pressure germany may soon acquire a predominant position in eastern and southeastern europe at the head of a fascist bloc stretching from the baltic to the adriatic and neutralize such assistance as france and the soviet union might have hoped to give each other or the little entente in case of german aggres sion once the austrian situation is under con trol hitler may safely turn to settlement of the territorial issues which have particularly exacer bated german opinion since the war danzig memel the polish corridor on the fairly reason able assumption that no french or british blood will be shed in defense of these regions when page two germany has gained its objectives in the east it will be able to confront britain and france with the fact which should have been abundantly clear for the past three years that europe can have peace provided it accepts nazi hegemony on the continent by that time it may be too late for the western democracies to decide whether peace on hitler’s terms is better or worse than war vera micheles dean german american trade war german american economic relations disturbed since the advent of the nazi régime were further complicated on july 11 when countervailing du ties ranging up to 56 per cent were imposed on about one third of germany’s exports to the united states the increased tariffs will be as sessed under a provision of the tariff act of 1930 directing treasury officials to collect supplemen tary duties to offset foreign trade subsidies it is understood that complex german exchange con trol practices which in effect subsidize exports and the system of direct export bounties by german industrial cartels motivated the action of the administration in an attempt to forestall the blow a reich mission has visited washington to explore the possibility of stimulating german american trade but thus far appears to have met with failure germany’s argument is that aid to exporters is necessary if they are to overcome the competitive advantages of countries with de preciated currencies including the united states under the administration’s policy of penalizing discrimination against this country’s trade the reich has already been denied the benefits of lower tariffs adopted in our trade agreements on august 1 australia too will cease to enjoy these rates in retaliation for the establishment of an import licensing system held to discriminate against the united states acting under the same policy washington has on one occasion suc ceeded in securing what it believes to be equitable treatment for its commerce abroad on july 11 the u.s.s.r and the united states renewed a one year agreement by which in return for re ceiving the benefit of the conventional tariffs the soviet government agreed substantially to in crease its purchases here informal assurances that soviet imports from this country would amount to at least 30,000,000 annually have been repeated actually soviet purchases during the past year have exceeded this sum by 7,000,000 it remains to be seen however whether the use of penalties to insure fair treatment for our for eign commerce will not destroy more trade and good will than it creates david h popper foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 38 juty 17 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lesite buell president esthmm g ocpun secretary vera michsies daan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year sm 5 li la il ache oi 0a +le vol xv no 39 mey 20 ae foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y return postage guaranteed july 24 1936 ul mr buell to lecture during the weck of august 10 mr buell will give a series to which f p a members are invited the national council of ymca’s 40 college st toronto will be glad to furnish details regarding the institute which will be held from july 31 to august 14 at lake couchiching ontario lectures at the canadian institute on economics and politics enured as second class matter december 2 1921 at che post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 4 84 v a se wj ow a4 xo i aes o periodical division library of congress washington d c jockeying for position in europe he events of the past two weeks would indi cate that hitler has succeeded in preventing italy from combining with france and britain in a new stresa front germany has achieved this not only by making concessions with regard to austria but also by strengthening italy’s position in the air particularly in the mediterranean an agreement signed june 26 established direct air communication between rome berlin and the north sea giving italy a base in hamburg this air route cuts directly across the line maintained between france and the soviet union italy in return has given germany an air base in the dodecanese which may prove of value in realizing nazi ambitions in the eastern mediterranean on the heels of their agreement with austria the nazis have taken a new step in danzig here the local government on july 18 enacted a series of decrees virtually abolishing the democratic con stitution guaranteed by the league and dissolving opposition parties although poland tended to minimize nazi activities in danzig in accordance with the german polish friendship agreement these decrees came as a shock to warsaw the official polish press stated that while protection of the danzig opposition is a matter for the league poland will not allow her rights to be impaired in the slightest degree by making temporary concessions hitler succeeded in win ning the friendship of poland in 1934 and of italy in 1936 but he cannot absorb danzig and aus tria without losing both of these friendships moreover other powers have not been slow to answer the german italian move on july 15 foreign minister titulescu won a striking vic tory over his nazi opponents in rumania and on the next day it was announced that a military railway across rumania which would make it possible to transport troops from russia to czechoslovakia in case of war would be construc should this ted with the aid of a prague loan announcement de followed by an alliance between moscow and bucharest german penetration in southeastern europe may encounter new ob stacles the montreux conference a further check to italy and germany came at the montreux conference which met on june 22 at turkey’s request to revise the 1923 straits con vention this convention prohibited turkey from fortifying the straits and obliged it to allow free passage into the black sea subject to certain re trictions unless turkey itself was at war when the straits might be closed to enemy vessels the convention was placed under the supervision of an international commission turkey contended that in view of world wide rearmament ankara is particularly afraid of the italian base in the dode canese it had found it necessary to fortify the straits to secure peaceful revision of post war treaties a division early arose between the soviet union which wished to make the black sea a closed lake but with the right to send its own fleet into the mediterranean and britain which asked that in a war in which turkey was neutral belligerent fleets be allowed to enter the black sea without restriction the british proposal under which any fleet could strike a blow at the russian black sea coast seemed to be based upon the pre war conception of belligerent rights ignoring the ques tion whether war was in violation of the league covenant following announcement of the aus tro german accord britain modified its position in the new convention signed on july 20 turkey is allowed to fortify the straits and to close them to the warships of all countries when it is at war or threatened by aggression in the latter case however turkey agrees to reopen the straits if the league council by a two thirds majority as sures it that its security is not threatened non at the montreux conference the first black sea tonnage in the mediterranean is re stricted to a maximum of 45,000 tons while the russian fleet is unlimited and in peacetime may be sent without restriction into the mediterran ean what is more important turkey also must admit belligerent warships if these are acting against an aggressor in accordance with the league covenant or with a regional pact regis tered at geneva to which turkey is a party thus if turkey can be induced to adhere to the franco soviet pact of mutual assistance the rus sian and french fleets will be able to utilize the black sea as a base from which to launch an at tack on the mediterranean in any event the outcome of the montreux conference seems to have strengthened the anti italian bloc in the mediter ranean as well as the principle of collective se curity meanwhile on july 15 mussolini announced the lifting of league sanctions in a speech declaring that the white banner has been hoisted in the ranks of the world’s sanctionists italy declined to take part in the montreux conference or in the locarno conversations originally scheduled for july 22 unless germany was also invited britain after considerable hesitation agreed to participate in a three power locarno conference with france and belgium but only for prelim inary discussions in the hope that a five power conference would follow the next few months are likely to see a continuation of this jockeying for position only the future will determine whether the result will be a division of europe into two hostile systems of alliances a new con cert of the great powers such as mussolini desires or a reorganized league raymond leslie buell nanking gains control of kwangtung the retirement of general chen chi tang ruler of kwangtung province since 1931 marks the final collapse of the challenging movement against nanking initiated by the southwest political council early in june effective military resist ance by chen chi tang’s forces has ended and further opposition by the kwangsi commanders may be liquidated without fighting in the final outcome nanking’s control over the south will un doubtedly be more firmly established than at any time in the past under cover of a surface calm an intense dip lomatic struggle was waged during the past month between nanking and the south chiang kai shek mobilized the full strength of the party machinery which he closely controls by summon page two ing the kuomintang central executive committee to meet at nanking on july 10 at the same time he lavished millions of dollars in the successful effort to buy off chen chi tang’s military asso ciates the southwest political council attempt ed to broadcast a three point program of demands on nanking which it presented at the kuomin tang plenary session the demands comprised severance of diplomatic relations with japan and armed resistance to the invader abrogation of all secret treaties including the shanghai armistice the tangku truce and the ho umezu agreement freedom of action for the people’s anti japanese movements and restoration of civil rights includ ing freedom of speech and publication this program was smothered by nanking’s press censorship and apparently failed to carry conviction in the country at large as witnessed by the refusal of generals tsai ting kai and chiang kwang nai former leaders of the nine teenth route army to join the movement on july 7 a number of cantonese aviators deserted the defection of general yu han mou commander of the first kwangtung army on july 8 proved a crippling blow at nanking on july 13 the plen ary session rejected the southern proposal for active resistance to japan deposed chen chi tang appointed yu han mou in his place and ordered the dissolution of the southwest political council yu han mou assumed control of his army and turned it against canton thus facing chen chi tang with part of his own forces further defec tions ensued and on july 18 when his remaining officers refused to fight chen withdrew to hong kong general yu han mou’s powers at canton are ex pected to be purely administrative since 70,000 reliable nanking troops will be garrisoned along the canton hankow railway in northern kwang tung a financial commission headed by t v soong will consolidate nanking’s fiscal control over the province it remains to be seen whether nanking’s newly acquired strength will induce chiang kai shek to enter upon a program of seri ous resistance to japan’s encroachments the im mediate effect of nanking’s victory is to reduce the strength of those forces within china which were pressing the central government to revise its non resistance policy on july 21 the exten sion of chiang kai shek’s influence to canton was signalized by two events anti japanese posters were torn down and chinese newspapers which had been denouncing japanese aggression ap peared with blank columns eliminated by the censor t a bisson foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 39 july 24 headquarters 8 west 40th screet new york n y 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national raymond lestiz bueell president esther g ogpen secretary vera micheltes dean edistor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office ac new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year +ial or foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y return postage guaranteed vout xv no 40 july 31 1936 clash in the pacific by t a bisson and r a goslin this brief book analyzes the possible theatre of war in the pacific points out the interests of the powers in china and explains the conflict with japan clash in the pacific was mailed to f.p.a members on july 6 headline book no 5 25 cents paper 35 cents board entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under che act of march 3 1879 library of congress divigser of acsésstons washinzton d c civil war in spain spanish chapter in the social revolution now sweeping the world opened on july 17 when the spanish foreign legion commanded by general francisco franco launched a revolt which promptly won control of spanish morocco and then passed over to the peninsula news paper reports have been most confusing but it appears that the rebel troops comprising about half the army and supported by many peasants small bourgeois and adherents of the monarchy and church soon occupied about half the country a rebel army led by general mola marched to ward madrid but was repulsed in the guadarra ma mountains on july 27 although the govern ment forces which include the majority of the civil guard the navy and the airforce have now taken the offensive the outcome of the revolt is still uncertain the government places its own casualties during the first ten days of the revolt at 19,000 and rebel losses bring the probable total to more than 30,000 to meet this crisis president azafia appointed a new prime minister giral pereira while the government distributed arms to about 50,000 marxist militiamen and broadcast appeals releas ing soldiers from allegiance to rebel officers gen erally the industrial workers both men and women have rallied to the republic’s defense in one of the bloodiest civil wars in spanish history although popular sympathy in the democratic countries is with the spanish republic the respon sibility for this crisis must to a certain extent rest on the left coalition which has been in power since the february elections despite the elec toral pact supposedly uniting the left repub licans and the marxist groups the coalition has been rent by growing disunity although the marxist groups hold 100 seats in the cortes they have refused to participate in the cabinet which has been controlled by the left republicans the marxists in turn have been split into three sec tions the relatively conservative socialists led by indalecia prieto who favor participation in a reformist cabinet the extremists led by largo caballero who demand a communist revolution and the communists proper in addition a strong anarcho syndicalist movement led by angel pes tafia and dominating the national confederation of labor has insisted on direct action caballero’s efforts to unite the socialists communists and syndicalists into a proletariat front met with failure during the five months preceding the outbreak of the present revolt spanish workers under syn dicalist and communist leadership engaged in a series of strikes which almost paralyzed spain’s economic life in april the national confedera tion of labor called a general strike in madrid to protest against the excesses committed by the fascist leagues more recently thousands of workers went on strike in the construction and clothing trade industries altogether in the month beginning june 16 145 new strikes were called in a number of cases the socialist unions agreed to accept the findings of arbitration courts but syndicalist agitators insisted on a continuance of direct action meanwhile a series of political murders were committed by both socialists and fascists be tween february and july 234 persons were killed and nearly a thousand wounded in political brawls and numerous churches were burnt a climax was reached on july 13 with the assas sination of josé calvo sotelo outstanding right leader by members of the assault guards a branch of the government forces in retaliation for the murder of a guard officer the previous night the government which on april 4 had suppressed the fascist leagues and had attempt ed to round up fascist agitators proved power less to maintain order instead of allowing a pub lic debate on the calvo sotelo murder it adjourned the cortes whereupon the conservative opposi tion announced their permanent withdrawal whether victory goes to the republic or the rebels the future of spain is not bright a tri umph for the right would undoubtedly bring into power a repressive régime lacking the will to make needed reforms and sympathetic to ger many and italy moreover should a rightist spain grant a naval or air base to either ger many or italy the balance of power in the mediterranean would be upset to the detriment of democratic france and britain on the other hand if the republic wins the re formist government headed by president azajfia will probably be forced to give way to a commu nist régime dominated by the workers should the marxist and syndicalist groups succeed in forging their unity in the heat of battle and in tasting military victory it is doubtful that they will lay down their arms until the social revolu tion is completed they may be strong enough to destroy the present economic structure of the country but it remains to be seen whether they will be able to erect a communist state in a coun try whose people are distinguished by the most extreme individualism in the world the danger of foreign intervention to repress communism in spain may prove even greater than in the case of soviet russia communist propa ganda from spain might be carried on against the carmona dictatorship in portugal the british base in gibraltar and the international city of tangier and penetrate from spanish morocco into the remainder of north africa britain which is bound to portugal by the alliance of 1661 and is vitally interested in gibraltar can hardly be indifferent to such developments and even france might find it difficult to remain aloof if its north african empire were thus threatened on july 25 the french cabinet decided not to intervene in any manner whatever in the internal conflict in spain the french government how ever may legally sell arms to the spanish au thorities so long as it has not recognized the insur gency of the rebels it has already been charged that paris and moscow are extending aid and sympathy to president azafia and that berlin and rome are assisting the rebels five nations britain france italy germany and the united states have sent about 40 warships to spanish waters ostensibly for the purpose of evacuating their nationals skillful diplomacy may be neces sary to prevent the spanish civil war from de veloping into an international conflagration raymond leslie buell page two in search of a new locarno after some preliminary skirmishes regarding the scope and value of a three power locarno con ference the prime ministers and foreign minis ters of britain france and belgium held a one f day meeting in london on july 23 in the diplo matic exchanges which preceded this meeting france had refused to yield to italy’s demand for german participation while britain had insisted that conversations between the three world war allies should do nothing to wound nazi suscepti bilities or prejudge a five power conference the official communiqué reflecting the british view stated that all european countries should seek a general settlement which could be achieved only by the free cooperation of all the powers con cerned and that nothing would be more fatal to the hopes of such a settlement than a division ap parent or real of europe into opposing blocs the three governments agreed to hold a five power conference as soon as convenient for the purpose of negotiating a new locarno agreement and re solving through the collaboration of all con cerned the situation created by germany’s re occupation of the rhineland should progress be made at this conference the discussion might be so broadened as to facilitate with the collabora tion of other interested powers the settlement of those problems the solution of which is essential to the peace of europe pending conclusion of a new locarno the march 19 agreement by which britain promised to aid france and belgium in case of german aggression remains in force it is also understood that britain concurred in the french thesis that a general european settlement should protect the interests of the soviet union and the little entente the london communiqué which indicates that britain france and belgium are ready to open discussions with germany on terms of equality has produced a good impression in berlin while britain’s decision on july 27 to terminate the mediterranean pact against italy opens the way to italian participation in the proposed confer ence the real question is whether when this conference moves from specific locarno to general european problems nazi germany will agree to negotiate with soviet russia or clarify its inten tions in eastern europe should hitler demand soviet exclusion from european councils and a free hand in the east the socialist government of france might be forced to choose between col laboration with britain germany and italy in a purely western settlement or closer ties with the soviet union at the risk of further alienating the pro german and anti soviet sections of british opinion vera micheles dean foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 40 jury 31 1936 published weekly by che foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lesiie buell president esthmr g ogpen secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year ey tartrate rer tous eee +the ent ion hat en ity lile the yay er his ral to en ind la of ol the the ish onal itor foreign policy bulletin in interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y return postage guaranteed ol an no 41 aucust 7 1936 radio broadcast mr buell will speak on the revolt in spain europe and the united states over the columbia broadcasting system’s national network on thursday august 6 from 9 30 to 10 p m eastern daylight saving time entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at che post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 ta ee avaveohy y 3 pq man mish allies ss j 4 ongercess 793 in ton d se international rivalry over spain n an effort to prevent the civil strife in spain from developing into a general war the lead ing european governments are exchanging views with regard to the adoption of a joint policy of non intervention the french government took the initiative on august 1 when it announced that it was sounding out the mediterranean powers as to a european agreement against the export of arms to spain and other forms of interven tion it added that france had refused to au thorize the export of arms to either side but in view of the fact that one government has fur nished war materials to the insurgents france would be obliged to reserve its liberty of action unless international agreement were reached this french initiative was inspired by the rev elation that italy had allowed the flight of about 21 military planes to spanish morocco for use in general franco’s army which is deficient in planes when three of these planes crashed in french north africa the authorities discovered that the machines failed to carry the markings prescribed in international conventions and that although the pilots and crews carried civilian pass ports they were in reality officers in the italian air force the sending of these planes to the un recognized spanish rebels constituted a violation of the international air convention of 1919 and the traffic in arms convention of 1925 in order to remove the danger of smuggling to the insurgents the french authorities on au gust 1 ordered four british planes presumably destined for portugal to return from bordeaux to london despite the french proposal of neu trality a german battleship the deutschland patrolled the ceuta harbor on august 3 osten sibly to protect german citizens there and thus succeeded in preventing the bombardment of the city by the spanish government on the same day 100,000 russian workers in moscow engaged in a gigantic demonstration on behalf of the working people of spain who are defending democratic liberties against fascist reaction aries the central council of trade unions is asking each russian worker to contribute one half of one half per cent of a month’s wages to the span ish cause which may produce a total of 200,000,000 rubles 40,000,000 while britain apparently favors the french proposal for a european policy of non interven tion both italy and germany are showing signs of hesitation it is reported that general franco in return for support has offered bases to both mussolini and hitler in the balearic and canary islands as well as in spanish morocco but neither france nor britain can allow spain thus to be come a puppet of the fascist powers and in view of its onerous task of pacifying and developing ethiopia italy is in no position to clash with the democratic powers over spain meanwhile the civil war is approaching its fourth week with unabated fury the forces under general mola strengthened by the desertion of 1,000 members of the civil guard still remain in the guadarrama mountains while a provisional rebel government established at burgos is mak ing a bid for foreign recognition by appointing new ambassadors general franco has failed to effect a union with general mola from the south owing to the fact that the spanish navy prevents the transport of rebel troops from morocco to the peninsula the marxist militia is fighting with a determination and recklessness which has evi dently surprised the rebel leaders who neverthe less remain confident of ultimate victory under cover of civil war the social revolution is advancing rapidly on july 28 the government authorized the seizure of church property in ac cordance with the constitution of 1931 and ap pointed a committee to control all industries two days later it confiscated the entire spanish mer chant marine which was placed at the disposition of the navy on august 1 the government an nounced the seizure of all electrical concerns in cluding two radio broadcasting stations the popular front has appointed committees to con trol all madrid banks and government decrees have exempted marxist militia members from payment of rents reduced by half rents below 25 a month while maintaining taxes on landlords and pro claimed the 40 hour week and a 15 per cent wage increase on august 3 the government national ized the munition and aviation industries while the ministry of industry declared that national ization of industries which have been abandoned by the owners will be final and without appeal if they do not obey our commands these measures taken by a non socialist gov ernment have not satisfied all the workers it is reported that communists with little regard for the united front policy adopted by the third international last august are burning churches banks and city houses and are massacring nuns and priests and all persons owning or even sus pected of owning property in catalonia the government continues nominally in existence but real power seems to have passed to the central committee for anti fascist militia which has seized the ford and general motors plants in 3arcelona that the united states cannot remain unaffected by these disturbances is indicated by the strenu ous efforts exerted by the state department and the foreign service to evacuate american nation als in spain as a result of these efforts which included the aid of several merchant vessels and three warships in spanish waters american agencies had succeeded by august 3 in removing 517 americans and 107 foreigners of 15 nationali ties from the country nevertheless 450 ameri ans some of whom have refused to take ad vantage of the opportunity of evacuation still remain in various areas in urging americans to leave spain secretary hull declared on august 3 that in any event the government will continue its every effort to protect them raymond leslie buell conference of locarno powers assured a conference of the five locarno powers some time this fall was assured when on july 31 germany and italy accepted the invitation to participate the abandonment of the remaining mutual assistance agreements in the mediter ranean announced by anthony eden in the house of commons on july 27 removed the last page two obstacle to italian participation thereafter the reich could no longer afford to delay the two countries however indicated the need for careful diplomatic preparation so that a conference be fore september or october would appear to be out of the question up to the present italy and germany have won most of the moves on the european chess board italy’s return to the locarno concert has been purchased not only by the ignominious surrender of the league but by the reduction of the british home fleet in mediterranean waters and the termination of the defensive pacts concluded be tween britain and mediterranean powers last winter the communiqué issued in london on july 23 after the anglo franco belgian meeting clearly indicated the substantial concessions which germany had obtained through its dilatory policy of the last five months there appears no longer to be any question of punitive measures against germany or of the non fortification of the rhine land insistence on a reply to the british ques tionnaire designed to elucidate the aims of german foreign policy seems to have been abandoned there are some indications that the coming lo carno conference may be the last determined con ciliatory effort by france and britain to arrive at an understanding with germany the rearma ment policy now pursued by the british govern ment should strengthen britain’s diplomatic position in the future anglo french cooperation appears very close at present and it is reported that eden is in complete agreement with premier blum that germany must not be permitted to exclude eastern european and danubian prob lems from the forthcoming conference mean while the recent rapprochement between britain and the soviet union has made further progress on july 29 the british government undertook to guarantee bills up to 10,000,000 to be issued by the soviet trade delegation in london for the purchase of british goods moreover a british military mission is to attend the great military manoeuvres in the soviet union this fall to a large extent the key to the present situa tion is held by mussolini who it has been reported shares the british reluctance to split europe into two irreconcilable camps i duce in need of peace in europe has again resurrected his ill fated four power pact which he now hopes to extend to include the soviet union and poland ger many however may be unwilling to participate in such a pact unless the military alliances of the soviet union with france and czechoslovakia are abrogated john c dewilde foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 41 augusr 7 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lestie bueit president esther g ogpen secretary vera michetes dran ex entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the pose office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year il ds an +0 n foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y return postage guaranteed vol xv no 42 avucust 14 1936 struggle of the powers in china by t a bisson this report summarizes the salient features of the struggle for supremacy in china and discusses the pos sibilities that may yet check the drift toward war in the far east august 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under che act of march 3 1879 ii sal division f congress sei eens ashineton d cc powers move toward neutrality accord in spain ontinued efforts to prevent the civil war in spain from becoming an international conflict met with partial success this week as the principal european powers gave their qualified approval to the non intervention project spon sored by the french government and warmly sup ported by great britain cause for anxiety is not reduced however by the conditions attached by those governments most directly interested in the outcome of events in spain italy while accept ing in principle indicates that it will not be con tent with a loose pact of non intervention but will ask for a precise agreement of neutrality which would have the effect of giving the rebels the legal status of belligerents mussolini moreover wants full particulars on the measures proposed to curb public manifestations press campaigns subscrip tions of money and the activities of private citi zens germany approached at the suggestion of britain demands that the soviet union accept the same conditions as others and suppress all un official aid to the spanish government russia in turn insists that certain states meaning ger many and italy must halt all assistance given to the rebels and that portugal must be included in the pact in the presence of these exacting conditions premier blum’s popular front government faces a formidable task in converting acceptance in principle into an effective accord nor is the task rendered easier by the sympathy of many of m blum’s own followers with the spanish loyalists or by the activities of other countries as the quai d’orsay pressed its negotiations french volunteers streamed across the border into spain to enlist against the spanish rebels on august 7 the nazi government lodged a formal and emphatic protest against the alleged assas sination of four german citizens in barcelona and demanded reparation from the spanish govern ment the following day italy presented a sim jects ilar protest against the killing of two italian sub great britain despite its support of the neutrality project ordered british warships on august 10 to patrol the straits of gibraltar to enforce a decree forbidding further fighting by either faction these developments coupled with the replies to the french proposals demonstrate only too clearly the extent to which the vital interests of other states are involved in the outcome of the civil strife in spain neutrality itself has become an issue between two groups of states one of which seeks to support the spanish government and hence the cause of socialism or communism while the other seeks to support the rebels as the vanguard of fascism william t stone the french new deal the french parliament elected on april 26 and may 3 of this year is approaching the end of its first session after having passed a series of legis lative measures almost unprecedented in its his tory under the vigorous leadership of the popu lar front government constituted by léon blum on june 5 parliament has worked rapidly and efficiently the cabinet has thus secured the adop tion of a large part of its program designed to ac complish economic and social reforms and stimu late economic activity pressed by widespread stay in strikes which in all involved over two million workers the gov ernment quickly put through parliament legis lation establishing a 40 hour week in industry providing for paid holidays and guaranteeing the workers collective labor contracts these mea sures as well as a general wage increase from 7 to 15 per cent had already been accepted by em ployers in a strike agreement concluded with the general confederation of labor on june 7 with the exception of a few minor strikes industrial peace has been completely restored in order to bring about the revalorization of agricultural products the government has obtained the approval of a law setting up a wheat monopoly which is to be the forerunner of similar schemes covering wine milk and meat the monopoly will be directed by a central council representing the interests of farmers dealers millers bakers and consumers it will fix the prices of wheat flour and bread its task is to regulate the marketing of the crop and dispose of eventual surpluses for this purpose it will also monopolize completely all import and export trade in wheat the farm ers are expected to be aided further by a bill still pending in parliament which provides for a two year moratorium on mortgage payments little relief has so far been accorded to employ ers whose labor costs have risen about 35 per cent as the result of wage increases and the new legislation small business concerns without large reserves or credit resources find it particularly hard to bear this burden as a concession to the latter the chamber recently passed a law accord ing them a virtual moratorium until december 31 on rent payments and promissory notes given in payment of business obligations in addition leg islation still pending offers all employers cheap government guaranteed credits from the bank of france for sums equivalent to increased wage costs during the next six months assistance to industry has been accorded only temporarily until the government’s program of increasing purchasing power becomes effective as part of this program the government has in troduced a public works plan still awaiting the senate’s approval which contemplates the expen diture of 20 billion francs over four years to be financed by medium and short term loans this year projects entailing an ultimate outlay of 4 bil lion will be begun or finished but only one billion will actually be disbursed since the french new deal like its american prototvpe is based on credit inflation and large scale government expenditure it was inevitable from the very beginning that the statute of the conservatively administered bank of france would be modified hitherto the bank has been largely controlled by a council of regents elected by the 200 largest stockholders who in turn rep resented the industrial and financial oligarchy of france under the terms of legislation adopted by both houses of parliament government offi cials either ex officio or appointed will hold 12 of the 23 seats on the bank’s governing body only two members and three censors with a con sultative voice will be elected by an assembly in page two cluding all the stockholders the other members will be named by the government on the proposal of various corporate economic groups representing industry commerce agriculture and consumers it remains to be seen whether the complete contro thus acquired by the government over the bank will be abused in the future the financial problem most difficult of all the issues confronting the government is still un solved the sizeable budget deficit already evi dent on its advent to power will be greatly in creased by the mass of new legislation the bill enabling the government to nationalize concerns manufacturing arms and ammunition and the law restoring salary and pension cuts to low paid civil servants and war veterans will further burden the treasury the latter will probably need to bor row about 18 billion francs before the end of the year in a convention concluded with the govern ment on june 18 the bank of france agreed to convert into temporary non interest bearing ad vances treasury notes and other securities up to 14 billion francs discounted by it during 1935 and 1936 in addition it undertook to extend a fur ther credit of 10 billion francs the government has hoped to dispense with this credit through the issue of a popular loan but up to the present only a little more than 2 billion francs has been sub scribed other resources will therefore have to be found the advance of 3 billion francs ob tained from london banks in may was renewed for three more months last week but it must be repaid in november there are other indications that the troubles of the government have only begun and are likely to become really acute in the fall although launch ing france on an inflationary economic program which will inevitably increase the disparity be tween domestic and foreign prices the cabinet has refused to contemplate devaluation of the franc in the end however it will probably have to de value the currency or follow the german policy of exchange control export subsidies and eco nomic isolation up to the present the govern ment has also had to contend with little or no op position employers intimidated by the strikes tamely submitted to the new legislation and wage increases while the fascist leagues including the croix de feu made no resistance to dissolution during the coming months however the opposi tion will have an opportunity to reorganize and collect its forces in the autumn the government must therefore face problems which will severely test its ingenuity and strength john c dewilde foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 42 aucust 14 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lgsiig buell president esther g ogden secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year 2 ai chee fc v mriteen ae et pee +mbers posal nting mers ontro bank ll the il un y evvi ly in 1e bill cerns ie law 1 civil on the bor of the vern ed to g ad up to 5 and 1 fur iment th the t only sub ve to s ob lewed ist be les of ely to unch gram y be ot has franc to de policy eco vern 10 op rikes wage ig the ution posi 2 and iment rerely lde bi sete sa 121i aisle nl cata slbbetel oe serrata ti foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y return postage guaranteed vou xv no 43 aucust 21 1936 currents of world recovery by winthrop w case this report reviews the industrial recovery since 1932 the capital and consumers goods industries unemploy ment the lag in international trade the effects of the ottawa agreements readjustments in the price structure currency depreciation exchange control the future of the international gold standard and economic nationalism fugust 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents entered as second lass marter december 1921 at che post othce at new york n y under che act of march 3 1879 a month of civil war in spain t the end of the first month of civil war heavy fighting is still in progress throughout spain and anxiety is still unrelieved throughout europe on the military front first reports of decisive rebel victories on august 14 and 15 have proved premature the actual junction of general franco’s southern forces and the columns of general mola operating from the north has ap parently not yet been achieved despite rebel victories in granada merida and badajoz near the portuguese border the long delayed rebel drive on madrid is still hampered by lack of com munications and the inability of fascist troops to hold territory behind their own lines fight ing on both the northern and southern fronts is becoming increasingly bitter casualty lists are mounting and mass executions are being per petrated by both sides meanwhile the efforts of france and great sritain to negotiate a binding non intervention agreement have met with little success as ger many and italy raise further reservations and war materials continue to flow into spain on august 11 twenty heavy german junker bombing planes and five pursuit planes manned by german military pilots were delivered to rebel headquar ters in seville despite an official communiqué issued by the british government on august 15 warning british citizens not to assist either side in spain british as well as german italian french aud polish airplanes have been reported in the service of general mola’s northern armies the inadequacy of prohibitions which permit ex port of civil aircraft while forbidding trade in arms and ammunition has been further demon strated by the apparently easy conversion of com mercial equipment by both sides the united states which had not been formally invited to join the european non intervention agreement clarified its position on august 11 in a public statement which affirmed the intention of washington to remain completely neutral but the difficulties of neutrality even with the ad vantages conferred by 3,000 miles of ocean were evident in the official warning which pointed out that the existing act has no application in the present situation since that applies only in the event of war between and among nations ameri can traders are legally free to sell war materials to either side on the other hand the administra tion announced as its well established policy a determination to scrupulously refrain from any interference whatsoever in the unfortunate span ish situation and to use its moral influence to secure observance of this policy by the american people presidential foreign policy while president roosevelt undoubtedly had the spanish situation uppermost in his mind at chau tauqua his speech of august 14 did more than emphasize the determination of the united states to avoid being drawn into war mr roosevelt outlined the chief objectives of american foreign policy at a time when in his own words a dark modern world faces wars between conflicting eco nomic and political fanaticisms in which are in tertwined race hatreds denying that we are isolationist except in so far as we seek to isolate ourselves completely from war he offered in effect a regional policy of international cooperation on the american con tinent combined with american neutrality in a major european war the good neighbor policy had been advanced he said in the hope that its practical application will be borne home to our neighbors across the seas should it fail to achieve this worthy purpose neutrality uni lateral or collective will be the american answer to war in europe whether he has in mind a reaffirmation of neutral rights in which the 21 american republics will join the president did not say but he made it clear that the executive should be free to meet each situation as it arises re ferring to existing legislation he declared the effective maintenance of american neutrality de pends today as in the past on the wisdom and de termination of whoever at the moment occupy the offices of president and secretary of state in the end peace will depend upon day to day de cisions while the good neighbor policy and the hull trade program which the president strong ly supports may help to promote peace it will not be easy to escape those economic and po litical fanaticisms even in our own hemisphere william t stone behind the spanish revolt by marguerite ann stewart barcelona august 10 the observer in spain today is impressed with the fact that the familiar label of communist on the government side and fascist on that of the insurgents is not a wholly accurate description of the alignment of forces the madrid government with its all republican cabinet is nominally in complete control but it is influenced powerfully by the organizations of the popular front which swept it into power in the february election these consist of the republi can socialist and communist parties and the pow erful socialist general union of workers in coop eration with the marxist united workers party trotskyite and the anarchist organizations iberian anarchist federation and national work ers federation especially strong in catalonia in the rebel camp the admittedly fascist groups gil robles catholic action and the span ish renovation parties fight side by side with various reactionary elements monarchists carl ists land barons nobility clergy and financiers in catalonia only the trade unions and left political organizations play a dominant role in the shape of an anti fascist militia a military com mittee on which are represented all organizations of the popular front this is largely the result of the incompetence of the catalonian government for weeks before the outbreak of the revolt the workers political and labor organizations had warned the government of the imminence of a fascist uprising by high army officers they charged that this clique aimed to seize control of the country and install josé calvo sotelo mon archist leader of the fascist spanish renovation party as dictator of spain in barcelona as in madrid working class organizations of the popu lar front pleaded for arms to defend the republic against the revolt which they were certain would page two come no later than august or september the gov ernment however refused to heed their warnings when the revolt broke out on july 18 the work ers were practically without arms they went into the streets bare handed and it was not until they had seized several munition depots that they were able to suppress the outbreak fighting continued furiously in the streets and plazas of the city for two days when the rebels were dis armed and order was rapidly restored in the whole of catalonia this contrasted with the situation in madrid where arms were distributed to members of the popular front groups and the cnt on saturday july 18 when the news was received of the premature revolt in morocco the assassination of sotelo six days before the uprising removed the central figure of the plot and was doubtless an important factor in destroy ing the precision necessary to its success only after seeing the wretched poverty of the working classes and peasants can one appreciate the reasons for the cruelty and bitterness of this struggle and the stubborn determination to over throw the feudalism which chains the country to the 16th century in a nation preponderantly agricultural 3,000,000 landless agricultural work ers earn from 14 to 60 cents a day 67 per cent of the land is owned by 2 per cent of the land owners in recent years hundreds of factory strikes and property seizures have occurred as unrest grew and social relief did not materialize though the demands for better conditions were voiced in the elections of 1931 and 1935 azafia has been cautious in the matter of reforms even the popular front program which swept him and his republican cabinet into power in february has existed largely on paper not until the pres ent crisis have they adopted the long promised reforms to strengthen the morale of the civilian population within the past fortnight rents under 30 a month have been reduced by 50 per cent in madrid in barcelona wages under 70 a month have been raised 15 per cent a 40 hour week has been inaugurated and rents have been reduced 25 per cent it is noteworthy that all these reforms have been brought about by constitutional means the leaders of the so called radical parties insist that their aim at this stage is not to foment a social revolution but to achieve a democratic form of government for spain they emphasize the fact that they are now fighting with bullets against reactionary elements which would keep spain in the feudalism which the people overwhelmingly repudiated by their votes last february foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 43 august 21 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th sereet new york n y raymond lesiig buell president esther g ogden secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office ac new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 ome dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year em ed ed et et oo +gov ings ork went until they iting is of dis the the uted the was x the plot roy the iate this ver vy to ntly ork cent and tory 1 as lize vere mana ven and lary res ised lian nder it in onth has iced lave the that cial n of fact inst n in ngly in inter pretati subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y return postage guaranteed foreign policy bulletin of curre nt ini by the research staff vol xv no 44 august 28 1936 currents of world recovery by winthrop w case this report reviews the industrial recovery since 1932 the capital and consumers goods industries unemploy ment the lag in international trade the effects of the ottawa agreements readjustments in the price structure currency depreciation exchange control the future of the international gold standard and economic nationalism lugust 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents entered as second lass matter december 1921 at the pose office at new york n y under the act of march 4 1879 library of congress ashington d c non intervention in spain he adherence of germany italy and the so viet union to the non intervention pact first proposed on august 1 by france’s popular front government has been hailed as assuring virtual success for this attempt to exclude outside inter ference from the spanish conflict mussolini’s be lated acceptance announced on august 21 was limited by certain reservations he repeated his earlier stipulations that the ban on arms ship ments would become effective only with the ad herence to the pact of britain france germany portugal and the soviet union and demanded in addition that all european nations manufacturing arms support the embargo he did not insist however that non intervention must be inter preted as barring public subscription of funds and enlistment of volunteers for either spanish fac tion on august 24 berlin pledged establishment of an immediate embargo on all shipments of arms to spain on the same day the u.s.s.r agreed to impose an embargo contingent on sim ilar action by other european powers including portugal berlin’s promise of non intervention in spain was coupled however with the ex tension of the term of conscription in german military forces from one to two years on the ground that the civil war in the peninsula had revealed the menace to germany and the world from soviet imperialism and bolshevik mili tarism british diplomatic pressure had apparently been strongly exerted in berlin rome and mos cow to enlist support for the french initiative as early as august 19 london banned the ship ment of war supplies including commercial air planes to both spanish factions and sir samuel hoare first lord of the admiralty declared that britain had not the least intention of interfering in the internal affairs of spain holland and belgium have imposed arms embargoes but be fore the non intervention pact can become gener ally effective the assent of portugal remains to be secured the successful conclusion of such an accord will materially lessen the threat to european peace which for a time the spanish conflict signalized if the arms embargo is enforced and the if is a large one in view of the ease of gun running across spain’s extended frontier with portugal this action should eventually redound to the ad vantage of the loyalist forces at madrid portu gal is ruled by a fascist dictatorship which strongly sympathizes with the rebels and the spanish insurgents depend to considerable degree on foreign supply for arms but the government controls in addition to a gold reserve totalling 700,000,000 the country’s two most important industrial centers madrid and barcelona in these cities factories are reported to be manufac turing actively both munitions and airplanes meanwhile fighting has continued indecisive although loyalist supporters admit that the revo lutionaries control half the republic they contend that the rebel area holds only 8,000,000 people while 15,000,000 live in the territory under gov ernment sway the rebels have apparently strengthened their dominance in western spain along the portuguese border permitting the re enforcement of the northern army by regular army units from morocco foreign legionnaires and some moorish troops on august 22 the be ginning of a decisive attempt by the southern army to capture madrid in five days was an nounced on the other hand rumblings of re volt in spanish morocco threatened to endanger the rebels control of that important province proposals for foreign mediation of the conflict involving the united states have come to naught on august 17 uruguay suggested a cordial medi ation to be offered to spain by the american coun tries leading south american states approved the idea in principle but pointed out the impossi bility of formal mediation until the spanish rebels had been recognized as belligerents on august 20 washington informed the uruguayan govern ment it would not join in the proposed pan amer ican effort since prospects for success were not such as to warrant departure from the policy of non interference in the internal affairs of other countries american neutrality was being safe guarded it was announced by the willingness of munitions manufacturers to refrain from ship ping supplies to either side the united states shipping board also brought pressure on lines in debted to the government to support the moral embargo on august 24 the spanish govern ment assured washington it would not seize the property of either foreigners or nationals with out making due compensation charles a thomson the native problem in africa legislation which will affect the whole problem of race relations in africa has recently been adopted by the union of south africa this leg islation which regulates the political economic and social status of the bantu population com prises three acts the native trust and land act and the representation of natives act passed by the union parliament in june and the urban areas amendment bill certain to pass at the next session the new policy is based on the double principle of native segregation and white trustee ship members of parliament made it clear that they were deliberately depriving the natives of all chance for effective political power but empha sized their responsibility for the education and economic development of the native groups the native trust and land act sets up a cor poration to acquire land for native settlement including the existing native reserves the terri tory thus open to natives will be about 12 per cent of the union land area though the native popula tion outnumbers the white by more than three to one administration of the trust is dependent on financial aid from parliament and the gener osity of such assistance will determine the degree of advancement to be attained in the new areas without large scale government aid in erosion control and farming education they may easily sink to the low level of existing reserves the representation of natives act deprives cape province natives of their historic franchise and substitutes a complicated system of communal voting the six million union natives are to be represented by four europeans in a senate of 44 members and by a native council of 12 page two elected and 4 nominated native members which serves in a purely advisory capacity though the act enfranchises natives of all four provinces the voting units have been chosen to insure the selec tion of government approved candidates in most instances as a sop to the disfranchised cape na tives the new legislation enables them to send two non native representatives to the provincial coun cil as a further means of strengthening the color bar in the political field the definition of native is stiffened so that a person of mixed ancestry cannot be admitted to the white voters roll if he has a native ancestor closer than a great grandparent the urban areas bill intensifies the existing segregation of the million natives living in cities and towns at the same time it increases the municipalities responsibility for health and san itation in these areas passage of the bills adds importance to the cur rent agitation in south africa for incorporating the british protectorates of swaziland basuto land and bechuanaland all of which are in close territorial and economic relation with the union by the union act of 1909 britain agreed to even tual amalgamation with the proviso that it would not hand over the territories without previous ly consulting their population both native and european and the british parliament since 1933 south africa has brought increasing pres sure on london to carry out its pledges the british government basing its position on the white paper of june 20 1935 and the fact that the natives are understood to be almost unani mously opposed to transfer refuses to take immediate action it has however invited the cooperation of the union government in gaining the good will of its future subjects and south africa has just voted a credit of 35,000 for soil erosion control in the protectorates whether such generosity will be more successful than the threats of economic retaliation recently made before par liament by premier hertzog remains to be seen helen fisher the protectorates of south africa by margery perham and lionel curtis new york oxford university press 1935 2.00 arguments for and against the transfer of basutoland bechuanaland and swaziland to the union of south africa inside europe by john gunther new york harper 1936 3.50 vivid panorama of current confusions liberalism fights on by ogden l mills new york maemillan 1936 1.50 an anti new deal argument on behalf of free govern ment free men and free enterprise foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 44 aucust 28 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp leste bueit president esther g ocpen secretary wera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year +ham rsity land rica rper ork vern ational editor foreign policy bulletin 4n interpretation of curs ent inter n one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y by the re earch ste i vor xv no 45 september 4 1936 post war politics in greece by nicholas s kaltchas this report deals with the events leading up to and immediately following the restoration of the monarchy in greece and touches briefly on the metaxas dictator ship after the general’s coup of august 5 1936 september 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents entered as second matter december 7 21 at the post cp of office at new york y under the act march 3 1879 eriodical division ibrary of congress ashington d c toward a fascist front in europe he danger of international conflict arising out of the spanish civil war has at least tem porarily subsided now that practically all euro pean countries have at last accepted the french proposal to deny arms to both sides the german arms embargo imposed on august 24 was followed four days later by italian action the portuguese government which has not concealed its sym pathy for the rebels yielded to franco british pressure and decreed an embargo on august 27 the soviet union was thus enabled to carry out its earlier pledge of cooperation on august 31 it was reported that eleven nations including all the major european powers except germany had also agreed to set up a committee in london to apply a policy of non intervention in spain the chief function of such a committee would be to exchange information regarding the efficacy of the arms embargoes although the apparently successful issue of the neutrality negotiations has minimized the threat of war it has not arrested the growing cleavage of europe into two antagonistic anti fascist and anti communist fronts the decision of the so viet government announced on august 11 to lower the minimum age for service in the soviet army from 21 to 19 years was followed by a bit ter campaign in the german press using this measure as a pretext chancellor hitler on august 24 raised the term of compulsory military service from one to two years thereby increasing the reg ular army to approximately 850,000 men many indications point to the creation of a european bloc of authoritarian states admiral nicholas horthy regent of hungary is reported to have had this object in view in his recent con versations with the austrian and german chan cellors at the end of august dr goebbels visited venice where he conferred with the italian press minister in order to establish closer collaboration on anti communist propaganda meanwhile ger man influence has been growing apace in the bal kans in the last few years dr schacht has been markedly successful in increasing german trade relations with southeastern europe so that ger many now is the leading customer of almost all the balkan states a number of governmental changes in these countries has further bolstered the german position the reorganization of the bulgarian cabinet early in july brought into the government two lieutenants of m tsankov who leads an aggressive fascist movement in bul garia in greece general john metaxas has sup planted a democratic régime with a dictatorship finally in rumania premier george tatarescu re formed his cabinet on august 29 dropping as foreign minister the veteran nicolas titulescu who has been noted for his francophile policy and his determined opposition to the anti semitic and fascist iron guard it must be admitted that the creation of a solid anti communist coalition in central and eastern europe is still far from a reality poland does not want to be the tail to either the german or the soviet kite and the exchange of visits by the pol ish and french chiefs of staff has recently dem onstrated that the franco polish treaty of alli ance is still in force italy has no desire to be subordinated to germany in leadership of the anti communist bloc in the balkans it will prove difficult if not impossible to bridge the differences between revisionist and status quo countries moreover neither the rumanian nor the bulgari an government is fascist as yet nevertheless germany has made considerable progress in rally ing the anti soviet forces and will not relax its efforts toward that end germany’s determination to concentrate on an anti communist drive is evident from hitler’s ap parent decision to adopt a more conciliatory atti tude toward the church in accordance with a decision announced on august 28 most of the ss te immorality or currency smuggling charges still pending against members of the catholic clergy will be either dismissed or settled out of court the german catholic bishops have sent the fiihrer a memorandum appealing to him to make peace with the church and recognize religion as the strongest bulwark against communism in a pastoral letter read in all catholic churches on august 30 the bishops again urged church and state to join forces in a common crusade against communism a desire to prevent the division of europe into two irreconcilable camps was probably in presi dent roosevelt’s mind when he recently discussed with his confidants a tentative project to call a conference of state heads in case he should be re elected to this conference the conception of which was revealed by mr arthur krock in the new york times of august 26 mr roosevelt ap parently contemplated inviting stalin hitler mussolini king edward president lebrun and others while it is obviously fantastic to expect hitler and stalin to sit down at the same table the president’s idea corresponds to a widespread conviction that the growing breach between fas cist and anti fascist countries must somehow be healed if peace is to be preserved the conference of locarno powers which is to take place this fall has the same objective hitherto the democratic countries especially britain and france have made one concession after another in order to pre vent a fascist coalition of powers the adoption of a concerted neutrality in the spanish civil war is the latest for in essence it represents renuncia tion of an uncontested right to assist a recognized government with arms and munition in the sup pression of insurrection if the fascist tide in europe is to be arrested greater firmness is neces sary only united determination on the part of anti fascist countries to resist further encroach ments can induce germany and italy to adopt a more conciliatory attitude john c dewilde anglo egyptian treaty signed the anglo egyptian treaty of friendship and alliance which was signed in london on august 26 opens a new stage in the relations between great britain and its former protectorate since 1922 when the british formally granted indepen dence to egypt periodic negotiations tending to settle questions then reserved for future discus sion have failed regularly recently however the italian conquest of ethiopia has brought home to the egyptians their need of military protection against the double threat from italian libya on the one hand and ethiopia on the other and has page two emphasized to britain the need of a strong mili tary establishment backed by a friendly egypt to maintain vital communications through the suez canal both sides have abandoned their former no concessions attitude and the negotia tions which began on march 2 were successful the new agreement differs little from the draft treaty of 1929 1930 which was rejected by egypt because of disagreement over the status of egyp tian citizens in the anglo egyptian sudan the present settlement for the sudan permits egyp tian troops to re enter its garrison and allows more egyptian officials to take part in its admin istration other provisions of the treaty follow closely the 1930 draft defense of the suez cana by britain is assured by permitting the british to keep 10,000 troops and 400 air pilots in the ismailia zone bordering the canal in barracks to be constructed by the egyptian government fur thermore the british will have the right to use alexandria and port said for naval bases and to move troops over egyptian territory in case of war or threat of war strategic roads are to be built by egypt for this purpose the egyptian army will continue to be instructed by a british military mission and to use british type arms and munitions in return britain agrees to withdraw all its troops from cairo where their presence has been a standing affront to egyptian national ist aspirations and to support egypt in calling a conference of the powers whose nationals still en joy extraterritorial privileges in egypt with a view to eventually bringing foreigners in egypt under egyptian law and abolishing the right of the capitulatory powers to veto taxation laws applying to their nationals as final steps in assur ing complete recognition of the independence which egypt has nominally held since 1922 the british government agrees to replace its high commissioner by an ambassador and promises to support egyptian application for membership in the league of nations helen fisher hold fast the middle way by john dickinson boston little brown 1935 1.75 perhaps the most able defense so far of the new deal philosophy the jeffersonian tradition in american democracy by charles maurice wiltse chapel hill university of north carolina press 1935 3.00 exhaustive and illuminating analysis of jefferson’s views dictatorship and democracy by sir john a r marriott new york oxford university press 1935 3.75 an elementary survey of governments from the days of ancient greece to nazi germany foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 45 september 4 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lastiz bugit president esther g ocpen secretary vera michetes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year vol +mili gypt the their rotia ful draft igypt lgyp the lzyp llows lmin ollow canal sh to the ks to fur use nd to se of to be ptian ritish 3 and draw sence onal ing a ll en ith a igypt right laws ssur lence the high nises rship national editor foreign policy bulletin an interpreta the research st subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y a vol xv no 46 september 11 4986 post war politics in greece by nicholas s kaltchas this report deals with the events leading up to and immediately following the restoration of the monarchy in greece and touches briefly on the metaxas dictator ship after the general’s coup of august 5 1936 september 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents second december entered as class matter 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 periodical divisien library of congress yashineton d delay endangers spanish arms embargo he advance of rebel forces which in north ern spain brought about the capture of irtiin on september 4 led to the fall at madrid of the giral cabinet and the organization of a much stronger and more representative government under fran cisco largo caballero dynamic left wing social ist following this consolidation of political pow er the loyalists claimed an important victory at talavera de la reina where general franco’s troops were reported to have been driven back four miles thus checking for a time the danger of an attack on madrid from the southwest at the same time the fall of iran promised to relieve the loyalist threat to the rear of general mola’s army and thus facilitate his advance on the capital from the north with the new cabinet the madrid government now has for the first time since the victory of the popular front in the february 16 elections the active collaboration of all its supporting groups with the sole exception of the anarcho syndical ists the cabinet is made up of six socialists including the powerful right wing leader inda lecio prieto two communists three leftist re publicans and one representative each from the catalan esquerra left and the basque nation alists the government gains particularly from the cooperation of the socialists who possess the best organization and the most numerous repre sentation in the cortes of all the popular front parties meanwhile international efforts to establish an arms embargo against both spanish factions are still beset with difficulties following general ac ceptance of the french non intervention proposal endeavors have been directed toward the organi zation in london of a committee to supervise the efficacy of the bans declared by the various gov ernments unwillingness on the part of ger many and portugal to accept membership in the committee delayed initiation of its activ ities germany finally acted on september 5 after receiving assurance that the committee would not attempt the réle of mediation in the civil struggle but on september 7 portugal whose sympathies incline toward the rebels was still holding out this delay in establishing inter national control of the arms embargo it was feared might encourage continued shipment of munitions which the rebels can easily receive through portugal the fall of irtin important gateway city to france closed a possible avenue of supply to the loyalists fearing that the neu trality policy toward spain was injuring the madrid government more than the rebels 200,000 french metal workers staged a one hour strike in the paris region on september 7 to support their demand that the arms embargo be lifted in favor of madrid premier blum resolutely refused to sanction this step declaring it would bring on a general european war charles a thomson the soviet purge to a long series of political assassinations purges and other atrocities which have marred the recent history of europe are added the soviet executions on august 25 it was announced that 16 men convicted of a plot to overthrow stalin had been shot a number of these men were old bolsheviks who had been communist leaders be fore the 1917 revolution while two of them zinovieff and kameneff had held high positions in the soviet régime following the death of lenin in 1924 the government rested in the hands of a triumvirate composed of these two men and stalin gradually the latter succeeded in estab lishing his exclusive control finally exiling zino vieff kameneff and trotsky because they objected to stalin’s rightist tendencies although trotsky has continued in exile the other two subsequently recanted and were allowed to return last year both zinovieff and kameneff were convicted of being morally responsible for the assassination of kiroff in december 1934 for which 107 persons were executed and were given prison sentences this august the government charged that they had directly instigated the as sassination and with 14 others over a period from 1932 to november 1935 had plotted the death of stalin and other soviet leaders accord ing to the indictment the plot was engineered by trotsky now an exile in norway and was as sisted by the german secret police gestapo at the trial which opened on august 19 14 of the 16 defendants fully confessed their guilt one astonishing feature of the plot was the charge that the chief conspirators planned to put to death the actual assassin of stalin in order to conceal the plot’s origin fritz david a member of the german communist party and a trotskyite testi fied that he attended meetings of the third inter national last summer with a browning machine gun under his arm but could not get close enough to stalin to shoot the defendants gave their confessions amidst sobbing oratory and mutual recrimination and without apparently expecting mercy although the stories corroborated each other no witnesses were called by the state or the defense and weak ened by long imprisonment the chief prisoners had no opportunity to confer among themselves on their defense from norway trotsky de nounced the whole proceeding declaring the trial one of the most horrible crimes in world history he announced that to prove his innocence he would sue for libel the norwegian nazi party which had repeated the moscow charges mean while the soviet purge continues such prom inent figures as bukharin radek rykoff and gregory sokolnikoff are under official suspicion scores of communists are being removed from their positions in the party or in industry if at any time they have been adherents of the trotsky faction apparently these executions have failed to achieve their purpose even if there were some basis for the charge of counter revolution it is dif ficult to see why the charges should have been made at this time particularly when the chief defend ants were already in prison for similar offenses the most plausible explanation is that stalin wished to use the trials as a pretext for discredit ing trotsky’s influence which seems to be increas ing among the communists outside russia and also to hold in check revolutionary desires within the soviet union trotsky holds that workers in page two every country must incessantly struggle for the revolution a belief based on the teachings of marx and lenin stalin has come to realize that the policy of instigating communist revolution abroad has led to fascist reaction and if carried further may even endanger the existence of the soviet union the russian masses however in doctrinated with the principles of communism which is fundamentally international and revolu tionary have been eager to aid their struggling brothers in spain the simplest way to hold them in check and discredit the revolutionary elements abroad was to show the world that trotsky and his followers are men without scruple and fascist dogs nevertheless the result of stalin’s repressive methods may be merely to widen the breach within the international communist move ment it is a curious paradox that in his endeavor to curb revolutionary forces stalin has injured the position of the soviet union among civilized na tions since it joined the league of nations in 1934 soviet russia has endeavored to demonstrate that it is a champion of social justice and world peace it has protested against the terrorism of the fascist dictatorships and urged communist parties in every country to join with bourgeois liberals in a united front against fascism appar ently to meet the charge that the soviet was a ter roristic régime stalin authorized publication of the draft of a new constitution several weeks ago but the political executions of august reveal the repressive tendency of the soviet government which continues to rest on the firing squad and mass propaganda rather than on the procedures of liberal democracy these executions constitute one more example that soviet russia exacts an even greater toll of human life than nazi ger many or fascist italy so long as these conditions persist the soviet union will fail to win the sym pathy of democratic powers which it has courted for years surrounded by menacing enemies the soviet is in need of both sympathy and aid but it has chosen to forfeit these by practices which seem inherent in the régime the most unfor tunate result of this episode is that it will lead reactionaries to say unjustly that government planning inevitably leads to wholesale tyranny raymond leslie buell the nazi dictatorship by frederick l schuman new york knopf 1936 3.50 a second edition bringing up to date this comprehensive history and critique of national socialism platform for america by ralph e flanders new york whittlesey house mcgraw hill 1936 1.00 an appeal for more goods at cheaper prices foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 46 sgptbmber 11 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lgsiig bugit president estherr g ocpen secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year op ot ee ae et dd 3 6 +foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vol xv no 47 september 18 1936 mr buell goes abroad on september 16 mr buell sailed for europe at the invitation of the geneva research center to develop the plan of cooperation which was in augurated last year he will spend some time in geneva and will also visit several of the euro pean capitals entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 emp 24 1936 periodical division library of congress washington d c nazis rally against bolshevism ith a great and impressive military display the annual national socialist congress at nuremberg came to a close on september 14 after a six day session devoted to the glorification of nazi achievements one million devoted follow ers of the fiihrer trekked homeward again their enthusiasm for nazi principles rekindled and their future dedicated by hitler to two tasks the extirpation of bolshevism and the accomplish ment of a four year program directed toward greater economic self sufficiency in his opening proclamation to the congress on september 9 hitler proudly summed up the achievements of his régime under his leader ship germany had cast off the chains of ver sailles and had been restored to a position of equality and honor among the nations of the world the strife between parties and classes had been eliminated and domestic peace estab lished even german cultural life he claimed had experienced a renaissance his proudest boast however was that he had brought to ger many economic recovery and not he stressed at the cost of a single other nation or people he cited the reduction of unemployment from six to little more than one million conveniently ignor ing the fact that this decrease had been achieved at the expense of individual living standards and that many unemployed had been absorbed into the army and labor service in pointing to the great increase in production and national income he failed of course to mention that both were pre cariously dependent on huge and unproductive expenditures for rearmament and on a state credit already extended almost to the breaking point in his proclamation hitler did admit that germany still faces a serious stringency of certain foodstuffs and raw materials which he attributed to the unsympathetic attitude of foreign countries although frankly conceding that the reich can never be entirely self sufficient he declared that in four years germany must be wholly inde pendent of foreign countries in respect to all those materials which can in any way be produced through german skill through our chemistry machine and mining industries at the same time germany would never relinquish her de mand for a solution of her colonial claims the keynote of the congress was undoubtedly its hostility to bolshevism which speaker after speaker castigated as an instrument used by the jews to obtain domination of the world re peatedly nazi accomplishments were lauded and those of the soviet union belittled contrasting the resources of germany and russia hitler ex claimed if i had the ural mountains with their incalculable store of treasures in raw materials siberia with its vast forests and the ukraine with its tremendous wheat fields germany under na tional socialist leadership would swim in plenty holding up the spanish civil war as a horrible example the fiihrer declared that the bolshevist danger had become a terrible reality goebbels and rosenberg far outdid hitler in their virulent attacks on communism and soviet leadership ap pealing to other nations to eradicate this in fernal world pestilence goebbels announced that germany as the outpost of european civilization is ready and determined to ward off this danger from her frontier with all the means at her dis posal bolshevism he characterized as a patho logical and criminal type of madness devised by jews and led by jews who aim at destroying civilized nations and founding a world jewish régime that would subject all nations to its power the congress did not fail to hear the customary protestations of love for peace hitler expressed his conviction that the european peoples and states can approach a happier future only through the preservation of peace the display of ger man military strength the demonstrations of oe blind loyalty to nazi leadership at nuremberg and the vicious attacks on the soviet union com bine to make the rest of the world more than skeptical of hitler’s sincerity the fiihrer’s ap peal for a struggle against bolshevism may have been intended largely for domestic consumption but it has accentuated the danger of a conflict between fascism and communism which can only be suicidal for europe fortunately a number of european powers have recently demonstrated that they regard germany rather than the soviet union as the threat to world peace britain has been alienated by these violent diatribes against communism the french government decided on september 7 to meet germany’s increase in the term of military service by spending an additional sum of 14 billion francs on its armaments over the next four years with a political military agreement initialed in paris on september 6 france and poland have revived an alliance which had been regarded moribund in the last few years french credits totaling several biilion francs are to be made available for the modernization of the polish army and for polish industrial develop ment while not sacrificing friendly relations with germany the polish government has indi cated in this way that it will not be used as a tool of german policy even the little entente at its conference in bratislava on september 12 14 re vealed a surprising degree of unity in the face of german attempts to disrupt it john c dewilde syria and palestine with the future of egypt definitely settled by the recent anglo egyptian treaty the attention of the arab world turned last week to two other centers of nationalist agitation syria and pal estine in syria the arabs celebrated the definitive signature of a treaty of alliance and friendship with france by which the mandated territories of syria and lebanon will become in dependent nations at the end of a three year transition period but in strife ridden palestine where five months of continuous guerrilla warfare have exacted a toll of 340 lives 1,060 wounded and material losses of 14 million dollars great britain has taken drastic action to meet the arab’s decision calling for continuation of the general strike until they attain their objective stoppage of jewish immigration and of land sale to jews on september 7 the british government appointed lieutenant general j g dill to supreme com mand of the troops in palestine canceled army manoeuvres in sussex and called up several hun dred reservists in order to embark 12,000 soldiers page twe for the near east when the new military gov ernor assumes command he will have about 20,000 troops at his disposal to carry out the announced policy ot ruthless restoration of order this action terminates a period during which conciliatory tactics have been tried and have failed the appointment on july 29 of a royal commission headed by lord robert peel a former secretary of state for india and empow ered to begin its inquiries as soon as the disorders cease was unable to dissuade the militant arab youths from their campaign of terrorism like wise the personal efforts of the high commis sioner to bring about peace and even the interven tion of general nuri pasha as said iraq foreign minister were of no avail the british govern ment has now served notice that it will make no further concessions the next few weeks will be a crucial period for palestine for many years syria has been torn by dis turbances as grave as those in palestine yet on september 9 léon blum’s government signed a treaty with representatives of those same na tionalists who have been ruthlessly suppressed by the mandatory administration of former french governments the treaty is similar to the anglo egyptian agreement of august 26 france will maintain troops in syria and the syrian army will be french trained and equipped vested economic interests will remain in french hands in return syria and lebanon which is expected to sign a similar accord in the near future will become independent states and will be sponsored by france as new members of the league of nations helen fisher how britain is governed by ramsay muir houghton mifflin 1935 2.50 a penetrating criticism of the british government ac companied by constructive proposals new york the league of nations and the rule of law 1918 1935 by alfred zimmern new york macmillan 1936 4.00 helpful analysis of the league as a new method of conducting relations between states the measurement of population growth by r r kuczyn ski new york oxford university press 1936 4.00 invaluable statistical material the crimea by harold temperley new york longmans green 1936 10.00 an outstanding contribution to diplomatic history the twilight of treaties by y m goblet bell sons 1936 7s 6d a french geographer argues that underneath present treaty violations a new order is coming into existence based on geographic and economic needs the rape of africa by lamar middleton smith and haas 1936 3.00 a severe attack on europe’s acquisition of africa london g new york foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 47 sepreember 18 1936 published weekly by che foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lasiig bug president esther g ocpen secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year eee ea +ov 06 ced ich ave ya w ers rab ke lis en ign rn ike vill lis la na ich lo vill my ted 25 00 of yn 0 ans g ent nee onal lior foreign policy bulletin by the research staff an interpretation of current international events subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vol xv no 48 september 25 1936 war drums and peace plans by raymond leslie buell and ryllis alexander goslin the danger of another world war brought ominously near by the civil conflict raging in spain and the need of plans capable of secur ing peace is the theme of the september issue of headline books paper 25 cents boards 35 cents any six titles in boards 2.00 mailed to members and subscribers early this month entered as second class matter december i 2 1921 at the post te office at new york n y under the act g py pf march 3 1879 ne ee a pivisio 3 det congre pibrary c qasning to a new china confronts japan he japanese navy’s decision of september 21 to increase its marine forces at shanghai climaxed a long series of events in china dur ing the past two months which has slowly worked up to a new crisis in sino japanese relations three developments stand out in this period the kwangsi peace settlement the murders of four japanese since august 24 and the extreme de liberation manifested by japan in presenting its demands at nanking in connection with these in cidents each of these developments underlines the continued growth of that determined spirit of resistance to japanese aggression which has seized upon china since last december at the end of july following nanking’s tri umph in kwangtung it was generally expected that chiang kai shek would speedily enforce his dictates on neighboring kwangsi province in the settlement reached between chiang kai shek and the kwangsi leaders however the latter have won out in virtually every respect by government mandate on september 5 li tsung jen command er of the kwangsi forces was appointed pacifica tion commissioner for kwangsi province gen eral pai chung hsi general li’s aide was named a member of the standing committee of the mil itary affairs council at nanking and huang shao hsiung earlier appointed governor of kwangsi province was re assigned as chairman of chekiang province nanking’s troops are be ing withdrawn from kwangtung the proscription against li chi shen tsai ting kai commander of the 19th route army and other participants in the anti japanese fukien government of 1933 1934 all of whom have been associated with the present kwangsi movement has been lifted and they have been given official positions the kwangsi forces have been enrolled as the fifth national army of china but under terms which apparently barred the reconstituted 19th route army as an independent unit at the insistence of the kwangsi leaders it is also reported that chiang kai shek agreed to lift the restrictions he has continuously enforced on freedom of press speech and assembly if this item were carried into effect the anti japanese movement would speedily assume united nation wide proportions it would signalize an outstanding reversal of chiang kai shek’s steady policy of refusing to build a national movement of resistance on a pop ular basis there is no evidence however that this policy has been reversed in actual practice on september 18 for example an anti japanese demonstration in shanghai was broken up by the rifle butts of the chinese police with more than 30 persons injured and 50 arrested nevertheless the terms of the peace settlement with kwangsi indicate that chiang kai shek no longer finds it possible to engage in a civil war which flouts the nationalist sentiment that has developed among the chinese people this sentiment has now reached such heights that it is doubtful whether chiang kai shek can continue to guarantee the safety of japanese na tionals pursuing legitimate occupations in china so long as their government adheres to a policy of aggressive political encroachment during the past month two japanese have been killed at chengtu one at pakhoi and one at hankow the chengtu affair of august 24 was precipitated by japan’s insistence on reopening its consulate in that city a move which was opposed in china on the ground that chengtu was not a treaty port the pakhoi incident of september 3 in which a japanese druggist was killed by a chinese mob has been complicated by internal political consid erations the port of pakhoi was occupied late in august by the 19th route army as the result of a military drive into southwest kwangtung pro vince from kwangsi this army refused to allow investigation of the incident by japanese officials and made preparations to defend the city against ee i ner a threatened japanese naval attack latest re ports indicate that the 19th route army has evacuated pakhoi under pressure from chiang kai shek the third incident occurred on septem ber 19 at hankow where an unidentified chinese shot and killed a japanese consular policeman meanwhile the japanese ambassador shigeru kawagoe has opened conversations with the chi nese foreign minister at nanking relative to de mands concerning the chengtu killings to which have now been added the pakhoi and hankow in cidents the japanese demands have been care fully formulated by the tokyo cabinet and have received imperial sanction presumably they will require an official apology indemnities and pun ishment of those responsible it is also reported that they may require drastic suppression of the anti japanese movement abolition of the kuomin tang and further political concessions in north china where japan has been making piecemeal advances in recent weeks the hopei chahar council has virtually legalized the smuggling of japanese goods by according them official protec tion after payment of a special tax of one eighth of the national tariff dues and sung cheh yuan head of the hopei chahar council has agreed to the principle of joint sino japanese economic de velopment of north china on september 20 the japanese army secured complete control of feng tai strategic railway junction just south of pei ping by forcing chinese troops to evacuate their barracks at that point an attempted thrust into suiyuan province by japanese manchurian forces in late august however was repelled by the local chinese troops under general fu tso yi it is clear that japan’s insistence at this junc ture on the broader demands noted above would place chiang kai shek in an impossible position in the face of the rising anti japanese tide in china he can no longer enforce the general ac ceptance of extensive political concessions to japan the relative moderation which has char acterized recent japanese statements and actions suggests that they are alive to the dangers of the present situation for which five years of steady japanese military political aggression in china are primarily responsible a retreat from this policy on the part of japan’s responsible leaders is the best insurance against a possible explosion of long pent up forces in china tt a bisson dissension in france the civil war in spain has not only endangered the peace of europe but added greatly to unrest in france the policy of neutrality pursued by page twe the french cabinet has produced a profound rift among its followers representing essentially the same social elements as the loyalist government in spain the french ministry of léon blum was from the first sympathetic toward madrid it con sidered however that the preservation of euro pean peace was paramount and for that reason took the lead in negotiating a neutrality accord denying the legally constituted spanish govern ment as well as the rebels access to foreign arms and ammunition this policy provoked the oppo sition of french communists and the powerful national confederation of labor the commu nists engaged in a persistent press campaign de manding that the blockade against spain be lifted huge popular demonstrations were organ ized to demand airplanes for spain and work ingmen in the metallurgical plants in paris struck for one hour to protest the government’s policy for a time it seemed that blum might be able to check the mounting opposition in a persuasive and vigorous speech delivered on september 6 the french premier openly challenged the com munists to unseat him on september 9 the ad ministrative commission of the national confed eration of labor refused to follow the militant communists and adopted a mildly phrased reso lution requesting a reconsideration of the neutral ity policy and at the same time reaffirming its solidarity with the blum ministry recent events however are again threatening this solidarity with military fortunes definitely favoring the spanish rebels and several fascist powers appar ently sabotaging the neutrality agreement pres sure on the blum government to lift the arms em bargo will be redoubled unless the government yields its fall appears possible a new wave of stay in strikes meanwhile has further embarrassed the french cabinet op position to the government’s spanish policy con tributed to this renewed outburst of labor unrest for the most part however alleged failure to carry out the strike agreement of last june and de mands for new wage increases to meet the rapidly rising cost of living were the immediate causes of the strikes the government has managed to settle the major strike involving 30,000 textile workers at lille but a number of factories still remain occupied the radical socialists con stituting the most conservative element in the popular front are becoming increasingly alarmed at the failure to check these strikes thus from the right as well as the left the popular front is threatened with disintegration john c dewilde foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 48 september 25 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y rarmonp lasire bugit president estherr g ogpen secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year oi +foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vol xv no 49 october 2 1936 currency stabilization and world recovery by john c dewilde an analysis of the chaotic currency conditions of the last few years 25c august 28 1935 issue of foreign policy reports entered as second class matter december 1921 at the post office at new york n yq under the act of march 3 1879 y or currency stabilization a challenge to action decisive stimulus has been imparted to world economic recovery by devaluation of the french franc followed by that of the nether lands guilder and the swiss franc and the an nouncement on september 25 that the united states britain and france would cooperate to stabilize international exchange rates at the re sulting new levels this readjustment of curren cies by international agreement not only marks a hopeful sign of international cooperation but should put an end to the prevailing economic stag nation in the gold bloc countries and remove a number of obstacles to the revival of international trade and credit collapse of the gold bloc means the end of the drastic deflation by which france switzerland and the netherlands have sought in vain to offset the advantages obtained by other countries through devaluation in france the blum gov ernment abandoned the deflationary policy in june the popular front secured the adoption of wage increases a 40 hour week and other mea sures all of which had an inflationary effect and further widened the disparity between french and foreign prices fearing however that devalua tion would bring about a panicky rise in prices to the disadvantage of wage earners and rentiers the government undertook to maintain the gold value of the franc the economic situation con tinued to deteriorate government finances went from bad to worse as the baby bond issue failed to produce more than a few billion francs and as the necessity for rearmament added further bur dens to the treasury a new flight of capital set in which reduced the gold stocks of the bank of france from about 55 billion francs early in aug ust to approximately 50 billion at the end of sep tember faced with these conditions the cabinet reluctantly decided to devalue the franc by an amount ranging between 25.19 and 34.36 per cent exchanges were closed and the convertibility of the franc virtually suspended until parliament hastily convened in extraordinary session on sep tember 28 approved the bill providing for deval uation and the creation of an exchange stabiliza tion fund of 10,000,000,000 francs at the same time the government devised a series of measures to curb price increases and protect civil servants wage earners and bondholders against any rise in the cost of living devaluation of the franc was quickly followed by similar action in switzerland and the nether lands on september 26 the swiss federal coun cil decided to devalue the swiss franc by the same percentage thereupon the netherlands govern ment declared it impossible to maintain its pres ent monetary policy and instituted a gold em bargo on september 28 premier colijn an nounced the creation of a 300,000,000 guilder sta bilization fund the guilder will be allowed to seek its own level but the ultimate degree of de valuation will probably not exceed 20 per cent readjustment of these currencies should have beneficial results both internally and internation ally it will aid domestic recovery in the coun tries involved by stimulating a rise in wholesale prices thus enabling agriculture and industry to operate at a profit and extend their production even though it may not bring about an immediate expansion in the volume of exports devaluation will at least enable these countries to sell goods abroad at remunerative prices by reestablishing confidence it should lead to the gradual repatria tion of capital which has fled abroad this in turn should ease the financial situation particu larly in france where the government must bor row at least 17 billion francs before the end of the year the revaluation of gold stocks will also yield a tidy profit to straitened national ex chequers in france alone it is estimated that from 17 to 22 billion francs will accrue to the treasury internationally the effects are more limited the economic improvement and increased purchasing power of the former gold bloc countries will bene fit the rest of the world currency realignment will make possible the gradual removal of those quotas and other trade restrictions primarily im posed to protect national currencies yet before international trade and credit can be restored to anything approximating normal conditions the currency realignment must include germany italy and poland all of which maintain the nom inal value of their currencies by drastic exchange restrictions the inclusion of germany is par ticularly important because the reich is the larg est trading nation on the continent and its compli cated exchange restrictions together with its net work of clearing and barter agreements have been a considerable factor in the restriction and distortion of world trade although devaluation would make it unnecessary to subsidize exports and would enable germany to get rid of its bur densome machinery for the regulation of foreign trade the german government indicated it is un willing to depreciate the mark under present cir cumstances its gold and foreign exchange re serves are so depleted that it would be obliged to retain its exchange controls even after devaluation unless it were assured temporary financial aid from abroad unfortunately the constructive economic action of the past week was not paralleled by favorable political developments in geneva where the league assembly has been meeting since septem ber 21 projects for league reform fail to reconcile the widely divergent opinions among the powers although a revolt of the small nations led by the soviet union thwarted a franco british scheme to suspend the ethiopian delegation from the as sembly pending a world court opinion this ges ture is rather reminiscent of the proverbial lock ing of the stable door after the horse has been stolen it will not return ethiopia to the ethio pians but will only lead italy to continue its boy cott of the league and refuse any collaboration in europe meanwhile the british suggestion that the long awaited conference of locarno pow ers be held toward the end of october has failed of acceptance the german government persists in its refusal to subscribe to a multilateral east ern european locarno and in its determination to push its program of bilateral non aggression agreements in this region the soviet union and the little entente supported by france insist that this refusal proves germany’s aggressive de signs in the east and they therefore decline to dis associate a western from an eastern locarno page two in spain too the situation looks exceedingly dark now that the installation of a fascist gov ernment in madrid seems probable in a speech delivered before the league assembly on septem ber 25 the spanish foreign minister bitterly at tacked the international agreement not to supply arms to either side in the civil war and openly ac cused the fascist powers of aiding the rebels so long as the political horizon remains clouded constructive economic steps are likely to remain of limited effect economic and political appease ment must inevitably march hand in hand under present circumstances a comprehensive political and economic agreement would seem almost im possible if european powers would compromise their views on suggestions already advanced how ever an accord along the following lines might prove practicable 1 inclusion of germany and italy in the agreement to realign currencies this step to be facilitated by the cooperative extension of a short term credit to the ger man reichsbank and possibly the bank of italy by the central banks of britain france and the united states 2 appointment of a commission of experts to in vestigate the whole problem of raw materials and its relation to colonies and world trade 3 conclusion of a western locarno along lines sub stantially approved by all the powers affected and in volving non aggression pacts between germany and its western neighbors to be guaranteed by britain and italy 4 an agreement under which germany would return to the league and all major european powers would subscribe to a declaration reaffirming the principles of articles x xi and xvi of the covenant these articles guarantee the territorial integrity of league members declare that any threat to peace including one in eastern europe is a matter of concern to the league and provide for sanctions against any aggressor in return for these concessions on germany’s part plans for an eastern locarno would be at least temporarily abandoned 5 a joint declaration by which the major european powers would agree not to take advantage of the conflict in spain by obtaining any exclusive rights such as naval or air bases on spanish territory the conclusion of any such agreement would undoubtedly be attended with great difficulties it calls for concessions by almost all countries and its individual points are likely to be attacked nevertheless it may have the merit of linking eco nomic and political measures in a bold attempt to seek a comprehensive settlement moreover the proposal would put germany’s professed aspira tions for peace to an acid test should hitler re ject such a plan in substance the erection of an armed iron bound coalition against germany would be the only alternative john c dewilde foreign policy bulletin ol xv no 49 octoper 2 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp leste bugit president esther g ogden secretary vera micheles degan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y umder the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year i al mt landon attacks hull trade program in a vigorous attack on the practice of tariff reciprocity under the new deal governor landon on september 24 apparently closed the loophole left open by the republican platform for the pro motion of international trade speaking at minne apolis the republican candidate condemned isola tion but asserted that the present trade policy had sold the american farmer down the river prices of cheese cattle and other products had heen lowered by the hull trade agreements he de clared farm imports had increased while agricul tural exports represented the smallest proportion of our foreign trade in recent history the rem edy for this scandalous state of affairs the gov ernor intimated lay in the conclusion of agree ments for the exchange of non competing com modities only the abandonment for the present of the unconditional most favored nation principle under which tariff reductions are extended to all nations except germany and australia and legis lative approval of agreements before they go into effect secretaries hull and wallace struck back sharp ly at the governor on september 25 denying that the trade program had injured american agricul ture the price decline in cheddar cheese secre tary wallace stated has been seasonal with im ports at only 1.9 per cent of domestic production prices have recovered from the low point stressed by mr landon until in august they were at the highest level for that month since 1929 for some time the administration has been emphasizing the fact that the unprecedented drought and not the trade agreements program is primarily respon sible for the relatively unfavorable agricultural export situation impartial critics may wonder how it is possible to encourage american exports by bargaining if we are willing to take in return only non com neting commodities most of which are already on the free list and virtually indispensable if our standard of living is to be maintained they may well ask how if tariff reductions are not general ized the united states can avoid discrimination against its own exports by countries which regard our preferential arrangements as discriminations against them they will fail to see how a subsidy on the domestically consumed portion of our crops advocated by the governor can escape being re garded abroad as a disguised form of dumping or how such a scheme can be effective without pro duction control to prevent the subsidies from reaching intolerable proportions finally they will perceive no hope for a more rational ameri can tariff structure if agreements are to be nego tiated in the glare of publicity and submitted to the approval of a congress susceptible to group pressure contrary to the national interest it is unfortunate that governor landon chose to mis page three represent the agricultural import situation with out mentioning the benefits secured for farm ex ports under the administration’s trade program which will become more apparent when surpluses again exist these benefits should be of especial value if the economies of france switzerland and the netherlands with which we have agreements respond favorably to the new currency alignment david h popper key economic areas in chinese history by ch’ao ting chi london george allen unwin 1936 for amer ican council institute of pacific relations 3.00 a new interpretation of china’s economic history which supplies a clue to the understanding of civil wars and dynastic changes under the empire through an analysis of the regional character of chinese economy and the po litical réle played by public water control works eastern menace london union of democratic control 6d a 96 page pamphlet giving an excellent resumé of japan’s advance in the far east since 1931 and the ef fects on chinese political and economic life pacific adventure by willard price new york reynal hitchcock 1936 3.00 interesting narrative account of a trip through japan’s mandated islands gomez tyrant of the andes by thomas rourke new york morrow 1936 3.50 the incredible story of south america’s most oppressive modern dictator mexican martyrdom by wilfrid parsons s j new york macmillan 1936 2.50 the plight of the church vividly pictured by illustration and anecdote the caribbean since 1900 by chester lloyd jones new york prentice hall inc 1936 5.00 a political and economic survey centering on the rela tions of the united states with the republics of this area storm over the constitution by irving brant new york bobbs merrill 1936 2.00 a brilliant argument in favor of a broad construction of the constitution social security in the united states by p h douglas new york whittlesey house mcgraw hill 1936 3.00 detailed analysis of the federal social security act i’m for roosevelt by j p kennedy new york reynal and hitchcock 1936 1.00 half way with roosevelt by e k lindley new york viking 1936 2.75 sympathetic and impressive summaries of the new deal face of revolution by michael john new york mac millan 1936 2.50 keen close ups of troubled political scenes kenya contrasts and problems by l s b leakey london methuen 1936 7 6 an interesting study in african sociology europe at the crossroads by philip dorf new york ox ford book company 1935 1.50 useful visualized review of present situation social planning for canada by the research committee of the league for social reconstruction toronto nel son sons ltd 1935 3.75 a pioneering examination of the problems confronting canada written from the socialist point of view the atlantic and slavery by h a wyndham new york oxford university press 1936 4.50 an admirable history of the slave trade ee ne publishing house now distributes headline books during the summer an interesting and important arrange ment to distribute headline books was concluded with the widely known firm of grosset dunlap this means that the promotional energies of this large firm with its staff of 70 field representatives will be at work placing headline books wherever books are sold this chain of distribution will be helped by the personal work of every member of the foreign policy association who takes the trouble to ask his local dealer for the books the following note from the october atlantic monthly emphasizes the importance of this work unfortunately headline books have not yet made their way into many bookstores partly because booksellers have not felt a demand for them but principally because the publishers have undertaken a type of book unusual for them one which their ordinary system of promotion and distribution is not geared to handle the fate of this ven ture will depend largely upon that mysterious element known as word of mouth advertising your bookseller will order these books for you but do not berate him if he is unable to show them to you at once headline books chosen by chautauqua headline books are included this year as one of the four outstanding books of the year to be used by the mem bers of the chautauqua literary and scientific circles this course of home reading was begun in 1878 and annually interests thousands educational services for group meetings to encourage the use of headline books by groups for their discussion programs new and unusnal materials are available this year f.p.a members could help the popular education department by bringing to the attention of ministers club leaders and teachers the availability of the following services 1 complete discussion programs are prepared for each headline book these are planned to cover four group meetings and provide through the use of display charts objective tests panel discussions debates games etc some interesting activity for each meeting 2 for groups desiring a single meeting around a headline book topic programs for one meeting dis cussions are available 3 a packet of charts reproduced in poster size from headline books is now ready as a platform help to speakers leaders and teachers 4 for public meetings in the community sample panel discussions have been worked out these can be used by the average group for successful public meetings two such programs are ready who is guilty in asia an inquisition and trial and has world organiza tion failed a hearing as an indication of the value of these materials we have just completed for the marathon committee of the na f.p.a notes tional committee on the cause and cure of war an order for 2,000 kits which include the headline books war drums and peace plans and america contradicts herself together with a discussion program based on these books an increasing number of teachers club leaders and speakers are making use of these services of the department of popular education albany world affairs institute the albany branch is sponsoring a community institute on world affairs with the cooperation of a large number of local organizations on thursday november 19 1936 in addition to round table discussions during the day the pro gram includes a luncheon meeting and a large public eve ning meeting at chancellors hall on america’s position in the present world crisis student work the f p a will continue this year the policy of offering the special membership to high school and college students at the rate of 60 cents a semester or 1 for the academic year last year 1589 students took advantage of this mem bership and this winter we should like to increase materially the number of young people who rely on f p a meetings and publications for their information on international questions to promote clearer thinking various types of student activity are being carried on in our branches boston has worked out careful plans for inaugurating regular forums for students to be held after each discussion meeting preparations were begun last spring by inviting for luncheon a group of college students and one of high school pupils representing many of the educational institu tions in the boston area and planning with them the gen eral lines of these forums this initial step will be followed up this fall when definite plans for the first forum will be made a teachers advisory committee will also be formed and plans for a teachers institute are being considered albany also had a few successful student forums for high school young people last winter and will devote one section of its forthcoming institute exclusively to student mectings cincinnati awards prizes of f p a memberships to students showing exceptional interest in international prob lems and has recently sent us the names of 24 such prize winners st paul supplies free bus transportation to f p a meetings for students coming from a distance philadelphia provides luncheons at reduced rates for students and averages more than 100 of these young people at each meeting we are hoping that this year other branches will give thought to interesting the students of their communities in the problems vexing the world +ticute er of in pro eve ition ering dents lemic nem rially tings ional ident ating ssion iting high stitu gen owed ill be rmed d s for e one udent ps to prob prize r s for young give ies in foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vol xv no 50 october 9 1936 raw materials in world politics by john c dewilde unequal distribution of raw materials in a world without any real political security has aroused inter national concern in this report mr dewilde ad vances remedies to hasten the solution of the problem and prevent its recurrence september 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents entered as second class macter december 2 1921 act the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 7 jodical division vi of congress 2 aie oe sltviatd aahing tons db cc i a new twenty one demands lthough tension at shanghai somewhat lessened during the first week of october an underlying sino japanese crisis of grave pro portions still exists in an effort to force china’s acceptance of far reaching political concessions the japanese government has increased its marine detachments at shanghai and hankow and has indirectly threatened resort to positive action foreign minister hachiro arita in a statement made to the press on september 28 at tokyo de clared that if the negotiations now being con ducted at nanking terminated without result the lives and property of the large japanese population in china could not of course be left exposed to any further danger it will therefore be necessary to con sider the steps to be taken in case of that eventuality the outcome of the present negotiations can be in one of two ways only japanese chinese relations will be either very much better or very much worse in the existing situation they shall not be permitted to drift in the ambiguous state of affairs as has been prevailing in the past china is now at the momentous crossroads to decide whether or not to shake hands with japan i very earnestly hope that china will grasp our hand in friendly response whatever difficulties she may have to surmount china’s difficulty in shaking hands with japan is illustrated by the nature of the demands which ambassador kawagoe is now pressing at nanking these demands far exceed the reparation which japan might legitimately exact for the murder of five of its nationals even if the relation of the in cidents to japanese policy in china since septem ber 18 1931 is left out of consideration early reports stated that the demands included such items as the creation of an autonomous régime in the five northern provinces admission of japanese advisers to both the civilian and military branches of the nanking government brigading of japanese troops in equal numbers with chinese in nanking’s anti communist armies and reduc tion of china’s tariff to the level of 1928 1929 when chinese tariff autonomy was first achieved these reports were termed exaggerations in a statement issued on october 6 by the foreign office spokesman at tokyo nevertheless this declaration admitted that recognition of japan’s special position in north china was being sought as well as appointment of some japanese advisers to nanking reductions in the chinese tariff and nanking’s cooperation with japan against communism the spokesman reveals that japan is placing main emphasis on securing fur ther political concessions in north china a region it should be noted in which none of the incidents serving as the basis for the demands occurred if nanking acknowledges japan’s special position in the north the spokesman de clares negotiations would concern such details as establishment of japanese military posts in chahar and suiyuan provinces construction of railroads harbors and airports organization of sino japanese commercial airlines and appoint ment of japanese advisers to the north china ad ministration an important conference on these issues be tween general chiang kai shek and kazue kuwajima special envoy of the japanese foreign office is expected to occur at nanking during the coming week on his arrival at shanghai mr kuwajima stated what japan wants is not platitudes but action china must reflect in view of this japanese attitude the results of the conference should provide a touchstone as to the intentions and policies of the nanking régime t a bisson the week in geneva when the league assembly took up the problem of reviving world trade this week its efforts were aided by two auspicious developments resulting from the three power monetary agreement of september 25 as part of a general customs demobilization the french government on octo ber 3 promulgated a series of decrees lowering 7 tariff rates on non quota goods by 15 to 20 per cent abolishing 105 out of 760 existing import quotas and reducing the tax on import licenses two commissions were also appointed one to recommend further customs and quota changes when necessary to check domestic price increases the other to undertake a more general revision of tariffs and quotas on october 5 the italian gov ernment also decided to realign the lira with other currencies by reducing its gold content 40.93 per cent this measure is expected to be followed by the removal of foreign exchange restrictions and the modification of other import controls despite these favorable factors discussions at geneva have made little progress the british have made clear that they are not prepared to make any contribution to the reduction of trade barriers other than a general undertaking not to depreciate the pound and raise their own tariffs in fact britain’s representative in the assembly’s economic committee even indicated that the french were expected to abrogate all their quotas in return for this concession the french how ever want the british to make a more substantial contribution and have announced their unwilling ness to remove all quotas so long as exchange con trols are maintained by such countries as ger many the latter still declines to devalue the mark and abolish its foreign exchange restric tions in a statement made before the central committee of the reichsbank on september 30 dr schacht declared such action was contingent on the settlement of german foreign debt and colonial questions meanwhile the british proposed to the eco nomic committee on october 5 that the council name a commission to study the question of equal commercial access for all nations to certain raw materials redistribution of colonies and man dates would not fall within the province of this commission in which the united states would be asked to participate exclusion of this topic is in accord with the demand made on october 1 by the british conservative party conference that the cession of any british mandates be declared an undiscussible question in a speech deliv ered before this same conference on october 2 neville chamberlain chancellor of the ex chequer also declared that britain would under no circumstances sacrifice the ottawa agreements which deny foreign countries equality of commer cial access to the british empire in the political field no decisions of any im portance have been taken at geneva the ques tion of league reform will probably be referred to a commission in a rather futile gesture to page two revive discussions for the limitation of arma ments the third committee of the assembly adopted on october 5 a french proposal to con voke the steering committee of the moribund dis armament conference on the same day the league council approved a resolution inviting poland to seek means for putting an end to the obstruction offered by the danzig government to the high commissioner in the exercise of his functions and for rendering fully effective the league of nations guarantee this decision will not deter the nazis from proceeding with their plans to establish a completely totalitarian régime in the free city in open defiance of the democratic constitution guaranteed by the league the ap pointment of sean lester to the post of deputy secretary general of the league removes from danzig a high commissioner who has sought courageously to uphold the constitution john c dewilde eyes on japan by victor a yakhontoff new york coward mccann 1936 3.50 a useful general survey of japan’s historical and cul tural backgrounds and its current social economic political and international problems statement of the ownership management circulation ete required by the acts of congress of august 24 1912 and march 3 1933 of foreign policy bulletin published weekly ac new york n y for october 1 1936 state of new york country of new york ss before me a notary public in and for the state and county aforesaid personally appeared helen terry who having been duly sworn according to law disposes and says that she is the assistant editor of the foreign policy bulletin and that the following is to the best of her knowledge and belief a true statement of the ownership management etc of the afore said publication for the date shown in the above caption required by the act of august 24 1912 as amended by the act of march 3 1933 em bodied in section 37 postal laws and regulations printed on the re verse of this form to wit 5 1 that the names and addresses of the publisher editor managing edi tor and business managers are publisher foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york city assistant editor helen terry 8 west 40th street new york ciry managing editor none business managers none 2 that the owner is foreign policy association incorporated the principal officers of which are raymond leslie buell president esther g ogden secretary both of 8 west 40th street new york city and william a eldridge treasurer 70 broadway new york city 3 that the known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 per cent or more of total amount of bonds mortgages or other securities are none 4 that the two paragraphs next above giving the names of the owners stockholders and security holders if any contain not only the list of stock holders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the company bur also in cases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting is given also that the said two paragraphs contain statements embracing affiant’s full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under which stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the company as trustees hold stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner and this affiane has no reason to believe that any other person association or corporation has any interest direct or indirect in the said stock bonds or other securities than as so stated by her foreign policy association incorporated by helen terry assistant editor sworn to and subscribed before me this 18th day of september 1936 seal carolyn e martin norary public new york county new york county clerk’s no 289 reg no 7 m 338 my commission expires march 30 1937 foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 50 ocrosbeer 9 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymmonp lesiig busit president esthen g open secretary verna michetes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year sabet tied ei pe ae tt aa so jj +which oth of asurer nolders tgages ywners stock mpany on the name 1 also s full which of the that of y other in the ated editor 1936 public m 338 national editor 4 a 4 4 se a sail el oe ast dl subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff vol xv no 51 october 16 1936 f p a evening discussion meeting october 19th the next four years in foreign relations speakers the honorable sumner welles charles p taft margaret i lamont followed by discussion and questions from the floor hotet astor new york 8 30 p.m promptly entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 can democracy hold its own in europe by vera micheles dean mrs dean is just back from a two months visit to europe he governments of france and britain confronted at home by growing friction between right and left extremists and abroad by the threat of a fascist communist clash over spain are groping for an answer to the question which haunts europe can democracy without sacrificing its essential character hold both civil and international war at bay or must it in self defense don the trappings of dictatorship as political passions fanned by the increasing difficulties of the madrid government rise in western democracies the extent to which these passions may be allowed free play becomes daily a more pressing issue should the democracies permit unrestricted propagation of both fascist and communist faiths or denying their own prin ciples suppress them before they have thrown democratic society into turmoil will not an over indulgent democracy succumb before the on slaught of militant right or left movements as the german republic succumbed to national so cialism which utilized all the facilities offered by democratic administration to impose a rigid dictatorship in seeking to answer these ques tions it is well to realize that toleration of con flicting ideologies within the democratic state need not be synonymous with political agnosticism in a democracy which has not become the victim of its own inertia there can and should be freedom to profess all political faiths not least that of democracy if the peoples of democratic coun tries want to preserve the values of their social and political system they can do so only by fighting for them with a zeal equal to that displayed by fascists and communists not by turning their backs on the political arena in the hope of escap ing the toil and din of battle in the past democ racy achieved its victories not by subservience and compromise but by fearlessly combating the forces of feudalism monarchy and hereditary privilege if democracy is to survive today it must re examine its premises in the cold light of self criticism and refurbish its weapons for an attack on the social and economic maladjustments of modern society which give rise to right or left extremism just as at home democracy need not be synony mous with political agnosticism abroad it need not be synonymous with indiscriminate pacifism to turn the other cheek at every slap inflicted by aggressive dictatorships is not to foster peace but to invite war the democracies have no business meddling with the internal affairs of dictatorial countries if the germans can put up with na tional socialism if the russians find their fulfill ment in communism the democracies have no legitimate ground to interfere much as they may resent both communism and fascism but the moment a dictatorship oversteps its national boundaries and seeks to convert other peoples by force to the faith it professes then the democra cies by supine acquiescence run the risk of com mitting suicide for the sake of winning a tem porary reprieve from conflict the democracies should neglect no opportunity to negotiate with the dictatorships on the basis of a constructive political and economic program calling for adjust ments on both sides but not wait for the dictator ships to lay down the terms or block the progress of international negotiations to demand peace at any price even if the price involves destruc tion of the values created by western civilization in the past is a dangerous form of defeatism it is an admission that nothing is worth a struggle on the democratic side and encourages the worst excesses of dictatorships the peace at any price doctrine is based on the assumption that by displaying the slightest sign of resistance the democracies will inevitably provoke war obviously the danger of war is ever present in a world armed to the teeth where not only bodies but minds are daily schooled in military drill but there is no reason to assume that clearly defined opposition to the bellicose gestures and irresponsible threats characteristic of dictatorships will bring on war more readily than unquestioning acceptance of any terms the dictatorships may impose sooner or later the democracies will find it necessary to make a last stand against the wave of political fanaticism sweeping europe is it not better to make this stand today when it may still serve as a deterrent to aggression than when one concession after another has been granted to the dictatorships in the hope of inducing them to keep the peace dif ficult as it is to reach a decision which may make or mar the future of europe the western democ racies cannot indefinitely pursue their soliloquy on the theme to be or not to be if they are to avoid the danger of finding that the dictatorships have already taken the decision out of their hands london muffles soviet threat the soviet union’s brusque threat on october 7 to withdraw from the london non intervention agreement of august 28 unless violations were halted interrupted the deliberations of the lon don committee set up to observe fulfillment of the spanish neutrality pact in a session fea tured by counter charges and recriminations the italian german and portuguese representatives hotly denied the allegations made by the u.s.s.r and the spanish republican government to the effect that airplanes poison gas and other mili tary assistance were being furnished the rebels via portugal the meeting ended with requests for further information from the various govern ments concerned a striking example of the pro cedure under which the spanish civil war has been localized by turning a blind eye toward assistance rendered the combatants a solution for the momentarily tense situation created by the soviets dramatic démarche was indicated by the u.s.s.r itself in a note of oc tober 6 not published until after it had threat ened to withdraw from the non intervention pact this communication merely alleged that the por tuguese government was violating the agreement and proposed that a committee of investigation be sent to the portuguese spanish frontier to ascer tain the facts in view of the british govern ment’s apparent inclination to yield to domestic pressure and back such a proposal it appeared likely that the non intervention committee by page two such a move might temporarily placate supporters of both factions in spain the soviet union’s action at a time when no european power appears desirous of precipitating a continental crisis was probably motivated by diplomatic considerations exceeding the scope of the spanish revolt itself concerned as it has been for months with regard to the solidity of the franco soviet alliance the soviet union perhaps intended to accentuate the trend toward a division of europe into two blocs one fascist and the other composed of the democratic states and the u.s.s.r such an alignment would link france and britain firmly with the soviets in opposition to the fascist dictatorships jeopardize the pos sibility of an anglo french rapprochement with germany on the basis of a western locarno which might isolate the soviet union in the east and permit the diplomatic initiative to pass into the hands of an anti fascist coalition however desirable this objective may be it cannot be said that the soviet maneuver has advanced the pos sibility of its consummation on the contrary the blum government faced with communist dissat isfaction at home because of its non intervention policy will be even less amenable to suggestions from moscow blum’s willingness to support britain’s peace at any price policy was re em phasized during a conversation with anthony eden on october 9 when the french government agreed with london that it would continue to ob serve neutrality in spain should the soviet union withdraw from the non intervention agree ment it would thus find itself engaged in a race with germany and italy to ship arms to the bel ligerents one in which the u.s.s.r could not hope to prevail this inconclusive diplomatic sparring was not matched on the actual field of battle where there appeared to be little hope that the spanish gov ernment forces could hold madrid with a solid juncture established between northern and south ern rebel armies and the straits open for rebel contact with morocco general franco’s army advanced slowly on the capital from the west while holding firm north and northeast of the city if the government forces permit the railway to alicante on the east coast which has already been bombed at aranjuez to fall into rebel hands the stage would be set for a siege which might starve out the capital in the end the war could then continue in eastern spain but the moral effect of madrid’s fall would be enormous and would probably lead to recognition of the rebels by the leading european powers david h popper foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 51 ocroser 16 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lestig buell president esther g ogden secretary vera micheles dean editor 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year entered as second class matter december 2 ls es es cc ll ul rluhc el +m 8 dp oo 2d rb phos ws yo 1 rt a ew od bee od ee ors on e t me 8 od of ort ono s foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vol xv no 52 october 23 1936 the hull trade program by david h popper an analysis of the reciprocal trade program a prominent issue in the present election campaign shall it be continued are current criticisms based on fact would the alternative course proposed by certain critics prove politically or economically possible for the united states october 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at che post office at new york n y under che act of march 4 4879 periodical division library of congress washington d belgium reverts to neutrality ith king leopold’s sudden announcement on october 14 that belgium would resume a policy of neutrality and maintain a stronger mili tary establishment to discourage any attempt to violate belgian territory another pillar in the structure of collective security has crumbled the king’s statement cites four causes for belgium’s decision to revert to its pre war status reoccupa tion of the rhineland which by ending the lo carno arrangement has almost brought us back to our international position before the war german rearmament the improbability that for eign military aid could reach belgium in time to parry the swift initial blow of a modern army and the apparent impossibility of preserving in ternational security through application of the league covenant the king moreover calls for an exclusively belgian policy which aims solely at placing us outside the quarrels of our neigh bors a reference to the distaste with which bel gium regards the possibility that it might be drawn into a european conflict by way of the franco belgian alliance and the franco soviet pact all these considerations had affected public opinion in belgium large sections of which now favor a policy of neutrality and will accept a longer period of compulsory military service only if such a policy is adopted what had first seemed an outright repudiation of belgium’s international obligations was reduced to a statement of future policy in the course of diplomatic conversations held in brussels london and paris on october 15 17 the belgian foreign office indicated that the country will for the pres ent continue to observe its obligations under the league covenant the franco belgian alliance of 1920 and the london agreement of april 1 1936 which provided for military staff conversations to prepare for possible german aggression bel gium’s prospective course of action however is to be cast in a radically different mold although it welcomes guarantees of its territory belgium will not join any western european security pact in due time belgium will seek to free itself from the punitive provisions of article xvi of the league covenant it also intends to terminate all military accords as soon as it believes the situa tion in western europe has been clarified by nego tiation of an agreement replacing the locarno treaties of 1925 while the abrupt announcement of belgium’s defection dismayed the french britain reported to have been consulted in advance received the news with relative calm a rearmed belgium it was felt in london would actually aid france and britain in combating german aggression in the west this point of view failed to take into ac count the possibility that nazi aggression else where which might eventually involve britain would be encouraged by the breakdown of collec tive security in western europe that hitler might be proceeding on this assumption was indi cated by the terms of a german note on the organ ization of collective security delivered in london on october 15 germany’s conditions further dim the hope for convocation of a new locarno confer ence at an early date scrapping all dependence on league principles the hitler government has proposed a vague four power pact in which brit ain france germany and italy would guarantee the integrity of belgium and the netherlands each power would decide for itself whether an act of aggression calling for armed assistance to the victim had been committed hitler refuses moreover to link the proposed pact directly or in directly with the treaty structure of eastern europe any agreement concluded on this basis would leave the reich relatively free to embark on the eastern crusade foreshadowed in hitler’s mein kampf without fear of attack from the rear although such a development would in the end be fraught with danger for britain the conserva tive party’s foreign policy seems for the present to be limited to superficial pacification of the dis cordant elements in europe pending completion of its rearmament program this purpose was clearly suggested by britain’s reaction to a soviet note of october 12 urging the establishment of a naval blockade of portuguese seaports to cut off the flow of munitions to the spanish rebels the earl of plymouth acting chairman of the london non intervention committee refused the soviet re quest for an immediate meeting and gave no inti mation of the date on which portugal germany and italy would reply to soviet charges that they were violating the non intervention agreement the soviet union whose press has been filled with angry protests against fascist aid to the rebels in spain was reported to be planning new moves for the benefit of the spanish loyalists as a rebel triumph approached in spain fas cism scored another coup in danzig on october 14 nazi leaders in the free city dissolved the social democratic party and arrested many of its leaders thus acquiring the two thirds majority in the diet necessary for legal change of the con stitution to permit the establishment of a total itarian state neither the league nor poland ap peared inclined to challenge this step on sep tember 30 the league withdrew its high commis sioner sean lester although he will continue his work until a successor is appointed meanwhile poland like belgium was engrossed in the task of preserving a tenuous neutrality between potential antagonists a course into which both countries had been forced by the failure of europe to con front disturbers of the peace with the threat of collective action david h popper kings appeal ends palestine strike after nearly six months of violence and blood shed the arab general strike in palestine was offi cially brought to an end on september 12 the date of an important moslem holiday the announced objectives of the strike stoppage of jewish im migration and of land sale to jews and the grant ing of autonomy to the arab community were not attained but the arab leaders saved face by appearing to yield to a personal appeal sent at the direct request of the arab higher committee in palestine by the arab rulers of saudi arabia iraq transjordan and the yemen the presence of the new military commander of palestine lieu tenant general j g dill the 15,000 fresh british troops which have entered the country during the past month and the threat of martial law for which proclamations had already been printed page two played a major part in bringing about the arab decision growing dissatisfaction among the strike impoverished arab population and the im minence of the citrus fruit export season ex pected to be more lucrative than usual this year because of curtailed spanish production also in fluenced the arab leaders business has been resumed throughout pales tine although the six month stoppage of com merce has raised a number of difficult problems of adjustment in particular that caused by the new all jewish port at tel aviv created since the beginning of the disorders and now handling much of the traffic which formerly passed through the arab harbor at jaffa the end of the strike has also brought about the practical cessation of guerilla warfare waged by roving arab bands whose leaders have now returned to the military positions in iraq and other arab countries which they had resigned in order to take command of the palestine terrorists sporadic sniping and attacks on jewish colonies still continue but on the whole the country has regained such a measure of peace that the royal commission appointed in july to determine the causes of the disorders is expected to leave england soon to begin its inquiry the intervention of the arab kings introduces a new element into the palestine situation it gives official sanction to the inclusion of palestine arabs in the general pan arab movement and sets a precedent which mray have important effects on future controversies one immediate result is the rise of anti semitic agitation in other arab coun tries particularly iraq helen fisher the tumult and the shouting by george slocombe new york macmillan 1936 3.50 personal and diplomatic adventures of a celebrated brit ish foreign correspondent the united states and europe 1815 1828 by edward h tatum jr berkeley california university of cali fornia press 1936 3.00 an interesting and valuable criticism of the conven tional view of the monroe doctrine chile land and society by george mccutcheon mcbride new york american geographical society 1936 4.00 a detailed and comprehensive investigation of landhold ing in chile and a work of fundamental importance to all students of latin america realism and nationaliam 1852 1871 by robert c binkley new york harper 1935 3.75 a valuable survey showing the breakdown of the euro pean concert system in favor of competitive nationalism and the rise of the materialistic philosophy public finance by harley l lutz new york appleton century 1936 4.00 new edition of a standard work foreign policy bulletin vol xv no 52 ocrosper 23 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th sereet new york n y raymmonp lesire bue president estuhmm g ocpen secretary vera micueies dean editor entered as second class mater december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year +foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xvi no 1 ocrosber 30 1936 new york luncheon meeting dates november 7 january 30 december 5 february 27 january 9 march 13 march 27 mark these dates on your calendar now for the stimulating and timely luncheon discussions at the hotel astor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 dr william w bishop university of michigan library ann arbor mich fascist powers unite against madrid ith the steady advance of general franco’s forces european tension over spain threat ens to reach the breaking point on october 22 when president azafia transferred some govern ment offices from madrid to barcelona moscow indicated that it would continue to recognize the loyalists as spain’s legitimate government even if the rebels occupied madrid this decision was emphasized by the appointment of vladimir an tonov ovseenko a military expert who had or ganized the resistance of petrograd workers against white forces in 1917 as soviet consul general in barcelona the danger of an interna tional conflict would be materially increased if two rival governments one at madrid and one at barcelona should openly call on foreign powers for recognition and armed assistance soviet policy in the spanish crisis remains something of an enigma on october 22 the so viet union possibly yielding to diplomatic repre sentations by london paris and prague receded from the threatening position it had assumed a few days earlier torn between the desire to collaborate with the western democracies in a pos sible conflict with germany and the urge to dis play its solidarity with the spanish loyalists the u.s.s.r apparently decided for the time being to take no step which might irrevocably alienate the sympathies of france and britain yet when the non intervention committee reconvened in london on october 23 to consider the replies of germany italy and portugal to soviet charges of intervention the u.s.s.r submitted a note de claring that it could not consider itself bound by the non intervention agreement to any greater extent than the remaining participants a state ment first interpreted as a threat of immediate withdrawal subsequent discussion in the course of which germany and britain charged the soviets with violation of the non intervention ac cord revealed that the soviet representative was not yet ready to withdraw from the committee no such zigzagging has marked the actions of the fascist powers which while categorically de nying intervention on behalf of the rebels have openly proclaimed their support of the rebel cause on october 23 portugal broke off diplo matic relations with the madrid government alleging in a 21 page memorandum that the third international with the support of the span ish popular front had plotted to establish communism throughout the iberian peninsula equally forthright has been the attitude of ger many and italy which on october 25 reached an accord on the general european situation one of whose principal features is the statement that general franco’s régime commands the support of a majority of the spanish people a statement which opens the way for recognition of the rebels the italo german accord provides for collabora tion of the two countries in all matters affecting peace and their parallel interests defense of european civilization against communism eco nomic cooperation in the danubian region within the framework of the rome protocols and the austro german accord of july 11 conclusion of a new locarno pact strictly confined to western europe german recognition of italy’s ethiopian empire in return for which germany is to receive economic concessions in ethiopia and the main tenance of spain’s territorial and colonial integrity intended to dispel rumors that general franco had promised to grant germany and italy bases in spanish morocco and the balearic islands italian spokesmen have been careful to point out that this all embracing accord is in no sense a hard and fast alliance and does not preclude agreements with other countries notably britain where italy still hopes to obtain financial assis tance for the development of ethiopia germany appears to obtain important advantages with re spect to the danubian region a western locarno and an opportunity to share in the exploitation of ethiopia but these advantages may prove to have little intrinsic value italy whose resources of men and money are tied up in ethiopia is not in a po sition at present to block the new german drang nach osten a western locarno corresponds to mussolini’s cherished scheme for a great power accord and would safeguard italy from exclusive dependence on germany and such benefits as the reich may obtain by furnishing machinery and technical assistance for the exploitation of ethi opia can contribute little in the near future to the solution of its economic problems as regards italo german collaboration against communism italy is doubtless ready to combat communist de signs on spain where it hopes to obtain the sup port of a fascist régime for its plans to weaken british control of the mediterranean it seems doubtful however that italy much as it abhors communism in general will allow itself to be drawn into a nazi crusade against soviet russia the principal object of the italo german accord is to confront britain and france with the possi bility that if they fail to make political and eco nomic concessions to germany and italy the two fascist powers will jointly defy the western de mocracies the accord thus again raises the ques tion whether france and britain are ready to assume the lead in european affairs or will merely acquiesce in the program formulated by the two dictatorships which are less concerned with peace than with the establishment of their own domina tion in europe vera micheles dean blum cabinet steers middle course the radical socialist party congress which met at biarritz october 22 25 has greatly strength ened the position of the blum government in france the leaders of the party which is the most conservative in the popular front success fully secured a vote pledging continued support to the present cabinet the communist wing of the popular front came in for severe criticism stay in strikes were roundly condemned and the government was called upon to suppress extremist agitation and preserve public order the congress accepted devaluation of the franc as a painful necessity but demanded a sound budget despite these veiled warnings it seems likely that the radical socialists will do nothing to precipi tate the fall of the government during the forth coming session of parliament the position taken by the congress was not unexpected its members were aware that with drawal from the government at this time would page two probably bring about a major political crisis the party composition of the present chamber of deputies is such that a governmental majority other than the one now represented by the popu lar front would be difficult to find dissolution of the chamber would plunge the country into a bitter electoral campaign just at a time when in ternal peace is vitally necessary for economic re covery and the conduct of foreign policy moreover the blum government has done its best during the past month to conciliate the mod erates in foreign affairs it has resisted com munist pressure and abided by its non interven tion policy in the spanish civil war thus satisfy ing an overwhelming majority of frenchmen who want to avoid war at almost any cost in its domestic policy it has struck at extremists on both realizing that the public ob right and left jected to occupation of factories once arbitration machinery had been set up the government re cently evacuated a number of factories cafés and restaurants occupied by strikers on october 4 the minister of interior prohibited for the paris district and until further notice all meetings and demonstrations likely to disturb public order four days later the government brought action against colonel francois de la rocque for at tempting to reconstitute the illegal fascist croiz de feu to keep the balance even it also ordered the communists to reduce to 10 the 127 meetings which they had scheduled for alsace lorraine the weekend of october 11 12 the last few months have witnessed a general revulsion against both fascism and communism events abroad and prolonged political agitation at home have produced a widespread longing for peace and renewed determination to preserve democratic processes of government in france the trend toward moderation should greatly as sist the government in meeting the problems that will arise in the immediate future these prob lems are admittedly difficult the economic and financial situation has not responded to devalua tion as favorably as had been expected prices have tended to rise too rapidly and disturbed po litical conditions have prevented the large scale repatriation of capital nevertheless premier blum has promised that the budget for 1937 will not show too large a deficit he is also deter mined to push his second series of reforms these include a press law to disclose income sources of newspapers and punish defamation insurance against agricultural calamities and the enactment of unemployment and old age insurance john c dewilde foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 1 ocroper 30 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th screet new york n y raymonpd lesiig bugelt president esther g ocpen secretary vera micheles dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year i +ne its mod com rven tisfy 1 who in its 1 both c ob ration it re ss and ber 4 paris s and order action yr at croiz dered stings 1e the sneral nism ion at g for serve rance ly as s that prob ec and valua prices 2d po scale emier 7 will deter these ces of lrance tment lde national 1 editor e foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xvi no 2 november 6 1936 mr buell to broadcast raymond leslie buell will make his second broadcast on general conditions in europe on sunday november 8 from 1 30 to 1 45 p.m he will speak from paris over wabc and the facilities of the columbia broadcasting system nov 13 19k e 6 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 dr william bishop mwiat dichigan library ann ee wu a germany embarks on new four year plan a ith the approaching termination of the re employment campaign launched by hitler almost four years ago the german government has taken decisive steps to put another four year plan into operation this plan announced by the fiihrer at the national socialist party congress in september seeks to make germany as nearly self sufficient as possible with respect to raw ma terials and is designed to furnish new opportuni ties for employment as rearmament nears com pletion adoption of the new plan was partly motivated by dr schacht’s failure to secure an adequate supply of raw materials by foreign trade controls at first glance it seemed that his policy of restrict ing imports to essentials and subsidizing exports had met with considerable success an import surplus of 284 million marks in 1934 was con verted into an export excess of 111 million in 1935 the first nine months of the current year yielded a favorable balance of 320 million which for the first time was achieved without further limitation of imports these developments how ever have only slightly relieved germany’s chronic shortage of foreign exchange part of the exports have been on long term credit and the proceeds of another considerable portion have be come immobilized in clearing accounts or ear marked for debt payments since the govern ment moreover declines for a number of reasons to devalue the mark german exports are likely to be unfavorably affected by the recent disap pearance of the gold bloc about 28 per cent of germany’s exports go to the five countries which devalued their currencies within the last six weeks france switzerland italy and czecho slovakia will also offer keener competition to german goods in other markets particularly in southeastern europe where germany has made substantial gains during the past few years that the four year plan will necessitate the com plete mobilization of germany’s economic re sources is indicated by the comprehensive organ ization set up to carry it out the whole program will be directed by general goering who has for some time been reich commissar for raw ma terials and foreign exchange he will be assisted by a cabinet committee including the ministers of finance for the reich and prussia and the min isters for economics national defense and ag riculture dr schacht will continue to play an important réle although in theory he will be sub ordinated to goering administration of the pro gram will be carried out through six divisions dealing with production distribution labor ques tions agriculture price control and foreign ex change all classes will be called upon to make sacrifices labor will have to remain content as in the past with stable wages despite the rising cost of living business men and investors will have to forego a considerable portion of their profits and furnish the capital needed to increase the domestic production of raw materials mid dlemen will be compelled to see their profit margin narrowed by drastic price controls and the german people at large will once more have to draw their belts a little tighter as rudolf hess deputy leader of the national socialist party de clared in a speech on october 12 the slogan is still cannon in place of butter although the raw materials program will un doubtedly be prosecuted with great energy it cannot hope for the measure of success attained by the re employment campaign hitler admitted at the start in nuremberg that there will always remain a considerable deficiency in foodstuffs and raw materials pure autarchy he confessed would be impossible it would be unrealistic to deny however that germany can make substan tial progress in producing its own raw materials strides have already been made in the production of synthetic motor fuels and the output of arti ficial fibre known as cell wool has risen rap idly advances have also been made with arti ficial rubber at present all synthetic products are very expensive and years of experimentation will be necessary before they can be developed into adequate substitutes meanwhile germany’s economy will be greatly burdened by excessive costs of production and its financial resources further strained by investment of the five billion marks needed for the new plan the development of german raw materials marks a further step toward the creation of a planned economy it requires the ruthless sub ordination of individuals and enterprises to the state germany however is planning not for greater abundance and higher standards of liv ing in time of peace but for the development of an economy that would offer the greatest possible resistance in time of war john c dewilde london committee whitewashes its members the london non intervention committee lived up to its name during the past week by brushing aside all charges of intervention hurled at each other by the soviet union and the fascist powers on october 28 after portugal had threatened to withdraw at any moment the committee ex onerated italy and portugal on the ground that soviet accusations against these two countries had either not been proved or had referred to inci dents which preceded adoption of the non inter vention accord m maisky soviet ambassador in london who alone dissented from the com mittee’s whitewashing communiqué explained that the soviet note of october 23 regarded by the committee as obscure meant that as long as no effective control had been established over the supply of arms to the rebels those governments who consider supplying the legitimate spanish government as conforming to international law international order and international justice are morally entitled not to consider themselves more bound by the agreement than those governments who supply the rebels in contravention of the agreement on the same day the spanish em bassy in paris charged that italian troops and armaments including 112 bombers had been landed in majorca one of the balearic islands to aid a rebel attack on barcelona and on october 29 the loyalists heartened by the arrival in madrid of foreign tanks and airplanes launched a vigorous counter offensive against the rebels the british labour party and trades union fascist powers unite against madrid foreign policy bulletin octo ber 30 1936 page two e council which have hitherto acquiesced in the government’s non intervention policy as the lesser of two evils demanded on october 28 that britain take the lead in restoring to the loyalists the right to purchase arms abroad prime minister baldwin however told parliament the following day that while breaches of the non intervention agreement had occurred on both sides they were not of sufficient importance to cause a change in britain’s policy foreign minister eden denied that non intervention had benefited the rebels and asserted that neither the government nor the non intervention committee had any informa tion to support soviet charges against portugal although neutral observers in lisbon have offered detailed evidence of portuguese aid to the rebels he defended the non intervention accord as an improvised safety curtain which had prevented spain’s civil war from flaring up into an interna tional conflict that the spanish crisis may prove an episode in the struggle between italy and britain for con trol of the mediterranean was indicated by mus solini’s fighting speech at milan on november 1 when he belligerently offered europe an armed peace jl duce pronounced himself in favor of discarding all illusions such as disarmament collective security and indivisible peace which he described as relics of the great shipwreck of wilsonian ideology he denounced communism in general terms as supercapitalism of a state carried to its most ferocious extreme but unlike hitler at nuremberg made no specific reference to the soviet union the kernel of his speech was an appeal to britain for a direct rapid and com plete understanding in the mediterranean on the basis of recognition of reciprocal interests this appeal was accompanied by the warning that if one is really thinking of suffocating the life of the italian people in that sea which was the sea of rome italy is ready for combat vera micheles dean a france faces the future by ralph fox new york in ternational publishers 1936 1.25 a british communist gives a rather biased and over optimistic account of the formation and success of the popular front in france gladstone’s foreign policy by paul knaplund new york harper 1935 2.50 i a useful study of a great anti imperialist foreign bondholders protective council inc annual re port 1935 new york the council 1936 3.50 indispensable for data on foreign securities the development of modern world trade by isaac lippin cott new york appleton century 1936 4.00 an encyclopedic text in the field of commercial geography and foreign trade foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 2 headquarters 8 west 40th street entered as second class matter december 2 2 november 6 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association new york n y raymonp leste busi president esther g ogpen secretary vera micheles dean 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 f p a membership five dollars a year incorporated national one dollar a year editor an in +ser ain the ter ing ion ere in els nor na bee red els ted na ode on us ned of nt ich of ism ate ike nce vas ym on hat of of in ver the ork re pin iphy tional iditor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vol xvi no 3 november 13 1936 toward a new pan americanism by c a thomson a discussion of the problems which will be considered at the inter american conference for the maintenance of peace to be held in buenos aires in december peace organization neutrality trade the monroe doctrine armaments communications and intellectual cooperation november 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 dr william bishop university of michigan ann arbor mich peace conference seeks american solidarity he announcement of president roosevelt’s plan to attend the opening ceremonies of the buenos aires inter american peace conference on december 1 begins his second administration with a notable effort in the field of foreign affairs the purpose of the conference was reiterated by the president in an international broadcast on november 7 a few hours after the american dele gation under secretary hull had sailed it would he hoped demonstrate to war weary peoples of the world that the scourge of armed conflict can and will be eliminated from the western hemisphere perhaps no previous conference of american states has ever been convened in so cordial an atmosphere their old suspicions allayed by the president’s good neighbor policy the american republics appear to consider the moment auspici ous for improving international relations on these continents in negotiations conducted since the conference was suggested by the united states on january 30 1936 an agenda has been adopted stressing the questions of peace organization in the western hemisphere neutrality and trade among the american states the conference is expected to devote much of its time to the task of unifying and clarifying the various inter american multilateral conciliation and arbitration treaties many proposals for strengthening continental peace machinery have been advanced during the conversations of the last few months should these fail of adoption however the delegates may consider a highly practical suggestion made by the united states to outlaw undeclared wars such as the earlier stages of the chaco imbroglio and the whole of the sino japanese conflict of 1931 1933 the question of neutrality will be considered from several angles the conference may decide that american states shall restrict their insis tence on neutral rights curtail their commercial intercourse with warring nations in this hem isphere and adopt a common attitude with re spect to conflicts involving the rest of the world possibly along the lines of existing united states neutrality legislation consideration may also be given to the possibility of concerted american ac tion to maintain stated neutral rights against any belligerents whatever the achievements of the conference with regard to peace organization and neutrality an advance in these fields can scarcely fail to cement regional ties among american nations dis turbed by the collapse of collective security abroad still greater progress in this direction will be effected if under the guise of a consulta tive arrangement in case of attack from overseas the monroe doctrine is converted from a unila teral statement of united states policy to a com mon principle collectively upheld on the amer ican continents this regional rapprochement may be complemented in the economic field by proposals for stimulating inter american trade through a tariff truce and other measures david h popper japan moves into suiyuan the reported fighting in inner mongolia should it take on serious proportions promises to over shadow the prolonged sino japanese negotiations at nanking which have apparently reached an impasse dispatches from chinese sources claim that a body of manchoukuo troops supported by mongolian units from chahar invaded sui yuan province on november 5 the local chinese provincial forces it was asserted had repelled the invasion after severe fighting at taolin 40 miles inside suiyuan from the chahar border japanese airplanes are said to have assisted the invaders by scouting and reconnaissance work military pressure on suiyuan province has ex isted for many months careful preparations __ x __ have been made for a decisive thrust into this area designed to break down the last barrier to japan’s complete dominance of inner mongolia at least half the territory of inner mongolia con sisting of jehol chahar suiyuan and ninghsia provinces is already controlled by japanese or japanese supported forces jehol province oc cupied in march 1933 has been incorporated into manchoukuo the mongols of chahar province overawed in 1935 1936 by manchoukuo forces under li shou hsin and wang ying have ap parently gone over to the japanese the suiyuan mongols on the other hand seem to be backing the chinese cause although the forces under li shou hsin and wang ying have kept mainly to the northern sections of chahar the southern area of the province has also been subjected to japan’s influence a japanese military mission has been stationed in the south at kalgan cap ital of the province for several years and sim ilar missions also reside at the capitals of suiyuan and ninghsia provinces a chain of japanese airdromes stretches clear across inner mongolia from dolonor in chahar through pailingmiao in northern suiyuan to tingyuan in ninghsia un der protest from the suiyuan provincial govern ment the japanese authorities recently stopped construction of an airdrome at paotou terminus of the peiping suiyuan railway in august the forces under li shou hsin at tempted a preliminary drive into eastern suiyuan but were thrown back by general fu tso yi’s pro vincial troops since then the commanders of these manchoukuo irregulars have been making much more thoroughgoing preparations for a re newed advance according to chinese papers these leaders have been in touch with the kwan tung army chiefs in north china from whom they have received funds and supplies japanese military airplanes have also been concentrated at strategic points in eastern chahar and northern suiyuan provinces vigorous counter prepara tions have been taken by general fu tso yi who has concentrated some 60,000 troops in eastern suiyuan and thrown up a chain of machine gun posts concrete pill boxes and trench systems the outbreak of serious fighting in suiyuan at this juncture would have important repercussions in china public attention has been centered on events in this province for many months and an immediate popular demand would be raised for aid to fu tso yi from the central government chiang kai shek’s recent military conferences at hangchow and loyang with north china leaders testify to the strength of public sentiment on this page two issue other evidences of the continued growth of chinese nationalist feeling have been apparent in recent weeks there has been nanking’s stand against japanese pressure which has deadlocked the negotiations on japan’s demands the assag sination on october 25 of yang yung tai governor of hupeh province known to be pro japanese the celebrations attending the gift of some 100 air planes to the government paid for by public sub scription on the occasion of chiang kai shek’s fiftieth birthday two years ago hostilities in suiyuan might have been localized and the pro vince overrun with virtually no protest from the rest of china today such an outcome is no longer certain t a bisson i palestine quota reduced in a compromise move the british government on november 5 announced a reduced schedule of palestine labor immigration permits for the peri od ending in april 1937 the new schedule of 1,800 certificates which covers about 4,000 per sons is almost two thirds less than the previous april to october list of 4,500 the british colonial office justifies this reduction on the ground of re duced absorptive capacity resulting from the violent disturbances of the past six months both jews and arabs are dissatisfied by this solution the jews are relieved at the continu ance of immigration but displeased at the reduc tion in numbers and afraid that this compromise may pave the way for further concessions to arab demands when the royal commission which will begin its investigation at jerusalem on november 11 has reported to parliament the arabs whose principal objective since the present difficulties began in april has been cessation of jewish im migration are threatening to boycott the com mission altogether unless immigration is stopped during the period of its investigation as was done during the hope simpson inquiry in 1929 1930 the reduction of labor permits also represents an indirect blow to poland whose impoverished jew ish population has been one of the most important sources of palestine immigration in the past few years the new schedule does not limit entry by capitalists possessing 1,000 or more but it does curtail the less wealthy class to which most polish emigrants belong it has been reported that one of the subjects which colonel joseph beck polish foreign minister who is visiting london this week planned to discuss with the british foreign office was the possibility of increasing jewish emigration to palestine helen fisher foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 3 november 13 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lesiig busi president esther g oopgn secretary vera miche.es dean bkéifor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year vol +ont nd or he ir 1b k’s 0 he er is ynal tor ls foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xvi no 4 november 20 1936 german trade drive in southeastern europe by john c dewilde this trade drive developed in accordance with na tional socialist theories has met with some success mr dewilde declares with the advent of more stable cur rency relations however germany’s share in danubian and balkan commerce will probably decline november 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 dr william w bishop university of wichigan libr ann arbor mich i ts italo german moves disturb europe he conference held in vienna on november 11 and 12 by representatives of the rome bloc italy austria and hungary did little to clarify the diplomatic situation in central europe which continues to reflect confusing shifts in the policies of the great powers it had been rumored that the conference would consider hapsburg restora tion opposed by both germany and the little entente support hungary’s demand for rearma ment and territorial revision resisted by the little entente but backed by germany and in augurate close economic relations with germany as well as the little entente group some of these contradictory expectations had already been dis pelled on november 1 when mussolini speaking in milan simultaneously offered friendship to yugoslavia which has least to fear from hun garian aspirations and urged justice for hungary which seeks return of territories now incorpor ated in czechoslovakia and rumania this double edged appeal ill received in prague and buchar est was interpreted as an attempt to split the little entente and strengthened the rumor that germany and italy may have agreed on octo ber 25 to divide central europe and the balkans into spheres of influence the protocol signed by italy austria and hun gary on november 13 justifies neither the hopes nor fears originally aroused by the conference it contents itself with a platonic reference to hungary’s desire for rearmament and appar ently fails to mention territorial revision austria and hungary formally recognize italy’s annexa tion of ethiopia in return for which italy prom ises them a share in the economic exploitation of its new empire probably the most significant point in the protocol is the decision of the rome bloc to develop trade relations with other coun tries not by collective negotiations as had been planned in the case of the little entente but by i er unite against madrid foreign policy bulletin octo means of bilateral treaties this is regarded as a victory for germany which has found it profit able to follow the policy of divide and rule in its economic relations with the countries of cen tral europe and the balkans and objected to close cooperation between the rome bloc and the little entente the way is now cleared for con clusion of an austro german commercial agree ment which will provide for raising of german quotas on austrian cattle timber and dairy products and purchase by austria of german coal manufactured goods and armaments italy’s principal concern at the present time is not so much the danubian region or the italo german accord as its attempt to negotiate a gentlemen’s agreement with britain in the mediterranean mussolini apparently seeks not only british recognition of his ethiopian conquest but acknowledgment of italy’s equality with britain in the mediterranean and a promise that the british will not attempt to unite yugoslavia greece and turkey against italy as they did dur ing the ethiopian campaign speaking in the house of commons on november 5 mr eden british foreign secretary said that the deteriora tion of anglo italian relations was due to differ ing i regret to note still differing conceptions of methods by which the world should order its international affairs he contended that for britain freedom of movement in the mediter ranean was not merely a convenience as stated by mussolini on november 1 but a vita inter est adding that it was possible for both countries to maintain their vital interests in that region not only without conflict with each other but even with mutual advantage on the same occasion mr eden denied any intention of encircling germany but condemned the tendency of nazi leaders notably goering and goebbels to blame britain for germany’s economic conditions he made it clear moreover that any friendship offered by britain cannot be exclusive and cannot be directed against any body else thus declining hitler’s nuremberg invitation to organize a crusade against com munism under german leadership britain’s task of improving relations with germany was not eased by nazi denunciation on november 14 of the clauses of the versailles treaty providing for international control of the principal german waterways this denunciation was regarded in britain as fresh evidence that germany prefers spectacular unilateral action to orderly revision by international negotiations while termination of the waterways provisions does not in itself constitute a threat to european peace it is im portant in the sense that nazi germany has now denounced all but the territorial clauses of the versailles treaty should hitler feel the need of further victories on the foreign policy front he will have to make a move outside german boun daries which might bring him into collision with other powers notably poland in danzig fear of a german move to the east may have motivated the london visit of colonel beck polish foreign min ister who is reported to have sought assurances of french and british aid in case of aggression the uncertainties of the european situation have been increased by the unexpected turn of events in spain where the loyalists rallying to the defense of madrid upset the calculations of rebel generals and their foreign sympathizers at a stormy meeting of the non intervention com mittee on november 12 signor grandi italian ambassador in london accused stalin of inter vening in the spanish civil war and declared that italy accepted the challenge of communism in spite of this outburst apparently intended to awake britain to the danger of soviet aid for the loyalists the committee acquitted the soviet government of three italian charges as it had earlier exonerated germany italy and portugal of charges brought against them by the u.s.s.r whatever the outcome of the spanish crisis france and britain cannot indefinitely maintain an attitude of non intervention in europe’s affairs if they are to check the moves of potential aggres sors signs are not lacking that once britain considers itself sufficiently rearmed it may take the lead in rallying all countries opposed to ag gression in a fresh attempt to organize collective security vera micheles dean rearmament lags in britain acrimonious charges of waste and inefficiency in the development of the british rearmament program featured the defense debate last week in the house of commons led by winston page two churchill whose experiencé as wartime minister of munitions added weight to his criticisms mem bers of parliament attacked almost every phase of defense policy in britain and demanded a par liamentary commission to investigate the alleged irregularities prime minister baldwin and sir thomas inskip minister for the coordination of defense defended the government’s policy and denied that there were any grounds for such an investigation although they did admit that cer tain parts of the rearmament program notably the production of airplanes were not proceeding quite as rapidly as scheduled the first public inkling of any hitch in the new british program which calls for an expenditure in 1936 1937 of almost 200,000,000 britain’s largest military budget in peace time history came a few weeks ago when lord nuffield head of the important wolseley motor works with drew from the government’s shadow scheme for building new factories to assure immediate expansion of production in war time the wolse ley firm was scheduled to build one of the aircraft engine units in the scheme but after having drawn up all the plans and completed its preparations for construction suddenly decided to withdraw apparently lord nuffield and his colleagues had misunderstood the government’s plan which is to give only enough orders to the shadow fac tories to maintain machinery and staff while con tinuing to rely on the regular firms already sup plying government needs for the increased de mands of the new program when it became ob vious that no new orders were going to wolseley’s other factories lord nuffield declined to continue with the shadow plant the increased armaments program is being accompanied by active reconsideration of british defense policy in general some naval experts impressed by britain’s mediterranean experience during the italo ethiopian crisis have suggested that the navy should concentrate its efforts on de veloping the route around south africa instead of clinging to its mediterranean bases but.the brit ish admiralty seems to have decided against this course for the present sir samuel hoare sug gested during the recent parliamentary debates that the réle of the british expeditionary force was also being reconsidered and that in future british commitments to aid france and belgium may affect only its naval and air forces the french general staff is said to have misgivings fc an inera as to the advisability of encumbering its trans port facilities with british troops at the begin ning of a conflict when speed is essential helen fisher foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 4 novemper 20 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lesite bug president esther g open secretary vera micue.es dgan eéifor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year +foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff class matter december 2 1921 at the post subscription one dollar a year office at new york n y under the act foreign policy association incorporated ef march 3 1879 nem pericdical roof wes 4oth street new york n y hage ineral ibrar par unly oe miccti eged vou xvi no 5 november 27 1936 a headline book christmas package sila and an ideal gift genera p h an three headline books in an attractive cellophane wrapped tvergity of michigan cer package war drums and peace plans dictatorship and university ably clash in the pacific together with a christmas greeting from wich ding dr harry emerson fosdick ann arbor bich this package with your name enclosed will be mailed for 1.00 new orders must reach the f p a office by december 15 iture ain’s ryr european crisis and roosevelt’s opportunity head vith by raymond leslie buell strengthening of the french alliances will make a me mr buell has just returned from a trip through nine settlement with germany more difficult mean liate european countries while economic conditions within germany and olse although europeans today are not nearly so italy grow worse and hitler and mussolini have raft pessimistic about the future of their continent as revealed their own nervousness by a number of wil the readers of many american newspapers there inflammatory speeches most observers believe tions is no doubt that the international situation has that there is relatively little danger of war during raw deteriorated during the past year the next 18 months but if during that period this had recently three events have aroused widespread deadlock is not resolved by a constructive eco h is misgivings the failure of the league of nations nomic and political settlement war may become a fac to prevent italy’s annexation of ethiopia hitler’s certainty con denunciation of the locarno agreements and the neither the french nor british government sup construction of new forts on the rhine and gen seems strong enough today to break the deadlock de eral franco’s military progress which may result premier blum has made an impressive record 2 ob in the establishment of a spanish government but the fact that his government must rely on the ley’s allied at least in sympathy with the fascist gov communists for a part of its majority makes it inue ernments of germany and italy the target of bitter conservative attack with re surprised at the success of nazi efforts to ter sulting weakness at home and abroad in britain eing minate the unequal provisions in the peace treaties the conservative baldwin government has a much itish certain elements in germany are aspiring to stronger majority but weaker leadership the erts supremacy in europe with this possibility in labor opposition is little better being divided and ence view germany is building up what may soon be confused no strong lead can be expected in the sted the strongest army in europe through its four near future from france or britain n de year plan for raw materials it is already carry nevertheless economic recovery is taking place ud of ing out an industrial mobilization both germany within the democracies and they have a growing brit and italy today are operating on the basis of a concern not only for liberty but for individual this war economy abetted by mussolini hitler has and social well being but unless the interna sug been attempting to break down the league of na tional problem is solved these gains may be lost ates tions strengthen the hold of fascism in europe and democracy undermined orceé beginning with spain and isolate the french president roosevelt fortified by an enormous iture democracy majority is the only world statesman in a position ue despite recent successes germany has so far decisively to break the deadlock between germany the failed to overturn the fundamental alignment in and the other great powers the hull trade pro ings europe on the contrary britain france and gram and the september monetary agreement rans poland are all increasing their armaments to meet have already inspired confidence in american egin the german challenge there are also some in leadership the time for further steps has now dications that france may conclude more precise come no one in europe expects the united states er alliances with yugoslavia and rumania and make to undertake political commitments at the same a military convention with the soviet union ne time no american intervention will succeed which national gotiations for a new locarno agreement how is limited to moral preachments and hastily de mier ever seem to have broken down and the very vised formulae what is necessary is to strike at the roots of the economic and political malad justments troubling the world if president roosevelt approaches the international problem with the same qualities of leadership he has dis played in attacking the domestic depression the possibility of success may be bright consolidating the fascist front twice within the past fortnight the fascist powers have sought to impress the outside world with their unity and determination to prevent the spread of communism tokyo and berlin con firmed the long rumored conclusion of an anti communist accord which follows closely on the recent italo german rapprochement in spain the fascist cause has been bolstered by the prema ture recognition accorded the rebel government by germany and italy on november 18 the german japanese agreement according to berlin is confined to a pledge of benevolent neu trality in the event of war with perhaps as sistance in given situations in addition it is reported to provide for common action against communist propaganda and close technical collaboration between german and japanese mili tary establishments and industries a spokesman for the german government however denied on november 21 the existence of a hard and fast alliance and reports indicate that this statement is probably correct it seems unlikely that either power has irrevocably promised to support the other in every conflict with the u.s.s.r italo german recognition of the rebel junta at burgos as the legal spanish government not merely as belligerents is obviously intended to strengthen the rebels who have now been held up for more than two weeks at the gates of madrid coming at a time when the legal government still holds the capital and over one third of the coun try it clearly violates established precedents of international law this gesture has already en couraged general franco to threaten the destruc tion of barcelona if that should prove necessary to end the scandalous traffic in arms ammuni tion tanks and airplanes and even toxic acids which is allegedly being carried on through this port his warning that all foreign shipping and non combatants should immediately leave bar celona is generally believed to herald bombard ment and blockade incapable of blockading the eastern coast of spain with the few ships at their command unless they receive the assistance of german and italian vessels in the soviet union news of the german jap page two the rebels however are anese accord provoked an outburst of indigna tion on november 21 the soviet government indefinitely postponed signing an 8 year renew al of its fisheries agreement with japan gener ally hailed as a first step toward the settlement of other outstanding issues the following day over the sharp protests of the hitler govern ment a soviet court sentenced to death a ger man engineer one of 23 german citizens ar rested earlier in the month on charges ranging from fascist propaganda to espionage and sabo tage meanwhile the soviet government hag become increasingly bitter about the pusillani mous policies which it accuses france and bri tain of pursuing in the spanish conflict carry ing out its announced determination not to be bound by the non intervention agreement to any greater extent than the remaining partici pants it has recently supplied the loy alee mr forces with tanks airplanes and even personnel in france and britain the recognition of franco and the german japanese rapproche ment created a bad impression the govern ments of both countries however are still de termined to prevent the division of europe i two ideologically hostile blocs they want to keep alive at all costs the non intervention com mittee on spain speaking before his constitu ents at leamington on november 20 the british foreign secretary declared because some who should be firemen take a hand now and again at feeding the flames that is no reason why the whole fire brigade should leave its posts and join in fanning europe into a furnace the day before in a heated rejoinder to a com munist member of parliament mr eden had al ready intimated that he considered the soviet union more to blame than germany and italy for precipitating the crisis over spain the french and british governments have been in consultation about the threatened blocka of the spanish coasts mr eden told the house of commons on november 23 that britaiy well as france will not for the time being accord bel ligerent status to the rebels which would enable them to search and seize ships on the high seas at the same time however the british govern ment intends to secure the rapid enactment of legislation making it illegal for any british ship to transport war material to a spanish port both britain and france remain anxious to avoid all risk of international war even at the expense of a fascist triumph in spain john c dewilde foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 5 novemmber 27 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymmonp lesiie bueit president esther g ocpen secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year national an in eurc +d bel enable seas vern ent of h ship port avoid pense ilde national n editor ar subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff vou xvi no 6 december 4 1936 entered as second class matter december my of mich 2 1921 at the post office at new york pec 10186 n y under the act ef march 3 1879 brarian’s office european diplomacy in the spanish crisis by vera micheles dean the impact of spain’s civil war on the european struggle between fascism and communism the motives and application of the franco british policy of non intervention its effect on relations between western democracies and fascist dictatorships december 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents dr william w bishop university of michigan library ann arbor mich german japanese pact arouses democracies o far as its published terms are concerned the german japanese agreement of novem ber 25 is limited to joint action against com munist propaganda germany and japan also agree to invite third parties whose domestic peace is endangered by the disruptive activities of the communists to join what may amount to a fascist international according to a supple mentary protocol the german and japanese gov ernments will take strict measures within the framework of existing laws against those who at home or abroad directly or indirectly are ac tive in the service of the communist interna tional and will create a permanent commission to achieve this objective despite the vehement denials of berlin and tokyo it is suspected in some quarters that in addition to the published agreement germany and japan have reached a military understanding by which the nazis will give technical aid to tokyo concerning aviation and chemical warfare it is also reported that germany and japan have agreed to divide the dutch east indies into two spheres of influence mussolini already com mitted to a campaign against communism by the italo german accord of october 25 agreed on november 28 to recognize manchoukuo in return for japanese recognition of italy’s ethiopian con quest as a gesture of conciliation the soviet govern ment on november 25 commuted to ten years imprisonment the death sentence imposed on emil stickling a german engineer who confessed to the charge of sabotage when the terms of the german japanese agreement became known how ever speakers at the eighth congress of so viets which assembled last week to adopt a new constitution declared that they would resist any encroachment on russian soil asserting that japan had twice attacked soviet territory during the past 48 hours foreign commissar litvinov stated on november 28 that the german japanese agreement was an alliance against the soviet union at this congress it was disclosed that the u.s.s.r had increased its submarines by 715 per cent since 1933 and it was implied that the soviet air force now consists of more than 7,000 planes if hitler had hoped to become the leader of a great world coalition against the soviet union his hopes seem doomed to disappointment in stead of joining an anti communist alignment poland the most dubious of france’s allies cemented its understanding with rumania during a visit paid to warsaw last week by the new ru manian foreign minister victor antonescu one of the indirect objects of this visit was to bring about a rapprochement between poland and czechoslovakia a country which by virtue of its location and its mutual assistance pact with the soviet union may become the next object of german aggression should this effort at rap prochement succeed it will prove of great impor tance because poland is in a position to prevent a successful german attack on czechoslovakia by his recent acts hitler has also forfeited the possibility of securing an understanding with britain irritation in london over the german japanese pact which may be directed at british interests in the orient was increased by reports that german ambassador ribbentrop had assured hitler the british were merely bluffing in their warnings to germany to dispel this impression foreign minister eden declared on november 27 at a luncheon in honor of m van zeeland the belgian prime minister that belgium could count on british aid in case of an unprovoked attack meanwhile in spain the lines between fascist states and other great powers have become more clearly drawn on november 27 the spanish gov ernment which had earlier protested against the attack of a foreign submarine on one of its warships invoked article xi of the league cov enant and asked the secretary general to convene a special session of the league council it charged that the armed intervention of germany and italy on behalf of the rebels virtually con stituted an act of aggression against the spanish republic while britain and france have little desire for a council meeting which would make it difficult for them to continue dodging the span ish issue they have recently displayed signs of stiffening against fascist intervention in spain last week britain stated it would resort to force to protect legitimate british shipping destined for spanish ports following the dispatch of eight british submarines to spanish waters general franco announced that he would establish the safety zone demanded by britain in the harbor of barcelona in case of rebel bombardment by concluding an anti communist pact ger many and japan seem to have overreached them selves it is difficult to see how either govern ment can render concrete assistance to the other in fighting the communist menace the fact that the two countries felt it necessary to sign such an agreement strengthens the belief that their internal régimes are far from stable this agreement will inevitably arouse the suspicion if not the hostility of britain and the united states similarly premature recognition of general franco by germany and italy may deal a hard blow to the prestige of the fascist states should franco fail to capture madrid the sup port extended to franco by the fascist states was doubtless inspired not only by hostility to com munism but by a desire to use the spanish crisis for purposes of bargaining with britain and france it is difficult to believe however that either hitler or mussolini originally considered spain worth a general european war yet as a result of their own acts the fascist states are now threatened with a major diplomatic defeat by effecting a rapprochement with britain mus solini may succeed in extricating himself from a highly embarrassing position hitler may find it more difficult to retreat nazi diplomacy seems to have precipitated a crisis which may lead to a show down between germany and the rest of the world raymond leslie buell japan’s army program when the hirota cabinet was formed on march 9 1936 the army exacted pledges inter alia for a strong foreign policy and increased arma ment expenditures the latter to be financed by higher taxes despite certain indications to the page two n contrary there was good ground for believing that these pledges embedded the army program in japanese governmental policy more thoroughly than at any previous time this view has been sustained by three recent events the extensive demands made on the nanking government in october the conclusion of a german japanege pact against communism and the japanese budget for 1937 1938 approved on november 27 nanking’s unexpectedly strong resistance to the japanese demands has apparently postponed their acceptance indefinitely meanwhile the center of activity shifted to suiyuan where japanese supported mongol and manchoukuo troops were preparing to invade this inner mon golian province the first attacks were thrown back by general fu tso yi’s provincial troops which then took the initiative by capturing pai lingmiao in northern suiyuan on november 25 this town had been one of the main bases for the attack and chinese reports claimed that some of the japanese officers who were aiding the mongol troops were captured in the operation prepara tions for a more serious invasion of suiyuan now seem to be under way in western chahar where the mongols are being reinforced by large man choukuo troop contingents and japanese mili tary supplies this new attack can hardly be repelled without effective nanking assistance to the suiyuan troops despite belligerent declara tions by official spokesmen at nanking none of the central government’s troops or airplanes ap pear to have reached suiyuan the capture of pailingmiao was effected by a small force of about 5,000 provincial troops and repainted japanese planes have bombarded this force without a countering opposition from nanking’s airplanes japan’s new budget for the fiscal year 1937 1938 calls for total expenditures of 3,041 million yen an increase of 798 million over the previous budget both its total and the sums allotted to the army and navy are the largest in japanese history military naval expenditure totals 1.4088 million yen an increase of 381 million over 1936 1937 steep rises in taxation become effective under this budget despite the additional rev enue thus provided deficit loans aggregate 840 million yen an increase of 179 million army expenditures which total 720 million yen in the new budget include the first instalment of the six year replenishment program beginning with the next budget the normal military expenditure is expected to be 900 million yen t a biel one yen equals approximately 28.5 cents foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 6 dgcemsgr 4 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lesiie bueit president esther g ogpgn secretary vera micheles dean béitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 f p a membership five dollars a year one dollar a year fo an in +he rol us 109 36 ive ev 340 the the ith ure ional ditor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vout xvi no 7 december 11 1936 headline books christmas package can ideal gift three headline books in an attractive cellophane wrapped package war drums and peace plans dictatorship and clash in the pacific together with a christmas greeting from dr harry emezson fosdick this package with your name enclosed will be mailed for 1.00 orders must reach the f p a office by december 15 dr will e on rm iam w w bishop a wa co 7 2 vy university ann arbor mich inconsistencies at buenos aires n opening the buenos aires conference on december 1 president roosevelt made a mov ing address in which he condemned the new fanaticism in europe implied that it would be superseded eventually by the democratic prin ciple and expressed the view that the republics of the new world should help the old world in averting war in an address of december 5 secretary hull emphasized the danger of war in any part of the world and declared that an end had to come to the unilateral violation of treaties following these addresses which seemed de signed to strengthen the unity of the democracies both in america and europe secretary hull sub mitted to the conference a draft convention which would create a permanent inter american con sultative committee composed of the ministers of foreign relations of each american republic this committee would take the initiative in re minding parties to a dispute of their obligations under existing treaties including the anti war pact and four inter american agreements and applying procedures of specific settlement dur ing cognizance of a dispute by the permanent committee the parties promise not to aggravate the controversy nor to take any military action should two states nevertheless go to war the other american states linked together through the per manent committee would impose an embargo on loans and the export of munitions while those latin american states which are members of the league may limit this embargo to the aggressor state the united states and other non members of the league would apply the embargo equally to all belligerents while the convention is silent regarding em bargoes against european or asiatic belligerents it apparently envisages close collaboration be tween the american states for the purpose of developing a common attitude and joint action toward preventing conflicts of any kind with out limitation as to hemispheres in agreeing to consult with the other american states in re gard both to inter american and non american wars the united states has taken a step forward the one major weakness of the proposal which may prove its undoing is the provision that the united states and other non members of the league shall embargo all belligerents on no vember 27 president roosevelt declared at rio de janeiro that we cannot countenance aggres sion yet the neutrality proposal would penal ize the victim of aggression to the same extent as the state violating its obligations if the roose velt administration despite its enormous major ity does not feel strong enough to ask congress for power to cooperate in a system of sanctions limited to the american continents one cannot expect that it will take any effective steps to re solve the european crisis on the contrary it would seem inevitable that once this machinery is established most of the latin american states will follow the neutrality principles of the united states and dr ay from the league if the united states is unwilling to accept any obligations as to sanctions then it should agree to omit from the convention all reference to treat ing belligerents equally leaving this question to be determined by domestic legislation or consulta tion when the occasion arises while argentina is justified in asking whether the american neutrality proposal can be recon ciled with the principles of jurisprudence to which it subscribes the buenos aires government itself set a bad example when’on november 26 it re newed an agreement with britain providing for exclusive preferential import and foreign exchange quotas in defense of its exclusive policy argen tina may argue that the united states has failed to ratify the 1935 convention abolishing unnecessary quarantine restrictions upon argentine meat nev ertheless while at buenos aires president roose ichigan library i __a_c_____ velt specifically promised to induce the senate to approve this agreement and he also expressed the hope that the united states and argentina could soon make a trade treaty it is regrettable that argentina did not postpone decision on its agreement with britain until after president roosevelt had had an opportunity to carry out his promises resting upon the narrow principle of bilateral trade the argentine british agreement constitutes a defeat for the hull program dispatches further declare that chile has recog nized the italian conquest of ethiopia and that nicaragua and guatemala have recognized the franco régime if the united states by its policy of embargoes is unconsciously injuring the de mocracies of the world these premature latin american recognitions not only violate interna tional engagements but offer open encouragement to the fascist international the results of the buenos aires conference will prove disappointing unless these inconsistencies are reconciled and positive steps taken to strengthen the principles of international organization and law raymond leslie buell domestic issues disturb france and britain with europe already in ferment grave domestic crises in france and britain have added to the prevailing uncertainty the french crisis is the outcome of a growing rift between the com munists and the cabinet not participating in the government the communists have felt in creasingly free to assail it in repeated speeches maurice thorez secretary general of the party accused premier blum of capitulating before fascism at home and abroad the domestic pro gram of the popular front he alleged had not been carried out with sufficient vigor the fascist leagues were still permitted a surreptitious ex istence while communist meetings in alsace lorraine had been prohibited reactionary influences were allowed to sabotage economic and social reforms while little was done to check rising prices and profiteering in foreign policy blum was accused of yielding to hitler and of partici pating in a blockade against the loyalist popu lar front government in spain the opposition of the communists came to a head during a two day debate on foreign policy in the chamber of deputies although the government received a sizeable vote of confidence 350 to 171 on decem ber 5 the communist delegation abstained only with difficulty was premier blum dissuaded from resigning while the cabinet remains in power its future is by no means assured it faces a pro page two longed debate on the budget which has been ge verely attacked by the right the center and ex treme left in britain the constitutional crisis came with dramatic suddenness the names of the king and the american born mrs wallis warfield simpson had been repeatedly linked in the foreign press for some time particularly since mrs simpson had obtained an interlocutory divorce decree from her second husband on october 27 the british public however had remained largely ignorant of the affair until it became known on december 2 that the baldwin government was resisting the king’s wish to marry the american the strong willed monarch and the cabinet be came deadlocked with king edward insisting that his marriage was a private act on which he was not bound by the advice of his ministers and the cabinet equally determined to consider it a public act which would seriously affect the stand ing of the crown not only with the british public but with the dominions supported apparently by the dominions prime minister baldwin an nounced in parliament on december 3 that the government had declined edward’s proposal to legalize a morganatic marriage which would not raise mrs simpson to the rank of queen and would debar any eventual children from the succession most of the press with the exception of the bea verbrook and rothermere papers a large majority of parliament and the church of england have rallied to the support of the government public opinion is sharply divided with many of the younger people and working classes supporting the king either because of his defiance of conven tion or because of his well known sympathy with labor although the liberal and labor opposition in the house of commons sympathize with the king they are apparently supporting the government they realize that the king’s marriage involves a larger issue whether the will of the monarch shall prevail over the advice of the cabinet as the representative of parliament to yield to the king on this point may encourage the sovereign to exercise independent authority on other ques tions as well this danger is illustrated by the fact that winston churchill a leading reactionary has been trying to provoke a revolt against premier baldwin in the house of commons while the fascists of oswald mosley are campaigning actively for the king in the country the final decision now rests with the king but it appears that his cabinet will make him choose between marriage and the throne john c dewilde foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 7 decumpgr 11 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lasiiz busit president esther g ocpen secretary vera micheles dsan editor gaotered as second class mater december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year an vol c dec cal det otk fac ne evi tt tipelininmaetinw aon oe 64 ees +2en se ind ex e with king arfield oreign mrs livorce er 27 largely wn on it was erican let be sisting ich he s and r ita stand public itly by n an at the sal to id not would ession e bea jority 1 have public of the orting onven y with ion in king iment lives a ynarch as the to the ereign ques y the onary gainst while igning final ypears tween lde foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xvi no 8 december 18 1936 creating a philippine commonwealth by david h popper this report discusses the constitution and govern ment of the new philippine commonwealth the politi cal economic and social problems it must face and the significance of philippine defense policy for the com monwealth and the united states december 15 issue foreign policy reports 25 cents entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 dr william w bishop university of michigan lib ann arbor mich chang hsueh liang’s coup he sudden coup d’état carried out by chang hsueh liang on december 12 involving the capture of generalissimo chiang kai shek and his detention at sian has temporarily relegated all other far eastern issues to the background the factors entering into this coup especially in con nection with its international ramifications are even more complicated than is normally the case in china tokyo and berlin denounce the coup as a comintern plot while moscow attributes it to a japanese intrigue designed to place obstacles in the way of china’s unification surface events supply a plausible case for chang hsueh liang’s anti japanese pretensions and for possible collusion between his forces and the chinese communists in the northwest the rank and file of the young marshal’s army con sisting largely of former manchurian troops have been bitterly anti japanese a stand which has apparently been strengthened by their contacts with the chinese communist forces on the other hand certain characteristics of the coup tend to negative such an interpretation chang hsueh liang’s character and past actions are not of a nature to qualify him as a close ally of the chinese communists so far there has been no evidence of direct military cooperation between his army and the communists his original three demands asked for a declaration of war against japan a pledge by nanking to recover all lost territories and readmission of the communists into the kuo mintang on the pre 1927 basis this last demand does not express the chinese communist position today which calls for a united front of all anti japanese forces but not on a basis merging the communists with the kuomintang finally it has been reported that chang hsueh liang is seek ing rich provinces and greater revenues for his army and is compromising on his anti japanese demands at the same time chiang kai shek’s position in this affair does not stand up well under close scrutiny on december 11 it was revealed that the nanking government had accepted a number of japan’s demands among other items nanking had agreed to suppress anti japanese movements engage japanese advisers and reduce chinese tariffs although no agreement was reached as to joint defense against communism both sides concurred on several items despite nanking’s ostensible repudiation of these undertakings after hostilities had developed in suiyuan several of them have actually been in process of fulfillment on november 23 seven officers and many mem bers of the all china national liberation asso ciation a popular anti japanese organization were arrested at shanghai among the arrested officers were chang nai chi noted economist and former vice president of the chekiang industrial bank shen chung ju president of the shanghai bar association and tsou tao feng a leading chinese journalist and publisher moreover al though chiang kai shek had refused joint de fense measures against the chinese communists i.e brigading his own troops with the japanese he had agreed to undertake anti communist measures himself and had prepared for them be fore his visit to sian these preparations reached the stage of formal action on december 12 the day of chiang’s capture when the executive yuan issued orders to twelve provincial governments for a general anti communist campaign this move was aimed mainly at the situation in the northwest where the growing strength of the communist forces had aroused the concern of the japanese in august and september the last of the communist troops had fought their way from szechwan into kansu and northern shensi at the present time the main red armies and all the important chinese communist leaders have joined forces and are consolidating their position in this northwestern region in the course of previous fighting in shensi several units of chang hsueh liang’s army had deserted en masse to the communists the new communist policy of not fighting unless attacked and the practical cessa tion of anti communist operations by chang hsueh liang’s army had lately resulted in a vir tual truce between them under these circum stances chiang kai shek’s preparations for a renewed anti red campaign represented an open challenge to the young marshal nanking’s mobilization of forces in the northwest was thus directed mainly against chang hsueh liang in stead of against the japanese in suiyuan where the fighting has so far been carried on entirely by the local provincial troops when chiang kai shek went to sian he carried with him orders to replace chang hsueh liang by a fukien military leader chiang ting wen the young marshal however struck first by seizing and imprisoning chiang kai shek while chang hsueh liang’s coup is open to seri ous condemnation as a means of achieving unity in china the essence of his demands correctly ex presses the platform on which political unity should be attained in this respect his action presents a sharp challenge to nanking the poli cies pursued by chiang kai shek in recent years suggest that he has used the slogan of unification before resistance to mask his efforts to establish a personal dictatorship even while he was crip pling all genuine anti japanese forces and move ments t a bisson edward goes into exile britain’s constitutional crisis has been termi nated with promptness and dignity by the abdica tion of king edward viii in favor of the duke of york asa result of the abdication act passed by parliament on december 11 the duke of york comes to the throne as george vi and his wife becomes queen elizabeth in his farewell radio speech prince edward who now goes into volun tary exile as the duke of windsor declared that he had found it impossible to discharge my du ties as king as i would wish to do without the help and support of the woman i love edward’s insistence on marrying mrs simpson was a tribute to his sincerity yet the elevation to the throne of a twice divorced american would have led to such criticism that the great prestige and power of the crown would as prime minister baldwin pointed out in a moving speech to the house have been undermined far more rapidly than it was built up and once lost i doubt if page two aes ea anything could restore it the archbishop of canterbury on december 18 used even stronger language when he expressed his sadness that edward should have sought his happiness in g manner inconsistent with christian principles of marriage and within a social circle whose stand ards and ways of life are alien to the best instinets of his people despite edward’s reputed pro german sympa thies it is unlikely that his abdication will have any pronounced effect on britain’s foreign or domestic policy prime minister baldwin’s suc cess in promptly liquidating this crisis however is of great importance had he failed to find a solution the cohesion of the empire held to gether largely by the personality and prestige of the crown might have been jeopardized 0 long as the crisis existed british foreign policy remained paralyzed incidentally it is perhaps significant that germany did not take advantage of britain’s internal controversy to launch an of fensive in central europe with the accession of george vi the prospects for european stabiliza tion should increase in addition to demonstrating the unique capac ity of britain to resolve acute difficulties by peace ful means edward’s abdication has indicated that the ties which unite the dominions to the mother country are unusually strong under the west minster statute of 1931 any law touching the suc cession to the throne requires the assent of the parliaments of the dominions canada australia new zealand and south africa assented to the ab dication bill before it was introduced but the atti tude of the irish free state was at first uncertain had the free state parliament exercised its power to veto the accession of the duke of york a mortal blow might have been struck at the empire on december 12 however the dublin body passed a law assenting to the accession after having on the previous day abolished the office of governor general and the crown’s prerogatives in ireland's internal affairs but these steps were not incon sistent with the westminster statute and in a sense merely extended the precedent established in 1930 when sir isaac isaacs a citizen of austra lia was appointed governor general of that do minion and when last november mr patrick duncan a south african was named governor general at pretoria the events of the past two weeks have again revealed the inherent moral strength of an empire which whatever its defects remains the world’s strongest bulwark of liberalism and peace r.l.b foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 8 dscrmpsr 18 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymowp lesits busii president estum g oopoen secretary vera micheles dzan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at che poss office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 f p a membership five dollars a year national one doilar a year fo an in +shop trongey s the ss ing iples of stand nstinets sympa ill have ign or n’s suc owever find a eld to stige of 1d o policy verhaps vantage an of sion of abiliza capac r peace ed that mother west she suc of the stralia the ab he atti ertain power mortal e on assed a ing on vernor eland’s incon dina blished a ustra iat do patrick vernor again mpire world’s l b foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 vol xvi no 9 december 25 1936 toward a new pan americanism by c a thomson a discussion of the problems which were considered at the inter american conference for the maintenance of peace held at buenos aires december 1 23 1936 peace organiza tion neutrality trade the monroe doctrine armaments communications and intellectual cooperation november 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents dr william w bishop x university of michigan library ann arbor mich buenos aires pacts a challenge to geneva ompleting three weeks of intensive nego tiation the inter american peace confer ence which opened at buenos aires december 1 set the seal of its approval on 69 conventions resolutions and recommendations preparatory to adjournment on december 23 the negotiations have been characterized throughout by a remark able degree of good feeling credit for much of which is undoubtedly due to the efforts of the united states delegation the principal achievements of the conference as revealed in press dispatches may be summar ized as follows 1 a collective security convention pledging consultation among the american nations in the event that the peace of the american republics should be menaced from any source or in the event of war or a virtual state of war between american states moreover in the event of an international war outside america which might menace the peace of the american repub lics such consultations shall also take place to determine the proper time and manner in which the signatory states if they so desire may even tually cooperate in some action tending to pre serve the peace of the american continent 2 a declaration of solidarity in which the united states and other american nations affirm that any act of an unfriendly nature toward an american republic susceptible of disturbing the peace affects each and all of them and is the basis for the initiation of the procedures of con sultation provided for in the collective secur ity convention the declaration also condemns territorial conquest intervention and the com pulsory collection of pecuniary claims 3 a protocol on non intervention reiterating the stand taken at the montevideo conference in 1933 and defining intervention as a threat to peace sufficient to set the new machinery in motion 4 a neutrality convention diluted by ardu ous negotiations to satisfy argentina and other states members of the league of nations this would re enforce the american treaty structure for pacific settlement of disputes by providing that in case of conflict between the contracting parties the american republics shall through consultation immediately endeavor to adopt in their character as neutrals a common and sol idary attitude for this purpose they may consider imposition of embargoes on arms and loans in accordance with domestic legislation and without detriment to league of nations obliga tions important reservations by argentina ex empt foodstuffs and raw materials intended for civilian populations and loans for their purchase from the scope of the pact and state that each nation may reserve its attitude on an arms em bargo in case of a war of aggression 5 resolutions sponsored by the united states delegation calling for equality of treatment in in ternational trade and gradual reduction of trade barriers 6 miscellaneous projects dealing with interna tional law intellectual cooperation interchange of publications radio citizenship for women and the like 7 postponement of consideration of plans such as those for an american league of na tions until the pan american conference to be held in lima peru in 1938 these achievements offer ground for both hope and disappointment if the united states draft proposals of december 6 are taken as a criterion the projects actually adopted are merely shadows of the action contemplated the united states plan of consultative procedure for example has been vitiated by dropping out provision for a permanent consultative body with definite func tions how will the consultative pact operate when like the kellogg briand anti war pact it contains no machinery for enforcement no real sanctions for violation and no obligation to accept a consultative verdict as for neutrality the proposed extension of embargoes on arms and loans to american belligerents by states not par ticipating in league sanctions has been ham strung by transforming it into a purely optional procedure based on the existing domestic legis lation of each signatory the argentine reserva tions which were the subject of much dispute during the conference clearly illustrate the con tinuing discrepancy between the obligations of league members and the desire of the united states brazil and other countries to avoid in volvement in war and discourage hostilities through non intercourse the difficulty of secur ing concrete commitments on trade policy as well as neutrality suggests that the political and eco nomic dependence of many latin american states on europe may continue to be a stronger bond than the concept of pan american solidarity yet the conference’s accomplishments should not be minimized had it done no more than adopt the projects providing for consultation to combat foreign intervention in the americas it would have been notably successful the monroe doctrine is now in a sense a multilateral obliga tion but in the last analysis the united states appears to retain a free hand should consultative precedure prove abortive considered as a whole the various pacts and resolutions block out a re orientation of inter american policy at present to be sure these new trends depend on the psy chological atmosphere of mutual trust and good will fostered by secretary hull and his colleagues rather than on unratified treaties and projects expressing mere pious hopes the significance of the buenos aires conference rests not in addi tions to the tangled network of american peace treaties but in the challenge with which it has confronted the league should geneva gain new vitality through reform of the covenant or im provement of the world political situation the developments of the inter american conference might remain in an embryonic state the amer ican nations like other regional groups have granted geneva a reprieve but if the league’s principles are flouted in the future as they have been in the past the americas may well pre empt its functions in matters of concern to the new world davip h popper europe deadlocked on spain the reported landing of 5,000 german volun teers at cadiz in rebel controlled territory on december 1 stirred france and britain into re newed action to secure enforcement of the non intervention agreement hitherto honored more in the breach than in the observance the two western democracies began to fear that their previous efforts to keep war within spanish boun daries might merely transform spain into a bat page two a tleground for the troops of rival european pow ers a franco british suggestion that the non intervention agreement be expanded to prevent foreign volunteers from joining the forces of either rebels or loyalists was blocked on decem ber 4 by germany italy and portugal on the same day britain and france invited the three fascist powers and the soviet union to join them in an effort to terminate the spanish civil war by offering to mediate between the government and the rebels this proposal was accepted by the soviet union and received the moral support of the united states and the vatican but met with far reaching reservations from germany and italy and strong objections from portugal nor did it arouse much enthusiasm on the part of the rebel and loyalist groups in spain each of which hopes to break in its favor the deadlock now hold ing them at the gates of madrid on december 10 the league council sum moned in special session considered the novem ber 27 appeal of the madrid government which contended that armed foreign intervention in spain threatened to disturb international peace two days later the council unanimously adopted a resolution which declared that good understand ing between nations ought to be maintained ir respective of their internal régimes affirmed that every state is under obligation to refrain from interfering in the internal affairs of others urged the london committee to spare no pains to render non intervention undertakings as strin gent as possible and to arrange forthwith for their effective supervision and expressed the council’s sympathy for the franco british me diation proposal the british government which had hitherto been reluctant to admit violations of the non in tervention agreement by fascist powers shifted its position on december 18 when foreign min ister eden referred in the house of commons to blatant breaches by certain signatories speci fically naming germany italy and the soviet union herr von ribbentrop german ambassador in london against the reported arrival in rebel ports of 6,500 germans said to be drawn from the regular army which would bring the total of german soldiers in spain to between 12,000 and 15,000 this protest which aroused resent ment in germany was given particular point by rumors that italy anxious to obtain a settlement on december 19 mr eden protested to with britain in the mediterranean might leave germany to pull the chestnuts out of the spanish fire vera micheles dean foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 9 decemper 25 1936 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lgstiz buelt president esther g ocpen secretary vera micheles deean béitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year fc ani vol f cl +1 pow e non revent ces of jecem in the three n them war by nt and by the ort of t with y and nor of the which wv hold sum ovem which ion in peace dopted rstand ned ir ffirmed refrain others pains s strin th for ed the ish me litherto non in shifted mn min nons to speci soviet sted to idor in 1 rebel n from 1e total 12,000 resent int by tlement it leave spanish dean national an editor year foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 vou xvi no 10 january 1 1937 creating a philippine commonwealth by david h popper this report discusses the constitution and govern ment of the new philippine commonwealth the politi cal economic and social problems it must face and the significance of philippine defense policy for the com monwealth and the united states december 15 issue foreign policy reports 25 cents dr william w bishop university ann arbor mich settlement of the sian coup ith the release of generalissimo chiang kai shek on christmas afternoon china’s dramatic political crisis ended as abruptly as it had begun chiang’s triumph was graced by the return to nanking of his erstwhile captor mar shal chang hsueh liang as an official prisoner of the government while no satisfactory explana tion of these events has been vouchsafed by the nanking authorities it is possible to trace the outlines of a general political compromise in what has thus far occurred the statements delivered at nanking by chiang kai shek and the young marshal seem to be the first moves in a carefully planned course of action evidently decided upon during the negotiations at sian chang hsueh liang’s abjectly worded sub mission to the central authorities safeguards the prestige of the nanking government while chiang kai shek’s declaration of responsibility for the incident may be considered an indirect plea for leniency to the government prisoner up to the present no punishment has been meted out to the young marshal who is secluded in the nanking residence of t v soong the principal intermedi ary in the settlement even more important chiang’s statement tends to substantiate reports that government changes are in the offing these may mean nothing more than a temporary rest cure for the generalissimo on the other hand they may forecast replacement of chiang kai shek by t v soong as chairman of the executive yuan the latter step would tend to shift govern ment policy in the direction demanded by chang hsueh liang but would not necessarily give rise to fundamental changes chiang kai shek has been premier for little more than a year prior to 1936 his main governmental positions related almost solely to military affairs should a compromise of this nature be reached it would indicate that the negotiations at sian were largely concerned with the political issues originally raised by the young marshal no evi dence of any cash settlement has appeared despite the rumors to this effect from japanese and other sources since december 13 chang’s crucial proposals had required a declaration of war on japan and the readmission of the communists into the kuomintang although these demands could not be granted their essential aim would be satisfied if nanking stiffened its japanese policy and relaxed its military operations against the chinese communists t v soong’s appoint ment as premier would tend to emphasize pre cisely these ends in the past t v soong has often been at odds with chiang kai shek on the policies debated at sian his resignation as finance minister on october 29 1933 was attributed partly to his anti japanese stand and partly to his opposition to the large expenditures involved in chiang kai shek’s anti communist campaigns these factors combined with his family relationship to the generalissimo made him an ideal mediator in the crisis precipitated by the sian coup as premier he might be expected to exert his influence along the two lines suggested by chang hsueh liang in general this would mean subordinating chiang kai shek’s internal efforts at strengthening his dictatorship which necessarily involve civil strife to the task of protecting the country from jap anese aggression while a formal united front between nanking and the chinese communists would be unlikely the possibility of a truce in this quarter would appear closer to realization under a cabinet headed by t v soong it remains to be seen whether these indications of a general political compromise are borne out by the actual course of developments for the present the release of chiang kai shek has averted imminent and possibly disastrous in ternal warfare more even than before the sian coup chiang’s voice remains decisive on both 5 miehigan libr internal and external issues the test of his for eign policy is still in the north where the victory of the suiyuan provincial troops has created the immediate possibility of regaining chahar and overthrowing yin ju keng’s puppet régime in east hopei for this program rapid and effec tive aid from the central authorities at nanking is required t a bisson batista pulls the strings the impeachment on december 24 of president miguel mariano gémez who had clashed with colonel fulgencio batista army chief brought into the open the military dictatorship which has long ruled cuba from behind the scenes another dictatorship may thus be added to the already large number of absolute governments in latin amer ica the governmental change however was carried through in strict accordance with consti tutional norms gdémez was succeeded by vice president federico laredo bru who selected a cabinet of men known to be amenable to the wishes of the military the issue which precipitated the test of strength between cuba’s civil and military powers con cerned a bill to finance a program of army con trolled rural schools by a 9 cent tax on every bag of raw sugar produced in cuba seven hundred of these schools are reported already established and it is planned to increase their number even tually to 3,000 when president gémez vetoed this measure on the ground that the department of education and not military institutions should direct public instruction the house of represen tatives promptly instituted impeachment proceed ings the president was faced with flimsy charges of preventing the free functioning of the legislative power and of coercion of con gressmen in a defense statement gémez termed the charges false and declared that they had been brought only because of pressure from known sources under colonel batista the armed forces have been doubled and their support now absorbs a fourth of the national budget the military have largely assumed the functions of the public works health education labor and interior departments and exercise dominant influence in other branches of the civil government this po sition of power and control of the spoils of office enabled batista to command the votes of the great majority of congressmen and senators in all parties a skillful propaganda campaign has sought to indoctrinate the cuban masses with faith in the virtues of army rule while washington does not relish establishment page two ll ls of a military dictatorship in cuba many observers view the present situation as largely the outcome of the welles caffery policy in the island sumner welles when ambassador in havana refused to sanction recognition of the liberal grau sap martin government the only régime since the fall of machado which has been in a position successfully to challenge the growing dominance of the military jefferson caffery as welles successor displayed such public favor to colonel batista as markedly to increase the influence of the army leader in the present crisis united states capital in cuba has been generally reported favorable to the cause of batista will the army colonel soon supersede the laredo bru régime by an open dictatorship although apparently supreme batista is in reality only the leading figure in the junta of ex sergeants who rose to power in september 1933 pressure from other members of this group may push him into such action domestic opposition is as yet un organized and chiefly underground the united states has abrogated the platt amendment and is bound by anti intervention pledges only re cently tightened at the buenos aires conference not to interfere in cuba yet the island’s pros perity remains vitally dependent on the sugar quota and duty reductions granted by washing ton unlike other absolute rulers in latin amer ica colonel batista must weigh carefully how far public opinion in the united states possibly enlightened by beet sugar interests and other rivals of cuba in this country’s markets will ap prove continuance of trade concessions to a frankly dictatorial government charles a thomson the far eastern crisis by henry l stimson new york harper 1936 3.50 a valuable account of the manchurian dispute by the former secretary of state urging the necessity of amer ican participation in collective action to prevent war the flight of an empress by wu yung new haven yale university press 1936 2.50 a fascinating account of the experiences of a chinese magistrate who served the empress dowager during the flight from peking in 1900 under the axe of fascism by gaetano salvemini new york viking 1936 3.00 the most penetrating critic of mussolini’s régime offers an authoritative and trenchant analysis of fascist methods and achievements the spanish tragedy by f allison peers oxford university press 1936 2.50 a temperate history with more understanding of con servative than radical currents of the five years preced ing the present civil war new york foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 10 january 1 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lesiie burtt president estuer g ocpen secretary vera michetes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year fc an 3 janua +servers outcome sumner fused to au san nce the position minance welles colonel lence of united eported laredo ithough only the nts who re from 1im into yet un united ent and ynly re rence s pros e sugar ashing 1 amer lly how possibly d other will ap s to a mson ew york e by the of amer ent war ven yale 1 chinese uring the ni new me offers t methods ew york g of con s preced national editor ean year foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xvi no 11 january 8 1937 f p a meetings how can china achieve unity russia looks east and west death and rebirth of the league of nations what is back of the spanish conflict british policy and the world crisis communism and fascism what are they significance of the anti communist pact wanted monetary stabilization what can january 9 new york 9 philadelphia 9 cincinnati 12 albany 14 worcester 16 hartford 16 springfield 16 providence britain and the u 8 a do 19 utica war in spain 2 1921 at the post at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 dr william w bishop universi ann arbor mich naval incidents aggravate spanish crisis he anglo italian mediterranean accord signed in rome on january 2 has confused rather than clarified the european situation dis turbed during the holiday period by guerrilla warfare between german and spanish loyalist ships in this accord britain and italy which as late as last summer were at swords points about ethiopia recognize that the freedom of entry to exit from and transit through the mediterranean is a vital interest both to the different parts of the british empire and to italy and that these inter ests are in no way inconsistent with each other this declaration merely restores the situation as it existed before the ethiopian crisis and in troduces no new elements into anglo italian rela tions more important in its direct bearing on the spanish crisis is the statement in which the two countries disclaim any desire to modify or so far as they are concerned to see modified the status quo as regards national sovereignty of ter ritory in the mediterranean area a statement amplified by notes annexed to the accord in which the italian foreign minister count ciano con firms the british government’s assumption that so far as italy is concerned the integrity of present territories of spain shall in all circum stances remain intact and unmodified this ex change of pledges interpreted as a warning to both germany and the soviet union presumably bars italian occupation of the balearic islands as well as a division of spanish spoils between italy and germany at the same time it might obligate britain to prevent the establishment in spain of a separate socialist or communist state such as appears to be emerging in catalonia it is generally believed that the published medi terranean accord is accompanied by an under standing that great britain which during christ mas week replaced its legation at addis ababa by a consulate will eventually recognize italy’s conquest of ethiopia press for ejection of haile selassie’s representatives from the league as sembly and sponsor the grant of loans and credits for the development of the new italian colony mussolini who has been particularly eager to secure british acknowledgment of his ethiopian triumph appears to have obtained tangible ad vantages from the mediterranean accord merely surrendering potential claims to spanish territory which if pressed might have brought italy into direct conflict with britain nor is it clear whether britain has secured commensurate bene fits from italy which has cleverly used its octo ber 25 accord with hitler to extract successive concessions from france and britain the fact that italy has subscribed to the mediterranean agreement does not mean that it is ready to jetti son its outwardly good relations with germany or to join a new stresa front to block german aggression on the contrary mussolini seems to be engaged in his favorite game of playing both ends against the middle the landing of italian troops at cadiz in rebel territory was reported on january 4 and count ciano has been in close consultation with the german ambassador in rome regarding the reply of the two fascist powers to the franco british appeal to prevent volunteer departures for spain this appeal was delivered by the french and british ambassadors in berlin rome lisbon and moscow on december 27 a sunday in the form of separate but similar notes the soviet govern ment on december 30 declared its readiness to comply with the franco british request provided effective action was taken by other powers italy pointed out that it had urged prohibition of volun teers as early as august and that suspension of volunteer enlistments at this time would consti tute intervention in favor of the loyalists the hitler government which like that of mussolini had demanded a ban on volunteers last summer is faced with the choice of withdrawing from ty of michigan library page two spain german soldiers said to number between 15,000 and 20,000 or tripling this force as recom mended by general wilhelm faupel german envoy accredited to general franco the uncertainty of germany’s attitude toward spain was not dispelled by the series of naval incidents which have occurred during the past ten days on december 24 the german freighter palos allegedly carrying war material and spanish rebel agents from hamburg to insurgent territory was seized by spanish loyalists and taken to bilbao a port under the jurisdiction of the basque autono mous government in announcing this incident which according to the nazis occurred on the high seas the german communiqué hinted at reprisals expressing the hope that the red rulers will agree to release the steamship with its cargo untouched and its three passengers aboard before these measures are carried out three days later following a visit of the german cruiser koenigsberg to bilbao the basque authori ties released the palos but detained a portion of the cargo said to consist of field telephones and a spanish citizen found on board on decem ber 20 the koenigsberg re enforced by the cruiser karlsruhe pressed for surrender of cargo and passenger indicating that in case of non compli ance with this demand german ships would estab lish a blockade of bilbao against spanish vessels on new year’s day german vessels halted two spanish loyalist ships the aragon off the north coast of spain which was seized and the soton off the south coast which was forced to run aground two days later the koenigsberg seized the span ish freighter marta junquera on january 5 ger many threatened to take further measures unless the palos cargo and passenger were surrendered by january 8 the significance of these incidents depends on whether hitler has decided to give franco unreserved support as one step in his crusade against communism or like mussolini in tends to use the threat of war to extract from britain political and economic concessions he is not yet ready to demand at the point of a gun vera micheles dean the end of naval limitation the ceremonial hammers which drove the first rivets into the keelplates of britain’s two new 35,000 ton battleships the king george v and the prince of wales on new year’s day also drove the last nails into the coffin of the system of treaty limitation which has regulated the world’s navies for the past fifteen years the washington treaty of 1922 and the london treaty of 1930 both ex pired at midnight december 31 the london treaty of 1936 which limits the size of individual ships but not the total number which may be built has been ratified by only one power the united states and so is not yet in force british nego tiations for the adherence of other naval powers have thus far proved fruitless if the treaty does become binding its chief claim to effectiveness ag a preventive of naval competition will be the elimination of secrecy among its signatories who will be bound to give each other full advance in formation on all construction its provisions for qualitative limitation will operate only as long ag non signatory powers among them japan italy and germany are sufficiently awed by its numer ous escape clauses to keep their own new ships within treaty limits the last days of the naval treaties were marked by a rush to save warships due to be scrapped under their terms britain twice invoked the london treaty’s escalator clause saving 40,000 tons of destroyers and five light cruisers four heavy cruisers were also rescued by conversion to 6 inch guns the united states could thus retain 59,000 tons of destroyers and japan has kept practically all its excess tonnage in all categories what few ships remain to be scrapped by the three powers are hardly fit for active service britain’s two new battleships are symbolic of the naval race now accentuated by the passing of the limitation treaties six 35,000 ton vessels are under construction and at least six more will be laid down during 1937 including two in the united states hundreds of smaller vessels are already on the ways or appropriated for and several powers are carrying through extensive modernization of older ships as well plans for future building are even more ambitious perhaps more important than the new arma ments race is the fact that the expiring washing ton treaty contained the famous article 19 which forbade new fortifications in the pacific area britain’s informal suggestion that the article be retained met with objections on the part of the united states which contended that any new ar rangement must like the original article form part of a general pacific settlement japan too has been cold shouldered by the american state department for suggesting a bilateral agreement in the meantime the pacific powers mutually suspicious are busily surveying possible new fortification sites japan has already been alarmed by the recent american plan to improve the harbors of pan american airways bases in the pacific work which is of no more military significance than japanese port construction in the mandated islands helen fisher foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 11 january 8 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymmonp lasiig bugit president estumr g ocpen secretary vera michelss dsan béitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year janua +vho for as aly ler lips ked the 000 our n to tain cept ies the tate ally new been rove s in tary n in ational editor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xvi no 12 january 15 1937 spain issues behind the conflict by charles a thomson this report analyzes the events of the past three years leading up to the 1936 revolt and the groups composing the right and left alignments january 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents dr william w bishop university of michigan libre ann arbor mich germany and italy temporize on spain he brief though dramatic flare up over alleged german activities in spanish morocco once more illustrates how productive of dangerous incidents the spanish conflict continues to be for some time rumors of german penetration into this area had been rife although there was no evi dence of large bodies of german troops in morocco reports reached paris that barracks were being constructed to receive contingents in the near fu ture and that german technicians were helping to fortify the territory french anxiety was fur ther increased by the knowledge that germany was apparently using melilla as a naval base the french government saw in this evidence a direct threat to the security of its north african posses sions and its naval communications in the medi terranean taking a strong stand it announced on january 7 that a large number of warships would be concentrated in the western mediter ranean official circles also made ostentatious references to the preparedness of 100,000 troops in french morocco on january 9 the rebel au thorities were sharply reminded that spain had undertaken in the moroccan conventions of 1904 and 1912 not to alienate or cede any part of morocco nor to call in foreign troops meanwhile the french press carried rather exaggerated re ports on german activities which reich news papers bitterly branded as entirely false this tense situation was relieved on january 11 when chancellor hitler took advantage of his customary new year’s reception for the diplo matic corps to assure the french ambassador that germany had no designs on any spanish territory at the same time the french foreign office re ported that the acting spanish high commissioner at tetuan had declared that no constituted unit and no contingent of the foreign legion is sta tioned in morocco or expected another incident precipitated by the action of the loyalists in retaining a spanish rebel pas senger and part of the cargo of the german steamer palos was peacefully closed on january 8 three days before a german cruiser had radioed an ultimatum demanding their release and threat ening in case of non compliance to dispose of the two ships seized in reprisal and credit the spanish rebels with the proceeds although the valencia government ignored the demand the germans took no additional step to enforce it the situation remains potentially dangerous how ever since the reich has served notice it will adopt further measures if piratical acts against german merchantmen are repeated on january 7 the german and italian govern ments finally delivered similar replies to the franco british proposal for a ban on volun teers the german note took france and britain severely to task for placing the reich in the réle of aculprit both notes pointed out that germany and italy had suggested prohibiting enlistments as early as last august they expressed willing ness to reconsider the problem provided other powers participated and agreed to an effective scheme to check the influx of volunteers on the spot as a further condition they demanded that immediate steps be taken to stop indirect inter vention the german note failed to define this form of intervention while the italian govern ment cited propaganda and financial assistance as examples moreover both countries intimated they would insist on the withdrawal from spain of all non spanish soldiers political agitators and propagandists these conditions insure that pro tracted negotiations will be necessary if the pro hibition against volunteers is ever to be put into effect it appears obvious that germany and italy are temporizing in order to give the rebel forces another opportunity to conquer madrid anxious to preserve peace at any cost the brit ish government chose to ignore the negative ele ments in the italian and german replies on sige i ae weg sd ae january 10 it sent notes to paris rome berlin lisbon and moscow requesting that measures pro hibiting the dispatch of volunteers be enacted im mediately and put into force subsequently by concerted action britain suggested that the de tailed scheme elaborated by the london non in tervention committee for supervision at spanish ports and land frontiers could be extended to cover enforcement of the ban on foreign enlistments at the same time the government announced that it had spontaneously invoked the foreign enlist ment act of 1870 to prevent recruitment of volun teers in the united kingdom although the british note also promised to discuss forms of indirect intervention it appears unlikely that germany and italy will find the new proposal more acceptable than the last while britain and france sought in vain to strengthen the non intervention accord the united states congress hurriedly adopted on jan uary 6 a concurrent resolution prohibiting the shipment of war material to spain for the dura tion of the conflict although existing neutrality legislation was not applicable to civil wars the state department had until recently prevented arms shipments to spain by means of moral sua sion on december 28 however and again on january 5 it had been compelled to issue export licenses for arms consigned to the spanish loy alists the president and state department used these incidents to galvanize the new congress into immediate action at first they hoped to utilize this opportunity to obtain legislation conferring on the president discretionary authority to im pose embargoes in any case of civil strife but latent congressional opposition caused the aban donment of this plan the new resolution ap plicable only to spain is one more indication of the hostility of congress to sweeping discretion for the president in general neutrality legislation john c dewilde rival claims in alexandretta the question of the future status of the syrian sanjak of alexandretta which threatened for one agitated week to cause serious conflict between france and turkey seems to be once more on the road to peaceful settlement direct franco turkish negotiations which ended in disagree ment on december 22 have been resumed and the two countries have arranged a three day post ponement of the league council meeting sched uled for january 18 in the hope of reaching an accord by the 21st the sanjak was set up as an autonomous district page two et under the syrian government in 1925 in exeey tion of a 1921 agreement by which france guaran teed special treatment to the large turkish minority in the region around antioch and alex andretta this arrangement was satisfactory to turkey as long as france remained in syria ag the mandatory power on september 9 and no vember 13 however france signed treaties with syria and lebanon which will bring independence to the mandated territories in three years tur key remembering the assyrian massacres in iraq was alarmed at the prospect of arab rule despite the fact that the syrian treaty contained express guarantees for the protection of compact minorities in autonomous districts on novem ber 1 kemal ataturk told the opening session of the turkish parliament that the only unsettled question in foreign affairs was the future of alexandretta and the speech was received with wild enthusiasm popular demonstrations and the ostentatious abstention of turkish voters in november’s parliamentary elections in syria em phasized the demand for liberation of the sanjak finally turkey invoked article xi of the league covenant and brought the whole question before the council at its meeting of december 10 both powers aired their respective positions which hinge largely on legalistic detail before the other delegates and then settled down to private discussion eventually a compromise was reached the league appointed a three man commission of inquiry to inspect the disputed area france agreed to withdraw military reinforcements which had been sent to syria in september and to postpone ratification of the franco syrian treaty and turkey abandoned its demand for a neutral force to police the frontiers the league commission reached alexandretta just before new year’s and was greeted with vociferous demon strations as it toured the sanjak it will present its report to the council when that body meets on january 21 at the same time direct negotiation between france and turkey is expected to result in a proposal for some sort of league guarantee of the minority population in the sanjak perhaps combined with demilitarization of the port of alexandretta helen fisher mr bisson sails for far east mr t a bisson f p a research associate sailed for the orient on january 9 to spend a year studying economic and political conditions in china and japan the trip has been made pos sible through a fellowship from the rockefeller foundation foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 12 january 15 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymono lasiis bugett president estuer g ocogn secretary vera micheies dean editor entered as second class matver december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one doliar a year f p a membership five dollars a year an 2 janu +1 execu cuaran turkish id alex ctory to syria as and no ies with endence 3 tur cres in ab rule ntained ompact novem ssion of nsettled ture of ed with ns and oters in ria em sanjak league 1 before both which ore the private reached mission france cements yer and syrian id fora league ore new demon present neets on otiation o result larantee perhaps port of isher t ssociate d a year ions in ude pos kefeller i national ban eéitor year teoreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 vou xvi no 138 january 22 1937 spain civil war by charles a thomson this report covers the history of the first six months of civil war in spain and analyzes its three fold char acter the military conflict the social struggle of revo lutionary change and reaction and foreign interference january 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents dr william w bishop university of michigan library ann arbor mich neem french stability contributes to peace oe encouraging factor in the disturbed euro pean situation is the growing stability of the french government the popular front min istry of léon blum has now been in office for more than six months and barring unforeseen eventualities seems assured of a long lease on power how firmly premier blum has entrenched himself was indicated on january 15 when the chamber of deputies promptly and unanimously authorized the government to stop the recruit ment of volunteers for service in spain whenever an international agreement to that effect is con cluded by his moderate economic and social reforms at home and his policy of peace abroad the prime minister has rallied behind him the majority of the french public fascist and communist senti ment appears to be waning although colonel de la rocque held the first annual congress of his newly constituted french social party in decem ber his activities are attracting less attention than formerly a strike of market gardeners called on december 14 by the semi fascist peas ant front ended in a fiasco and the meetings convened by jacques doriot and his fascist french popular party are but sparsely attended the communists seem to regret their temporary break with the popular front government early in december and are now supporting the cabinet more consistently in the closing month of the 1936 parliamen tary session the government managed to obtain the adoption of a number of highly controversial measures to purify the press it secured the enactment of a law increasing responsibility for slander and requiring publication of the sources from which newspapers derive their financial support to deal with recurring labor conflicts the conservative senate and the chamber of dep uties finally empowered the government to pro vide by decree for compulsory mediation and arbi tration on january 2 moreover the all impor tant budget and fiscal reform bills were passed after prolonged debate almost all of the labor disputes which have plagued the government from the very beginning have now been settled during the first week of january government intervention was finally suc cessful in terminating the metallurgical strike in northern france which had kept 25,000 men idle for more than a month minor strikes in the paris area were also adjusted whether the gov ernment can prevent the revival of conflicts will depend on its ability to limit the rise in the cost of living and to enforce arbitration of eventual disputes the state of public finances arouses some anxiety for the future the ordinary budget for 1937 has an anticipated deficit of 4,589 million francs and an additional fund of 16,026 million to be raised entirely by loans has been appro priated for national defense and public works if the railway deficit and the needs of a newly created pension fund are added the government will have to borrow about 30 billion francs in the course of the year it can obtain about 5 billion more from the bank of france but the remainder will have to be borrowed in the open market fearing rad ical government measures and domestic disturb ances a large part of french capital remains hoarded at home and abroad in order to pave the way for a return of confidence the govern ment has recently abandoned its big stick policy toward capital instead of requiring the sur render of gold at its old parity a new defense loan floated on december 16 offered a premium of 40 per cent at the end of three years to those giving up gold and subscribing to government bonds at the same time the finance minister gave assurances that capital would be allowed complete freedom of movement the success of the government’s program of deficit financing depends primarily on the de gree of economic recovery during 1937 in some respects the effect of devaluation has proved keen ly disappointing although exports during octo ber and november were 17 per cent higher in value than in the same months of the previous year the sale abroad of manufactured products declined 10 per cent in volume moreover im ports rose 34 per cent in value over the corres ponding total of 1935 nevertheless some fav orable signs are gradually appearing toward the end of december wholesale prices had risen about 25 per cent since devaluation while retail prices had increased only half as much thus nar rowing a disparity which had long existed pro duction is slowly rising and unemployment run ning below the levels of the preceding year tax receipts too are steadily improving the yield in the turnover tax having shown a particularly en couraging increase if assured a period of calm the government can look forward to continued economic recovery john c dewilde spain’s first six months of war strengthened by some thousands of german and italian volunteers the spanish rebels re sumed offensive operations on january 3 a seven day attack northwest of madrid brought local gains but failed to break the loyalist lines on the southern coast a force of 20,000 in surgents captured on january 14 the small port of estepona not far from gibraltar and subse quently was reported driving east toward malaga the spanish war at the end of its first six months had passed through three phases the first phase was marked by the failure of the army generals to carry out their plans for a quick and easy victory which was due primarily to the des perate resistance of the popular masses madrid and barcelona were thus saved for the govern ment and the franco rebellion suffered a decisive check a series of rebel victories made possible by german and italian airplanes and supplies characterized the second period of the conflict in the north irin and san sebastian fell before the middle of september in the southwest general franco captured badajoz and later relieved toledo by november 7 his forces were at the gates of madrid the third stage from no vember to the present has been marked by a practical stalemate with the arrival of soviet munitions and some thousands of foreign anti fascists as well as the catalan militia the loyal ists have been able to hold madrid the govern ment has also had time to train discipline and page two eee ee equip its raw militia greater unity has been achieved in the ruling groups at madrid and jp semi independent catalonia in the largo caba llero cabinet formed on september 4 the middle class republicans were joined by socialists and communists and also by the basque nationalists a conservative and catholic party two months later the anarcho syndicalists entered the goy ernment overcoming not only their hostility to the socialists but their traditional aversion to political action on september 26 the anarcho syndicalists at barcelona had taken a similar step underlying the military struggle is a more fundamental conflict between social classes the rebel junta at burgos supported by the large landholders and industrialists monarchists and fascists and the bulk of the clergy has suspend ed agrarian reform in the territories under its control returned rural properties to the land lords and made religious instruction compulsory in the schools the loyalists however have ini tiated a far reaching program of socialization pledging compensation for foreign property seized the social policy of the central govern ment which moved from madrid to valencia early in november has largely been determined by emergency war needs catalonia has gone farther and points definitely toward social revo lution in this leading manufacturing region a decree of october 24 ordered the socialization of all industrial and commercial concerns employing more than 100 persons smaller enterprises were also to be socialized under certain conditions the trend is apparently toward a hybrid anarcho socialist economy in which the marxist emphasis on a centralized state would be modified by an archo syndicalist principles of personal freedom and local autonomy with their revolutionary social program the loyalists apparently enjoy wider popular support than the rebels a supposition which is partially substantiated by franco’s manifest dependence on foreign troops this factor together with control of spain’s principal industrial areas and its ex tensive gold reserve may give the government a long term advantage over the insurgents if only domestic forces are taken into account foreign aid so far has served chiefly to prolong the con flict but if it continues to increase may prove to be the deciding weight in the balance charles a thomson spain in revolt by harry gannes and theodore repard new york knopf 1936 2.00 a hasty and sketchy account by two members of the daily worker’s staff foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 13 jaanuary 22 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lesiigp bugll president esther g ogden secretary vera micheles dean béitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year national +ore rge and nd its nd ory ini ion tn icia ned one 2v0 1 a 1 of ring vere the cho asis an jom the port ally e on trol ex nt a only eign con e to n pard f the ational editor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 re 102 7 vou xvi no 14 january 29 1937 spain civil war by charles a thomson this report covers the history of the first six months of civil war in spain and analyzes its three fold char acter the military conflict the social struggle of revo lutionary change and reaction and foreign interference january 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents dr william bishop university michigan library ann arbor mich il franco british overtures to germany n january 30 when chancellor hitler ad dresses the reichstag to commemorate the fourth anniversary of his advent to power france and britain will be anxiously awaiting a reply to their latest overtures for german cooperation in a general european settlement spokesmen for both powers have recently outlined a new and constructive policy toward germany speaking before the house of commons on january 19 foreign minister eden expressed the willingness of his government to cooperate in economic and financial measures that would raise the world’s standard of living stressing that economic col laboration and political appeasement must go hand in hand however he appealed to the reich to abandon the doctrine of national exclusive ness and accept every european state as a po tential partner in a general settlement this he indicated would mean the reduction of arma ments to a level sufficient for the essential needs of defense and acceptance of such international machinery for the settlement of disputes as will make the league of nations a benefit to all and a servitude to none in a speech delivered at lyons on january 24 premier blum made a similar plea on behalf of france while reject ing a policy of bargaining economic assistance against political concessions by germany he de clared that economic accords could not possibly be considered independent of a political settlement he hinted at collaboration in a great european colonial and international project to meet ger man economic needs but insisted that extension of credits or assistance in obtaining access to raw materials should be conditioned on general arms limitation this franco british plea has so far failed to arouse a favorable response in germany most german newspapers emphasized that the reich’s economic plight was far from desperate and scornfully rejected the idea of bargaining away the country’s freedom of action for a mess of pottage neither germany nor italy is sympa thetic toward the political settlement favored by the democratic powers in conversations with general goering who ended a prolonged visit to italy on january 23 mussolini and foreign min ister ciano are generally believed to have dis cussed reviving the old four power pact which would exclude the soviet union from european counsels and could easily camouflage an anti soviet bloc in his recent speech however pre mier blum clearly refused to separate french security from european peace or to sacrifice french alliances with russia and the eastern european powers and mr eden rejected a settle ment not open to all countries with respect to the spanish civil war italy and germany seem to have adopted a more concilia tory policy replying on january 25 to the latest british proposal for stopping the influx of vol unteers into spain the two powers undertook to adopt immediate measures for the prohibition of enlistments and to make them effective as soon as an adequate system of control had been agreed upon and a date fixed for their simultaneous en try into force the italian and german notes ap parently abandoned insistence on the preliminary evacuation of all military and political volun teers from spain and the interdiction of other forms of indirect intervention both questions however will be brought up again in the non intervention committee meanwhile the insti tution of adequate control over the dispatch of arms and volunteers is encountering many ob stacles germany and italy are still considering the supervisory scheme elaborated by the non intervention committee should they accept the proposal it is possible that pressure may be brought to bear on portugal and the belligerents who have rejected the plan the past week witnessed other developments a ee gn dy ek se as in europe both favorable and unfavorable on january 24 bulgaria and yugoslavia signed a treaty of peace and lasting friendship which seems to terminate their perpetual conflict over macedonia and will make it less possible for out side powers to fish in troubled balkan waters in geneva where the league council convened on january 21 france and turkey were apparently approaching a solution of their dispute regarding the status of the alexandretta district the council made a further constructive contribution by authorizing its president to appoint an ex perts committee on equal commercial access for all nations to certain raw materials american cooperation has been enlisted by designating as a member of this committee henry f grady former chief of the trade agreements section of the state department less hopeful is the settle ment of the danzig question negotiated by poland and due to be ratified by the council a league commissioner will be retained in the free city but he will no longer be permitted to interfere with nazi violations of the constitution john c dewilde army versus nation in japan the swelling wave of discontent at the orien tation of japanese politics broke at a stormy ses sion of the diet on january 21 when kunimatsu hamada seiyukai party leader rebuked the army for its interference in political life and the hirota cabinet for its fascist tendencies two days later the cabinet resigned despite an attempt by navy minister osami nagano to arrange a com promise on the basis of renewed cooperation be tween the army and the political parties after conferences with imperial officials the emperor on january 25 commanded kazushige ugaki a retired general of moderate views and with political affiliations to form a cabinet the artmhy which had demanded dissolution of the diet and formation of a government free from party influences immediately signified its opposi tion by intimating that it would not permit any officer to act as war minister under japanese law a general or lieutenant general on the active list must occupy this post a veiled threat of mil itary revolt coupled with this defiance of the emperor’s mandate by the arch exponents of ex treme patriotism immediately crystallized na tion wide sentiment against the army isolation of the military has become virtually complete and the impasse absolute the roots of the crisis are to be found in the foreign policy bulletin jamuary 15 1937 page two increasing unwillingness of large sections of the japanese public to support policies forced upon the nation by the militarists in foreign affairs the country has viewed with distaste the provoca tive policy which appears to be rousing china to unified resistance public opinion has been dis mayed by adverse foreign comment on the anti communist agreement with germany a reaction driven home by difficulties over renewal of the so viet japanese agreement permitting fishing off the siberian coast at home the army’s policy has en tailed mounting military expenditures higher tax ation and burdensome increase of the public debt which reached the figure of 10,800,000,000 yen on january 1 1937 although they find it expedient to make large gifts to the army industrial inter ests fear the spread of authoritarian ideas which would subject their activities to increasing goy ernmental control for the ostensible good of the state the economic nationalism which accom panies this trend is fraught with serious effects for japan’s vital export industries these are already evident in the foreign exchange control established on january 8 and the proposed sys tem of regulating imports fiscal and commer cial policies of this type will undoubtedly inten sify the sharp upward movement in japanese prices which is already reported to have raised the cost of foodstuffs and other staples by 10 to 30 per cent since january 1 confronted by this dark vista the emperor and the privy council are apparently seeking a com promise similar to that which followed the mili tary uprising at tokyo in february 1936 the price of the army’s participation in the new gov ernment is again likely to be concessions to its de mands such a settlement will probably result in a stronger foreign policy which in turn may bol ster anti japanese factions in china and in other pacific nations as well davip h popprr i found no peace by webb miller schuster 1936 3.00 varied and vividly written experiences of a united press correspondent which make light and interesting reading a place in the sun by grover clark millan 1936 2.50 argues that the costs of colonies outweigh the gains and suggests that the league be given authority to enforce complete equality of trade opportunities for all nations in colonial areas the balance sheets of imperialism by grover clark new york columbia university press 1936 2.75 a companion volume to a place in the sun giving sta tistical tables relating to the costs and profits of colonies and a brief summary of conclusions from the evidence new york simon new york mac foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 14 january 29 1937 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymmonp lastim bugit president esthar g ocpen secretary vera micueres dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 f p a membership five dollars a year published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national one dollar a year +4d 3 of the d upon affairs rovoca yhina to een dis he anti reaction the so x off the has en her tax lic debt yen on cpedient al inter ss which ng goy 1 of the accom effects ese are control sed sys ommer y inten apanese e raised 10 to 30 oror and r a com he mili 6 the ew gov o its de result in may bol in other oppfr rk simon a united nteresting ork mae gains and to enforce ll nations lark new 75 riving sta of colonies idence d national yean editor 1 year teoreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xvi no 15 february 5 1937 february 1 issue of foreign policy reports american policy in the far east by t a bisson this report describes united states participation in recent de velopments affecting the far east the london naval confer ence agreement to purchase china’s silver issues affecting man choukuo inauguration of a trans pacific airline and the philip pine independence act the objectives and methods of american policy in the far east are of more than ordinary importance for there is always the danger that the united states will ultimately be involved in any conflict which may develop in the pacific area 25 cents entered as second feb 4 igg7 matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 dr william bishop university of michigan library ann arbor mich aa hitler disappoints france and britain hile nervous diplomats awaited another saturday surprise adolf hitler on janu ary 30 gave the german people an account of his stewardship through the four years of power for which he had asked in 1933 equality of rights which he had promised them the fuehrer solemnly repudiated germany’s sig nature to the war guilt clause and abolished the corporate independence of the reichsbank and the german railways imposed on the reich by the versailles treaty for the purpose of reparation payments stating that germany now that equality was achieved was ready to end the era of surprises and cooperate with other nations in solving the problems of the world completing the then he reassured the diplomats by as evidence of this desire for cooperation hitler cited his agreements with poland austria italy and japan and german friendship with other nations such as yugoslavia hungary bulgaria greece and turkey he indicated willingness to guarantee the neutrality of holland and belgium and declared that there could be no conceivable cause for any quarrel with france but the conciliatory tone of the speech could not mask the fact that it contained no answer to the questions which european diplomats have re peatedly asked of berlin the fuehrer while dis claiming any thought of aggression in western europe gave no assurances in regard to the east and in fact made the forthright assertion that there could never be agreement between germany and soviet russia he reiterated the german de mand for colonies although he specifically con fined german claims to the colonial territories of which the versailles treaty had deprived the reich while he praised the ideal of international economic cooperation he refused to abandon the four year plan for greater self sufficiency and rely on assurances from foreign statesmen respect ing international economic aid or accommoda tion he failed to repudiate the pan german propaganda which seeks to draw all germanic peoples into the nazi orbit and indeed stated that the nazi theories of blood and soil are destined to revolutionize future thinking just as the coper nican realization that the earth moves around the sun led to revolutionizing the conception of the world disarmament one of the cardinal points of the french and british conciliation offers of last week received cavalier treatment at hit ler’s hands the german leader pointed to his previous offers of international arms limitation on the basis of equality noted that they had been rejected by the very powers which were now dis cussing disarmament and declared that each na tion was alone competent to decide what was neces sary for its own defense he cited the growing soviet danger as ample justification for german arms increases in the domestic sphere hitler requested and received from a docile reichstag a four year ex tension of the enabling act which permits him to rule by decree he claimed proudly that the jews had been completely eliminated from the fields of literature and education without causing any structural weaknesses pointing to the re duction of unemployment and the successful co ordination of industry under nazi rule he indi cated his intention to continue along the same lines by means of the four year plan he also promised that a new constitution would be framed in the near future in general the reaction to the speech outside germany has not been favorable relief at the purely negative fact that hitler has not closed the door to cooperation is tempered by the realiza tion that he offered no solid basis for opening ne gotiations leading toward a general european settlement the speech likewise failed to advance the solution of the dangerous spanish problem germany hitler declared must continue to sup port general franco in order to check the spread of bolshevist poison helen fisher political ferment in the far east when on january 30 general senjuro hayashi was charged by the emperor to form a cabinet it relieved the tension which had gripped japan for almost a fortnight but at the same time marked a defeat for the liberal groups of the empire these forces had united behind general kazushige ugaki who from january 25 to 29 vainly attempted to secure the army’s participa tion in a government headed by himself to ex plain their implacable opposition to ugaki the army’s ruling triumvirate generals terauchi and umezu retiring minister and vice minister of war and general sugiyama inspector general of military education referred in veiled terms to hitherto undisclosed mutinous incidents in 1931 and 1932 in which ugaki was said to have been implicated the army maintained that its course of action had been motivated not by desire for military dictatorship but by the paramount ne cessity for preserving unity and discipline in the service it seems clear however that the army has suc ceeded in imposing an effective veto on the em peror’s choice general ugaki in a dramatic exit from the scene announced his determination to resign his military rank and asserted that the situation placed japan at the crossroads between fascism and parliamentary politics he charged that the army had become a political organiza tion with a few men in authoritative positions claiming to represent the entire force and inti mated that by their defiance the military had failed in their duty to the emperor general hayashi the new premier is reported to be acceptable to the army and in agreement with its general policies his cabinet announced on february 2 contains a number of moderates nevertheless with powerful representatives of the services holding the war and navy ministries and bureaucrats predominating in other posts his administration is expected to continue large mili tary expenditures and an aggressive policy in china it will probably also seek more political power and greater state control over economic life thus weakening still further the precarious position of the political parties and the diet while japan was engrossed by domestic dis sension events in china aroused hope for greater national unity in resisting japanese invasion an agreement between the rebellious shensi forces page two a and the nanking government was reported at tungkwan on january 28 after no less than five temporary truces had expired permitting oc cupation of northern shensi by the communists the compact provides that troops of the rebel gen eral yang fu cheng will play the réle of buffer in the central portion of the province while govern ment forces garrison the south including sian the provincial capital the army of chang hsueh liang who received a full pardon on janu ary 4 for his part in the rebellion is to take over the province of kansu although later reports indicate that general yang and the communist leaders have not agreed to these terms it is gen erally believed that the tungkwan agreement is merely a stop gap until the plenary session of the kuomintang opens at nanking on february 15 at that time the nanking cabal of violent anti communists will feel the full weight of that sec tion of chinese opinion which demands cessaticn of all civil war in order to achieve unity against japan the significance of nanking’s negotia tions for a truce with china’s red army appar ently supported by chiang kai shek will not be overlooked in tokyo progress by right forces in japan and by the left in china may set the stage for open hostilities in the far east davip h popper what next in europe by sir arthur willert new york putnam’s 1936 3.00 interesting discussion of a troubled scene news from tartary by peter fleming new york charles scribner’s sons 1936 3.00 intriguing account of a journey through chinghai and sinkiang with news of soviet dominance in sinkiang annuaire de la société des nations 1936 edited by georges ottlik geneva switzerland editions de l’annuaire 1936 6.00 welcome reappearance of this invaluable annual pub lication the turkish tranformation by henry elisha allen cago university of chicago press 1935 2.50 a sympathetic highly documented sociological study of post war turkey chi japanese trade and industry by mitsubishi economic re search bureau new york macmillan 1936 7.50 an invaluable handbook on japan’s economy with de tailed analyses and statistical data the balkan conferences and the balkan entente by robert j kerner and h n howard berkeley cali fornia university of california press 1936 3.00 excellent documentary material rather poorly organ ized on the post war efforts to achieve balkan unity france today and the people’s front by maurice thorez new york international publishers 1936 1.75 the secretary general of the french communist party views the problems of his country and party foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 15 fresruary 5 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lustig buell president esther g ogden secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 f p a membership five dollars a year one dollar a year an i national +ist n he l5 ti pc cn ist ork ork and ges ire ub oreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff entered as second class matter december neutrality law which expires on may 1 congress is about to resume its debate on the contentious issue of neutrality the conflicting views which found expression in august 1935 when the tem porary act was passed and in february 1936 when it was renewed are again found in the cur rent proposals as in the past the so called mandatory thesis is represented by several reso lutions which seek to extend embargoes on sup plementary war materials to all belligerents leav ing the president a minimum of discretion in applying rules laid down by congress at the other extreme are bills and resolutions which ad vocate the widest executive discretion giving the president authority to discriminate between bel ligerents halfway between are a group of reso lutions which would renew the present law apply ing embargoes without discrimination to all bel ligerents while allowing considerable discretion to the president in determining what action to take in specific situations despite the old cleavage between mandatory and discretionary legislation the gap is not as wide as it was in 1935 and 1936 the extent to which both extremes have shifted position is re vealed by the main features of the three proposals which are receiving the closest attention by the state department and the two congressional com mittees these may be summarized briefly as follows pittman resolution s.j res 51 extends present neutrality act with amendments retains mandatory embargo on arms and ammunition loans and credits adds new provisions forbidding arms shipments in case of civil war and giving the president discretion ary authority to prohibit american vessels from carry ing certain articles or materials in addition to arms and ammunition to any belligerent country mcreynolds resolution h.j res 147 includes mandatory embargo on arms and ammunition loans and credits provides for arms embargo in case of terials to a normal peace time quota to prohibit american vessels from carrying arms and other ma terials to restrict travel by american citizens etc drops reservation exempting latin american states from provisions of existing act clark vandenberg bone and nye s.j res 60 ex tends present act with amendments renews manda tory embargo on arms and ammunition loans and credits adds new provision covering case of civil war embodies cash and carry plan by forbidding any american citizen to retain any right title or in terest in any article or commodity exported by sea to belligerent countries these measures represent important conces sions by both extremes all three would renew the existing act would extend the arms embargo to cases of civil war and would apply all embar goes without discrimination the mandatory group abandoning its original demand for sweep ing embargoes on supplementary war materials would give the president considerable discretion in applying the cash and carry plan under which all commercial transactions would be conducted at the risk of belligerents while these proposals fail to meet the desires of either the state department or extreme advocates of mandatory legislation they apparently afford a basis for compromise which would allow the president to pursue a foreign policy compatible with the interests of peace the existing neutral ity law made it possible for the roosevelt admin istration to embargo arms and ammunition in the italo ethiopian conflict thus removing the danger of a conflict with the league over the issue of neutral rights claimed by the united states in the past renewal of the existing law with its addi tional embargo on loans and credits would not hamper any genuine future effort by league members to apply the principles of collective ac tion but would leave the united states free to determine its course in the event of a major war in which league members were divided among pce 2 1921 the post subscription one dollar a year office at new york n y under the foreign policy association incorporated of march 3 1879 sy 8 west 40th street new york n y vout xvi no 16 february 12 1937 join now student membership dr william w bishop 60 f cents for february 1 june 1 university of michigan library foreign policy bulletin weekly oe headline books one issue ann arbor mich special subscription rates for foreign policy reports and washington news letter ith the introduction of more than a dozen civil war discretionary provisions authorizing presi resolutions to amend or replace the existing dent to restrict export of certain articles or ma of ea asa ss of 4 ae fs j adhe of ine been xa pester geek themselves in abandoning the mandatory em bargo on supplementary war materials in favor of the cash and carry plan the united states would not close its markets entirely to belliger ent nations but would narrow the area of conflict by keeping american vessels and american owned cargoes out of war zones objections will be raised against the adoption of such a compromise as the permanent policy of the united states the cash and carry prin ciple will invariably favor the belligerent with control of the seas in any war involving great britain it would favor the british empire in a war between japan and china it would aid japan but in the present state of world affairs this lim ited renunciation of neutral rights may provide a useful formula which would help safeguard the united states against involvement in war while not impeding efforts toward a genuine political and economic settlement in europe william t stone germany’s economic plight the unfavorable german reaction to recent franco british offers of financial and economic cooperation seems to indicate that economic con ditions in the reich are not as bad as is generally assumed the british and french governments apparently believed germany’s plight was so desperate that hitler might make political con cessions in return for economic assistance in stead the fuehrer scornfully refused to rely on foreign assurances of aid while conservative officials associated with the reichsbank and ministry of economics still talk in terms of international trade the radical nazis who now appear to be in the saddle regard the new four year plan as a means of achieving their long cherished ideals of autarchy they hold that political freedom for germany necessitates a large measure of economic independence as well and are therefore determined to push ahead rap idly with the four year plan which in their opinion is by no means impossible of realization already germany can satisfy more than half of its requirements of light motor fuel and the day is not far distant when nearly all of its supply will come from domestic sources progress has also been made in the production of flax and hemp and plants for the manufacture of synthetic fiber have increased so rapidly that present capacity is equal to 14 or 16 per cent of the consumption of cotton and wool continuation of these and simi lar efforts require burdensome sacrifices from labor and capital but there is little indication that the german people refuse to shoulder them since germany must meanwhile rely heavily page two on imports its small supply of gold and foreign exchange arouses keen anxiety superficially the situation improved considerably in 1936 when the export surplus amounted to 550 million marks ag compared with only 111 million in the previous year the rapid expansion of exports to overseas countries was particularly encouraging since the first quarter of 1935 sales abroad have risen in value as well as volume and the continuous de cline in the volume of imports was reversed after the first quarter of last year the cost of im ports however is rapidly increasing while ex port prices are still falling moreover the export surplus netted little additional foreign exchange the available exchange supply was greatly re duced by debt payments commercial losses due to devaluation of gold bloc currencies the sale of goods on credit and the continued illegal export of capital in november the government required the deposit of foreign securities in order to pre vent smuggling and make possible whenever necessary the gradual sale of german holdings abroad the following month the death penalty was decreed for persons guilty of willfully vio lating the provisions prohibiting capital export although subsequently an amnesty was promised to all those surrendering foreign assets within a stated period these measures are said to have produced 170 million marks in much needed for eign exchange with the aid of additional imports of grain germany should be able to weather the winter without a serious food shortage the depletion of grain supplies has been offset to some extent by a good potato harvest and excellent fodder and hay crops some foods notably beef and dairy products will undoubtedly be relatively scarce but consumption can be shifted to foodstuffs of vegetable origin of which germany has an ample supply while the choice of german housewives is seriously limited no one should starve rearmament and the four year plan have placed a severe strain on german finances the capacity of the market to absorb additional loans is becoming more limited particularly now that german industry is experiencing greater need for capital to extend plants and make replace ments the government however has been able to finance an increasing amount of extraordinary expenditures out of its own resources in the current fiscal year alone the reich has at its dis posal about 7 billion marks more than in 1932 1933 taking everything into consideration germany can probably afford to wait until france and britain make more generous offers john c dewilde foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 16 fesruary 12 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lasts buell president esther g ogpen secretary vera micheles dsan editor national entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year fc an 3 rs +foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xvi no 17 february 19 1937 the rising tide of armament by william t stone and helen fisher military expenditure today is more than three times as high as in 1913 and still increasing germany japan italy and other countries are straining their fi nancial resources to meet mounting armament budgets how long can this trend continue without disastrous consequences february 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents ee parjophr at peneral lisa univ of of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan ann arbor mich red i0 ave ter ion by and iry rce of iple ves ave the ans hat eed ace able ary the dis 32 jon unce ational editor mexican churches reopened eve death on february 7 of leonor sanchez 14 year old girl shot during a police raid on a clandestine mass celebrated in an orizaba home stirred mexican catholics to new efforts for modi fication of the country’s anti religious laws popular indignation led to mass demonstrations and crowds forced open the doors of churches which had been closed for several years yield ing to widespread demand and to evident pressure from president cardenas governor miguel in aleman of the eastern seaboard state of vera cruz in which orizaba lies agreed to revoke the most extreme anti church legislation but later reversed this decision he finally declared on february 13 that he had advised the catholics of orizaba to petition the federal government to turn back the churches to the care of local groups in accordance with federal law thus religious centers could remain open in charge of lay men’s committees although masses were still banned following events in orizaba catholic demonstrations led to the opening of churches in cérdova and other towns of the state on feb ruary 14 in the northwestern state of chihuahua women protesting the killing of a priest paraded the streets of the capital and entered churches which had been closed for three years in mexico’s religious struggle state legislation has often exceeded federal in severity and radi calism vera cruz has been outstanding in this respect the laws of this region have prohibited religious ceremonies and limited the number of priests to one for every 100,000 persons in the population although masses are regularly cele brated in mexico city and many of the states the policy of the federal government under president cardenas has been directed toward gradual mod eration of hostility toward the church the pres ent executive has not been as aggressive an anti clerical as former president calles on march 5 1936 he stated that the primary duty of his ad ministration was to foster social and economic reform and declared the government will not commit the error of previous administrations by considering the religious question as a problem preeminent to other issues involved in the na tional program by the end of the month 12 of the 27 mexican states were reported to have per mitted the reopening of churches state laws however continued to restrict the number of priests allowed to officiate in the republic to 197 approximately one for each 80,000 nominal catholics while parochial schools were pro hibited the president announced continued sup port of the program for socialistic education in government schools whose anti religious em phasis provoked a crisis between church and state in 1934 the continuance of this program to gether with government control of church prop erty and official limitation of the number of priests led the mexican hierarchy to declare in january 1936 that a state of religious persecu tion existed in the country the president's willingness to risk loss of some left wing backing by a moderation of policy on the church question has been interpreted as evidence of the increasing strength of his régime in admitting trotzky to mexico cardenas also went counter to the wishes of his labor supporters as additional proof of the security of his admin istration observers cite a sweeping amnesty de cree signed on february 5 which included within its scope 10,000 persons charged with political offenses some of which dated back as far as 1922 charles a thomson the riddle of the moscow trial the trial in january of seventeen russians including such well known figures as radek for mer editor of izvestia sokolnikov former am bassador to london piatakov former vice ee a se commissar for heavy industry and serebrya kov former vice commissar for communications has aroused widespread speculation abroad this trial which ended on february 1 with the execution of thirteen of the accused and the ten year imprisonment of the others was marked by confessions more elaborate and sensational than those made last august by the old guard bol sheviks zinoviev and kamenev radek and piatakov confessed that they had been in contact with the exiled trotzky whom piatakov claimed to have visited in norway in 1935 when the revolutionary leader had allegedly instructed his followers in the soviet union to form an organization for overthrow of the stalin government trotzky they declared had plotted with german and japanese officials notably rudolf hess one of hitler’s closest advisers for a fascist invasion of the soviet union in the hope that war regarded as inevitable in 1937 would result in the downfall of stalinism and the establishment of a trotzky régime for its ser vices to the trotzky cause germany was to receive the ukraine while japan was to acquire the maritime and amur provinces the self con fessed plotters were to pave the way for foreign attack by acts of espionage sabotage of industries essential for national defense and terrorism in cluding assassination of stalin and other govern ment officials from his asylum in mexico trotzky categorically denied all charges made in moscow and offered to produce evidence to the contrary at an impartial trial by a non partisan interna tional body this latest in a series of soviet political trials has raised innumerable questions abroad were the accused actually guilty of the treasonable deeds with which they were charged and which they publicly confessed if not why did they present elaborate confessions which impressed some seasoned observers in moscow as genuine and sincere and what are the implications of the trial concerning the future of the soviet gov ernment that the accused many of whom belonged to the pre revolutionary generation and had been identified with the trotzky opposition in 1927 were dissatisfied with stalin’s course in domestic and foreign affairs is entirely plausible such men as radek piatakov and sokolnikov men of intelligence proved ability and independent judg ment would be unable indefinitely to conceal their disagreement with the existing system but neither could they under a dictatorship find an outlet in open criticism and legal opposition it page two ee is not unnatural that deprived of freedom of ex pression they should turn to underground activi ties as radek candidly admitted they had nowhere else to go but did their expressions of dissatisfaction and their desire for a change in régime go beyond mere talk and wishful think ing were they translated into action the public confessions reveal that the accused ex changed views and occasional letters such ex changes harmless in a democracy assume under a dictatorship the proportions of treasonable con spiracy in the minds not only of the government but of the would be plotters this may explain the elaborateness of confessions which on close examination fail to reveal important acts of ter rorism or sabotage again it is entirely credible that representa tives of hostile foreign powers would utilize every opportunity to obtain the support of opposition elements in the hope of weakening the soviet régime and that malcontents despairing of ef fecting any change by legal means might accept foreign assistance to achieve their ends where credibility is sadly strained is in the attempt to establish a connection between trotzky fervent advocate of world revolution and hitler’s anti semitic régime which has taken the lead in a crusade against communism nor is it possible in the absence from the moscow trial of trotzky the chief person accused to accept at face value the confessions of his alleged fellow conspirators the significance of the trial for the future of the soviet government is equally difficult to de termine in presenting the new constitution to the soviet congress last december stalin claimed that the country had reached a point of internal stabilization at which socialist democracy could be safely introduced that this form of democracy spells no mercy for political opposition had already been clearly shown by soviet com mentators and by the zinoviev kamenev trial it is understandable that the soviet government which lives in daily fear of foreign attack might seek to consolidate the country by expunging all opposition elements at a series of spectacular trials hoping at the same time to enlist the sup port of western democracies for the soviet union by revealing the dangerous and far flung charac ter of fascist intrigues trials such as these however are not calculated to win sympathies in democratic countries or to convince them that the soviet government despite the socialist bill of rights in its new constitution is headed away from dictatorship and terrorism in the direction of genuine democracy vera micheles dean foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 17 fasruary 19 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lasirgs busgit president esther g ogpen secretary vera miche.es dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year febr +es a n of ex 1 activi ey had ressions change il think the sed ex uch ex e under ble con rnment explain on close s of ter resenta ze every position soviet r of ef t accept where empt to fervent s anti ad in a 0ssible trotzky e value yirators iture of t to de ition to claimed internal ocracy form of position et com rial it rnmeéut t might ging all ctacular the sup t union charac s these thies in 2m that list bill od away lirection dean national ban editor year february 15 issue of foreign policy reports t foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xvi no 18 february 26 1937 the rising tide of armament by william t stone and helen fisher military expenditure today is more than three times as high as in 1913 and still increasing germany japan italy and other countries are straining their fi nancial resources to meet mounting armament budgets how long can this trend continue without disastrous consequences 25 cents 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 dr william w bishop p university of michigan library ann arbor mich europe rallies against aggression he announcement made in the house of commons on february 11 by neville cham berlain chancellor of the exchequer that brit ain’s rearmament program would necessitate the expenditure of 1,500,000,000 over a period of five years followed by the publication on febru ary 16 of a white paper outlining armament projects for the financial year 1937 1938 revealed the full extent of the government’s anxiety re garding the danger of war in europe and the far east and gave clear warning to potential aggressors that britain intends to meet with force any attempt to infringe its interests by resort to war of the total sum which the government expects to spend on rearmament 400,000,000 will have to be raised by the use of budget sur pluses when available and by a series of loans to be floated during the next five years the 1937 1938 armament program to be begun on april 1 contemplates the following develop ments navy britain is to build 3 battleships probably of 35,000 tons each 7 cruisers 2 of which will probably be of 9,000 tons and 5 of 5,000 tons each and 2 air craft carriers probably of 18,000 tons each in addi tion the government proposes large increases in naval personnel and extensions of dockyards and storage facilities for ammunition fuel and other reserves ob servers believe britain plans to maintain a fleet in european waters equal to the combined strengths of the german and italian fleets and to create a new fleet for service in the pacific army two new army tank battalions will be formed and two of four projected new infantry battalions will be raised immediately immense reserves of am munition will continue to be accumulated the terri torial army corresponding to the national guard in the united states will be trained in the future with the same weapons as the regular army and will be re sponsible for anti aircraft defense mechanization of the army from top to bottom will be rushed air force more than 75 new training stations and military airdromes will be built in the united kingdom and the empire the air force personnel will be in creased and the production of new planes pushed at top speed while official figures have not been teyealed it is unofficially estimated that the government’s pro gram may involve the construction of 10,000 new machines britain’s huge rearmament program which on the whole has the support of all shades of public opinion is justified by the government on the ground that the rapid rearmament of such poten tial aggressors as germany italy and japan and the failure of the collective system in the man churian and ethiopian crisés make itdamperative for britain to acquire armaments which will en able it to fulfill its european and imperial obliga tions with regard to security on february 18 prime minister baldwin told thé house of com mons that britain remains firmly attached to the principles of the league but that only by strength ening national security can it hope to deter aggres sion check the forces of disorder and safeguard democracy at the same time he declared that a western security pact between the former la carno powers offers the most hopeful prospect of peace a statement interpreted to mean that britain might bow to germany’s demand tor exclusion of eastern europe from security nego tiations by simultaneously announcing its rearmament plans and making another bid for a new locarno britain has recovered the diplomatic initiative it lost to the fascist dictatorships during the past three years and has placed the responsibility for the next move on chancellor hitler a similar stiffening may be detected in the work of the london non intervention committee which after a long period of inertia completed arrangements last week for strict control of men and war ma terials destined for spain the twenty seven countries represented on the committee includ ing germany italy portugal and the soviet union agreed to impose a ban on foreign volunteers which went into effect on february 21 and to establish a system of international control page two largely manned by british personnel along spain’s land and sea frontiers beginning march 6 while the willingness of the fascist powers to par ticipate in these new arrangements may be due to the fact they have already supplied gen eral franco with all the men and war materials they can spare genuine non intervention may even at this eleventh hour prove of aid to the loy alists who in spite of recent reverses still appear to enjoy greater popular support than the rebels not only has fascist support so far failed to assure franco’s victory but german diplomacy in other parts of europe has recently met a series of setbacks which indicate that the nazi tide may be receding in austria chancellor schuschnigg addressing the fatherland front on february 14 reiterated his determination to keep the country independent and minimized the danger of com munism he also denounced the attempt of aus trian nazis to form cultural associations and indicated he might support the re establishment of monarchy if and when he saw fit apparently as an alternative to the danger of nazi rule an anti fascist trend was also revealed in rumania on february 15 premier tatarescu suspected of pro german sympathies was taken to task by both parliament and king carol re garding a demonstration of the fascist iron guard in which the diplomatic representatives of germany and poland whose recall was de manded were found to have participated equally significant is a move by finland hitherto regarded as an adherent of hitler’s anti com munist front for rapprochement with the soviet union the visit to moscow of the finnish for eign minister rudolf holsti which resulted in the conclusion of a good neighbor treaty on february 10 the election on february 15 of the agrarian candidate kyosti kallio as president of finland succeeding the conservative and pro german svinhufvud and the journey of the so viet chief of staff marshal yegorov to latvia lithuania and estonia all indicate that the bal tic countries despite their hostility to commu nism have no desire to suffer the fate of spain by becoming the battleground for a struggle between germany and the soviet union and that moscow is anxious to obtain if not their coopera tion at least their neutrality in case of a german thrust to the east these recent shifts in european alignments taken in conjunction with britain’s large scale rearmament should give pause to nazi leaders who might seek in war a solution of germany’s economic difficulties that the countries which desire peace must be prepared to meet force wit force if they are to deter aggression by fascig dictatorships was amply demonstrated by thy manchurian and ethiopian crises the real qu tion today is whether britain once it has rearm intends to use its arms in the cause of collectiy security checking aggression wherever it may occur on the continent or will limit its obligations to western europe giving germany a free han in the east vera micheles dean new church elections in germany the church conflict in germany entered a new phase on february 15 when chancellor hitle directed that a national synod be elected to frame a new constitution for the evangelical church two days before the reich church committee appointed by reich minister hans kerr in oc ber 1935 had resigned in a body it had not onl failed to restore unity within the protestan church but had clashed repeatedly with govern ment authorities over the continued toleration o anti christian propaganda and the interferened of the secret police in church affairs it is not yet clear whether the announcement of elections which will be held on april 4 or 11 marks a more conciliatory policy toward the church opposition and renunciation of the gov ernment’s attempts to dictate in church affairs the fuehrer’s decree promises that the church shall give itself a new constitution and with it new order in complete liberty and according té the church people’s own determination th confessional forces headed by pastor niemiélle fear that the opposition will not be allowed com plete freedom to campaign for its candidates an that the rank and file of nazi protestants will be permitted to vote even though they are not activ church members the confessional movemen still has bitter memories of the 1933 elections when a large nazi electorate swept into power german christian majority which promptly pro voked a serious schism in the church that the fears of the protestant opposition aré not without foundation was illustrated by the con fessional school elections held on january 28 in violation of the concordat and in spite of vigorous protests of catholic bishops national socialis party organizations were mobilized to bring pres sure on parents not to register their children for denominational schools as a result the registra tion of children for the unified state schools im creased to almost 96 per cent in munich th catholic stronghold and to 91.3 per cent i nuremberg john c dewilde foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 18 fesruary 26 1937 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymmonp lasim burit president esther g ocpgn secretary vera micheies dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nationdl +foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 th 8 west 40th street new york n y ues ho woe_xvl no 19 marcu 5 1937 lv na the opium menace in the far east ions by frederick t merrill dr william bishop international control over narcotic drugs advocated and sup and ported for many years by the united states is threatened by the ichi libr n menace of opium in the far east this report gives the back x university of michigan rary und of narcotic consumption in china discusses a eon ry 1935 regulations describes the manchoukuo opium monopoly an ol concludes that if china is able to curb opium cultivation and drug anti arbor wich addiction this would have a favorable reaction on world it public opinion and would throw into relief japan’s responsibility am march 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents rch ittee eto can the u.s withdraw from philippines onl tan mportant issues of american and philip quezon’s energetic leadership some of its most ern pine policy may be clarified as a result of serious problems have not received due considera n o conversations between president manuel l encé quezon philippine field marshal douglas mac arthur president roosevelt and american offi nen ccials which began in washington on february 26 11 according to a state department announcement tha the primary purpose of these informal discus gov sions is to prepare for the joint trade and eco airs nomic conference prescribed in the independence urcht act of 1934 the outcome of this conference may itd determine the fate of the new philippine common wealth the the islands whose economy is bound to that dllem of the united states by the free trade relation com ship established in 1909 are entirely dependent and on the 80 per cent of their exports chiefly sugar 1 b and coconut products which find a market here ctiva largely as a result of pressure from american men sugar and agricultural interests the independence jons act imposes a progressive export tax on philip ver g pine products beginning at 5 per cent of the amer pro ican tariff in 1940 and rising to 25 per cent in 1945 full tariff barriers are to be erected when independence is attained in 1946 unless exten sive adjustments are made in philippine economic life to compensate for loss of the american mar ket the filipinos may be plunged into social and political chaos the stability of the common n ar con a orou a ialis wealth can be maintained only by altering the pres economic stipulations of the independence act n fo permitting the filipinos to raise tariff barriers istr against american goods and furnishing techni is im cal and financial assistance in the development 7 of a diversified agriculture and industry for the n home market the united states could also con tribute to philippine independence by lengthening the period of readjustment and concluding a re ciprocal trade agreement with the new nation although the commonwealth has thus far had a creditable legislative record under president lde ee tion the government has not removed the basic cause of social unrest by measures breaking up the large landed estates and mitigating the evils of share tenancy diversification plans remain largely in the blueprint stage there is a dis quieting tendency toward dictatorship under president quezon who appears inclined to repress left wing elements moreover instead of hus banding its fiscal resources for imperative social improvements the government has embarked on a program of militarization which absorbs about 25 per cent of its budgetary expenditure the military program involves perhaps the greatest danger to the success of the independence effort avowedly designed to make conquest of the islands so difficult that no aggressor will hazard the task this program institutes a thor oughgoing conscription system which will train 400,000 reservists in ten years critics believe that the military organization would prove in effective against a naval blockade and that it might be used to support a dictatorship since field marshal macarthur leader of the ameri can military mission in the islands remains an officer in the united states army and since the philippine force may be utilized by the united states until 1946 fear has also been aroused that the filipino program may be intended to strength en american military power in the event of war with japan liberals consequently hope that the roosevelt administration will demand modifica tion of the program along with social and eco nomic reforms as the price of american trade concessions they also want the president to negotiate a neutralization agreement for the islands a move which would be favorably re ceived by britain the netherlands france china and possibly even japan while no indication of the results of the wash page two ington conversations has yet been forthcoming an ominous development is the appointment on february 17 of paul v mcnutt former governor of indiana as american high commissioner in manila his connection with militaristic circles in this country may cause him to exercise the vague powers of his office to foster the military program at the expense of much needed social measures more dangerous still if the discussions in washington do not result in action diminish ing the uncertainties of the philippine situation the commonwealth may collapse and the united states may again be forced to intervene in the far east under highly difficult circumstances davip h poppper the anglo canadian trade agreement on february 25 the day on which the united states senate approved the house action extend ing the president’s authority to conclude trade agreements until june 12 1940 the canadian government announced the terms of a new com mercial treaty with britain which is bound to affect the success of secretary hull’s trade pro gram the anglo canadian agreement replaces the accord concluded at the ottawa conference in 1932 and will remain in force at least until august 20 1940 when it may be terminated while the treaty continues reciprocal preferential treat ment its concessions were not facilitated as in 1932 by raising duties against other countries the number of items on which canada will accord preferences to britain have in fact been reduced from 215 to 91 and the margin of preference has been narrowed on 21 of these items canada has agreed to lower duties on 179 items covering a wide range of manufactures and to bind 246 items against increases in return britain maintains unrestricted free entry for all canadian products except those reserved under the 1932 agreement and guarantees preferential rates on wheat dairy products lumber apples canned salmon certain metals and patent leather it reduces the rate on silk stockings and agrees not to increase the duty on automobiles britain further undertakes to expand imports of canadian bacon and ham up to 280 million pounds and to give increased accom modation to canadian cattle and meat the agreement with britain affects directly only six items in canada’s treaty with the united states by reducing the number of preferences it should even open up new opportunities for trade bargaining between the two north american countries the accord fails however to improve prospects for a trade treaty between the united states and britain imperial preference and the obvious reluctance of the british government to make substantial concessions continue as formid able obstacles to such an agreement speaking in the house of commons on february 9 walter runciman president of the board of trade de clared that his recent conversations with presi dent roosevelt showed further explorations to be necessary before it can be determined whether there is a firm basis upon which detailed negotia tions can take place with a view to a reciprocal trade agreement john c dewilde the devil theory of war by charles a beard new york the vanguard press 1936 1.50 dr beard popularizes the nye committee revelations bearing on our entrance into the war and uses them as a persuasive argument to support a policy of mandatory neutrality and tilling our own garden the international money markets by john t madden and marcus nadler new york prentice hall 1935 5.00 a lucid description of the world’s financial markets a history of the far east by g nye steiger new york ginn and co 1936 4.75 a comprehensive well written text book bringing the historical development of china india and japan up to the contemporary epoch metternich by h du coudray new haven yale uni versity press 1936 4.00 sympathetic portrayal of a fascinating figure in diplomacy the president’s control of the tariff by john day larkin cambridge harvard university press 1936 2.00 description and critique of american flexible tariff pro cedure europe since 1914 by f l bemis second revised edition new york f s crofts 1936 5.00 very convenient source for record of events the future of the league of nations london the royal institute of international affairs 1936 1.00 a series of thought provoking discussions on the re form of the league of nations after the new deal what by norman thomas new york macmillan 1936 2.00 the author argues more or less convincingly that the new deal has failed to meet most of our major problems in the shadow of tomorrow by jan huizinga new york norton 1936 2.50 a scholar reviews the crisis in contemporary culture and politics and ends on a note of vague hope the flight of big horse by sven hedin new york dutton 1936 3.75 civil war in chinese turkestan including the capture of sven hedin’s expedition by general ma chung yin big horse who dreamed of empire and devastated a province foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 19 marcu 5 1937 f p a membership five dollars a year published weekly by the foreign policy association headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymmonp lgsiiz bust president estuer g ocpgen secretary vera micheles dran editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 incorporated national one dollar a year blu anc ser anc +ted the to id ng ter de si to ler ia cal 4 lew ons sa ory den 935 ork the to jni in kin pro tion oyal new the ems tork and vork re of big rince ational editor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xvi no 20 march 12 1937 american policy in the far east by t a bisson this report describes united states participation in recent de velopments affecting the far east the london naval confer ence agreement to purchase china’s silver issues affecting man choukuo inauguration of a trans pacific airline and the philip pine independence act the objectives and methods of american policy in the far east are of more than ordinary importance for there is always the danger that the united states will ultimately be involved in any conflict which may develop in the pacific area february 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents of march 3 1879 dr william 4 bishop ann arbor mich le ss the french governm ent faces a crisis _o onfronted by a serious financial emer gency the popular front cabinet of léon blum approved a radical change in policy on march 5 it decided to postpone further social and economic reforms and embark on a more con servative course designed to restore confidence and end the widespread hoarding of capital the fate of the government now hinges on the success of this new policy the present crisis in france is primarily due to the disappointing results of devaluation by depreciating the franc last september the gov ernment had hoped to stimulate business through the readjustment of prices and expansion of ex ports and to bring about a return of french capi tal which would enable the treasury to cover its needs in the loan market economic improve ment however has been slight industries have been seriously handicapped by the rapid advance in production costs which is estimated to have reached 35 to 40 per cent since may costs have risen substantially not only owing to wage in creases application of the 40 hour week and other reforms but also because devaluation entailed a sharp upswing in the prices of imported raw ma terials since the government came into power wholesale prices have gone up almost 40 per cent while retail prices have increased over 25 per cent the disparity between french and foreign prices which was removed by devaluation of the franc now threatens to reappear although the value of exports in the first four months following de valuation was 25 per cent greater than in the corresponding period of the previous year im ports rose twice as rapidly and the import surplus increased by 2.5 billion francs the government was most seriously alarmed by the continued hoarding of capital neither the announcement of a breathing spell by premier blum nor the offer to exchange bonds carry ing a 40 per cent premium for gold was sufficient to bring capital out of hiding lack of confidence in the franc and fear of further socialist meas ures prevented the repatriation of capital and even produced a renewed flight of funds in the last few months the gold holdings of the exchange equalization account are reported to have been largely exhausted in an effort to keep the franc from slipping faced with the necessity of bor rowing 36 billion francs during 1937 the french treasury has scarcely known where to turn for funds early in february it borrowed 40,000,000 in london for the french railways and it has managed to secure an additional 4 billion francs through a domestic loan further resort to for eign loans has proved impossible however and the domestic market has been unable or unwilling to absorb more government bond issues with the treasury nearly empty the cabinet was com pelled to alter its course all the measures announced on march 5 are calculated to revive confidence in order to stimu late the return of gold restrictions on its sale have been abolished and the bank of france will henceforth buy gold at current market prices those who sell gold to the bank will not have to identify themselves and will thus be immune from punishment for hoarding to inspire confidence in the franc management of the exchange equal ization fund has been entrusted to a commission of four recognized and conservative experts in cluding the governor of the bank of france and charles rist an economist of outstanding ability the government has pledged that no demands for additional credits will be introduced in parliament except for necessary increases in the incomes of low salaried civil servants projects for new re forms such as the establishment of a national unemployment fund are therefore deferred in definitely prices will be kept down as far as possible the government has also promised to re duce treasury borrowing by about 6 billion francs x university of michigan library scerreresmmenn gr nc as ae mele oe page two through economies and postponement of expendi ture for public works finally it has announced the flotation of a huge national defense loan and appealed to all frenchmen to subscribe on patri otic grounds to encourage the repatriation of french capital and promote the sale of the bonds in foreign countries notably the united states and britain this loan will be issued in pounds and dollars as well as francs on the basis of the johnson act however the american government has rejected a request to establish an agency in this country for the payment of coupons if the new policy meets with success the blum government will be able to weather the present crisis the initial response has been favorable and the more moderate leaders of the parlia mentary opposition are now expected to support the program although amazed by the sudden about face the government’s popular front sup porters seem to realize the need for drastically new steps if assured a period of political calm premier blum may still receive a new lease on power john c dewilde behind japan’s political struggle this article is based on information received from t.a bisson research associate of the foreign policy association who was in tokyo during the crisis public debate over the most vital international issue underlying japan’s recent crisis the ques tion whether the army’s aggressive tactics in china should be continued culminated in an im portant statement by foreign minister naotake sato on march 8 china mr sato declared should be treated as an equal and the interests of foreign nations there should be respected by japan if steadfastly pursued this policy may mark abandonment of japan’s claim to a para mount position in eastern asia asserted by the foreign office on april 18 1934 and make pos sible more friendly relations with britain and the united states no comparable development however is evi dent on the home front here the military have not only secured increased defense appropria tions but have continued to apply pressure in two fields they seek first to curb the influence of the political parties and to curtail the freedom of action of civilian ministers by concentrating governing power in a small cabinet board sec ond they desire to extend state control over private economic enterprise with nationalization of the electric power industry as the opening move in this direction their aims are opposed by the fc ar political parties and by large business interests dissatisfied with unfavorable economic trends for which japan’s militaristic policies are chiefly responsible in the political maneuvers which followed par liamentary criticism of the hirota cabinet’s fascist and militaristic tendencies the parties won a tactical victory when the army failed to secure dissolution of the hostile diet instead the cabinet was forced to resign on january 23 a further advantage was gained when general kazushige ugaki a moderate was chosen to form a cabinet two days later at this point the tide turned against the politicians although unfavor able public response to its political activities con vinced the army that it stood to gain nothing by dissolution and new elections the parties lacked the self assurance and initiative needed to preserve their power and prestige the stubborn refusal of the military to supply a war minister created a deadlock which was broken only when general senjuro hayashi a candidate acceptable to the service received the imperial mandate on janu ary 29 the army’s policy throughout the crisis directed by the upper strata relatively mod erate officers who control the top positions of the military hierarchy has been explained as a con tinuation of the attempt to end disaffection among the middle strata of younger extremists promi nent in the revolt of february 26 1936 in mov ing to restore unity in the service the older officers have in many respects adopted the basic policies of the extremists but favor a slower tempo for their execution despite some opposition from liberals the par liamentarians have accepted a soldier dominated cabinet containing not a single party member the hayashi government must however face the possibility of future sabotage by the unrepre sented parties or by the younger officers for its support it must depend on the precarious coopera tion of the upper strata and the large capitalists the crisis as a whole has been marked by a steady increase in the army’s political strength at the expense of adherents of civilian govern ment it is predicted that open intervention in domestic political and economic affairs by the military will be carried further but at a gradual pace the essential struggle between the army and finance capital will continue within the cab inet since neither seems inclined to push home its contentions at the moment the hayashi gov ernment may achieve enough compromises to re main in office for a fairly long period d h p foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 20 marcu 12 1937 f p a membership five dollars a year published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymmonp lesiip bust president esther g ogpen secretary vera micheies dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 national one dollar a year ar io ex vol oe eaten o es so te db oo +terests trends chiefly ed par abinet’s parties tiled to instead ary 23 general to form che tide nfavor ies con hing by lacked reserve refusal created general to the n janu e crisis ly mod s of the 3 a con among promi in mov officers policies npo for the par minated nember face the inrepre for its oopera vitalists ed by a strength govern ntion in by the gradual le army he cab sh home shi gov 1s to re a i national editor ean year foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year all the german economic dilemma by john c dewilde despite superficial indications of a prosperous boom economic conditions in germany are far from sound while the german people are unlikely to starve and a financial collapse does not appear imminent economic isolation has created severe stress and strain there are probably only two ways out of the present dilemma forcible territorial expansion or reintegration in the world economy which alternative will germany adopt march 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents foreign policy association incorporated gever yicnis of march 3 1879 rio 0'8 west 40th street new york n y sty 0 bne uqite phe vic vou xvi no 21 march 19 1937 x vor italian offensive in spain talian troops apparently formed the spear head of general franco’s fifth drive to capture madrid which opened on march 8 the offensive was launched on the guadalajara front about 60 miles to the northeast of the erstwhile capi tal it was regarded as another step in the rebel campaign of encirclement whose ultimate pur pose is to force the fall of madrid by cutting it off from the rest of loyalist spain in the first three days of the assault the insurgents made a maxi mum gain of twelve miles then the government forces rallied and on march 14 it was announced that the attackers had been driven back losing the village of trijueque and leaving behind in their flight artillery and ammunition food and clothing the loyalists captured some 250 italian prisoners military observers generally viewed these operations as the first phase in what may prove to be the most powerful offensive yet launched by the rebels in their five month siege of the city the italian prisoners taken by the loyalists testified to the presence of at least 30,000 to 46,000 italian troops in the present rebel offensive re sponsible sources had earlier estimated that 15,000 italians took a leading part in the capture of the southern port of madlaga which fell on february 9 the italians now far outnumber the germans whose total contribution to the rebel cause is placed by observers at 12,000 to 15,000 and who so far have not taken part in active fight ing to any considerable degree foreign volun teers estimated at from 20,000 to 35,000 have also re enforced the government troops but aid re ceived by the loyalists both in men and material has fallen short of that accorded the rebels the government suffered a serious blow when the mar cantdbrico carrying some three million dollars worth of munitions and supplies from the united states and mexico was captured in the bay of biscay on march 8 by the insurgent a cruiser canarias rebel sources declared that the vessel which sailed from the united states just before extension of the neutrality legislation to civil conflicts was taken with its valuable cargo to the port of ferrol on march 13 juan alvarez del vayo loyalist foreign minister addressed a note of protest to the league of nations and to the london non inter vention committee through anthony eden british foreign secretary this note formally accused italy and germany of waging an undeclared war in spain and charged that the presence of foreign troops was a scandalous violation of interna tional law and of the league covenant the lon don committee had approved a ban on foreign volunteers to become effective on february 21 but some italian contingents were reported to have landed at cadiz as late as march 6 ignoring these alleged violations the committee continued its efforts to inaugurate an international patrol of spain’s land and sea frontiers which would prevent the entry of both arms and fighting men establishment of the naval cordon originally set for march 6 was finally carried out on march 13 inspection of the land frontiers in which 180 observers will participate along the french bor der and some 130 on the portuguese border is expected to become effective within a few days in the naval patrol german and italian warships have been assigned to guard the coastline under loyalist control while british and french vessels will watch the coastline in rebel possession the board administering the patrol is headed by vice admiral van dulm of the netherlands with an other dutchman a dane and a briton serving as patrol officials on march 11 premier francisco largo caballero declared that his government would resist any attempt by the international patrol to interfere with loyalist ships carrying arms meanwhile the state department had become ee san oie ab scape een reet e ecre to 8s eo a sas ae et a a ee te ee a ee tens 8 wy ered oe s e oe rere i lal ee pee the target of criticism in connection with its de clared policy of non involvement and scrupulous impartiality with regard to the conflict in spain in a statement issued on march 11 secretary hull reiterated the determination of the department to refuse passports for travel in spain even to per sons forming relief and medical units a wave of protests brought a shift in this policy and on march 13 the department consented to issue pass ports to physicians nurses and necessary at tendants of bona fide medical and relief missions loyalist supporters in this country have also at tacked a provision in the mcreynolds neutrality bill now under debate in congress which would make unlawful not only loans or credits to any government engaged in civil strife but also the act of soliciting or receiving contributions for any such government or political subdivision the difficulty of matching neutrality in sentiment with neutrality in legislation is already becoming apparent charles a thomson central europe checks the nazis the past few weeks have witnessed several decisive checks to the recently intensified fascist drive for power in central and southeastern eu rope they have also revealed the extent to which germany and italy are pushing their penetration into the economic and political life of the small powers in the danubian basin in czechoslovakia the government on febru ary 22 reached an agreement with the german minority which grants practically all the demands of the three german activist parties and sets up real cultural autonomy for the three million czech germans this agreement was reached in spite of konrad henlein’s refusal to participate in the negotiations on behalf of his nazi influ enced sudetendeutsche party on the ground that only territorial autonomy could satisfy the two thirds of the czech german population which his party represents the government’s new policy is a reaffirmation of the principle that the ger mans can be accepted by the czechoslovaks as a second staatsvolk but only within the political and territorial framework of the czechoslovak state meanwhile strenuous nazi efforts to break up the little entente and the balkan bloc have met with strong resistance the press of germany and poland has been conducting a virulent cam paign against the alleged sovietization of czecho slovakia with the object of detaching rumania and yugoslavia from their little entente ally the chief pretext for this attack now that the page two a a myth of soviet airdromes on czech territory hag been exploded is a book written last june by jan seba czech minister to bucharest on the little entente and soviet russia in world politics this book was first brought to public attention in january by an anonymous pamphlet containing purported translations and charging that seba’s sympathetic analysis of soviet history revealed him as a bolshevik propagandist interpellations in the rumanian parliament coupled this anti entente campaign with a recent demonstration of the fascist iron guard at the funeral of two of its members who had been killed in spain the diplomatic incident created by the presence of the german and italian ministers at the funeral was settled on march 9 when rumania accepted the explanations of berlin and rome that their repre sentatives action was purely personal the gov ernment has taken drastic action to curb ff ascis activity in particular by closing al the universi ties but the outcome of rumania’s interna strug gle is still in doubt thus far the little entente remains intact while not yet disposed to accept the french offer of a collective security pact modeled on the franco czechoslovak treaty it continues to strengthen its economic and political collabora tion the balkan bloc too ended the february 15 meeting of its council in an atmosphere of cor diality despite fears of a break up created by the bulgaro yugoslav pact of january 24 the council agreed that the pact was not contrary to either the letter or the spirit of the balkan entente the rome protocol powers have also had to face new evidence of nazi penetration hungary last week found it necessary to take measures against systematic infiltration of nazi cells in vital organs of the government although official budapest de nied the existence of a conspiracy austria emerged from the stormy visit of baron von neu rath on february 15 18 without capitulating to nazi demands but german distrust of c ancellor schuschnigg’s official references to possible haps burg restoration continues to delay the collabora tion of the two powers envisaged in the accord of july 11 1936 helen fisher cf franco british overtures to germany foreign policy bulletin january 29 1937 hitler over russia by ernst henri new york simon and schuster 1936 2.50 an ingenious account hovering between fact and marx ist fantasy of a hypothetical attack on the u.s.s.r by germany and its supposed allies asia answers by ralph townsend new york putnam’s 1936 3.00 a justification of japanese conquest in china foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 21 marcu 19 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th screet new york n y raymonp lgsitg bugit president esther g ogpen secretary verra micheles drean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 f p a membership five dollars a year one dollar a year t an i +the pre j oy cis rsi rugs act nch the to ora y 15 cor by the y to nte face last inst rans de tria veu r to lor ads ota d ol or lletin imon arx by am’s ational editor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vout xvi no 22 march 26 1937 the german economic dilemma by john c dewilde despite superficial indications of a prosperous boom economic conditions in germany are far from sound while the german people are unlikely to starve and a financial collapse does not appear imminent economic isolation has created severe stress and strain there are probably only two ways out of the present dilemma forcible territorial expansion or reintegration in the world economy which alternative will germany adopt 25 cents march 15 issue of foreign policy reports sl iggy dr william w bishop university of michigan library ann arbor mich european powers at odds on locarno y rallying to the support of the blum govern ment the french people have once more demonstrated that they will not allow other coun tries to profit from internal dissension on march 10 the senate and chamber overwhelm ingly approved the flotation of a national defense loan following a patriotic appeal by president lebrun subscriptions poured in enabling the government to issue bonds to the value of eight and a half billion francs the maximum of ten and a half billion could undoubtedly have been raised had it not been decided to postpone flota tion of the remaining portion until fall since the treasury must still borrow substantial sums for other purposes the success of the national defense loan does not remove all financial difficul ties the position of the treasury however has been greatly eased for some months to come and the government considerably strengthened for tunately for m blum no serious repercussions have followed the rioting at clichy on march 16 when a communist attempt to break up a croix de feu meeting provoked a general mélée in which five persons were killed and several hundred wounded the french government will now be free to participate more actively in the negotiations for a new locarno agreement which germany’s dil atory tactics and civil war in spain have already delayed for more than a year on march 12 the italian and german governments finally answered the british memorandum of november 18 which had sought to elicit proposals for a locarno ac cord while these notes have not been published enough of their content has become known to indicate that a wide gulf still separates the fascist powers from britain and france berlin and rome apparently want to confine the projected treaty to non aggression pacts between germany france and belgium which would be guaranteed by britain and italy the british by contrast wish to include in the treaty reciprocal undertakings of assistance protecting britain as well as other powers against unprovoked aggres sion since anglo italian relations remain tense britain may be willing to drop italy from a mu tual defense system yet the reich apparently declines to sign any agreement which might com mit it to support britain against italy while the french and british envisage a west ern locarno within the framework of the league which would pave the way for the reich’s return to geneva germany refuses to consider any con nection between the pact and the league with italy’s backing it declines to accept the com petence of the league council to determine the aggressor in specific cases and suggests instead that either britain and italy or some neutral court should decide when and by whom the proposed pact has been violated although germany seems to have abandoned its demand for abrogation of the franco soviet alliance as the price for a new locarno it pro poses in effect that britain and italy rather than the league should determine when france would be justified in aiding its eastern european allies this suggested limitation of france’s freedom of action is significant because it has become in creasingly evident that germany does not intend to attack either france or belgium but plans to remain on the defensive in western europe if war breaks out in the east the german foreign office now appears anxious to have the neutrality of belgium and even switzerland guaran teed so that these countries can on no account be used as a basis for operations against the reich germany prefers to narrow the frontier it must defend to the franco german boundary which has now been fortified on the german as well as the french side the british and french sus pecting germany’s intentions are trying to per suade belgium not to insist on absolute neutral ity but to permit at least the passage of troops and airplanes across its territory in accordance with obligations under article xvi of the covenant the nature of the italian and german replies indicates that a deadlock in the negotiations will soon be reached while rearmament has strength ened france and britain these two powers can not impose a new locarno treaty on germany and italy and the reich is unlikely to sign any pact except on its own terms john c dewilde mussolini courts the moslems the estrangement in anglo italian relations produced by italian activities in spain was en hanced last week by mussolini’s ten day tour of libya this tour marked by an impressive naval display and the ceremonial proclamation of il duce as champion of islam reached a climax on march 16 when mussolini made a triumphal entrance into tripoli at the opening of the tripoli commercial fair on the following day mus solini received a symbolic sword of islam and was applauded for his praise of moslem aid in the conquest of ethiopia and his promise that italy as a great moslem power would continue to re spect moslem laws and religious traditions in a pamphlet issued at the beginning of mussolini’s visit general italo balbo governor general of libya pointed out that italian rule has brought many benefits to moslems in both ethiopia and libya including the building of many new mosques and encouragement of the old koranic teaching in the schools he concluded with the statement that it is sufficient to cast a rapid glance over the present situation in moslem coun tries subject to the influence of western powers to perceive that the only authentic oasis of peace and tranquillity among the islamic populations in the whole mediterranean is libya continued unrest in palestine and syria indi cates that mussolini’s bid for moslem sympathy may find fertile ground in the british and french mandates arab terrorism in palestine is daily increasing more than a score of lives have been lost in the past few weeks and jewish organiza tions are besieging the british government with demands for more adequate protection including martial law if necessary syria has accepted the league settlement of the alexandretta question with poor grace although factional disputes are temporarily in abeyance pending the outcome of the work of the league commission which is elaborating a definitive constitution for the alex andretta district many syrians refuse to re nounce the hope of wresting the moslem town of page two ae tripolis from christian lebanon as compensa tion for their virtual loss of alexandretta other arab countries present a more encourag ing picture iraq apparently none the worse for its october coup d’état is proceeding peaceably with the new government’s plans for reorganiza tion and is apparently withdrawing from its former active interest in the palestine conflict egypt is rapidly implementing the final clauses of the anglo egyptian treaty an extraordinary session of the league of nations will be held in may to admit egypt to membership and on april 12 the nations which have capitulatory rights in egyptian territory will meet at mon treux to consider the gradual abolition of their special privileges helen fisher the ultimate power by morris l ernst garden city n y doubleday doran 1937 3.00 a prominent attorney maintains that judicial supremacy is an outworn institution which supports our economic royalists and urges that congress be empowered to over ride the supreme court veto hitler by konrad heiden new york knopf 1936 3.00 the author of a history of national socialism has written by far the best biography of der fiihrer that has yet appeared the united states and europe 1815 1828 by edward how land tatum jr berkeley california university of california press 1936 3.00 this able challenge to the conventional explanation for the monroe doctrine ascribes its origin primarily to fear not of russia and the holy alliance but of england’s com mercial and political dominance political and diplomatie history of russia by george vernadsky boston little brown 1936 4.00 a very useful survey in textbook style of russia’s de velopment from earliest times to 1935 viewed without alarm europe today by walter millis boston houghton mifflin 1937 1.25 nine interesting essays interpreting europe’s mental climate with the conclusion that war is less imminent than most americans believe the theory and practice of socialism by john strachey new york random house 1936 3.00 verbose non technical summary of the historical back ground and politico economic philosophy of stalinist com munism fascism and national socialism by michael t florinsky new york macmillan 1936 2.50 the author attempts to give a more sympathetic inter pretation of these two totalitarian régimes than is cus tomary among foreign commentators the behavior of money by james w angell new york mcgraw hill 1936 3.00 exploratory statistical studies of recent american mone tary phenomena picking america’s pockets the story of the costs and consequences of our tariff policy by david l cohn new york harpers 1936 2.75 a sprightly exposition of the case for free trade in the united states foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 22 marcu 26 1937 f p a membership five dollars 2 year published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp leste bugit president esther g ocpen secretary verna micue.es dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year national o a cf a bk ak aa wae 2 coup +pensa ourag rse for ceably raniza ym its onflict clauses dinary neld in nd on ilatory mon f their sher en city premacy conomic to over 6 3.00 ism has that has ird how rsity of ation for to fear 1d’s come george 0 ssia’s de or millis 3 mental mminent strachey cal back nist com lorinsky tic inter n is cus ew york an mone yosts and l cohn ide in the 1 national ean editor year subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff vou xvi no 23 april 2 1937 can war profits be eliminated by harold tobin and r l buell an analysis of the pending legislation before congress designed to protect the united states from inflation in wartime and to finance the conduct of a war out of current revenue this report points out the dangers as well as the almost insuperable difficulties of taking the profit out of war under our present economic system april 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents of march 3 i879 dr william w bishop university of i zlcon ann arbor italy imperils mediterranean peace he diplomatic and military incidents provoked by italian fascism during the past month have severely strained italy’s relations with brit ain already disturbed by the british program of naval rearmament and have created serious fric tion between france and italy the shooting of hundreds of ethiopians following the attempted assassination of general graziani in addis ababa on february 19 brought condemnation of italian atrocities from the archbishop of canterbury and members of the british house of commons the sudden advance of spanish loyalists who routed italian volunteers at brihuega on march 16 20 was compared to italy’s world war defeat at caporetto and raised serious doubts regarding fascist military valor reports that italian troops had landed at cadiz on march 5 in violation of an international agreement to prevent the depar ture of volunteers for spain after february 20 increased french and british apprehensions re garding italy’s designs in the western mediter ranean nor did mussolini’s tour of libya de signed to place rome in the réle of protector of the moslems serve to strengthen british sympa thies for italy angered by foreign comment on this series of setbacks mussolini delivered a fighting speech on march 23 in which he described anti fascist news writers as illiterate denounced the hysterical oratory of certain anglican pulpits and declared that italy would avenge league sanctions sooner or later as it had avenged adowa by its conquest of ethiopia il duce’s belligerent words were echoed by count grandi italian ambassador in london who told the international non intervention com mittee on march 23 that not one italian volun teer would be withdrawn from spain until the end of civil war aroused by italy’s defiant atti tude which threatened recent efforts to tighten non intervention the french foreign minister yvon delbos informed the british ambassador in paris on march 24 that france’s patience was wearing thin and that it would insist on strong measures to prevent further landing of italian forces in spain m delbos apparently also urged germany to counsel moderation in rome and con sulted france’s little entente allies regarding the course to be pursued in case italy extended its military activities on spanish territory confronted by the possibility of a new clash with britain in the mediterranean mussolini took the precaution of shielding italy from attack from the rear by concluding a comprehensive five year treaty with yugoslavia on march 26 by the terms of this treaty italy and yugoslavia which have lived in a state of latent hostility since the war un dertake to respect each other’s boundaries and to remain neutral in case one of them is attacked by a third power they pledge themselves not to tol erate on their respective territories any subversive activities directed against each other’s territorial integrity or political régime in case of internation al complications the two countries agree to confer regarding measures to protect threatened com mon interests this provision apparently envi sages the possibility that austria may seek a so lution of its problems either by union with ger many a course unpalatable to italy or by res toration of the hapsburgs a move opposed by belgrade the treaty also provides for improved commercial relations between the two countries as set forth in a provisional trade agreement signed on the same day which will facilitate ex ports of yugoslav cattle timber and agricultural products to italy in three additional protocols italy and yugoslavia recognize and guarantee the independence of albania which has served as an italian sphere of influence since the war grant cultural rights to the 250,000 serbs croats and slovenes in italy and the italian minority in yugoslavia and provide for termination of italian michigan library aid to the croat terrorist organization ustasha whose members are held responsible in belgrade for the assassination of king alexander in 1934 the significance of the italo yugoslav treaty has been variously interpreted some observers regard it as an attempt by italy to detach yugo slavia from its little entente associates czecho slovakia and rumania and its post war ally france and bring it within range of the berlin rome axis others see in it a move by mussolini to effect a rapprochement between the little en tente and the rome bloc composed of italy aus tria and hungary which might counterbalance german influence in the danubian region what ever the ultimate effects of the treaty it indicates that yugoslavia is determined to follow a foreign policy free of dependence on any one power or set of powers in the hope of obtaining the maximum economic advantages in time of peace and of maintaining its neutrality in time of war the tendency of the small powers to seek secur ity irrespective of traditional diplomatic align ments already strikingly displayed by belgium is not of a nature to reassure britain and france by their successive failures to check aggression in manchuria ethiopia and spain the western democracies have not only shaken the foundations of collective security but have lost the support they once enjoyed among the small powers a support they may need the day they are involved in a direct clash with germany or italy yet even at this late hour a clear indication that brit ain and france are prepared to use their greatly increased armaments in defense not only of their own territories but of all victims of aggression in europe might rally to their side those coun tries which despairing of mutual assistance seek uncertain refuge from war in a policy of neu trality vera micheles dean kuomintang rebuffs communists the complete failure of an important japanese trade mission to china announced in tokyo on march 27 affords a further illustration of the deep seated antagonism to japan which has in creasingly gripped the chinese populace the mission’s negative results are the more remark able because the prevailing faction in nanking at the moment headed by wang ching wei chair man of the central political council is known to be relatively pro japanese and anti communist had public opinion permitted wang’s group might have been inclined to come to terms with the japanese although the political situation at nanking is page two ne far from stable the dominance of the pro japan ese element has been apparent since the plenary session of the central executive committee of the kuomintang held at nanking from february 15 to 22 on that occasion the chinese communist authorities apparently willing to subordinate their social and political program to consumma tion of the united front against japan proposed that the kuomintang stop the civil war concen trate all the national forces on the task of repel ing japanese invasion declare a political amnesty and restore freedom of speech and assembly in return the communists declared themselves will ing to abandon opposition to the nanking govern ment further the general program of an anti japanese united front place their army under the immediate direction of nanking and institute q_ democratic system of government in the areas under their control refraining from confiscation of the property of large landowners stressing their disruptive tactics in the past the kuomintang committee on february 21 sharply refused to effect a reconciliation unless the communists abolished the red army and in corporated its soldiery into the nanking forces dissolved the chinese soviet government and ceased all communist propaganda these terms which were tantamount to voluntary destruction for the chinese soviets were not accompanied by any assurance of a stronger anti japanese policy on the contrary the central executive commit tee issued a manifesto on february 22 stating that if there is still hope for peace we shall still be willing to continue our efforts in working fora preliminary readjustment of sino japanese rela tions on the basis of equality reciprocity and mu tual respect of each other’s territorial integrity a sentiment recently echoed in japan the central executive committee has thus cleared the ground for the resumption of punitive measures against the communists in order to achieve unification while offering to embark on a moderate policy toward japan a dispatch from sianfu on march 22 stated that the nanking gov ernment is already undertaking a campaign to oust the red army from northern shensi the area assigned to it in the truce reported on jan uary 28 meanwhile it appears possible that japan will restrain its activity in china as a means of aiding chiang kai shek to wipe out the red forces it remains to be seen whether chinese military leaders who preach a doctrine of extreme nationalism will peacefully accept these develop ments davip h popper foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 23 apa 2 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lasimm bugit president estumr g ocpin secretary vera micheles dean editer entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year associ appeal provid at the ple national j apan plenary 2 of the lary 15 imunist rdinate summa roposed concen tepell mnesty ly in es will govern n anti der the titute a 2 areas iscation le past ary 21 unless and in forces nt and terms ruction nied by policy sommit stating iall still ig fora se rela und mu tegrity as thus punitive rder to irk on a ch from ing gov aign to 1si the on jan le that la as a out the chinese extreme develop opper national ean editor year r will be especially welcome the annual meeting of the foreign policy association incorporated will be held at the hotel astor new york on thursday evening april 22 1937 after the dinner which will be served promptly at 7 30 p.m there will be a short business meeting including a brief report on the work of the association by the vice president william t stone and an address on democracy in the present day world by his excellency m georges bonnet ambassador of france to the united states professor j p chamberlain chair man of the board of directors will preside covers for members and their guests will be 3 out of town members proxy for board of directors the candidates listed below have been nominated to serve on the board of directors of the foreign policy association incorporated as indicated and have expressed their willingness to act if elected the word re election appears after the names of the present members of the board of directors who have consented to run again persons other than those nominated by the nominating committee are eligible to election and space is provided on the proxy for naming such other candidates attention is called to the fact that all members of the board of directors shall be members of the association who are so circumstanced that they can attend the meetings of the board regularly constitution article iv paragraph 3 in accordance with the provisions of the constitution the candidates receiving the largest number of votes cast at the annual meeting april 22 1937 will be declared elected please note that proxies cannot be used 1 unless received at national headquarters not later than wednesday april 21 1937 2 unless the proxy returned is signed by the member only members of the association who are citizens of the united states have voting privileges nominating committee frances hand chairman mary findlay allen sipngy d gamble henry pratt fairchild wi.iam c rivers please cut along this line and sign and return the proxy to the office of the foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y proxy put cross x beside names of candidates of your choice vote for six in class of 1939 and six in class of 1940 i authorize raymond leslie buell or william t stone to vote for directors of the foreign policy association incorporated as indicated below class of 1939 paul u kellogg h harvey pike jr re election re election mrs thomas w lamont ralph s rounds re election re election james g mcdonald eustace seligman re election re election class of 1940 bruce bliven mrs bayard james re election re election robert m field lawyer new york francis t p plimpton re election carlton j h hayes dr florence r sabin re election re election sign were 00 cccccsssccesverssssesescesseosssosssssnsesosooossosossssesessne +1 foreign policy bulletin pr 2 becember ss second an interpretation of current international events by the research staff osc a eee subscription one dollar a year office at new york n y under the act foreign policy association incorporated of march 3 1879 mriodic a oomb west 40th street new york n y neral lisrary p vou xvi no 24 aprit 9 1937 announcing the latest headline book cooperatives the story of the cooperative movement its successes and limitations what are its possible effects on our problems of unemployment wage scales use of stored up wealth international trade and government control told in the terse style and with the graphic illustrations which charac terize headline books single copies 25 cents in paper 35 cents in boards general library university of michigan ann arbor mich international planning for sugar and textiles he united states is currently participating in two conferences each of which represents a modest effort to achieve more orderly interna tional relations within a limited field these are the tripartite technical conference on the tex tile industry convened at washington on april 2 by the international labor organization and a sugar conference convoked on april 5 at london under the auspices of the league of nations the washington conference includes govern ment employer and employee delegates from the 23 countries most interested in the textile indus try unlike other i.l 0 meetings which are called to consider specific recommendations or draft conventions regulating conditions of labor it will examine all those aspects of the textile in dustry which directly or indirectly may have a bearing on the improvement of social conditions in that industry the conference grew out of the realization that it was impossible to apply more uniform labor standards by international convention until an exhaustive study had been made of the complicated and perplexing problems confronting this industry textile manufacturing has the broadest inter national ramifications of any industry in the world not only does it directly employ at least fourteen million workers scattered through many countries but in 1935 textiles constituted 17 per cent of total world exports the industry more over has undergone profound structural changes which have seriously disturbed international mar kets and greatly intensified competition aided by low wages and a variety of other factors tex tile manufacturing in japan india and china has forged rapidly ahead at the expense of the united states and western europe the trend toward industrialization and economic self sufficiency has also resulted in the establishment of textile plants in many countries of the near east and latin america competition for the remaining mar kets has been accentuated by widely varying wages and labor standards and has brought in its wake a whole crop of trade restrictions frequent ly of a discriminatory character the washing ton conference must consider all these factors with a view to insuring more orderly development of the industry while its discussions will cover a wide field markets quotas tariffs raw ma terial supplies as well as hours and wages it is not expected to draw up agreements but merely to pave the way for possible action in the future the sugar conference to which 23 countries have sent delegates has the more concrete task of framing a plan to regulate the production and marketing of a single commodity on an interna tional scale the production of sugar like the manufacture of textiles has suffered intensely from nationalistic economic policies the chad bourne agreement of 1931 sought to stabilize the industry by assigning marketing quotas to the chief exporting countries and providing for the gradual disposal of accumulated surplus stocks the scheme proved largely ineffective however and was allowed to expire on september 1 1935 sugar consumption did not show the expected re vival and all efforts to broaden the scope of the agreement to include all major producing coun tries failed while the participants reduced their production from 121 million quintals in 1929 1930 to 65 million in 1934 1935 countries outside the agreement raised their output from 136 to 168 million the british empire and the united states and its dependencies were primarily re sponsible for this rise in production and the re sulting collapse of the control scheme owing to general economic revival the sugar industry has recovered to some extent in the last few years consumption has risen sharply so that stocks at the beginning of 1937 were 16 per cent lower than two years ago and again approx imated pre depression levels yet the future may once more witness the accumulation of excessively large stocks the increase in consumption is likely to slow down in the next few years while every sign points to a continued rise in output prospects for success at london are mixed the united states is favorably disposed to par ticipating in an agreement through the jones costigan act of 1934 this country has divided the american market among the producers of cuba our insular possessions and the continental united states while this act expires at the end of 1937 the jones o’mahoney bill recently introduced into congress on the recommendation of president roosevelt would indefinitely extend the quota system with some minor changes barring a pos sible decision by the supreme court declaring such a law invalid it would seem that supplies to the american market have been stabilized among other producers java cuba and the phil ippines have everything to gain from an accord european countries also appear favorable the attitude of the british empire appears to be most uncertain undoubtedly certain parts of the em pire like australia and the west indies would like to have britain assure further preferences to empire sugar india which has been rapidly ex tending its sugar production may prove reluctant to accept auy controls the british government itself however appears anxious to explore fully the possibilities of international agreement before embarking on a program to make the empire self sufficient in sugar john c dewilde the impasse in india the general strike and widespread protest dem onstration of april 1 which greeted the introduc tion of the new indian constitution has brought to fever pitch the all india congress party’s dis satisfaction with that document the congress party manifestations followed legislative elections held in the eleven provinces of british india in january and february as a result of which an electorate of 35,000,000 gave the party an abso lute majority in six provinces and a plurality in three others decisive as it appears this result understates the measure of the congress triumph since the indian system of communal voting gives certain minority groups more than proportionate representation the victory thus endorses a reso lution of the congress adopted at faizpur on de cember 28 1936 declaring that the constitution has been imposed on india against the declared will of the people of the country and that any cooperation with this constitution is a betrayal of india’s struggle for freedom page two s e despite this extreme stand the party decided not to boycott the provincial elections the campaign it carefully kept in the background the marked internal cleavage between its socialist wing led by pandit jawaharlal nehru and the conservative propertied interests the election was regarded as a demonstration of congress strength and the electoral mandate as an oppor tunity to sabotage the new constitution from its inception by creating difficulties for the british authorities on march 18 the all india congress committee resolved that congress ministers should accept office only if each governor would agree not to use his special powers of interfer ence or set aside the advice of ministers in regard to their constitutional activities citing the con stitution’s provisions the provincia governors declared it impossible to accept this formula the present situation is the outcome of a long dispute over the new constitution which con gress claims is in some respects a backward step in the evolution toward a self governing india the ultimate aim of the constitution incorporation of the british provinces and the autonomous prin cipalities in a single federal state meets with general approval but there is serious objection to the fact that the provincial governors and the governor general will possess extensive and un conditional veto powers over legislative acts it is also contended that the disproportionate repre sentation of the autocratic principalities and con servative special interests in the new parliamen tary bodies will prove an effective brake on prog ress toward full self government while the pro ject for federation still awaits agreement with the princes the congress party is at present dis satisfied both with the proposed federal arrange ment and the important limitations on responsible government in the provinces for the moment a crisis has been avoided by the formation of minority governme which will work with the governors in th rinces dominated by congress since the new legisla tures need not be summoned for six months a breathing spell is provided for the establishment of a modus vivendi possibly congress when the flush of its victory cools will prove receptive to the suggestion made at delhi that gandhi and the marquess of linlithgow viceroy of india dis cuss the possibility of ending the deadlock but the extreme militancy of the party makes it equal ly likely that an impasse in the provincial legisla tures next fall may serve as a signal for wide spread civil disobedience and violence david h popper during foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 24 aprit 9 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp leslig buell president esther g ogden secretary vera micheles dean béitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 f p a membership five dollars a year one dollar a year national +ee ecided juring rround cialist nd the lection ngress oppor om its british ngress nisters t foreign policy bulletin vou xvi no 25 would terfer regard 1e con yernors ila a long 1 con rd step ia the oration 1s prin ts with ction to and the and un cts it e repre ind con liamen mn prog the pro nt with sent dis irrange ponsible vided by s which rovinces levisla onths lishment when the aptive to i and the dia dis ck but it equal 1 legisla or wide 2 opper ed national dean editor a year an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y 2 1921 atthe post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 april 16 1937 dinner and annual meeting at the f.p.a dinner and annual meeting his excellency m georges bonnet ambassador of france to the united states will speak on democracy in the present day world thursday evening april 22 at the hotel astor new york at seven thirty o’clock reservations should be made in advance a w bishop ann arbor mich tide turns in spanish war ince the mid march success of the loyalists against general franco’s italian troops on the guadalajara front the government forces have displayed a hitherto undemonstrated ability to take the offensive on april 9 general miaja began a pincer movement along the western side of madrid designed to cut off the rebel troops in the university city salient the first four days of fighting were inconclusive greater gains came from a campaign in cérdoba province 150 miles southwest of madrid initiated near the end of march here the loyalists showed unsuspected skill in open field manoeuvres coordinating ef fectively the operations of several advancing col umns on march 25 after repulsing a week long effort of the rebels to capture pozoblanco and open the way to the mercury mines at almadén the government troops drove southward in a movement which has almost reached fuente ovejuna endangering rebel control of valuable copper and coal mines one important factor in loyalist progress has been decisive mastery of the air where russian planes have figured prom inently the government navy has also dis played new activity shelling malaga rebel forts in the balearic islands and ceuta the insurgent base in spanish morocco rebel gains in the north have served to coun terbalance losses in the south an offensive launched on april 1 in the mountainous basque country has made definite progress capturing ochandiano and threatening durango sixteen miles from bilbao the capital of the region pos session of bilbao would give franco control of a leading industrial center diminish the threat to his rear and facilitate conquest of santander and the asturias mining region meanwhile dissension has appeared in the camps of both factions friction between franco’s spanish troops and foreign contingents in his forces was responsible seemingly for mutinous conspiracies reported near the end of march at algeciras malaga and at the tetuan airdrome in morocco mass executions were employed to crush the unrest at the same time the govern ment cause was plagued by political strife which was most marked in semi independent catalonia and led to the fall of the tarradellas cabinet at barcelona on march 26 the more moderate ele ments socialists and bourgeois republicans have stressed the policy of winning the war before attempting further social reforms the growing strength of these groups stirred unrest among the more radical anarcho syndicalists and the semi trotzkyite poum the latter were par ticularly concerned over proposed reorganization of the forces of public order which was expected to diminish the direct influence of the labor or ganizations in the armed forces when a week’s negotiations failed to solve the cabinet crisis companys the catalan president took over the premiership on april 3 and formed a temporary ministry representing the same groups left republicans socialists and anarcho syndicalists as in the preceding cabinet while effective establishment of the interna tional patrol of spain’s land and maritime fron tiers has been delayed various incidents at sea have accentuated european friction the insur gent practice of stopping merchantmen on the high seas has brought warnings from france and britain as well as from smaller powers on april 6 the british destroyer garland was twice attacked by rebel bombing planes while off spain’s eastern coast a prompt apology settled this incident but franco’s blockade of bilbao was the cause of renewed tension four british mer chantmen carrying food to this port were turned back by insurgent warships on april 10 london at once ordered the 42,000 ton dreadnaught hood to sail from gibraltar but a cabinet meeting on the following day led to virtual recognition of the ity of michigan libre franco blockade on april 12 prime minister baldwin announced that while interference with british shipping on the high seas would not be tolerated vessels would be warned for practical reasons against going into the blockaded area charles a thomson belgian fascism in retreat the cause of fascism was dealt a heavy blow on april 11 when the leader of the belgian rex ist party léon degrelle was overwhelmingly de feated in his campaign for election to the cham ber of deputies from the brussels district this by election had considerable significance as a test of strength it had been deliberately precipitated by the resignation of a rexist deputy and the liberal premier paul van zeeland had accepted the challenge by personally entering the lists against degrelle in a handsome victory the prime minister polled 275,840 votes against 69,242 for his opponent despite an alliance with the flemish nationalists degrelle obtained 4,479 fewer votes than the total polled by the two par ties combined in the elections of last may the size of m van zeeland’s majority came as a surprise under the vigorous leadership of the youthful degrelle this fascist party had in creased with phenomenal rapidity and following the elections of may 1936 had triumphantly en tered parliament with 21 deputies if the move ment now appears to be waning in strength it is primarily because van zeeland has taken much wind out of its sails through his middle of the road economic policy the prime minister has brought belgium far on the way to recovery since the beginning of his premiership a little more than two years ago industrial production has risen 20 per cent foreign trade 47 per cent and unemployment has been cut by half the budget is balanced and tax reductions are in pros pect in the field of foreign policy van zeeland has obviated much criticism by steering belgium into a new course of neutrality long advocated by both the rexists and the flemish nationalists finally m van zeeland’s victory was sealed on the eve of the election by a statement of car dinal van roey in which the primate of belgium condemned the rexist movement as dangerous to church and state and counselled all catholics some of whom appeared hesitant to vote for the prime minister supported in parliament by a strong coalition of liberals catholics and socialists van zeeland can now carry on with enhanced prestige among his first tasks is to study at the invitation of page two s france and britain the prospects of closer inter national economic collaboration while london and paris continue at work on a new western and possibly even an eastern locarno brussels will examine plans for the removal of trade bar riers in his two day visit to the belgian capita this week dr schacht the german minister of economics is expected to discuss not only trade problems affecting the two countries but the terms on which the reich would be willing to participate in economic arrangements of larger scope van zeeland is also conferring this week with economic experts of the so called oslo group who are now meeting in brussels after hoa preliminary conferences in the hague last month the oslo bloc which includes the scandinavian states as well as the netherlands and belgium is working for constructive action to eliminate obstacles to world trade the united states sympathizes with these efforts and its represen tative at the london sugar conference mr nor man h davis is exploring with british states men the possibility of action in the economic realm john c dewilde guatemala by erna fergusson new york knopf 1937 3.00 an engaging picture of central america’s most colorful republic can china survive by hallett abend and anthony j billingham new york ives washburn 1936 3.00 interesting but not very well organized impressions of two new york times correspondents world economic survey 1985 36 geneva league of na tions 1936 paper 1.50 cloth 2.00 this excellent and candid review reveals a widespread and substantial recovery which rests however in many in stances on an unsound basis the yellow spot the extermination of the jews in ger many new york knight 1936 3.00 particulars of a dark chapter in nazi policy gleaned from the german press and official documents collective security by arnold d mcnair cambridge university press 1936 75 cents despite recent setbacks dr mcnair foresees the ulti mate triumph of the principle of collective security the abc of the federal reserve system by edwin w kemmerer princeton princeton university press 1936 2.50 in this new edition of his lucid analysis of our bank ing machinery dr kemmerer sharply criticizes recent legislation for putting too much control over money and credit in the hands of the government central europe and the western world by gerhard schacher new york holt 1937 2.75 scholarly analysis of the plight of central europe with a plea for economic cooperation as the only possible basis of peaceful settlement cambridge foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 25 aprit 16 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lasitg bugit president esther g ocpen secretary vera micheles dean béitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year +wa foreign policy bulletin re an interpretation of ciel international events by the research staff ae pty om subscription one dollar a year office new york don n under the act ern foreign policy association incorporated of march 3 1879 sels 8 west 40th street new york n y bar ital r of vout xvi no 26 aprit 23 1937 rade the new constitution of the us.s.r dr william w bishop the by vera micheles dean 5 to far reaching controversy has been aroused by the new soviet university of michigan library rger constitution which according to stalin is based on principles of veek extensive socialist democracy this view is challenged by ae s nh oup trotzky who regards the document as an immense step back ann art 9 msacile a from socialist to bourgeois principles mrs dean examines the ling constitution both in the light of marxist doctrine and of the actual nth course followed by the soviet union under stalin’s leadership vian april 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents ium a european powers seek general settlement sen nor he announcement on april 16 that premier 13 14 dr schacht german minister of eco ites van zeeland of belgium entrusted by france nomics is thought to have discussed not only vari ymic and britain with the task of exploring the possi ous projects for improving trade relations be xz bilities of international economic collaboration tween the two countries but the prospects for will visit president roosevelt in june has crys international economic negotiations in which tallized recent rumors that the two great european belgium might play the réle of mediator between 1987 democracies might take the lead in proposing a germany and the western democracies while general political and economic settlement ac rumors of a soviet german rapprochement have lorful cording to these rumors britain strengthened by been denied by both berlin and moscow the hitler its rearmament program would depart from the government as well as the german reichswehr ny j policy of avoiding commitments east of the rhine has always favored economic collaboration with 3.00 and in collaboration with france would guaran the u.s.s.r and it is reported that the soviet ns of tee non aggression treaties concluded by germany union discouraged by the slow progress of ne with poland lithuania and czechoslovakia such gotiations for a military accord implementing the na 2 move would lessen france’s responsibility for franco soviet pact might not be averse to a re pread protection of peace in eastern europe reassure orientation of foreign policy ny in the soviet union and possibly permit modifi most striking of all has been the sudden relaxa cation of the franco soviet pact which has tion of tension over spain which only three weeks ger hitherto proved the most serious obstacle to ago threatened to become the scene of a european german participation in negotiations for a west conflict the british government determined eaned ern locarno this general settlement would not to avoid any clash with insurgents blockading involve cessions of european territory to ger the loyalist port of bilbao has warned all british ridge many but according to the most optimistic ver ships even those carrying foodstuffs not pro ait sion might include return by france of the hibited by the non intervention agreement to african colonies it obtained from germany under remain outside spanish territorial waters this n w league mandate it is thought that the hitler policy which plays into the hands of the in press government alarmed by the progress of french surgents and threatens bilbao with starvation and british rearmament and realizing that it was denounced by the labor party in the house bank cannot keep pace with the western democracies of commons on april 14 but a laborite vote of ro would welcome an opportunity to limit armaments censure was rejected by 345 votes to 130 y at existing levels provided it obtains economic britain’s determination to avoid a mediter aan and colonial advantages the ground would thus ranean conflict was matched by italy on april 15 be laid for international conferences on trade and when count grandi italian ambassador to lon with arms limitation which would inaugurate an era don reversed his previous position and told the basis of genuine appeasement non intervention committee that he was ready to among the many straws in this new wind blow consider means of withdrawing foreign volun aul ing over europe are dr schacht’s visit to brus teers fighting on both sides in the spanish civil editor sels reports of a german soviet rapprochement war whereupon the soviet representative m r relaxation of tension over spain and signs of a maisky agreed not to press his charges of an rift in the italo german alliance during his con italian invasion of spain this new spirit of versations with premier van zeeland on april conciliation enabled the non intervention commit oe ee i ee ae an a aptraat re see erent tee to inaugurate on april 19 the oft postponed system of control over volunteers and war material bound for spain by land or sea that mussolini’s change of front on spain may be due to disappointment with the results of the rome berlin axis is indicated by italy’s recent manoeuvres in southeastern europe where its interests clash with those of germany it seems increasingly clear that the italo yugoslav pact was designed not only to protect italy from rear guard attack in case of a mediterranean conflict with britain but to provide a barrier against ger man penetration in the balkans and may be fol lowed by an attempt to bring the two other little entente countries rumania and czechoslovakia within the orbit of the rome bloc composed of italy austria and hungary this policy would find favor in vienna where dr schuschnigg is energetically checking nazi agitation as well as in budapest where premier daranyi has taken strong measures against the hungarian nazi organization which had planned a putsch in early march the austrian chancellor alarmed by re ports that mussolini in exchange for german support in spain had agreed to forego his oppo sition to anschluss and to block hapsburg restora tion has been actively engaged in negotiations with hungary and czechoslovakia he apparent ly hopes to avoid the pitfalls of both anschluss and restoration by developing an independent austrian foreign policy based on reconstruction of a danubian bloc embracing austria hungary and the little entente while recent developments in europe offer ground for hope it would be idle to minimize the obstacles which stand in the way of a general settlement chief among these according to some observers is britain’s reluctance to abandon its rearmament program and liberalize its trade poli cies although british rearmament has undoubt edly proved one of the strongest factors in cre ating a more conciliatory attitude on the part of germany and italy continuance of the armaments race is not conducive to relaxation of economic tension the prospects for european appease ment would be immeasurably improved if britain while proceeding with rearmament and offering to use its new armaments on behalf of collective security would at the same time display a genuine desire to consider germany’s economic and colonial demands vera micheles dean philippines economic study begins the meeting on april 19 of a joint preparatory committee to study the economic future of the page two ee philippines marks the first concrete attempt to revise the inequitable trade provisions of the philippine independence act the committee whose personnel was announced on april 14 jg composed of six filipino and six american ex perts who will work under the direction of francis b sayre assistant secretary of state the american members are prominent government officials led by joseph e jacobs chief of the office of philippine affairs in the state depart ment the filipinos under the chairmanship of josé yulo philippine secretary of justice are leaders of the powerful coalition supporting presi dent quezon in the islands the committee’s re port is expected late this year and its recommen dations may be presented to the next session of congress as a program of action acceptable to both parties the function of these experts as set forth in a joint statement of president quezon and dr sayre on march 18 is to draw up a plan for termina tion of preferential trade relations between the two areas at the earliest practicable date con sistent with affording the philippines a reason able opportunity to adjust their national econ omy to the new status subsequently a trade agreement on a non preferential basis will regulate commerce between the two countries president quezon’s suggestion that independence be granted the commonwealth in 1938 or 1939 will be con sidered only in connection with its effect on the program of readjustment in trade relations from the economic point of view it is realized that preferences especially for sugar must be accorded the islands at least until 1946 and very possibly after that date the existing provisions for a sharp rise in american trade barriers from 25 to 100 per cent of the tariff and abolition of all quotas both to take place in 1946 are generally recognized as ruinous to the philippines committee is therefore expected to urge a less abrupt transition and also to recommend positive measures to decrease the island’s excessive depen dence on the export of sugar by diversifying agriculture and encouraging mining and sec ondary industries much can be done to improve the status of the philippines as a competitor in the world market early independence would permit the islands to make trade agreements with foreign countries and alter tariff barriers but this salutary effect of freedom by 1939 must be balanced against the unwillingness of many mem bers of congress to extend any economic conces sions whatever to the philippines once inde pendence is granted daviip h popper foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 26 aprit 23 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lasimm bugwt president estusr g ocpen secretary vera micueres dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year national the +th in a sayre rmina en the te con reason 1 econ 1 trade egulate esident rranted be con on the is realized nust be id very visions rs from n of all nerally 3 the a less positive depen sifying id sect mprove titor in would its with s but nust be y mem cconces 2 jinde pper national an editor year ieoreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xvi no 27 apri 30 1937 a for discussion groups thinking and discussion study helps and bibliography 15 cents each please order by titles 1 packet for each headline book packets of discussion material for use with headline books provide well planned programs to stimulate in every packet a four meeting guide group projects encered as second class matter december 2 1921 at che pos office at new york n y ander the act of march 3 1879 dr william w bishop university of michigan library ann arbor mich nazi ambitions trouble europe eelers for a general european settlement recently put out by france and great britain have brought cautious response from germany while the hitler government is ready to partici pate in any economic arrangements which will provide the reich with foreign credits and re lieve its shortage of imported raw materials it appears to have no intention of abandoning its territorial ambitions in europe or its determina tion to fulfill the four year plan designed to as gure its economic independence in time of war the calculations of the western democracies for a general settlement must still take into ac count the possibility that nazi germany when the time is ripe may attempt to absorb austria and the german minority in czechoslovakia the disturbing effect of germany’s territorial aspirations was shown once more at venice on april 22 23 when mussolini and chancellor schuschnigg re examined austria’s prospects for independence schuschnigg had gone to venice with the hope of obtaining renewed assurances of italian aid against german penetration and of securing mussolini’s support for one of two al ternatives to anschluss hapsburg restoration or austrian participation in a danubian bloc in cluding czechoslovakia much water however has flowed under international bridges since 1934 when i duce massed italian troops on the bren ner pass to prevent a german putsch in austria italy has staked its military and economic re sources on success in ethiopia and spain where its interests conflict with those of britain and is no longer in a position to challenge a heavily rearmed germany on austria’s behalf it is not so much that mussolini fears anschluss less than he did in 1934 but that he fears germany more he also hopes to obtain a greater measure of german support for his plans in the mediterran ean nor is he ready by open sponsorship of hapsburg restoration to compromise his new friendship with yugoslavia which may some day serve as italy’s first line of defense against ger man penetration in the balkans at the same time while favoring economic negotiations between the rome bloc and the little entente mussolini op poses an austro czechoslovak political under standing which might spell the end of italian in fluence in vienna at the venice conference mussolini insisted that no settlement of central european problems can be reached without active participation by germany made it plain that italy cannot be ex pected to check anschluss by military force and deprecated chancellor schuschnigg’s desire to block german aggression by political cooperation with czechoslovakia undeterred by his disap pointing reception in venice chancellor schusch nigg reiterated his determination to preserve austria’s independence his success in carrying out this policy will hinge on the support he can obtain from france and britain whose rearma ment is regarded in eastern europe as the most effective brake on nazi expansion the extent to which britain is prepared to give explicit guarantees of security east of the rhine remains obscure a step in the direction of clari fying the situation in western europe however was taken on april 24 when france and britain in a note addressed to brussels freed belgium of its obligations to them under the locarno treaty and the anglo franco belgian arrangements for military consultations drawn up in 1936 follow ing germany’s repudiation of locarno france and britain will continue to guarantee belgium’s independence and territorial integrity and bel gium’s release from its obligations in no way af fects existing franco british undertakings the new arrangement is based on the understanding that belgium will defend its frontiers with all its forces against any aggression or invasion will prevent its territory from being used for pur page two poses of aggression against another state by land by sea or in the air will organize its defenses in an efficient manner for this purpose and will maintain its fidelity to the league covenant some observers believe that belgium which continues to enjoy french and british guarantees of territorial integrity and has received an offer of similar guarantees from germany is now free to resume its pre war status of neutrality the new arrangement however apparently does not affect belgium’s obligations under article xvi of the league covenant which provides that in case of aggression against any league state league members will take the necessary steps to afford passage through their territory to fellow mem bers this provision would obligate belgium to permit the passage of french and british troops in case of german aggression and the reference in the franco british note to belgium’s continued fidelity to the covenant is presumably intended to cover such a contingency as long as belgium remains within the league system it cannot expect to enjoy the advantages of neutrality its position has altered in form but not in substance mr eden’s conversations with premier van zeeland in brussels on april 25 26 would indicate that britain hopes to include belgium in a defensive bloc of western democra cies so organized as not to offend the belgian rexists who favor rapprochement with germany vera micheles dean european powers patrol spain after repeated postponements the international patrol to prevent arms and foreign volunteers from entering spain finally went into effect at midnight on april 19 under supervision of the london non intervention committee warships of four powers britain france germany and italy are to watch the coasts while the french bor der will be controlled by a mixed commission and the portuguese frontier by a british force eleven control ports are established where ships bound for spain are to stop for examination of their papers and cargo and possible questioning of passengers and crew the powers of the patrol observers however are limited their jurisdiction extends only to vessels of the 27 nations which are represented on the london committee and they possess no authority to halt such vessels or to make a thor ough search of their cargoes neither is any ef fective control of airplane traffic provided should a vessel refuse to heed an order to stop or should war material or volunteers be found aboard the e observers merely report the violation to the non intervention committee which in turn informs the government of the offending vessel inception of the plan was greeted not only by widespread skepticism but by determined opposition on the part of the valencia authorities the loyalist government ordered its warships to prevent ip terference with all vessels flying the spanish flag and to accord protection wherever necessary to all other vessels in spanish territorial waters within spain the war seems to have reached a stalemate except in the basque region to the north the rebel drive against bilbao continued to make progress and by april 26 general mola’s troops were reported to have entered durango only sixteen miles from the basque capital meanwhile franco’s attempted blockade of bil bao from the sea had prevented both the arrival of food ships carrying sorely needed provisions and the departure of cargoes of iron ore essential to the progress of the british rearmament pro gram although london had not recognized the validity of the rebel blockade it had warned brit ish shipping against entering the port on april 20 however the seven seas spray a british craft safely ran the blockade into bilbao this event combined with parliamentary criticism of the baldwin government’s policy led to substan tial modification of the british attitude shippers were merely advised that the government could not assure them that the port was free the gov ernment moreover without technically convoying british vessels took steps to accord them pro tection up to the three mile limit on april 23 three more british food ships ran the blockade when they neared bilbao the battle cruiser hood happened to be in the vicinity and its presence prevented stoppage of the vessels by insurgent craft the trend of the rebel régime toward an au thoritarian pattern was markedly accentuated by a decree of april 19 when general franco set up a single party under his leadership ordering the dissolution of all other political groups and militia organizations this measure liquidated the cath olic popular action as well as two monarchist parties and the fascist phalanx party adopted as its platform the 26 point pro gram of the fascists and at the same time held open the possibility of eventual restoration of the monarchy charles a thomson a history of the far east in modern times by harold m vinacke new york f s crofts co 1936 6.00 second revised edition of this valuable summary of modern far eastern developments foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 27 aprit 30 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th srreet new york n y raymonp lasimm bugit president esthmr g ogpen secretary vera micne.zs dran eéiter entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year the new state ani +l non nforms ception spread on the oyalist ent in sh flag ary to ers eached to the itinued mola’s irango apital of bil arrival visions sential it pro zed the d brit 1 april british this ism of ibstan 1ippers t could he gov ivoying m pro pril 23 ockade r hood resence urgent an au ated by set up ing the militia 2 cath archist w state nt pro ne held 1 of the ison arold m 6.00 mary of national an eéiter year subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 may ic vou xvi no 28 may 7 1937 social trends in the third reich by john c dewilde this report represents the first attempt to analyze how the national socialist régime has affected the economic position of farmers entrepreneurs and workmen it reveals that despite the recovery of industrial production and national money income there has been little or no improvement in real living standards to carry out the rearmament and self sufficiency programs the government has exacted sacrifices from all classes especially labor may 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents wetrpineg ni 6 tyr j aw te bisuop compromise neutrality f ollowing a last minute agreement between senate and house conferees congress on april 29 adopted the compromise neutrality bill to replace the temporary legislation expiring on may 1 in its final form the bill continues as permanent legislation the essential provisions of the acts of 1935 and 1936 including the em bargo on arms and ammunition and the prohibi tion of loans and credits both of which apply to all belligerents on the outbreak of war or to fac tions engaged in civil strife whenever the pres ident finds that the peace of the united states may be threatened in addition the new law extends the scope of the earlier legislation by in corporating one new temporary section and five new permanent provisions the temporary provision limited to two years embodies the so called cash and carry plan fav ored in the house bill this authorizes the pres ident a to forbid american vessels from carry ing certain articles or materials other than arms and ammunition to any belligerent or any state where civil strife exists and b to forbid the exportation of any articles or materials whatever until all right title and interest therein shall have been transferred to some foreign gov ernment agency or national i.e on a cash and carry basis under this discretionary pro vision the president is free to determine whether such restrictions are desirable what articles or materials should be placed on the proscribed list and what exceptions should be made for normal trade with canada and mexico in the event that either or both are belligerents the new permanent features which apply to any war between or among two or more states or civil strife provide that 1 american citizens shall be forbidden to travel on belligerent vessels except under such and regulations as the president shall pre scribe 2 american merchant vessels engaged in com merce with any belligerent state shall be forbid den to carry arms armament or ammunition 3 submarines or armed merchant vessels of a foreign state may be forbidden to enter a port or the territorial waters of the united states 4 contributions to belligerents factions or asserted governments shall be prohibited ex cept those used for medical aid food or clothing to relieve human suffering and all such contribu tions shall be subject to the approval of the pres ident this provision is apparently designed to curb the activities of such groups as the friends of spanish democracy 5 the president may enumerate additional implements of war similar to those listed in his proclamation during the ethiopian war but no embargo shall be imposed on raw materials or any other articles or materials the shortcomings of this compromise are obvi ous it is not neutrality as its sponsors recog nized in dropping the original title and its prac tical effect in future situations remains uncer tain the cash and carry plan would not pre vent a trade boom in a major war of long dura tion and would favor any power with control of the seas controversies over neutral rights would be reduced but not eliminated under the new neutrality the united states retains its right to protect american ships carrying wheat or cot ton to a neutral port by his power to select certain articles or materials which would not be carried on american vessels a wartime pres ident might easily become involved in contro versy with a belligerent adversely affected by his ruling yet despite these shortcomings the present bill probably represents the best compromise possible under existing conditions it is acceptable as an interim measure precisely because it leaves open the fundamental decision as to the direction of american foreign policy there is nothing in the iichigan library present act to prevent the united states from pursuing a constructive policy of international co operation designed to advance political and eco nomic reconciliation in europe it permits secre tary hull to press forward his reciprocal trade program and relieves britain and france of the fear that american markets will be closed in time of war at the same time it abandons in some mea sure the traditional policy of the united states with regard to freedom of the seas if the next two years bring about an appeasement in europe there will be no need for the neutrality act and the temporary cash and carry plan can be recon sidered in the light of the then existing situation on the other hand if the rearmament programs of britain and france are not used to achieve a settlement and if the armament race hastens a conflict the united states will not be irrevocably committed to participation in a struggle which may be waged for purely nationalistic ends william t stone japan’s constitutionalism in eclipse the japanese cabinet’s statement of may 3 indicating that it would remain in office despite its crushing defeat in elections held three days earlier foreshadows continuance of the chronic constitutional crisis which has existed in japan since the military revolt of february 1936 while the situation is extremely confused premier sen juro hayashi’s declared intention to correct the system of politics which has been twisted by the force of foreign ideas within the past sixty or seventy years and establish a true system of con stitutional politics peculiar to japan augurs ill for the weak semblance of parliamentary gov ernment still evident in the country the election took place after the cabinet had suddenly dissolved the diet on march 31 osten sibly because it obstructed the passage of impor tant legislation but actually as a result of con tinuing friction between the military and the po litical parties the militarists who had been surprisingly tractable until approval on march 29 of a budget containing record defense appro priations apparently sought to chastise the poli ticians by forcing them to contest an election from this point of view the dissolution proved a blunder both major parties struck back at the government’s dictatorial tactics and rightly denied they had unduly sabotaged government legislation the much discussed third party which it was believed the government would organize for its own support failed to make its appearance after an unusually apathetic cam page two paign in which the issues were largely restricted to vague generalities the election on april 30 characterized by widespread abstentions resuylt ed in no striking changes save in the case of the mildly left wing social mass party although this group increased its representation from 18 to 37 seats it is still of small importance in a diet of 466 the government’s failure to secure more than a negligible number of votes in the new parlia ment has not improved the basic position of the political parties democratic forces in japan are still confronted by a dilemma even if the par liamentarians should maintain their united oppo sition and succeed in harrying the non party hayashi cabinet out of office the only possible successor in view of the army’s intransigence would necessarily be another aggregation of mili tarists and bureaucrats on the other hand if the seiyukai can be induced by the offer of three minor cabinet posts to support the government the moral bankruptcy of the politicians will have been revealingly illuminated in either case the probabilities are that there will be a steady drift toward authoritarian gov ernment premier hayashi has stated that he intends to summon the new diet for a short special session this summer should the parties refrain from provoking a crisis on this occasion the government may carry on without difficulty until the regular session in february 1938 it appears likely that the cabinet will hold the threat of dissolution over the parties heads to secure acquiescence in this plan if another election is forced the home minister has intimated that it will be held under a new semi fascist electoral scheme to be established by urgent imperial de cree which would enable the cabinet to control the results davip h popper the private manufacture of armaments by philip noel baker new york oxford university press 1937 3.75 the first volume of the most important study of the effects of private armament manufacture upon interna tional politics china hand by james lafayette hutchison new york lothrop lee and shepard co 1936 3.50 personal history of a british american tobacco com pany employee in china from the pioneering days of 1911 to the complicated and far flung organization of today war or peace a forecast by john f kane new york timely books 1936 1.00 the author proposes an international agency whose task it would be to deepen international understanding rather than to produce a state of negative peace the dangerous sea by george slocombe new york mac millan 1937 2.50 a journalist’s survey of political problems in the medi terranean foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 28 may 7 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lesiig buelt president esther g ogden secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year fo an int jcal bral lib hy of +ave ere ov he ort ion ity it eat ire it ral rol oel 3.75 the na rk 7m 911 ask her ac di onal itor ical room subscription one dollar a year dar ral lib ov ic boreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff entered as second pr 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 vou xvi no 29 may 14 1937 the german economic dilemma social trends in the third reich by john c dewilde two reports presenting a complete picture of present day germany the first a survey of the immediate economic and financial problems confronting germany and the second an analysis of the effect of the national socialist régime on farmers entrepreneurs and workmen 25 cents each general library university of michigan ann arbor michigan oiling the rome berlin axis ussolini’s decision on may 8 four days before the coronation of george vi to re call italian correspondents from britain and to ban all but three british newspapers was in retaliation for british press criticism of fascist policy in ethiopia and spain the next day the diplomatic representatives of league powers in rome follow ing the lead of the british embassy abstained from attending a military review celebrating the first anniversary of the founding of the italian empire this recrudescence of anglo italian tension reveals the extent to which italy is dis turbed by britain’s opposition to its aspirations in the mediterranean il duce attempted to strengthen his bargaining position in europe by cementing italy’s ties with germany during the visit paid to rome on may 4 5 by baron von neurath german foreign minister italy apparently promised not to oppose nazi penetration of austria provided germany con tinues to respect austria’s formal independence as the price of its withdrawal from vienna italy hopes to obtain sufficient german assistance to assure the victory of general franco whose cause has been steadily losing ground in germany the rome negotiations were also intended to hasten the process of bringing the small powers of eastern and southeastern europe within range of the rome berlin axis and isolating czechoslo vakia chief target of german and hungarian revisionist aspirations italy has already sought to detach yugoslavia and rumania from the little entente and to block a political understanding between vienna and prague in this task it has been seconded by poland which while still on the fence fears german soviet rapprochement and is unfriendly to czechoslovakia both german and italian influences have been at work in hungary which although distrustful of nazi designs in eastern europe is not yet ready to accept chan cellor schuschnigg’s proposal for closer collabora tion between the danubian countries austria hungary and the three little entente states neither rumania nor yugoslavia both of which have been subjected to strong pressure from france has as yet displayed any eagerness to break up the little entente the dominant desire of each small country is not to become a cog in alliances organized by the great powers but to retain its freedom to strike a bargain with what ever combination can best serve its interests italo german negotiations hold little promise of european appeasement the two fascist powers regard their collaboration as a bulwark against bolshevism and an inevitable response to the re armament of the western democracies yet their interests continue to clash in the balkans ger man expansion in the long run can only weaken italy’s position neither seems ready for a hard and fast alliance and each remains anxious to use its friendship with the other to extract concessions from britain vera micheles dean international sugar accord while the five year sugar convention concluded by 22 countries in london on may 6 is an encour aging sign of international cooperation its pro visions do little except stabilize a situation which itself is the result of intensely nationalistic poli cies the agreement contains no specific pledges to lower tariffs and subsidies but may indirectly make such reductions possible by curbing compe tition the convention assumes that the free world market will absorb 3,620,000 metric tons of sugar as compared with about 6,000,000 tons in 1929 and allots this amount among thirteen ex porting countries some of which such as the soviet union and czechoslovakia obtained exces sively large quotas as the price of their participa tion further restriction of the export market is prevented most of all by the undertaking of the united kingdom one of the largest sugar im porters to limit its annual production to 618,000 iy tons and by quotas on the exports of australia the union of south africa and british colonies the united states will not reduce the small amount it imports at present from the world market and the philippines will confine its exports to the united states under the terms of the independence act the agreement also provides for an inter national council to study sugar problems and ad just quotas to changes in consumption in signing the convention norman h davis the american representative assured the confer ence that the united states would retain the re duced sugar tariff now in force even if it should abandon the quota system which at present divides the american market among domestic producers our insular possessions cuba and other foreign mildred s wertheimer dr mildred s wertheimer a member of the research staff of the foreign policy association since 1924 died in san diego california on may 6 afier a long illness for the scientific study of international relations her death represents a serious loss surpassed only by the grief of those who worked with her in the f p a and that host of others who were privileged to count her as a friend following her graduation from vassar college in 1917 miss wertheimer became a member of the international law division of the colonel house commission of inquiry with which she worked until 1919 she carried on graduate study at the university of berlin in 1921 and in 1924 received her doctorate at columbia university under professor carlton j h hayes her thesis the pan german league published by the colum bia university press was a distinct contribution to diplomatic history joining the foreign policy association on the establishment of its research department miss wertheimer soon became widely known as an expert on germany and central europe in con nection with her work she made frequent trips abroad spending considerable time in geneva she periodically visited the countries whose prob lems she studied and attended many international conferences as representative of the foreign pol icy association notably the first hague repara tion conference in 1929 and the london confer ence of the locarno powers in 1936 in 1933 she cooperated with mr james g mcdonald in or ganizing the work of the high commission for german refugees miss wertheimer prepared some 40 foreign policy reports a pamphlet on germany under page two countries this pledge is particularly important because a subcommittee of the house of repre sentatives committee on agriculture has intro duced rather drastic changes in the administra tion bill providing for continuation of existing quotas the subcommittee has raised the allot ment of louisiana and florida cane growers by about 100,000 tons and made a corresponding cut in the cuban quota in addition it would reduce imports of direct consumption sugar largely refined sugar from cuba by about 30 per cent president roosevelt has already indicated that he will abandon the whole quota plan and expose domestic producers to unrestricted foreign com petition unless congress returns to his origina recommendations john c dewilde hitler innumerable news bulletin articles and was co author of two books published by the association europe a history of ten years and new governments in europe in addition to her mastery of documents and foreign languages miss wertheimer had sound judgment a keen sense for news a warm interest in people and a generous capacity for friendship she made many personal contacts among leading european states men and was well known in diplomatic and journal istic circles in london paris berlin washing ton and geneva among her closest friends were distinguished foreign correspondents who valued her expert knowledge enjoyed her vivacity as a raconteur and benefited by her assistance in digging up scoops a person of sensitive feelings miss wertheimer was deeply disturbed by the overthrow of the german republic whose problems she had studied more sympathetically and thoroughly perhaps than any other american it is a tribute to her intellectual integrity that after the rise of the nazi régime she continued to publish objectiv authoritative studies dealing with germany under the third reich as a well known sucdenoes cor respondent writes miss wertheimer was the most objective logical woman i have ever known she approached every task without prejudice and accomplished it without being moved by her personal likes or dislikes while scholarship marked everything she did miss wertheimer was dominated by a desire to assist in the making of a better world she did not live to see this desire realized but she made an important contribution to the understanding of international problems her studies for the foreign policy association will remain a monu ment to her memory foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 29 may 14 1937 f p a membership five dollars a year published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lesiig bublt president esther g ocpgn secretary vera micheles dan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the pose office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year an is reve spa lar sinc day juar in t his con incl the all exc fen soc 7 of bac ist wa elit suc cel otl the +ortant repre intro nistra xisting allot ers by ing cut reduce largely r cent that he expose n com riginal ilde rticles by the years ition to guages a keen and a e many states ournal ashing is were valued yasa nee in heimer of the studied erhaps to her of the ive and under an cor as the ever vithout being he did sire to she did made anding or the monu national n editor ear subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff vou xvi no 30 may 21 1937 anglo japanese rivalry in southeast asia by ernest o hauser british french dutch and portuguese colonies are threatened x by japan’s southern policy of economic penetration as the report points out however conditions in this area are entirely different from those which confronted japan in manchuria to meet the changing situation in the east britain which has a vital interest in the preservation of the status quo has spent 10,000,000 in fortifying singapore and is willing to spend an additional 70,000,000 on an imperial pacific fleet may 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents dr william w bishop university of michigan library ann arbor mich dissension plagues spanish loyalists he cabinet crisis at valencia together with the earlier insurrection at barcelona have revealed anew the factional rivalries which seam spain’s popular front on may 15 francisco largo caballero left wing socialist and premier since september 4 resigned from office two days later a new government was formed by dr juan negrin a moderate socialist who had served in the outgoing cabinet as minister of finance his ministry is composed of three socialists two communists and four middle class republicans including one leader from both the catalan and the basque regional parties it thus represents all the groups in the previous cabinet with the exception of the anarcho syndicalists the de fense ministries are unified under the moderate socialist indalecio prieto two issues apparently brought the downfall of the largo caballero cabinet the communists backed by the left republicans and some social ists demanded a more unified and centralized war machine and sought to achieve this end by eliminating largo caballero in addition the un successful anarcho syndicalist revolt at bar celona had crystallized the determination of the other elements in the valencia régime to reduce the influence of this faction the barcelona struggle which flared up on may 4 was the result of long smoldering friction in the autonomous government of catalonia certain elements among the anarcho syndicalists in company with the semi trotzkyite p.o.u.m had fought the tendency of the socialists commu nists and republicans to give a win the war pol icy right of way over proletarian revolution they also opposed the government’s order to surrender their arms which they believed would end their power of independent action following this anarcho syndicalist revolt the valencia govern ment on may 6 took over direct control of the catalan army and police thus markedly strength ening its authority in the region behind these conflicts some observers see in ternational influences at work britain and france acting through the soviet union are be lieved willing to grant increased support to the valencia régime in return for a pledge that radi cal social revolution will not be carried through in the peninsula the communists thus pictured as the soviet agency in spain are apparently play ing a more conservative réle than the left wing socialists according to this theory the p.o.u.m and the anarcho syndicalists standing at the ex treme left were first shorn of power and now the largo caballero socialists have suffered the same fate should a moderate republican government eventually result from this trend grounds for german and italian apprehensions regarding communism in spain would largely be removed and the prospects for international mediation and a negotiated peace would be materially improved in the immediate future however spain’s re cent political conflicts may promote more effec tive coordination of the loyalist forces the anti franco military campaign would then take on new aggressiveness on may 17 the barcelona government pledged an offensive on the aragon front as a move to weaken rebel pressure on bilbao after a month and a half of effort gen eral mola’s troops aided by germans and italians had advanced some fifteen miles through the mountains of this northern area by may 18 they were within eight or ten miles of bilbao the initiation of the offensive apparently caught the basques by surprise but their determined re sistance has recently brought the insurgents al most to a standstill rebel superiority in air craft has made it possible for their planes to bomb and machine gun not only the opposing troops but also the defenseless villages of the countryside destruction on april 27 of the holy city of guernica apparently by german planes was particularly ruthless and resulted in the reported slaughter of 800 men women and children the ferocity of this attack brought forth a widespread international protest nevertheless general mola’s forces have threatened to bomb bilbao without mercy when the guernica in cident was discussed in the london non interven tion committee on may 4 the german representa tive joachim von ribbentropp justified this ac tion on the ground of military necessity and op posed any ban on the bombing of undefended towns charles a thomson the british imperial conference turning from their arduous celebration of empire unity at the coronation of george vi the prime ministers of all the british dominions save the irish free state met on may 14 for their first consultation on the empire’s political and economic affairs since 1930 the agenda of the conference published on march 11 con templates discussion in the broad fields of foreign affairs and defense constitutional questions and trade shipping and air communications prime minister stanley baldwin has conveyed the im pression that the first of these subjects will be accorded the greatest emphasis questions re garding the five year preferential economic agreements concluded at ottawa in 1932 are to be discussed separately between the individual gov ernments concerned this preoccupation with defense and foreign policy is due to two developments the collapse of collective security and attainment by the do minions of full equality of status with the mother country through the statute of westminster of 1931 britain now seeks to ascertain the attitude of the british commonwealth in case the united kingdom becomes involved in a european war the tense international situation has also made it necessary to consider the reaction of the do minions should the sea route through the medi terranean be cut during a conflict or japan con tinue its expansion in asia it is in britain’s interest to cement the ties binding component parts of the commonwealth without demanding concrete commitments which might provoke in tensification of isolationist sentiment in the do minions canada’s liberal government which has cultivated close relations with washington tends to favor a policy of collaboration with the united states in its attempt to insulate the west ern hemisphere from war arising elsewhere in the world australia wavers between negotiation of an asiatic non aggression pact involving japan and continuation of its policy of encouraging the re enforcement of singapore maintaining brit page two ee ee ish military power in the far east and de veloping the air services to london the union of south africa strives to prevent germany and italy from making territorial gains in africa either by peaceful cession or by war it is improbable that the conflicts between loca geographical interests and the sentimental ties of empire can be solved at the imperial confer ence or that the delegates will do much more than reaffirm the importance of defending imperia communications concrete understandings may be reached however for the coordination of de fense measures and for greater military expendi ture by the dominions some observers predict the establishment of a permanent secretariat in london to facilitate consultation in a crisis but it seems doubtful that the dominions will accede to a plan for further concentration of a functions in downing street although the british government appeared in clined to throttle any discussion of imperial tariff preferences the subject was brought to the at tention of the conference at its opening session when prime minister of canada mr mackenzie king appealed for liberalization of trade bar riers along the lines followed by the roosevelt administration canadian british and american statesmen realize that the ottawa agreements represent the outstanding obstacle to greater economic collaboration between the united states and the british commonwealth these agree ments have been of great benefit to the domin ions and have somewhat increased british ex ports to the empire they have however severe ly affected other surplus producers of raw ma terials and foodstuffs notably argentina and denmark and to some extent the united states and have hampered extension of the principle of freer trade from which britain would have everything to gain the british government ap parently does not wish on economic grounds to turn back from the policy of tariff protection it adopted five years ago observers hope how ever that the political advantages to be derived from closer collaboration with the united states in europe and the far east may impel london to come to terms with washington perhaps through a triangular trade agreement embracing britain canada and the united states david h popper m xico around me by max miller new york reynal ritchcock 1937 2.50 a travel book with more emphasis on the author’s te actions than on the mexican scene mexico a revolution by education by george i sanches new york the viking press 1936 2.75 a sympathetic if uncritical survey of mexico’s educa tional program foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 30 may 21 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lusiim bugit president esther g ocpan secretary vera micueres daan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year +id de union ly and africa n local al ties yonfer re than nperial s may of de cpendi predict riat in sis but accede nperial red in il tariff the at session ckenzie le bar vosevelt nerican ements greater states agree domin ish ex severe aw ma na and states rinciple ld have 1ent ap unds to ction it e ho derived 1 states london perhaps bracing opper reynal thor’s re sanchez ys educa 4 national ran editor year subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff vou xvi no 31 may 28 1937 billions for defense by w t stone and r a goslin a startling picture of what the nations of the world are spending for armament this book describes the development of war the doctrine of the nation in arms and the organization of modern armies it examines america’s national defense policies and finds that our armed forces are organized not primarily to defend our shores but to wage an overseas war in defense of national interests a headline book 25c 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 dr william bishop university of wichigan libre ann arbor mich soviet union wrestles with trotzkyism ass arrests and executions reported last week from widely separated regions of the soviet union reveal the state of nervous appre hension created by the suspicion that trotzkyist wreckers are seeking to undermine the coun try’s economic system as predicted by foreign observers the moscow trials of august 1936 and january 1937 were merely the opening gun in a far reaching campaign to exterminate all persons suspected of treasonable activities on march 3 in a speech to the central com mittee of the communist party stalin warned the population to beware of trotzkyists and spies in the employ of capitalist countries hostile to the soviet union two days later bukharin and rykov former leaders of the right opposition were charged by the central committee with anti party activities and expelled from the party on april 3 henry g yagoda erstwhile head of the ogpu who had already been demoted to the office of commissar of communications was dis missed on charges of embezzling public funds on may 11 marshal tukhachevsky vice com missar of war was removed from his post and appointed commander of the relatively unimpor tant volga military district on may 16 all but one of the members of the central trade union council secretariat were dismissed as enemies of the people on may 20 it was reported that 44 persons had been shot on charges of acting as agents of the japanese on the trans siberian railway while 20 others were executed in tiflis as trotzky fascist terrorists who aimed at the establishment of an independent republic under the protection of a certain capitalist power wholesale arrests were made among engineers and technicians notably in the donetz basin where coal production has lagged behind the schedules set by the second five year plan alarmed by this hunt for alleged trotzkyists factory directors and engineers hesitated to un dertake any project involving the least possibility of risk for fear they might be arrested in case of failure the situation became so disturbing that on may 15 andrei vishinsky attorney general of the u.s.s.r who had acted as prosecutor in the moscow trials intervened to check the over zealousness of local authorities his intervention revealed the dilemma of the government which having advertised the danger of trotzkyism cannot dismiss charges of sabotage without in vestigation yet realizes that the prevailing hue and cry destroys the morale of honest executives and blocks the development of soviet industry while continuing to prosecute alleged wreckers the stalin government is now seeking to remedy the major difficulties revealed by the moscow trials industrial maladjustment and party bureaucracy the trials had disclosed an appalling picture of disorganization waste and inefficiency in the principal soviet industries which the government blamed on the wrecking activities of self con fessed trotzkyists yet the execution of opposi tion leaders did not check disorganization or pre vent a slump in soviet production of coal oil and non ferrous metals this would lead one to as sume either that opposition to the government is more widespread and virulent than was origi nally admitted or that industrial inefficiency is due not merely to sabotage but to fundamental flaws in soviet operation of planned economy that the latter assumption may not prove far from the truth is indicated by a speech made on may 8 by valery mezhlauk commissar of heavy industry who urged substitution of small and manageable plants for mammoth enterprises and suggested partial revision of soviet emphasis on stakhanovism it had also been argued during the january trial notably by radek that absence of democ racy within the party left dissident party mem bers no choice except resort to underground op position activities the validity of this criticism was tacitly admitted on march 5 when the cen tral committee of the party announced its inten tion to eradicate the evils of party bureaucracy all party officials with the exception of the cen tral committee whose members will continue to be appointed must henceforth be freely elected by secret ballot and not as had frequently hap pened in the past appointed from above on grounds of favoritism or local political pull that the party far from relaxing its hold in tends to strengthen it in anticipation of emer gencies is indicated by a decree of may 17 es tablishing supreme military councils in all mil itary districts each council is to be composed of three members the district’s commanding of ficer and two civilians presumably representing the party’s views who will check the work of their military colleague besides supervision over military affairs the councils will have full re sponsibility for the political and moral condition of the army and will direct its merciless strug gle against espionage sabotage and wrecking this decree is apparently intended to minimize the danger that the army which has doubled in size during the past four years with a resulting dilution of the communist element might become a source of opposition to the government at the same time it increases civilian control over the army a development which was opposed by tukhachevsky and may have been one of the causes of his downfall the campaign against trotzkyism offers a striking illustration of the often bewildering course followed by the soviet government which today denounces opponents of its policies as wreckers and traitors and tomorrow acknowl edges the truth of their criticisms by incorporat ing opposition suggestions in its official program which it then becomes treasonable to question or criticize vera micheles dean churches fight hitler strained relations between germany and the vatican may reach the breaking point if cath olic bishops of the reich carry out their inten tion of making a determined appeal on june 5 on behalf of membership in catholic youth organi zations and if the pope decides to publish a white book on nazi violations of the concordat the fundamental conflict between the totalitarian claims of the nazi state and the catholic church latent at all times has come sharply to the fore in recent months as a result of the government’s uncompromising efforts to enlist all children in ___ page two an expanded hitler youth organization known ag the state youth and to end confessional schoo education by pressure exerted on parents in various school elections held throughout south ern germany the nazis were strikingly success ful in reducing registrations for catholic schools to a negligible percentage this campaign pro voked the pope to issue an encyclical on march 2 in which he took the reich to task for the sup pression of liberty of choice for those who have a right to catholic education at the same time he assailed nazi philosophy for practically deify ing the state and its leader publication of the encyclical created a storm of indignation in german official circles the papal letter was rejected as unwarranted interference in the reich’s internal affairs in a determined attempt to discredit the catholic church the govy ernment resumed the trials of priests and mem bers of religious orders which had been suspended a year ago as a conciliatory gesture to world opinion about a thousand members of such or ders have been or are being brought to trial on charges of immorality in trying four priests and three catholic laymen for treason the state also sought to link catholicism with communism speaking on may day chancellor hitler scorn fully declined to tolerate criticism of the state’s morals when there appears to be sufficient reason to concern one’s self about one’s own morals he challenged his critics by reiterating the deter mination to take away their children and train them to become new germans meanwhile prospects that the government would settle its differences with the evangelical church have well nigh vanished elections for a new national synod which hitler ordered on feb ruary 15 to restore unity among the protestants have been postponed indefinitely both the ger man christians and the opposition confessional church movement have clearly indicated they would not accept the results of any poll unfavor able to their cause in order to keep its doctrine free from nazi influences the confessional church is apparently working for complete separation of church and state it leaders have won over to this view most of the moderates who once fav ored some compromise with the government the latter seeing that its plans for unified con trol of the church are in danger of being thwarted has renewed persecution of confessional pastors during the week ending may 22 six pastors were arrested at the same time passports were re fused to fourteen opponents of nazi church pol icy who wished to attend the lutheran ecumen ical conference at oxford england john c dewilde foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 31 may 28 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lzslim bugell president esther g ocpgn secretary vera micheles dran béiter entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year fo an in vou x city kille dew +erence mined ie gov mem ended world ich or ial on oriests state anism scorn state’s reason 3 he deter train nment gelical fora n feb stants e ger sional they favor ctrine yhurch ration n over e fav iment d con rarted astors 3 were re re h pol umen lde national i editor ar er subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff vou xvi no 32 june 4 1937 strategy and diplomacy in the mediterranean by david h popper britain and italy have become the chief antagonists in the mediterranean this report considers the general strategic situation confronting italy britain and france and the manner in which that situation has been modified by recent diplomatic developments june 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents 2 1921 at the post office at new york y under the act n of march 3 1879 dr william w bishop university of ann arbor mich ae deutschland crisis revives european tension he german bombardment of almeria on may 31 in reprisal for the attack by loyalist airplanes on the pocket battleship deutschland threatens to wreck the latest international effort to limit hostilities in spain and dangerously ag gravates the forces menacing european peace germany and italy have both announced with drawal from the non intervention patrol of the spanish coasts and from participation in the london committee until sure guarantees are received against a recurrence of attacks on their vessels to forestall more serious developments london and paris have warned the fascist powers against further direct action and suggested a neu tral inquiry to determine responsibility for the deutschland bombing five german warships launched the almeria bombardment without warning contrary to the german claim that only the fortified port had been attacked journalists reported that the whole city had been shelled at least 20 persons were killed including women and children the deutschland had been bombed by loyalist air planes on may 29 while anchored at iviza in the balearic islands 23 seamen were killed the valencia ministry of defense asserted that the vessel had first opened fire on the aircraft prior to the bombing admiral von feschel command ing the german squadron in the mediterranean had notified valencia that adequate measures would be taken should loyalist aircraft fly over german vessels but the german cabinet in a communiqué issued on may 30 denied the valen cia charge and declared the attack was made without provocation three days earlier the italian auxiliary war ship barletta had been bombed by a loyalist airplane at palma on the island of majorca six officers being killed at the same time the ger man torpedo boat albatross and also the british flotilla leader hardy were reported to have been seriously endangered these craft as well as the deutschland were engaged in the international patrol of the spanish coasts spon sored by the london non intervention commit tee the valencia government contended how ever that the vessels presence in insurgent har bors contravened non intervention regulations which provided that control ships remain ten miles off the coast it also pointed out that patrol of the area including majorca and iviza had been assigned to the french navy and hence that ger man and italian warships had no mission in these waters but officials in london announced that patrol ships had frequently been making short visits to spanish ports loyalist resentment has long been rising against the activities of german and italian war ships which were accused of various secret at tacks on spanish ports and with directly aiding the rebel cause valencia spokesmen have re peatedly charged that majorca was dominated by italian forces and that the island was used as a base for italian warships and bombing planes feeling had been exacerbated by the bombing of valencia on may 28 and of barcelona on may 29 by airplanes presumably from majorca which re sulted in the slaughter of large numbers of non combatants in both cities on may 27 julio alvarez del vayo represen tative of the valencia government at geneva presented to the council of the league of nations a white book entitled italian aggression this contained 101 photostatic copies of documents declared to have been taken from italians killed or captured in the rout of their troops at guada lajara in march the white book purported to establish the presence in spain of completely or ganized italian military units which were acting as a veritable army of occupation it cited orders from the italian ministry of war for equipment and embarkation of troop units to be michigan libra supplied with arms and munitions from army stores it presented documents to indicate that high government officials including mussolini himself took an active part in sending orders and encouragement to the italian forces in spain all this declared alvarez del vayo is tanta mount to invasion of spain by italy del vayo however did not demand that the league council take action on the white book a resolution unanimously approved by the coun cil on may 29 made no mention of that publica tion but endorsed a move approved by the lon don non intervention committee on may 26 look ing toward limitation of hostilities in the penin sula through withdrawal of all non spanish combatants taking part in the struggle in spain this proposal to retire all foreign volunteers was part of a larger project evolved by british diplo macy which envisaged establishment of an arm istice between the contending forces as a neces sary accompaniment of the withdrawal program once fighting had been stopped it was hoped that it might not be resumed france had promptly voiced full support of the british program while the soviet union was reported as accepting it in principle germany had returned what was considered in downing street as an encouraging answer italy how ever did not reply the silence of the valencia white book on german intervention in spain save for a single reference to german bombing planes was interpreted as the result of british influence which sought to detach hitler from mussolini and through this isolation of italy to bring pressure on rome to support the british program now the loyalist bombing of german and italian warships has apparently reunited the fascist states germany has announced that it will attempt no further reprisals but both its naval commanders and those of italy have been authorized to fire on airplanes and warships which appear threatening cyartes a thomson egypt joins the league egypt’s formal admission to membership in the league of nations on may 26 marked the final step in its rise to the status of a sovereign nation a vassal state for 2000 years the land of the nile was recognized as an independent state on august 26 1936 with the signature of the anglo egyptian treaty of friendship and alli ance aside from the continued presence of some british armed forces the only remnant of for eign control was the system of capitulations by which the nationals of twelve foreign powers including the united states britain france and italy were exempted from egyptian taxation and page two fo permitted to administer their own legal system 4 through consular and mixed courts the british government in the anglo egyptian treaty had recognized the anachronism of maintaining a separate régime for foreigners in egypt and promised to support its ally in calling a confer ence to abolish the 400 year old rights vou x the conference convened at montreux switzer land on april 12 1987 when it closed on may 8 egypt had received the right to tax foreigners on the same basis as its own nationals after october 15 1937 and to bring all legal cases in volving foreigners under the control of egyptian courts after a twelve year transition period dur ing which the foreign judges of the mixed courts will be gradually replaced by native egyptians epa the present jurisdiction of the consular courts except for questions of personal status marriage divorce inheritance etc will pass to the mixed ne courts at once the conference held at montreux the same city where turkey obtained the right to remil itarize the straits last year was carried on in a markedly harmonious atmosphere the only seine serious point of disagreement concerned the gyece length of the transition period egypt had asked tions for twelve years but france and other powers rif with large financial interests in egypt preferred spon a twenty year period the prompt support of britain and the united states the latter acting th in the name of its good neighbor policy o q brought about the adoption of the egyptian pro posal and at the final signature of the convention yqq all twelve powers signed without reservations helen fisher clude the ejido mexico’s way out by eyler n simpson afte chapel hill university of north carolina press 1937 5.00 a first rank study of mexico’s agrarian reform notable for its encyclopedic scope its thorough research and its com arresting thesis fere i pre war years 1918 1917 by frederic l paxson bos ated ton houghton mifflin 1936 3.75 this well written survey of american democracy and the world war suffers from inadequate discussion of whic fundamental social and economic currents mle we can defend america by johnson hagood garden not city doubleday doran 1937 2.50 rule an american general strikes at the organization of our d military forces for purposes other than defense against tact invasion portrait of a people by dorothea orr new york funk of 1 and wagnalls 1936 2.50 org sympathetic and picturesque record of two years in con croatia uns national economic security by arthur b adams nor pro man university of oklahoma press 1936 2.50 truc stimulation of consumers goods industries and a wider and more even distribution of national income are held the of keystones of greater economic stability c0 effe foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 32 jung 4 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national cou headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonnd lgsiig bubll president esther g ocpgn secretary vera micuhe.es dean editor the entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year cer +had and fer zey fay ers ter in ian lur irts uns age xed ume mil in nly the ked ers of ing y ro tion ns son able 1 its and 1 of rden our 1inst s in nor rider the tional editor ish foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xvi no 33 a_ june 11 1937 special f.p.a luncheon in honor of his excellency m paul van zeeland premier of belgium at the hotel astor on monday june 28 at 12 45 o'clock the premier will speak in english f p a members 1.75 non members 2.25 dr william w bishop university of michigan library ann arbor mich new premier allays japan's internal co nflict he atmosphere of crisis existing in japan since the fall of the hirota cabinet last jan uary was markedly diminished on june 3 when prince fumimaro konoe announced that he had succeeded in forming a new government of na tional union weary of continual bickering and strife all sections of the nation have warmly re sponded to the new premier’s radio appeals for cessation of political friction the new cabinet succeeds the short lived régime of general senjuro hayashi which terminated on may 31 after 118 days in office hayashi’s sudden fall was the climax of a series of blunders prominent among which were the failure to in clude party members in his cabinet and the abrupt dissolution of the diet on march 31 immediately after it had voted the budgetary appropriations demanded by the armed services in the ensuing general election the politicians were virtually compelled to oppose the government which suf fered a disastrous defeat hayashi then reiter ated his belief in constitutional politics peculiar to japan apparently a form of government in which political parties blindly follow the pre mier’s lead and openly stated that if he could not secure their assent to his program he would rule in defiance of the politicians despite these authoritarian gestures hayashi’s tactics were too conservative to win the support of the group of young officers demanding re organization of the state on a semi fascist basis consequently the premier fell between two stools unsupported by the reactionaries he needlessly provoked opposition among cautious liberals his truculent assertions finally alienated the house of peers the privy council and military and economic interests which realized the unsettling effect of long continued internal conflict the coup de grace was apparently delivered when the seiyukai and the minseito undertook con certed action to bring about the fall of the cabinet the new premier is one of the few prominent japanese public figures who have so carefully steered a middle course that they are still accep table to both liberals and reactionaries as gov ernment leaders although he lacks political ex perience he has long been regarded by the em peror’s close advisers as first class executive tim ber i is generally believed that he cannot fail to give guarded approval to the semi fascist re forms urged by the army although these will doubtless be effected at a sufficiently slow pace to avoid serious opposition on the part of politicians and conservative business interests as one of his first moves prince konoe made his peace with the military and induced general gen sugiyama to remain as their representative in the cabinet by accepting their vaguely phrased demands the two relatively liberal members of the hayashi cabinet naotake sato foreign min ister and toyotaro yuki finance minister have found no place in the new administration the foreign ministry goes to former premier koki hirota who is expected to initiate a some what stronger external policy while eiichi baba exponent of controlled economy and inflationary finance in the hirota cabinet assumes the impor tant post of home minister for the present japan thus seems to have gained a precarious respite from open internal crisis compromise government is apparently to be continued under a military bureaucratic co alition headed by a premier enjoying great pres tige the advocates of a radical swing to the right have been disappointed yet it appears obvious that the outcome of the conflict which has raged since the beginning of the year has been distinctly unfavorable to the political par ties where there were four politicians in the hirota cabinet prince konoe has admitted only two who occupy minor posts and were chosen without prior consultation with their parties the standing of the parties has not been enhanced by their evident eagerness to come to terms with hayashi’s successor on almost any terms the power of initiative has completely slipped from the hands of the politicians the parties still exist but perhaps only because it is easier to secure their assent to government policies than to interrupt progress toward a semi wartime economy by a struggle for their destruction davip h popper no change in gold price likely despite president roosevelt’s statement on june 4 that no change in american gold policy is contemplated international financial markets con tinue to be disturbed over a possible reduction in the price which the united states treasury is paying for gold on the surface there appears to be ample justi fication for the fear that the present price of gold may not be maintained american officials have displayed considerable concern over the large influx of capital and gold into this country during the last three years 3,064 million dollars of foreign capital have sought refuge or invest ment in the united states this migration of capital has in turn been almost wholly responsible for net imports of gold amounting to almost four billion dollars during the first four months of the current year gold has continued to come in at the rate of 1,835,000,000 per annum until recently this gold entered into our bank reserves and thus provided the basis for a dan gerous inflation of credit to meet this situation the federal reserve board has been compelled within the past year to double reserve require ments of member banks of the federal reserve system moreover since december 21 1936 the united states treasury has been keeping incom ing gold out of bank reserves by buying it with proceeds from the sale of public debt obligations and holding it in an inactive account at the treas ury by june 4 the government had already bought gold to the value of 825,475,985 since this policy involves a costly increase in the fed eral debt at a time when the demand for economy is growing officials have undoubtedly been con sidering ways and means to discourage further imports of gold suggestions have been advanced that the treasury should cut the price of 35 per ounce now being paid for gold it has been argued that such a step taken by the united states alone would discourage the influx of cap ital or if taken simultaneously by the leading countries of the world would at least reduce the output of gold which is now at record high levels nevertheless the disadvantages of any reduc page two tion in the price of gold are so obvious as to make it extremely improbable if the united state took this step the dollar would appreciate jp terms of foreign currencies thus upsetting cur rency relationships just as they are attaining comparative stability it would put new difficyl ties in the way of our exports and tend to bring about a decline in prices which might affect bugj ness unfavorably moreover to lower the price of gold would involve a depreciation in the value of our gold holdings at the expense of the treas ury it has been estimated that a reduction of 5 an ounce would alone cost the treasury over 1,700,000,000 under these conditions it ig hardly conceivable that the president could obtain congressional authorization to appreciate the value of the dollar it would be possible of course to reduce the price of gold by international action without dis turbing existing exchange rates the high price of this metal in terms of depreciated currencies has been largely responsible for increasing gold output from a total of 22.4 million fine ounces in 1931 to 35.3 million in 1936 if gold production could be lowered by reducing the price the amount which would have to be absorbed into the monetary system would be correspondingly small er yet international agreement would be diffi cult to obtain and would certainly be opposed by the gold producing countries within the british empire moreover it might still have unfortu nate deflationary effects and would involve a re valuation of gold holdings entailing an actual or potential loss to the government of every coun try subscribing to the agreement the flow of capital and consequently of gold to the united states has been caused not so much by the price of gold paid here as by the lack of political and economic security in europe and by the desire of foreigners to share in the profits of our economic recovery it is largely a symptom of instability and fear fundamentally only the amelioration of political and economic conditions abroad can bring about a reversal in the migra tion of capital to this improvement the united states can at present make only a limited con tribution by elaborating our trade reciprocity program and cooperating in currency stabiliza tion as soon as conditions prove favorable john c dewilde the supreme cause by estelle m sternberger new york dodd mead co 1936 1.25 this book contains much information bearing on the problem of war but lacks a unifying thought fo an in vou 2 for meni onstf ducte centr least bata anes barb tinue decl expe if dest this for koy tion hot virt fail pail den leas we native policies in africa by dr l p mair london late geo routledge sons ltd 1936 12s 6d a valuable summary of colonial policies wa are foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 33 jung 11 1937 f p a membership five dollars a year published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th screet new york n y raymond lagsiig bubll president esther g ocpgn secretary vera miccheles dan biéitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year thi +ake ates in cur ling cul ring uusi rice alue 1 of ver tain the the tice cies rold ss in tion the nall liffi 1 by itish rtu te l or oun old 1uch k of 1 by 3 of tom the ions gra ited con city liza de new ndon lational foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 vest 40th street new york n y you xvii no 34 __ june 17 1938 for a comprehensive survey of soviet achieve ments under the first two five year plans read problems of labor and management in the u.s.s.r and industry and agriculture in the u.s.s.r by vera micheles dean foreign policy reports 25 cents ee un entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 dr william w bishop university of michigan library ann arbor mich american exports bolster japan uring recent weeks the new military fascist members added to japan’s cabinet have dem onstrated how the war in china should be con ducted not content with an intensified drive on the central china fronts they have instituted a ruthless bombing of canton which has piled up a total of at least 8,000 casualties mostly civilian non com batants laying claim to military necessity jap anese officials have spurned protests against this barbarity declared that the air raids would be con tinued with even greater vigor and acted on this declaration by june 12 as a result canton was experiencing its fifteenth successive day of aerial bombardment military inefficiency rather than military necessity if the realization that a desperate case requires desperate remedies be excepted lies at the root of this latest exhibition of japanese frightfulness for months japan’s naval planes have been bombing the tracks stations and bridges of the canton kowloon railway in an effort to disrupt the muni tions shipments which are reaching hankow via hongkong and canton japanese planes have been virtually unopposed in the air nevertheless they have failed to interrupt railway traffic heroic chinese re pair crews quickly restored tracks or bridges where the raiding planes scored direct hits hoping to demoralize the chinese defense the new japanese leadership deliberately resorted to an indiscriminate bombing of canton the doubtful efficacy of this weapon has again been illustrated in south china latest reports indicate that the canton kowloon rail way is still functioning and that munitions trains are still passing north to hankow the raids on canton are not the responsibility of japan alone americans should face the fact that this country is participating de facto in the destruc tion wrought at cantc gh test aviation fuel which the united is supplying in large and increasing quantitier yap aakes this coun try a participant in the _ir vmbardments so also does the 5,670,237 worth of american air craft and accessories sold to japan since january 1938 as pointed out in the washington news letter these facts led secretary hull on june 11 to reveal that the state department was taking measures to discourage sale of american airplanes to japan airplanes however constitute but a small por tion of the war materials which american concerns are supplying to japan high grade steels with specified alloys special types of machinery and ma chine tools and certain fuels and lubricating oils these and other products are available to japan in large quantities only in the american market when scrap and pig iron refined copper petroleum auto mobiles and accessories non metallic metals and numerous lesser items are added to the list of ameri can exports to japan the full picture becomes ap parent a scientific study of this subject to be shortly published by the chinese council for economic re search at washington d c estimates that during recent months japan has secured 54.4 per cent of its war imports from the united states it is clear that secretary hull’s private warnings to a few american airplane manufacturers do not constitute an adequate answer to the question raised by these facts the united states as the chief source of supply of japan’s war materials has become a silent partner in japanese aggression it is not enough to say that this country is also supplying munitions to china nor does application of the neutrality act commend itself as the proper answer to the situation that has developed as early as last september the american government explicitly hig oe 4 4 4 aa a re a es eon aren se eee te the me i ag te ne eee cet rent ranged itself with the league in condemnation of japan’s bombing of open cities in china in more recent declarations the state department has im plicitly branded japan as the aggressor in the current far eastern hostilities something more than words is required however if the united states is not to be accused of transparent hypocrisy in order to en force a policy of non participation in japanese ag gression the american government must levy a strict embargo on sales of war materials to japan at the same time the chinese government should continue to enjoy every facility for the purchase of the muni tions which it needs to protect china’s national ex istence against an unjustified and ruthless assault only thus can the deeds of our government be squared with its words this policy will demand a price from certain vested american interests but that price will be cheap compared with the war which looms on the horizon if japan ever establishes itself effectively in china despite japan’s recent military gains there is no reason to believe that the chinese cause is hopeless rising waters and breaches in the dikes of the yellow river have mired the japanese advance along the lunghai railway and chengchow is apparently still in chinese hands time is being given for the chinese forces to reform their lines for the defense of hankow withdrawal of further american aid to the aggressor at this crucial moment would con demn japan’s desperate eleventh hour offensive to defeat t a bisson czech elections leave europe uneasy the last in a series of three czechoslovak munici pal elections was held without incident on june 12 in spite of renewed attacks by the german press of the total vote cast in predominantly german com munities 90.9 per cent according to konrad hen lein’s headquarters was polled by the sudeten german party reinforced after amschluss by the german agrarians and clericals the german social democrats experienced heavy losses but succeeded in retaining political representation in the predom inantly czechoslovak communities the government parties maintained their previous gains the com munist vote which had considerably increased during the first elections on may 22 owing partly to czech hope of soviet assistance against germany registered a decline while complete figures are still lacking the catholic slovak people’s party headed by father hlinka who on june 5 made a plea for slovak auton omy apparently suffered unexpected losses the anticipated victory of henlein candidates in german districts failed to clear the sultry atmosphere of central europe encouraged by his success hen lein it is feared may now press the maximum de page two mands set forth in his karlsbad speech of april 244 negotiations between sudeten representatives and premier hodza were resumed on june 10 and wij probably be accelerated with the completion of the nationalities statute scheduled for june 14 tha germany has no intention of abating its pressure on prague was indicated over the weekend by a ney press campaign based less on concern for the fate of the sudeten germans than on the charge tha czechoslovakia is a hotbed of communism as in the case of spain this form of propaganda is intended to win adherents among conservative elements ig france and britain who regard communism as 4 greater danger than fascism yet german agitation on behalf of the sudeten germans may prove a boomerang by focusing the attention of all european minorities on their real or imagined grievances on june 7 the league of poles in germany submitted a memorandum to the hitler government charging that the polish minority of ol 1,200,000 is subjected to all sorts of economic cul tural and religious discrimination and in some cases of to boycott and physical violence this memorandum published in the polish press in germany and re produced with indignation in poland was not men tioned by german newspapers while the germano phile colonel beck is not ready to pick a quel with the third reich the fact that information un favorable to germany was allowed to appear is one of many straws in the wind indicating that the po lish government may be veering away from its pro german orientation similar stiffening against nazi agitation may be detected in hungary where the pro nazi premiet daranyi was succeeded on may 13 by bela imredy an expert economist who had formerly served as minister of finance and governor of the national bank dr imredy can in no sense be regarded as anti german in a speech of june 1 his foreign min ister de kanya stressed hungary's friendship for germany and italy and the premier made n to block the passage of an anti semitic bill limuting jewish participation in trade and the professions 20 per cent but like dr schuschnigg the new premier a fervent catholic has adopted stern meas ures against nazi propaganda hoping to steer 4 middle course nor does dr imredy regard with favor germany's attempt to achieve economic dom ination in eastern europe the question whether imredy can succeed wheré schuschnigg failed depends in large part on the future course of germany's drang nach osten the inroads made by german trade in eastern ev rope and the balkans would be facilitated by the the road back to 1914 foreign policy bulletin may 6 1938 continued on page 4 niti me tive at 4 and will the sure new fate 1 the ided s in as 4 leten al or oles litler where n the dsten n eu yy the oe w ashington news letter washington bureau national press building june 13 as bombings of civilian populations continue unabated in spain and china state depart ment officials are exploring ways of implementing the administration’s recent proclamations con demning unrestricted aerial warfare at his press conference last saturday secretary hull revealed that the administration is already taking steps to discourage shipments of american airplanes to coun tries engaged in indiscriminate bombing from the air as shipments to spain are already prohibited under the neutrality laws the new policy applies only to japan until ten days ago the only measures taken to inform american airplane manufacturers of the government's attitude were the public state ments expressing emphatic reprobation of ruthless bombing during the past week however the mu nitions control board has explained the govern ment’s policy in oral statements made to representa tives of american manufacturers who have called at the department to ask for guidance so far only two or three aircraft firms have made such inquiries in washington and no steps have yet been taken to inform the aircraft industry as a whole moral pressure versus embargoes in confining itself to moral pressure the state department is side stepping the controversial issue of embargoes which under existing laws could only be applied by invok ing the neutrality act the effectiveness of moral pressure however is open to question similar pres sure was applied to discourage the export of oil and other war materials to italy during the ethiopian without conspicuous success in fact pet le ports to italy rose steadily from a monthly erage of 505,000 in 1934 to a peak of 2,296,000 in december 1935 and exports remained well above the peace time level until the end of hostilities the same method was employed to discourage arms shipments to spain during the first six months of the civil war but in january 1937 the president finally fequested congress to give him authority to embargo all arms shipments to both sides in spain in the far east records of the munitions control board show a marked increase in aircraft orders from japan in recent months during march april and may licenses were granted for the sale of aircraft products totaling 3,947,000 or more than the total value of aircraft sold to japan during the entire preceding seven months since the outbreak of hostilities in july 1937 such licenses to japan have reached 7 414,387 as compared with 8,607,482 for aircraft sales to china it is just possible that moral pressure may be more effective in discouraging aircraft sales to japan than it was in the case of petroleum during the ethiopian war american aircraft manufacturers are now operating at or near capacity production and the additional orders recently placed in this country by britain and france may make it difficult for ameri can firms to fill japanese orders in any case larger issues involved the fundamental ques tion however is not limited to the export of bombing airplanes and state department officials are well aware that they have opened up an issue with wide ramifications already mr hull is being bombarded with resolutions and appeals from divergent pres sure groups on the one hand five organizations representing the neutrality wing of the peace movement issued a statement on june 13 urging the state department to stop the pending sale of 400 airplanes to britain on the ground that the british empire is one of the offenders in this practice declaring that the bombing of helpless women and children on the northwest frontier of india is a matter of common knowledge this group is de manding action on the nye fish bill which would forbid munitions exports to all countries in time of peace as well as in time of war on the other hand delegations urging concerted action against aggres sor nations are arriving in washington to press for embargoes on all war materials to japan if the gov ernment disapproves of the shipment of bombing airplanes why should it allow the export of other munitions which are just as destructive moreover they ask why should japan be allowed to purchase huge supplies of oil scrap iron copper cotton and other essential materials without which it could not carry out its aggressive campaign in china the state department is dodging these questions with congress about to adjourn the administration has no intention of pressing for new embargo legis lation or raising any controversial issue of foreign policy but unless the president invokes the neutral ity act which he has steadfastly declined to do he is powerless to prohibit airplane exports or any note with the adjournment of congress publication of the washington news letter will be suspended for the summer months it will be resumed early in the fall i aid il ae a 7 ae 7 t other war material the practical effect of mr hull’s move to discourage airplane shipments is likely to be determined in large part by the trend of american public opinion during the next few months at any rate public opinion continues to be the primary con cern of the president’s advisers on foreign affairs if popular resentment against unrestricted bombing crys tallizes in a movement to embargo airplanes and other war materials to aggressors then it is argued the administration will be in a position to launch a campaign for repeal or revision of the neutrality laws when congress reconvenes in january w t stone czech elections leave europe uneasy continued from page 2 letion set for 1945 of a canal linking the rhine with the danube which would give germany easier access to the oil wheat and mineral resources of hungary and rumania this trade expansion raises the question answered in the negative in 1914 whether germany will be content with a commercial victory over british french and italian interests in the danubian region or will seek to germanize non german peoples by force if necessary past ex perience would indicate that germany's success in fostering trade is in inverse ratio to its ability to understand the temper of non german peoples it is on the rock of nationalist sentiment in czecho slovakia hungary and rumania that the eastward drive of german nationalism may eventually founder meanwhile germany's economic position shows signs of a strain which depending on hitler's de cision may prove either a deterrent from or an in centive to war german foreign trade which closed 1937 with a surplus has thus far this year shown a considerable deficit further increased by the annexa tion of austria the reich faced by a shortage of foreign exchange has mobilized all the gold silver and foreign currency found in austria for the pur chase of raw materials these measures leave no exchange available for payment of debt service on austria's international loans of 1933 1934 guaran teed by several european countries notably britain france and italy negotiations regarding these loans undertaken in berlin by sir frederick leith ross financial adviser of the british government appar ently reached a deadlock on june 7 a committee representing the guarantor powers protested to ger many against default on the debt service due june 1 in retaliation britain and france plan to institute a compulsory clearing arrangement under which they would collect debt payments from money due fc a to german exporters since germany’s exports to ppica france and britain are far greater than its purchases jral 4 in these countries such a move might prove embar of rassing for the third reich economic difficulties are also being experienced by yor italy which has suffered from the severe drought now afflicting europe after strenuous efforts to achieve self sufficiency italy may once more be forced to import wheat thus further straining its foreign trade balance which at the end of april showed a deficit of over one billion lire yet musso lini seems determined to assure the victory of franco even at the price of jeopardizing the anglo italian agreement of april 16 british protests to general franco regarding the series of severe air raids which during the past week wrecked british shipping along the spanish coast and the british owned port of gandia in spain should according to well informed observers have been addressed to hitler and musso a lini while british opinion has been shocked by the inhuman character of rebel air raids directed for the most part at non military objectives retaliation fl it is feared would involve britain in the war it has consistently sought to localize by its policy of non vic intervention this dilemma lends peculiar force to has mr eden’s speech of june 12 in which the former th foreign secretary told his leamington constituents fe that retreat is not always the path to peace mr p y path to peace ke chamberlain’s realistic policy of concessions to nr hitler and mussolini concessions made out of fear g and at the expense of weaker countries have so far had the unpalatable result of straining britain’s re of lations with both dictators wii vera micheles dean e e page four twentieth anniversary 1918 38 the foreign policy association organized on no po vember 10 1918 as the committee on nothing at tin all will celebrate its twentieth anniversary on sti november 18 and 19 the celebration will include a 2 dinner a saturday luncheon round table discussions 8 and a branch representatives conference the speak a r ers at these sessions will be of exceptional interest to th our membership topics and names of speakers will be announced in later bulletins a cordial invitation 49 is extended to all of our members to attend this an oy niversary celebration mc as your share in this celebration won’t you pledge or yourself to secure at least one new member this yeat m thus helping in the development of a steadily sh growing f.p.a foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 34 jung 17 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national me headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lasiigp bustt president dorothy f leer secretary verna micheles dean editor ex entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year th es f p a membership five dollars a year +foreign policy bulletin ae an interpretation of current international events by the research staff class matter december 2 1921 at the post rts to bpical room subscription one dollar a year office at new york chases te foreign policy association incorporated t ala ee mbar 8 west 40th street new york n y ed by yor xvi no 35 june 25 1937 general library ought oe on monpay june 28 at 12 45 o'clock university of michigas re be special f p a luncheon arbor michigaa ng its ann at april in honor of fusen his excellency m paul van zeeland ranco at the hotel astor talian the premier will speak in english eneral f p a members 1.75 non members 2.25 which alon a blum’s fall presages renewed instability oo fter a little more than a year in office the the treasury faced the task of borrowing more by the cabinet of léon blum resigned early on than 40 billion francs during 1937 confidence ed june 21 following rejection by the french senate in the government however was at such a low a of its request for power to meet the financial ebb that the treasury was able to cover only a iation emergency this government was not only the very small portion of its needs in march the ithas first based on the popular front which emerged situation became so serious that the government f non victorious from the elections of may 1936 but called a halt in further reforms and cut public yrce to had the added distinction of having lasted longer works expenditure in an effort to gain the confi former than any ministry since november 1928 its de dence of business and secure the repatriation of ituents feat at this time threatens to bring about another more than 40 billion francs of french capital mr period of governmental instability which may which had sought refuge abroad for a time this f well have serious repercussions on economic and about face seemed likely to succeed the govern ons political life at home and aggravate the uncer ment was able to float a loan of 8 billion francs for of fear tainty of the international situation national defense although on extremely unfavor he fat like almost all governments of the left that able terms ins tf of blum failed because of its inability to cope nevertheless french business refused to trust with government finances under pressure from the popular front cabinet government spokes yean its own followers it rapidly enacted a compre men pointed out in vain that recovery was gradu hensive program of social and economic reforms ally setting in that prices were tending toward and brought about a general rise in wages while stability and that foreign trade was picking up 8 most of this legislation was praiseworthy in pur nor were business men completely reassured by on no pose it imposed a heavy burden on business at a the renewal for another six months of the collec hing at time when practically all enterprises were tive labor agreements due to expirein june they sary on struggling to remain solvent wholesale prices feared or professed to fear further restrictive clude aj accordingly rose 50 per cent and retail prices measures at their expense and in justification cussions s me 30 per cent in order to offset the growing pointed to certain disquieting utterances of speak disparity between french and foreign prices labor leaders and members of the government crest the franc was devalued last september even under these circumstances the treasury was un og this step however did not produce any marked able to borrow the 20 billion francs required for 7 ae recovery industrial production increased about the remainder of the year in desperation the vitation 10 per cent but largely as the result of armament government turned to parliament on june 15 and this an orders railway carloadings in the first five requested full powers until july 31 to take by months of 1937 were scarcely higher than the decree all measures needed to assure the recovery pledge low levels of the previous year moreover by of public finances and to meet attacks against his yeat may of this year the foreign trade balance already public savings and credit it was generally steadily showed a deficit of over six billion francs expected that this authority would be used to raise the absence of any substantial economic re approximately 4 billion francs by direct and in vival made the financial situation of the govern direct taxes and perhaps to borrow another 10 national ment increasingly precarious burdened by heavy billion from the bank of france to tide over the an editors expenditures for armaments public works and emergency the deficits of railways and local governments on june 16 the chamber approved the full page two powers by a vote of 346 to 247 although twenty radical socialists deserted and the communists only at the last minute reversed a decision not to support the government the senate however completely emasculated the bill dominated by the extreme conservative wing of the radical so cialist party the upper chamber on june 19 adopted an alternative proposal giving the cabinet restricted powers to act against speculative maneuvers likely to injure saving funds or public credit and specifically prohibiting further bor rowing from the bank of france unable to se cure reconsideration of this action the govern ment preferred to resign fortunately the fall of the cabinet has not led to public disturbances nor to any immediate finan cial crisis the future however can hardly be viewed with optimism while the political com position of the chamber makes a new popular front government likely either under the radi cal socialist camille chautemps or again under léon blum it is difficult to see how such a min istry can solve the financial problem in the face of the hostility of french capitalists only the determination of all political factions to preserve peace throughout the summer would grant it any thing more than a brief lease on life john c dewilde paraguayan army blocks chaco peace efforts to liquidate the chaco war struck a new snag with the announcement on june 13 that the paraguayan army had refused to heed a govern ment order demanding withdrawal of its lines two years have passed since the armistice proto col of june 12 1935 ended open hostilities under this agreement the belligerent armies were de mobilized and prisoners of war exchanged but the chaco peace conference at buenos aires made up of representatives from argentina brazil chile peru the united states and uruguay has made no appreciable progress through sponsorship of direct negotiation between the par ties toward settlement of the territorial dispute underlying the conflict opposition by army of ficers to any concessions was a factor in revolu tions which during the first half of 1936 over threw civilian cabinets in both countries and brought to power military régimes in paraguay the government is headed by colonel rafael franco in bolivia by colonel david toro to accelerate the peace negotiations the chaco conference attempted to secure renewal of diplo matic relations between the former enemies on january 9 1937 delegates of the two nations ap proved this step bolivia however made accept ance conditional on withdrawal of paraguayan a i troops from the main line road connecting bo livian military headquarters at boyuibe with villg montes in a rich agricultural district the armis tice had left the victorious paraguayans astride this highway in bolivia proper for four months paraguayan army leaders stubbornly refused to carry out this move in may a new accord wag approved specifying conditions for putting the january agreement into effect but a speech of the paraguayan foreign minister on june 6 in which he attempted to marshal popular support for the pledge was reported to have so angered the bolivian government that it refused to pro ceed with the resumption of diplomatic relations then president franco was defied by his own officers representing the principal group which had earlier placed him in office franco faced on the one hand by a army and on the other by pressure from the chaco peace conference which included oe rgentina paraguay’s most powerful supporter finally took refuge in a policy of persuasion in which he sought the conference’s cooperation as a companion group to two neutral officers dis patched to the chaco on june 16 by the buenos aires conference the paraguayan foreign office named an official commission both were charged with the difficult task of persuading army leaders to change their attitude should their failure bring with it the breakdown of direct negotia tions the chaco peace conference is authorized by the 1935 protocol to initiate discussion of an arbitration agreement for submission of the ter ritorial dispute to the world court but the re current bickering of the parties promises as thorny a road for this procedure as that already encountered fears are now expressed that in creasing recalcitrance on the part of both nations may lead to a renewal of the costly and futile struggle charles a thomson the revolution betrayed by leon trotzky translated by max eastman garden city doubleda doran 1937 2.50 with undiminished vigor trotzky carries o contro versy with stalin regarding the objectives an hods of the soviet system he contends that the sional rela of the soviet union have betrayed the cause of socialism calls for a political revolution to overthrow the party bureaucracy social aspects of the banana industry by charles david kepner jr new york columbia university press 1936 3.00 a study of the united fruit company and its relations with labor and planters japan’s feet of clay by freda utley new york norton 1937 3.75 the western powers are exhorted to call japan’s bluff by firm opposition to the territorial expansion which may one day ameliorate its economic and social weaknesses foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 35 jung 25 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonnd lzstim buglt president esther g ogden secretary vera micheles dran editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year national fc ani +ee es x bo villa irmis stride ionths ed to d was ig the ach of 6 in ipport gered 0 pro itions s own which tinous chaco ntina finally which as a s dis suenos office harged leaders failure egotia horized 1 of an he ter the re ises as already hat in nations 1 futile mson anslated doran contro methods nt rulers socialism he party les david y press relations norton s bluff by 1 may one 3es tt 1 national ban eéitor year foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 vout xvi no 36 july 2 1937 announcing the latest headline book church and state new forms of government have profoundly changed old relationships between church and state in dictatorships and even in democracies there are signs of struggle between religious authority and increasingly centralized government this book examines the conflict in the soviet union ger many italy spain and mexico as well as the united states single copies 25 cents in paper 35 cents in boards willic w bishop university of michigan library new alarms over spain nce more the international situation has taken a turn for the worse following gen eral franco’s capture of bilbao on june 19 both germany and italy made it clear that they would accept no compromise in spain in an article presumably written by mussolini jl popolo d’italia said italy has not been neutral in this conflict but has fought and victory will therefore be hers hitler declared on june 27 that germany wished to see a nationalist government in spain both dictators now virtually admit that they are allies of general franco this determination to push intervention in spain seems to have been due in part to events in the soviet union and france on june 13 mos cow laconically announced that after a secret trial eight leading generals of the red army including marshal tukhachevsky one of the best known figures in the country had been shot they had been accused of plotting with germany to bring about the dismemberment of the soviet union even though the outside world had become accus tomed to wholesale soviet executions a total of 168 alleged trotskyists had been shot since the zin ovieff trials the fate of these generals produced a widespread shock the russian army was the one soviet institution generally regarded as stable efficient and well disciplined while few be lieve that these generals were guilty of treason it is possible that they had continued the close re lationship established with the german reichs wehr at the end of the world war and resented communist interference with the administration of the army these executions together with the disorganization of agricultural and industrial production have gravely impaired russia’s value as an ally of france and the position of moscow in spain france in turn has been greatly weakened by a serious financial crisis on june 29 the new popular front government headed by m chau temps who succeeded m blum was compelled to suspend dealings in gold and foreign exchange and to close the paris bourse at the same time it decided to request parliament for emergency financial powers only time will tell whether m georges bonnet the new finance minister will be more successful in inspiring confidence than his predecessor in berlin the german moderates apparently wished to take advantage of the developments in the soviet union and france to come to an under standing with britain on june 15 it was an nounced that baron von neurath german for eign minister would visit london to explore the international situation hitler could contend that events in the soviet union had proved the nazi thesis of the diabolical nature of bolshevism and that britain should give berlin a free hand in the east in return for withdrawal from spain the way was paved for some such development by the return on june 16 of germany and italy to the spanish naval patrol on condition that the four control powers would immediately confer on the joint steps to be taken in the event of any new attack on patrolling vessels the hopes aroused by this agreement were rudely dashed when germany charged that a loy alist submarine had attacked the cruiser leipzig on june 15 and 18 and demanded that the four control powers engage in a naval demonstration against the valencia government while it is possible that the soviet union had induced valencia to precipitate such incidents to prevent an anglo german understanding neither france nor britain was satisfied that the leipzig had been deliberately attacked nor were they willing to engage in a naval demonstration conse quently hitler charged that they lacked the neces sary spirit of solidarity and the two fascist powers again withdrew from the naval patrol on june 23 indicating that they would defend their interests independently on the same day in the house of commons prime minister neville chamberlain warned that if any country should intervene beyond a certain point in spain a general war might be precipi tated he added however that there is not a european country or government that wants to see a european war since that is so let us try to keep cool heads despite chamberlain’s ap peal for moderation the remarks of opposition leaders in the british parliament seem to have angered hitler after attacking speakers in parliament he declared at wuerzburg that france and britain had refused to pay any atten tion to the moderate german demands in the leipzig affair and this treatment merely showed what we germans might expect if we were to leave the fate of the german reich to international institutions for deliberation baron von neurath cancelled his visit to london and both germany and italy indicated that they would reject the proposal that the gap left by withdrawal of fascist war vessels be filled by french and british ships meanwhile german and italian warships remain in spanish waters where it is feared they may establish a blockade or even openly attack the valencia government the one hopeful ele ment is that neither berlin nor rome has with drawn from the london non intervention com mittee in the united states a number of congressmen demand the imposition of an arms embargo against germany and italy since both are com mitting acts of war in spain while these fascist dictatorships may freely buy arms in this coun try the valencia government is unable to do so because of an existing embargo although this policy is obviously unjust the state department cannot lift the embargo against the valencia gov ernment or extend it to germany and italy with out intensifying the present crisis and further embroiling the united states the adoption of either alternative would be tantamount to a moral judgment on germany and italy had the united states joined the london committee last fall and assisted in enforcing the non intervention agree ment the spanish civil war might really have been localized the only logical escape from the present impasse still lies in a positive policy of cooperation or mediation with other like minded powers today occupied by acute domestic is sues the roosevelt administration lends its sup port to policies initiated by france or britain without exercising any control over the nature or direction of such policies unaccompanied by a policy of positive cooperation the new neutral page two a ity of the united states has merely increased the international dangers to which this country is exposed raymond leslie buell nazis war on church during the past month the hitler government has become engaged in a virtual kultwrkampf against both the catholic and the protestant con fessional churches relations between the reich and the vatican are practically suspended and the government has apparently abandoned all at tempts to compromise with the confessional church following the vatican’s refusal to disavow an insulting attack on hitler by cardinal munde lein of chicago the german foreign office dis patched a note to rome on may 29 in which it frankly declared that the papacy’s incompre hensible attitude in this matter had destroyed the prerequisites for the continuation of normal relations between the german government and the holy see relations with the catholic church have been further strained by the con tinuation of the immorality trials and the state’s determined campaign against confessional school education on june 4 the remaining catho lic grammar schools in the state of wuerttemberg were closed ostensibly owing to insufficient at tendance in bavaria where 70 per cent of the population is catholic a decree made public on june 20 ordered the closing of 11 monastery schools and the transformation of all 966 paro chial schools into non confessional public institu tions this was in direct violation of the con cordat a week later the bavarian minister of interior announced that all voluntary state finan cial assistance to the protestant and catholic churches would be progressively eliminated over a three year period meanwhile the struggle between the govern ment and the confessional church opposition has become increasingly bitter all but one of the members of the prussian confessional church council have been arrested and charged with dis obeying an order forbidding pastors to read from the pulpit lists of people who have resigned church membership on june 17 secret police raided the prussian synod headquarters and sealed the offices in an effort to undermine the financial support of the confessional church a special ordinance has been issued prohibiting special church collections without the consent of the government apparently convinced that the church has become the rallying ground for all the forces opposed to the state’s totalitarian philosophy nazi officials are determined not to tolerate this challenge to its authority john c dewilde foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 36 jury 2 1937 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymmonp lusiie bugiy president esther g ocpan secretary vara micuetes dean eéiter entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national fo an i billic june talli +df yn ich he at 1al an de jis it re red nal ind lic on the nal ho erg the on ery ro itu on of an olic ver reh dis rom ned lice and the 1 a ling t of the all rian t to je ational editor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 vou xvi no 37 july 9 1937 the buenos aires conference 1936 by charles g fenwick this study appraises the results of the inter american peace conference and analyzes the terms of the more im portant treaties negotiated including the consultative pact the convention on treaty coordination and neutrality and the non intervention protocol to all of which the united states senate has just given its approval july 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents dr william w bishop university of michigan library ann arbor mich france devalues once more nfluenced by the tense international situa tion the french have again taken last minute measures to meet a serious threat to internal political and financial stability on june 30 the french chamber of deputies and the senate by votes of 380 to 228 and 167 to 82 respectively accorded the chautemps government full powers until august 31 to deal with the financial crisis the gravity of this crisis was frankly revealed by m bonnet the new finance minister the treasury balance had sunk as low as 20 million francs and only an emergency advance of 400 million by the savings banks had staved off bank ruptcy the budget for 1937 would have an esti mated deficit in excess of 6.5 billion francs and the treasury faced the well nigh impossible task of borrowing about 25 billion for the balance of the year in a market which simply refused to ab sorb any more government paper about 7.7 billion francs in gold had fled the country during june and the gold of the equalization fund to talling 10 billion francs had been exhausted immediately after obtaining the special powers the government promulgated a decree once more devaluing the currency and permitting it to seek its own level on july 1 the franc plunged to a ten year low of 3.83 american cents as compared with the minimum of 4.35 cents fixed by the mone tary law of october 1 1936 in order to satisfy the urgent needs of the treasury the cabinet also decreed an increase of 15 billion francs in the legal amount of advances which may be made to the state by the bank of france borrowing requirements are expected to be reduced by other decrees now under preparation raising railway fares increasing direct and indirect taxation and instituting certain economies while these emergency measures will tide over the french treasury for some months the finan cial problem has by no means been solved re newed borrowing from the bank of france is but ill disguised inflation resort te it can hardly be avoided as long as the french capital which has sought refuge abroad is not repatriated in a wave of renewed confidence althongh the franc seems unlikely to fall lower than the present level of about 3.84 cents confidence in the french cur rency has on the whole scarcely been enhanced by this new devaluation the third since the war and the second within nine months nor does the political situation give much reason for optimism the popular front is holding together precari ously the communists are chafing at the bit and may withdraw their support from the chautemps cabinet on the slightest provocation many of the socialists are bitter against the radical so cialist majority in the senate which gave m chau temps even more extended powers than those for which the socialist léon blum had pleaded in vain they are convinced that the blum govern ment was torpedoed by the financial interests and may try to get the socialist congress which meets from july 10 to july 13 to chart a much more radical course leading to union with the com munists and severance of ties with the radical socialists the latter at the same time are equally determined to have the popular front adhere to conservative economic and social poli cies in particular m chautemps will need all his ingenuity to secure unanimous consent for the contemplated taxation and economy measures the new devaluation of the franc has not abro gated the tripartite monetary understanding of september 26 1936 by which the united states britain and france undertook to maintain the greatest possible equilibrium in the system of in ternational exchanges this engagement was specifically reaffirmed in british and american notes to the french finance minister which were made public on july 1 both london and wash ington realize that the value of the franc fixed last october was too high to allow for the ag 3 agere oo hfs eae ea ee ee ee ey se aaa peng ca nee oe re fkatide pn mig ht so pots i bea si eee 5 ae i eke past and future appreciation of french prices even at the present exchange rate the franc will not be undervalued unless the further expected increase in the french price level does not ma terialize nor is there any occasion for the neth erlands or switzerland which also devalued last fall to embark on further depreciation of their currencies in sharp contrast to france these countries have with the aid of more orthodox policies experienced considerable economic recov ery and a substantial repatriation of capital john c dewilde tension on the amur the rapid subsidence of tension over recent military incidents on the soviet manchoukuoan border after withdrawal of soviet troops from disputed territory on july 4 affords clear indi cation of the distaste for foreign adventure felt at the moment by political leaders in both japan and the u.s.s.r at the same time the intensity of the brief crisis and the complete lack of agree ment on measures for a comprehensive frontier settlement constitute evidence that the amur river will be a focal point for international con flict in the future according to japanese reports the dispute re garding sovereignty over the small sandy islands of sennufa and bolshoi 62 miles southeast of blagovestchensk was precipitated when they were occupied by soviet troops on june 19 soviet dispatches ascribed the friction to seizure of the islands by japanese forces on june 20 moscow bases its claim to the territory on a map attached to a treaty signed with china in 1860 while tokyo maintains that the boundary follows the middle of the main channel north of the islands and points out that since the russian manchoukuoan waterways agreement of 1934 manchoukuo has maintained beacons on both sennufa and bolshoi after long discussions between maxim litvinov soviet commissar of foreign affairs and mamo ru shigemitsu japanese ambassador at moscow the u.s.s.r apparently agreed to withdraw its forces the situation again became acute however when on june 29 or 30 the reports vary soviet gunboats were apparently sunk in an artillery duel with japanese forces in the river channel south of the islands in dispute military positions in the neighborhood were reinforced and both sides adopted a belligerent attitude a new na tional defense loan of 800,000,000 was announced at moscow in hsinking manchoukuo reported the completion of two more strategic railways facilitating the transport of troops to the fron tier while the japanese government invoked its page two mutual assistance pact with manchoukuo bing ing tokyo to aid in the defense of manchoukuos territory meanwhile negotiations proceeded in moscow where litvinov proposed restoration of the staty quo ante by mutual withdrawal of troops and gun boats to be followed by negotiations for rede marcation of the frontier this plan was accepted by the japanese after a meeting of importan cabinet officials on july 2 the soviet forces were ordered to evacuate the islands on the following day and both sides agreed to leave the matter of sovereignty for determination by the proposed border commission despite the relatively amicable outcome of thij incident it would be surprising if border dispute of similar scope did not occur in the future hot headed nationalists in the japanese kwantun army and the soviet far eastern forces will b tempted by the strained status of soviet japanes relations to provoke disorders along the amur border disturbances may further aggravate th diplomatic struggle intensified since conclusion of the german japanese anti communist pact between japan and the soviet union under thes circumstances redemarcation of the frontier is im probable with its strengthened autonomous far eastern army moscow is not likely to yield to the japanese demand that manchoukuo have the cast ing vote in a three man border commission som observers have suggested that the recent crisij on the amur is a japanese move to determine th extent to which the u.s.s.r has been immobilize by stalin’s drastic purges among the soviet hier archy particularly among top ranking military officers internal difficulties in japan however are equally important as a temporary deterren to war david h popper which way france by alexander werth new york harper 1937 3.00 few foreign observers have such an intelligent grasp french politics as the correspondent in paris of th manchester guardian diplomacy and peace by r b mowat mcbride 1936 2.50 new york an intelligent and interesting survey of the réle ani character of diplomacy in the modern world asia’s good neighbor we were once can we bi again by walter karig indianapolis bobbs merrill 1937 2.50 the author urges a reversion to our early non inter vention policy in the far east but seems rather obliviow of the new factors in world politics which make such course difficult to follow today polities and political parties in rowmania london inter national reference library publishing co 1936 3.0 an invaluable reference work containing the constitu tion programs of all political parties and an extensiv who’s who of rumanian political leaders foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 37 juty 9 1937 f p a membership five dollars a year published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated 0 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lgsiig bubll president esther g oven secretary vera micheles dean béito entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year nationi +bind uku 02 loscow status id gun r rede ccepted portant es were llowing atter of roposed of this lispute hot vantung will b apanes amur rate the clusion pact er thes ar is im ous far d to the he cast some it cris nine the obilized iet hier military lowever eterren opper ew york grasp d is of th ow york we b s merrill non inter oblivious ke such lon inter 136 3.01 constitu extensivt d nationi ran editon year réle anil relations subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff vou xvi no 38 july 16 1937 10 dynamic posters enlarged reproductions of the most telling illustra tions from headline books pictured lessons on vital issues cost of the world war defense expenditures comparative wealth make a compelling display in summer schools libraries and camps complete set 50 cents entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 dr william w bishop university of michigan library ann arbor mich britain proposes division of palestine etermined to end by a bold stroke the irrepressible conflict between the arabs and jews in palestine the british government has quickly approved the recommendations of its royal commission published on july 8 urging partition of the holy land the commission’s suggestions will be considered by the permanent mandates commission at geneva on july 30 and later by the council of the league of nations whose assent is necessary for alteration of the terms of the mandate meanwhile the british have emphasized their intention to carry out the terms of the report and quell all violent demonstrations by force the commission’s report is an exhaustive sur vey of a problem rooted in history the prom ises made to jews and arabs to enlist their support during the world war have it is ad mitted proved irreconcilable two inimical national communities have grown up within the narrow confines of one small country neither impartial government of the 400,000 jews and 950,000 arabs nor a policy of conciliation toward the latter has succeeded in improving interracial while prospects for amelioration of the situation under the present mandate are fully explored notably by restriction of jewish immi gration and repression of arab outbreaks the commission believes the existing deadlock is in soluble through such measures alone it there fore recommends that the area be divided into three portions including two nominally inde pendent states jewish and arab to the jews would go a coastal strip covering roughly one third of palestine including much of the more fer tile area trans jordan jaffa and the palestinian hinterland would be incorporated in an arab state set up with financial assistance from the jews and the british under a new permanent man date britain would govern jerusalem and beth lehem with a corridor to the sea near jaffa it would also administer haifa and other centers of arab population within the jewish area for an indefinite period the commission urges that minority populations created by the new fron tiers be transferred to the communities to which they belong this operation would cause no great difficulty in the case of the 1,250 jews in the arab area but it would involve the execution of an extensive land development scheme at british expense for accommodation of the 225,000 arabs who would have to be moved moreover the presence of 125,000 jews and 85,000 arabs in jerusalem and haifa under british control might give rise to serious problems these proposals obviously represent an attempt at drastic but impartial compromise designed to separate as far as possible the two groups whose exacerbated relations have resulted in five seri ous outbreaks since 1920 much of the friction may be traced to the repercussions of external de velopments the sufferings of the jews in europe have led to a rapid increase in immigration which reached a peak figure of 60,000 in 1935 and have given a new and poignant meaning to the concept of the jewish national home thus the arabs at the very moment when their breth ren in iraq saudi arabia egypt and syria were attaining independence have been confronted with the spectre of eventual submergence under a rapidly increasing immigrant population pos sessing superior material resources the commission in a strong bid for support points out that the solution it advocates offers both parties freedom and security the arabs receive independence on an equal footing with other arab states protection against ultimate subjection to jewish rule a guarantee of the preservation of their holy places and financial aid for the development of their new nation zionists will achieve realization of their dream of an independent jewish state free of irksome se ee sa et a et ne ane nea se ee see ne eee a limitations on immigration nevertheless neither side is satisfied with the recommendations the jews challenge the underlying assumption that the mandate is unworkable they state that the yielding policy of the british administration has encouraged arab politicians to incite the fellaheen against the national home which has raised the standard of life of all inhabitants of the country on the other hand the arabs protest against relegation to the rocky hill country and reiterate their desire to control the whole of what they regard as their territory certain groups on both sides however have intimated willingness to accept the proposed settlement some moderate zionists are believed ready to cooperate provided the frontier is recti fied to include the new jewish section of jeru salem and more undeveloped land for settlement among the arabs the british proposals have caused a split between two important parties formerly associated in the arab higher com mittee the national defense party headed by ragheb bey nashashibi was at first believed to favor the plan because it expected the fruits of political office under the new régime of the emir abdullah of trans jordan it has however been forced to condemn the scheme as a result of the clever maneuvering of haj amin el husseini mufti of jerusalem who has mobilized arab na tionalist sentiment against the partition plan while britain may be able to translate the royal commission’s report into actuality the future under the complex scheme is not bright it is feared that the new jewish state will be come terra irredenta for the arab world a de velopment which might lead to an arab jewish war when britain is occupied elsewhere yet if the present mandate is unworkable as the com mission argues with great force it is difficult to conceive of an alternative practicable solution it remains to be pointed out that the establish ment of small client states in this area is in accord with british imperial interests both the new gov ernments will sign treaties similar to those of iraq and syria giving britain sufficient control over their foreign affairs and defense to safe guard palestine as a key point on its sea land and air routes to the east some american zionists have urged that the united states intercede with the british on their behalf basing their demand on the anglo ameri can convention of 1924 safeguarding american rights and interests in palestine while ameri can consent will be necessary under this conven tion for changes affecting american rights it would appear that the united states legal claim to any further voice in the alteration of the man page two date is exceedingly weak as a matter of policy great britain and the league council might wel come american participation in the forthcoming discussion over the british plan it is highly doubtful however that this government’s na tional interests would be served by active inter vention in a troubled situation for which great britain is responsible davip h poprrr a new constitution for ireland after an exciting election campaign the irish free state on july 1 adopted a new constitution describing ireland as a sovereign independent democratic state and making no mention of the british king or commonwealth the electorate also returned president eamon de valera’s fianna fail party to power although without the sweep ing victory expected by its adherents the party was left dependent on the thirteen labor depu ties for a working majority in the dail fireann the irish chamber of deputies against the forty eight followers of former president william cosgrave and a scattering of independents de valera is expected to call a new election in 1938 as he did under similar circumstances in 1933 to ensure a clear majority for his policies the new constitution based on the christian democratic philosophy of its author eamon de valera makes little change in the present politi cal status of ireland despite its failure to men tion great britain and its assumption of moral authority over the whole of ireland including the loyal north which is determined to remain in its present position as an autonomous sector of the united kingdom the document leaves the way open for compromise pending the rein tegration of the national territory irish juris diction is to apply only to the present territory of the irish free state and the government is empowered to join certain international organ izations including by implication the british commonwealth of nations ireland has thus made itself independent in internal affairs while continuing to enjoy the benefits of membership in the british commonwealth in its external re lations the new constitution which goes into effect january 1 1938 provides for a bicameral parlia ment composed of a powerful house of repre sentatives elected by proportional representation and a small senate with jealously restricted pow ers elected on the corporative principle the roman catholic church is recognized as the lead ing irish church although complete religious freedom as well as freedom of speech of the press and of association is guaranteed helen fisher foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 38 jury 16 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lgsiig bugit president esther g ocpen secretary vera micheles dean béitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year national an it +policy ht wel coming highly ss na inter great pper nd e irish tution endent of the ctorate fianna sweep e party depu treann forty villiam ts de n 1938 933 to ristian mon de politi to men moral cluding remain sector ves the e rein 1 juris rritory ment is organ british is thus 3 while bership rnal re effect parlia repre subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff vou xvi no 39 july 23 1937 cross currents in danubian europe by helen fisher this report analyzes the present political and diplomatic situation in southeastern europe pointing out that the future peace of europe and the world depends in large part upon the outcome of the struggle now going on between the forces working for danubian cooperation and the renewed fascist drang nach osten july 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 japan and china clash in hope so called last warning by the japanese army and a strong statement by chiang kai shek refusing to consider any settlement det rimental to chinese sovereignty or territorial in tegrity both issued on july 19 have clearly re vealed the impasse which now exists in north china these declarations mark the culmination of negotiations conducted at peiping tientsin and nanking since july 7 when japanese troops en gaging in night maneuvers near lukouchaio about 18 miles west of peiping clashed with units of the chinese twenty ninth army sta tioned in the area the initial disturbances have been followed by a confusing series of ultimata and truces their conclusion punctuated by new incidents local armistices were reported on july 9 12 18 and 19 apparently the chinese officials of the hopei chahar political council in whose territory the scene of conflict is laid have been temporizing until they could ascertain the degree of support forthcoming from nanking the japanese too are believed to have prolonged the negotiations in order to concentrate troops in the peiping tientsin district desirous of a local settlement by provincial officials more amenable to their control the japanese have demanded 1 withdrawal of the twenty ninth army from its present lines west of peiping 2 punishment of the chinese responsible for the conflict 3 adequate control of all anti japanese activities in north china and 4 the enforcement of measures against communism should these terms be carried out by sung cheh yuan chairman of the hopei chahar political council china would suffer still another blow to its integrity at the hands of the advancing japanese even tacit assent by the chinese central government to such an agree ment reached on the spot would involve the most serious consequences it would mean transforma tion of the hopei chahar régime from a semi autonomous unit serving as a buffer between china and japanese dominated territory to a pup pet government under tokyo’s control it is probable that informed chinese political leaders do not desire the outbreak of a sino japanese war at present because the country is still poorly prepared for hostilities neverthe less the chinese government can scarcely afford to yield to japan unless a diplomatic retreat can be staged by such slow and devious steps that the country at large is not cognizant of them mass opinion in china is aroused as it has seldom been before enjoying a precarious but undeniable unity since the sian coup of december 1936 the country has nursed its nascent nationalism on op position to japanese incursions in the north the nanking government has responded to the heightened temper of the nation and has dis played a firmness toward tokyo which is prob ably a basic cause of the present crisis in re cent months nanking has increasingly asserted its influence over north china officials china has begun to interfere with japanese protected smuggling through east hopei which enables business men to avoid payment of chinese tariffs and severely affects chinese government revenue nanking has dared to order the suspension of the new tientsin tokyo airline established by japan without chinese consent in northern chahar a small scale rebellion of manchoukuoan and mongolian troops against japanese control has taken place anti japanese incidents are oc curring with increasing frequency and are not settled by abject submission to japan’s demands to these pinpricks which must have tried the patience of japanese army leaders there must be added a further factor impelling the army to strike now in china the pending con clusion of negotiations between nanking and the chinese communists for united resistance to japan in return for an undertaking by chiang ee kai shek to adopt an anti japanese policy and partially democratize his régime the com munists are willing to modify their social pro gram and place their armies under the general direction of nanking conclusion of a compre hensive agreement of this type would be of great importance not only because it would further raise chinese morale but because it would secure the active cooperation against the japanese of 90,000 soldiers seasoned in the inland guerrilla warfare to which china would necessarily resort in case of a conflict this accumulation of factors adverse to its policy of expansion in north china has already caused the japanese government faced with eco nomic stringency at home to modify its tone in dealing with nanking in negotiations with the chinese begun at nanking july 3 shigeru kawagoe the japanese ambassador was reported to have been prepared to propose the general relinquishment of japanese political control in north china provided only that nanking would recognize manchoukuo and undertake economic cooperation with japan this is a far cry from the establishment of an autonomous régime in the five provinces of north china desired by the japanese military while kawagoe’s proposals may have represented merely a transitory mild ness during japan’s negotiations with britain rel ative to an agreement on china nanking’s ap parent refusal to consider his terms is indicative of the changed attitude of the country in its legal aspect the situation in hopei is a clear illustration of illegitimate japanese aggres sion although the japanese are entitled under the boxer protocol of 1901 to station forces in the peiping legation quarter and at certain points along the peiping tientsin railroad they have sent their troops outside the specified areas and obstructed rather than maintained communica tions to the sea the purpose for which the proto col was designed nevertheless there is virtually no prospect of international action to curb the ad vance of the japanese forces statements by sec retary of state hull on july 16 and foreign min ister anthony eden three days later merely expressed pious hopes the international situa tion has now deteriorated so far that nations will effectively combat aggression only when it threatens their most vital national interests davip h poppper new naval treaties signed with the signature on july 17 of supplementary treaties between great britain and germany and the soviet union all the major naval powers ex cept italy and japan have now subscribed to the page two naval limitation treaty of march 25 1936 which was designed to replace the washington and london agreements of 1922 and 1930 the united states ratified the new treaty in may 1936 and france in june 1937 with the british ratification expected within a few days the treaty will finally come into force italy which refused to sign the treaty because of politica difficulties during the ethiopian affair is stijj free to adhere at any time japan however has closed the door to future adherence the london naval treaty of 1936 binds its signatories to exchange full advance information on naval building and limits the maximum ton nage and gun caliber of their ships although no general quantitative limits are set the treaty provides for a building holiday on large cruis ers designed to prevent such experiments as the german pocket battleships which might upset the balance of naval power numerous safe guarding clauses make it easy to escape from these provisions if non treaty powers fail to ob serve them with two important exceptions the supple mentary treaties are in general identical with the principal document because of japan’s non adherence to the treaty the soviet union has received the right to keep the details of its far eastern navy secret provided the ships of this fleet are never transferred to the baltic or black sea in principle all soviet ships will remain within the treaty’s qualitative limits but if japan should exceed these limits the u.s.s.r may match the japanese building after notifying the brit ish government in addition the soviet union is permitted to build seven heavy cruisers within the holiday category britain has therefore released germany from a secret agreement made in conjunction with the anglo german naval treaty of june 18 1935 by which germany agreed not to build more than three of the five heavy cruisers to which it was entitled under that treaty in return germany is said to have undertaken in building the german fleet up to the maximum limit of 35 per cent of the british strength not to include in its calculation the obsolescent ton nage in the british navy the section of the 1936 treaty provisionally stipulating a 14 inch limit for battleship guns has already lapsed japan has twice explicitly refused to be bound by any such qualitative maxi ma as long as no quantitative limitation is at tained consequently the united states an nounced on july 10 that its two new 35,000 ton battleships would be armed with 16 inch guns helen fisher foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 39 juty 23 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lgslie buell president esther g ogden secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year national fo an int irrita spain ventio becaus drawr follow pervis two g embat that in the un lock mitte up a ish g whick the serve obser ports by tl secor bellig ists be al serve tion other by tl forei spai1 comn right non that such tioni +foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 may 8 west 40th street new york n y sritish s the yor xvi no 40 july 30 1937 which litical third leadership institute on s stil international relations r has mortimer schiff camp mendham new jersey sports and recreation will be combined with study and discussion of international problems under the guidance of fen 4 yi universi ds its expert leaders in an informal atmosphere beside a beautiful ie f nl nation a sous people 16 to 25 are cordially invited to ann arbor mich attend n ton sponsored by the f.p.a and the new jersey joint hough council on international relations treaty one week august 22 to 29 total expense 25 cruis as the britain seeks to break spanish deadlock safe ai from he unwillingness of europe to plunge into check the illicit arrival of foreign planes was to to ob war despite the existence of innumerable be explored irritants is demonstrated by recent events in supple spain at the beginning of july the non inter 1 with vention agreement appeared to have broken down s non because germany and italy had once more with yn hag drawn from the naval patrol and france had ts far followed portugal in suspending international su of this pervision of its frontier although the latter blacki two governments promised to maintain existing remain mbargoes the outside world had little assurance japan that such embargoes would really be enforced match in the absence of foreign observers e brit nion is within erefore t made naval agreed heavy treaty rtaken ximum th not nt ton unable to agree on any solution of the dead lock the members of the non intervention com mittee agreed on july 9 to invite britain to draw up a new compromise five days later the brit ish government submitted an ingenious scheme which would restore international supervision of the land frontiers and retain the foreign ob servers on ships bound for spain in addition observers would also be stationed at spanish ports to perform the duties hitherto undertaken by the naval patrol which would be abolished second the british plan would grant limited belligerent rights to rebels as well as to loyal ists although belligerent war vessels would not sionally be allowed to molest ships carrying foreign ob p guns servers and flying the flag of the non interven plicitly tion committee they could stop on the high seas e maxl other ships carrying contraband goods as defined 1 is at by the non intervention committee third all tes an foreign volunteers would be withdrawn from 000 ton spain under the supervision of an international h guns commission and the recognition of belligerent sher tights would become effective only when the non intervention committee was of the opinion nationa that substantial progress had been made in an editor such withdrawal finally the possibility of sta year tioning foreign observers at spanish airdromes to in the house of commons on july 15 mr clement attlee leader of the labor opposition attacked these proposals as unjust ill conceived and dangerous while general franco asserted that recognition of belligerency should not be made dependent upon any conditions never theless at a surprisingly peaceful session on july 16 the 27 members of the non intervention committee accepted the compromise in principle subsequently however sharp disagreement arose between the fascist powers which demanded that recognition be extended to franco at once and the non fascist powers which refused to accord such recognition until after the with drawal of foreign volunteers had been ar ranged despite efforts to find a solution through resort to sub committees and questionnaires no agreement has yet been reached the deadlock which arose following the alleged attack upon the leipzig in june remains unsolved by agreeing to abolish the naval patrol and recognize franco’s belligerency the british plan favors the rebels once accorded belligerent status franco could blockade the valencia and barcelona coasts by virtue of his control of the spanish navy however after the gains made by the rebels during the first year of the civil war it would hardly violate international law to recognize them as belligerents yet before making this concession britain and france must make sure that germany and italy will really withdraw from spain and consent to localize the war the refusal of these powers to accept such terms is increasing the fear both in britain and france that the real fascist objective is not to fight bolshevism but to establish a protectorate over spain so as to undermine the british posi tion in the mediterranean and the french posi ty of michigan library fh 4 i f ij 4 iy z eds tion in europe britain has shown concern over reports that fortifications have been erected on the spanish mainland near gibraltar and has been disturbed by the trade agreement signed by franco on july 19 under which the bulk of the iron ore of the basque country will be ex ported to germany a certain stiffening in brit ish policy may be indicated by foreign minister eden’s speech delivered in the house of commons on july 19 this country has every intention of defending its national interests in the mediter ranean he declared and then added sig nificantly it has always been and is today a major british interest that no great power should establish itself on the eastern shore of the red sea a warning to italy not to establish a pro tectorate over yemen in france the chautemps government forced to adopt a financial policy distasteful to the popular front may be obliged to make conces sions to its socialist and communist supporters by adopting a more rigorous policy toward spain the attitude of the workers of many countries was expressed on june 24 when the socialist and trade union internationals meeting in paris demanded that the arms embargo against the valencia government be lifted if germany and italy do not soon agree to the restoration of an effective non intervention agreement france will probably lift the arms embargo thus intensifying rivalry over the peninsula meanwhile during july the valencia govern ment beginning the greatest offensive of the war succeeded in pushing back the rebels about 10 miles on the madrid front and capturing the strategically important village of brunete by july 25 however franco’s troops had recaptured the village after fierce fighting whether this victory will prove decisive or merely inaugurate a new deadlock no one can predict raymond leslie buell north china tension continues new and serious clashes in the peiping area on july 25 and 26 have markedly diminished the prospects for peaceful settlement of the sino japanese dispute while nanking maintains that the only agreement of which it is cognizant mere ly provides for withdrawal of both the chinese and japanese fighting forces the chinese offi cials concerned have not denied that on july 19 they assented to a settlement published in tokyo on july 23 under its terms the hopei chahar po litical council the governing body of the semi au tonomous area in which the military disturbances have occurred agrees to 1 tender due apology page two for the original incident and punish those held responsible 2 remove from official posts per sons impeding good chino japanese relations 3 suppress the communist party completely 4 control anti japanese movements and anti japanese education and 5 transfer to remote areas the troops involved in the original clashes if these terms are whole heartedly fulfilled the hopei chahar area will become another satrapy of the japanese military and the door will be open for easy penetration of all north china of ficials who dare to oppose tokyo’s orders will be removed every agency of chinese nationalism or anti japanese propaganda including perhaps the educational institutions in the peiping district will be promptly suppressed when japanese troops failed to leave the scene of conflict as the chinese had believed they would the subordinate officers and the rank and file of the chinese troops refused to withdraw only a small portion of the strongly anti japanese thirty seventh division has left the peiping area their patience ex hausted japanese military commanders on july 26 issued an ultimatum stating that the remainder must be evacuated by noon july 28 moreover recent skirmishes have involved troops which the japanese had regarded as relatively partial to ward them and hence suitable to replace the thirty seventh division in the peiping garrisons the morale of the native soldiery has also been bolstered by the arrival on the scene of general hsiung ping vice chief of staff of the nanking government’s armies his arrival the only physi cal evidence of nanking’s support has been fol lowed by a perceptibly stiffer attitude on the part of the chinese leaders in the face of japan’s determination not to yield expressed before the diet by koki hirota japanese foreign minister on july 27 the ultimate decision for peace or war lies squarely with the nanking government chiang kai shek is obviously con fronted by a dilemma on the one hand his preparations for war are not yet complete on the other the inflamed nationalist sentiment of the chinese people demands defiance of japan the situation calls for the most delicate maneuvering either for an honorable compromise or for satis faction of the japanese in such obscure form that the country at large is not aware of nanking’s surrender the chinese central government would rather fight later than fight now but it is still too soon to determine whether japan will force an immediate solution of the controversy david h popper foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 40 jury 30 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp leslib bugell president esther g ogden secretary vera micheeles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 f p a membership five dollars a year national one dollar a year i fof an inte eee vou xv is lit proc imp this and august 1 l w lish cor sea ant and ja tientsi ment o for the the ja repairi warfar tegic r the collaps scale j culties equipp vanced piratio defend west o towarc ly dep tsin a the pu preser traines quick a shor +s ly oreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vout xvi no 41 avucustt 6 1937 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 mexico’s social revolution by charles a thomson mexico’s significance in contemporary world movements is little realized it has long been the scene of a peaceful process of socialization and the revolution was given new impetus by the election of president cardenas in july 1934 this report describes the policies toward labor education and the church under cardenas paternalistic dictatorship august 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents dr william w bishop ann arbor mich lull in north china a prelude to war ith the successful conclusion on july 31 of the japanese army’s campaign to estab lish control over the area between peiping and the sea another phase in the hostilities between china and japan has been completed at peiping and tientsin and in east hopei provisional govern ment organizations staffed by chinese notorious for their subservience to japan have been set up the japanese army is consolidating its positions repairing traffic arteries ravaged by guerrilla warfare and tightening its grip on the two stra tegic railways running to the south the rapidity with which the chinese resistance collapsed when subjected to the pressure of a large scale japanese attack clearly illustrates the diffi culties involved in combating japan’s_ well equipped troops one day after the japanese ad vanced on peiping several hours before the ex piration of their ultimatum on july 28 chinese defenders had withdrawn from the city to the west of the yungting river but in his thrust toward peiping the japanese commander serious ly depleted the forces guarding his base at tien tsin as well as the garrison at tungchow seat of the puppet east hopei régime the chinese peace preservation corps although largely armed and trained by the japanese to preserve local order quickly took advantage of this opening to execute a short lived revolt which was only quelled with the aid of destructive aerial bombardments at tientsin and tungchow establishments regard ed as anti japanese centers notably nankai uni versity were gutted a pause of uncertain duration characterized by local clashes may now be expected despite the expressed japanese desire to localize the con flict and avoid a general war with china at this time military preparations are ostentatiously pro ceeding at tokyo credits are being voted de fense loans raised special taxes imposed japanese shipping mobilized for transport of troops and supplies to china and naval vessels prepared for combat or blockade operations off the central and south china coasts it is possible however that this activity is designed to dragoon nanking into acceptance of an autonomous régime in hopei and chahar this was intimated by prime minister konoe on july 28 when he stated that many per sons ir the nanking government including gen eral chiang kai shek understand japan whose purpose is merely to preserve china’s territorial integrity against occidental aggression the im plication of this scarcely veiled gesture toward chiang is that japan in its creeping conquest of china would welcome his assent to a local settle ment indeed tokyo would only weaken its own position if it pressed chiang so hard that he was compelled either to embark on a general war or give way to a successor at nanking who would certainly be more firmly opposed to japan never theless prince konoe’s statement made it perfect ly plain that japan’s ultimate goal is undisputed hegemony in eastern asia on the chinese side nanking has issued reso lute pronouncements calling for resistance and has apparently dispatched some troops along rail ways leading toward the conquered area from the south and west the door is still open however for a compromise settlement on the basis of the status quo it would in fact be difficult for china to wage war unless the japanese advance further with undisputed control of the air the japanese forces can continue to observe chinese troop move ments and cripple railway transport thus hinder ing large troop concentrations in southern hopei while the interests of western powers will be adversely affected by extension of japanese con trol in the peiping tientsin area there is no evi dence that any state or group of states is prepar ing to resist japanese aggression the nine pow er pact of 1922 guaranteeing china’s territorial integrity has not been invoked apparently be university of michigan libra pt 4 rec se a ene sl am se se peter ti ere te is it te he ws aa sepa cause none of the great powers is willing to risk war either for the protection of its material inter ests in china or for maintenance of the principles of international law in the united states the president has been urged to state what action he will take under the neutrality law of 1937 some observers pointing out that the legislation was de signed to meet the situation caused by a european rather than a far eastern conflict oppose applica tion of the act at least until it is absolutely clear that the war has transcended the scope of a local incident others desire that the act be applied in the belief that this will assist in keeping the united states neutral if the conflict spreads the administration’s attitude in the face of these contentions was expressed by senator pitt man chairman of the senate foreign relations committee on july 29 defining the purpose of the act as the protection of our own peace and the lives of our citizens he emphasized the impro priety of public discussion of the subject by gov ernment officials outlined the difficulty of de termining when a state of war exists and de clared that premature invocation of the act would impair efforts to bring about cessation of hostil ities and protect american citizens in the fighting zone if whole hearted collective action in the far east were possible it might conceivably be wise for the united states to participate in inter national action to halt japan no development of this type however is now apparent the situa tion in the far east demands caution in the appli cation of the neutrality act until it is clear that a general war of considerable duration is under way when such a condition arises the united states should unhesitatingly apply the law evacu ate its citizens and withdraw its troops and naval vessels from china david h popper yugoslavia debates a concordat sanguinary riots and grave political disturb ances accompanied the recent debates in the yugo slav chamber of deputies which ended with the last minute approval on july 24 of a concordat with the vatican regulating the status of the yugo slav catholic church the concordat was signed on july 25 1935 after negotiations dating back to 1922 had been finally pressed to conclusion through the personal intervention of the late king alex ander since that time its ratification has become a purely political issue threatening the very ex istence of the present government since 1929 the:state has passed laws regulating the juridical status of all the recognized con fessions within its borders except the roman catholic which comprises 37.5 per cent of the population the concordat is designed not only to page two place catholics on an equal footing with the others in this respect but also to unify the amazing tangle of ecclesiastical jurisdictions resulting from the existence of six different concordats inherited from the various states which ruled present day yugoslavia before the world war the orthodox church which represents 48 per cent of the people charges not altogether fairly that the concor dat places the catholics in a privileged position in the state it has carried on a violent campaign against the concordat during the past seven months and on july 25 took the unprecedented step of excommunicating all the deputies and members of the government including premier milan stoy adinovitch who had endorsed its ratification popular excitement was further stirred by the fatal illness of the orthodox patriarch varnava who died on july 24 a few hours after the cham ber of deputies had approved the concordat un founded rumors alleged that the patriarch had been poisoned and suffered a martyr’s death his funeral on july 28 from which all the excommuni cated government officials were barred was the occasion for popular demonstrations which were rigorously checked by the police the political motives which led premier stoy adinovitch himself orthodox to press a project so unpopular with the serbian community are difficult to discover apparently the major fac tor in the struggle was father koroshetz leader of the slovene clericals one of the three coalition parties which two years ago formed the serbian radical union and placed stoyadinovitch in pow er it may be supposed that ratification of the concordat was the principal condition of the slovenes entry into the government party which could not maintain power without them the govy ernment also desired to placate the catholic croats and perhaps even to forestall political difficulties by making religious concessions to the croatian party which still remains in opposition to the stoyadinovitch quasi dictatorship the croats themselves who had no part in the preliminary negotiations for a concordat which vitally con cerns them as catholics have remained severely aloof from the present controversy the stoyadinovitch cabinet strengthened by its dictatorial control of press and police and with the tacit support of the chief regent prince paul has thus far maintained its position the present con flict may nevertheless prove the first step in the upheaval which political observers have long pre dicted in yugoslavia helen fisher the struggle for the pacific by gregory bienstock new york macmillan 1937 4.00 a rather unconvincing attempt to interpret far eastern diplomatic developments in terms of geopolitics forzign policy bulletin vol xvi no 41 aucusr 6 1937 f p a membership five dollars a year published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lesiig bubll president esthern g ogpgn secretary vera micheles dean editors entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year national fo ani scrik and softl easil if sacr tem cons shru into afte and fra proc july seri reve ance com the pro cent vail dev wer ture cen bud ere inc the call tre 19 abc cur +au j we foreign policy bulletin a ars an interpretation of current international events by the research staff mn class matter december ng subscription one dollar a year r ly o can rn bi om zi py n under the act foreign policy association incorporated ly gy df mach 3 ed 8 west 40th street new york n y a 4 lay i a 1o lox son xvi no 42 august 13 1937 i dle or in new york meeting dates dr william w bishop ign october 21 dinner meeting jen november 13 february 5 university of michigan library tep december 4 february 26 ers january march 12 ann arbor mich oy january 22 march 26 on mark these dates on your calendar now for the stimulating the and timely discussions at the hotel astor va m france strives for recovery 1a his peaking at périgueux on august 7 finance ing local governments to reduce their deficits and minister georges bonnet rather aptly de by coordinating rail and road transport the scribed france as a slowly recovering patient ultimately the government hopes to reduce by ref and pleaded with the french people to speak a conversion operation the debt charges which at softly and not to raise disputes which might present absorb about a quarter of the budget by y easily jeopardize marianne’s return to health revaluing once more the gold holdings of the bank ect if france recovers it will be at the cost of heavy of france the finance minister has obtained a sacrifices exacted by bonnet and premier chau fund of almost 7 billion francs which will be used tee temps the new popular front government more to support government bonds which are now ver conservative than the blum cabinet has not quoted far below par as a test of the market the 102 shrunk from draconian measures to put money treasury is offering 4 per cent bonds in exchange lal into the coffers of a nearly bankrupt treasury for a 414 per cent issue maturing in october the after casting the franc loose from its moorings the fate of the government hinges largely on tad and obtaining the right to draw on the bank of the success of these measures some signs of re ne france for additional advances bonnet promptly covery are now apparent capital seems to be ich proceeded to put french finances in order on returning although still rather hesitantly pro ov july 8 he obtained the cabinet’s approval of a duction is gradually improving and business in a series of decrees which will increase government the paris area particularly has been greatly stimu 41 s revenue by about 8 billion francs a year and bal lated by the extraordinary influx of tourists 1a ance at least the ordinary budget although in much depends on whether industrialists and finan the come and real estate taxes were raised most of ciers are now prepared to expand their operations ats the new levies bear heavily on consumers the the government has taken pains to win their con ary production tax was increased from 6 to 8 per fidence it has abstained from threats against on cent and import tariffs restored to the level pre hoarders and deserters of the franc and its ely vailing before october 1936 when the franc was appointment of pierre fournier as governor of devalued telephone telegraph and postal rates the bank of france was at least partly designed its were raised and the price of tobacco manufac to please the banking interests the tured by a state monopoly increased by 20 per one great obstacle to economic and financial has cent revival is the uncertain political situation l on in order to relieve the treasury substantial though parliament will not meet again until the the reductions have been effected in the extraordinary end of october politics have not been adjourned re budgetary expenses for 1938 which must be cov many adherents of the popular front are sharply r ered by borrowing freight and passenger rate critical of the conservative course being followed increases will cut about 214 billion francs from by the chautemps cabinet in their opinion the new the annual railway deficit which the treasury is government has capitulated completely to the talled upon to finance on july 30 the govern financial oligarchy the labor union leader ment accepted bonnet’s proposal to limit the léon jouhaux declared early in august that he ___ treasury’s extra budgetary disbursements for would have preferred foreign exchange control ion 1988 to approximately 25 billion economies of to any surrender to the financial interests in dis about 1214 billion are envisaged primarily by response to blum’s pleading the annual socialist curtailing expenditures for public works compell congress on july 13 approved continued partici rpk es lo ki k i i eh a pation in the chautemps cabinet but one third of the membership voted in opposition moreover the congress approved a resolution calling for amendment of the popular front program to in clude the nationalization of key industries and the railways measures to free state finances from the grip of financial and industrial oligarchies and curbs on the power of the senate which is now controlled by conservative radical socialists since practically all these proposals are opposed by the radical socialist party a split in the popu lar front may be impending a break up might also be precipitated by fusion of the socialist and communist parties until recently no progress was made in this direction because many socialist leaders feared that the communists would soon dominate a united proletarian party the fall of blum however has undoubtedly made the so cialists more receptive to the communist pleas for unity yet despite their critical attitude to ward the chautemps cabinet both communists and socialists realize that the country is tired of politics and apparently tending toward modera tion they may hesitate a long time before dis rupting the popular front and plunging france into a prolonged period of political uncertainty which might end once more in the formation of an extremely conservative national union govern ment john c dewilde the soviet signs a new trade pact on august 6 the united states proclaimed a new trade agreement with the soviet union re newing and enlarging the original pact of july 1935 the new accord extends unconditional most favored nation treatment to the soviet union and revokes the 2 a ton penalty tax on soviet coal imports imposed under the revenue act of 1932 on countries which sell more coal to the united states than they buy here unless treaty provisions of the united states otherwise provide in return the soviet agrees to import at least 40,000,000 worth of american merchan dise during the next twelve months and to limit its coal exports to 400,000 tons less than those of 1935 1936 total soviet purchases will be 10 000,000 in excess of the amount specified in the 1935 accord but only about 4,000,000 more than its actual imports during the past year eventu ally they may be further augmented by the pur chase of one or more 35,000 ton battleships for the construction of which a soviet corporation is reported to be negotiating the original 1935 agreement extended to the soviet union all benefits granted to other nations under the trade agreements act of 1930 the principal product thus affected was manganese page two which had received a 50 per cent reduction in d under the treaty with brazil the new pact con tinues this policy in substance but broadens jf to cover unconditional most favored nation treat ment of all products imported from the soviet union minor additions in the 1937 agreement include a safeguarding clause permitting the united states to impose embargoes under the neutrality act and a provision exempting agree ments with the philippines the panama cana zone and cuba only the latter of which was in cluded in the 1935 pact from application of the most favored nation clause the coal tax concession has been attacked in g public statement by the anthracite institute as illegal and ruinous to american coal producers in reply to this paid propaganda secretary of state hull defended the new pact as a further step in his program of liberalizing america’s foreign trade he pointed out that the united states regu larly exports about thirteen times as much coal as it imports and that the soviet union has con sented to restrict its coal exports to a lower figure than that of last year it may also be noted that the soviet union reserves the right to denounce the treaty in january 1938 in case the treasury department should be overruled by the courts in its contention that this and a similar tax remis sion included in the trade treaty with the nether lands are legal the new treaty along with such incidents ag the cordial reception in america of the soviel trans polar fliers and the friendly treatment oi american naval crews which recently visited vladivostok apparently represents a gradual im provement in soviet american relations which may one day materially affect the far eastem situation helen fisher survey of international affairs 1935 by arnold j toym bee and v m boulter new york oxford 1936 volumes vol 1 6.00 vol 2 7.00 documents on international affairs 1935 stephen heald editor new york oxford 1936 8.50 these volumes indispensable to the specialist for refer ence purposes are also absorbing reading for the layman the major portion of the first volume of the survey deali with the impact of german rearmament on europe stres ing the collapse of the disarmament conference proposali for a european mutual assistance pact the franco italiat agreements of january 1935 the restoration of conserip tion in germany and its complex diplomatic sequel vol ume 2 is entirely devoted to the italo ethiopian conflict from its outset until the meeting of the league assembl in september 1936 in conjunction with the companiot volume of documents on international affairs it takes it place as a definitive study of the subject one which cal hardly be surpassed before historians gain access material still concealed in the archives of europe foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 42 aucust 13 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond leeslig burit president esther g ogpen secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year nation +s it eat viet 1ent the ree anal in the in 4 e as cers y of stey eign egu coal gure that unce sury ts in ther ts as oviet nt of sited 1 im vhich stert er toyn 936 heald refer yymat deal stress yposalt taliat scrip vol onflict sembly paniol kes its ch cal ess t nation edita ir j foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vout xvi no 43 avucust 20 1937 mexico’s challenge to foreign capital by charles a thomson a number of signs point toward a possible stiffening of washington’s cordial attitude toward mexico as a conse quence of recent policies of the cardenas administration this report deals with the widespread expropriation of agri cultural lands in mexico the gradual extension of state socialism and the advancing program of labor legislation august 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents dr william w bishop ann arbor mich the second battle of shanghai ope that the hostilities begun six weeks ago would be peacefully compromised or at least localized has been ended by the tragic events of shanghai today china and japan seem to have embarked on a general war which apparently has arisen out of events which the japanese gov ernment did not anticipate from all appearances tokyo’s original pro gram was directed merely toward establishing puppet governments in north china converting these provinces into a second manchoukuo on august 8 3000 japanese troops triumphantly marched into peiping while planes dropped leaf lets informing the chinese population that the japanese army now numbering about 45,000 men in north china would protect them against nanking at the same time japanese officers issued orders forbidding the teaching of sun yat sen’s principles in the schools and suppressing hationalist newspapers during the same period japanese columns began to march southward de manding the withdrawal of nanking troops from southern hopei a japanese spokesman declared that the continued concentration of chinese troops north of the yellow river means hostili ties in an effort to absorb chahar province and to cut communications between hopei and soviet russia japanese troops also moved toward nankow the japanese government on august 7 took the unprecedented action of abandoning its concession in hankow located in the interior of central china while generally evacuating its na tionals from the yangtze valley by means of this strategy tokyo apparently hoped to seize north china as easily as it seized manchuria in 1931 the nanking government however would not acquiesce in this program following confer ences with political and military leaders from every part of the country general chiang kai shek announced that china would yield no further territory even though this means fighting in adequately and to the death much to japan’s surprise troops rushed by the central govern ment from suiyan province offered severe resis tance at nankow pass to the japanese column en tering chahar despite reinforcement from man choukuo japan has not yet succeeded in dominat ing the pass any possibility of a peaceful settlement of the north china affair was dashed with the new de velopments in shanghai on august 10 an offi cer and a seaman of the japanese navy were killed by members of the chinese peace preserva tion corps near the hungjoa airdrome in the diplomatic clash that at once ensued mayor o k yui agreed to punish the guilty and make an apology should it be established that the chinese had been responsible but he refused to accept the japanese demand that the peace preservation corps be withdrawn from shanghai negotia tions were interrupted when the japanese navy jealously eager to equal the exploits of the jap anese army suddenly moved 20 warships into the whangpoo river joining 12 vessels already there at the same time about 7000 japanese marines were landed in shanghai within the international settlement in reply chinese authorities moved the german trained 87th and 88th divisions contain ing about 30,000 crack troops into the shanghai woosung area bordering on the international settlement to the japanese contention that this concentration violated the 1932 agreement con cluded after the first shanghai war china re plied that japan had already torn this agreement to shreds by moving its warships into shanghai harbor and landing its troops both the chinese and japanese assured the authorities of the in ternational settlement that neither would open hostilities unless first attacked nevertheless on august 13 the first fighting occurred when a japanese naval party invaded chapei on the same day the tokyo cabinet voted university of michigan library ee 1 9 i i 4 ie os ree od 5 f r ae hes fe fri be ie ah oo soe to open negotiations to induce nanking to drop its provocative attitude underestimating the military strength and courage of nanking tokyo no doubt hoped that the mere presence of its 32 ships and 7000 men would force chiang to come to terms over north china but the generalis simo could not acquiesce as he did in 19382 on the 14th fighting continued with the japanese warships and trench mortars firing steadily upon the chinese positions inviting replies from chi nese artillery and planes which despite cloudy weather endeavored to bomb the japanese flag ship izwmo and other vessels lying in the whang poo river only a few hundred yards from the bund whether by mistake or accident sev eral chinese bombs intended for these ships were dropped in the most populous part of the inter national settlement killing 1142 mostly chinese and injuring 1400 more eighteen foreigners were killed including three americans the americans and the british thoroughly aroused by this bombing protested strongly to the nan king government which tendered an apology it was quite clear however that so long as japan continued to use the international settlement as a basis of military operations the 37,000 foreign ers in shanghai would remain in grave danger while japan rejected british and american re quests that shanghai be neutralized it moved the izumo to the other side of the river on august 15 tokyo formally declared that japan’s forbear ance has reached its limit we are compelled to take drastic action to chastise the violence and outrage of the chinese army on the next day the japanese forces began a concerted attack against the chinese in shanghai by means of planes warships and troops and a fierce battle is now raging the diplomatic representatives of the united states are making strenuous efforts to protect or evacuate the 4000 americans living in shanghai being assisted by 39 warships and 1050 marines a similar policy is being adopted by other foreign powers meanwhile the spread of hostilities be tween china and japan undoubtedly increases the danger of a general world war so long as soviet russia the foreign power most vitally affected remains aloof the conflict probably will not spread but if soviet russia acts then germany bound to japan by the anti communist agree ment of november 1936 may be tempted to strike in europe raymond leslie buell the brazilian navy episode widespread opposition at home and abroad caused secretary hull on august 13 to withdraw his proposal submitted to congress a week ear lier for leasing to latin american states over age page two and decommissioned destroyers the resolution presented by senator david i walsh chairman of the naval affairs committee authorized the president to lease destroyers to the governments of the american republics under such terms and conditions as he may prescribe compensation being the total cost of marine insurance on the vessels involved for the entire period of the lease this general resolution was inspired by a desire to lease six destroyers to brazil to be used only for training purposes in peacetime subject to re call at any time by the united states apparently fearing german penetration in this area secretary hull wrote to senator walsh that the desire on the part of some nations for access to raw materials and the forceful action taken by those nations to consummate these desires have made brazil a country of vast territory and rela tively small population particularly apprehen sive under the general leasing scheme the navy department would be enabled to keep many of its 160 over age destroyers in existence as auxili ary ships without the cost of maintenance ameri can shipbuilders would be aided in so far as the plan formed an opening wedge for new construc tion on behalf of latin american republics the plan was designed furthermore to augment amer ican diplomatic prestige by expanding the good neighbor policy into the naval field opposition arose immediately in the argentine where foreign minister saavedra lamas attacked the plan as violating the london naval treaty of 1936 which stated that no signatory shall by gift sale or any mode of transfer dispose of any surface vessels of war or submarines in such a manner that such vessel may become a surface vessel or a submarine in any foreign navy he declared that if any danger to brazil exists it should be met through consultation under the buenos aires agreements moreover the lease of destroyers to brazil it was argued would upset the naval balance in south america and begin a costly arms race american newspapers pointed out that the united states itself might be danger ously involved if a leasing state refused to return its ships in event of war or if it employed them to repress revolution the berlin press was reported as vigorously resenting the insinuation of secre tary hull that germany had imperialist designs on brazil the withdrawal of the leasing proposal marked not only a retreat by the state department but at least a temporary set back in the improved re lations of the united states and latin american republics evoking disappointment in brazil and hostility in the argentine james frederick green foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 43 aucust 20 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lusiie bugit president estumr g ocpgn secretary vera micueres dgan eéitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year fore case +nerican zil and reen national an eéitor year foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xvi no 44 avucust 27 1937 mexico’s social revolution and mexico’s challenge to foreign capital by charles a thomson two reports which deal with mexican policies toward labor education and the church under cardenas paternal istic dictatorship as well as the expropriation of agricultural lands the gradual extension of state socialism and the ad vancing program of labor legislation foreign policy reports 25 cents each of march 3 1879 american policy in the far east o more frightful example of the devastating nature of modern warfare has been given than in the present battle of shanghai bombard ment and fire have resulted not only in countless casualties but in the destruction of a large part of the city’s business area the terrible injury done civilians by modern war implements was once more illustrated on august 23 when several aerial bombs exploded in the most populous part of the international settlement killing at least 195 civilians and injuring 475 as far as the united states is concerned the most serious inci dent occurred on august 20 when a shell of uniden tified origin hit the cruiser augusta killing one sailor and wounding 18 others declining to consider proposals advanced both by japan and china that foreign warships move away from the line of fire admiral yarnell has insisted that he must maintain his present position in the whang poo river in order to protect the evacuation of americans half of whom have already left shanghai the accidental shelling of the augusta although received calmly by administrative officials inten sified the demand of a number of congressmen peace societies and periodicals for the withdrawal of american forces from the orient and the ap plication of the neutrality act instead of follow ing this advice however the government on august 17 announced that an additional regiment of marines would be sent to shanghai from san diego and made it clear that for the time being the act would not be applied the administration is unwilling to withdraw its forces from china first because the abandonment of americans de siring to be evacuated would to quote senator pittman’s radio speech of august 23 be cowardly and unpatriotic second because withdrawal of these forces would constitute encouragement to the tokyo militarists while secretary hull has not protested against japanese aggression as strongly as secretary stimson did in 1931 he has constantly exercised his influence on behalf of peace on july 16 sec retary hull issued a statement laying down eight principles of international conduct including that of the sanctity of treaties which was circulated to every capital in the world although this state ment did not mention the orient secretary hull obviously wanted to mobilize world opinion in an indirect way against japan the replies of 62 states received by august 14 endorsed mr hull’s views in principle although japan declared that these objectives could be attained only by a full recognition and practical consideration of the ac tual particular circumstances of the region on august 23 the secretary went further and said we consider applicable throughout the world in the pacific area as elsewhere the principles set forth in the statement of july 16 which embraces the prin ciples embodied in many treaties including the wash ington conference treaties and the kellogg briand pact of paris this government does not believe in political alliances or entanglements nor does it be lieve in extreme isolation it does believe in interna tional cooperation for the purpose of seeking through pacific methods the achievement of those objectives set forth in the statement of july 16 in the light of our well defined attitude and policies and within the range thereof this government is giving most solicitous at tention to every phase of the far eastern situation this government is endeavoring to see kept alive strengthened and revitalized in reference to the pacific area and to all the world these fundamental principles while the roosevelt administration like other governments is unwilling to employ force to re strain japanese aggression it does not wish to become an ally of japan this accounts in part for its hesitation to apply the neutrality act until one of the two belligerents has formally declared war or broken off diplomatic relations with the oth er once the president proclaims the existence of a state of war an arms and loan embargo would automatically be imposed against both belliger ents japan is now virtually self sufficient in mu se bod fal ade che ete seta me ee ak tj eea faget aoe weed so senne se nitions and would not be materially injured by the american embargo but china still dependent on outside supplies would be severely handicapped at the same time japanese ships could continue to import american cotton and oil for the chinese navy is too small to interfere with this trade those who demand application of the neutrality act assert that a japanese naval blockade even in the absence of an american embargo could prevent china from importing arms from the united states while to a certain extent this is true china might succeed in running arms and planes from siberia and french indo china under the old rules of neutrality china was re sponsible for determining whether it could suc ceed in escaping seizure by the japanese navy but under the new law the united states does not give china this choice it takes the responsibility for cutting china off from the american market at the very time china is the victim of aggression thus our neutrality law imposes a penalty on china and probably violates the implied obliga tions arising out of the nine power pact what the neutrality school also overlooks is that japan cannot establish a naval blockade of china while maintaining diplomatic relations with that country contending that it is merely pro tecting its nationals japan apparently does not plan to declare war against china but should the president proclaim that war exists japan would be encouraged to declare war and establish a naval blockade of the chinese coasts thus strik ing a severe blow at nanking on the other hand should president roosevelt proclaim that japan and china were at war his declaration would in the eyes of world opinion condemn japan as the aggressor since it is fighting on chinese soil rather than reduce entanglements such a pro nouncement might seriously endanger relations between japan and the united states the american government could safely apply the arms embargo against italy and ethiopia in october 1935 because it was public knowledge that the league council was on the point of adopting stronger measures it could safely apply the arms embargo against spain in january 1937 because an even more severe policy had already been adopted by the 27 powers constituting the non intervention committee in london in the orient however no collective action has yet been taken and in its absence the application of embargoes by the united states alone might create far great er dangers than it would avoid it is striking that isolationist america con tinues to preach the principles of international morality at a time when the league of nations is silent and alone among the powers considers the page two adoption of an embargo policy while the intep tions of the administration are sound the dap gers implicit in the neutrality act can be avoided only by a policy of concerted action such a pol icy could be adopted if the european signa tories of the nine power pact together with the soviet union would agree to apply an arms and shipping embargo against japan leaving ching free to import from european markets in ae cordance with league of nations principles simultaneously the president of the united states could employ his discretion under the neutrality act to forbid american vessels to carry any ma terials to china or japan since japanese ships carry only one third of the trade between japan and the united states and since many japanese vessels have necessarily been diverted into trans port service the imposition of an international shipping embargo against japan would offset the damage which an american arms embargo would cause to china what is more important collective action of this sort would protect the united states from assuming responsibilities alone in the orient and tend to shorten a war which otherwise may rapidly spread to various parts of the world raymond leslie buell lisbon breaks off with prague while insurgent troops were closing in on san tander the portuguese government on august 19 broke off diplomatic relations with czechoslovakia on the ground that prague had refused to permit the export of machine guns which portugal was on the point of ordering from a government con trolled czechoslovak factory this refusal based by czechoslovakia on its obligation under the non intervention agreement not to furnish arms directly or indirectly to either side in the span ish struggle was attributed in lisbon to pressure by those who wish to prevent or impede por tuguese rearmament a shaft thought to be aimed at the soviet union in an official communiqué czechoslovakia contended that the factory find ing it was not in a position to furnish guns of the type specified owing to previous orders placed by the czechoslovak army had offered to supply a different type but that its offer had been rejected by portugal the portuguese government alarmed by the recent attempt on the life of premier salazar which has been blamed on communist agitators av bar lb an int alw in por affe foreign previc drew demat note one interr batan side o to dis trary the b japar those will event th annol chin the aid a is determined to check the spread of communism the o mee that in the iberian peninsula fomented in its opinion i come by the soviet union what remains obscure is the sonifi extent to which germany is using portugal as a catspaw in its campaign against czechoslovakia v m d foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 44 augusr 27 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lasiim bugit president estuar g ocpen secretary vera micuetes dean béitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year kello direc assel it wi situa picio sista +lina ma hips pan nese onal the ould tive ates ient may ll san t 19 akia con ased the rms pan sure por imed liqué find f the d by nly a acted the azar tors nism nion s the as a akia national editor yw ti l libra poreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xvi no 45 september 3 1937 american policy in the far east by t a bisson the objectives and methods of american policy in the far east are of more than ordinary importance for there is always the danger that the united states will be involved in any conflict which develops in the pacific area this re port decribes united states participation in developments affecting the far east foreign policy reports 25 cents entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 fh a b general library university of michigan ann arbor mich far eastern crisis baffles powers uring the past week while the area of hostilities was extended in north and south china with appalling losses among non combatants in the shanghai zone three important develop ments challenged the attention of foreign powers and demonstrated the far reaching implications of the crisis first the serious wounding of the british am bassador to china by japanese airplanes on au gust 26 aroused public opinion far more than the previous loss of chinese lives and on august 29 drew a sharp note from the british government demanding the fullest measure of redress the note charged japan with flagrant disregard of one of the oldest and best established rules of international law that attacks on non com batants are absolutely prohibited whether in side or outside the area of hostilities and refused to dismiss the attack as an accident on the con trary declaring the shooting to be inexcusable the british requested a formal apology by the japanese government suitable punishment for those responsible and assurance that measures will be taken to prevent a recurrence of such events the second development came in the form of an announcement from nanking on august 29 that china had concluded a non aggression pact with the soviet union binding each signatory not to aid a third state committing aggression against the other the nanking communiqué made it clear that the pact does not obligate the u.s.s.r to come to china’s aid in the present conflict but is confined to reaffirming the principles of the kellogg briand pact china linked the new pact directly to its undeclared war with japan and asserted that great hopes are entertained that it will prove a turning point in the far eastern situation causing tokyo officials to voice the sus picion that the agreement contains a mutual as sistance clause the third important development was an official declaration from tokyo on august 26 that jap anese naval forces had ordered a strict blockade of the chinese coast extending approximately 800 miles from the mouth of the yangtze river in the north to swatow in the south an explana tory statement from the japanese foreign office declared that this measure taken in self defense would apply solely to chinese shipping and would exempt peaceful commerce carried on by third parties on the same day however a spokesman for the japanese naval commander in shanghai cast doubt on the nature of the blockade by de claring that foreign shipping along the china coast may be halted by japanese warships exer cising the privilege of pre emption toward for eign bottoms carrying a cargo that in time of war would constitute contraband to all foreign powers engaged in the china trade and to the united states in particular these conflicting declarations present an issue bristling with legal difficulties and fraught with the danger of serious incidents under international law pre emption is the right of a belligerent to seize conditional contraband i.e articles not recog nized to be absolute contra 1 found on neu tral vessels and destined for enemy provided there is just compensation although neutral shipping has been interfered with in the past by states not technically at war under the form of a pacific blockade the rights of protagonists and third parties have not been clearly defined quite apart from legal niceties the facts are that a blockade of the china coast is in full force that japanese naval commanders despite protesta tions from tokyo are apparently prepared to in terfere with neutral shipping and that serious incidents involving not only the rights but the honor and prestige of foreign powers may result this situation confronts the united states with an issue of major importance affecting both its short term and long term policy in asia up to this point one of the chief reasons against invok ing the neutrality act was that it might force an open declaration of war and lead to a blockade thus extending the area of conflict and terminat ing any remaining possibility of settlement with a blockade actually in force however the state department is forced to choose between declaring that a state of war exists and thus invoking the act or ignoring the blockade until such time as american munitions ships are seized off the coast of china if the latter course is followed as seems to be indicated by washington the united states may protest the legality of japan’s naval action proclaim its rights and reserve its freedom of action the state department has more than one precedent for such a course applied to the present situation this course invites almost certain controversy and injects the added danger of an in cident involving the sinking of american ships the reality of this danger is emphasized by the departure of the american freighter wichita which sailed from baltimore last week with 19 bellanca airplanes consigned to china under the circumstances refusal to recognize that war exists becomes meaningless it no longer aids china it does nothing to advance peace and it hastens precisely the kind of incident which the neutral ity act was designed to avoid whether or not application of the neutrality act will hamper a constructive long term policy depends upon what is meant by constructive joint action by the powers to curb japanese ag gression would require considerably more than moral endorsement of the general principles enun ciated by secretary hull on july 16 and ameri can intervention without any assurance of sup port from other states would be ineffective if not disastrous that much at least was demonstrated by the experience in manchuria and ethiopia if the objective of american policy is to prevent the spread of hostilities however cooperation with other neutrals is not rendered impossible by the neutrality law despite its obvious shortcomings in the far eastern situation wriuiam t stone the role of the social scientist mrs dean has just returned from a two months stay in paris where she attended the international studies conference as a member of the american delegation while bombs plough up the fields of spain and hurl death into shanghai streets visitors to the paris exposition are thrilled at the palace of discovery by a magnificent display of man’s au dacity in mastering disease piercing the secrets of stars and atoms and harnessing nature to his will undismayed by knowledge of his own mor tality and the possible finiteness of the universe page two the scientist on a battlefront which spans the world strives not only to preserve life but enrich it yet outside his laboratory humanity with growing indifference accepts the deliberate jp crease in the chances of death inflicted by modern warfare and the belief in destiny in a force beyond human control which religion throughout the ages has offered as solace to the living is of little avail to non combatants mowed down by air planes man made and man controlled in this state of continuous crisis when the values of civilization are daily menaced by wanton destruction what is the réle of the social scien tist shall he wait in his library until the present becomes the past before he ventures to draw up its balance sheet or like the physician jp time of plague shall he go out among the stricken and by examining living matter make the diseage itself yield a hint of its remedy too often both in europe and the united states the scholars whe have undertaken to inform public opinion disseet the clauses of still born treaties while undeclared wars rage beneath their windows too often alleging the need for objectivity they avoid dis cussion of controversial issues on whose solution hangs the existence of millions too often dis couraged by the breakdown of this or that set of institutions they give up the fight before it is well begun too often mesmerized by hollow formulas of goodwill they take refuge in the obvious fearing to probe the living tissues of international relations yet failure to grapple with realities unsightly or discouraging as they may be is essentially a betrayal of the intellect by the intellectuals the mind exists not merely to photograph events or register ideologies it must reach conclusions but these conclusions to be valid must be based on knowledge of things as they are not as they might or should be the physician is not content with diagnosis he seeks to find a remedy not a remedy whose curative powers depend on the advent of utopia but one which may afford relief here and now if the social scientist is to fulfill his calling he must do more than define his problems he must with the dar ing patience and imagination displayed in the physical sciences devise the processes by which these problems may be not finally solved for life rejects finality but alleviated in the age long struggle for peaceful adjustment of relations be tween men and nations there are moments of dis couragement there is no defeat vera micheles dean international politics an introduction to the western state system by frederick l schuman 2nd edition new york mcgraw hill 1937 4.00 a revision of a standard college test foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 45 sepremmbeerr 3 1937 f p a membership five dollars a year published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lessig buglt president ester g ocpen secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year national +sep 23 1937 __ foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff ge oante a pe subscription one dollar a year os n wit foreign policy association incorporated y meee ate in 8 west 40th street new york n y 10dern force vou xvi no 46 september 10 1937 ighout is of the new deal in france dr william w bishop by air by john c dewilde thidieai nc an analysis of the french attempt to reconcile capitalism hiversity of michigan libr on the and democracy with dynamic social reforms the french vanton new deal has enacted a program of economic and social ann arbor mich scien legislation unparalleled in the history of modern france at the same time it has created considerable political economic resent and financial tension will the popular front continue to draw rule france my in september 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents ricken lise n both piracy forces action in mediterranean rs who dissect he soviet note of september 6 charging that the sinking on september 1 of the tanker wood eclared italy was responsible for the torpedoing of ford flying the british flag often two soviet freighters in the eastern mediter while these uncrovcked ettnces sf ee 7 be meen and demanding reparation and punish occurring sieiiinemariaihe at widely separated m da rent for the euity parties threatens to upset points of the mediterranean have not permit set off ence invitations for which had been issued on the identification of the assailants suspicion has cen e itt tered on italy which has one of the largest sub h i same day the summoning of this conference marine fleets in the world the most recent avail ta the to be held on september 10 at nyon in the neigh able information credits the spanish insurgents e borhood of geneva where the league council will with five and the loyalists with four submarines sues 0 ion i bs me y rrapple prey ae p poseentn 3 pole ie even admitting that general franco’s vessels have ns til esiens from gibraltar to the dardanelles sufficient mobility to deliver the numerous attacks ntellect reported from the mediterranean experts point merely repeated attacks by unidentified submarines on out that the phantom submarines are using exx es it neutral merchant ships suspected of carrying car pensive torpedoes probably unobtainable in spain ions tof goes to valencia had already caused turkey to and enjoy the use of naval bases other than those things notify european powers on august 26 that its controlled by the insurgents moreover sub the warships would sink any submarine in turkish marine attacks seem to have increased since the e geeks waters which refused to disclose its identity when fall of santander which was hailed in rome as an curative challenged on the same day britain had warned italian victory and served as the occasion for an but one general franco that further attacks on british exchange of enthusiastic telegrams by i duce and e social vessels would not be tolerated and had instructed general franco it is also recalled that in his io more its warships to retaliate against any attack by palermo speech of august 20 mussolini while he dar submarine warship or airplane rumanian crews reiterating the desire for french and british col in the had refused to run the gauntlet of phantom sub laboration asserted that he would continue to as which marines and the soviet press had called for drastic sist franco and would not tolerate bolshevism or for life teprisals the mediterranean had returned tothe anything like it in the mediterranean ige long voy of lusty buccaneering when international early reports from london indicate that the be em was a5 non existent as it appears to be today nyon conference which at britain’s insistence s of dis alarmed by acts of piracy which menace its is to include germany as well as all mediter communications with north africa france on ranean and black sea powers with the notable dean august 31 had urged britain to call a conference exception of the valencia government whose of mediterranean powers including the valencia presence might have embarrassed hitler and mus western government whose existence is threatened by the solini would not attempt to inquire into the iden edition submarines attempt to sink or damage all cargoes tity of the phantom submarines but merely lay destined for the loyalists britain’s acceptance down the rules of future conduct in the mediter of the french proposal at first received with ranean in the light of these reports the question national lukewarm interest in london was hastened by a arises whether britain which on the plea of un san editon sudmarine attack on the british destroyer havock preparedness has already accepted italy’s conquest year which is thought to have sunk its assailant and of ethiopia and tolerates its violations of the non fo page two intervention accord in spain may not use the nyon kwangchowwan are exempted from surveillance an in wm conference to whitewash mussolini neville but the critical question involved in the conduct 4 chamberlain’s overtures to italy far from inspir of the blockade the reaction of foreign powers hi ing mussolini with pacific sentiments have only if japan should molest their vessels engaged in the aah strengthened his conviction that britain preoccu carriage of war supplies to china still remains it pied by rearmament preparations and far east unanswered aieniigs ast ern developments will not go beyond pro neutrals participating in trade with china wij vou 4 i tests in the mediterranean like hitler whom he receive short shrift from tokyo if the japanege aie plans to visit on september 24 mussolini is will reply to britain’s note protesting the attack on its ap ing to have peace but peace on his own terms ambassador to china is any criterion the jap 4 these terms as revealed by his palermo speech in anese response delivered in london on septem i clude victory for general franco and recognition ber 6 expresses regret for the incident but states of italy’s ethiopian empire by the league powers japan’s investigation has not yet produced eyj o oe the new mediterranean crisis brings home some dence that the shooting was done by japanese avi co it lessons worth pondering at a moment when amer ators the tenor of the note clearly indicates that th ican public opinion is deeply divided over the tokyo believes it has little to fear from british foreig course best calculated to prevent extension of the displeasure aul far eastern conflict many observers adopting china’s immediate assumption of responsibility 7 the line of argument popularized by hitler and for the bombing of the american liner president mussolini have contended that war can and hoover near the mouth of the a ak au should be localized and that only neutrality or gust 30 stands in sharp contrast to the dilatory h non intervention by the non warring powers can tactics of the japanese while china's action was n avert a general conflict fear of which has prac intended as a move to influence world opinion it medit by tically paralyzed the western democracies the does not appear to presage greater consideration the et he experience of ethiopia and spain demonstrates for the rights of non combatant s in the fighting of the iy that war can in fact be temporarily localized it zone neither tokyo nor nanking has responded tical hi also demonstrates that the countries which most favorably to the request of the united states brit vam ae loudly demand localization and non intervention ish and french consuls general made on septem tas profit by the withdrawal of neutral powers to in ber 4 that both sides withdraw their troops from instes i i tervene to their hearts content and by so doing 2748 around shanghai in which fighting is lond ha enlarge the area of potential conflict to the point heavy toll of the lives and property of non 3 14 af where the democracies with their backs to the combatants neavily involved in euros is wall are confronted with the necessity of consid with britain heavily involved in pe repre ering the very measures of coercion which if strong policy initiated by the united states ap brita adopted in time might have checked the original p as to offer the only hope for checking japanese outbreak what the democracies are apt to forget incursions against neutral rights or restraining th is that faint words have ne’er won dictators who japan’s aggression in china anonymous official of an listen to no argument but that of force sources in washington have stated that american sams vera micheles dean policy remains receptive to joint action demon brita strating that neither japan nor any other ag shen japan aims at crushing victory gressor can attain its objectives without some wen the unexpected strength of china’s opposition resistance from law abiding nations president gene to the japanese attack at shanghai has impelled roosevelt however seems unwilling to follow this japan to throw all its forces into a conflict which course which might conceivably involve the is po i now extends over the whole chinese seaboard and united states in hostilities against japan after 4 far inland the imperial diet after an unprece vetoing the dispatch of additional american war 1 if dented exhortation personally delivered by the ships to china he announced on september 5 that surge fe emperor on september 5 enthusiastically ap all americans remaining in that country after tate f proved foreign minister hirota’s statement that they had had a reasonable opportunity to leave home the object of the war was to break chinese re would do so at their own risk davin h popper corte is 4 sistance once for all over two billion yen was mass consumption by frederick purdy new york the rane ge voted for prosecution of the campaign at the talisman press 1936 2.50 i of th hy same time japanese naval commanders have en advances a new scheme whereby consumers will directly heen 16 larged the scope of their blockade to include the indicate to producers what they need carri 4 entire 2100 mile stretch of chinese coastline from a a oa chamber medi e the manchoukuo border to pakhoi near the indo aay pr i taos that faith in democracy re gree china frontier tsingtao hongkong macao and newed would do well to read this indictment of collectivism 4 os a riti yt foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 46 september 10 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national quit al headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymmonp lusime burtt president estuer g ocprn secretary vera micuetes dean editor to eo fit i entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year patr al f p a membership five dollars a year +llanee onduct 0wers in the mains 1a will panese on its e jap eptem states 2d evi se avi es that british sibility esident on au ilatory on was nion it eration ighting ponded s brit eptem s from taking f non rope a tes ap _panese raining official nerican demon ler ag t some esident ow this ve the after in war r 5 that y after o leave popper ork the directly jhamber racy te lectivism national an editor y ear foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second quer class matter december pics es 2 1921 at the post peri vi office at new york qenere n under the act hoe of march 3 1879 vout xvi no 47 september 17 1937 strategy and diplomacy in the mediterranean by david h popper britain and italy are the chief antagonists in the mediter ranean this report considers the general strategic situation confronting italy britain and france and the way in which that situation has been modified by recent developments foreign policy reports vol xiii no 6 25 cents general library university of michigan ann arbor michigan democracies take offensive at nyon he anti submarine agreement concluded at nyon on september 11 by nine countries with mediterranean and black sea interests may have the effect of giving fascist dictatorships a taste of their own medicine on september 9 in iden tical notes rejecting the franco british invita tion italy and germany had refused to sit at the same table with the soviet union suggesting instead that the piracy issue be submitted to the london non intervention committee noted chiefly for its ability to overlook intervention on which ironically enough the u.s.s.r is also represented undeterred by this fascist rebuff britain and france proceeded with the conference which set a record for rapid action the nyon agreement provides for the formation of an anti submarine patrol of warships and air planes most of which are to be furnished by britain and france non spanish merchant ships when traveling in the mediterranean will be di rected to follow certain routes corresponding in general to the usual shipping lanes the patrol shins will have instructions to count attack and if possible destroy submarines which in defiance of the 1930 london rules on submarine warfare attack merchant ships not belonging to the in surgent or loyalist governments the signatory states undertake to keep their own submarines in home ports or have them travel on the surface es corted by surface craft in the western mediter ranean and on the high seas with the exception of the tyrrhenian and adriatic which italy has been invited to patrol the agreement is to be carried out by britain and france in the eastern mediterranean the riparian powers yugoslavia greece turkey and egypt are to exercise control of their territorial waters and to lend the franco british patrol any assistance which may be re quired the soviet union which had threatened to convoy its merchant ships is thus barred from patrolling the mediterranean and restricted to patrol duty in the black sea along with bulgaria rumania and turkey the signatories at m litvinov’s suggestion specifically declare that they do not mean to concede belligerent rights to either of the parties engaged in the spanish conflict the nyon agreement represents an important step in the direction of collective action against an aggressor who in this case remains officially unidentified it offers a favorable contrast to the situation created during the ethiopian crisis when britain having taken the lead in urging collective action against italy mobilized its fleet in the mediterranean without first consulting the league powers and only then sought the coopera tion of france and other mediterranean coun tries many observers believe that the mere threat of force contained in the nyon agreement will discourage further submarine attacks which ceased abruptly once the conference had been summoned the mediterranean crisis sheds a revealing light or the eurcpoan struggle for a balance of power which finds in spain an accidental battle field britain whose conservative government would not object to a victory of the franco forces provided it did not strengthen italy’s strategic po sition and give germany a foothold in the mediter ranean looks to an eventual settlement with both italy and germany and has no desire to be used as a soviet catspaw france under m chautemps leadership has noticeably stiffened its stand against fascist intervention in spain but the chautemps government like that of m blum is faced with a dilemma on the one hand it be lieves that the soviet union has been weakened by recent executions and has no intention of im plementing the franco soviet pact with a military accord which might cause umbrage to britain on the other hand france fears that the u.s.s.r if threatened with exclusion from western eu sep 90 1937 rope might seek security in a rapprochement with germany the soviet union aware of these vacillations and fearing that britain might persuade france to join its efforts for reconciliation with germany and italy found in the mediterranean crisis a heaven sent opportunity to block an anglo italian settlement which might be the prelude for the western four power bloc long favored by musso lini italy played into the hands of the soviet union by absenting itself from the nyon confer ence yet eager as mussolini is for italian victory in spain it seems doubtful that in the long run he would sacrifice the hope of obtaining british cooperation and with it financial assistance for the development of ethiopia or give britain a pretext to align itself with the soviet union similarly hitler’s hatred of bolshevism which he denounced once more at nuremberg does not blind him to the dangers of exclusive reliance on the rome berlin axis friendship with britain remains the cornerstone of hitler’s foreign policy as expressed in mein kampf and recently reiter ated in a letter to lord rothermere this con flict of interests and policies no less acute in the dictatorships than in the democracies offers a hope that mutual vituperation may stop short of war provided the democracies keep their heads and refuse to lend themselves to the designs of either fascism or communism vera micheles dean four year plan oppresses germany the annual nazi party gathering at nuremberg always more a spectacle than a congress closed on september 13 with an impressive display of the reich’s armed forces its sessions lasting a week were devoted as usual to rekindling the enthusiasm of the german people for national socialism in contrast to previous years no new laws were proclaimed nor any new campaigns inaugurated it was a congress of labor and domestic rather than international questions ab sorbed the most attention hitler and his col leagues admitted that difficult times were still ahead and stressed the necessity of hard work discipiine and self sacrifice of most immediate concern to the nazi govern ment is the economic situation production it is true is still rising and the output of consumers goods is now sharing more fully in this increase than before under the stimulus of world eco nomic recovery exports have markedly expanded and are bringing better prices on the world mar ket the four year plan for the development of domestic raw materials has been more success ful than was anticipated abroad for example the output of synthetic cell wool will probably page two amount to 20 per cent of the consumption of raw cotton this year and with a third successive re duction in prices effective september 1 the cost of this material is now more closely approaching that of imported cotton superficially government finances also appear in order in august another so called consolidation loan of 700 million marks was floated and with such success that the amount was raised 150 million the total of such loans issued since 1935 now aggregates 6,850,000,000 marks on the other hand certain very disquieting factors have appeared while the foreign trade balance for this year is on the whole more favor able the trend during the last three months has been in the opposite direction another mediocre grain harvest will necessitate much greater im ports of foodstuffs by decree of july 27 the reich requisitioned all rye and wheat for use only a bread grain but even this measure wil leave much feed to be imported the extraordinary rise in the production of iron steel machines and similar goods has made for a continued shortage of essential raw materials the construction of plants to carry out the four year plan is necessi tating the importation of more raw materials than these plants can at present contribute to the german economy to relieve the shortage of iron goring on july 23 set up a state corporation for the mining and smelting of all unexploited do mestic deposits of iron ore which are known to have a very low ore content this step has ac centuated the opposition of certain industrialists to growing state interference with private initia tive these critics have rallied behind dr schacht the minister for economics who is known to be at odds with the more radical nazis dr schacht is reported particularly alarmed over the condition of the government’s finances despite the numerous consolidation loans issued in recent years the reich’s concealed floating debt is still rising as evidenced by the bil holdi of the reichsbank and other german banks phenomenal increase in the public debt made possible by the government ictical monopoly of the capital market with in dustries demanding capital and old industries pro ducing at capacity and requiring renewal and extension of plant private capital issues are now becoming daily more urgent in dr schacht’s opinion this situation calls imperatively for strict government economy slowing up of the costly four year plan and concentration on export trade neither hitler nor géring however ap pear willing to alter the nazi program and the res ignation of schacht is once more strongly rumored john c dewilde een foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 47 ssprember 17 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lustig bugit president esthar g ocpogn secretary vera micueies dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year for an inter vou xv ti de polic work the unit septembe tri the mats t ready t in its d ment 0 sentati left the they w and de anese ing th warfar at c ber 13 action and fc nant specifi aggres vague howev belong sume t tion of membe imposi in nore pected under sancti ethio ever leagu ticle deleg ber 1 the to cor to dez +aw t of hat ent her rks unt ans ing ade vor has ere im aich r as ave ary and 1 of ssi ials the ron for do n to lists itia is azis med ces sued debt s of his een tical in pro now ht’s trict ystly ap res red je ational editor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription one dollar a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y scr 0 yd entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 periodical room general library vou xvi no 48 september 24 1937 trade rivalries in latin america by howard j trueblood despite the apparent success of british and german trade policies in latin america long term factors seem to be working in favor of the united states this report describes the competition of germany great britain japan and the united states for control of latin american markets september 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents univ of mich general library university of michigan ann arbor mich china urges league to condemn japan triking from the air at nanking even before the expiration of its warning to foreign diplo mats to leave by september 21 japan appeared ready to risk new incidents involving third states in its determination to bomb the chinese govern ment out of its capital the united states repre sentatives under orders to avoid undue hazards left the city but officials of other nations declared they would remain meanwhile both combatants and de facto neutrals concerned in the sino jap anese conflict explored the anomalies accompany ing the conduct of undeclared and unrecognized warfare on a wide scale at geneva the chinese government on septem ber 13 appealed to the league to take appropriate action against japan under articles x and xi and for the first time article xvii of the cove nant the first two calling for measures of un specified nature to protect member states against aggression and safeguard peace are sufficiently vague not to embarrass the league article xvii however provides that if a state which does not belong to the league refuses an invitation to as sume the obligations of membership for considera tion of the dispute and resorts to war against a member state the covenant’s provisions for the imposition of sanctions shall be applicable in view of japan’s announced intention to ig nore outside intervention it was generally ex pected that the league would be loath to proceed under article xvii especially because the topic of sanctions has been avoided in geneva since the ethiopian fiasco the chinese delegation how ever showed no inclination to embarrass the league by requesting any steps under this ar ticle instead dr wellington koo chief chinese delegate suggested in the assembly on septem ber 15 that the league’s advisory committee on the sino japanese conflict set up early in 1933 to consider the manchurian conflict be convoked to deal with the situation at that time the united states sat as an observer in this body which re mained inactive after a subcommittee had recom mended measures for implementing the non recognition of manchoukuo and on september 20 washington announced that it would resume lim ited cooperation in the committee’s deliberations until japan formally resorts to war resusci tation of the advisory committee appears to offer the best prospect for solving the knotty problem of observing the letter of the league covenant without taking drastic steps at an inopportune moment it is even conceivable that the committee may recommend an embargo on the shipment of arms or the extension of financial aid to japan a measure which would dovetail nicely with full application of the american neutrality act by invoking article xvii but not pressing for its application moreover china is in a position to employ the league as a restraining influence on japan should tokyo now extend its blockade to non chinese vessels transporting munitions or other vital war materials to china a move pre sumably denoting the existence of a state of war de jure the league would at once be compelled to face the problem of applying sanctions in view of british and american acquiescence in the measures already taken however japan would have little to gain by resort to a full fledged war blockade president roosevelt unwilling to run the risk of an incident announced on septem ber 14 that american government owned vessels would not be permitted to carry armaments to china or japan and that privately owned ameri can vessels would do so at their own risk by this move the president in effect partially ap plied the neutrality act while avoiding the declaration that a state of war exists on sep tember 15 london underwriters suspended stand ard insurance rates on munitions and oil ship ments to china and japan these measures have temporarily disorganized chinese maritime trade ht t i a a page two and led to chinese representations in washing ton on september 17 and 18 british shipping off the china coast had previously been directed to permit examination of papers by japanese naval officers if british authorities are not avail able to perform the task tokyo officials mean while took a first step in what was regarded as a gradual tightening of the blockade by warning the powers that chinese vessels transferred to foreign registry will not be recognized as foreign ships as china begins to feel the effect of the block ade it is for the first time meeting the full impact of the japanese army’s attack after their stub born stand at shanghai chinese forces on sep tember 13 began a short strategic retreat to pre pared positions beyond the reach of enemy naval guns mobile warfare continued in the north with japanese columns moving south and west along railway arteries these forces were ap proaching strong chinese positions before yen men pass the gateway to rich shansi province and paoting on the peiping hankow railway some military observers questioned the wisdom of an entrenched chinese resistance of the type evi dently planned holding that nanking’s purpose would be better served by guerrilla warfare along lengthy communication lines powerful support would be provided in such warfare by the 100,000 seasoned chinese communist troops who on sep tember 10 formally joined the nanking govern ment armies and prepared to meet the japanese in suiyuan davip h poppeer italy stalls on nyon agreement the nyon anti submarine agreement signed on september 14 and supplemented three days later by an accord extending its provisions to attacks on non spanish merchant ships by warships and aircraft was denounced in italy as a high handed attempt to establish franco british hegemony in a sea regarded by italians as mare nostrum ina note of september 14 drafted after consultation with the german foreign office the italian gov ernment refused to adhere to the nyon agreement which had reserved the tyrrhenian and adri atic seas for patrolling by italy unless it was invited to participate in the mediterranean patrol on terms of absolute equality with britain and france the italian press indicated that failure to meet this demand might result in collapse of the negotiations for an italo british settlement scheduled to begin in october much was also made in rome of alleged differences between prime minister chamberlain who has urged reconciliation with italy and foreign minister eden whose activities on behalf of league sanc tions during the ethiopian crisis have stamped him as italy’s public enemy no 1 fearing that italy’s demand for absolute equal ity was intended to reopen the whole question of action against pirate submarines britain ang france while leaving the way open for italian adherence proceeded without delay to carry out the terms of the nyon agreement on septem ber 17 they abandoned the international patro of spanish coasts from which germany and italy had already withdrawn in june following an at tack on the german cruiser leipzig by an uniden tified submarine ships assigned to spanish waters have now been diverted to the mediter ranean patrol in the organization of which france and britain have displayed a degree of collabora tion unknown since the world war a fact which has not escaped the attention of fascist dictator ships nor have the two western democracies bee content to stop at these measures in a speech to the league assembly on september 18 mw delbos french foreign minister declared that should italy answer the nyon agreement by send ing either arms or reinforcements to genera franco france would be relieved of its non inter vention obligations this was interpreted as 4 warning that the chautemps cabinet might re open the franco spanish frontier and permit the passage of arms destined for the valencia gov ernment on the same day sefior negrin valen cia premier addressing the assembly demanded that valencia should once more enjoy the right to acquire all the war material it may consider neces sary that non spanish combatants be withdrawn from spanish territory and that security mea sures adopted in the mediterranean be extended to loyalist shipping with the participation of the valencia government which was not invited te the nyon conference on september 20 however the assembly dealt a heavy blow to spain by fail ing to re elect it to a semi permanent seat on the council the effect these developments may have on italy’s future course is still uncertain reports ol count ciano’s conversation on september 19 with the british and french chargés d’affaires in rome however would indicate that italy is in clined to be conciliatory provided its face is saved by a franco british invitation to participate in the mediterranean patrol now that the democ racies have shown at nyon that they are not in dr goebbels flattering phrase stupid cows go ing to the slaughter house they can afford to aid this process of face saving on condition that italy does its part in relieving european tension vera micheles dean foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 48 septemper 24 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lgstig busi president estherr g ogden secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one dollar a year f p a membership five dollars a year nationa fc an z l +foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff nped o subscription two dollars a year tee 1921 ar ant office at new york ne oo n y under the act qual foreign policy association incorporated oe mig of march 3 1879 on of 8 west 40th street new york n y and alian you xvi no 49 october 1 1937 i fe the new foreign policy bulletin geserel lsbresy italy with this issue we introduce the washington news letter n at and our new 4 page bulletin the new bulletin will interpret university of michigan iden current international events and will also keep f p a anish members in touch with developments in national affairs as ann arbor mich liter they affect american foreign policy rance 2.00 a year bora included in f p a membership which ___ fa tor dictators test rome berlin axis been peech hws spotlight of european diplomacy has shifted 7 this week from the mediterranean to berlin that where roman fasces and nazi eagles perched on white pillars welcomed italy’s new caesar on his first neral visit to the fuehrer of the third reich this visit whose avowed purpose was a joint appeal for euro pean peace on terms outlined by the dictators it the opened symbolically with an impressive display of goy germany's armed power at military manoeuvres in jalen mecklenburg and a surprise excursion to essen heart anded of germany's armament industry in their addresses ght tof to a mass meeting held at the may field in berlin neces on september 28 the two dictators greeted each other lrawil as leaders of revolution in their respective countries mea solemnly reaffirmed their friendship once a friend always a friend said mussolini and reiterated their ed te determination to defend european civilization against communism 7 fail this elaborate reception which gave hitler an yn the opportunity to display his artistic talents leaves open the question which most preoccupies europe will ve on the two dictators decide to send more troops into spain in the hope of clinching the victory of general with franco or withdraw from spain in the hope of win res i ning britain’s support for an anti communist front is in in europe that the spanish situation was to figure promi nently in the conferences of the two dictators was indicated by the feverish jockeying for position which 73 go preceded their encounter on september 21 follow to aidj 8 conversations of british and french chargés t italy affaires in rome with count ciano it was officially announced that naval experts of the three powers ean would meet in paris on september 27 to discuss practical modifications of the nyon agreement nation with a view to permitting italian participation in the mediterranean patrol the foliowing day italy's permanent representative in geneva renato bova scoppa called on french foreign minister delbos and told him italy had no desire to alter spain’s ter ritorial status m delbos suspicious of mussolini bearing gifts demanded that italy match its actions to its words by recalling italian volunteers from spain and withdrawing from the balearic islands and spanish morocco on september 24 while mussolini was speeding to munich in an armored train after further diplomatic parleys in rome the british government announced that it had proposed a conference of the three powers to discuss the whole problem of foreign intervention in spain with par ticular reference to the withdrawal of volunteers which in british opinion must precede negotiations for a general anglo italian settlement on the same day the french chargé d'affaires in rome with the backing of his british colleague formally invited italy to a three power conference on spain a move apparently intended to emasculate the moribund non intervention committee by these manoeuvres on the eve of the hitler mussolini colloquy france and britain intended to remove the unpleasant impres sion created in italy by the nyon agreement and to stress the possibility that hitler might be double crossed by his fascist guest while mussolini hoped to use the prospect of renewed friendship with the two democracies as a lever to extract concessions from hitler on spain will hitler choose to take his stand in shining armor at i duce’s side or pondering the kaiser's experience in 1914 will he warn his fascist col league against rash adventures in spain great as are hitler’s abhorrence of communism and his desire developed since the writing of mein kampf to endow germany with a colonial empire his future collaboration with mussolini is hedged with diffi culties the german people have not forgotten 1915 when italy’s sacred egoism caused it to umeneromeaioes desert the triple alliance the german reichswebr and the wilhelmstrasse which in the past have al ready acted as brakes on hitler’s expansionist im pulses vigorously oppose a course which might in volve germany in spain like hitler they seek the friendship of britain which might be jeopardized by outspoken support of mussolini an attempt by the two dictators to insure franco’s victory would require according to military experts 50,000 to 100,000 additional foreign volunteers and the sending of such reinforcements would openly flaunt the determination of france and britain to prevent italo german control of spain in his negotiations with hitler mussolini is much weaker today than when they first met in venice three years ago hav ing played for high stakes in ethiopia and spain he is now caught between two alternatives if he suc ceeds in obtaining hitler’s help in spain for a quid pro quo such as italian acquiescence in any de signs hitler may have on austria france with britain's consent may reopen the franco spanish frontier and permit the passage of arms and volun teers destined for valencia or if he fails in his mission to berlin he may be faced with the disagree able prospect of a canossa journey to london in search of british financial assistance for the develop ment of ethiopia whose corpse the league as sembly has not yet buried at this stage of the european struggle for power the democracies for the first time since 1933 hold better cards than the dictatorships their task is to play these cards in a manner which while discouraging aggression avoids the appearance of driving the dictators into situations from which there is no issue except war vera micheles dean france struggles toward recovery the last few weeks have been marked by a new wave of pessimism concerning the economic and political future of france indicative of this senti ment was a sharp slump in the franc which reached a new 11 year low on september 15 representing a depreciation of 49 per cent over the last year with the seasonal drop in the tourist traffic which had bolstered the currency during the summer the effects of a heavily adverse trade balance were felt more acutely than heretofore for the first eight months of the year the import surplus reached 11,872 million francs as compared with only 6,121 million during the corresponding period of 1936 at the same time expectations of a partial repatriation of french capi tal hoarded abroad were not realized instead lack of confidence on the part of french business interests has apparently led to some renewed flight of capi tal in the face of these unfavorable trends the french authorities thought it best to let the franc slide and husband the small resources of the exchange equalization fund page two et french financial conditions do not really justify such a pessimistic appraisal government finances have unquestionably been improved by the drastic measures which finance minister bonnet has taken under the special decree powers which expired at the end of august by additional tax levies and economies m bonnet has halved the ordin budget deficit for the current year and balanced the accounts for 1938 the extra budgetary require ments which must be covered by borrowing have also been cut substantially to relieve the treas further the government on august 31 approved a decree establishing a national railway company which will take over and operate all the french railways including two public and five privately owned systems since 1921 the treasury has been compelled to advance large sums to cover railway deficits without at the same time having control over their management although the state will hold 51 per cent of the stock in the new com pany it will be run like a private enterprise treasury support will be gradually withdrawn within the next five years after which the company must keep its income and expenditures balanced v reg further financial recovery however awaits im provement in the economic situation unfortun ately production continues to lag and while whole sale prices are rising more slowly than before retail prices and the cost of living continue to go up rather rapidly the price of wheat for the year 1937 1938 was fixed in august at 180 francs more than 40 francs higher than last year already labor is becoming more restive under the increasing cost of living to stimulate production the government has set up a series of committees representing the state workers and employers to inquire into the lag in industrial output it has also announced tha meet part of the interest charges for fifteen on the cost of modernizing and replacing industria equipment to help the building industry the slump it will grant similar subsidies for new construction and remodelling in addition to certain tax exemptions and reductions these measures may prove successful particularly if there is some degree of political stability under the conciliatory leadership of m chautemps the present government is holding together remarkably well and may prove to be much more than a stop gap cabinet the break up of the popular front which some expected after the radical socialist senate defeated blum last june now appears um likely the move to unify the two marxist parties which would antagonize their radical socialist patt ners in the popular front has made no progress continued on page 4 u ss sept stiffenes the adi its mic so in th the pre hack to ition evid hres thiict 1 three americ in chis with re his sta policy time th accepte state the im withdr the fi ment ber 24 ameri statem miral its rel ad lorces assista naval can ci until them based tinuec china force leave been 2 the in the justify lances lrastic taken red at ed the squire have easury ved a mpany french ivately s been ailway iy real ec state vy comm easuty in the t keep its im fortun whole before to go 1e year more y labor cost of has set state lag in fi ycais dustrial ut ol or new certain icularly under aps the arkably a stop r front socialist ars uf parties ist part oltess w ashington news letter washington bureau national press building sept 27 washington’s far eastern policy has stiffened perceptibly during the past week while the administration has not publicly departed from its middle of the road course and is unlikely to do so in the immediate future it is veering away from the president's tentative evacuation program and hack toward the older stronger policy of protecting ational rights and interests in the far east evidence of the trend in washington is seen here in three developments of the past few days 1 decision to keep naval forces in china three weeks ago when president roosevelt warned american citizens to evacuate danger zones or remain in china at their own risk he made no comment with respect to naval forces in asiatic waters if his statement was intended to pave the way for a policy of complete evacuation it was clear at the time that neither the navy nor the state department accepted any such interpretation in washington state department officials quietly sought to dispel the impression that the government contemplated withdrawal of all protection to american interests the first public declaration however was the state ment given out at the navy department on septem ber 24 asserting that the asiatic fleet will protect americans for the duration of the conflict this statement was originally made in shanghai by ad miral yarnell on his own initiative three days before its release here it was forwarded to washington here it was considered by the general board re rred to the state department and made public by the navy without comment olicy of the commander in chief admiral innounced is to employ united states naval forces so as to offer all possible protection and assistance to our nationals in cases where needed naval vessels will be stationed in ports where ameri can citizens are concentrated and will remain there until it is no longer possible or necessary to protect them or until they have been evacuated this policy based on our duties and obligations will be con tinued as long as the present controversy between china and japan exists and will continue in full force even after our nationals have been warned to leave china and after an opportunity to leave has been given 2 protest against bombardment of nanking the note of september 22 was deliberately framed in the strongest diplomatic language yet used by the yarnell state department it was delivered to the tokyo for eign office as a formal protest thus automatically call ing for a formal reply it pointedly reserved all rights on behalf of the united states government and its nationals and objected most emphatically both to such jeopardizing of the lives of its nationals and non combatants generally and to the suggestion that its officials and nationals now residing in and around nanking should withdraw from the areas in which they are lawfully carrying on their legitimate activi ties 3 ambassador johnson’s return to nanking embassy state department officials have made no attempt to conceal their pleasure at the prompt re turn of nelson t johnson and his staff to the american embassy at nanking two days after the evacuation they were pained and surprised at the unfavorable comment which was registered when other foreign representatives remained at their em bassies when mr johnson decided to leave the embassy on september 21 however he was acting on general instructions which required him to with draw from danger zones whenever in his judgment this became necessary these instructions which were in line with the roosevelt policy of avoiding risks have not been changed at least not officially at the same time although the situation continues dangerous the return of the ambassador has re ceived the warm approval of official washington despite this firmer tone the long term objectives of american policy remain highly uncertain in his daily press conferences and in his public speeches mr hull holds aloft the moral principles set forth in his statement of july 16 while high authoritative quarters vaguely suggest that the administration is shaping its policy in asia with an eye to other po tential war makers in europe nevertheless the instructions of september 20 authorizing mr leland harrison to serve as american observer on the league’s far eastern advisory committee give him no authority to answer hypothetical questions or to say what this government will or will not be prepared to do in a given situation department officials know nothing whatever about a plan to invoke the nine power pact they have equally little to say about a general far eastern conference and are extremely sensitive whenever the possibility of joint action is mentioned in a voice above a whisper it seems we burned our fingers in 1932 and have no desire to repeat the experience on the other hand equal uncertainty surrounds a 8 8 es cr a set ee oe wn ewe ome mm oy be the neutrality act just before the president im posed his partial embargo on arms carried in gov ernment owned ships there was a fairly strong body of opinion in the state department which favored invoking the act on the double ground that a full embargo would be less unfair to china and that fur ther delay would place the president at the mercy of events beyond his control it was argued that postponement of a decision would either force the president to apply the act at a moment which might prove embarrassing both to the united states and other nations or to nullify a law of congress in a situation involving the national prestige for ex ample if the united states were suddenly compelled to invoke the act at a moment when the league of nations was proceeding under article xvii of the covenant a declaration that a state of war existed might virtually force league members to apply the sanctions of article xvi which go into effect auto matically when a state resorts to war but the prevailing opinion fortified by the growing deter mination not to be forced into complete withdrawal from china still counsels delay page four washington observers are not making predictions fof an inte they can only ask how long it will be possible to im dical provise american policy oni a twenty four hour basis in a conflict the end of which no one can foresee france struggles toward recovery continued from page 2 because the bulk of the socialist leaders fear tha the communists would soon capture control of the new party meanwhile the socialist decision to seek radicalization of the popular front program has met with the unalterable opposition of the radical o cialists and a negative attitude on the part of the communists who hold that the present program should be carried out entirely before a new one is elaborated political conditions may thus be ex pected to remain in statu quo particularly if the local elections of october 10 and 17 confirm the impres sion that the french people are shying away from extremes of both right and left and showing a definite preference for moderation john c dewilde the f.dp.a bookshelf the far east in world politics by g f hudson new york oxford 1937 3.00 this succinct history of western imperialism in the far east provides admirable background material for the un derstanding of current developments unhappy spain by pierre crabités baton rouge louis iana state university press 1937 2.50 an argument that the roots of the spanish struggle lie in the conflict between grand orient masonry and catholicism and in the utter incapacity of the spaniard for self government spain in arms in 1987 by anna louise strong new york henry holt and company 1937 1.00 interesting sketches by a loyalist sympathizer the siege of alcazar by major geoffrey mcneill moss new york knopf 1937 3.50 vivid picture of incredibly sustained heroism in a small bit of the hell that is spain today hitler’s drive to the east by f elwyn jones new york dutton 1937 1.00 a journalist’s account of nazi penetration in south eastern europe germany the last four years by germanicus bos ton houghton mifflin 1937 1.75 a series of articles on german finance agriculture and business which aroused considerable notice when they were first published in the banker a british publication post war german austrian relations the anschluss movement 1918 1936 palo alto stanford university press 1937 4.00 a thoroughgoing piece of research including complete bibliography and pertinent texts the soviets by albert rhys williams new york har court brace 1937 3.00 a lively commentary on all phases of soviet life in the form of answers to questions most frequently asked by american readers america’s experience as a creditor nation by john t madden marcus nadler and harry c sauvain new york prentice hall 1937 3.50 this valuable book should correct many misconceptions concerning our foreign loans and in particular dispel the impression that these investments are almost a total loss what is ahead of us by g d h cole and others new york macmillan 1937 2.00 these fabian lectures on a variety of topics make in teresting and provocative reading particularly recom mended are those by sir arthur salter and lancelot hogben anarchy or hierarchy by s de madariaga macmillan 1937 2.50 a discussion of the present weaknesses of liberal democ racy with proposals for reshaping its fundamental struc ture war memoirs of david lloyd george in six volumes vols v and vi boston little brown 1936 and 1937 3.00 a volume the concluding volumes of the british prime minister’s important war memoirs in which he deals with the events of 1918 through the conclusion of the armistice and new york bra ih vou xv t on t the legis whic the october es regardit posed f his wa was offi is repo fication office ambas summa tthe eu teally als fro of the grapple crisis be iron among to foll when drawal problet to the fully while interve do so makes some pungent observations on the conduct of the war and on certain war leaders the government of switzerland by w e rappard new york d van nostrand co 1936 1.25 useful study of the form and working of swiss govern mental organization foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 49 ocrober 1 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lgsiig busi president esther g ogpen secretary vera micheles dgann eéitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year national the than th septen leagu forts 1 deman soviet more power +foreign policy bulletin nsf 4 interpretation of current international events by the research staff oom 3 8 1 a dical mun meeral librar ur tt foreign policy association incorporated see 8 west 40th street new york n y subscription two dollars a year vor xvi no 50 october 8 1937 __ the neutrality act of 1937 general library that by raymond leslie buell the the far eastern situation has focused critical attention university of michigan seek on the neutrality act of may 1 1937 this report studies met the history and provisions of the united states neutrality any avhar ui eht oan so legislation and may throw light on a type of controversy the which might recur in the event of hostilities in other parts of ram the world includes complete text of the neutrality act ie is october 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents xi 7 rome stiffens stand on spain te he first visible result of mussolini’s theatrical foreign minister and valencia spokesman in ge visit to hitler was a noticeable stiffening in rome neva had asked the commission to call the bluff of regarding the three power conference on spain pro totalitarian régimes and to grant the demands made e posed by france and britain while i duce was on by premier negrin in the league assembly on his way to germany the franco british proposal september 18 the resolution finally evolved by a was officially embodied in a note of october 2 which drafting committee expressed regret that not only is reported to have undergone considerable modi had the non intervention committee failed to secure har fication following a call paid at the british foreign the withdrawal of non spanish combatants from é office on september 29 by count grandi italian spain but that today there are veritable foreign 4 by ambassador in london according to published army corps on spanish soil which represents foreign summaries the note states that no improvement in in t 7 the european situation can be expected until the new policy of non intervention in spain has been made tions teally effective by the withdrawal of foreign nation 1 the als from spanish territory it points out the failure loss of the london non intervention committee to new grapple with the difficulties created by the spanish crisis and declares that these difficulties can best be ironed out by frank and cordial conversations among the three powers these conversations are to follow the line proposed by britain last july when it suggested that once a substantial with drawal of foreign nationals had taken place other problems such as the granting of belligerent rights to the parties in the spanish conflict might be use fully discussed in conclusion the note states that while france and britain want to abide by their non intervention obligations they will find it difficult to and 40 so unless non intervention is made effective f the e in 2com icelot york emoc struc ames 1937 the franco british note is several degrees weaker new han the unexpectedly spirited resolution adopted on september 30 by the political commission of the league assembly after four days of strenuous ef forts to reach a compromise between the drastic demands of the valencia government backed by the soviet union and to a lesser extent france and the more tepid or downright hostile attitude of other powers on september 27 sefior del vayo former yvern national editor intervention in spanish affairs this phrase is ob viously directed not at the international brigade on the loyalist side which is composed of individual volunteers from many countries but at the troops sent by italy which according to italian sources number five divisions of 5,000 men each under the command of generals on the active list together with men in auxiliary services making a total of at least 42,000 the league resolution expressed the hope that the diplomatic action recently initiated by cer tain powers britain and france will prove suc cessful in securing immediate and omplete with drawal of non spanish combatants taking part in the struggle in spain if such a result cannot be attained in the near future the league members which are parties to the non intervention agreement will consider ending the non intervention policy on october 2 this resolution failed to obtain in the assembly the unanimity necessary to make it technically binding on league members thirty two delegations voted for while albania italy’s satel lite and portugal which has openly sympathized with general franco voted against fourteen dele gations abstained from voting including austria hun gary poland the irish free state whose president eamon de valera said that his country would stick to non intervention no matter what happened and most of the latin american countries which have si ae ee ss ees st iene as a et mi 7 v4 u nee aterm ame given asylum to franco supporters in their madrid legations does the moderate tone of the franco british note indicate a strategic retreat from the position assumed by the two democracies both at nyon and during the debates of the league assembly or is it merely in tended to placate mussolini and prevent him from making a final drive for franco’s victory so far neither london nor paris has been unduly disturbed by the hitler mussolini colloquy the two dictators were at great pains to stress their pacific intentions toward all peoples of goodwill with the notable exception of the u.s.s.r and italian officials as serted that the rome berlin axis must be coordinated with that of london paris to form two axles of the same vehicle whose destination apparently is to be an all fascist europe the peace terms offered by the dictators are inherent in hitler's ideology which aims at immobilization of france and britain in western europe and asserts that democracy is the breeding ground of communism is it possible for britain and france to reach an agreement with the fascist dictatorships on terms which envisage the eventual destruction of de mocracy in europe there are men in the british government who favor re establishment of cordial relations with germany and italy and would leave eastern europe to the tender mercies of the third reich this view is not shared by those in britain who fear that hitler having strengthened german economy with the raw materials of eastern europe would then turn his arms against the western de mocracies but if britain can still indulge the luxury of a possible choice between two alternatives france by its geographical position is committed to a two ply policy which on the one hand looks to collabora tion with the powers bordering on the atlantic britain and more remotely the united states and on the other seeks to prevent german hegemony on the european continent the problems which now divide the european powers do not defy solution by negotiations the real question however is whether hitler and mussolini as the price of general appease ment will demand that france jettison its allies in eastern europe especially the soviet union the task which confronts franco british diplomacy is to avoid splitting europe into two camps as proposed by the fascist dictators and at the same time find compromise solutions which can effectively prevent germany and italy from keeping europe in constant turmoil vera micheles dean the powers condemn japan while japanese troops continued their bombard ment on the shanghai front and widespread areas in north china the repercussions of the far eastern crisis were felt with increasing severity in geneva page two washington london and moscow where statesmen have been discussing the means available for checking japan and protecting their national interests op september 28 a formal resolution by 52 nations ip the league assembly condemned the bombardment by japanese aircraft of open towns in china thus reinforcing the separate protests of the great powers over the constant destruction of noncombatant life and property public resentment in the united states and britain was heightened by reports of submarine attacks on chinese fishing junks resulting in the death of several hundred chinese and agitation be gan for boycotts against japanese goods league of nations activity centered in the far eastern advisory committee the american minis ter to switzerland leland harrison sat with its 22 members while they prepared a draft resolution op aerial bombardment the unanimous passage of this resolution by the assembly sitting for the first time in its new hall was followed by the reading of a statement from secretary hull reiterating american disapproval of japanese methods the advisory committee was urged by the british delegate on october 4 to recommend a conference under the nine power treaty of 1921 in order that the united states might take a more active part in future de liberations additional action was considered by the league’s technical committee on aid to china on which the united states was also represented this committee favored immediate efforts to assist refu gees and combat epidemics through funds raised by member states american and british opposition to the japanese invasion was voiced through both official and up official channels secretary hull’s note of septem ber 22 protesting the death of noncombatants ai nanking was met by a coldly noncommital reply from japan one week later the repeated diplomatic protests of the british government were supple mented last week by a popular campaign in favor of boycotts led by many of the prominent supportes of the 1935 peace poll such as the league of nations union the archbishop of canterbury and liberd and labor statesmen american merchants reported some decline in the sales of japanese silks and toys although the effect of a mass meeting in madisot square garden and nation wide discussions in tht press cannot yet be fully estimated while the effect of these moral condemnations 01 the japanese military and naval staffs cannot be fore told there seems to be some abatement in the aerid bombardment of undefended areas perhaps a moft serious deterrent is the possibility of material ail reaching china from the outside powers although reports from tokyo that military supplies are bein sent across the soviet border are difficult to verify continued on page 4 tem ts at reply matit pple or of orters tions iberal orted toys dison n the ns of fore aerial mogft il aid 10ugh being eriff washington news letter washington bureau national press building oct 4 the state department let down a thick curtain of diplomatic reserve to inquiries last week concerning the american reaction to the japanese note on the nanking bombings the silence pre vailing in the department's high ceilinged offices spoke eloquently however of the dissatisfaction felt by secretary hull and his associates the tokyo communication of september 29 brusque and curt in tone failed to meet the position of the united states on two major points its reassertion of the determination to bomb the chinese capital al though qualified by the declaration that such action would be limited to military facilities and equip ment constituted a fundamental challenge to sec retary hull’s thesis that mass air attacks on cities and towns inevitably endanger noncombatants and hence are contrary to the principles of humanity and in ternational law second japan stood pat on its re fusal earlier voiced in a note of august 31 whose receipt the department had kept secret to accept liability for injury to american lives and property left with scant grounds for satisfaction by the text of the note itself officials derived a measure of compensatory encouragement from the apparent shift in japan’s conduct of hostilities since the american protest of september 22 nanking has not been sub jected to general bombardment and at other points japanese airmen have shown improved ability to di rect their attacks on military objectives it is argued therefore that disapproval voiced by the united states and other nations has had its effect in japan despite the unwillingness of the tokyo authorities to admit this fact for the time being the state department seems disposed to hold its present lines in the controversy without attempting a diplomatic counter attack it is not believed that proposals to exert political or economic pressure on japan are receiving serious consideration some hope may be entertained that tokyo's new self restraint if continued will avoid the necessity of raising again the question concern ing safety of noncombatants against aerial bombard ment moreover discussion of responsibility for damages suffered may be postponed until the end of hostilities munitions shipments tightly controlled of ficials profess the belief that the great bulk of public opinion supports the administration’s attempt to follow a middle of the road policy toward the far eastern crisis relief is expressed that as yet no wave of moral indignation such as is reported in brit ain has arisen to hasten or complicate the playing of their hand few would welcome the development at this time of an economic boycott against jap anese goods in contrast with the departure from britain of planes and pilots for china authorized by the british air ministry the export of munitions from this country on board american vessels prac tically ceased with the president’s declaration of september 14 although only government owned vessels were expressly forbidden to carry munitions private lines also are now refusing such shipments experts ridicule the possibility that in case the neu trality act were invoked china might evade its restrictions by organizing a dummy company say in france which would receive airplanes and then for ward them to the far east no export license is granted until the munitions control board is satis fied that the ultimate destination stated is a bona fide one moreover munitions manufacturers it is reported now keep the board informed of any in quiries concerning purchases which come to them from foreign sources london more friendly to trade agreement despite the tortoise like pace at which conversations on the british american reciprocity treaty have so far proceeded informed circles here express relative optimism at the final success of the negotiations the favorable declaration of anthony eden in his recent radio speech from geneva was welcomed in wash ington although its significance was not over esti mated in official quarters experts believe however that definite progress has been made since the runci man visit of last winter british leaders are pictured as at last willing to recognize that real concessions must be made to the united states this change of front may not be unrelated to the hope apparently cherished in london that a commercial accord with the united states might carry with it closer political cooperation a factor of major significance for em pire defense and empire defense in the face of the present world situation has become a vital interest of the dominions as well as of britain for the united states a reciprocal treaty with brit ain has importance not only in itself significant as would be a pact with the nation which is our best customer such an accord to mention only one of many phases would represent a political asset for the ome ft ae seer po a awe ee er hull trade agreements program whereas many of the other treaties have been attacked as political li abilities it would directly benefit the farmers and help to move agricultural surpluses the immediate cost of the treaty would come out of the ets of business and industry whose products would have to meet increased competition from imports of brit ish manufactured goods but business and industry recognize more generally the importance of export markets they are more friendly than the farmers to the trade agreements program they would profit directly from improvement of the farmers economic position while the very extent of commercial rela tionships between the two nations will make nego tiations protracted some observers hope to see the treaty signed before spring the powers condemn japan continued from page 2 there are many indications that the russians are strengthening their defenses along the amur river the vigorous warning from the u.s.s.r that attacks on its nanking embassy would not be tolerated and the sudden departure for moscow of its ambassador to china dimitri bogomolov on september 28 sug gested more active opposition to japanese advance the british government has approved the sale of an unspecified number of highpowered airplanes to china and until the neutrality act is invoked the american market remains open except for recent limitations on arms shipments that japan may be preparing for possible league sanctions was indi cated last week by a rapid rise in the price of tin at singapore and reports that shipments of iron ores have increased since august james frederick green page four the f.dp.a bookshelf the united states in world affairs in 1986 by whitney shepardson in collaboration with william o scroggs published for the council on foreign relations new york harper 1937 3.00 this latest volume of the indispensable series of the council on foreign relations is written with the usua accuracy and in unusually lively style its clear interpre tations of events and its readability should make it usefy to laymen as well as to specialists the profits of war by richard lewinsohn from the french by geoffrey sainsbury dutton 1937 3.00 an interesting account of war profiteers since caesar which does not however tackle very seriously the actual problems connected with war profits at the present time translated new york nationality of a merchant vessel by robert rienow new york columbia 1937 2.75 a study of the law governing the nationality of mer chant ships an atlas of current affairs third edition revised by j f horrabin new york alfred a knopf 1937 1.50 a valuable little reference aid brought up to date alien americans by b schrieke new york viking 1936 2.50 a careful and revealing sociological study of the posi tion and problems mainly of negroes but also of orien tals mexicans and indians in the united states by an experienced dutch colonial administrator this study was made under the auspices of the julius rosenwald fund raw materials in peace and war by eugene staley new york council on foreign relations 1937 3.00 the thesis of this book is that only an effective system of collective security and the establishment of supra national control organizations can solve what is essentially a prob lem of war preparedness the press and world affairs by robert w desmond new york d appleton century 1937 4.00 a description of the world’s news agencies the work of the foreign correspondent and newspapers in foreign lands statement of the ownership management circulation etc required by the acts of congress of august 24 1912 and march 3 1933 of foreign policy bulletin published weekly at new york n y for october 1 1937 state of new york county of new york ss before me a notary public in and for the state and county aforesaid personally qoane vera micheles dean who having been duly sworn ac cording to law deposes and says that she is the editor of the foreign poli bulletin and that the following is to the best of her knowledge and belief a true statement of the ownership management etc of the afore said publication for the date shown in the above caption required by the act of august 24 1912 as amended by the act of march 3 1933 em bodied in section 537 postal laws and regulations printed on the re verse of this form to wit 1 that the names and addresses of the publisher editor managing edi tor and business managers are publishers foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y editor vera micheles dean 8 west 40th street new york n y managing editor none business managers none 2 that the owner is foreign policy association incorporated the principal officers of which are raymond leslie buell president 8 west 40th street new york n y and william eldridge treasurer 70 broadway new york n y 3 that the known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 per cent or more of total amount of bonds mortgages or other securities are none 4 that the two paragraphs next above giving the names of the owners stockholders and security holders if any contain not only the list of stock holders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the company but also in cases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting is gs also that the said two paragraphs contain statements embracing affant’s full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under which stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the company as trustees hold stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner and this affiant has no reason to believe that any other person association or corporation has any interest direct or indirect in the said stock bonds or other securities than as so stated by her foreign policy association incorporated by vera micheles dean editor sworn to and subscribed before me this 20th day of september 1937 seal carolyn e martin notary public new york county new york county clerk’s no 77 reg no 9 m 270 my commission expires march 30 1939 foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 50 ocroper 8 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lustig bugll president vera micheles dean editor december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year oe og 2 national entered as second class mattet fc vol +foreign policy bulletin ae an interpretation of current international events by the research staff class matter december ss 2 1921 at the post subscription two dollars a year office at new york foreign policy association incorporated t masa a ew 8 west 40th street new york n y me vou xvi no 51 october 15 1937 ful f.p.a student membership 1 academic year 60 semester student membership includes the new foreign polic ted f y rk bulletin one headline book a semester and special admission to meetings at national headquarters and sar the branches ual 7 offered only to high school students and college students ow who are taking at least 10 credit hours a week er roosevelt abandons isolation by 7 cmaegrond roosevelt’s speech of october 5 power treaty to consult with each other and addi repudiating the isolationist philosophy embodied tional states having special interests in the orient in in the neutrality act has created a world sensa an effort to secure peaceful settlement it recom tion whether it will assist in checking world mended that meanwhile the assembly should not osi anarchy will depend on whether the speech was in close its session and league members were urged to ien tended merely as another moral gesture or will be refrain from taking any action which might have vas backed by a positive foreign policy the effect of weakening china’s power of resistance 1 the people of the united states the president said and ie consider how far they individually extend lew must give thought to the rest of the world the pres aid to china ent reign of terror and lawlessness has now reached a on october 6 the league assembly with the sig 1 of stage where the very foundations of civilization are seriously nificant abstention of poland and siam adopted this mal 7 threatened without a declaration of war and without report again demonstrating the value of the league rob warning or justification of any kind civilians including og te 1d opini lnenniliendl women and children are being ruthlessly murdered with mechanism lof focusing wolke opiron sa nd bombs from the air in times of so called peace ships are the aga khan president of the assembly invited being attacked and sunk by submarines without cause or the 17 league members who had signed or adhered sof notice nations are fomenting and taking sides in civil to the nine power treaty to initiate the consultations ign warfare in nations that have never done them any harm authorized by article 7 of that pact the states thus if these aggressions and inhumanities increase let no one satel ticle i lia belgi bolivie caaada imagine that america will escape that it may expect mercy ores scs ern om ghee i acim that this western hemisphere will not be attacked and that china denmark france india italy mexico the y it will continue tranquilly and peacefully to carry on the netherlands new zealand norway portugal swe see ethics and arts of civilization the peace loving nations den britain and the union of south africa ages must make a concerted effort in opposition to those viola on the 6th also the state department issued a tions of treaties and those ignorings of humane instincts hi ae which today are creating a state of international anarchy formal statement which after referring a te eg pv rany and instability from which there is no escape to mere isola adopted by the league declared that in the light n the tion or neutrality of the unfolding developments in the far east the alto while recognizing the importance of removing injustices government of the united states has been forced to vhich and well founded grievances the sanctity of treaties and the conclusion that the action of japan in china is eg of the rights of liberties of others must be restored contrary to the provisions of the nine power other but it seems to be unfortunately true that the epidemic of sth world lawlessness is spreading when an epidemic of treaty and the anti war pact a statement sass ed physical disease starts the community joins in a quaran categorical than any issued by the state department sv tine of the patient for the very reason that america during the manchuria crisis of 1931 1932 mr hull blic ates war there must be positive endeavors to preserve ended by stating that the conclusions of the united paremg peace states are in general accord with those of the as encouraged by this speech the league’s far east sembly of the league of nations subsequently the seal ern advisory committee on the same day declared united states announced that it would accept an in nattet that japan had violated its treaty obligations by in vading china and that the assembly should invite league members who are signatories of the nine vitation to participate in the nine power conference former secretary of state stimson in a long letter to the new york times on the 6th condemned the a neutrality act and intimated that the united states and britain should boycott essential japanese exports and imports while senator key pittman chairman of the committee on foreign relations declared that an embargo against japan would stop an invasion of china within thirty days and advanced the startling doctrine that as a result of the supreme court de cision in the curtiss wright case the president al ready has power to impose such a boycott in the countries belonging to the democratic bloc the president's speech was received with intense gratification tempered by skepticism while the dic tatorships expressed indignation although prime minister neville chamberlain termed the address a clarion call british opinion asked whether the united states was willing to assume the risks involved in checking further aggressions in the orient china too was gratified by the president's speech but in a radio broadcast of october 9 general chiang kai shek declared international sympathies though a source of greatest encouragement should not be per mitted to awaken false or ill grounded hopes in japan the president's speech and even more secretary hull’s pronouncement that japan in effect was the aggressor at first aroused intense anger and it was reported that tokyo would refuse to recognize the existence of the nine power pact or to attend the proposed conference on further reflection how ever the japanese foreign office issued a statement on october 9 merely expressing regret that the league and the united states had condemned japan as a treaty violator and insisting that its action in china constituted legitimate self defense at the same time there were reports that foreign minister hirota had informed the cabinet that japan would attend the nine power conference if justly and lawfully called but to denounce japan as an aggressor he added then invite her to attend the conference would not be just until the european situation clears up it is im probable that the nine power conference will do more than offer mediation to the two parties in view of the present unwillingness of any great power to take the risks involved in full economic sanctions tokyo doubtless hopes that the conference will merely put pressure on nanking to accept japanese demands in north china as the price of stopping the war thus leading to another hoare laval deal meanwhile the neutrality act continues to plague the state department since this act requires the imposition of an arms embargo against belligerents only on the existence of a state of war as dis tinguished from the outbreak of hostilities the presi dent can legally justify his failure to apply the act so far but should japan declare war he would prob ably have to impose the embargo on both parties despite the doctrine of presidential prerogative re page two ee y cently advanced by senator pittman even if the president invoked the cash and carry provisions of the law it is believed china would be far more seri ously affected than japan which has undoubtedly accumulated large supplies both of munitions and raw materials by contrast it is estimated that nan king has military supplies which can last only six months unless they are replenished by imports some arms are now reaching china via hongkong and mongolia without encountering the japanese block ade but should these supplies be cut off china might succumb and japan would triumph over the president’s pronouncement under the principles enumerated in the president's speech the united states should refrain from im posing the neutrality act so long as this is legally possible but assuming that an amendment of this law is unlikely in the next few months the remain ing alternative is to prepare for a japanese declara tion of war by attempting to coordinate the provi sions of the neutrality act with the action of the league powers so as to produce an international shipping embargo proposed here several weeks ago it is only by fitting the neutrality act into a system of international quarantine that the united states can escape from becoming a virtual ally of japan raymond leslie buell democracies caught short on spain in the fast poker game now being played by eu ropean chancelleries mussolini has once more called his opponents bluff his answer to the franco british note of october 2 delivered on october 9 after considerable prodding by the british ambassa dor and the french chargé d'affaires in rome showed no signs of retreat from the stiffer position on spain assumed on his return from germany the fascist government after echoing the hope of the two democracies that the internal struggles of spain may cease to be a cause of suspicion and friction be tween other nations declined their invitation to 4 three power conference it suggested instead that the vexing question of foreign volunteers in spaia should continue to be dealt with by the lona non intervention committee whose action accord ing to the franco british note has been paralyzed by the difficulties of the situation and stated that italy will not participate in any conversations or com ferences to which germany has not been formally invited the italian note coincided with reports that i duce’s son bruno accompanied by a crack squadron of 23 italian bombers had flown to rebel territory for active service that additional italian troops ant war material had been landed in rebel ports antl 7 american policy in the far east foreign policy bulletin august 2 1937 continued on page 4 obs velt not onl nou ser cert wh it tior stas fici or rest cio visi imy pur the rev con de imy der ret the tor act vin tio it the w spe cat on an me ae hay an bu for nt’s im ally this afa ovi the ynal 20 tem ates co er 9 assa ywed pain lscist pain n be to 4 in illed spain ndos cord that com nally at i rdron ritory s and gust 21 w ashington news letter a washington bureau national press building oct 13 a speech or a program the astute observation of the london times that mr roose velt’s chicago speech had voiced an attitude and not formulated a program is confirmed in part but only in part by developments of the past few days in washington within 24 hours of the chicago pro nouncement it became apparent to washington ob servers that the president’s clarion call for con certed action to quarantine war did not mean what many americans hoped and others feared it meant immediate application of economic sanc tions to curb japanese aggression in asia at this stage of the game responsible state department of ficials are not thinking about boycotts or embargoes or any other kind of strong arm action in the far east what they are thinking about is a program to restore peace through mediation rather than coer cion within the framework of the consultation pro visions of the nine power treaty that pact it is important to remember contains no provisions for punishing violators of its terms at the same time the official statement of october 6 associating the united states with the views of the league assembly reveals a tentative program of cooperation in sharp contrast to the philosophy of rigid isolation to evaluate the president’s speech and the state department’s cautious condemnation of japan it is important to note that the groundwork for this new departure had been laid down in advance by sec retary hull in a series of public statements beginning the middle of september in his speech to the na tional peace conference on september 19 mr hull actually launched a program of education to con vince the american people of the futility of isola tionism or storm cellarism as he sometimes calls it and the need for a positive but still middle of the road policy of cooperation to preserve peace washington observers are aware that the chicago speech was primarily designed as a part of this edu cational campaign obviously it was not tossed off on the spur of the moment but was carefully planned and expertly timed to fit the necessities of the do mestic as well as the international situation the response from abroad is generally considered good here prime minister chamberlain who is having his own troubles with mussolini has publicly and privately expressed his thanks to the president but has advised washington that britain is not ready for any punitive measures in asia france while perhaps reading too much into the roosevelt speech has welcomed the new turn in american policy for its ultimate if not immediate effect on europe rome and berlin despite inspired press comments to the contrary are disturbed by the spectre of a new front in the west the american reaction the domestic reaction however is of greater and more immediate concern to washington the first chorus of editorial ap proval is discounted by experienced state depart ment officials who detect a strong undertone of criti cism based erroneously they believe on the con viction that mr roosevelt is about to embark on a wilsonian program to police the world already newspaper polls are showing the strength of con gressional opposition to sanctions against aggressor nations and popular support of stronger neutrality to keep the nation out of foreign wars now that the president has called a special session of congress for november 15 he is quite likely to face an embarrassing debate on the whole basis of american foreign policy with the lines drawn on the old issue of isolation vs cooperation this mr roosevelt's closest advisers want to avoid at all cost and they had privately urged him to abandon his special session in line with this advice the state depart ment is striving to combat the notion that the chi cago speech constituted a complete reversal of policy and a negation of the principles laid down by con gress in the neutrality act thus they explain we are still adhering to mr hull’s middle of the road and are not adventuring into new fields for the next week or so all statements emanating from the department are likely to be quiet and reassuring next steps if the moves of the past few days do not in fact point to a new road what practical pro gram has the administration to offer to implement the call for positive action the answer is found in part between the lines of the official statement of october 6 in this document state department draftsmen were careful not to slam the door on japan they avoided use of the word aggressor and contented themselves with merely stating that japan’s action in china is contrary to the provisions of the nine power treaty and the kellogg pact the league likewise has kept the door open to mediation urging the members of the nine power pact to seek a method of putting an end to the con flict by agreement with this pacific purpose the state department is in complete accord the united ee states will accept the invitation to sit with the other signatories and adherents of the nine power pact but will not take the lead in a drive to impose pen alties which raise the dangerous question of retalia tion the chances of mediation may be almost nil but in the washington view they are worth trying and they will be tried for a time at least if there is any element in japan which has the intelligence to propose a peace settlement there are people here who would help it find a face saving formula for retreat that may even be a hoare laval deal if it fails no one can predict the next step during these past few weeks washington ob servers have detected a new atmosphere in the state department for the first time since the war the department is taking on the character of a foreign office a real foreign office dealing with real prob lems in the past there has always been an air of unreality a pleasant complacency as though we lived in a quaint alice in wonderland world but those days are gone and the hard world of reality seems to have broken through we are in the game of power politics from now on whether we like it or not we will be compelled to play the game the american people have an important stake in whether it is played well or badly democracies caught short on spain continued from page 2 that general franco who on october 4 had received mussolini’s most fervent wishes for the triumph of the rebel cause was preparing to launch a de cisive drive on the basis of a plan drafted by marshal badoglio hero of the ethiopian campaign simul taneously virginio gayda fascist spokesman on foreign affairs charged that france and the soviet union were shipping war material to valencia and it was announced that 50,000 italian troops had been sent to reinforce the garrisons of libya owing to necessities of an international character italy's intensified intervention in spain and its refusal to negotiate directly regarding withdrawal of foreign volunteers confront france and britain with grave decisions only last week france seemed determined in case of italian refusal to open its pyrenees frontier which according to neutral ob servers has been strictly closed to men and arms destined for either side in spain on october 7 however premier chautemps told the american club in paris that france rejects any war of ide ology from whichever side it may come and for eign minister delbos while declaring on october 9 we must act added that as far as france is con page four ee et cerned there is no question of preference for ide ology of any sort it would appear that the chay temps government although strengthened by the cantonal elections of october 10 which showed no decline in the influence of the popular front intends to steer a middle course and avoid precipitate action the guarded character of franco british negotia tions on spain makes it difficult to learn the extent to which french policy is determined by the views of prime minister chamberlain who believes that spain is not worth the bones of a single british soldier on october 8 when the main outlines of the italian reply had already been foreshadowed by the fascist press mr chamberlain addressing the conservative party conference at scarborough ex pressed the hope that this reply may prove to be of such a character as will bring us all into greater harmony and open the way for a general anglo italian settlement from the point of view of the spanish loyalists the withdrawal of italian troops which probably could not be effected without threat of force is far less urgent than the opening of the franco spanish frontier the loyalists have plenty of men and in fifteen months of strenuous fighting have ac quired the discipline and organization woefully lack ing in the early days of the civil war what theg need is not foreign volunteers but arms for which they are in a position to pay yet the french gov ernment apparently fears that re opening of the frontier would bring on that collision between for eign powers on spanish soi which the finespun non intervention procedure has sought to avoid it is reluctant moreover to antagonize franco on the theory that if the general wins he will bite the fascist hands that fed him and turn to france and britain for financial assistance the western de mocracies apparently believe that italy is dissipating its military and economic resources by far flung ex peditions and prefer to let the spanish fire burn itself out rather than risk the danger of general con flagration by trying to quench it the spanish crisis like that in the far east shows that resistance to aggression which comes not before the coup but after the aggressor has already acquired a vested interest in his venture is apt to prove futile unless the protesting nations are ready to back up theif protests by the threat of force vera micheles dean the spirit and structure of german fascism by robert a brady new york viking 1937 3.00 although good in some respects this book suffers from an oversimplified marxist interpretation foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 51 ocroper 15 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nationél headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymmonp lasiig busi president vera micheles dean editer entered as second class mattel december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year fc ai oct y fra voli alyz lor pro fact pre don la bell syst by nav non hov pla teet by tair ital for for mer tior cou lea mai ret wh offe tro sol nor lor on +ign policy bulletin re fo entered as second an interpretation of current international events by the research staff class matter december ide subscription two dollars a year beg cor ee hau n under the act the foreign policy association incorporated per of march 3 1879 j 8 west 40th street new york n y gbnek no tay cap bpieks ends t vou xvi no 52 october 22 1937 tion otla puerto rico at the crossroads general library xtent by earle k james tews what is to be the future of puerto rico independence university 0 f michigan that statehood a form of autonomy or continuance of the intel status quo this report analyzes the island’s internal prob lems as well as those arising from puerto rico’s relations ann arbor mich ss of with the united states and declares that a decision regard d by ing political status is essential for the peace and constructive the economic development of the island ex october 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents o be art britain balances on nglo european tightrope i ny once more to italy on what was ne described as a point of procedure britain and air raids on barcelona and valencia may attempt to sabl seize minorca held by loyalist troops thus increasing far france agreed to submit the question of foreign the threat to french communications with north anish volunteers in spain to a subcommittee of the par africa a french suggestion that france and britain dj alyzed non intervention committee which met in london on october 16 true to its reputation for lack procrastination the subcommittee was immediately th faced with a deadlock over two conflicting plans hid presented by m corbin french ambassador to lon oy 40m and his italian colleague count grandi both 6 the plans contemplate the grant of at least limited belligerent rights to general franco and an improved foul italian inhabitants might prove a serious source of non system of control on lines recommended in september disaffection in case of war france also suspects that ir jg py admiral van dulm chief of the non intervention mussolini who following in the kaiser's footsteps y the 22vva patrol and mr hemming secretary of the the 20m intervention control board they differ sharply however on the fundamental issue the french plan calls for proportional withdrawal of volun teers from both sides while the italian plan backed by germany proposes a partial withdrawal of a cer tain number of volunteers in equal quantity the italian plan based on a british proposal of july 14 crisll for substantial withdrawal would mean that ool for example if it is agreed to withdraw 10,000 p but men from both sides practically the entire interna vesteq uonal brigade composed of volunteers from many anless untties fighting with the loyalists would have to chal leave while italy whose organized troops are esti mated at between 40,000 and 80,000 would still tetain a large force on spanish soil this proposal which is obviously to the disadvantage of valencia robert offers ample opportunity for time consuming con troversy and gives italy additional leisure to con solidate its hold on spain and the balearic islands it is italy’s strategic threat to the balearics which nation how preoccupies paris and to a much lesser degree ss matt london france fears that the italians established on the island of majorca which serves as a base for e and n de ating 1s ex burn 1 con 3an s from forestall an italian coup by occupying minorca met with no encouragement from the british who hesitate to give even the appearance of sharing in the spoils of the spanish war the french moreover are alarmed by italian activities in africa the large scale re enforcements sent to libya are regarded as a menace to the french protectorate of tunis whose 90,000 has proclaimed himself protector of islam has his eye on spanish morocco and that native unrest in tunis and french morocco is due in part at least to italian propaganda which has not been without effect in palestine and syria yet mussolini outwardly more determined than ever to assure franco’s victory also has his troubles all has not been sweetness and light between italy and the spanish rebels who have resented the os tentation with which italian generals have claimed credit for the victories of bilbao and santander on october 14 it was announced in rome that gen eral bastico commander in chief of italian forces in spain and general terruzi chief inspector of the blackshirt legions had been permanently recalled it is also reported that the generals had urged mus solini to send franco not only additional troops but new war material which italy running behind schedule on its own armament program owing to shortage of raw materials may find it difficult to supply the british government apparently believes that time as well as money and natural resources is on the side of the democracies provided no one acci re ee 2 bat ih i j t dentally upsets the european applecart in a speech to the manchester chamber of commerce on octo ber 14 prime minister chamberlain somewhat wist fully recalled the good old days when britain was an impregnable island and disclaiming any sin ister designs assured the world that the mainspring of british foreign policy is a desire to maintain peace a more militant note was struck by mr eden who told a conservative party rally at llandudno on october 15 that a clear distinction must be made between non intervention in what is purely a span ish affair and non intervention where british in terests are at stake mr chamberlain’s desire for peace at any price dove i neatly into hitler’s carefully laid plans for dividing europe into two parts the west where britain and france are for the present to be left undisturbed and the east where germany is to achieve its manifest destiny a further step in the fiihrer’s successive moves to isolate france was taken on october 13 when germany in a note to the belgian government promised to respect at all times and under all circumstances the inviolability and territorial integrity of belgium unless belgium participates in military action against germany the german note intended as a companion piece to the anglo french note of april 24 which guaranteed belgium’s neutrality pending the conclusion of a new locarno differs from that note in one essential respect it makes no reference to belgium’s obli gations under the league covenant by this arrange ment germany apparently hopes to prevent france from using belgian territory to invade germany in case the latter attacks czechoslovakia now violently denounced by the german press while belgium in tends to avoid the necessity of applying military sanctions against germany but if germany having attacked france or any other league power is de clazed to be the aggressor belgium under the league covenant is still obligated to permit the passage of french and british troops carrying out league mili tary sanctions the german pledge to belgium is also intended to reassure britain whose chief con cern in europe is the inviolability of the low coun tries the only fly in the german ointment offered to britain is hitler’s determined campaign to recover the colonies lost by germany in 1919 while many britishers would not object if the reich extended its sway in eastern europe few are found who favor the return of german colonies now held as league mandates by britain and its dominions it is an old anglo saxon custom never clearly under stood by continental europeans who if more cynical are less given to circumlocution to throw the cloak of moral concepts over needs and desires which other peoples regard as natural if not always com page two em mendable now that germany and italy are daily puncturing these moral concepts by fresh demands britain is faced with the awkward problem of recon ciling its avowed desire to defend democracy with its evident determination to avoid any sacrifice which might either check or assuage the dictatorships vera micheles dean palestine arabs rebel against britain the uneasy calm which had existed in palestine since the publication of the palestine royal com mission report on july 7 was ended by a new wave of terrorism inaugurated on october 14 violence and murder during the next few days constituted the arab response to drastic measures taken by the palestine government after the slaying of lewis y andrews district commissioner of galilee on se tember 26 the british authorities who had been severely criticized in the past for condoning arab violence deported four leading members of the arab higher committee on october 1 and impris oned hundreds of alleged agitators shortly there after five other members of the committee fled from the country and were barred from return ing haj amin el husseini the mufti of jerusalem who had gathered into his hands absolute political and religious control over the arabs of palestine was deposed from his offices and deprived of control of an income from religious funds totaling 335,000 annually escaping to syria he joined other exiled arab leaders who will doubtless recruit guerrilla bands in syria and iraq to raid across the palestine border and will probably long continue to be a thorn in the side of the government the current disturbances little less than an arab insurrection spring from the arab nationalists in transigent opposition to partition or any other solv tion of the palestine problem which does not give them political control over the whole of what they regard as their own territory the arabs have looked on anxiously while the british government instead of promptly implementing the royal com mission proposals prepared to forge over the next few years a detailed scheme elaborated with more deference to the wishes of the parties involved the deliberative bodies concerned the british parliament the council of the jewish agency and the league of nations council have been unenthusiastic in their reception of the patti tion plan they have not however been able to suggest a carefully worked out concrete proposal offering an easier road to peace impossible t achieve unless the intensity of jewish and arab na tionalism is modified and have therefore been com strained to reserve judgment on partition as the matter now stands the british government is pre paring to send a new commission to palestine fo continued on page 4 nds con alem litical stine ontrol 5,000 exiled rrilla estine be a arab ts in solu t give t they have iment com rc the orated parties 1 the jewish have parti ble to oposa sle to ab na com as the is pre ne ya w ashington news letter a washington bureau national press building ocr 18 in accepting the invitation of the belgian government to confer with other signatories of the nine power treaty at brussels the state depart ment has confirmed the impression that washington does not intend to take the driver’s seat in the effort to organize concerted action to quarantine war in the far east secretary hull’s note of october 16 accepting the invitation and appointing mr norman davis as the delegate of the united states states as clearly as the language of diplomacy permits that the next step in the administration’s new program of international cooperation will be directed toward mediation of the conflict rather than coercion of the aggressor mr roosevelt significantly underscored this purpose in his fireside talk on october 12 when he sought to assure the country that what he really meant at chicago was a program to seek by agree ment a solution of the present situation in china and in efforts to find that solution it is our purpose to cooperate with the other signatories to this nine power treaty including china and japan mr hull is not saying what proposals the ameri can delegation will carry to brussels or what action will be taken if the peaceful procedure of mediation breaks down it is quite evident however that the state department wishes to retain its independence of judgment and to avoid being bound in advance by any decisions that are taken arms exports reach new high the munitions control board’s report of licenses for arms ex ports issued during september showed the highest figure for any month since the beginning of muni tions control two years ago the soviet union led with licenses to export over 10,000,000 worth of war materials of which the largest share consisted of parts for a pre fabricated battleship informed quarters here understand that the russians have been trying for some time to buy battleship parts in this country but have made little progress so far ap parently the shipbuilding companies demanded that the agents of the soviet government secure licenses for the export before specifications for the battleship were made or contracts drawn up since construc tion of a battleship usually requires from two to three years at least it will probably be a long time before the first pre fabricated battleship gets afloat even if the shipbuilders and the soviet government come to terms apart from the soviet licenses high purchases by other countries marked the rising tide of rearma ment especially since the outbreak of the fighting in the far east china which has been the united states largest buyer since the beginning of control came next on the list with licenses for the export of over 2,800,000 worth of munitions japan took licenses for arms costing about 440,000 another straw in the wind is the announcement by the de partment of commerce that the exportatign f.aero nautic products from the united states attained a record monthly aggregate of 5,158,818 during au gust which was about 85 per cent higher than that of july and almost 125 per cent higher than that of the corresponding period of last year and that for the first eight months of this year exports of these products were approximately 75 per cent greater than during the same period of 1936 good neighbor policy toward mexico to con tinue state department officials harassed simul taneously by crises in europe and the far east derive considerable solace from the tranquil tone of the western hemisphere but recent dispatches from mexico have raised questions concerning the future of inter american harmony a meeting of united states consular representatives just concluded at mexico city has been pictured as forecasting a shift in washington’s policy american interests have had their toes stepped on by various decrees of the cardenas socialization program the trend toward nationalization of the oil industry has alarmed petroleum companies the movement for agrarian reform has involved confiscation of farms and ranches held by american and british as well as mexican proprietors ambassador daniels in an interview issued last month commented on the petroleum situation and expressed hope for maintenance of the 1928 morrow calles agreement safeguarding foreign oil rights it is also believed that the ambassador is keeping a weather eye on the terms of settle ment which the government may soon concede to the strike demands of the oil unions following in vestigation of the petroleum industry by an official commission on the agrarian question the state department has apparently not been ve tang to press its demands too strongly the cardenas ad ministration has promised compensation for lands seized from american citizens but no payments have yet been made consuls at the recent conference were requested to come armed with reports on the page four extent of american investments in their respective areas and the degree to which these had been af fected by government policies such data would equip the department for a stronger policy should that be ultimately decided on washington officials however decry what they term the sensational over playing of these events by certain correspondents as to settlement of the oil strike it is indicated that final terms must take into account three parties the government as well as capital and labor the demands of the agrarian program for rural credits are keeping the cardenas administration poor and the public treasury vitally needs the revenues paid by the oil companies the government in its own self interest is not expected to permit labor’s demands to kill this goose with the golden eggs the good neighbor policy it is pointed out is necessarily reciprocal in character including as an essential phase fair treatment of the united states and its citizens by latin america in accord with this emphasis some slight modification of policy toward mexico may be envisaged but it is strongly denied that any fundamental departure from the good neighbor policy is contemplated or that pos sible change in the silver purchase program of the united states will be used as a club against mexico washington has no desire to risk a squall in inter american waters while war clouds darken both thel european and the far eastern horizons palestine arabs rebel against britain continued from page 2 negotiations with jews and arabs to determine ten tative boundaries and make financial and other ap rangements detailed recommendations will then be submitted to parliament the jews and the league for their approval it remains to be seen whether the british are willing or able to quell all violence by enforci martial law if necessary and to induce other arab leaders to brave the wrath of fanatical terrorists and cooperate with the government britain will doubtless make every possible effort to secure arab assent to a new régime a rebellious palestine be cause of its strategic value is a pawn in the conflict between britain and italy in the mediterranean already it is rumored that mussolini is supporting the mufti’s activities and british authorities have countered this move by an indirect threat to annex the territory as a british crown colony under these circumstances the british may find it wiser to seek jewish arab rapprochement in a single country than to push on with a project which might oblige them to defend a small jewish state from the arab world davip h poppper the f.p.a bookshelf franco means business by georges rotvand new york devin adair 1937 1.25 a brief biographical sketch by an ardent admirer of spain’s rebel leader an economic history of the british isles by arthur birnie new york crofts 1936 4.00 a rather unimaginative treatment of an important subject british propaganda at home and in the united states from 1914 to 1917 by james duane squires cam bridge harvard university press 1936 1.00 the importance of the mechanism of mass persuasion is presented in scholarly fashion the colonial problem a report by a study group of members of the royal institute of international af fairs new york oxford university press 1937 8.50 a comprehensive survey by a rather conservative group vital peace by henry wickham steed new york mac millan 1936 2.75 this thoughtful book pleads for a more heroic concep tion of peace social security by maxwell s stewart new york nor ton 1937 3.00 a lucid analysis of our social security program and its shortcomings international trade in certain raw materials and food stuffs by countries of origin and consumption 1985 geneva league of nations 1936 1.00 balances of payments 1935 geneva league of nations 1936 1.50 international trade statistics 1935 geneva league i nations 1936 2.50 these statistical compilations obtainable from the co lumbia university press throw a revealing light upon the volume and character of international business trans actions and should be particularly valuable at a time when the revival of international trade and equal com mercial access to raw materials are being seriously dis cussed a new social philosophy by werner sombart prinece ton n j princeton university press 1937 3.50 a rather romantic plea for a stationary economy canada by andré siegfried new york harcourt brace 1937 3.00 this entertaining survey of canada’s national prob lems stresses the strength of the country’s ties with they united states palestine at the crossroads by ladislas farago new york putnam’s 1937 3.50 well written account of an observant journalist’s abe tempt to appraise the achievements of the different parties in the palestine impasse foreign policy bulletin vol xvi no 52 ocrospzr 22 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lasiig buell president vera micheles dean editer entered as second class m december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year e of e co upon rans time com dis rince 50 ay brace prob th the new t’s at yarties +foreign policy bulletin entered as second an interpretation of current international events by the research staff class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york he foreign policy association incorporated n y under the act of march 3 1879 8 west 40th street new york n y subscription two dollars a year vou xvii no 1 october 29 1937 study packets for headline books these study packets contain interesting new suggestions for your international relations programs a study packet may be obtained for each headline book and includes a complete discussion program for four meet ings interesting tests charts and group projects headline books 25c study packets 15c dictatorships bear down on democracies t eu visit paid to rome on october 22 by herr von ribbentrop hitler’s ambassador in london lifted the fog of european diplomacy just long enough to reveal the main outlines of the agreement probably reached by the two dictators during their september interview reports of the ribbentrop yisit which coincided with that of the japanese ambassador in berlin viscount mushakoji indi cate that hitler is to support mussolini’s efforts on behalf of general franco that italy in return is to give germany a free hand in central and eastern europe that the two fascist powers intend to make no further concessions in the london non interven tion committee and that italy which has been in vited to the nine power conference in brussels is to keep in close touch with germany bound to japan by the anti communist pact of november 1936 the effects of italo german collaboration have already made themselves felt in spain on octo ber 20 when gijon had not yet fallen to the rebels italy displayed an attitude optimistically described by the british as conciliatory it agreed to defer the issue of belligerent rights until token withdrawals of an equal number of foreign volunteers had been made from both sides and two international com missions appointed by the london committee had checked the number of volunteers in spain with a phew to undertaking a substantial withdrawal on october 22 however a new deadlock was created when italy insisted that this plan be unanimously accepted by all nine members of the sub committee m maisky soviet ambassador to london insisted that token withdrawals should be proportional equal and refused to consider the grant of bel ligerent rights until all and not merely a substan tal number of volunteers had been withdrawn moreover italy germany portugal and the u.s.s.r announced that they would not be bound by the figures of the two international commissions by dickering about minor issues germany and italy hope to gain time for general franco placate the british and place the responsibility for eventual breakdown of the london negotiations on the soviet union which is more and more reluctant to tolerate the fiction of italian non intervention in spain equally productive of complications is the new clash between germany and czechoslovakia on october 11 two prominent members of konrad hen lein’s sudeten deutsche party had been arrested on charges of committing homosexual offenses which recalled similar charges brought by hitler against roehm in 1934 and the german government had protested against unflattering representations of goering and other nazi dignitaries at a prague ex hibition of cartoons over the weekend of octo ber 16 a meeting of henlein party leaders was held at teplitz schoenau where in the course of a demon stration previously prohibited by the authorities sev eral sudeten deutsche deputies are said to have been beaten by the police german newspapers denounced this as a barbarous provocation which germany did not propose to tolerate in a letter addressed to president benes on october 18 henlein declared that the incident was unbearable for a brave people and demanded immediate autonomy for the 3,500,000 germans in czechoslovakia 80 per cent of whom he claims to represent the czechoslovak protest of october 20 against the aggressive and menacing german press campaign was dismissed by baron von neurath as unjustified prague’s deci sion to postpone municipal elections scheduled for november 14 in 500 communities and to prohibit all political meetings for two weeks raised a new storm in germany the reich press asserted that a small state like czechoslovakia would never dare to defy germany if it did not enjoy the support of france and the u.s.s.r and contended that the situation of the sudeten deutsche is a threat to ev ropean peace germany apparently hopes to con vince britain where henlein has sought to arouse sympathy for his movement that european ap peasement can be achieved only by giving hitler a free hand in central europe the fate which may be in store for czechoslovakia was graphically demonstrated last week in danzig which is being rapidly transformed into a german totalitarian state the efforts of danzig nazis to suppress all non nazi elements which had already resulted in the dissolution of communist social democratic and nationalist organizations were crowned with success on october 21 when the catho lic center party last stronghold of opposition was coerced into dissolving itself the immediate pre text for this anti catholic as well as anti polish drive was the creation by the bishop of danzig of two new polish parishes to serve the polish speaking population with the disappearance of the catho lic center party the only political groups in the field are the nazis who in the 1935 elections won 43 out of 72 seats in parliament and the poles who have only two seats and may now prepare for an early demise the nazi victory was immediately cele brated by a drive against jews both german and polish who are to be segregated in ghetto mar kets these various measures brought no protest from the new league commissioner professor burckhardt who in 1937 replaced the fighting irish man sean lester driven out for his efforts to defend democracy in the free city nor has any protest been lodged by poland which is busy with the de velopment of its own port of gdynia and has re cently veered to an authoritarian régime one of whose first acts was the establishment of ghetto benches for jewish students in polish high schools and universities the knottiest problem presented by nazi activi ties outside germany is how to combat the encroach ments of the hitler dictatorship without adopting its own methods the experience of the german social democrats who having declined to use force against hitler were then suppressed by outwardly constitutional means has not been lost on germany's neighbors where anti nazi groups are girding them selves to use force if necessary a reductio ad ab surdum is reached when germany where freedom of speech press and assembly has been unknown since 1933 denounces the prague government for limiting the activities of a group which no matter how legitimate its grievances clearly intends to break up the czechoslovak state with the active co operation of the third reich the indirect but highly successful methods employed by germany in danzig and czechoslovakia by germany and italy page two ee in spain show that today expansion may be effected without a single shot provided the great powers which at one time might have taken up the cudgels in de fense of victims of aggression can be immobilized by constant threats of war vera micheles dean japan tightens grip in north china despite stiffened chinese resistance on the north ern fronts japan’s military machine continues to make gains which will enable it to present the fai accompli of extensive conquest to the forthcomin conference at brussels an important phase of the northern campaign reached its climax on october 23 when a mass meeting at kweisui capital of suiyuan proclaimed the independence of that province from china opposition to communism and a determina tion to establish a new government based on ancient chinese precepts exalted in the imperial ritual of manchoukuo the new japanese controlled area not only provides a buffer flanking both china proper and the soviet union powers which in alliance would constitute a potent threat to japan on the continent but also lays the basis for eventual estab lishment of a single north chinese manchoukuan kingdom elsewhere in the north the japanese success while undeniable has not been so complete mobile col umns attempting to reach taiyuan capital of rich and strategic shansi have driven toward that city through mountainous territory from the north and east provincial troops and strong detachments of the former chinese red army which at first of fered little opposition to the japanese advance have now struck back with a combination of frontal re sistance tactics and harassing raids on the extended japanese lines of communication forcing the jap anese to halt while consolidating their positions meanwhile the rapid japanese advance along the two railways leading south from peiping and tien tsin has been markedly retarded as it approaches the yellow river chinese determination to make 4 stand before this natural barrier signalized by the dispatch of prominent national military leaders to the area has been strengthened by a declaration of han fu chu governor of shantung reaffirming his loyalty to the central government despite japanese efforts to secure his neutrality farther south on the shanghai battlefront 4 japanese attack which began on october 21 wai slowly forcing the chinese backward from strongly defended lines and threatened to outflank the chinese right wing in chapei military observes 5 were united in their opinion that the results of two months of japanese frontal offensives in this sectot were scarcely commensurate with the efforts pu forth by attackers now estimated to number 150,000 at the same time it was clear that a far larger num continued on page 4 effected ers which els in de vilized by dean china he north tinues to t the fait thcoming se of the tober 23 suiyuan nce from etermina m ancient ritual of area not la proper alliance n on the ual estab choukuan ess while obile col 1 of rich that city orth and ments of first of nce have rontal re extended the jap positions long the ind tien aches the make a d by the eaders to ration of rming his japanese efront 4 cr 21 was 1 strongly flank the observers its of two his sectot forts put r 150,000 rger num w ashington news letter sibbes washington bureau national press building oct 25 while development of the administra tion’s far eastern policy apparently marks time in deference to the nine power conference soon to open at brussels speculation in washington is centering on what congress will have to say in the special session scheduled for november 15 the new and stronger foreign policy forecast in the presi dent’s chicago speech will of course bring protest from the nye clarke vandenberg neutrality forces but soundings made in the back home areas indi cate that opposition may arise from other groups as well a number of legislators aroused by what is termed the president's nullification of the neu trality act are disposed to debate the larger issue concerning the part which congress will play in the formulation of foreign policy if president roose velt seeks to drive ahead along the line suggested at chicago he may find himself faced with another wilsonian struggle and with opposition coming not only from old line isolationists like hiram johnson but from other senators and congressmen notably those representing sentiment in the mid west again the general relations between the president and congress resulting from jockeying for the 1938 and 1940 elections is expected to affect if not deter mine the stands taken in foreign policy much may depend on what the president's policy together with changing events requires him to ask of congress the philadelphia inquirer polls congress in the light of such a possible conflict washington observers are following with close interest the weather vane of public opinion the echoes of president roosevelt's quarantine speech at chi cago had hardly died down before efforts began to assess and mobilize reactions to that utterance most interesting of such attempts was the telegraphic poll of the views of members of congress taken by the philadel phia inquirer on the question or gama of united states and league of nations condemning japan as aggressor in far east war prove in effectual would you favor or oppose our co operating with league either in sanctions or active intervention the result which was highly publicized as a sort of test vote on sanctions came out no 74 yes 33 noncommittal 13 only one of the 33 yes voters was willing to support military sanctions the catch in evaluating this poll lies in the fact that under the circumstances many members of congress were hardly free to express their views at the moment few politicians in office could have had the hardi hood to cast their vote publicly for sanctions or ac tive intervention merely on the ground of the presi dent's relatively vague statements most democrats offered the sour choice between the interventionist po sition and helping a republican newspaper adminis ter another check to the president naturally chose to keep silent none of the democratic leaders of the house returned an answer replies were received from less than a fourth of the members of congress and of these only 19 were senators of the senators 8 voted each way and 3 were noncommittal eleven of the 13 in the noncommittal total were demo crats as were an immense majority of those who did not answer many of these have probably not made up their minds on far eastern policy and the president clearly has powerful means of swing ing them over into support if he decides to try an interventionist course under these circumstances informed circles here feel it is too much to assume that the block of anti sanctionist opinion expressed in this poll necessarily means a majority in congress other straws in the wind the new york times and dr george gallup’s american institute of public opinion have undertaken other canvasses on october 17 the times published short analyses of public reactions to the president's speech in each of the twelve federal reserve districts these reports reflected the vagueness of the public mind when not confronted with clear cut proposals how ever expressions were firm and virtually unanimous against any policy involving the risk of military action economic sanctions were neither explicitly favored nor rejected the general attitude was one of caution and reserve the public seemed not to be afraid of negotiations under the nine power treaty but skeptical that in the absence of addi tional coercive action such talks will stop war in china sympathy for china grows between septem ber 12 and october 24 a rapid fluctuation of public opinion toward japan and china was reflected in polls taken by the american institute of public opinion the voters were asked in the present fight between japan and china are your sympathies with either side answers to the first taken before the chicago speech revealed that 55 per cent sympathized with neither side 43 per cent with china and two per cent favored japan six weeks later the proportion of neutrals had declined to 40 per cent 59 per cent expressed sympathy with china and one per cent with japan that few voters were willing to im plement their sympathy for china by even the mildest action against japan was suggested by an other poll announced the same day asked whether they intended to boycott japanese made goods only 37 per cent said yes and 63 per cent no in general the results of the polls of the american institute of public opinion suggest the continuing strength of isolationist sentiment throughout the country while these indices may reflect with considerable accuracy the popular opinion of the moment it is the opinion of observers here that the alternative courses facing the administration at washington have not yet been presented with sufficient clearness to allow the mass of the people to form a considered opinion if it is the intention of the president and his advisers to use coercion on japan they apparently still face a formidable task in educating the public to support such a program japan tightens grip in north china continued from page 2 ber of chiang kai shek’s best troops who might have been used in the north the principal theater of operations were riveted to the spot by the tactics of their opponents little noticed but important auxiliary measures recently taken by japan’s navy and air force in the south are also likely to have vital bearing on both the future of the war and the course of power poli tics in the south pacific the traffic in munitions page four imports destined for china via hongkong the only practicable route remaining open for the acquisition of heavy materials in large quantities is being te duced in scope by repeated bombing of the rail roads leading from canton and kowloon to the battle areas moreover following japan’s seizure of pratas island a potential air and submarine base flanking the sea route from hongkong to manila and singapore chinese observers have noted with alarm that japanese naval vessels are cruising in numbers near the large undeveloped island of hainan with its strategic location off the coast of french indo china this island may become an outpost of prime importance in the japanese navy’s drive to the south as well as a source of rice sugar and rubber busily engaged in tightening its grip on china north of the yellow river and tentatively exploring possibilities in the south japan has every reason to delay any action which might be taken by the conference now scheduled to meet at brussels on or after november 3 a formal invitation to the con ference delivered in tokyo on october 21 did not elicit a definite response from the japanese gov ernment in view of reiterated british and ameti can insistence that mediation rather than coercive tactics would be undertaken at brussels observers suspect that tokyo is attempting to win assurances of general agreement to some form of japanese con trol in north china before accepting the belgian invitation anomalous as it is the spectacle of a conference summoned under the nine power pact which may seek to gain universal assent to the further disintegration of china appears likely to confront the world davip h popper the f.p.a bookshelf discovering south america by lewis r freeman york dodd mead 1937 3.00 an informative travel book of particular interest to the business man the third reich by henri lichtenberger new york the greystone press 1937 3.00 professor lichtenberger has written by far the best and most dispassionate account of hitler’s germany that has yet appeared economische politiek in belgié in de depressie by h m h a van der valk haarlem the netherlands de erven f bohn 1935 a thorough study of belgium’s struggle against the de pression handbook of latin american studies edited by lewis hanke cambridge harvard university press 1936 3.00 an annotated bibliography of material published in 1935 in the fields of literature and the social sciences new international relations since the peace treaties by e h carr new york macmillan 1937 2.75 a competent and very concise history of international relations since the world war written chiefly for laymen by a former official in the british foreign office the foreign policy of czechoslovakia 1918 1935 by felix john vondracek new york columbia university press 1937 5.00 an excellent study of post war central europe documented well source book on european governments by rappard sharp schneider pollock and harper new york van nostrand 1937 3.50 fills a serious need of college classes in european gov ernments for collected readings on the governments of switzerland france italy germany and the soviet union foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 1 ocroser 29 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonpd lgsitigz buell president vera micheles dean editor december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 incorporated national entered as second class matter two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year fc spait tions of tl octo fran belli soon with repo with stan the the isol ribt unat for the sss with volu fron tang was spai dray entl post +no foreign policy bulletin v1 1937 entered as second nly an interpretation of current international events by the research staff prince subscription two dollars a year pcage a il n y under the act ail foreign policy association incorporated aoe a the pperiodic at rob west 40th street new york n y peneral library of ase i 2 november 5 1937 and liquidating the palestine mandate arm by dieeid be pesce general library ers 7 this report analyzes the clash of jewish and arab nation ot et winhto ith alist aspirations in an area strategically important for britain universi ty of michi gan do the success of the jewish national home and the desperate i measures which the arabs have taken to prevent jewish ann art mich domination of this territory it points out the difficulties in rbor mich ath volved in the palestine royal commission partition proposal for a jewish and an arab state and a british mandated area ina november 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents ing son a major offensive looms in spain 1 or ill hile london’s non intervention subcommittee one hundred planes and six submarines a week on p not held one more fruitless meeting last week earlier a french submarine chaser and two other soy spain’s warring factions actively pushed prepara vessels had been bombed by pirate airplanes in zov p y pusnec prep ss 2 y pus p eri tions for what may prove to be the decisive struggle the vicinity of the islands following these attacks cive of the civil war prior to the london session on britain ordered the battle cruiser hood to majorca vers october 29 the way seemed paved for britain and while france dispatched a destroyer to the neigh nces france to accept the italo german demand that __ boring island of minorca con belligerent rights be granted the spanish rebels as on the peninsula the fall of gijén on october 21 gian soon as substantial progress had been made in had marked the virtual completion by general f a withdrawal of volunteers the four powers were reported ready to go ahead on this program even ther without the u.s.s.r which had taken a resolute threat to their rear some 75,000 troops can now be stand against discussion of belligerent rights until released for service on other fronts in addition np the last foreign combatant had left spain but when the economic resources of the franco régime have the subcommittee met the u.s.s.r was saved from been materially augmented by control of valuable isolation by the unexpected insistence of herr von coal and iron mines and by possession in bilbao of ribbentrop german ambassador to london on the an important industrial center unanimity rule a step which made it impossible for the four western powers to proceed as long as onal the soviet union remained adamant at a subsequent ren session on november 2 the german demand was withdrawn and the soviet representative m maisky elix volunteered temporarily to step aside and refrain rsity from voting on controversial points but the only tangible result of this exhibition of mutual tolerance was an agreement to request from both parties in spain approval of the program for gradual with pard drawal of foreign fighters this proposal conveni rork ently serves to spin out diplomatic discussions while postponing the danger of a new deadlock franco of the conquest of the northern provinces thus the insurgents have eliminated a long time pf 3 on o i a the stubborn resistance to the rebel advance of fered by the basques and asturians prolonged the northern campaign now winter threatens to handi cap offensive operations in various parts of the peninsula both loyalists and rebels are reported preparing major drives but it is possible that these may not be launched before spring pressure from italy and germany for a speedy victory however may force franco to attempt a new advance in the near future any new offensive by the rebels will encounter far stiffer opposition than that offered in the north well gov while the salamanca régime now controls two thirds is of meanwhile reports of the landing at cadiz of of the peninsula the loyalists are reported to have oviet additional thousands of italian troops suggested that the numerical advantage in troops claiming an the flow of assistance to general franco suffered army of at least 500,000 as compared with 350,000 from no such paralysis as the non intervention com or 400,000 for franco the valencia barcelona scion mittee on october 31 a new york times dispatch government has gone far in converting its original from majorca in the balearics revealed the presence raw levies into disciplined soldiers who operate there of 500 italian and german airmen bruno under what is substantially a unified command mussolini among them as well as approximately equipment has notably improved although franco page two still holds the apparent advantage in airplanes ar tillery and possibly tanks moreover he has com mand of the sea and is potentially in position to shut off the flow of supplies to his opponents on oc tober 28 he announced a blockade of the entire 650 miles of eastern and southern coastline left to the loyalists behind the lines both sides have attempted with in recent months to develop political unity which had been menaced by the pull and haul of partisan rivalries on october 21 the salamanca government announced the establishment of a fascist national council in which the carlist monarchists and the fascist phalanx were represented together with mili tary leaders reports of friction marring the rela tions of spanish italian and german troops con tinue in circulation in this connection it may be significant that while the rdle of italian soldiers in the fall of santander was widely publicized spanish troops alone were reported to have effected the capture of gijén on the other hand friction among the loyalists has been more open and perhaps more acute a factor of major importance has been the increasing strength of the communists whose numbers are re ported to have grown from approximately 50,000 at the outbreak of the revolt to some 400,000 today the communist party has skillfully exploited a pol icy of moderation toward socialization of industry and agriculture to win the support of numerous small farmers and business men the growth of the communist party has coincided with a decline in influence of the groups demanding drastic social revolution the anti stalinist poum the anarcho syndicalists and the left wing socialists led by for mer premier largo caballero when the cortes convened at valencia on october 1 the majority of socialist deputies aligned themselves with the com munists and left republicans to support the win the war policies of the negrin cabinet the possi bility that middle of the road elements might drift to valencia rather than salamanca was suggested on that occasion when miguel maura and manuel portela valladares prominent leaders of two cen ter parties resumed their seats in the cortes the transfer of the loyalist capital from valencia to barcelona officially consummated on october 30 has been interpreted variously as a confession of weakness and a promise of greater strength and co hesion barcelona is less open to attack than valen cia either from the teruel salient by land or from the balearics by sea on the other hand it is un doubtedly hoped that this step will bring catalonia’s industry as well as man power more actively into the conflict the move exemplifies the intensive mobilization of all available resources now being carried out by both of spain’s warring factions ce recognizing apparently that this trend eliminates fo the time being the possibility of mediation the state department declined on november 2 the cuban jp vitation of october 21 proposing a joint offer of good offices to the spanish factions by all countries of the western hemisphere charles a thomson van zeeland resigns the belgian new deal of paul van zeeland came abruptly to an end early last week when the prime minister and his cabinet resigned amidst charges of corruption in connection with the na tional bank as van zeeland retired to private life seeking to clear his reputation and restore his fail ing health king leopold on october 31 invited hubert pierlot catholic minister of agriculture to form a new cabinet dr van zeeland a non party economist had 0 ganized a coalition cabinet in 1934 based on the cooperation of the three major democratic parties catholic liberal and socialist in an effort to com bat the depression and to head off the rexist ot fascist party of léon degrelle pursuing a moder ate course and appealing for national unity the premier was able to restore confidence and to pro mote recovery especially through devaluation of the belga in september 1936 the prospects of the rexists were further diminished last april when van zeeland overwhelmingly defeated degrelle in a brussels electoral contest as the emergeng which had created the coalition government gradu ally passed however internal friction reappeared among the constituent elements the several groups manoeuvred toward obtaining future power and a few members of the cabinet including the social ist minister of finance henri de man apparently became involved in an intrigue against the prime minister the fall of the cabinet was precipitated by charge of financial corruption long hurled by the rexist against bankers and more recently made by gustavu sap a flemish leader and former finance minister it was charged that van zeeland frequently received large sums from the national bank of which he had previously been vice governor a special sessioa of parliament summoned on september 7 by the prime minister promptly cleared him of any im proper conduct dr van zeeland proved that of leaving the bank he had merely accepted his jus share of a common fund provided for the directors the government decided however to abolish thi pool and to reduce the salaries of the bank oft cials several of whom were receiving over five tim as much as the premier public suspicion regardin the national bank was accentuated by the van continued on page 4 belgian fascism in retreat foreign policy bulletin april 16 1937 ee s for state in in good f the on eland n the midst na e life fail wited re to ad or nm the ties com ist of noder y the pro of the vf the when lle in rgenc pradu peared zroups and social rently prime harge rexist istavu inister ceived he had session by the ny im hat of is just rectors sh thi ik oo e tim rardin in 1937 washington news letter as washington bureau national press building nov 1 on the eve of the brussels conference washington officials are somewhat concerned by the brutal logic of those commentators who have condemned the nine power meeting to utter and complete futility no one denies that japan’s curt refusal to attend the conference has put a serious crimp in the program of peaceful settlement but state department officials are represented as feeling that there is still a middle ground between the dras tic alternatives of punitive action to stop japan and complete acquiescence in the breakdown of all in rernational morality at any rate the effort will be made to find a basis for restoring peace without resort to force and without sacrificing the integrity of china the question is how this can be accom plished without another hoare laval deal which is officially frowned upon in both washington and london the prospects of constructive action are admit tedly slim however while japan might conceiv ably be willing to accept an armistice its terms would certainly include the military occupation of all territory now in japanese hands in the north and the retirement of chinese troops from the shanghai area which china could not possibly accept on the other hand while china might welcome a truce based on the restoration of the status guo ante these terms would hardly be acceptable to japan there is no real answer to this dilemma in washington the best proposal advanced is a vague suggestion that methods of procedure will be found to keep the door open to negotiation as long as possible this the form of a small subcommittee com posed of britain france and the united states for the purpose of approaching japan and china macarthur’s retirement although it passed almost unnoticed in the american press the prema ture retirement of general douglas macarthur military adviser to president quezon and field marshal of the philippine army represents the end of a long struggle waged under cover in washing may ton since the inauguration of the philippine com monwealth certain officials of liberal bent who are striving to make philippine independence a real ity rather than a mere form have from the first op posed the macarthur mission to them it is a symbol of american tutelage in the upbuilding of a philip pine defense system critics have emphasized the anomaly of having an american army officer in active service at the head of the military forces of a country preparing for self government they have never ceased to suspect that filipinos were being conscripted and taught to bear arms to further american as well as philippine aspirations in the western pacific the retirement of macarthur the moving spirit behind this development marks a victory for his op ponents it does not necessarily mean that militariza tion of the philippines under the macarthur plan will be retarded whether or not his aides remain in the islands american officers and troops will be stationed there until 1946 the link with the war department will be strengthened by quezon’s se lection of general creed f cox retired chief of its bureau of insular affairs as his personal adviser in manila nevertheless a top rank american of ficer reported to favor a strong anti japanese policy will no longer remain in command of the philip pine army czech and british trade agreement negotiations advanced secretary hull’s trade agreement machine continues to move steadily along its well charted and unspectacular course last week the process of making an agreement with czechoslovakia reached the stage of public hearings by the committee for reciprocity information under the new procedure introduced early this year domestic shoe manu facturers aroused by the inclusion of their product in the list of commodities on which tariff reductions may be considered descended on washington in force to present a vigorous case against any conces sions to their czech competitors although the com mittee tries to restrict the hearings to the presenta tion of facts interests which want protection have quite naturally succeeded in using them as a sound ing board for their views exporters and consumers who would benefit by tariff reductions have unfor tunately contented themselves in the main with un publicized written briefs but the preponderance of adverse publicity is no new story in trade agreement negotiations and officials therefore see no unusual difficulties in the way of the czech agreement their most pressing need at the moment is an anodyne to assuage the bitter opposition of many american farmers to a program they erroneously believe responsible for increased agricultural im ports this will be provided they believe if the long pending trade agreement with the british can be concluded in a form which will enlarge the for eign market for american export crops here con fe page four a a siderable progress has been made the one vital investigation it was contended that barmat had obstacle which remains is found in the ottawa agree received large advances on doubtful paper because os ments which bind the united kingdom to grant _of political pull with van zeeland and louis franck tariff rates to the dominions on this governor of the bank although a recently passed ey point material progress has been made in recent retirement law compelled his resignation at the end weeks mr hull's es canada which was offi of the year franck hastily took a leave of absence to cially described as a courtesy call in return for defend himself the situation was further compli lord tweedsmuir's visit several months ago actu cated by the suicide of general etienne reported ally afforded an opportunity to discuss a formula for to have been the go between in the barmat negotia dealing with the ottawa preferences and apparently hich pages dhs ce narrowed the field of disagreement it would not ee ee surprise well informed washington observers if a ch enna formal announcement on the british pact was forth the retirement of dr van zeeland a trained coming during the next few weeks and if the re economist and liberal statesman is widely regretted sults were more significant than anything yet because of its implications for belgium and for eu achieved under the trade program ropean appeasement in general it is feared that van zeeland resigns the rexist party may be strengthened and belgium's contianed from pase 2 impressive recovery jeopardized by the breakdown land incident which occurred while loans made to of the democratic combination e julius barmat a german refugee were undergoing james frederick green the f.p.a bookshelf the far east comes nearer by hessell tiltman phila the poland of pilsudski 1914 1936 by robert machray an delphia lippincott 1937 3.00 new york dutton 1937 3.75 ac this survey of the political situation in eastern asia a valuable reference work brought up to date dif b is at once timely sprightly and reasonably well balanced fuse but useful excellent index the author attempts to state the japanese as well as the rebuilding trade by tariff bargaining by george p ed chinese case but falls into confusion by simultaneously auld new york national foreign trade council th supporting the japanese claim to predominance in china 1936 1.00 and condemning the violent methods by which it is a conscientious defense of secretary hull’s reciprocal achieved trade program spain a tragic journey by f theo rogers new york philippine independence motives problems and prospects pr macaulay 1937 2.50 by grayson l kirk new york farrar and rinehart a an american journalist uses observations taken on 1936 2.50 both sides of spain’s civil struggle to argue for the cause after an analysis of their problems which is generally om of franco sympathetic to the filipinos the author urges substitution s single to spain by keith scott watson new york e p of a loose protectorate status for the present goal of com af dutton 1937 2.00 plete independence cc the author gives an entertaining account of his leadership in a free society by t n whitehead cam experiences as soldier and journalist with the loyalists bridge mass harvard university press 1936 3.00 cabinet government by w ivor jennings new york a well reasoned argument that technological civilization of macmillan 1936 5.50 can produce human satisfaction only if it develops social a work of first importance dealing with the nature of routines which recognize that individual liberty and col the british government lective action are essential to each other cc historical and commercial atlas of china by albert the new deal an analysis and appraisal by the editors herrmann mharvard yenching institute monograph of the economist london new york alfred a th series vol i cambridge harvard university press knopf 1937 1.50 d 1936 5.00 critical study from an english point of view indispensable reference work especially for the teaching a history of peaceful change in the modern world by sf of chinese history c r m f cruttwell new york oxford university soviet money and finance by l e hubbard new york press 1937 3.00 i cl macmillan 1936 4.50 a useful analysis of ways in which peaceful changes i pp the author unravels the mysteries of soviet finance international conditions have been brought about in the with great clarity and traces the gradual adoption of past be more orthodox financial practices sugar a case study of government control by john f ancient life in mexico and central america by edgar l dalton new york macmillan 1937 3.00 ce hewett new york bobbs merrill company 1936 4.00 the former head of the aaa sugar section surveys the o a popular description of the pre historic indian cultures government’s efforts to control the production and market of mexico and guatemala ing of this commodity foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 2 novemper 5 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nationd f headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonpd lasirg buell president vera micheles dean editor entered as second class mattet j december 2 1921 at the post office ac new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year +ov ly i foreign policy bulletin ae an interpretation of current international events by the research staff class matter december nat had subscription two dollars a year cg ceo ga bday n y under the act jy of miciforeign policy association incorporated of march 3 1879 franck 8 west 40th street new york n y y passed the end yor xvii no 3 november 12 1937 sence to compii new york meeting dates 5 eal libr reported november 13 february 5 ee ee ry negotia december 4 february 26 university of michigan zeeland january 8 march 12 january 22 march 26 ann arbor michigan trained mark these dates on your calendar now for the stimulating regretted and timely discussions at the hotel astor for eu red that sel gium’s berlin jolts brussels eakdown prodded into action by the announcement on of the conference or of coercive measures against sreen november 4 that germany had offered its ser japan and proposed that it disband after inviting vices as mediator in the sino japanese conflict the the warring parties to negotiate between themselves brussels conference meekly swallowed the rebuff of the sorry impotence of the conference was thrown german and japanese refusals to attend its sessions into sharper relief by reports that britain and france machray and renewed its efforts for japanese cooperation in in return for american reluctance to make com achieving a settlement in a note dispatched from mitments for cooperative anti fascist measures in late dif brussels on november 6 the conference acknowl europe would steer clear of effective collective seorge p edged japan’s negative response of october 28 to steps in the pacific couneil the belgian invitation emphasized in conciliatory despite vehement denials from both chinese and reciprocal fashion that tokyo's disclaimer of territorial ambi japanese sources that the two countries have agreed tions in china conforms with the terms of the nine to german mediation it is scarcely conceivable that prospects power treaty and virtually invited japan to name hitler would have permitted his offer to become rinehart a small group of powers with which it was asked public unless he had received some covert support to open negotiations in order to facilitate pacific from both quarters according to one plausible re abstitution settlement as the situation now stands germany port the german chancellor taking advantage of a al of com and the brussels conference are thus in a sense discreet japanese inquiry with regard to the avail competing for the privilege of mediating the dispute ability of nazi good offices at the proper moment ad cam ls 6 3.00 early reports that the conference which opened approached a chinese spokesman in berlin and re sivilization on november 3 might serve to curb the arrogance ceived an encouraging response nazi officials un ops social of pascist dictatorships by strengthening the tenuous doubtedly jumped at the opportunity to score a y and cob community of interest among the democratic pow coup by snatching the diplomatic initiative away the editors fs were soon belied by the course of events in from the proponents of the conference method of alfred a the opening session it became apparent that the settling disputes delegates were split into three camps the keynote the formulation of peace terms acceptable to werké speech for the western democracies made by nor both china and japan however remains an un university man h davis leader of the american delegation solved conundrum for both the brussels conference clearly indicated that these powers were determined and the nazis there seems to be little doubt that changes merely to urge upon japan and china that they both nations now experiencing the darker side of out in the resort to peaceful processes to secure sino japanese martial adventure are gradually becoming weary of py john f cooperation on a basis that is fair to each and ac the conflict tokyo's grim preoccupation with a ceptable to both china and the u.s.s.r the sec struggle apparently destined to continue for months arp ond group called upon all peace loving powers to _was signalized by the establishment on november 2 na mars take firm steps against this episode of aggression of an imperial general headquarters to prosecute in order to discourage similar incidents in future the war under unified command a measure which d nationd finally italy represented only by a subordinate off may result in tightening autocratic military control d class mattet cial who upheld the german and japanese point of over the civil life of the empire as well the constant view politely deprecated the prospects for success threat of hostilities with the soviet union has neces ee sitated the dispatch of perhaps 300,000 men to the northern manchoukuo border where fighting is easiest on frozen winter terrain japanese successes in flanking operations at shanghai and rapid ad vances in shansi merely open a vista of mote re mote chinese defense lines and increasingly severe guerrilla warfare appropriations for war purposes already surpass those of the russo japanese conflict on the chinese side officials must realize that even their dim hope for the collapse of the japanese cam paign involves a long period of economic strangu lation and warfare on highly unfavorable terms nevertheless japan and china are still poles apart with respect to mutually acceptable peace terms in a statement made on november 7 chiang kai shek refused to open direct negotiations with japan under any conditions save presumably restora tion of the status guo ante japan’s war aims on the other hand are known to comprise the establish ment of a thinly veiled japanese protectorate in north china and substitution of an anti communist régime for the nanking government to the chinese who receive active support from native com munists and an unknown degree of assistance from the u.s.s.r the latter stipulation can only signify complete subservience to tokyo in national affairs regarding the anti communist crusade as a mere cloak for imperialist aims nanking can scarcely look upon hitler as an impartial mediator or wel come his intervention in the dispute but if the western democracies fail to attack the problem in a new and less pusillanimous spirit china may ulti mately have no recourse but to submit davi h popper rome berlin axis swings east the signing on november 6 of the rome protocol by which italy with little show of enthusiasm associated itself with the german japanese pact against communism indicates the extent to which the rome berlin axis has swung east during the past year the anti communist pact which other countries are invited to join involves an undertaking to com bat at home and abroad the activities of their com mon enemy the communist international as dis tinguished from the soviet government with which the three dictatorships remain officially on speaking terms since communist movements in germany italy and japan have been ruthlessly suppressed the principal value of the pact is that it may be used to justify interference in any development abroad which in the opinion of the fascist dictators re veals the slightest connection with communism by obtaining italy's signature to the rome proto col hitler has enlarged the scope and striking power of his crusade against communism which with the stubborn conviction of a mystic he sin page two cerely regards as a threat to european civilization the potentialities of the anti communist front are already indicated by italo german support of franco against the alleged communist menace in spain german threats of interference in czechoslovakia whose pact of mutual assistance with the ussr is denounced as a communist thrust at the heart of central europe the danger that germany once it has gained a foothold in china through collabora tion with japan may attempt to strike at the soviet union from both east and west and fascist propa ganda in the moslem world and in latin america where the red peril has been used as the scapegoat for economic and social maladjustments most im portant of all hitler’s anti communist campaign is also directed at the western democracies which in his opinion are a breeding ground for communism hitler’s fear of communist doctrine does nor seem to be entirely shared by mussolini who with tme italian realism has until now found it possible to muzzle communism at home while remaining on friendly terms with the soviet union so far as spain is concerned the communist bogey merely serves as a convenient pretext for a policy of expansion in the mediterranean which had always formed part of mussolini’s imperial dream nor does italy cher ish any particular sympathy for japan denounced only two years ago as a threat to its commercial interests in ethiopia faced with the necessity of re paying germany for its diplomatic support on spain italy found that its most quickly realizable assets were acquiescence in the activities of austrian nazis support of germany's colonial demands and ad herence to the anti communist pact from i duce’s point of view the rome protocol is valuable less as a thrust at communism than as an instrument of revenge against britain whose failure to recognize the ethiopian conquest has offended it and handicapped it in obtaining financial a abroad for the exploitation of its new iz empire believing that in spite of outward effusions the rome berlin axis is only a marriage of convenience britain still hopes to break it up by a separate deal with italy it is significant that while mr eden on november 1 made some caustic remarks about italy's eagerness to satisfy hitler’s colonial claims at the expense of other powers mr chamberlain persists in his search for a workable anglo italian formula meanwhile britain has arranged for an exchange of commercial agents with the spanish rebels al though still withholding de jure recognition of the franco régime this decision regarded in paris as a betrayal of the loyalists is due to the desire of british industrialists and merchants to safeguard their interests in the rio tinto cop continued on page 4 no brusseé world even adher licly much feeler from clpit ostent ing t fact lieved negot be en great or th ber great fiture unite mr anth vemb bourt the the inne a cla noun turn medi show comy the be cx ti the seale offici bilize in th euro tion lization ont are franco spain lovakia u.s.sr reart of once it llabora e soviet t propa merica apegoat fost im daign is hich in munism lot seem ith true ssible to ning on as spain y serves nsion in red part aly cher nounced nmercial ty of re mn spain le assets n nazis and ad 1 duce’s e less as ment of ecognize and issistance nial ions the venience rate deal eden on ut italy's is at the 1 persists formula hange of bels al ition of arded in due to nerchants into coop w ashington news letter washington bureau national press building nov 8 developments of the past week at brussels rome berlin and other focal points of world conflict have served to make washington even more acutely conscious of the difficulties of adhering to its middle of the road diplomacy pub licly state department officials profess to be not much surprised by such events as hitler’s mediation feeler and the rome protocol linking italy to the german japanese anti communist pact both moves tr is noted have been in the cards for some time from the beginning of the far eastern conflict for eign diplomats have been observing germany's ostentatious neutrality in the belief that it was lead ing to some such offer of mediation by hitler in fact if the offer should materialize and if it re lieved the brussels powers of the onerous task of negotiating another hoare laval deal it might not be entirely unwelcome provided it did not do too great violence to the theoretical integrity of china or the established interests of the western nations beneath the surface however there is evidence of great discomfiture and deep concern the discom fiture arises from the efforts at brussels to push the united states into the position of leadership which mr roosevelt’s chicago speech seemed to promise anthony eden’s house of commons speech on no vember 1 declaring he would travel from mel bourne to alaska to get the full cooperation of the united states was distinctly not helpful from the washington view and published reports of the inner conference working toward a democratic bloc has required rather elaborate explanation here dilethama is now painfully acute having issued a clarion call for concerted action and having de nounced japan as a treaty breaker it is not easy to turn around with a milk and water proposal for mediation which tokyo is bound to reject if tokyo should now formally declare war on china thus compelling invocation of the neutrality act which the administration has ignored the dilemma would be complete the concern arises more from the ultimate than the immediate effects of the anti communist pact sealed at rome looking ahead state department officials fear that britain and france may be immo bilized in europe with the threat of italian action in the mediterranean and german action in central europe preventing any effective democratic coopera tion in the far east nearer home there is growing apprehension that the anti communist front may at tempt to line up the semi dictatorial south american states or in the event of civil war actually to in tervene as they have in the case of spain most concerned are those responsible washington officials who have been striving to stave off the alignment of the world into ideological blocs which sooner or later must come into conflict the task of preventing such a rigid alignment has been made much more difficult by the week’s developments storm clouds in the west indies the mysterious rumors of haitian dominican friction current here for some time were finally confirmed last week by georges leger haitian foreign minister now in this country the serious situation now revealed ex plains the efforts of the state department to sup press news of the initial clash a month ago troops are reported massed along the frontier of the two states beginning on october 3 it is declared mem bers of the dominican army rounded up haitian workers and peasants in the northwestern part of the dominican republic and massacred them in cold blood the assaults were continued for three days and cost the lives of at least 1000 haitian civilians including women and children a mixed haitian dominican commission is reported to be investigat ing the affair public opinion in haiti it is said is highly in flamed against the haitian authorities for attempt ing to hush up the scandal as well as against the neighboring government and the dominicans resi dent in haiti apprehension that publicity might provoke riots in haiti was apparently behind the attempt of the state department and the haitian government to keep the matter out of the press it has also been feared that the danger of hostilities between the two states might upset the continental concord fostered by the good neighbor policy the trujillo dictatorship in the dominican re public has frequently been charged with oppressive cruelty against its own citizens but it is not yet clear to what degree that régime is responsible for insti gating the massacre for a century relations be tween the two countries have been subjected to recurrent strain at present haiti with twice the population of the dominican republic possesses only half the territory so that population pressure aided by the demand of the dominican sugar indus try for cheap labor has promoted a constant seepage of haitians into the neighboring country where many have squatted on dominican land although the long standing boundary dispute between the two states was finally settled in february 1935 cattle taids by haitians across the border have caused re newed friction the trujillo dictatorship has also been reported as irritated by the presence in haiti of dominican political exiles henry norweb united states minister to the dominican republic who has been in havana as a delegate to the inter american radio conference was ordered to return to his post despite the seri ous concern of officials here there are no indica tions yet that washington will step into the dispute by proposing the extension of good offices or that the page four american powers will seek to establish a commission of investigation to ascertain the actual facts and responsibility rome berlin axis swings east continued from page 2 per mines the jerez sherry trade and spanish iron ore urgently needed for british rearmament britain’s talent for reconciling its economic inter ests with its reluctance to wage war should encour age the fascist dictators in their plans for expansion in eastern europe the mediterranean and the fay east vera micheles dean the f.p.a bookshelf assignment in utopia by eugene lyons new york harcourt brace 1937 3.50 a six year sojourn in the u.s.s.r converts a journalist of communist sympathies into a foe of all dictatorships although too voluminous this book is a forceful state ment of the worth and meaning of liberalism to both the intelligentsia and the masses when china unites by harry gannes new york knopf 1937 2.50 this loosely written account of recent chinese history from the pure stalinist point of view contains interesting data on chinese communism landlord and peasant in china by chen han seng new york international publishers 1936 2.00 a striking analysis of the agrarian crisis in south china utilizing first hand scientific data on land distribu tion tenancy landlordism rents land prices taxes credits and wages and then the storm by sister m monica new york longmans green 1937 2.50 a scholarly american nun now a franco sympathizer recounts with charm her experiences in spanish travel and research prior to the outbreak of the civil war monetary review geneva league of nations 1937 dis tributed by columbia university press new york 1.50 this survey is indispensable to any one interested in recent monetary developments it traces the progressive depreciation of currencies during the depression and con tains illuminating sections on forward exchange the op eration of equalization funds gold reserves and interest rates final report of the mixed committee of the league of nations on the relation of nutrition to health agri culture and economic policy geneva league of na tions 1937 distributed by columbia university press new york 2.00 this excellent report which deserves wide attention contains a wealth of data on essentials of a good diet and trends in food consumption as affected by prices size and distribution of national income education and other fac tors it shows that an astonishingly large number of people throughout the world are still suffering from un dernourishment and malnutrition and outlines some solu tions for these deficiencies portrait of mexico by diego rivera and bertram dp wolfe new york covici friede 1937 4.75 a collection of 249 half tones reproducing rivera’s most significant murals and paintings accompanied by wolfe’s penetrating interpretation of mexico’s history report on international trade london p e p 1987 8s 6d report on the british social services london p e p 1937 7s 6d two suggestive studies of importance prepared by the political and economic planning group of london supplement to the law and procedure of international tribunals by jackson h ralston palo alto stanford university press 1936 4.00 work the last edition of which was published in 1926 for an inte simulu estefi whe this volume brings up to date mr ralston’s standard jlishmen sonal ca the career of théophile delcassé by charles w porter jin lati philadelphia university of pennsylvania press 1936 3.50 scholarly biography of the man who built the triple entente and helped to prepare the world war mined f wha ascism the settlement of canadian american disputes by p e that the corbett new haven yale university press 1937 2.50 of the this study of the long series of canadian american arbitration proceedings concludes with the recommenda tion that a general arbitration treaty providing for 4 permanent tribunal be negotiated by the two states international control in the non ferrous metals by w y elliott e s may j w f rowe alex skelton and donald wallace new york macmillan 1937 6.50 this excellent and monumental survey of various inter national restriction and control schemes fulfils a long felt need eyes on japan by victor a yakhontoff new york cow ard mccann 1936 3.50 a useful general survey of japan’s historical and cul tural backgrounds and current social economic political and international questions technology corporations and the general welfare by henry wallace chapel hill north carolina press 1937 1.00 an acute analysis of the rigidities in capitalism caused by modern financial and economic organization n c university of foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 3 novampsr 12 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonn lasiis bue president vera micue.es dean editor december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year national entered as second class mattef hitiate press a ery rt dlving +oreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated cal rooms west 40th street new york n y al libs 4 ol xvi no 4 november 19 1937 ish nit ter ion far u.s neutrality in the spanish conflict by raymond leslie buell the spanish conflict graphically illustrates the difficulty of im posing neutrality on american opinion without destroying free dom of speech this report surveys the attempt of congress to fol low a neutral policy by imposing an arms embargo on both sides prohibiting contributions and limiting passports to spain despite neutrality legislation meetings were held funds collected and several thousand americans volunteered to fight for the loyalists november 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents general library university of michigan ann arbor mich has brazil gone fascist nost lfe’s 937 t p on november 10 president getulio vargas of brazil assumed sweeping dictatorial powers dissolved both federal and state legislatures and oclaimed a new constitution with corporative fea mres these steps aroused apprehension that fascism thefmight spread to south america with a resulting onal 10 imulus to german and italian influence in the estern hemisphere whether the brazilian coup points toward estab dard jlishment of genuine fascism or reversion to the per al caudillo dictatorship so frequent a phenomenon rter.tin latin american countries remains to be deter 1936 riple p eb 2.50 rican enda or y w 1 and 50 inter y felt 1 cul litical é ty of aused eo national ined the answer depends in part on interpretation what constitutes the essential characteristics of ascism president vargas has been at pains to deny that the new constitution is fascist but the author of the document minister of justice campos hailed its most striking achievement the creation of a ational economic council embodying the prin iple of corporative organization this body is to be mposed of representatives of agriculture industry ansportation commerce and banking one half of e members in each group will be chosen by em loyers one half by workers the new council how et is assigned merely consultative functions while w making continues to be the responsibility of a icameral legislature chosen on the basis of geo phic areas the most significant feature of the new constitu ion relates to the absolute dictatorial powers con trated in the hands of the president who is de ed to be the supreme authority in the state fess summaries indicate that he not congress is to itiate legislation he has power to suspend con s and dictate laws by decree he commands ma inery to veto unfavorable rulings of the supreme tt he may intervene in state governments dis lving legislatures and governing through federal commissioners he may run for re election as many times as he wishes and is authorized to nominate a candidate to succeed himself latin american dic tators in the past no matter how absolute their rule have usually continued to pay lip service to the democratic precepts enshrined in national con stitutions the legal and permanent status which the new brazilian charter accords the caudillo or latin american leader may prove in practice a more important adaptation from fascism than the corporative principle the fundamental purpose of the coup of novem ber 10 in which the president drew more tangible support from the army than from the fascist in tegralists was apparently the continuance in office of vargas ruler of brazil since 1930 whose re election was prohibited by the 1934 constitution elections had been scheduled for january 3 1938 and during the campaign three leading candidates had emerged the rich and influential southern states of sio paulo and rio grande do sul united in support of armando salles oliveira regarded as the representative of big business the governors of the eighteen other states joined in backing the more liberal josé américo formerly minister of communications in the vargas cabinet who ran nominally as the official candidate the third con tender was plinio salgado leader of the integralist party whose membership is variously estimated from 200,000 to a million or more but allegedly dema gogic speeches by américo were reported to have alarmed army leaders who found in president vargas a receptive listener to their pleas that his continuance in power alone could assure peace and order the convenient discovery by military officials of a nation wide communist plot interrupted the campaign by the imposition on october 2 of a state of war or modified martial law unrest was tfe ported among the followers of salles oliveira par ticularly on the part of governor flores da cunha of rio grande do sul and rumors of revolt began to gain currency the vargas coup followed the move was accompanied by suspension of payments on the foreign debt and by ratification of an earlier move to abandon the price control program for coffee production reduce the export tax by three fourths and initiate a policy of open competition in the integralists brazil can boast of south america’s largest fascist movement although the political section of the organization was dissolved on november 12 its propaganda and other activities are to be continued the integralists are reported to be financed with the aid of german money this fact together with the presence of large colonies of germans and italians and recent campaigns by these two nations to intensify trade and propaganda in brazil has fostered the expectation that the new régime might soon link the country with the anti communist front of germany italy and japan president vargas has repeatedly in the past made political capital out of anti communism on no vember 13 however he declared that brazil would not join european alignments and instead would develop its traditional relations of friendship with the united states even if president vargas should declare himself a fascist it may be doubted that he will prove more orthodox in his attachment to fascism than he has previously been in his professions of democracy none the less for dictators eager to rationalize their autocracy fascism provides a perfect formula although the economic and social bases for fascism in its european form are largely lacking in latin america many of the continent's present rulers are psychologically receptive to the dogmas preached from rome and berlin while the countries of latin america vitally need the trade and the capital which britain and the united states are better equipped than the dictatorships to supply it is now evident that the possibility of rapprochement between latin american and european dictators is not to be lightly dismissed charles a thomson tories advance socialism only two days after ramsay macdonald prime minister in two labor cabinets had died aboard a liner crossing the atlantic the conservative govern ment of neville chamberlain announced on no vember 11 an undertaking more socialist in character than anything attempted by the socialists according to a bill prepared for parliament nationalization of all coal mines in the united kingdom will be car ried out within five years under a coal commission composed of persons not members of either parlia ment or the mining industry the commissioners page two will spend several years in assessing the amounts y be paid to each of four or five thousand mine own the total purchase price not to exceed 332,250,09 less than half the amount demanded by ty owners the greatest of whom are the church england and several wealthy nobles until 194 when all sub surface rights vest in the state owners will receive their present royalties commission moreover will seek to reduce the nup ber of mines in operation by closing all unprofitabi undertakings if necessary by compulsory amalgam tions approved by parliament under this gigantif experiment in tory socialism the governm hopes to revive one of britain’s most depressed j dustries which has long suffered from uneconom practices falling prices and the competition petroleum although still overwhelmingly inferior in national arena to the conservatives who contin to steal their thunder the labor party has made co siderable headway in local politics by gaining 3 new seats in the municipal elections held throu out england and wales on november 1 the labor ites increased their control from 15 to 17 of the boroughs in london and gained power in oth areas more radical policy in the labor party leade ship was presaged at the annual bournemouth co ference in october when sir stafford cripps a professor harold laski were elected to the executi committee a victory of the left wing sociali groups over the more conservative trade unio the fascist party was as severely beaten at tk municipal polls as its leader sir oswald mosl had been by rocks thrown at him in liverpool october 10 the frequent clash of fascists and co munists has created a violence rarely known i british politics and has compelled the governme to ban the wearing of party uniforms and restr the area of demonstrations in contrast to its prestige in home affairs bul warked by a widespread prosperity for which takes full credit the national government gained a reputation for wavering and ineffectual fo eign policy its failure to conclude a trade agreement with the united states is blamed by many critics 0 the protectionist leanings of the cabinet lead hard pressed by vested interests rather than on th reported reluctance of the dominions to modify th ottawa agreements the uncertainty of british fo eign policy has been aggravated by the annount ment that viscount halifax would soon dep for a hunting trip in germany an arrangem manoeuvred by a cabinet cabal including john simon and sir samuel hoare against wishes of foreign minister eden who was repot near resignation over this pro german trend james frederick green cc rv io jao of a oo a oo ee ee ee ee ee ee lc sc nts ty vn 0,00 the we ashington news letter a washington bureau national press building nov 15 although the maritime commission’s report which was released here last week has been generally greeted as a refreshingly candid docu ment criticism is heard in some circles that the commission has not squarely faced all the issues thus it has failed to point out the many contra dictions inherent in our policies affecting shipping quate merchant marine in order to prevent a shortage of shipping facilities in time of foreign wars yet we have adopted neutrality legislation the object of which is to prohibit american vessels from carry ing a considerable portion of our trade in such an event our navy exists at least in part to protect the merchant marine yet if the united states were in volved in war many of our commerce carriers would be mobilized to assist the war fleet accord ing to the navy department's present plans which are apparently posited on the need for naval opera tions far from home bases the navy would require about 1000 merchant vessels aggregating 6,000,000 gross tons in the early stages of the conflict in other words practically the entire merchant marine would be enlisted for service as auxiliary cruisers trans ports airplane carriers and supply ships just when wartime requirements of imports and exports would greatly increase the demand for shipping facilities to satisfy these diverse needs we would have to build a substantial amount of surplus tonnage in time of peace washington knows from past experience that such a program entails repeated and costly raids on the public treasury during and immediately after the world war the united states spent well over 3,000,000,000 in the construction and operation of a huge merchant marine although in the last fifteen years an additional subsidy of over a quarter of a billion dollars has been expended to keep the ameri can flag on the seas almost the entire fleet is ap proaching obsolescence today ninety two per cent of our ocean going vessels and 88 per cent of the total tonnage will become 20 years old in the next five years to replace all these ships would cost 2,500,000,000 an obvious impossibility prospects for new construction the commission concedes are exceedingly vague only nine ship ping companies are assured continued operation un der the merchant marine act of 1936 which pledges the government to pay the difference between do mestic and foreign building and operating costs a number of companies have promised to start con struction of 65 ships costing 137,000,000 in the next five years but even this modest program is con tingent on economic conditions and further liber alization of government aid according to the com mission the crux of the problem lies in the difficulty of attracting sufficient private capital to an industry which is so completely dependent on continued gov ernment support as shipping the commission sug gests that steps be taken to protect shipping interests against sudden withdrawal or curtailment of sub sidies yet it frankly recognizes that the government may ultimately have to shoulder the entire expense of rebuilding the merchant marine under such cir cumstances public ownership and even operation may become inevitable some of the more internationally minded people in washington prefer an entirely different approach to the merchant marine question they see a funda mental contradiction between our nationalist ship ping policy and the liberal trade program now fol lowed by our state department subsidies call forth counter subsidies and in the end we may again suffer from a world wide surplus of shipping ton nage is it not desirable to halt nationalist shipping competition by international action some here would answer this question in the affirmative but few believe such a solution possible navy report stresses new construction couched in unimaginative phrases and distinctly unrevealing in substance the annual report of the secretary of the navy for the fiscal year 1937 strikes a general note of satisfaction construction is going forward rapidly under the terms of the vinson trammell act of 1934 providing for a treaty strength navy still officially our goal despite the expiration of the pacts concerned and personnel and material have reached a high degree of efficiency there are relatively few demands for increased appropriations in the main these are requested for new auxiliary vessels to maintain and supply the fighting fleet in wars waged far from our shores and for additional trained personnel in all grades active and reserve to man the ever increasing number of ships observers who oppose the navy’s tendency to be come a policy making body rather than an executor of the policy of civilian authorities have shown some concern because of one section of the report under the heading operations maintenance of the naval establishment in sufficient strength to support the national a and commerce and to guard the continental and overseas possessions of the united states is termed the established and naval policy to the knowledge of such rvers this creed which is expanded to include the protection of american lives and interests in disturbed areas has not been approved by any of ficial body except the general board of the navy itself it is believed that no policy which might con ceivably involve armed support of the open door in china and naval protection of american shipping attempting to run a japanese blockade or of ameri can citizens and property situated in war zones can be properly termed established and approved such a conception it is asserted runs distinctly counter to the spirit underlying the neutrality act fortified by the strong support it has received from the roosevelt administration the navy is page four now said to be considering plans for further expan sion the forthcoming session of congress will be asked to provide not only for construction author ized under the vinson act and for two more replace ment battleships but also it appears likely for a new authorization act permitting the fleet to surpass the limits set by the defunct naval treaties this legislation would permit the united states to retain its relative position in the current naval race par ticularly with reference to japan the sole power which the navy appears to regard as a potential opponent at the present time with congress in an economy mood the navy department is expected to repeat the time honored tactics of the services urging passage of an authorization bill with the argument that it involves no immediate appropria tion and then later demanding appropriations on the ground that they are necessary to fulfil the con struction policy to which congress is committed the f.p.a bookshelf the final choice america between europe and asia by stephen and joan raushenbush new york reynal and hitchcock 1937 2.50 a penetrating analysis of the choice confronting demo cratic america in its effort to avoid war by two former investigators for the senate munitions committee japan in american public opinion by eleanor tupper and george e mcreynolds new york macmillan 1937 3.75 utilizing statements of the press politicians publicists and academicians two scholars vividly depict america’s gradual shift from japanophilism to japanophobia since 1905 this exhaustive and well balanced piece of research should be required reading in the study of japanese american relations if war comes by r ernest dupuy and george fielding eliot new york macmillan 1937 3.00 two u.s army officers present a balanced military analysis of the character of modern war with special reference to the new instruments with which it is fought and the strategic situation confronting the major powers the authors occupy a position midway between the post war mechanization enthusiasts and the professional con servatives of the old school they strive to be rational and almost succeed the house in antigua by louis adamic harper bros 1937 3.00 a sensitive story of a historic old mansion in guate mala its ruin and restoration commercial banks geneva league of nations 1937 distributed by columbia university press new york 1.50 a companion volume to the league’s monetary review which brings much useful data on banking in every country of the world new york the british betrayal of the assyrians by yusuf malek chicago assyrian national league of america 1936 3.00 an assyro chaldean indicts britain for its failure to protect the persecuted assyrian minority in iraq western civilization in the near east by hans kohn new york columbia university press 1936 3.50 a very thoughtful and interesting account of the gen eral impact of western civilization on the countries of the near east the author is a well known historian who has specialized on nationalism economic development of germany under national so cialism by vaso trivanovitch new york national in dustrial conference board 1937 3.50 this well balanced and objective picture of economic conditions in the third reich can be recommended the section on public finance however is rather unsatisfac tory and the book omits all discussion of the very impor tant estate for agriculture world finance 1935 1937 by paul einzig new york macmillan 1937 3.00 an interesting volume dealing with the collapse of the gold bloc measures for reflation the failure of economic sanctions rearmament and the sterling dollar franc nex us its value is reduced by the author’s exaggerated faith in currency depreciation as a panacea for both economic and political ills public enterprise by william a robson london george allen and unwin 1937 distributed in the united states by the university of chicago press 3.00 this pioneering book analyzing the work of the lon don transport system the central electricity authority and other similar bodies should be read by all those interested in the changing relationship of government and business foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 4 november 19 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymmonp lusiig bust president vera micuetes daan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year +foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff n ye f e a ss is in r er al an a s he a on n d ok 36 nn 2n an 50 in nic he or rk the nic ex ith mic rge on and ted ess ional a subscription two dollars a year pical roof r aroreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y dec 193 entered as second 2 1921 at the poss office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 vou xvii no 5 november 26 1937 can japan be quarantined by john c dewilde japan’s invasion of china has once more raised the question of imposing economic penalties against aggres sor nations this report discusses the effectiveness and the danger of isolating japan by imposing an embargo on shipments of raw materials and at the same time reviews the league’s experience in imposing sanctions on italy 25 cents a copy announcement december 1 issue of foreign policy reports general library cs niversity of michigan ann arbor mich japan flouts conference drives on in china a failure by senator key pittman in the united states and foreign minister yvon delbos in france the brussels conference was sched uled on november 24 to conclude its humiliating endeavors to mediate the sino japanese conflict the stat of the conference sank rapidly when it became apparent that neither the united states nor any other wer would take the lead in exerting pressure on tokyo with no adequate rejoinder to japan’s curt refusal on november 12 to accept their second in vitation to mediate the delegates took refuge in a mild reprimand adopted three days later con demning the illegality of japan’s armed intervention in china in disregard of treaty provisions even this innocuous declaration containing nothing stronger than the vague threat that the conferees must consider what is to be their common atti tude provoked the disapproval of the italian dele gate and a significant abstention on the part of the scandinavian nations tokyo’s response was a de tisive statement issued by its brussels embassy on november 16 chiding the conference for its lack of unanimity the japanese proclaimed they could not but laugh at a situation in which the u.ssr tegarded as a proponent of aggressive designs of its own in china and in any case not a party to the nine power pact condemns japan for interfering in china’s affairs while nations which have repudiated war debt obligations castigate japan as a treaty violator further evidence that leaders in the western democracies have little faith in the possibilities of collective action was afforded by the revelation on november 16 that the french government had for bidden munitions shipments to the chinese via indo china both paris and tokyo were quick to deny the intimation of senator henri bérenger chairman of the french senate foreign affairs committee that japan had sent an ultimatum threatening to occupy strategic hainan island and even certain indo chinese ports unless such shipments were halted it was implied nevertheless that there had been a verbal warning to which the french government had responded with a voluntary embargo appar ently imposed without public notice on october 13 of little practical importance since transport facili ties from the terminus of the french railway to the chinese battlefronts are poor this announcement was not without effect on the morale of the brussels delegates as it achieved these signal successes at brussels japan continued its military advance in china at an undiminished pace meanwhile divesting himself of civil office in a government reorganization chiang kai shek is preparing for a stout defense of nan king and transferring the kuomintang government offices into the interior on november 17 it was announced that nanking’s supreme executive or gans would be moved to chungking more than 700 miles to the west and beyond easy bombing range of japanese planes most government minis tries were grouped at hankow 300 miles west of shanghai while some were moved to changsha to the south although this move indicated a desire to draw the japanese far into the interior its ultimate success was predicated on the highly doubtful as sumption that a decentralized chinese government starved for munitions and supplies could maintain its unity foreign observers foresaw a possibility that japan would set up a puppet government at nan king recognize it as legitimate and utilize control of communications to the interior to maintain jap anese influence over autonomous provincial régimes in areas too distant for direct japanese control if chiang’s actions are indicative of a determina tion to gamble on the inevitability of japan’s collapse a page tw after a long campaign japan on its side shows every evidence of willingness to continue hostilities until all china is subjugated already on novem ber 22 japanese representatives at shanghai claimed that as conquerors they were entitled to exercise all the sovereign rights of china in the international settlement and the french concession including control of customs mails communications and chinese courts officials in the foreign areas were requested to suppress anti japanese activities evict chinese government authorities and put an end to chinese censorship a military spokesman had previ ously warned that if leftist and anti japanese activi ties were not suppressed the army reserved the tight to take necessary measures with only verbal support to be expected from their home govern ments the foreign inhabitants of the settlements ap peared to be facing the gradual destruction of their special privileges at the hands of the japanese at home japan was settling down under a mili tary regimen which must necessarily continue for many months after cessation of organized chinese resistance the government has already decided to formulate a war budget for 1938 in which all mili tary expenses continuing at the present level will be met through internal loans an imperial general headquarters with a purely military personnel be lieved likely to overshadow the civilian cabinet was formally established on november 20 to supervise the conduct of the war the social mass party once hailed by some liberals as a real potential check to japan’s militarists adopted a party platform strongly tinged with nazi doctrine on november 15 united and determined at home triumphantly successful in flouting the efforts of the status quo powers abroad japan appears unassailable until the corrosive forces of war and poverty undermine its national structure davi h popper lord halifax visits germany in sending viscount halifax lord president of the council to germany and in recently approach ing mussolini the british government has made one more attempt to reach an understanding with the two fascist powers of europe british official circles have always deprecated all thought of an ideological division between democracy and fascism and have persistently watched for a chance to bridge the ex isting conflict of interests whether lord halifax's four day visit to germany which ended on novem ber 21 will create such an opportunity is doubtful while lord halifax had only a few hours to sound out hitler at the latter’s mountain retreat he had more extensive conversations with foreign minister von neurath and also exchanged views with goebbels and general goering the only immedi ately tangible result will probably be an invitation ee to baron von neurath to return the visit in london some time in the near future the initial obstacle to an anglo german rap prochement lies in the prevailing uncertainty con cerning hitler's foreign aims hitherto the german government has steadfastly resisted all attempts to elicit a clear statement of its intentions the british questionnaire of may 1936 remained unanswered and von neurath’s projected trip to london last june was cancelled largely because berlin officials were unprepared to face embarrassing questions meanwhile britain as well as other countries is stil curious has germany given up the plans for east ward expansion at the expense of the soviet union which are set forth in mein kampf and other au thoritative nazi utterances will germany use its anti comintern pact with italy and japan as a new holy alliance for the purpose of intervening in the internal concerns of any country which this trio of powers considers threatened by communism whar are the extent and implications of the reich's colonial claims if the british government can secure answers to these and similar queries something at least will have been gained some observers suspect that britain might be will ing to negotiate a deal by which germany would renounce its colonial aspirations in return for a free hand in eastern europe while certain conservative die hards are undoubtedly anxious to protect the british empire by such a manoeuvre it is doubtful that the present government would acquiesce at least as long as mr eden remains at the foreign office the foreign minister has often emphasized that british unwillingness to accept definite com mitments in eastern europe by no means implied toleration of aggression in that area and on lord halifax's departure for berlin eden’s press organ the yorkshire post issued a solemn warnin cerning germany’s drang nach osten c may be however that the ideas long sponsored by the in fluential marquess of lothian and certain other con servatives will now find a favorable reception lord lothian would leave the reich free to exercise a pre ponderant political and economic influence in cen tral and southeastern europe in exchange for an undertaking not to disturb the territorial status quo those who would direct germany's expansionist ambitions entirely to eastern europe must contend also with hitler’s determination to recover the for mer german colonies while foreign critics have pointed out that the entire exports of germany's former possessions would constitute only a small percentage of the reich’s total imports germans believe these colonies are susceptible of much mort intensive exploitation and could ultimately relieve the reich to some extent from the pressure of world continued on page 4 ft 1ap con s to itish red last ons cast nion ale e its new the o of v hat ynial wers will will ould free ative the brful at reign sized sll wash ington news letter ss washington bureau national press building nov 23 the long awaited announcement that britain and the united states had decided to nego tiate a reciprocal trade agreement made simultane ously here and in london on november 18 has served the double purpose of launching a new and imposing offensive by the two leading democracies in the field of international economic cooperation while covering a retreat from brussels where signa rories of the nine power pact have failed to find any effective basis for concerted action to end hostili ties in the far east british trade agreement opens wide field on its own account the british trade agreement is regarded here as an event of paramount importance not only is it the keystone to the arch which mr hull has been building for over three years but it may prove to be the central support for an even more imposing trade agreement structure which will include the british dominions and other vital commercial cen ters if remaining details can be adjusted the british agreement will pave the way to a series of supple mentary accords which it is fervently hoped will open up an area of freer trade wide enough to check the trend toward economic nationalism behind the prosaic state department announce ment there is a dramatic story which extends back over more than a year of preliminary discussions when first approached by mr hull london was cool if not unfriendly the conservative government was wedded to imperial preference and apprehen sive about the american neutrality act the ice was broken when walter runciman came to wash ington early in february but little real progress was made before march when norman davis ambassa dor at large canvassed the situation with members of the british government in london then the ottawa agreements with their preferential tariffs be tween members of the british commonwealth proved the major stumbling block washington flatly refused to proceed with the talks unless the ottawa pteferences could be modified london balked and for some time the discussions seemed hopelessly wrecked on the rock of imperial preference finally realizing perhaps the political consequences of re fusal neville chamberlain conceded the point and agreed in principle still the nub of the problem re mained unsolved the question then was how to compensate the dominions for losses in the british market the british suggested that it was up to the united states to compensate the dominions by grant ing simultaneous concessions to them this wash ington turned down on the ground that it would be required to make two concessions for each one granted by britain once again a deadlock ensued which lasted until london capitulated under the formula finally agreed upon britain will grant the dominions compensating advan tages in return for concessions made to the united states at their expense this will leave the dominions free to bargain separately with the united states for advantages which had formerly been reserved to the mother country and will make it possible for wash ington to approach the dominions on a basis of full equality as a result mr hull intends to push forward with a new canadian agreement and to seek separate accords with australia now on the state department black list because of its discrimina tion against the united states new zealand and south africa there is also good reason to believe that negotiations will not stop with the british do minions but will be extended soon to argentina and uruguay in south america while welcoming this important break in the log jam trade agreement officials are not discounting the obstacles which remain to be overcome there are months of hard bargaining ahead before even the british agreement can be signed and further con cessions must be made by both sides finally there is the bitter opposition which is bound to come from vested interests who believe that their private pre serves are about to be entered already there are warning cries from congress in which suspicions of undercover political commitments are joined with opposition to any further tampering with pro tected industries more will be heard from this quar ter as negotiations proceed retreat from brussels one apparent reason for the haste in announcing the british agreement was the unhappy position of the brussels conference which is destined to end its fruitless labors tomor row the failure is now admitted however reluc tantly by officials here about the only accomplish ment in the american view is the moral verdict registered by the conference which keeps the record straight even if it offers no solution to the problem of halting the conflict in asia at the moment this leaves american foreign pol icy in a state of suspense congress has served warn ing that it will have plenty to say about foreign policy most of it negative during the coming ae omens meas weeks while no formal step was taken last week to censure the president for his failure to apply the neutrality act there is a strong undercurrent of opposition to the measures implied in the president's quarantine s at chicago an indication of congressional fears of war involvement moreover is found in the war referendum resolutions by sena tors lafollette and capper these resolutions and the ludlow referendum introduced in the house last year are certain to provoke debate before this session is over lord halifax visits germany continued from page 2 wide economic nationalism moreover the german people are anxious to strike from the versailles treaty that colonial lie which held them morally unqualified to administer backward territories while hitler undoubtedly broached the subject of colonies with lord halifax the latter was probably not very encouraging the british government has always deprecated any discussion of this question and the conservative party congress has recorded its unquali fied opposition even the british who favor some con cessions in this field fear that these may in the end lead to further german demands for a larger navy to protect the new possessions yet chancellor hitler in page four fc a speech delivered in augsburg on november 21 confidently predicted that the outside world would ultimately have to listen to the reich’s colonial claims whether some anglo german accord can be reached will depend not only on britain’s willingness v to make concessions but on germany's need of an agreement there is some possibility that the in creasing economic and financial strain inside ger many may in the end compel the nazi government to seek british aid the country’s internal debt con tinues to rise and the extension of german produc tive capacity necessitated by the four year plan and rearmament has aggravated the shortage of raw ma terials despite the increase in foreign trade the ap parent refusal of the government to accept dr schacht’s resignation has led to rumors that some modification may take place in the policy of eco nomic autarchy hitherto followed by germany should the reich decide to reintegrate its economy t more closely with that of the rest of the world british assistance in the form of loans and trade ms facilities would be valuable at present however f there are no substantial indications that such a de velopment is actually impending me john c dewilde and furt con the f.p.a bookshelf whi prices in recession and recovery by frederick c mills new york national bureau of economic research 1936 4.00 this excellent study comes to the conclusion that a more smoothly functioning economic order would be in sured if the benefits of increasing productivity were wide ly diffused through reductions in prices leading to greater production and more employment rather than through higher wages and profits why we went to war by newton d baker new york harper bros for the council on foreign relations 1936 1.50 neutrality for the united states by edwin borchard and william potter lage new haven yale university press 1937 3.50 representing diametrically opposed points of view these two volumes are indispensable for any study of american neutrality policy in the light of wartime experience baker defends the impartiality of wilson who was forced into war by the german submarine borchard and lage de nounce the anglophile bias of the president and his ad visers who surrendered american independence by their consistently unneutral actions typical are their com pletely contradictory views on the lusitania episode arguing for a return to washington’s farewell ad dress the yale scholars fulminate effectively against american dabblings in collective security during the post war years britain faces germany by a l kennedy new york p oxford university press 1937 1.50 i a sane appraisal of mutual mistakes in anglo german con relations concluding with a lucid argument for a transfer ais le of some colonies in return for cooperation in european appeasement rn mo economic planning in australia 1929 1936 by william gn rupert maclaurin london p s king son 1937 15s a comprehensive survey of depression and recovery ge which concludes that governmental planning and good luck combined to save australia the crisis brought on has by over borrowing falling prices rigid wages and high thy protection was alleviated by reduction of interest rates de public works exchange depreciation and good weather the empirical methods and shifting policies afford an in teresting comparison with the american new deal fre bismarck and british colonial policy the problem of south west africa 1888 1885 by william osgood aydelotte philadelphia university of pennsylvania all press 1937 2.00 the a well documented monograph dealing with the anglo t german diplomatic interchange which resulted in ger many’s first african colonial acquisition contains in teresting material on the development of pre war imperl w alism in the two countries and on bismarck’s adroitness th in taking advantage of british blunders th foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 5 novemser 26 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lasime busit president vera michetes dagan editer entered as second class mattet su december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year te f p a membership five dollars a year ad +foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff ec 1937 7 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 21 oul d subscription one dollar a year nial foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y be ness vou xvii no 6 december 3 1937 f an christmas 1937 pg choose an f.p.a membership for several of the 8 friends on your christmas list i will be a deeply general library university of michigan nent satisfying and_ distinctive gift ann arbor michigan con regular membership 5.00 a year duc associate membership 3.00 a year and student membership 60c a semester ma an f.p.a greeting card will be sent in your name to ap announce each gift membership dr pe foreign problems unite french left any he conversations held by premier camille chau temps and foreign minister yvon delbos with british officials in london early this week en abled the british government to sound out the french on possibilities of a settlement with germany while downing street is apparently persuaded that the re cent exchange of views between the german fahrer de and lord halifax was hopeful enough to warrant further negotiations the quai d’orsay remains to be lconvinced that the acceptance of hitler’s terms in whole or in part would really be conducive to euro york peet peace in considering the background of the london conversations it is well to remember that the various aaa elements composing the french popular front gov ernmment are held together primarily by their com mon opposition to the advance of fascism at home and abroad in the days of the weimar republic most of the french left heartily favored a franco vers german rapprochement but since then the situation nt on has changed both communists and socialists en high thusiastically vote record appropriations for national rate sehen ee and these armaments are of course in omy orld trade ever 1 de tended to restrain the fascist powers if the popular front has hitherto followed a cautious rather than a militant anti fascist foreign policy it is because the sgood french people are on the whole pacifist and above wania all because france has had to rely on the support of the conservative and vacillating british government today the french are showing increasing signs of in mpatience with their neighbors across the channel nperi while london is apparently preparing to abandon itness the spanish loyalists to franco a recent congress of the french radical socialist party of which both chautemps and delbos are members manifested a nation mater long desire to have non intervention in spain either terminated or strictly enforced the same congress was also seriously concerned over the italian threat to un in vital french communications with north africa and recent uprisings in french morocco which were generally ascribed to fascist instigation the french government would welcome some ar rangement with germany provided it insures limi tation of arms and protects the interests of france’s allies in eastern europe but delbos projected visit to poland czechoslovakia yugoslavia and rumania is sufficient evidence of france’s determination to reassure these countries that they will not be left alone to deal with hitler nor are the french par ticularly anxious to surrender their colonies or man dates in the cause of franco german understanding while they are willing to go along with the british in this question it is significant that the radical so cialist congress of last october termed even the hypothesis of a redistribution of colonial mandates inconceivable and useless the french thesis is that germany should have a new economic rather than a new territorial settlement by taking a firm stand with respect to germany and italy the chautemps government can at the same time consolidate its position at home on the surface the second popular front cabinet is still firmly in the saddle although somewhat tired of its alliance with the socialists and communists the radical socialist party decided at its recent congress to remain in the popular front apparently realiz ing that the only alternative in the present parlia ment would be an even more unpalatable coalition with the right and centre the socialists meeting in national council on november 7 were persuaded by their leader léon blum not to heed the urging of the extremists and withdraw their ministers from the government the chronically critical financial situation has also greatly improved the slump in wall street and bonnet’s financial measures have combined to stimulate considerable repatriation of see a ee capital so that the french exchange equalization fund is reported to have reconstituted entirely its assets of gold and foreign currencies yet fundamentally there are serious fissures in the popular front government many radical so cialists are still disgruntled over the failure of the socialists to withdraw a number of their candidates on the second ballot in the local elections of october since the radical socialists were the only popular front party in these elections to make a gain in popu lar vote over last year they are determined to press their advantage and continue on the cautious eco nomic and social course epitomized by m bonnet's policy the socialists on the other hand are tiring of the pause in economic reforms and champion a forward policy it is noteworthy that m bonnet’s recent exposition of french finances in the chamber drew much more applause from the right and centre than from the left problems of foreign policy have thus become par ticularly pressing just when the popular front needs to reaffirm its unity by a singular coincidence the discovery of a plot against the french government enables the chautemps cabinet simultaneously to emphasize the need for unity to defend the french republic against the forces of fascism or royalism at home on november 23 the minister of interior marx dormoy announced that the police had seized considerable stocks of arms and uncovered a well organized conspiracy to seize the government on behalf of a secret order called the cagoulards ot hooded ones the plot apparently aimed at the establishment of a dictatorship and the restoration of royalism but no well known leaders of the rather unimportant but highly vocal royalist movement have been arrested in this connection while this fantastic conspiracy can hardly be regarded as a real threat to the republic it may serve for a time to maintain the unity of the lefc john c dewilde friction with mexico indications of increasing cloudiness have recently interrupted the long spell of good weather in mexican american relations which dates from the morrow calles agreement of 1928 the upsurge of nationalism so potent a factor in the mexican revo lution during the last quarter century has since 1934 when president lazaro cardenas took office stimu lated a new campaign against the dominant position of foreign capital this nationalist emphasis has favored both the rise of native capitalism and a trend in government policy toward state socialism the position of united states capital has been affected by three policies of the cardenas adminis tration agrarian reform protection of labor and the recapture of natural resources on october 23 it was announced that during the last three years 25,000,000 page two e acres carved from great estates some of them american owned have been given to 569,009 peasants organized into 5,985 communal villages following large scale division of cotton and wheat lands in the laguna region of north central mexico during the fall of 1936 president cardenas initiated a similar program for the henequen plantations of yucatan in august 1937 and two months later for the yaqui river valley in the northwestern state of sonora while the mexican constitution provides for compensation to owners of expropriated lands the government declares that funds are at present lacking for indemnification but oil has proved historically a more sensitive nerve than land in creating friction between mexico and the united states the cardenas administration has not moved directly toward nationalization of the petroleum industry as it did with the national rail ways in june 1937 the foreign oil companies how ever find themselves in danger from a pincers move ment with growing demands from labor on the one hand and increasing taxation and government in tervention on the other a government petroleum company endowed with valuable reserves threatens them with potential state competition moreover final settlement of the demands of 18,000 oil work ers which resulted in a 13 day strike last may is still hanging fire on november 10 representatives of both british and american petroleum companies declared they would refuse to accept the govern ment’s long delayed decision on the oil wage ques tion if the award exceeded the 13,000,000 pesos for merly offered by the companies this solidarity on the part of foreign capital may have been breached by cardenas apparent at tempt to drive a wedge between the british anc american petroleum interests the former which control 60 per cent of mexican oil production hav investments approximating 225,000,000 as com pared with an estimated 125,000,000 of united states capital on november 4 president cardenai ordered the nationalization of sub soil rights i 350,000 acres of lands in southern mexico undet lease to the standard oil company of california of its subsidiaries in contrast to this hostile move against an american corporation the mexican gov ernment on november 12 signed a contract with the eagle oil company a subsidiary of the royal dutch shell enlarging the extent of its concessions in the poza rica field at present mexico’s richest oil pro ducing area in return the eagle company agreed to give the government from 15 to 35 per cent of the petroleum produced this move was interpreted in some quarters 4 evidence that the government had abandoned if hopes of nationalizing the oil industry financié continued on page 4 efi th cr them 9,000 lages wheat exico tiated ns of er for ute of es for s the cking 1sitive exico ration of the rail how move 1e one nt in oleum eatens eover work lay is tatives panies overn ques 9s for il may nt at h and which have com united lan raenas hits if under ria of move n gov ith the dutch in the w ashington news letter stbbee washington bureau national press building nov 30 a challenge to inter american peace machinery while the state department continues to focus its major attention on the far east diplo matic circles in washington are becoming increas ingly disturbed by threatened hostilities in the west ern hemisphere which if not checked may challenge the effectiveness of existing inter american peace machinery reports reaching washington this week not only confirm the gravity of the wholesale mas haitian men women and children on the dominican border in early october reported in a recent news letter but indicate that tension between the two small caribbean states is mounting daily to make matters more serious the tender of good offices made at haiti's request by the united states cuba and mexico has done little to advance a settlement of the conflict the dominican president dictator general rafael l trujillo has not ac cepted the tender but instead has sent special envoys to washington and the other two capitals appar ently with the object of postponing conciliation measures mediation has been further delayed by the failure of trujillo to appoint members to a mixed haitian dominican commission which was reported to be investigating the affair this situation it is admitted here presents a chal lenge to the elaborate machinery created over a period of years for the preservation of peace in the americas neither country has yet ratified the new treaties signed at the pan american conference held in buenos aires last year but both are parties to two important instruments which have been in force for many years these are the so called gondra treaty signed at santiago in 1923 and the inter american conciliation treaty signed at washington in 1929 under which american states agree to submit all controversies including those affecting national honor and independence to ad hoc commissions of inquiry for investigation and report in addition the treaties set up two permanent committees composed of the three senior diplomatic representatives of the american nations in washington and montevideo with authority to organize the commissions of in quiry and also to exercise conciliatory functions either on their own motion when it appears that there is a prospect of disturbance of peaceful rela tions or at the request of a party to the dispute if the two governments can be induced to settle the present difficulty through the tender of good acit offices by the united states cuba and mexico such a course may provide the least dangerous solution otherwise a request from haiti alone can automati cally set the machinery of the conciliation treaties in motion and permit a prompt and impartial investiga tion on the spot even in the absence of such a re quest however the permanent committee in wash ington has full authority to act on its own initiative washington cool to quezon feeler for dominion status if president manuel quezon is looking to washington for an answer to his recent statement that he would welcome proposals looking towatd a dominion status of the philippines if they came from someone else he is likely to be disappointed at the moment washington has nothing whatever to say and the chances are that president quezon will get no encouragement for some time at least it is believed here that president quezon’s trial balloon was launched in the hope that japan’s ex pansion in asia would increase sentiment in the united states favoring retention of the philippines under dominion status as a symbol of american in fluence in the far east while it is known that a few high officials fear that american retirement from the philippines would gravely jeopardize american prestige in the orient the administra tion has not yet changed its policy in any case no recommendations will be sent to congress until after the return to washington of the joint prepara tory committee which has been re examining eco nomic relations with the islands the committee report which was to have been written ini the philip pines has been delayed by differences of opinion between the philippine and american members and the new recommendations will probably not be ready for congress until some time in the spring whatever the attitude of the executive the real power to alter the independence act rests with con gress observers here agree that in its present mood congress is not likely to agree either to make very substantial economic concessions or to create a new dominion status senator tydings a co author of the independence act said a few days ago that while he and others would be glad to consider pro posals made by the filipinos themselves for a modi fication of the act he regarded the matter as fin ished business the agricultural interests which helped to push through the present act in order to eliminate competing philippine products such as sugar cocoanut oil and hemp are not likely to re verse themselves now moreover the present concern ee of congress over the danger of involvement in a far eastern war has strengthened the desire to ter minate our obligations at the earliest possible mo ment this feeling is reinforced by the belief in army circles that the philippines would be a liability in a pacific war william t stone friction with mexico continued from page 2 stringency was believed to have forced the shift extensive grants of rural credits in connection with the program of agrarian reform and large expendi tures for roads and railroads irrigation systems and other public works had exhausted the public treasury moreover revenues from oil taxes had been severely curtailed by recurrent strikes this factor had some what cooled cardenas former cordiality to organ ized labor and twice within recent months he has warned the workers that continuing unrest was en dangering the whole social program of his admin istration on november 25 it is true he invited the page four national railway workers union to assume respon sibility for operation of the national railways on condition that the union pledge the government pay ment of 14,000,000 pesos annually to be used for amortization of indebtedness taxes repairs and te placement but this move may have been motivated by the hope of thus eliminating the threat of strikes two factors which have contributed materially to the success of the cardenas administration have been the friendship of the united states and the prosper ity resulting from washington’s silver purchase program present difficulties over land and oil have raised the question whether mexico is disposed to apply reciprocally the good neighbor policy its position is strengthened however by the fact that for the united states today cordial relations with latin america are more important than protection of investments in that area moreover if washington casts its influence against the extension of fascism into latin america it may find in mexico an active ally charles a thomson the f.p.a bookshelf east and west conflict or co operation edited by basil mathews new york association press 1936 1.75 a symposium dealing with the past and future relation ships of occidental and asiatic civilizations from the point of view of the missionary movement and the chris tian associations outstanding among the ten contributions are kenneth scott latourette’s history and evaluation of the missions in asia and g e taylor’s essay on the political and social development of modern china peaceful change a study in international procedures by frederick sherwood dunn new york council on foreign relations 1937 1.50 an examination of the much discussed conflict of the have and have not nations which cuts a clean swath through the familiar forest of propaganda and verbiage written for the tenth international studies conference this volume represents incisive thinking and careful writing latin america its place in world life by samuel guy inman chicago willet clark co 1937 3.75 a friendly advocate of latin america presents a broad and popular survey of its development with major em phasis on the modern period the volume includes chap ters on labor communism the student movement and the buenos aires conference a series of annotated bibli ographies are a valuable feature background of war by the editors of fortune new york alfred a knopf 1937 2.50 a collection of six articles from fortune dealing with britain france germany the soviet union the spanish civil war and modern armaments in a spirited and often astute manner british foreign policy and the spanish background are particularly well treated england goes to press 1815 1937 by raymond postgate and aylmer vallance indianapolis bobbs merrill 1937 2.75 a well written and impartial survey of british news paper opinion on important developments in british for eign policy commencing with the battle of waterloo and ending with citations interpreted as the epitaph of col lective security the authors appear to regard the press as a mirror of public opinion rather than a primary force in its formation forty years of american japanese relations by foster rhea dulles new york appleton century 1937 3.00 this terse and interesting history rests on the thesis that the american attempt to uphold the open door policy in the far east which contrasts so sharply with our course of non entanglement in europe has been a prac tical failure our intervention in eastern asia the author asserts has been abortive in that it has not main tained equality of commercial opportunity in china or the territorial integrity of that country nor has it checked the rising power of japan american influence and pres tige are held to have declined because our statesmen have applied a policy which the country will not support by armed force here is challenging background material for protagonists both of neutrality and of international cooperation cooperative enterprise by jacob a baker new york vanguard 1937 2.00 mr baker who was a member of president roosevelt’s inquiry on cooperatives presents in simple form a wealth of data on the cooperative movement abroad and outlines some possibilities for development in the united states an foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 6 dscemper 3 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymmonp lgsiig bueelt president vera micheles dgan editor december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year i national entered as second class matter r f +fespon vays on ent pay ised for and te otivated strikes tially to ave been prosper urchase oil have 0sed to licy its act that ms with otection shington fascism in active mson postgate rill 1987 sh news itish for arloo and h of col the press ary force y foster 37 3.00 he thesis or policy with our 1 a prac sia the 10t main na or the checked and pres nen have pport by material rnational sw york osevelt’s a wealth outlines states national class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y orc 14 193f entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 vou xvii no 7 december 10 1937 a christmas gift suggestions solve your christmas gift problems with sub scriptions to f.p.a publications a christmas card bearing your name as donor will be mailed to your friends headline books and world affairs pamphlets 2 a year 4 page foreign policy bulletin 2ayear general library university of michigan ann arbor mich will hitler accept half a loaf eneath the smooth phrases of the franco british communiqué of november 30 may be detected the main outlines of the new peace settle ment which the two democracies propose to offer hitler the keynote of this communiqué is that european appeasement calls for a general settlement not piecemeal bilateral arrangements such as those hitherto urged by hitler to this extent the franco british conversations seem to exclude the possibility widely predicted on the eve of lord halifax's visit to berlin that britain might encourage a deal by which germany in return for moderation of its colonial demands would receive a free hand in cen tral and eastern europe the theory on which britain and france now seem to be working is that some attempt should be made to satisfy germany's legitimate grievances both in africa and in europe but that germany in re turn must undertake to keep the peace or suffer the consequences this certainly represents a more con structive policy than the earlier insistence of the two western democracies on maintenance of the status quo at any price including that of possible war the settlement they propose calls for sacrifices not only on the part of the small states of eastern europe which gained most in 1919 from dismem berment of the hohenzollern and hapsburg em pires but also on the part of britain and france which would return some of germany’s pre war col onies now administered as league mandates it is not yet clear however to what extent britain less willing than france to make colonial concessions is ready to contribute to this settlement out of its own resources as far as can be ascertained the british government is not ready to surrender the strategically and economically valuable german ter titories of tanganyika and southwest africa the latter a mandate of the union of south africa what it apparently proposes is the formation of a colonial pool in west africa to which not only brit ain and france but belgium and portugal would contribute this new colony to be administered by chartered companies in which german capital would be heavily represented the franco british conversations also strengthened the position of m delbos french foreign minister on his round of visits to france’s allies in eastern europe poland rumania yugoslavia and czecho slovakia these visits had apparently a three fold purpose to ascertain the extent to which france's allies subjected to the temptation of joining the rome berlin axis remain true to their treaty obliga tions to reassure them regarding franco british in tentions to preserve peace in that region and to ob tain from them in return additional guarantees of the aid they might render the two western democ racies in case of war with germany m delbos found that the countries of eastern europe disillusioned with collective security are not so much pro german or pro french as primarily concerned with furtherance of their own national interests poland whose authoritarian régime shares hitler's fear of communism is not prepared to sat isfy germany’s most important legitimate griev ances with respect to danzig and the polish cor ridor on the contrary it has already presented de mands for a share of african colonies which in a sense make it a competitor of the reich in the struggle for colonial spoils at the same time in spite of the desire of opposition parties for rap prochement with france the polish government re mains adamant in its objections to the franco soviet pact of mutual assistance a somewhat similar con flict exists in rumania where the tatarescu govern ment subservient to king carol ii has displayed an ambiguous attitude toward the activities of the iron guard which presses for cooperation with ger many and italy while the liberal peasant party of m maniu who has just arranged for the return to rumania of former foreign minister titulescu ar dent advocate of collaboration with france and the u.s.s.r demands restoration of democracy and in an effort to secure fair elections has concluded an electoral deal with its worst enemy the iron guard equally complicated is the situation in yugoslavia where the ruling classes influenced by white guard refugees remain hostile to communism and the dic tatorial government of premier stoyadinovitch has followed a pro italian orientation yet the forma tion in october of an agrarian democratic coalition uniting the serb and croat opposition parties which demand restoration of democracy is expected to weaken yugoslavia's ties with germany and italy in these eastern european countries where anti communism and anti semitism play into the hands of nazi agitators pro french sentiment would un doubtedly be strengthened if france could scrap its pact of mutual assistance with the soviet union which in 1935 angered germany and estranged po land on this point france is less uncompromising than a year ago the anti trotzkyist campaign in the u.s.s.r with its revelations of military dis loyalty and industrial inefficiency discredited com munism in france and created the impression that in case of war the soviet union might prove a liability rather than an asset the main resistance to such a course in eastern europe might be expected from czechoslovakia also bound by a pact of mutual assistance to the soviet union the prague government however looks less to alliances than to its own military resources for de fense against germany more important than the soviet pact would be assurances that germany will abandon its campaign on behalf of the sudeten ger mans whom prague might conciliate by some mea sure of autonomy that czechoslovakia’s partners in the little entente rumania and yugoslavia will give it unequivocal aid in case of german at tack and that poland which has supported the agi tation of the polish minority in teschen will not stab czechoslovakia in the back such assurances according to some observers might be facilitated by abandonment of the french and czechoslovak pacts with the u.s.s.r attractive as dissociation from the u.s.s.r might seem to paris and london it must be recognized that under certain circumstances it would dovetail into hitler's plans for isolation of the soviet union from western europe and for eventual german domina tion of the east to the exclusion of france britain and even italy from that region nor is it certain that hitler having obtained concessions which might be regarded as legitimate would not then press for page twe ee ee fulfillment of the far vaster program of german ey pansion set forth in mein kampf the best guar antee against this eventuality would be a pledge by britain and france to help the small states of eastern europe not only in case of direct german attack the least probable of the hypotheses but of ger man intervention in their internal affairs such a pledge especially when re enforced by britain’s te armament and its determination to reorganize and rejuvenate its army would have to be reciprocated by the promise of the small states to moderate their own intransigence toward the revisionist demands of germany and hungary and to do their share ip case of war with the reich the choice today as when hitler first came to power is not between peace and war but between a peace imposed by germany which would hardly be an improvemens on the imposed settlement of versailles and a peace negotiated on terms acceptable not only to the great powers but to the european community as a whole vera micheles dean britain overhauls army announcing a sweeping reorganization of the army council leslie hore belisha britain’s dynamic secretary of state for war inaugurated a series of military reforms on december 2 which may alter the composition of the british army more radically than any step taken in several decades after a grim be hind the scenes struggle necessitating the interven tion of the cabinet mr hore belisha secured the re placement of a sufficient number of elderly officers to reduce the average age of the members of brit ain’s supreme military body from 63 to 52 the new chief of the imperial general staff general vis count gort was promoted over the heads of fifty generals who ranked above him in seniority his colleagues have been selected with a view to the in troduction of a more resilient and progressive atti tude toward army problems in an add ered on december 4 the war minister decla aeuy that henceforth merit will replace length of service as determining factor in promotion he also outlined a program of decentralization bringing new respon sibilities in the direction of military policy to high officers holding home commands these changes foreshadow further efforts to de mocratize the tradition ridden essentially aristocratic structure of the army which has apparently proved unequal to the stresses imposed by britain's vast rearmament program it is expected that higher sal aries will be paid and a new recruiting system adopted to broaden the base from which officers will be selected in the future faced by a shortage of 12,000 enlisted men in the ranks mr hore belisha will doubtless continue his efforts to im continued on page 4 lh al de while into tl ress a th congr to tho passab the p1 the that t attrip cempe nation in wo view aloof was f cials timen laid c torial tators of ac join 4 the abled his hi will 1 bark used ovement a peace he great a whole dean of the dynamic series of alter the ally than grim be interven d the re y officers of brit the new eral vis of fifty ity his ro the in sive att deliv ared that ice as the w ashington news letter washington bureau national press building desc 7 congress and american foreign policy while issues of foreign policy have been thrust well into the background of the special session of con gress where they are likely to remain undisturbed for the present there is increasing evidence that congressional opinion is a major cause of concern to those administration advisers who are seeking a passable road pointing in the general direction of the president's chicago speech the prevailing view in administration circles is that the collapse of the brussels conference can be attributed in large measure to the isolationist temper of congress which allows treaty breaking nations to discount the influence of the united states in world affairs the vigorous expression of this view in a leading editorial entitled america’s aloofness in the new york times on december 1 was read with satisfaction by state department off cials who have been expressing much the same sen timents for several weeks particular emphasis is laid on the statement as phrased in the times edi torial that treaty breaking governments and dic tators have become convinced that for no cause short of actual invasion will the united states initiate or join any effective movement to assure world peace the attitude of congress it is hinted here has en abled more than one foreign ambassador to inform his home government that american public opinion will not permit the roosevelt administration to em bark on any positive policy a point which has been used with some effect to impress on congress its re sponsibility in matters of foreign policy chere is little if any evidence however that the outlined w respon y to high rts to de ristocratic ly proved ain’s vast igher sal ig system h_ officers shortage temper of congress has changed materially in recent weeks the central issue as seen by congress is not whether the united states shall assume a position of leadership in world affairs but whether the ex ecutive shall be given a free hand to commit the na tion to economic and military sanctions or to assume the war making power while there is much sym pathy for china there is no strong desire to take positive action against aggressors informal surveys of congressional opinion seem to confirm earlier newspaper polls showing something like a two to ome majority against joining with other nations in sanctions of any kind the belief that sanctions ar hore mean war is apparently stronger than it was during ts to im the ethiopian conflict in 1935 and there is greater suspicion of the motives of foreign powers at the same time there is obviously less faith in neutrality legislation as a safe and sure formula for avoiding war and sharp division with respect to application of the existing neutrality act to the far eastern conflict the desire to curb the war making powers of the executive is shown by the introduction of half a dozen war referendum resolutions seeking a constitutional amendment limiting the authority of congress to declare war except in case of invasién until after a nation wide referendum these reso lutions which will be analyzed in a future news letter are likely to come up for debate early in the regular session of congress thus for some time to come american policy seems destined to remain sus pended between the desire of the executive to as sume a positive rdle in defense of international cov enants and the unwillingness of congress to assume the risks of forceful intervention in the game of power politics wituiam t stone rear guard action at shanghai since the break down of its efforts at mediation in the far eastern war washington has centered its attention on jap anese moves to extend control over the interna tional settlement in shanghai the japanese de termination to take over chinese government func tions and to suppress anti japanism is necessarily undermining the position of americans there as built up by treaties and their own business efforts against these encroachments washington in con cert with britain and france is carrying on a cau tious but dogged rear guard action the strongest stand seems to against the japanese collection of the chinese maritime customs after the appointment of two japanese as officials in the customs administration washington was informed that japanese appraisers and examiners had been stationed at landing points in the international set tlement and the french concession at the same time intimations were received that the japanese were really seeking full control of the maritime cus toms but without confiscating that part of the re ceipts which is pledged to the service of chinese foreign debts on november 27 the state depart ment expressed the concern with which the united states would view any attempt to destroy the in tegrity of the chinese customs two days later am bassador grew delivered a note at tokyo in which the united states claimed the right to be consulted regarding any proposed change either in the ma have been taken ssertion of control over the chinery of collection or in the distribution of cus toms receipts simultaneously consul general gauss at shanghai is negotiating with the japanese on is sues arising from their measures of control or super vision over radio and cable services although the american government will doubtless continue its protests against infractions of its rights there are no indications here that it is ready to take any stronger action pau b tayylor britain overhauls army continued from page 2 prove the amenities of barracks life and thus en courage recruiting which significantly enough is fully up to schedule in the navy and air force if its morale can be reconstituted by these measures the army will be in a far better position to execute at a rapid tempo the extensive mechanization and motor ization scheme begun on april 1 1937 consider able effort moreover is being devoted to reconstruc tion of the territorial army the home defense or ganization analogous to the american national guard as the foundation for a more democratic citizen force the basic problem of providing eligible man power is being attacked from another angle by the prosecution of a nation wide campaign to encourage physical fitness in other fields too the british government is straining every nerve to wipe out what it regards as a deplorable lag behind other leading european powers in the realm of rearmament on july 1 1937 britain with a fleet totaling only 1,216,398 tons page four had laid the keels or appropriated the funds for an additional 541,190 tons of ships in the face of much friction and criticism the royal air force ig being rapidly expanded the manufacture of air planes and munitions although hindered by lack of coordination is unmistakably gaining momentum since sir thomas inskip assumed office as minister for coordination of defense twenty months ago orders have been placed for 288,000,000 worth of armaments while nineteen factories have been erected the government's five shadow airplane plants intended as a reserve for large scale produc tion in an emergency will be ready for operation early in 1938 extensive precautionary measures against air raids are about to be financed by the gov ernment and over 19,000,000 gas masks have al ready been manufactured a shadow food con trol organization is being created to function im mediately on the outbreak of hostilities students of history are tempted to compare these intensive preparations and the coincident visit of lord halifax to berchtesgaden with the reorgani zation of the british army completed in 1910 and the attempt by its progenitor lord haldane to reach an understanding with germany two years later the situations are by no means entirely comparable it is true nevertheless that visible evidence of ac celerated british rearmament is likely to be more effective as a tonic for dispirited anti fascist forces in central and eastern europe than any conversations held by peripatetic diplomats in the capitals of the continent davip h popper the f.p.a bookshelf plot and counter plot in central europe by m w fodor new york houghton mifflin 1937 3.50 the vienna correspondent of the manchester guardian draws on his rich and intimate knowledge of central eu ropean politics in this penetrating analysis of the forces and personalities at work in a region where a free hand is demanded by nazi germany he believes that if austria and czechoslovakia succeed in escaping the danger of german aggression the small countries of the danubian and balkan area will eventually collaborate in an effort to avoid entanglement in the conflicts of the great powers the problem of peaceful change in the pacific area by henry f angus new york oxford university press 1937 2.00 a study of the work of the institute of pacific relations and its bearing on the problem of peaceful change the achievements of the institute are fully described but it is freely admitted that its present usefulness is limited in matters involving sovereign rights japan over asia by william henry chamberlin boston little brown 1937 3.50 the basic elements in the confused political and eco nomic situation within japan are brought into clear focus as they pass through the lens of a keen journalistic ii tellect mr chamberlin depicts japan’s imperialistic drive in asia and its world wide trade offensive then traces the interplay of forces in japanese public life responsible for tokyo’s policies the discussion of japan’s drift toward fascism and a regimented economy is concluded by a timely estimate of its power of endurance during a conflict and a lucid summary of its war aims in china the author deprecates the possibility of internal revolution in japan or of any immediate clash with the u.s.s.r the kaiser on trial by george sylvester viereck new york greystone press 1937 3.50 more a victim of the disunity of germany and a faulty world system than of his own character foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 7 decemper 10 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymmonp lesiigp bust president vera micheles dran editor entered as second class matte december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year national an it by the britis by pi profu and signif guara it was the e politi the s blow tary made japan hostil with had 1 other a well written volume contending that the kaiser was me japar when walle into mark +a for an ace of orce is of air lack of entum inister 1s ago orth of been irplane produc eration easures he gov ave al od con ion im re these visit of organi and the o reach slater parable e of ac ye more forces in rsations s of the spper boston and eco ear focus alistic ii istic drive traces the nsible for ft toward y a timely nflict and he author in japan eck new aiser was a faulty subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff 2 1921 at the post office at new york y under act vou xvii no 8 december 17 1937 december 15 issue of foreign policy reports fascism and communism in south america by stephen naft the establishment of a semi fascist dictatorship in brazil has focused world attention on south america and the question is immediately asked whether the three cornered struggle among europe’s political philosophies democracy fascism and communism now threatens to extend into the western hemisphere 25 cents a copy u.s takes firm stand on panay incident nate attacks on all yangtze river traffic above nanking in an effort to cut off the escape of fleeing chinese troops have been respon sible for what may prove to be the most serious incidents affecting third parties since the beginning of the sino japanese war on december 12 two were killed and many reported missing when the united states navy gunboat panay used as a floating refuge for american diplomatic officials and civilians from the capital was sunk by a japanese airplane three vessels of the standard oil company harboring refugees were also destroyed and two naval and two commercial ships of british registry were shelled by the japanese at wuhu on the same day a sharp british protest and a strong demand for satisfaction by president roosevelt on december 13 evoked profuse japanese apologies at tokyo washington and shanghai on december 14 the foreign office signified its readiness to pay compensation and give guarantees against recurrence of such incidents but it was embarrassed by the president's attempt to draw the emperor who ordinarily stands aloof from the political arena into active diplomatic discussion the success of this manoeuvre would strike a heavy blow at the freedom of action of the japanese mili tary and might curb their disregard for pledges made by civilian officials it was apparent that japan confronted with the prospect of continued hostilities in china and an acute diplomatic dispute with the u.s.s.r over the use of siberian fisheries had no stomach for a simultaneous tilt with two other potential opponents meanwhile a chapter in the history of the sino japanese war neared conclusion on december 13 when a victorious japanese army burst through the walled defenses of nanking and fought its way into the chinese capital investment of the city marked the culmination of a rapid advance along the yangtze in the one month period since the fall of shanghai and put the rich provinces of kiangsu chekiang and anhwei with an area of some 20,000 square miles and a population of 16,000,000 under the virtual control of the japanese army despite a serious shortage of food equipment and trained troops the chinese under general tang sheng chi offered stiff resistance as the japanese neared the city a japanese ultimatum calling for surrender of the garrison which would have secured safety for perhaps 300,000 civilians huddled in a neutral zone officially unrecognized by the japanese was an swered only by continued combat chiang kai shek himself deferred his departure for hankow until the enemy vanguard reached the gates of the capital the retreating chinese have carried out a policy of systematic devastation in evacuated territories leav ing only charred ruins for the invaders even at chingkiang a city of 150,000 in shanghai moreover the japanese occupation has disturbed the intricate balance between acquired foreign privileges and chinese sovereign authority which had long obtained in the international settle ment and the french concession an already con fused situation has been further complicated by the action of japanese authorities participants in the government of the settlement who asserted rights of conquest over an area in which war does not legally exist on november 27 they assumed formal con trol and supervision of chinese postal and communi cations organizations in the city a move which may facilitate japanese censorship in the greatest chinese news center at the same time it was announced that japanese customs officials would be stationed in the shanghai customs area where over half the chinese government’s tariff revenues are normally collected diplomatic representations initiated by britain france and the united states appear to have won se ge se a ae 2 swe an es nee a eee eeraeee nea st assurances that the service of foreign loans for which these funds are pledged will not be inter rupted the appointment of 20 new japanese em ployees to the customs office on december 11 how ever indicates that japan will not relinquish control of revenues which would ordinarily be turned over to the chinese government and that the reduction of tariff rates on japanese imports may be in prospect an early test of strength between settlement off cials and japanese military authorities occurred on december 3 when 5,000 japanese troops marched through the city in a provocative victory parade following a bomb explosion which injured three soldiers participating in the procession an attempt was made to extend japanese military control over a section of the settlement patrolled by american marines the vigorous reaction of foreign officials impelled the japanese to withdraw their forces but ae the situation remains delicate despite the plethora of reports concerning the terms of peace allegedly proffered by japan it is still impossible to determine the strength or duration of future chinese resistance the chinese central government which had laboriously completed the task of national unification immediately before the outbreak of hostilities has now practically ceased to exercise authority in the peripheral provinces of the country japan is organizing provisional puppet régimes in areas under its control one at peiping was designated as provisional government of the re public of china on december 14 japan’s armies may be expected to pause for breath while they combat guerrilla attacks of communists and irregulars in the north its naval forces may strengthen their grip on strategic islands along the southern china coast authorities of moderate views in tokyo are said to be seeking to conclude an armistice with a new chinese junta in which wang ching wei chang chun and ho ying chin all relatively pro japanese might hold the positions of power thus far however these politicians have not dared to flout chinese nationalist sentiment by assuming power and concluding a peace treaty tokyo has conse quently veered toward a stronger policy involving extensive military operations north south and west of nanking with the avowed purpose of wiping out every possible vestige of effective chinese resistance should this plan of campaign be adopted the war would rapidly take on the character of an endurance contest to which only exhaustion would call a halt davi h poppeer italy quits the league italy’s withdrawal from the league of nations on december 11 more than two years after the first application of sanctions in league history was in the nature of an anti climax mussolini told a not pagetuwo es over enthusiastic crowd in rome that italy was leaving without any regrets the tottering temple where they are not working for peace but are pay ing the way for war while asserting that ital would not abandon its fundamental political ob jectives peace and collaboration he announced that it had arms in great numbers and tempered by two victorious wars in an official communiqué of december 12 the german government said it shares italy’s view that the geneva political system is not only futile but pernicious and asserted that germany's return to the league will never again be considered italy's decision to join its anti communist partners germany and japan in boycotting the league is a direct result of the league's failure to make a ges ture of reparation by recognizing the conquest of ethiopia it had been hoped in rome that prime minister neville chamberlain who in july had ex changed personal letters with mussolini would ad vise the league to take this step in september britain’s reluctance to make ethiopian recognition part of an anglo italian settlement has rankled in the minds of italians who had hoped to obtain brit ish financial assistance for exploitation of their new empire the expense of maintaining league mem bership at the cost of 500,000 a year was doubtless also an important consideration at a time when the fascist government has imposed extraordinary levies to finance its program of expansion and self suf ficiency although withdrawal does not become ef fective for two years most important of all musso lini probably hoped by this gesture to bring pressure on britain whose flirtations with germany have aroused uneasiness in rome il duce may be disappointed in this expectation viewed from london paris and geneva italy's withdrawal merely formalizes a situation which has existed since october 1935 when the league named italy the aggressor in its conflict with ethiopia ll a dec the bo ing rez of the marke easter by fos dor sé tion 1 the aff to as and it ernme the incide positi speect indica while certec passe flects discri vessel defen there prepa stron di majo know nifica the some friends of the league have felt that it could not function effectively as long as the democracies had to consult the wishes of totalitarian dictator ships the departure of the dictators in their opin ion will strengthen rather than weaken the league this argument however cannot be pressed too fat it is difficult to imagine in the near future the emergence of a world community composed of states with similar political and economic systems di versity there will always be as there will always be need for accommodation and compromise to de mand complete uniformity in international affairs is to predicate the millenium but if it is true that democracy has proved most workable in countries where the majority of the people agree on basic is sues of policy then it may be equally true that a continued on page 4 the a the bing r v will expe week impc fepo mos brus to s pear ti state serv ly was temple ie pay at italy ical ob nounced mpered nuniqué said it system ted that cf again artners rue is a a ges quest of t prime had ex ould ad ptember ognition nkled in ain brit neir new 1e mem loubtless vhen the ry levies self suf come ef musso pressure ny have ectation italy's hich has e named ethiopia it could nocracies dictator eir opin league washington news letter washington bureau national press building dec 14 whatever the ultimate consequences of the bombing of the u.s gunboat panay the prevail ing reaction in washington within twenty four hours of the bombing is that the incident will produce a marked stiffening in american policy in the far eastern conflict despite the hurried apologies made by foreign minister hirota in tokyo and ambassa dor saito in washington the roosevelt administra tion is losing no opportunity to make it clear that the affair will not be dismissed lightly and will lead to a stronger stand in defense of american rights and interests in china than any taken by this gov ernment since the outbreak of hostilities there are already tentative indications that the incident may lead to a revival of the campaign for a positive policy urged in the president’s chicago speech but abandoned when congressional opinion indicated its unwillingness to run the risk of war while it is admitted that the opportunity for con certed action to preserve the integrity of china has passed the attitude of state department officials re flects a hope that public opinion shocked by the in discriminate bombing of american and other foreign vessels will now permit the president a free hand in defending the open door and other treaty rights there is little indication however that congress is prepared at this time to permit anything more than strong diplomatic protests diplomatic shift the impending changes in major european diplomatic posts which became known here last week are likely to prove more sig nificant than the usual foreign service shifts while the state department has not officially confirmed the appointment of joseph p kennedy chairman of the maritime commission to succeed robert w bingham as ambassador to great britain or hugh too far ture the of states ems di ways be to de affairs is true that countries basic is 1e that a r wilson assistant secretary of state to replace william e dodd at berlin both assignments are expected to be finally approved within the next few weeks and the belief persists that several other important changes will follow according to some feports joseph e davies will be transferred from moscow to brussels while hugh gibson now at brussels will replace claude bowers as ambassador to spain moscow and perhaps one other key euro pean post may be filled by a career diplomat these changes reflect not only the desire of the state department to strengthen american foreign service in europe but also the increasing strength of that section of opinion here which hopes to avoid the alignment of europe into ideological blocs with the democracies arrayed against the dictatorships in se lecting mr wilson for the berlin post president roosevelt is acting on the advice of those who be lieve that the halifax visit and the anglo french conversations have opened the door to a political and economic settlement with germany while the united states cannot play an important rdle in euro pean affairs it is felt that the critical berlin post should be in the hands of an experienced profes sional diplomat with wide european experience mr kennedy while not a career diplomat will carry authority as one of the president's most intimate and trusted advisers william t stone state department discounts brazilian fascism under secretary welles address of december 7 was the first declaration on latin american policy from a high official since brazil’s recent revolution raised the question of extension of the anti communist front into latin america this speech was criticized by some commentators as implying sympathy for the semi fascism set up by vargas in brazil others hailed it for its declarations against the invasion of latin america by alien influences a reference thought to be directed at german and italian ac tivities mr welles made it clear that washington sees no reason why the vargas coup should affect friendly relations with brazil traditionally more close than those with any other south american state he criticized the press for its alleged assumption that the vargas move represented a break with the democratic traditions of the western hemisphere and an assimilation of ideologies which have been recently developed in other portions of the world these assumptions the under secretary declared had been unfounded on fact while some ob servers held that the factual foundations of his judg ment were themselves open to question mr welles was widely supported in his view that it is not the business of the government or the people of the united states to interfere in the internal affairs of other american countries less publicized than the discussion of brazil was mr welles reference to mexico and its program of land distribution which has affected the properties of some united states citizens indirectly the under secretary discouraged reports of growing friction with mexico he pictured the position of the state department toward land seizures as based on two 2 ee page four fo principles of international law first that an alien the mle ors of democratic forces as opposed ap 1 residing in a foreign country is subject to the laws _to those of dictatorship if so to what degree cap of the country where he lives to the same extent as this be done without conflicting with the principle are the nationals of that country and second that of non interference observers here believe these in the event of expropriation of property legitimately questions are likely to exert decisive influence on the acquired such aliens are entitled to equitable com future development of the good neighbor program f pensation therefor the practical difficulty in the cuanies a thomsoe present controversy with mexico is that while our ca southern neighbor does not impugn the validity of italy quits the league the second principle it takes few steps to make it continued from page 2 effective by see om adequate compensation to dis league of nations operating on democratic principles landowners presupposes a certain community of views among the principle of non interference in the affairs of itsmembers ae other american republics despite its importance in at the same time and this is where italy and the good neighbor policy may apparently have its germany have a legitimate grievance against ge limits if european influences threaten to enter the neva no international organization can survive by decem picture the under secretary referred to the wave of merely adhering to the letter of the law without german and italian propaganda which has recently regard for the dynamic processes of national devel inundated latin america he declared that any opment the possibility of change by peaceful means attempt on the part of non american powers to indicated in article xix of the league covenant y exert through force their political or material influ has been unrealized so far as territorial raw ma ence on the american continent would be immedi terial and population problems are concerned the 2 ately a matter of the gravest concern not only to the danger today is that a league of nations consisting a united states but to every other american republic only of the three great status quo powers of europe nia as well adding that appropriate action would un france britain and the u.s.s.r and of small a doubtedly at once be determined upon as the result states many of which have régimes no less dictatorial seasons consultation herwetn them than those of hitler and mussolini will merely act a forthright as was this reaffirmation of the monroe as an alliance to freeze the status quo such a coutse in doctrine in the face of the new holy alliance of would prove suicidal for the league which might a the fascist powers it did not cover the most prob then be threatened with the defection of neutrals pac able pe of foreign activity interference falling like switzerland the netherlands and the scandi of fo short rce what for example would be the po navian countries true the fascist dictatorships have while sition of the united states if vargas menaced by a done everything in their power to destroy the basis a democratic revolt against his autocracy dubbed the for international cooperation yet mere intransigence movement communist and crushed it with the aid on the part of the western democracies would end iti sevi aca of munitions and perhaps volunteers from italy all hope of achieving collective security on a new p and germany what should the united states do basis the policies of the dictators for all their about the cultural offensive of these two powers __ blustering reveal a defiance born of weakness rather in latin america mr welles declared that our than self confidence holding force in reserve as a wd democratic civilization of the americas represents last card the democracies must continue to negotiate a effectively the bulwark of our independent inter with the dictatorships in an effort to reach a settle pri american life if this is true is it to the interest ment before retreat from war has become impossible a é of the united states to encourage in latin america vera micheles dean suran the f.p.a bookshelf ecel counter attack in spain by ramon sender translated international monetary issues by charles r whittlesey weve from the spanish by sir peter chalmers mitchell new york mcgraw hill 1937 2.50 pressi boston houghton mifflin 1937 3.00 in this thoughtful analysis of current monetary prob in th the personal narrative of a spanish intellectual fighting lems the author concludes that restoration of the old gold ment in the loyalist army his powerful prose which spares standard is not only improbable but incompatible with make no gruesome details creates a terrifying picture of civil policies directed toward domestic economic stability he ie war the unnerving effect of aerial bombardment on both apparently favors a planned system of exchange rates ant soldier and civilian is unforgettably described free from any predetermined ratio to gold port rear naval foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 8 decempsr 17 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nation headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lasiis bust president vera micue es dagan editer entered as second class matte his cc december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year th f p a membership five dollars a year unite +foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff pposed ree can rinciple e these on the rogram mson rinciples among aly and inst ge tvive by without il devel il means fovenant raw ma ed the onsisting europe small ictatorial erely act a course h might neutrals scandi ips have the basis nsigence yuld end nh a new all their ss rather rve as a negotiate a settle possible dean jhittlesey ary prob e old gold tible with ility he nge rates subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 2 8 west 40th street new york n y eka ira a entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 won xvit no 9 december 24 1937 can japan be quarantined by john c dewilde japan’s invasion of china has once more raised the question of imposing economic penalties against aggres sor nations this report discusses the effectiveness and the danger of isolating japan by imposing an embargo on shipments of raw materials and at the same time reviews the league’s experience in imposing sanctions on italy december 1 issue of foreign policy reports general library 25 cents a copy 7 panay a test of u.s foreign policy stern attitude displayed by the united states in the panay incident may be fraught with grave consequences for both this country and japan in washington this incident revealed the ease with which considerations of national prestige may bring america to the brink of hostilities despite the strongest desire to remain aloof from foreign wars in tokyo it has apparently demonstrated the conse quences of a heedless and uncontrolled militaristic policy which tends to force japan’s potential ad vetsaries to adopt parallel measures of retaliation while its defensive strength is scattered more and more thinly over the vast expanse of china recognizing the precarious nature of their situa tion responsible japanese officials have striven to placate american opinion tokyo at first inclined to demur at the unprecedented request that president roosevelt's concern be conveyed to the emperor has since shown willingness to overlook traditional pro cedure in this instance full details concerning the attack were personally transmitted to the throne by prime minister konoe on december 18 it was in timated that an imperial response might be forth coming to the official japanese apology and as surances delivered to ambassador grew two hours before receipt of the formal american protest on december 14 there were soon added numerous ex pressions of regret by military and naval authorities in this country ambassador saito broadcast a state ment on december 19 stressing japan’s intention to make reparation for the shocking blunder and pre vent recurrence of similar events of greater im port was the announcement on december 16 that rear admiral keizo mitsunami chief of japanese naval air operations in china had been relieved of his command and ordered home forthwith these measures however satisfied neither the united states nor britain which had followed the american lead on december 15 by formally protest ing the shelling of its own warships and merchant vessels the american note to japan insisted that american vessels were in the yangtze by uncon tested and incontestable right and that acts of japanese armed forces have taken place in complete disregard of american rights have taken american life and have destroyed american property both public and private the british cited a statement by colonel kingoro hashimoto commanding japanese military officer at wuhu that he had orders to fire on every ship on the river both governments de manded evidence that definite and specific steps would be taken to guarantee the safety of their na tionals and property against irresponsible attack by military authorities confronted by the spectre of possible joint action by britain and the united states the japanese have maintained that the incidents were not deliberate militaristic excesses but simply accidents on the part of troops eager to intercept chinese forces in flight from beleaguered nanking the credibility of tne japanese explanation however has been severely shaken first by survivors accounts of the machine gunning of the panay by army launches which jap anese army officials denied and second by flatly con tradictory assertions of fact on the part of military naval and diplomatic spokesmen in tokyo on the one hand and a general staff representative at shanghai on the other from the fog of evasion and confusion in the japanese capital the fact has emerged that the adroit american appeal to the emperor has for the first time in many months provided the relatively moderate japanese civilian authorities with an opportunity to check the rampant military the withdrawal of a high naval officer from the field of battle while colonel hashimoto the responsible army commander remains at his post has suggested possible repetition of the poli tical situation which existed early in 1937 when the entire country including the navy opposed the army's attempt to inaugurate a régime intended to further its program today the army high command itself appears divided the conservative faction has stressed the necessity for the preservation of discipline the reactionary clique of younger ofh cers among whom colonel hashimoto is a leading figure has invoked high political support in behalf of his aggressive policies this complex and obscure struggle may lead to a shift in the balance of poli tical forces in japan in both the united states and britain the tense diplomatic situation has provoked rumors that one or both of these powers might stage naval demon strations to impress the japanese with the gravity of their offense officials in both countries have denied that such measures are being contemplated britain could ill afford to send an imposing naval contin gent to the east even temporarily without danger ously weakening its defenses in the north sea and the mediterranean and it is doubtful that such a bellicose move would now be supported by the amer ican public yet it is significant that a new american naval program calling for additional capital ships cruisers aircraft carriers and other vessels is being publicized in the wake of the emotions aroused by the panay crisis should the conflict in china be prolonged further american casualties may be expected particularly since secretary hull on december 20 expressed strong opposition to the withdrawal of american forces from china in the near future many amer icans would support a firm protest to japan if it were made on broad grounds of the necessity for curbing aggression or maintaining the sanctity of trea ties but in this instance hostilities if they occur will be precipitated through insistence on the safety of american life and property abroad a_ prospect which does not appeal either to advocates of collec tive security or to those of neutrality neither group can in conscience support a unilateral conflict waged for the maintenance of national honor the ultimate problem is that of renouncing the tactics of power politics in a world in which they seem to rule su preme only a resolute choice between international cooperation and isolationist neutrality can afford a visible alternative the decision is not an easy one but unless it is made this country may run the risk of aimlessly drifting from one inflammatory incident to another until at last it reaches the impasse which confronted it in 1917 daviw h popper trujillo accepts conciliation the dominican republic by accepting on decem ber 17 a conciliation proposal for its controversy page two lt ee with haiti may allay a serious danger to the peace of the western hemisphere relations between the two republics have been severely strained since the reported massacre early in october of some thov sands of haitian civilians by dominican troops de spite dominican contentions that the affair repre sented a minor border incident press dispatches in dicated that wholesale killings had been carried out at widely separated points in the dominican re public often at a distance from the frontier pres ident stenio vincent of haiti had appealed for in ternational action to solve the difficulty a sugges tion opposed by the dominican president rafael l trujillo who advocated a settlement through inves tigation by dominican officials and direct negotia tions between the parties in support of its position the dominican ment cited an official communiqué issued jointly with the haitian government on october 15 this doc ment declared that the dominican government after energetically condemning the facts that have been denounced to it has immediately opened a searching investigation with the purpose of fixing responsi bilities and of applying the sanctions that may be necessary haiti's concurrence in this statement sug gests that its government was at first disposed to hush the matter up and leave dominican officials re sponsible for settlement in the past the two pres idents have cooperated closely both head dictatorial régimes although the government of vincent is less absolute and oppressive than that of trujillo but as news of the massacre leaked out popular indig nation rose in haiti and vincent’s opponents pre pared to make political capital of the situation with his domestic position thus threatened pres ident vincent on november 12 declared that the dominican investigation had been too prolonged and requested cuba mexico and the united states to tender their good offices this invitario cepted but the efforts of the three friend came to naught as a result of dominican unwilling ness to recognize that the matter had become an it ternational question on december 15 the united states as one of the was ac nations dec amend duced damen ably b self w cision ona f bill amend resolut drawa posals lesser hand affairs to measu prestis other encou the a of act congt to ret tion oo a free 3 which te the i this years in th last v parties to the good offices sent other american gov ernments a message regarding the negotiations which gave substantial support to the haitian case it an nounced that the incidents had assumed an inter national aspect termed the controversy a factor susceptible of disturbing the peace of the american continent and approved invocation by haiti on december 14 of the inter american conciliation treaties in answer apparently to this message do minican officials at washington made public on de cember 17 a lengthy statement which declared that international action would imply an extraneous in continued on page 4 to a floor the f exce state its ci gress confi a na shall ilar and a 1 peace een the ince the e thov ps de r repre ches in ried out can re rt pres for in sugges afael l h inves ne gotia tly with 1s docu ent after ive been earching esponsi may be lent sug osed to icials re wo pres ctatorial nt is less illo but ar indig ents pre ion ed pres that the longed ed states was ac nations willing ne afi in ne of the ican gov yns which se it an an inter a factor american haiti on nciliation sage do ic on de ared that neous in w ashington news letter stbben washington bureau national press building dec 21 the sudden emergence of the ludlow amendment in the midst of the diplomatic crisis pro duced by the panay incident brings to a head a fun damental issue of national policy which is consider ably broader than the war referendum proposal it self while the issue has not been defined with pre cision it promises to dominate congressional debate on a wide variety of measures during the regular session beginning in january it is found in a score of bills and resolutions now pending all kinds of amendments to the neutrality act arms embargo resolutions scrap iron embargoes requests for with drawal of armed forces from china and similar pro posals for each of these measures in greater or lesser degree will tend to strengthen or weaken the hand of the president in the conduct of foreign affairs to the state department the test of every such measure will be its effect on the influence power and prestige of the united states in world affairs in other words does it tend to discourage aggression or encourage potential treaty breakers in the belief that the american people will fight for no cause short of actual invasion to a large body of opinion in congress the test is whether the american people are to retain any voice in deciding the paramount ques tion of war or whether the executive is to be given a free hand to commit the nation on some incident which the people do not think worth fighting for the ludlow n it is now beginning to be realized is only the first of many legislative measures which pose this larger issue originally introduced nearly three terms of ludlow amendment resol years ago the war referendum had been pigeonholed in the judiciary committee for many months until last week when its sponsors secured 218 signatures to a discharge petition which will bring it to the floor of the house on january 10 the terms of the proposed constitutional amendment are brief except in the event of an invasion of the united states or its territorial possessions and attack upon its citizens residing therein the authority of con gress to declare war shall not become effective until confirmed by a majority of all votes cast thereon in a nation wide referendum the question being shall the united states declare war on 2 sim ilar resolutions introduced by senators la follette and clark make the referendum inoperative in the event that any north american or caribbean na tion is invaded and another house resolution spon sored by representative ashbrook seeks to reserve the monroe doctrine the case for the referendum as presented by its sponsors rests on the simple contention that the american people should be given an opportunity to decide not only the routine matters but the funda mentals of public policy a democracy which permits its citizens to cast their ballots for everything from dog catchers to constables they s y to give them a voice in the momentous decision to wage wat abroad senator la nay speaking in support of the referendum said a declaration of war can without further check ne the people set up a vir tual military dictatorship send millions of men to death in foreign lands open the sluice gates to bil lions of war loans to foreign nations and burden down the nation with more than double the present national debt the authority to declare war it is argued should not rest with a small group of men subject to political pressures if the american people are competent to elect senators and representatives to make so important a decision they are competent to make the decision themselves answers to this argument have come from many quarters inside and outside the administration pres ident roosevelt asked at his press conference wheth er a war referendum was consistent with repre sentative government answered in one word o secretary hull emphatically declared from the standpoint of op peace and keeping this country out of war i am unable to see the wisdom or practicability of this proposi l opponents while conceding the high motives which inspired the plan assert that the referendum would actually expose the country to the very dangers which it seeks to avoid it would encourage the present reign of law lessness and would virtually invite attack on amer ican shipping commerce and interests anywhere out side our own borders it would condone violations of the monroe doctrine by leaving in doubt the willingness of the american people to resist en croachments against south american nations in short it proposes that we ignore any and all threats which affect the vital interests of the nation up to the point of actual invasion by that time it is argued american armed forces would be placed at a serious disadvantage by the delay in holding the plebiscite and they might in fact become involved in hostilities without declaration of war while some of the referendum proposals cover the monroe doc trine and seek to prevent the use of armed forces outside of the united states no legislation not even a constitutional amendment can prevent a belligerent or blundering president from creating a warlike situation but the central issue overshadows these relatively minor arguments mr roosevelt and mr hull op pose the amendment because they know it will make them impotent in the only kind of diplomacy which seems to carry weight in the world today if the amendment were adopted the president could pro test the sinking of another gunboat on the yangtze but he could not back up his notes with anything stronger than an appeal to reason and in dealing with treaty breaking powers that would be regarded as tantamount to abandoning the use of diplomacy yet the emergence of the war referendum is es sentially a symbol of the instinctive popular distrust of power politics diplomacy if the president wants a free hand to use diplomacy to prevent war con gress wants to know how he intends to play his hand does he propose to prevent war by seeking to find some basis for political and economic appease ment if so he will find some but not much op position in congress or does he simply propose to outplay the dictators in the game of bluff to write diplomatic notes backed by the threat to fight last week congress showed considerable restraint in com menting on the panay bombing a few strident voices called for strong action but the overwhelm ing majority while supporting a firm protest showed no desire to create a diplomatic impasse or to whip up war emotions some even looked with misgivings on the unusual publicity devices employed by the state department to arouse public opinion on the issue of national honor given two or three more panay incidents congress may be ready to give the page four executive a free hand but when it does its action will be more likely to vindicate national honor by armed force than to prevent war by international cooperation william t stone trujillo accepts conciliation continued from page 2 tervention in the internal affairs of their country and expressed opposition to conciliation procedures pressure from washington and other american cap itals may have been responsible for almost imme diate reversal of this stand the two treaties invoked by haiti the gondra accord of 1923 and the convention of inter amer ican conciliation of 1929 provide for five member commissions of inquiry and conciliation each party to the dispute is authorized to name two members only one of whom in each case may be its national the four members thus selected choose a president from some neutral state pending organization of the five member commission the treaties provide that a committee composed of the three senior diplomatic representatives of american nations in washington may initiate conciliatory endeavors this committee consisting of the representatives of guatemala peru and argentina held its first meeting on december 15 and extended the invitation which was ac cepted by the dominican republic two days later whether this peace machinery can operate success fully depends in the last analysis on the willingness of both parties to cooperate should obstructionist tactics on the part of the dominican republic sabo tage the effectiveness of conciliation endeavors the american republics may yet be faced with the ques tion whether some form of sanctions possibly with drawal of diplomatic representatives may have to be considered if the maintenance of international jus tice in the western hemisphere is to be assured charles a thomson the f.p.a bookshelf aliens in the east a new history of japan’s foreign intercourse by harry emerson wildes philadelphia university of pennsylvania press 1937 3.00 this fascinating survey of japan’s contact with the oc cident between 1543 and 1868 will explode the commonly accepted notion that the island empire was introduced to western culture by commodore perry in 1853 mr wildes excellent style is well fitted to preserve the glamorous at mosphere in which portuguese spanish dutch british russian and american adventurers vied for religious com mercial or strategic advantage in a mystic land many of the national characteristics of the country are shown to be deeply rooted in japanese history is it peace a study in foreign affairs by graham hutton new york macmillan 1937 2.50 a rather discursive account of the problems faced by british foreign policy which accuses britain and france of responsibility for the present italo german threat to european peace but offers no solution beyond a program of expediency frank b kellogg by david bryn jones new york put nam 1937 3.75 a sympathetic biography of one of the authors of the anti war pact which utilizes hitherto unpublished papers foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 9 december 24 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lgsiig buelt president vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year national oe fc annot eur s ui j night on c by ja amer ceipt whict hirot can d taine tentic force stress again nifica th to ch trals there form +3 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff an see subscription two dollars a year ofice ax new york nor i n y ander the act onal ata c forbign policy association incorporated of march 3 1879 eo 8west 40th street new york n y vou xvii no 10 december 31 1937 ntry announcing a new series of world affairs pamphlets general library ures europe in crisis by vera micheles dean cap in this 56 page pamphlet mrs dean presents a search university of michigan nme ing analysis of the european situation the concluding section which way peace is a realistic appraisal ann arbor michigan ndra of various solutions proposed for european problems mer and of the attitude of the united states mber free to fpa members to non members 25 cents a copy parry 7 japan appeases neutrals ident n of ae enly easing the tension which had gripped __ such interference occur even in the undefined realm wy that japanese american relations for almost a fort of american interests the stage would be set for ii matic night the american government informed tokyo more acrimonious exchanges ww 1gton on christmas day that it accepted the amends made japan’s overwhelming fear of an acute altercation il ittee by japan for the attack on the gunboat panay the with the united states appeared responsible for the i pery american communication followed closely on re fact that the note giving final satisfaction to the il mber ceipt of a japanese note published december 24 british whose vessels were shelled in the yangtze i ac which amplified the terms of foreign minister on the day of the panay bombing was delayed until later hirota’s original apology recapitulating the ameri december 28 whether or not such an effect was ccess can demands the japanese government firmly main intended japan’s extreme deference to american i gness tained its contention that the incident was an unin sensibilities has for the present scotched tentative onist 4 tentional error detailed the orders given to its armed gestures toward anglo american cooperation which sabo forces to prevent recurrence of similar attacks and is highly feared in tokyo that such a move is the stressed the fact that disciplinary measures taken constantly in prospect beneath the surface in wash if ques against the responsible naval personnel had a sig ington was intimated on december 21 when presi i with bificance of special importance dent roosevelt replied to governor alf landon’s tele ve to this obvious reference to tokyo's determination tam urging united national support of the executive al jus to check heedless interference with the rights of neu in foreign affairs with the aaa that we are a ed trals has proved satisfactory to washington but part of a large world and as such owe some mea on there is no evidence that the emperor has been in sure of cooperation in maintaining standards of in formed of american concern over such events as re ternational conduct quested by president roosevelt major discrepancies in britain the desire for such cooperation is over subsist moreover between japanese military reports shadowed by the realization that it is still impracti raham at the affair was an accident unavoidable in cable foreign minister anthony eden speaking in the confusion attending the fall of nanking and parliament on december 21 complemented prime xed by the american naval findings released on decem minister chamberlain’s demand for japanese assur france ber 24 strongly implying that the attack must have ances regarding british interests with the plain hint eat t0 been intentional these matters may have been the that coercive measures against japan were impos ogra subject of supplementary private explanations which sible without overwhelming naval force which some sources believe were given by japanese officials could be provided only by the united states fleet k put t0 achieve the détente in any case the most ominous britain itself shows no desire to take unilateral naval aspect of the crisis as a whole rests in its potentiali action of the ties for the future the united states note expresses japan’s efforts to forestall the crystallization of a papers the hope that the steps which the japanese govern coalition hostile to its designs won success in an ment has taken will prove effective toward pre other quarter when the u.s.s.r on december 21 neue venting any further attacks upon or unlawful in agreed to extend japanese fishing rights in siberian terference by japanese authorities or forces with waters for one more year the new arrangement had american nationals interests or property should been preceded by threats that forcible measures es might be taken to preserve the japanese industry and by a sharp protest against the illegal arrest of japanese subjects on soviet territory the basic clash of soviet japanese policies was evinced by the an nouncement in moscow on december 19 that an 1800 mile strategic railroad paralleling the trans siberian from lake baikal to khabarovsk had been completed but settlement of the fisheries dispute it was be lieved would greatly diminish the likelihood of un due tension in soviet japanese relations in the im mediate future meanwhile reports that the u.s.s.r was preparing to furnish munitions on a large scale to the chinese via the difficult overland route seemed to have little if any foundation in fact the problem of supply threatens to become crucial for china as japan prepares an offensive against canton the sole remaining source of war ma terials of any considerable importance to divert japanese energies from this life line or possibly in retaliation for japanese vandalism in nanking and elsewhere the chinese on december 18 began the systematic destruction of japanese properties in tsingtao principally cotton mills valued at 87,000 000 prompt and effective japanese reprisals fol lowed this violation of an alleged agreement with governor han fu chu under which japanese inter ests in shantung were safeguarded as long as the province remained outside the theater of war in vading columns crossed the yellow river and on december 27 captured tsinan the provincial capi tal while the japanese naval blockade was extended to tsingtao on december 26 in central china an advance up the yangtze to hankow was contem plated hangchow southwest of shanghai fell to the japanese with little opposition on december 24 entrenched by right of conquest from the man choukuo border to a point south of the yangtze the japanese military are already confronted with the immense task of restoring some measure of peace and order to regions now plagued by anarchy and starvation it is significant of the strength of chinese national sentiment that no kuomintang statesman of any importance can be found to head a civilian authority established for this purpose the new government created on december 14 at peiping known once more as peking has been staffed by notoriously corrupt pro japanese puppets who had faded into complete obscurity with the rise of the kuomintang a decade ago hoping to utilize it as a means of pressure on chiang kai shek’s régime japan has not yet officially extended recognition or filled its chief executive post but even if the jap anese succeed in forcing the breath of life into their new vassal state they will not be able to relinquish their burden in its independent territory ruth lessly pushing on into china without thought of the consequences japan’s militarists have only succeeded page two in saddling their nation with a load beside which the vexatious pacification problem in manchoukuo pales into insignificance davip h poppsr loyalist victory at teruel forestalling general franco’s long announced final offensive loyalist troops on december 2 captured the important city of teruel in southerp aragon an enveloping movement carried forward through seven days of hard combat finally gave the attackers command of this strategic point although the insurgents were apparently caught off guard they put up a stubborn resistance and on decem ber 28 some thousands of defenders were still holding out particularly in the seminary buildings situated in an upper and older section of the tows meanwhile an insurgent army of 40,000 men had been rushed up to oppose the loyalist thruse and fierce fighting continued on the outskirts of the cig if the gains at teruel can be held they represent a far more significant victory for the government than the partial success at brunete last july capture of the city will pinch off franco’s most threatening salient for the rebel advance in this region hat been extended to a point only sixty miles distant from valencia although an insurgent drive to the mediterranean coast would have split loyalist spain cutting off madrid from catalonia general franco’s projected campaign had evidently been planned for another area the government more over has taken the offensive away from the insur gents and disrupted the latters plans by forcing diversion of troops to the new theater of war finally the victory should give a much needed boost to loyalist morale undermined by successive defeats food shortages behind the lines and partisan bick erings the government triumph speaks well for the temper of its troops staff work has evidently im proved for only a high degree of coordination among various arms made possible the success o operations carried out over a difficult mountain te rain and in the face of bitter cold blinding snow and a fifty mile wind if the loyalists can withstand the powerful insurgent counter attack expectations of an early end to the civil war either through the decisive rout of the loyalist armies or through a negotiated peace may have to be revised charles a thomson fascism gains in rumania the resignation on december 26 of the rumaniat premier george tatarescu whose conservative na tional liberal party had been defeated in the get eral elections of december 21 brought to a climat the political conflict which had been rending ru mania during the past month the government continued on page 4 h the pales er inced tf 21 thern ward e the ough juard ecem still dings town 1 had and oc ity resent ment apture rening n had listant to the oyalist eneral been more insur orcing inally ost to efeats bick or the ly im nation ess of in tet snow hstand tations 1rough 1rough son nanian ve na eget climax ig ru rnment w ashington news letter ll washington bureau national press building dec 27 while the bombing of the panay is now regarded as a closed incident the affair has given new impetus to plans for an extensive rearma ment program which will be launched during 1938 with the twofold object of strengthening american diplomacy in the far east and holding the relative position of the united states among the major pow ers formal announcement of the first step in the new program may be expected early in january when the administration will ask congress to increase next year’s naval construction program beyond the normal allotment for 1938 9 thus exceeding for the first time the limits fixed in the treaty program laid down in the vinson trammel act of 1934 to what extent the army will share in the increased budget is not yet certain although it is understood that proposals for implementing the mechanization and motorization programs have already received of ficial blessing armament spending urged to combat depres sion the whole question of armaments has been under consideration here for some time during november national defense expenditures were dis cussed in relation to the business recession as well as the general international situation with an arma ment budget of two billion dollars double this year’s expenditure frequently mentioned as a pos sible stimulus to heavy industry and re employment of labor no action however was taken on the new naval program until after the sinking of the panay on december 11 the day before the bombing the bureau of the budget approved the normal replace ment program contemplated under the vinson act this normal program which is now before the house appropriations committee calls for two capi tal ships of 35,000 tons each two light cruisers eight destroyers six submarines and four auxiliaries all to be laid down in the fiscal year 1938 9 while details of the new program are carefuly guarded it is expected to include one or more capital ships and substantial increases in aircraft carriers cruisers and submarines as the treaty limits have already been teached in cruisers and aircraft carriers any further increase in these categories will mark a departure from the present program and call for a new author ization from congress naval competition in full swing renewed con struction by other great powers notably great britain and japan is cited in naval circles here as one of the primary factors behind the new expansion program since the expiration of the washington and london naval treaties just one year ago these two powers have laid down a combined total of more than 500,000 tons in new ships and presumably both have exceeded the maximum levels of the old limitation agreements great britain has under con struction no less than 96 vessels including 5 capital ships 5 aircraft carriers and 21 cruisers as compared with 87 ships including 2 capital ships 3 aircraft carriers and 10 cruisers for the united states while it is true that the united states no longer regards britain as a competitor the british fleet will remain a yardstick as long as american policy rests on the formula of a navy second to none thus in naval circles here particular stress is laid on the deficiency in aircraft carriers and cruisers in the former cate gory great britain has a total of 11 ships built and building as compared with 6 for the united states in cruisers the british have increased their ultimate objective to 70 ships of which 58 are actually built or building as compared with 37 built or building for the united states even if the navy department adheres to its ultimate objective of 50 cruisers hinted at last year there remains a gap of some 13 new ships for which authorization must be asked from congress the japanese program is shrouded in complete secrecy as the tokyo government has published no official figures since the expiration of the limi tation agreements naval circles here however attach some importance to reports published recently in the semi official italian press alleging that japan has embarked on an ambitious building program which includes three super battleships of 46,000 tons mounting 12 sixteen inch guns whether or not the reports are authentic several washington cor respondents have been told privately that the data published in italy are confirmed in part by informa tion received from american sources in addition to the japanese program reported at the end of 1936 japan is said to have under construction today a total of 294,000 tons in new ships which would bring her total fleet built and building up to 1,119,000 tons as compared with a total of 1,418,000 tons for the united states these reports may be no more substantial than the usual crop of rumors which pre cede the annual naval appropriation bill but the absence of official information makes it all the more difficult to establish the facts and that much easier to persuade congress to vote the necessary funds at the present moment despite the strong senti ment for the ludlow war referendum there seems to be little doubt that congress will support a sub stantial increase in army and navy appropriations quite apart from the far eastern crisis administra tion leaders have sought to impress on congress the tial threat to american interests inherent in the spread of the fascist movement in latin amer ica while there is no immediate challenge to the monroe doctrine it is clear that american diplomacy would not tolerate any move which might weaken the position of the united states in the western hemisphere wiltiam t stone fascism gains in rumania continued from page 2 failed to obtain the 40 per cent of the popular vote which according to rumanian law would entitle it to 50 per cent of the seats in the chamber of depu ties the balance being distributed proportionately among all parties this system encourages electoral combinations between political groups which hope in coalition to obtain the desired 40 per cent when king carol ii who has given the country a form of enlightened mildly pro german despotism entrusted tatarescu in november with the task of conducting page four a the elections the opposition parties fearing govern ment manipulation of the vote joined forces in ap effort to assure fair elections the liberal national peasant party of dr maniu which opposes carol's camarilla government demands restoration of democracy and supports a pro french orientation ip foreign policy surprised the country by concluding an electoral deal with the anti semitic iron guard of zelea codreanu which advocates fascist dictator ship and close collaboration with germany and italy the iron guard which hitherto had had no par liamentary representation appears to have been the chief beneficiary of this unholy alliance winning 66 out of 387 seats in the chamber as compared with only 86 for the national peasants and 154 for the national liberals premier tatarescu balked in a last minute attempt to juggle election returns con sequently found it impossible to form a government it was reported that king carol might entrust oc tavian goga leader of the ultra nationalistic and anti semitic national christian party with the forma tion of a coalition cabinet which would serve asa screen for the king’s personal dictatorship vera micheles dean the f.p.a bookshelf how to use pictorial statistics by rudolph modley new york harper bros 1937 3.00 by the director of pictorial statistjes inc an indis pensable aid to anyone who wishes to use the new picture methods of conveying figures and facts reciprocal trade a current bibliography united states tariff commission third edition washington u.s tariff commission 1937 the value of this exhaustive and useful compilation which includes items published during the early months of 1937 is enhanced by an excellent index poison in the air by heinz liepmann translated from the german by eden and cedar paul philadelphia j p lippincott 1937 2.50 vivid description of what to expect when the chemical and bacteriological war begins alarmist in content and anti german in presentation germany since 1918 by frederick l schuman new york henry holt and company 1937 1.00 professor schuman gives a brief and graphic account of the demise of the weimar republic conceived in defeat and born in national bitterness and humiliation as in his earlier and more detailed work the nazi dictatorship the author’s description of the third reich is colored strongly by his political convictions a program of financial research new york national bureau of economic research 1937 volume i 1.00 volume ii 1.50 the first volume outlines an ambitious program for re search in credit and finance and the second performs a useful service for students by surveying all the work now being done in this field by individuals and organizations socialism versus capitalism by a c pigou new york macmillan 1937 1.75 without arriving at any definite conclusion a noted british economist sets forth the merits and weaknesses of socialism and capitalism while he indicts capitalist so ciety for its inability to prevent glaring inequalities of wealth to avert harrowing depressions and to make the best possible use of productive resources he also sees appalling difficulties in adequately carrying out socialist planning economic planning and international order by lionel robbins new york macmillan 1937 2.50 professor robbins subjects all efforts at economic plan ning to severe criticism he holds in particular that plan ning of international exchange will lead inevitably to the noliticalization of foreign trade with consequent aggra vation of international tension while all planners will read this book with profit many will legitimately criticize the author for exaggerating the merits of the relatively free economy to which he proposes to return foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 10 dacempzr 31 1937 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lasiimg bugit president vera miche.es dean editor december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year national entered as second class mattef f oo a oo re kr ooo lulumllulr tc oolucucdrtlurlclulh sl cc a wn na w fh oo pes oe +govern es in an national carol's tion of ation ip cluding suard of dictator nd italy no be eon ining 66 ed with for the ed ina ns con rnment rust oc stic and e forma rve asa dean national i 1.00 m for re orforms a work now nizations lew york a noted knesses of italist so lalities of make the also sees t socialist by lionel ymic plan that plan bly to the nt aggra ners will y criticize relatively d national i class moattef periodical room arn foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 vou xvii no 11 january 7 1938 oe rebuilding the u.s merchant marine general library by clarence n weems jr lin twawae 4 me ns lr wika vuroicy of michigan the deplorable condition of american shipping confronts us with the question of government versus private owner an 7 ie ship of the merchant marine this report discusses the nn arbor nich merchant marine act of 1936 the labor problems and the subsidy system as well as the justification and the cost of a first class merchant fleet january 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents a copy rance is experiencing a recrudescence of strikes and radical supporters of the government is widen indicative of the political and economic unrest ing in both countries which continues to trouble that country the collec the only encouraging factor in the french eco tive labor agreements which last summer were ex nomic situation is the immediate financial outlook tended by law for six months are now coming up for owing in part to the collapse of stock prices in wall renewal with the cost of living rapidly catching up street about 10,000,000,000 francs of french cap with the wage increases won during 1936 and early ital was repatriated during the last months of 1937 1937 labor is once more agitating for higher pay with the additional foreign exchange obtained while capital handicapped by high costs and small through a railway loan of 200,000,000 swiss francs turnover is resisting these new demands to the limit and another credit of 50 to 150 million florins se of its resources strikes sometimes employing the cured in amsterdam the french treasury was able familiar sit down technique have affected depart to pay off the 40,000,000 loan which fell due in ment stores transport and a number of industrial london during december without having recourse plants and mines some of them have already been to the gold holdings of the bank of france the settled through official intervention the popular government bond market improved sufficiently in front government although resting on the support the second half of 1937 so that the treasury needed of the workers dealt firmly with a strike of public to utilize only 5 billion of the 15 billion francs in utility employees which broke out in the paris dis new advances which it was authorized in june to trict on december 29 partly by the promise of pay draw on the central bank while the ordinary budget concessions and partly by the threat of mobilizing for 1938 recently approved by parliament shows a strikers into the army the cabinet ended the strike slight surplus and the present condition of the after only one day treasury is not alarming it is expected that large in many respects the situation in france is not s a ee unlike that in the united states both countries craorcinary durge sad te i ae es ernments colonies and railways whether these ave experienced a period of new deal reforms fol me fa a needs amount to 20 billion as estimated by finance lowed by a pause or breathing spell designed er 1 te ae ee migs minister bonnet or up to 46 billion as claimed by iness oo f ihe e my preside 24 a j ngetnsieaha di the government’s opponents they may well provoke lative g y oes ts gh pees a so cg ne another financial crisis unless substantial business r y s tov y o ust between a an ernment which ham recovery intervenes economic revival and the inevitable result has unfortunately production and domestic trade are een mutual recrimination while the more radical but little above the extremely low levels of the pre proponents of the american new deal are begin ceding year foreign trade has improved gradually ning to accuse capital of going on strike many but the import surplus for the first eleven months of socialists in france are champing at the bit impa 1936 was twice as large as that of the year before tient of the restraints imposed on them by the con and if continuous is likely to be a heavy drain on setvative course of the second popular front min istry undoubtedly the rift between the conservative the balance of international payments the report of the committee of inquiry on production appointed last august was finally issued on december 16 this report largely the product of compromise be tween the conflicting views of labor and capital made a few clear cut recommendations most im portant were its proposals which were promptly carried out to modify the operation of the 40 hour week law so as to meet the needs of industries sea sonal in character or suffering from lack of qualified workmen rationalization of production and mar keting as well as improved credit facilities were also recommended on the whole however the re port failed to dispel the general atmosphere of malaise which is retarding a business upturn if the chautemps cabinet has managed to remain in power under these unfavorable circumstances this may be largely attributed to lack of any practicable alternative the extreme left is disunited negotia tions between communists and socialists for a single proletarian party having been broken off due to mutual distrust the right is still torn by dissension to which the libel trials centering about colonel de la rocque and his discredited french social party have contributed not a little thus premier chau temps may continue almost indefinitely to steer his rather cautious course in the troubled waters of french politics jouhn c pewilde rumania turns fascist with theatrical suddenness king carol of ru mania who only three weeks earlier had welcomed french foreign minister delbos to bucharest de cided on december 28 to entrust octavian goga leader of the national christian party with the task of forming a cabinet this party had obtained only 9 per cent of the popular vote in the general elec tions of december 21 as compared with 38.5 per cent for the national liberals 20 for the national peasants and 15 for the fascist iron guard the national christians champion anti semitism anti parliamentarism adherence to the rome berlin axis rupture of diplomatic relations with the soviet union and gradual separation from france it is believed that carol fearing the ascendancy of the iron guard which shares the pro fascist and anti semitic principles of the national christian party but is prevented from collaborating with it by personal differences between the leaders chose the lesser of two evils in the hope of retaining power in his own hands the goga cabinet however bids fair to out fascist the fascists one of its first acts was to attack the jews who predominate in trade finance and the professions and whose ranks were swollen by an influx of non rumanian jews after the world war as well as the monopoly exercised by fascism gains in rumania foreign policy bulletin december 31 1937 page two re foreign capital over the country’s industry and na tural resources rumania’s anti semitic and anti foreign sentiment received political expression as early as 1910 when alexander cuza now an elder statesman formed the national democratic party which in 1935 merged with the national agrarians of octavian goga to form the national christian party members of the party’s army known as lance bearers have already been posted in each of ru mania’s 61 administrative districts under the com mand of its most violent anti semitic leaders three prominent democratic newspapers in bucharest have been suppressed and protests against this measure ignored the government's program is reported to include revocation of the citizenship of all jews who emigrated to rumania after the world war curtail ment of the rights of jewish traders and professional men confiscation of jewish landholdings and prac tical exclusion of jews from rumanian journalism which is to be controlled by a propaganda ministry on the german model the extent to which this fascist program can be reconciled with the pro french orientation which has been the cornerstone of rumanian foreign policy since the war remains to be seen former foreign minister titulescu staunch advocate of collaboration with france and the u.s.s.r has offered m maniu lead er of the national peasant party his aid in fighting the cabinet’s fascist tendencies and it is reported that goga’s war minister general antonescu took office only on condition that rumania’s policy of collaboration with western powers would remain unaltered yet rumania like poland and yugo slavia seems bent on following a course inde pendent of france even at the price of being drawn into the orbit of germany and italy this course threatens french influence in eastern ev rope and may result in the isolation of czecho slovakia last outpost of democracy in th a bloc of fascist or semi fascist dictators now stretches from the baltic to the mediterranean all imbued with hatred of communism and jews twin scapegoats for economic and social evils which the dictators have made little effort to correct the dan ger is that these dictatorships may to their own ulti mate peril become instruments in germany's plans for eastward expansion wera_ micheles dean theory and practice in international relations by salva dor de madariaga philadelphia university of penn sylvania press 1937 1.50 despite the anarchy inherent in the existence of some 60 odd national sovereignties the author is convinced that ultimately the organic view of the world as one com munity will prevail in his opinion the primary task will be to recruit a powerful élite of world citizens who would create the sense of international solidarity needed to guide and inspire statesmen y jan voting proble legisla govert his bri for at of ac a fnict o somew cago s away spirit this si said follov cratic seem tional cratic words those or ha hristian s lance of ru 1 com three ost have measure yrted to ws who curtail essional ad prac rnalism ministry can be hich has icy since minister on with iu lead fighting reported cu took olicy of remain 1 yugo se inde f being ily this rern eu lzcch0 how 1ean all ws twin vhich the the dan own ulti y's plans dean by salva of penn e of some rinced that one com washin gton news letter e washington bureau national press building jan 4 the president’s message while de yoting most of his annual message to the domestic roblems of a balanced agriculture wages and hours legislation labor conditions and the relation between government and business president roosevelt in his brief reference to world affairs paved the way for a renewed drive to secure congressional support for a positive foreign policy backed by a program of adequate national defense avoiding any reference to the far eastern con flict or to specific nations the president returned somewhat more cautiously to the theme of his chi cago speech in condemning the trend in the world away from the observance both of the letter and the spirit of treaties placing primary responsibility for this situation at the door of the dictatorships he said disregard for treaty obligations seems to have followed the surface trend away from the demo cratic representative form of government it would seem therefore that world peace through interna tional agreements is most safe in the hands of demo ctatic representative governments or in other words peace is most gravely jeopardized in and by those nations where democracy has been discarded ot has never developed after referring to past efforts to achieve disarm ament the president declared but in a world of high tension and disorder in a world where stable civilization is actually threatened it becomes the re nation which strives for peace at ith and among others to be strong enough to assure the observance of those funda mentals of peaceful solution of conflicts which are the only ultimate basis for orderly existence i ponsidility of eaci nome a d peace w resolute in our determination to respect the tights of others and to command respect for the tights of ourselves we must keep ourselves ade quately strong in self defense the first test of how far the president can hope to carry congress with him will come on january 10 when the ludlow war referendum comes before the house while the referendum proposal does not bear directly on current issues of foreign policy a considerable number of congressmen are supporting the measure as a symbol of protest against what they tegard as the dangerous and provocative course on which the president has embarked supporters of the resolution hope to win a majority on the motion to receive consideration even though the amend ment itself which requires a two thirds vote is sub sequently defeated whatever the outcome the de bate will be followed closely by the administration and the state department for possible indications of the trend of public opinion wiluiam t stone retreat from silver policy president roosevelt's new year’s eve proclamation reducing the treas ury’s purchase price of newly mined domestic sil ver from 77.57 to 64.64 an ounce and ex tending purchase for another year is interpreted here as at least a partial retreat from an attempt to raise and stabilize the value of silver the new price which is the same as that established in the presi dent’s original proclamation of december 21 1933 is 13 cents less than the treasury price which has prevailed since april 24 1935 but is still approxti mately 20 cents above the figure at which the treas ury can buy foreign silver in the new york market cents the treasury has never been happy in carrying out the mandate of the congressional silver and in flationary blocs which forced through the thomas amendment to the agricultural adjustment act and the silver purchase act of 1934 but in continuing to pay a premium of 20 cents an ounce to the do mestic silver producers equivalent to a federal sub sidy of approximately 9,000,000 the administra tion again recognizes the political influence of this small but entrenched bloc although the interna tional silver accord of 1933 expired on january 1 1938 the united states has continued for six months its undertaking to buy part of china's silver stocks and extended for a provisional period of one month agreements to purchase part of the output of canada and mexico probably at a price approximating world market levels of the 1,280,677,000 ounces of silver purchased by the treasury from december 1933 to june 30 1937 at a total cost of 758,000,000 1,015 828,000 ounces represented foreign silver though the president's action brings the price of domestically produced silver nearer to parity with the world price observers are asking which of the original reasons advanced for the silver buying pro gram are still valid apart from its obvious purpose of helping to sustain the domestic mining industry page four for few if any of the original claims can be sustained today although the policy was to raise the purchasing power of silver standard countries china was driven off silver after increases in the world price led to depletion of its currency reserves and the disruption of its banking and commerce american trade with the orient which the silver program was to protect was instead seriously impaired mexico the largest silver producing country benefited di rectly from the high prices obtaining for the metal by contributing to the stability of the mexican e 4 change rate it has in part subsidized that couritrys prosperity finally far from stabilizing the price of silver the program has been accompanied by greater fluctuations than at any time in recent history despite the acknowledged failure of these aims you 3 fo there is no indication yet that the administration js prepared at least in the immediate future to go s9 far as to press for repeal of the silver legislation s bourcin resignation of miss esther g ogden it is with deep regret that the board of directors announces the resignation because of ill health of miss esther g ogden as secretary of the foreign policy association joining the staff in 1921 miss ogden devoted fifteen years to the work of the as sociation first as membership secretary then upon the resignation of miss christina merriman in 1928 as secretary of the f.p.a not only because of her length of service but also because of her rare wis dom warmth of friendship and unflagging faith in the continuing possibilities of the organization miss ogden was a pillar of strength for the f.p.a what ever success the foreign policy association has achieved during that period has been enhanced in calculably by the insight the poise and the rare capa cities which miss ogden contributed to every task of the organization the board of directors expects to announce miss ogden’s successor in a few weeks in the meantime it has named miss carolyn martin as acting secre tary mr charles a thomson while remaining aj research associate has been placed in charge of ad ministration to relieve mr buell of some of his duties mr maurice wertheim a banker well known for his cultural interests has been elected a member of the board of directors while rear admiral rich ard e byrd who is taking an active interest in intet national affairs and mr henry toll director of the council of state governments have become mem bers of the national committee the f.p.a bookshelf the memoirs of sir ronald storrs new york putnam’s 1937 5.00 a british proconsul whose official career spans the period in which his nation’s hegemony was cemented in the near east presents between the covers of a single book the highlights of a life of public service spent largely in egypt palestine and cyprus as a personal record by one whom t e lawrence called the great man among us it is notable for its insight into the problems of colonial gov ernment its inimitable pen portraits of storrs talented superiors and associates and its vivid demonstration of the possibility of combining a rich cultural life with pressing administrative duties particularly timely is the trenchant discussion of the palestine problem inside europe by john gunther new york harper’s 1937 3.50 a completely revised edition of a deservedly popular non fiction best seller containing new chapters on the soviet trials and civil war in spain as well as new ma terial on the mediterranean crisis the rome berlin axis and other topics although the mass of detail not all of it significant marshaled by mr gunther sometimes makes it difficult to see the forest for the trees his book remains a valuable behind the scenes analysis of european politics swords into ploughshares an account of the american friends service committee 1917 1937 by mary hoxie jones new york macmillan 1937 3.00 a history of the inspiring service of the quakers written by the daughter of rufus m jones its combination of fact d and fiction although at times uneven and uncritical af fords an interesting survey of the widespread influence of a small but devoted group the enemy within the inside story of german sabotage in america by captain henry landau new york putnam 1937 3.00 a thorough but somewhat hollywoodesque description of wartime sabotage which concludes that the united states needs a more efficient secret service it contains an et haustive examination of the black tom and kingsland ex plosions and the subsequent litigation over damages the dairy industry in canada by h s innis haven yale university press 1937 the railway interrelations of the united states and cam ada by william j wilgus new haven yale univer sity press 1937 3.00 these two exhaustive studies prepared under the diree tion of the carnegie endowment for international peace are indispensable for the specialist in canadian americal relations a diplomatic history of the united states by samud flagg bemis new york henry holt 1936 new 3.75 oi strug its le econ sion years pace 5.00 limit w progr advar since an outstanding survey of american diplomacy com and bining scholarship with vigorous style overly patriotic as in its whitewashing of our relations with mexico arguing cogently that our imperial thrusts into the far east since 1898 have been a grievous mis it is occasionallf his taka toky take bemis urges withdrawal to a stronger continental close position and settlement of outstanding issues with japal army back foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 11 january 7 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated natione headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lgstig buell president vera micheles dean editor entered as second class mattt and december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year army f p a membership five dollars a year coup +an interpretation of current international events by the research staff in ex ae ritry’s subscription two dollars a year ice 0 foreign policy association incorporated reat 8 west 40th street new york n y foreign policy bulletin ger lar 199 7 0 ide 4 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 foot 7 up aims you xvii no 12 january 14 1938 ion is 6 headline books and 0 9 gen 4 world affairs pamphlets eneral library gin a special combination offer 2.00 university of michigan this subscription will begin with europe in crisis by vera micheles dean the january issue of world affairs ann arbor michigan coal pamphlets it will be followed in february with the head y task jine book war in china other subjects which will be covered in this series are the conflict in palestine american ms foreign trade policy latin america labor and soviet russia miss 6 ntime secre japan enforces a war economy ing a onngunreetnasiomatnpe es of ad by t a bisson drive in china and to realize an internal fascist pro of his mr bisson has just returned from china and japan where gram by gradual stages the violent methods of the cnown be spent a year under a fellowship from the rockefeller former army extremists typified by generals araki ember foundation rich inter of the woe large and important sectors of japanese industry and finance lined up behind the army program the major obstacle in the path of a rapid advance toward a fascist régime has been removed since the inauguration of the hirota cabinet the dominant leaders in japan have moved steadily to ward establishment of a wartime economy large tax increases bigger deficit loans elimination of parliamentary influence in government suppression sell of labor unions and left wing groups and the silenc york ing of all opposition dissensions reported at this time among japan’s ruling groups concern the tempo at which the invasion of china should be prosecuted rather than the general issue of whether the war should be continued cal af ence of tion of states an ex and ex s new the relative speed of the continental advance has been the cssentia issue of the bitter politicc struggle waged in japan since september 1931 when its leaders decided to seek a solution of the country’s economic problems by a program of military expan sion instead of internal reform during the early years of this period the army extremists forced the pace of territorial expansion but within economic limits set mainly by finance minister takahashi and the moderate business groups which supported his conservative fiscal policies the assassination of takahashi in the course of the military uprising at tokyo on february 26 1936 brought this epoch to a lose as a result of the abortive coup d’état the army extremists were temporarily relegated to the background new leaders notably generals terauchi and sugiyama took over the reins of control in the army eschewing the methods of assassination and coup d’état they nevertheless sought to continue the d com jniver direc peace nerical samud 5.00 7 com sionally lations thrusts 1s mis inenta japan nationd ss matte and mazaki had frightened japan’s business and financial leaders who had quietly prevented the attainment of the extremists objectives in relation to domestic affairs both political and economic by early 1936 an almost unnoticed change in japan’s economy resulting mainly from the imcreas ing budgetary expenditures for military and naval armaments had laid the groundwork for a rapid advance toward an authoritarian régime japan’s business and financial world had been dominated traditionally by the light industries in the osaka area featured by textiles these merchants and in dustrialists joined with the financial leaders of the great banking houses were dependent on an un interrupted flow of international trade to facilitate expansion of their export markets unless the risks and attendant losses were negligible they hesitated to embark on outright conquest of new markets by military force their program of peaceful interna tional cooperation reached fullest expression during the decade of the twenties when leaders such as wakatsuki shidehara hamaguchi and inouye dominated a series of minseito governments after september 1931 they had at best fought a rear guard action through takahashi and other moderate states men by 1936 the balance of power in japan’s busi ness circles was swinging toward the heavy indus tries new industrial giants such as the nissan in terests dominated by gisuke aikawa which special izes mainly in mining and machinery were coming to the fore in the older firms such as mitsui and mitsubishi the heavy industries have been similarly favored and their influence in the parent financial centers has correspondingly increased in general the proportionate share of japan’s production taken by the munitions industries mining metallurgy chemicals and ship building had steadily increased up to 1936 and this evolution carried forward at a much faster rate in 1936 and 1937 these industrial magnates were naturally disposed to favor the army’s program of war and territorial expansion with the advent of the somewhat less extreme military leaders in the hirota cabinet of march 1936 the heavy industrialists were disposed to strike hands with the army on a much more thor oughgoing program of war preparation the baba budget framed by the hirota cabinet increased military appropriations by nearly half a billion yen in the succeeding government toyotaro yuki the finance minister assisted by mr seihin ikeda as governor of the bank of japan worked out the de tailed application of the baba budget in the form of a vast expansion of productive capacity in the field of heavy industry the willingness of these men who were closely linked with mitsui and other leading banking houses to foster a semi wartime economy was significant of the direction of japan’s evolution in 1937 along with direct expenditures on the war in china there was the largest capital investment in munitions and allied war industries of any recent year in japanese history until the beginning of the war in china there had been a fairly important liberal opposition composed of the conservative business groups the parties and the general public this opposition managed to delay the application of certain aspects of the new army program both under premiers hirota and hayashi in the latter cabinet for a brief interval foreign minister sato even sought to revive the principles of a more liberal foreign policy the trend of develop ment within japan’s economy however had under cut the possibility of any prolonged essay in this direction premier hayashi’s blunt attack on parlia mentarism and particularly the effort to suppress party participation in the government led to general opposition and a political impasse following the election of april 30 1937 his tactics were recog nized as a blunder and the resulting difficulties were cleverly overcome by the organization of a national union cabinet dominated by reactionaries under premier konoye in june when the war with china was started in july the remaining political opposi tion to the army program was speedily run to cover although observers in japan noted a marked lack of popular enthusiasm during the initial phases of the war in july this attitude rapidly changed when the avalanche of press radio and other forms of propaganda began to deluge the japanese public the man in the street soon learned to accept the of ficial claims that japan was establishing peace in east asia saving china from bolshevism free page twe ing the chinese people from misrule and chastis ing the wicked nanking government such oppogi tion as continued to exist was isolated and forced to remain silent at the top the reactionary wing of japan’s ruling circles became more and more promj nent the organization in october of a cabinet advisory council including such extremists as general araki and admiral suetsugu was followed on november 20 by the establishment of an im perial headquarters which emphasized the dominant role of the military naval leaders in the conduc of the china war re emergence of the extremist army navy leaders in positions of high authority was a notable feature of the closing months of 1937 admiral suetsugu in the middle of december was advanced from the advisory council to the post of home minister and immediately instituted a round up of labor union and left wing leaders he is prominently mentioned as a candidate for the premiership while general araki is believed wo be again in line for cabinet office this political evolution goes hand in hand with the extraordinary growth of the war industries in japan and the rapid progress toward a controlled economy the conquest of china if and when com pleted will find japan in the grip of a powerfully entrenched minority whose energies and aims are mainly bent on war if success in china is complete the accruing strength to japan will not improbably be diverted to larger fields say the british territories in the far east or an attack on the u.s.s.r this disaster can be averted if at all only by converting the war in china into an effective set back to japan's dominant reactionary clique by sending war sup plies to china organizing a widespread consumers boycott of japanese goods and if necessary as a last resort establishing an official embargo on trade with japan the western democracies have thei power to defeat the ultimate objectives ot militarists the risks of such action are much than the risks entailed by a japanese victory in chin unless such measures are adopted in sufficientl drastic form to halt japanese aggression the united states is likely to find a policy of neutrality and iso lation as ineffective as it was in 1914 1917 king farouk drops his pilot the troubled history of constitutional government in egypt reached another dramatic climax on decem ber 30 1937 when 18 year old king farouk sum marily dismissed the cabinet of mustapha nahas pasha leader of the wafd nationalist party which has long maintained a large parliamentaty majority king farouk then authorized the forma tion of a cabinet under mohamed mahmoud pasha former premier and veteran leader of the continued on page 4 astis pos ed to ig of romi ibinet ts as owed 1 im inant nduct remist y was 1937 r was ost of ound he is r the to de 1 with ies in rolled 1 com erfully ns are nplete obably ritories this verting japan's it sup umers a last le with 1 their japan s cd less china iciently united nd iso rnment decem k sum nahas party nentaty forma ahmoud of the washington news letter ae washington bureau national press building january 10 no section of president roosevelt’s annual budget message excited more comment in congressional cloakrooms last week than his warn ing that future events which today cannot definitely be foretold may compel the administration to pre sent a new and extensive rearmament program while mr roosevelt sought to avoid the word rearma ment he left no doubt of his meaning when he said i refer specifically to the possibility that due to world conditions over which this nation has no control may find it necessary to request additional appropriations for national defense yet despite this warning few congressmen were prepared for the series of new developments which now thrusts the armament program into the forefront of debate on american foreign policy these developments include 1 a decision to send a presidential message to congress recommending adoption of a bill au thorizing additional naval construction and a 20 per cent increase in naval appropriations for 1939 2 approval by the maritime commission of the largest peacetime shipbuilding program in the history of the american merchant marine through long term subsidy agreements calling for immediate construction of 20 ocean going ves sels and completion of plans for 23 more in addition to arrangements previously made for construction of 12 large freighters and 12 high speed tankers convertible to navy use the whole program totaling approximately 185 million 3 revival of plans tentatively shelved last novem ber for additional armament spending to meet the business recession 4 intensification of the administration campaign to educate public opinion on the urgent necessity for powerful armaments to support a positive american foreign policy based on defense of na tional interests and cooperative action to uphold respect for international obligations new evidence of the campaign is found in the speech of secretary of war harry woodring at kansas city on january 7 prepared with the careful assistance of the state department and emphasizing the need for a united front of democratic nations as a bulwark of world peace the additional appropriations for national de fense when they come will pyramid the largest defense budget since the world war and will con tinue rather than initiate the process of rearmament as recently as four years ago fiscal year 1934 mili tary and naval expenditures totaled 540 million dollars two years ago 1936 they had risen to 820 million an increase of approximately 50 per cent while last year they had reached 923 million the estimates submitted last week for the fiscal year 1939 place direct army and navy expenditures at 991.3 million but do not include general public works expenditures for military purposes adding these items the normal outlay for the coming year reaches the record total of 1,013,677,400 almost double the defense figure four years ago and virtu ally equal to the total amount allocated to unem ployment relief for 1939 competent observers here estimate that the minimum program now under con sideration will add from 100 to 200 million dollars to next year’s budget and probably double the pres ent rate of expenditure by 1941 rejection of the ludlow amendment on janu ary 10 by a vote of 209 to 188 will pave the way for early consideration of the first of the armament measures while administration leaders hail the action of the house as endorsement of the presi dent’s foreign policy the closeness of the vote indi cates continued debate on the objectives of american foreign policy william t stone new move in haitian dominican controversy washington officials have been disturbed at the slow pace of negotiations on the dispute between the two republics a meeting of the conciliation commission has been delayed by absence of one of the dominican delegates roberto despradel he was reported held in havana by sickness but a telephone call to his home put through by an enterprising newspaperman indicated that his illness was merely diplomatic suspicion that the dominican government was de liberately delaying an investigation of the recent massacres of haitians led to a demand for action presented by the haitian government to the three man permanent diplomatic committee this body has cited representatives of both countries to meet in washington on january 14 the recent announce ment by the dominican president general trujillo t mamnen cea that he would not run in the coming presidential campaign has been interpreted by some observers as a move to undercut foreign criticism of his dictatorial régime c.a.t king farouk drops his pilot continued from page 2 liberal constitutional party and prorogued parlia ment for one month when dr ahmad maher a member of the wafd and speaker of the chamber of deputies attempted to read the royal order of suspension nahas and the wafdists tried to obtain a vote of no confidence in the new minority govern ment and uproar ensued dr maher and many of his followers were immediately expelled from the wafd which has been severely weakened by the in ternal conflict over the leadership of nahas the bitter conflict between palace and parliament was inherited by king farouk from his father king fuad whose firm rule had alternated between de crees and constitutions from 1917 until his death in 1936 since he mounted the throne last july fol lowing a short regency king farouk has constantly struggled with the wafd for control of policy the nahas majority sought to change the army oath from a pledge of loyalty to king and country to king and constitution and introduced a constitutional amendment requiring a cabinet without a parlia mentary majority to call a general election charging that both measures were designed merely to damage his prestige by implying the possibility of dictator page four es ship the king in retaliation attempted to outlaw the blue shirts a wafd youth organization the blue shirts had been formed in 1935 by university students and young intellectuals who later with drew to attack the nahas régime on grounds of cor ruption and nepotism charging that the wafd had recently rebuilt the blue shirts into a quasi military organization which endangered parliamentary goy ernment the king demanded their abolition the situation has been exacerbated by religious and social controversies for king farouk has given unwonted support to the moslem faith although the crisis thus far has involved only do mestic issues the uncertainty of anglo italian rela tions in the mediterranean gives it international significance to contradict reports of italian influ ence in his new cabinet premier mahmoud declared his adherence to the british alliance when egypt achieved statehood in 1936 gaining an agreement with foreign powers for the gradual disappearance of the historic capitulations and entering the league of nations in 1937 britain pledged assistance in case of war a british military mission is aiding the reorganization of egyptian defenses and addi tional anti aircraft troops numbering about 1000 men were dispatched from england last week asa check to italian propaganda britain is expanding its short wave broadcasts throughout the moslem world meanwhile the safety of the suez canal causes the british to view political instability in egypt with great anxiety james frederick green the f.p.a bookshelf nutrition the relation of nutrition to health agricul ture and economic policy final report of the mixed committee of the league of nations geneva league of nations 1937 2.50 this study which emphasizes human welfare rather than profits should interest every one concerned with social and international problems it concludes that as a result of insufficient purchasing power or as a result of the im perfect distribution of resources between food and other objects of expenditures or through ignorance of food values or carelessness and indifference or as a result of the maintenance of food prices at levels involving hard ships to large sections of the community or other causes millions of people in all parts of the globe are either suf fering from inadequate physical development or from disease due to malnutrition or are living in a state of sub normal health which could be improved if they consumed more or different food that this situation can exist in a world in which agricultural resources are so abundant and the arts of agriculture have been so improved that supply frequently tends to outstrip effective demand re mains an outstanding challenge to constructive statesman ship and international cooperation journalist’s wife by lilian t mowrer new york mor row 1937 3.50 the wife of edgar mowrer chicago daily news cor respondent best known for his work on germany gives an interesting and often moving account of post war europe as she and her husband saw it from rome berlin geneva and paris the best chapters are those dealing with the german theatre before hitler which mrs mowrer reviewed for an english newspaper and those on the rise of fascism in italy the defense of the empire by norman angell new york appleton century 1937 2.00 a noted british publicist castigates the old line conserva tives and the conservative press of his country for their support of a short sighted international policy which has wrecked the league encouraged fascist adventures and thus placed british imperial security itself in jeopardy for its own self interest as well as the peace of the world brit ain is urged to support equitable concessions to the have not states and an ironclad alliance against aggression foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 12 january 14 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond leste buell president vera micheles dean editor december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year national entered as second class mattet wm set oe oe oo a on sate 2 de +__ foreign policy bulletin ae an interpretation of current international events by the research staff class december utlaw subscription two dollars a year 4 es 5 wa the gk n y under che act ersity foreign policy association incorporated of march 3 1879 with 8 west 40th street new york n y f cor d had vou xvii no 13 january 21 1938 ilitary goy britain’s foreign trade policy general library the by james frederick green social this report analyzes the prospective anglo american trade universi ty of michigan onted agreement in the light of british commercial policy since a oe ey ae the of the national ann arbor m cht vernment’s met or combatting the depression it dis zan ly ae cusses the present prosperity of britain and raises many questions regarding the future of its foreign trade ca january 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents a copy infu tal france sp it.on economic issues call t fall of the chautemps government on janu been a draw on aig at eague ary 14 ushered in a new period of political the beginning of the new year for five billion francs stance confusion in france for nearly seven months the while m bonnet marshalled these facts in sup aiding radical socialist premier by his tact and diplomacy port of a more conservative policy the communists add had precariously held together divergent elements of and many socialists had become equally convinced 1009 his parliamentary coalition now that he has suc that unfavorable social and economic conditions cumbed under pressure from both the right and the clearly demonstrated the failure of the breathing ing its left the popular front which has ruled france since spell or pause inaugurated as early as last march world june 1936 seems threatened with disintegration and by m blum they were demanding with growing es the the country once more faces an uncertain future insistence a new forward policy and the institution t with the immediate cause of the cabinet's resignation of foreign exchange control designed to prevent cen was the refusal of the communists who form part capitalists from sabotaging the popular front by of the popular front to vote for a motion of con exporting their funds fidence the socialists unwilling to let the com following m chautemps resignation m bonnet munists escape responsibility for the government's was commissioned to form a new cabinet the so measures then withdrew from the cabinet funda cialists however declined to support him and his k mor mentally however the crisis was precipitated by a obvious attempts to break up the popular front also determined drive of conservative groups to bring made him unpopular with many radical socialists oa about a reorientation of governmental policy dis the socialist leader léon blum next sought in vain al turbed by the new wave of strikes and the absence to form a government including both the commu berlin of business revival these conservatives demanded nists and the centre on january i7 president a that the government repudiate communist support lebrun again entrusted camille chautemps with the che rise 48 4 means of re establishing the necessary confi task the difficulties of forming a stable government dence the french employers association put pres under present conditions are largely inherent in the sure on the cabinet by declining premier chautemps political composition of the chamber of deputies new invitation to confer with the general confederation aside from the popular front the only possible nserva of labor for the purpose of drawing up a code of political combination is one including the radical their mdustrial peace on january 12 finance minister socialists the centre and the right the centre is ich has bonnet whose orthodox financial policies had en so weak numerically that a government of moderate 1 deared him to conservative circles insisted that political elements is well nigh impossible the radi d brit chautemps break with the communists and recon cal socialists face the bitter alternative of being e have stitute his cabinet to include representatives from __ prisoners of either the right or the left new elec ression the centre groups in the chamber he apparently tions may prove the only way out of this dilemma pointed out that capital was once more leaving the one reassuring factor is that public opinion bey france owing to the industrial unrest for which he weary of repeated political struggles has remained held the communists responsible and that the calm in the midst of the crisis treasury unable to borrow on the open market had john c dewilde peace talks fail in the far east the announcement in tokyo on january 16 that japan would cease to deal with the nanking régime culminated several weeks of political and diplomatic discussions during which japan strove to secure chiang kai shek’s agreement to its peace terms or if that effort failed to formulate imperial policy for the future confronted with the distasteful prospect of years of conflict in the interior of china involv ing a drain on japan’s economic resources as well as its military strength the japanese had utilized ger many’s envoys at nanking and tokyo as intermedi aries in opening peace negotiations their failure was followed on january 11 by the convocation for the first time since 1914 of an imperial con ference attended by the country’s highest military and political leaders rejecting the alternative of an atright declaration of war on nanking a course which might multiply complications with neutral powers the tokyo authorities have announced that they look forward to harmonious cooperation with a new chinese régime the way is thus open for the japanese to establish a thinly veiled puppet control over the conquered coastal areas of china and perhaps to limit the ever increasing scope of their military operations such a move might possibly prevent the economic burden in japan from becom ing unbearable on the chinese side chiang kai shek appears to be inexorably determined to exhaust japan by pro longing large scale hostilities with strong enemy forces advancing from both north and south to ward the lunghai railway china’s principal artery of east west communication the chinese com mander flew to the scene of battle on january 14 and revitalized the resistance of his troops fierce engagements are being fought near tsining in southern shanrong in what many observers fear will be a futile and perhaps disastrous attempt to prevent the juncture of the converging japanese forces in page twe ey other areas a recrudescence of chinese guerrilla ac tivity is reported chiang kai shek’s renunciation of the post of premier announced on january 2 ip favor of h h kung formerly finance minister leaves the chinese leader free to devote all his ef forts to direction of the campaign the continuance of vigorous military effort has also been signalized by the enforced retirement of three old line chinese war lords and the increased prominence of strongly anti japanese commanders and chinese communist leaders meanwhile fear has increased that the japanese will soon take definitive steps to place the economic interests of western powers at an impossible disad vantage in shanghai and the occupied areas as a whole japan has already utilized terrorist activities of chinese nationalists in shanghai and incidents in which japanese troops have molested foreigners to press for a controlling voice in the governing organs of the international settlement on janu ary 4 the japanese army demanded that japan’s par ticipation in the personnel and direction of the settlement police force be increased and that jap anese be placed in control of important municipal administrative bodies the first of these demands has in part been met and the british government whese influence has hitherto been dominant in the settlement is reported prepared to compromise with the conquerors acquiescence in japan’s pretensions in shanghai however is not indicative of a complete retreat from the far east more significant as a portent for the future was the announcement from washington on january 13 that american cruisers would attend the ceremonies to be held next month on completion of the new british naval base at singapore this news may be regarded in tokyo as a sign that continuance of hostilities will increase the likelihood of that béte noir of japan’s rulers american cooperation in the orient davin h popper anglo v new secretary for the f.p.a the board of directors takes pleasure in announc ing the election of miss dorothy f leet as secretary of the foreign policy association to succeed miss esther g ogden whose resignation was announced in a recent issue of the bulletin it is expected that miss leet will enter upon her new duties in may following her graduation from barnard college miss leet became a member of the administrative staff at that institution for the past fourteen years she has been executive head of reid hall the paris headquarters of the international federation of uni versity women reid hall serves both as a residence for american university women studying in paris and as an international center for women students from other countries during her stay in france miss leet won a dis tinguished position in the country’s intellectual and social life for her work at reid hall she was named a chevalier of the legion of honor in 1934 the decoration being given for furthering and strength ening intellectual relations between france and the united states and thereby increasing international understanding la ac on of 2 in lister is ef uance alized rinese ongly 1unist anese nomic disad as a ivities idents gners rning janu s par f the t jap ricipal mands iment in the e with nsions nplete as a t from ruisers month ase at kyo as ise the a nglo per paris udents a dis al and named 54 the rength nd the ational washin gton news letter ns washington bureau national press building jan 17 being unfamiliar with the atmosphere of power politics a good many washington cor respondents have found it somewhat difficult to adjust themselves to the new tempo of american foreign policy occasionally they have been caught off guard when the president without warning has made a significant reference to foreign affairs or when the state department has inserted an impor tant passage in an apparently routine press release recently however there have been indications that the press is responding to the educational campaign which the administration launched with the presi dent's chicago speech and continued through the panay incident and the skirmish over the ludlow amendment the results are shown in the handling of three pertinent news items last week 1 on january 12 the president announced that economic ties with the philippines may be extended to 1960 this statement made in an off hand answer to a question put to mr roosevelt at his press con ference was quickly and correctly reported as a veiled warning to japan that the united states does not intend to pull up stakes in the pacific or to abandon the philippines even if the islands ad here to the present plan for complete independence in 1946 in this case the president was speaking de liberately for publication but apparently without the knowledge of his advisers on philippine affairs the latter were surprised and a little nettled as the plan is still tentative and many points remain to be rked out with the philippine delegation which is due in washington next month the effect however vas precisely what mr roosevelt wanted 2 on the following day the navy department revealed that three american light cruisers will at tend the ceremonies at the opening of the new british naval base at singapore on february 14 the de partmental press release did not amplify the an nouncement but washington correspondents were able to write with assurance that diplomatic circles attach more than ceremonial importance to the visit some felt free to speculate on the possibility that the visit would result in close anglo american naval cooperation in the far east and their stories were not frowned upon by the state department the established facts though less sensational were equally pertinent four american cruisers are al teady on their way to australia and three of these will proceed to singapore great britain is sending 25 warships and a number of air force squadrons to singapore to take part in the combined fleet and air manoeuvres how many will remain in the far east has not yet been revealed 3 on january 11 vice president garner made public the text of a letter addressed to him by sec retary hull in response to a senate resolution re questing information on the number of american nationals troops and investments in china the letter furnished the desired information which was not particularly new but ended with an assertion that the transcendent interest of the united states in china as also in europe and on this continent is not the amount of investment but rather the preservation and encouragement of orderly processes and once again the press responded by observing quite correctly that mr hull had made the most important declaration on american foreign policy since the president's chicago speech william t stone washington refuses to mix oil and silver speculation on what is happening in mexican american relations has again en active here and the air has been alive with conflicting rumors the oil wage controversy which american and british companies have waged with the cardenas adminis tration awakened apprehension in certain quarters it was asserted that a rift was developing een washington and mexico and the state department was pictured as backing the petroleym interests in a desire for a showdown regarding both this dispute and cardenas whole program for the mexicaniza tion of industry then came word that washington had agreed with the mexican government to con tinue silver purchases and to maintain a stable rate of exchange between the dollar and the peso at once some observers abandoned their belief in an impending split and interpreted these moves as acquiescence in the socialization policy of president cardenas following the silver agreement mexican authorities displayed a somewhat more conciliatory attitude on the oil question among the more sus picious it was then promptly assumed that silver and oil were linked in some devious fashion and that as a quid pro quo for washington's liberality on silver mexico would be more reasonable on oil the facts as seen here are less colorful than the imaginations of certain journalists informed circles deny any tie up between silver and oil and assert page four that washington is handling these two matters sep arately the state department has apparently kept out of the oil controversy on the ground that the present dispute must first come before the mexican courts rumor has it that in recent conversations here with the mexican finance minister sr eduardo suarez the department did not go beyond the ex pression of hope that an amicable solution might be found on december 18 the federal board of con ciliation and arbitration at mexico city had recom mended that the companies increase by one third the basic pay to their 18,000 employees this was equivalent to a 7,000,000 raise and double the amount previously offered by the petroleum com panies spokesmen for both british and american corporations termed the verdict a glaring denial of justice and intimated that unless it were modified they could not continue operations on december 29 the oil companies sought an injunction from the supreme court and until the court could rule on their petition asked from the labor board a tem porary stay in application of the increases recom mended the board promptly granted this request and it is not believed here that the oil dispute defies solution the silver agreement announced on december 29 apparently promises to continue substantially un changed the month to month purchase policy which has been followed for the last three years in addi tion the new york federal reserve bank is to take 35,000,000 ounces of silver accumulated by the bank of mexico the gold received for this purchase will strengthen the mexican bank’s reserves at a time of need charles a thomson the f.p.a bookshelf the folklore of capitalism by thurman w arnold new haven yale university press 1937 3.00 in this unusually provocative book the author brilliantly exposes the theology and mythology that have grown up about our social and economic system and have given it a peculiar sanctity in public opinion while he succeeds in demolishing many of the accepted ways of thinking about our institutions he does not in all cases destroy the justi fication for their existence i knew hitler by kurt g w liidecke new york scrib ner’s 1937 3.75 a disillusioned nazi who was at one time the party’s agent in the united states tells his story written with more restraint than is usual in books of this type it throws revealing light on hitler’s rise to power and on the clash of personalities in the national socialist move ment italy against the world by george martelli london chatto and windus 1937 12s 6d a correspondent of the london morning post gives a balanced and penetrating account of the italo ethiopian conflict always probing for facts and motives behind dip lomatie verbiage particularly valuable is his critical analysis of the confusion of thought prevailing in britain during a crisis which proved a decisive test not only of collective security but of british foreign policy the message and decisions of oxford on church com munity and state published for the universal chris tian council of new york chicago willett clark co 1937 25 cents an historic document drawn up at the world conference of churches defining with courage and depth the attitude of christianity toward the present world crisis ends and means an inquiry into the nature of ideals and into the methods employed for their realization by aldous huxley new york harper 1937 3.50 having left behind him the disillusionment of the lost generation aldous huxley emerges in this book as an eloquent if not always convincing advocate of non vio lence in attempts both to reform the national state and te achieve international peace champions of sanctions ané of an international police force should read his chapter o war for an intelligent rebuttal to their arguments american political and social history by harold under wood faulkner new york f s crofts 1937 5.00 the federal union a history of the united states t 1865 by john d hicks boston houghton mifflin 1937 4.75 two useful textbooks carefully written and interest ingly illustrated by maps pictures and cartoons hick devotes 688 pages to american history down to appomat tox while faulkner reaches the 1936 election in 705 peel the faulkner volume is probably the more valuable ii view of its broader and more thoughtful approach mon readable style and topical bibliographies for each chapter international trade in certain raw materials and f stuffs by countries of origin and consumption lea of nations 1986 new york columbia universit press 1937 1.25 this is the second annual volume of a new statistied series published by the league of nations the league performing a distinct service in making available th specialized information on international trade which wo otherwise be inaccessible labor in canadian american relations by norman ware h a logan and h a innis ed new havet yale university press 1937 3.75 this volume forms an important contribution to th comprehensive series being undertaken by the carnegt endowment for international peace on the relations canada and the united states mr ware discuss the history of labor interaction a valuable summaty of the history of trade unionism in both countries and th present controversy over the c.i1.0 labor costs an labor standards by mr logan is a more techni study containing comparative statistics regarding w and standards of living foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 13 january 21 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated natiook headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lusi bugit president vera micheles dean editer entered as second class matt december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y umder the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year i il +ber 29 m the ule on a tem recom quest defies ber 29 ly un which 1 addi to take e bank se will ime of son non vio 2 and te ons and apter on under 5.00 tates ti in 1987 interest hick ppomat 5 pages lable it ch mon chapter ud f lea nivers ratisti eague ible thi ch wo rman é haver n to th carnegi ations discussé summary and th osts techni 1g natios class matt foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y 99 entered as second fer oom class matter december den iprary 2 1921 at the post a a office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 vou xvii no 14 january 28 1938 europe in crisis by vera micheles dean europe in crisis is an excellent brief but compre hensive and lucid survey of the problems by which humanity is faced today the two concluding paragraphs are wise moderate and to the point hans kohn 25 cents a copy general library tt se 2 vaiversity of michigan ann arbor mich fascist dictators court danubian countries 5 haw rapid strides made by the anti democratic and anti semitic régime of the rumanian premier octavian goga has precipitated a new shift in the diplomatic alignments of the danubian region striking while the iron was hot the goga cabinet promulgated a series of measures intended to bar jews from trade industry and the professions and to expel all jews except those who can prove that they resided in rumania before 1919 leaving the solution of the resulting refugee problem to the league of nations whose right to invoke rumania’s minority treaties on behalf of the jews was mean while denied in this task m goga unexpectedly enlisted the support of zelea codreanu’s iron guard which had previously questioned the fervor of the premier's anti semitism the premier also obtained the full support of king carol ii who on january 18 dissolved the parliament elected a month earlier be fore it had even assembled and announced new elec tions for march under an electoral procedure which in a country largely illiterate cannot fail to play into the hands of the government while all oppo sition parties from the national democrats of ex premier tatarescu to the national peasants of dr maniu have protested against these unconstitu tional moves the opposition is seriously split by ideological differences the rumanian situation had prompt repercussions on the conference of the rome protocol powers austria hungary and italy held in budapest on an j nuary 10 12 italy which once came bearing gifts of trade concessions and support of hungarian re visionism arrived in the guise of an empty handed petitioner during the past year mussolini has ef fected a strategic retreat from central europe con centrating his activities in the mediterranean and has bestowed favors once granted to austria and hungary on his new friends rumania and yugo slavia whose foodstuffs raw materials and strategic position on the mediterranean and black sea seem more valuable to italy count ciano italian foreign minister sought to persuade hungary that it should abandon its grievances regarding rumanian treat ment of the hungarian minority thus facilitating rumania’s entrance into the fascist fold he also hoped to obtain austro hungarian endorsement of three policies favored by italy withdrawal from the league de jure recognition of general franco and participation in the anti communist front formed by germany italy and japan italy’s former pensioners however adopted an un expectedly firm tone in their dealings with count ciano chancellor schuschnigg who has not for gotten the cavalier treatment accorded to him by mussolini at their venice conference in 1937 be lieves that italy no longer a bulwark against ger man penetration in austria is a dangerous stumbling block to hapsburg restoration which he regards as a possible alternative to anschluss while the hun garian premier m daranyi favors a pro italian orientation he fears that mussolini in his eagerness to win goga’s favor may sell hungary’s revisionist aspirations for a mess of rumanian pottage the emergence of goga whose policy is not only anti semitic but anti foreign has not reassured hungary which may look for help to czechoslovakia where premier hodza has shown a statesmanlike desire to improve the lot of the hungarian minority under the circumstances austria and hungary while paying lip service to the desirability of coop eration with germany and italy in the danubian area and agreeing to recognize the franco régime refused to undertake additional commitments in spite of their well known hostility to communism they declined to join the anti communist pact for fear of alienating the democratic régimes of france oo page two britain and czechoslovakia to which they may yet turn for support while continuing to criticize the league they refused to follow italy's example by withdrawing from geneva both feel that italy is using them for its own purposes ready to throw them to the nazi wolves should a crisis in the medi terranean force it to liquidate its interests in central europe in the midst of these readjustments which may fundamentally alter the diplomatic complexion of the danubian region the most difficult position is that of czechoslovakia which finds its two part ners yugoslavia and rumania rapidly drifting to ward germany this has caused premier hodza to 7 his efforts for a commercial union of the danubian countries which appeals to austria and a moderate policy of reconciliation with the hurgerian minority in czechoslovakia which ap peals to hungary m micescu foreign minister in the goga cabinet visited prague and belgrade on january 10 13 just when the rome protocol pow ers were meeting in budapest in an effort to assure rumania’s allies that for the time being at least no change was contemplated in foreign policy his re assurances were apparently less convincing to premier hodza than to premier stoyadinovitch of yugoslavia who on january 17 paid a week's visit to germany where he conferred with hitler regard ing measures of cooperation calculated to serve the peace of europe and inspected german airports and arms factories that berlin far more than rome is the centre of diplomatic moves for expan sion of the rome berlin axis is indicated by the fact that polish foreign minister beck who has no love lost for the league or czechoslovakia also visited hitler and postponed his departure from berlin to confer with stoyadinovitch at no time has there been any secret about germany's desire which antedates hitler to blaze a trail to the east by way of the balkans wwhat is not yet clear is whether italy by its efforts to bring austria hungary yugoslavia and rumania under the same diplomatic roof thus iso lating czechoslovakia is working with germany or against it europe’s two caesars may yet come to blows over division of the rich spoils of the balkan countries whose favors both are assiduously courting vera micheles dean britain and eire seek an agreement the irish problem which successive british governments since the days of queen elizabeth have attempted to solve has once more engaged the at tention of statesmen in london following the inau guration on december 29 of a new constitution for the irish free state which is now to be known as eire premier eamon de valera and several of his cabinet colleagues held a three day confer ence last week with leaders of the british goy ernment although no final agreement was reached on the major issues partition land annuities trade and defense the general discussion was sufficiently successful to permit more detailed negotiations t take place within the next five or six weeks irish independence was the object of both the cop stitution and de valera’s subsequent journey ty london omitting reference to king and empire the new constitution establishes a virtually autono mous republic headed by a president elected fo seven years and a prime minister or taoiseach the house of representatives is elected by proportional representation while the senate is partly nominated by the prime minister and partly elected from occu pational groups other notable features include the prohibition of divorce use of the referendum com pulsory for amendments and permissive for legisla tion and judicial veto powers for the supreme court the question of partition shrouded in century old religious hatreds was temporarily shelved by the conference although de valera made the rein tegration of the national territory an effective bar gaining point the six counties of northern ireland predominantly protestant were retained as part of the united kingdom in 1921 when the twenty six catholic counties achieved dominion status as the irish free state through frequent resort to emer gency decrees the ulster prime minister viscount craigavon has maintained a semi dictatorship in northern ireland for seventeen years the oldest administration in post war europe the dublin gov ernment charges that the rights of the catholic minority constituting one third of the ulster popula tion have been curtailed through gerrymandering economic and political discrimination and violent repression to de valera’s demands for annexation craigavon and the protestants reply that 2 based on oppression would lead to constan tion by dissolving parliament on janua and announcing a general election on february 9 viscount craigavon hopes to consolidate the serps population against the annexation proposals and to divert the resentments against his government which have accumulated since the last election in 1933 although the british government insists that national ull union depends on free acceptance by ulster it will probably seek to ameliorate the position of the catholic minority there in order to appease de valera and forestall a possible appeal to the league of nations the present spirit of compromise affords an ex cellent opportunity for settlement of outstanding economic and military issues both ireland and england have suffered from the trade war which began in 1932 when de valera introduced high continued on page 4 ps oo fn po oo bar eland art of ty six is the emer count ip in oldest 1 gov tholic opula ering iolent cation union volu uty 9 ulster and to which 1933 ational ter it of the valera rue of an ex anding d and which 1 high washington news letter a washington bureau national press building jan 25 germany anxious for trade treaty with u.s it is no secret here that the german govern ment anticipates with considerable anxiety the con clusion of trade agreements by the united states with czechoslovakia and britain with the single exception of australia germany is the only country which owing to its discrimination against american commerce has been deprived by the state depart ment of the benefits of tariff concessions accorded under the trade reciprocity program while the duty reductions granted to other countries have up to the present affected adversely only about 10,000,000 of germany's exports to the united states the two pending agreements with major industrial powers will undoubtedly cut more heavily into the volume of german american trade germany is the second or third largest source of supply for many of the import items on which britain and czechoslovakia are expected to obtain concessions during the last two years the german government has made several informal overtures looking toward the conclusion of at least a provisional most favored nation agreement but officials of the embassy have been discouraged by the negative attitude of the state department according to the prevailing opinion in the department no compromise is pos sible between the divergent commercial policies pur sued by the united states and germany the com prehensive system whereby the reich controls the lume and direction of its foreign trade is held to be inspired primarily by the desire to become as self sufficient as possible and to canalize the exchange of goods along bilateral channels the hull program on the other hand seeks to free trade from govern mental restrictions and all artificial shackles on the direction of its flow american officials are skeptical about germany's willingness to follow in practice the principle of equality of treatment embodied in the most favored nation clause while the germans claim that their limited supply of foreign exchange and gold makes immediate abandonment of the existing restrictions on foreign commerce impossible they profess a desire to work gradually toward the ideal of freer trade in its de sire to secure equal treatment in the american mar ket the german government is willing to enter into an agreement similar to the provisional arrangement concluded on december 16 1937 between the united states and italy in this accord detailed provisions were included to make the most favored nation clause applicable to new types of foreign trade regu lations such as quotas foreign exchange allotments import monopolies and the like germany is prob ably also prepared to follow the current practice of the soviet union in undertaking to purchase every year a fixed minimum quantity of american goods even if the economic difficulties could be over come formidable political obstacles would still stand in the way of a german american agreement state department circles fear that the powerful opposi tion which would probably be aroused throughout the country by the negotiation of an agreement bene ficial to nazi germany might jeopardize the whole trade agreement program this antipathy to any commercial dealings with the nazi régime is un doubtedly shared by certain officials these are convinced that under present circumstances any trade arrangement would simply strengthen ger many’s foreign exchange position and enable it to increase its economic and military armament in preparation for aggressive warfare this considera tion did not prevent the negotiation of a temporary accord with italy a political factor however has been introduced into the negotiation of a permanent italo american commercial agreement by our in sistence that it take the form of a treaty as dis tinguished from an executive agreement which need not be submitted to the senate the conclusion of such a treaty has been delayed by the refusal of the american government to accept the italian conten tion that an accord of this type would have to be signed in the name of victor emmanuel as both king of italy and emperor of ethiopia other american officials however consider it dangerous to link our trade program in any way with political considerations neither france nor britain for example allow their political differences to stand in the way of maintaining ordinary com mercial relations with germany it is considered doubtful that the conclusion of a trade arrangement would really affect the reich’s determination to go to war or to preserve peace moreover to make com mercial agreements dependent on the acceptance of political conditions may be regarded as incompatible with the fundamental objective of the hull pro gram which is to ease international tension through economic appeasement protagonists of this view also hold that a german american agreement would be mutually beneficial they point out that ameri ome can agriculture has already suffered severely from the drastic reduction of german purchases in the united states which cut our exports from 410 449,000 in 1929 to 100,584,789 in 1936 while trade with germany revived about 20 per cent last year under the new compensation procedure devised at the beginning of 1937 it remains far below the 1929 level joun c dewilde congress weighs foreign issues the central issue of the impending congressional debate on the con struction program which the president is expected to submit is not whether the united states should strengthen its defense but how the administration proposes to use these new armaments last week for almost the first time since the president’s chicago speech congress began to have misgivings as to the direction of the administration’s foreign policy secretary hull’s letter to vice president garner affirming our paramount interest in defending or derly processes in international relationships merely pap pointed questions in congressional circles ut the sending of three american cruisers to singa pore aroused open apprehensions these apprehen sions were heightened during the week by privately circulated reports that the manoeuvres at singapore are intended to lay the basis for possible joint naval action between the united states and britain in the far east whether or not these reports are true the page four es reaction in congress was to strengthen the hand of those forces which supported neutrality legislation and the ludlow amendment and to increase the caution of the administration in pushing its arma ment program william t stone britain and eire seek an agreement continued from page 2 tariffs to promote self sufficiency and cancelled pay ment on land annuities amounting to 5,000,000 the british sought compensation through special duties on irish farm imports with the result that anglo irish trade has been severely curtailed the inability of the irish to accomplish a prosperous autarkie and britain’s desire to protect its western flank in the event of a european war have favored the cause of mutual tariff reduction the british government may accept termination of the land an nuities provided the irish agree to spend the equivalent amount on air and land defenses pur chasing their materials from england if the dublin government can guarantee adequate coastal de fenses chiefly through an air force britain will probably relinquish its naval bases at berehaven cobh and loughswilly the desire for prosperity and security is compelling the reconciliation of two coun tries until recently divided by ancient animosities james frederick green the f.p.a bookshelf red star over china by edgar snow new york ran dom house 1938 3.00 this book is a rare phenomenon a first rate historical source which is also an extraordinary chronicle of heroism and adventure mr snow the first foreigner to visit the chinese soviet areas in the remote northwest and return with a mass of important data is a sincere believer in the efficacy of the political organism he describes his account of the communist réle in the sian affair the formation of the united anti japanese front and the vista of possible social reform under a chinese soviet government will help to revive the flagging spirits of progressive liberals every where two wars and more to come by herbert l matthews new york carrick evans 1938 2.50 italy’s program of expansion according to the well known correspondent of the new york times definitely links the conquest of ethiopia and the struggle in spain in addition to graphic reporting of the african campaign the book presents the most complete and detailed account yet published of the fighting on the loyalist side life in a haitian valley by melville j herskovitz new york knopf 1937 4.00 here is a book which debunks much of the false sen sationalism written about haiti a leading anthropolo gist presents an illuminating picture of the peasant com munity together with a careful analysis of the respective contributions to modern haitian culture from african and european sources a detailed description of voodoo rites is especially valuable report of the committee on the maintenance of american neutrality national economic and social planning as sociation washington d.c plan age november de cember 1937 this thoughtful report by a group of liberals having isolationist tendencies proposes a series of drastic controls over economic and financial life on the outbreak of a gen eral war it believes that exports should be limited to normal peace time quotas by a licensing system and that the government should impound foreign investments a government agency should amass stock piles of vital raw material imports while the government should also impose price controls the report admits that these and other measures involve the establishment of more government authority over the mechanics of private enterprise than ever before attempted in time of peace but not more than would be established in the event of war what the re port fails to discuss is whether a better alternative is not to be found in a policy of cooperating with other like minded powers to avert the outbreak of war foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 14 jaanuary 28 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lgstig buell president vera micheles dean editor entered as second class mattet december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year +1 of tion pay ecial that tous stern ored ritish 1 an the pur ublin will aven y and coun sities en com ective frican 0d00 erican ig as er de having yntrols a gen ted to d that ts a al raw impose other nment e than e than the re is not r like national ss matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y feb 8 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york tno ly er i c dom n y under the act i brary of march 3 1879 unly vic h vol xvii no 15 february 4 1938 trends of international trade by winthrop w case publication of the van zeeland report makes this sur vey of current world trade particularly pertinent mr case associate editor of the annalist declares that the future of international trade is bound up with the trend toward economic nationalism and doubts whether there can be any thoroughgoing retreat from present nation alistic policies 25 cents a copy general library university of michigan ann arbor mich van zeeland plan offers little hope the publication on january 28 of the van zeeland report the world has been given another program for international economic ap peasement this report embodies the results of an inquiry undertaken by the former belgian premier last april on the invitation of the british and french governments its recommendations are neither new nor startling they have been urged before by vari ous committees of the league the carnegie endow ment and the international chamber of commerce as well as numerous other organs and individuals the very paucity of official comment on the van zeeland plan suggests that these proposals however meritorions in theory will once more be relegated to the limbo of forgotten documents what the world needs is not more programs but the will and the means to apply those already devised few will be inclined to dispute m van zeeland’s premise that the removal of obstacles to interna tional trade is essential to peace and prosperity it is significant that the volume of world commerce dur ing the last year almost attained pre depression levels in spite of existing tariffs quotas and foreign exchange restrictions while much of this trade was directed along uneconomic channels and devoted to increasing armaments rather than to raising stand ards of living the degree of recovery achieved testi fies to the remarkable vitality of international ex change in the face of prevailing barriers a further revival based on sounder foundations would dis tribute throughout the world the material benefits arising from a greater division of labor it would facilitate solution of the troublesome raw materials problem by enabling the poorer countries to acquire the purchasing power for those essential primary products which they lack at home from an economic point of view little objection can be made to the suggestions advanced by the belgian statesman he rightly emphasizes bilateral agreements as the best method of reducing tariffs abolishing quotas and eliminating measures of in direct protection his recommendation for a multi lateral tariff truce may be considered impracticable since past experience has shown that such an ar rangement necessarily embodying only the lowest common denominator of general agreement is nearly always without value he advocates retention of the most favored nation clause in commercial treaties so that all countries not guilty of dis criminatory practices may benefit equally from trade concessions granted to one another m van zeeland realizes however that efforts toward freer trade on a regional basis have been obstructed by the in sistence that outside countries share the advantages of such an agreement without giving any compen sation thus britain has been an obstacle to the lib eralization of trade relations in the so called oslo group comprising the scandinavian countries the netherlands and belgium luxemburg while ger many and italy have utilized the most favored nation clause to prevent the consummation of a regional trade pact confined to the danubian states van zeeland would except such regional agreements from the operation of the most favored nation clause provided they really increase the total volume of international trade and are open on equal terms to outside countries to deal with the chaotic monetary conditions which undoubtedly constitute the most formidable obstacle to world trade the van zeeland report recommends revision and extension of the tripartite agreement of september 1936 and the gradual re moval of exchange restrictions it is well to realize the practical implications of these proposals if the countries subscribing to the tripartite accord are to define the exchange rates of their monetary units sss a and keep fluctuations within certain limits a state of social and economic equilibrium must first be reached and maintained in all the participating countries one need only point to france to prove that this condition has not yet been fulfilled to facilitate the abandonment of foreign exchange con trols m van zeeland would effect some readjust ment of foreign debts and grant temporary credits through the agency of the bank for international settlements to countries who would otherwise have to retain such restrictions since these measures would involve a reduction in german foreign debts and extension of credit facilities to the third reich they are certain to encounter serious opposition the crux of the problem is political rather than economic real economic appeasement seems im possible except under conditions of political secur ity the democratic nations which are still the pre dominant commercial and financial powers of the world will not want to extend assistance to ger many italy or japan without effective guarantees that these concessions will not merely strengthen the sinews of war of the dictatorships at the same time the fascist powers are not in such a desperate eco nomic position that they would grasp at offers of aid on any political terms which may be dictated to them germany for instance is operating its closed economy with a success constantly astounding to outside observers and it has made some progress in the direction of greater economic self sufficiency even though at the expense of indefinitely postpon ing any rise in the low living standards of the ger man people nazi leaders realize that acceptance of the van zeeland plan would put germany at the mercy of the western european democratic bloc which is economically more powerful they know it would involve at least a partial return to economic liberalism and the reversal of the eco nomic policies pursued during the last five years a pfocess which might entail relaxation of the politi cal controls of the totalitarian state it is chimerical to believe that the present german government would publish its budget and public debt figures abandon inflationary deficit financing and abolish those foreign exchange regulations which it has used to regiment german business and to drive ad vantageous trade bargains with countries in south eastern europe and south america yet all these steps would be necessary if germany were to sub scribe to the van zeeland plan the decision is now squarely up to the democratic countries britain france and the united states even if they fail to obtain the cooperation of ger many and italy in a scheme of economic appease ment they still have the alternative of concerting effective measures among themselves and like minded countries john c dewilde page two ee league evades decision on sanctions the principal achievement of the hundredth session of the league council which at france's request had been postponed from january 17 to january 26 was a reaffirmation of faith by its mem bers in the potentialities of the league it had been rumored in some quarters that britain and france yielding to the pressure of small powers led by switzerland belgium and the scandinavian coup tries would acquiesce in their demand for emascy lation of the sanctions provisions embodied in ar ticle xvi of the league covenant these rumors had been strengthened by the contents of a report which viscount cranborne british foreign under secretary had submitted to the league’s committee on reform of the covenant in this report viscoun cranborne argued that the league could never be a success until it had achieved universal membership and that universality would prove impossible until the coercive features of the covenant had been re moved the cranborne report regarded as a bid for the return of germany and the entrance of the united states into the league expressed concern over the league's tendency to become an alliance of haves against have nots and its failure to pro vide machinery for peaceful change contrary to these rumors messrs eden and del bos on january 27 vied with m litvinov in re affirming their support of the league the soviet foreign commissar contended that the league far from being an ideological group irrevocably com mitted against the rome berlin axis counted among its members countries of the most varied political persuasions ranging from communism to semi fascism and could still serve as an obstacle to aggression his democratic colleagues argued that even a poor league was better than none and that geneva offered the small powers a forum they har never enjoyed before 1920 while mr eden reiterated britain’s readiness to preserve the league and com tinue to use it for the purposes for which it is fitted by avoiding an open debate regarding the future ot the league the great powers succeeded for the time being at least in checking the flight of the small powers widely prophesied after italy's withdrawal and germany's announcement that it would never return to geneva unless the committee on league reform displays unexpected energy it may be as sumed that article xvi will remain part of the covenant but that individual league members will enjoy wide discretion regarding its application some notably switzerland already exempted from mili tary sanctions in 1920 may even be excused from economic and financial sanctions while this compromise does not affect the league’s activities in the technical economic and continued on page 4 pre an edth nce’s nce from and washington news letter washington bureau national press building fes 1 in the 48 hours which witnessed the president’s message on armaments and the strong state department protests against further acts of depredation by japanese troops in china wash ington observers took note of two other develop ments which shed some light on the current trend of american foreign policy one was the publica tion of the van zeeland report which was issued without official comment by the state department on january 27 the other was the disclosure that british and american naval officials have been en gaged in an extensive exchange of views in london during the past three weeks state department ofh cials were cautious if not actually cool in their private comments on the van zeeland proposals for eco nomic collaboration between the democracies and the dictatorships navy department officials while reluctant to discuss the london conversations con firmed the fact that capt royal e ingersoll chief of the war plans division of the bureau of naval operations had conferred with the british admir alty for the purpose of clarifying if possible the position of the two countries with relation to the now rapidly developing world naval race taken to gether these four developments provide an essential part of the background for the most significant de cisions affecting american policy since the world war the armament program despite mr roosevelt's assertion that the request for immediate expansion if the armed forces was made specifically and solely because of the piling up of additional land and sea nents in other countries in such manner as to involve a threat to world peace and security both friends and foes of the program in congress read into president roosevelt's message a firm deter mination to strengthen american diplomacy evi dence that the expanded navy is designed to serve as an instrument of diplomacy particularly in the far east was found not only in the recommendation for a flat 20 per cent increase in the authorized strength of the fleet but also in the request that two addi tional capital ships in addition to four now build ing or authorized be laid down during the calendar year 1938 some observers indeed see in the new capital ship program a direct answer to japan’s building program which is reported to include three new super battleships of 42,000 tons displacement if the japanese program has actually been approved the american program of six battleships establishes in effect a new ratio of 2 to 1 in place of the old 5 to 3 treaty standard there are other indications that a new ratio may result from the naval program the president’s mes sage was immediately followed by the introduction of a general authorization bill by representative vinson chairman of the house naval affairs com mittee making the recommendations effective while the vinson bill does not go beyond the recommenda tion for a 20 per cent increase in each category it actually authorizes the maintenance of a navy be tween 50 and 60 per cent stronger than the fleet in commission today the explanation is found in the fact that the vinson bill raises the total tonnage of the navy to approximately 1,517,000 tons in modern under age ships whereas the present strength in under age vessels is only 919,000 tons since the expiration of the naval treaties moreover the government is under no obligation to scrap older vessels and plans have already been projected for modernizing capital ships and aircraft carriers which have reached the arbitrary age limit thus instead of being replacements every new ship will repre sent an addition to the united states fleet what is contemplated under the vinson act is a navy consisting of approximately 21 capital ships as compared with the 15 now in commission supported by 8 aircraft carriers and approximately 45 cruisers or 8 more than the total now built and building the destroyer strength will be increased from about 242 to approximately 275 and the submasiaes from 86 to 110 the entire program which will cost in the neighborhood of a billion dollars will not be com pleted before 1943 the relation of this gigantic program to american policy in the far east was raised in both the senate and the house last week and will be raised again in the weeks to come but opposition pressure is un likely to block adoption of the program or to clarify the immediate objectives of the administration’s foreign policy meanwhile as conversations looking toward possible joint naval action with britain con tinue invitations to cooperate with members of the league of nations in collective measures to aid china are rejected and proposals for economic appeasement are ignored william t stone page four league evades decision on sanctions continued from page 2 social fields which have proved most successful it creates further uncertainties regarding the extent to which league powers will be prepared to act in common when confronted with fresh instances of treaty violation or aggression that league powers as in the past will be inclined to let sleeping dogs lie is indicated by the council's handling of two burning issues the treatment of rumanian jews by the goga government and the question of league aid to china while britain and france have brought pressure on rumania to alter its anti semitic policy the council has taken no action on petitions sub mitted by jewish organizations which accuse goga of violating the minorities treaties of 1919 some well informed observers in fact believe that the cause of rumanian jews would be better served by private diplomatic negotiations than by public discussions of their plight at geneva which might merely stiffen the back of the rumanian govern ment in answer to china’s renewed plea for aid the great powers at first discussed the possibility of a council resolution which instead of recommend ing as on october 5 that league members refrain from taking any action which might weaken china would say that the council trusts they will aid china within the limits of feasibility the french and british cabinets however have expressed some qualms regarding this proposal on the ground that it might provoke reprisals on the part of japan and have hesitated to take any action without ad vance knowledge of the course which might be fol lowed by the united states in geneva as in wash ington moral indignation has been subordinated to the colder calculations of self interest the im portance of these calculations is sometimes under estimated by over fervent league advocates who do international organization the disservice of expect ing more from it than it can accomplish at the present stage of world history the f.d.a bookshelf dictators and democracies by calvin b hoover new york macmillan 1937 1.50 the renaissance of democracy by g s gracchus new york pegasus publishing co 1937 2.00 a good word for democracy by s e forman new york appleton century 1937 1.50 three commentaries on the current tribulations of dem ocratic government listed in order of merit professor hoover an experienced economist and observer argues that communism fascism and national socialism are es sentially identical the totalitarian state in the soviet union as well as in italy and germany involves minor ity dictatorship constant resort to the terror and cur tailment of property rights he offers little encourage ment to democratic countries for while declaring that they can survive only through prevention of wars and de pressions he doubts whether representative government can control a capitalist economy the pseudonymous mr gracchus denounces fascism and advocates a democracy of solidarism in verbose and uncritical terms which would fare badly in a semantic analysis by stuart chase and thurman arnold dr forman defends democracy with eloquent sentimentality but his superficial remarks contribute little that is new the german universities and national socialism by ed ward y hartshorne cambridge mass harvard uni versity press 1937 2.00 here is a comprehensive and balanced survey of what has happened to the german universities the author shows clearly how students and faculty have been co ordinated and how the whole of higher education has been brought into harmony with the national socialist weltanschauung the universities no longer primarily institutions of learning have been prostituted to the socio political purposes of the national socialist state correspondent in spain by edward h knoblaugh new york sheed ward 1937 2.50 an associated press correspondent stationed for four years at madrid writes of the first eight months of the conflict he fixes his attention principally on the weak points in the armor of the loyalist case among other phases the early liquidation of opponents the censor ship of news and the war racketeering which accompanied the drive for socialization first act in china the story of the sian mutiny by james m bertram new york viking 1938 3.00 an alert young correspondent recounts his adventures on the hazardous trip to sian where he arrived just after chiang kai shek had flown back to nanking the book contains a first hand description of the events which fol lowed chiang’s release including the second mutiny which had to be suppressed before the advocates of the united front against japan triumphed the monroe doctrine 1867 1907 by dexter perkins bal timore johns hopkins press 1937 3.50 this well written and scholarly volume is probably even more of a contribution to the history of american foreign policy than its two predecessors the author shows how after the civil war the doctrine gradually became at instrument of intervention and an indispensable political myth in view of new fears of european penetration it latin america the author’s prediction that the monroe doctrine has been on the decline since 1907 may prove premature swords or ploughshares by earl cranston new york abingdon press 1937 2.00 an ethical appraisal of war in american history a vocating collective security for governments and pacifism for individuals foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 15 fesruary 4 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nation headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lestig buell president vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matte december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year f a dic al of es vol tr +foreign policy bulletin 2 snaf entered as second an interpretation of current international events by the research staff class matter december dical subscription two dollars a year pas pr pc bsn al libka n y under the act end fy of michroreign policy association incorporated of march 3 1879 tain 8 west 40th street new york n y ina aid you xvii no 16 fesruary 11 1938 ench ssed trends of international trade ceneral librers yund by winthrop w case pan mr case associate editor of the annalist maintains university of michigan ad that the future of international trade is bound up with fol the trend toward economic nationalism and doubts ann arbor mich ash whether there can be any thoroughgoing retreat from d to present nationalistic policies im february 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents a copy ider f oa rec hitler purge hits army and foreign office esent en the new but bloodless purge carried out on relations between the army and the national so as february 4 chancellor adolf hitler apparently cialist party have long been strained leaders of the strengthened nazi control over the army and the reichswehr have steadfastly resisted nazi penetra conduct of german foreign policy at one stroke he tion of the army intent on keeping the reichswehr accepted the resignations of field marshal von a non political force they have sought to incul new blomberg the war minister and general von cate in army recruits an ideology distinct from that fritsch commander in chief of the army and as of national socialism and more closely resembling four sumed personal and direct command over all the that of pre war imperial germany recruited largely i armed forces at the same time he relieved baron from the ranks of the landed gentry these officers other constantin von neurath of the post of foreign min opposed nazi attempts to democratize the reichs nsor ister and appointed as his successor a confirmed nazi wehr by introducing a spirit of comradeship in anied joachim von ribbentrop until then ambassador to the ranks and tried to thwart rosenberg’s efforts london to establish courses in nazi ideology in the wv this sweeping reorganization of the government army traditionally pillars of the evangelical tures was precipitated by a clash between hitler and army church they did not conceal their opposition to after chieftains over von blomberg’s marriage with the hitler's religious policies not only did they con a youthful daughter of a humble carpenter a group spicuously encourage church attendance in the an of conservative generals led by von fritsch sought reichswehr but they expressed sympathy with pastor anited to utilize this marriage which violated the traditions martin nieméller whose trial on charges of sedition of caste and class so deeply entrenched in the began on february 7 undoubtedly army officers also bal upper ranks of the reichswehr as an opportunity to supported the sharp protest against nazi paganism oust von blomberg regarded as far too amenable issued last november by the chaplains of the armed y evett to hitler's personal influence while the army was forces in this protest the chaplains pointedly warned how song enough to compel the retirement of the war the authorities that the growing breach between na me an minister it could not prevent hitler from effecting tional socialism and christianity threatened to un litieal a complete shake up of the army command and thus dermine the national unity of the german people a re establishing his personal authority not only was army leaders moreover have consistently advo prove von fritsch dismissed but 13 army and air force cated a more conservative course in foreign and eco generals were retired and new commands were given nomic policies while unable to prevent the military york 22 generals and 8 colonels the fuehrer’s new re occupation of the rhineland in march 1936 they functions were deputed largely to general wilhelm have been partially successful in restricting the y ad keitel a man without pronounced political views scope of german intervention in spain the army wcifis who will have actual charge of the war ministry is also known to be critical of the tripartite anti and supervise the unitary preparations for national communist pact which in its opinion has alienated an defense in all fields in the army the chief com britain and definitely estranged the soviet union metey 4nd has been given to general walther von whose army leaders have until recently maintained brauchitsch hitherto commander of the first army cordial relations with reichswehr generals nor does corps the reichswehr attach much value to italy as a politi cal and military ally although the army is un doubtedly grateful to hitler for having reconstituted the reich’s armed strength it has criticized the pace of military and economic rearmament as being much too rapid most of the higher army officers sympa thized with schacht in his conviction that the reich’s economic and financial resources were being strained to such an extent that the country was actually less prepared for war than before the dramatic changes ordered by hitler probably provide no definite settlement of this conflict be tween the reichswehr and the national socialist state with the displacement of von fritsch and von neurath following that of dr schacht the influence of the conservatives has undoubtedly diminished yet nazi influence has not completely triumphed in either the army or the foreign office it is significant that hitler was unable to appoint as war minister such prominent nazi leaders as gen eral goring who received the rank of field marshal as a consolation prize or heinrich himmler chief of the ss and secret police while herr von ribben trop an enthusiastic proponent of the anti comin tern pact was given control of the foreign office his discretion will be fettered by a special cabinet council on foreign policy headed by baron von neurath and including among others goring hess goebbels admiral raeder and generals keitel and von brauchitsch under these circumstances any dramatic change in foreign policy seems unlikely john c dewilde piracy recurs in the mediterranean resumption of piracy in the mediterranean together with intensified bombing of loyalist cities has for the first time since the nyon agreement of last september served to make the spanish conflict a threat to european peace these new develop ments appear to be a direct consequence of franco's failure to drive the government troops from teruel despite a new drive north of the city which by february 7 had reportedly won 400 square miles and made secure the supply road to saragossa the in surgent leader still faced stalemate in the field and seems intent on forcing a loyalist collapse behind the lines through depletion of supplies by block ade and destruction of morale by ruthless air bombardments the sinking by the insurgents of two british mer chant vessels galvanized london into action the freighter endymion was hit presumably by a tor pedo on january 31 the attack which occurred near cartagena cost eleven lives including those of three british subjects five days later bombs from italian planes carrying the insurgent insignia sent to the bottom the alcira bound for barcelona with a cargo of coal the presence on both ships of ob page two i servers for the non intervention committee testified to the fact that their cargoes were free of contraband following loss of the first ship london ordered its anti piracy patrol restored at once to its full strength and on february 2 requested france and italy its partners in the patrol to adopt a policy of sinking at sight any submarine found submerged in the patrol area france promptly accepted and after some de lay italy also promised support for the new anti pitacy program on february 7 britain warned franco that swift retaliation would follow any fur ther submarine or airplane attacks on shipping meanwhile a french initiative on february 1 to pledge both spanish factions against air bombard ment of civilian populations had won british sup port the loyalist authorities welcomed the move in fact minister of defense indalecio prieto had previ ously offered to cease reprisals in the form of bomb ing open towns if general franco would stop his air raids but on february 6 rebel leaders at salamanca declared that bombings of barcelona would continue unless all war industries were removed from the loyalist capital as an alternative they proposed evacuation from the city of the entire civilian popu lation by an international commission on january 15 and 16 insurgent air raids on barcelona were directed chiefly at factories and were declared to have caused small loss of life but in subsequent attacks particularly the bombings of january 19 and 30 the civilian population not only of barcelona but of valencia and other towns suffered severely and hundreds of casualties were reported among women children and old men insurgent bomb ings from their majorca base had been facilitated by the concentration of loyalist air strength at teruel following the bombing of lerida by the insurgents in november when 225 were listed as killed the loyalists initiated a policy of reprisals launching a series of air attacks of which the most recent were the bombing of salamanca seville and valladolid between january 21 and 26 fear of rebel bombing forced the loyalist cortes to hold its semi annual session on february 1 amid much secrecy at the monastery of montserrat neat barcelona prime minister negrin voiced no hint of war weariness in his address to the 170 deputies who included some former right wing representa tives while admitting that the food problem was difficult he condemned the idea of a negotiated peace and forecast that the war might last six months a year or two years parliamentary groups from various european countries were in attendance and the cortes also listened to a message of greet ings and good wishes sent by sixty american sena tors and congressmen which hailed the heroic and determined fight to save the democratic institutions continued on page 4 el fied ind its gth its g at trol de annti med fur 1 to ard sup 2 in revi mb s air anca inue the osed opu uary were d to juent y 19 slona rely nong omb ed by eruel gents the ing a were dolid ortes amid near int of ties senta 1 was tiated r six loups dance greet sena ic and utions w ashington news letter washington bureau national press building fes 7 in search of a policy after listening to expert testimony before the house naval affairs committee for more than a week those congres sional critics who are searching for a foreign policy to explain the 800,000,000 naval expansion pro gram are left as much in the dark as ever under existing circumstances this is hardly surprising even in normal times the hidden springs of national pol icy are not spread out on the public record and it is quite obvious that at this critical juncture high of ficials of the government do not intend to proclaim and probably cannot say precisely what they have in mind on its face the public record is confusing and con tradictory culling the testimony of admiral leahy chief of naval operations the following points are noted 1 the existing navy is adequate to defend the alaska hawaii panama triangle and the pacific coast against any conceivable attack 2 the expansion program is designed to provide defense against attack on our shores and outlying possessions 3 there is nothing in the program that would permit of aggressive action or a policy of polic ing the world or projecting an attack against the territory of any other naval power 4 it would require at least three times the pro posed increase to prepare for aggressive action in the far east 5 the long standing policy of the navy is to maintain a single fleet in one ocean 6 the proposed increase is not sufficient to guard against attack on both shores at once reading between the lines some observers discern a logical pattern in the contradictions of this public testimony it is obvious that the armament program is a product of the political conditions in the world at this moment both in europe and the far east it is equally obvious that the potential enemies are japan germany and italy which admiral leahy linked together in computing the strength of leading naval powers it is also clear from the expert testi mony that the united states cannot be attacked in the western hemisphere by any single power and cannot single handed undertake offensive opera tions in the far east even after completion of the hew program the fleet will not be strong enough to carry operations to japan’s waters or successfully defend the philippines this factual evidence leads to two possible conclusions a that the national policy is predicated on a single handed defense of the western hemisphere against a possible threat from a combination of powers b that under pressure of political developments abroad the ad ministration is about to abandon the traditional pol icy of isolation and to implement an active foreign policy with a navy designed for joint action with other powers the first thesis is stoutly defended by the majority members of the naval affairs committee who point with alarm to the undefended atlantic coast and urge the creation of a two fleet navy to protect both coasts and defend the monroe doctrine the second thesis is officially rejected by admiral leahy’s assertion that the navy has no understanding based on joint action with britain or any other foreign power and yet the burden of circumstantial evi dence points to the second conclusion it is supported by the undeniable fact that naval operations which cannot be contemplated on the basis of individual action can be carried out by joint action it is sup ported by admiral leahy’s significant statement that the traditional defense line in the pacific has now been extended to include samoa which lies 2600 miles southwest of hawaii and the announcement that the annual manoeuvres which begin in march will take the united states battle fleet to samoa for the first time the circumstantial evidence also includes reports that navy department experts have been giving careful study to the possibility of a long range naval blockade of japan undertaken jointly by britain and the united states under such a blockade the american sector would extend from the aleutian islands through hawaii to samoa where it would meet a british line extending from singapore around borneo in the minds of many congressional critics this evidence while not conclusive confirms other indications that the navy is in fact designed to serve as an active instrument of diplomacy in the present far eastern crisis the joint notes to japan while congress con tinued its search for a foreign policy the united states on february 5 joined with britain and france in serving notice on japan that the three naval pow ers will scrap existing limitations on battleship and cruiser building unless by february 20 japan will agree to abide by the qualitative limits of the london naval treaty of 1936 are the notes which were virtually identical were prompted by reports that japan is building capital ships and cruisers well above the limits accepted by the three treaty powers at the london conference of 1936 the three powers agreed not to build new capital ships exceeding 35,000 tons or to construct other vessels between 10,000 and 17,500 tons japan which attended the opening of the london conference withdrew when the other powers re jected its demand for naval equality and subsequently declined to accept a british invitation to subscribe to the qualitative limitations of the treaty japan also declined to accept a limitation on the calibre of guns on capital ships in giving japan a last opportunity to accept the treaty limitations the three governments agreed in effect to join in a new effort to reach a naval agree ment but should japan decline the other naval powers would resume full freedom of action wituiam t stone piracy recurs in the mediterranean continued from page 2 of your young republic from its enemies both within and without spain at the same time general franco moved to solidify the political organization of his own régime on page four january 31 he issued a decree substituting a cabinet has ruled insurgent spain since october 1 1936 he himself retains supreme control as president dictator and commander of the armed forces the remaining posts in the government which is to continue at burgos were distributed among three generals and eight civilians the important political post of minister of the interior was assigned to franco’s brother in law ramén serrando suner while both groups of monarchists the alfonsists and the carlists as well as the fascist phalanx are represented in the cabinet some observers view this move as favoring the monarchists and particularly the alfonsists at the expense of the phalanx fric tion between the conservative monarchists and the fascists whose platform contains some radical planks has been frequently reported in recent months the alfonsists moreover whose leading figure the count of romanones is now franco's representative at london are reported to have british leanings while the sympathies of the phalanx incline toward germany if such an analysis is correct significant political differences may underlie the apparent unity of insurgent spain charles a thomson of twelve ministers for the technical junta which n the f.dp.a bookshelf from u boat to pulpit by martin nieméller new york willett clark company 1937 2.00 this is not a religious book but rather an adventure story in which the author relates his exciting war experi ences and his subsequent training as a pastor in the turbu lent post war years although the narrative ends with niemiller’s ordination dr henry smith leiper has added an excellent appendix decribing dr niemdller’s courageous the strife between church and state in hitler’s eich the caissons roll a military survey of europe by han son w baldwin new york knopf 1938 2.50 the military and naval correspondent of the new york times makes a recent tour of europe’s military establish ments the basis of a detailed nation by nation survey of the war equipment and resources of that continent as a conservative military theoretician he concludes that sea power will remain decisive and that despite airplanes and tanks the war will probably be won or lost only after a long stalemate in the trenches japan defies the world by james a b scherer new york bobbs merrill 1938 2.50 a strident and inaccurate account of the menace of japanese military dictatorship distinguished only by an unsupported and constantly repeated claim that gen eral jiro minami governor general of korea is the con cealed mussolini of japan this statement and others on the nature of japanese polity will amaze far eastern experts but scarcely convince them spanish rehearsal by arnold lunn new york sheed ward 1937 2.50 the spanish conflict is interpreted by an english lit erary man as a crusade to rescue christian spain from the menace of the red terror a determination to fit the facts within a dogmatic thesis and the presence of numerous inaccuracies seriously limit the value of the volume an atlas of current affairs by j f horrabin new york knopf 1938 fourth edition revised 1.50 the addition of new material on spain and the western mediterranean palestine china and india preserves the timeliness of this simple guide to key facts and places in the contemporary world of affairs the plough and the sword labor land and property im fascist italy by carl t schmidt new york columbia university press 1938 2.50 a columbia university instructor who spent several months in italy under a social science research council fellowship contributes a thoughtful well documented analysis of italy’s agricultural situation too often neg lected by students of fascism he finds that the fascist government exacts heavy sacrifices from the peasants to the advantage of big landowners and heavy industries engaged in the production of tractors and fertilizers he severely criticizes fascist labor land and tariff policies but admits that the emotional appeal of fascism and its totalitarian control of thought have not been without ef fect in diverting the gaze of the masses from material to spiritual values foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 16 fepruary 11 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lasiim buell president vera micueltes dean editor december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year national entered as second class matter fc a eka niy vo +ularly fric 1 the dical ecent ding nco’s have the alysis derlie on eed sh lit spain nation esence of the new estern es the ces in arty in umbia everal ouncil nented 1 neg ascist nts to istries s he olicies ind its put ef terial national s matter ka iv ow mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff oom subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y nve 7 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 vou xvii no 17 february 18 1938 america’s role in the far eastern conflict by paul b taylor the middle of the road course adopted by the united states in the far eastern conflict has aroused wide spread controversy this report analyzes the issues of american policy toward war in the far east and the trend toward alignment with britain france and other powers which oppose change of the status quo by force february 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents a copy general library university of michigan ann arbor michigan the nigger in the german woodpile os diplomatic and army shake up like a powerful dissolvent has precipitated a kaleido scopic reshuffling of europe’s political alignments into the melting pot of rumors conjectures and wishful thinking have been thrown not only wild speculations regarding germany's next step in eu rope but britain’s suddenly resumed negotiations with italy regarding withdrawal of italian troops from spain the spectacular fall of the goga and gaga government in rumania and schuschnigg’s surprise visit to hitler's berchtesgaden retreat while the political flavor of the resulting stew remains to be determined one of its principal in gredients is britain's desire to forestall any drastic announcement by hitler when he addresses the reichstag on february 20 it is britain which profit ing by the suspense created by the hitler purge attempted to weaken the rome berlin axis from its italian end by pressing for a settlement if rumor is true it is british pressure in bucharest which hastened the fall of goga again it is britain which seeking to translate the halifax visit into concrete terms is said to have urged an austro german compromise safeguarding austria’s inde pendence for which the reich might be rewarded by some concession on the colonies throughout fastern europe the hope that britain having achieved a measure of rearmament and resumed international lending is now on the point of play ing its role as a great power buoys up statesmen who fear german expansion and having been disillu sioned by france now turn to the british for support while the british cabinet appears to be agreed tegarding the necessity of concessions to germany and italy it is reported to be split on the pace of negotiations with the fascist dictatorships prime minister chamberlain advocating immediate pay ment on account before hitler has had a chance to throw europe into turmoil and foreign minister eden urging caution in making concessions without first obtaining adequate guarantees of good behavior from would be aggressors there is little doubt that italy which has dissipated its military and economic resources on far flung expeditions is ready to taper off its foreign commitments and concentrate its strength in central europe and the balkans where its aspirations clash with those of germany while mussolini officially welcomed further consolidation of hitler’s totalitarian state he can hardly remain indifferent to the possibility that a stronger ger many may use pressure to bring austria within the orbit not of the rome berlin axis but of the third reich or overlook the propaganda regarding harsh treatment of germans in the italian tyrol which appeared in munich immediately after the army purge nor does hitler’s diplomatic shake up offer much hope of additional german help to rebel spain where italy might be left holding the bag while the reich intensifies its drang nach osten mussolini appears ready to withdraw from spain provided some method is found of presenting his withdrawal as a triumph for italian diplomacy britain in turn seems ready to facilitate this process of face saving by promising belligerent rights for franco recognition of ethiopia and possibly a loan for development of italy’s new empire carol jettisons goga meanwhile king carol who apparently used goga as a graphic if unpleasant example of what might be expected under the more extreme régime of the fascist leader codreanu chief aspirant to the post of rumanian fuehrer jettisoned goga when his anti semitic and anti foreign measures threat ened to plunge rumania into economic chaos and alienate the western democracies on february 10 carol set up a government of national union which serves as a screen for his personal dictator ship this cabinet headed by premier miron cristea patriarch of the orthodox church includes members of all parties with the notable exception of codreanu’s fascist iron guard and the liberal na tional peasant party whose leader maniu issued a manifesto on february 11 severely criticizing carol’s high handed disregard of parliamentary methods the key posts in the cabinet interior justice and war are held by so called king’s men with george tatarescu whose liberal party was defeated at the polls in december acting as foreign minis ter on february 12 the king suspended the consti tution appointed a commission to draft a new or ganic law proclaimed martial law and a strict censor ship and announced a program which contemplates economic and social reforms long overdue in ru mania as well as adherence to rumania’s alliances with france and the little entente goga’s fall con stitutes a severe blow co extremism in rumania and is regarded in berlin as a defeat for the rome berlin axis but king carol's dictatorship beneficial as it may prove for a country torn by political turmoil can hardly be regarded as a step toward democracy and the goga measures against jews have been postponed or soft pedaled rather than definitely abandoned nor is it possible as yet to assess the true charac ter of the projected austro german settlement schuschnigg’s visit to berchtesgaden on february 12 at the request of hitler apparently prompted by mussolini can in no sense be described as a trip to canossa the austrian chancellor is a determined strongly religious man not easily shaken by either threats or inducements he went to berchtesgaden not as a petitioner but as a complainant against in creased nazi activity in austria which according to documents seized in a raid on nazi headquarters in vienna on january 26 is directly inspired and financed by the reich schuschnigg it is reported cold hitler that austria's independence could not be the subject of discussion he demanded that hitler publicly disavow the austrian nazis whose activities are at present illegal hitler countered by insisting that the position of austrian nazis be legalized and that a pro nazi dr seyss inquarht whom schuschnigg had planned to include in his cabinet be given the key post of minister of the interior now held by the austrian chancellor to grant this demand would be to throw the door wide open to german domination of austria to refuse according to reported threats of german leaders would be to invite a wave of nazi terrorism which might make it necessary for the reich to restore order in austria this leaves schuschnigg with a choice between the devil and the deep blue sea ger many moreover is said to be seeking control of the alpine montan company austria’s chief producer page two remem of iron ore the reich needs austria’s raw materials but austria has been reluctant to accumulate frozep debts in the reich when it can sell for cash in other markets while germany remained austria's prin cipal customer in 1937 austrian exports to coun tries which do not have clearing agreements brit ain france switzerland and the united states showed a sharp increase austria is undoubtedly ready to reach a compromise with germany but only if hitler unequivocally recognizes its inde pendence by deeds and not merely by words by holding europe in suspense regarding his next step hitler apparently hopes to achieve his objec tives without having to fight for them like musso lini hitler has found that threats are cheaper and often more effective than cannon when hitler as serts that he wants peace he is probably sincere buy the peace he envisages is a peace enforced on weaker countries by threats of worse to come if they do nor yield this is the nigger in the german woodpile of pacific assurances this is what complicates the prob lem of reaching a settlement with hitler's reich few would argue today that the western democta cies can indefinitely perpetuate the european status quo in the face of nations which question its assump tions change there must be but how is it to be achieved the real issue is whether the democracies in negotiating with hitler should lead from fear discarding tricks like austria or czechoslovakia in the time honored game of power politics or lead from realization that concessions must be fitted into a framework of international organization which provides both for peaceful change and for action against aggression by force or threat of force vera micheles dean naval issues hinge on china japan’s note of february 12 while expressing a desire for fair and equitable disarmament refuses to supply the information on its naval building plans requested by great britain france and the united states signatories of the london naval treaty of march 25 1936 even the qualitative limitations on naval armament effective during the past two yeats now seem about to be thrown into the discard diplo matic conversations involving resort to the esca lator clause by the three democratic powers are expected to start immediately an unlimited naval armament race both in tonnage and gun calibre will probably begin before the year is out because of the rumor that japan is building larger capital ships existing limitation to 35,000 tons will no longer be maintained the building of 40,000 ton capital ships or even larger manned by 18 inch guns and costing possibly 75 million dollars in the case of the united states seems about to become 4 reality this development will apparently not be continued on page 4 bebree il es redly but inde next bjec uusso and tt as but eaker do not ile of prob eich 0cra status ump to be acies fear cia in lead 1 into which action an ing a fuses plans aty of ns on years diplo esca s are naval alibre ecause apital ill no 00 ton 8 inch in the ome a ot be w ashington news letter washington bureau national press building fes 15 at the end of the second week of a turbulent running debate on the rdle of the navy in american foreign policy washington correspondents assigned to the state department were handed last saturday a short mimeographed press release which served to underline the points at issue more sharply and more effectively than any of the questions and answers bandied back and forth on capitol hill he press release contained the text of a letter from rep louis ludlow father of the war referendum and a reply from secretary hull mr ludlow voicing the fears and suspicions of many of his con gressional colleagues asked whether the new arma ment program is intended solely for defense of our homeland and our possessions or whether it really contemplates the use of the navy in cooperation with any other nation in any part of the world the question had been asked before in the course of the week not once but a dozen times and had been answered but too many questions and answers had missed the mark senator hiram johnson stirred to action by the implications of secret consulta tions in london had introduced a formal resolution feb 7 demanding that the secretary of state ad vise the senate whether or not any alliance agree ment or understanding exists or is contemplated with great britain relating to war or the possibility of war without waiting for the senate to act on the resolution mr hull had shot back his curt and emphatic no admiral leahy testifying before house naval affairs committee had given categorical assurance that the navy had no foreign mmitments and no understandings regarding assistance to be given or received and chairman vinson striving to allay fears of entanglement had introduced feb 11 an amendment to the naval bill defining the fundamental naval policy in terms of single handed defense of american rights and interests throughout the world ironically as it seemed to some the vinson isolationist policy called for a two fleet navy far larger than any yet pro posed and adequate to guard the continental united states in both oceans at one and the same time to protect the panama canal alaska hawaii and our insular possessions to protect our commerce and citizens abroad to guarantee our national security but not for aggression to insure our na tional integrity and to support our national policies mr hull’s reply to mr ludlow which was timed with the japanese note declining to divulge informa tion on tokyo's naval building program was ap parently designed to serve a double se it sought to reinforce previous denials that the united states had any engagements relating to war while upholding the basic principles of consultation with other powers in defense of common interests and common objectives two passages were read with particular interest we believe however that the people of this count desire that the country be respected that our nationals our interests abroad be given fair treatment and that there should prevail in the world conditions of peace order and security this country always has exerted its influence in support of such objectives we believe that withia the limi tations of its traditional policies it should continue to do so if it is prepared and known to be prepared the likeli hood of its being drawn into trouble will either be absent or greatly diminished after stating that the middle of the road policy announced last august is still being strictly ob served mr hull added that while avoiding any alliances or entangling commit ments it is appropriate and advisable when this and other countries have common interests and common objectives for this government to exchange information with govern ments of such other countries to confer with those govern ments and where practicable to proceed on parallel lines but reserving always the fullest freedom of judgment and right of independence of action while this candid statement quieted the worst fears on capitol hill few washington observers believed that it would be the last word in the cur rent debate for the statement itself coupled with other developments still lefe the door open to two interpretations to those like dr beard representa tive brewster and senator johnson who suspected the word quarantine in the president's chicago speech it fitted into a disturbing pattern fashioned by the secret london mission of captain ingersoll chief of the war plans division the revelation that the traditional defense line in the pacific has been pushed out to samoa and the rumors of plans for a long distance blockade of japan to be enforced by joint action of the two fleets those who dislike the implications of parallel action cannot believe that captain ingersoll was concerned solely with consul tations preparatory to invoking the escalator clause of the london naval treaty on the other hand to those who fear the conse quences of isolation at a time when the peace of the world is threatened these same moves in the diplo matic game fit into another pattern this section of opinion agrees with mr hull that it is a matter of simple common sense for nations which desire peace to cooperate in every practical way they see amer ican and british diplomacy by parallel action tak ing advantage of the balance of forces in the pacific a balance which is stacked against japan in the long run in order to advance toward a new far eastern settlement in which the western powers will have a voice the two navies are inevitably instru ments of this diplomacy so are the soviet force in siberia and the resistance of china in the end diplomacy may use this balance of force to convince japan that a compromise settlement is inevitable and that other powers are concerned with the terms whatever the true pattern the question on every mind in washington is whether the navy is to be used as an instrument of wise or blustering diplomacy william t stone naval issues hinge on china continued from page 2 affected by japan’s implied assertion that it is not building super vessels which exceed treaty limits naval limitation thus ends just sixteen years after signature of the washington conference treaties in february 1922 current issues should be viewed in the light of the historical links between these two periods the arguments presented in the japanese note despite their plausible exterior are somewhat blunted by the events occurring in the far east since september 18 1931 china for example will not be impressed by the claim that japan is prompted by a spirit of non menace and non aggression nor can japan’s actions in china be separated from the issues involved in naval limitation the washington conference treaties included a settlement of political questions in the pacific area without which naval limitation could not have been achieved in the nine power treaty japan pledged itself to respect china’s independence and terri torial and administrative integrity and to uphold the principle of the open door later japan also re stored shantung province to china as a result of this political settlement the western powers became willing to surrender their commanding naval posi tion in the far east they agreed first to maintain the status quo on fortifications and naval bases in a wide radius surrounding japanese possessions and second to enter into a ship scrapping and naval limi tation agreement on the basis of a 5 5 3 ratio these terms guaranteed japan’s naval security in the far east unless its naval needs expanded by virtue of aggressive action by 1931 1932 japan’s margin of page fourr fc security had further increased as the united states lagged behind while japan built up to treaty limits japan chose this moment to overrun manchuria and set up manchoukuo on december 29 1934 when its demand for naval parity was not conceded japan denounced the washington naval limitation agreements in other words it first tore up the nine power treaty and then refused to abide by the 5 5 3 naval limitation ratio today japan seeks to conquer the whole of china commensurate with its new responsibilities nothing less than full naval parity can represent a fair and equitable measure of dis armament which is the gist of the japanese note of february 12 japan wants naval equality in order to defend its recent conquests this the westem powers will not admit naval limitation at least in the pacific is not likely to be re established until a new settlement of china questions is reached be tween japan and the western powers in mr vinson’s omnibus definition of american foreign policy which he proposes to incorporate in the naval appropriations bill our interest in china questions i.e the open door comes under the head ing of national policies the tug of war between congress and the executive seems to have landed the united states in a dilemma the president does not wish to apply the neutrality act this act would prevent china from purchasing the munitions of war which it cannot manufacture while permitting japan to buy the oil scrap iron and cotton with which it can manufacture munitions the president also seems to feel that sentiment in congress and the country is opposed to american cooperation with other powers to restrain japan’s aggression in china on the other hand he apparently believes that gen eral support for naval increases can be secured the result is a naval building program under which the united states prepares single handed to defend both coasts at one and the same time as well as our tra ditional overseas commitments in the far east there is no evidence that the isolationist bloc can en force a complete withdrawal from our far eastern involvements which remain as extensive as ever un der the circumstances it might be safer and less ex pensive for the american people to support the executive in an open and avowed effort to achieve concerted international action against japan ii would be cheaper because concerted action would not demand the huge navy required for single handed defense of the policies laid down by mr vinson it would be safer because it would hold out some possibility of reversing the trend toward anarchy beyond our shores t a bisson foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 17 fasruary 18 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lustig buslt president vera micugres dgan editor nations entered as second class matte december 2 1921 at the post office ac new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year a rio ener niy 1s +foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff d states y limits anchuria 9 1934 onceded imitation he nine the 5 5 3 conquer its new al parity e of dis 1ese note in order western t least in d until a ched be american porate in in china act would litions of ermitting tton with president ss and the tion with in china that gen ured the which the fend both 4s our tfa ast there c can cf ar eastern ever un id less ex pport the to achieve japan it ion would or single m by mr d hold out d toward bisson iced nation ynd class matte riogdical room subscription two dollars a year ineral library iy of ma breign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xvii no 18 february 25 1938 europe in crisis by vera micheles dean a realistic analysis of european democracies and dic tatorships in europe in 1937 the conclusion is sound such remedies as can ultimately be discovered for the ills of the world must be applied collectively if they are to bring permanent relief the commonweal world affairs pamphlets 25 cents a copy ify entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 aan arbor hichigan hitler proclaims his terms resh from his triumph over austria chancellor hitler went before the reichstag on february 20 and delivered a three hour speech breathing defiance and conspicuously lacking in any conciliatory refer ences originally scheduled for january 30 but delayed by the new domestic purge and the need for another victory in foreign policy the leader's address clearly revealed that the restraining influ ence of the reichswehr and foreign office had diminished to the vanishing point yet he chose this opportunity to brand as the slander of international journalism all reports that the recent shake up in the army command and the foreign office were oc casioned by domestic dissension much of the fihrer’s speech was devoted as usual to a review of the accomplishments of national socialism at home he pointed with pride to the re employment of millions of workers and to the booming condition of german industry these achievements he intimated had aroused the jealousy and hatred of other countries unable to deal success fully with their own unemployment problems care ful to nurture the illusion that the rest of the world begrudged germany's right to live hitler left no doubt of his determination to carry through the four year plan as a means of insuring the country’s independent economic existence a particularly aggressive tone characterized his temarks on foreign policy the claim for german colonies he announced will be voiced from year to year with increasing vigor he contemptuously rejected all alternative proposals such as those con tained in the von zeeland plan which would make germany dependent on credit or naive assurances that we shall be permitted to buy what we need naturally he passed over in silence the obvious fact that the return of germany's colonies could never substantially relieve the reich’s raw material shortage significantly the chancellor directed his demand for colonies only to britain and utilized this oppor tunity to launch into a prolonged tirade against the lying british press he scarcely veiled his demand that the press and public opinion in free countries should be coordinated in order to make possible in ternational agreements conferences and meetings he declared were useless as long as governments in general are not in a position to take decisive steps irrespective of public opinion any suggestion that germany should likewise make concessions in the interest of european peace was emphatically rejected by the fuhrer i cannot allow our natural claims he announced to be coupled with political business while pledging that germany would impose upon itself wise mod eration in its interests and demands he made clear that the reich would be the sole judge of the justice of its own claims and would never again subject itself to the restraints and direction of an interna tional institution like the league of nations instead of the league the primary instrument of german diplomacy will be the rome berlin axis as fortified by the anti communist pact to which japan is also a party the fuhrer expressed his earnest wish to see cooperation with italy and japan more and more extended mussolini was praised for his defiance of geneva and japan was hailed as the bulwark against communism in the far east as a further gesture toward tokyo he specifically disclaimed ter ritorial ambitions in the far east or any desire to re acquire the former german colonial possessions now held under mandate by japan turning at last to his dramatic agreement with chancellor schuschnigg of austria the fiihrer in timated it was based upon the principle of self de termination of nations which was denied to germans xxxxx s sa ____ anaevrwltn.o x __ and austrians by the peace settlement of 1919 while declaring that the new accord was necessitated by difficulties which had emerged in carrying out the earlier agreement of july 11 1936 he signifi cantly failed to renew pledges to observe austria’s independence by mentioning with approval condi tions in the nazified free city of danzig he left the impression that ultimately austria might share the fate of danzig even though retaining an osten sible independence the main outlines of the settlement which hitler imposed on schuschnigg apparently under the threat to renew terroristic activity and even to inter vene by force of arms have meanwhile been revealed the nazi victory is substantial enough to enhance hitler's prestige but not sufficiently com plete to be called a capitulation on february 17 an amnesty released all austrian nazis who had committed political crimes during recent years ironically enough socialist offenders were also freed the cabinet was reorganized to include a leading austrian nazi dr seyss inquart as minis ter of interior and two pro germans dr guido schmidt and dr ludwig adamowitch as minis ters for foreign affairs and justice respectively in addition dr edmund glaise horstenau also sym pathetic toward the third reich was made minister without portfolio although the nazis will not be permitted to form a separate party in austria they will be allowed to enter the fatherland front where they will presumably carry on their propaganda un der the leadership of dr seyss inquart moreover the austrian press will probably be coordinated more closely with that of germany and it is alto gether likely that the propaganda for hapsburg restoration against which the reich has vigorously protested will be gradually suppressed yet these concessions may not prove as substantial as they seem none of the new ministers can really be regarded as a violent nazi dr schmidt has for some years conducted austria’s foreign policy under schuschnigg’s guidance glaise horstenau is only mildly sympathetic with national socialism and seyss inquart’s national socialism is said to be tem pered by his catholicism while the nazi minister of interior will have control over the police forces the immediate command of the police and gen darmerie will be exercised by the secretary of state for public security michael skubl who has in the past proceeded with great vigor against nazi ele ments command of the army is retained by general wilhelm zehner a legitimist who can scarcely be accused of national socialist leanings moreover active leadership of the fatherland front has been entrusted to guido zernatto who also has no love lost for the third reich yet despite these checks there can be no doubt that hitler has written another significant victory into the annals of nazi diplomacy he will henceforth press his advantage and unless checked by france and britain will hardly fail to bring about the gradual but relentless political and economic coordination of austria with the reich john c dewilde britain yields to rome berlin axis hitler’s wagnerian summons for incorporation of ten million border state germans within the third reich is apt accompaniment to britain's retreat from eastern europe which has assumed the propor tions of a rout the chamberlain cabinet which as recently as ten days ago had used its influence in the danubian region to encourage resistance to navi pressure has thrown not only austria but mr eden to the dictatorial wolves faced with the possibility of war on three fronts central europe the medi terranean and the far east mr chamberlain ap parently decided that discretion was the better part of valor and that protection of possessions overseas was worth the price of austrian surrender by this decision britain may have gained a respite for its empire but it has lost such prestige as it still had on the european continent that this british gotterdammerung in easter europe offers no assurance of peace in the west is made crystal clear by hitler’s reichstag speech notable for its vitriolic attack on britain and the british press far from rewarding the british for their hands off policy hitler demands the return of german colonies with a tantalizing allusion to the situation which might arise if the british empire should suddenly dissolve and england become de pendent solely on its own territory protests against the utterly unendurable press campaign which has poisoned life between the two countries and threatens that this unbridled slander will now be answered with national socialist thoroughness urging britain to abolish the selling of news papers critical of nazi germany coming from one who violently objects to interference in the affairs of german speaking peoples this threat opens inter esting vistas of how hitler hopes to suppress british freedom of speech and of the press doubtless on the ground that these democratic institutions are a breeding ground for communism not only does hitler ironically dismiss british attempts to justify retention of german colonies but he endeavors to drive a wedge between britain and france by omitting to demand the return of french mandates an omission probably to be corrected on a future occasion well may hitler afford to be tol erant with france now that lord halifax warm continued on page 4 sidera no se in th diploi beyor it 1 purpt and n sible ment prope patch corre infor taker celles claim mats thing sout serio forw in eu in pa has nom tant tena signe whic the state find tion at tl meet lence in to nazi ir eden ssibility e medi lain ap tter part overseas by this for its still had eastern west is speech and the itish for return of yn to the 1 empire come de s against vhich has ies and now be ighness of news from one re affairs ens inter ss british btless on ons are a s british onies but itain and of french rected on to be tol ax warm wash ington news letter mn washington bureau national press building fes 23 while washington continued to study the implications of diplomatic and naval moves in europe and asia another facet of american foreign policy was exposed last week in the widely publicized flight of six giant army bombers from miami to buenos aires for the inauguration of president roberto m ortiz as president of argentina like the recent visit of three american cruisers to singapore to participate in the ceremonies attending the open ing of britain’s new naval base the good will flight f the six flying fortresses is accepted by foreign diplomats and washington officials alike as con siderably more than a diplomatic courtesy call it is no secret that the conception of the flight originated in the state department and that it is serving a diplomatic purpose not unrelated to developments beyond the western hemisphere it would be premature to say that this diplomatic purpose contemplates an inter american military and naval alliance for mutual protection against pos sible european or asiatic aggression state depart ment officials not only deny any knowledge of the proposal reported on february 17 in a special dis patch to the new york times from its buenos aires correspondent but insist that they have not been informed of diplomatic conversations said to have taken place among several south american chan celleries there is no reason to question these dis claimers which are echoed by latin american diplo mats in washington brazil has openly opposed any thing in the nature of a military alliance and other south american countries would be likely to raise setious objections if such a proposal were brought forward at the same time it is obvious that events in europe and the far east have caused apprehension in parts of latin america and that the apprehension has been used to advance closer political and eco nomic ties between the american states an impor tant step was taken in the convention for the main tenance preservation and re establishment of peace signed at the buenos aires conference in 1936 which provided that in the event that the peace of the american republics is menaced all american states would consult together for the purpose of finding and adopting methods of peaceful coopera tion and further steps will undoubtedly be taken at the next pan american conference scheduled to meet at lima in december of this year in recent weeks washington observers have noted a series of relatively minor developments which taken together underline the trend toward closer economic and cultural ties between the american states three such developments may be cited 1 on february 1 the federal communications com mission with the approval of president roosevelt allo cated four unused short wave frequencies for broadcasting non commercial radio programs to latin america two of the frequencies or bands were given to the general electric company and two to the world wide broadcast ing corporation of boston a non profit making educational organization in both cases however the made on a strictly temporary basis the government to take over direct control on short notice at about the same time two bills were introduced in con gress with the knowledge and approval of the administra tion authorizing the construction and operation of a gov ernment owned radio broadcasting station designed to promote friendly relations among the nations of the west ern hemisphere under the chavez mcadoo bill the pro grams would be selected by the secretary of state and designed particularly to strengthen the spiritual political and historical ties among the united states and such other nations of the western hemisphere contracts were umably to permit 2 on february 18 the maritime commission revealed that it had under consideration a project to improve trade relations with latin america by establishment of a fast luxury liner service between new york and the east coast of south america the project involves purchase by the government of three large ships the california virginia and pennsylvania now operated by the american line steamship corporation on the new york to san francisco run because of the loss of its mail subsidy under the 1936 maritime act the company had announced discontinuance of its coast to coast service on april 1 in recommending government purchase of the ships joseph p kennedy just before his resignation as chairman of the maritime com mission reported that the commission's findings with re spect to the south american service are in harmony with the feeling of other branches of the government especially those of the state department 3 the house foreign affairs committee which some time ago completed an exhaustive survey of the extent to which the united states is dependent on foreign nations for its supply of tin has resumed hearings on the mcrey nolds bill designed to provide an adequate supply of tin in time of war the survey showed that this country is entirely dependent on foreign sources of supply which are largely controlled by an international combine and that in time of war tin would be essential in the manufacture of munitions and ordinance for the army and navy within the past few weeks bolivia the second largest producer of tin in the world is understood to have outlined a plan under which the united states could secure adequate supplies of this strategic metal william t stone oo ge 66 s emmete 6s m4 a britain yields to rome berlin axis continued from page 2 advocate of anglo german rapprochement has suc ceeded the francophile anthony eden hitler may calmly contemplate the impotence of france whose ability to aid czechoslovakia is doubly paralyzed by german remilitarization of the rhineland and brit ain’s reluctance to act east of the rhine with britain unwilling to intervene in eastern europe france faces a peculiarly difficult choice either it must risk war on behalf of czechoslovakia a course which would be unpopular with the french masses or come to terms with the reich as advocated by m flandin france’s lord halifax fresh from a visit to berlin nor can france derive much consolation from mr chamberlain’s decision to reach an anglo italian agreement without assurances that italy will with draw its troops from rebel spain or stop shipments of fresh war material which made a rebel victory ees at teruel during the fateful grandi cham tlain interview of february 18 which apparently precipitated mr eden’s resignation the british prime minister urged italian action on austria only to find that mussolini had meanwhile raised the ante it may be argued with some cogency that if an anglo italian settlement including recognition of the ethiopian conquest had been reached in 1936 italy would not have been driven to form the rome berlin axis and austria’s precarious independence might still find a champion in mussolini to such a settlement the presence in the cabinet of mr eden regarded in rome as public enemy no 1 undoubtedly of fered a serious obstacle regrettable as mr eden’s resignation may be on sentimental grounds it will probably hasten an anglo italian deal this eleventh hour deal may serve as the prelude for a west ern four power pact which would isolate the soviet union from the western democracies and leave central europe and the mediterranean within the grasp of the two fascist dictatorships that the two caesars may eventually come to blows over the spoils of conquest with italy the probable loser is a fairly safe prediction for in hitler who on february 20 failed to give the assurances regarding austria's independence he had promised to rome mussolini has apparently found his master in the art of political outmanoeuvring the leitmotif of hitler’s speech is that brute force or threat of force as in the case of austria is far superior to international negotiations in achieving the objectives of the totalitarian state from whom has the fihrer learned this easily assimilated lesson from whom but the western democracies which page four nateeeeees ee when there was yet time refused to make the cop cessions that might have saved the german republic and after straining at the gnat of an austro german customs union in 1931 are ready today to swallow the elephant of nazi anschluss from the democracies which failed abroad to apply the methods of peace ful change so effectively developed at home and in the international field used methods no less dicta torial no less rooted in power politics than the dictatorships which today challenge them on their own terms mr chamberlain’s policy is predicated on the as sumption that unless an agreement is promptly reached on terms acceptable to germany and italy the only alternative is war an alternative no more palatable to the british than to the french or ameti can people the correctness of this assumption could be proved only by putting it to the fateful test of challenging hitler and mussolini to carry out their threats of force in the hope of calling their bluff this test mr chamberlain like sir samuel hoare in the italo ethiopian crisis is unwilling to face nor is it possible to dismiss without serious consid eration his argument that unless britain and france which have received no hope of american assist ance are ready to fight they must come to terms with the dictatorships the real question raised by this course is whether it will ultimately fulfill its purpose of avoiding war this policy whatever its repercussions in europe has dealt a serious and possibly irreparable blow to british hopes of american cooperation against dic tatorial aggression it has played directly into the hands of american isolationists only too ready to find an excuse for withdrawal from europe and the far east after the austrian episode the british cannot expect assistance from the united states on grounds of forming a democratic front or speak ing the same spiritual language the language spoken by britain is that of everyone for himself and the devil take the hindmost to their sorrow the british will find that they have apt pupils on this side of the atlantic those in britain as well as in the united states who have preached isolation and torpedoed every attempt at collective action when timely concessions might have assured european peace may now view with such satisfaction as they can muster the fruits of a policy which not only leaves small countries at the mercy of expanding dictatorships but may within the visible future en danger the existence of the western democracies vera micheles dean foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 18 fesruary 25 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lasiig bugll president vera micheles dgan editor nationa entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year fo an in vou 2 war resigi situat be as only mr crete withc to ne ing n tion recrit alliar +con ablic w the facies eace nd in dicta 1 the their 1e as nptly italy more meri could st of bluff toare face onsid rance assist terms ed by ill its 1rope ow to st dic o the dy to id the sritish res on speak guage imself rrow yn this as in n and when opean s they t only nding re en racies ean nationa ss matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xvii no 19 marcu 4 1938 war in china by varian fry here briefly and simply told and illustrated by pictorial maps is the whole absorbing story how the european nations began carving up china how japan followed their example and what for 40 years the united states has been trying to do about it cloth edition 95 cents paper edition 25 cents headline books no 13 entered as second class matter december pbr 2 1921 at the post gen 2 ical rov office at new york nera n y under the act uniy of wprary of march 3 1879 general library uni sity of nichigan ann arbor mich weakening the rome berlin axis the dismay caused by the berchtesgaden visit hitler's reichstag speech and mr eden’s resignation sober second thought indicates that the situation arising out of these developments may not be as desperate as it seemed at first apparently the only issue between prime minister chamberlain and mr eden was whether britain should demand con crete guarantees of good faith from italy such as the withdrawal of troops from spain before beginning to negotiate a settlement of differences the remain ing members of the cabinet believed that the imposi tion of such conditions would merely lead to further recrimination the conclusion of an iron clad military alliance between germany and italy and eventual war they took the view that britain should not al low any question of prestige to stand in the way of immediately exploring the possibility of settling mediterranean problems in passing judgment on this shift in policy brit ain’s critical position should be borne in mind un able to rely on the linited states and_supported_only by an alliance with france britain finds itself men aced by three heavily armed aggressive dictatorships germany italy and japan it is possible that in a general war britain could eventually triumph over all three dictatorships for both italy and japan have grown weaker during the past year no responsible statesman however can face the prospect of throw ing his country into war without exploring every honorable avenue of escape from the point of view of british prestige it is unfortunate that eden’s resig nation should have seemed the result of noisy threats coming both from berlin and rome but in view of the underlying problem it is not surprising that on the issue of negotiation with one of three possible antagonists the house of commons on february 22 should have supported chamberlain by a vote of 330 to 168 realistic liberals should not oppose negotiations with mussolini or hitler merely because they detest fascism what they should do is demand that these negotiations lead to a settlement which will not be bought at the price of creating new injustices as far as britain and italy are concerned an equitable com promise should not prove impossible since no power is willing to dislodge italy from ethiopia britain is justified in asking the league to extend de facto recognition of the italian conquest if in return italy agrees to withdraw from spain and makes other con cessions italy for its part is expected to ask certain guarantees of its security such as naval parity in the mediterranean and possibly the demilitarization of some british bases if an anglo italian agreement is concluded the rome berlin axis may be shaken and the position of both germany and japan weakened mussolini is not likely to terminate the rome berlin axis even if he comes to terms with chamberlain for the very ex istence of this axis operates as a check on hitler in central europe nevertheless once his controversy with britain is liquidated mussolini would be again in a position to throw his weight against anschluss possibly as the result of such considerations chan cellor schuschnigg made a speech in vienna on feb ruary 24 asserting that austria must remain aus trian four days later the austrian army frustrated a plan of 50,000 austrian nazis to march on vienna from graz while rome expressed pleasure with schuschnigg’s stand nazis in berlin indignantly de clared that the austrian chancellor must go it is possible that hitler may intervene in austria as he did in spain but it will be difficult for him to do so if an anglo italian agreement has been consum mated meanwhile czechoslovakia has given numer ous indications that it will fight before accepting germany’s racial demands and on february 26 the ee tpt a cages it oe __ french chamber almost unanimously endorsed for eign minister delbos declaration that france's en gements toward czechoslovakia would be faith fully kept until hitler succeeds in absorbing aus tria into the third reich he is not likely to proceed against czechoslovakia it is possible that as a result of the forthcoming negotiations a four power pact will be concluded in an effort to liquidate the major difficulties of europe in certain pro league circles the conclusion of such a pact is being vigorously opposed while such a settlement might impose a fascist peace on europe this is not necessarily true if war is to be avoided the democratic status guo powers must offer to remove the legitimate grievances of the dictator ships until this offer is made no one can tell whether these dictatorships are ready to accept a compromise in 1925 five powers concluded the western locarno agreement which served to bring germany into the league of nations today it will be much more difficult to bring italy and germany back to geneva yet conclusion of a four power pact must be followed by a new and more realistic effort at international organization if any real appeasement is to take place recent developments in europe are not likely to change the pattern of american foreign policy we may expect something like the following during 1938 1 the passage of the naval bill the construction of a new american navy made more certain than ever by hitler’s speech and the british shift will serve to strengthen the balance of power against both germany and japan even though the united states remains aloof from all commit ments 2 the conclusion of the british trade agreement hearings on this agreement are to begin on march 14 although vehement protests against any reduction in indus trial duties are being made by american manufacturers it is probable thar chis agreement will be concluded by early summer if the agreement provides for real reductions on the part of both governments world economic recovery should be given a new impetus and it might subsequently be possible to carry out more far reaching auamneel world economic reconstruction 3 the reconvening of the brussels conference the international position of japan is steadily weakening in view of the growing strength of britain and america it is not impossible that japan will accept the mediation of the nine power conference if this conference can relieve japan’s fear of eventual war with the soviet union and work out some means of meeting japanese economic needs it may possibly succeed in restoring china’s sovereignty 4 perfecting of inter american peace machinery next december an inter american conference will be held in lima peru for the purpose of discussing the formation of effective inter american peace machinery if argentina and the united states can agree on a program the western hemisphere may keep alive the principle of international organization at a time when it is being challenged in other parts of the world page two these predictions may be altogether too optimis tic the negotiations between england and italy ma fail the nazis may make a successful putsch in aus tria the war in the orient may spread in a sense the world remains at the mercy of incidents neverthe less taking all these factors into account it is pos sible that the coming months may see liquidation of certain tensions and a new start toward interna tional cooperation raymond les.iz buell japan tightens its belt current military operations in china engaging japanese forces on a dozen major and minor fronts illustrate the difficulties which confront japan’s self imposed task of subjugating half a continent even tokyo's belligerent leaders begin to show signs of concern over the dimensions of the problem after the fall of nanking they made every effort to a peace settlement the military campaign had run its prescribed six months term and all objectives had been achieved all that is save the collapse of chi nese morale and resistance on january 11 the full dress imperial conference finally accepted the fact that japan’s peace terms had been rejected with drawal of recognition from the chinese government a rather weak gesture followed the japanese commanders had already broadened the scope of their military operations in china by mid january the expeditionary forces in shantung province had pushed their advance along the tien tsin pukow railway to a point at which it threatened hsiichow strategic junction on the east west lunghai railway on january 14 generalissimo chiang kai shek took personal command of operations on this front his first act was to order the arrest of general han fu chu the shantung governor who was later executed for failure to resist the enemy large chi nese armies were rapidly massed along the lunghai railway the japanese advance on hsiichow fron the north was brought to a halt and has only lately been resumed a drive on hsiichow from the south was similarly held up near pengpu in the vailey of the hwai river a more recent japanese offensive from the north on chengchow at the center of the lunghai railway has been supported by a thrust into southern shansi which threatens to cut the same railway by a crossing of the yellow river fut ther to the west guerrilla attacks by eighth route offic tion dras fron ever thor wh army units cut the peiping hankow railway south of paotingfu in mid february and held up the jap ob anese force advancing on chengchow in other areas notably the shanghai nanking hangchow triangle the japanese forces also find it difficult to protect supply lines af new airplanes for the chinese army have evident ly reached hankow their effectiveness has been dem continued on page 4 jened a by ntung tien tened nghai r kai n this oneral later chi inghai fron itely south of ensive of the thrust it the er fur route south e jap areas jangle protect vident n dem w ashington news letter washington bureau national press building mar 1 a week ago after hurriedly scanning official reports on the hitler speech and the resigna tion of anthony eden secretary hull laid down a drastic edict forbidding state department officials from discussing or commenting on the bewildering events in london berlin and vienna second thoughts he implied are safer than first impressions while the edict is still in force washington observ s who have prodded beneath the surface of diplo atic reticence have begun to revise their own first mpressions and to re appraise the effect of european develop nents on american foreign policy within administration circles they find a division of opinion which corresponds closely to the split in britain though here the line of cleavage is not so sharp and the difference is largely one of emphasis one group which has never liked the attempt to line up the peace loving democracies against the ban dit dictatorships welcomes mr chamberlain's re alistic approach to italy and germany and believes that direct negotiations will ease existing tensions in europe members of this group refuse to accept the view that britain has surrendered to the dictators on the contrary they insist that mr chamberlain has reason to believe that mussolini is equally anxious to reach a mediterranean accord in order to offset hitler’s austrian coup such an agreement even though it may seem brutal will postpone the langer of war in europe and eventually strengthen britai ind in the far east the other group vhicl been strongly opposed to making any con the dictators without guarantees of secur and disarmament is disturbed and skeptical about the future they feel that mr chamberlain has mis judged the european situation and undermined the 4 foundations of any effective collaboration between the democracies the roosevelt administration while unable to make political commitments in eu tope had been moving away from traditional isola tionism and laying the basis for a policy of parallel action to uphold common interests and common objectives members of this group admit that the turn of events in europe has enormously compli cated the task of american diplomacy and checked temporarily at least secretary hull’s campaign to uphold orderly processes in international relations the extent to which the reorientation of british policy has cut the ground from under mr hull was shown by statements in both houses of congress last week typical of congressional comment among even strong administration supporters was the ob servation of senator pat harrison a member of the foreign relations committee that the united states has enough to do taking care of its own business without getting mixed up in troubles abroad many loyal administration supporters were frankly relieved by britain's abandonment of collective security which disposed of the suspicion that the united states had entered into an agreement or understand ing in the far east house leaders agreed that the defeat of mr eden had smoothed the path of the naval expansion program which will now be justi fied on the basis of armed isolation the bill which it is now estimated will cost 1,100,000,000 will seek to establish the principle of a two fleet navy capable of defending both coasts against any combination of powers another indication of congressional sentiment was found in the response to the hungarian debt settlement proposal recently submitted to the state department and made public by the hungarian min ister on february 23 the proposal outlined a basis for settlement under which hungary would repay the original principal amounting to 1,685,000 with out interest less approximately 478,000 already paid under the funding agreement of 1924 in equal instalments over a period of 30 years while many congressmen admitted privately that this was a rea sonable offer and one which might be acceptable by itself the prevailing opinion on capitol hill was hostile to any plan which could be used as a prece dent for a general scaling down of the war debts this was made clear to mr roosevelt at a white house conference held a few days before the hun garian announcement when vice president garner and congressional leaders strongly opposed raising the issue at this time as a result any plans which the administration may have had for reviving the settlement of european debts have been shelved for the present despite the temper of congress however there is no evidence that the state department will alter its far eastern policy as a result of european devel opments demands for wholesale withdrawal of american citizens revived in congress last week have been ignored and the position taken by this government with respect to lives and property of its nationals in china has been reaffirmed in a note de ore es te ________ livered in tokyo on february 18 and revealed by sec retary hull on february 25 the united states in formed japan that it would be held responsible for any injuries or damage to americans caused by jap anese troops in the central china war zone this is accepted here as meaning that the united states will insist upon its rights under international law regard less of any voluntary measures it may take to remove citizens from war zones william t stone japan tightens its belt continued from page 2 onstrated on the military fronts and in the spectac ular bombing raid of february 23 on formosa al though some planes may have been purchased from the soviet union the bulk of china’s military sup plies still seems to be arriving via hongkong from european and american sources figures supplied in a year end survey of chinese finances by foreign experts show that china purchased military equip ment valued at 100 million u.s dollars from july to december 1937 on january 1 1938 an additional 25 million dollars worth was awaiting delivery china’s foreign and domestic bonds were regularly serviced through 1937 at a cost of approximately 100 million dollars a moratorium affecting pay ments on principal but not on interest may be de clared in march 1938 on january 1 1938 china's foreign currency reserves mainly in dollars and ster ling aggregated 300 million dollars the strain imposed by the war on japan's finances is even more evident final japanese trade figures for 1937 show a merchandise trade deficit of 636 million yen during the period from march to december page four e a japan’s gold shipments to the united states totaled approximately 845 million yen lack of foreign ex change is swiftly draining japan’s gold reserves the boycott of japanese goods which is growing in ex tent and intensity strikes at this vulnerable point and will exert proportionately greater effect in 1938 the national mobilization bill recently submitted to the diet emphasizes the degree to which eco nomic control measures have become necessary this bill which is designed to complete the structure of japan’s totalitarian state would extend govern ment control over every phase of industry trade and finance regulate wages and prohibit strikes and gravely curtail the powers of the diet despite strong opposition in the diet the bill entered the committee stage on february 25 much of the regi mentation envisaged by the bill has been applied for months past laws on japan’s statute books already vest control of foreign exchange imports and ex ports and the direction of capital investment in offi cial hands the restrictions on imports especially raw cotton and wool have severely hampered the textile manufacturers whose interests are shunted aside in favor of necessary industries these as pects however are not paramount in the minds of the men leading the diet opposition who are more con cerned lest the deliberative functions of the diet be completely supplanted by imperial decrees issued under blanket powers conferred by the bill the op position may revise or delay this bill but the general aims which it embodies express the logic of japan's recent political evolution and will sooner or later be enforced by the dominant coalition of reactionary industrialists and the army t a bisson the f.p.a bookshelf british experiments in public ownership and control by rym h o’brien new york w w norton 1938 00 three great public utilities the central electricity board british broadcasting company and the london passenger transport board discussed in more detail than in an earlier and broader volume public enterprise ed ited by william robson cf review foreign policy bulletin november 19 1937 writing in a careful but occasionally pedestrian manner mr o’brien maintains a remarkably logical and impartial approach the develop ment of the bbc is especially interesting in comparison with the growth of privately owned radio in america a history of the league of nations by john i knudson atlanta turner e smith co 1938 a general survey of international organization con ventional and uncritical in treatment a survey of european civilization by wallace k fergu son and geoffrey bruun boston houghton mifflin 1936 4.50 european history since 1870 by f lee benns new york f s crofts 1938 6.00 two comprehensive volumes useful for teaching or ref erence purposes professors ferguson and bruun pre senting a textbook for college freshmen span in 1024 pages european history from the fall of the rome of augustus to the rise of the rome of mussolini professor benns writing for mature readers presents in 860 pages a detailed and well balanced survey of modern history over one third of the interestingly written nar rative deals with the post war period through october 1937 both books are enhanced by maps illustrations and bibliographies and the first mentioned has paragraph headings foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 19 marcu 4 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lasix buxgit president vera micheres dean editor national entered as second class mattet december 2 1921 at the post office atc new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year fc vol or dot line tron ss dra bri mit sta uat jar tot thi ula ing fey cor tro an sea for +ergu iffiin new r ref pre 1024 me of fessor n 860 odern 1 nar ctober 1s and graph subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff ete ap oy class matter 2 1921 at the post periodical room office a new york gener libr n y under the act wav oe of march 3 1879 vou xvii no 20 march 11 1938 origins of sino japanese hostilities by t a bisson in this report the author who has just returned from a year in the far east describes the rapid development of the nationalist movement in china just prior to the outbreak of the conflict the lukouchiao incident and the fall of peiping in july 1937 march 1 issue of foreign policy reports general library university of michigan we ann arbor wichiean 25 cents y ll spain obstacle to anglo italian accord a may prove a difficult stumbling block in the anglo italian conversations which will soon be initiated by the earl of perth british ambassa dor at rome in the program for the discussions out lined by downing street withdrawal of italian troops from the peninsula is understood to be an essential point negotiations on this subject have dragged almost interminably in accordance with the british plan approved by the non intervention com mittee last november both parties in spain were to be accorded belligerent rights as soon as a sub stantial number of foreign soldiers had been evac uated from spanish territory during december and january the powers continued to wrangle over what total could be regarded as substantial to resolve this dispute the british finally advanced a new form ula providing for the withdrawal of a basic num ber of foreign fighters from the side which accord ing to the findings of impartial commissions had fewer volunteers a proportionate number would be simultaneously retired from the other side on the commencement of withdrawal the international con trol over spain’s land frontiers would be restored and a new scheme for the observation of traffic by sea inaugurated no attempt to check the flying of foreign warplanes into the country was apparently envisaged recognition of belligerent rights would be accorded as soon as the basic number of volun teers had been withdrawn on march 2 russian acceptance in principle of the british formula seemingly brought agreement among all the powers but meanwhile the italians were reported to have qualified their former affirma tive action the british had suggested 20,000 as the basic number the italians would change this to 10,000 rome also demanded that land control alone be re established when withdrawal begins thus leav ing the sea lanes open for an estimated six weeks ee during which the fascist powers could continue the flow of supplies to general franco premier juan negrin of the barcelona government attacked the british plan as promising the strangulation of loyal ist spain adoption of the british formula may lead to ma terial limitation of the number of volunteers in spain thus diminishing one threat to european peace but if belligerent rights are granted to franco unconditionally the efforts of the insurgents to en force a legal blockade and interfere with neutral ship ping may give rise to a series of dangerous incidents by this time foreign armament has become a more important factor than troops in strengthening the spanish factions the recapture of teruel by the in surgents on february 22 was attributed by the bar celona cabinet to the mass of material of german and italian origin in possession of their opponents particularly artillery and airplanes the nationalist victory in the two month long battle was a serious blow to loyalist prestige its effect was offset to some degree by the torpedoing on march 6 of the baleares one of the two strongest vessels in the insurgent fleet in a battle with government warships off cartagena following the naval encounter the nationalist ships were bombed by loyalist planes moreover two brit ish destroyers engaged in rescuing survivors from the sinking cruiser suffered the loss of one seaman killed and three injured it is not yet clear how decisive the victory may prove but by threatening the insur gents command of the sea it discouraged their hopes of overcoming the stalemate in the field by the ex hausting effects of a blockade meanwhile political developments within loyalist spain have been marked by the rising power of indalecio prieto right wing socialist and minister of national defense and the loss by the communist party of its former position of predominance com ete ee oy gn eo munist influence in the army has been progressively curbed by decrees issued last summer and fall for bidding proselytism and the use of military posi tions for political ends and restricting the rdle of the political commissars while some observers re port an opening rift between the communists and the defense minister prieto continues to cooperate with the party whose social program is in effect as relatively conservative as his own soviet aid more over is still essential to the loyalists the com munists on their part give some indications of seek ing the favor of their former enemies the anarcho syndicalists of the c.n.t who are now demanding a place in the government at the same time nego tiations for closer cooperation are continuing be tween the ugt the socialist communist labor fed eration and the cnt parallel with these develop ments among proletarian groups there is some in dication that the strength of center and middle class parties is growing the last two sessions of the cor tes have been attended by a small group of centrist deputies to the right of the parties in the popular front among them was portela valladares prime minister of the government which conducted the elections of february 1936 the increasing tendency of the authorities to permit religious services al though these are still held in private is also cited as evidence of growing moderation these shifting trends however have apparently not gone far enough to threaten a cabinet change and all parties are united in support of a more intensive war effort charles a thomson india tests new constitution the first deadlock to arise under the new indian constitution inaugurated in april 1937 was success fully resolved on february 25 when the ministries of bihar and the united provinces returned to office these ministries formed by congress party major ities in the legislatures had resigned on february 15 after the british governors of the two provinces supported by the viceroy lord linlithgow had re fused to permit the wholesale release of some forty political prisoners when the congress party as sembled several days later at haripura for its annual meeting mahatma gandhi predicted similar resigna tions in other provinces and the newly elected pres ident subhas c bose threatened the renewal of civil disobedience throughout india lord linlithgow in tervened on february 22 with a compromise by which the governors would accept the advice of the ministries regarding the release of these prisoners only after individual examination of each case acceptance of this formula by congress party lead ers allowed the two ministries to resume power im mediately freedom for political prisoners has been a source page two eee ee of controversy during the eleven months in which the government of india act passed by the british parliament in 1935 has been operative followi the elections held in january and february of las year when the congress party won majorities in six provinces and pluralities in three others its leaders refused to form ministries until the british off cials promised not to interfere in provincial legisla tion and administration the viceroy and govern ors unwilling to tie their hands maintained tha they could not legally relinquish the emergency poy ers granted by the act in july a working compro mise was effected by lord linlithgow and gandhi by which the governors agreed not to interven capriciously or in day to day administration the congress party then formed cabinets in seven provinces the release of political prisoners las month which the ministries in bihar and the united provinces considered day to day routine was ye toed by the governors on the grounds that it jeopay dized law and order throughout india and lent sup port to terrorism in bengal although the settlement of this crisis has tem porarily eased the tension between the nationalist movement and the british government the conflic over indian independence continues unabated and has contributed to the postponement of the corona tion durbar of king george vi which was sched uled for next winter the congress party violently opposes the second part of the new constitution not yet in effect which provides for federation of the native states with the eleven british provinces and the establishment of a central legislature representing both areas the nationalists contend that federation will strengthen the rule of the native princes whos feudal states often permit despotism and will check the growth of democracy and social welfare in the provinces the prospect of federation is likewise ut popular with the native princes who have been bat gaining with the viceroy for guarantees that their prerogatives will not be diminished under the new scheme the proposed federal legislature is under congress party fire on the ground that its member ship is designed to favor british rather than indias rule the fate of federation and a central legislature remains uncertain for the powerful congress patty leaders are determined to defeat any obstacles to ul timate independence under the constitutional pro visions for the new federal government the viceroy would retain his control of national defense foreign affairs and ecclesiastical affairs and his emergeng powers in civil administration and finance thest checks on the federal executive and the safeguard ing provisions which would make nationalist contfo continued on page 4 cf foreign policy bulletin april 9 1937 1 and yrona sched lently n not of the s and enting ration whose check in the ise un n bat t their e new under embet indias slature party to ul al pro iceroy foreign rgencd these ouard jae washington news letter washington bureau national press building march 8 washington observers who have been seeking to discover what the navy is for were given two significant answers to their question last week one answer was submitted by the house naval af fairs committee on march 5 in the form of a major ity report recommending prompt enactment of the administration’s 1,121,000,000 naval expansion bill the second answer was provided by president roosevelt on the same day in an executive order as serting a formal claim to sovereignty over two tiny islands in the central pacific ocean to members of congress who feared that the naval program was designed to support a new ac tive foreign policy in the far east the report of the naval affairs committee was reassuring the twenty two committee members who signed the ma jority report declared emphatically that the expan sion program is not for the purpose of policing the world or to make the world safe for democracy but solely for the purpose of affording an adequate de fense for the continental united states and its pos sessions the committee emphasized the testimony of admiral leahy that the 20 per cent increase was not sufficient to permit aggressive naval operations on the other side of the pacific adhering to the tra ditional doctrine of sea power the committee justi fied the request for 46 new combat ships on the ground that even a defensive navy must be suffici ently strong to defeat the navy of a possible enemy at a distance from our coast it must also be stony cuough to keep open the lines of supply to outlying possessions but without an alliance with any other power the committee was compelled to admit that its recommended increase would not in fact be sufficient to defend the philippines or to upport american interests in the far east against ny hostile power able to control the seas in the western pacific the assertion of sovereignty over the pacific islands while not in open conflict with the report of the naval affairs committee clearly extends the broad definition of adequate defense and under lines the far reaching importance of air power on the naval strategy of the pacific area the interest of the united states in the small unoccupied coral atolls of the central pacific was reawakened several years ago when the advance of commercial aviation led to an intensive search for air bases on the route to manila and australia three islands lying between hawaii and american samoa howland baker and jarvis were claimed by the united states in 1934 despite the fact that great britain’s assertion of sov ereignty had not previously been questioned canton and enderbury the two islets named in the presi dent’s executive order last week are about 200 miles south of baker and jarvis in the phoenix group also claimed but not occupied until recently by the british under international law discovery alone is not considered sufficient to establish a base of sover eignty nevertheless it was learned last week that state department officials have been searching early records which prove that these and other pacific islands were discovered by american whalers be tween 1789 and 1830 to bolster this rather doubt ful claim washington officials point to an american scientific expedition which visited canton island last august leaving a concrete marker bearing the amer ican flag as evidence of american occupancy at the same time british scientists also landed on canton for the ostensible purpose of viewing a solar eclipse this week it was learned in washington that another american expedition fitted out secretly in hawaii has just occupied both enderbury and canton islands and reported its arrival by radio to the navy depart ment in washington the american claims have been pressed with london in formal negotiations ex tending over the past year the strategic importance of these potential air bases is not minimized by president roosevelt's de nial that any motive other than the interests of com mercial aviation lies behind the claim to sovereignty the value of the islands lies in their utility as aids to the maintenance of naval communications along the new line of defense extending from hawaii to samoa capable of being used for submarines as well as airplanes the islands would provide a protective screen between the japanese mandated islands and american samoa should the united states eventu ally decide to establish a fortified naval base in the philippines an effective line of communication might be maintained from samoa through the british far eastern possessions to manila and should the possi bility of joint anglo american naval operations in the pacific be revived possession of pacific air bases would greatly improve the american position thus of the two answers to the question what is the navy for most washington observers agree that the implications of the second outweigh the dis claimers of the first william t stone india tests new constitution continued from page 2 of the federal legislature almost impossible have rendered the new constitution unpalatable to the congress party lord lothian influential british statesman and expert on indian affairs has been making informal suggestions to the party leaders to accept the constitution as an experiment in self rule in order to complete the unification of india but his conversations with gandhi and others have not yet proved successful as a concession to the indepen dence spirit the british government has decided to allow india to keep its annual 500,000 contribution to empire defense the sum to be used for an indian fleet of six warships the success of the congress party in the provinces has accentuated division of counsel within its leader ship and strengthened the left wing control of pandit jawaharlal nehru and subhas bose needing the support of those peasants whose newly gained fran page four a chise makes them important in political calculations the socialist group is attacking the money lenders landlords and industrialists many of whom su ported gandhi in his opposition to british rule by combining the campaign against british exploita tion with a campaign against indian exploitation nehru and bose hope to transform the congress party into an effective socialist movement like all opposition parties which suddenly obtain power the seven nationalist ministries are finding the fulfillment of campaign pledges unexpectedly difficult but are attempting gradually to introduce the promised social and economic reforms the bom bay legislature is debating a bill to restrict usury and madras has initiated prohibition of alcoholic beverages in one district if the spirit of compromise continues it is probable that provisional self govern ment will offer valuable opportunity for the growth of democratic institutions james frederick green the f.dp.a bookshelf the spanish cockpit by franz borkenau london faber and faber 1937 12s 6d a sociologist attempts a descriptive scientific field study of events in spain based on two visits in the late summer of 1936 and the first two months of 1937 his findings provide the most objective and fundamental analy sis yet published in english of political and social align ments in the loyalist area particularly revealing is his discussion of the réle played by communist influence goliath the march of fascism by g a borgese new york viking press 1937 3.00 one of the most distinguished novelists and literary critics of modern italy devotes his great powers of crea tive writing tempered by truly italian irony to a pene trating study of the origins and nature of fascism draw ing on rich resources of literary and political insight he paints an unforgettable portrait of the italian people who in his opinion have suffered in modern history from a feeling of discrepancy between their military power and their self appointed réle of inheritors of the roman em pire moved by pity rather than anger except for some vitriolic pages on mussolini he indicts the italians more than their duce in the belief that dictatorship has its roots not in the power of the ruler but in the acquiescence of the ruled the house that hitler built by stephen h roberts new york harper 1938 3.00 a remarkably objective and well written study of con temporary germany by an australian scholar who spent sixteen months in travel and interviews professor rob erts provides lively descriptions of the nazi leaders and their party machinery as well as enthusiastic accounts of the youth and labor organizations although crediting national socialism with revival of the national morale he asserts that present trends lead to war or economic collapse must we go to war by kirby page and rinehart 1937 1.00 an affirmative answer to this question will be necessary mr page declares if the present confusion in american foreign policy continues ridiculing the morality of the democratic nations he urges enforcement of our neutral ity legislation and withdrawal of our armed forces in the far east although verbose and uneven in spots the book presents a stimulating summary of the pacifist socialist position new york farrar the peoples want peace by elias tobenkin new york putnam 1938 2.75 prelude to peace by henry a atkinson new york harper 1937 2.00 two persuasively written but overly simplified solutions of the problem of peace on the basis of interviews with states men and citizens in fifteen different countries mr tobenkin concludes that militaristic governments will soon give way before the desire for peace among the common people especially the younger generation asserting that re ligious idealism is necessary to create a peaceful world community dr atkinson urges the replacement of state sovereignty and excessive nationalism by a league of nations with effective sanctions both volumes contam brief bibliographies that of dr atkinson being completely unorganized and indexes armaments year book geneva league of nations 1937 6.25 this is the thirteenth edition of a handbook unique in its scope and accuracy despite the growing difficulty of obtaining complete information the disarmament section of the league presents a mass of carefully gleaned data on the armed forces and military expenditures of 64 na tions in which the pace of the current arms race 3 clearly mirrored foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 20 marcu 11 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lgsiig bug president vera miche.es dean editor december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 national entered as second class mattef two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year ni tic to fa +ees 4 lations lenders mm sup ule by xploita tation ongress itroduce ne bom t usury icoholic promise govern growth reen k farrar 1ecessary american ty of the neutral ces in the the book t socialist lew york ew york ylutions of ith states tobenkin give way on people that re ful world t of state league of es contain completely ions 1937 unique in ifficulty of nt section saned data of 64 na ns race is foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office a new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 unty op aay mery vou xvii no 21 march 18 19388 marihuana why is it dangerous what is its connection with crime what is being done to curb the traffic in this drug read marihuana the new dangerous drug an opium research committee pamphlet 15 cents order from foreign policy association incorporated 1200 national press building washington d c general library university of michigan ann arbor michican nazi tide engulfs austria dolf hitler returned to his native country on march 12 the man who had left austria as a thwarted youth before the war came back as a conqueror with the german army behind him but without firing a shot just across the border at linz he proudly proclaimed fulfilment of his divine mission to restore his beloved fatherland to the german reich from which the austro prussian war of 1866 had excluded it in direct violation of the treaties of st germain and versailles this reunion was formally consummated by both austrian and german law on march 13 austria was declared a state of the german reich and a free and secret plebiscite to ratify this decision was ordered for april 10 president wilhelm miklas was forced out of office and his duties temporarily taken over by the nazi chancellor seyss inquart by decree hitler now fuehrer of a new and larger reich assumed command of austria’s armed forces and merged them with those of germany austria ceased to exist hitler's sudden coup which removed schuschnigg completely from the austrian political scene cul minated a series of dramatic developments the berchtesgaden agreement of february 12 failed to bring about any real reconciliation between the nazis and the austrian government the austrian nazis supported by the reich interpreted the accord as tarte blanche to turn the country into a national so cialist state long deprived of freedom of agitation they saw victory within their grasp in graz the nazis practically took control of the city elsewhere they staged turbulent enthusiastic demonstrations and clashed with supporters of chancellor schusch nigg the public appearance of nazi troop forma tions storm troops and the elite guard testified to their unwillingness to confine their activities within the only legalized political organization the fatherland front the chancellor took alarm at these growing mani festations of nazi independence recovering from the brow beating received in his interview with hitler at berchtesgaden he set about mobilizing popular support for his régime his firm declaration before the federal diet on february 24 that austria must remain austria struck a responsive chord in the hearts of many people he warned his minister of interior seyss inquart to curb nazi agitation in conferences with workers representatives the chan cellor sought with partial success to overcome the hostility of the laboring class which had been smoldering ever since february 1934 when the so cialists were ruthlessly crushed by the heimwehr finally as a last resort he determined on a plebiscite which he thought would convincingly demonstrate to the outside world that his government rested se curely on the will of the majority of the austrian people on march 9 schuschnigg called on all austrians over 24 years old to go to the polls the following sunday and vote for a free independent and social for a christian and united austria to the german government and particularly to the austrian born fuehrer this call for a plebiscite was an open provocation german authorities were aware that the austrian nazis although strong out side vienna could never muster a majority the terms of the plebiscite excluding the younger aus trians from voting and making no provision for a secret ballot aroused the indignation of a govern ment which had repeatedly utilized similar devices to mobilize popular support for its own régime schuschnigg was accused of engineering a plebiscite simply to obtain a mandate to outlaw the nazis hitler would not be thwarted in his heart’s desire to bring about austro german union with his sup port seyss inquart and glaise horstenau two pro nazi ministers in the austrian government de manded on march 11 that schuschnigg immediately abandon the proposed plebiscite after considerable hesitation the chancellor gave in only to be con fronted with a german ultimatum threatening in vasion of austria unless he resigned by 6 30 p.m and permitted the formation of a government composed two thirds of national socialists ger man troops were mobilized on the frontier failing to secure help from paris london or rome schusch nigg had no alternative but to yield to force seyss inquart took over control at the head of a new gov ernment of nazis and pan germans immediately he invited german troops into austria to assist in the restoration and maintenance of law and order early on march 12 some 50,000 of the reich’s armed forces began pouring across the border people of leftist sympathies prominent leaders of the father land front and monarchists were rounded up and placed under arrest and the 200,000 austrian jews trembled in anticipation of their fate in the capitals of europe these moves aroused no little consternation immediately after hearing of the ultimatum the british government protested strongly in berlin against such use of coercion which it declared was bound to produce the gravest reac tions france caught in the midst of a cabinet crisis joined in this protest and tried in vain to enlist italy in some common action to save austrian independ ence both in paris and london the conviction soon prevailed that nothing could be done to arrest the nazification of austria once more the two pow ers reaped the harvest of neglected opportunities restoration of german arms equality abolition of unilateral demilitarization of the rhineland austro german anschluss all these might have been con ducive to peace had they been conceded voluntarily to the weimar republic but when consummated by a strong and aggressive germany they simply serve to establish the thesis that only force avails in international relations rome was hardly less disturbed by the austrian coup than paris and london preoccupied in spain and ethiopia and at odds with britain the italian government was compelled to witness the creation of a common frontier on the brenner pass between italy and germany only at the very last moment did hitler inform mussolini of his intentions in a personal letter in this missive he presented the bill for germany's benevolent neutrality in the italo ethiopian conflict he sought to convince i duce that his course in austria represented only an act of legitimate national defense and to set at rest italian fears that germany would now lay claim to the 200,000 austrian germans in the italian tyrol germany's definitive frontier with italy the fuehrer wrote would be the brenner after anschluss had been formally proclaimed hitler wired mussolini that page two ee he would never forget italy’s refusal to intervene despite these assurances anid the tendency of both l government and press to make the best of events jp austria the rome berlin axis has undoubtedly been strained nearly to the breaking point germany's hegemony on the european continent now seems almost assured with austria it forms q nation of 72,000,000 people situated in the heart of europe and at the gateway of the balkans past ex ma perience has convinced it of the efficacy of force with czechoslovakia held in a vise it may now as a first step exert pressure on prague to grant the at 3,250,000 sudeten germans in bohemia administra the fi tive and cultural autonomy czechoslovakia how ever will not be as easily coerced as austria unlike e vienna prague will resist with armed force any ap 5 tack on its independence the success of its resistance will depend on the assistance of outside powers i the time which hitler will require to diges contir austria will give france and britain one more oppor 4 tunity to organize a united front against german a aggression will they utilize this opportunity cer tainly prime minister chamberlain must be thor oughly disillusioned with the results of his efforts 0 for anglo german understanding perhaps britain can now be persuaded to join france in an unequivo oo cal warning to germany that any advance at the ex pense of czechoslovakia or any other country will in meet with their united resistance at the same time gram hitler’s coup in austria will probably hasten the con in the clusion of negotiations for an anglo italian under may standing begun in rome on march 8 by r john c dewilde minis france struggles toward unity after a three day interregnum during which the a fate of austria was sealed the fourth popular front 7 government composed of socialists and radical so cialists and supported by the communists was om ganized under léon blum on march 13 the new premier had first attempted to form a cab tna tional union representing the center as well as tie a left but despite the gravity of the international situ hem ation the former refused to cooperate in a gov ernment with the communists nevertheless the p composition of the new government marks a definité traej step toward the concentration of power with which end democracies today are wont to meet crises blum's effec assumption of the finance ministry is reminiscent tion of poincaré’s tactics in saving the franc in 1926 jf fo edouard daladier’s retention of the defense mite woy istry and the appointment of joseph paul boncouf byer once france’s delegate at the league of nations a5 was foreign minister seem to foreshadow a some jp what stronger foreign policy under blum’s guidance g for the first time a minister of propaganda appeafs in h in france an innovation which may indicate a grow has continued on page 4 in itervene of both vents in dly been ontinent forms a heart of past ex of force y now grant the washington news letter a washington bureau national press building march 14 washington’s answer armed iso jation prompt passage of the administration’s 1,121,000,000 naval expansion bill appeared to be the first and only certain result in washington of the momentous events which culminated last week in the collapse of independent austria and the tri umphal entry of hitler into vienna but sentiment oo digest re oppor german ity cer be thor is efforts s britain in congress after developments of the week end seemed to point toward a policy of armed isolation rather than a program of concerted action against continued aggression in europe and the far east he opening round of the naval debate left little doubt that even the strongest supporters of the arma ment bill were as much opposed to active interven tion in europe or asia as were the minority members of the house naval affairs committee who had inequivo at the ex ntry will ime time 1 the con in under w hilde nity vhich the ilar front adical so was of the new of na eli as the ional situ in a gov eless the a definite ith which s blum’s miniscent in 1926 ense min boncout jations as a some guidance la appeats te a grow branded the measure a diplomatic manoeuvre and not a national defense bill in countering the charge that the expansion pro gtam is designed to support an interventionist policy in the far east it is possible that chairman vinson may be forced to accept an amendment introduced by representative kniffen and backed by many ad ministration democrats which seeks to define a line of defense in the pacific beyond which the ameri can navy shall not operate addressing the house on march 14 mr vinson said that the defensive line of the united states in the pacific extends from the aleutian islands to hawaii and thence to samoa and the panama canal with or without any formal legis lative limitations however the naval program can only be sold to congress on the basis of a continental policy based on unilateral defense of the western hemisphere far eastern developments while the adminis tration maintained complete silence over the week end state department experts continued to study the effect on the far east of events in europe the ques tion uppermost in many minds was whether britain if forced to take a stronger stand in central europe would come to terms with japan in the far east even before the hitler coup there were reports in washington that the british foreign office had been in close touch with tokyo and had actually reached a tentative understanding affecting british interests in hongkong and south china the fact that japan has abandoned or postponed its military campaign in south china gave some credence to these reports even though they could not be confirmed in official quarters in view of these rumors added significance was given to the statement of representative vinson in the house naval debate that there existed for a great many years an offensive and defensive anglo japanese alliance and we may soon witness history repeating itself whatever the truth may be the suspicion that britain is again seeking political settle ment with japan is being used to support the ad ministration’s case for a strong navy capable of de fending american interests by single handed action meanwhile intimations came from both tokyo and washington that a satisfactory settlement had been reached in the alaskan salmon fishing contro versy which had led to threats of violence or boycott from american fishermen and the pacific coast mari time federation while state department officials refused to discuss the terms of settlement foreign minister hirota revealed on march 7 that the ja anese fishing vessels which last summer invaded bristol bay off the coast of alaska would not return this spring this gentlemen’s agreement if con firmed will leave unsettled the legal aspects of a controversy which may be revived if bills now pend ing before congress are enacted into law at the height of the controversy last summer senator schwellenbach of washington and anthony j di mond delegate from alaska introduced identical bills to extend the jurisdiction of the united states far beyond the existing 3 mile limit these measures together with another bill introduced by senator bone of washington declare that all salmon which are spawned and hatched in the waters of alaska are hereby declared he property of the united states and assert the jurisdiction of the united states for the protection and servation of the salmon fishery over all the waters adjacent to the coast of alaska east of the international boundary in the ber ing sea following the assertion last week of ameri can sovereignty over canton and enderbury islands in the pacific senator copeland urged support of the bone and dimond bills and voiced the opinion that we should claim the bering sea by right of pos session trade agreements program there is no evidence that political developments in europe will affect in any way secretary hull’s determination to continue with his trade agreements program on march 7 the state department announced the signing of its agree ment with czechoslovakia the seventeenth recipro cal trade pact since 1934 while the agreement re duces the duty on shoes despite vehement protests of the american shoe industry the united states re serves the right to revise the tariff when imports exceed 1.25 per cent of domestic production this provision will enable the czechs to sell about 600,000 additional pairs of shoes annually to the united states in comparison with a domestic production of more than 400 million pair in return czechoslo vakia agrees to modify its exchange control to the advantage of american exporters and to grant tariff benefits on 76.7 per cent of its imports from the united states there was evidence here that final negotiations were hastened by the mutual desire to conclude the treaty before czechoslovakia’s position became more critical mr hull is now press ing negotiations with britain as rapidly as possible the opening of public hearings before the com mittee on reciprocity information on march 14 coin cided with a warning by the secretary that suspension or nullification of the trade agreements program would be a tragic blunder which would further aggravate political tension throughout the world william t stone france struggles toward unity continued from page 2 ing determination to fight the fascist states with their own weapons wielded by a disciplined left wing democracy the resignation of the chautemps government on march 10 after only fifty one days in office came because the socialists and communists refused to grant it extraordinary decree powers to deal with the chronically serious financial situation these parties were suspicious lest a radical socialist cabinet use such powers to placate business interests by undoing popular front social measures even during its brief tenure of office however the widespread pressure for a greater measure of political unity in the face of developments abroad was utilized by chautemps to achiéve notable progress in three respects first the government succeeded in formulating a modern labor code designed to extend public control over the vexing problems raised by the acute conflict of capital and labor in france the proposed legis page four lation presented in six measures provides for cop ciliation of labor disputes and obligatory arbitration if this fails for compulsory collective labor contracts covering wages and working conditions for a virtual state monopoly of employment agencies for restric tions on the employer's freedom to hire and fire for definition of the rdle of the labor union delegate in the shop and for a secret ballot of workers when a strike is declared with state enforcement of a fac tory shut down if the strike is approved or of the resumption of work by willing laborers if it is not despite the tenacious opposition of the senate repre senting conservative interests the chautemps govern ment forced the first of these bills through parlia ment on march 4 the new law includes a bitterly contested provision for adjustment of wages to meet variations in living costs as its second contribution to a strong united coun try the chautemps government in a move to increase f military efficiency coordinated the three war min istries and services army navy and air under a single political and a single military chief and finally despite britain’s approaches to the fascist powers the government on february 26 obtained overwhelming parliamentary approval for a fairly strong foreign policy based on the system of collec tive security if foreign minister delbos statement that the independence of austria is an indispensable element in european equilibrium now has a hollow ring his unequivocal support of french obligations toward czechoslovakia and of the franco soviet pact indicate that france will still essay a prominent role in eastern europe the alternative policy an agreement with dictators and limitation of french political activity to western europe was scornfully rejected by premier chautemps there seems little doubt that these steps toward unity and strength within and firmness abroad will continue under the new government it remains un certain however whether they can be consummated in time to serve their purpose if they cannot france will be in the position of locking the barn door after the horse is stolen of playing a game in which the high cards have already been seized by its opponents davip h popper the f.p.a bookshelf la réforme de l’etat brussels centre d’etudes pour la réforme de l’etat 1937 a searching inquiry into belgian parliamentary govern ment with a view to readapting it to modern conditions by eight committees of eminent belgians ireland and the british empire 1937 by henry harrison london hale and co 1937 10 6 an emotional and confused account of anglo irish re lations presenting many important facts in a jumbled manner fo yt ry bn action accept lithu and t has b in ge front in at purch the a trium w euro tated the paigt spait force 50 punc barc sition pren plea assis imm men intet port itera a co ever foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 21 marcu 18 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lesiie bug president vera michetzs dagan editer december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year national entered as second class matter its s batt alist pref +_lforeign policy bulletin eeengisigive of current international events by the research staff for con itration ontracts 1 virtual r restric id fire delegate ts when f a fac r of the t is not e repre govern 1 parlia bitterly to meet ed coun increase var min under a ef and e fascist obtained a fairly collec tatement pensable a hollow ligations co soviet rominent olicy an f french cornfully toward oad will lains un immated t france oor after vhich the ponents opper harrison irish re jumbled i national l class matter al library subscription two dollars a year 1c of fsizignn policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y you xvii no 22 marcyh 25 1938 strife in czechoslovakia by karl falk the german minority question in czechoslovakia has assumed international proportions this report analyzes the post war political development of czechoslovakia the economic aspects of the sudetic problem the mil itary restrictions imposed by the new law for the de fense of the state and the social and cultural grievances of the german minority march 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents fal ar a8 193 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 m general library university of michigan ann arbor michican oe europe rests in uneasy peace is again breathing more easily the immediate crisis provoked by hitler's dramatic action in austria has disappeared with the reluctant acceptance of amschluss the danger of a polish lithuanian war has subsided as suddenly as it arose and the development of a critical situation in spain has been at least temporarily arrested with the halt in general franco's successful drive on the aragon front yet the continent remains deeply perturbed in austria and lithuania peace has once more been purchased with concessions to force and in spain the apostles of fascism may shortly celebrate a new triumph while peace hung in the balance in northeastern europe nationalist victories in spain almost precipi tated another crisis after the recapture of teruel the insurgents launched their long heralded cam paign to sever catalonia from the rest of loyalist spain driving the largely demoralized government forces before them the rebel troops advanced some 0 miles in a 12 day offensive the campaign was punctuated by intense and relentless air attacks on barcelona costing no less than 1,300 lives the po sition of the loyalists became so desperate that premier juan negrin flew to paris on march 15 to plead with the french government for immediate assistance despite the alarm aroused in paris by the imminence of a fascist victory in spain the govern ment declined to assume the risk involved in official intervention especially since london refused to sup port it in britain prime minister chamberlain re iterated on march 16 his determination to adhere to acourse of non intervention except in the unlikely event that the french can prevail on britain to change its stand the loyalists will have to fight their own battles against overwhelming odds at present loy alist troops have again rallied while franco’s army ptepares to enter more difficult terrain although the government's cause is not hopeless the ultimate creation of a fascist or semi fascist spain is becoming daily more likely such a development will mark one more defeat for the democratic powers of europe even if a nationalist spain does not prove as amen able to german and italian influence as some foreign observers predict meanwhile coordination of austria with the third reich has been proceeding apace the theatres the professions and the civil service are being rapidly purged of non aryans with equal ruthlessness all jewish shops have been branded the secret police of heinrich himmler have made thousands of ar rests many prominent people including major emil fey and baron neustaedter stuermer have preferred suicide to falling into the clutches of the nazis thousands of german police and troops are making austria thoroughly reliable for the coming plebiscite dr schacht and wilhelm keppler are attending to the economic aspects of austro german union taking over the assets of the austrian na tional bank and introducing into the new german state the reich’s four year plan and all its compli cated controls over business and agriculture no doubt they have discovered that austria with its import surplus of 237.1 million schillings is an eco nomic liability rather than an asset although austria can provide germany with some iron and lumber it will on the whole aggravate instead of relieve the reich’s chronic shortage of foodstuffs and raw materials on april 10 the reich germans as well as the austrians will march to the polls to put the stamp of approval on anschluss and elect the members of a new reichstag such was the decision announced to the reichstag on march 18 by the fuehrer who was hailed throughout the reich as a conquering hero anschluss hitler declared had been carried out only to give austria the right of self determination and save it from the fate of spain behind my de cision he warned stand 75,000,000 people pro tected by the german army hitler conspicuously failed to give any assurances concerning czechoslovakia probably he is planning no overt act against this country in the near future not only is he at present occupied with the consoli dation of the enlarged german reich but any action against czechoslovakia at this time might drive the hesitating british government definitely into the anti german camp yet the creation of a middle european federation including czechoslovakia is undoubtedly one of hitler’s objectives to this end he will press prague to abandon its alliance with mos cow and tempt the czechs with economic conces sions the czechoslovak government will not suc cumb to this pressure or these blandishments unless deprived of all foreign support it has already indi cated however its desire to conciliate the germans in accordance with promises made more than a year ago it decided on march 19 to introduce into parlia ment legislation designed to insure the german mi nority of 3,250,000 proportional representation in the state and municipal civil service the last two weeks have shown no progress to ward the formation of a european front which would impede germany's rise to a position of hegem ony on the continent when the soviet government proposed on march 18 that peace loving countries confer on measures to be taken against aggression its suggestion met with a frigid reception london is still reluctant to follow the example of paris and moscow and tender czechoslovakia a pledge of mili tary assistance in case of attack on march 16 prime minister chamberlain once more refused in the house of commons to be rushed into making an nounce nents prematurely despite undoubted dis appointment over events in austria mussolini clearly indicated in a speech before the chamber of depu ties on march 16 that he would continue to march with germany now that he has paid his price to hitler il duce will try to use the rome berlin axis for his own purposes under these circumstances the reluctance of the british to build up an anti german front can be un derstood such a course might bring peace temporar ily but it might also precipitate war the conviction is growing that the opportunity for effective collective action has now passed the british government there fore prefers to pursue a policy of watchful waiting it will vigorously prosecute its rearmament program and strive for an understanding with italy hoping meanwhile against long odds that an oppor tunity for a general european settlement will appear john c dewilde page two lithuania yields to poland profiting from the crisis precipitated by hitler's seizure of austria poland has suddenly compelled lithuania to restore diplomatic and trade relations and communication services which had been sys pended for more than 17 years on october 10 1929 the polish general zeligowski had without ay thorization from his government invaded lithuania and taken control of about one third of its territory including vilna the capital city lithuania had then broken off diplomatic relations and closed the fron tier to traffic of all kinds despite polish threats and appeals to the league this decision had never been modified the shooting of a polish sentry on the lithuanian side of the frontier on march 11 1938 provided ap occasion for the new demands of the polish gover speech ment on march 17 warsaw delivered a six point ultimatum to the lithuanian minister at tallinn estonia threatening military invasion if its terms were not accepted within 48 hours these included the establishment by march 31 of diplomatic rela tions and the restoration of railroad postal tele phone and telegraph services abrogation of a para graph in lithuania’s new constitution referring to vilna as its capital conclusion of a minorities agree ment and a commercial treaty and complete satis faction for the killing of the polish frontier guard on march 18 polish troops which ultimately numbered about 80,000 men were moved up to the frontier while warships held maneuvers near the port of memel wildly patriotic crowds in polish cities called for invasion of lithuania lithuania with an army of only 20,000 pleaded in vain for out side assistance the soviet union refused to give aid and lithuania’s partners in the baltic entente estonia and latvia urged acceptance of the uli matum before delivery of the ultimatum france britain and the soviet union apparently induced warsaw to moderate its terms later they secured 4 12 hour extension of the time limit a most disquieting factor was the possibility that drastic polish moves toward lithuania would be sup ported by germany ever since the conclusion of the german polish non aggression pact in 1934 it had been feared that the two countries would sometime compose their basic difference over the polish cor ridor by a deal at lithuania’s expense one possible bargain commonly mentioned would permit poland to absorb lithuania gaining a new outlet to the sea at memel in return for surrendering the polish cor ridor to germany reports from berlin which was apparently surprised by the polish steps indicated that germany might seize danzig or memel in case poland invaded lithuania fears that a general un derstanding existed between the two governments continued on page 4 careful bast mental on ju would not pr events at hon ing on six me congr specifi 3 re me wy the vance adopt bya v tion of an vote vinsc tectio was s me the n lepea the r 5 hitler's mpelled elations en sus 10 1920 out au ithuania erritory 1ad then he fron eats and ver been thuanian vided an govern six point tallinn ts terms included utic rela tal tele e a para ring to es agree ete satis rt guard ltimately 1p to the near the n polish ithuania 1 for out give aid entente the ulti france induced secured 4 ility that d be sup on of the 4 it had sometime lish cor possible it poland o the sea lish cor rhich was indicated el in case neral uf yernments washington news letter vo washington bureau national press building marrch 22 those washington observers who have been asking whether president roosevelt's famous chicago speech represented an attitude or aprogram found an answer last week in secretary hull’s forceful statement of american foreign policy und the accompanying march toward passage of the naval expansion program in the house an attitude plus a program in his important speech at the national press club on march 17 mr hull was speaking primarily to congress and ameri an public opinion though his words were weighed arefully for their effect in both europe and the far fast what he said in effect was that the funda mental principles of american foreign policy based m justice and morality and peace among nations would not be abandoned that the united states did not propose to beat a retreat in the face of disruptive wents abroad or isolationist and pacifist sentiment athome and that the executive had been proceed ing on the basis of a definite program for the past ix months that program mr hull informed his congressional critics was embodied in the following specific points 1 the willingness of this government to exchange in formation with other governments having common interests and common objectives and to proceed along parallel lines while retaining independence of judgment and freedom of action 2 determination to pursue the practice of civilized nations to afford protection by appropriate means under the rule of reason to their nationals and their rights and interests abroad derermination not to abandon our nationals and our interests in china 4 determination to maintain armed forces to provide adequate means of security against attack the last point in mr hull’s program was ad vanced another step on march 21 when the house adopted the billion dollar naval expansion program bya vote of 291 to 100 but without any clear defini tion of how the navy is to be used as an instrument of american policy in the debate preceding the final vote the policy amendment introduced by mr vinson authorizing a navy capable of affording pro tection in both oceans at one and the same time was stricken out moves to repeal neutrality act indications that the next step in the program may include a move to tepeal or amend the neutrality act were found in the report that the foreign affairs committee of the house will soon begin hearings on a number of resolutions now before congress while the admin istration has not publicly endorsed any of the pend ing measures sponsors of resolutions assert that the state department favors such hearings to test congressional sentiment on the existing act among other measures which will be considered are the o’connell resolution which authorizes the president to forbid the export of arms or any other articles or materials to an aggressor state whenever the president shall find that an act of aggression has been committed and the biermann resolution de signed to give effect to the non recognition doctrine the latter empowers the president in consultation with other states signatory to the kellogg briand pact to prohibit financial transactions with any state violating the anti war pact while definitive action on neutrality legislation appears most unlikely at this session the hearings will extend the current debate on foreign policy still another indication of the drive against the seclusionist point of view was the significant decla ration of paul v mcnutt high commissioner to the philippines that the whole question of philip pine independence should be re examined in the light of recent disquieting world events adminis tration spokesmen deny that the high commis sioner’s speech which was broadcast over a nation wide network on march 14 was intended as a trial balloon but few observers here believe that it could have been made without the knowledge of the white house in private conversations in washington dur ing the past few weeks mr mcnutt has made no secret of the fact that he believes philippine inde pendence would be a tragedy for both the united states and the islands themselves mexican oil dispute the obvious reluctance of the state department to intervene in the dispute between 17 american and british petroleum com panies and the mexican government gives further evidence of the political importance attached to main taining pan american friendship and understanding at almost any cost throughout the controversy brought to a head by the mexican supreme court’s wage scale decision and the occupation of american petroleum properties by mexican oil workers state department officials have steadfastly declined to ex press any opinion on the merits or demerits of the oil companies case or the position taken by the cardenas government the calm unruffled manner with which department officials are dealing with the controversy is in striking contrast to the vigorous protests lodged against the mexican government in the land and oil opus in 1927 whatever decision may be taken after a review of all the facts in dis the attitude of washington will be governed iy the practical necessity of upholding the good neighbor policy in this hemisphere witt t stone lithuania yields to poland continued from page 2 were strengthened by the attitude of the german government which though it counselled moderation gave no hint of anxiety over the polish moves in these circumstances the lithuanian government accepted the polish demands on march 19 two days later a polish diplomatic agent was sent to kaunas to arrange for the exchange of permanent diplomatic representatives although the immediate danger of war seems past large bodies of polish troops still remain at the frontier and lithuanians resent bit terly the pressure to which they are being subjected two ministers have already tendered their resigna tions and it seems possible that the president and his entire cabinet may be forced to retire extremely page four e difficult negotiations over communications and trade lie immediately ahead whether they can be con cluded without an explosion will depend largely op actual polish aims the exact nature of whic has not yet been disclosed widespread suspicions exist that the warsaw government will press further demands on lithuania looking toward an eventual partitioning agreement with germany on the other hand it may attempt to consolidate a neutral bloc of buffer states lying between germany and the o viet union in any case moscow’s failure to assist lithuania apparently means that this country has been drawn somewhat further from its orbit and will now be more exposed to polish and german influence than in the past paul b taylor mrs dean in minnesota during march mrs dean has been lecturing under the auspices of the kellogg foundation at carleton college northfield minnesota on march she addressed the cincinnati branch of the fpa and on march 29 and 30 will speak before the st paul and minneapolis branches returning to new york the first of april the f.d.a bookshelf the french war machine by shelby cullom davis new york peter smith 1937 2.25 a sober history of the organization and development of the french defenses under the third republic which fills an important niche in current military literature the information on france’s colonial troops is particularly interesting catalonia infeliz by e allison peers new york oxford university press 1938 3.00 the leading english authority on catalonia previously author of the spanish tragedy presents a scholarly his torical review of the region from its infancy in the ninth century through its rise and fall as a medieval nation the subsequent rebirth of sentiment for cultural and political independence and the final capture of autonomy pro fessor peer’s conservative leanings markedly influence his account of recent happenings between 1931 and the sum mer of 1937 what every young man should know about war by yy shapiro new york knight publishers 1937 1.50 a question and answer compilation of medical informa tion regarding modern warfare definitely proving that sherman was right handbook of international organizations associations bureaux committees etc geneva league of na tions 1938 distributed by columbia university press new york 3.00 a useful index to international groups working in fif teen various fields such as international relations re ligion education medicine labor agriculture and law chiang kai shek soldier and statesman by hollington k tong shanghai china publishing company 193 2 vols strong man of china by robert berkov boston hough ton mifflin 1938 3.00 hollington tong’s authorized biography of generalis simo chiang is also a history of three decades of china's political development its voluminous material including lengthy documentary quotations makes it a necessary reference work berkov’s effort while much slighter in content is more readable his analysis of the crucial turning points in chiang’s career may be profitably com pared with that of the authorized version neither work meets the requirements of a standard biography the first is too uncritical while the second is too incomplete the invasion of china by the western world by e b hughes new york macmillan 1938 3.50 this careful study is restricted to the cultural impact of the west on china excluding the influence of business trade and industry the wide use of chinese sources makes it a peculiarly revealing account of the changes brought about in china’s religious educational scientifit and literary life during the past century the story of dictatorship by e e kellett dutton 1937 1.75 a spirited account of the rise of dictators throughout human history from abimelech to hitler arguing that tyranny is fostered by social unrest government incom petence and war mr kellett favors improving the m chinery of democracy new york foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 22 marcu 25 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lasiim bug president vera micuetes dean editor national entered as second class mattel december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year sibilit memt tenan whe tions decla ine pronot the bo who v immec two c associ woven erty ai here cannc flicts as britis fluen +jforeign policy bulletin y on thich cions ntual bloc e so r has will uence or ring mn at rch 3 and paul york ington 1987 tough 1eralis shina’s cluding cessary hter in crucial ly com r work he first ry e rie impact usiness sources cientific w york oughout ng that jncom the ma national lass mactet an interpretation of current international events by the research staff periodical ro miption two dollars a year ov y se a po licy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y apr 6 ij og entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 vou xvii no 23 apriz 1 1938 recent foreign policy reports on issues in the news the struggle over spain out april 1st mexico’s challenge to foreign capital strife in czechoslovakia cross currents in danubian europe u.s neutrality in the spanish conflict europe in crisis world affairs pamphlet 25 cents each general library university of michigan ann arbor michican chamberlain explai ns britain’s role eville chamberlain s statement of brit ish policy on march 24 has to some degree improved prospects for european peace true the prime minister declined to pledge his country to assist czechoslovakia in case of attack or to support france should it carry out the terms of its alliance with prague such a guarantee removing the de cision as to war or peace from the discretion of his majesty's government could not be made in rela tion to an area where britain’s vital interests are not concerned to the same degree as they are in the case of france and belgium yet at the same time chamberlain went further in reassuring france and gechoslovakia than any british statesman had ever done before he left little doubt that britain would soon become involved in any war precipitated in central europe not only did the prime minister refer to the pos sibility that britain might intervene as a league member for the restoration of peace or the main tenance of international order but he stressed that where peace and war are concerned legal obliga tions are not alone involved on the contrary he declared inexorable fact might prove more powerful than formal pronouncements and in that event it would be well within the bounds of probability that other countries besides those who were parties to the original disputes would be almost immediately involved this is especially true in the case of two countries like great britain and france with long associations of friendships with interests chiefly inter woven and devoted to the same ideals of democratic lib tty and determined to uphold them here then is a clear warning to germany that it cannot rely on british neutrality particularly in con flicts to which france becomes a party as the best guarantee against aggression the british government prefers to exert all their in fluence on the side of bringing peaceful orderly solutions of any issues liable to interrupt friendly relations between nations to this end mr cham berlain urged czechoslovakia to adjust its relations with its german minority and expressed britain's willingness to help in settling any difficulties between the berlin and prague governments from these declarations it is evident that britain will not stand in the way of any settlement obtained by pressure short of force the reich is in an excel lent position to apply such pressure within czecho slovakia it has the support of a strong german minority which under the impression of events in austria is rapidly attaining complete unity the three small german parties collaborating in the coali tion cabinet of premier milan hodza have with drawn their representatives on march 22 the ger man agrarian league disbanded and its five deputies joined the totalitarian sudeten german party headed by konrad henlein two days later the christian socialist group including six deputies took similar action only the social democrats remain outside the henlein organization which with its 55 repre sentatives is now the strongest party in the czecho slovak parliament in addition chancellor hitler possesses a pow erful and persuasive instrument in the political and military strength of the reich if necessary he can supplement it with economic pressure for ger many and austria together absorb almost a quarter of czechoslovakia’s exports and by virtue of their geographical position can cut off a very large pro portion of the foreign trade of this landlocked country with these methods hitler could obtain a better position for the sudeten germans and press czechoslovakia into a german controlled economic mitteleuropa yet the czechs and probably the slovaks as well would resist to the last man any attempt to disrupt the territorial unity of their coun 2 shawn ng mre i try or to assail their hard won political independence they have an excellently equipped and well trained army and possess some of the best armament fac tories in the world their antagonists moreover will have to reckon with the likelihood of intervention by france and the soviet union and the possible in volvement of britain a rather precarious balance of power now pre serves peace in europe despite recent advances germany and italy cannot yet be said to have cap tured a position of absolute supremacy on the con tinent although possessed of formidable armament on land and sea they are economically weak neither has a supply of raw materials sufficient to sustain it in a prolonged war nor can they rely entirely on each other in the event of war italy would probably join the side which had most to offer just as it did in 1915 with the exception of italy germany has no ally it could hardly count as in 1914 on the neu trality of britain which is now more closely linked to france than ever before and with the stimulus of its accelerated rearmament program is rapidly over coming its military shortcomings in the soviet union the reich would face an opponent whose eco nomic and military preparedness is certainly superior to that of pre war russia financially and politically france is weaker than in 1914 moreover now that a definitive franco victory in spain seems inevitable the french government faces the unpleasant pros of having another fascist or semi fascist neigh r on the south yet even here the outlook is not entirely gloomy the french have always revealed extraordinary recuperative powers in times of na tional emergency and although they may see spain’s sympathies enlisted on the side of the fascist na tions it would hardly be in franco's interests to par ticipate actively in a european war thus the balance of power still inclines in favor of those powers in terested in the preservation of peace unfortunately this factor may not deter nations from prosecuting policies which involve the danger of war hitler and mussolini have both demonstrated that they are willing to take such risks joun c pewilde mexico nationalizes oil the good neighbor policy in latin america was dealt a severe blow when mexico expropriated for eign oil properties and the united states in apparent reprisal suspended silver purchases from the republic the expropriation decree announced on march 18 affected seventeen foreign companies whose holdings are valued at 350,000,000 of this amount 125 000,000 is estimated to be american capital and 225,000,000 british dutch a factor which brings european nations into the controversy the government's resort to expropriation climaxed a long dispute between foreign companies deter mined to maintain themselves and president lazaro page two ee es cardenas committed to a nationalist program de manding that mexicans progressively displace for eigners in control of the country’s resources the con troversy dates from the petroleum strike of may 1937 following investigation of the companies books the federal board of conciliation and ap bitration handed down on december 18 a decision favorable to the workers approving a one third ip crease in wages and expansion of pension and wel fare systems at an estimated annual cost of 7 200,000 together with limited labor participatiog in management the companies asserting they could not pay more than 3,600,000 sought an injunction from the mexican supreme court while the case was pending the companies threatened to cease op erations if the ruling was adverse embittered goy ernment supporters charged the petroleum interests with attempts to coerce the court they alleged that the oil companies had largely suspended business on credit in order to throw the burden for such transac tions on the banks and had put a strain on the peso by withdrawing their balances in mexico on march 1 the supreme court denied the com panies appeal thus ne them to fulfill the ver dict of the labor board a temporary injunction on the 8th staying enforcement of this decision pro vided a short breathing spell but an effort at com promise proved fruitless president cardenas sonally promised the corporations that the wage bill would not run to the 11,400,000 which their experts had estimated but would be held to a maximum of 7,200,000 or 26,000,000 pesos the companies raised their offer to 22,500,000 pesos and at the last moment to the full 26,000,000 on condition that workers participation in management be eliminated but this proviso proved an insuperable obstacle and on march 18 the president acting under the ex propriation law of november 1936 announced ne tionalization of the oil properties the decre ised indemnity to the companies within t time but skeptics were quick to recall mexico s fail ure to date to provide satisfactory compensation fot land seizures president cardenas later announced plans for a domestic loan of 100,000,000 pesos to be used in part to indemnify owners of oil properties an administrative petroleum council jointly repre senting government and labor was named to operate the industry the mexican move confronted washington with a dilemma it was under pressure to protect ameti can interests especially since the cardenas initiative might set a precedent for other latin american cout tries moreover british and dutch properties wert involved on the other hand in the present world crisis friendly relations with the republics to the south are a foundation stone in united states foreign pol continued on page 4 de tic re ell for nies ar ision d in wel o ation could ction case op 8ov erests 1 that ss on ansac peso com e ver on of pide com per ze bill xperts um of panies re last n that inated e and he ex ed na dron s faik on fof ounced 5 to be erties repte perate n with ameti itiative n coum 5 were world e south gn pol washington news letter washington bureau national press building march 29 german and austrian refugee problem that humanitarian appeals alone will not be sufficient to meet the problem of political refu from austria and germany became apparent last week as state department officials took the first steps in carrying out the project submitted by sec retary hull to 29 american and european govern ments details of the plan which is understood to have been initiated by the president apparently without prior consultation have yet to be worked out and specific proposals will not be formulated until the meeting of the special committee of govern ment representatives proposed by this government washington officials who are familiar with the ef forts of other agencies such as the nansen office of the league of nations and the migration bureau of the international labor office are well aware of the magnitude and complexity of the task confront ing any new committee the high commission for refugees coming from germany created in 1933 has not only encountered serious obstacles in facili ting immigration to other countries but has also met with difficulties in seeking to establish a legal satus for oppressed minorities after two years of efort the commission has been able to secure the signature with reservations of only nine govern ments to a convention dealing with the status of refu gees no government has yet ratified this treaty in announcing its project for an inter govern mental committee the state department emphasized that no country would be required to change its ex sting immigration laws in the case of the united states it was pointed out that some 17,000 emergency immigrants could be admitted under existing quotas during the remainder of the current fiscal year if financial aid could be furnished by private agencies to prevent refugees from becoming public charges the figures for the fiscal year 1937 were as follows annual quota unused per cent quota 1937 visas issued visas unused germany 25,957 12,532 13,425 5i austria 1,413 424 989 62 27,370 12,956 14,414 52 despite these unused quotas some experts here doubt whether the united states will be able to ad mit any substantial number of refugees without modifying the existing immigration laws or regula tions the funds required to guarantee that indigent tefugees would not become public charges would be enormous and almost beyond the reach of any private agency the number of applicants for american visas moreover has far exceeded the total of the annual quotas for a number of years on june 30 1937 applications at american consular offices in germany and austria alone totaled well over 100 000 and this number may be doubled or trebled as a result of the nazi coup in austria consular offi cers while allowed some discretion in interpreting the law are forced to exclude many applicants on technical grounds which cannot be modified without amending the act itself the immigration laws of most latin american countries have been even more stringent than those of the united states in recent years and immigra tion from germany has been insignificant in 1936 brazil admitted only 1,580 germans while argen tina received 1,461 mexico under its immigration law of 1934 prohibits admission of laboring immi grants some confusion has been caused here by president roosevelt’s press conference statement at warm springs on march 15 that the american proposal would also apply to oppressed minorities in russia italy spain and other countries state department officials while withholding comment are proceed ing on the assumption that the project is limited to germany and austria no change in neutrality administration leaders in congress have sidetracked the plan mentioned in this letter last week to commence hearings on reso lutions seeking revision or repeal of the existing neu trality laws the decision was made by representa tive mcreynolds chairman of the house foreign affairs committee following indications that any move to repeal the laws would precipitate an acri monious debate in congress the hearings originally scheduled for march 29 have been postponed in definitely meanwhile the state department declined to alter its position with respect to the embargo on arms shipments to spain the attitude of the depart ment was disclosed in a letter from secretary hull to raymond l buell made public on march 22 mr buell had written informally to the secre tary pointing out that the spanish embargo rested on a proclamation issued under the neutrality act of may 1 and that the conditions which caused the president to issue this proclamation had ceased to exist it was his contention that events have proved that the effect of the proclamation has been to deny the loyalists access to the american market al gee emer a ie a eannmneel ee though franco is being freely supplied with war ma terials by germany and italy when the proclama tion of may 1 was issued it was assumed that such shipments would also stop in reply secr hull iad that there had en soy sar situa tion in spain such as to warrant the president in re voking his proclamation of may 1 1937 and that moreover the joint resolution of january 8 under which the original embargo on spain had been im posed was still in effect according to a letter of march 23 from mr buell however it was the intention of congress to super sede the specific embargo imposed on january 8 by the more elastic provisions of the neutrality act of may 1 the fact that the president deemed it neces sary to issue a proclamation reimposing the embargo under the general act would support this point of view in any case the immediate ae of the existing spanish embargo is a proclamation imposed by presi dential discretion and the retention of this embargo therefore involves the responsibility of the presi dent it is pointed out that the state department adopted a very liberal interpretation of the neutrality act when it decided not to apply it in the orient but it has adopted a strict interpretation in refusing to lift it in the case of spain wituam t stone mexico nationalizes oil continued from page 2 icy and washington has no desire to drive mexico into the arms of germany or japan the state de partment at first announced that it would not act until the pans aay had exhausted all legal recourse to this end the oil companies announced on march 20 that they would fle injunction proceed ings against the expropriation decree two days later the american corporations presented to the state department a brief claiming a manifest denial page four of justice meanwhile britain whose navy needs mexican oil has made diplomatic representations ig mexico city there followed the announcement of secretary of the treasury morgenthau on march 2 that purchases of mexican silver amounting a proximately to 5,000,000 ounces monthly w not be continued after april 1 this step served fup ther to depress the mexican peso which had falle sharply after the expropriation decree many observers doubt that mexico can com mand either the capital or the technical ability necessary for successful administration of the oj industry which normally exports from 70 to per cent of its production even if it should overcome the lack of tankers it would still face the hostility of the dominant british and american companies in its search for markets despite the pro nounced anti fascist policy in international affairs of the cardenas régime negotiations for petroleum sales to japan have been reported the oil crisis threatening an estimated loss in taxes of approx mately one seventh of the total government budget occurred at a particularly inauspicious time for the cardenas administration as a result of expenditures for public works and agrarian reform its coffers are almost empty and curtailment of agricultural credit is already breeding discontent among the new peasant farmers in this situation it is not generally expected that the government will create new difficulties by any immediate attempt to take over the mining in dustry a further danger may arise should political opponents of the régime take advantage of its pres ent straits to organize a revolt the next six months may prove critical for president cardenas unless he can induce his people to make the economic sacrifices which victory in the present conflict apparently demands charles a thomson the f.d.a bookshelf the united states and the disruption of the spanish em pire 1810 1822 by charles carroll griffin new york columbia university press 1937 3.75 despite a difficult style this book throws new light on the early relations of the united states and latin amer ica this early period in certain respects was similar to the present for it was marked by a conflict between those who wished to aid latin american independence and those who insisted upon neutrality the neutrality school won partly because the administration wished to secure the cession of florida by spain it is interesting to note that at the congress of vienna spain endeavored to secure the return of louisiana ceded by napoleon to the united states in 1803 lords of the inland sea a study of the mediterranem powers by sir charles petrie bt london lovat dick son limited 1937 10s 6d this remarkably illuminating view of the british right wing conservative mentality will go far to enlighten thos who are puzzled or incensed by neville chamberlain’s pol icy today a firm believer in monarchy and the corporate state a worshipper at the shrine of the dictators an op ponent of the doctrines of the french revolution and 4 horrified enemy of the communist scourge sir charles has written a series of thumbnail sketches of the mediter ranean powers in the light of his preconceptions he urges britain to cut loose from the russian controlled league of nations to establish conscription and curb left wing e cesses at home and to come to a realistic understanding with mussolini foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 23 aprit 1 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lasiuzs bug president vera micueres dgan editor national entered as second class matt december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year f +jforeign policy bulletin needs 4 interpretation of current international events by the research staff ons ip subscription two dollars a year ee of n under the act ent of foreign policy association incorporated of march 3 1879 rch 27 8 west 40th street new york n y gz a wi you xvii no 24 aprit 8 1988 falln the struggle over spain fallen the by john c dewilde general library gee enchyesd tn this contly toes which samen tao university of michigan ability of the london non intervention committee to stop the mere inchivns ond ho conmnign sgdiom yinmk aetaee ann arbor mich to 8 marizes the charges and counter charges concerning should foreign intervention face april 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents a copy erican 1 pro aflain china moves toward democracy oleum crisis ctions taken by the kuomintang plenary ses the reforms so far adopted have not threatened lox sion held march 29 to april 2 in hankow the dominant political position of the kuomintang udger exhibit the most notable democratic and progressive although they tend to modify in important respects or the trend in chinese political life during the past decade the exclusive dictatorship formerly exercised by this litures within china’s broad anti japanese front which has party at the hankow sessions several efforts were sts ate become stronger and more united as the war pro made to strengthen its national standing a kuomin credit gresses an increased degree of popular initiative and tang youth organization established for future easant participation has been apparent for some months party members broadened the base of the older the hankow plenary session placed the official samp of kuomintang approval on these develop ments by establishing legal channels of freer politi cal expression this liberal evolution contrasts sharp ly with the results of the recent session of the jap anese diet which adjourned on march 26 after pass ing bills consolidating japan’s totalitarian structure the creation of a people’s political council which will include a widely representative member ship constitutes the outstanding achievement of the kuomintang plenary session although its powers are not yet clearly determined this body promises to hecome a full fledged legislative organ when the new constitution is promulgated even under present tegulations the people’s political council will be fepresentative not merely of the kuomintang but of all party groups this step toward democratic gov tnment is supported by the decree granting full freedom of press speech and association such free dom has already been effective for some months for the first time in years newspapers of many political shades including the communist hsin hua jih pao or new china daily are now being published the possibility of achieving these democratic reforms was originally considered during the negotiations which established the kuomintang communist entente last waionf spting exigencies of the war which necessitate full ss mae mobilization of popular energy and initiative have hastened the establishment of a more liberal politi cal régime method of party recruitment generalissimo chiang kai shek became tsung tsai i.e leader or presi dent with the post of permanent chairman of the central executive committee and with powers of conditional veto over the latter’s actions this move is not necessarily fascist chiang’s increased powers enable him to act more effectively against the dogmatic adherents of an exclusive kuomintang dic tatorship nor is the evolving hankow régime com munist its liberal republican basis is made evident in the reiteration of dr sun yat sen’s principles of nationalism democracy and people’s livelihood as the basic precepts of the chinese political system these principles are receiving fuller and more gen uine expression than for a decade past in japan the actions of the seventy third diet marked out a very different path the japanese par liament passed the regular budget of 2,868 million yen as well as additional war appropriations of 4,850 millions to the degree that these funds are devoted to expansion of war industry the reaction ary alliance of the militarists and heavy industry will be further strengthened passage of the national mobilization bill gives this coalition a blank check it can fill in without reference to the will of the elected representatives of the japanese people this measure as well as nationalization of the electric power industry was forced through the diet by vari ous bulldozing methods police raids on the seiyukai and minseito party headquarters physical attacks on some members of the diet widespread arrests of lib erals and radicals and premier konoye’s threat to organize a single fascist party all contributed to passage of the disputed bills japan’s international economic position continues to deteriorate drastic import control eliminating needed materials reduced the excess of imports during january and february more significant japanese exports also declined dur ing this period japan’s orders for raw cotton and petroleum in the american market it is reported are now being held up in the hope of securing long term credits for such purchases on the military fronts in china the japanese in vaders have encountered resistance which is proving much more difficult to overcome chinese operations on the strategic hsiichow front in southern shan tung have exhibited unsuspected potentialities of ini tiative and effective staff work well conceived at tacks delivered against both flanks of the japanese forces along the tientsin pukow railway have dis rupted the latter’s communications in shantung and held up the divisions constituting the spear head of the japanese offensive at the end of march gen eralissimo chiang kai shek personally supervised successful frontal attacks on the advanced japanese lines north of hsiichow victory to japan on this front despite its heavy costs in men and materials will not be decisive the japanese drive in shansi province also bogged down leaving several divi sions so precariously isolated that they had to be supplied by airplanes in the north china provinces off the railways the eighth route army has organ ized an administration of seven million people who are being mobilized for guerrilla warfare the new chinese puppet régime at nanking set up on march 28 under japanese auspices was inaugurated in the midst of serious hostilities along the yangtze river at lake tai near shanghai and at wuhu the con quest of china by japanese arms it would appear is still in its initial stages t a bisson after austria what while germany and its new austrian province were being subjected to whirlwind propaganda for a hundred per cent vote of allegiance to hitler in the post mortem plebiscite of april 10 britain czecho slovakia and the catholic clergy of austria jumped on the bandwagon by recognizing anschluss on march 27 the catholic bishops led by cardinal innitzer urged their flocks to vote for union with germany this gesture of the austrian clergy re garded by german nazis as the first step toward reconciliation between the nazi state and the cath olic church was in sharp contrast to the silence of the german bishops who had been expected to fol page two low suit on april 3 and to a vatican statement of march 31 that the austrian declaration had been js sued without the approbation of the holy see the one dissident note in this chorus of acquis cence came not altogether surprisingly from rome where count ciano and the earl of perth labored to complete an anglo italian accord which might serve as counter weight to the rome berlin axis in a belli cose speech to the senate on march 30 mussolini de a clared that when some passes interpreted as aj sect reference to the brenner are sealed which we are 12 doing the alps which form the rest of the great last circle are impassable and not only during the winter the months asserting that italy could mobilize four pf to five millions of first line combatants he said wu with his eye apparently on hitler this shows how ridiculous are the polemics of certain quarters be ne yond the alps according to which the african war the formation of two army corps in libya aud the 8 participation of volunteers in the spanish war have weakened us and boasted that the italian army is the only one since the world war which has had the me experience of a war lived and won if germany 4 had hoped to divert italy from europe to africa as 18 in the case of france after the franco prussian war mussolini’s speech would indicate that this hope of may yet prove unfounded especially once italy reaches a settlement with britain the prospects for of such a settlement brutal as this may sound would be pro aided by liquidation of the spanish civil war rapidly co approaching a climax with the capture of lerida by 5 s the rebels on april 3 which threatens to drive a ma wedge between barcelona and valencia mei little improvement meanwhile appeared in the f tee firn position of czechoslovakia directly menaced by ger many’s eastward drive in an attempt to meet the de tt 1 no mands of the sudeten germans premic dza broadcast a proposal on march 28 for codification of the present regulations governing the status of all minorities in czechoslovakia but opposed rant pac of self government which in his opinion would lead to disintegration of the czechoslovak state his pai proposal was rejected in berlin where the sudetens e are regarded not as a minority but as a national io group maltreated by the czechs and entitled to self determination further danger was created by shi the decision on march 29 of other minority groups poles hungarians and slovak clericals to form a united front with the sudeten germans in pressing for autonomy this movement threatens the break up of czechoslovakia confronted by the hostility of po land and hungary which both hope to feast on crumbs from the german table french and soviet pledges of aid to czechoslo ip vakia and british pledges of aid to france might b continued on page 4 nt of en is juies ome ed to serve belli ni de as a e are srcat v inter said how wat d the have ny is id the many n wat hope italy ts for ald be apidly ida by rive 4 in the he de rr yn of f alban orant would te his idetens ational led to ited by groups form ressing eak up of po ast on choslo four p a washington news letter washington bureau national press building april 4 the response of president cardenas to secretary hull’s statement of march 30 has visibly relaxed the tension in mexican american relations last week washington officials were plainly worried their position was delicate they had no desire to fovoke a major conflict over the oil issue which would undermine the good neighbor policy toward latin america while inviting caustic criticism of the new deal at home they did not want to spank cardenas publicly or to force a show down which might lead to chaos in mexico and possibly end in a revolution the outcome of which could not be fore gen at the same time they could not overlook mexico’s failure to compensate thousands of small american landowners whose property had been con fscated under the agrarian program nor could they ignore the consequences elsewhere in latin america of expropriation without compensation mr hull’s statement did not challenge the right of mexico to expropriate the property of foreigners provided due compensation was made while mex o's response has been received with relief the issue still fraught with difficulties and many months may be required to work out a satisfactory settle ment great britain whose stake is even greater than the united states is apparently still pressing for a firmer stand but the cardenas note has established afriendly basis for negotiation which washington _jnow hopes may result in an equitable agreement super battleships a formal request for construc dn ree 45,000 ton battleships was made by eahy on april 4 at the opening of the senate hearings on the administration’s naval ex pansion program state department officials have been most reluctant to discuss the naval conversa tions in london which culminated last week in the formal scrapping of the 35,000 ton limit on battle hips by britain france and the united states un der article 35 of the naval treaty of 1936 the rea on for this diplomatic reticence is found in the fact that the united states alone among the three naval powers apparently objected not only to retaining the ld treaty limits but also to fixing any new limitation m the size of future capital ships a the facts as reported in diplomatic circles here indicate that when the conversations began following japan’s refusal to disclose its building program both britain and france much to the surprise of the united states opposed any step which would upset the existing naval balance in europe at the present time no continental power has laid down any capital ship over 35,000 tons germany and russia more over are bound by the qualitative limits of the 1936 treaty under separate agreements with britain while italy has seen fit to keep within the same limits france argued with considerable force that the dan ger of bringing other european powers into a new naval race was greater than the potential threat from japan’s reported building program the united states while not suggesting the maximum tonnage which it proposed to build held out for complete freedom to match any ships which japan may lay down in the end britain deferred to the united states and france was compelled to acquiesce the french note however made it clear that france does not intend to lay down ships over 35,000 tons as long as no other european power departs from this standard and will continue to press for an early agreement on the size of future ships consultations on fixing of a new tonnage limitation will begin in london within the next few weeks and there is every indication that the united states may again find itself alone in demanding the maximum tonnage naval strategy a possible clue to united states naval strategy in the pacific was found last week in a routine navy department order which provoked some comment in diplomatic quarters the announce ment unimportant in itself revealed that the navy had appointed captain monroe kelly as united states naval and air attaché to the netherlands the only previous occasion when the united states assigned a naval attaché to the hague was during the manchurian conflict of 1931 32 the new ap pointment revived discussion of possible british american and dutch cooperation in the western pacific because of the strategic importance of the dutch east indies with their valuable oil reserves the british and dutch navies have long had a close working arrangement which was recently perfected in naval conversations at singapore possible coop eration of the united states even without formal commitments would aid any british plans for clos ing of the channels from singapore through the dutch east indies and would permit extension of a long distance naval blockade to american samoa which is now the scene of american naval maneuvers william t stone after austria what continued from page 2 be expected to give hitler pause what czecho slovakia must anticipate however is not overt war but the same subversive technique which has al ready served hitler well in germany spain and aus tria this technique calls merely for nazi propa ganda among people susceptible to fear of commu nism like the german industrialists and the spanish rebels or to blood patriotism like the austrian nazis and the sudeten germans once fear or pa triotism has been aroused and translated into action ostensibly without german interference then all that is necessary is to describe opposition to ger many’s aims as communism or internal disorder which hitler self appointed defender of europe against bolshevism must then intervene to subdue the advantage of this technique from hitler’s point of view is that it may be used without neces sarily creating a casus belli on the contrary it places the responsibility for outbreak of war not on the dic tators who by mere threats are achieving their ob jectives with a minimum of bloodshed but on czechoslovakia and its allies should they attempt to resist germany this confronts france and britain with a cruel dilemma either resist now thus risking war or continue to negotiate with the dictators in the hope that some formula may be found to pre serve european peace but always with the risk that conflict may eventually prove unavoidable after austria it is difficult to urge a firm stand against the dictators even if such a stand could be realistically expected from britain divided against itself on foreign policy and anxious for peace at any price or france forced by lack of internal stability to follow in britain’s wake the hour for forming a common front against dictatorial aggression which could have proved effective in manchuria ethiopia and even in spain ran out at berchtesgaden when britain and france demonstrated their reluctance to resist germany unless their immediate interests are affected a common front today would represent not an attempt to rally the world under the banner of collective security but an effort to defend existing territorial arrangements in europe by an alliance of anti fascist against fascist countries for such an alliance an argument may be cogently presented by those who believe that democracy will be made safe on the fields of spain and czechoslovakia and that nazism will thus be extirpated in germany in coun seling this course it must be realized that the dicta torships unlike the democracies would not in the last resort shrink from war the german people page four have been indoctrinated with the belief that war js not of itself repugnant least of all when foughy to maintain or achieve so called national honor mer threat of force by britain and france might no longer call the bluff of dictators who have heard yy moralize once too often about aggression without at tempting to check it either by timely concessions or by war nor would the economic weakness of ger many and italy necessarily prove a deterrent the very paucity of their economic resources calls for 4 short war compounded of schrecklichkeit this was clearly stated by mussolini on march 30 when he told the senate that war from the air must be con ducted in a manner to fracture the morale of the people if resistance today is fraught with risk what of the alternative policy of negotiating with the dicta tors now followed by mr chamberlain in follow ing this course it must be realized that after austria there is no longer question of displaying magna nimity toward germany or offering hitler conces sions on a silver platter hitler is now helping himself without courtesy of diplomacy the m that britain and france may hope to achieve is pro tection for their own territories by sacrifice of spais or czechoslovakia and even here it must be realize that germany may eventually collide with frang and britain unless these two countries are prep to accept second class positions in europe and con centrate their efforts on development of empires over seas the anti communist campaign for which hil has won support among reactionaries in democrati countries is in essence a campaign against demo racy thus an ultimate conflict with germany mi yet prove unavoidable at a time when the demo racies would perhaps be weaker than they are today confronted by these almost equally danger courses the european democracies as well as i united states must in weighing their decision recog nize one fact no matter how unpalatable that ty years after a world war fought to balk ge hegemony on the european continent we are fronted with a resurgent germany pursuing uf hitler a foreign policy not essentially different f that of the kaiser the fundamental question must answer is this having returned partly throu our own failure to support an alternative syste precarious balance of power politics do we beli that by resisting germany by force we would if victorious lay the foundations for peace or m ly create fresh opportunities for war vera micheles dean foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 24 aprit 8 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated n i headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lustre busi president vera miche.es dgan editor december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year entered as second class i tl +foreign policy bulletin mnt wat is an interpretation of eat international events by the research staff ine cp regs pris te o7 ough subscription two dollars a year way mich office at new york n y der the act mere foreign policy association incorporated of mach 3 wp ht no 8 west 40th street new york n y ard us sut at vou xvii no 25 apri 15 1938 the struggle over spain 7 by john c dewilde general library i the role of european powers in the spanish war is se c4a 0 sei fora analyzed in this timely report which surveys the efforts university of michigan 1s was rs the pr agg st he ogg ream to stop the ow of men and munitions reviews the deutschland m wi en he incident and the campaign against piracy and sum ann arbor mich e con marizes the charges and counter charges concerning of the foreign intervention april 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents a copy hat of di can daladier steady france ustria nagn wenty two months after the formation of ular front predecessors fell because it could not conces its first government the french popular front persuade parliament to grant it the extraordinary de relpi has been rent asunder and has fallen from power on april 8 after 26 stormy days as leader of the is p fourth popular front government léon blum re spaia signed two days later while germans went to the polls to ratify the annexation of austria an act con fran swmmated during the previous french government crisis edouard daladier radical socialist leader formed a new cabinet although it is not the national union cabinet which hite virtually all frenchmen desire but on whose com i position the left and right cannot agree the demoe daladier ministry may possibly muster sufficient sup mich pott to deal with the grave problems confronting y france today surviving a well nigh fatal political setback in february 1934 when he was blamed for sanguinary riots in the streets of paris daladier has won new prestige by his excellent performance as war minister under all four popular front govern ments his present position at the most conservative wing of the popular front makes him peculiarly suitable to direct the gradual swing to the right which the new government composed of twelve radical socialists and seven recruits from the center seems destined to attempt in the search for measures of fiscal control which will do least violence to the concepts of economic liberalism daladier will be aided by the presence of three former finance min isters in his cabinet all three paul marchandeau paul reynaud and georges bonnet are members of a special inner council of six in whose hands the direction of public affairs is apparently to be central ized as foreign minister moreover bonnet is ex pected to follow the british lead with respect to fon intervention in spain and rapprochement with the european dictators the blum government like two of its three pop cree powers believed necessary to meet the desperate budgetary situation from the beginning observers had predicted that it would meet with stiff opposi tion from the senate which had administered the coup de grace to the first blum ministry in june 1937 in a preliminary test of strength on march 24 the socialist premier suffered a decisive defeat when the senate refused to raise the limit of advances from the bank of france to the treasury by the sum of 9 billion francs an inflationary measure but one which would temporarily replenish the state’s empty coffers instead the upper house reduced the increase to 5 billions reluctant to go down to defeat on a minor issue blum accepted the change he then formulated a comprehensive plan for the financial and economic rehabilitation of the country frankly admitting that he had been led to abandon a liberal régime the premier pointed to an indicated budget deficit of 37 billion francs and a flight of capital totaling 80 billions at present valuation as justification for the following proposals 1 a capital levy on fortunes of 150,000 francs and more with graduated rates ranging from 4 to 17 per cent ex pected to yield 20 billion francs in 10 annual instalments 2 suspension for two years of amortization of the public debt providing 5.4 billions each year 3 centralization of foreign exchange transactions in the bank of france to discourage speculative dealings and the drain of capital 4 revaluation of the gold reserves of the bank of france at their present market value with a profit estimated at 22.5 billions 5 increased tax rates on incomes inheritances and im ports together with imposition of a special excess profits tax on private munitions firms and a move to decrease tax evasion by abolishing bearer securities and requiring their registration in the name of the owner 6 modification of the 40 hour week law to permit in creased production in defense industries 7 various social and economic measures providing among other matters for encouragement of the tourist in dustry price control and an old age pension system obstacles at once beset the path of these popular front proposals an atmosphere of tension was en gendered by spreading sit down strikes which in volved 100,000 workers seeking collective bargaining contracts in metallurgical automobile and aviation plants popular front supporters demonstrated in the streets of paris sensitive to pressure from the french middle class the radical socialist ministers in the blum cabinet took exception to the proposed capital levy and other portions of the program when the demand for decree powers reached the voting stage in the chamber of deputies on april 6 the radical socialist delegation split blum’s plan was approved but only by a truncated popular front majority of 311 to 250 in the senate joseph caillaux led the forces of the right in an onslaught on the government's pro posals conservative critics termed them inflationary and particularly burdensome to the peasants whose tangible property could not escape the capital levy others pointed out that disproportionately small sac rifices were imposed on the workers on april 8 the blum government toppled under a crushing defeat by the conservative senate 223 to 49 and in the course of his downfall blum adroitly set the stage for a major constitutional crisis he challenged the power of the senate an indirectly elected body in which right wing and rural elements are dominant to thwart the popular will as reflected in the more democratically chosen chamber blum’s defeat should not be construed as a protest against the award of extraordinary powers to a french cabinet it is rather a demonstration of right wing hostility to the social and political plat form of the popular front sacrifices must be made before france can find stability the question to be determined is how these sacrifices shall be appor tioned among the nation’s classes on that issue the conservatives and social reformers seem almost ir remediably split and so closely balanced are the two factions that progress in either direction is in ordinately difficult the right can scarcely undo the work of the popular front as long as the parties of the left retain their dominant position in the cham ber and in the country at large the left has proved impotent to solve the problems created by its social measures problems which find their expression in the slackening of business activity and the flight of capital the question at the moment is whether premier daladier can present a middle course pro gram to the country giving full powers to his gov ernment on terms which will win the support of both page two i the socialists on his left and the center elements op his right davi h popper the ayes have it in germany the plebiscite of april 10 held on the question of austria’s inclusion in the greater german reich already accomplished in fact on march 15 gave hitler the anticipated overwhelming majority of 99.02 per cent in germany and 99.72 per cent in aus tria out of a total of 49,279,104 ballots cast only 452,170 were in the negative and 75,347 were held invalid while 220,159 registered voters stayed away from the polls in spite of spectacular efforts t achieve hundred per cent unanimity the official sup port given to anschluss by the austrian catholic hierarchy played an important rdle in austria where the retraction obtained from cardinal innitzer in rome on april 6 was not allowed to be published by the nazi controlled press the anschluss plebiscite designed to impress the outside world with the totalitarian support enjoyed by hitler could not fail to gain the approval of a people whose national pride crushed by the terms of the versailles peace has found satisfaction in germany's absorption of austria by his appeal to german na tionalism hitler has astutely relegated to the back ground those economic and political issues on which some germans at least might conceivably oppose him so long as german national sentiment is kept at fever pitch and the alleged grievances of germans outside the reich provide ample fuel for future dem onstrations such disaffection as may exist in ger many behind the facade of totalitarian rule will per force be subordinated not merely to considerations of personal safety but to those of patriotism for hit ler in the pre plebiscite campaign emphasized not only his belief that he was the instrument of the divine will a reference thought to indicate a lesife for reconciliation with the catholic church but his conviction that by swallowing austria germany had won the war it had thought lost at versailles the anschluss represents more than the climax of hit ler’s personal success story it is the fulfillment of bismarck’s unrealized dream of an austria ruled from berlin on the eve of the plebiscite the united states fol lowing the example of britain and czechoslovakia recognized anschluss in two notes of april 6 aé dressed to the german government in the first note this country based its acceptance of austria’s absorp tion on the notification by mr prochnik former austrian minister to washington that austria had ceased to exist as an independent nation the aus trian situation in this respect is held to differ from cf after austria what foreign policy bulletin april 8 1938 continued on page 4 mn of ich gave y of aus only held away s to sup holic ria liczer shed s the ed by 2ople f the any’s n na back vhich pose pt at mans dem ger pet ns of hit d not f the jesite it his y had the hit nt of ruled s fol vakia 6 ad t note washington news letter mes washington bureau national press building april 12 the informal conversations among the representatives of five leading american nations held at rio de janeiro on april 11 are one indica tion of the trend toward closer political association for the countries of this hemisphere the foreign ministers of argentina and brazil joined with diplo mats from the united states chile and peru in dis cussing means for finally winding up the chaco dis pute lowering immigration bars for european refu gees and insuring united action toward the success of the lima conference with this pan american gathering less than eight months off washington oficials are giving increased attention to its program and possibilities more effective political cooperation among the american states it is expected here will daim the center of the stage events in europe and the far east have apparently strengthened the ten dency of the nations in this hemisphere to draw closer together if not to seek some form of continental isolation from the rest of the world it is possible that the united states proposal for a permanent con sultative commission shelved at buenos aires may be revived at lima britain’s oil protest it is no secret that a desire to keep the inter american horizon clear of clouds was one of the principal reasons for washington’s conciliatory attitude in the mexican oil controversy the bad feeling created by the suspension of silver purchases was counteracted by secretary hull’s recog nition of mexico’s right to expropriate the oil prop erties as well as president roosevelt's reported intimation that the compensation demanded might be calculated on the basis of actual money invested less depreciation calmer sailing seemed assured when on april 8 britain delivered at mexico city a protest terming the oil expropriation a denial of justice it had been expected here that britain would in general follow the lead of the united states and its decision to step out in front occasioned some sur prise various factors have been advanced in ex planation britain needs mexican oil more crucially than the united states should supplies from the near east be cut off in time of war its navy’s prin cipal recourse would be the fields of mexico and venezuela moreover the expropriation move cost the british companies almost double what it cost their american associates in the background also were the extensive land seizures in the laguna region during the fall of 1936 british nationals were the chief sufferers but to date london’s protests have failed to bring them compensation the petroleum note may prove equally unavailing eventually it may be backed by attempts to boycott mexican oil or other forms of economic coercion but london is not likely to carry pressure on mexico to a point where it might endanger possible cooperation from the united states in wider spheres by contrast with britain’s action the american position appears conciliatory to the mexicans meanwhile conversations in mexico city and washington have brought no definite settlement of the differences between the two capitals before com pensation can be made agreement must be reached regarding the value of the oil properties and the man ner of effecting payment the only feasible means seems to be in oil and on april 6 the mexican gov ernment ordered segregation of one fifth of the pro ceeds from exports for this purpose but the com panies condemned such a proposal as entirely inade quate and were standing pat in their demand for return of the properties cartes a thomson the philippine riddle a partial answer to the philippine riddle was found last week in an interest ing exchange of telegrams between president roose velt and president manuel quezon of the philippine commonwealth some two months ago on january 11 mr roosevelt surprised and mystified wash ington correspondents by announcing at his press conference that the economic ties between the united states and the philippines would be continued until 1960 or 14 years beyond the date of complete inde pendence the statement was promptly accepted in washington and manila and also in tokyo as a significant straw in the wind but the precise form of the proposed arrangement remained a mystery from what the president said at that time it was not at all clear whether he meant that the plan would go into effect at once whether it would supersede the eco nomic provisions of the independence act or wheth er it would merely be grafted on the provisions of the existing law from the recent exchange of telegrams it is clear that the new agreement will modify but not super sede the terms of the independence act mr roose velt reaffirms the willingness of this government to approve a general plan by which the elimination of trade preferences would proceed by uniform annual accretions of 5 per cent from 25 per cent at the date of independence but he insists that except for cer tain modifications the export tax provisions of the independence act should remain substantially intact as constituting a necessary part of the program of philippine economic adjustment this decision deals a blow to the filipino members of the joint prepar atory commission who have held out for many months against the export tax provisions under which the commonwealth is required to levy a tax on all articles shipped to the united states after no vember 15 1940 it is also a blow to mr quezon who has been maneuvering to secure a preferential status for the islands similar to that accorded to cuba while blowing hot and cold on the political issue of independence but in his telegram to mr roosevelt mr quezon reluctantly accepts the pres ident’s plan thus breaking the deadlock between american and filipino members of the joint com mittee and paving the way for a final report in the near future whatever the recommendations of the joint com mittee the report itself is not likely to solve the philippine problem any change in the terms of the independence act must be approved by congress and at present congress is in no mood to grant sub stantial concessions or to modify its position on in dependence on the other hand there are those here who suspect that mr quezon may have given way on the question of export taxes in the expectation that the plan will be brushed aside and that future events in the far east will eventually force reconsid eration of the whole independence question william t stone the ayes have it in germany continued from page 2 that of ethiopia and manchoukuo where the ousted rulers refuse to acknowledge loss of their territories recognition of anschluss according to the state de partment consequently leaves unaltered the amer ican policy of refusing to recognize territorial changes effected by resort to war in a second note the united states declared it will expect that aus tria’s indebtedness will be recognized by germany and that service will be continued by the german authorities which have succeeded in control of the means and machinery of payment in austria aus trian debts to this country total 64,493,480 of which 26,005,480 is owed to the united states govern ment for post war relief loans the balance consisting of debts to private american citizens represented by nine different dollar bond issues floated in the united states by austrian provinces municipalities and public utilities it is expected that germany will ac knowledge its obligation to shoulder this indebted page four fc an ness but will adopt the practice established with gard to its own foreign debts by making arrang ments with creditors for partial payment in blockeq l marks a meanwhile without waiting for the foregone mf sults of the plebiscite germany has proceeded is you its usual thoroughgoing manner to incorporate ay tria’s financial economic and military resources ing chi those of the third reich general goering during his stay in vienna indicated that the nazi gover ment would undertake intensive development of austria’s iron ore timber magnesite and potash gearing austrian production to the needs of ger many's four year plan for economic self sufficieng german finances will be bolstered by austria’s te apri serves of foreign exchange which on february 28 on the eve of anschluss totaled 33,523,800 as com pared with the 2,021,000 in foreign exchange held by the reichsbank on that date austrian troops wil be integrated into the german army machine whog access to czechoslovakia has been greatly facilitated 4 by the incorporation of austria the reich com gigr missioner for austria josef buerckel has deployelf to every resource of propaganda and material induce gy ment to enlist the support of the austrian workem the who are promised employment and leisure activitie ond in the strength through joy movement this pte yas gram of exploitation of austrian resources has beet gha accompanied by repression of all opposition the mos yj spectacular move being the issuance on march 2 fy of a warrant for the arrest of archduke otto of habsburg living in belgium on charges of high 1 treason because he asked foreign powers to proted thr oppressed austria the easy going austrians inj met cluding the nazis who had apparently expectel ing greater rewards for their efforts on behalf of ap effe schluss seem to have been jolted by the rapid ger tog manization of austria it is too early to predict m ma what extent promises of jobs and the spiritual set satisfaction of belonging to a greater germany will fur compensate austrians for the loss of their identity dra one thing seems clear such opposition to anschlusi jeo as may develop in the future must come from with in in austria itself if it is to prove effective ma vera micheles dean 7 american foreign policy in canadian relations by jame morton callahan new york macmillan 1937 4.00 a comprehensive and thoroughly documented survey ou an important subject beginning with the american rew the lution and ending with the reciprocal trade agreement an 1936 it is a useful volume although occasionally 7 es gi uneven writing and excessive adherence to the chronolo pos approach without ample clarification of issues abl foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 25 aprit 15 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nation san cip headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lasim bugit president vera micuge.es daan editor entered as second class mat of december 2 1921 at the post office at nery york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year bri f p a membership five dollars a year life +ith me france ne re ed j au foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year oom cal sqreign policy association incorporated al lib _of mich 8 west 40th street new york n y you xvii no 26 china’s financial progress by arthur n young this report prepared by the financial adviser to the chinese government reviews the development of china’s finances in the 10 year period before the outbreak of the sino japanese war a brief summary of financial con ditions in recent months has been added by mr bisson aprit 22 1938 april 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents a copy general library university of michigan ann arbor michigan britain makes a deal with italy n an atmosphere filled with easter hopes for european appeasement count ciano italian for eign minister and lord perth british ambassador to rome signed on april 16 a comprehensive accord covering the principal issues outstanding between the two countries this accord which is expected to end the era of ill feeling prevailing since italy's in vasion of ethiopia was warmly greeted in an ex change of messages between mussolini and prime minister chamberlain who had staked his political future on the success of anglo italian negotiations the accord consisting of a protocol eight annexes three sets of letters and a good neighbor agree ment concluded by britain italy and egypt regard ing frontier problems in east africa is to go into effect on such date as the two governments shall together determine lord perth’s letter on spain makes it clear that the date will be fixed only after settlement of the spanish question this provision furnishes britain with a lever to secure italy's with drawal from spain unless mussolini wants to jeopardize the mediterranean settlement embodied in the rome accord the main points of this accord may be summarized as follows the mediterranean britain and italy reaffirm the in formal gentlemen’s agreement of january 1937 which fecognized that freedom of entry to exit from and transit in the mediterranean represents a vital interest for both countries contrary to expectations no attempt was made in the accord to assure italy a réle of preponderance by de sctibing its interests as vital and those of britain as essential the two countries are apparently to enjoy a position of equality in a sea where britain had once been able to threaten italy’s existence by its control of the prin gipal exits and entrances and could still do so at the same time italy undertakes not to use its present control of spain and ethiopia which enabled it to negotiate with britain as an equal to menace britain’s mediterranean life line spain count ciano in a letter addressed to lord perth adheres to the british formula for proportional evacuation of foreign volunteers from spain and pledges italy to give practical and real application to such evacuation at the moment and on the conditions which shall be determined by the non intervention committee if evacuation is not completed at the end of the spanish civil wat whose con clusion in franco’s favor is taken for granted in the accord all remaining italian volunteers will forthwith leave spanish territory and all italian war material will simul taneously be withdrawn italy once more assures britain that it has no territorial or political aims and seeks no privileged economic position with regard to spain the balearic islands spanish possessions overseas or the span ish zone in morocco and has no intention of keeping armed forces in these territories ethiopia as a quid pro quo for italy’s promised with drawal from spain britain undertakes to clarify the status of ethiopia at the forthcoming meeting of the league council on april 11 the league had already published a communication from britain asking that the question be placed on the agenda of the council which is to meet on may 9 in this connection italy renews previous assurances that it has no intention of overlooking or re pudiating its obligations to britain with regard to lake tana in ethiopia headwaters of the blue nile other african questions in an effort to remove other causes of friction in africa italy declares that its troops are being withdrawn from libya at the rate of 1,000 a week and that withdrawal will continue at this rate until libyan effec tives have been reduced to peace strength this undertaking removes britain’s fear that reinforcements sent to libya since the beginning of the ethiopian war might be used for an attack on egypt italy is also willing to accept the principle that natives in its east african colonies should not be com pelled to perform military duties other than local policing and territorial defense according to a rome interpretation italy would undertake not to recruit native forces for use in europe provided france which made extensive use of colonial troops during the world war follows the same practice arabia britain and italy agree not to conclude any agreement or take any action which might impair the inde pendence of saudi arabia regarded as a british sphere of a aap cain influence or yemen where italy has sought to obtain a i past few years they recognize that it either of these arab states which occupy a strategically position at the entrance to the red sea this pro vision is regarded as a warning to hitler that britain and oppose german expansion in the region suez canal the two governments reaffirm their inten to respect and abide by the provisions of the 1888 convention which guarantees free use of the suez canal to all powers in time of war as well as in time of peace this assurance removes italy's fear that britain as was thought ager in 1935 might close the suez canal thus cutting taly off from its east african colonies contrary to earlier reports italy is not accorded a share in the management of the suez canal a military and naval questions the two countries under take to exchange information regarding redistribution of their military naval and air forces and to notify each other in advance of any decision to provide naval or air bases in the mediterranean and the red sea italy will also accede to the london naval treaty of 1936 and will meanwhile conform with its provisions for naval limitation propaganda the two countries state that any by one of them to injure the interests of the other by propaganda would be inconsistent with the good relations envisaged in the rome accord the anglo italian settlement like germany's ab sorption of austria which hastened its conclusion marks the end of the post war period when peace was sought in collective security it is an imperialist deal of the type familiar in pre war history when the needs of great powers were repeatedly satisfied at the expense of the small until a clash between their ambitions could no longer be averted like the anglo french accord of 1904 which delimited spheres of influence in africa the rome settlement may lay the basis for collaboration between two im perialist powers which have a common interest in blocking german hegemony on the continent and in the mediterranean the question remains whether the anglo italian deal is a contribution to world appeasement or merely a truce in the struggle for domination of europe 2s britain which makes no territorial or economic sacrifices and even expects to reap the benefits of franco's victory facilitated by german and italian intervention stands to profit more from the accord than italy by achieving reconciliation with one of its three potential enemies it obtains a freer hand in the far east and secures italian support against german expansion in the eastern mediterranean italy's principal gain is psychological for the first time since the establishment of the italian state in 1861 britain deals with italy as an equal not as a third rate power tolerated because of its artistic and historic heritage italy moreover is relieved at the thought that it need no longer depend exclusively page two me on germany's friendship which has never been popular among italians these psychological gains are apparently regarded as sufficient to offset the failure of the published accord to remedy italy's eco nomic grievances which had served as the principal justification for the ethiopian campaign true pri vate british capital may now be placed at mussolini's disposal for exploitation of ethiopia temporarily strengthening italy's precarious financial position but the accord makes no attempt to meet italy's fundamental economic needs it leaves unanswered the question whether mussolini will be satisfied t withdraw from spain where franco even after victory in the civil war may need italian assistance if he does will he with hitler's support seek ter ritorial satisfaction in africa at france’s expense or are mussolini’s dreams of a new african empire ended with the conquest of ethiopia these que tions may find an answer in the accord which the government of m daladier who is to visit londog on april 28 plans to negotiate with italy that visit will also make it clearer whether britain regards the anglo italian settlement as the first step toward con clusion of a western four power pact isolating the soviet union or as the kernel of a new alliance against the third reich based on collaboration with italy and new pledges of assistance to the countries of eastern europe vera micheles dean china scores as the sino japanese war entered its tenth month china scored its first major military victory at taierhchuang a small town in southern shantung japan had hoped to achieve decisive results quickly instead it faces a continuing struggle of serious proportions in tokyo the disaster to japanese arms is reflected by a sagging stock market apprehension in japanese business circles and a cabinet crisis in china the efforts to defend the nation’s existence will be prosecuted with enhanced energy and de termination and with even greater hopes of ultimate success during the past two months the chinese militaty forces have demonstrated an increasing ability t coordinate defense of front line positions with of fensive operations in the japanese rear the spec tacular triumph at taierhchuang has been duplé cated on a lesser scale in honan and shansi prov inces in each case an extended line of japanese communications reaching from the north toward the lunghai railway was so disrupted that the striking power of the front line divisions was gradw ally spent this was true in shansi where the jap anese forces advanced along the narrow gauge rail way from taiyuan to the yellow river at the south ern borders of the province a parallel japanese continued on page 4 a ang teri and the fer offic poli whi or cc with ies of an onth y at tung ckly t10uus nsion is in tence 1 de imate litary ty t0 h of jupli prov anese yward t the rradue jap rail south vanese w ashington news letter a washington bureau national press building apri 19 it is significant perhaps that the anglo italian accord is assessed here not only in terms of its immediate effect in europe but also and more particularly for its long term effect on the balance of power in the far east opinions dif fer of course but broadly speaking washington officials seem to accept the view that this power politics settlement marks a turning point in europe which will inevitably have its effect on other areas of conflict no one here believes that neville cham berlain has broken the rome berlin axis or paved the way to a four power pact some look with mis givings on the forthcoming approach to berlin but virtually all officials welcome the lifting of tension in the mediterranean and the removal of at least one dangerous source of conflict a few months ago washington entertained a fond hope that britain was about to assert a more positive policy in the far east the formal opening of the singapore naval base and the courtesy call of three american cruisers was designed to symbolize the potential power of the two great western democracies in the pacific area captain ingersoll chief of the war plans division was sent to lon don to ascertain britain’s plans for strengthening its asiatic fleet and concerted diplomatic moves sug gested the possibility of parallel action in the far fast but at that time britain was not able to spare any capital ships for duty in the orient and wash ington was told in plain language that no effective strengthening of the pacific fleet could be promised until a settlement of the mediterranean had been teached now that the settlement with mussolini is an accomplished fact some far eastern experts anticipate important developments they say there is reason to believe that great britain’s first move will be to send six capital ships with the necessary auxiliaries to singapore as the nucleus for the new british pacific fleet plans for this move which ex ised on paper at the time of captain ingersoll’s visit in january are ready to be put into effect when ever the political situation in europe permits the effect of the move will be to give great britain and the united states a total of 21 capital ships in the pacific as compared to 10 for japan or better than a2 to 1 ratio when this transfer will be made and whether it will be followed by diplomatic moves remains to be seen whatever britain’s plans may be washing ton officials are obviously following current political developments in tokyo with the closest attention as a result of the major defeats suffered by japanese troops in shantung and the cabinet crisis in tokyo there is a strong belief in some quarters that the japanese government may soon be compelled to take into account the new balance of power in the pacific in this connection washington has noted the reaction of japanese officials to the administration's naval expansion program which comes up in the senate this week on april 17 japanese newspapers quoted unnamed officials as taking the gravest view of the situation particularly the decision of the united states to lay down two or three 45,000 ton super battleships this year while opponents of the expansion program in the senate are preparing to wage a fight on the super battleships and are pressing the administration to make another effort at disarmament before proceeding with the program the state department is holding firmly to its posi tion that the time is not yet ripe for any move in this direction mr hull made his attitude clear in his statement to senator walsh chairman of the senate naval affairs committee when he said in the present circumstances no practical result could come from any authorization and instruction to the president to call a naval disarmament conference far eastern trade trends the effects of hos tilities in china on our far eastern trade are shown in the final trade figures for 1937 compiled by the department of commerce analysis of the trade in munitions including airplanes reveals that exports to china declined from 7,666,540 in 1936 to 4 267,324 in 1937 while arms shipments to japan in creased from 1,000,000 in 1936 to 2,892,000 or nearly three times in the same period while the quantity of munitions sent from the united states to china through the port of hongkong increased sharply after the outbreak of war the actual amount is smaller than is generally believed totaling only 311,161 in 1936 and 526,343 in 1937 japan’s need for basic raw materials is reflected in the expansion of exports from the united states to the highest figure since 1920 the value of all american exports to japan in 1937 was estimated at 288,378,000 an increase of 41 per cent over the previous year while american cotton declined from 88,388,000 in 1936 to 61,724,000 in 1937 other vital war matcrials increased rapidly in the months preceding the outbreak of hostilities scrap iron and steel scrap for example increased from 14,167,000 in 1936 to 39,278,000 the following year while crude oil exports jumped from 14,231,000 to 22 102,000 in 1937 the bulk of these shipments were delivered in the first six months of 1937 trade with kwantung manchuria rose to 16,062,000 in 1937 an increase of over 400 per cent china on the other hand has suffered a serious loss american ex ports dropping to 49,697,000 or 50 per cent less than 1936 william t stone china scores continued from page 2 drive through honan province down the peiping hankow railway also threatened chengchow and kaifeng advance detachments of these forces even brought the lunghai railway under artillery fire but the disruption of japan’s supply lines eventually forced a withdrawal in shantung province the same strategy led to the complete isolation of the front line japanese divisions chinese flank attacks south of tsinan cut the tientsin pukow railway at a number of places neither food munitions nor reinforcements could get through to the japanese troops operating 20 or 30 miles north of hsiichow severe chinese counter attacks speedily exhausted their supplies of muni tions including gasoline for motorized implements of war in the end the japanese troops effected a ee the f.p.a bookshelf watch czechoslovakia by richard freund oxford university press 1938 1.50 a terse and objective survey of the problems of a de mocracy in peril this study is particularly valuable for its treatment of the german menace from the imperialist neighbor without and the dissident minority within the excellent discussion of czech military strategy was unfor tunately completed before the disappearance of austria but in the broader aspect the relation between czech security and a general european war mr freund’s con clusions are more timely than ever new york problems of the pacific 1936 by w l holland and kate l mitchell chicago university of chicago press 1937 5.00 the yosemite conference of the institute of pacific re lations devoted special attention to the problems and inter relations of the united states japan china and the u.s.s.r in the far east this volume’s careful sum maries of the fortnight’s discussions at yosemite include a mass of valuable data as well as illuminating commen taries by members of the various national councils the record of the proceedings is supplemented by more than 200 pages of important documentary material submitted to the conference page four disastrous retreat from taierhchuang after suffer ing losses estimated at possibly 42,000 killed the survivors joined other japanese at yihsien but the combined force was again cut off and besieged by numerically superior chinese armies japanese reip forcements are being rushed to southern shantung where an offensive on an even larger scale to vin dicate japan’s prestige is forecast meanwhile the need to transfer forces from other fronts has weak ened japan’s hold on the north china provinces and on the shanghai nanking region permitting chinese guerrilla troops to operate in the environs of peiping and shanghai rigid censorship in japan which has attempted to suppress news of the defeat in shantung has led to dissemination of wild rumors among the people intense activity prevails in government circles ap parently revolving around the question of applying the national mobilization bill recently passed by the diet it is reported that premier konoye will resign rather than accept responsibility for applica tion of this measure which would subject japan's man power and economic resources to an unlimited military dictatorship any cabinet change at the present time would almost certainly result in more overt army control this would clarify the army responsibility for the state of affairs in which japan finds itself but would hardly broaden the govern ment’s basis of popular support t a bisson utopia in uruguay by s g hanson new york oxford university press 1938 3.50 this self styled analysis of the first new deal in the americas does not purport to be an economic history of the country but it does present a fairly complete record of political economic and social developments since jost batlle y ordéfiez became president in 1903 the treat ment in general is conservative while the study tends suffer from the breadth of the field surveyed it is a wet come contribution to the all too meager social and ec nomic lore of latin america this troubled world by eleanor roosevelt new york h c kinsey 1938 1.00 a plea for peaceful settlement of international disputes containing the idealism and simplicity for which the firs lady is justly famous the process of change in the ottoman empire by wilbur w white chicago university of chicago press 1937 3.50 a case study of the disintegration of an empire and 4 worthy contribution in the fields of history and intern tional law foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 26 aprit 22 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lesiius buglt president vera micheles dzan editor december 2 1921 at the post office ac new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year nationa entered as second class matt +l a may 3 1938 foreign policy bulletin oe an interpretation of current international events by the research staff periodical room class matter december fee subscription two dollars a year genbral library pag 7 say toe the univ of mich n y under wee the foreign policy association incorporated of march 3 1879 l by 8 west 40th street new york n y rein ff ung vou xvii no 27 aprit 29 1938 vin general library the foreign policy reports on spain eak the war in spain may 1 1938 university of michigan and the struggle over spain april 1 1938 aes nese u.s neutrality in the spanish conflict nov 15 1937 ann arbor michigan ping spain civil war jan 15 1937 spain issues behind the conflict jan 1 1937 pted special offer 5 for 1.00 led e ple oe f franco splits loyalist spain ying 1 by aa 1th his forces engaged in a series of hammer will blows against the rapidly contracting lines of lice the loyalists generalissimo franco declared on a april 19 that the nationalists had won the war and nited that after justice had been meted out to his op ponents spain would be rebuilt under an author mok itarian régime the prospects for peace on these my terms were brought appreciably nearer by a nation apani alist drive which reached the mediterranean on april 15 severing the industrial region of catalonia on from the rest of loyalist spain while his opponents strove desperately to re form their lines franco em ployed his overwhelming preponderance in aircraft artillery and mechanized equipment to win new ter titory by april 20 nationalist forces advancing east ward into catalonia along the french border had on the gained control of nine of the twelve main passes ory of over the pyrenees to france when the loyalists record utilizing natural defenses halted this offensive in the pyrenees and along the ebro river the insurgents nds ts shifted their pressure to a point northeast of teruel a we preparatory to a southward drive against the key 1 port of valencia should this city fall madrid might be reduced by siege without much difficulty york thus the spanish deadlock which had existed for many months has finally been broken the new putes status climaxes gains resulting from a sweeping of fir fensive initiated on march 9 when the insurgents struck along a 60 mile front in aragon south of wilbur saragossa and advanced with startling rapidity in 1987 little more than a week they had won command of andl the main inland highway from barcelona to valencia terns 2d had captured caspé headquarters for govern ment troops in aragon pressure was then directed farther north in a movement toward lérida regard éd as the key to catalonia despite a stubborn de fense this city fell on april 3 as an accompaniment to these thrusts against loy xford alist troops in the field the nationalists launched a series of pitiless bombing attacks on civilians in the rear where they struck with unusual strength against barcelona and other coastal cities between march 16 and 18 barcelona was the victim of 18 raids flying at an altitude of 12,000 to 20,000 feet too high for accurate marksmanship the bombers rained destruction on all parts of the city both busi ness and residential it was estimated that one thou sand persons were killed and twice that number in jured some observers believed that these attacks had been aimed directly against the civilian population in an effort to break down morale by terrorism franco supporters asserted however that the raids were designed primarily to damage some 180 mili tary objectives within barcelona including arsenals depots of gasoline and other supplies arms factories railway stations and docks britain and france pro tested to the insurgent authorities declaring that such bombings were contrary both to the principles of international law and to those of common human ity london also urged the vatican to exert its influ ence and on march 21 the pope added his voice to the appeal on the same day secretary hull in a public statement expressed the sense of horror of the american people over the bombings meanwhile the nationalists again shifted their attacks to the southern front on april 2 the troops commanded by general garcia valino including three italian divisions captured the strategic center of gandesa 25 miles from the mediterranean checked by obstinate loyalist resistance in an at tempt to reach the sea at tortosa these forces turned southwest toward vifiaroz and finally attained their goal at that mediterranean port on april 15 mov ing northward along the coast the insurgents then reached the outskirts of tortosa on april 18 but there the government forces made a stand on the same ea ae es se a ge a eastern bank of the ebro in the northern mountains the nationalists were faced with only slight opposi tion and on april 7 took control of catalonia’s larg est hydroelectric station at tremp thus cutting off approximately 60 per cent of the current used in the region subsequently they moved forward toward puig cerda on the french border far from paralyzed by these telling blows the barcelona government made feverish efforts to strengthen the forces of resistance its troops cut to pieces time and again by franco’s machine like ad vance were quickly reorganized and gave evidence of a morale which seemed but little impaired some 100,000 new volunteers were called to the colors the high command was reorganized counterblows designed to divert insurgent pressure on catalonia were launched on the guadalajara front near madrid and in caceres province a franco decree of april 6 abrogating catalonia’s cherished autonomy spurred the inhabitants of the region to new and desperate activity the loyalists charged that franco’s striking pow er was due primarily to increased german and italian aid in troops airplanes artillery and other mechan ized equipment ic was argued that the government's victory at teruel last december had convinced the fascist states that they could assure franco’s ultimate triumph only by endowing him with overwhelming superiority in material in an attempt to counter this handicap premier negrin had flown to paris on march 15 to seek french support but he was re buffed in his plea for lowering of the barriers raised against shipment of planes and munitions to the loy alists under the non intervention policy early in a however the government forces did receive substantial foreign assistance presumably from the soviet union in an effort to meet the rapidly deteriorating situ ation premier negrin assumed semi dictatorial war wers in a new and stronger loyalist cabinet on april 4 more direct proletarian support was sought by including both trade union federations the so cialist communist ugt and the anarcho syndicalist cnt in the government the new ministry also gave evidence of a revival of communist influence apparently coincident with the receipt of soviet sup plies while the number of posts held by the com munists was reduced from two to one jesis her ndndez was given direction of the newly revived sys tem of army commissars a position of great influ ence alvarez del vayo long regarded as a com munist partisan became foreign minister moreover the party's most determined opponent indalecio prieto was removed as war minister prieto’s con servative policies had apparently been motivated by hopes of british and french assistance the utter page two ee a failure of these expectations had undermined his po sition and forced the barcelona government to tum to the soviet union as its only hope charles a thomson carol strikes at iron guard moving vigorously king carol of rumania has finally struck hard at his most dangerous opponent the fascist leader corneliu zelea codreanu and his iron guard on april 13 apparently in order to explore the political situation the king began a series of surprise inspections of defenses and local governments throughout the country after sending crown prince michael abroad to insure his safety the government suddenly announced on april 17 that it had arrested a large number of iron guard leaders including codreanu two days later the av thorities using a libel charge as a pretext sentenced him to six months imprisonment the round up of other fascists took on such proportions that the gov ernment announced its intention to establish concen tration camps for political prisoners officials claimed that a search of fascist head quarters had uncovered a plot to march on bucharest and seize control of the government large subsidies it was alleged had been granted the iron guard for this purpose by an unnamed foreign power the government asserted it had found evidence to prove that the fascist conspiracy eached into high official circles including the ministry of defense and the general staff the struggle between king carol and codreanu had long been brewing as far back as 1933 the tet rorist iron guard had become so powerful that the government feared to molest it even after guards had executed premier ion duca for banning the organization large fascist gains in the elections held in december 1937 led the king to put octavian goga another right wing extremist into office for forty days in order to win reactionary support away from codreanu on february 20 carol who has been moving toward outright personal rule evet since the defeat of his parliamentary favorites in the december election proclaimed a new constitution formally confirming him in his exercise of autocrati powers obeying the official ban on political parties codreanu dissolved the iron guard on february 21 the nazi coup in austria however spurred the fascist organization which had continued to fune tion to new efforts in view of codreanu’s hold over his fanatical following it seems likely that the iron guard will continue to be a threat to carol position although the king’s personal dictatorship is sane tioned by a constitution it has little support among the masses who are politically apathetic a few lead continued on page 4 is po turn on a has onent and order yan a local nding afety il 17 suard 1 au enced up of go ncen head harest sidies rd for the prove official id the lreany pur he tet at the yuards rg the s held tavian ce for away 10 has evel in the itution ocratic arties bruaty ed the fune s hold nat the carols ss sane among w lead w ashington news e etter ya washington bureau national press building april 25 some of the inner springs of american diplomacy were exposed last week in a series of sur face and subsurface developments affecting the con troversial issues of neutrality the spanish embargo and the anglo italian pact to most washington ob servers the events of the week signify a qualified but impressive triumph for the professional diplomats three moves in sequence the first move in the sequence of events was made by representative byron scott a member of the house bloc which is seeking to amend or repeal the neutrality act and to lift the embargo on arms shipments to spain on april 15 mr scott called on president roosevelt to discuss the propriety of a resolution asking the pres ident what nations if any have violated treaties to which the united states is a party if furnished with such a list which they hoped would include japan italy and germany the house group would launch anew drive to amend existing legislation in accord with the principles of concerted action against ag gression leaving the white house with the firm conviction that mr roosevelt sympathized with his pose mr scott introduced his resolution the following monday april 18 round one went to mr scott when chairman mcreynolds of the house foreign affairs committee transmitted the resolution to the state department the second move came on tuesday at the white house press conference when president roosevelt ssued a meticulously correct diplomatic statement of the administration’s attitude on the recently signed anglo italian accord the statement was drafted across the street at the state department al legedly by sumner welles under secretary of state in impeccable language it recalled the position of this government with respect to maintenance of in ternational law and order and the promotion of peace through the finding of means for economic ap peasement without attempting to pass on the political features of accords such as that between britain and italy it viewed the conclusion of this particular accord with sympathetic interest because itis proof of the value of peaceful negotiations to the assembled correspondents as to most diplomatic observers in washington these carefully chosen words were taken as a friendly pat to mr chamber lain and a gentle rebuke to mr scott round two therefore went to the professional diplomats who believe that the london rome accord is a substantial step toward appeasement and that american policy in europe should not run at cross purposes with brit ish policy the third move came at the president's friday press conference when mr roosevelt discussed the application of the american neutrality law to the spanish civil war his remarks followed a pes of intensive activity on the part of friends of loyalist spain and other liberal american groups who have been seeking to lift the spanish embargo some nine teen or twenty senators and a number of influential congressmen had privately expressed their willing ness to support repeal of the embargo act of jan uary 8 1937 applied directly to spain and to modify those provisions of the general neutrality law relating to civil strife senator borah one of those in favor of ending the spanish embargo had been to the white house to canvass the matter with the president but the president’s reply as given later at the press conference was noncommittal he voiced some dissatisfaction with the neutrality act as he has done before he implied that its application to spain had not been entirely satisfactory but he de clined to give much comfort to those leading the movement for a change in policy at this time the neutrality law he said had two objectives to keep the united states out of war and to avoid giving aid to one side against the other in armed conflicts any where while the law had been difficult to operate he felt that neutrality had been applied to spain as well as was possible under the act and to change the act now would violate the second objective by indirection he implied that it would not be possible to apply the act against germany and italy thus for the second time in the course of the week mr roosevelt reflected complete agreement with the state department view while the career diplomats dislike the binding restrictions of the neutrality act they don’t propose to be maneuvered into a position of reversing their stand on spain or branding germany and italy as aggressors or most important of all parting company with great brit ain on an issue of european policy as one washing ton commentator puts it america’s policy toward europe again clears through london despite these indications of the current trend the future course of american diplomacy remains uncer tain the answer to mr scott’s resolution already sent chairman mcreynolds but not yet made public may clarify other doubtful points but it is unlikely to end the uncertainty over fundamental objectives one explanation of the many conflicting rumors which continue to circulate in washington is the undoubted division of opinion within even the inner circles of the administration the controversy over secretary ickes stand against the release of helium gas for the use of the german zeppelin is one minor example of a division which is rooted in fundamental principles and conflicting philosophies there are other examples of the same line of cleavage what seems to be emerging however is the increasing in fluence of the professional diplomats of the state department william t stone carol strikes at iron guard continued from page 2 ers of the former political parties drawn almost en tirely from former premier tatarescu’s group of liberals appear to support the régime dr maniu’s democratic national peasant party which had helped carol into power in 1930 and broken with him three years later has denounced the king as vigorously as codreanu these developments have thus far brought no es sential change in rumania’s foreign policy although the new foreign minister m petrescu comnen is page four considered strongly pro german he declared empha tically on april 7 that rumania would remain faithful to its obligations to the little entente and the balkan entente as well as to france and poland rumania however lies within the scope of probable german designs for the reorganization of south eastern europe in 1937 germany and austria took 27 per cent of rumania’s exports and supplied 38 per cent of its imports and trade relations between the two countries are likely to become even more important in the future in case of war ge would find rumania’s oil wheat and other raw ma terials and foodstuffs indispensable as germany ad vances toward the southeast moreover two of its potential allies hungary and bulgaria are likely to claim restoration of territory which they lost to ru mania as a result of the world war king carol is thus faced with a choice on the one hand he may seek safety by close adherence to france and the little entente on the other he may come to terms with hitler with hungary and per haps with bulgaria or he may adopt a middle posi tion as did his predecessor before the world war the ultimate decision is likely to hinge on the out come of the struggle between carol and codreany for dictatorial power paul b taylor the f.p.a bookshelf the white sahibs in india by reginald reynolds new york reynal and hitchcock 1937 3.50 india reveals herself by basil matthews new york oxford university press 1937 2.50 two interpretations of contemporary india which are entirely different in approach mr reynolds provides a scathing denunciation of british rule carefully footnoting his vivid pictures of tyranny and cruelty mr matthews writing in a more personal vein presents an interesting account of his travels and interviews throughout the country diplomatic correspondence of the united states inter american affairs vol 1x mexico washington car negie endowment for international peace 1937 5.00 this new volume in a valuable series publishes the most important documents in the department of state dealing with mexican american relations between 1848 and 1860 the international economic position of argentina by vernon lovell phelps philadelphia university of penn sylvania press 1938 3.00 a careful and well written analysis of argentina’s commercial and financial relations from 1914 to 1935 with particular reference to the united states the author presents a wealth of carefully selected statistical material much of which had not previously been available in an assimilable form the chapters on foreign trade trends factors in import trade and on foreign commercial policy will probably prove of most interest to the general reader boundaries possessions and conflicts in south america by gordon ireland cambridge mass harvard uni versity press 1938 4.50 a factual history of twenty nine border disputes entered into by the latin american republics together with an analysis of the bipartite and multipartite arbitration treaties between these states the book’s major value is as a work of reference education in pacific countries by felix m keesing honolulu university of hawaii bookstore 1937 1.50 this report of a five weeks seminar conference held at honolulu in the summer of 1936 considers the problems of education and cultural adjustment among peoples it the pacific area the conference included 66 educators and social scientists from 27 national and racial groups it was carefully prepared and the summary of its dit cussions constitutes a valuable contribution to an impor tant subject america goes to war by charles callan tansill boston little brown and company 1938 5.00 despite a tendency to handle british policy and colonel house unfairly this volume is the most thorough and im portant work so far on the reasons why the united states entered the world war the author concludes that there is not the slightest evidence that during the hundred days that preceded america’s entry into the world war the president gave any heed to demands from big business that america intervene in order to save investments colonel house and secretary lansing had far more inflt ence than the house of morgan foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 27 aprit 29 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lasim bug president vana micnutes daan editor entered as second class matt december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year national +foreign policy bulletin ror entered as second an interpretation of current international events by the research staff er rea 4 bele pg ae subscription two dollars a year univ of micis office a new york n y under the act te and foreign policy association incorporated of march 3 1879 re 8 west 40th street new york n y obable south vou xvii no 28 may 6 1988 a took ied 38 mr buell to broadcast from london general library etween 1 more mr buell who sailed on april 20 for a two university of michigan rmany months visit in europe will broadcast from lw ma london on sunday may 8 over the columbia ann arbor mich any ad broadcasting system at 1 30 p.m eastern day of its light saving time his subject will be economics kely to and democracies to ru __ the one the road back to 1914 nce top ae he may ae he anglo french conversations held in london sure to win control of eastern european countries before nd pet 4 on april 28 and 29 on the eve of hitler's visit conomic necessity drives them into germany's orbit lle posi to rome represent another milestone on the road reto ste se ve pe abe paren lamang rd d war back to the pre war balance of p nies behind the return for substantial french concessions on all points the out guarded language of the communiqué issued at the which might conceivably involve france in a european wart odreanu close of these conversations lie the following devel the french government agreed to hasten its negotiations ylor opments for an accord with italy paralleling the anglo italian deal anglo french military alliance britain and france per of april 16 to support britain in the league council on fected the defensive alliance they have been developing the question of recognizing italy's ethiopian conquest and since march 1936 when following hitler’s reoccupation of to consider the re establishment of control over the franco ameri the rhineland the two countries agreed to hold consulta spanish frontier as part of the british scheme oo poe ard uni sons between their general staffs this alliance establishes drawal of foreign volunteers and war materi som far closer coordination of british and french armed forces spain france in other words followed britain’s lead by s entered than existed before 1914 the principle of unified com acquiescing in advance in franco's expected victory with an mand laboriously worked out three and a half years after success of italo french negotiations depends to a con rbitration the outbreak of the world war will be brought into im siderable extent on the counter offer which hitler may value is mediate operation in the next conflict a french general make to mussolini during his visit to italy as in 1915 will command the combined armies of the two countries italy finds itself in the enviable if delicate position of in keesing british admiral will direct the allied navies and a british viting bids both from the former allies who are ready to 37 1.50 officer will control the combined air forces from the moment make diplomatic but not territorial concessions and from e held at tither of the two countries is attacked germany which may be expected to offer italy a share of problems economic collaboration this military alliance will be the spoils it hopes to obtain at the expense of the london eoples im ieinforced by economic measures in anticipation of war paris axis prime minister chamberlain tried to strengthen educators britain and france will begin almost immediately to pool mussolini’s bargaining position in this week’s negotiations al stoupe their purchases of supplies including not only aircraft from with hitler by delivering a fulsome speech of praise for f its di the united states where a british air mission arrived on fascist italy in the house of commons on may 2 an impeé april 25 but also foodstuffs and essential war materials eastern europe it was on problems affecting central of all kinds reserve stores of ammunition oil and other and eastern europe especially czechoslovakia that britain ll bostot war necessities will be jointly accumulated in france so and france found it most difficult to reach an agreement nl that britain will not need to transport them across the the british were not ready to go beyond mr chamberlain's y ary channel for its fighting forces when war comes france statement of march 24 that britain would probably be al ted stall proposed in addition that britain finance purchases of raw most immediately involved in a central european war nat there materials from czechoslovakia hungary rumania and and once more recommended concessions by prague to the dred days ugoslavia these purchases would have the double object sudeten germans the french in reply pointed out the war the o preparing britain and france for war and of strength danger of yielding to hitler who intoxicated with easy business ting the countries of eastern europe and the balkans successes might then seek hegemony of the european con ments threatened by germany’s drive to the east britain pointed tinent the compromise finally reached was that britain nore inflt lour that owing to the ottawa agreements the anglo and france will separately use their influence in berlin itish trade treaty and the pending anglo american trade warsaw and prague to urge a satisfactory solution of igreement it would not be in a position to absorb central czechoslovakia’s minority problems which according to d nation european foodstuffs in any large quantities and suggested the british must precede further political and economic d class ma that the french proposal be subjected to preliminary study commitments should the nazis continue to be truculent should this proposal be carried out a race might develop britain and france will jointly warn germany that war between anglo french financial power and nazi pres with czechoslovakia may lead to a general conflict a fi i i amis tn i se casi this compromise on eastern europe failed to clear up the situation of czechoslovakia rendered pecul iarly difficult by the eight point program which kon rad henlein leader of the sudeten german party presented at his party's karlsbad conference on april 24 throwing off all pretense that the sudeten german movement is inspired by local grievances against prague's rule henlein declared that his fol lowers like germans in every part of the world accept the nazi ideology and will no longer tol erate a state of affairs that means for us war in time of peace his program includes full equality of sudeten germans and czechs which would mean abandonment of the fundamental czech concept that the germans are a minority in the czechoslovak state establishment and recognition of the boun daries of the territory settled by germans which is to be granted autonomy in every department of public life removal of all injustices done to the sudeten germans since 1918 and reparation for all damage they have suffered thereby appointment of german state employees in all german districts and full liberty for germans to proclaim their ger manism and their adhesion to the ideology of ger mans in addition henlein demanded revision of czechoslovakia’s foreign policy which in his opin ion has so far ranged this state on the side of the enemies of germany and created a slavic bulwark against the german drang nach osten while some of these demands might be met in modified form by the minority statute being prepared by the prague government which henlein has re jected in advance their complete acceptance would involve the establishment on czechoslovakia’s ter ritory of a totalitarian state within a state and force czechoslovakia into the position of germany's vassal if henlein prodded from berlin continues to press his autonomy demands prague will be con fronted with two equally dangerous alternatives either the prague government will sooner or later be driven by czech public opinion to resist these de mands thus provoking an incident which would give hitler the opportunity to intervene on the ground that disorder reigns in czechoslovakia as he did entirely without justification in the case of austria or else prague must defer to british de mands for further concessions to henlein only to face the peaceful solution of economic strangu lation and gradual dismemberment by germany and its satellites poland and hungary in neither eventu ality has czechoslovakia unequivocal assurances of aid from britain whose course will determine that of france after what has happened to austria the only way to deter germany is to confront hitler with a threat of war which is not mere bluff or wishful thinking but a determined intention backed with page two overwhelming force such an intention britain and france have openly proclaimed in the west but no in the east where czechoslovakia seems fated to play the rdle of another belgium under these circumstances the strengthened london paris axis represents a contribution to euro pean peace only in the sense that it is the least of several evils now that the annexation of austria and the anglo italian deal have for the time being ended hope of collective resistance to aggression on the basis anticipated in the league covenant that hope is being transferred to the london paris axis which has undoubtedly achieved a far greater meas ure of military and economic cohesion than the league has ever possessed the anglo french alli ance which gives germany a taste of its own medi cine may temporarily check nazi expansion or it may provoke the very explosion it was i 1 to prevent whatever its short run results the angl french alliance like the anglo italian deal fails t remedy the fundamental problems which threaten to provoke war the western democracies are allied once more for the entirely legitimate but not exactly constructive purpose of protecting their own inter ests this should be clearly understood so that if war is precipitated by the new system of alliances and counter alliances it will be fought under its true colors and not under the slogan of collective se curity which britain france and the united states have all in various measure served to defeat vera micheles dean britain strengthens the home front in his efforts simultaneously to reduce the possi bilities of a european war and to increase the chances for british victory should such a war occur prime minister chamberlain has made rapid progress both at home and abroad in addition to its deal wi italy and its defensive alliance with france de british government has settled its historic quarrel with ireland underwritten its new rearimament pro gram with increased taxation and purchased food supplies for emergency use the new anglo irish treaty negotiated by premier de valera and malcolm macdonald secretary of state for the dominions was signed in london on april 25 for three years it successfully disposes of every important bone of contention except the union of northern ireland with eire the last vestige of british rule over eire is removed by the transfer of three naval bases at bere haven cobh and lough swilly to the dublin government control of these ports had been retained by britain under the treaty of 1921 which ended the trouble of 1919 1920 britain and eire seek an agreement foreign policy bulletin janw ary 28 1938 continued on page 4 u eo may tion’s draws of wha questio weeks rorms happen perwee icp ula i ment special borah ations asked 1 signed lunde bill rai propos drew n the ne des in walsh mittee the pr of othe nav he the minor of adc duded 1 an lin and but not ated to ythened o euro least of austria being ression int that ris axis t meas 1an the ich alli n medi or ft ed to anglo tails te eaten to e allied r exactly mm inter that if nces and its true ctive se d states t dean front washin gton news letter a washington bureau national press bullding may 2 as the senate debate on the administra tion’s 1,154,000,000 naval expansion program draws to a close the persistent and elusive question of what the navy is for remains unanswered the estion has been asked repeatedly during the two weeks debate it has been put in many different forms senator vandenberg asked bluntly what had happened to change the defense needs of the nation berween january 21 when the house passed the gular naval appropriation bill granting 549,000 00 the full amount asked by the navy depart ment and january 28 when the president sent his special rearmament message to congress senator borah voicing his conviction that existing appropri ations were entirely adequate for national defense asked what foreign policy the new program was de signed to support senators lafollette bone nye lundeen and a dozen others who spoke against the bill raised specific queries about the relation of the proposed increase to events in the far east but they drew no response apart from a blanket denial that the new program implies or permits aggressive poli des in europe or asia the only reply from senator walsh chairman of the senate naval affairs com mittee was a repetition of the justification cited in 1e possi the president's message the mounting armaments chances of other naval powers r prime naval bases clue to policy while the pages of fess both the congressional record were barren on the central eal wit tmestion of policy and official pronouncements nce gi iailed to proclaim the purpose behind the expansion juarrel program other sources were more revealing during 1enit pl the week as the senate debate droned on several sed food minor clues were provided in the form of a series of additional requests for naval funds these in premiet duded the following retary of ay authorization bill reported favorably by the ene of senate and house naval affairs committees on pow april 27 requesting over 28,000,000 for im me ae proving naval bases airfields and ammunition estige 0 dumps in the united states and certain overseas ansfer of possessions among other expenditures are 12 1d lough 665,500 for the pearl harbor naval base to of these provide additional seaplane facilities a new oo graving drydock large enough to take the 45,000 ulletin janu ton super battleships requested in the expansion bill and additional ammunition storage facilities 75,000 for the naval station at guam and 720,000 for unspecified seaplane facilities in the fourteenth naval district which embraces the hawaiian islands and also midway island now used as a stepping stone by pan american airways an indication that the latter item may be used for a military naval air base at midway island is found in the fact that army engineers have recently been sent to midway to complete surveys for channel improvements required for a seaplane base another item is 5,000,000 for a new naval air station on kodiak island off the coast of alaska 2 a special message to congress signed by the president on april 28 transmitting supplemen tary naval estimates totaling 25,597,000 for the fiscal year 1938 among other items the esti mates call for 5,000,000 to begin construction of the first two 45,000 ton battleships the third pair to be laid down since january 1937 and public works projects at navy yards in these two supplementary measures alone the projects authorized will cost something over 185 000,000 before they are completed what emerges however is an indication that the new navy is de designed primarily to fortify the strategic position of the united states in the pacific the building up of hawaii the construction of super battleships the projection of air bases at midway and other small pacific islands speak more convincingly than the senate debate of the administration’s determination to bolster american diplomacy by a navy which is a dominant factor in the pacific area washington studies goering’s decree state department officials are awaiting a full report from the american embassy in berlin before taking action on the decree issued on april 27 by field marshal hermann goering ordering all jews to report their property in germany there is little doubt here that the decree will affect foreign jews with property in the reich and that if it is enforced american citi zens along with those of other foreign states will be involved but officials are unwilling to comment on what action if any this government might take should the property of american nationals be con fiscated or otherwise interfered with by the third reich meanwhile president roosevelt appointed myron c taylor former chairman of the united states steel corporation as the american member of the inter governmental committee recently organized to aid the emigration of political refugees from austria and germany at the same time the state depart ment announced an american national committee to cooperate in furthering the project in this country the members of the committee include james g mcdonald former chairman of the foreign policy association and former high commissioner for refugees coming from germany joseph p cham berlain of columbia university samuel m cavert general secretary of the federal council of churches paul baerwald chairman of the ameri can joint distribution committee and others william t stone britain strengthens the home front continued from page 2 by giving the irish free state dominion status the government of eire is expected to provide new forti fications for these ports establish anti aircraft and other coastal defenses and create a small navy the chamberlain government is thus assured that no hostile european power will use an embittered ire land for attacking western england britain’s surrender of its three treaty ports was purchased at a heavy price the irish government agrees both to pay 10,000,000 as a final settlement of the land annuities and to give up its costly efforts to secure economic self sufficiency the annual pay ments of almost 5,000,000 to british bondholders who had financed the purchase of land by irish tenant farmers were suspended by premier de valera in 1932 the irish government further promises to continue until 1987 its annual payments of 250 000 for damages done during the trouble per haps the most important aspect of the new treaty is termination of the tariff war which has raged since 1932 the new agreement ends both the punitive duties with which the british answered de valera’s page four cancellation of the land annuities and the retaliatory duties with which the irish counter attacked eire ig brought within the framework of the ottawa trade agreements receiving a free market for its agricul tural products by placing british coal on the free fof an inte dic a ar a of list and pledging a minimum duty of three shillings xv per ton on foreign coal the irish government in r turn guarantees a large market for one of britain's most important export products although mr de valera failed to achieve his major objective the abolition of partition he has cleared the way toward its ultimate accomplishment the chamberlain government is expected to bring pressure to bear on viscount craigavon the ulster prime minister to increase the political rights of the catholic minority in northern ireland another a peal for a united ireland was made by de valera when he secured the selection of dr douglas hyde 78 year old protestant and leader in the revival of gaelic as first president of eire under its new con stitution additional warning to potential enemies that britain’s home front is being strengthened as rapidly as possible was contained in the budget message of sir john simon chancellor of the exchequer ad dressing the house of commons on april 26 the chancellor introduced the largest peace time budget in british history totaling well over 1,000,000,000 the regular defense appropriations are estimated at 253,250,000 augmented by 90,000,000 to be raised by borrowings and probable supplementary appropriations of over 10,000,000 later in the year to provide additional revenue the government pro poses to increase the basic income tax from 25 t 2714 per cent the highest rate since the immediate post war period increased taxes will be imposed on tea gasoline and oil james frederick green the f.p.a bookshelf the german octopus by henry c wolfe doubleday doran 1938 2.50 an excellent popular account of the progress and pros pects of nazi expansion in near by countries by a journal ist who is well acquainted with eastern and central europe the author focusses his attention on conditions in the countries which lie in germany’s path rather than on internal german developments garden city hello america by césar saerchinger ton mifflin 1938 3.50 an interesting anecdotal account of the first years of international radio broadcasting by the former european representative of the columbia broadcasting system saerchinger led such notables as king edward g b shaw ghandi and haile selassie to the microphone and new york hough covered many highlights of the past decade’s news his comments on international radio propaganda in europe are especially interesting japanese expansion on the asiatic continent by yoshi kuno berkeley university of california press 1937 4.00 this first volume of a projected trilogy on japan’s con tinental expansion covers events to the end of the 16th century when hideyoshi invaded korea at the head of vast japanese army careful use of first hand materials the may 1 is stf es tl people may 7 ended xis h qreatec march by hit the frc mre expres seek emnati that friend minist the po ation comm rome the displa may tent f the g tonve open the a with full translations of key documents from japanese onsic chinese and korean sources makes it the outstanding fnan work of scholarship in this field the second volume will cover the tokugawa shogunate and the last events since the restoration of 1868 of pr ilmos foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 28 may 6 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymmonp leste bug president vera miche.es dean editor december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year mand national dalac entered as second class matter trike dustri +1tory re is trade icul free eoreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff mean brarysebscription two dollars a year of migmign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y lings or xvii no 29 may 13 1938 lc ain’s his has nent dring jl ster f the t ap the war in spain by charles a thomson a review of the military conflict in spain which includes a discussion of the political forces that have influenced the contest on both sides may 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents a copy 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y umder the act of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan ann arbor mich alera lyde stronger france bolsters anglo french axis al of con that pidly ge of ad the udget 000 nated to be nitaty year t pro 25 0 diate ed on his curope oshi s 19387 s con e 16th d of a terials panese anding ne will s since national ss mattet d espite repeated and emphatic affirmation of the immutable friendship between their two peoples proclaimed at a state banquet in rome on may 7 hitler’s conversations with mussolini have mded with no clear indication that the rome berlin wis has been strengthened italo german tension geated by the abrupt consummation of anschluss in march has apparently been assuaged for the present by hitler's pledge to consider inviolable for all time the frontiers of the alps erected between us by na ure his promise did not prevent mussolini from apressing the hope that germany and italy would sek together with others a more equitable in national order this phrase was regarded as a hint that mussolini would continue to cultivate the friendship of britain and france in britain prime minister chamberlain had meanwhile strengthened the position of the italian dictator by securing ratifi ation of the anglo italian treaty in the house of commons on may 2 while hitler was on his way to rome the round of state functions and the grandiose display of military power staged by mussolini on may 3 9 left unanswered the question to what ex tnt britain has succeeded in drawing italy out of the german orbit by contrast the anglo french nversations of april 28 29 had resulted in an tpenly proclaimed military alliance the strength of the anglo french combination moreover may be wnsiderably enhanced by the decisive economic and inancial measures adopted by the new government if premier daladier after obtaining on april 13 ilmost unanimous parliamentary approval of his de mand for power to govern by decree until july 31 daladier immediately undertook to end serious ttikes in the aviation motors and metallurgical in dustries of the paris region industries vital to na tional defense by april 19 work had been resumed and both sides had agreed to submit the issues at stake to arbitration meanwhile m daladier’s cabinet was elaborating a comprehensive plan for national economic regen eration whose completion was hastened by a precipi tate fall of the franc on april 25 the government revealed the outlines of a new program for increas ing the production of french industries balancing the budget and inducing expatriated or hoarded capital to return to circulation in france with reason able expectation of profitable utilization and a stable monetary unit the objectives of the plan were stated to be financial rehabilitation modernization of equipment in french factories some adjustment of the labor situation to secure greater output a slum clearance program to benefit labor improve ment of credit facilities for commerce and industry fuller exploitation of colonial resources and en couragement of the tourist traffic the first series of decrees intended to achieve these goals published on may 3 was headed by a flat 8 per cent increase in all state taxes direct and indirect a clearing house fund to discount the bills of national defense contractors was established to obviate former difficul ties in obtaining capital but a surtax was simultane ously imposed on the profits of such enterprises tax remissions were granted to companies expanding and modernizing their plant french national budgetary accounting was simplified tourists were granted reduced railroad fares and a lower price for gasoline the government intimated that it would raise customs tariffs to decrease the unfavorable merchandise trade balance and attempt to increase production without openly abrogating the 40 hour week law by permitting overtime work under vari ous pretexts new appropriations were decreed to increase the personnel of the army navy and air force with the bulk of the funds devoted to strength ening french aviation these measures were climaxed on may 4 by a sudden and devaluation of the franc the third since september 1936 and the establishment of a new minimum parity of 179 francs to the pound e or 35.8 francs to the dollar this new re of the franc reluctantly accepted by wash inaee and london as the only alternative to ex change control was immediately followed by a wave of repatriation and dishoarding of capital it has thus become possible for the government to issue an immediate short term loan and if condi tions continue favorable a large national defense loan at far lower interest rates than those which have hitherto saddled the french treasury with an im possible fiscal burden revaluation of the gold stock of the bank of france at the new parity will pro vide a handsome profit which will more than repay the inflationary advances made by the bank to the government if prices in france can be held down by governmental controls french industry may obtain an exceedingly favorable position on world markets in seeking nation wide support for these bold steps many of which are attributed to paul rey naud financial authority and minister of justice in the present cabinet premier daladier has con sistently appealed to french patriotism continuance of the economic and financial anemia from which france has suffered for years which would be seri ous enough under ordinary circumstances is fraught with peril in the existing international crisis france can minimize the handicap of a relatively small sta tionary population only by adopting a concept long preached by hitler that a nation’s economic power and wealth depend on the volume of its industrial and military production léon blum daladier’s pre decessor proposed to stimulate production by meas ures of constraint such as a capital levy and modified exchange control which would tend to force the capitalist interests of france to bear the larger share of the recovery burden the daladier government while adopting a number of the blum proposals has framed its decrees with a view to restoring the confidence of french capitalists and thus coaxing them to invest their funds in french productive en terprise daladier moreover is attempting to per suade the parties composing the popular front that they must make reasonable terms with their domes tic opponents the business interests of the right in order to meet germany’s challenge if both capi tal and labor respond wholeheartedly to the efforts of the government france may at long last enter the buoyant phase of the business cycle if they do not the respite afforded by the new franc devalua tion will be no more permanent than similar meas page two ures taken during the past two years continuatiog of economic difficulties can only result in more drag tic subsequent steps narrowing the area of personal and economic freedom in a democracy menaced ly totalitarian war davip h popprr japan’s difficulties multiply after ten months of increasingly serious military operations japan seems even further removed from a decisive settlement of the china incident than at any previous time greatly reinforced japanes armies are once more within striking distance of hsiichow strategic junction on the lunghai and tientsin pukow railways the defending chinese troops in shantung however have again harassed the invaders line of communications launched strong thrusts against the flanks of the advancing japanese divisions and finally counter attacked in force for a time these tactics threatened a second japanese military disaster front line detachment were cut off and annihilated and a general japanese retreat seemed imminent although this has not o curred the immediate pressure on hsiichow from the north has apparently been lifted a striking re sult in view of japan’s strenuous efforts to vindicate its military prestige on this front hsiichow is also threatened by three japanese columns moving up from the south in anhwei and kiangsu provinces of these the main central column has still advanced but slightly beyond pengpu on the tientsin pukow railway a second column is struggling up the coast toward haichow while a third is striking inland to ward hofei equally important chinese military successes have occurred on the northern and western fronts from honan hopei and shansi provinces the japanese command seems to have drawn the bulk of the rein forcements thrown into the renewed offensive against hsiichow in these provinces especially in the region just north of the yellow river the chinese forces have taken the offensive and regained considerable districts overrun by japanese troops since february the threat to peiping by chinese guerrilla troops suggests the extent to which the japanese hold on the northern provinces has been weakened a majot campaign will be required to win back the areas thus lost and this sacrifice has yet to be compen sated by a japanese victory on the hsiichow front confronted by a grave military situation japan has recently made several conciliatory overtures and adjustments with respect to foreign interests if china elections to the municipal council of the international settlement at shanghai passed off with out incident in april the normal line up of five brit ish five chinese two americans and two japanes was maintained intact despite rumors that japaf continued on page 4 ation drag sonal by er litary from than anese ce of i and linese assed nched ncing ed in econd ments anese ot oc from ng fe dicate s also 1g up yinces ranced ukow coast nd to s have from panese e rein gainst region forces lerable ruaty troops old on major areas ympen front japan es and sts if of the t with ve brit panese japan washington news letter washington bureau national press building may 10 president roosevelt has returned from his cruise in southern waters to face a difficult and totally unexpected problem of foreign policy brought to a head during his absence by the revival of the campaign to lift the embargo on arms ship ments to spain one of mr roosevelt’s last acts before leaving washington was his now famous press conference statement expressing sympathetic interest in the london rome accord an act which was taken to mean that the administration did not propose to reverse its policy on spain brand aggressors or part company with britain on any major issues of european policy for the mo ment at least american policy seemed to be quiescent eleventh hour campaign but the washington front did not remain quiescent for long no sooner had mr roosevelt embarked on the cruiser phila delphia at charleston than the state department discovered that the movement to repeal the spanish embargo had gained unexpected strength in con gress and that the desperate eleventh hour publicity campaign organized by a number of liberal groups was gaining rather than losing ground on may 2 senator nye one of the original advocates of mandatory neutrality legislation introduced a resolution calling for immediate repeal of the act of january 8 1937 and authorizing the president to raise the embargo against the loyalist govern ment which provides that no arms shall be carried on american ships or owned by citizens of the united states a hurried canvass of the senate re vealed an apparent majority of the foreign rela tions committee in favor of the resolution and an influential group which is critical of the existing policy simultaneously the state department was deluged with letters and telegrams and besieged by delegations from eastern and mid west states de manding that the embargo be lifted finally this direct campaign was augmented by a series of in direct flank attacks culminating on may 5 in a state ment made public by the national lawyers guild challenging the right of the munitions control board to license munitions shipments to germany this statement prepared by the guild’s committee on international law after an exchange of letters with the state department was sent to all members of the house and senate foreign relations com mittees and given wide publicity by drew pearson and robert s allen in their syndicated column the washington merry go round an unusual press conference it was this final flank attack which precipitated an unusual press conference at the state department on may 6 when secretary hull clashed with mr pearson and coun tered the charge that by issuing arms licenses to germany the united states was violating the ver sailles treaty and the separate german american peace treaty of 1921 the committee of the lawyers guild had based their case on article 170 of the versailles treaty which provided that importation into germany of arms munitions and war materials of every kind shall be strictly prohibited in the separate treaty of peace with germany the united states had reserved all rights and advantages un der certain sections of the versailles treaty includ ing the disarmament provisions of part v prior to the passage of the neutrality act moreover in a letter signed by mr hull in september 1933 the state department had held that the export of mili tary airplanes to germany would be viewed by this government with grave disapproval on the strength of these facts messrs pearson and allen had charged that certain officials in the state de partment had actually been guilty of violating trea ties in permitting munitions shipments to flow to germany in reply mr hull warmly declared that the united states had not violated any treaty or any law and went on to accuse some newspaper and radio commentators of misrepresentation amount ing to criminal libel he answered the legal argu ment by contending that the german american treaty imposed no obligation on the united states to forbid arms shipments that article 170 of the versailles treaty did not prohibit the export of arms and ammunition to germany and that the neutral ity act made it mandatory on the secretary of state to grant export licenses if the exports were not con trary to law or treaty but mr hull and his colleagues at the state de partment were concerned less with the legal ques tion than they were with the resort to innuendo to discredit the motives of the department in its spanish policy they felt with some justification that pro loyalist groups were seeking to brand a group of state department officials as fascist sym pathizers bent on aiding nazi germany while de priving democratic spain of rights which it was entitled to expect from a friendly neutral it was this flank attack rather than the legal issue of arms shipments to germany which led mr hull to speak out as he did and to take the unusual step of making public the full transcript of the press conference as to the spanish policy itself the state depart ment had taken no final action at the time of mr roosevelt's return to washington on may 9 at the request of senator pittman chairman of the foreign relations committee the department had compiled a lengthy statement setting forth the circumstances under which the original embargo had been laid down reviewing the effect of the policy to date and examining the possible consequences of lifting the ban at this time contrary to reports published last week there is no indication that the state depart ment or the administration will back the nye reso lution or seek to modify the neutrality act at this session of congress while the president and mr hull may share the personal sympathies of those who advocate lifting the embargo there remains an attitude of open doubt whether a sudden reversal of policy at this moment would advance the inter ests of peace or even accomplish the ends which its proponents seek w t stone japan’s difficulties multiply continued from page 2 would press for increased representation on the council even more significant anglo japanese ne gotiations in tokyo resulted on may 2 in a settle ment of the delicate issue affecting disposition of chinese customs receipts in japanese occupied cities by this agreement the customs proceeds will hence forth be deposited in the yokohama specie bank but japan has agreed to meet payment of foreign loans hypothecated on these revenues this arrangement apparently enables japan to use the customs surplus which formerly went to china for its own purposes the chinese government in a note to london on may 6 refused to be bound by the agreement and reserved its full rights and freedom of action at page four peiping on may 1 the japanese sponsored provi sional government of china announced its com plete devotion to the open door policy in an effort to facilitate foreign investment this plea was reiterated in tokyo on may 9 by foreign minister hirota who declared that the new chinese régimes welcomed investment of foreign capital and would protect foreign economic interests two days earlier foreign minister hirota ad dressing a conference of prefectural governors had stated that no optimistic view of the future is war ranted and had called on the japanese people to prepare for possible extreme personal financial sacrifices on may 5 a series of imperial ordinances which invoked twelve articles of the national mobilization act had placed japanese industry under virtually unlimited state control japan’s for eign trade for the first quarter of 1938 showed a decline of 128 million yen in exports and 386 mil lion in imports the merchandise trade deficit at 66 million yen was 257 million below that for the first quarter of 1937 this is the first notable de crease in japanese export trade since 1932 the drastic decline in imports suggests the extent to which japan is denying itself materials which it greatly needs despite the large reduction of the passive trade balance japan has shipped gold val ued at approximately 150 million yen to the united states since february wholesale prices in japan have skyrocketed living costs are also rapidly in creasing the cost of living index for april 1938 as compiled by the cabinet bureau of statistics was eight points above july 1937 before the outbreak of war moreover the cost of living had been gradu ally increasing for six years against this back ground of economic difficulties at home japan's military problem in china takes on even more formidable dimensions a speedy and decisive vic tory is becoming steadily more imperative if japan is to salvage anything from its military adventure t a bisson the f.dp.a bookshelf children of the rising sun by willard price new york reynal hitchcock 1938 3.00 the author presents a sympathetic account of the jap anese people their problems and their destiny his im pressionistic picture is seen through japanese eyes it is filled out by personal anecdote and adventure which makes for exciting reading but not for balanced judgment the book magnifies japan’s achievements and possibilities and exaggerates china’s failings china the powers and the washington conference by al bert e kane shanghai the commercial press 1937 distributed by brentano 1.00 a carefully documented study of significant phases of international cooperation with respect to china the first two chapters give a valuable summary of the origin and development of special foreign rights in china treat ment of the four power and nine power treaties is also illuminated by detailed consideration of their historical origin and setting foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 29 may 13 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymmonp lesime bugit president vera micheetes dean editor national entered as second class matte december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year ft vol fo spe +foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff provi s com 1 effort 2a was ainister régimes would ta ad rs had is war ople to inancial inances jational industry n’s for owed a 86 mil ficit at for the able de 32 the ctent to which it of the old val united n japan idly in 1938 as ics was outbreak n gradu is back japan's 2m more isive vic if japan iventure bisson uce by al ress 1937 phases of the first origin and a treat ies is also historical d national d class matter subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xvii no 30 may 20 1938 foreign policy reports on latin america special offer s for 1.00 or 25 cents a copy fascism and communism in south america dec 15 1937 mexico’s challenge to foreign capital aug 15 1937 mexico’s social revolution aug 1 1937 brazil’s political and economic problems 1935 church and state in mexico 1935 ay de male ww vu entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 periodical general liprane latin america for the latin americans common factor underlying such widely di vergent developments as mexico’s rift with britain and brazil's fascist revolt is the new nation alism which is stirring throughout latin america and which finds expression in increasing opposition to foreign influence suspension on may 13 of anglo mexican diplomatic relations confronted washing ton with the danger of possible conflict between two major items in its present foreign policy parallel ac tion with britain in world affairs and the good neighbor program in latin america the chamber lain government is not expected to carry pressure on cardenas to the point of challenging the monroe doctrine but its rupture with mexico seriously dis courages hope of any compromise settlement in the oil controversy for washington as well as for london following seizure of the petroleum properties by cardenas on march 18 britain protested the move in two notes delivered on april 8 and 21 and de manded return of the holdings of the aguila com pany anglo dutch shell subsidiary on may 11 a third british note insisted on payment of an overdue instalment amounting to some 82,000 prescribed by the anglo mexican special claims convention and covering damages suffered by british interests during the 1910 1920 revolutionary period the communica tion hinted that mexico’s failure to maintain these payments cast doubt on its ability to make compensa tion for the petroleum properties two days later the mexican secretary of foreign affairs general eduardo hay handed the british minister a check covering the claims instalment to gether with a note announcing that the mexican government had recalled its minister at london and closed its legation there in its final paragraph the note carried a sting in reference apparently to brit ain's war debt delinquency to the united states it called london’s attention to the fact that even the most powerful states cannot boast that they are up to date in the payment of all their pecuniary obligations on may 14 mexico’s suspension of re lations which fell short of a complete diplomatic break was balanced by britain’s withdrawal of its minister at mexico city while fears were expressed that this new difficulty might stimulate political disturbance in mexico its immediate result was further to solidify public opin ion behind president cardenas although rumors of revolt by general saturnino cedillo of san luis potosi were again revived in march the president ordered the transfer of this conservative leader from his present political base where he reportedly com mands a private army of 15,000 men to the state of michoacan but execution of the order has been de layed the quarrel with london more directly threatens mexico’s economic situation on may 12 president cardenas revealed that the british and american companies had been offered the right to handle for export 60 per cent of mexican oil production over a long period with authorization to take a proportion of the output in payment for their properties he de clared that mexico wants to keep the petroleum it produces in the hands of democratic nations like england and the united states but if these countries will not accept our oil we must sell it where we can the rupture with britain rules out for the time being the possibility of a compromise on the basis of this or any similar proposal earlier the chamberlain government had taken steps to close british markets to mexican oil a similar condition seemingly pre vails in the united states while mexico it appears has been unsuccessful in opening new foreign outlets for its petroleum as compared with conditions be fore expropriation some reports estimate a decline of approximately 70 per cent in oil production and ____ 85 per cent in export sales unless a solution for this situation can be found labor unrest may prove a potential danger and government revenues will be sharply curtailed involving drastic reductions in appropriations for agrarian reform public works and education a growing nationalism similar to that behind mexico's challenge to foreign capital played an im portant rdle in events leading up to brazil's abortive revolt of may 11 the movement was crushed after a few hours struggle fighting took place only in rio de janeiro where the attackers captured a rail road center telephone exchanges and radio stations but were repulsed at the navy ministry and the pres idential palace where president vargas was pic tured as coolly holding off the revolutionists by pistol fire the rebels chiefly fascist integralists sought elimination of the president and other high officials including leaders of the army and navy on may 13 vargas declared that the coup had been launched with foreign help among the 500 reported as sub sequently arrested were six german citizens the revolt found fascists ranged against fas cists the dictatorial régime set up by president getu lio vargas last november had been hailed in many quarters as placing brazil in the totalitarian camp but the rebellious integralists proclaim anti marxian anti jewish and anti democratic tenets and have been considered in the past as south america’s most sig nificant fascist movement strongly nationalistic in doctrine they have denounced the power of foreign capital in brazil before his coup of november 1937 president vargas had occasionally flirted with the in tegralists but following establishment of his per sonal dictatorship he dissolved the fascist group along with other parties nor was he disposed to concede the integralists a monopoly on the gospel of nationalism vargas no vember constitution authorized banks and insurance companies to operate only if their shareholders were brazilians and called for the progressive nationaliza tion of mines and power resources on april 29 a vargas decree ruled that the petroleum industry was a public utility excluding from it all foreign in terests the president has also moved to check ger man and italian influence partly in an attempt to as sure the united states that brazil still conserves its traditionally friendly attitude in march he ordered suppression of nazi activities in the country political as well as cultural later the two southern states of santa catharina and rio grande do sul where a large part of brazil’s german population lives took over private schools run by germans and italians when berlin’s semi official diplomatisch politische korrespondenz on march 21 criticized the vargas régime for these steps claiming minority rights page two le for germans living in the country brazilian nation alism backfired in strong anti nazi resentment now the integralists open clash with vargas indicates that his régime while oppressively dictatorial ig not fascist in any accepted sense of the word charles a thomson buying off the dictators prime minister chamberlain's hope that the anglo italian deal would weaken the rome berlin axis must have been somewhat dimmed by the speech which mussolini delivered in genoa on may 14 duce explained at length to the italian people shocked by germany's absorption of austria that italy's acceptance of anschluss had been dictated not by fear but by our conscience our sense of honor our loyal friendship for germany italy he de clared will remain faithful to the rome berlin axis which establishes collaboration between two revolu tions the stresa front which britain and france may have hoped to reconstruct against germany is dead and buried and so far as we are concerned will never be brought to life again toward the anglo italian deal which he described as an agree ment between two empires mussolini was distinct ly cold merely saying it may be thought that this agreement will be lasting i duce expressed strong doubts regarding the con clusion of pending italo french negotiations for the reason among others that in the spanish civil war france and italy are on opposite sides of the barti cades he reaffirmed the desire of both italy and germany for peace but referred in threatening tones to speeches on the other side of the ocean which give us food for thought a reference to secretary of war woodring who on may 5 had declared that the democracies might some day be forced to fight the dictatorships the democratic countries said mussolini may not be actually preparing for a wat of doctrine if they are the totalitarian states will immediately form a bloc and will march together to the end mussolini's warning in turn gives food for thought to britain and france which had hoped to buy off italy by recognizing its ethiopian conquest despite viscount halifax’s efforts to steamroller 4 resolution to that effect through the league council four countries bolivia china new zealand and the soviet union blocked the unanimity necessary for such action haile selassie ill and discouraged was permitted to make his last appearance in the geneva forum but his moving plea for justice and collective security was rebuffed by viscount halifax's argument that peace in this case could be achieved only by a compromise with the aggressor this com promise in watered down form was effected on may continued on page 4 ma advisi mitte justifi nye tf lift th any tratior few n ter to body consic bel full i howe the ba abroa this 1 emba guard depa pathic cision by th neut grour intere subse in the gene same that at th color bu partn zeal nye too f in ac at no ef level ment been the sibili plain nation nt now ndicates rial is rd mson hat the 1e berlin speech ry 14 j people ria that ated not honor he de rlin axis revolu d france nany is oncerned vard the in agree distinct that this the con for the civil wat he batti taly and ing tones n which secretary ared that to fight ies said or a wat tates will together food for hoped to conquest mroller 4 council land and necessafy couraged ce in the istice and halifax's achieved this com d on may w ashington news letter washington bureau national press building may 17 mr hull's letter to senator pittman advising the chairman of the foreign relations com mittee that the secretary of state would not feel justified in recommending affirmative action on the nye resolution has finally crushed the movement to lift the spanish embargo at this session of congress any doubt as to the decisive effect of this adminis tration pronouncement was removed on may 13 a few moments after senator pittman had read the let ter to the foreign relations committee when that body voted 17 to 1 to postpone indefinitely further consideration of the resolution behind the spanish embargo to appraise its full import in terms of american foreign policy however mr hull's statement must be read against the background of other developments both here and abroad during the past few weeks as indicated in this letter last week the organizers of the spanish embargo campaign caught the administration off guard by launching a flank attack on a group of state department officials whose alleged pro fascist sym pathies were said to be reflected in vital policy de dsions the licensing of arms shipments to germany by the munitions control board set up under the neutrality act was laid to the machinations of this group the president’s statement of sympathetic interest in the london rome accord which was subsequently used to advantage by mr chamberlain in the house of commons and by lord halifax at geneva was also ascribed to the activities of this same coterie of professional diplomats and the fact that secretary hull was absent from washington at the time of the president's statement lent added color to the inside dispatches of certain columnists but when mr hull returned to his desk at the de partment it quickly became apparent that in their zeal to lift the spanish embargo advocates of the nye resolution had not only carried their campaign too far but had failed to recognize a definite shift in administration policy at his daily press conferences the secretary made no effort to conceal his resentment at the criticism leveled against his subordinates in the state depart ment he warmly denied the reports that he had not been consulted about the president’s statement on the london rome accord and he assumed respon ibility for all major policy decisions without com plaint but whatever his own personal views mr hull like the president had been compelled to adjust his course to meet new situations the shift had dated from the reorientation of british policy follow ing the resignation of anthony eden it had been re flected here in many minor actions and utterances in dicating a new caution and a drawing in of diplo matic lines it needed only the letter to senator pitt man to give it final confirmation back to neutrality to some observers it seems the irony of fate that a campaign organized for the most part by liberals who sought concerted action against fascist aggression should be the instrument forcing the administration to uphold the principles of the neutrality act which it had denounced in the president’s quarantine speech at chicago the final paragraph of mr hull’s letter held out the hope of future revision of the neutrality legislation possibly at the next session of congress but with that ex ception the state department based its case against lifting the spanish embargo on the wisdom of pur suing a course calculated to prevent out becoming involved in war situations as mr hull pointed out the fundamental reason for the enactment of the joint resolution of january 8 1937 was to im plement this policy by legislation the reasons for not changing this policy were stated cogently enough in the form in which it is presented the proposed legis lation if enacted would lift the embargo which is now being applied against both parties to the conflict in spain in respect to shipments of arms to one party while leaving in effect the embargo in respect to shipments to the other party even if the legislation applied to both parties its enactment would still subject us to unnecessary risks we have so far avoided the original danger still exists in view of the continued danger of international conflict arising from the circumstances of the struggle any pro posal which at this juncture contemplates a reversal of our policy of strict non interference which we have thus far so scrupulously followed and under the operation of which we have kept out of involvements would offer a real possibility of complications our first solicitude should be the peace and welfare of this country and the real test of the advisability of making any changes in the statutes now in effect should be whether such changes would further tend to m e us from becoming involved directly or indirectly in a dangerous european situation this statement does not mean that at the next session of congress the administration may not re vive the attempt to amend the neutrality legislation but it is accepted by most washington observers as a plain indication that the reversal in british policy has forced a similar reversal here for the immediate eae a oe rs future at any rate the parallel lines of anglo amer ican policy will not lead in the direction of concerted action to uphold orderly processes or to combat a ion perhaps it was a coincidence that the administration’s final word on spain was delivered to the foreign relations committee on the same day that lord halifax was gaining consent at geneva to proceed with the recognition of ethiopia and to prolong the fiction of non intervention in spain in any case the only comfort afforded those who look toward a return to the chicago speech was secretary ickes refusal to grant helium to germany and mr hull’s announcement that our policy with respect to territorial changes brought about by force remains absolutely unchanged w t stone buying off the dictators continued from page 2 12 when the council’s latvian president wilhelm munters announced that the great majority of members feel despite regrets that it is for individual members to decide as they choose on the question of recognition acting once more under britain’s direction the council by a vote of four against two with nine abstentions rejected on may 13 a loyalist resolu tion asking league members to carry out their pledge of october 1937 to consider ending the non inter vention policy if complete withdrawal of non span ish combatants from spain could not be obtained in the near future only in the case of china which had asked league members to implement their pre vious promise of assistance did britain and france privately hold out hope of aid with credits and munitions the compromise sponsored by britain at geneva in the hope of placating italy was paralleled by brit ish efforts to reconcile german and czechoslovak claims regarding the sudeten germans on may 12 konrad henlein fihrer of the sudeten region made a surprise visit to london where he interviewed not only government officials but british opponents of concessions to germany notably winston churchill page four and sir robert vansittart this visit coincided with ae tion in berlin by the british ambassador sir neville henderson who expressed the hope that the sudetep question would be settled without resort to force backed by france which in return for the anglo french defensive alliance is expected to use its influ ence for appeasement in eastern europe britain jg urging prague to make all concessions compatible with the security of the state while prague is ready in its nationalities statute to make material conces sions to the sudeten germans it is reluctant to aban don its pact of mutual assistance with the soviet union unless it has watertight guarantees of military aid from britain these guarantees britain has hith erto declined to give it is true that mr chamberlain has succeeded in transferring the center of diplo matic maneuvers from berlin and rome to london but is britain leading europe or is it being led by the belief of its governing circles that germany once satisfied at the expense of austria and czechoslo vakia will prove a bulwark against communism it can hardly be a coincidence that henlein’s visit to britain was arranged by his old friend baron mount temple president of the british anti social ist union the real question in europe is not whether concessions should be made to germany and italy one can agree with viscount halifax that in inter national affairs as in the trivial matters of daily life there will always be need for concessions for a compromise between the ideal and the prac ticable the question is whether the concessions urged by the chamberlain government out of fear of german attack and so far always at other people’s expense are to be accompanied by guaran tees that once germany’s legitimate claims have been satisfied britain will stand firm against further threats of force by germany if these guarantees are not forthcoming britain like herr von papen and the german industrialists may soon find itself pris oner of the nazi dictatorship it had hoped to control vera micheles dean the f.p.a bookshelf why meddle in the orient by boake carter and thomas h healy new york dodge publishing co 1938 1.75 america’s popular radio commentator presents the case for isolation the style is streamlined journalese al though the content is based on numerous documentary sources sweeping assertions of a questionable nature such as the tremendous improvement in the internal order in manchuria since japan gained control weaken the force of the argument throughout the book interna tional cooperation to restrain aggression is equated with war china fights for her life by h r ekins and theon wright new york whittlesey house 1938 2.75 a popular version of china’s politics and international relations which skims events since the boxer uprising of 1900 it is readable and interesting but marred by num erous errors of fact foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 30 may 20 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lasire busi president vera micheles dgan editor national entered as second class matte december 2 1921 at the post office atc new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year fc id bral ol th certe the i franc +foreign policy bulletin ange pegiation of current international events by the research staff ral library subscription two dollars a year of mygmr ign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y glo flu yor xvii no 31 may 27 1938 16 ible ee europe in crisis by vera micheles dean wich i a the struggle over spain by john c dewilde aun archer so lith strife in czechoslovakia by karl falk 1 lain f.p a publications 25 cents each plo don a d by prague turns the tables on germany once oslo i for prac sions t of other afan bes mere authorities and oar cerry konrad pe the german authorities replied that these movements 1 cin was at that moment conferring with nazi of were routine transfers of troops from winter to sum if oa ls in germany mer quarters these reassurances had a hollow pris the czechoslovak crisis was the result of con sound especially since they were accompanied by ntrol etted action by hitler and mussolini who during hysterical german agitation regarding alleged dis the rome conversations had apparently decided to order in czechoslovakia similar to that which had an continue their policy of seeking respective spheres of preceded the entrance of german troops into austria influence in central europe and the mediterranean the prague government undeterred by british the first step in this program had been i duce’s counsels of moderation refused to take the risk of 1 terna délligerent speech at genoa on may 14 when he becoming another austria and turned the tables on d with indicated the difficulty of reaching an agreement germany the immediate result was not a warlike i with france unless french assistance to the spanish move on the part of germany as had often been pre i theon loyalists was immediately discontinued general dicted in london but a noticeable abatement of i 76 franco confronted with unexpectedly stubborn loy german hysteria the first set of municipal elections inal alist resistance was reported to have asked italy for which are to be completed on may 29 and ii y num additional men and material mussolini possibly un june 12 were held on sunday without any dis willing to imperil the anglo italian agreement by turbance in 1,500 municipalities only 48 of which tum tesh assistance to franco was apparently planning are predominantly german they resulted generally ss mat 10 make france the scapegoat for prolongation of in a swing to the right in german towns where the ady for accurate and unbiased information on the european situation read general library university of michigan ge he dramatic decision of the prague government on may 21 to mobilize 400,000 regular and feserve troops for the purpose of maintaining public order threatened by nazi agitation on the eve of municipal elections took the wind out of germany's sails and staved off for the time being the danger of agerman putsch in czechoslovakia this mobiliza tion which showed that prague was in complete control of the situation was carried out with ex emplary promptness and efficiency during a day of serious tension while the german press and radio were whipping up popular excitement regarding a border incident at eger in which two sudeten ger mans had been killed by czech border guards it came as a complete surprise for the sudeten ger mans who had been increasingly defiant of the the spanish conflict thus driving a wedge between france and britain this impression was strength ened by reports that italy would stage air maneuvers in libya on the frontier of tunis which has an italian population of 90,000 and might offer mus solini the territorial advantages he failed to obtain under the anglo italian deal simultaneously the french government nettled by mussolini's policy announced that it would recruit troops in tunis which has recently suffered from native unrest some times attributed to italian propaganda and would hold naval maneuvers off the tunisian coast while france and britain were busy unraveling the fresh complications created by mussolini’s genoa speech european tension was suddenly increased on may 20 by rumors of german troop movements in the direction of the czech frontier in reply to per sistent inquiries by the british ambassador in berlin henlein party failed to poll as many votes as had been expected a trend to the left in czech com th i i munities and a gain for the czech national socialist party slightly left of center to which president benes belonged before he became chief executive czechoslovakia’s mobilization showed that in an emergency a democratic country may move no less rapidly and decisively than a totalitarian state it also demonstrated regrettable as it may seem that countries menaced by german aggression must at least temporarily take a leaf out of the nazi book and use repressive measures against their opponents the surprise which czechoslovakia’s move caused in berlin must have been paralleled in london where the chamberlain government only a few days before had been urging prague to make all conces sions compatible with the security of the state if mr chamberlain had cherished the hope that germany would move as swiftly in czechoslovakia as in austria thus precluding the possibility of an open conflict which might involve france and brit ain this hope was dashed by prague which clearly showed its intention to resist any german attempt to break up the czechoslovak state the very prompt ness with which the british cabinet met on sunday to discuss the resulting situation indicates that britain cannot remain indifferent to the fate of the czechs much as it would prefer to avoid conflict in eastern europe prague’s action stiffened britain’s attitude toward germany which received due warn ing that czechoslovakia would not be permitted to become another belgium this british warning may in turn give fresh courage to countries like poland and hungary also menaced by german expansion is hitler ready to risk war for the sake of absorb ing 3,500,000 sudeten germans into the third reich the balance of informed opinion inclines to the belief that germany is neither ready for a major war nor anxious to provoke it hitler's technique so far has been to obtain his objectives by threat of force if he was bluffing on czechoslovakia his bluff has been royally called yet czechoslovakia cannot remain permanently mobilized against the incipient danger of german attack or sudeten revolt a solu tion unfortunately too long postponed after the world war must be found for the sudeten ger man problem the first step in that direction would be a conciliatory move on the part of henlein who encouraged by hope of british non interference in czechoslovakia had rejected in advance the nation alities statute drafted by prague henlein may have made such a move on may 23 when he had a three hour interview with premier hodza now that czechoslovakia has shown its strength it is in a better position than before to offer concessions to its vari ous component nationalities but it should be made clear to germany beyond peradventure of a doubt that once these concessions have been effected any page two attempt to invade czechoslovakia or break it up by nazi inspired agitation from within will meet with resistance not only on the part of prague but also of france and britain hitler said in one of his tr umphal speeches in austria that god helps him who helps himself this maxim may prove true for czechoslovakia which during the past week has demonstrated its willingness to negotiate but not to commit national suicide vera micheles dean japan wins at hsuchow japan’s triumph of may 20 at hsiichow strategic railway junction in northern kiangsu province cul minates a five months campaign the drive agains the chinese defenses north and south of this ci was originally launched at the end of december shortly after the fall of nanking hostilities on the hsiichow front were protracted far beyond the cal culations of japan’s high command and involved 4 heavy cost in men money and supplies the victory now attained moreover is marred by memory of the serious military reverse suffered at taierhchuang on april 6 despite these qualifications the occupation of hsiichow is an important gain to the cause of jap anese arms in china it came at a moment when the whole campaign of military conquest was threaten ing to develop into an ignominious stalemate one of its results will probably be at least nominal unifi cation of the japanese occupied territories in north ern and central china with direct japanese control of the railway lines from peiping to nanking the chinese guerrilla forces however may still prove threat to effective functioning of the tientsin pukoyw railway in any case a considerable number of jap anese divisions must henceforth be devoted to the task of guarding this essential line of communica tions much more important military issues hi the results of the struggle now being waged alongs lunghai railway reports of the extensive allen which is taking place in the provinces adjoining thi east west trunk railway line are confused and co tradictory it seems clear that japanese accounts of the annihilation of 250,000 chinese troops ait highly exaggerated a safer estimate would be that the bulk of the chinese armies defending hsiichow made good their retreat but not without suffering fairly heavy losses inland of hsiichow the japanest forces are consolidating their control over part of the lunghai railway and the same process is taking place between hsiichow and the sea on the othet hand a new chinese defense line of some strength has apparently been established about 100 miles eas of chengchow the ultimate fate of this strategit junction on the lunghai and peiping hankow rail continued on page 4 ps with 3 tri for ot to ln tegic cul ainst city nber n the cal ved 4 a ictory of the 1g on n thé 1g the battle rg this d con ints of ds alt e that siichow ff ering panest part of taking e othe crength les east crategit yw rail washington news letter washington bureau national press building may 23 during the past few days mexico has again become the chief source of concern at the state department two weeks ago when the cardenas government severed diplomatic relations with great britain department officials remained outwardly unruffied despite the fact that this unexpected turn of events forced the postponement of negotiations for settlement of the oil controversy more will be known about the possibilities of a proposal for com sation when the mexican ambassador dr fran cisco castillo najera returns to washington this week but as officials await dr najera they are even more concerned by the spectre of civil strife than by the petroleum issue should civil war result the attitude of washington would be decisive in such acase mr hull would not be likely to follow the precedent of spain while the neutrality act gives the president discretion to apply an arms embargo against both the government and the rebels invoca tion of the law in a latin american revolt would fun counter to certain treaty obligations under which the united states is pledged to forbid arms to the tebels alone this is embodied in the convention on rights and duties of states in the event of civil strife signed at havana on february 20 1928 and tatified by the united states on may 21 1930 it obliges contracting states to prohibit the traffic of arms and war material except when it is destined to the government so long as the belligerency of the rebels has not been recognized thus apart from the desire of washington to help cardenas preserve order the havana convention makes it possible to avoid the sad precedent of spain three marginal notes three less imrmediate but not unimportant questions of foreign policy under discussion here last week deserve at least a brief marginal note the items cover the philippines phosphates and pan american cooperation 1 philippines on may 20 the joint preparatory committee on philippine affairs concluded its labors by submitting a report which looks toward adjust ment of economic relations between the united states and the philippines while the text was withheld the report is not expected to contain any surprises the basic plan was allowed to leak out at a white house press conference several months ago and was confirmed by an exchange of telegrams between president roosevelt and quezon in april it pro vides that instead of assessing the full tariff duties on each other's products in 1946 as laid down in the independence act the two countries will ex tend their special economic relations for another 14 years by gradually raising duties beginning at 25 per cent of prevailing rates and increasing 5 per cent annually until the close of the year 1960 political relations are not mentioned and hence the necessity for a marginal note many informed observers believe that long before the plan is trans lated into law it will be swept away by political currents in the far east recent reports from manila contain fresh hints that filipino leaders are actively seeking a formula to avoid breaking all political ties with the united states and here in washington there are increasing indications that a plan to retain the islands under some form of dominion status may be formulated before the administration goes out of office in 1941 in any event the administra tion has no intention of pushing the joint com mittee’s report at this session of congress 2 phosphates and foreign policy last friday president roosevelt sent to congress a special mes sage urging the creation of a joint congressional committee to study and recommend a national pol icy for the conservation of phosphates on the surface this message appeared quite innocuous and entirely unrelated to foreign policy but behind the message there apparently lay a double purpose first to develop government production and distribution of cheap fertilizer second to lay the basis for gov ernment control of the export of phosphates so that this vital commodity might be used eventually as an important economic sanction a possible key to the purpose behind the president's move is found in the last annual report of the tennessee valley authority which contained this pertinent passage since the lifetime of our civilization depends on economy in the use of this key mineral the export of phosphate should be regarded as a national con cern although a satisfactory adjustment of interna tional relations might well be important enough to justify such a sacrifice the determination of the quantity and the destination of phosphate exports should therefore be a function of the federal gov ernment as a matter of foreign policy the fol lowing facts give added meaning to the president's message 1 the united states possesses 40 per cent of the known high grade phosphate deposits of the world 2 germany and japan are the two nears ep ne eae largest buyers of american phosphate purchasing nearly half of the 1,179,000 tons exported by this country in 1937 3 pan american c ation on may 17 frank r mcninch chairman of the federal com munications commission went to the white house to confer with the president on the work of an inter tal committee appointed last february to study international broadcasting when he came out mr mcninch issued a short press release stating that the president had instructed the committee to continue its studies but that a report would not be submitted until some time this fall behind this noncommittal statement lies an ambitious plan to develop short wave broadcasting to latin america as part of a larger project for strengthening cultural ties between the american states the chief issue in the radio field is whether the united states should set up its own government station or encourage private companies to develop cultural broadcasts half a dozen bills authorizing a government owned radio have been introduced this session the latest being a measure sponsored by congressman maury maverick calling for an institute of friendly ameri can relations to be established within the state department while the administration has been cultivating congressional interest it has not yet made up its own mind on the best course of pro cedure on other aspects of the plan more will be heard in the near future w t stone japan wins at hsuchow continued from page 2 ways depends on the outcome of the direct japanese drive along the lunghai and of battles north and south of the line in honan and anhwei provinces expectations that the japanese command following reduction of hsiichow would be satisfied to con solidate control over the coastal provinces seem to page four manders have vigorously followed up their recent successes and are apparently committed to a large f scale interior campaign with hankow as the ultimate objective there is no sign that china’s morale and fighting ability have been seriously affected by the loss of hsiichow the hankow leaders have viewed the withdrawal from this area as an episode in the mili tary struggle forced by superior japanese strength they have derived considerable satisfaction from the successful flight of a chinese plane to japan where on may 20 it dropped instead of bombs anti war messages addressed to the japanese people the japanese authorities were unable to suppress news of this flight which suggests japan’s vulner ability from the air and reports of it appeared in japanese papers side by side with news of the hsiichow victory both at hankow and tokyo events of the past week have been interpreted as merely the prelude to further protracted campaign ing optimistic statements of a speedy advance on hankow issued by japan’s military leaders are bal anced off by the chinese belief that japanese diffi culties will multiply as the invading armies march farther into the interior the essential question still remains unanswered can japan win a military con quest so thorough and decisive as to permit with drawal of the bulk of its armed forces from china unless this is quickly achieved the costs will far exceed any conceivable gains t a bisson mrs dean appointed research director in accordance with a suggestion of mr buell who is at present in europe the board of directors at its meeting on may 19 appointed mrs dean as re search director of the foreign policy association mrs dean will continue to edit research publications the f.d.a bookshelf looking behind the censorships by eugene j young philadelphia pa j b lippincott company 1938 3.00 instead of disclosing new and startling facts or dis cussing censorship in detail the cable editor of the new york times gives an able and interesting general review of recent diplomatic history from the viewpoint already familiar to readers of his earlier book powerful america a mirror to geneva by george slocombe new york henry holt 1938 3.00 a history of the league of nations written as a series of pen portraits of the many statesmen involved in its activities brilliantly written by a wise and witty journal ist delightfully illustrated by kelen of geneva and hand somely published the book provides an accurate and color ful narrative of the rise and fall of international organi zation a chapter on the city of calvin is particularly amusing in its verisimilitude american foreign policy by wilson leon godshall ann arbor mich edwards brothers 1937 5.00 this collection of readings on american foreign rela tions meets a need for documentary material in college classes on the subject planned to accompany either 4 topical or a chronological presentation of material over the north pole by george baidukov new york harcourt brace 1938 1.50 a stirring account of the first trans polar flight by three soviet aviators who flew from moscow to the united states in the summer of 1937 foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 31 may 27 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated natios headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lestiz buell president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheles dean eéifor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year aps f p a membership five dollars a year have been wide of the mark the japanese com an 2 tat ext +s com ir fi a large ultimate fighting loss of wed the the mili strength on from o japan bombs people suppress s vulner eared in of the 1 tokyo yreted as am paign vance on are bal ese diff es march tion still itary con nit with n china will far bisson rector buell directors an as re sociation slications al organi articularly hall reign rela in college y either a rial new york ann ht by three ited states sd natior dean editor oa vou xvii no 32 oe foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff bal ronm pa subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y june 3 1938 japan in china by t a bisson macmillan 3 here at last is a first hand picture of the war and a clear and authoritative analysis of background events particularly those since 1933 the result is a deeply interesting record of the political and social changes that have taken place both in china and japan the new york times says mr bisson puts the whole show into perspective with exceptional skill and clarity 417 pages jun 7 1938 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan ann arbor michican eee ae a fascist cabinet in japan a crisis in tokyo’s government circles linked directly to the costly defeat suffered by the japanese army at taierhchuang on april 6 has sim mered below the surface for many weeks immediate action to allay this crisis was postponed lest it be in terpreted as a sign of weakness following the cap ture of hsiichow however a drastic reorganization became possible the ministerial changes announced on may 26 have set up a cabinet in which five service men three generals and two admirals hold key posts three new appointees have already assumed ofice they include general kazushige ugaki new foreign minister general sadao araki minister of education and mr seihin ikeda minister of finance in addition lieutenant general seishiro itagaki hitherto in command of a division in china is slated to become minister of war the appointment of outstanding army extremists to cabinet positions even more than the increased army representation carries the dictatorial trend in japan’s political life to a new high for the first time direct representa tives of the military fascist clique occupy a position of controlling influence within the government itself three of the ministers if the appointment of itagaki to the war office is confirmed are promi nent advocates of a fascist organization of the jap anese state admiral suetsugu who was made home minister in december is the outstanding represen tative of this tendency in japanese naval circles which are generally more moderate than the army general araki has been the exemplar of the army extremists since 1931 his closest associate general mazaki was held under investigation for eighteen months on suspicion of complicity in the tokyo mili tary uprising of february 26 29 1936 general araki moreover is an inveterate foe of the soviet union only last fall his provocative statements brought a protest from the soviet government seishiro itagaki was one of the original young colonels of the extremist movement in 1931 1932 which supported araki’s efforts in the war ministry as chief of staff of the kwantung army in 1935 1936 itagaki also played an important rdle in apply ing the principles of state socialism to manchou kuo suetsugu araki and itagaki are strong and aggressive personalities a factor which will increase their weight in cabinet deliberations the degree to which general ugaki and seihin ikeda new foreign and finance ministers respec tively may be able or willing to exert a moderating influence is highly problematical ikeda is a former managing director of the mitsui interests as gov ernor of the bank of japan in the spring of 1937 he facilitated readjustments in japanese economy forced by the vast increase in arms expenditures during the election campaign of april 1937 he was an out spoken defender of productive expansion of heavy industry for war purposes ikeda thus becomes a symbol of the close cooperation which has developed between the army and reactionary heavy industry in japan general ugaki although a liberal in his affiliations is an uncertain support for the moderate cause his ambition to become prime minister blocked in february 1937 by his army opponents will constrain him to play along with the extremists ugaki’s liberal record moreover is marred by com plicity in the abortive march 1931 coup d’état the first of the long line of recent military conspiracies some of the more immediate effects of the cabinet shake up are already clear the war in china will be prosecuted to a finish all fears that a large scale campaign in the chinese interior may end incon clusively and therefore disastrously for japan will be set aside every effort will be concentrated on the task of destroying chiang kai shek’s government the flagging spirits of the japanese people will be whipped up by an intensified spiritual mobiliza tion campaign directed by general araki from the education ministry announcement by the home ministry on may 30 that 1,300 communist sus pects have been arrested since december 1936 may be expected to stimulate this propaganda campaign seihin ikeda has stated that the finance ministry will concentrate on the critical problems of maintaining currency stability conserving gold reserves and re moving obstacles to japan’s export trade created by abnormal price rises the foreign ministry with the passing of a civilian head forfeits even the ap pearance of playing an independent rdle as was done in the case of manchoukuo a new china bureau dominated by the military will be set up within the cabinet to determine all political and economic issues affecting china occupied areas the army through the imperial headquarters already controls the conduct of military operations in china hence forth it will also assert exclusive control over the development of its conquests with this fait accom pli japan’s thin pretense that the open door will be preserved in china becomes even thinner if the japanese conquest is made good china south of the wall will be developed under army control with an eye to military strategic purposes no less than manchoukuo the fighting along the lunghai railway indicates that the application of this development program is still some distance away it is now obvious thar the japanese command failed to obtain the crushing victory which it claimed at hsiichow the bulk of the chinese troops escaped the trap set for them reformed their lines east of chengchow and have counter attacked in force at the end of may the japanese 14th division under lieutenant general doihara another of japan’s noted military fascist leaders was driven from lanfeng and backed into a precarious position south of the yellow river additional japanese troops were being sent to this and other fronts on the new battle line which ex tended in the form of a crescent from wuhu on the yangtze river north to lanfeng on the lunghai railway along this 250 mile arc the japanese forces were attempting to push inland toward the hankow chengchow railway artery of the chinese defense the vigorous opposition offered by china's armies suggests that this campaign may soon dwarf all preceding battles whether the japanese will eventually balance their books with a decisive victory remains as problematical as ever t a bisson crisis in palestine the opening in jerusalem on may 16 of formal hearings by the british technical commission on pal page two __ estine appointed to draw up a detailed plan of partition may pave the way for a new era in th turbulent history of the holy land while the com mission’s members were touring the country its sition was strengthened on may 2 by prime ministe chamberlain’s belated revelation that the anglo italian agreement contained an oral italian pledge to abstain from creating difficulties or embarrass ment for britain in palestine the arabs have boy cotted the commission since its arrival on april 27 in protest against the partition proposal arab te rorist activities have been intensified apparently jg an effort to convince the british that it would kk politic to meet the arab demands demonstrations of protest against partition have been held in egypy iraq and syria in which an undertone of anti semitism has accompanied condemnation of british policy at the same time there are signs that peace ful arab villagers are wearying of the excessiy exactions of marauders and that the hitherto ey emplary self restraint of even the extreme jewish m tionalists of the revisionist movement may be wearing thin the four government officials of the commission under the chairmanship of sir john woodhead are attempting to solve one of the knottiest problems of british imperial relations endemic unrest has now continued for over two years with a death toll of about 2,000 despite all british efforts to re establish order troops have been utilized to suppress law lessness a royal commission has recommended di vision of the country into an arab a jewish anda british mandated area arab political leaders have been exiled or imprisoned a modified form of mili tary law has been applied airplanes and police dogs are employed to track down arab terrorist bands yet the arabs who are admittedly the aggressors in a virtual rebellion against continuation of the mandate régime have thus far resisted with up diminished vigor their exiled leader haj amind husseini directs arab nationalist activities from beirut in the lebanese republic where he recruit terrorists for service in palestine and conducts ant british and anti zionist propaganda in the surround ing arab states the recalcitrance of the arabs which undoubtedly reflects a growing nationalist sentiment may be due in part to the suspicion that britain secretly welcomes agitation against partition which will enable it bury the plan it has itself originated this impression could only have been strengthened by the terms of 4 british white paper published on january 4 which fixed the terms of reference for the new commis sion disclaiming support for any scheme of com britain proposes division of palestine foreign policy bulletin july 1937 also palestine arabs rebel against britain jsid october 22 1937 continued on page 4 plan of era in the the com ry its minis e anglo in pledge mbarrass have boy april 27 arab ter arently in would be nstrations in egypt of anth of british hat peace excessive therto ey jewish na may be mmission dhead are oblems of t has now ith toll of e establish press law nended dé vish and 4 aders have m of mil lice dogs rist bands agoresson on of the with ut aj amine ities from he recruits ducts ant surround ndoubtedly nay be due y welcomes nable it t0 impression terms of 4 ry 4 which w commis ne of com bulletin july 16 ctober 22 193 washington news letter washington bureau national press building june 1 eyes on latin america washington oficials are feeling less jittery concerning the effectiveness of fascist propaganda in latin america it is recognized that brazil with an immense area the largest population in the southern continent and a wealth of natural resources offers the most tempt ing field for german and italian penetration here it has been believed was the most likely place where the monroe doctrine might be put to a test but it is precisely in brazil that germany has recently over reached itself the nationalistic dictatorship of getulio vargas is little disposed to permit nazi agents to use the numerous colony of their fellow nationals in brazil for extension of german influ ence while the brazilian government has not sus tained with specific accusations its charge that the putsch of may 11 had foreign backing observers in the country report that the failure of the revolt brought a distinct loss of prestige for the fascist powers meanwhile washington is actively pushing its plans for western hemisphere rapprochement an important move toward improvement of communi cations was forecast in the announcement by the maritime commission that about september 1 a new and unexcelled steamship service would be opened down the east coast of south america by luxury liners operating between new york and rio mon tevideo and buenos aires as a gesture of good will it is reported that the names of the vessels may be changed from the virginia the pennsylvania and the california to the brazil the argentina and the uruguay an active program for inter american cul tural exchange is also taking shape which will in clude creation within the department of state of a new division of cultural relations officials em phasize that this program will eschew the guise of counter propaganda to that of the fascist states and instead will orient its activities toward the creation of more complete and better rounded inter american understanding examination of recent trade trends may have helped to create greater optimism in government circles united states exports to latin america for the first three months of 1938 were larger in value than in the corresponding period for 1937 true statistics also reveal the increase of german trade with brazil in 1936 germany displaced the united states as the chief source of imports for that country and further improved its position in 1937 but the very importance of this commerce for the reich in clines some washington officials to believe that ber lin will think twice before permitting hopes of political and cultural penetration in brazil to en danger its advantageous trade position charles a thomson naval maneuvers and foreign policy a routine announcement by the navy department om may 26 that fleet problem no 20 will be held during the month of february in the west indies amd the at lantic ocean at least as far south as the equator is regarded by observers here as an item of major importance affording another clue to american for eign policy the fleet the announcement said is expected to sail from the west coast of the united states early in january hold the fleet problem in february conduct exercises from guantanamo as a base in march and april visit the new york expo sition in may and then return to the pacific the maneuvers will take the fleet to the atlantic for the first time in five years this decision which has the approval of president roosevelt and secretary hull clearly underlines the current trend of the administration’s policy when mr hull declined to lift the spanish embargo a few weeks ago he tacitly admitted that the shift in brit ish policy had forced a reorientation in washington for the time being at least the administration has been compelled to abandon any thought of positive action in the far east simultaneously however it has sought to fortify our future strategic position in the pacific while strengthening political and eco nomic ties in latin america thus on may 28 at the same time that mr hull issued his cautious reminder that the kellogg pact is no less binding now than when it was entered into the navy served warning that the united states is prepared to uphold the monroe doctrine and to resist encroachment any where in the western hemisphere in operating at least as far south as the equator the fleet will move into the waters between brazil and africa thus besides testing panama canal defenses and maneuvering in the caribbean the navy will have an opportunity to impress south american and european nations with american armed strength in the western hemisphere funds appropriated for the navy during the cur fie eka gc oo pe sage 2s ey ss eee a 7 as a re harass 7 ee po it fein nn a rent session total 596,339,500 including estimates of 49,473,500 for navy purposes in the second deficiency appropriations bill authorization meas ures including a supplementary authorization of 28,351,000 now pending total an additional 1 184,351,000 analyzing the allocation of these funds observers find no evidence pointing toward use of the navy in the western pacific in the near future what is apparent however is that the american strategic area in the pacific is being gradually ex tended to the north south and west pending meas ures call for establishment of three strategic air bases one in hawaii another at kodiak in the aleutian islands and a third at midway island graving docks are contemplated at pearl harbor hawaii and at seattle this program supports ad miral leahy’s significant statement that the defense line in the pacific now extends from the aleutians to samoa which lies 2,600 miles southwest of hawaii and thence to the panama canal simon bourrgin crisis in palestine continued from page 2 pulsory transfer of the arab minority of 45 per cent from the proposed jewish state to the arab area the british government in the white paper stressed the length of time needed for elaboration of a com plete plan of partition and hinted at the necessity for transitional arrangements like the arabs the mi nority in the zionist organization which opposes par tition and demands full implementation of the page four balfour declaration and the mandate has drawp new strength from this apparent sign of continuing delay and uncertainty as the devastating effects of prolonged unrest take their toll of security and prosperity in the country arab moderates have come forward with schemes which while not new embody possible alternatives to the present unsatisfactory state of affairs and the uncharted dangers of partition the emir abdullah of transjordan has proposed an interim settlement within a new mandated territory including both pal estine and his own country under his plan jews would be guaranteed full minority rights and facili ties for immigration in zones where jews were al ready living if after ten years it were discovered that jews and arabs could not participate in a self governing state partition would still remain 4 possibility a somewhat similar proposal has bees made by ragheb bey nashashibi outstanding rival of haj amin el husseini in the arab political sphere if zionist statesmanship could possibly abandon the shibboleth of an independent jewish state and un dertake negotiations on some such basis as this peace might eventually be re established between two peoples whose cooperation can only benefit the middle east any moves toward an arab jewish rap prochement would also ease the task of the intergov ernmental committee appointed to facilitate the emi gration of political refugees from germany and aus tria which meets at evian les bains france on july 6 davin h popper the f.p.a bookshelf japan in transition by emil lederer and emy lederer seidler new haven yale university press 1938 3.00 the authors have produced a rich and informative study of the background elements in japan’s culture and civiliza tion modernization is shown to have left unaffected wide areas of japanese life many aspects of which still carry on in traditional behavior patterns the stubborn persis tence of older habits of life complicates japan’s epoch of transition intensifies conflict arising from efforts to adapt to western ways and produces a crisis which has still to be resolved chatham house by stephen king hall ford university press 1937 2.00 a brief and interesting account of the royal institute of international affairs which since its establishment in 1920 has provided 102 publications innumerable public meetings and study groups a large library and informa tion center and affiliated institutes in the dominions and india geneva versus peace by the comte de saint aulaire new york sheed and ward 1937 2.50 an incredibly fustian attack on the league of nations by a former french ambassador to great britain new york ox propaganda from china and japan by bruno lasker and agnes roman new york american council institute of pacific relations 1938 1.50 using chinese and japanese materials circulated in the united states the authors have contributed an interesting case study of the propaganda techniques employed by both sides in the current sino japanese conflict communism fascism or democracy by eduard heimann new york w w norton and company 1938 2.50 a careful sociological treatment in broad theory of these modern state forms the author attributes the rise of communism and fascism to maladjustments incidental to the development of capitalism and asks whether these maladjustments can be corrected through a modernized democracy my austria by kurt schuschnigg new york alfred a knopf 1938 3.00 this book is interesting as an exposition of the view of austria’s former chancellor its account of the crucial events of schuschnigg’s period of office however is inade quate and actually throws little new light on any of them foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 32 jung 3 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp leste buell president dorothy f leet secretary vera michetes dran editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office ac new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year er 181 f p a membership five dollars a year an t peac fore unit sinc unti the fo ss peas f in tl on neg deve effec war vidi fact mad cept vem wra tion una witl sion unte be c re e of t +co ling ake try mes ives llah nent pal jews icili al ered in a ina rival here 1 the un eace the fap rgov emi aus aly 6 er or and stitute in the esting y both imann 2.50 f these ise of ital to these rnized red a views crucial inade f them national 1 editor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y you xvii no 33 june 10 1988 industry and agriculture in the u.s.s.r by vera micheles dean 25 cents a concise analysis of the economic development of the soviet union under the first two five year plans particularly timely in view of the controversy aroused by the far reaching soviet purge june ist issue of foreign policy reports entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 britain revives non intervention program he prospect that the spanish war may drag on indefinitely continuing to menace european peace has renewed international efforts to eliminate foreign intervention and has apparently sapped the unity of the forces supporting the franco régime since the anglo italian pact does not go into effect until italian troops have been withdrawn from spain the unexpected prolongation of the conflict threatens to stall the chamberlain program for general ap peasement following mussolini's declaration on may 14 that in the spanish struggle the french and italians were on opposite sides of the barricades italo french negotiations came to a standstill concerned by these developments london resumed its endeavors to effect withdrawal of volunteers and stoppage of war supplies to both sides a british formula pro viding for recognition of belligerent rights for both factions as soon as a substantial beginning had been made at evacuation of foreign troops had been ac cepted by the non intervention committee on no vember 4 1937 on may 26 after months of wrangling over details a subcommittee of nine na tions with the exception of the u.s.s.r achieved unanimity on a revised program it was agreed that within 15 days after the arrival in spain of commis sions to count and supervise the withdrawal of vol unteers the french and portuguese frontiers should be closed for a 30 day period control at sea would be te established through observers rather than revival of the international patrol and would be extended to ports and airdromes following a substantial withdrawal 10,000 men from the side with fewer volunteers and a proportionately greater number from the other recognition of belligerency would be granted and complete evacuation would follow the u.s.s.r condemned these proposals as un duly favoring the insurgents arguing that franco might seek to crush the loyalists during the period they were cut off from supplies its attitude was modified on june 2 however when the soviet repre sentative m kagan agreed to restoration of land control on condition 1 that sea control be effec tively reimposed with observation officers remain ing permanently in all spanish ports and 2 that land control be lifted if actual withdrawal of troops had not been started before the end of the counting period but before the non intervention program can get under way two additional obstacles must be sur mounted the control machinery whose cost is esti mated at a minimum of 1,000,000 must be financed and the approval of the belligerent forces in spain must be secured rumors in london that a truce might be sought were interpreted as primarily a political maneuver to bolster the position of the chamberlain government against its domestic critics meanwhile the revival of ruthless air raids by the insurgents served to discourage hopes of pacifica tion on may 25 alicante suffered the most deadly bombing of the war with a toll of more than 600 lives twenty eight foreign consular representatives deplored the fact that the attack was in the center of the city far from military objects and that vic tims principally were civilians six days later a rain of bombs on the catalan town of granollers 16 miles north of barcelona killed 200 persons and wounded an estimated 500 these events together with air attacks by the japanese on canton drew from under secretary of state sumner welles on june 3 a statement declaring such civilian bombings barbarous great britain accompanied a similar expression of protest by a suggestion for organiza tion of a small international commission to investi a y i i gate the damages and possible military objectives in bombed areas in spain itself the armed contest has again reached practically a stalemate general franco abandoning for the time being the campaign against catalonia has concentrated his efforts on the attempt to drive southward toward castell6n and sagunto thus widening the insurgent wedge splitting republican spain and endangering valencia but stiffened loy alist resistance together with unfavorable weather has prevented his gains from assuming decisive im portance meanwhile certain events have suggested renewed dissension between the fascist falangists and other elements supporting the franco cause in april general juan yagiie prominent nationalist commander who is regarded as a falangist sympa thizer made a speech at burgos urging reconcilia tion with the so called reds of republican spain and calling for release of political prisoners and the abandonment of hatred for this s he was re ported to have been later rebuked by general franco rumors of a rift were revived by a mass break on may 22 of some 800 captives from an insurgent prison at pamplona in which a number of dissident falangists were said to have been in volved at the same time the conservative carlist monarchists leading rivals of the falangists for dominance of franco’s single official party were pictured as restive over the alleged expansion of nazi influence in nationalist spain their strongly catho lic sympathies had been stirred by the german an nexation of austria the situation was further com plicated by resentment among spanish officers against the activities and pretensions of italian and german officials fears were expressed that the fascist states would seek to maintain a military hold on spain following the end of the civil war thus political dissension which has openly plagued the loyalists throughout the conflict now appears to constitute even greater danger for the insurgents charles a thomson britain speeds air defenses the efforts of prime minister chamberlain to reinforce his policy of european appeasement by acceleration of britain’s rearmament program have aroused increasing criticism in recent weeks result ing on may 16 in a reorganization of the air min istry during a bitter debate in the house of com mons on may 12 the government was accused of in action and inefficiency by the labor and liberal op position as well as by many conservatives including mr winston churchill claiming that britain has only 1,750 first line planes in comparison with six to eight thousand in germany critics of the govern ment charged that departmental red tape has pre page two ey vented the wholesale production of modern planes the air minister viscount swinton formerly philip cunliffe lister and his under secretary earl win terton replied in vain that by march 1940 britain would have at least 3,360 first line planes and addj tional thousands of reserve planes that the personne of the air force would be increased by 40,000 officers and men and that negotiations are under way for the purchase of planes in both canada and the united states during a second air debate on may 26 mr cham berlain secured defeat for two motions calling for an independent inquiry into the air ministry and the establishment of a separate ministry of supply the prime minister argued that a new supply min istry would be ineffective unless granted wartime powers of authority over industry and labor a pro posal particularly unwelcome in trade union circles the readiness of the government to impose con scription was revealed apparently by indiscretion in a speech by sir thomas inskip minister for the co ordination of defense the prime minister later denied that he has any plan for conscripting labor but implied that a military draft is anticipated following the resignation of viscount swinton mr chamberlain reshuffled several of the major posts in his cabinet reducing the number of peers from eight to six the air ministry was taken by sir kingsley wood formerly health minister whose administration abilities are expected to speed up the air program the colonial office vacated by mr william ormsby gore because of his elevation to the peerage as baron harlech was given to mr mal colm macdonald who as dominions secretary had successfully negotiated the treaty with eire mr macdonald often mentioned as a future foreign secretary is expected to negotiate a settlement of the colonial problem with germany as well as to deal with the arab jewish conflict in palestine and the recurrent strikes and riots in the west indies despite insistent demands in many quarters that both mr churchill and mr eden join the cabinet the prime minister will probably not include these out spoken opponents of his foreign policy at the pres ent time plans are being developed for defense of london in case of air raids including a spectacular project for encircling the city by a balloon barrage to en snare hostile bombers at least a thousand hydrogen filled balloons moored by steel cables will float above london at a height of 10,000 feet forcing enemy planes to higher altitudes sir samuel hoare the home secretary has announced that the govern ment is prepared to evacuate millions of lon doners to rural areas and to protect others by con continued on page 4 ze wteotp so a lnes nili vie itain iddi nnel icers r for the ham r for and pply min rtime pfo rcles con yn in e co later abor nton major peers oy sir whose p the me to the mal y had mr reign nt of as to e and ndies t both t the e out pres ondon roject to ef rogen float orcing hoare overn lon ny con e_ washington news letter washington bureau national press building june 7 public pronouncements by high govern ment officials are not the most reliable barometers by which to forecast underlying administration licies or long term trends too often they prove to be but fickle weathervanes of shifting political winds occasionally however a public statement affords a useful guide to policy by virtue of its timing if not its content thus during the past fortnight many foreign diplomats and most washington correspond ents have particularly noted the timing and sequence of the series of diplomatic pronouncements emanat ing from the state department while secretary hull’s speech at nashville on june 3 would doubtless have been read with atten tion under any circumstances its significance was heightened in the eyes of washington observers by its obvious relation to two preceding utterances these were 1 mr hull’s reminder on may 28 that the kellogg pact is no less binding now than when it was entered into and 2 under secretary sum net welles emphatic protest made a few hours be fore the secretary's speech against the ruthless bombing of civilian populations in spain and china world order based on law the underlying purpose of all three statements was suggested by an incident just before the secretary left for nashville meeting correspondents at his usual press conference mr hull not only gave out the full text of his address but also a two page mimeographed release containing highlights of the speech with the unusual notation as selected by secretary hull himself one sentence toward the end of the speech was un derlined there is desperate need in our country and in every country of a strong and united public opinion in support of such a renewal and demonstra tion of faith in the possibility of a world order based on law and international cooperative effort this renewed appeal to public opinion primarily american public opinion was the motivating pur pose behind the two earlier statements as well as the nashville speech the first pronouncement was timed with a period of relative quiet in europe following the crisis of may 20 during the first critical stage of the czechoslovakian crisis the state department was discreetly silent when tension relaxed however mr hull took advantage of the lull to register the point that this country is not unconcerned by devel opments abroad his statement was not officially communicated to any foreign government but it reminded both american and world opinion that we cannot shut our eyes to the fact that any outbreak of hostilities anywhere in the world injects into world affairs a factor of general disturbance the ultimate consequences of which no man can foresee and is liable to inflict upon all nations incalculable and per manent injuries the condemnation of aerial bombings in spain and china was likewise made public at a state de partment press conference and not transmitted di rectly to any foreign government although great britain took similar action on the same day mr welles insisted that the united states had acted en tirely independently and he made no reference to a british invitation to cooperate in an international commission to investigate bombings in spain but the statement approved by president roosevelt laid the basis for possible future cooperation this gov ernment it declared while scrupulously adhering to the policy of non intervention reiterates this na tion’s emphatic reprobation of such methods and of such acts which are in violation of the most ele mentary principles of those standards of humane conduct which have been developed as an essential part of modern civilization the nature of the new appeal to american public opinion was made clear by mr hull at nashville it will not repeat the president’s appeal at chicago it will not refer to quarantine or a united front of the democracies against the dictatorships a great deal of water has flowed over the dam since mr roosevelt issued his call for concerted action and mr hull is well aware that he must state his case in different terms the present objective is more limited and is necessarily perhaps purposely defined in more general terms the most important problem now confronting the human race is that of establish ing throughout the world an unshakable régime of order under law with this as the first excerpt in his own selected highlights the secretary went on to outline four concrete steps which can and should be taken without delay and in which this government is prepared to join with other nations these steps are 1 the restoration and strength ening of sound and constructive international rela tionships 2 an effective agreement on limita tion and progressive reduction of armaments 3 humanizing by common agreement the rules and practices of warfare 4 exploring all other methods of revitalizing the spirit of international cooperation and in ing use of every practicable means of giving it substance and reality the four points are scarcely an adequate working program for immediate action and there is little evidence to indicate that they were designed for such action tomorrow there is evidence however that they were selected as the basis for organizing that strong and united public opinion which was lack ing last november at brussels and for which mr hull called so fervently at nashville it is something of a strain to reconcile the philos ophy of mr hull’s appeal with the advice of under secretary sumner welles in his baltimore speech of may 24 but a full reading of what mr welles said when he cautioned against our participation in in ternational polemics over internal policies of other nations hardly justifies the attacks he received in the press what he said was directed primarily to secre tary of war woodring whose provocative warning to certain dictatorships on may 5 was hardly con ducive to international understanding w t stone page four britain speeds air defenses continued from page 2 struction of trenches in the city parks progress jg being made in educating the public in air raid precautions including gas mask drills and fire fighting although the government's radio appeals for 1,000,000 assistants have so far brought in only 400,000 volunteers while the british public as a whole has acquiesced in this gigantic program for rearmament and air de fense the chamberlain foreign policy continues to provoke widespread resentment after defeats in the first two by elections fought after the resignation of foreign secretary eden the government won a third contest on may 21 at aylesbury but its previous plurality was cut in half two impending by elec tions are being fought with unusual vigor by govern ment and opposition leaders both of whom hope for decisive victories despite a considerable movement for creating a popular front of all liberal labor and independent groups which oppose the chamber lain government the national executive committee of the labor party has refused its cooperation the labor executive argues that the compromises in volved in such a project would dilute the socialist program of the party and in the long run weaken its prestige james frederick green the f.d.a bookshelf mussolini in the making by gaudens megaro boston houghton mifflin 1938 3.50 an absorbing study of jl duce’s character and motives as revealed by his socialist writings and speeches before the outbreak of the world war the author believes that the leitmotiv of mussolini’s life has been not devotion to socialism or fascism but an overwhelming desire for pow er which he is now seeking to achieve not only on the na tional but on the international scene the origin of russian communism by nicolas berdayev new york scribner 1938 3.00 in this penetrating study the author who has the un usual advantage of understanding both russia and marx ism shows how deeply lenin’s theory of communism was rooted in russian political thought of the nineteenth cen tury his interpretation of the essentially russian char acteristics of the soviet system dispels some of the start ling misconceptions which western observers still nurture regarding the u.s.s.r glass houses ten years of free lancing by carleton beals philadelphia j b lippincott co 1938 3.50 autobiographical notes by a well known journalist who has followed mexico’s developing revolution for the past twenty years in intervals of european residence he wit nessed the arrival of fascism in italy and made himself at home among the writers and intellectual leaders of pre republican spain the filibuster by laurence greene indianapolis bobbs merrill co 1937 3.50 a popularized version of the strange career of william walker who for a short period near the middle of the nineteenth century made himself president of nicaragua and provoked a central american war the last genro by bunji omura lippincott 1938 3.50 the life of prince saionji last of japan’s elder states men is told in the form of a romance based on authentic historical facts most of the biography is presented in the guise of fictional conversations between prince saionji and his intimates in personal and political life since the career of saionji spans the whole epoch of japan’s modern development much valuable background is embedded in this interesting historical romance philadelphia pa j b the new poland and the jews by simon segal york lee furman 1938 2.00 an unusually competent history of post war poland with special reference to its desperate economic problems and the folly of trying to solve them by anti semitic measures despite the trend toward totalitarianism the author believes that a united front of all poland’s pro gressive forces might restore democratic government if it were aided by public opinion in the western countries new foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 33 jung 10 1938 in 181 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lesisg busgit president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 f p a membership five dollars a year national two dollars a year fc an fore fos tio vir fai pai lea +ogress is air raid and fire appeals t in only cquiesced id air de tinues to ats in the nation of mn a third previous x by elec y govern hope for novement ral labor chamber ommittee tion the mises in socialist n weaken green lis bobbs of william idle of the nicaragua 1 pa 3 der states n authentic resented in nee saionji since the in’s modern mbedded in egal new rar poland ic problems anti semitic janism the yland’s pro nment if it ountries tt ted national dean editor ar foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y you xvii no 34 june 17 1938 for a comprehensive survey of soviet achieve ments under the first two five year plans read problems of labor and management in the u.s.s.r and industry and agriculture in the u.s.s.r by vera micheles dean foreign policy reports 25 cents entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under che act of march 3 1879 american exports bolster japan ing recent weeks the new military fascist members added to japan’s cabinet have dem onstrated how the war in china should be con ducted not content with an intensified drive on the central china fronts they have instituted a ruthless bombing of canton which has piled up a total of at least 8,000 casualties mostly civilian non com batants laying claim to military necessity jap anese officials have spurned protests against this barbarity declared that the air raids would be con tinued with even greater vigor and acted on this declaration by june 12 as a result canton was experiencing its fifteenth successive day of aerial bombardment military inefficiency rather than military necessity if the realization that a desperate case requires desperate remedies be excepted lies at the root of this latest exhibition of japanese frightfulness for months japan’s naval planes have been bombing the tracks stations and bridges of the canton kowloon railway in an effort to disrupt the muni tions shipments which are reaching hankow via hongkong and canton japanese planes have been virtually unopposed in the air nevertheless they have failed to interrupt railway traffic heroic chinese re pair crews quickly restored tracks or bridges where the raiding planes scored direct hits hoping to demoralize the chinese defense the new japanese leadership deliberately resorted to an indiscriminate bombing of canton the doubtful efficacy of this weapon has again been illustrated in south china latest reports indicate that the canton kowloon rail way is still functioning and that munitions trains are still passing north to hankow the raids on canton are not the responsibility of japan alone americans should face the fact that this country is participating de facto in the destruc tion wrought at canton the high test aviation fuel which the united states is supplying in large and increasing quantities to japan makes this coun try a participant in the canton bombardments so also does the 5,670,237 worth of american air craft and accessories sold to japan since januaty 1938 as pointed out in the washington news letter these facts led secretary hull on june 11 to reveal that the state department was taking measures to discourage sale of american airplanes to japan airplanes however constitute but a small por tion of the war materials which american concerns are supplying to japan high grade steels with specified alloys special types of machinery and ma chine tools and certain fuels and lubricating oils these and other products are available to japan in large quantities only in the american market when scrap and pig iron refined copper petroleum auto mobiles and accessories non metallic metals and numerous lesser items are added to the list of ameri can exports to japan the full picture becomes ap parent a scientific study of this subject to be shortly published by the chinese council for economic re search at washington d c estimates that during recent months japan has secured 54.4 per cent of its war imports from the united states it is clear that secretary hull’s private warnings to a few american airplane manufacturers do not constitute an adequate answer to the question raised by these facts the united states as the chief source of supply of japan’s war materials has become a silent partner in japanese aggression it is not enough to say that this country is also supplying munitions to china nor does application of the neutrality act commend itself as the proper answer to the situation that has developed as early as last september the american government explicitly eee sp saab olaiensaens sa 1 at oe yi i t t tg ry i ie a ae aap sg a ranged itself with the league in condemnation of japan’s bombing of open cities in china in more recent declarations the state department has im plicitly branded japan as the aggressor in the current far eastern hostilities something more than words is required however if the united states is not to be accused of transparent hypocrisy in order to en force a policy of non participation in japanese ag gression the american government must levy a strict embargo on sales of war materials to japan at the same time the chinese government should continue to enjoy every facility for the purchase of the muni tions which it needs to protect china’s national ex istence against an unjustified and ruthless assault only thus can the deeds of our government be squared with its words this policy will demand a price from certain vested american interests but that price will be cheap compared with the war which looms on the horizon if japan ever establishes itself effectively in china despite japan’s recent military gains there is no reason to believe that the chinese cause is hopeless rising waters and breaches in the dikes of the yellow river have mired the japanese advance along the lunghai railway and chengchow is apparently still in chinese hands time is being given for the chinese forces to reform their lines for the defense of hankow withdrawal of further american aid to the aggressor at this crucial moment would con demn japan’s desperate eleventh hour offensive to defeat t a bissoon czech elections leave europe uneasy the last in a series of three czechoslovak munici pal elections was held without incident on june 12 in spite of renewed attacks by the german press of the total vote cast in predominantly german com munities 90.9 per cent according to konrad hen lein’s headquarters was polled by the sudeten german party reinforced after anschluss by the german agrarians and clericals the german social democrats experienced heavy losses but succeeded in retaining political representation in the predom inantly czechoslovak communities the government parties maintained their previous gains the com munist vote which had considerably increased during the first elections on may 22 owing partly to czech hope of soviet assistance against germany registered a decline while complete figures are still lacking the catholic slovak people’s party headed by father hlinka who on june 5 made a plea for slovak auton omy apparently suffered unexpected losses the anticipated victory of henlein candidates in german districts failed to clear the sultry atmosphere of central europe encouraged by his success hen lein it is feared may now press the maximum de page two mands set forth in his karlsbad speech of april 248 negotiations between sudeten representatives and premier hodza were resumed on june 10 and wij probably be accelerated with the completion of the nationalities statute scheduled for june 14 tha germany has no intention of abating its pressure on prague was indicated over the weekend by a new press campaign based less on concern for the fate of the sudeten germans than on the charge that czechoslovakia is a hotbed of communism as in the case of spain this form of propaganda is intended to win adherents among conservative elements in france and britain who regard communism as 4 greater danger than fascism yet german agitation on behalf of the sudeten germans may prove a boomerang by focusing the attention of all european minorities on their real of imagined grievances on june 7 the league of poles in germany submitted a memorandum to the hitler government charging that the polish minority of 1,200,000 is subjected to all sorts of economic cul tural and religious discrimination and in some cases to boycott and physical violence this memorandum published in the polish press in germany and te produced with indignation in poland was not men tioned by german newspapers while the germano phile colonel beck is not ready to pick a quarrel with the third reich the fact that information un favorable to germany was allowed to appear is one of many straws in the wind indicating that the po lish government may be veering away from its pro german orientation similar stiffening against nazi agitation may be detected in hungary where the pro nazi premier daranyi was succeeded on may 13 by bela imredy an expert economist who had formerly served as minister of finance and governor of the national bank dr imredy can in no sense be regarded as anti german in a speech of june 1 his foreign min ister de kanya stressed hungary's friendship for germany and italy and the premier made no effort to block the passage of an anti semitic bill limiting jewish participation in trade and the professions to 20 per cent but like dr schuschnigg the new premier a fervent catholic has adopted stern meas ures against nazi propaganda hoping to steer 4 middle course nor does dr imredy regard with favor germany's attempt to achieve economic dom ination in eastern europe the question whether imredy can succeed where schuschnigg failed depends in large part on the future course of germany's drang nach osten the inroads made by german trade in eastern eu rope and the balkans would be facilitated by the the road back to 1914 foreign policy bulletin may 6 1938 continued on page 4 j pril 24.4 tives and and will on of the 14 that pressure by a new the fate arge that as in the intended ments in ism as a sudeten using the ir real of of poles he hitler nority of omic cul me cases orandum y and re not men cermano a quarrel lation un ear is one it the po nn its pro n may be i premier a imredy served as national garded as eign min dship fot no effort 1 limiting essions to the new ern meas oo steer a yard with ymic dom ed where rt on the ch osten astern eu ed by the 1938 washin gton news letter washington bureau national press building june 13 as bombings of civilian populations continue unabated in spain and china state depart ment officials are exploring ways of implementing the administration’s recent proclamations con demning unrestricted aerial warfare at his press conference last saturday secretary hull revealed that the administration is already taking steps to discourage shipments of american airplanes to coun tries engaged in indiscriminate bombing from the air as shipments to spain are already prohibited under the neutrality laws the new policy applies only to japan until ten days ago the only measures taken to inform american airplane manufacturers of the government's attitude were the public state ments expressing emphatic reprobation of ruthless bombing during the past week however the mu nitions control board has explained the govern ment’s policy in oral statements made to representa tives of american manufacturers who have called at the department to ask for guidance so far only two or three aircraft firms have made such inquiries in washington and no steps have yet been taken to inform the aircraft industry as a whole moral pressure versus embargoes in confining itself to moral pressure the state department is side stepping the controversial issue of embargoes which under existing laws could only be applied by invok ing the neutrality act the effectiveness of moral pressure however is open to question similar pres sure was applied to discourage the export of oil and other war materials to italy during the ethiopian war but without conspicuous success in fact pet toleum exports to italy rose steadily from a monthly average of 505,000 in 1934 to a peak of 2,296,000 in december 1935 and exports remained well above the peace time level until the end of hostilities the same method was employed to discourage arms shipments to spain during the first six months of the civil war but in january 1937 the president finally fequested congress to give him authority to embargo all arms shipments to both sides in spain in the far east records of the munitions control board show a marked increase in aircraft orders from japan in recent months during march april and may licenses were granted for the sale of aircraft products totaling 3,947,000 or more than the total value of aircraft sold to japan during the entire preceding seven months since the outbreak of hostilities in july 1937 such licenses to japan have reached 7 414,387 as compared with 8,607,482 for aircraft sales to china it is just possible that moral pressure may be more effective in discouraging aircraft sales to japan than it was in the case of petroleum during the ethiopian war american aircraft manufacturers are now operating at or near capacity production and the additional orders recently placed in this country by britain and france may make it difficult for amefi can firms to fill japanese orders in any case larger issues involved the fundamental ques tion however is not limited to the export of bombing airplanes and state department officials are well aware that they have opened up an issue with wide ramifications already mr hull is being bombarded with resolutions and appeals from divergent pres sure groups on the one hand five organizations representing the neutrality wing of the peace movement issued a statement on june 13 urging the state department to stop the pending sale of 400 airplanes to britain on the ground that the british empire is one of the offenders in this practice declaring that the bombing of helpless women and children on the northwest frontier of india is a matter of common knowledge this group is de manding action on the nye fish bill which would forbid munitions exports to all countries in time of peace as well as in time of war on the other hand delegations urging concerted action against aggres sor nations are arriving in washington to press for embargoes on all war materials to japan if the gov ernment disapproves of the shipment of bombing airplanes why should it allow the export of other munitions which are just as destructive moreover they ask why should japan be allowed to purchase huge supplies of oil scrap iron copper cotton and other essential materials without which it could not carry out its aggressive campaign in china the state department is dodging these questions with congress about to adjourn the administration has no intention of pressing for new embargo legis lation or raising any controversial issue of foreign policy but unless the president invokes the neutral ity act which he has steadfastly declined to do he is powerless to prohibit airplane exports or any note with the adjournment of congress publication of the washington news letter will be suspended for the summer months it will be resumed early in the fall brg eal er aura hi a oem aia tss other war material the practical effect of mr hull’s move to discourage airplane shipments is likely to be determined in large part by the trend of american public opinion during the next few months at any rate public opinion continues to be the primary con cern of the president's advisers on foreign affairs if popular resentment against unrestricted bombing crys tallizes in a movement to embargo airplanes and other war materials to aggressors then it is argued the administration will be in a position to launch a campaign for repeal or revision of the neutrality laws when congress reconvenes in january w.t stone czech elections leave europe uneasy continued from page 2 completion set for 1945 of a canal linking the rhine with the danube which would give germany easier access to the oil wheat and mineral resources of hungary and rumania this trade expansion raises the question answered in the negative in 1914 whether germany will be content with a commercial victory over british french and italian interests in the danubian region or will seek to germanize non german peoples by force if necessary past ex perience would indicate that germany's success in fostering trade is in inverse ratio to its ability to understand the temper of non german peoples it is on the rock of nationalist sentiment in czecho slovakia hungary and rumania that the eastward drive of german nationalism may eventually founder meanwhile germany's economic position shows signs of a strain which depending on hitler’s de cision may prove either a deterrent from or an in centive to war german foreign trade which closed 1937 with a surplus has thus far this year shown a considerable deficit further increased by the annexa tion of austria the reich faced by a shortage of foreign exchange has mobilized all the gold silver and foreign currency found in austria for the pur chase of raw materials these measures leave no exchange available for payment of debt service on austria’s international loans of 1933 1934 guaran teed by several european countries notably britain france and italy negotiations regarding these loans undertaken in berlin by sir frederick leith ross financial adviser of the british government appar ently reached a deadlock on june 7 a committee representing the guarantor powers protested to ger many against default on the debt service due june 1 in retaliation britain and france plan to institute a compulsory clearing arrangement under which they would collect debt payments from money due page four to german exporters since germany's exports to france and britain are far greater than its purchases in these countries such a move might prove embar rassing for the third reich economic difficulties are also being experienced by italy which has suffered from the severe drought now afflicting europe after strenuous efforts to achieve self sufficiency italy may once more be forced to import wheat thus further straining its foreign trade balance which at the end of april showed a deficit of over one billion lire yet musso lini seems determined to assure the victory of franco even at the price of jeopardizing the anglo italian agreement of april 16 british protests to general franco regarding the series of severe air raids which during the past week wrecked british shipping along the spanish coast and the british owned port of gandia in spain should according to well informed observers have been addressed to hitler and musso lini while british opinion has been shocked by the inhuman character of rebel air raids directed for the most part at non military objectives retaliation it is feared would involve britain in the war it has consistently sought to localize by its policy of non intervention this dilemma lends peculiar force to headli castis mr eden’s speech of june 12 in which the former foreign secretary told his leamington constituents that retreat is not always the path to peace mr chamberlain’s realistic policy of concessions to hitler and mussolini concessions made out of fear and at the expense of weaker countries have so far had the unpalatable result of straining britain's re lations with both dictators vera micheles dean twentieth anniversary 1918 38 the foreign policy association organized on no vember 10 1918 as the committee on nothing at all will celebrate its twentieth anniversary on november 18 and 19 the celebration will include a dinner a saturday luncheon round table discussions and a branch representatives conference the speak ers at these sessions will be of exceptional interest to our membership topics and names of speakers will be announced in later bulletins a cordial invitation is extended to all of our members to attend this an niversary celebration as your share in this celebration won’t you pledge yourself to secure at least one new member this yeat thus helping in the development of a steadily growing f.p.a foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 34 jung 17 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp leste buett president dorothy f leer secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 f p a membership five dollars a year ps two dollars a year gern econ the justi daw aust econ previ funk that fore tl read june this defa ame loan swet will nize ued in ci of y 64 unit the citiz issu ince +to ases dar by ight to be its pril sso nco lian eral lich long t of med 1sso the for tion has non to rmet 1ents mr s to fear o far s re an no ng at y on ide a sions peak est to will ation s an ledge year adily oo national editor foreign policy bulletin an i ate a of current international events by the research staff al library subscription two dollars a year of miem eign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vout xvii no 35 june 24 1938 the puzzle of palestine by david h popper what lies behind the arab jewish struggle in palestine why do british troops intervene the puzzle of palestine answers these questions and gives not only the essential facts of palestine’s turbulent history but also an account of the various plans which have been proposed to solve this problem cloth edition 95 cents headline books no 14 paper edition 25 cents iyi 2 s saar entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan ann arbor michtvan germany taps resources of austria and jews g ermany’s threatened repudiation of austrian government loans and the new anti semitic drive launched by the nazis with redoubled viru lence introduce fresh complications in german american relations already strained by economic and ideological conflicts in a speech of june 16 castigating american trade policies walther funk german minister of economics marshaled legal economic and moral arguments for repudiation of the austrian debt and scaling down of the un justified interest rates of 514 and 7 per cent on the dawes and young loans to a normal point the austrian loans he argued had been granted not for economic reasons but for the political purpose of preventing austria’s anschluss according to herr funk austrian economy at its incorporation into that of great germany had not been built up with foreign aid but had been intolerably impoverished the arguments advanced by herr funk had al ready been rejected by the united states in a note of june 9 which secretary hull made public on june 17 this note called for payment by germany of the defaulted june 1 debt service due on the 20,000,000 american share of the 1930 austrian international loan in a note of april 6 which remained unan swered the united states had already stated that it will expect that austria’s indebtedness will be recog nized by germany and that service will be contin ued by the german authorities which have succeeded in control of the means and machinery of payment of austria austrian debts to this country total 64,493,480 of which 26,005,480 is owed to the united states government for post war relief loans the balance consisting of debts to private american citizens represented by nine different dollar bond issues floated in the united states by austrian prov inces municipalities and public utilities although some of austria’s loans were predicated on fulfill ment of the peace treaties and may be thus described as political they were used either directly for the purpose of post war relief or to strengthen aus trian economy it should be further pointed out that contrary to herr funk’s contention austrian econ omy had achieved a striking measure of recovery by the end of 1937 that austria possessed foreign ex change and gold resources far superior to those of the reich which were immediately mobilized to pay for german purchases abroad and that austria before annexation had scrupulously met its foreign debt obligations what germany apparently hopes to achieve by threatening repudiation of political loans is to make political capital out of debt negotia tions with austria’s creditors financial considerations also serve to explain the drastic measures adopted against jews during the past week in an effort to end all remaining trade be tween jews and aryans a decree of april 27 had ordered all tews foreign as well as german to regis ter their property by june 30 and had authorized field marshal goering to use this property in con formity with the economic interests of germany this measure which brought protests from the united states and was amended on june 20 to ex clude foreign jews precipitated liquidation of jew ish property thus further straining the position of the reichsmark on world markets to check the flight of capital the government on june 8 prohibited any transfer of money by jews emigrating from ger many still more drastic methods have been used in austria where jewish emigrants are obliged not merely to abandon their property but if known to have wealthy friends or relatives abroad are ex pected to pay a ransom such as has been levied on dr freud these measures which are nothing less s aie ere the aa sete artes aaa saggy so eae cs serie ker a ie sar sp ae as ere i a ae we fate am a nereis yp page two fc than confiscation are inspired primarily by the de sire to obtain additional foreign exchange which germany sorely needs and to mobilize jewish prop erty estimated at 10 billion marks for the program of expansion launched under the four year plan at the same time they are unquestionably used as a lever on the intergovernmental conference sum moned at the initiative of the united states which is to meet at evian france on july 6 to examine the whole problem of refugees the reich squarely con fronts the world with the choice between giving refuge to jews stripped of their property who would necessarily increase the unemployment and financial problems of other countries or else witnessing in cold blood the forced extinction of 400,000 people this choice is all the more tragic because of the high hopes pinned on the evian conference which under the best of circumstances can only explore a problem whese solution would call for the most difficult or ganized migration of populations witnessed in mod ern times vera micheles dean impasse blocks oil settlement three months after mexico’s expropriation of british and american oil companies negotiations for settlement of the resulting international controversy were still deadlocked with the hostility of the petroleum companies promoting an almost airtight boycott of mexican oil in british and american mar kets it seemed likely that mexico despite president cardenas aversion to transactions with the fascist states would do business irrespective of ideological distinctions following the practice made orthodox by the united states and great britain on june 15 it was announced that a new york firm had ar ranged for the sale of 10,000,000 barrels of oil 60 per cent of the payment to be made in german ma terials and machinery earlier shipments to italy as well as germany had been reported mexico has meanwhile continued efforts to come to terms with washington the cardenas govern ment submitted on may 26 its latest proposal for settlement of the petroleum debt details of the plan have been closely guarded but it is reported to pro vide that the approximately 60 per cent of mexican oil production which is normally exported would be sold to the companies at a price considerably below that prevailing on the world market the difference to be applied as payment for the expropriated properties while the state department was believed to consider the mexican overture a reasonable basis for negotiation progress seemed blocked by the unwillingness of the oil companies to consider any modification of their demands for unconditional re turn of the holdings a department of commerce study made public at washington on june 19 esti mated direct american investments in the mexican petroleum industry at 69,000,000 in contrast to the figures of 125,000,000 or 150,000,000 which have vol hitherto been current undeterred by disappointment abroad president cardenas has strengthened his position at home the long rumored revolt of general saturnino cedillo chief hope of mexico’s conservative anti cardenas forces flared into action on may 20 in the state of san luis potosi but the movement failed to win effective support and within ten days the erstwhile jy governor had been driven into the hills and his fol lowers reduced to a few scattered guerrilla bands while prompt suppression of the revolt served to ca r warn other potential candidates for rebellion it by p no means purged mexican politics of unregimenred factionalism right wing elements in the single of v ficial party of the mexican revolution have appar ently become apprehensive during recent weeks concerning the growing influence of the labor move ment and the majority bloc in the chamber of depu ties has voiced strong opposition to a cardenas by sponsored civil service law which accorded govern ment employees the right to strike th on the economic front the president has made less decisive gains oil production is now reported at approximately 65 per cent of its former total a pro portion estimated in some quarters as adequate to permit the government to break even on the cost of operation but workers have not yet received the 40 hour week the wage increases and other benefits ordered by the federal labor board during the con bt troversy with the private companies for the time 0 being however union discipline and official pressure are expected to prove adequate to keep labor dis hé content within channels and the industry continues t to operate under government management with ne 2 imminent portents of breakdown b charles a thomson r canada looks abroad by r a mackay and e b rogers new york oxford 1938 3.50 g canada looks abroad published under the auspices of the canadian institute of international affairs presents the first comprehensive survey of the dominion’s external relations carefully organized and objectively written tg with relevant documents and bibliography it represents j a masterly handling of complex and difficult problems americans who are interested in the attitude of their 4 northern neighbors toward foreign affairs will find here 9 an intelligent and provocative approach to such problems as neutrality collective security and empire cooperation foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 35 june 24 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national li headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lesiig buett president dorothy f leet secretary vera micnees dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year e's f p a membership five dollars a year +onal re mmerce 19 esti mexican st to the ich have resident me the cedillo ardenas state of to win rstwhile his fol a bands erved to yn it by mented ingle of appat t weeks or move of depu ardenas govern nade less orted at al a pfo quate to e cost of ived the r benefits the con the time pressure abor dis omson b rogers 1uspices of s presents s external ly written represents problems le of their 1 find here h problems cooperation tt ed national dean editor it foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff nical roo ligrary of micmoreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y subscription two dollars a year jul 5 1938 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 vou xvii no 36 july 1 1938 canada in world affairs by james frederick green a survey of the essential factors determining canadian policy regarding international problems with particular reference to a possible general war july 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents a copy general library university of michigan ann arbor mich powers struggle for mediterranean control hile the non intervention committee was once more going through the motions of check ing foreign participation in spain’s civil war the loyalist government startled the world by announc ing that unless aerial bombardments of open towns by the rebels were stopped it would retaliate by bombing points from which raiders come this threat first thought to be directed against italy which has publicly praised the feats of its airplanes in spain brought the warning on june 26 that rome would respond by acts of war what italy thinks of the loyalists reminds one of the french saying this animal is very mean when attacked he defends himself the loyalist threat was primarily intended to bring pressure on the daladier government which following the unusually early adjournment of the chamber of deputies on june 17 revealed that it had closed the franco spanish frontier on june 2 this frontier theoretically closed under the non intervention agreement had been opened by the blum cabinet in march for passage of czechoslovak and soviet war material it was hoped that the dala dier move inspired from london would bring a corresponding gesture of good will from italy and germany which have made no secret of their as sistance to general franco under cover of non inter vention france’s decision probably did facilitate the task of the non intervention committee which on june 21 with the acquiescence of the soviet union adopted the british proposals calling for evacuation of volunteers who are to be counted by interna tional commissions re establishment of strict control over spain’s land and sea frontiers and grant of bel ligerent rights to franco including the right to search foreign ships several of which were again bombed last week on the ground that they were car tying war material to the loyalists britain’s efforts to liquidate the spanish civil war by assuring franco’s victory have been hastened by pressure from italy mussolini is said to demand that the anglo italian agreement of april 16 which is to go into effect only after withdrawal of foreign volunteers should be applied without further de lay if italy is not to default on it this demand creates an embarrassing situation for prime minister neville chamberlain who has repeatedly assured the house of commons that withdrawal of foreign volunteers was an ironclad condition of the anglo italian deal on which he has staked his political future the breakdown of this deal would play into the hands of the opposition parties which are already accus ing chamberlain of pusillanimity for his reluctance to do more than protest against repeated rebel bombing of british ships while the spanish struggle remains deadlocked at home and abroad the mediterranean powers are jockeying for position in anticipation of a general conflict the yugoslav premier stoyadinovitch who has never concealed his pro fascist sympathies vis ited count ciano in venice on june 16 where they reviewed the situation created by germany's absorp tion of austria italy is apparently hoping to use yugoslavia as a buffer against german economic penetration in the balkans hitherto regarded as an italian sphere of influence britain and france are meanwhile assiduously cultivating turkey which will probably be allowed to send troops into the sanjak of alexandretta a section of the syrian man dated territory over which france is about to relin quish jurisdiction anglo french cooperation with turkey would be welcome to the soviet union which by the montreux agreement of 1936 obtained the right to send warships through the dardanelles into the mediterranean and might provided it de velops sufficient naval power become an important fy or z es sse 8 nae a srs os iatibdeseeseamees factor in that region political shifts in the near east assume particular importance for the u.s.s.r at a moment when germany pressing its drive to the east is acquiring a foothold in iran within striking distance of the rich baku oil fields whose output has become doubly essential for a country which is mechanizing not only industry but also agriculture throughout europe the powers which expect to be aligned against each other in a major conflict are testing their strength bringing all available raw ma terials within their political control and cautiously appraising their neighbors as potential friends or enemies if the world war took the masses every where by surprise it would no longer do so today when the man in the street is painfully aware of feverish war preparations yet today as in 1914 foreknowledge and common sense appear to have no bearing on the course of events war is not inev itable but general reluctance to make sacrifices for peace inevitably reduces the narrow margin which separates anticipation from realization vera micheles dean unrest in british west indies recurrent strikes and riots in jamaica following similar disorder in trinidad last year reveal wide spread economic distress in the british west indies a strike of stevedores and street cleaners began at kingston on may 21 and was widened two days later by a sympathetic strike of industrial and agri cultural workers in many parts of the island armed conflict between unruly mobs and the police have resulted in twelve deaths and scores of injuries in recent weeks governor denham was granted emergency powers by the legislative council and the cruiser ajax was summoned from bermuda to hel maintain order the original strike was settled by mediation on may 27 but violence continues in response to vigorous criticism from parliament and the press the new colonial secretary mr mal colm macdonald has announced the appointment of a royal commission to study economic and social conditions throughout the west indies and inaugura tion of interim measures for improving labor con ditions an experienced administrator sir arthur frederick richards was appointed governor of jamaica on june 14 to replace sir edward denham who died at kingston on june 2 a land settlement project costing 500,000 will be launched immedi ately to provide work for the unemployed although the immediate issue in the jamaica strike concerned wages and hours the present crisis is page two the result of colonial exploitation accentuated the current agricultural depression the stevedores sought wages of 25 cents an hour instead of 16 1g cents while the street cleaners desired an increase from 4.50 5.00 to 7.50 per week although wages in both jamaica and trinidad range from 25 cents to 1 per day it is generally believed in the absence of reliable statistics that the cost of living has been steadily rising poor housing inadequate sanitation disease and poverty have provided fuel for the inflammatory leadership of political agitators the report of the royal commission on the trinidad riots published last february revealed the basic factors of the unrest which is spreading throughout the british possessions from barbados to guiana the economy of this area resting largely on the export of tropical products has been jeop ardized by the post war decline in agricultural price and restriction of markets sugar and cocoa two major crops of trinidad on which 200,000 in habitants are dependent have suffered particularly in recent years although petroleum is now trini dad’s most important export the industry employs relatively few workers and pays the prevailing low wages critics of the british government including mr lloyd george and lord olivier formerly governor of jamaica charge that the colonial office has failed to protect the natives from exploitation and that local officials have proved inefficient increased wages land settlement diversification of crops and health and housing projects are apparently the immediate needs of the population requiring both financial as sistance from london and more liberal administra tion in the colonies james frederick green japan in china by t a bisson new york macmillan 1938 3.00 the outgrowth of years of study and tr 3 bool by the fpa’s far eastern expert constituts nost scholarly analysis yet published on the nt sino japanese relations since 1933 mr bissor ymps thetic to the aspirations of the chinese but this does no affect his objectivity in describing china’s progress towarl unification japan’s descent into the morass of military fascism and the resulting struggle for power in the orient canada the pacific and war by william strange new york thomas nelson 1938 1.75 published under the auspices of the canadian institute of international affairs canada the pacific and wa treats one aspect of canadian affairs which has heretofor received little attention outlining the relation of th dominion to the struggle for power in the pacific mr strange contemplates the danger of war to canadial safety in stimulating journalese he raises many prob lems of coastal defense which should interest citizens d both canada and the united states foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 36 juty 1 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lasiig buewt president dorothy f leet secretary vera michetes dean béilor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year a nationa an i new featu energ unerr is wo ment works entert spect the i some erate down terior vious 0 export ing tk befor for tl of ac th used other king and crisis fate ment endea nazi rome ansel +1ated niall of 16 18 increase though from 25 in the of living adequate ded fuel agitators on the ealed the preading rbados to g largely en jeop ral orice coa the 0,000 in rticularly yw trini employs iling low ding mr governot has failed that local d wages nd health mmediate ancial as dministta green macmillan is boon mos nent of sympa lis does nd ress towarl of military the orient new ange an institute r and wat s heretofore tion of the pacific mr o canadiat many prob citizens nationd ured dean editon ar 7 2 subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y oreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff jul entered as second class matter december pxmpovical srey 2 1921 at the post cin office at new york mut n y under the act of march 3 1879 vou xvii no 37 july 8 1938 fourth leadership institute on international problems mortimer schiff reservation mendham new jersey under expert guidance young people may come to a clearer understanding of international affairs in preparation for leadership of peace groups in church school or com munity a beautiful lake offers opportunity for sports and recreation young people 16 to 21 are cordially invited sponsored by the f.p.a and the new jersey joint council on international relations august 26 september 2 total expense 25 general library university of michigan ann arbor mich dynamic germany confronts europe by raymond leslie buell mr buell has just returned from a two months european visit most of his time was spent in poland and central europe t o the visitor in central europe one factor dom inates everything else the dynamic force of the new germany the nazi revolution has many brutal features but it has generated within germany an energy not displayed by any other country in europe unemployment has been wiped out and skilled labor is working fifty to sixty hours a week the govern ment is directing prodigious investments into public works and rearmament while keeping the people entertained with cheap vacations sports parades and spectacular successes in foreign policy although the nazis claim they have abolished depressions some observers wonder whether the régime can op erate very long at its present tempo without breaking down depreciation of plant is excessive and a de tetioration in the quality of goods has become ob vious during the first four months of 1938 german exports fell off adding to the difficulty of purchas ing the stocks of raw material which the army needs before it can seriously contemplate a general war for the moment nevertheless germany is a dynamo of activity the whole of europe fears that this energy will be used in a movement of expansion at the expense of other peoples following the annexation of austria king carol abandoned his pro german orientation and informed germany during the recent czech ttisis that rumania could not be indifferent to the fate of czechoslovakia the new imredy govern ment in hungary also frightened by anschluss is endeavoring to check the growth of a hungarian nazi movement there is no doubt but that the rome berlin axis has been weakened as the result of anschluss finally british rearmament the czech mobilization and the warning of britain and france on may 20 that they would both fight if berlin re sorted to force during the minority negotiations in czechoslovakia have temporarily called a halt to further german expansion a series of important factors however continues to operate in favor of germany 1 the spanish civil war paradoxically enough the con tinuance of war in spain helps the german position in central europe for it diverts the energies of france and britain and prevents the anglo italian agreement from coming into effect 2 the economic dependence and political disunity of central europe germany constitutes the chief market for every southeastern european and balkan country except albania under a closed economy such as that of ger many trade domination is likely to be followed by political influence if the states of this area would present a united political front to germany they might hope to maintain their independence but so far this unity has not developed despite the growth of the german danger the relations between hungary and the little entente show no signs of improvement while until recently at least the govern ment press in poland has openly attacked czechoslovakia if germany can keep these states divided the prospect in creases of dominating them one by one 3 weaknesses of the democracies in france the eco nomic situation has shown little fundamental improvement and some even expect a new devaluation in the fall al though the situation is much better in england long term factors such as the increase in the public debt caused by rearmament as well as the contraction of its export market are beginning to cause apprehension despite the optimism generated by the new wall street boom the problem of removing the fundamental maladjustments in the ameri can economic system remains 4 the uncertainties of british policy the nazis hope that britain which clearly holds the balance of power will urge the czech government to give the sudeten germans a form of autonomy so complete that these germans will vote themselves out of czechoslovakia into the reich while the czech government is willing to give its german popu lation larger privileges than any other minority in euro enjoys it will not consent to a form of autonomy which will mean the eventual disruption of the ancient kingdom of bohemia for it believes such disruption would reduce czechoslovakia as a whole to a german satellite if the t negotiations on this issue break down the germans undoubtedly hope that the chamberlain government will wash its hands of central europe as it virtually has of spain under such circumstances peace remains precari ous with but three possible courses open to the world the first is war the danger of which increases with the growing burden of the arms race while the chances are still against war in the near future the second course is equally gloomy that is a prolonged period of political tension marked by constantly in creasing arms expenditures to support such a bur den the great democracies may eventually have to abandon their comparatively free economies in favor of some form of totalitarianism the third course is for a negotiated settlement which is still possible if the great democracies while continuing to strengthen their military power make concrete offers to overpopulated countries in respect to raw ma terials tariff discrimination the internationalizing of colonial areas the reduction of armaments and other matters just as during the world war the allies allowed the immediate task of winning mili tary victory to override a consideration of peace terms so the governments now opposing the rome berlin axis are forgetting about the necessity of world economic recovery and political reorganiza tion secretary hull is performing a great service in reiterating the importance of these principles and if the american government follows up his speeches with concrete proposals the forces still working in favor of peace will be strengthened turkey scores in alexandretta the signature on july 3 of a franco turkish pact of friendship along with a joint declaration on the sanjak of alexandretta a coastal area in north western syria have for the time being disposed of a diplomatic dispute whose repercussions might have been widespread in european politics as a result of these agreements turkish troops marched into the sanjak on july 5 to share control with france the mandatory power franco turkish animosity over the district valu able because of its strategically situated harbor be came serious in 1936 when france prepared to termi nate its mandate over syria in 1939 because of the large turkish element in the sanjak’s population turkey demanded special treatment for the area and eventually assented to the establishment of an autonomous government under league of nations page two a e supervision the french had apparently led angora to believe that the turkish minority of 40 per cent in the sanjak would receive an absolute majority in its governing assembly but preparations for the elec tion disclosed the existence of a dominating anti turk bloc of arabs alawites armenians kurds and other ethnic groups disorders during the electoral campaign were quelled by the enforcement of mar tial law and turkish dissatisfaction at the prospect of minority status became highly vocal with the reluctant acquiescence of the french turkey forced the league commission supervising the election to beat a humiliating retreat from the territory the turks will now presumably obtain their majority in the sanjak’s assembly and may possibly annex the area outright during a period of internationa crisis france hitherto a champion of league of nation procedures has assented to this questionable settle ment only because of the guid pro gu 1as wor from angora the two countries have now agreed that neither will aid any nation attacking the other and have probably reached an understanding per mitting british french and soviet vessels to utilize the dardanelles in case of a general conflict turkey has thus been drawn into close relations with the status quo powers which hope to limit the german drive to the southeast by conciliating the turks but having digested the sanjak angora may demand fut ther concessions perhaps in the mosul oil fields in return for continued fidelity the arab world which will fiercely resist the penetration of turkish influence may now lend a more attentive ear to fascist propaganda impugning the good faith of britain and france it is possible therefore that the alexandretta settlement will raise more difficulties than it removes a clear illustration of the obvious truth that security cannot be permanently obtained by methods which do not show due regard for prin ciples of fair dealing davin h popper survey of international affairs 1926 by arnold j bee assisted by v m boulter new york oxford 14.00 documents on international affairs 1936 edited by stephen heald in conjunction with john w wheeler bennett new york oxford 1938 14.00 these publications issued under the auspices of the british royal institute of international affairs are the latest annual editions of a series which has become a classic for students of international affairs the survey for 1936 traces in great detail the collapse of the collective system of international relations constructed on the foun dation of the league of nations and the consequent ten dency to minimize foreign commitments and seek refuge in unilateral rearmament the excellent economic and regional studies of former years are carried down to the end of 1936 loyn 1938 foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 37 jury 8 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lgsiig bugell president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year 181 f p a membership five dollars a year fo an i vol ri speci a h m up th cupat of h railv are the j ing cc regio ing tl hank newe occur hardl cut some ern se mont close all bi ne the fl manc land at these and 1 nese stead the d shek of se head tical tracte gene whol +angora er cent ority in he elec 1g anti irds and slectoral of mar prospect jith the y forced ction to ry the majority inex the crisis nations as wor greed e other ing pet o utilize turkey with the german rks but and fur fields world turkish e ear to faith of that the ifficulties obvious obt ained e prin i pper 1 j toyn ord 1938 edited by w heeler es of the rs are the become a he survey collective the foun quent ten 2ek refuge nomic and ywn to the a d national dean editor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xvii no 38 review the far eastern situation in foreign policy reports progress of the sino japanese conflict may 15 1938 china’s financial progress apr 15 1938 july 15 1938 origins of the sino japanese hostilities mar 1 1938 america’s role in the far eastern conflict feb 15 1938 can japan be quarantined dec 1 1937 special offer 5 for 1.00 or 25 cents a copy ly oe oe ssb class matter 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan ann arbor mich a year of chine se resistance ja end of a year of war in china finds japanese military naval and air forces battering their way up the yangtze river toward hankow although oc cupation of kiukiang appears imminent the capture of hankow or the cutting of the canton hankow railway japan’s two main objectives on this front are still far from being achieved on other fronts the japanese command faces even more discourag ing conditions rains and floods have washed out the tegion between the yangtze and yellow rivers halt ing the japanese advance toward the railway between hankow and chengchow in shansi province a re newed japanese offensive is seeking to win back areas occupied during the early months of the year it will hardly be in a position to cross the yellow river and cut the lunghai railway west of chengchow for some time to come although hsiichow and the east ern sections of the lunghai were occupied nearly two months ago chinese guerrilla forces have thus far dosed the tientsin pukow railway in this region to all but heavily guarded military traffic in the south me ruthless bombings of canton failed to choke off the flow of china’s munitions and the japanese com mand is unable to spare sufficient forces for an over land offensive against the kwangtung capital at least 800,000 japanese troops are disposed at these various fronts and along thin lines of railway and river communication between these lines chi nese guerrilla and partisan forces are increasing steadily in numbers armament and effectiveness for the defense of hankow generalissimo chiang kai shek still musters a fairly well equipped regular army of several hundred thousand men a united nation headed by all prominent chinese military and polli tical leaders stands firmly behind a program of pro ttacted resistance as never before in this decade the generalissimo exerts centralized command over the whole of china’s military forces during a year of warfare moreover the various chinese parties and factions have moved steadily toward establishment of a more democratic régime on july 6 1938 the people’s political council an embryonic legislature representative of all leading chinese political groups inaugurated its historic opening session at hankow had this situation been foreseen by the japanese military a year ago the shots at lukouchiao might never have been fired japan’s leaders made two seri ous miscalculations they felt that a show of force would result as in aggressions of the previous six years in chinese surrender and compromise as hos tilities spread they still discounted china’s resistance and believed that a few hard blows would disin tegrate the chinese armies and shatter china’s new found political unity in december they marched into nanking in high triumph at this crucial mo ment the expected did not happen chinese unity was maintained china’s badly riddled central armies were reformed and a stiff defense held up the jap anese advance on hsiichow early in april the chi nese forces on this front won the startling victory at taierhchuang confronted with this first serious military disaster in modern times the japanese au thorities finally realized the full scope of their task the steady march toward a totalitarian régime in japan was speeded up and drastic efforts were made to reinvigorate the military campaign since the outbreak of war several steps toward establishment of a military fascist state had been taken in october an advisory council had been attached to the cabinet in november the imperial headquarters was formally organized admiral suetsugu outstanding naval extremist took over the home ministry in december the national mobil ization bill was forced through the diet in march widespread arrests dammed up forces of unrest and the political parties were subjected to terrorism dur ing the deliberations in the diet the taierhchuang disaster required further steps along this path but no move was made during april the month of de feat several important sections of the national mobilization bill however were enforced at this time late in may after the capture of hsiichow japan’s ruling circles felt able to reconstruct the cabinet three military men two of them outstanding fas cist extremists entered the government and seihin ikeda representative of japanese big business as sumed the finance ministry large japanese military reinforcements drawn for the first time from man churia had been sent to the front and were moving toward chengchow while the advance up the yangtze river had already started breached dikes and flood waters saved chengchow a timely inter vention second only to the taierhchuang victory in its importance to the chinese cause the japanese drive against hankow was thereby restricted to the more difficult and costly river approach up the yangtze and the chinese forces received an addi tional breathing space before the struggle to defend hankow started in good earnest under such circumstances the first anniversary of the war constitutes an augury of success for china the chinese people are effectively carrying on that war of attrition by which alone they may hope to win victory and preserve their independence yet optimism on this score cannot be too lightly enter tained japan is now drawing on its last gold re serves as well as its reserve stocks of war materials it is doubtful whether the exchange value of the yen can be supported many months longer nevertheless japan possesses sufficient resources to continue the war for at least another year and will undoubtedly seek desperately to force a conclusion during the coming months only one measure can alter this prospect of continued devastation in china refusal of the western powers particularly the united states to continue furnishing war supplies to the aggressor t a bisson league opium committee backs water the twenty third meeting of the league opium advisory committee held in geneva during may and june has again focused attention on the opium problem although japan has been accused for sev eral years of pursuing a deliberate policy of narcotic drug and opium trafficking in the areas of china un der japanese jurisdiction the proof has never been so convincing as that contained in the official statement page two of the american representative on june 13 mr stuart j fuller of the state department charged the imperial japanese army with importing enormous quantities of raw opium from iran in japanese ships consigned either to the army itself or to japanese im porters in shanghai or north china transshipping and storage depots have been established in macao a portuguese colony where 1,100 chests of iranian opium were landed the first week in april the jap anese representative eiji amau admitted that there had been large opium shipments but stated that he considered these importations lawful several other nations condemned the drug situa tion in manchoukuo and in the cities of peiping and tientsin where secret factories turned out the heroin seized in the united states in quantities large enough to supply 10,000 addicts per year although the dele gates of great britain canada egypt and belgiun supported these accusations the japanese represer tative denied that the japanese army was dealing in narcotics and hinted that japan might withdraw from all the league’s technical organizations with which it is still cooperating bowing to this threat the com mittee weakened its resolution which devolved into a mere request that japan iran portugal and china take the most energetic measures to remedy the situation the weakness of this resolution when the evidence clearly indicated a serious threat to the sup pression of the world illicit drug traffiic suggests that there are political implications even in respect to the decisions of the technical committees of the league such practice may jeopardize the future of the narcotic control system functioning under the auspices of the league the governments of portugal iran and japan are undoubtedly concerned over the grave accusations made by the delegates of the other nations in the open forum of geneva last month it is quite prob able however that the japanese afmy be fol lowing a policy not approved by the civili in tokyo nevertheless the bombing of ca hi been no more shocking to many americans than the revelation that the japanese military are in the opium and narcotic business in china for profit and for the apparent purpose of demoralizing large sections of the chinese population freperick t merrill cholity china and japan royal institute of international affairs information department papers no 21 new york oxford 1938 75 cents a brief survey of the political economic and diplomatic situation in the far east together with an outline of the recent history of the region valuable for general back ground purposes because of its accuracy and conciseness foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 38 jury 15 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lgesiie buell president incorporated national dorotny f leet secretary vera micheles dsan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year an it +mr the ous ips im ing ca0 lian jap here t he itua and troin ugh jele r1um sen ig in from foreign policy bulletin an te eal an interpretation of current international events by the research staff s oq class matter december ms 2 1921 at the post subscription two dollars a year office at new york foreign policy association incorporated e ey oe st mod a 8 west 40th street new york n y um of mich you xvii no 39 july 22 1938 problems of german american relations general library by paul b taylor in this study mr taylor discusses the many per plexing problems troubling german american relations and shows how relatively minor issues magnified by the general american antagonism to nazi ideology find their place in today’s headlines july 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents a copy university of michigan ann arbor wich evian congress launches new refugee aid pe fier ten days of discussion on july 15 the intergovernmental meeting on political refu hich gees at evian adjourned until august 3 when it om into china will meet in london despite a tendency to avoid concrete commitments the conference has several important achievements to its credit it has agreed 7 the establish a new permanent intergovernmental n the ommuttee at london with an american as its direc sup gests tor to facilitate the resettlement of refugees it has permitted a thorough exchange of information re spect garding prospects for immigration into the thirty the refugee receiving countries represented and may re of have contributed to the inauguration of an era of more liberal immigrati icies wel c the gration policies perhaps most im in are ations portant it has provided a bulwark against despair for 800,000 to 1,000,000 austro germans trapped in a hostile dictatorial régime and though to a a the much smaller degree it holds out the hope of even prob tual assistance to potential migrants and political fol rae laty ila refugees from poland hungary rumania italy spain the u.s.s.r and the near east s since the delegates were united in agreement on an the the desirability of assisting these unfortunates the opium sessions of the conference were largely devoted to a or the defense country by country of existing immigration ons 0 rill f policies which fully disclosed the difficulty of cre ating new migration opportunities in a period of economic stress recalling that the invitation to the affairs conference proposed action under existing laws and f york practices myron c taylor the american chairman lomatie pointed out that the united states might now ab of the sorb 27,370 immigrants each year under the com 1 back seness bined german and austrian quotas as compared with 20,000 germans in the fiscal year 1938 and national 113,000 in 1937 the british were vaguely non editor committal regarding possibilities for settlement in the british colonies offering merely small scale settlement of jewish refugees on the land in kenya the french claimed that their country with over 200,000 refugees has reached the saturation point the representatives of relatively undeveloped over seas territories were not much more encouraging than the british and the french australia’s dele gate defended its reluctance to admit any consider able number of german jewish refugees on the ground that it had no racial problem now and did not wish to create one canada was sympathetic but stressed the unemployment and economic uncertainty with which it now has to contend several latin american nations expressed willingness to absorb limited numbers of agricultural workers but with the exception of the dominican republic refused to countenance the admission of professional work ers and intellectuals conflicts which arose in determining the com petence of the london committee were temporarily eased without undue difficulty the united states attempt to empower the new organization to deal with all refugees was strenuously opposed by britain and france for reasons of general policy and a re sultant compromise limited the committee’s work for the present to refugees from grossdeutschland with a loophole for future expansion the problem of avoiding duplication of the refugee work of the league which is now being unified in a single league office was left unsettled besides enlisting the energies of the united states and brazil a non league body should be able to negotiate advantage ously with germany to permit emigrants to salvage some of their property when they are callously dumped upon an inhospitable world a procedure which will greatly facilitate resettlement although zionists at evian urged the confer ence to seek to open the doors of palestine to 50,000 jewish immigrants each year the critical political and economic situation in that territory tweet te ee et ole ont amee teg ate oe tt pbi nt rar rpt te fe aeaees ye precluded all possibility of such a step the current recrudescence of disorders in the holy land is in essence the result of opposition to large scale jewish immigration and is motivated by two factors the first is the presence of a british technical commis sion which is attempting to formulate the details of a partition plan evolved as a result of disturbances in 1936 the arabs have greeted this body with a boycott of its sessions and increased terrorist activi ties throughout the country the second factor is the partial collapse of the admirable self restraint with which the palestine jewish community has previously borne arab attacks for this catastrophe the jewish revisionists an extreme nationalist mi nority group disowned by the zionist organization bear primary responsibility the execution on june 29 of one of their members solomon ben yosef for participating in a fruitless ambush of an arab bus was the signal for new and destructive measures of retaliation attributed to them arab provocateurs were not slow to exploit the situation between july 5 and 18 at least seventy six arabs and thirty five jews were killed and hundreds were injured despite the efforts of strongly reinforced british police and soldiery these events emphasize the necessity for settling refugees where their political aspirations will blend rather than clash with those of prior inhabitants from this viewpoint the achievements of the con ference constitute a hopeful augury the extent of the actual aid to be provided however remains to be determined at london some observers feel that it will not prove impossible to come to an agreement with germany providing for the emigration of 50,000 to 100,000 refugees annually these migrants to be permitted to assist in financing their resettle ment with a portion of their own property valuable as this contribution for the relief of human misery will be it will constitute no more than a first step as long as there are political dictatorships intolerant of ali criticism or relying on pseudo scientific racial concepts there will always be new refugees davi h popper progress toward chaco peace acceptance by both bolivia and paraguay on july 17 of the chaco peace terms revives the hope of liquidating the most serious threat to friendly relations in the western hemisphere and brightens prospects for success of the pan american confer ence at lima next december the treaty designates the presidents of the six neutral american nations page two es represented at the chaco peace conference argen tina brazil chile peru the united states and ur guay as arbiters with authority to fix a definite boundary between bolivia and paraguay thereby ending the territorial dispute from 1932 to 1935 the proposed treaty is reported to call for a fron tier which runs westward from a point on the river otuquis or negro a short distance north of its con fluence with the paraguay at bahia negra to meridian 61 degrees 55 minutes west from here southward to the pilcomayo river the arbiters will fix a line within an intermediate zone thirty to eighty miles wide while paraguay will thus retain largely unimpaired its wartime conquests of practically the entire chaco bolivia keeps control of the oil fields to the west of the disputed area and also satisfies its long time ambition for an outlet to the aclantk ocean through the paraguay and parana rivers free transit through paraguayan territory is guaran teed to bolivian exports and imports at puerto casado paraguay’s second most important port bo livia may set up customs agencies and construct warehouses making this city virtually a free port a careful time table is laid down to avoid in definite delay within twenty days of its signature the treaty is to be ratified this action will be taken by a constitutional convention in bolivia and in paraguay owing to the provisional character of the present paiva régime by a plebiscite the validity of which could not easily be impugned by succeeding governments within sixty days of the date of final ratification the arbitral award is to be announced settlement of the chaco controversy should no last minute hitch baffle the negotiators will further strengthen inter american solidarity the significance of such a triumph for new world diplomacy has been heightened by two events which weaken the ties linking the american nations with europe one was the announcement by venezuela on july 12 of its withdrawal from the league of nations raising to nine the number of latin american states which have taken this step on the same day germany fol lowing restrictions imposed on nazi political and cultural activities in brazil and in retaliation against brazil’s decision to stop purchase of german cleat ing marks announced complete suspension of put chases from that republic the move will hit brazil far harder than germany and is apparently designed to force from president vargas both political and economic concessions charles a thomson foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 39 jury 22 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonpd lgsiig buewt president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheles dean eéitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year a f p a membership five dollars a year an +argen id uru definite thereby 35 a fron e river its con gra to m here rs will eighty largely ally the il fields satisfies a clantic rivers guaran puerto ort bo onstruct ort oid in nature ye taken and in r of the lidity of ceeding of final inced ould no further nificance 1acy has ken the one ly 12 of raising es which any fol ical and 1 against an clear of pur it brazil designed ical and mson 1 national ean editor becoreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xvii no 40 juty 29 1938 a special combination offer 2.00 for 6 headline books and 4 world affairs pamphlets the puzzle of palestine headline book which be gins this subscription will be followed in august by the world affairs pamphlet america looks abroad fpa membership covers both these series entered as second class matter december aug 2 1938 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 general library university of wichigan ann arbor wich britain mediates in czech crisis a result of the visit of the king and queen of england to paris the common will of france and britain has been strengthened and european tension somewhat relieved the extent to which the alliance has been cemented may be gathered from the statement on july 24 of hore belisha british war minister it looks as though the two general staffs are one the french tri color and the british union jack seem as one flag the paris conversations symbolized by the royal visit may have averted a new crisis over czechoslo vakia they seem also to have delivered a blow to the german and italian effort to drive a wedge be tween britain and france evidently mussolini's effort to secure british recognition of ethiopia before the withdrawal of italian troops from spain has met with defeat indeed he finds himself confronted with another condition for viscount halifax british foreign secretary apparently as sured france that britain will not put into effect its agreement with italy until mussolini has signed an agreemémt with paris on the eve of the royal visit to paris hitler's personal emissary captain wiedemann held a private conversation with viscount halifax in lon don in which he said that hitler desired to achieve a peaceful settlement of all outstanding questions prior to this visit a series of reports indicated a worsening of the relations between berlin and prague but the german press attack ceased as wiedemann and ambassador von dirksen proposed to halifax british mediation in the negotiations now taking place between the prague government and the sudeten germans after discussing the proposal with the french ministers britain accepted and on july 25th it was announced that lord runciman conservative of the old school who is opposed to colonial concessions to germany would proceed to czechoslovakia as adviser since prague has re luctantly acquiesced in this move a new crisis has been temporarily averted it will now be more difh cult for the czech parliament to enact a minority statute which the sudeten minority opposes in accepting this task of mediation britain has vir tually assumed responsibility for the fate of czecho slovakia the chamberlain government is well aware that if the czech question leads to war britain inevitably will be drawn in as a result of its alliance with france britain wishes to do everything possible to settle the question without war and there is an influential group in london willing to acquiesce in germany's designs on czechoslovakia provided they can be realized by peaceful means the danger in british mediation is that the benes government will be maneuvered into accepting a form of auton omy for the sudetens which will eventually destroy the independence of the country in view of the british record in spain and its acquiescence in the absorption of ethiopia and austria world opinion will watch the forthcoming negotiations with a criti cal eye despite the evident danger in this situation hit ler's willingness to regard the czech question as international rather than an exclusively bilateral question is an important step in the direction of mod eration the task of compromising the exigencies of czech independence with german demands will prove extremely difficult for the moment neverthe less europe has been given a breathing space it was the initiative of herr stresemann which led to the western locarno agreements of 1925 if one is optimistic he may hope that from the present initi ative a central european locarno may be eventually concluded raymond leslie buell u.s urges mexico to arbitrate secretary hull’s note of july 21 suggesting that the issues raised by mexico's land program be sub mitted to arbitration served to clarify united states policy not alone on this question but also pre sumably on the petroleum dispute as a basic plank in its social revolution mexico has sought to break up the great estates and return the land to the people in applying this program the holdings of many americans have been seized without payment of adequate effective and prompt compensations as the note pointed out citing statistics which hitherto had been carefully guarded secretary hull declared that from the time seizures began in 1915 until august 30 1927 the final date for claims filed be fore the general claims commission some 161 moderate sized american properties had been ex propriated but that to date not a single claim has been adjusted and none has been paid since 1927 additional landholdings of medium size valued by the american owners at 10,132,388 have been taken without compensation while expressing sympathy with mexico's pro gram for social betterment secretary hull argued that the purposes of this program are entirely un related to and apart from the real issue under dis cussion which was defined as whether the prop erty of american nationals may be taken by the mexican government without making prompt pay ment of just compensation he declared flatly the taking of property without compensation is not ex propriation it is confiscation it is no less confisca tion because there may be an expressed intent to pay at some time in the future the note further contended that expropriation without prompt and adequate compensation was contrary to accepted practices of international law and violated the good neighbor policy which was essentially reciprocal in character charging that the mexican government although professing support of the principle of compensation had not observed this principle in the case of lands taken from american citizens the united states pro posed arbitration of the question whether there has been compliance by the government of mexico with the rule of compensation as prescribed by in ternational law in the case of american lands seized since 1927 and if not the amount of and terms under which compensation should be made by the government of mexico it was suggested that recourse be had to the inter american arbitration treaty of 1929 before arbitration can proceed under page two this agreement the parties must reach an agreement both as to definition of the question to be arbitrated and organization of an ad hoc tribunal the arbitration proposal offers a course by which the united states can defend the rights of its na tionals abroad and maintain its record of insistence on the observation of international commitments at the same time the decision to use legal means rather than diplomatic pressure or economic coer cion minimizes the danger of a hostile reaction from latin america the note confronts mexico with a difficult choice if it accepts arbitration with the possible consequence of a decision prescribing immediate compensation it will be forced to slow down its whole social prog am for it seems prob able that the principles involved in such a ruling on the land seizures would be applicable also to the expropriation of the oil properties and of rail roads both for americans and other nation mexico refuses arbitration and it might it ot the unwillingness of the united states to recognize the validity of the 1911 arbitral award which favored mexican claims to the chamizal section of el paso the cardenas régime may lose american friendship and possibly forfeit the financial aid re sulting from the silver purchase program as senator key pittman chairman of the senate foreign rela tions committee warned on the day following the hull note charles a thomson the united states in world affairs 1937 by whitney h shepardson in collaboration with william o scroggs new york harper 1938 3.00 political handbook of the world 1938 edited by walter h mallory new york harper 1938 2.50 two valuable publications of the council on foreign re lations the former the sixth of a series is devoted chiefly to the evolution of the united states neutrality policy in the face of the spanish rebellion and the far eastern conflict and to the problems raised by mexico's social revolution and by fascist intrigue in south america in general the roosevelt administration's foreign policy is approved the political handbook is a compact refer ence work on the political systems and p vali of all countries and of several internationa organizat swedes in america edited by a b benson and naboth hedlin new haven yale university press 1938 3.00 compiled to coincide with the swedish american ter centenary celebration this brings together in one volume the interesting story of the large part taken in american life by those of swedish background republican hispanic america a history by charles ed ward chapman new york macmillan 1937 3.50 a companion to the author’s earlier volume colonial hispanic america to a brief and somewhat disjointed treatment of the history of this area as a whole is ab tached an extensive appendix presenting in summarized form the histories of the individual republics foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 40 jury 29 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond leste bubell president dorothy f leet secretary vera micheles dean béiton entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year a 81 f p a membership five dollars a year an in august ji a dec relati borde its dri japan front force strug japan nese count tactic japar rate the y with areas dowr of a chen un japat sovie kufet tier japat july the p the i porti shige repo to f com wher muni +nent ated thich na rence ents eans coer ction exic0 ibing gnize which on of rican id re nator rela g the on ney h ores iter h gn re evoted rality ie far exico’s nerica policy rofer of all n aboth 3.00 n ter volume 1erical les ed 3.50 olonial jointed is at narized national 1 editor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the a subscription two dollars a year oy s oo foreign policy association incorpo 8 west 40th street new york n y a vou xvii no 41 avucust 5 1938 the western powers and the sino japanese conflict by david h popper will the new balance in the pacific assume the form of an imperialist deal with japan or a constructive general settlement this report reviews the work of the league of nations and the brussels conference the ideological struggle of the powers and the accelerating naval race in the pacific august 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents a copy entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under che act of march 3 1879 général library university of michigan ann arbor michican japan and ussr clash on siberian frontier ay th japanese occupation of kiukiang on july 26 the struggle for hankow has entered a decisive phase serious tension in soviet japanese relations caused by clashes on the manchoukuo border has failed to divert japanese attention from its drive up the yangtze river since the end of may japan has concentrated its main strength on this front where it is employing a combined offensive force of military naval and air contingents the real struggle for hankow however is just beginning as japan’s lines of communication lengthen the chi nese defenders will have greater opportunities to counter attack at vital points as at hsiichow these tactics are likely to weaken the striking force of japan’s front line detachments and slow down their tate of progress with its main forces occupied by the yangtze drive japan is unable to cope adequately with growing chinese resistance in the conquered areas the japanese offensive in shansi has slowed down and there seems to be no immediate possibility of a japanese crossing of the yellow river west of chengchow under such circumstances it would seem that japan was in no position to court a conflict with the soviet union nevertheless the incident at chang kufeng near the siberian manchoukuo korean fron tier has developed into the gravest crisis in soviet japanese relations during recent years beginning on july 11 when the japanese first took exception to the presence of soviet border forces at changkufeng the incident was rapidly worked up to serious pro portions by japan’s press and officialdom mamoru shigemitsu japanese ambassador at moscow was teported to have threatened that japan would resort to force unless the soviet troops were withdrawn complete silence prevailed at moscow until july 21 when the soviet press released an official com muniqué detailing the exchanges between foreign commissar litvinov and the japanese ambassador m litvinov had bluntly told shigemitsu that threats would get nowhere at moscow and then added that full calm reigns on the frontier and this calm may be disturbed only by the japanese man churian side which in such case will bear responsi bility for the consequences following this sharp soviet rejoinder officials at tokyo claimed that am bassador shigemitsu had never threatened force press comment was muzzled and japan seemed to have backed down on july 31 however a division of japanese troops attacked and occupied the'chang kufeng heights a strong force of soviet regulars recaptured the hill on august 1 while at moscow the foreign office exhibited to the press maps which indicated the disputed area to be soviet territory recent statements by british officials have also brought great britain into the arena against japan addressing the house of commons on july 26 prime minister chamberlain declared that after long and anxious consideration the british government had de cided that it could not satisfy china’s request for a loan he then stated that this rejection did not ex clude other forms of assistance financial or other wise and that proposals of this kind were under consideration by the government departments con cerned foreign secretary halifax followed on july 27 by declaring before the house of lords that the government was considering possible action if it did not secure adequate protection against japanese encroachment on british interests in china the united states faces the same problem in a note of may 31 the american government had re quested japan to restore certain properties and to permit american nationals to return to their places of business in cities on the lower yangtze the jap anese reply on july 6 with later supplementary in formation made some concessions but claimed that ue tai cry roe tea es ee fe wer alee s9 eag cee enennnnennte full compliance was not possible because of dis turbed conditions in the nanking shanghai region on july 18 secretary hull indicated that this re sponse had not settled the issue to the government's full satisfaction another aspect of japanese ameri can relations was emphasized several days later when the munitions control board released figures on the value of chinese and japanese purchases of american war materials from april 30 1937 to june 30 1938 china had bought 13,795,000 worth of american munitions in the strict sense of the term while japan had bought 9,384,000 worth from january 1 1937 to may 31 1938 however the united states had supplied japan with more than 273,000,000 worth of essential war materials while china's total purchases during this period in cluding non military items amounted to only 67 000,000 application of the neutrality act it should be noted would ban american exports in the first category but not those in the second t a bisson chamberlain continues appeasement as the british parliament adjourned last week for a three month recess prime minister chamberlain and his foreign secretary viscount halifax out lined british foreign policy in respect of czecho slovakia spain the united states and the far east expressing confidence that the dual policy of ap peasement and rearmament could restore security to europe denying that the british government has been hustling the czechs the premier argued in the house of commons on july 26 that the mediation of viscount runciman welcomed by both germany and czechoslovakia offered great hope that the problem of the sudeten germans could be solved amicably both mr chamberlain and lord halifax went out of their way to stress the importance of securing a negotiated settlement with germany on the basis of exploratory conversations with captain wiede mann the aide of hitler who came to london a few days before the royal visit to france the british statesmen hope to use their czechoslovakian media tion as the first step in a gradual compromise with the reich by proving to hitler that he will not per mit ideological considerations to stand in the way of an anglo german agreement mr chamberlain plans to act as the honest broker on the european continent with regard to the spanish civil war the prime minister repeated on july 26 his policy that the anglo italian agreement should not come into effect page two until a settlement of the spanish question had beep reached a contingency apparently further postponed by recent loyalist victories in the ebro river valley labor and liberal opponents of the government fear that during the parliamentary recess mr chamber lain will accept some partial settlement favorable to general franco as a basis for completing the british arrangements with mussolini the prime minister did not deny that the anglo italian agreement might come into effect during the coming months presum ably in return for fulfillment of the british plan for withdrawal of foreign troops which the non inter vention committee adopted on june 21 while the british government has been thus ep deavoring to enhance its diplomatic prestige through out the world it simultaneously has been rushing its preparation for the war which may occur in case its appeasement policies fail in accepting sir joh simon’s 1,000,000,000 finance bill on july 15 the house of commons has approved the vast armameny expenditure scheduled for the present fiscal year ip addition to the 340,000,000 already appropriated the house authorized on july 20 a supplementary expenditure of 22,900,000 for expansion of the aviation program including air defenses for londop viscount nuffield has begun construction of a ney airplane factory costing 3,000,000 where he e pects to produce 1,000 spitfire fighting planes withs speed of 350 miles per hour while the aviation program is still being retarde by government red tape and lack of facilities fo wholesale production of airplanes the government is pushing ahead with its plans for production ip england and for training pilots in canada the canadian government has agreed to train british flyers within its own defense department but not allow independent british establishments on canadi an soil the war minister mr leslie hore belishs announced on july 28 another of his reforms of the british army offering a scheme by which men witly out means can enter the officer training schools and advance from the ranks pay and pensions for army officers have been raised the retirement age limits lowered and two thousand captains and lieutenants promoted in order to provide a younger and more democratic officer corps despite the bitter opposition of labor and liberal members to the chamberlain foreign policy which has aroused vitriolic attacks from lloyd george and winston churchill the prime minister seems to be increasing his prestige and power as the realistic pacifier of europe james frederick green foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 41 august 5 1938 published weekly by che foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonpd lgsiig buell president dorothy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year b81 f p a membership five dollars a year +army imits ants more beral vhich and ro be istic en jational editor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y periodical rooa cm pond general library 2 1921 at the post unty of mich office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 vou xvii no 42 aucust 12 1938 for accurate and unbiased information on the genoral library spanish situation read the war in spain by c a thomson the struggle over spain by j c dewilde u.s neutrality in the spanish conflict by r l buell spain civil war by c a thomson spain issues behind the conflict by c a thomson special offer 5 foreign policy reports for 1.00 university of michigan ann arbor michican lt loyalists strengthen resistance scent exhibitions of loyalist strength together with the snail like progress made by the non intervention program have again damped expecta tions of an early end to the spanish war although the text of the london committee’s proposal for withdrawal of volunteers was published on july 11 no answer has yet been received from general franco concerning the attitude of the insurgents on july 26 the loyalist government coupled accept ance of the plan with a number of observations its note declared that the plan did not provide for as eficient supervision of maritime frontiers across which the insurgents receive the bulk of their sup plies as of land borders consequently it suggested control of all major ports including those on the canary islands instead of merely four on each side and urged that foreign naval patrols cover all of the spanish coast line it emphasized the importance of airdrome supervision since italian and german planes can fly into spain whereas shipments of soviet aircraft to the loyalists come only via sea and land the loyalist authorities also suggested that the counting of foreigners begin with technicians avi ators artillerymen and general staff personnel and urged the need of withdrawing foreign war material as well as troops meanwhile insurgent bombing of british mer chant ships halted for a time apparently by protests from london and pressure from rome has been re sumed the freighter dellwyn was sunk at gandia on july 27 and a danish control officer of the non intervention committee killed although the british destroyer hero witnessed the attack a government spokesman in the house of commons later defended its failure to act on the ground that merchant ships were protected outside but not inside spanish terri torial waters the lake lugano was sent to the bot tom at palamos harbor on august 7 within the peninsula the loyalist forces far from revealing any sag in morale have reinforced their determined defense with local offensives on the ebro river in catalonia and near teruel since may general franco has hurled his best troops against the 60 mile front between teruel and the sea in an effort to drive through this mountainous terrain to valencia castell6n de la plana on the coast road fell on june 13 a month later the attack shifted.to the teruel end of the line where the insurgents sought to advance down the road from teruel to segorbe and sagunto by july 22 franco's troops aided by their decisive superiority in airplanes and artillery were at the gates of viver 45 miles from valencia but there desperate resistance on the part of the loyalists brought their advance to a stop two days later came the announcement that an in surgent offensive in the western province of estrema dura had conquered 3,000 square miles of territory thus forestalling any loyalist attempt to drive a wedge to the portuguese border and split franco's western area in two while franco was reorganizing his forces after the check at viver the loyalists seized the oppor tunity to cross the ebro on july 25 and made a 15 mile advance which brought them for a short time into the streets of gandesa regional headquarters for the insurgents caught by surprise general franco assigned 150 bombing planes to the task of blasting the loyalists in their new won positions while he rushed up reserves on august 1 general miaja launched a diversion which brought the cap ture of the promontory at camerena south of teruel later he reported gains near albarracin to the west but these moves did not prevent a large scale in surgent counter offensive on the ebro which sought to push the loyalists back across the river the lattet’s position was precarious for constant bomb sae k i 4 i a ee me pag loo see ing of pontoon bridges had made it difficult to bring up supplies the renewed striking power of the government forces along with the drains on insurgent reserves from their extended offensives promises to prolong the struggle general franco possesses a clear cut ad vantage in the air with an estimated 700 bombing and fighting planes as opposed to 300 in the hands of the loyalists italian troops have again been ac tive on july 12 it was announced at rome that the italian air fleet in spain had brought down 577 opposition planes and during the previous three months had dropped 1,440 tons of bombs the gov ernment forces were dealt a heavy blow on june 2 with thé closing of the french frontier which previ ously had been their chief avenue of supply they suffer from a severe food shortage behind the lines y cheir resistance continues so tenacious as to re vive the possibility of a military stalemate again opening the door for some form of mediation charles a thomson italy turns toward anti semitism the italian government announced on july 14 its first serious move toward an anti semitic policy similar to that of nazi germany ten italian pro fessors who had examined the race problem under the auspices of the ministry of popular cul ture issued a report which was given great publicity in the italian press this racial credo is presented in ten propositions the most important of which de clared that the majority of the present italian popu lation is aryan that a pure italian race exists that it is time the italians frankly adopted a racial policy though this does not mean that german racial theories should be introduced in italy that jews do not belong to the italian race and have never been assimilated and that the characteristics of italians must not be alrered by intermarriage publication of the race memorandum has been followed by a spirited press campaign and by signs that definite measures against jews are being pre pared on july 25 achille starace secretary general of the fascist party announced that the principal ac tivity of fascist cultural institutions during the com ing year would be inaugurating and popularizing fascist racial principles he said that the creation of the italian empire had raised the danger of hybrid izing the italian race and that laws to prevent this had already been drafted a decree excluding foreign jews from italian schools during the coming term was announced on august 3 since the total number of foreigners ar tending italian schools in 1936 1937 was only 2,612 this measure cannot affect many persons it is re ported that plans are under way to eliminate austrian and german jewish refugees from italy and to establish more stringent regulations concern ing the activities of italian jews a comprehensive law is being formulated for presentation to the fascist grand council in october this law is ex pected to follow the rough outlines of nazi legisla tion until recently italian fascism had shown little sympathy for nazi racial theories or anti semitic measures adherents of the hebrew faith in italy number only about 50,000 nearly all of whom have long been both residents and citizens of italy les than two in every 1,000 of the italian population are persons of jewish blood late last year however after the establishment of the rome berlin axis extremists were allowed to spread considerable anti semitic propaganda although a government organ announced on february 15 that mussolini did not intend to take political economic or moral measures against jews there has since been a grow ing trend toward anti semitism italy has cooperated with germany on various issues affecting refugees moreover jews in high public office in italy have on the expiry of their terms been replaced by non jews mussolini denies that he is imitating national so cialism but it seems probable that his new anti semitic policy is a concession to germany intended to help weld the two countries more closely together the new racial policy has led to immediate con flict with the catholic church in a speech on july 16 the pope condemned exaggerated nationalism which he said had reached the stage of true apos tasy five days later he reminded a group of ecclesiastical assistants of catholic action ganization which maintains important youth active ties that catholic means universal not racist of separatist fascist authorities then threatened to declare membership in the catholic action associa tions incompatible with membership in the fascist party on july 28 the pope amplified his attack on separatism and racism and warned the party that a blow at the catholic action was a blow at the church and the papacy two days later mussolini answered by declaring his intention to go straight ahead paul b taylor foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 42 aucust 12 1938 pe published weekly by the foreign policy association headquarters 8 west 40th screet new york n y raymonp lasise bust president donothy f leet secretary vera miche.es dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office ac new york n y under che act of march 3 1879 f p a membership five dollars a year incorporated national two dollars a year thi augi on 4 sibe port will sov japs pyir aft fror indi prac aug tion pare chat for 1 ma bore regi rito pek agi forc corr ing of plas up con of 1 this for +ed on ers at 2,612 is re ninate italy ncern 1ennsive to the is ex legisla n little semitic n italy m have y less ulation ywever nm axis derable rnment lini did moral a grow yperated efugees have on on jews ynal so ww anti intended ogether late con july 16 ynalism ue apos troup of ay of th activi racist of tened to 1 associa e fascist attack on the party ow at the mussolini straight aylor d national dean editor pe foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xvii no 43 aucustt 19 1938 the mexican oil dispute by charles a thomson an authoritative analysis of the internal conflict underlying the mexican petroleum controversy and a survey of the external problems which seizure of the oil properties has occasioned august 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents a copy aug 20 a 2 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 car ee zénera ibrary 2 university of michigan a ann aroor mich japan accepts border truce japanese and soviet troops separated by less than two hundred yards in the changku feng area as the result of a truce arranged at moscow on august 10 an uneasy peace has settled over the siberian manchoukuo frontier both sides are re portedly apprehensive that further border clashes will occur in the near future a communiqué of the soviet foreign office on august 14 charged that the japanese forces had violated the armistice by reoccu pying the northern slope of changkufeng hill after some haggling both sides withdrew 90 yards from the crest of the hill despite the nervousness indicated by this incident the chances seem to favor gradual implementation of the terms of the armistice for a period of nearly two weeks from july 29 to august 10 the changkufeng affair reached propor tions which threatened the outbreak of a general soviet japanese war an initial settlement had ap parently been reached on july 21 following ex changes at moscow between maxim litvinov soviet foreign commissar and the japanese ambassador mamoru shigemitsu this settlement left soviet border troops in occupation of the changkufeng tegion which m litvinov claimed to be soviet ter titory on the basis of the provisions of the treaty of peking 1861 and the supplementary hunchung agreement of 1886 on july 29 31 however a strong force of japanese infantry and artillery effected complete occupation of changkufeng and neighbor ing hills along a four mile front soviet regulars of the first maritime army supported by air planes and heavy artillery were thereupon brought up in an effort to reoccupy the disputed area despite conflicting claims it would appear that by august 10 the soviet force had retaken a considerable portion of the line of hills in the changkufeng region at this point after previous inconclusive discussions foreign commissar litvinov and ambassador shige mitsu suddenly concluded an armistice at moscow european reactions may have hastened this result japan obtained no concrete support from germany or italy while the u.s.s.r may well have been con cerned over the czechoslovakian issue according to the truce terms hostilities were to cease at noon on august 11 after proper arrange ments by officers on the spot both sides were to hold the positions occupied on midnight of august 10 the disputed sector of the frontier was to be re demarcated by a mixed commission formed of two representatives from the u.s.s.r and two from the japanese manchurian side shigemitsu turned down litvinov’s proposal that an arbiter chosen from a third country by agreement of both sides should be added to the commission the documentary basis on which the proposed commission would work was left unsettled litvinov suggested that the commis sion be empowered to work with treaties and maps bearing signatures of accredited russian and chinese representatives shigemitsu first proposed the ad dition of other materials which the japanese side had not hitherto produced but finally agreed to consult his government and give an answer shortly on this issue a wide variety of conflicting interpretations has been advanced as to the party responsible for the changkufeng hostilities and the forces which mo tivated the outbreak in general those who hold the soviet union responsible point out that the clash occurred at a moment when japan was facing seri ous military difficulties in china and grave economic problems at home soviet military pressure against japan coming at such a time involved little risk yet promised important gains it would be a decided help to china the threat of major hostilities in the north would weaken the japanese drive on hankow either by forcing recall of japanese troops to man churia or immobilizing reserves both in manchuria and japan on the other hand some observers feel that the peace policy which the u.s.s.r has consistently maintained precludes any such military adventurism however plausible it might appear in this case those who hold japan responsible for the changkufeng incident claim that it was created by unruly local japanese commanders either to feel out russian strength or to prevent the tokyo authorities from sending more troops south of the great wall they point out that shigemitsu had quickly settled the original affair on july 21 and that the tokyo au thorities apparently felt that the matter had ended there this contention is supported by a statement of the war office spokesman at tokyo on august 3 admitting that the japanese occupation of changku feng on july 29 31 was effected upon the initiative of the local japanese command some further light on this question has been af forded by the terms of the armistice and subsequent developments japan’s willingness to consent to an equality of membership on the border commission represents an important concession for years tokyo has insisted that the soviet union manchoukuo and japan should each have the same number of repre sentatives on such a commission the new concession is not only a sign of weakness but also a tacit ad mission that manchoukuo is a japanese protectorate rather than an independent state on the other hand shigemitsu’s refusal to accept a neutral arbiter may easily condemn the activities of the commission to deadlock and futility a similar effort to forestall a decision is evident in the refusal of the japanese military representatives to accept the russian offer to sign an agreement and a map showing the present positions of soviet and japanese troops on these two points the soviet union has shown a greater willingness than japan to conclude a definitive settle ment of the border issue t a bisson european tension continues with august half gone europe’s chances of gain ing some summer respite from its continuing crisis have dwindled the beginning of the german army maneuvers on august 15 was preceded by another week end scare caused by reports of far reaching german military preparations these maneuvers held earlier than usual include reserve units for the first time since the war and hence involve virtually a partial mobilization the announcement of the use of reserves practically coincided with orders requisi page two tioning the trucks and automobiles necessary for such exercises and with a statement that the rhine land fortifications were being rushed to completion reports of these preparations coupled with the menacing german press campaign against czecho slovakia have caused apprehension in other capitals on august 12 the french government inquired at berlin concerning the meaning of the maneuvers berlin ridiculed rumors of an attack on czechoslo vakia and intimated that the maneuvers were neces sary for technical military reasons admittedly lack ing trained reserves germany might reasonably wish to give practice to its assorted reserve forces moreover the rapid completion of its western line of fortifications enabling it to defend that frontier with fewer soldiers has led to changes in the whole german war plan these explanations reassured paris and london to some extent giving rise to speculations that the reports had been exaggerated in order to smoke out nazi intentions in advance in any case germany's formidable military display brings strong pressure on the prague government to make greater concessions than have so far been offered these maneuvers which will reach their climax in september at the time of the nuremberg party congress seem likely to thwart lord runci man’s attempt to put the sudeten question on ice for the rest of the summer in view of the continuing tension several smaller powers have taken further steps to maintain their neutrality in the event of war at a meeting of the oslo powers at copenhagen dr peter munch danish foreign minister asserted on july 23 that all 7 of our states are definitely determined never to participate in any conflict between great powers on the following day the conference declared that under the league covenant each state is free to decide whether or not to take part in sanctions the polish government too has sought to reduce its league responsibilities on august 11 it announced that it would not seek re election as a member of the council in the past poland has worked zealously for council membership and has been re elected regularly as a non permanent member its present move must be attributed to a desire to be free from commitments in the event of a conflict in which other powers might seek to apply article 17 against ger many nevertheless its retirement from the council may actually expedite application of sanctions in such a case for poland will no longer be in a position to impose a veto p paul b taylor foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 43 aucust 19 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lesiigz buell president dorothy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year ee f p a membership five dollars a year +foreign policy bulletin me ag an interpretation of current international events by the research staff aye er of subscription two dollars a year office at new york ne n y under the act on foreign policy association incorporated of march 3 1879 the 8 west 40th street new york n y ho als vol xvii no 44 avucust 26 1938 1 at president roosevelt’s address pledging amer ers ican aid against aggression creates new problems in slo canadian american relations for an analysis of the ces basic factors in canada’s external relations and a sur ace vey of its foreign policy since the world war read ably canada in world affairs ces by james frederick green july 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents a copy tier ieeeels hole ured roosevelt pledges aid to canada e to ated resident roosevelt reaffirmed the monroe the president's declaration is thus important e in doctrine last week by pledging american assist primarily in view of britain’s position in europe by splay ance in case of aggression against canada and gave protecting canadian ports and islands from inva nt to new support to the st lawrence waterway proposal sion the united states would in effect be insuring been speaking on august 18 at kingston ontario where britain of vital supplies of raw materials foodstuffs their he received an ll.d degree from queen’s univer and munitions the military consequences of amer berg sity the president declared the dominion of can ican action were immediately recognized in german unci ada is part of the sisterhood of the british empire newspapers which concluded from the president's ice i give to you assurance that the people of the united address that the united states would unquestionably states will not stand idly by if domination of cana favor the democracies against the dictatorships in salted dian soil is threatened by any other empire this any future war 7 cheir suarantee of canadian territory strengthened the ap by referring to canada as included in the fellow the peal for international cooperation made by secretary ship of the americas president roosevelt apparent wal hull in a radio broadcast on august 16 the secre ly opened the way for canadian membership in the that of state had vigorously denounced the violation pan american union the dominion has never neu of treaties and overthrow of established govern joined the union partly because it was a kingdom nail ments and reiterated his faith in international law and member of a world wide empire and partly aa disarmament and reduction of trade barriers because it wished to avoid intervening in disputes oi both addresses were more important in implica between the united states and latin american coun the tion than in content issued as warnings to germany __ tries the desire of the american government to de ce its 4nd italy as tension increases over spain and czecho fend democracy in the western hemisphere may unced slovakia they supported britain and france in their eventually lead to canadian membership in this of the forts to stave off european war although the spe organization lously cifically excluded any entangling alliances secretary because of the attention given his remarks at jected hull made it clear by implication that the united queen’s university the president’s second speech on resent sates was concerned with the outcome of present august 18 dedicating the thousand islands bridge from events in europe the president’s territorial guaran across the st lawrence river was completely other while merely a restatement of traditional amer eclipsed president roosevelt urged canadians to t ger 4m policy regarding the western hemisphere might join in the development of the st lawrence water council easily have far reaching effects in view of canada’s way which he claimed would make every city on ons in position in the british commonwealth as the do the great lakes an ocean port and would increase osition minion automatically becomes a belligerent when rather than decrease railway traffic charging that britain is at war it is obliged to intern enemy ships every electric power development in this region ex lor cease trading with the enemy and grant the british cept the ontario hydro electric commission is con navy use of its bases at halifax and esquimalt un trolled by one american company the president a der the doctrine laid down by president roosevelt once again championed public ownership and opera belligerent reprisals involving domination of cana tion of the st lawrence navigation and power re dian soil would be resisted by the united states sources in both addresses the president indirectly sup ported the dominion government of premier w l mackenzie king against its powerful adversaries in ontario and quebec prime minister hepburn of ontario who was conspicuously absent at both cere monies for the president has opposed the waterway project on the ground of expense damage to rail ways creation of excess electric power and invasion of provincial rights the prime minister of quebec m maurice duplessis has formed an entente cor diale with premier hepburn against the king gov ernment partly to protect montreal as the major port on the st lawrence president roosevelt's re marks on foreign affairs likewise strengthened the political position of prime minister king who has been advocating a north american policy for can ada with no commitments to either participation in oversea wars or unconditional neutrality reliance upon american defense against invasion would per mit premier king to combine his isolationist policy with anglo american cooperation thus undermining the demands of the conservative party for greater participation in empire defense plans and retaining popular support in quebec james frederick green franco vetoes withdrawal plan the chamberlain policy toward spain received a further setback on august 21 when the text of franco's reply to the london committee’s plan for the withdrawal of foreign volunteers already ac cepted in principle by the loyalists was published since there are at least 40,000 italian troops fighting in behalf of franco compared with less than 10,000 volunteers on the loyalist side the london plan had originally proposed that an international commission arrange for the proportionate reduction of the vol unteers from each side franco rejects this proposal outright merely suggesting that both sides withdraw 10,000 volunteers a move which would deprive the loyalists of all foreign troops but leave franco with at least 30,000 italians franco ostensibly rejected the committee’s plan for proportionate withdrawal of volunteers on the ground that a foreign commission could not ascertain the number of volunteers which have been absorbed in many different combatant units the note adds that it would be impossible to suspend hostilities in order to allow the commission to make a count and objects that such a commission might meddle in the internal affairs of the country franco also charges that the committee’s plan would not cover volun teers from countries which do not belong to the page two non intervention committee such as the united states although the burgos government believes the closing of land frontiers should be permanent thus cutting off the loyalists source of supply it rejects entirely any provision for supervision of air ports the note also declares that inspection of ships should take place at the port of departure rather than in spanish waters while franco agrees to the estab lishment of two safety zones in loyalist territory and to cooperation as far as practicable in limiting the scope of military objectives in air raids he insists that his government rightfully possesses all the conditions necessary for unconditional recognition of belliger ency he consequently rejects the restrictions which the committee would impose upon the right of search and also the proposed contraband list although franco’s government would be entitled under ordinary circumstances to have its belligerency recognized the note overlooks the fact that his régime is dependent on italian german support in violation of the plan for withdrawal of volunteers of february 1938 franco is therefore in no position to invoke the principles of international law while the burgos authorities reaffirm the pledge that na tionalist spain will never consent to the slightest mortgage of its soil it is plain that the london committee cannot accept proposals which clearly discriminate against the loyalists franco’s note im plies that nationalist spain now militarily checked along the ebro is not strong enough to win the war without continued german italian aid within re cent weeks there have been reports that mussolini has sent additional planes and men to spain and franco’s rejection of the london committee's pro posal may mean that italy will now intervene even more openly in the hope of terminating the war be fore winter faced with the problem of czechoslo vakia mr chamberlain will probably do nothing fundamental in regard to spain while parliament is not in session it is likely however that the french government confronted by the breakdown of the london proposal will meet the italian challenge by opening its frontier to the loyalists in such a case the united states in the matter of its own embargo will have the embarrassing choice of following either the british or the french lead raymond leslie buell america gropes for peace by harold b hinton new york johnson publishing co 1937 2.00 a simple survey of current international problems with particular reference to their bearing on the united states search for peace foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 44 aucust 26 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lgsiiz burtt president dorotuy f leger secretary vera micheetes dean eéftor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year 181 f p a membership five dollars a year by m +ves it it air lips han tab and the that ions ger hich of itled ency his t in rs of n to hile htest rdon early im cked war 1 re olini and pro even oslo thing ment rench ff the ge by case argo ww ing new with states national edttor foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xvii no 45 september 2 1938 japan’s home front by t a bisson does political opposition exist within japan what is japan’s economic position can it continue its military campaign in china japan’s home front answers these questions and analyzes not only the reforms of the present military fascist cabinet but the important role of the great democratic powers in the sino japanese war september 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents a copy entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 new storm over czechoslovakia by vera micheles dean mrs dean has just returned from a two months trip to france germany austria and hungary y he speech delivered by sir john simon chan cellor of the exchequer at lanark on august 27 climaxed a week of rapidly increasing tension in central europe aggravated by a german press bar tage against czechoslovakia and a proclamation of the henlein party urging its members to resort to self defense in carefully guarded terms avoid ing any direct reference to germany and leaving the way open for negotiations with the totalitarian states sir john reaffirmed mr chamberlain’s statement of march 24 that britain would probably become in volved in a central european war the czechoslovak situation he added may be so critical for the fu ture of europe that it would be impossible to assume a limit to the disturbance that a conflict might in volve and everyone in every country who considers the consequences has to bear that in mind a state ment issued on the same day by the british foreign office praised the conciliatory attitude of the prague government which has offered a plan for cantonal autonomy expressed the hope that there would be a constructive response and deplored the henlein self defense proclamation these official declarations coincided with the an nouncement on august 26 that a great part of the british home fleet will leave english channel ports on september 6 the day the nazi party congress opens at nuremberg for maneuvers north of scot land which will continue until november and were intended to dispel the impression still prevailing in berlin that britain may remain neutral in a con flict over czechoslovakia what the germans are counting on is that as in the case of austria the british will accept the fait accompli provided no blood is shed and a general war is avoided germany’s actions during the past two weeks be ginning with the elaborate army maneuvers launched on august 15 would suggest that hitler hopes to win a bloodless victory over prague by methods made familiar in austria the stridently repeated nazi claim that sudeten germans are endangered by marxists and that prague is ruled from moscow provide the proper setting for what berlin will doubtless describe as legitimate intervention to pre serve order in czechoslovakia reports that the hitler government assured rumania yugoslavia and the soviet union that such intervention would not constitute aggression recall anxious german inquiries in prague regarding possible czech resistance at the very moment german forces were advancing on austria to believe that hitler wants war is to mis understand the policy which the greatest one track mind in europe has consistently and successfully followed since 1933 hitler's display of armed strength at this critical time is intended to ac complish the objective which eluded him on may 21 by playing on the reluctance of other countries to face the horrors of war the form which a cold putsch against czecho slovakia may take is foreshadowed by the visit paid to germany on august 20 25 by regent horthy and other hungarian officials this visit was clearly in tended to bring hungary within the orbit of german domination by stressing the danger of resisting the nazi military machine it also demonstrated the errors committed during the post war period by the little entente states czechoslovakia rumania and yugoslavia which opposed hungary’s rearmament and failed to heed its demands for concessions to hungarian minorities within their frontiers at its annual conference in bled yugoslavia on august 21 23 the little entente in a belated effort to detach hungary from germany recognized its right to re arm in return for a pledge of non aggression which according to budapest does not go beyond the com mitments of the kellogg briand pact and promised to consider the claims of hungarian minorities premier bela imredy of hungary fears nazism and following schuschnigg’s ill fated example hopes to combat it by a catholic dictatorship equally opposed to nazis and socialists but hungary like austria is not strong enough to resist germany alone and like poland hopes to benefit by the break up of czechoslovakia if hitler obtains the support or even acquiescence of hungary the encirclement of czechoslovakia will be completed and prague will be faced with the choice of submitting to german domination or fighting its way out of a hostile ring in such a fight czechoslovakia counts on the aid of the soviet union which cannot remain indifferent to germany's drang nach osten and is more free to act in the west now that it has concluded a truce with japan french assistance however remains problem atical even though public opinion definitely favors fulfilment of france’s obligations to aid czechoslo vakia in case of aggression strategically france can not hope to do more than immobilize a portion of the german army on the siegfried line which is in tended to match the french maginot line feverish fortification of the rhine region by hastily con scripted labor bodes no good for a french attack on germany confronted with threats from all direc tions the french who are never so calm as in mo ments of imminent danger reveal a spirit of modera tion and a degree of national unity which offer a striking contrast to the ferment of the past two years unlike the british who today as in 1914 have been slow or perhaps reluctant to realize to the full the dangers of central european tension the french have never had any illusions regarding hitler’s aims and methods they emphatically do not want war but neither do they fear it the british hypnotized by dread of an air attack and anxious to complete their rearmament program have but one object to gain time by spinning out the runciman negotiations until october when cold weather would force post ponement of war until spring the real danger is not that hitler will provoke a general war which would strain germany’s economic system to the breaking point the danger is that britain fearing war may bring pressure on paris and prague to meet hitler's terms thus assuring nazi hegemony of the european continent page two u.s urges mexican land compensation secretary hull’s note of august 22 on the mexi can seizure of american farm properties sums up the issues of a lagging controversy and puts increased pressure on the cardenas government to begin pay ment of compensation to american claimants in a series of notes exchanged since march 1938 the mexican government had declined proposals for the settlement of land claims valued by the american government at 10,132,388 and in a note of august 3 had denied its duty under international law to make deferred compensation to foreigners for its expropri ations secretary hull’s note of august 22 expresses his surprise and profound regret that mexico should deny this obligation brushing aside foreign secretary eduardo hay’s arguments that both the obligation and manner of payment are to be deter mined solely by mexico’s domestic law he re asserts the american contention that mexico is obliged t make prompt and definite provision for paying with in a reasonable time secretary hull’s note squarely places before the mexican government two earlier american proposals for solution of the controversy on june 29 under secretary welles had suggested that each govern ment appoint a commissioner to determine the amount of compensation required and that points of disagreement should be settled by an arbitrator selected by the permanent commission at washing ton provided for by the gondra treaty of 1923 in his note of july 21 secretary hull had proposed arbitration of the matter under the general treaty of arbitration of 1929 in his note of august 22 the secretary strongly urges mexico to accept one solu tion or the other and in either case to seize no more property without prompt compensation the importance of this controversy far transcends the value of the american land claims for the united states to yield on this question might encour age other countries to confiscate american property by adopting a harsh attitude however the united states might easily undermine its good neighbor policy in latin america the cardenas government is also faced with a serious dilemma if it should agree to make full and prompt payment for these land properties it could hardly refuse similar com mitments concerning expropriated oil properties whose value makes prompt payment of compensa tion practically impossible yet refusal to honor its obligations would weaken the cardenas govern ment’s credit abroad and strengthen conservative opposition at home paul b taylor foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 45 seprember 2 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymmonp lesiie bueltt national edstor incorporated president dorothy f lagt secretary vera micheies dean entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year aef 181 f p a membership five dollars a year +ion lexi the ased pay ina the r the rican gust nake opti esses 2x ico reign the leter setts d to with the osals nder vern the ints trator hing 3 in dosed reaty 2 the solu more cends the 1cour perty inited ehbor ument hould these com erties ensa or its overn vative lor national edttor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xvii no 46 september 9 1938 f.p.a returns to the air arrangements for broadcasting the saturday luncheon discussions of the foreign policy association have just been completed with station wqxr the program will be on the air from 1 45 to 3 00 p.m on november 19 december 10 january 14 january 28 february 18 march 4 march 18 and april 1 speakers will be an nounced later entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 hitler holds europe in suspense he nazi party congress opened in nuremberg on september 5 in the midst of the greatest tension experienced by europe since 1918 on august 30 the british cabinet at a meeting attended by sir nevile henderson british ambassador to berlin apparently decided to stiffen the warning to germany delivered by sir john simon three days earlier this warning was implemented on septem ber 6 by the departure of the british fleet for maneuvers north of scotland which coincided with those of the german navy in the eastern part of the north sea while the german press moderated its attacks on czechoslovakia henlein’s conferences with hitler at berchtesgaden on september 1 and 2 did little to ease the crisis as far as can be deter mined hitler while instructing henlein to continue negotiations rejected the prague government's pro posal for a three months truce during which the two countries might discuss a plan elaborated by the runciman mission this plan which has not been published was reported to provide for the territorial reorganization of czechoslovakia into cantons a large measure of administrative autonomy would be granted to the sudeten germans as well as the hungarians and slovaks but the federal govern ment at prague would retain control over defense and foreign policy discussion of the cantonal proposal appears to have produced a rift within the henlein party dr kundt who has conducted negotiations with the prague government has been counseling moderation while dr frank leader of the radical wing has demanded integral fulfilment of the party's karlsbad program of april 24 this program contemplates surrender by czechoslovakia of its alliances with france and the soviet union and liberty for the sudeten germans to proclaim their adherence to nazi the road back to 1914 foreign policy bulletin may 6 1938 ideology the final decision rests not with hen lein but with hitler who with a true sense of the dramatic continues to hold europe in ignorance of his intentions hitler's unwillingness to accept the runciman plan for cantonal autonomy has already caused the british to study the possibility of ceding the whole sudeten area to the third reich such a solution would truncate czechoslovakia and leave it at the mercy of german political and economic pressure true hitler's racial theories preclude the incorporation within the third reich of peoples other than those of the german race the fate reserved by the nazis for non german speaking peoples especially the slavs of eastern europe regarded as historic enemies of the teutons is that of more or less willing vassals who would supply the master race with foodstuffs and raw materials for the czechs to acquiesce in this program would be to commit national suicide on september 5 the prague govern ment drafted a last word offer reserving essen tial principles which apparently represents the limit of czech concessions should this offer prove un acceptable to germany prague may be subjected to further pressure from london under threat that if it does not yield it will be deprived of british support against germany confronted with this dangerous dilemma all euro pean countries are hastily adjusting their diplomatic positions the french with the sang froid they have demonstrated throughout the summer have quietly reenforced the maginot line behind which they feel secure against german attack while the communists and the general confederation of labor oppose premier daladier’s proposal for modification of the 40 hour week in industries other than those work ing for national defense they would undoubtedly rally to the government in case of emergency italy deferred to germany on september 1 by ex pelling all jews who had entered the country since 1919 but is reported to have urged moderation in berlin indicating that it would not support german intervention in czechoslovakia for mussolini must realize that a greater germany spells the doom of italian influence in central europe and the balkans like italy hungary has something to gain by ger many’s success but only if it cashes in on these gains before it becomes in turn a victim of nazi domina tion that budapest is aware of this dilemma is indicated by the decision of the imredy government on september 4 to repress hungarian nazis and divide up hungarian estates thus counteracting nazi propaganda in favor of land reform mean while the western powers are feverishly mending their fences in eastern europe britain which in july granted an export credit of 80,000,000 to turkey is buying wheat in rumania and strengthening its position in the danubian river trade while france has just advanced 10,000,000 to bulgaria ger many’s world war ally for the purchase of french railroad equipment in this universal race to win allies before the zero hour all eyes are turned toward the united states ambassador kennedy's call on viscount halifax im mediately after the cabinet meeting of august 30 gave rise to rumors that britain was trying to ascer tain this country’s attitude in case of war over czechoslovakia some indication of this attitude was given on september 1 when it was announced that the naval scouting force would be assigned to duty in the atlantic on september 6 the day the british fleet steamed off to its stations north of scotland and in a speech near bordeaux on september 4 when he dedicated a french monument to ameri can soldiers mr bullitt ambassador to paris de clared that france and the united states are bound by mutual devotion to the ideals of liberty democ racy and peace whatever the ultimate outcome of this week's events there can be no doubt that today the united states is far more aware of the issues underlying the european crisis than in 1914 and that its sympathies are more definitely aligned on the side of britain and france but like britain this country is re _luctant to write blank checks on the future and so up to the eleventh hour nazi germany like the germany of the hohenzollerns will be able to hope that the anglo saxon countries will remain neutral in a conflict over central europe vera micheles dean page two u.s mexican negotiations deadlocked the mexican government's note of september 2 brings to a deadlock the arguments over payment of compensation to americans whose farm lands mexico has seized under its agrarian program this note foreshadowed by president cardenas sharp declaration of policy in the mexican congress on september 1 rejects both the legal arguments and the main proposals of secretary hull’s note of av gust 22 foreign secretary eduardo hay denies that international law obliges mexico to provide com pensation in such cases and makes an open bid for support of this doctrine by other latin american countries he declares that far from being unprece dented in the americas as claimed by secretary hull this interpretation represents the unanimous con viction of the ibero american republics and in vokes the calvo doctrine that the alien has no greater rights than the citizen the mexican note rejects in substance the ameri can proposals for settlement president cardenas te fuses either to set aside monthly sums in escrow for the satisfaction of claims or to refrain from further expropriations until prompt and adequate compen sation can be made for them he does accept under secretary welles proposal of june 29 that for the purpose of determining the value of seized proper ties and the means of payment each government ap point a commissioner and that the three diplomatic representatives of american republics longest ac credited at washington select an arbitrator to decide disputed points from the washington point of view however this seems an empty gesture so long as mexico neither recognizes any international obli gation to give compensation nor begins definite pay ments moreover in its effort to find outlets for expropriated oil the mexican government has con cluded a barter agreement with germany providing for the exchange of its oil for german newsprint and other commodities since other barter deals with germany and italy seem to be contemplated ameri can exports to mexico may decline still further while the differences between the two govern ments are serious the conciliatory tone on both sides makes a friendly settlement seem not impossible washington has displayed a sympathetic understand ing of president cardenas difficulties and mexico's refusal to assume commitments at the present time does not necessarily express unwillingness to com pensate for expropriations whenever this becomes possible paul b taylor foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 46 seprember 9 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lesiig bugll president donothy f leer secretary vera micheles dean béstor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 oo two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year vol re for line the pre +1efi fe for ther pen der the per ap latic ac cide r of long obli pay for con ding print with nerfi vern sides sible rand ico’s time com omes or national edstor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vout xvii no 47 september 16 1938 read strife in czechoslovakia by karl falk for the post war political development of czechoslovakia for the economic aspects of the sudetic problem for the grievances of the german minority march 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 no war but no peace says hitler f hancellor hitler's anxiously awaited speech of september 12 at the nazi party con gress in nuremberg did nothing to ease the crisis after a week of extreme tension during which france and britain following germany's example had mo bilized their military and economic resources in daily expectation of an incident hitler refrained from irrevocably committing germany to war on behalf of the sudeten germans but neither did he hold out any hope of appeasement so long as the sudetens remain within the boundaries of czechoslovakia the situation of the sudeten germans he said was monstrous and intolerable and we should not de serve to be germans if we were not willing to adopt such an attitude and bear the consequences in this or that way arising from it when it came to specifying these consequences which his nazi audience pitched to a point of frenzy must have expected to be nothing short of war hitler adopted a less strident tone he passed on to a discussion of the war preparations undertaken at his orders on may 28 a week after the czech mobilization and boasted that german fortifica tions in the rhineland were being rapidly completed by 270,000 workers under the command of dr todt builder of germany’s famous military roads these fortifications he said would be finished before the beginning of winter thus fixing an ominous dead line for the efforts of the western powers to settle the sudeten problem but also confirming the im pression abroad that despite its blustering germany does not yet feel ready for a major conflict this statement taken in conjunction with hitler's speech of september 6 when he told his followers that germany need fear no blockade and goering’s assurances of september 10 regarding the country’s teserves of food and raw materials seem to serve two purposes to heighten britain’s fear of war and its consequent desire to avert it by further czech concessions and to reassure the germans who have been increasingly worried by food restrictions and military requisitions such assurance must come as welcome relief to the rank and file of the civilian population in the third reich but it must also raise in their minds the question whether germany need undergo such drastic economic sacrifices if war is not imminent the only concrete point in hitler's speech was his emphasis on the right of sudeten germans to self determination which indicated that he might demand a plebiscite the czechoslovak ambassador in lon don jan masaryk had already warned the british government on september 12 that a plebiscite would be unacceptable to prague because it would endanger the security of the republic on september 13 the prague government proclaimed martial law in sev eral sudeten german districts the henlein party immediately presented an ultimatum demanding re peal of martial law and withdrawal of czech police from the sudeten region otherwise the party dis claimed responsibility for all further developments the prague cabinet refused to consider this ulti matum on the ground that a political party could not dictate to the government until hitler’s speech negotiations between the henlein party and prague were continuing on the basis of the latest plan worked out with the collabora tion of the runciman mission this plan proposed to divide the country into a number of self governing districts and to apportion all public jobs district and national as well as government contracts among the nationalities in accordance with population ratios this plan which the prague government regarded as the limit of the concessions it could safely make to the sudetens had already aroused the apprehensions of czechs and german democrats who feared that the government had conceded too much under british pressure while the british last weekend had indi cated that the czech proposals subject to further elucidation and modification went a long way to ward meeting sudeten demands the chamberlain government once more considered the possibility either of a plebiscite in the sudeten region or out right cession of this territory to germany in the hope of placating hitler in appraising the weeks of tension which lie ahead in europe it might be well to keep a few salient points in mind there is no doubt that at versailles the wilsonian doctrine of self determination of na tions was misused on several occasions to fit the po litical and strategic needs of czechoslovakia ru mania and yugoslavia which according to france's calculations were to block renewal of germany's drive to the east there is equally little doubt thar under normal circumstances the principle of self determination should be applied to germans no less than other national groups in eastern europe cir cumstances were not normal in 1919 nor are they normal today in the post war period when conces sions were possible czechoslovakia which found an ally in france failed to make those adjustments which might have averted the present conflict over the rights of the sudeten germans what germany was unable to obtain from prague by peaceful means it is now on the point of obtaining by threat of force to this extent hitler's thesis may be sustained but in territory settled by so many overlapping national groups as eastern europe it is impossible to apply the yardstick of self determination without creating grievances in one quarter or another the most that can be done is to assure a maximum of economic and political equality to the diverse groups in multina tional states of which czechoslovakia is only one although the most extreme example now that the prague government has shown its readiness to make concessions and that britain’s intervention holds out assurance these concessions will not prove fictitious the tone adopted by hitler can only envenom a sit uation which would be difficult under the best of circumstances what europe needs is patience and goodwill not threats and misrepresentations hitler has a case but he can only ruin his case in the eyes of the world by methods which cause those who for years fought the charge of german war guilt to believe that germany is guilty of paving the way for another war vera micheles dean page two washington maintains silence in line with the policy of silence invoked by secre tary hull washington declined to comment on hitler's nuremberg speech recent statements how ever leave unchanged the atmosphere of doubt which has shrouded the foreign policy of the united states throughout this european crisis a few weeks ago on the eve of the german army maneuvers the administration issued two pronouncements in tones which were clearly intended to be significant secre tary hull’s radio broadcast of august 16 underlined the obvious fact that the united states is bound to be directly and seriously affected by war in europe the president's speech at kingston ontario two days later warned that this country would not stand idly by if canada were invaded by any foreign power although they contained no new commitments both carried the implication that the united states should not be disregarded in the coming show down in eu rope and that its influence would in all probability be exerted on behalf of the european democracies three weeks later at his press conference on septem ber 9 mr roosevelt went out of his way to deny that the united states was allied in any way with the european democracies the impression that this government was pledged to aid great britain and france in a stop hitler movement he said was erroneous if such an impression existed it was created by the interpretations of columnists and news papers and not by the utterances of responsible gov ernment officials the president declined an invita tion to set forth the specific policy of the government with respect to the existing crisis in europe this atmosphere of doubt is partly deliberate partly involuntary it is the deliberate intention of the state department to leave hitler in doubt as to the action of the united states for the past six months washington officials have taken every op portunity to impress on europe and particularly on the dictatorships that the neutrality of this country in a major war cannot be taken for granted they have also cautioned britain and france although less sharply not to count on american intervention but much of the uncertainty of american policy flows from the inability of the administration to make commitments in the name of the american people the executive is still uncertain about the attitude of congress or public opinion as a result the president and the secretary of state are left with the difficult task of trying to exert the influence of the united states by veiled pronouncements without committing their people to any decisive line of action w t stone foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 47 seprember 16 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond leste buelt president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheeles dsan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year aon f p a membership five dollars a year fc an vol will the july rer do ce +foreign policy bulletin e y secre ent on s how doubt united v weeks ers the nm tones r secre jerlined ound to europe wo days and idly power ts both should 1 in eu bability rcracies septem to deny ay with n that britain he said it was id news ble gov 1 invita ernment liberate ation of bt as to past six very op larly on country d they though vention icy flows ro make people itude of resident difficult united nmitting stone national editor ean an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xvii no 48 will the european situation complicate the problem of american neutrality september 23 1938 war in europe involving great britain would almost certainly bring in canada and create new problems in canadian american relations for a survey of canada’s foreign policy with particular reference to a general war read canada in world affairs by james frederick green july 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents a copy entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 peace in europe on hitler’s terms m chamberlain’s spectacular flight to berchtesgaden had been greeted with relief in europe because it was hoped that the british prime minister would not only have an opportunity to hear hitler’s side of the case but would make it clear to the fuehrer beyond peradventure of a doubt that britain was prepared to fight if germany in vaded czechoslovakia it may be doubted in the light of subsequent events whether mr chamberlain had ever intended to convey such information to hitler the results of the conference held by the french and british ministers in london on september 18 confirmed the worst expectations of those who had predicted throughout the sudeten crisis that the western powers would try to avert war by surrender ing czechoslovakia to hitler the official com muniqué merely stated that the representatives of the two governments were in complete agreement as to the policy to be adopted with a view to pro moting a peaceful solution of the czechoslovak ques tion and hoped that thereafter it would be pos sible to consider a more general settlement in the interests of european peace it was reported how ever that they had agreed to accept the terms brought back by prime minister chamberlain from his dramatic three hour visit to hitler on september 15 these terms were believed to include outright sur tender to germany without a plebiscite of all pre dominantly german areas in czechoslovakia pre ceded by an exchange of populations to protect the czech and anti nazi german minorities in the border areas and the germans who live in the interior of czechoslovakia creation of a cantonal system of government which would transform the rest of the country into something like switzerland and aban donment by prague of its alliances with france and the soviet union in return for the sacrifices to be exacted from prague the french representatives urged their british colleagues to join france and pos sibly other powers in giving a military guarantee of czechoslovakia’s new frontiers this guarantee sev eral of the british ministers were unwilling to give on the ground that it was against britain’s traditional policy of making no commitments in central europe but mr chamberlain was apparently prepared to override this objection britain and france accepted hitler’s terms of un conditional surrender by czechoslovakia without first consulting prague and mr chamberlain appeared determined to take this plan back to hitler at godesberg irrespective of the czechs decision about their own fate before the anglo french communiqué had been issued and at a time when it was still thought that chamberlain’s utmost concession to hitler would be a plebiscite in the sudeten region premier hodza of czechoslovakia had declared in a radio broadcast of september 18 that a plebiscite was unacceptable nor did mussolini seem to contem plate anything beyond a plebiscite in his speech of september 18 at trieste when he declared that the only solution of the czechoslovak problem was plebiscites for all nationalities that demand them with the exception apparently of the 250,000 germans in the italian tyrol whom i duce is trying to placate by economic concessions he also declared somewhat ambiguously that if a line up of uni versal character is brought on for or against prague let it be known that italy’s place is already chosen the czechoslovak crisis is a new test of mr cham berlain’s realistic policy this policy has been based on efforts to conciliate first italy then ger many and to obtain peace at any price the price each time being paid not by britain but by weaker countries like loyalist spain or czechoslovakia the tory elements represented by mr chamberlain share hitler's fear of communism and his hostility to the soviet union like the nazis they are inclined to treat the peoples of eastern europe as a lesser breed without the law fit only to be bartered about in deals between the great powers lord runciman’s mission was sent to prague without any clear man date except that of gaining time and proved far more adept at extracting concessions from prague than in moderating hitler’s demands as in the case of spain in 1936 the british apparently brought strong pressure on the french government by indi cating that if france went to the aid of czechoslo vakia britain would not be responsible for the con sequences this pressure may not have been entirely unwelcome to the french government which during the past week suddenly abandoned its earlier deter mination to fulfill france’s treaty obligations to czechoslovakia france’s defection in turn raised serious doubts regarding the assistance prague might receive from the soviet union which is bound to aid czechoslovakia only if france simultaneously helps the czechs the diplomatic realignment precipitated by cham berlain’s visit to hitler raises four fundamental questions 1 would germany have gone to war over the sudeten issue hitherto britain’s policy has been based on the assumption that germany was noi ready for war and that if time could only be gained something would turn up to check the nazi drive to the east now mr chamberlain seems to have been convinced at berchtesgaden that hitler will not shirk war if he fails to obtain the sudeten region by threat of force various arguments may be mar shaled against mr chamberlain's point of view it may be argued that germany's economic system al ready strained by feverish rearmament would not withstand the shock of prolonged war that the ger man general staff is reluctant to risk war under such conditions and that the german people fear war no less than the french or british these arguments whatever their validity might not prove convincing to hitler the fuehrer is a man of peculiar detach ment free from desire for self satisfaction family affections or even considerations of personal prestige he has in a sense nothing to lose and everything to gain by a bold gamble nor in view of britain's vacillations did the nazis think they were gambling they believed apparently not incorrectly that france would not support czechoslovakia unless it was assured in advance of british support and that britain would not lift a finger to save prague under these circumstances it is at least within the realm of probability that hitler like the kaiser may have thought that a show of force would entail no risk for germany ee ed page two 2 if there was danger of war when chamber lain went to berchtesgaden will the surrender of czechoslovakia contribute to european appease ment or is it the beginning of further german de mands which will keep the world in a nightmarish state of nervous strain in answering this question we must realize that twenty years after a world war fought to prevent german hegemony of the european continent a resurgent germany under hitler's leadership is seeking to achieve the objec tives of which it was balked in 1918 nazi aspira tions must consequently be regarded not as some sort of disease generated by the shame of versailles but as another manifestation of germany's pre war bid for power these aspirations as set forth in hitler's mein kampf contemplate for eastern ev rope the inclusion of all german speaking peoples in the third reich and the acquisition of room and soil for the german peasant the principal regions inhabited by german speaking peoples are memel in lithuania upper silesia and the polish corridor in poland where the poles have done all they can to de germanize the germans and the sudeten area regions which are highly industrialized and already heavily overpopulated germany's need for room and soil can only be satisfied by domination over hungary rumania yugoslavia and bulgaria rich in foodstuffs and raw materials where nazi pene tration has made rapid strides during the past few years and eventually the ukraine which the ger man general staff vainly tried to detach from russia by the brest litovsk treaty of 1918 hitler's racial theories may conceivably preclude outright incor poration into the third reich of peoples other than those of german race who would be considered in ferior to the germans the fate reserved by the nazis for these peoples especially the slavs of eastern europe regarded as historic enemies of the teutons is that of more or less willing vassals who would gear their national economies to the needs of the german master race 3 can the czechs block germany’s drive to the east czechoslovakia has proved an obstacle to german expansion not only because it has been relatively secure against nazi attack behind the na tural mountain barriers of sudetenland but because it has hitherto relied on the support of france and the soviet union which claimed to have a voice in the affairs of the danubian region with the an nexation of the sudeten area czechoslovakia’s sub jugation to germany would be merely a matter of time in the terms dictated by hitler and seconded by france and britain the czechs see a choice be tween death now or death deferred no matter how much the czechs may be blamed for their failure to conciliate the sudeten germans in the past the world __ canno their china peop cause mean hold of eu 1914 germ resort 4 once euro it is tiona gress powe ment pansi many ing hitle the r euro work dema conce w worst expre actio l it mi state years tion tion t their fa yield since show virtu a ge fend the out meet with cl the s in th __ a amber ider of ppease nan de tmarish juestion world of the under objec aspira me sort rsailles pre wat orth in ern evu peoples om and regions memel orridor hey can sudeten ed and eed for nination ul garia zi pene ast few he ger 1 russia s racial t incor ver than ered in 1e nazis eastern teutons 0 would of the jrive to obstacle ras been the na because ince and voice in the an ia’s sub vatter of seconded roice be tter how ailure to he world page three cannot but admire their determination to maintain their independence against german pressure in china in spain relatively weak but determined peoples have shown what iron will and faith in a cause can do against modern weapons it is by no means impossible that the czechs might be able to hold germany at bay long enough to involve the rest of europe in war should this happen britain as in 1914 will have missed the opportunity of convincing germany that general war would follow german resort to force 4 but it may be asked would not germany once it had established its influence in eastern europe become a satisfied and satiated power it is possible to argue that germany's retarded na tional development which reached the stage of ag gressive imperialism in 1914 when other great powers had already settled down to peaceful enjoy ment of colonial empires might be fulfilled by ex pansion in eastern europe and that a satisfied ger many would then become a factor for peace noth ing of course is impossible but judging from hitler's own program it seems more probable that the reich strengthened by the resources of eastern europe and the balkans would then make a bid for world power and confront france and britain with demands they would no longer be able to meet by concessions at the expense of other countries whatever the future may bring it would be worse than hypocritical for the american public to express righteous indignation regarding a course of action which if confronted by similar circumstances it might have been inclined to follow the united states where isolationist sentiment has for twenty years defeated every constructive move in the direc tion of international collaboration is not in a posi tion to throw the first stone at britain and france for their betrayal of czechoslovakia vera micheles dean prague faces war or partition faced with probable dismemberment whether it yields or fights czechoslovakia for the first time since the outbreak of the sudeten crisis began to show signs of wav ering after september 18 only the virtual certainty that it would receive no help against a german attack had shaken its determination to de fend its existing frontiers before announcement of the anglo french plan the government had stamped out a premature revolt and taken effective action to meet the combined german attack from within and without which it was expecting in the near future chancellor hitler's nuremberg speech had been the signal for the outbreak of a general nazi revolt in the sudeten area the government sent additional forces to the centers of disturbance and on septem ber 13 imposed martial law in all such districts for bidding public assemblies and censoring newspapers ignoring the sudeten leader’s ultimatum which de manded in effect that most of the government au thority in the german areas be turned over to him premier hodza extended martial law to other dis tricts where outbreaks had taken place until it was in force throughout most of the german area as the government’s forces re established its authority in one town after another konrad henlein fled to the reich and on september 15 issued a proclama tion over the german radio declaring that german and czech populations could no longer live side by side in the same state and that the sudeten germans now wanted to go home to the reich the govern ment promptly ordered henlein’s arrest for organiz ing a revolt on the following day it first proclaimed the dissolution of the f.s freiwillige schutzkorps henlein’s storm troops which had played the leading part in the uprisings and then disbanded the entire sudeten german party as a subversive or ganization with the dissolution of the party its representatives remained in parliament as individual members without party affiliation henlein’s measures of revolt and his flight with extremist lieutenants such as k h frank and dr sebekowsky left moderate sudeten germans in a quandary deputy kundt who had led the negotia tions with the government issued a statement urging germans to remain inwardly what you always were and to await the result of the talks at berch tesgaden between chamberlain and hitler many others dissociated themselves from the violent meas ures which had been taken refugees poured from the contested areas toward prague or across the ger man frontier according to their political allegiance in order to keep the sudeten germans from acquiescing in the measures taken by the czechoslo vak state to maintain its authority the sudeten emigrés announced on the 17th that they had organized a free corps which would fight the czechs along the border and in czechoslovak ter ritory on the following day they made a minor attack on a czech frontier post the severity of the demands made by the great powers place the czechoslovak government in a des perate dilemma surrender of the sudeten areas would deprive czechoslovakia of important raw materials and transfer to germany some of the country’s prin cipal industries loss of the sudeten mountain barriers would also cripple the czech defenses although the anglo french plan would leave the hungarian and polish minorities within the czech state subject to a considerable measure of local autonomy germany and italy were already exerting increasing pressure to separate these areas both vital strategic and eco nomic assets from czechoslovakia since the foundation of the republic in 1919 its citizens had been schooled for the day when they would have to spring to its defense this week when the time seemed to have come czechoslovak opinion even including that of the formerly autonomist slovak peoples party could not understand how any other course could be considered and was in no mood to tolerate surrender by its government yet president benes and his cabinet realized that in case of war only a desperate chance could save them from more complete dismemberment than that dictated by the anglo french plan if as appeared certain czechoslo vakia had been entirely deserted by its friends the question was whether the government had enough authority to induce its people to submit overnight to what they regarded as a far worse betrayal than the hoare laval deal pau b taylor japan noncommittal on europe in the event of a european war japan will adopt a policy of watchful waiting according to state ments from tokyo during the past critical week the japanese foreign office communiqué declared on september 14 that japan is prepared to cooperate with germany and italy in combating the world wide activity of the comintern in accordance with the spirit of the anti comintern pact this legalistic adherence to the terms of the german italian japanese pact failed to specify japan’s probable ac tion in the case of european hostilities questioned on this point a foreign office spokesman explained that japan would not enter a war immediately on the side of the fascist powers but at the outset of hostilities its attitude would be one of benevolent neutrality in favor of germany and italy the sympathies of japanese officialdom but not necessarily of the japanese people are clearly on the side of germany in the foreign office statement quoted above hitler's nuremberg speech is lauded as a genuine expression of ardent patriotism and hitler's demands regarding the sudeten issue are characterized as embodying a solution with justice the japanese press under official tutoring not only attributes the czech crisis to comintern machina tions but views critically all franco british actions which may be interpreted as opposing germany’s demands it may be doubted whether the japanese people subscribe to these views despite official prop page four e aganda the majority still maintained at least until recently their old allegiance to britain and the united states nevertheless both japan’s ideological commit ments and the situation which now prevails in the far east tend toward a reversal of the stand taken in 1914 at that time japan was on friendly terms with the allies including tsarist russia in july 1912 a secret russo japanese treaty had delimited mutual spheres of interest in manchuria and mon golia to japan the immediate prize was the german interests in china especially those centered around tsingtao in shantung province action in this di rection also served to settle an old score with ger many dating back to 1895 when the dreibund intervention deprived japan of south manchuria today japan regards the soviet union not only as its ideological foe but as the chief obstacle to its conquest of china great britain france and the united states in varying degree also stand in the way of this ambition war in europe would seem to clear the way for achievement of japanese hegemony in the far east a policy of temporary japanese neutrality might best serve this end before the die was cast in any case caution would prescribe a care ful estimate of the actual balance of forces especially with reference to the soviet union japan postponed its declaration of war for nearly a month in 1914 in a similar contingency today this interval might be considerably extended at present japan’s military forces are fully occu pied in the yangtse valley campaign where mini mum advances have been won since the capture of kiukiang on july 26 after nearly two months of difficult fighting the japanese forces have just reached the matouchen wusueh boom some 30 miles above kiukiang and 100 miles from hankow a stiff chinese defense has also held up the japanese advance southward toward nanchang north of the yangtse river however japanese forces in south eastern honan province are pressing toward the peiping hankow railway at geneva the chinese delegate dr v k wellington koo startled the delegates to the league council session on septem ber 11 by appealing for action against japan under article 17 of the covenant ironically enough in view of the chamberlain hitler deal over czechoslovakia the league council unanimously agreed on septem ber 19 to invite japan to sit with it in considering the chinese appeal thus setting in motion the league's punitive machinery t a bisson foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 48 september 23 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp leste buett president dorothy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year ez 181 f p a membership five dollars a year an inte h territo demat cated sition howe britai acquic to th propc under negot sion 1 sudet being interr and i +foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff ntil the mit the ken rms july ited on nan und di 5er und iria y as its the the nn to ony nese die are ially yned 14 it be ccu nini e of s of just 30 ow nese the yuth the nese the tem nder view ikia tem 4 the zue's in ational editor subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xvii no 49 september 30 1938 america looks abroad by frederick l schuman and george soule how can the united states avoid being forced into a gen eral war what program will guarantee peace for america here is a critical examination of the central problems con fronting american foreign policy today the two authors represent different points of view each has sought to face realities both have submitted specific recommendations world affairs pamphlets no 3 fpa membership covers this series 25 cents a copy entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 godesberg turns tide against hitler pgedy sportspalast speech of september 26 in which he said that sudetenland was the last territorial demand he would make in europe but a demand from which he never will recede indi cated an attempt to retreat from the advanced po sition he had assumed at godesberg it did nothing however to dispel the impression in germany that britain and france would force czechoslovakia to acquiesce in the godesberg terms which according to the germans merely clarify the anglo french proposals of september 18 accepted by the czechs under compulsion on september 21 as a basis for negotiation these proposals had provided for ces sion to germany of solidly german districts in the sudeten area the figure most frequently mentioned being 70 per cent delimitation of the frontier by an international commission exchange of populations and international guarantee of the new frontiers not only by britain and france but by czechoslovakia’s neighbors germany hungary and poland the final memorandum delivered by hitler to chamberlain at godesberg on september 23 went far beyond these terms and left no doubt that ger many s ultimate aim was destruction of the czech state hitler presented to mr chamberlain a map indicating two areas that which was to be occupied by germany on october 1 and that in which the reich agrees to permit a plebiscite before novem ber 25 at the latest the first area which includes districts having a 50 per cent german population was to be occupied by german troops without tak ing into account whether in a plebiscite it may prove to be in this or that part of an area with a czech majority similarly czech territory was to be occu pied sic by czech troops even if it contained large german language islands with this qualification that in a plebiscite the majority in these islands will without doubt give expression to its german national feeling czech police soldiers and officials were to be evacuated from the area to be occupied by germany and the territory was to be handed over in its present condition that is with all its military and industrial constructions intact including the czech fortifications as well as foodstuffs goods cattle and raw materials czech or anti nazi ger mans who wished to remain under czech rule would thus have to leave their property behind and since no provision is made in the memorandum for compen sation by germany would return destitute to prague the new frontier indicated on the german map would pass within five miles of pilsen centre of the skoda armament works financed in large part by france since the war and within twenty miles of prague moreover according to this map plebiscites would have to be held in areas containing less than 50 per cent german population such as the impor tant industrial centre of brunn the southwest corner of bohemia just south of pilsen and areas which if allotted to germany would form two german corridors running north to south through czecho slovakia east of prague effectively cutting czecho slovakia into two parts moravia and slovakia if prague accepted these terms it would not only have to surrender its fortifications without which its army would be helpless against german attack but its principal resources of coal and iron as well as many of its important industries the rump state left by this arrangement would be completely at the military and economic mercy of the third reich no provision is made in the hitler memorandum for guarantees of czechoslovakia’s new frontiers which would be sub ject to further demands by poland and hungary while prime minister chamberlain agreed to transmit this memorandum to prague with a heavy heart according to the voelkischer beobachter nazi party organ neither britain nor france ex erted any pressure on prague to accept it according to an official broadcast from prague britain and france had informed the new military government of general jan syrovy on september 23 that they could not advise it to abstain from making necessary military preparations the following day they told prague that mr chamberlain had failed to obtain any promise from hitler not to attack czechoslo vakia the czech cabinet then proceeded with im mediate mobilization announcement of hitler's godesberg terms turned the tide in europe against germany the french cabinet meeting on september 25 refused to urge further concessions on czechoslovakia and accelerated its mobilization following intensive conversations in london between french and british ministers mr chamberlain sent a personal appeal to hitler through his closest adviser sir horace wilson the british government which had hitherto been reluctant to cooperate with the u.s.s.r con sulted soviet representatives in london and geneva regarding the aid they were ready to give prague foreign commissar litvinov reiterated in league meetings that the soviet union would aid czecho slovakia if france acted simultaneously and warned poland of soviet action in case of polish aggression against the czechs rumania and yugoslavia which might become germany's next objectives assured prague that they would support it in case of attack by hungary premier mussolini who has played the role of greek chorus during the past week adopted a far less bellicose tone over the weekend and ex pressed the hope that the conflict if it came would be localized most important of all however the british foreign office abandoning its traditional policy of making no commitments in central europe announced on september 26 that if germany at tacked czechoslovakia the immediate result must be that france will be bound to come to her assistance and great britain and russia will stand by france 1938 repeats pattern of 1914 the issue was thus once more joined in terms perilously similar to those of 1914 the third reich like pre war germany and austria hungary is seek ing by unacceptable ultimatums to break down the resistance of a slav state which blocks its expansion to the east this expansion was opposed in 1914 by the western powers and russia at a time when ger many was ruled by a government far less repugnant to world opinion than that of the nazis in 1914 the peoples of the west saw the conflict in terms of democracy versus autocracy post war disillusion in spired suspicion of such slogans as making the world safe for democracy if europe goes to war today it goes with its eyes open to the terrible im plication of its decision painfully aware that the page two ey e issues at stake are neither simple nor susceptible of settlement by force thousands of europeans realize that france britain and russia oppose germany not only because they detest nazism but because ger man hegemony over eastern europe and the balkans must in the long run challenge their own positions as world powers yet underneath this realization there is the grim feeling that if it comes to living under one form of imperialism or another the form developed by france and britain is infinitely prefer able to that now projected by germany in this su preme moment people are guided not by class or even national sentiments but by an almost instinc tive revulsion against the methods of nazi leaders now that europe has come right up to the cannon mouth no one who has seen pictures of shanghai or barcelona can be under any illusion regarding the fate which awaits europe in case of a general war nor can any one believe that war can solve the age old conflict between czech and german in a region where the two races are inextricably mixed yet the feeling persists that there can be worse things than war that life under a system which millions of people throughout the world irrespective of race religion and economic status regard as repugnant would in itself be a form of death and destruction for those subjected to it the grimmest thought of all is that this system is not merely a nazi manifes tation which would disappear with the extinction of hitler and his collaborators but another phase of german militarism the terms hitler is seeking to impose on eastern europe aside from his anti semitism are similar to those the german general staff tried to impose in 1918 on rumania and russia by the treaties of bucharest and brest litovsk in these critical moments when everything de pends on unity in the western states it would be wasteful to indulge in recrimination or attempt to determine the measure of responsibility borne by each country or political group for the present crisis none are blameless the intransigence of france which events have unfortunately justified made post war concessions to a relatively liberal germany impossible and strengthened the non revisionist po sition of the little entente regarded by the french as a buffer against future german expansion the slowness of the british public to realize the full im plications of hitler’s program permitted germany to come to the very edge of the abyss without suf ficient warning of the consequences soviet advocacy of class warfare made collaboration with the west ern democracies difficult even after the soviet gov ernment had joined popular fronts everywhere against fascism the reluctance of the united states to play a part in world affairs commensurate with its economic and political importance threw the full burc witl wou outs met eur had selv aga res it k ner dis pla gai eu nei mn se e of alize r not ger kans tions ation ving form efer s su s or stinc ders nnon ai or y the war age gion t the than is of race nant ction nt of rifes ction se of 1g to anti neral uussia de id be pt to ie by crisis rance made many st po rench the ll im many t suf ocacy w est gov vhere states with e full burden of resisting germany on france and britain without giving them any clue as to what this country would do in case resistance led to a general war the outspoken sympathy of right parties for fascist methods encouraged hitler to believe that the western powers would not intervene in central europe while parties of the left which for years had preached disarmament and pacifism found them selves handicapped in their demand for firm action against germany in 1938 as in 1914 germany cannot be held alone responsible for the danger of war but neither can it be allowed to subject the world indefinitely to a nervous strain which might soon prove almost as disruptive of normal life as war when hitler over played his hand at godesberg the western powers gained an important advantage this advantage must be used not merely to conciliate hitler but to assure europe against the recurrence of periodic crises by which the fuehrer apparently hopes to break the nerves of his opponents without resort to war vera micheles dean small powers play waiting game waiting for the great powers to take up final positions in the crisis the small states around czecho slovakia maneuvered cautiously during the past week as britain and france seemed first to capitulate and then strengthened their stand the agreement to cede the sudeten german areas to germany started an avalanche of similar demands which seemed likely unless checked at once to end in obliterating czechoslovakia altogether hitler’s and mussolini's support of these claims showed a wish to make the dismemberment quick and complete the polish government promptly staked out its old claim to the part of teschen which the confer ence of ambassadors had awarded to czechoslovakia in 1920 although poland had accepted the award the boundary line had been drawn chiefly on the basis of economic and strategic considerations and included a small polish majority area within czecho slovakia after the polish ambassador had visited hitler on september 20 poland demanded from czechoslovakia that its minority be given the same treatment as the german minority annexation by poland of areas containing more than 50 per cent poles and liberal privileges for those left in the new czechoslovakia in addition the polish press put forward demands which included some solid czech districts and revived the old wish for common page three frontiers with hungary a polish silesian teschen corps similar to the sudeten fretkorps was organ ized and military attack was threatened lord hali fax however was reported to oppose any annexa tions by poland at this time and the soviet union threatened both to denounce its non aggression pact and to move troops into the polish ukraine if po land invaded czechoslovakia on september 26 president benes sent a note to warsaw apparently refusing the polish territorial demands but leaving the door open for negotiations czechoslovakia’s serious plight also caused hun gary not only to present claims similar to those of ger many but to expect the restoration of much of its lost territory czechoslovakia’s two eastern provinces slovakia and ruthenia had been under hungarian rule for nearly a thousand years and about 750,000 magyar speaking people still live along their south ern borders the hungarian government demanded on september 22 that its minority receive treatment analogous to that given the germans and the magyar press suggested that all of slovakia and ruthenia might return to hungary although the slovak autonomists might in case of the crippling or dismemberment of czechoslovakia accept an au tonomous status within a federated hungary they have come to the support of the czech government during the crisis and now actually have two repre sentatives in the cabinet after hungary had appar ently carried through a partial mobilization follow ing that of czechoslovakia yugoslavia and rumania notified budapest on september 25 that in case it attacked czechoslovakia they would come to the latter's defense on september 26 the czechs refused hungary's demand for territorial cessions none of these states of eastern europe seems likely to commit itself to one side or the other until the great powers have taken their positions if britain france and the soviet union should finally allow hitler to have his way with czechoslovakia all of them would be forced to come to terms with him if however the democracies stand firm even to the point of war nearly all of the small countries are likely either to remain neutral or to join them the decision of all will depend on the strength shown and the promises made by the two groups of poten tial or actual belligerents paul b taylor mr buell will broadcast on the causes of war tension over the columbia broadcasting system on sunday october 2 at 1 45 p.m eastern standard time foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 49 september 30 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonpd lgsiig buell president dorothy f leger secretary vera micueres dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 gsp 181 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building sept 26 in the anxious days between prime minister neville chamberlain's first conference with chancellor hitler at berchtesgaden and the fateful meeting at godesberg washington maintained its policy of silence in the face of mounting tension which every responsible official recognized as the ultimate crisis when president roosevelt made his last minute appeal to chancellor hitler and presi dent benes in the early hours of monday morning he took the only diplomatic step which remained open to any administration responsible to the amer ican people for every other avenue of intervention had been closed in the view of washington officials when the swift course of events carried the crisis beyond the orbit of american diplomacy up until the first week in september the white house and the state department had been pursu ing a course designed to achieve a double purpose on the one hand to impress on hitler the impor tance of including the united states in his calcula tions on the other to refrain from any commitment which might involve the country in another european war this delicate position was tenable if not very effective as long as the great powers remained on speaking terms but the moment prime minister chamberlain took off on his first flight to hitler the diplomatic position of the united states was materially altered it was no longer possible to make even veiled references to the uncertainty of the future attitude of the united states without implying a commitment which the president was without author ity to undertake moreover such veiled pronounce ments had lost their effectiveness if the showdown came nothing but the most categorical statement that the democracies were prepared to fight in the event of unprovoked aggression could serve as a restraining force when the results of berchtesgaden became known the atmosphere in washington reflected the same let down felt in the streets of paris london and prague no one here was inclined to censure cham berlain for what he had done whatever the private feelings of state department officials few wanted to pass judgment on any desperate effort to gain time yet the official reaction to the chamberlain concessions was very much like the reaction of american public opinion a sense of outrage at the terms coupled with a desire to remain aloof from the whole affair as long as possible for the next few days officials studied editorial comments in the american press and statements by congressional leaders just as closely as they scanned diplomatic reports from european capitals senator borah’s warning that it is not our affair was seconded by many senators and congressmen who had never been regarded as confirmed isolationists other voices like those of senator glass of virginia and senator king of utah served notice that not all congressional opinion would favor peace at any price but the administration listened more atten tively to senator pittman chairman of the foreign relations committee who had been friendly to sec retary hull’s program for amending the neutrality act in the direction of wider executive discretion broadcasting from california senator pittman said that in his opinion the senate of the united states will not vote for any treaty resolution or measure that authorizes the entrance into any foreign war or any alliance or joint action with any foreign govern ment or governments in behalf of any foreign war whether this resurgence of isolation sentiment was superficial or deeprooted high administration of ficials were proceeding in the belief that the ameti can people wanted to keep out of war the sudden stiffening of resistance in prague and the firmer attitude in london and paris immediately following the godesberg conference produced no outward change in washington but behind the cur tain of silence there was deep concern lest the breakdown of all negotiations lead to irrevocable action late sunday night the president took the only step open to him under the existing circum stances it was realized that the appeal might have little effect but since the administration believed hitler had overplayed his hand the logical move was to offer a final opportunity to reconsider the plea not to break off negotiations contained no binding commitment but by citing the kellogg pact the presi dent apparently sought to lay the foundations for fu ture action based on trade restrictions or embargoes directed against states which have violated treaties to which the united states is a party the replies from great britain france and czechoslovakia welcomed the president's suggestion and expressed willingness to continue negotiations hitler’s reply received on september 27 asserted that delay is impossible and declared that the decision for peace or war lies with the czechs w t stone fc a n octe octe octc octe oct octc oct octe +foreign to sec sutrality cretion lan said d states measure war or govern m war ent was tion of ameri gue and ediately iced no the cur lest the vocable ook the circum tht have believed ove was he plea binding he presi s for fu ibargoes eaties to ies from elcomed lingness sived on ble and lies with stone foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y you xvii no 50 octoberr 7 1938 forthcoming fpa meetings october 6 utica europe in crisis october 8 new york the f.p.a looks at europe october 17 columbus neutrality october 22 boston europe october 25 cincinnati neutrality october 26 albany europe in crisis october 26 minneapoilis central europe october 27 st paul central europe entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 aftermath of the munich conference he world has received the terms of the munich four power pact with mixed feelings the tri umphal return of chamberlain and daladier would indicate that the leading democracies are willing to buy peace at the price of injustice to weaker peoples even admitting that czechoslovakia had made mis takes the most serious of which was to miscalculate the position of france and that its frontiers like those of poland italy and rumania violated the principle of self determination grave injury was done to czechoslovakia at munich woodrow wilson would certainly have repudiated a conception of self determination imposing great suffering on the ma jority of a state’s population for the sake of a minor ity which would have accepted a far more reasonable compromise if it had not been for the policies of the great powers the least the great democracies can do now is grant czechoslovakia financial aid to re construct its economic life having scored another bloodless victory germany emerges as the strongest power on the continent the first step has been taken to isolate russia from west ern europe the whole treaty structure designed by france to maintain the status quo in the danubian region has tumbled to the ground even if hitler keeps his promise not to make further territorial de mands his success will undoubtedly increase nazi sentiment in hungary and rumania with assistance from berlin local nazi movements which have hith erto been repressed may now obtain power a new holy roman empire may arise in which each cen tral european state while nominally maintaining its autonomy would become an economic and mili tary satellite of berlin germany may eventually be in a position to control the raw materials of central europe and become the world’s greatest power many predict that it will use this power to challenge the soviet union and then undertake to conquer the colonial empires of great britain and france while such fears may be premature the key to future peace lies in the problem of relations with the u.s.s.r the nazis have long wanted to isolate russia from western europe in order to facilitate their drive into the soviet ukraine in the name of self deter mination hitler may launch a movement to liberate the oppressed ukrainians a demand which inci dentally would strike at poland with its five million ukrainians in eastern galicia no longer able to rely on its alliance with france the soviet union may decide that it can protect itself only by coming to terms with berlin hitler’s aversion to communism may not prove a stumbling block to such a develop ment fear of which haunts eastern europe should germany ever gain access to russia’s raw materials and provide russia with much needed technicians the whole world would have cause for apprehension other considerations however may offset these pessimistic speculations perhaps the greatest mistake of the paris peace conference was its failure to pro vide any substitute for the austro hungarian em pire since 1918 central europe has been divided up between half a dozen countries separated from each other by armaments and high tariff walls this situation has clearly played into the hands of hitler one of the chief obstacles in the past to understand ing between the little entente hungary and poland is being removed with modification of czechoslo vakia’s boundaries as the german danger increases these countries each of which wants to preserve its independence may draw together moreover the four leading european powers have promised to guarantee the new frontiers of czechoslovakia as soon as polish and hungarian claims have been sat isfied it is to the advantage of britain and italy to make this guarantee a reality and thus contribute to the neutralization of central europe in certain respects the attitude of italy may prove decisive despite the reported existence of an italo german alliance italy has indicated that it does not wish a general war hitherto it had been assumed that on the outbreak of war mussolini would attack egypt or tunis since only in africa can he obtain compensation for his support of german expansion in central europe yet the risks involved in this form of payment are enormous today italy finds itself over extended in ethiopia and spain and is confronted with a serious economic situation at home according to many reports the fascist plan to develop the ethiopian empire has failed in the event of a general war britain and france might seize ethiopia drive italy out of spain to the ad vantage of the loyalists close the suez canal and blockade italy the most vulnerable of the great powers apparently realizing these difficulties mus solini at the last moment threw his weight on the side of peace whether his prestige will allow him to go further and assist in obtaining real stability in europe including a spanish compromise settle ment cannot be predicted from the psychological point of view the munich conference by bringing together for the first time the leaders of the two dictatorships and the two democracies may create an atmosphere favorable to some form of european appeasement chamberlain's friendship pact with hitler at last gives germany the position of full equality it has so eagerly sought while events may prove that conclusion of this pact has removed british opposition to german expansion to the east a more likely result is that britain through this pact will be able to exercise a restraining influence on berlin if the world witnesses a settlement of the spanish question during the next few months a movement toward closer cooperation among the central euro pean states relaxation of anti jewish persecution in germany and discussions relative to economic co operation and disarmament then the munich settle ment may prove justified if none of these develop ments take place and tension increases the ransom paid at munich by france and britain will have been nothing but blackmail american opinion would do well to realize that the neutrality act v.hich in time of war would close our market to purchasers of munitions has played into the hands of hitler germany alone is said to have more planes than britain france and czecho slovakia combined britain and france knowing they would be unable to buy planes here in time of war were at a disadvantage in resisting germany as long as france and britain restrain germany the americas are safe but if they continue to capitulate allowing page two hitler to secure new bloodless victories the possi bility of german interference in latin america will automatically increase raymond leslie buell a lesson in nazi technique prime minister chamberlain’s speech in the house of commons on september 28 and the white paper on czechoslovakia published the same day make it possible to reconstruct in part at least the events which led to the four power accord concluded at munich on september 29 if any lesson can be drawn from a study of these documents it is that the originally moderate demands of a german minority were fanned into open rebellion by threats and propaganda from germany that hitler's demand for self determination disregarded the wishes of mod erate henleinists and non nazi germans and that hitler presented first to prague then to france and britain demands he did not expect them to accept each time raising the ante then having terrorized all peoples by fear of air warfare he capitalized the relief created by the munich conference to obtain his major objectives the report submitted by lord runciman to mr chamberlain on september 21 shows that the con cessions made by the prague government on septem ber 5 in the so called fourth plan embodied the 8 point karlsbad program issued by konrad henlein on april 24 these concessions however were un acceptable to the more extreme members of the sudeten german party who provoked various in cidents before and immediately after hitler's nurem berg speech of september 12 responsibility for the final break says lord runciman must in my opinion rest upon henlein frank and upon those of their supporters inside and outside the country who were urging them to extreme unconstitutional action at the same time lord runciman expressed much sympathy for the sudeten germans and made the following recommendations to mr cham berlain 1 frontier districts between czechoslovakia and ger many where the sudeten population is in an important majority should be given the full right of self determi nation at once without a plebiscite which would be a sheer formality unlike the anglo french proposals of september 18 the runciman report does not specify the actual percentage which would constitute an important majority 2 czechoslovakia should so remodel her foreign re lations as to give assurances to her neighbors that she will under no circumstances attack them prague’s policy should be entirely neutral as in the case of switzerland 3 the principal powers should give czechoslovakia guarantees of assistance in case of unprovoked aggression no war but no peace foreign policy bulletin september 16 1938 the road back to 1914 ibid may 6 1938 4 man to a 5 ord tran the polan says shado wi czeck early aratic britis prepa as a the c refu that incre reiter ister ably sir n on ing every briti sona h time tion creat whe troo lain hitl able gade was real thar but ther cept sud way n of vasi retu fore head enter k __ possi ica will uell house e paper make it events ided at drawn hat the ninority ats and and for of mod nd that nce and accept rrorized ized the tain his to mr the con septem lied the henlein vere un of the ious in nurem lity for in my yn those country tutional x pressed ns and cham and ger mportant determi ild be a posals of secify the important oreign re t she will s policy zerland oslovakia p gression er 16 1938 4 delimitation of the area to be transferred to ger many and other technical questions should be entrusted to an international commission 5 an international force should be organized to keep order in the districts to be transferred pending actual transfer these recommendations except for the claims of poland and hungaty which as mr chamberlain says complicated negotiations at this juncture fore shadow the principal terms of the munich accord while lord runciman was still negotiating with czechs and sudeten germans britain was alarmed early in august by reports of extensive military prep arations in germany when sir nevile henderson british ambassador in berlin pointed out that these preparations could not fail to be interpreted abroad as a threatening gesture toward czechoslovakia the german foreign minister herr von ribbentrop refused to discuss military measures and indicated that british efforts in prague had only served to increase czech intransigence sir john simon then reiterated at lanark on august 27 the prime min ister’s warning of march 24 that britain would prob ably become involved in a central european conflict sir nevile following consultations with the cabinet on august 30 delivered a strong personal warn ing to von ribbentrop on september 1 and took every opportunity to impress the attitude of the british government upon the leading german per sonalities at nuremberg on september 9 and 12 hitler’s nuremberg speech which for the first time publicly raised the issue of self determina tion and subsequent henleinist demonstrations created a highly critical situation by september 14 when there was an immediate danger of german troops entering czechoslovakia mr chamber lain then decided to have a personal interview with hitler a plan he had had in mind for a consider able period as a last resort during the berchtes gaden visit he very soon became aware the situation was much more acute and more urgent than he had realized hitler declared categorically that rather than wait he would be prepared to risk a world war but if mr chamberlain could give him there and then the assurance that the british government ac cepted the principle of self determination for the sudeten germans he was quite ready to discuss ways and means of carrying it out mr chamberlain expressed the belief in the house of commons that his visit alone prevented an in vasion for which everything had been prepared he returned to london on september 16 and at a cab page three inet meeting held on the same day lord runciman submitted the recommendations embodied in his re port of september 21 mm daladier and bonnet summoned to london on september 18 joined the british cabinet in asking prague to agree immedi ately to direct the transfer to the reich of areas in habited by a population more than 50 per cent german these terms czechoslovakia accepted im mediately and unconditionally on september 21 after it had been told that there was no hope of new proposals on september 22 armed with prague’s acceptance mr chamberlain went to godesberg there hitler presented to him an outline of the terms subsequently embodied in his memorandum of september 23 which according to mr chamberlain confronted him with a totally unexpected situation what ap parently shocked mr chamberlain were not hitler's territorial demands which except for the german language islands practically cutting czechoslovakia in two corresponded fairly closely to the more than 50 per cent german formula of the anglo french proposals but hitler’s threat to occupy the entire area by force on october 1 without waiting for de limitation by an international commission mr chamberlain told the house of commons he did not think hitler deliberately deceived him the fuehrer however told him that he never for one moment supposed mr chamberlain should be able to come back and say that the principle of self determination was accepted mr chamberlain transmitted the godesberg terms to the prague government which replied on septem ber 24 that hitler’s demands in their present form were absolutely and unconditionally unacceptable this refusal was followed by mounting panic throughout the world culminating on september 27 in last minute appeals to hitler from president roosevelt mr chamberlain and other statesmen in europe and latin america reports that german forces would march into czechoslovakia ahead of the october 1 deadline and the announcement in the midst of mr chamberlain’s speech to the house of commons that mussolini had persuaded hitler to postpone mobilization and summon the munich conference this lesson is doubly instructive because of the blinding light it throws on the technique by which hitler rose to power in germany and because of the implications this technique if repeated may have for the future of europe and the world vera micheles dean foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 50 october 7 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lgsiizg buell president dorothy f leger secretary vera micheeles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 qe 181 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building oct 4 with the spectre of war removed at least temporarily it is possible to reconstruct the part played by washington in the tense crisis last week and to weigh the effects on american foreign policy what stands out most sharply in retrospect is the smooth and efficient functioning of the state de partment in the final hours of crisis there have been differences of opinion in the department in the past and there will doubtless be differences in the future but in the critical days last week there was complete unity and perfect harmony in the inner councils of the secretary of state to this unity of purpose mr roosevelt owes the adroit drafting and effective tim ing of his successive moves the steps were not left to chance the president's first appeal to hitler was planned well in advance but was held for the decisive moment when negotia tions seemed to be breaking down the time table timing became paramount on tuesday september 27 on tuesday afternoon chamberlain’s radio speech was heard by anxious officials in washington czech troops were fully mobilized and france was calling up its reserves word had come from berlin that hitler's troops had orders to march in exactly 24 hours the door to negotiations seemed to be swinging shut then in swift succession three steps were taken in washing ton at 2 p.m the state department transmitted a personal and confidential appeal from the presi dent to mussolini at 3 p.m urgent instructions were sent to american diplomatic representatives abroad to express the opinion of this government that no step should be omitted which might contribute to peace at 10 p.m the president's second message was sent to hitler the actual effect of these steps may never be known as they coincided with other and perhaps more decisive moves in london paris rome and warsaw but it is known that mr rogsevelt’s secret appeal to mussolini reached the italian foreign office at 9 30 wednesday morning about half an hour before lord perth the british ambassador arrived to deliver a similar message from mr cham berlain washington still insists that it had no knowledge of this british move at the time but the fact that the two messages arrived almost simultane ously must have had its effect in any event musso lini the one man hitler might be expected to listen to with attention was in communication with berlin within an hour and the effect on berlin was soon apparent the story is told here that on that same wednesday morning m francois poncet the able french ambassador saw hitler and found him in a tractable mood without a trace of bluff or bluster twice he referred to the president's message in a manner which seemed to indicate that it had regis tered two hours before the deadline for general mobilization of the german army the invitation to the four power conference was on its way unanswered questions now that the final terms of the four power agreement are known many questions remain unanswered no one here is pre pared to say that justice has been done many believe that the price was too high and that the democratic states have been forced to surrender under humiliat ing terms some insist that chamberlain and daladier could have driven a harder bargain which might at least have included some guarantees to the czech minorities in sudetenland but no one is prepared to say that a world war fought today on this issue would have been preferable to the munich settlement on the other hand some hold that out of this crisis a firmer basis for peace may yet be established on october 3 under secretary sumner welles voiced the hope that if political appeasement can be brought about the way may be paved for limitation and reduction of armaments together with a world wide agree ment on bombing of civilian populations in these tasks he implied the united states would be pre pared to cooperate the course of american foreign policy in the fu ture as in the past depends on the march of events in the final hours of crisis however certain facts become self evident 1 the united states did not stand aloof in the face of a major world catastrophe the american people while resolved not to be drawn into armed conflict in europe wholeheartedly supported every effort to preserve peace 3 the administration refrained from making any com mitment which would obligate the united states to armed intervention in case of war but did not hesitate to invoke the moral influence of the american people on behalf of the principles of peaceful settlement n the lessons of this crisis are being weighed in washington they may well be pondered by every one concerned with american foreign policy w t stone fo an inti octobe ponet wheltr peop berla oppo mone vote supp threa failes the libe voca serve duff assul a wart arm prog reco britt doll an it m part a pr who up t of e ger +erms many pre lieve cratic viliat adier night 2zech ed to ould in the irmer ber 3 that the yn of gree these pre e fu rents facts of a lrawn vorted com es to sitate eople d in every ne subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff vor xvii no 51 october 14 1938 economic consequences of rearmament by william t stone an attempt to estimate the cost of the rearmament race to date and an analysis of the effect of such expenditures on the civil budgets and social services of democracies and dictatorships alike october 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents each rt a ae periodical ae class pain december general librar 2 1921 at the post univ of mich office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan ann arbor mich the nazi steamroller pushes east a the german army like an inexorable steam roller gradually moved into the five zones of czechoslovakia which it was to occupy between oc tober 1 and 10 europe tried to adjust itself to the seismological changes precipitated by what mr chamberlain has described as peace in our time in the general tide of relief which followed post ponement of war the munich accord was over whelmingly if apprehensively accepted by the peoples of france and britain neither mr cham berlain nor m daladier encountered any formidable opposition in their respective parliaments sum moned merely to ratify a fait accompli in the final vote on october 6 mr chamberlain received the support of a majority of his conservative followers threatened with a purge at the next elections if they failed to toe the line the most effective criticism of the munich accord came not from the labor and liberal parties handicapped by their previous ad vocacy of pacifism but from the handful of con servatives opposed to the chamberlain policy like duff cooper eden and churchill mr chamberlain assured the country that he was not planning either a general election or national conscription he warned the british however not to relax their re armament efforts indicated that a revised armament program would be submitted to parliament when it reconvenes on november 1 and tried to salve the british conscience by arranging a loan of 50 million dollars to czechoslovakia which had appealed for an international loan of 150 million meanwhile germany without any sacrifice on its part acquired a territory the size of belgium with a population of 4 million nearly one million of whom are czechs the international commission set up to delimit the czech german frontier consisting of baron von weiszaecker secretary of state of the german foreign office and the british french and italian ambassadors in berlin assigned to germany territories exceeding the terms of hitler's godesberg memorandum which had shocked mr chamber lain the godesberg map had envisaged two groups of areas those unquestionably german by heavy majorities which were to be immediately occupied by german troops and questionable areas in which the german majority varied around 50 per cent and where plebiscites were to be held by no vember 25 the international commission has con ceded to germany all territories whose population is over 50 per cent german apparently abandoning the idea of holding plebiscites in doubtful areas and making no provision for the large czech enclaves which will now be included in the boundaries of greater germany it also accepted the german de mand that the godesberg plebiscite areas now be ing occupied without a plebiscite should be deter mined following the method adopted in the saar on the basis of population figures of october 28 1918 when the czechs and slovaks proclaimed their inde pendence from austria hungary the 1918 figures were based on the census of 1910 when the czechs were a subject minority restricted to a few provinces and had not settled as they did after 1918 through out sudetenland in addition germany is reported to demand rep arations from prague for injustices inflicted by the czechs on the sudetens since 1918 if the czechs are forced to pay reparations the british loan to prague may turn out to be a gift to germany nor has any provision been made to compensate the czech government or czech individuals for property costing millions of dollars which under the munich accord must be left undamaged in the occupied ter ritory the munich negotiators were equally improvi dent about the status of non nazi german refugees from sudetenland who have streamed into the in terior of czechoslovakia these refugees have met with scant welcome from prague which has no desire to serve as a refuge for germans whose presence might subsequently be used by hitler as a lever to obtain further cession of german language islands in czech territory confronted with peace terms such as could only be imposed ou a vanquished country czechoslovakia is stoically attempting to salvage what it can from the wreckage president benes vilified by hitler in his nuremberg and sportspalast speeches resigned on october 5 to facilitate reorientation of his coun try’s policy this reorientation must perforce be in the direction of economic collaboration with ger many on which czechoslovakia now depends for coal ison and other raw materials it formerly ob tained from suderenland to effect this transition m chvalkovsky former minister to berlin and rome was appointed foreign minister on october 6 in an attempt to forestall hungary’s demand for a plebiscite in slovakia which extreme hungarian revisionists hope to detach from prague general syrovy enlarged his cabinet to include three slovak ministers granted a large measure of autonomy to slovakia and appointed dr joseph tiso leader of the slovak party prime minister for that region dr tiso has also been given the delicate task of nego tiating a settlement with hungary these negotia tions threaten to be complicated by the demand of warsaw and budapest for a common frontier which could be obtained only if czechoslovakia ceded carpatho ruthenia which demands autonomy with in the czechoslovak state to hungary on this point prague may obtain unexpected help from ger many which has no desire to see poland and hun gary join forces to resist german expansion that germany would lose no time in consolidating its position in eastern europe and the balkans was indicated by the visit of dr funk reich minister of economics to belgrade sofia and ankara where nazi economic penetration has already made great strides on october 7 it was announced that ger many had extended a credit of 150 million marks to turkey for the purchase of industrial and military equipment and materials for public works this new move along the berlin to bagdad road is particularly striking in view of the fact that until recently kemal ataturk had been regarded as anti german meanwhile at the other end of the rome berlin axis italy continued to support the claims of poland and hungary against czechoslovakia in the hope apparently of using these countries as a counter weight to german expansion the announcement on october 8 that italy would withdraw from franco spain troops which had served for eighteen months estimated at 10,000 was thought to indicate that page two a compromise settlement of the spanish question was about to be broached by the four power direc torate set up at munich this withdrawal however apparently does not include aviators and technicians who have been far more valuable to franco than italian troops and will probably be recompensed by franco british recognition of franco’s belligerent status that coexistence with an enlarged germany will prove no bed of roses for france and britain was indicated by hitler's speech at saarbruecken on oc tober 9 when the fuehrer far from being appeased by the munich concessions once more denounced the jewish international world enemy expressed his desire for peace but also his dislike of the democratic régimes in france and britain which might bring to the helm leaders like eden or churchill whom he detests and announced that he would continue con struction of fortifications in the west with increased energy nazi ambition like appetite grows by what it feeds on vera micheles dean storm warnings in paris by david h popper mr popper has just returned from france as france returns to a peace time basis after spending 8 billion francs for a mobilization which served no apparent purpose it is beginning to make the comprehensive mental readjustment necessitated by france's new position in europe having devital ized its eastern european alliances the country must reconcile itself to following even more closely than hitherto in the wake of britain it must strive to re tain the good graces of the fascist dictatorships by discarding the outworn remnants of league of na tions ideology and making the best possible bargain with germany and italy regarding the spheres of influence into which they may choose to penetrate as a concrete step in this process of appe the french government has apparently alre cided to recognize the ethiopian conquest by ac crediting an ambassador probably andré francois poncet now stationed at berlin to the king emperor at rome the quai d'orsay moreover appears to be awaiting only a token withdrawal of italian troops and diminution of socialist opposition at home before it recognizes the belligerent status of general franco in spain there is little doubt that in september 1938 the daladier bonnet policy of peace by concession faith fully reflected the preponderant weight of french public opinion from the point of view of the man in the street avoidance of war was a far more de sirable goal than the salvation of czechoslovakia neither the small group of right wing dissenters nor the articulate but distrusted communists succeeded e_ stion direc ever cians than ed by erent r will 1 was n oc eased d the d his cratic ng to m he con eased what an after which make itated vital must than to re ps by f na irgain es of trate ié nt 7 ac ancois king eover val of sition status 8 the faith rench e man re de vakia rs nor eeded in persuading the country as a whole that the crisis had its larger aspects only a government unafraid to take a strong and decisive lead could have done so that the task would have been relatively easy is proved by the virtual unanimity with which the french nation responded to the mobilization appeal during the few days in which it believed that its safety was at stake but the ultimate capitulation however joyfully greeted as a release from weeks of tension and anxiety cannot fail eventually to in crease the spirit of perplexity disillusionment and discontent which pervades france this development coupled with continued economic stagnation and social strife may provide a fertile breeding ground for authoritarian movements some observers believe that a trend in this direc tion is already noticeable in french politics they int out that parliamentary consideration of the czechoslovak situation not permitted until after the munich conference and then only under stringent limitation of debate was more a plebiscite than a policy determining process moreover the popular front which had checked the growth of fascist or ganizations in france but had gradually lost cohesion was seriously split on october 4 when the com munists deserted their left wing associates in par liament and voted their disapproval of premier daladier’s foreign policy on october 5 too the communists opposed daladier unsuccessfully the socialists abstaining when they protested against granting him full decree powers for a second time until november 15 to redress the financial situation increasingly frequent resort to this crisis device of full powers reflects the growing need for the re inforcement of executive authority in france and the radical socialist and conservative majority which accorded full powers to daladier foreshadows a swing of the political pendulum back to the right it remains to be seen whether the present govern ment can devise measures which are more than mere palliatives to remedy the economic malaise from which france is now suffering the premier is al most certain to revalue the nation’s gold reserve a bookkeeping operation producing a profit of over 30 billion francs to be applied principally to reduc tion of advances totaling 50 billion from the bank of france to the treasury he may also float a peace loan repayable in foreign currencies to bolster the french exchequer to carry out its plea for perma nent mobilization for the service of the nation the government may go so far as to demand a national contribution in the form of free labor service from page three the poor and higher income taxes from theyrich it may even be forced to resort to further devaluation and measures of exchange control despite its pledge to avoid such steps drastic sacrifices of this type and a further cur tailment of economic freedom are undoubtedly necessary if france is to continue its rearmament on a scale sufficient to assure its national defense the political battle of the autumn will be fought on the issue of how these sacrifices are to be apportioned among the various income groups of the population if the left refuses to approve the daladier decrees the premier will probably seek the consent of the senate to dissolution of the chamber and new elec tions this extraordinary procedure employed only once in the history of the third republic may pos sibly produce a loosely united front of communists socialists and right wing elements dissatisfied with the course of french foreign policy thus the french political system may be subjected to unprecedented strains in the next few months and the outcome of the french experience may not be without pertinence for the future of the united states statement of the ownership management cireulatien etc required by the acts of congress of august 24 1912 and march 3 1933 of foreign policy bulletin published weekly at new york n y for october 1 1938 state of new york county of new york ss before me a notary public in and for the state and county aforesaid personally qouns vera micheles dean who having been duly cording to law d and says that she is the policy bulletin and that the following is to the best of her and belief a true statement of the ownership management etc of the afore said publication for the date shown in the above coptien by the act of august 24 1912 as amended by the act march 3 1933 em bodied in section 537 postal laws and regulations printed on the re verse of this form to wit 1 that the names and addresses of the publisher editor managing edi tor and business managers are publishers foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y editor vera micheles dean 8 west 40th street new york n y managing edisoe nooe business managers none 2 that the owner is a foreign policy association incorporated the principal officers of which are raymond leslie buell president dorothy f leet secretary both 8 west 40th street new york n y and william a eldridge treasurer 70 broadway new york n y 3 that the known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 per cent or more of total amount of bonds mortgages or other securities are none 4 that the two paragraphs next above giving the names of the owners stockholders and security holders if any contain not only the list of stock holders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the company but also in cases where the stockholder or security holder upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting also that the said two paragraphs contain statements embracing s full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under which stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the company as trustees hold stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner and this affiant has no reason to believe that any other person association or corporation has any interest direct or indirect in the said stock bonds or other securities than as so stated by her foreign policy association incorporated by vera micheles dean editor sworn to and subscribed before me this 21st day of september 1938 seal carolyn e martin notary public new york county new york county clerk’s no 77 reg no 9 m 270 my commission expires march 30 1939 foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 51 ocrossr 14 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lustig buell president dornothy f leer secretary vera miicheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 geez 181 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building oct 10 hindsight is much easier than foresight ten days after the event it is easy enough to say what america should have done in the final hour of crisis it is not difficult for columnists and commentators to show that american intervention made us a party by implication at least to the injustice done at munich it is possible to point out the dangers of an ambiguous policy which sought to use the influence of the united states without accepting responsibility or without making commitments but in passing judgment on the administration's action it is well to remember that the president and mr hull did not have the advantage of hindsight on septem ber 27 they had no advance knowledge of what would happen in the show down they were com pelled to act on the basis of probabilities rather than certainties they were also compelled to operate un der definite limitations imposed by our constitutional system of checks and balances and underlined by the temper of congress and american public opinion the lessons of munich this does not mean that nothing is to be learned from the lessons of the past no one in washington will deny today that ameri can foreign policy has been profoundly affected by the terms of the munich settlement no one seriously questions the assertion that our domestic life may be affected directly and perhaps quickly by the consequences of what has happened in europe but at this juncture responsible washington officials are not drawing final conclusions or passing judgments or making predictions they are waiting to see what happens before elaborating decisions for the future they are watching london and paris even more closely than rome and berlin if mr chamberlain is undeterred by his experi ences at berchtesgaden godesberg and munich and still pursues his objective of appeasement by conces sions to the dictators washington will stand strictly aloof at least until the results of this policy become apparent should a broader four power settlement actually lead to appeasement which many here doubt washington would then be prepared to co operate in economic and military disarmament on the other hand if mr chamberlain's policy merely postpones the conflict and leads to another crisis within a few months with the distribution of col onies as the issue washington will undoubtedly be more than a passive spectator on the sidelines for as walter lippmann pointed out our own security in the western hemisphere has rested on the strength of the british imperial system as long as britain controlled the seas no continental power could ef fectively challenge the monroe doctrine or contem plate intervention in latin america but should british supremacy be challenged the united states would be compelled to take active steps to bolster its own military and naval defenses in the western hemisphere new policies foreshadowed whatever the course of events in europe the results of the munich settle ment are certain to be reflected in domestic as well as foreign policies and in demands for further re armament and the strengthening of inter american ties evidence of the current trend is to be found in many quarters during the past week washington observers have taken note of the following items 1 a proposal for the largest naval appropriation in peace time is now before the bureau of the budget while details have not been made public it is believed that the funds for new naval construction will be ex panded to include work on six capital ships already authorized under the vinson act of 1934 and the naval expansion act of last year as well as three new light cruisers and one aircraft carrier 2 inauguration of the new good neighbor mer chant fleet service to the east coast of south america while projected long before the european crisis came to a head is made the occasion for a renewed plea to the nations of the western hemisphere to strengthen their mutual economic and cultural ties assistant secretary of state george s messersmith speaking in new york on october 6 on the eve of the sailing of the s brazil underscores the significant face that the new service is operating under the auspices of this government 3 im announcing an extensive reorganization in the department of agriculture it is revealed that the ad ministration is planning to subsidize the consumption of surplus cotton and other agricultural products at home rather than increase export subsidies while this important development does not run counter to the hull trade program it emphasizes the foreign trade problem which confronts the administration in more acute form as a result of the munich accords a more immediate result of the munich settlement is the necessity for revising the trade agreement con cluded with czechoslovakia only a few months ago experts are already at work checking the products formerly exported by czechoslovakia but now in german territory if the remainder of czechoslovakia is able to exist as an independent state washington will be prepared to conclude a new agreement grant ing additional concessions to compensate for those lost by the german occupation w t stone +e fl rength britain ald ef ontem should states ster its estern course 1 settle as well her re nerican yund in nington items lation in budget believed 1 be ex already 1e naval ew light or met america came to ea to the nen their secretary ew york brazil service 1s it yn in the the ad sumption ducts at hile this the hull problem ute form ttlement ent con iths ago products now in slovakia shington nt grant or those stone foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vol xvii no 52 october 21 1938 clear concise comprehensive foreign po.icy reports present the historical background and current developments of some one international problem published twice a month forthcoming reports will cover the czechoslovak crisis american defense policies foreign policy of poland soviet japanese relations diplomatic alignments in europe subscription to fpa members 3 to non members 5 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 asiatic sequel to the munich accord w hile the effects of the munich peace have not been so drastic in the far east as in europe they have been nonetheless disturbing and in their ultimate possibilities perhaps equally far reaching these effects may be seen in three fields the in creased influence of the army extremists in govern ment councils at tokyo japan’s flouting of britain by its attack on canton and the strengthening of tokyo’s ties with the rome berlin axis general ugaki’s resignation from the foreign ministry on september 29 removed the last brake on military fascist extremism in japan the domestic importance of this event may be gauged by the fact that japanese moderates had been grooming general ugaki for the premiership its significance for jap anese foreign policy is even greater general ugaki tesigned over a difference of opinion regarding the competence of the proposed china affairs board controlled by the army by insisting that this cabinet organ should direct military political and economic policies affecting china the japanese army was in effect wresting jurisdiction of the chinese conquest from the foreign ministry behind this issue how ever a struggle was also being waged over immedi ate policies affecting the scope of military operations in china the degree to which the interests of west ern powers should be respected and the advisability of an attack on canton the terms imposed by hitler at munich tipped the balance against the moderates at tokyo general ugaki’s resignation was followed by that of naotake sato and hachiro arita the two former foreign ministers who had been made ad visers to the foreign office in an effort to strengthen ugaki’s hand against the extremists the china af fairs board was constituted in the way desired by the japanese military and the canton offensive was launched on october 12 under the new dispensation at tokyo the possi bility of salvaging western interests in china has become even more precarious reduction of canton by japanese arms would be a death blow to the eco nomic importance of hongkong wholly aside from the military strategic consequences to this british colony a japanese occupation of hainan island which can no longer be ruled out would gravely menace french indo china recent japanese state ments foreshadow an attempt to gain control of the foreign settlements and concessions at shanghai and tientsin there can be little doubt that japan’s rulers now hope to establish an exclusive hegemony throughout china and that success in achieving this aim would threaten indo china the philippines and the dutch east indies japan’s attitude toward the western democracies after the munich peace has its corollary in the en hanced respect accorded the berlin rome axis on october 1 lieutenant general itagaki japanese war minister telegraphed hitler profound felicitations on the brilliant success achieved by germany in the czechoslovak issue ambassadorial changes reflect the altered outlook toshio shiratori and lieutenant general hiroshi oshima new japanese ambassa dors at rome and berlin respectively were co authors and negotiators of the anti comintern pact major general eugen ott who assisted von ribbentrop in the negotiations leading to signing of the pact is now german ambassador at tokyo there are reports that this pact may soon become an open military alliance while these developments have spurred japan to greater military efforts they afford little immediate help to its campaign of conquest after nearly three months the japanese forces in the yangtze valley have covered but half the distance from kiukiang to hankow china’s rail communications however have been cut south of canton and north of hankow the fall of these cities would be a serious blow to the chinese cause but there is no certainty that it would prove fatal japan would still be faced with the difficult problem of pacifying interior areas and of financing profitable economic development its anti comintern allies have no funds to spare for this task only the western democracies which continue to furnish the bulk of japan’s war supplies could ad vance the huge credits that would be needed self interest would seem to preclude such action league states by virtue of a report adopted by the council on september 30 now have the option of applying the sanctions of article xvi against japan it may be doubted whether any league state save possibly the u.s.s.r will utilize this legal right to restrain jap anese aggression in china t a bisson britain seeks to pacify palestine encouraged by unmistakable signs of nazi sym pathy at a moment when britain's prestige is badly shaken a relatively small number of arab terrorists recruited from palestine and the neighboring coun tries have vigorously pressed their guerrilla cam paign against the british which has produced close to 2,000 casualties since early july ostensibly acting to punish arab residents for their assistance to the insurgents the british have withdrawn their police and administrative officers from bethlehem and other towns in southern palestine where the rebels have forthwith set up their own administration weeks of turmoil have finally caused the authori ties in london whose dilatory tactics and indeter minate policies have long encouraged the terrorists to take action along the lines recommended by the peel commission over a year ago strong reinforce ments bringing the number of british troops to over 20;000 are beginning the reconquest of abandoned territory the government has enrolled 7,500 jews in the police forces on october 13 an identification card system was introduced to facilitate the detection of rebels measures of this type should restore peace and order in large areas of the country within a few weeks the moment will then have arrived for unhurried consideration of a plan for the restoration of concord in palestine which the british government has prom ised to present to parliament after it meets on no vember 1 this plan will probably be based on the report of the woodhead technical commission ap pointed last spring by the british government to elaborate the details of the partition scheme sug gested by the peel commission in july 1937 it is generally believed that the uncompromising opposi tion of all arabs and many zionists to partition will impel the woodhead commission to stress the im practicability of such a solution for palestine at the page two present time on the other hand the commission is not likely to endorse the arab demands formally re iterated by a pan arab congress at cairo on octo ber 11 for annulment of the balfour declaration immediate cessation of all jewish immigration to the holy land and establishment of an independent arab government allied to britain with full minority rights for jews british military officials may also be expected to favor retention of a jewish foothold in this vital strategic area rather than its relinquish ment to an arab group which has not hesitated to make overtures to the fascist powers meanwhile zionist circles which have good rea son to fear that the new british plan will severely curtail jewish immigration are demanding that the british government should not yield to arab com pulsion but should carry out its pledge to assist in the establishment of a jewish national home in the united states zionists have requested the state de partment to support their cause in london under the terms of the anglo american convention of decem ber 3 1924 under an interpretation of this treaty published on october 14 however the united states cannot prevent modification of the terms of any mandate but may merely decline to recognize the validity of the application to american interests of any modification of the mandates unless such modifi cation has been assented to by the government of the united states american intervention will there fore be confined to measures to safeguard american property in palestine and the 9,000 american citi zens resident there against unfavorable or discrim inatory treatment the basic issue is clear arabs are determined never to permit the jews to become a majority in palestine while the jews steadfastly refuse to accept any solution which would condemn them to a minor ity status in view of the ultimate necessity for cordial arab jewish relations in the holy land both sides might profitably consider a compromise settle ment such a settlement would involve retention of british supervision for the time being large powers of local self government for jewish and arab dis tricts and agreement on a maximum rate of jewish immigration for a period of ten or fifteen years without decision on the question of final majority status if an annual immigration figure of 20,000 jews approximately equal to the average rate of arrival in the ten years 1927 1936 were accepted and fully maintained the jews would constitute only 44 per cent of the population at as late a date as 1960 a rational compromise of this sort would pro vide a foundation for the resumption of peaceful re lations among arabs jews and britons which could not fail to benefit them all davip h poprer b loo the owi interna lima tance i ameri monte for thi latin j trend econor a com to the makin comes shiftin prestis with the ut suppo oceans latin alt been in eu tratior quest spreac tators to use regarc threat eurof influe leagu leagu gene for th doubt impe consi quent effect resigi the activi opini roos was gent him own pear unit in er sion is ally re 1 octo ration 1 to the endent uinnority also be nold in nquish ated to od rea everely hat the b com ss1st 1n in the ate de der the decem treaty 1 states of any lize the ests of modifi t of the there nerican an citi liscrim rmined ority in accept minor sity for id both settle tion of powers rab dis jewish 1 years na jority 20,000 rate of ccepted ite only date as ald pro eful re h could pper oom washington news letter looking toward the lima conference owing to recent developments in europe the eighth international conference of american states meeting at lima peru on december 9 is assuming a special impor tance in washington as well as in the capitals of the other american republics since the last regular conference at montevideo 1933 and the inter american conference for the maintenance of peace at buenos aires 1936 latin american policies have been gradually reshaped the trend is toward a greater inter american solidarity closer economic and cultural ties between american countries and a common front of the western hemisphere with respect to the world’s political problems the state department is making every effort to facilitate this movement which be comes increasingly important to its foreign policy with the shifting of the balance of power in europe the diminished prestige of britain after munich and its preoccupation with central europe and the mediterranean indicate that the united states may no longer be able to count on british support in simultaneously maintaining the security of two oceans and protecting its interests both in the orient and latin america although the administration’s good neighbor policy has been in part responsible for this growing solidarity events in europe have accelerated the trend the increasing pene tration of germany and italy into latin america in the quest for raw materials has been accompanied by wide spread fascist propaganda the methods of the fascist dic tatorships in south america and their avowed willingness to use force as an instrument of policy in europe are now regarded by some latin american countries as an eventual threat to their security the growth of power politics in europe has been paralleled by the declining prestige and influence of the league of nations the absorption of the league in european affairs the financial burden involved in league activities and the geographical distance from geneva have also diminished latin america’s enthusiasm for the league finally the good neighbor policy has un doubtedly gone a long way to allay fears of united states imperialism against which league membership was once considered a counterweight the league system conse quently no longer appears to be either a necessary or an effective protection eight american republics have already resigned from the league or served notice of resignation the others while cooperating in many of the technical activities of the league are becoming disillusioned in the practicability of its ideals and in its ability to preserve peace evidence of a common attitude toward non american issues was found in the reaction of governments and public opinion in the latin american republics to president roosevelt’s two appeals to chancellor hitler his action was praised everywhere and the governments of the ar gentine brazil chile peru and others publicly supported him and seconded his appeals with cables of their own today as in 1917 1918 many of these countries ap pear to favor collaboration and parallel action with the united states in larger matters of foreign policy in purely regional affairs the announcement on octo ber 10 of the arbitral award in the chaco dispute between paraguay and bolivia marked an important milestone in inter american relations representatives of six republics formed the mediation commission which brought about the final settlement of this vexatious and costly boundary con flict two days later ecuador appealed to five of these re publics for intervention in a friendly manner to settle its century old boundary dispute with peru the united states and mexico are at present anxiously seeking a compromise formula to resolve their current quarrel over expropriation claims before the opening of the lima conference these claims may finally be adjudicated by an impartial commission under the gondra treaty of 1923 such conciliatory pro cedures offer a striking contrast to the present strong arm methods practiced in europe the lima conference will thus convene in an atmosphere conducive to inter american agreement which should lead to further discussion of some system of regional security it will offer an opportunity to work out the techniques of international cooperation in an area not torn by serif as is europe today it meets at a time when there is widespread feeling that the americas must strive to remain aloof from european difficulties and ideologies while practicing the american principle of pacific settlement of ianeemaiion disputes against a background of democracy and inter american solidarity the lima agenda the program for the lima conference has been approved by the various governments members of the pan american union it consists of seven chapters the organization of peace international law economic problems political and civil rights for women intellectual cooperation and moral disarmament the relations between the pan american union and the international conferences of american states and reports the questions which will more than likely receive the most attention are those dealing with economic problems and the organization of peace organization of peace in the section devoted to the organization of peace the most ambitious proposal for dis cussion is the creation of a league or association of ameri can nations the buenos aires conference delegated colombia and the dominican republic to prepare a scheme for such an organization in times past unsuccessful efforts have been made to graft political functions onto the pan american union which acts as a permanent administrative office only for cooperation between the nations in economic legal social and cultural matters in view of the negative attitude of the argentine delegation and others in 1936 to any political organization of the americas little hope for this project is entertained for 1938 a plan to create an inter american court of international justice will more than likely have a similar fate since the argentine the united states and others have always maintained that as international laws have universal application they should not be subjected to regional juridical opinion to press for proposals implying serious collective obligations might have the effect of dividing the american republics into two camps which would be hardly conducive to future har mony eae consultation another important topic for deliberation is the perfecting and coordination of inter american peace instruments discussion regarding sanctions and determina tion of the aggressor will be renewed and the delegates will consider further projects to strengthen the means for pre vention of war the buenos aires convention for the maintenance preservation and re establishment of peace popularly known as the consultative pact was hardly a mutual guarantee of collective security although it was ex tremely important as a new procedure for concerted action article ii of the consultative pact is merely an agreement to consult with other american states to determine whether they find it desirable to eventually cooperate in some action tending to preserve the peace of the american continent the present conciliatory attitude among american coun tries however and the increased possibilities of a general european war may impel the delegates to seek a more definite provision for consultation and a more effective machinery for insuring peace than now exists it also seems probable that an effort may now be made to set up some sort of a permanent inter american consultative commit tee as was suggested by the united states delegation in its draft convention on treaty coordination and neutrality such a committee would have the continuing function of assisting states in the observation of treaty obligations and in their collaboration on ways and means of preventing conflicts while also furnishing a permanent mechanism for the consultation provided for in the buenos aires treaties finally either another declaration will be made or a treaty signed with respect to the american doctrine of the non recognition of territory acquired by force this will involve no new commitments since three previous conferences and the declaration at washington on august 3 1932 have all embodied this principle economic problems the effort to promote closer eco nomic relations between the american countries as affirmed at buenos aires in the resolutions to reduce trade restric tions and to insure equality of treatment will be continued at lima it is generally admitted however that tariff re duction by multilateral treaty is impossible and that the only practical application of these resolutions lies in bi lateral negotiation other items on the agenda are immi gration the possibility of establishing an inter american institute of economics and finance and the appointment of a commission to bring about uniformity between com mercial and civil law also important will be the efforts to facilitate inter american communications by reviewing such page four questions as port and shipping facilities and the progress of the pan american highway the hull reciprocal trade program has had reasonable success in increasing the percentage of united states trade with latin america ten reciprocal trade treaties now exist with these countries the inroads of german trade at the expense of the united states however cannot be min imized the willingness of germany to absorb great quan tities of the raw material products of latin american coun tries and the system of payment by use of aski marks and compensation agreements create serious handicaps for the united states exporter although south american countries are more than ever susceptible to north ameti can economic influence the natural trend of their trade in many respects is in the direction of europe moreover the tendency toward economic nationalism is finding expres sion in the promotion of industrialization no good omen for increased foreign commerce the two related prob lems 1 export subsidies whether direct in the form of loans to south american banks or as blocked currency and 2 import restrictions in the form of exchange controls quotas import duties and discriminatory freight rates are very complicated it is extremely doubtful if the lima conference can go far in alleviating this situation the united states will send a strong delegation to the lima conference in all probability headed by secretary of state hull whose modest diplomacy has made him ex tremely popular in south america this fact and the rumor that president roosevelt may also be present stresses the point that the united states is particularly anxious to sup port every effort to preserve the peace commerce and solidarity of the americas the united states delegation will again be careful to avoid giving the impression of leadership and will seek to accomplish its ends by means of the friendly cooperative approach rather than by pres sure with the eclipse of saavedra lamas as a political figure in the argentine it is possible that the argentine delegation will be less obdurate than in 1936 regarding regional security proposals in the present state of world affairs the formal items on the agenda at lima are likely to be overshadowed by larger political and economic issues these larger issues may not be resolved or even dealt with in the final conventions or reso lutions but if the mutual understanding of the american states is increased this understanding will eventually find expression in closer ties between the republics of the west ern hemisphere frederick t merrill the f.dp.a bookshelf our trade with britain bases for a reciprocal tariff agreement by percy wells bidwell new york coun cil on foreign relations 1938 1.50 the problems to be faced in negotiating the contem plated anglo american trade agreement are competently discussed in their economic context trade trends in both countries and the recent history of their commercial policies and so to war by hubert herring new haven yale university press 1938 2.00 an able and caustic if somewhat journalese presenta tion of the case for american neutrality and non involve ment in the corflicts of europe and asia should be read in conjunction with hamilton fish armstrong’s we or they the republics of south america by a study group of members of the royal institute of international affairs new york oxford university press 1937 8.50 a balanced and scholarly survey for the general reader of the geography history economics and culture of south america’s ten republics the work which was prepared under the chairmanship of philip guedalla includes chap ters on the land problem labor conditions and the labor movement finances religion culture and education and international relations foreign policy bulletin vol xvii no 52 ocrospger 21 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond leste buell president dorotuy f lest secretary vera michs.es dsan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year ars f p a membership five dollars a year er the expres 1 omen prob orm of cy and ontrols es are e lima to the etary of 11m ex e rumor sses the to sup rce and legation ssion of y means by pres political rgentine garding items on oy larger y not be or reso merican ally find re west 2rrill e read in or they affairs 50 al reader of south prepared es chap the labor tion and national tan editor +subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff vou xviii no 1 october 28 1938 the nazi drive to the east by stoyan pribichevich yugoslavia rumania and hungary are directly in the path of germany’s drive to the east the question is what will be germany’s next objective this report an alyzes the political and economic development of these three countries as well as nazi penetration since 1933 october 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents each entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 britain counts the cost of munich 2 pede vehement protests by members of all parties in britain against the munich settle ment the prestige of the chamberlain government appears to have suffered little damage relief over the last minute escape from war has outweighed re sentment over the price of peace prime minister chamberlain has fortified his position in parliament by the argument that the labor party had become wart mongers at the very moment when their previous advocacy of disarmament and pacifism had weak ened british power by combining the réle of peace maker and proponent of rearmament mr chamber lain has spiked the guns of the labor opposition which lacks effective leadership and program for re taliation even the divergence of opinion within the conservative party can hardly succeed in overthrow ing the prime minister for mr churchill is not trusted throughout the country and mr eden has been slow in organizing any secession movement britain's failure to take up cudgels on behalf of czechoslovakia was probably due to its unwilling ness and inability to check the nazi drive either by bluff or a brief conflict not only were the conserva tive leaders anxious to come to terms with the hitler régime and divert its expansion to the east but pub lic opinion at large was undecided regarding the fundamental issues involved revision of the ver sailles treaties and concessions to germany had so long been urged in pre hitler days especially by liberal and radical spokesmen that the average citi zen was torn between sympathy for german nation alism and antipathy for nazi dictatorship in the last analysis the prevailing belief that the sudetens were not worth the bombardment of london proved a de cisive factor in british inaction whether britain was militarily ready to deter germany if the chamberlain government had de cided to force the issue remains a highly debatable question in a lorig war czechoslovakia france russia and britain unquestionably would have had a military and economic predominance in a brief conflict however germany and italy were in a posi tion to deliver a smashing blow at czechoslovakia and to inflict heavy damage on paris and london the military issue turned on the question whether the czechs could have resisted long enough two or three weeks before being rescued by a french land attack russian air resistance and british naval power the answer will never be known but the conservatives can argue successfully that they were unable to bluff hitler because of the impossibility of giving immediate aid to czechoslovakia whether this military weakness was the real cause of the chamberlain surrender or merely a conven ient alibi considerable criticism has already been lev eled at the failure of the government in power since 1931 and in dread of hitler since 1933 to be prepared for just such an emergency despite gigantic defense appropriations totaling 162.6 million for 1937 261.6 million for 1938 and 319.6 million for 1939 only the navy functioned effectively dur ing the mobilization neither the anti aircraft units in the territorial army corresponding to our na tional guard nor the air raids precaution depart ment at the home office were fully prepared for attacks on london while the air force probably superior to germany in first line planes and pilots still lacked actual and potential reserve planes con flict over governmental jurisdiction and distribution of costs has hampered a.r.p for many months while military and civilian experts wrangled over the defense of london the largest and most vulner able capital in the world production of airplanes has been delayed by bureaucratic red tape the desire to perfect models before manufacture and lack of co ordination in industry this unpreparedness appat ently involving widespread inefficiency and negli gence may arouse very serious opposition in par liament the prime minister is expected to reshuffle his cabinet filling the vacancies left by the resigna tion of mr duff cooper and the death of lord stan ley and perhaps creating new ministries of supply and civilian defense the immediate consequence of the munich truce is acceleration of the armament program involving intensified production enlarged air forces additional a.r.p work and probably the creation of expedi tionary forces the minister of war mr leslie hore belisha announced on october 10 the complete reorganization of the territorial army with three new anti aircraft divisions and new mobile divisions capable of overseas combat leaders of the govern ment have frequently hinted at schemes for national registration by which all citizens would be trained and perhaps eventually conscripted for wartime ser vices with the loss of czechoslovakia as an ally the weakening of france and the isolation of the soviet union the british are compelled to count the cost of munich since the defeat of germany would now require far greater offensive operations in the west the british are facing increased taxation and public debt new dislocations of the national econ omy and the introduction of semi wartime control of civilians simultaneously the chamberlain gov ernment will probably endeavor to strengthen its diplomatic position by liquidating the far eastern conflict restoring british prestige in the near east and seeking to detach italy from the rome berlin axis james frederick green poles seek to stem nazi tide since germany's triumph at munich poland and hungary backed by italy have struggled to enforce their territorial claims on czechoslovakia and to build defenses against german eastward expansion the hungarian government threatened at home by a growing nazi movement which called for im mediate military action against prague was appar ently restrained in september by warnings from rumania and yugoslavia czechoslovakia’s partners in the little entente on october 5 it called for im mediate negotiations and in a conference on octo ber 8 demanded outright cession of magyar major ity districts in slovakia and ruthenia and a plebiscite in the rest of slovakia leaving its claim to ruthenia to be pressed by poland these magyar areas deter mined according to the 1910 census figures appar ently included about 13,000 square kilometers of territory with a population of over a million and bratislava czechoslovakia’s only important port on the danube as well as other important towns containing magyar minorities the slovak auton page two omist government to which prague had entrusted the negotiations allowed hungary to occupy two towns but offered only a fraction of the territory claimed opposing the use of the 1910 census it asked that cessions be determined according to the figures of either 1930 or 1870 taken before the in tensive magyarization of slovakia when a dead lock was reached hungary broke off the negotiations appealed to the munich powers and on october 14 ordered the mobilization of five army classes at the same time armed bands of hungarian irregulars made incursions into slovak and ruthenian territory poland which has already taken from czechoslo vakia four districts which include according to 1930 czech figures 76,000 poles and 120,000 czechs is primarily concerned with the problem of setting limits to germany's eastward expansion czechoslo vakia’s grant of antonomy to ruthenia apparently added to its apprehensions remembering the two autonomous ukrainian republics created under german control in 1918 the poles fear that ruthenia may soon become an ukrainian piedmont and seek to unite under german auspices the 40 million or more ukrainians of poland and the soviet union into a new state foreign minister beck who had long sought to create a bloc of states forming a cordon sanitaire between germany and the soviet union redoubled his efforts to bring about a parti tion of ruthenia czechoslovakia’s eastern province in which hungary would receive the lion’s share while poland and rumania would gain small por tions along their frontiers on his visit to bucharest on october 19 however he failed to secure king carol’s support for this plan which had received mussolini’s discreet support meanwhile germany which has already gained a stranglehold on czechoslovakia’s defenses railways and economic life wants to keep eastern czecho slovakia intact as an open road to the east after visits by czech slovak and ruthenian ministers ger man officials on october 20 expressed their coolness to the hungarian and polish claims they intimated that germany would oppose the partition of ru thenia and insisted that czechoslovakia’s cessions to hungary be limited to districts which presum ably according to the 1910 census had magyar majorities thereby excluding bratislava simultaneous attacks on lithuania in the german and polish press on october 19 created a suspicion that colonel beck was seeking to buy german support for the partition of czechoslovakia by offering to partition lithuania at the same time on october 23 hungary rejected a new czech proposal but scaled its demands for immediate ces sions to about 10,000 square kilometers and offered continued on page 4 ooo a s on int of w rec sul ter fu ww re pe th fo wr a 2 a oo ns sl oe ee el a a ed ad ee er se washington news letter washington bureau national press building oct 25 to understand current pronouncements on american foreign policy it is essential to take into account two general or widely divergent schools of thought which have emerged more sharply in washington since the munich settlement failure to recognize these two official points of view has re sulted in several confusing but quite natural in terpretations within the past few days mr kennedy’s speech ambassador kennedy's trafalgar day speech in london is a case in point at least half of the interpretive news stories sent from washington accepted mr kennedy's assertion that it is unproductive for both democratic and dictator countries to widen the division now existing between them as evidence of a major shift in ad ministration policy looking toward collaboration with the totalitarian states this conclusion was not un natural in view of the fact that the ambassador's remarks contrasted rather sharply with certain past pronouncements from washington and the added fact that mr kennedy’s speech had been sent to the state department in advance read and approved without change other interpretations either de scribed the speech as a trial balloon or accepted the state department's embarrassed explanation that our ambassador was speaking as an individual mr walter lippman ironically portrayed mr kennedy as just another amateur diplomat airing his private views in public most of these explanations are wide of the mark mr kennedy was certainly not laying down a new foreign policy for the administration and it is doubt ful whether he was flying a trial balloon but neither was he merely voicing his own private opinions in reality he was expressing in his own words the point of view held by one of the two schools of thought represented in the state department and found in the inner group of the president's advisers the influence of these two schools had been felt in washington long before the recent crisis and the respective positions had become familiar one group including professional diplomats as well as ama teurs had deprecated efforts to align the democra cies against the dictatorships on the ground that it was dangerous and futile to accentuate ideological differences the second group equally representa tive of professional and non career men liberals and conservatives had argued that concessions could not be made to the dictators without strengthening the aggressive tendencies inherent in fascism before the first meeting between chamberlain and hitler at berchtesgaden the state department strove valiantly if not always with conspicuous success to fol low a middle course half way between these two extremes for a brief interval at the height of the crisis both points of view found a common ground in the emergency steps taken by president roose velt in the weeks since munich the march of events has not only demonstrated the increasing difficulty of a middle of the road position but has also re vived the two schools of thought today it is quite apparent that both groups have been forced to shift their ground in important re spects but if the concerted action school sees no immediate opportunity to revive the democratic front in europe it is not yet prepared to abandon the far east or to follow mr chamberlain in mak ing further concessions to nazi germany on the other hand the collaborationists while urging the necessity for a solution of the common problems confronting democracies and dictators alike are by no means prepared to accept peace at any price thus in weighing the position of the united states in the post munich world there is full agreement on the program for strengthening political and economic ties in the western hemisphere there is also com plete agreement on the rearmament program trade issue to the fore if the administration is forced to choose between limited collaboration or open opposition to the totalitarian states the first issue is likely to center on economic and trade rela tions last week unofficial reports from berlin in dicated that the german economics ministry is anxious to explore the possibility of a triangular trade agreement between the united states great britain and germany such an agreement accord ing to german sources would make it possible for the reich to purchase large quantities of american wheat cotton and tobacco while germany lacks foreign exchange to pay for additional purchases in the american market the triangular arrangement would enable the reich to supply britain with chemicals and other products the proceeds of which would cover payments to the united states washington officials have no direct knowledge of this ingenious scheme and in any case they will not be able to consider any new agreement until the british negotiations are terminated but assuming that the british government is prepared to make the concessions on farm products necessary to assure the signing of an agreement which washington still expects then the whole question of the future of the hull program will come up for consideration any agreement with the totalitarian states would certainly involve the sacrifice of the most favored nation principle but even in latin america officials admit that modifications will have to be made to meet the exchange controls of countries like argentina when this larger issue is faced as it must be in the near future the administration may be compelled to make a choice between the two schools of thought w t stone poles seek to stem nazi tide continued from page 2 to submit disputed questions to germany italy and poland although hungary apparently threatened attack in case of non compliance by october 26 the three neutral powers seemed ready to settle remain ing differences by compromise pay b taylor page four mr buell granted leave of absence the board of directors has granted mr buell a six months leave of absence beginning january 1 he will organize for fortune a series of round tables composed of representative business pro fessional labor and intellectual leaders to discuss and seek solutions for pressing national problems within the framework of traditional american ideals the results of these discussions will be peri odically published in fortune during mr buell’s absence the board has named mr stone acting president while miss leet will be in charge of administration including personnel mrs dean of course will continue as research director while on leave mr buell will continue his respon sibilities with regard to the general policies of the association especially the work of the research de partment and its publications the f.p.a bookshelf people at bay the jewish problem in east central europe by oscar j janowsky new york oxford 1938 1.75 an excellent analysis of the problems of the five and a half million persecuted jews living between the eastern border of germany and the soviet union the author rightly regards the cold pogrom economic strangula tion as their greatest danger he suggests the creation of a single responsible jewish body to negotiate with the gov ernments involved regarding feasible remedial measures hungary and her successors the treaty of trianon and its consequences 1919 1937 by c a macartney issued under the auspices of the royal institute of interna tional affairs new york oxford university press 1937 8.50 a well known british student of minority problems makes an exhaustive study of the regions which hungary was forced to surrender under the treaty of trianon he sympathizes with the hungarian demand for treaty re vision but believes that integral revision is impossible today the only permanent solution of the problems of the danubian basin in his opinion is transformation of that area into an eastern switzerland meanwhile he advocates a lesser revision which in accordance with the principle of self determination would restore to hun gary sections of czechoslovakia and rumania at present inhabited predominantly by hungarians the reciprocal trade policy of the united states a study in trade philosophy by henry j tasca phila delphia university of pennsylvania press 1938 3.50 a scholarly analysis and defense of secretary hull’s commercial policy our country our people and theirs by m e tracy new york macmillan 1938 1.75 an interesting and useful comparison enlivened by pic torial statistics of many phases of political social and economic life in italy germany the soviet union and the united states by placing similar data for each country in parallel columns on the same page mr tracy permits readers to draw their own conclusions with re spect to the superiority of democratic government over one party dictatorial régimes while some of his state ments might be challenged the presentation is generally well balanced the book represents a valuable educational experiment in the best democratic tradition land utilization in china by john lossing buck chicago university of chicago press 1938 3 vols 15.00 this outstanding scientific study of chinese agriculture is based on data affecting 16,786 farms and 38,256 farm families in 22 provinces of china during the 1929 1933 period it includes chapters on topography climate soils crops livestock marketing and prices population nutri tion and standard of living land tenure issues affecting tenantry and landlordism are not treated the second volume an atlas is already published while the third volume or statistics will be issued shortly the government of the soviet union by samuel n harper new york van nostrand 1938 1.25 in this excellent survey professor harper of chicago university gives an illuminating analysis of the political structure of the soviet state the chapters on public ad ministration public services and relations between the state and the individual are particularly valuable foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 1 ocroper 28 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nationa headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond leste buell president dorothy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year es f p a membership five dollars a year we ne sui co ta th lo ww co +ice uell a ary 1 ound pro liscuss blems erican peri 1amed vill be onnel search espon of the ch de tracy by pic ial and ion and or each tracy with re nt over is state enerally cational chicago 5.00 riculture 56 farm 929 1933 te soils n nutri affecting second he third muel n 25 chicago political ublic ad veen the nationa an editor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xviii no 2 november 4 1938 shadow over europe by shepard stone what new demands is hitler likely to make shadow over europe shows how the treaty of versailles and post war conditions contributed to hitler’s rise to power and presents a challenging picture of the nazi dictatorship its domestic policies and its dreams of empire from it you will learn what the nazi dictatorship means to the average german and what it means to the rest of the world headline books no 15 25 cents each entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 has japan won the war w ith canton and hankow falling to japanese arms in rapid succession during the closing weeks of october the war in china has entered a new phase while in japan these victories will tend to consolidate the position of the army extremists previously strengthened by hitler’s triumph at munich they do not presage the collapse of chinese resistance or the end of the war in this new phase the sino japanese conflict seems likely to be marked by even greater dispersal of japanese armed forces in china’s interior provinces and by increased japanese pressure on the political and economic in terests of the western powers in the far east in the assault on canton japan’s military and naval forces carried through the speediest and most successful operation of the war a landing on bias bay some 75 miles east of canton was successfully accomplished on october 12 supported by other columns which effected landings on the pearl river this force rapidly overwhelmed chinese resistance and entered canton on october 21 the reported surrender of general yu han mou commander of the chinese southern forces has not been confirmed suspicion of a betrayal on this front will be lessened if it should turn out that general yu is still com manding the chinese armies which withdrew north ward along the railway reports from chinese mili tary headquarters claim that the withdrawal from canton was deliberately effected in order to draw the japanese forces into the interior meanwhile the long sustained chinese defense of the hankow area was also breaking down with the railway cut north of hankow and threatened to the south the chinese command ordered a general evacuation before re treat was made impossible the withdrawal was effected in good order without serious losses of men asiatic sequel to the munich accord foreign policy bulletin october 21 1938 or munitions and japanese vanguards entered han kow and wuchang on october 25 these events were accompanied by an umprece dented barrage of peace propaganda emanating chiefly from hongkong a united press report from that city on october 22 went to the length of asserting that generalissimo chiang kai shek had flown to hongkong and was suing for peace the answer to such reports was given by the generalissimo himself on october 28 when he stated that the spirit of national solidarity was increasingly evident and this spirit is the foundation of our resistance stressing the long period devoted to development of west china where bases for operations are estab lished he declared that china would prolong re sistance until victory is ours this message emanat ing from an unidentified military headquarters was addressed to the second session of the national people’s political assembly which convened on oc tober 28 at chungking the provisional capital it is already evident that a decisive victory has once again eluded japan’s grasp as at hsiichow in may the chinese central armies have not been crushed and are prepared to continue the struggle for months past the factory and industrial equip ment of hankow has been gradually dismantled and sent up river no important defections have occurred in china’s leadership even among the supposed wavering elements some ten days before hankow’s fall general chu teh commander of the eighth communist army conferred with generalissimo chiang kai shek and then returned to the northern front the japanese forces are now compelled to fight on widely separated fronts in north central and south china their next major objective is the 500 mile stretch of railway still in chinese possession running from south of hankow to north of canton it may be months before this line is completely oc sss er cupied another difficult campaign must be fought for control of the western end of the lunghai rail way from chengchow to sian these operations will hardly permit release of sufficient japanese troops to cope with the guerrilla forces which will develop their organization and spread their control in the regions behind the railway lines japanese exploita tion of the conquered areas consisting of railway corridors cut off from the economic life of the hinter land cannot prove profitable enough to lessen ma terially the economic strain on japan against this prospect the japanese can set off few specific gains occupation of canton and hankow has partially restored the prestige of japanese arms and will add to china’s difficulty in importing munitions neither of these results however seems likely to break down chinese resistance in the near future as japan’s war minister has admitted japan’s economic difficulties together with the weaknesses manifested by the western democracies have stimulated an increasingly aggressive attack by tokyo on foreign interests in the far east a jap anese spokesman at shanghai declared on october 26 that japan could not accept responsibility for damage inflicted on the property of third powers in china three days later japan reiterated an earlier protest to france against shipment of munitions consigned to china via the haiphong yunnan railway through indo china this warning is thought to presage jap anese occupation of hainan island a chinese pos session from which japan could threaten french indo china leaders of the tohokai a nationalist splinter party in the diet have demanded virtual seizure of the foreign concessions and settlements in china at the same time japan is steadily closing the open door in the occupied areas the american note to japan dated october 6 and released at washington on october 27 carefully enumerated the methods by which japanese authori ties are squeezing out foreign economic interests exchange control tariff alterations monopolistic companies censorship of mail and telegrams restric tions on freedom of residence and travel by ameri can nationals and other measures are being employed by the various puppet régimes to break down foreign business rights in china for the first time this note hints at the possibility of reprisal by pointing out that the united states has not discriminated against japanese nationals in its territory through establish ment of embargoes import prohibitions exchange controls preferential restrictions and similar measures this sentence formulates a legal basis on which the united states could move to restrict jap anese access to the american market which has been furnishing japan with the bulk of its war supplies t a bisson page two france falls back on its empire the thirty fifth annual congress of the french radical socialist party held at marseilles from oc tober 26 to 29 has charted the course by which france hopes to extricate itself from its international and internal difficulties admitting the collapse of the french system of alliances in eastern europe as well as the league of nations premier daladier foreign minister georges bonnet and edouard her riot joined in advocating a new start in french for eign policy daladier envisaged direct agreements with germany and italy based on the sole defense of national interests a suggestion hailed with ap proval by the nazi press stoutly denying that the munich agreement constituted a french defeat the premier was nevertheless constrained to focus france’s creative energies on a new objective a defense of french national security by increased em phasis on the development of the empire and the maintenance of free communications between it and the mother country the new conception of france as a maritime western european and colonial power rather than a contestant with the reich for european hegemony was adopted by the congress which on october 29 passed a resolution urging the government to reject energetically all colonial claims of a terri torial type as far as french colonies are concerned and to limit possible negotiations exclusively to a study of fair redistribution of raw materials the delegates also sent up a trial balloon regarding pos sible american assistance in the reconstruction of europe by calling for an international conference to remedy the world’s economic disorders to fulfill this abrupt reorientation of french for eign policy m bonnet is already seeking a general declaration of friendship from berlin similar to that brought back from munich by mr chamberlain such a declaration would reassure frenchmen who fear that the hitler chamberlain accord may prove a step toward complete diplomatic isolation of france germany has as yet made no concrete offer in response to these advances french insistence on the territorial status guo for french colonies may be interpreted as an attempt to stabilize the existing strategic situation of the third republic with respect to the reich having yielded supremacy in eastern europe to adolf hitler france wants in return to continue undisturbed ex ploitation of its colonial empire nazi leaders how ever can see no reason to abandon their colonial claims for mere recognition of their european position which the french are now in any case pow erless to oppose on october 29 general franz ritter von epp leader of the german colonial league demanded the return of germany's pre war continued on page 4 e french m oc which ational pse of ype as ladier d her ch for ements fense ith ap vat the at the focus 1ive a ed em nd the it and ance as power ropean lich on roment a terri cerned ly toa the 1g pos ion of ence to ch for general to that erlain n who y prove ion of te offer quo fot smpt to third yielded hitler bed ex s how colonial 1ropean se pow franz olonial pre war washin gton news letter washington bureau national press building nov 1 during recent months washington cor respondents have learned to watch the timing as well as the content of state department pronounce ments as a general rule they have discovered that timing is just as important as content and often more revealing last week was no exception for in mak ing public its strongly worded note to japan on oc tober 27 the state department chose a moment when tokyo was obviously looking for the reaction of the western powers to the occupation of canton and the fall of hankow the open door in china the note was actually delivered by ambassador grew in tokyo on october 6 just ten days after munich and before the japanese drive on canton had been formally launched but even at that time washington knew enough of tokyo's plans to anticipate developments while officials here did not expect canton to fall as quickly as it did they knew that the launching of this southern drive would be followed shortly by a campaign to eliminate the remnants of western in fluence in china they suspected that this campaign would be directed primarily against britain and france at least in the beginning and that the united states would be approached with greater cau tion moreover washington clearly suspected that britain and france being still vulnerable in europe might be inclined to consider a safe retreat along the lines of a far eastern munich settlement the fact that publication of our protest to tokyo followed within twenty four hours the president's radio address to the new york herald tribune forum was apparently a coincidence without special significance there is no evidence at any rate that mr roosevelt's ringing denunciation of force in international relations was framed as a base for any clear cut policy in the far east his declaration that there can be no peace if national policy adopts as a deliberate instrument the threat of war reflected an attitude which has been voiced before but contained no hint of a new program the state department note on the other hand contained something more than a mere protest against repeated violations of the open door by citing specific instances in which japan has dis criminated against american trade in manchuria and the areas now under japanese domination in china mr hull laid the legal basis for a future bill of complaints he implied that the united states does not intend to recognize japan’s new position in asia and by calling attention to the disparity be tween the treatment accorded american nationals and their trade in china and the equality of treat ment accorded japanese nationals and their trade in the united states he plainly hinted at the possi bility of reprisals trade reprisals but just what reprisals are con templated is far from clear concerted embargoes with other interested powers are scarcely possible if britain is moving toward a munich accord with japan and the fact that the administration has taken no steps to appoint a new ambassador to moscow hardly indicates a great desire to collaborate with the soviet union one mild measure of retaliation is possible under the trade agreements act section 350 of the amended tariff act authorizes the president to with hold the benefits of the reciprocal trade treaties in the case of any country which resorts to discrimina tory treatment of american trade this punitive measure has been applied to germany on the ground of discriminatory treatment before it could be ap plied to japan however it would be necessary for the united states to denounce the general commer cial treaty of 1911 with japan which requires six months advance notice moreover even if the com mercial treaty were abrogated the reprisal would have little effect on japan as not more than two per cent of japan’s imports amounting to only 1 774,000 in the first nine months of 1937 benefit from existing trade agreements with other powers another more effective method of retaliation might be to extend the moral embargo on airplane shipments to other vital war materials sold to japan the monthly reports of the munitions control board indicate that secretary hull’s recent plea to ameri can airplane manufacturers has had considerable effect the records show that no licenses for the ex port of military planes have been issued to japan since june while actual exports dropped from 561 270 in july to 133,220 in august and to zero in september the fact that airplane manufacturers are operating close to capacity on united states govern ment orders and orders from other foreign countries may have something to do with this record of com pliance in any case most washington observers are quite certain that something more than a moral in junction will be necessary to cut down exports of petroleum scrap iron and other vital materials im portant to japan and so far no hint of outright embargoes has been heard in washington w t stone france falls back on its empire continued from page 2 colonies as a whole with compensation for any territory not retroceded in view of britain’s appar ent willingness to consider colonial transfers in africa and france’s complete dependence on britain it is difficult to see how paris can avoid territorial concessions a german establishment in togoland and the cameroons would jeopardize both the at lantic and the trans saharan imperial communica tions which premier daladier intends to defend italy's sea power in the mediterranean moreover particularly if enhanced by a fascist government in spain would constantly menace the vital routes be tween france and north africa japan’s advance in south china has already placed the french far eastern empire at tokyo’s mercy m daladier’s vision of a strong france secure in the possession of its colonial empire disregards the insatiable expan sionism of all three totalitarian states page four in internal affairs the radical socialist congress encouraged by evidence of a swing to the right in the senatorial elections of october 23 broke definitively with the communist party and sounded the formal deathknell of the popular front while france debated the merits of a guided economy in which the state would coordinate and stimulate industrial production without proceeding to the ex tremes of fascism the daladier cabinet in a meet ing on october 31 prepared to announce the decrees under which domestic economic revival was to be achieved labor organizations have already expressed their unwillingness to bear sacrifices unless capital does likewise should the socialists oppose the semi dictatorial powers which the cabinet will probably assume daladier may choose to govern with the support of a small parliamentary majority composed of the radical socialists and the right alternatively he might use his strongest weapon the threat of a dissolution of the chamber and new elections to secure socialist toleration for his government in either case it seems unlikely that left wing forces in france can halt the trend toward authoritarianism necessitated by the diplomatic situation in europe davip h popper the f.p.a bookshelf master kung by carl crow brothers 1938 3.50 this bold recreation of the life and times of confucius seeks to clothe the great chinese sage normally thought of as lifeless and unattractive with flesh and blood where more authentic source materials are lacking the author has chosen liberally from differing versions of episodes in confucius career while the result may not wholly con form to latest chinese scholarship it successfully achieves its main purpose of making confucius a living and like able personality the book is handsomely illustrated by some fifty traditional chinese prints depicting various incidents in master kung’s life new york harper force or reason issues of the twentieth century by hans kohn cambridge mass harvard university press 1937 1.50 a distinguished scholar depicts the antithesis between the anti intellectual cult of totalitarian force and the ra tionalistic essentially democratic doctrine of liberalism professor kohn urges us to meet the challenge of dictator ship by striving for a more perfect social order on an in ternational basis which will not do violence to man’s critical faculties or his social conscience the march of a nation by harold g cardozo new york robert m mcbride co 1937 2.75 the correspondent of the london daily mail an ardent partisan of the franco movement reports the insurgent campaigns during the first year of the spanish war the british empire by charles f mullett new york henry holt 1938 5.00 an historical survey of the empire very useful for textbook and reference purposes the war against the west by aurel kolnai new york viking 1938 4.00 an exhaustive analysis of national socialism based upon the works of its leading publicists in recent years the author contends that the nazi program which has put into practice the worst elements of pre war german philosophy threatens civilization and christianity in the western world observation in russia by sidney i luck new york macmillan 1938 2.50 an interesting day to day diary by a member of the british eclipse expedition which went to siberia in 1936 to observe the total eclipse of the sun i know these dictators by g ward price new york henry holt 1938 3.00 it is difficult to determine whether this glorification of hitler and mussolini by a famous british newspaper cor respondent is merely naive or downright insincere australia advances by david m dow new york funk and wagnalls 1938 2.00 an informal and entertaining account of almost every aspect of australian life foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 2 no 4per 4 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nationa headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymmonp lustre buell president dorothy f lest secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year eb 81 f p a membership five dollars a year an nov the mor pac thi lor intc tion +york ul for york based years ch has rerman in the york of the in 1936 y york ition of er cor c funk it every nationa n editor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 vol xviii no 3 november 11 1938 international aid to german refugees by david h popper what is being done to help the unfortunates who have fled from germany what can the league do to assist them what are the prospects for and the cost of resettlement what are the technical obstacles to emigration is the refu gee problem a jewish problem only mr popper answers these questions surveying the problem of political refugees from germany since 1933 as well as the work of the evian conference of last july november 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents each britain pays mussolini’s munich bill he overwhelming vote cast by an apathetic house of commons on november 2 in favor of the anglo italian accord of april 16 marked one more step in prime minister chamberlain’s policy of pacifying europe at the expense of weak countries this accord as stated in the accompanying letter of lord perth british ambassador to italy was to go into effect only after settlement of the spanish ques tion then momentarily expected to be reached as a result of franco’s victory in his november 2 speech to the house of commons mr chamberlain de clared that this condition had been met during the munich four power conference when mussolini volunteered the information that he intended to withdraw 10,000 men or about half of the italian infantry force which was done in early october this figure seems very low when compared with estimates both from loyalist and italian sources which place the number of italian soldiers in rebel spain between 40,000 and 80,000 the british gov ernment subsequently received definite assurances from i duce that the remaining italian forces of all categories will be withdrawn as soon as the non intervention committee recognizes franco's bel ligerent status that no further italian troops will be sent to spain and that the italian government had never for a moment entertained the idea of sending compensatory air forces to spain in lieu of the infantry forces which have now been withdrawn a promise contradicted by loyalist reports of fresh troop landings on rebel territory in addition hitler and mussolini informed mr chamberlain most definitely at munich that they had no territorial ambitions whatever in spain these assurances ac cording to the prime minister constitute a substan tial earnest of the good intentions of the italian government britain makes a deal with italy 1938 foreign policy bulletin april 22 ratification of the anglo italian accord is to be followed by de jure british recognition of italy's ethi opian conquest already recognized by france on octo ber 12 britain it seems will not extend unilateral recognition of franco’s belligerent status apparently leaving this decision to the london non intervention committee which now that the soviet union has been excluded from european councils serves as a mouthpiece for the munich powers mr chamber lain is thus paying in part at least mussolini’s bill for services rendered at munich where according to the british prime minister i duce saved the peace of europe it may well be asked however whether mussolini will consider ratification of the april 16 accord sufficient compensation for his eleventh hour intervention or demand territorial concessions in north africa for example in the french protec torate of tunis where the doctrine of self deter mination might be made to play the same liberating role for 100,000 italians that it did for 3,500,000 sudeten germans meanwhile mr chamberlain considers it per fectly clear that the spanish question is no longer a menace to the peace of europe while this is prob ably true since as mr chamberlain said the pow ers which declined to defend czechoslovakia would hardly fight on behalf of the spanish loyalists war in spain itself seems far from being terminated following the withdrawal of italian infantry whose presence in any case was more embarrassing than helpful for the franco cause the rebels launched a counter offensive on the ebro river gaining some ground but meeting with stubborn resistance on the part of the loyalists the barcelona government increasingly isolated from the outside world lacks war materials and foodstuffs but it is better organ ized both from the military and industrial point of view and less troubled by political dissension than at any time since the outbreak of civil war in 1936 looking at the situation in the post munich per spective it becomes increasingly clear that britain by summoning the league of nations in 1935 to apply sanctions against italy during the ethiopian war threw italy which had just begun to col laborate with france for the defense of austria’s independence into the arms of germany benefiting by this split in the stresa front hitler forged the rome berlin axis diverted italy from central europe to the mediterranean and cleared the way for con summation of austro german union hitherto op posed by mussolini franco british fear that really effective sanctions such as an oil embargo might provoke italian reprisals or conversely destroy the fascist régime left italy embittered against the western democracies without preventing its conquest of ethiopia this conquest france and britain are forced to recognize today when they can no longer derive any real advantage from the policy of con ciliation the real victor in the struggle over spain is neither italy nor the western democracies but germany profiting by the break up of a coalition that might effectively have opposed its eastward expan sion the third reich has established its hegemony in central europe and uses italy as a decoy to keep france and britain occupied in the western medi terranean vera micheles dean czech partition completed at vienna hungary's occupation between november 5 and 10 of the czechoslovak territory assigned to it by the german and italian foreign ministers at vienna on november 2 completes temporarily at least the partition of czechoslovakia begun at munich hun gaty has gained according to present estimates nearly 4,800 square miles of territory including uzhorod the ruthenian capital and practically all the other important cities of southern slovakia and ruthenia except bratislava and nitra estimates of the ceded population vary from 860,000 to 1,065,000 including from 140,000 to 400,000 slovaks and ruthenians while the vienna award did not fully satisfy the desires of hungary and poland backed by italy for complete partition of ruthenia it struck a blow at the communications economic resources and politi cal life of slovakia and ruthenia from which these regions now autonomous parts of czechoslovakia can recover only with great difficulty by severing the railway line east to rumania and cutting bratislava’s rail connections with the rest of slovakia the vienna award practically completes the ruin of czechoslo vakia’s national railway system loss of the fertile agricultural land in the south leaves chiefly poor mountainous districts especially in ruthenia which page two may prove a drain on the prague treasury loss of the ruthenian capital and other important cities dis rupts the political organization of the whole eastern part of the country the danger is increased by hun gary’s dissatisfaction with its territorial gains the continued activity of hungarian and polish irregu lars in ruthenian territory and the situation revealed by prague’s removal and arrest of andrew brody first premier of autonomous ruthenia on the charge of high treason poland’s territorial claims were settled on novem ber 1 by a czech polish agreement providing for the cession according to preliminary estimates of a little over 400 square miles of territory the ceded lands include the districts around teschen which had been occupied by poland before october 10 and two small additional areas in slovakia the first of these new sections a frontier strip adjoining teschen contains a railway running into poland and connect ing at skalice with the main line east from bohumin to budapest whose bohumin terminus poland had already obtained by its occupation of the teschen area the second is a district around javorina where after a dispute the boundary was delimited by agree ment in 1924 poland recently re opened the question and has received at least part of its earlier demands according to the czechoslovak census figures of 1930 czechs and slovaks form a majority in all three of these ceded areas taken as a whole the partition of czechoslovakia which has cost it a third of its population and nearly a third of its territory is another one sided application of the principle of self determination in central europe czechoslovakia’s new frontiers with hungary germany and to a certain extent with poland were drawn according to the austrian and hungarian censuses of 1910 the countries which benefit by this scheme contend that czechoslovakia since 1918 had denationalized its minority popula tions and conducted censuses unfairly much neutral opinion however supports the czech answer that the use of the 1910 census tips the scales even more unequally in favor of hungary and germany in slovakia and ruthenia an intensive magyariza tion campaign had by 1910 left the inhabitants com paratively little feeling of nationality while in bo hemia and moravia silesia the long dominance of the germans discouraged czechs from asserting their nationality the methods used in the hungarian census and to a lesser extent in the austrian census tended to minimize the minority population figures more seriously than post war czech methods while reducing the total minority populations in what was czechoslovak territory the new frontiers transfer large czechoslovak minorities to hungary germany continued on page 4 oss of es dis astern hun s the rregu vealed brody charge lovem ig for es of ceded which 0 and irst of schen ynnect humin id had eschen where agree lestion mands f 1930 ree of ovakia mn and e sided lation ontiers nt with an and which ovakia opula neutral er that mn more iny in yyariza ts com in bo ince of ig their ngarian census figures while lat was transfer ermany w ashington news letter washington bureau national press building nov 7 rearmament is rapidly becoming a major preoccupation of the administration al though it will be at least eight weeks before the new national defense program is ready for submission to congress washington is already buzzing with re ports and rumors about a score of rearmament schemes now under active consideration many of the published rumors are doubtless exaggerated and the more sensational schemes are certain to be modi fied before they emerge from the bureau of the budget nevertheless the defense survey has pro gressed far enough to indicate that the final program will not only be a primary factor in shaping our foreign policy but will have a profound effect on domestic policy and on our national economy as well the most striking feature of the program in its present tentative form is the emphasis placed on long term industrial projects by contrast the direct increases proposed for the army and navy seem small and almost insignificant the only direct de fense appropriation mentioned by mr roosevelt him self is an increase of 150,000,000 for the navy to be used for continuing the shipbuilding program and as the navy department will shortly complete the contracts for building three new capital ships in addition to three already under construction it will not have the facilities for laying down any more heavy battleships airplane production will undoubt edly be stepped up and new authorizations asked of congress but far more ambitious than any of these military and naval plans are the projects which fall under the head of industrial preparations these in clude among others the following projects 1 the gearing of industry into the war department's plan for industrial mobilization this will involve imme diate expansion of educational orders to several thousand factories for production of specialized war materials the nominal appropriation made by the last congress will be increased substantially 2 development of privately owned public utility op erating companies with the aid of federal funds to assure adequate power supply to some fifteen industrial centers 3 federal aid to railroads for the purpose of increasing modern rolling stock and improving and extending road beds settlement of the recent wage dispute in which the companies agreed not to reduce wages was presumably a condition of government assistance under the railroad defense project 4 stimulating domestic production of strategic and critical raw materials or purchase abroad to provide re serve stocks to meet the needs of a war emergency the bureau of mines has been authorized to determine the possibilities of producing these deficiency metals such as manganese tungsten chromite bauxite and vanadium from low grade domestic ores and wherever possible to promote their production for peace time uses in the case of certain key minerals available only abroad congress will be asked to appropriate funds to build up large reserve stocks in this country the immediate effect of this phase of the defense program on our domestic economic situation is un doubtedly one reason for the enthusiasm shown in certain political quarters including some of the more ardent new dealers to the war department the expansion of educational orders is nothing more than the realization of a primary sector of the industrial mobilization plan on which the army has been work ing for more than fifteen years but to some of the administration economists industrial defense ex penditures promise to be a more effective and far more attractive method of pump priming than pub lic works this kind of armament spending it is pointed out will go largely into the capital goods industries which have been lagging for so many months they will stimulate production of steel machine tools rolling mills and railroad equipment and hence hasten recovery moreover they will not meet with the opposition which has so hampered other forms of government spending this argument is appealing and is apparently making considerable headway when it was used a year ago just before the naval expansion program was sent to congress it was vetoed by several de partment heads who looked with disfavor on using national defense as a means to recovery but in the weeks since munich there has been a note of slight hysteria in much of the rearmament talk and in the present atmosphere many ill considered projects are finding their way into the rearmament program on the other hand there is evidence that a few responsible officials are beginning to be concerned by the possible economic consequences of a vast re armament program they are pointing out that while other countries particularly the fascist states have managed to increase productivity by diverting capital and savings into unproductive state enterprises they have been forced into a closed economy and have not avoided the pitfalls of continued deficit financing if we intend to make the western hemisphere safe from any threat of attack as under secretary welles suggested on november 6 we may be com pelled to adopt the policy of limited or regional ________ 978 autarchy but this does not necessarily mean that we must plunge into a war economy geared to the in dustrial mobilization plan in fact as several mili tary experts are pointing out the industrial mobiliza tion plan with its regimented economy is only nec essary if we are preparing to raise a mass army for service overseas one finds greater realism in the navy department than almost anywhere else in washington continen tal defense is primarily a naval problem if the navy is asked to defend the western hemisphere it be lieves that it is capable of performing this task even if british sea power should decline and germany should secure a base in western africa but if the navy is asked to operate simultaneously in the far east to uphold the open door then it confronts a vastly different problem hence before we launch the new rearmament program the navy would like to have a clear cut definition of just what policies we desire to support w t stone czech partition completed at vienna continued from page 2 and poland according to prague’s claims 400,000 to hungary over 120,000 to poland and 750,000 to germany these countries however estimate their new minorities at a much lower figure the vienna award brings into sharp relief the extent of german control over southeastern eu rope foreshadowed by the munich accord al though that accord envisaged a four power settle ment of the polish and hungarian demands poland enforced its claims alone and hungary after ap pealing to the four powers received judgment from germany and italy while mussolini obtained more territory for hungary than had been expected the main lines of the decision conformed to germany's wishes as germans discussed ambitious canal and railway building projects in czechoslovakia prime minister chamberlain on november 1 admitted ger many’s predominance in the danubian area in the post war years the western powers and the little entente failed to modify the central european settle ment of 1919 either through territorial revision or through acceptance of any of the plans for interna tional economic federation proposed by danubian statesmen now the pendulum has swung to the op posite extreme and germany is imposing its own national solution in danubian europe and beyond paul b taylor bequest to the f.p.a the members of the board of directors of the foreign policy association wish to express their sin cere regret at the death of mr henry g barbey who was long a devoted member this is a loss suffered not only by the association but by all persons of lib eral thought mr barbey’s keen sense of justice and duty made him an understanding friend to many causes working to bring about better world condi tions through this minute the board desires to record its deep appreciation of the generous bequest which mr barbey so thoughtfully made to the foreign policy association anniversary celebration postponed since the speakers whom we had hoped to have for our twentieth anniversary celebration have been unavoidably detained in europe this meeting has been postponed the exact date of our celebration however will be announced definitely within the next two weeks the f.p.a bookshelf pius xi apostle of peace by lillian browne olf new york macmillan 1938 2.50 pope pius xi and world peace by lord clonmore new york e p dutton and company 1938 3.00 pope pius xi and world affairs by william teeling new york frederick a stokes company 1937 2.50 all three of these biographies of the pontiff concentrate on his international policies mr teeling is critical of the vatican’s attitude toward the ethiopian and spanish wars and toward the fascist communist struggle in general lord clonmore’s brisk and somewhat intemperate defense covers more territory and is better documented while that of mrs browne olf describes events more from the personal and religious side proletarian journey by fred e beal new york hill man curl 1937 2.75 fred beal whose participation in the gastonia strike once made the headlines sought refuge in russia while out of prison on bail he returned embittered by his ex perience with a dogma more soulless than any peniten tiary and now regards himself as a fugitive from two worlds colonial population by robert r kuczynski new york oxford 1937 1.75 statistical data on colonial populations throughout the world published under the auspices of the royal institute of international affairs foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 3 november 11 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lestig bugelt president dorothy f leet secretary vera micheles dean eéditor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 f p a membership five dollars a year eb 181 two dollars a year nor +1 e 10 od aid ny di rd ch gn ive 1as on ext rk the pute ional litor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 vout xviii no 4 november 18 1938 international aid to german refugees by david h popper germany’s ruthless persecution of racial minorities has focused world attention on the plight of the unfor tunates who must flee from the greater reich in this report mr popper analyzes the problem of political refugees from germany since 1933 and considers the prospects for assisting them november i issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents each the nazi inquisition iq hose who had hoped that territorial concessions to germany would bring relaxation of nazi ter rorism against racial and religious minorities had a rude awakening on november 10 when in retalia tion for the murder by a young polish jew of ernst vom rath third secretary of the german embassy in paris jewish property was systematically destroyed in the course of country wide demonstrations and 35,000 jews were taken into protective custody these demonstrations were followed on novem ber 12 by the publication of decrees significantly signed by field marshal goering as commissioner for the four year plan of economic self sufficiency excluding jews from ownership or operation of re tail mail order export or handicraft enterprises and membership in cooperative societies providing that insurance claims of german jews resulting from anti semitic excesses will be confiscated in favor of the reich and imposing a fine of 400,000,000 on german jews for the murder of vom rath the terroristic acts of the past week had been care fully planned in advance and only awaited a pretext to be carried into execution great as is the horror aroused by these acts this is no time for unthinking hysteria but neither is it a time for silence because silence would be interpreted as consent the nazi government duplicating the technique which has proved so successful in muzzling opposition at home has declared that foreign protests will merely in crease the sufferings of jews now obviously held as hostages to insure the silence of western democra cies submission to this threat would spell the doom of democracy itself the jews in germany have al ready been condemned to a living death under the circumstances now confronting them physical death can hold little added horror for the sake of preserv ing what is left of democratic integrity the nazi threat must be challenged by untrammeled discus sion of an issue which cannot be disregarded by any honest man or woman irrespective of creed economic status or political persuasion those who knew germany in the early post war years of foreign occupation and currency inflation understand something of the venomous hatred now relentlessly vented on jews and other minorities they can recall the bitter tide of frustrated humilia tion which swept germany at the disastrous end of a grueling war the influx of jews from poland and galicia who brought to many german cities that ghetto element which served as an excuse for nazi diatribes the envy and revulsion with which masses of undernourished and often unemployed white collar workers looked at inflation profiteers among whom unfortunately there were jews as well as gentiles these and other factors serve to explain the extent to which some at least of the german people especially in the provinces have apparently been se duced by anti semitic propaganda but to understand is one thing to condone an other war and civil strife are comprehensible if not justifiable it is far more difficult to understand wanton brutality wreaked on helpless people reduced to the level of panic stricken animals what the world has not yet sufficiently realized is that nazi terrorism is being visited not only on jews who have served as a convenient scapegoat but on all groups and individuals not ready to conform to nazi doctrine equally important is the fact that the hitler government obviously pressed for funds to fulfill its four year plan is systematically extracting financial resources from the victims of its terror those who had believed that nazism would safe guard private capital against communism can no longer persist in their delusion what the nazis have introduced in germany is a form of graduated bol shevism directing their first attack not against the l capitalist class as a whole but against jewish capi talists ostensibly expropriated on racial rather than economic grounds once jewish bankers industrial ists and small shopkeepers and with them their jewish employees and workers have been forced to surrender their property by methods no less drastic than those of russian communists in 1917 the nazi government may be expected to claim the property of the catholic and protestant churches again screen ing its economic motives with denunciations of al leged religious interference in politics nor is there reason to believe that it will stop at this point and that the property of agnostic aryans is permanently insured against expropriation for the benefit of that economic frankenstein the totalitarian state the munich accord was justified in the united states as well as britain by the argument that any kind of peace was better than war observers who pointed out the dangers of such a peace were de nounced as warmongers now it is being realized with a shock that there may be worse things than war war destroys men’s lives but what is going on today in germany destroys men’s spirits not only the spirit of jews driven to self destruction but the spirit of germans both those who wholeheartedly applaud such measures and those coerced by fear of consequences to join in the applause many western liberals had rejected as fantastic the stories of ger man brutality current during the world war they are now shaken in their convictions by evidence that germany under the nazis has retrograded to the sixteenth century with its religious wars its spanish inquisition and its night of saint bartholomew vera micheles dean another french recovery program in a desperate attempt to sustain its mounting arms burden the french government on november 12 announced a series of 32 decree laws issued under the full powers granted by parliament to the daladier government these decrees regarded as the opening gun in a three year recovery program are apparently the work of paul reynaud who on november 1 succeeded paul marchandeau as finance minister in a cabinet reshuffle outstanding among the regula tions is the revaluation of the gold stock of the bank of france at the rate of 170 to the pound sterling in partial compensation for the reduced value of the franc in the international exchange market this bookkeeping operation is to produce a profit of 35 000,000,000 francs which will be used to repay most of the inflationary advances made by the bank of page two france to the treasury in recent months another decree practically abolishes the 40 hour week which is retained in principle and permits employers to prescribe as much as 10 additional hours of labor each week such supplementary work is to be paid at slightly higher hourly rates and employers will be subjected to a 10 per cent tax on the profits earned by extra work other decrees raise postal and telephone rates as well as transit fares in paris increase taxes on coffee gasoline tobacco sugar and wine from 28 to 35 per cent and make slight upward adjust ments in income and factory production taxes the government is also striving to effect econ omies a special committee will attempt to weed out superfluous civil servants increased working hours will permit the dismissal of 40,000 railroad employees who will be transferred to national de fense industries public works programs will be abandoned to permit more intense concentration on rearmament but no action has yet been taken to reduce war pensions and m reynaud has promised that a system of old age assistance would be instituted these measures reflect m reynaud’s avowed de termination to stimulate a 30 to 40 per cent increase in french production by the classical method of en couraging the repatriation and investment of french capital on favorable terms m reynaud’s measures to restore confidence which jettison many of the social advances accomplished by the popular front are viewed with bitter hostility by the socialists and communists they believe that labor is being forced by law to sacrifice its newly won gains while capi talist interests are cajoled by promise of profit into productive activity which they should carry on as a matter of patriotic duty even right wing critics re alize that the reynaud decrees which may halve the french budgetary deficit will by no means end con tinual deficit financing for armament purposes or the consequent fear of inflation relative financial stability in france cannot be secured without dra conian action at the very least amortization of the public debt must be halted and the interest rate on it reduced and exchange control must probably be imposed to prevent the drain of capital from the country at each recurring international crisis for france has reached the point where the orthodox liberal economic remedies no longer meet the needs of an insatiable war machine and until the parties of the left are convinced that sacrifices necessary if france is to be strong are fairly apportioned among all classes of the population the nation cannot regain its social harmony davin h poprer foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 4 novemser 18 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lgsiig buel president dorothy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 ero 181 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year tk pevece the annual meeting of the foreign policy association incorporated ch will be held at the hotel astor new york on saturday december 10 1938 oi after the regular luncheon discussion which ends at 3 30 p.m there will be a brief business meeting id be proxy for board of directors ne i oe the candidates listed below have been nominated to serve on the board of directors of the foreign policy association ces incorporated as indicated and have expressed their willingness to act if elected the word re election appears after the names ym of the present members of the board of directors who have consented to run again st persons other than those nominated by the nominating committee are eligible to election and space is provided on the proxy for naming such other candidates attention is called to the fact that an all members of the board of directors shall be members of the association who are so circumstanced ed that they can attend the meetings of the board regularly constitution article 1v paragraph 3 ing vad in accordance with the provisions of the constitution the candidates receiving the largest number of votes cast at the q annual meeting december 10 1938 will be declared elected e be please note that proxies cannot be used on 1 unless received at national headquarters not later than friday december 9 1938 to 2 unless the proxy returned is signed by the member sed ed nominating committee ralph s rounds chairman de mrs mary c draper carlton j h hayes ase stephen p duggan walter h pollak en please cut along this line and sign and return the proxy to the office of the ach foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y ires the ppps sssssssssssssessssssessssssesssssssssssssssssossssssssssssssssssssshsssssshssssssss sossssosohshsessssssssss eeeee ee only members of the association who are citizens of the united states have voting privileges proxy ind ced put cross x beside names of candidates of your choice api vote for one in class of 1940 and six in class of 1941 nto is a re class of 1940 the i winfield william riefler trustee the institute for advanced study princeton n j i authorize raymond leslie buell or william t stone to vote for directors of the foreign policy association incorporated as indicated below cial dra the class of 1941 on william a eldridge herbert l may be re election re election he mrs learned hand mrs howell moorhead of re election re election dox eeds wm w lancaster h alexander smith rties re election re election ry if long gain ational editor sign here as member +foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xviii no 5 november 25 1938 it is not to early to plan to give an f.p.a membership for christmas regular membership 5 associate membership 3 your friends will appreciate your thoughtfulness in making it possible for them to keep in close touch with the swift moving events in the international field throughout 1939 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 anglo american agreement caps hull progr 5 as completion of reciprocal trade agreements with great britain and canada brings to a climax the lifetime efforts of secretary of state cordell hull to achieve tariff reduction in a formal ceremony attended by president roosevelt at the white house on november 17 the treaties were signed by secre tary hull prime minister w l mackenzie king of canada and sir ronald lindsay the british am bassador both treaties the nineteenth and twen tieth to be negotiated under the trade agreements act of 1934 will become effective on january 1 1939 for three years and may continue indefinitely thereafter until six months notice of termination has been given by either party the canadian treaty is the first of the hull trade agreements to be renewed replacing and expanding the one which went into effect on january 1 1936 the anglo american agreement is the most im portant achievement of the entire hull program for it aids the commerce of the two largest trading coun tries in the world and joins the american system to the network of ottawa treaties this agreement in volving specific concessions reductions or bindings on trade which totaled 675,000,000 in 1936 com prises not only the united kingdom but also new foundland and the non self governing colonies and lays the foundation for later agreements with the british dominions britain’s major concessions affect american agricultural products especially with the removal of duties on wheat lard canned grapefruit and certain fruit juices and reduction of duties on tice apples pears and certain canned fruits one of the results of the removal of the british duty on american wheat is that canadian wheat which for merly entered england duty free only when shipped from canada may once more be shipped through new york and boston reviving the trade of these ports the quota for american ham is expanded and the duty free entry of ham and other pork products corn and cotton is bound for the future additional concessions are granted on american fishery lumber and factory products in return for concessions in the british market the united states grants reductions or bindings on im ports from the united kingdom totaling 141,500 000 in 1937 the concessions involve principally british textiles metals and various specialties and are generally limited to types of products which are complementary to american manufactures impor tant tariff reductions are made in the duties on high grade cotton wool flax and hemp manufactures as well as certain earths pottery glassware and leather products the present duty on whiskey is bound and the duty on british books is reduced 50 per cent the maximum permitted under the act the new canadian agreement greatly enlarges the benefits enjoyed by both countries under the 1936 treaty canada removes a special 3 per cent import tax on articles otherwise free or dutiable which com prise 57 per cent of the total imports from the united states and grants new concessions on many ameri can manufactures including automobiles the united states in turn reduces or binds its duties on many canadian agricultural livestock and fishery products as the result of both the canadian and british treaties many of the imperial preferences are re moved and the united states can compete more suc cessfully in both markets it is as yet impossible to estimate the economic effects of the two agreements for internal develop ments especially in the united states and diplo matic changes play a decisive réle in international trade the success of both agreements depends to a large extent on continued recovery in the united states since the recent business recession has seri ously curtailed our imports and reduced the purchas j ii se et ing power of foreign countries during the first eight months of 1938 american imports from britain de clined 52 per cent as compared with the correspond ing iiaiod of 1937 while imports from canada de clined 42 per cent american exports to canada on the other hand declined only 3.9 per cent during 1938 while exports to britain increased 16 per cent although reduction in american tariff duties will prove an important incentive to greater imports from britain and canada general improvement in our national economy is the basic requirement for a re vival of international trade these new trade agreements which reverse the trend toward self sufficiency accelerated by the smoot hawley tariff in 1930 and the ottawa treaties of 1932 are particularly significant from the political point of view by underscoring the diplomatic solidarity of the democratic countries and reaffirm ing their cooperation in the western hemisphere the agreements constitute an important defense against the economic nationalism of the dictatorships and an effective answer to events in munich since munich the signature of the trade agreements and the announcement that the british sovereigns will visit canada and the united states next spring have probably proved unwelcome to berlin rome and tokyo if the new agreements fail to revive pros perity through freer commerce however both britain and america may be pushed further toward the con trolled economies which they now seek to escape it is too early to judge whether these treaties are the last stand of economic liberalism against totalitarian ism of a major advance toward saner commercial conditions james frederick green japan asserts hegemony in asia in recent weeks the fundamental issue between japan and the western democratic powers has been posed more clearly than at any previous time during the current far eastern hostilities while the ameri can government was awaiting the japanese reply to its note of october 6 an auxiliary question the barring of foreign vessels from the yangtze river was raised by french british and american repre sentations at tokyo on november 7 in answer to these protests the japanese government maintained that owing to continuance of military operations and guerrilla attacks the time has not yet arrived to warrant a general opening of the river to foreign shipping this plea of insecurity on the yangtze is not wholly supported by activities of japanese na tionals who are transporting commercial cargoes up and down the river on japanese ships both at han kow and canton moreover numbers of newly ar rived japanese entrepreneurs are already capitalizing on existing possibilities for business and commercial enterprise page two the same basic issue of discrimination against american trading equality in contravention of rights set forth in the nine power treaty was raised in more detailed and comprehensive form by the united states note of october 6 the japanese reply of november 18 is mainly devoted to a technical re buttal of the charge that the new currency and for eign exchange control measures instituted in north china favor japanese as against american traders japan’s revision of the chinese tariff and the estab lishment of japanese controlled development com panies are also defended as necessary and non discriminatory the restrictions on residence travel and trade of american citizens in occupied areas are justified on the ground of military necessities and local conditions of peace and order the reply does not admit that americans in japan are treated differ ently from japanese in the united states and reserves japan’s views on the latter issue for a future state ment the concluding sentences are the most sig nificant japan it is stated is devoting her energy to establishment of a new order based on genuine international justice throughout east asia it is the firm conviction of the japanese government that in face of the new situation fast developing in east asia any attempt to apply to the conditions of today and tomorrow inapplicable ideas and principles of the past would neither contribute toward establish ment of a real peace in east asia nor solve immedi ate issues however as long as these points are un derstood japan has not the slightest inclination to oppose participation of the united states and other powers in the great work of reconstructing east asia along lines of industry and trade and i believe the new régimes now being formed in china are prepared to welcome such foreign participation the implication of these sentences is unmistakable japan declares in effect that the principles of the nine power treaty concerning the open door and china's territorial and administrative integrity are no longer applicable to the new situation in the far east not in so many words but none the less clearly japan announces the unilateral abrogation of the nine power treaty this does not mean how ever that american business interests are henceforth to be excluded from china on the contrary they are heartily welcome provided of course that they participate in the new era of reconstruction on japanese terms and subject to japanese control the note invites a partnership of japanese brains and american capital the washington administration like american business men also faces a choice but of somewhat different character the japanese note represents the continued on page 4 has japan won the war foreign policy bulletin november 4 1938 off juc th fo wl co du iss e th le the ind are the less ion ow yrth are hey on the and ican yhat the washington news letter sibben washington bureau national press building nov 21 at least six major developments have crowded into the past seven days to give the state department its busiest week since munich these developments include the summoning home of hugh r wilson american ambassador to berlin nov 14 the announcement of the departure of dr hans dieckhoff german ambassador to wash ington nov 18 the signing of the british and canadian trade agreements nov 17 settlement of the long standing mexican agrarian controversy nov 12 appointment of the united states dele gation to the lima conference nov 13 japan’s reply nov 18 to secretary hull’s strong note of october 6 protesting violation of the open door in china profound reaction naturally washington officials are unprepared at this stage to express final judgments on this swift sequence of events there is general agreement however that two or three of these developments may influence perhaps pro foundly certain trends in american foreign policy which have gained momentum since the munich ac cord this is particularly evident in the reaction pro duced by events in germany when secretary hull issued his instruction to mr wilson to return for consultation and report he was careful to employ the conventional methods of diplomacy he offered no word of explanation to guide correspondents in covering the story except that this step did not con stitute a recall or a breach of diplomatic relations and his aides were instructed to give no hint of fu ture action but president roosevelt less trammeled by diplomatic convention spoke openly and with de liberate emphasis at his press conference the next morning when he registered the profound reaction of the american people to germany’s campaign against the jews this profound reaction is visible in official quarters throughout washington at the state department there is little talk about reprisals boycotts or em bargoes for the present at any rate but there is a distinctly different atmosphere what has happened in germany has produced a deep impression on vit tually every responsible official it has clearly altered the outlook of those who had hoped to find a prac ticable basis for limited collaboration between the democracies and the dictatorships it has stiffened those who have consistently opposed the chamber lain policy of appeasement although momentarily at least it has narrowed the widening gap between london and washington it has greatly intensified the drive for rearmament it has increased the pres sure for inter american solidarity but not for re gional isolation there is a visible tendency not yet formulated and still vague which suggests that some day the unity of the western hemisphere from canada to argentina may be directed outward as an instrument of policy affecting the world balance of power refugees immediate action will apparently be limited to measures looking toward some concerted attack on the refugee problem but last week the white house and the state department remained completely in the dark about the projected plans broadcast from london strange as it may seem washington officials had no direct knowledge of the various proposals said to have been discussed by ambassador kennedy with representatives of the british government and for several days the depart ment was actually at a loss to know what was hap pening in london some of this confusion still per sists and the practical possibilities of large scale emi gration are far from clear the state department however by sending mr myron taylor back to eu rope as united states representative on the inter governmental committee hopes to expand the evian program to meet the most urgent requirements of the new situation lima delegation the composition of the united states delegation to the lima conference with its surprise appointments of mr landon and miss katherine lewis daughter of the president of the clo was widely heralded as another expression of the high importance attached to the promotion of pan american unity but to those who knew the president's mind the representative character of the delegation indicated something more the equally high importance attached to domestic unity not only on latin american relations but also on all issues of american foreign policy other members of the delegation in addition to secretary hull include adolf a berle jr assistant secretary of state mrs elise f musser a member of the delegation to the 1936 conference professor charles g fenwick of bryn mawr college dan w tracy president of the international brotherhood of electrical workers emilio del toro cuevas chief justice of the supreme court of puerto rico r henry norweb minister ew a po eee ee ce lacy rm hn 5 i 4 y to the dominican republic lawrence a steinharde ambassador to peru rev john f o'hara president of notre dame university and green h hack worth legal advisor of the state department an exceptionally large corps of technical advisers will accompany the delegation mexican settlement apart from the british and canadian reciprocal trade agreements no develop ment of the week brought greater satisfaction to the administration than the settlement of the agrarian controversy with mexico announced in an exchange of notes made public on november 12 the most dangerous obstacle to latin american harmony at the lima conference was thus removed under the terms of the accord mexico agrees to pay the united states 1,000,000 in may 1939 and at least as much each year until the obligation is discharged valua tion of the land expropriated since 1927 is to be de termined by a commission composed of a represen tative appointed by each government should the two representatives fail to agree a third commissioner is to be appointed from the permanent commission set up under the terms of the gondra treaty whether this settlement will lead to a similar adjustment of the much larger oil controversy remains uncertain but it clearly emphasizes that the primary objective of american diplomacy is the achievement of pan american solidarity w t stone page four japan asserts hegemony in asia continued from page 2 culmination of a train of events which began on september 18 1931 throughout this period the american government has continued to express its disapproval of japan’s actions and to deny recogni tion of the results of such actions this position has now become virtually untenable its contradictions are especially apparent today when the sale of war materials to japan by private american firms and individuals is helping to produce the very situation against which the american government is vainly protesting the alternatives are fairly obvious we can either discontinue our protests and abandon our traditional far eastern policy or devise and en force measures which would implement the stand taken in the note of october 6 t a bisson twentieth anniversary luncheon the twentieth anniversary of the f.p.a will be celebrated at the hotel astor on saturday december 10 at 12 45 p.m the honorable john c winant director of the international labour office will speak on social change mr james g mcdonald will present the outstanding developments of the f.p.a during the past two decades and mr raymond leslie buell will discuss the future of democracy we hope that many of our members will be able to attend the f.p.a bookshelf f.p.a members are entitled to a 10 per cent discount with a few exceptions on books ordered through the f.p.a library in accordance with the new postage rates on books which became effective novem ber 1st an average two pound book may now be delivered anywhere in the united states for 3 cents unto caesar by f a voight new york putnam’s 1938 3.00 an effective but somewhat uneven condemnation of marxism and national socialism as secular religions which are almost identical in theory and practice burgos justice by ruiz vilaplana new york knopf 1938 2.00 a court official formerly in franco spain provides a critical picture of life in insurgent territory the development of china by kenneth scott latourette new york houghton mifflin co 1937 3.00 the fifth edition revised and enlarged of a deservedly popular summary of china’s historical development power a new social analysis by bertrand russell new york w w norton 1938 3.00 one of the most stimulating discussions in recent years of social organization with logic wit and erudition the famous british mathematician philosopher suggests that the fundamental concept in social science is power in the same sense in which energy is the fundamental con cept in physics the student of both domestic and foreign affairs will profit from this brilliant analysis of power politics the coming victory of democracy by thomas mann new york knopf 1938 1.00 a stirring defense of liberal progressive democracy which unfortunately fails to tell us how democratic gov ernments may successfully combat the internal obstacles to social reform the obstacles which appear to lead to dissension weakness and revolution america south by carleton beals philadelphia j b lip pincott 1937 3.50 an attempt to portray the historical panorama of latin america and the forces shaping our southern neighbors chapters are devoted to the current trade struggle the monroe doctrine and pan americanism secret agent of japan by amleto vespa boston little brown 1938 3.00 revelations of an italian who worked for nearly five years as an intelligence officer of the japanese army in manchoukuo since he had taken chinese citizenship prior to japan’s occupation of manchuria the japanese authori ties were able to compel him to enter their service by threatening the safety of his family escape was not ef fected until 1936 he presents an inside view of actual conditions in manchoukuo foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 5 november 25 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lesite buge.i president dorothy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year eb 8 f p a membership five dollars a year im ii a ee fx 3 hee a dt tems +ll the its rni has ons war ind 10n inly we our en and be ber ant eak will a slie we ann racy gov acles d to lip satin bors the ittle five y in rior hori e by t ef ctual ational editor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 vout xviii no 6 december 2 1938 partition of czechoslovakia by paul b taylor a study of the process by which the third reich after annexing austria utilized the grievances of the sudeten german minority in czechoslovakia to bring about that country’s dismemberment this report deals mainly with events inside czechoslovakia november 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents each europe struggles to check german advance he anglo french conversations of november 23 25 originally scheduled as a further step in the program of appeasement were robbed of their sig nificance by anti semitic measures in germany which made it difficult for mr chamberlain and m dala dier to discuss the return of german colonies a few hours before the arrival of the british ministers in paris the french government hard pressed by a ris ing wave of strikes against its economic decrees an nounced the completion of a franco german peace declaration assuring the inviolability of france's western frontier that m daladier was not plan ning to place unreserved trust in this document was indicated by the fact that france and britain agreed to coordinate and increase their armaments whose deficiencies had been all too plainly revealed by the czechoslovak crisis the british ministers urged ex pansion of french airplane production hampered by bureaucratic red tape reduced working hours and the reluctance of industrialists to modernize their plants while the french ministers demanded crea tion of an adequate british expeditionary force with out which france would face overwhelming odds in a war against germany and italy at the suggestion of m daladier who unlike mr chamberlain has made no headway in negotia tions with italy recognition of general franco's bel ligerent status was postponed until all foreign vol unteers have been withdrawn from spain the colonial question was not even discussed on the ground that the germans only two months before thought fit to govern a czech minority of 800,000 had since proved unfit to govern african natives this line of reasoning also affected the activities of mr firow minister of defense of the union of south africa while rejecting any suggestion for re turn of german southwest africa mandated to his government mr pirow had seemed ready to discuss the possibility of offering hitler a colonial pool con sisting of parts of french and british mandates por tuguese angola and the belgian congo belgium whose ruler leopold iii paid his first official visit to queen wilhelmina of the netherlands on november 21 promptly announced that it had no intention of ceding any part of the congo and mr chamber lain’s proposal to set aside tanganyika formerly a german colony as a settlement for jewish refugees strengthened the impression that britain was not planning to make colonial concessions while britain and france which seem resigned to german hegemony east of the rhine were consolidat ing their own defenses the countries of eastern eu rope made frantic efforts to reconstruct some kind of defense against german penetration following a series of conferences between king george of greece prince paul of yugoslavia and king carol of ru mania whose countries are menaced by the revision ist aspirations of hungary and bulgaria the three rulers visited london in november in search of brit ish economic and diplomatic support after what ap pear to have been unsuccessful pleas for anglo french assistance king carol visited hitler at berchtesgaden on november 24 and on november 28 a 10 day conference of the balkan states opened at athens under the presidency of rumania that german expansion is creating at least as many problems as it was thought to have solved at munich is shown by the experience of czechoslo vakia which on november 22 signed treaties with germany under which the reich obtained 106 addi tional villages with a population of 60,000 returning 27 villages to czechoslovakia secured the right refused by mr chamberlain at munich to build an extraterritorial highway through czechoslovakia to be controlled by german police and customs guards and agreed jointly with prague to dig an oder danube canal supplementing the rhine main dan ube canal now being constructed by the reich in re turn for these concessions czechoslovakia received german support in its refusal to cede carpatho ukraine ruthenia to hungary which wants to es tablish a common frontier with poland this refusal precipitated a cabinet crisis in hun gary where premier bela imredy was overthrown on november 23 by a combination of dissidents in his party of national unity who demanded immediate annexation of ruthenia nazis who advocated dras tic anti semitic and anti capitalist measures and con servative landowners who opposed the land reforms m imredy had introduced in september to check nazi agitation among landless peasants on novem ber 27 regent horthy reappointed m imredy as pre mier and it was indicated that the government might demand a plebiscite in ruthenia over insistence on this point however might bring hungary into con flict with germany nor is it yet clear where hitler plans to move next in his drive to the east poland which had tried to placate both germany and the soviet union has re alized since munich that its 10 year non aggression pact with the reich has not prevented the nazis from agitating for the return of danzig expelling polish jews or blocking the creation of a common polish hungarian frontier fearing that germany might use the ukrainian minority in poland as the entering wedge for the establishment of an independent state combining polish ukraine ruthenia and soviet ukraine warsaw made advances to the soviet gov ernment for economic collaboration and on novem ber 26 the two countries reaffirmed their pact of non aggression the nazis themselves appear to be di vided regarding their future course the extremists urging establishment of a totalitarian economy in collaboration with the soviet union regarded as the logical market for german manufactured goods while the fiihrer continues to denounce communism the most important fact emerging from the munich aftermath is that the nazi attack previously directed against france russia and czechoslovakia de nounced as obstacles to eastward expansion is now being shifted toward britain and the united states which block german expansion outside of europe the german press barrage aimed at british war mongers and yankee imperialists indicates that mr chamberlain’s hope of diverting the nazi drive from west to east may yet be doomed to disappoint ment and that the munich settlement may have merely set the stage for a conflict between germany britain and the united states in terms not essentially different from those of 1914 vera micheles dean page two f.p.a celebrating 20th anniversary nineteen thirty eight marks the twentieth anni versary of the foreign policy association the occasion will be observed by a special anniversary luncheon at the hotel astor new york on december 10 at the end of twenty years of research and educa tional activity devoted to informing the public of the significance of world events in their bearing on american foreign policy the association finds its membership at the highest point in its history over 17,000 members in forty eight states and fifty five foreign countries nations study refugee problem public sentiment in the great democracies aroused by continued nazi ruthlessness toward potential refu gees has at last prodded governments and interna tional relief organizations to consider concrete plans for assistance to émigrés this pressure is largely re sponsible for the more liberal attitude toward relief and resettlement of refugees revealed by prime min ister chamberlain in the house of commons on no vember 21 while he did not encourage hopes that britain itself would appreciably let down the bars against immigration the prime minister suggested that a tract of at least 10,000 square miles might be made available in british guiana for resettlement purposes he also intimated that about 50,000 acres might be turned over to refugees in tanganyika formerly german east africa that another small scale scheme for 200 settlers was being considered in that area and that projects of similarly limited scope were contemplated in kenya northern rho desia and nyasaland on november 24 the british government went one step further by waiving all visa formalities for german refugee children between 5 and 17 years of age whose maintenance and training could be guar anteed by private organizations unfortunately how ever the british dominions which offer some of the most suitable territory available for colonization have taken no significant steps toward opening their doors to involuntary emigrants like certain south american nations they fear the possibility of additional unemployment in urban centers or the dilution of national homogeneity if large alien ele ments are admitted while the british initiative represents some pro gress it also indicates that the governments involved have yet to come to grips with the real difficulties in herent in the existing situation before an unsettled area like the guiana highlands can be colonized communications facilities must be constructed trop ical diseases eradicated experimental colonies estab lished agricultural possibilities determined and im continued on page 4 or sed fu na ans lief in no hat ars ted be ent ores ika all red ited ho vent for s of uar ow of tion ung tain y of the ele pro lved in ttled ized top stab im washington news letter washington bureau national press building nov 29 in the current discussion of pan american solidarity very little attention has been given to the opinions of latin americans yet washington officials and members of the united states delegation which sailed for lima on november 25 are well aware that the attitude of leading south american countries will play a decisive part in the forthcoming pan american conference the following per sonal commentary based on first hand observations by charles a thomson f.p.a research associate who is com pleting a three months trip through argentina brazil and chile on his way to lima affords an interesting sidelight on trends in these three countries argentina what surprised me most in argentina was the new attitude toward the united states i had expected to find some modification in the former hos tility which made buenos aires a focal point for anti yankee criticism but i was not prepared for the degree of cordiality which now finds expression particularly among those groups where criticism was most vocal in the past to those who remember the situation a few years ago president ortiz telegram to president roosevelt supporting the latter's appeal for european peace was significant of a new state of mind even more so in view of the traditional at titude of argentine students was the public state ment of the national university federation voicing extraordinary sympathy for their president's ex pression of solidarity with the leader of the great de mocracy to the north the good neighbor policy with its shift away from armed intervention has had a large part in shaping this new attitude but possibly even more important has been the personal influence of pres ident roosevelt he has become as much a symbol of democracy for americans of the south as hitler and mussolini are symbols of fascism it is well to note however that this shift toward the united states is still largely confined to public opinion the new attitude is not anchored to his torical tradition to economic or political relation ships argentina’s sentimental tie with spain its cul tural tie with france its economic tie with britain the bond of millions of immigrants with italy are still strong one description of buenos aires puts it as a city run by the english and inhabited by italians who speak spanish the leaders of the pres ent government are generally considered pro euro peans although one of its most hard boiled members was reported to me as forecasting increasingly close relations with the united states there is a feeling that in the long run for trade as well as for politics it may be wise to give preference to new world ties rather than to those with a continent which seems headed for disaster no argentine with whom i talked whether right or left in sympathies believed there was any possi bility that the country might go fascist or that german and italian penetration was a serious danger to argentine unity or to its particular brand of de mocracy nor does argentina believe that its inde pendence is threatened by fascist aggression from abroad brazil while realists tend to view president var gas as a political opportunist par excellence no brazilians i talked with seriously believed that vargas would no matter what flirtations he may have considered in the past attempt to carry brazil away from its century old alignment with the united states in the field of trade brazil has been willing to talk business with all customers under its new rearmament program germany won the right to pro vide the bulk of supplies for the army but geogra phy historical tradition and economics ate to be counted in the balance on the side of the united states brazilian conditions must necessarily be defined in brazilian terms the vargas régime rests primarily on the support of the army and navy it is a military dictatorship but it is more than that for it com mands considerable popular support due to vargas virtuosity at political juggling and conciliation and to his courting of the masses through social legislation and other means the president's supreme political astuteness is accorded universal recognition vargas does not talk no one apparently knows what is in his mind or what he will do next he does not hold grudges if he needs a man he will use him no mat ter if that man has fought against him in the past but any man or party whose usefulness is ended is headed for the discard chile the popular front victory in chile’s pres idential elections on october 25 may lead to signi ficant changes in that country’s foreign policy with respect to the spanish struggle official sympathy may be expected to shift from general franco to the loy alists nazi penetration is likely to meet with greater difficulties president elect pedro aguirre cerda ex pressed in an interview his desire to cooperate with president roosevelt in making this hemisphere a bulwark for democracy setting up a barrier to the ad vances of fascism thus the chilean elections fol lowing recent back fires against german influence in a ee sn a i et oo sssssssases sshss page four both brazil and argentina may represent another check for the fascist powers in south america they may also give impetus to anti dictatorial tendencies in other countries of the continent reinforcing particu larly the trend in argentina and uruguay where presidents ortiz and baldomir respectively appear to be moving away gradually from the semi dictatorial heritage toward re establishment of democratic prac tices and political liberty finally there are some in dications of a growing entente in the international field between chile and mexico the lima conference which opens on december 10 may possibly witness the emergence of a bloc of progressive or left wing governments mexico chile bolivia ecuador and perhaps colombia as contrasted with the dictatorial and right wing régimes still strong in peru brazil and most of the central american and west indian republics nations study refugee problem continued from page 2 migrants trained for the work they will be required to perform on arrival a league commission investi gating the practicability of settling assyrian refugees in part of this territory reported in 1935 that condi tions were unfavorable that settlement would have to be gradual and that not more than 1,000 families could be accommodated the tanganyika develop ment will apparently be restricted to an area of only 78 square miles a mere token settlement and the nazis are not likely to permit jews to leave the reich to take up residence in a former german colony other african potentialities provide for colonists by the tens rather than the thousands since virtually all the german refugees have pursued urban occupa tions a considerable period will be required for oc cupational re training before colonization of this type is possible agricultural settlement schemes are thus more im portant as nuclei to be utilized by future waves of refugees than as measures of immediate relief to in voluntary emigrants only gradual infiltration into more thickly settled regions on an individual basis can meet the needs of most of those who must flee at once in this field the united states which now ad mits the full legalized quota of 27,370 germans an nually has shown the way it remains for the thirty one other members of the intergovernmental com mittee for political refugees which meets at london early in december to make a similar contribution the committee must also consider how best to overcome the staggering financial problems raised by resettlement schemes particularly those calling for mass colonization the chamberlain government ap parently believes that voluntary contributions can still meet the expenses involved in its development plans but since the cost of land settlement may reach 1,000 per person it is evident that private efforts cannot possibly prove adequate hopes that the ger man government which proclaims its desire to be rid of its jews and other dissident elements would permit german jewish property and funds to be used for this purpose have now virtually vanished the one billion mark fine which must be met by the ger man jewish community before august 15 1939 to gether with the virtual confiscation of jewish bus inesses and other sources of income are rapidly de stroying all assets of the 700,000 jews who accord ing to german sources still remain in the reich the german government moreover may choose to retain the jews in ghettos as hostages for the good behavior of democratic governments in any case the only possibility of expediting refugee emigration may lie in the success of efforts to float an international loan under government guarantees one haven does exist to which scores of thousands of jews might doubtless be transferred in short order palestine unfortunately however britain's at tempt to arrange for a compromise settlement in that area would be prejudiced by alteration of palestine immigration quotas although it was announced on november 25 that consideration was being given to a jewish agency request that 20,000 children and youths up to 25 years of age be settled there imme diately britain's efforts to end the virtual arab re bellion in palestine advanced a step beyond mere forceful repression on november 9 when the gov ernment published the report of the technical com mission which had investigated and found imprac ticable the partition scheme for the territory recom mended by a royal commission sixteen months be fore simultaneously the government announced that it would hold discussions with representatives of the palestine arabs and the neighboring arab states on the one hand and with the jewish agency on the other regarding future policy in palestine many ob servers felt that british vacillation and delay had per mitted the situation to deteriorate so greatly that no agreement with the arabs would be possible the conversations in any case were not expected to start before the beginning of 1939 and there was no indi cation of the policy britain might follow in the event of their failure davip h popper foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 6 december 2 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp leste buell president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year a f p a membership five dollars a year fc vol 20t nor weimo om +ing for lent ap ms can opment ly reach efforts he ger e to be would be used d the he ger 39 to sh bus idly de accord ch the oo retain ehavior 1e only may lie ial loan ousands rt order in’s at in that alestine raced on g given ren and imme rab re id mere he gov al com imprac y recom aths be ced that s of the tates on on the any ob had per that no le the to start no indi he event opper national ban editor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 vol xviii no 7 20th anniversary luncheon to be broadcast sir alfred zimmern will be a principal speaker at the fpa’s 20th anniversary luncheon on saturday december 10 and will talk on world organization retrospect and prospect the hon john g winant director of the international labour office will address the fpa from europe over the columbia broadcasting system from 2 15 to 2 30 p.m the program will also be broadcast over wqxr december 9 1938 1918 1938 in this issue of the bulletin the f.p.a which celebrates its twentieth anniversary this week glances back at two decades of world affairs europe in retrospect i coreng back at europe in the perspective of twenty turbulent years it becomes increasingly clear that the world war marked only a pause in the development of political and economic forces which were molding the twentieth century the seeds of nationalism social revolution and economic change were already at work in the so called liberal capitalism of the pre war period sooner or later they would have borne fruit without the intervention of war this cataclysm merely hastened their frui tion just as the napoleonic wars accelerated the growth of nationalism and revolutionary sentiment not only on the european continent but also in the new world the trend toward national self determination once a unifying force has become an instrument of disruption it brought the belated unification of germany and italy in 1860 1870 it stirred the na tionalism of poles czechs croats hungarians and others confined in multi national states and gained momentum after the war when some of these peoples realized their dreams of independence but the creation of new states like poland and czecho slovakia and the expansion of existing ones like rumania and serbia created new minority problems the oppressed having gained the upper hand were now regarded as oppressors by a new group of subject peoples each of these minorities encouraged by propaganda from across the border demanded reunion with its homeland or full autonomy within the framework of the state to which it had been as signed by the peace treaties their national aspira tions furnished a convenient pretext for nazi ger many which without resort to war used sudeten ukrainian and hungarian grievances to undermine states that seemed to block its territorial ambitions the doctrine of self determination born of the french revolution was used to justify germany's demand for the return of sudetenland which had not belonged to the reich and italy’s clamor for the 100,000 italians in french tunis under hitler and mussolini germany and italy resumed their territorial ambitions checked in 1918 the nazis like the german general staff dur ing the world war sought to control the raw ma terials of the ukraine and the oil wells of rumania while mussolini who in 1911 had opposed colonial imperialism renewed the demands of pre war na tionalists for expansion in north africa hitler's basic foreign policy which like his anti semitism can be traced to pre war ideas carried on in more dynamic form the aspirations of pan germans before 1914 the pan germans had envisaged a closed eco nomic system in central europe from which the german master race could compete for world dominance with russia the british empire and yankee imperialism the peace treaties of 1919 were intended to end once and for all the danger that german militarism aided by magyar national ism would create the mitteleuropa of pan german dreams by subjugating non german peoples twenty years after a world war to check german expansion to the east a resurgent germany under hitler’s lead ership seems on the point of achieving the objectives of which it was balked in 1918 nor can nazism and communism which have transformed the internal systems of countries east of the rhine be regarded as disconnected phenomena without roots in the past both movements out wardly different in their national settings starting points and objectives represent a revolt of the dis possessed classes workers and peasants in russia at ___ the lower middle class in germany against indus trial capitalism and such remnants of feudalism as the aristocracy the officer class and the church both to the accompaniment of terrorism and repres sion of dissident minorities seek to provide the masses with material opportunities hitherto reserved for a social élite both mark the trend noticeable in the democracies as well as the dictatorships away from economic individualism toward some form of collectivism both paradoxical as it may seem represent an effort to realize the promises held out by the political democracy of the nineteenth cen tury which the bourgeoisie had failed to translate into terms of economic democracy in an era of mass production democracy carried to its logical conclusion should be a mass movement not a mask for the privileges of the possessing classes it can achieve its full fruition only if the masses are provided not with equal incomes which no system not even that of the soviet union can or expects to provide but with equal opportunities for education and freedom from rigid class stratification democracy if still in imperfect form may be said to have been achieved in france britain the united states switzerland holland belgium and the scandinavian countries where the governing classes have until now been sufficiently foresighted to pay a ransom for their eco nomic privileges in the form of advanced social legislation extremist movements like fascism and communism both of which whatever their merits or defects are at present hostile to western democracy gained ground only in countries where democratic institutions had either never existed or had been artificially superimposed on a foundation of authori tarianism only the future can determine whether dictatorship in these countries represents a transition on the road to a wider measure of social and eco nomic democracy than has yet been achieved in democratic states or merely the prelude to further civil strife if the democracies have frequently failed to carry their own principles to a logical conclusion at home they have been even less successful in developing democratic procedures in the international sphere the democracies no less than the dictatorships have regarded force as the decisive factor in international politics it does not matter whether this force was military or economic or merely the diplomatic pres sure effectively applied by the strong against the weak the hope embodied in the league covenant that force would be used collectively only when democratic procedures for peaceful change had been flouted by would be aggressors has not been real ized not through any fault of the league which had no existence as a separate entity but through the page two e reluctance of all league members to alter their basic policies here again a democratic facade was too often superimposed on a foundation of power poli tics to the dictatorship countries this facade had the appearance of hypocrisy the failure of the democracies to make timely concessions by peaceful means merely led as in the case of possessing classes in the french and russian revolutions to the neces sity of finally yielding at the point of a gun the past twenty years have destroyed many illu sions which sprang from a natural human desire to end war for all time they have demonstrated if this needed demonstration that peace can never be assured by good intentions or pious moralizing in drawing conclusions from the experience of the post war period we must remember that nothing is final in the history of nations or individuals that there are no perfect or immutable solutions for hu man relations which are always in a state of flux and that as long as there is life there will be a desire for change which must be met not merely by armed resistance but by development of procedures per mitting peaceful adjustment to new conditions vera micheles dean asia then and now a rip van winkle awaking today from a twenty years sleep would not be very greatly surprised at the events now occuring in china not long before 1918 japan had presented the twenty one de mands to yuan shih kai’s government treaties signed as a result of those demands had strengthened japan’s hold on manchuria entrenched the japanese in shantung province and given japan the valuable hanyehping mines in the hankow area in 1938 japan has accomplished the principal objective of the demands reduction of china to a japanese protec torate japanese armies have spread over manchuria and much of china’s coastal and inland regions south of the wall the chinese puppet régimes in manchuria and at peiping and nanking are not very different from the pro japanese anfu clique which held sway over the peking government in 1918 the chinese political situation today however presents many new angles the kuomintang a rather weak and discredited political faction in 1918 has apparently taken on a new lease of life its leader is no longer sun yat sen but chiang kai shek the strong chinese military resistance which is holding off the attacks of nearly a million japanese troops is almost incredible when compared with the attitude of the chinese in 1918 the chinese communists with their eighth route army who are giving the japanese so much trouble in north china are an entirely new phenomenon continued on page 4 a lt s ir basic vas too er poli de had of the veaceful r classes e neces ny illu esire to ited if ever be zing in of the thing is ls that for hu of flux a desire y armed res per s jean twenty rised at r before ine de treaties gthened apanese valuable in 1938 e of the protec anchuria ns south 1 and at rom the over the political y angles scredited en on a yat sen military f nearly yle when in 1918 h route 1 trouble omenon washin gton news letter washington bureau national press building dec 6 looking back over the past 20 years no candid observer can help but reflect on the processes of democracy in the field of foreign affairs in europe the fumbling incapacity of democracies to achieve either genuine pacification or the defense of their own interests has been amply demonstrated from versailles to munich in our own case it is easy to condemn the sudden reversals and inconsistencies which have marked our shifting course since 1918 and yet before reaching the cynical conclusion that democratic institutions are incapable of formulating any consistent foreign policy it may be well to recall some of the controlling factors which have shaped american policy throughout these two critical decades divided responsibility one of these controlling factors has been glossed over repeatedly both by europeans and americans often with disturbing consequences it arises from the fact that under our system of government the responsibility for the conduct of foreign relations is divided between con gress and the executive for more than a century this divided responsibility had little practical effect largely because the atlantic ocean and the monroe doctrine saved us the trouble of formulating any positive foreign policy but in 1918 when woodrow wilson sought to lead america into a rdle of world leadership our traditional system became a factor of decisive importance wilson sailed for paris with the overwhelming support of an american public opinion which had fought for the ideals of democracy in a war expected to lay the foundations for a lasting peace a century of isolation had broken down under the impact of the european conflict and the american people had accepted wilson’s moral precepts as its own the paris peace conference was to bring that new in ternational order based on universal principles of tight and justice for which the american president had pleaded with such persuasive eloquence it was not surprising that mr wilson despite his back ground as historian should have neglected to con sider the future attitude of congress but the attitude of congress was not the only reason for the american reversal of 1921 a vital part of wilson’s peace aims had been directed against the whole theory of the balance of power which was to be replaced by the league of nations yet in europe in that spring of 1918 wilson had been welcomed by statesmen who accepted the league as an instrument for perpetuating the alliance which had won the war american intervention had turned the balance and brought victory to the allied cause and europe believed that american membership in the league would preserve the new balance of power it was inconceivable to europeans that the american people having joined the alliance in the midst of war would refuse to maintain the victorious balance of power in the years of peace it is possible that american public opinion would have supported wilson on the league of nations even as late as 1920 had the issue been put to a popular vote it is probable that the senate would have approved the covenant had wilson been willing to accept additional reservations but neither con gress nor public opinion were ever prepared to sup port american intervention in europe or asia for the purpose of redressing the balance of power advocates of the league including president wilson himself made the mistake of trying to persuade congress that joining the league would not involve large responsibilities or political commitments in europe but congress closer to public opinion than the executive was not persuaded the first ten years demonstrated the futility of seeking peace without accepting responsibility the next ten years demonstrated the futility of seeking to base a foreign policy solely on the popular desire to avoid war under successive republican and demo cratic presidents washington preached disarma ment professed to support the principles of inter national cooperation and joined in the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy but at no time did congress or public opinion permit any american president to accept responsibilities which might have influenced the balance of power and when congress spoke it echoed public opinion in enacting neutrality laws which offered no adequate substitute for an american foreign policy there are many other controlling factors internal and external which have shaped the trend of american policy but today franklin d roosevelt like woodrow wilson is again confronted with the central problem of formulating a foreign policy which will command the support of congress and public opinion the alice in wonderland world of the anti war pact has melted away and once more washington is compelled to face the realities of a ss sienna balance of power whose control has now shifted from the democracies to the dictatorships in the face of this shifting balance mr roosevelt and mr hull have sought to follow a middle of the road course they have striven to impress the dic tators with our potential strength and to raise in their minds a doubt that this country will never fight except to defend its own shores but they have made no commitments and accepted no responsibili ties which might involve the american people in war since the peace of munich they have found popular support for an armament program and a policy of pan american solidarity but they have not been able to stray far from the middle road per haps granting the uncertainties of the present bal ance and the divided responsibility for the conduct of foreign affairs no other course is open to the united states william t stone asia then and now continued from page 2 their relations with the kuomintang especially the so called national united front constitutes an im portant development in chinese politics most im pressive of all is the nationalist enthusiasm which grips the chinese people and induces them to support their armies in the face of grave reverses japan as contrasted with china has undergone no fundamental changes since 1918 acquiescent diets still pass war budgets which have rapidly mounted since the end of the world war proposed by militarist dominated cabinets the position of the soviet union in the far east however has changed materially since 1918 the bolsheviks were then struggling desperately to maintain a revolu tionary régime at moscow thousands of japanese page four troops were spreading over siberia where effective russian control had broken down now the soviet union seems to have established firm rule over its far eastern territories a large soviet army assisted by fleets of airplanes is entrenched along the man churian borders new soviet railways and metallurgi cal bases have been constructed the trans siberian railway has been doubletracked matching similar developments under japan's aegis in the new state of manchoukuo japan has meanwhile established relationships with a new set of european powers in 1918 the anglo japanese alliance under which japan had just aided britain against germany was still in ex istence now japan displays considerable anti british sentiment and japanese troops are in possession of canton britain appears to tolerate the situation even though fighting is being carried on along the borders of its crown colony at hongkong germany has become japan’s closest friend and tokyo has joined the reich and italy in an anti comintern pact the activities of these new european allies are directed against japan’s former associates france and britain the united states in 1938 as in 1918 is en gaged in sending japan notes of protest charging violations of its citizens treaty rights in china how far these protests will be backed by effective action remains a doubtful question official policy again seems to be at loggerheads with the activities of private american interests which are assisting tokyo’s violation of the open door in china by send ing war materials to japan in the far east as in europe history seems to be repeating itself t a bisson the f.d.a bookshelf liberality and civilization by gilbert murray new york macmillan 1938 1.00 a brief discussion originally delivered as the hibbert lectures of the danger to liberal civilization inherent in fascism and communism conscript europe by randolph leigh new york put nam’s 1938 3.00 a virulent protest against political and economic devel opments abroad written to show how utterly alien the whole european concept of today is to the american ideal almost half the book comprises a very effective de bunking of democracy in great britain latin america and the united states by graham h stuart new york d appleton century 1938 4.00 a new edition brings this standard work on inter amer ican relations up to date geographic aspects of international relations by charles c colby editor chicago university of chicago press 1938 3.00 stimulating lectures by geographers on such problems as population outlets in overseas territories state inter vention in economic life the control and use of water re sources boundary problems and the distribution of popu lations my pilgrimage for peace by george lansbury new york holt 1938 2.50 the famous british pacifist who resigned as leader of the labor party because of his opposition to sanctions against italy tells of his journeys in 1936 and 1937 on be half of world peace he reports interviews with many statesmen including president roosevelt hitler musso lini benes and schuschnigg and presents in eloquent language the case for christian socialism and pacifism foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 7 december 9 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymmonp lasts bugit president dorotuy f lager secretary vera micheltes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year qr 181 f p a membership five dollars a year +r cn fective soviet ver its ssisted man llurgi berian similar tate of ships 18 the n had in ex british sion of uation ng the ermany yo has intern allies lates is en narging a how action y again ities of ssisting yy send t as in isson charles ro press problems te inter vater re of popu ew york leader of sanctions 37 on be th many musso eloquent acifism national editor ban foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vov xviii no 8 december 16 1938 f.p.a christmas suggestion regular membership 5 associate membership 3 a distinctive gift which your friends will appre ciate throughout the coming year an attractive christmas greeting card will announce your gift entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 france rides out foreign and domestic storms a vote of confidence given premier daladier by the french chamber of deputies on decem ber 10 concludes a memorable fortnight in the foreign and domestic affairs of france sustained by 315 radical socialists and rightists who were op posed by 241 left wingers m daladier is now free for an indefinite period to pursue the policies he has formulated since the czech crisis foremost among these policies are appeasement of the third reich defense and development of the french colonial empire and domestic recovery and rearma ment under the decree laws of finance minister paul reynaud the french effort to emulate britain in securing tangible expression of hitler's pacific intentions in western europe was crowned with success on de cember 6 when the german minister of foreign affairs joachim von ribbentrop and the french foreign minister georges bonnet signed a vague declaration of amity the two ministers received in stony silence by a skeptical paris crowd declared that their governments share fully the conviction that pacific and good neighborly relations between france and germany constitute one of the essential elements in the consolidation of the situation in eu rope and the maintenance of general peace in the sole concrete stipulation of the accord they re affirmed hitler’s pledge to recognize as definitive the existing franco german frontier some observers regarded the statement that no question of a terri torial order remains in suspense between the two powers as an indication that germany had agreed not to press its colonial claims against france pro vided the quai d’orsay did not attempt to restrain germany in its program of eastward expansion to dispel the suspicion that their declaration might im pair the validity of such basic instruments as the another french recovery program 2 10 18 1938 foreign policy bulletin november rome berlin axis and the french alliances the two nations reserved their special relations with third party powers despite the purely symbolic value of the agree ment there was some anxiety in london that france’s rapprochement with hitler might free it from its dependence on close cooperation with the british at home however m daladier appeared to have won prestige by extricating his country from the virtual isolation to which it appeared condemned by its estrangement from the u.s.s.r the anglo german non aggression declaration and the anglo italian accord improved relations with germany were especially welcome at a moment when musso lini was demonstratively reviving italy's grandiose imperial claims the italian revisionist demands expressed by frenzied shouts for tunis corsica nice and savoy in the italian chamber of deputies on november 30 and supported by a vigorous press campaign were met by strong french protests and an absolute refusal to consider the cession of any french territory counter demonstrations of loyalty were reported in tunis and corsica the orientation of the italian press would indicate that mussolini at the moment has no serious designs on these areas his principal objective is to obtain the greatest possible number of concessions from the french in exchange for a franco italian accord il duce desires recognition of the belligerent status of general franco in spain cession by france to italy of the djibouti railway connecting addis ababa with the sea and possibly of french somali land reduction of suez canal tolls which have proved a burden on italian trade with east africa accompanied by increased italian participation in the canal company and additional minority rights for the 94,000 italians who with 108,000 french inhabitants constitute the european population of ha ie i ss sut sew tse ee tunis italy's hopes depend on the degree of sup port which mussolini may expect from the reich but such assistance has not yet been openly given by berlin possibly the nazis recalling mussolini’s hesitant attitude in the czechoslovak crisis are determined to repay italy in its own coin on the other hand it is conceivable that the italian demands represent a concerted maneuver by the axis powers designed to postpone that general appeasement in western europe which would necessitate relinquish ment of german and italian claims against britain and france french unity in the face of the italian manifesta tions was not duplicated on the home front where the general confederation of labor called a 24 hour general strike for november 30 in protest against the reynaud economic decrees regarding the strike as an illegal political weapon directed against its very existence the daladier government responded by requisitioning the railroads and other public services under military law a move which subjected all strikers operating these services to discipline by court martial reports of the number who struck vary considerably but it seems clear that even in private industry the percentage of strikers did not exceed 25 to 50 per cent until december 5 however the general stoppage paralyzed activity in many fields both the government in its nationalized airplane factories and private employers seized the opportunity to purge their plants of aggressive labor leadership by re hiring workers on an individual basis this maneuver gave rise to numerous protest strikes which gradually subsided until on decem ber 10 the serious tie up of maritime workers at le havre was brought to a close there is little to be gained by debating the ques tion whether the strike was a failure or a success on the labor side it was argued that the reynaud decrees largely negated the gains achieved by the first popular front government in 1936 without de manding commensurate sacrifices on the part of french industrialists left wing groups also claimed that daladier broke his promise to call parliament into session as soon as the decrees were announced and that he acted illegally by requisitioning public services without consulting the full cabinet it re mains doubtful however whether a general strike constituted the appropriate response to m dala dier’s actions the general strike is a revolutionary procedure which a liberal democratic government must regard as a challenge to its authority by com bating it the government has succeeded in discredit ing and weakening the french labor leadership to a degree not yet clearly ascertainable but its severe reprisals have also alienated its left and center supporters in the chamber if it pursues the page two course already foreshadowed by premier daladier’s strictures and embarks on am anti communist cam paign it may travel a path not easily distinguishable from the road to dictatorship payip h popper nazis gain and lose in east europe the shooting of corneliu zelea codreanu and thirteen other leaders of his rumanian fascist iron guard while trying to escape on november 30 represented a bold attempt by king carol to stamp out the movement and stave off a nazi revolution which might strengthen germany's control over the country the guard which had lapsed into quiescence after codreanu’s imprisonment last may for conspiring with german nazis had renewed its campaign of terror in november after several bombing attempts three iron guard students on november 28 shot professor stefanescu goanga rector of the university of cluj who had attacked the guard in a speech the week before on the fol lowing day identical threats of death were sent to the governors of cluj and cernauti similar to those which the iron guard had frequently made and carried out in the past shortly afterward assas sins attempted to execute the president of a mili tary court which had sentenced seventy two guard ists to prison the government announced that it would answer the shooting of goanga by destroying the organization completely the police arrested about 2,000 fascists cluj was placed under mili tary rule general ion antonescu an outspoken sympathizer of the guard was removed from his post and codreanu and his lieutenants were shot on december 3 the three students who had attacked professor goanga met the same fate by killing the iron guard's leaders and cutting communications between its local groups the government has appar ently paralyzed the movement for the time being as a result of the predominant position in eastern europe which germany won at munich however carol’s ruthless destruction of his fascist opponents may prove to have been a pyrrhic victory the munich accord robbed rumania’s military alliances of their effectiveness placed slovakia and ruthenia under german influence and heightened the danger that rumania might have to cede territory to hungary or bulgaria moreover it led to an increase of ru mania’s economic dependence on the third reich which in 1937 took 27 per cent of rumania’s ex ports and supplied 28 per cent of its imports in october the german minister of economics dr funk visited bucharest and on december 10 repre sentatives of the two governments initialed a new trade agreement which seemed likely to develop their reciprocal trade still further continued on page 4 ___ adier’s st cam ishable per ope lu and st iron ber 30 stamp olution yer the into st may ved its several nts on oanga tacked he fol sent to those and assas a mili guard that it froying rrested r mili spoken om his e shot ttacked ing the cations appar being eastern ywever soonents y the liances uthenia danger ungary of ru reich ia’s x rts in cs dr repre a new yp their washin gton news letter vibes washington bureau national press building dec 12 during the past few days washington observers have encountered a new note of modera tion and restraint in official utterances relating to national defense and pan american unity there is still much loose talk and loose thinking on both of these central themes and reports of a two billion dollar armament budget and 10,000 airplanes per sist in some quarters but for almost the first time since munich there is evidence of a restraining hand two significant denials the first intimation of this restraining hand came from president roose velt a few hours after his return from warm springs last week in answer to questions at his press con ference on december 7 mr roosevelt denied em phatically that pump priming or economic recov ery would have any part in the new armament program which will be sent to congress next month the defense program he asserted would be confined to defense projects and nothing else and the expenditures for increased armament would be placed as far as possible on a pay as you go basis the second indication of restraint came on the eve of the opening session of the eighth pan american conference at lima in the form of a broadcast by assistant secretary of state adolf a berle jr in a carefully worded statement mr berle declared that the united states had no thought of proposing a military alliance among the nations of the western hemisphere it is perfectly plain he added that the american continent does not feel that a system of military alliances is needed for the defense of the new world the occasion for these two denials was not the same mr roosevelt was seeking to check an under current of opposition to some aspects of the rearma ment program in washington while mr berle was striving to reassure several doubtful latin ameri can delegations at lima but both statements served the purpose of curbing the activities of certain ele ments in the administration whose enthusiasm for hemispheric defense had almost upset the applecart for several months some of the president's ad visers had been trying to harness the new deal spending program to the chariot of national defense that they had achieved some measure of success was indicated by the nature of some of the de fense projects which received wide publicity such as the granting of federal aid to public utilities rehabilitation of the railroads and other industrial projects but that their zeal had carried them a little too far was evident from the reaction in other quar ters in washington rumblings rumblings began to be heard on capitol hill some two weeks ago returning sena tors and congressmen were prepared to vote for increased appropriations for the army and navy but they were suspicious of spending for other purposes last week it became quite apparent that the reac tion was taking form in a move to scrutinize the president's national defense program closely if the program should call for a huge lump sum appropri ation to be spent on industrial preparedness or even earmarked appropriations for power projects and railroads it seemed certain to encounter vigorous opposition other rumblings have been heard in the war department the coordination of work on the armament program centers largely in the office of louis johnson assistant secretary of war who is in charge of the industrial mobilization plan con ferences on the program have brought in harry hopkins wpa administrator aubrey williams deputy administrator of the wpa tommy cor coran and many others curiously enough how ever general malin craig chief of staff of the army has been conspicuously absent from most of these discussions and apparently has not been con sulted on many phases of the proposed program those who have sounded professional military and naval opinion have been struck by the modera tion of their demands the army wants modern equipment in rifles anti aircraft guns artillery and other matériel but most staff officers regard louis johnson’s talk of 10,000 airplanes as fantastic and they are in no hurry to rush into a vast indus trial mobilization scheme which is unnecessary for continental defense the navy wants to proceed in an orderly fashion with its present building pro gram particularly in destroyers and small auxil iaries it is opposed to a two ocean navy and it needs no new authorizations beyond the vinson act which cannot be completed before 1945 at the earliest if the president's reassuring words mean that the plans for pump priming through armaments have been abandoned there need be no further talk of two or three billion dollars for defense and if mr ae eg oe fares pz iy se foueree on 3 a sage tae a berle’s denial is accepted the fear that this country will use pan american solidarity as a cloak for its own brand of imperialism should be dispelled re ports from lima indicate that such fears exist and that argentina with its close ties to europe will not sign any exclusive pledge of loyalty to the new world if this means turning its back on the old world moderation and restraint as evidenced again in secretary hull’s opening speech at lima are more effective than ballyhoo as methods of achieving an end w t stone nazis gain and lose in east europe continued from page 2 the german government answered the liquida tion of codreanu by sharp press attacks and the temporary recall of its minister dr fabricius from bucharest this reaction in berlin raised the ques tion whether carol had not so antagonized the nazi régime as to increase rumania’s external dangers in any case the move can hardly save him from the necessity of making considerable concessions in ac cordance with whatever new plans germany may propose for southeastern europe differing reactions to the third reich’s growing strength were expressed by the elections of decem page four ber 11 in yugoslavia and memel in yugoslavia the government of premier stoyadinovitch who has fol lowed a policy of friendship with germany and italy won 59 per cent of the votes dr matchek the croat leader who ran on a platform of greater local au tonomy won a strong majority in croatia but ob tained only 40 per cent in the country as a whole in elections for the diet of the semi autonomous territory of memel which lithuania obtained from germany after the war the german party announced its adherence to national socialist principles after winning a smashing victory it demanded full au tonomy as a minimum concession and ousted lithu anian police from the territory the reich has not indicated whether it will demand cession or full autonomy for memel although britain and france on december 12 asked hitler to respect the existing treaty they showed no intention of taking steps to restrain him since lithuania with a population of only 2,500,000 could hardly offer effective resistance to germany hitler can probably bring about an anschluss with the memel germans whenever he reaches the necessary agreements with poland paul b taylor the f.p.a bookshelf seven shifts edited by jack common new york dutton 1938 2.50 seven british workmen describe their daily activities at steel mills gas works blast furnaces etc in informal and forceful style their forthright discussions of work ing conditions unemployment and housing deserve atten tion from any one interested in labor and social problems dom pedro the magnanimous by mary w williams chapel hill n c university of north carolina press 1937 3.50 this book presents the results of considerable research in the life of brazil’s last emperor the volume focuses on personal biography somewhat to the neglect of the broad economic and social currents shaping the emperor’s public career limits of land settlement a report on present day possibilities by isaiah bowman and others new york council on foreign relations 1937 3.50 this expert study of the world’s comparatively unde veloped areas demonstrates conclusively that we need not expect a recrudescence of the mass migration movements which ceased at the outbreak of the world war since most of the pioneer lands that remain are marginal in climate fertility and transport large scale colonization offers little hope for the overpopulated countries or for political refugees international law a treatise by l oppenheim volume i peace fifth edition edited by h lauterpacht new york longmans green 1937 16.00 an able revision of a standard english treatise in in ternational law the flood of events in international poli tics since the last edition of this volume in 1928 has ac cumulated many new legal precedents and made this re vision necessary italy’s foreign and colonial policy by maxwell h h macartney and paul cremona new york oxford 1938 3.00 an able and objective analysis by the rome correspon dents of the london times and the christian science mon itor who believe that the road to empire chosen by musso lini must lead to a conflict with britain over the issue of supremacy in the mediterranean blood and steel the rise of the house of krupp by bernhard menne new york lee furman 1938 3.00 a history of the krupps.and their iron factories from the 16th to the 20th centuries written by a former em ployee vividly told and illustrated it presents a con vineing account of the influence wielded by the krupp family in german affairs and european politics and of the profits made in peace and war although one sided it is useful as a study of both modern industrialism and the international munitions trade foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 8 december 16 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lesiig buelt president dorothy f leer secretary vera michetes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year es f p a membership five dollars a year fo an in decem +ia the is fol tealy croat al au ut ob vhole omous from yunced after ll au lithu as not r full france xisting eps to ion of istance ut an ver he lor lume i it new 2 in in val poli has ac this re i d 1938 rrespon ce mon musso issue of upp by 3.00 es from mer em a con krupp and of sided it and the national in editor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vout xviii no 9 december 23 1938 the military consequences of munich by major george fielding eliot a military survey of the principal powers of europe with a forecast of the military policies to be expected after the munich accord of september 30 which according to the author served notice on the world that force underlies all international relations as a possible final arbiter december 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents each entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 cross currents inside germany by john c dewilde mr dewilde has just returned from germany where he spent eight months on a fellowship 10 present an undistorted picture of national socialist germany today is an appallingly diff cult task the foreign observer in the reich is con stantly impressed with the inadequacy of facile generalizations in the nazi party as in all revolu tionary movements he can find the most disparate elements on the one hand knaves and self seekers and on the other idealists who sincerely work for social and economic betterment to be complete his report must include not only evidence of horrible oppression and the destruction of individual liber ties but also a description of significant social re forms and an analysis of the not altogether unsuc cessful effort to establish an economic order provid ing every german with work and bread an honest observer will tend to avoid dogmatic statements and prophecies if only because of the tremendous difficulty of finding out the true state of affairs in a country where all sources of informa tion have either dried up or are under close control under such circumstances for instance it is well nigh impossible to ascertain what german public opinion is today unquestionably discontent with the régime is more widespread and more vocal than at any time in the history of the third reich until recently dissatisfaction was strongest among the in telligentsia but now it has widely penetrated the masses when the crisis over czechoslovakia brought the people face to face with war there was no little criticism of a government irresponsible enough to tisk such a disaster just for the sake of adding three and a half million germans to the reich the after math of this crisis was characterized by a feeling of great relief but was not attended by the jubilation which had followed anschluss in march the ger man people had only just recovered from the war scare when a new and violent wave of anti semitism broke over them although many germans had previously been only too ready to justify the measures taken against the jews the ruthlessness and in humanity of the new campaign shocked a large part of the population and converted even a few anti semites to a species of philo semitism many ger mans went out of their way to demonstrate their sympathy for the jews and one met with open ex pressions of disgust almost everywhere among the propertied classes there were not a few who had the uncomfortable feeling that some day the forces of destruction might be directed against them yet it would be a mistake to attribute too much political significance to the present wave of discon tent the régime is speculating and perhaps rightly so on the shortness of human memory and indigna tion although criticism is rife most critics are resigned to the futility of opposition and see no alternative to the existing system they strive to forget by concentrating with greater determination on their everyday tasks the government keeps the people very busy and provides the panem et circenses they need although the bread may not be of the best and the circuses often too extravagant even for popular taste they still give the nazis a fairly broad basis of support particularly among the less intelligent or less educated masses as long as the people continue to have work and bread the régime will probably remain in existence certainly one must confess that for the present the german economy is functioning fairly smoothly the government has a tight grip on the economic reins and there is little to warrant prophecies that the régime is running the danger of economic or financial collapse during the next few years the relationship between the state and economic life in mae pi germany has undergone a significant revolution so that the authorities can direct the economic ener gies of germany into whatever channels they chose the increase and maintenance of armaments at a high level the establishment and extension of new industries in accordance with the four year plan the intensification of agricultural production the re construction of cities and the simultaneous provision of an adequate amount of consumers goods all these tasks on which the national socialist govern ment is engaged require a tremendous amount of labor thus it is not surprising that unemployment has been succeeded by a great scarcity of labor in almost every field while much of this labor goes for unproductive purposes and imposes a heavy financial mortgage on the future there has by and large been some improvement in the standard of living with seven million people put back to work the germans undoubtedly have more money to spend than before they may not always be able to buy what they want such commodities as butter and eggs for example are still relatively scarce but on the whole they are not badly fed or clothed one source of danger to the régime is its marked predilection for foreign adventures an appetite which has undoubtedly been whetted by its recent triumphs the nazis now tend to be over confident and too contemptuous of the strength of their op ponents the acquisition of an exclusive sphere of influence in central and eastern europe and the ex pulsion of the soviet union from that region are their primary aims if memel and the colonies be excepted it is probably true that the nazis do not want to add more territory to the reich they plan to leave the peoples of eastern europe a certain amount of cultural autonomy and self government but.to control and direct their economic life and insist on the suppression of all anti nazi movements with a reich of almost eighty million people the german government considers itself the rightful and natural heir to french predominance in this region this claim to succession it may well be able to enforce although not without friction and opposi tion much more difficult of realization are its am bitious schemes for the dissolution of the soviet union and the emancipation of the ukrainians from what the nazis characteristically call jewish bolshevism in this direction they may one day over reach themselves however unpalatable it may be the french and british as well as other democratic powers are face to face with a profound historical shift in the balance of power in europe after having done much to make germany the predominant power in europe they must now swallow this bitter pill germany to day can no longer be stopped short of a major page two catastrophic war and the decimation of the german people unless prepared to advocate such a policy one must accept german hegemony on the continent as an established fact no boycott movements no amount of anti fascist agitation can alter this fact or the character of the german régime undoubtedly the nazis will seek to carry their gospel to other lands but their philosophy like that of the soviet union will not strike root as long as the seed falls on barren soil only prolonged unemployment in stability and ensuing discontent can fertilize the ground a determined and concentrated effort to establish a properly functioning social and economic order at home will in the long run provide the best defense of democracies against the onslaught of fascism john c dewilde britain steers uncertain course prime minister neville chamberlain has continued in recent weeks his policy of appeasing the dictators despite frequent rebuffs from berlin and rome at the same time he has gradually assumed a firmer tone in defense of british and french interests in his address on december 13 before the foreign press association boycotted by all german diplomats and correspondents in london mr chamberlain reit erated his desire for conciliation but protcsted in sults which nazi newspapers had hurled at earl baldwin subsequent speeches by the prime minister and other cabinet members proclaimed that britain possessed both the moral strength and the financial resources to defeat germany in war to combat ger man trade competition the government introduced in the house of commons a bill expanding the ex port guarantee fund used by the board of trade to insure commercial credits from 50,000,000 to 75,000,000 of which 10,000,000 can be employed for defense of national interests as an indication of his impatience mr chamber lain on december 19 urged germany to give some sign of its good will as a basis for further negotia tions britain and france previously had requested germany to respect the 1924 statute governing the autonomy of memel and warned italy against an attack on tunis while mr chamberlain was re affirming the anglo french alliance his former foreign secretary mr anthony eden was visiting the united states where he addressed the national association of manufacturers on december 9 and met many important business and political leaders including president roosevelt mr eden’s address broadcast throughout the united states stressed the vitality and spiritual content of democracy and em phasized the new national unity of britain in the face of threats from totalitarian states continued on page 4 erman policy 1tinent its no is fact btedly other soviet d falls nt in ze the ort to nomic 1e best cht of ilde se tinued tators me at er tone in his 1 press its and n feit ted in it earl inister britain nancial at ger oduced the ex rade to 00 to iployed amber e some le gotia quested ing the inst an was fe former visiting jational 9 and leaders iddress sed the ind em the face limited objectives sought at lima by charles a thomson the following article was sent by mr thomson from lima where he is at tending the pan american conference after a five month tour of south america lima peru dec 15 the lima conference promises to be much less sensational than its ad vance publicity in concrete achievements accord ing to present indications it will fall short of both buenos aires 1936 and montevideo 1933 delegates now prophesy that in the political field only two important accords are likely to take treaty form coordination of existing inter american trea ties and a convention strengthening and implement ing the vague pledges for consultation incorporated in the treaties approved at buenos aires the rumored pact for continental defense has been as definitely shelved as have the proposals for a league of american nations and an american court of justice it is denied in lima that washington ever contemplated conclusion of a formal treaty of such a character certainly argentina's clear cut opposi tion to special pacts against aggression as ex pressed in the address of foreign minister cantilo ended discussion of this project for the present few of the lima delegates believe that an armed attack by the fascist powers is in any degree imminent the press and public opinion in the united states it is charged have overplayed the menace south ameri ca’s pacific coast republics feel themselves com fortably remote from possible attack argentina re fuses to become alarmed only in brazil does some serious apprehension exist and there fear centers not on the possibility of invasion but of a sudden do mestic coup with military and financial backing from the totalitarian states in view of the prevail ing attitude argentina has won considerable sup port in lima for its policy pledging cooperation should attack threaten the independence or the sov ereignty of any state in this part of the world but meanwhile demanding freedom of action for each country thus the no entangling alliances doctrine of the united states is accorded the ironical flattery of imitation in the southern part of the hemisphere yet the practical problem facing the delegates here concerns not armed attack but the infiltration of german and italian propaganda on this point substantial unanimity is now evident it is not the united states alone which has announced its de termined opposition to ideological penetration for various latin american delegations have revealed their awareness of this threat they are plan ning to block the use of german and other foreign resident colonies in their countries as the basis for disruptive drives brazil has proposed that the american republics refuse to recognize the prin ciple of political minorities in this hemisphere uruguay has introduced a project on the legal status of foreigners condemning any political or cultural control over immigrants by the countries of their origin bolivia has presented a resolution attacking reactionary racism and cuba a project calling for the repudiation of all persecution for racial and religious motives foreign minister cantilo stressed the same note in his address and ranged argentina beside its sister nations with a declaration of opposi tion to the introduction into the americas of ideals in conflict with our own régimes threatening to our liberties theories subversive of the social and moral peace of our peoples political fanaticisms and fetichisms discussion of the two pacts on peace organization and consultation has so far been held behind closed doors the need for unifying and coordinating the confusing collection of conciliation and arbitration treaties which form the body of inter american peace machinery has long been evident one method of achieving this objective is outlined in the mexi can peace code which earlier came before the mon tevideo and buenos aires conferences and which includes together with conciliation and arbitration provisions a definition of the aggressor and a plan for sanctions the adverse report on sanctions and determination of the aggressor presented on the eve of the conference by the commission of ex perts for codification of international law practi cally dooms that phase of the mexican project the united states delegation has prepared an alternative plan whose details have not yet been made public but this plan or a compromise between it and the mexican code will apparently not be brought to the conference floor until conversations now under way have insured unanimous support similar nego tiations are in process on the proposal to amplify and implement the practice of consultation among the american states at buenos aires the united states unsuccessfully offered a proposal to create a permanent consultative commission but revival of this initiative here depends on the ability to iron out differences with argentina which has taken the lead in opposing washington’s policy while the prospects of achievement at this gath ering are limited conversation with many delegates reveals a stoical philosophy concerning a possible scarcity of new treaties remembering the fate of other pacts which in their time were hailed as epoch making they argue that less formal more elastic agreement may for the present prove of greater value a ae sp ee ee re i 4 f britain steers uncertain course continued from page 2 the present uncertainty of the british public with regard to european affairs has been shown in the seven parliamentary by elections which have taken place since the munich agreement the results of these contests fought almost entirely on issues of foreign policy and defense show no clear trend either for or against mr chamberlain but indicate that a general election in the near future would probably not lead to his defeat of the six seats won by government candidates in the 1935 general elec tion two have been retained with only a slight loss in majority two have been retained with majority reduced by one half and two have been lost to the opposition independent candidates proved unusu page four ally successful mr vernon bartlett popular radio commentator inflicted one of these two defeats and professor a d lindsay master of balliol college greatly reduced the government’s winning majority at oxford the labor party has increased by one half its majority in the constituency which it won in 1935 another important by election is being fought this week in west perth scotland where the duchess of atholl is running as an independent against a government candidate after being repudiated by the conservative party in her constituency no dras tic change in british public opinion can be expected at present unless the german government increases its persecution of jews and completely defeats mr chamberlain's efforts at appeasement james frederick green the f.p.a bookshelf one fifth of mankind by anna louise strong new york modern age 1938 50 cents a careful summary of the salient facts of china’s struggle against the japanese invasion this volume is easily the most readable and most effective account of the war the author revisited china last winter and talked with the leaders and people in canton hankow and the north chapters on the migration into the interior on chinese women on the eighth route army on refugee work on wartime dramatics and on everyday life give a vivid picture of the war’s effects on the chinese people twilight in vienna by willi frischauer boston houghton mifflin 1938 3.00 the last five hours of austria by eugene lennhoff new york frederick a stokes 1938 2.50 two accounts of the annexation of austria written by viennese journalists twilight in vienna is a vivid de scription of pre hitler austria emphasizing the poverty social disintegration and political strife which undermined the republic as a supporter of dollfuss and schuschnigg mr frischauer blames the vienna socialists for destroy ing the national unity mr lennhoff provides an exciting narrative of the period between the berchtesgaden nego tiations on february 12 and the anschluss of march 12 most of the book deals with the final hours of the crisis and the author’s escape to hungary europe rehoused by elizabeth denby new york w w norton 1938 3.50 a brief useful survey of architectural economic and political issues involved in the housing programs of six european countries illustrated by photographs and draw ings finding the swedes and viennese most successful in housing developments and the french least progressive miss denby offers suggestions for improvement of british slum clearance projects a history of argentina by ricardo levene chapel hill n c university of north carolina press 1937 4.00 a translation of one of the best one volume histories of argentina representing a school that places ideals above economic facts as molders of a nation this is democracy collective bargaining in scandinavia by marquis w childs new haven yale university press 1938 2.50 the author of sweden the middle way examines labor relations in europe’s model countries emphasizing the confidence which exists between employers union leaders and the government and the bargaining techniques used in settling their differences while not always thorough or well organized his survey of democracy at work de serves the attention of the american public which might profitably apply many lessons from scandinavian experi ence to labor problems in the united states the martyrdom of spain by alfred mendizabal with a preface by jacques maritain new york scribner’s 1938 3.00 a spaniard’s study of the background of his country’s travail written with thorough objectivity yet not divorced from sympathetic understanding maritain’s philosophic plea for reasoned judgment adds value to this excellent book a study of the capital market in post war britain by a t k grant new york macmillan 1937 4.50 a careful investigation of the relation of investment to industry commerce and banking valuable for any stu dent of economic trends in recent years blackmail or war by geneviéve tabouis harmondsworth middlesex england penguin books 1938 6d a loosely written history of the recent diplomacy of europe enlivened by a host of amusing if apocryphal anecdotes about the personalities involved the author a top ranking french journalist calls for firm united resistance by britain france and the soviet union against fascist threats but weakens her position by an unjustified holier than thou attitude and an utter lack of interest in compromise suggestions for european appeasement my england by edward shanks new york funk and wagnalls 1938 2.50 a sprightly and informal commentary on english life with many astute remarks on political institutions foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 9 decemmber 23 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp legsiigz buelt president dorothy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year pes f p a membership five dollars a year national fc ani a dece1 +radio s and lege jority 7 one yon in ought uchess inst a ed by dras pected reases s mr een inavia versity s labor ing the leaders s used orough ork de might experi with a ibner’s untry’s ivorced osophic xcellent fain by 54.50 ment to ny stu isworth nacy of cryphal author united against justified interest ment ink and ish life s national n editor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vov xviii no 10 december 30 1938 the military consequences of munich by major george fielding eliot a military survey of the principal powers of europe with a forecast of the military policies to be expected after the munich accord of september 30 which according to the author served notice on the world that force underlies all international relations as a possible final arbiter december 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents each entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 u.s counters japan’s new order in asia wo months after the capture of hankow and canton japanese forces are still struggling with their essential military problem of crushing organ ized chinese resistance contrary to forecasts made at the time chinese opposition has not degenerated into purely guerrilla operations north of changsha and nanchang the chinese front line positions are still strongly held while the japanese drive into kwangsi province from canton has made little progress a stream of japanese reinforcements has flowed through canton indicating that this new southern front is proving an additional strain on japan’s man power at the present rate japanese efforts to close the 400 mile gap along the canton hankow railway will take months of severe cam paigning important eighth route army victories in north china resulting in heavy japanese casualties have held up the projected japanese drive against sian terminus of overland supplies from the u.s.s.r both in the north and around shanghai chinese guerrilla operations continue to harass japanese lines of communication confronted with this stale mate the japanese military command has resorted to destructive bombing raids on china’s interior cities and towns the chinese authorities have meanwhile been making strenuous efforts to provide lines of access for military supplies from abroad one of these routes the haiphong yunnanfu railway has ap parently been definitely closed since early novem ber by the french authorities of indo china in accordance with a reported deal by which the japanese undertake not to molest hainan island the potential importance of the alternative burma yunnanfu route however has markedly increased as a result of the 25 million dollar credit placed at the disposal of china by the united states export import bank on december 15 this credit has al ready enabled the universal trading corporation a newly formed chinese american concern to pe chase 1,000 american motor trucks which will be used to transport supplies over the recently com pleted motor road from the lashio railhead in northeastern burma to yunnanfu similar chinese orders reportedly placed with british firms are to be covered by anticipated credits from the pending british export credits guarantee bill in addition the american treasury has extended the chinese ameti can monetary agreement of july 9 1937 by which china is enabled to obtain dollar exchange against its gold reserves in new york these first positive aids to china by the western powers apart from their material value are im portant psychologically as a buttress to chinese morale they help to offset the large american and british sales of war materials to japan which are still continuing on december 26 for example the department of commerce released figures showing that of 450,001 gross tons of american scrap iron exported in november japan took 319,943 tons western moves to aid china apparently followed a virtual ultimatum by chiang kai shek to the american and british ambassadors in which the generalissimo declared that unless western help were forthcoming china would be forced to rely exclusively on the soviet union official spokesmen at tokyo while firmly stress ing japan’s intention of establishing a new order in eastern asia have failed to go beyond hints at possible reprisals a lengthy statement issued by foreign minister arita on december 19 defined the new order as a relationship of mutual aid and coordination between japan manchoukuo and china an equally important declaration on de cember 22 by premier konoye announcing decisions made by the imperial conference on november 20 stated japan’s war aims as follows chinese recog nition of manchoukuo chinese adherence to the anti comintern pact japanese garrisons at specific points in china designation of inner mongolia as a special anti communist area and facilities for japanese exploitation of chinese resources especially in north china and inner mongolia the declaration repudiated any desire on japan’s part for territory indemnities or an economic monopoly in china on the other hand it stated that china’s economic connections would be restricted to those third powers who grasp the meaning of the new east asia and are willing to act accordingly and threatened that japan was prepared to consider abolition of extraterritoriality and the rendition of foreign con cessions and settlements postponement of this declaration is attributed to the refusal of general wu pei fu to head a unified chinese puppet régime proclamation of which had been scheduled for early december once the new régime is formed japan expects that german and italian recognition will follow automatically thus providing a legal pretext for economic discrimination in favor of its euro pean allies there is no evidence that such a development would modify british american determination which has notably increased during the past month to de fend equality of commercial opportunity for their nationals in china on december 26 ambassador grew on the basis of instructions from washing ton informed foreign minister arita that the united states would continue to insist on the traditional open door policy in parallel conversations with mr arita the british ambassador is apparently taking the same stand at present japan is in no position to adopt an intransigent attitude toward the western democracies germany and italy can render little direct assistance to their japanese ally although their activities on the european end of the axis con stitute valuable indirect support the burden on japan’s finances entailed by the military operations in china shows no sign of lifting in any predictable future in his customary speech at the diet’s open ing session on december 26 the emperor made an unprecedented appeal for approval of the 1939 1940 budget estimates which call for an expenditure of more than 8 billion yen japanese business men are apprehensive over the possibility of even more rigid economic control measures quotations on jap anese bonds both foreign and domestic have sharply declined and occasional leaks in the censorship point to a growing wave of strikes accompanied by steady dissolution of japanese trade union organizations in addition japan has been engaged in serious con troversy with the u.s.s.r over several issues in cluding the fisheries treaty these factors all sug page two gest that japan’s new order in east asia which would involve the disappearance of china as an in dependent nation must surmount formidable ob stacles before it becomes a fait accompli t a bisson nazis reach out for ukraine evidence that the third reich was energetically pursuing its campaign of eastward expansion ap peared in various parts of eastern europe during the past week the spearhead of its drive seemed to be ruthenia czecho slovakia’s eastern province where nazis are encouraging agitation for the liberation of 50 million ukrainians from polish and soviet rule although magyar russian and ukrainian cul tural tendencies had competed fiercely in ruthenia ever since the world war the ukrainian element sponsored by the reich quickly gained supremacy after the munich accord m brody first premier of the autonomous provincial government who was pro magyar and favored a plebiscite concerning ruthenia’s future was replaced by m volosin an exponent of the ukrainian independence movement since then the new government has ostentatiously cooperated with germany and has apparently en couraged irredentist agitation by ukrainian refugees from poland and the soviet union in germany an open propaganda campaign in favor of ukrainian independence was implemented by the dispatch of various officials to ruthenia and the registration of stateless ukrainians on december 16 for service of an undisclosed nature although the grand duke vladimir pretender to the russian throne made a highly publicized christmas visit to berlin he de nied any intention to negotiate with hitler regarding a separatist ukrainian movement general denikin former white russian leader declared in paris on december 20 that he had rejected german proposals for a separate ukraine several years ago and denied that such a campaign would find widespread support among russian exiles the polish government which helped to partition czechoslovakia has shown growing concern over the probable effects of the ukrainian campaign on its own 5 million ukrainians representatives of the minority in the polish sejm submitted a bill for ukrainian autonomy which the speaker rejected on december 21 in the same month the polish govern ment sent two energetic protests to czecho slovakia against prague’s toleration of the irredentist move ment although the czecho slevak government promised to investigate it can hardly suppress a movement so strongly supported by the reich simultaneously poland made overtures to the u.s.s.r for political and economic collaboration continued on page 4 which an in le ob son tically nn ap ng the to be where ation soviet in cul thenia ement emacy lier of o was erning in an ement tiously ly en fugees any an ainian tch of ion of rice of duke nade a he de arding enikin iris on yposals denied upport irtition n over ign on of the ill for ted on rovern ovakia move rmment ress a reich ro the ration washin gton news letter washington bureau national press building dec 27 it would be premature to announce a new government controlled foreign loan program to implement a positive american foreign policy for one thing congress will not convene until next week and it is always dangerous to forecast any major trend in our foreign policy without taking into account the influence and temper of congres sional opinion in the second place the president has not yet indicated just how far he intends to go in pressing an affirmative policy nevertheless enough has transpired during the past few weeks to convince well informed washington observers that the ad ministration not only desires to develop a more posi tive policy but is seeking new economic and finan cial powers to advance such a policy new weapons of diplomacy evidence of this trend is found in three semi diplomatic moves an nounced during the last ten days 1 the 25,000 000 credit extended to china by the export import bank on december 15 2 the 10,000,000 loan to the international telephone and telegraph com pany to extend its operations in south america ad vanced by the same agency on december 13 3 the announcement by secretary morgenthau that the treasury will continue its extension of credit to china against chinese gold held in this country officially the state department is still maintain ing discreet silence with respect to these transactions actually however these three steps represent the first definite move toward employment of new weapons of diplomacy for the purpose of supporting american interests abroad enforcing american policies and offsetting the activities of foreign states which discriminate against the united states the immediate effect of the credits to china is to give material assistance to the government of chiang kai shek at a moment when the chinese are in des perate need of war materials the official announce ment states that the credits will go to the universal trading corporation of new york to finance ex portation of american agricultural and manufac tured products to china and the importation of wood oil from china the credits will be guaran teed by the bank of china and mature over a period of five years under this credit prograin general motors and chrysler are supplying 500 motor trucks each to support a commercial transport system over the new road from burma into the interior of china the i t t loan is similar to other advances made by the export import bank ostensibly to facili tate american exports to south america in this transaction a group of new york banks are ad vancing an additional 5 million dollars raising the total to 15 million what makes these transactions particularly sig nificant at this time is the fact that other similar loans and additional economic and financial meas ures have been widely discussed in official quarters during recent weeks administration officials deny that they contemplate a new program of dollar diplomacy some of them are well aware of the disastrous consequences which might flow from an other era of foreign lending comparable to that of the 1920 s and yet some of the projects now under consideration seem to ignore the lessons of the past and suggest the possibility of a new spending orgy with the government itself in the rdle of financial agent whether the president intends to ask for wider powers to extend the scope of this foreign lending program is still uncertain existing agencies how ever are hardly adequate to carry out any far reach ing program the export import bank was presum ably organized for the purpose of aiding the exports of american agricultural and industrial products and not as a government loan agency it was created by an executive order signed by the president on february 2 1934 under the original national in dustrial recovery act shortly afterwards it was in corporated as a banking corporation under the laws of the district of columbia with a board of trustees composed entirely of government officials includ ing the secretary of commerce an assistant secre tary of state an assistant secretary of the treasury and officers of the reconstruction finance corpora tion and the department of agriculture the capital stock of 21 million dollars is held by the r.f.c in continuing the functions of the r.f.c congress has authorized the continuance of the export import bank as an agency of the government until june 30 1939 during its first four years the bank made com mitments aggregating 134 million dollars it actu ally disbursed 42 million and received payments amounting to 25 million how far the administration will attempt to carry its lending program depends in large part on the attitude of congress the r.f.c may increase the capitalization of the export import bank at any time but it is doubtful whether the bank can extend its operations very far without further congressional authorization it is also doubtful whether congress will underwrite an aggressive dollar diplomacy in latin america and the far east without critical sceutany w t stone nazis reach out for ukraine continued from page 2 on november 26 the two governments had already renewed their non aggression pact of 1932 and on december 20 warsaw announced that negotiations for a soviet polish trade agreement would begin in january two days later it concluded a new trade agreement with lithuania poland’s post munich tendency toward cooperation with the soviet union and france was strengthened by the outcome of the municipal elections in 52 cities on december 18 page four although the elections were fought on domestic issues the socialist and democratic parties which have opposed cooperation with germany won 639 seats as against the 398 held by the government coalition the visit of count ciano italian foreign min ister to budapest on december 19 22 was widely interpreted as an attempt by the berlin rome axis to include hungary in its plans by diverting magyar ambitions from ruthenia to rumania mussolini whose attempts to secure ruthenia for hungary were blocked by germany may seek satisfaction for his protégé in transylvania such a move might also suit hitler’s purpose since king carol’s ruthless execution of iron guard leaders and his opposition to german expansion have provoked strong nazi hostility paul b taylor the f.d.a bookshelf eastern industrialization and its effect on the west by g e hubbard new york oxford university press 1938 7.00 this is a revised edition of one of the most important studies of the industrial development of eastern countries including india the revision has brought statistical ma terial up to date and taken into account the effects which are likely to flow from the second sino japanese war gateway to tibet by robert b ekvall harrisburg pa christian publications inc 1938 a brief history of more than a generation’s missionary activity carried on by the christian and missionary alli ance in the far western reaches of kansu province china fights back by agnes smedley new york van guard 1938 2.50 for several months in late 1937 agnes smedley marched with units of the eighth route army which were fighting the japanese invaders in shansi province this account is a first hand picture of the famous guerrilla tactics of the chinese communist forces as applied against the jap anese it also indicates the methods whereby the com munist leaders have built up an organized popular move ment of millions of chinese peasants in north china a movement which has restricted japan’s military control in the northern provinces to narrow railway corridors the development of japan by kenneth scott latourette new york macmillan 1938 2.50 a fourth edition revised and enlarged of a deservedly popular summary of japan’s historical development creation of rights of sovereignty through symbolic acts 1400 1800 by arthur s keller oliver j lissitzyn and frederick j mann new york columbia university press 19388 2.50 an important contribution to the law governing the acquisition of sovereignty over territory the authors conclusions are particularly interesting in the light of the american government’s recent claim to two islands in the central pacific mediterranean cross currents by margaret boveri new york oxford 1938 5.00 an interesting blend of tourist observation and political conjecture regarding a vital area in world politics de spite an attempt at objectivity in the description of the imperialist clash in the middle sea the influence of ger man propaganda is here and there visible particularly in the comment on spain the canadians the story of a people by george m wrong new york macmillan 1938 3.50 the history of canada from the sixteenth century to the present written for the general reader by a dis tinguished canadian scholar americans will find this an excellent introduction to the colorful story of a country whose national development parallels and affects that of the united states handbook of latin american studies 1937 by lewis hanke editor cambridge mass harvard university press 1937 4.00 the second annual number of a valuable annotated bib liography covering the humanities and the social sciences the british empire by a study group of members of the royal institute of international affairs new york oxford 1937 6.00 a useful survey of individual countries and analysis of the major problems of the empire industrial price policies and economic progress by ed win g nourse and horace e drury washington brookings 1938 2.50 a relatively reassuring picture of the changing price policies of leading corporations speeches and documents on international affairs 1918 1937 edited with an introduction by arthur berriedale keith new york oxford 1938 2 volumes 1.60 a handy pocket size selection of documentary material distinguished by special emphasis on post war develop ments in europe and a complete disregard of events in latin america foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 10 dacumpzr 30 1938 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lestiz bugit president dorothy f lert secretary vera micheltes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year bo 181 f p a membership five dollars a year an i rece and wol pha beli vat for tha cus mo ital cos fre tor by ita val wh tw act +osition r nazi lor ri new r0litical cs de of the of ger larly in rge m tury to a dis this an country that of lewis iversity ted bib ciences s of the y york lysis of by ed nington g price 3 1918 rriedale 51.60 1aterial develop vents in national n editor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vout xviii no 11 january 6 1939 diplomatic background of munich accord by vera micheles dean a lucid and revealing picture of the diplomatic develop ments leading up to the munich accord from the occupa tion of austria by german troops in march to the oppressive days of september when events followed each other with dizzying rapidity culminating in the peace of munich january 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents each entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 axis powers raise price of appeasement acing troublesome problems which would tax the powers of any apostle of appeasement prime minister chamberlain and viscount halifax prepared to visit rome from january 11 to 14 with out giving the slightest indication of the nature of the concrete results they are to seek from mussolini so far as the franco italian dispute is concerned britain seems to have acquiesced in the french view presented at london by roger cambon french chargé d'affaires on december 29 that the franco italian dispute must be directly settled by the two parties involved as for the spanish civil war it still appears doubtful that general franco’s offensive begun on december 23 will have made sufficient headway by january 11 to permit new discussions on the basis of a rebel victory indeed the announcement that the british statesmen would be received in audience by pope pius xi on january 13 and that a papal delegate with diplomatic rank would be sent to london shifted somewhat the em phasis of the rome conversations several observers believed that closer relations between britain and the vatican might be the prelude to formation of a bloc for resistance to fascist expansion on moral grounds if chamberlain and mussolini are to do more than exchange formalities they must necessarily dis cuss franco italian differences which constitute the most immediate menace to european stability the italian press has bandied about the most belli cose threats against france vehemently protesting french intransigence regarding cession of terri tory to mussolini this press barrage was followed by a diplomatic démarche on december 17 when italy informed the french that it did not consider valid the laval mussolini accord of january 7 1935 which purported to settle the outstanding issues be tween the two countries italy’s denunciation of the accord entirely legitimate since ratifications had never been exchanged leaves in suspense the fate of more than 44,000 square miles of territory which were to have been ceded to italy as well as the fu ture of 94,000 italians resident in tunisia the italian campaign has awakened a spirit of defiance in france which tends to unify the nation in support of premier daladier’s government italian demands for french territorial cessions beyond those of the 1935 agreement have been met by a flat negative expressed in a french note of decem ber 26 and in speeches by m daladier and foreign minister bonnet accompanied by a small naval flotilla the premier sailed on january 1 for a demon strative ten day visit to corsica and tunisia dur ing which enthusiastic demonstrations of loyalty to the republic took place the quai d’orsay where the psychology of appeasement is strong has attempted to keep public sentiment within bounds by denying reports that italian troops had violated the somaliland frontier and minimizing the significance of minor military and naval reinforce ments sent to djibouti possibly as a result of the strong popular reaction in france italian sources on december 28 stated that rome was not contemplat ing disturbance of the territorial status quo in the mediterranean or red sea area guaranteed under the anglo italian accord of april 16 1938 the ground has thus been cleared for a series of non territorial concessions to italy which would increase italian participation in the administration of the suez canal and the djibouti addis ababa railway im prove port facilities for italian shipments at djibouti and permit rome to maintain a considerable degree of control over the italian population of tunisia firm resistance to italian pretensions would be impossible were it not for a definite improvement in the internal situation of france with the reins of government definitely in the hands of a conserva tively inclined majority finance minister paul rey naud’s budget was finally enacted by parliament on january 2 after only eighteen days of debate m reynaud has achieved a financial coup by refunding foreign obligations of the french railways totaling 3,500,000,000 francs at a lower interest rate the flight of capital from france has been reversed the collapse of labor opposition to the frankly capital istic program of the new finance minister has been revealed by a union agreement to accept a 50 hour week in armaments industries where required at the moment when franco italian tension seemed to be subsiding a new maneuver by ger many once again jolted the equanimity of the anglo french entente on december 31 it was revealed in berlin that in conformity with the anglo german naval agreements of 1935 and 1937 the german government had decided to increase its submarine tonnage by about 45,000 tons to a figure equal to that of the british submarine fleet germany it is reported has also decided to build two more heavy cruisers in addition to three already under construc tion and has raised the question of increasing the maximum caliber of naval guns from 16 to 18 inches whatever the motivation for these moves soviet naval construction in the baltic the need for long range vessels to meet a possible american naval menace or preparation for protection of future colonial sea routes it was clear that they will in the first instance affect franco british communica tions and naval predominance in the atlantic whether planned or fortuitous the sequence of the italian and german initiatives subjects the west ern democracies to a diplomatic crossfire which they have not yet learned to combat effectively france fully occupied by italian threats to its territories can not raise a finger to hinder german expansion to the east and britain facing the menace of a rearmed germany across the north sea finds it difficult to oppose italian designs in the eastern mediterranean nothing can be done to bring this process to a halt unless a policy of stronger resistance and closer cooperation is adopted davi h popper germany and u.s at loggerheads german american relations came dangerously close to a complete rupture after acting secretary of state sumner welles bluntly rejected germany's re quest that the american government disavow a speech in which secretary ickes had assailed hitler ism and sharply attacked americans for accepting decorations at the hand of a brutal dictator in an interview with the german chargé d'affaires on december 21 mr welles not only declined to ex press regret but represented the utterances of the secretary of interior as a natural expression of pub page two lic indignation aroused by the recent policies in germany he also stressed the impropriety of the protest at a time when the german press was filled with attacks against president roosevelt and mem bers of his cabinet although berlin was obviously taken aback by this rebuff it decided not to press the issue at this time a german communiqué of de cember 30 deplored the action of mr welles and expressed the conviction that no improvement in relations between the two countries could be ex pected so long as a procedure is to be followed which manifestly serves jewish interests the present tension between germany and the united states climaxes a long period during which relations have steadily deteriorated the most re cent wave of antagonism was unleashed by ger many’s anti semitic measures which brought a pub lic condemnation from president roosevelt on no vember 15 and the demonstrative withdrawal of the american ambassador from berlin since this recall which was promptly followed by that of mr dieckhoff german ambassador in the united states for an indefinite period the two countries have been at swords points attacks by prominent americans and the press on the oppression of jews in germany provoked a storm of abuse in nazi circles an inspired drive in the german press de picted the american people and their rulers as the base tools of international jewry repeated repre sentations by washington insisting that the anti semitic decrees should not apply to american citi zens were interpreted as a disguised method of agi tating against the domestic policies of the reich the pan american conference at lima increased the rapidly growing estrangement while american statesmen sought to rally the americas against the invasion of fascist ideologies german newspapers ridiculed this effort and exposed it as a brazen attempt to advance yankee imperialism should german american relations go from bad to worse a rupture would seem inevitable both governments must realize the consequences of sucl a development by severing diplomatic or even com mercial relations the american people would not bring about hitler’s downfall nor could the ger man government by this procedure compel ameri cans to abstain from denunciation of fascism unless war follows severance of relations the renewal of formal diplomatic contact becomes inevitable sooner or later the history of soviet american relations until 1933 illustrates the impracticability of one major government refusing to recognize another's existence no matter how dramatically opposed its régime may be in declaring on december 23 that the people of the united states do not like the govern continued on page 4 th thom ing t q value study inter of tk sults valu reali t ence unit and state sert own shot cern to o of 1 uni bea the vet __ ee cies in of the s filled mem viously ess the of de es and ent in be ex llowed od the which ost re y ger a pub n no wal of ce this of mr united untries minent rf jews 1 nazi ess de as the repre anti an citi of agi reich sed the nerican nst the spapers brazen ym bad both yf such n com ild not 1e ger amert unless wal of sooner elations of one nother’s sed its nat the govern the lima conference success or failure by charles a thomson the following article was sent from ecuador by mr thomson who is en route to the united states after attend ing the eighth pan american conference at lima peru quito ecuador dec 30 the most lasting value of the lima conference may be its use as a case study in the application of democratic methods to international relations it revealed the limitations of that method in securing prompt and concrete re sults but it may also demonstrate the long term value of such procedure for the development of realistic understanding and freely given cooperation the united states delegation came to the confer ence primarily concerned to forge inter american unity against commercial and cultural penetration and possible armed aggression by the totalitarian states secretary hull in his opening address as serted that an ominous shadow falls athwart our own continent and proclaimed repeatedly that there should not be a shadow of a doubt anywhere con cerning the determination of the american nations to oppose either a military or an ideological invasion of the western hemisphere for this program the united states found substantial support in a carib bean bloc of twelve nations made up of mexico the central american countries panama colombia venezuela and the three west indian republics a distinctly different point of view was voiced by a south american group headed by argentina and including the neighboring states of uruguay para guay and bolivia chile and to a lesser degree brazil were also found in this camp argentina re fused to show alarm at the immediacy of the nazi fascist menace it was unwilling to sign any docu ment which might be interpreted as a slap at a specific european nation this attitude according to the argentines was determined not by mysterious or sinister influences but by sound reasons of national self interest the economic life of argentina and the countries which supported it depends to a major degree on european markets a large proportion of their population is made up of european immigrants whose ties with their home lands still foster vital currents of sympathy and interest moreover ar gentine foreign policy has traditionally favored a universal rather than a regional emphasis buenos aires has long viewed the united states as its lead ing rival in the western hemisphere a habit of mind which five years of the good neighbor policy have not entirely erased argentina consequently de clared its willingness at lima to cooperate against any real threat to the inter american order but at the same time reserved its freedom of action it saw no need for specific pacts to maintain con tinental solidarity thus at the moment when the united states gave indications of offering to the american nations the type of entangling alliance which it had always refused to europe its proposal fell on deaf ears ironically enough argentina’s pol icy general support of international cooperation with opposition to specific commitments was al most an exact parallel of what washington has de manded for itself in the past both in european and inter american affairs as late as the 1928 havana conference the united states fought shy of any political ties with new world nations in view of the argentine position secretary hull and his colleagues were forced to choose between two courses by pressure tactics they might have marshalled an impressive numerical majority for the united states program but this procedure would necessarily have isolated argentina made it the pos sible nucleus of a future opposition bloc and definitely disrupted pan american unity or the united states might have sought to go only so far as common agreement would permit it was decided to follow the latter course and mr hull’s policy of unanimous support for important decisions initiated in 1933 at montevideo was continued at lima working harmony was thus maintained but only at considerable cost to tangible achievement par ticularly in cementing an inter american front the united states delegation had brought to lima a re ported draft for a protocol to the consultative pact signed at buenos aires in 1936 this draft pro vided for joint defense against external aggression with establishment of a permanent consultative com mission made up of the foreign ministers of the american countries opposition from the argentine bloc forced the scrapping of this project and in stead after protracted negotiations a buenos aires proposal for a declaration of the solidarity of america was finally adopted on december 22 with only slight changes from its original text this document substituted for any clear cut obli gation to cooperate in mutual defense a reaffirma tion of continental solidarity and a declaration on the part of the american states that in case the peace security or territorial integrity of any american republic is thus threatened by acts of any nature that may impair them they proclaim their common concern and their determination to make effective their solidarity coordinating their respective sovereign wills by means of the procedure of consultation using the measures which in each case the circumstances may make advisable it was further provided that to facilitate consulta tion the ministers for foreign affairs of the amer ican republics when deemed desirable and at the initiative of any one of them will meet in their sev eral capitals by rotation and without protocolary character this cautious pledge of cooperation did not go substantially beyond the declaration of in ter american solidarity adopted at buenos aires in which the american nations went on record in favor of consultation but the clause prescribing how con sultation was to be carried out represented a definite if small advance a second project approved at the conference provided that consultation might be in voked for economic and cultural as well as political questions while the conference avoided any open expres sion of hostility to the fascist states various resolu tions adopted at lima indicated determination to check the tactics of divisive penetration a brazilian resolution opposed introduction into the western hemisphere of the principle of political minorities an argentine resolution directed at the plebiscite of german residents recently held in the latin american countries declared against the collective exercise by foreigners of political rights granted by countries of origin a cuban proposal condemning racial and religious persecution after being watered down in subcommission was finally adopted in the economic field secretary hull secured unanimous support for the introduction and ap proval of a resolution recommending reasonable tariffs in lieu of other forms of trade restrictions and the negotiation of trade agreements embody ing the principle of non discrimination this move however only reaffirmed similar action taken at the montevideo and buenos aires conference on the previously controversial question of women’s rights the conference adopted compromise measures which may possibly presage an end to the struggle waged between the advocates of equal rights and those favoring protective legislation for women the lima declaration of women’s rights proclaims that women are entitled to equal political and civil status with men but also to the most ample opportunities for work and to be pro tected therein and to the most ample protection as mothers provision was made for continuance of the inter american commission of women as a consultative body in tangible results the lima conference fell far short of the two preceding pan american gather ings at montevideo and buenos aires its failure to conclude a single treaty or convention is matched by only one other pan american conference the first held in 1889 it refused to take action on mediation in the spanish civil war and avoided discussion of page four the refugee question its cautious and limited affirma tion of inter american solidarity revealed that the american republics are unwilling to form an oppos ing front not only toward europe in general but against the totalitarian states in particular equally clear was the reluctance of the leading south ameti can nations to support the type of ideological war apparently favored by many in washington or to join in any concerted program of rearmament against the possible threat of external aggression on the other hand the lima conference was free from the open manifestations of inter american fric tion which marked the 1923 and 1928 conferences at santiago and havana it conserved the gains made at montevideo and buenos aires and made some improvements in the machinery for inter american consultation in positive achievements the conference may be ranked as a failure negatively it may claim to be a success for it at least took no backward steps at a time when general retreat characterizes the forces of peaceful cooperation and international understanding it held ground previ ously won and kept the road open for further ad vance in the future germany and u.s at loggerheads continued from page 2 ment of germany as well as that of japan senator pittman chairman of the senate's committee on foreign relations undoubtedly voiced the sentiments of the majority of americans yet if we should begin officially to express our dislike of every government whose principles are alien to our own it would be difficult to know where to stop soon we might find ourselves in diplomatic hot water with almost every country unless germany and the united states are pre pared to drift into a position where war between the two countries will be practically inevitable as soon as a conflict breaks out in europe a new policy of restraint is called for on both sides in the interest of restoring correct if not friendly relations american officials may have to curb the expression of their own opinions in return they should insist that the reich impose similar restraint not only on its spokesmen but on the contents of the press for which as a totalitarian régime it is peculiarly re sponsible both the german and american people will probably in the end have to accept the co existence of the two political régimes however antagonistic their principles joun c pewive foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 11 january 6 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lasiie bugit president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheltes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year tf 181 f p a membership five dollars a year +ae firma at the opppos il but qually a meri al war or to igainst as free in fric rences gains made inter its the tively 90k no retreat on and previ rer ad senator tee on timents d begin rnment yuld be rht find st every ire pre een the as soon dlicy of interest lations ression d insist only on ess for arly re people the co however vilde national an editor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vol xviii no 12 january 13 1939 america looks abroad by frederick l schuman and george soule what program will guarantee peace for america here is a critical examination of the central problems confronting american foreign policy today the two authors represent different points of view each has sought to face realities and both have submitted specific recommendations world affairs pamphlets no 3 25 cents a copy fpa membership covers this series entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at che pose office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 government crises china vs japan s the new year opened the strain of prolonged sino japanese hostilities was expressed in gov ernmental difficulties and changes both at tokyo and chungking the readjustments gave increased authority to those elements in both countries which are determined to push the war to a decisive con clusion in mid december wang ching wei deputy leader of the kuomintang was reported to have left chungking for hanoi in french indo china a cautious statement issued at the time by generalis simo chiang kai shek failed to remove the impres sion that something more than reasons of health motivated wang ching wei's trip this impression was confirmed on december 30 when wang ching wei sent a telegram from hanoi to chiang kai shek declaring that premier konoye’s terms of decem ber 22 offered a fair basis for peace discussions wang’s telegram supported japan’s demand that china join the anti comintern bloc and accepted the continued occupation of north china inner mongolia and manchuria by japanese troops but on condition that such forces be withdrawn from the rest of china the reply to this move was made at chungking on january 1 when a special session of the kuomintang’s standing committee expelled wang from the party and dismissed him from all official positions for deserting his post and suing for peace in contradiction to national policy re ports from chungking indicated that wang ching wei had secretly attempted to gain the support of szechuan and yunnan military leaders for his peace program and had communicated with general wu pei fu japan’s choice to head a unified puppet régime in china these events have served to confirm chiang kai shek’s policy of prolonged resistance and have sub u.s counters japan’s new order in asia foreign policy bulletis lecember 30 193 stantiated the belief of informed observers that the influence of the chinese peace faction has stead ily declined in recent months if the facts had been otherwise wang ching wei would have stayed at chungking and forced a reversal of policy his flight is a confession of weakness and political bankruptcy although the scope of the purge now occurring at chungking is probably exaggerated in the reports emanating from hongkong it should contribute toward eliminating the graft inertia and inefficiency in the central government which have handicapped china’s military efforts with the com promisers driven from kuomintang ranks chiang kai shek will have more authority to clean house strengthen morale and consolidate the national united front at tokyo a government crisis which hinged mainly on the army's demand for greater economic control had simultaneously developed the issue was actually settled on december 28 several days before the cabinet change when the national mobilization council approved six imperial or dinances invoking provisions of the national mobilization act which vested in the government control of dividends profits wages and hours and permitted requisition of factories land and com modities as the result of opposition to these meas ures principally from finance minister ikeda the government resigned on januaty 4 the new cabinet formed on january 5 was headed by baron hiranu ma who has been a candidate of japan’s military fascist elements for premier since 1932 aside from the premiership only one important change was made in the cabinet replacement of finance min ister ikeda by sotaro ishiwatari previously vice finance minister the new régime is generally re garded even by japanese as a weaker edition of the former cabinet and unlikely to last long a while it represents a formal victory for the military fascist elements the victory is of such a kind that it is apt to increase rather than lessen internal strife the ability and experience of finance minister ikeda were reassuring to japanese business and finance which felt that he would be able to restrict economic regimentation and curb reckless moves in the financial sphere in september the army had re duced the foreign office to a puppet it has now done the same for the finance ministry through ishiwatari a bureaucrat under army influence the military may be able to force application of the eco nomic measures they desire but the results will be disastrous if the confidence of the business com munity is thereby seriously undermined the year end also witnessed the presentation of a second emphatic american note to japan firmly rejecting the establishment of a new order in east asia by unilateral japanese action the note de livered in tokyo on december 31 reserved all american rights but offered to consider proposals by japan provided they were taken up at a multi lateral conference of all powers concerned this note was given increased force by the president's appeal in his message to congress on january 4 for revision of legislation which supported an ag gressor but denied aid to the victim several addi tional factors have called attention to japan’s increasing difficulties trade figures through no vember 1938 show a decline of 77,000,000 in united states imports from japan as compared with the first eleven months of 1937 from tokyo come reports of a small favorable balance in japan's merchandise trade for 1938 but at the expense of a decline of well over one billion yen in imports and of half a billion yen in exports this trend if con tinued will rapidly undermine japan’s economic stability on the war fronts in china moreover the military stalemate continues with signs that the japanese forces are even experiencing difficulty in maintaining their present positions jt a bisson britain bolsters the pound the vigorous measures adopted by the british government for the defense of the pound have at least temporarily dissipated widespread fears con cerning the future of sterling faced by a persistent drain of capital from london which drove the pound down to 4.62 and threatened to exhaust the re serves of the exchange equalization fund the bank of england on january 5 requested all banks to re frain from speculative transactions in foreign ex change and in particular from making advances on gold which would encourage further hoarding of that metal the most important action was taken the following day when the bank sold the equaliza tion fund 200,001,571 worth of gold bars with page two which to meet attacks on the pound the transfer of this huge sum which at current valuation amounts to about 1,650,000,000 is a convincing demonstra tion of britain’s determination to arrest the fall in exchange rates which if left unchecked might have produced a run on london followed by the insti tution of foreign exchange control the chamber lain government could not afford the risk of such a development which would have impaired london's status as an international money market and involved a further decline in british prestige the recent drop in sterling was a repetition of the phenomenon which occurred last september during the war crisis political rather than economic fac tors furnished the primary motivation after the munich agreement the pound rallied slowly from a low of 4.60 to 4.76 early in november the grow ing conviction that munich had really settled nothing and that prime minister chamberlain's policy of political appeasement was doomed to failure brought renewed pressure on the pound at the same time the large scale repatriation of french capital fol lowing finance minister reynaud’s recovery meas ures in france produced a withdrawal of funds from london the exchange equalization fund seemed unable to take effective counter measures its gold reserves which had already been almost halved in the six month period ending september 30 1938 and stood at that time at 759,000,000 are generally reputed to have fallen to 400,000,000 in the remaining months of the year barring very unfavorable political developments the future of the pound now seems more reassuring economic factors are favorable to a recovery of ster ling during the last half of 1938 there was a steady improvement in the trade balance although figures for december are not yet available the excess of imports over exports should be 40,000,000 below last year the balance of international payments should also be slightly more favorable continued economic recovery abroad combined with the ef fects of the anglo american trade agreement may well bring a further improvement in exports the balance of payments of the sterling bloc as a whole which necessarily affects the size of foreign balances in london will probably improve also many of the countries in the sterling group are primarily exporters of raw materials and foodstuffs for which the market during the last year has been greatly restricted the economic revival which began last fall should bring about a greater demand for their products thus leading automatically to a replenish ment of their sterling balances in london in the last analysis however the course of the pound will be decisively influenced by britain's political fortunes john c dewilde es h jan able t lined to co of th eurof exam to ot was e on c new s at prepa been durin ago tine speec minis at th both of e ther right dent actio foret adm did i 66 sage does is pp befc scafl erec the jap the rebi sper 7 ten th fer of ounts nstra all in have insti mber uch a idon’s olved of the luring face r the rom a grow thing cy of ought time l fol meas funds fund sures imost er 30 are 100 in nents uring f ster steady igures ss of below ments inued 1e ef may the vhole lances ny of narily which reatly n last their enish n the d will tunes lde w ashington news letter ae washington bureau national press building jan 9 how rapidly the administration will be able to advance the positive foreign policy out lined by president roosevelt in his annual message to congress depends in large part on the attitude of the new congress and the course of events in europe and the far east that congress intends to examine the national defense program in relation to other recommendations affecting foreign policy was evidenced by public and private comments heard on capitol hill at the end of the first week of the new session at the same time few impartial observers are prepared to say that congressional opinion has not been profoundly influenced by the march of events during the past fifteen months a year and a half ago when mr roosevelt talked vaguely of quaran tine and concerted action in his famous chicago speech congressional opinion recoiled and the ad ministration beat a hasty retreat a newspaper poll at that time showed an overwhelming majority of both the senate and the house opposed to any form of economic sanctions against aggressor nations there is still much evidence of opposition to out right embargoes and yet last week when the presi dent returned to the same theme with a program of action calling for a fundamental change in american foreign policy there was little to indicate that the administration would be compelled to retreat as it did in the autumn of 1937 measures short of war the president's mes sage demonstrated clearly that the executive branch does not intend to retreat and that the president is prepared to launch a determined offensive long before the president delivered his message the scaffolding for the new program had already been erected by the state department the treasury and the export import bank in the series of notes to japan the twenty five million dollar credit to china the resolutions of the lima conference and the curt tebuff to germany's diplomatic protest against the speech of secretary ickes this program can be continued and possibly ex tended without additional legislation by congress the state department for example is free to de nounce the commercial treaty of 1911 with japan without congressional approval and many believe that this step may soon be taken if japan continues to discriminate against american rights in china the loan policy initiated by the export import bank may be continued for some time although the ex isting powers of the bank must be renewed by con gress before june 30 1939 moreover under the existing provisions of the tariff act and certain fiscal laws the executive enjoys wide powers which have not yet been used to retaliate by economic ard financial measures against any country which dis criminates against american trade but when president roosevelt declared in his annual message that there are many methods short of war but stronger and more effective than mere words of bringing home to aggressor governments the aggregate sentiments of our own people he was proposing a major change in foreign policy which in the opinion of congress will call for legis lative action on at least two vital issues one of these of course is national defense the other is modifica tion of the neutrality laws national defense and neutrality the national defense figures presented by the president in his budget message on january 5 call for an increase of approximately 300,000,000 over and above the 1,100,000,000 appropriated for the current fiscal year these estimates will be further increased in the detailed defense program to be submitted this week if this program is to be confined to measures for strengthening the army and navy including avia tion for purposes of continental defense and if it excludes domestic pump priming and does not appear to urge the creation of armed forces for of fensive operations in europe or asia there is little doubt that it will be approved without serious oppo sition nevertheless there is a tendency to subject the whole program to critical scrutiny and there is some talk of creating a special committee of congress with authority to consider national defense requirements in relation to foreign policy and existing budget com mitments the disposition of the neutrality act is far less certain the state department has been advised by congressional leaders to proceed with caution and not to press for outright repeal or the power to em bargo aggressor nations in line with this advice the state department is not planning to present its own draft legislation and is leaving the whole question of neutrality revision in the hands of senator pitt man chairman of the senate foreign relations committee and representative mcreynolds chair man of the house committee on foreign affairs ee e page four mr pittman and the state department have ap parently reached full agreement on the strategy to be followed the first move will be to explore the possibility of securing presidential discretion to im pose economic and financial measures against states which have violated treaties to which the united states is a party or which have directly discriminated against this country should this prove impossible an effort will be made to amend section 1 of the act by eliminating the mandatory embargo on arms ammunition and implements of wat and extending the cash and carry provisions of the present act to include all war materials this would place all war materials including direct munitions petroleum scrap iron etc on the same footing it would have es the practical effect of opening the american marke to all belligerents subject to the requirement that american exports be paid for in cash and carried ip foreign vessels and would actually aid the two european democracies britain and france in the far east it would presumably aid japan but if the arms embargo were removed it is argued that in direct shipments could still reach china in dealing with both defense and neutrality and before reaching final conclusions congress is certain to examine the underlying assumption in the presi dent’s message that weapons of economic war can be employed without the accompanying military action w.t stone the f.p.a bookshelf social and economic history of germany from william ii to hitler by w f bruck new york oxford university press 1938 4.50 a former german professor views the last half century of german economic history against a full background of economic and political theory the account reveals in a striking way how the roots of much of the third reich’s economic planning had begun to flourish in the pre war period government in republican china by paul m a line barger new york mcgraw hill 1938 1.50 the problems of government in modern china are con sidered by mr linebarger in their broadest relation to chinese political and cultural backgrounds he interprets the clashing social and political philosophies of republican china in terms of an evolutionary development which is still proceeding in the midst of war the crucial problem of imperial development york longmans green 1938 2.40 verbatim report of a conference on british empire affairs containing a rather diffuse collection of lectures and discussions new the law of treaties by arnold duncan mcnair new york columbia university press 1938 7.50 a monumental study of british law and practice re lating to treaties italy at the peace conference by rené albrecht carrié new york columbia university press 1938 5.25 a historical study of italy’s participation in the peace conference of 1919 and of the disposal of the italian claims contains a full collection of documents labor relations in republican germany by nathan reich new york oxford university press 1938 6 8 a careful study which has more than historical interest because the united states like post war republican ger many faces the problem of dealing with modern labor relations within the framework of a traditional demo cratic constitution iraq a study in political development by philip willard ireland new york macmillan 1938 3.75 an exhaustive study of the origins and development ot a relatively advanced arab state conquest of the past by prince hubertus zu loewenstein boston houghton mifflin company 1938 3.50 the autobiography of the young south german noble who joined the social democratic party a few years before the national socialist revolution the diary extracts deal ing with his political activities from 1930 to 1933 are perhaps the most interesting part of the book the chinese people by george h danton boston marshall jones co 1938 3.50 in the difficult field of interpreting china’s folk ways and the chinese outlook on life this study takes high rank it constitutes a searching analysis of chinese ethnology language customs and ethics emotive life esthetics re ligion education and nationalism the interpretation is scholarly and balanced and illustrated by a wide range of concrete material drawn from the author’s experience in china japanese terror in china by h j timperley new york modern age 1938 75 cents a compilation of letters diaries and reports by foreign eyewitnesses showing the horrors perpetrated by japan’s soldiery on the chinese civilian population the dispas sionate character of this first hand documentary evidence gives it added force the pageant of japanese history by marion may dilts new york longmans green 1938 3.00 except for the last two chapters which deal inadequately with japan’s modern development this volume is a most rewarding study of the origins and evolution of the jap anese nation it is rich in social and cultural materials and lavishly illustrated czechoslovakia keystone of peace and democracy by lt com edgar p young london victor gollancz 1938 12s 6d a competent and strongly sympathetic book on czecho slovakia containing a great deal of factual data foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 12 january 13 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymmonp lasix burtt president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 p18 f p a membership five dollars a year national two dollars a year fo an i +1 marker ent thar irried in the two in the it if the that in lity and certain ie presi war can military tone willard pment of wenstein 50 an noble rs before cts deal 1933 are marshall olk ways igh rank thnology etics re tation is range of rience in ew york y foreign r japan’s e dispas evidence ay dilts lequately s a most the jap rials and y by lt cz 1938 1 czecho national an editor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xviii no 13 nutrition a league project by frederick t merrill the league’s technical work assumes new importance at a time when international political collaboration is in eclipse one of its most constructive accomplishments in recent years and one which particularly affects human welfare is the subject of this report nutrition promises to be one of the league’s most successful projects january 20 1939 january 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents each entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 appeasement ee a ene bring peace or justice can a might have been expected the visit of the british prime minister and foreign secretary to rome on january 11 13 proved barren of im mediate results both signor mussolini and mr chamberlain expressed their desire for peace the first demanding peace founded on justice while the latter urged just and peaceful solution of inter national difficulties by the method of negotiation any hope that mussolini might withdraw his troops from spain was dashed by an official italian an nouncement of january 15 which indicated that im provement in franco italian relations must await consummation of franco’s victory measurably hastened by the capture of tarragona and warned the western powers against intervention on behalf of the hard pressed loyalists that this warning was carefully aimed at france was confirmed by the fact that on the same day the executive committee of the radical socialist party which has hitherto sup ported the daladier bonnet policy of appeasement expressed serious alarm at the extent of franco’s territorial gains and hinted at the possibility of aid to barcelona nor did it escape italian attention that on january 11 when mr chamberlain and lord halifax paused in paris for a diplomatic cup of tea with the french ministers m bonnet announced that a shipment of wheat would be sent into loyalist territory meanwhile however reports from geneva indi cated that lord halifax fresh from his rome visit was urging the french foreign minister to satisfy some of mussolini's claims by creating a free port in jibuti french somaliland granting italy a share in the management of the french controlled suez canal company a private enterprise reducing toll rates in the canal where italian shipments have greatly increased since the conquest of ethiopia and placing the 94,000 italians in tunis on a basis of equality with the french population such a settle ment would for the time being at least avoid the necessity of territorial concessions on the part of france it was also rumored that britain might con sider a loan to italy whose financial resources have been strained by feverish rearmament and efforts to exploit ethiopia if by these concessions britain hopes to detach italy from the rome berlin axis mr chamberlain may be doomed to disappointment not that italy is enthusiastic about its collaboration with nazi ger many which is far from popular among italians but mussolini having sacrificed his influence in central and eastern europe for the prospect of com pensation in africa and the mediterranean is no longer a free agent without hitler’s aid he would be unable to threaten france as he has done since munich his anti semitic campaign profoundly re pugnant to the temper of italians including many fascists represents part of the price he must pay for continuance of german support this campaign which within a few months has attained proportions unknown in germany until 1938 was dramatically illustrated by the suicide on december 1 of a prom inent jewish publisher a f formiggini who jumped off a tower in his native modena if italy is forced to follow in the wake of ger many even more subservient is the position of coun tries like hungary and poland which the western powers have left strictly to their own devices the new hungarian foreign minister count csaky un deterred by hitler’s refusal to permit establishment of a polish hungarian frontier across the territory of carpatho ukraine announced on january 13 that hungary would join the anti communist pact link ing germany italy and japan fear of communism and russia also prevents poland from forming a common front with the soviet union against german plans for the creation with carpatho ukraine as the nucleus of an independent ukraine which would include nearly 5,000,000 ukrainians in po land 30,000,000 in the u.s.s.r and 800,000 in rumania following a gesture of friendship toward moscow which may be implemented by a new com mercial accord colonel beck in conformity with his policy of balancing one formidable neighbor against the other visited hitler at berchtesgaden on january 5 there he apparently obtained assurances that germany was planning no further sudden moves in eastern europe and on the contrary would now turn its attention to the problem of colonies in which it was intimated poland might ultimately share this new orientation may explain the onslaught of the nazi press on the netherlands where mysterious shots it is alleged were fired on official german premises whether germany hopes to terrorize the netherlands as some observers believe into sur rendering its rich colonial possessions in the far east is one of many unanswered questions of european diplomacy such a move would be in line with the tactics of the hitler government which has hitherto avoided frontal attacks on the great powers con centrating its pressure on relatively weak neighbors while britain and france appear to have stiffened their stand during the last few weeks when their own interests became directly affected the dilemma of whether peace can best be assured by the grant or refusal of concessions to the fascist dictatorships remains unresolved after munich when the west ern european democracies and by implication the united states bowed to the necessity of placating germany it seems difficult to portray the european struggle for power in terms of democracy versus fascism in the post war period dissatisfied powers were unable to obtain a hearing for their grievances by peaceful means only when they threatened war did the democracies display any willingness to con sider alteration of the status guo whether such alterations do or do not represent justice is a fine point for debate by students of semantics hitherto the democracies like the dictatorships have been guided in international affairs by considerations not of abstract justice but of concrete self interest rec ognition of this fact in no sense detracts from the value of democratic institutions as developed within the countries of the west but it does raise serious doubts regarding the integrity of their present moral indignation at the behavior of germany and italy vera micheles dean refugees to avert german trade slump the negotiations proceeding in berlin on ways and means of financing emigration of german jews throw a revealing light not only on the methods of the national socialist government but also on ger page two a a many’s precarious foreign exchange position al though the nazis who engineered the anti semitic excesses of last november hardly considered the effects of such measures on the dwindling export trade of the reich officials responsible for main taining the flow of imports essential to german armament and business were undoubtedly appalled at the prospect of a reinvigorated boycott of ger man goods now however these same officials have evolved an ingenious plan to exploit the action taken against the jews for the purpose of promoting ger man sales abroad it was advanced by dr schacht head of the reichsbank on a visit to london in de cember and is now being discussed in berlin by george rublee chairman of the intergovernmental committee on refugees set up by the evian con ference the plan is as yet known only in broad outline it involves the raising of an international refugee loan outside germany which might range from 200,000,000 to 400,000,000 to be secured by jewish property remaining in the reich interest and amortization charges on this loan would be met from the foreign exchange proceeds of whatever addi tional exports other countries would be prepared to take from germany since the plan provides that only a portion of the proceeds some reports say no more than 15 per cent be utilized for this pur pose acceptance of the proposal would bolster the reich’s nearly depleted supply of foreign exchange and thus strengthen its economic position reich officials are without doubt seriously alarmed at the highly unfavorable development of the coun try’s foreign trade as the result of a sharp slump in exports germany exclusive of austria had an im port excess of 205 million reichsmarks in the first eleven months of 1938 as compared with an export surplus of 422 million the previous year greater germany had an even greater deficit 426 million to what extent this import surplus has cut into the country’s gold and foreign exchange reserves is un known particularly since the greater part of these reserves have not been recorded in statements of the reichsbank judging from figures on imports and exports of gold as well as changes in the holdings of the central bank germany had accumulated about 175 million marks in hidden gold reserves by the end of 1937 the amschluss put at the reich's dis posal about 208 million reichsmarks in gold and foreign exchange as well as foreign securities con servatively valued at 300 million possibly a for eign exchange cushion was also accumulated from the export surpluses of 1936 and 1937 which ag gregated 993 million marks official statistics admit to a net export of only 53.7 million marks of gold continued on page 4 a rn yn al semitic ed the export main serman ppalled f ger ls have n taken ig ger chacht in de rlin by mental n con outline refugee e from ed by est and et from addi repared les that rts say nis pur ster the change ilarmed e coun ump in an im he first export greater million nto the 5s is un yf these of the rts and oldings d about by the h’s dis ld and ies con a for od from ich ag s admit of gold we ashington news letter washington bureau national press building jan 16 the generally favorable reception ac corded to the president's message on national defense in the press and in congress may be attributed to two factors in the first place as the gallup poll and other weathervanes of public opinion appear to re veal the crisis atmosphere pervading europe and asia has convinced the american public that its military forces must be strengthened and has en hanced its willingness to accept uncritically all the increases proposed in this field in the second place the message seemed moderate in content simply be cause it was published after a smokescreen of un oficial proposals sometimes verging on the fan tastic had led the nation to expect a gigantic effort to build up armament particularly in the air yet taken by itself the administration’s proposal for the appropriation of 300,000,000 for army air planes and 21,000,000 for naval planes and air material tests is far from moderate in terms of ma teriel it means that the total number of american military aircraft may be raised from approximately 3,600 to between 8,320 and 9,320 planes of all types probably before july 1942 coming on the heels of last year’s naval expansion program the current preoccupation with army needs marks a long step forward in american rearmament some ob servers are already yielding to the temptation to draw a rough analogy to our peace time preparedness spurt in 1916 non controversial items analysts of american military policies find little fault with the president's plans to spend 150,000,000 for army equipment and facilities the 110,000,000 needed for critical items such as anti aircraft guns semi automatic tifles anti tank guns tanks artillery and gas masks will be spent to provide the material basis for an army reorganization which is now under way a feorganization designed to meet criteria of combat mobility and fire power relevant to 1939 rather than 1918 the provision of 32,000,000 for educational orders enabling industry to prepare for production of purely military items in time of war merely ex pands a project already begun improvement of sea coast defenses strengthening of the panama canal garrison and even the proposal to train 20,000 student airplane pilots in colleges each year are likely to find almost unanimous acceptance the bulk of such opposition to the new program as may arise in congress will undoubtedly center about those portions of the president's message which might conceivably further american prosecu tion of a so called offensive war despite the mili tary view that even a war purely defensive in pur pose may often require offensive strategy and tactics if it is to be won popular opinion still tends to applaud measures for the defense of american ter ritory while condemning any steps to apply pres sure on those who might attack american interests thus the president’s proposal to appropriate 44 000,000 to begin work on the new naval base pro gram of the hepburn board submitted to congress on january 3 will certainly draw fire from the pro neutrality bloc on capitol hill in suggesting early priority for the construction of more than a score of air submarine destroyer and mine bases the board departed from its terms of reference to advocate creation of a major naval and air base at guam 3,400 miles west of honolulu and only 1,400 miles from yokohama it also stressed the immediate strategic importance of constructing a chain of air and submarine bases stretching westward from hawaii at midway wake johnston and palmyra islands the recommendation for fortification of guam and wake which would establish an ameri can naval position well to the west of the interna tional date line will be criticized on two counts it cannot fail to be regarded as provocative in japan and it clashes sharply with a large body of military opinion which holds that guam flanked by japanese mandated islands and relatively close to japan will be cut off from communication with hawaii at once in case of war the air program in all probability certain congressional critics will also seek further informa tion on several phases of the new army aviation pro gram although they can scarcely hope to reduce the scope of the plan they are preparing to press administration spokesmen on the question whether the united states really needs upward of 8,000 op erating military and naval airplanes they point out that this figure is considerably higher than the total of first line planes maintained in action by any other power today the president's defense mes sage asserts that the united states today as in 1917 is unprepared for sudden attack and that this consti tutes a reason for aerial rearmament but these critics contend that no major power is yet within effective aerial range of the united states they main tain that no air attack can be launched against this page four country unless the attacker seizes sites for bases in the western hemisphere a development which the american navy is fully adequate to prevent from a technical point of view the air program is considered to be open to additional objections with mass production on a three shift basis the american aviation industry can apparently turn out the number of planes required without major ex pansion such production however presupposes the virtual freezing of plane designs and types in their present status and leaves the country with the pros pect of possessing at the end of two years a tre mendous fleet of aircraft which will rapidly grow ob solete more satisfactory long range results might be attained by a gradual stepping up of production which would allow more scope for incorporating the results of continual research and technical ad vance and although considerations of cost have faded into the background it is also maintained that the new program may necessitate an annual expen diture of 750,000,000 to 1,000,000,000 for replace ment personnel and provision for ground facilities in some quarters the view is held that the principal purpose of the plan is to bolster psychologically or a physically the european democratic front against aggression there can be little doubt that a large and active american air force and aviation industry would hearten military authorities in london and paris provided the neutrality act were extensively revised or abandoned but if as ambassadors ken nedy and bullitt are said to believe a crisis in western europe is to be expected this spring the program will not have progressed sufficiently far to be of value on the other hand if the planes are ac tually to be used to participate in another european war a purpose disclaimed by all official sources the program would have to be far larger than it is the new air program may therefore be attacked be cause it falls between two stools too vast for the necessities of continental defense it is too small for overseas warfare until committee hearings scheduled to begin this week are concluded there will be little indication of the volume of congressional criticism in any event there is small prospect that the administration will fail to carry through any proposal on which it does ise not care to compromise davp h popper refugees to avert german trade slump continued from page 2 in the first ten months of 1938 but in the absence of figures covering germany's complete balance of payments with other countries it is almost impossible to gauge their accuracy presumably not all the re serves have as yet been exhausted although germany probably still has a reserve margin indefinite continuation of the present trade deficit would spell disaster the union of sudeten germany and austria to the reich has placed a heavy burden on the reich’s balance of payments since their import requirements are large and their exports have slumped badly yet it may be possible to reduce purchases abroad during the current year the record grain harvest of 1938 may enable the reich to scale down the heavy imports of grain needed in the last two years investments in the four year plan which involved a temporary increase in raw material needs may be smaller in the future the forests of sudeten germany and austria may allow the reich to dispense with a part of its im ports of wood and lumber while more intensive exploitation of austria’s iron resources might slightly curtail its purchases of foreign ore an increase in exports will be more difficult to achieve particularly since renewed boycott efforts may negate the stimu lus which economic recovery in other countries would otherwise have imparted on the other hand ger many will probably extend its trade gains in south eastern europe the preferential allotment of raw materials to the manufacture of goods for export combined with the threat to withhold government orders from companies which neglect export trade may also promote german dumping abroad if germany could be persuaded to allot the major part of the returns from additional exports for ser vicing the loan the schacht scheme might have 4 more favorable reception than it has hitherto ob tained its protagonists might then say that it has the merit at least of making germany work to pay off jewish property the liquidation value of which is generally estimated at not much over 1,500,000,000 reichsmarks on the other hand few outside ger many will favor the plan if its terms are such as t0 make it primarily a cynical device enabling the nazis to continue imports for armament rather than 4 genuine effort to alleviate the lot of the refugees this would be particularly true if there were a wide spread expectation that the nazi government would get into serious perhaps insuperable difficulties unless german exports recovered john c dewilde foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 13 january 20 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lgsiig buglt president dorothy f leger secretary vera micheles dzan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year 81 f p a membership five dollars a year +rge try ind ely 1b 8e eab r is for this n of ent will joes sr ould ger uuth raw port nent rade 1ajor ef ive a ob r has pay vhich 000 ger as to nazis an 4 gees wide vould ulties lde national editor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vout xviii no 14 january 27 1939 diplomatic background of munich accord by vera micheles dean a lucid and revealing picture of the diplomatic develop ments leading up to the munich accord from the occupa tion of austria by german troops in march to the oppressive days of september when events followed each other with dizzying rapidity culminating in the peace of munich january 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents each entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 nazi radicals strengthen control hat the nazi extremists are in the saddle in germany was again conclusively demonstrated by a series of rapid developments during the past week on january 20 chancellor hitler dismissed dr schacht conservative head of the reichsbank and in stalled in his place dr funk nazi minister of eco nomics whose task will now be to transform the cen tral bank into a german bank of issue uncondition ally subject to the sovereignty of the state in con formity with national socialist principles the fol lowing day the radical brown shirted nazi storm troops which had been more or less in eclipse since the purge of june 30 1934 were entrusted with the defense education and training of all german men over seventeen years of age who are not under going military service or are not members of either the elite guard or the nazi flying corps simultane ously the government dealt the conservative aristo cratic army oligarchy another blow by practically dis solving the reich league of german officers and re quiring all reserve officers to join the nazi led reich veterans league of his own accord hitler is now carrying out the program which captain roehm and other nazi extremists sought at the cost of their lives to carry out in june 1934 the departure of schacht had long been expected like many other conservatives he originally put his services and financial acumen at the disposal of the nazis in the hope of guiding their economic program along reasonable lines as head of the reichsbank and acting minister of economics he strove to keep public expenditures within bounds and arrest the growing trend toward regimentation of business necessitated by the nazi determination to achieve fearmament and economic recovery within the frame work of a closed economy although anxious to safe guard private initiative schacht himself was com pelled to take many of the measures which enlisted industry agriculture and foreign trade in the service of the state after his resignation as minister of eco nomics in september 1937 he still remained head of the reichsbank for a while he appeared successful in his efforts to moderate the financial policy of the nazis in the spring of 1938 the government abandoned its poten tially inflationary practice of financing part of its needs through short tetm bills which could be repeat edly extended and were not recorded in the reich debt returns instead it undertook to issue six month treasury or delivery certificates which had to be retired on maturity from the proceeds of taxes or long term loans the acquisition of austria and sudeten germany however and the cost of mobiliza tion in september imposed a heavy additional burden on the reich treasury the amount of treasury cer tificates issued some 3 billion reichsmarks far ex ceeded the total originally contemplated in 1938 alone loans aggregating 6.7 billion marks had to be issued in addition it is rumored that the government has again permitted the drawing of short term bills in payment for state orders at the end of november 1938 the total volume of money in circulation was 19 per cent higher than a year before even after dis counting the increase due to austria and sudeten germany since industrial production during this same period rose only a little more than 6 per cent fears of possible inflation revived undoubtedly schacht who has never been cautious in expressing his opinions protested vigorously against this reckless financial policy and the rapid increase in the public debt on his last visit to lon don in december he may have exposed too frankly germany’s financial and economic weaknesses pos sibly he also deplored the recent anti semitic ex cesses if only because they would produce a further drop in german exports at a time when the country’s trade deficit was already critically large hitier ap parently thought it dangerous to keep such a poten tial opponent in an office which is necessarily privy to the state’s financial secrets although retained as a member of the cabinet and reserved for the solu tion of special tasks schacht has now lost all prac tical influence the capitalists have lost their leading advocate at court they will increasingly feel the heavy hand of the nazi state whether the reichsbank which will be under the active direction of rudolf brinkmann state secretary in the ministry of economics will now adopt a frank ly inflationary policy is a matter for conjecture in his letter entrusting funk with the nominal leader ship of the bank the fuehrer sought to dissipate such fears by stressing the maintenance of price and wage stability as one of his primary tasks possibly the nazis believe however that they can continue to offset the effects of increased money circulation by draconic measures against rises in wages and prices unless the government is prepared to scale down its financial requirements which seeems unlikely monetary inflation may become inevitable public subscription to the last long term loan of 1.5 billion marks which closed on january 9 is said to have been disappointing and the reich is reported to have met a maturity of treasury certificates on january 20 only with great difficulty germany's public debr 50 to 55 billion exclusive of austria is not alarm ingly large but the rate at which it can be increased is limited significantly the removal of schacht as an obstacle to the establishment of a complete war economy practically coincided with announcement of the new measures to keep the entire adult male population physically fit for military service at any time hence forth all young men are to get some pre military training and all those who have discharged their army service will become members of the defense or ganization of the nazi storm troops in order to pre serve their spiritual and physical strength thus the more radical nazis entrenched in the storm troops will greatly strengthen their control over the coun try’s military forces the old type army leaders who tend to be conservative in both foreign and domestic policy will see their influence further diminished their separate organization for officers long dis trusted as a possible center of opposition and the stronghold of a hated aristocratic caste has now been relegated to the rank of a welfare institution and its members compelled to join the nazi veterans association clearly the national socialists have again ridden roughshod over all opposition in their ruthless campaign to coordinate everything and every one for the prosecution of their forward policies john c dewilde page two mr chamberlain’s troubles the diplomatic lull that has followed prime min ister chamberlain’s recent visit to rome suggests that the british government is watchfully waiting devel opments in both spain and central europe a new test of mr chamberlain’s appeasement policy would be created by a franco victory in the spanish conflict which seems imminent as the insurgents advance toward barcelona the british government's willing ness to accept a loyalist defeat has been based on three considerations that general franco's con servatism will safeguard investments and trade that the nationalism of his supporters will preclude per manent occupation by the germans and italians and that his economic weakness will require british finan cial assistance although mr chamberlain is prob ably less able now than at any previous time to sur round a victorious franco with non intervention arrangements he will certainly attempt to divert mussolini eastward with minor concessions elsewhere in the mediterranean for the time being at least britain is following germany’s lead in diplomacy armaments and trade widespread fear of a new international crisis in march or april has accelerated government activity for military preparation and civilian defense much of the bureaucratic delay and confusion persists be cause the government is still unwilling to shift brit ish economy from a peace time to a wartime basis by imposing rigorous regimentation and civilian reg istration plans are being drafted for emergency evacuation of congested regions and settlement of children in rural areas and the civilian defense minister sir john anderson proposes the expendi ture of 20,000,000 for steel to reinforce homes and offices against air raids sir auckland geddes adviser to anderson has urged housewives to store food supplies as soon as possible reorganization of the army and expansion of the territorials is continuing while production of arms and munitions is being gradually speeded up the first of 200 new lockheed bombers is soon to arrive from california where they are being produced at the rate of 25 a month germany’s insistence on construction of new cruisers and submarines permissible under the 1935 and 1937 naval agreements will probably cause expansion of the british building progam germany is also setting the pace in commercial competition for britain hesitates to adopt nazi methods except as a last resort threats of a trade war have been issued by mr r s hudson secretary of the board of overseas trade as british and ger man industrialists prepare to discuss an agreement to divide world markets or avoid price cutting al though britain’s import balance for 1938 was 43 000,000 under that of 1937 thus strengthening the continued on page 4 li in hat vel idi and iser 0d ing ing eed ere ith sers 937 of cial jazi ade rary zer t to 43 the washin gton news letter a washington bureau national press building jan 23 brazil and the united states the forthcoming visit to washington of brazil’s foreign minister dr oswaldo aranha indicates that the united states is determined to follow up the general if somewhat vague gains made at lima by attack on specific problems foreign minister aranha who until late in 1937 was brazil's ambassador at wash ington is the outstanding friend of the united states in the administration at rio his abilities however have placed him it is reported in a somewhat equi vocal relationship with president vargas for in some quarters he is considered the number one political rival of brazil’s present dictator brazil is the most important single country in all latin america the largest in territory with an area exceeding that of continental united states its popu lation is more than three times that of argentina its wealth of natural resources its 40,000,000 people representing the greatest potential market in latin america and its exposed geographical position make it at the same time the most tempting and the most accessible prize in the western hemisphere brazil has been traditionally the best friend of the united states among the latin american nations yet for a time nazi penetration cut deeper there than in any other latin american country at lima the brazilian delegation gave signs of wavering in the country’s traditional alignment with the united states it was a brazilian representative widely regarded as the mouthpiece of president vargas who more than any other delegate at the conference took apparent pains to defend german and italian interests although brazil has moved within the past year to check nazi propaganda activities within its own borders the ger man commercial offensive has continued with un abated vigor despite brazil’s large favorable trade balance with the united states german imports into the country exceeded american both for 1936 and 1937 and during 1938 the rival nations have been tunning neck and neck germany has become the most important customer for brazil’s low grade cot ton and also takes considerable coffee both the state and treasury departments at wash ington and the federal reserve authorities as well are making careful preparations for the projected negotiations observers expect the conversations to tun the whole gamut of political and economic issues affecting the two countries while cooperative de fense against external aggression may be touched upon the talks are expected to turn most decisively on economic matters washington’s reported plans for a new program of loans to latin american coun tries designed to stabilize currencies increase ex change facilities and improve trade relations will meet their first detailed test there seems little doubt that brazil would welcome loans and credits among other purposes for the possible establishment of a central bank but two obstacles stand in the way of further economic assistance brazil is now in total de fault on the approximately 150,000,000 of dollar bonds included in the national government's external debt the export import bank has made it an admin istrative policy not to advance credits to countries in total default and considerable opinion particularly that of persons holding defaulted bonds supports this course in the second place friction has arisen over exchange in a supplementary provision to the 1935 reciprocal trade treaty between the two coun tries brazil pledged itself to supply sufficient ex change for imports from the united states but com pensation agreements with germany and italy and particularly a heavy rearmament program have cut into purchases of american goods accord ing to some reports brazil has pledged itself to a 100,000,000 expenditure for arms with germany supplying the bulk of material for the army nego tiations will have to find a way over or around these hurdles before the way is clear for constructive steps toward closer brazilian american relations the nazis most powerful weapon in their latin american trade offensive has been use of compensa tion agreements to force the countries in that area to balance german purchases of their exports by ab sorption of an equal quantity of german goods but the reich closed 1938 with a 432,400,000 mark trade deficit a fact which may not be unrelated to berlin’s recent announcement that coffee imports would be reduced by 25 per cent such a policy would weaken germany’s position in brazil german advance in mexico meanwhile how ever german and to a lesser degree italian com mercial influence is reported to be gaining ground in mexico as a consequence of the 25,000,000 oil barter deal with germany with which the cardenas administration is reported to be not en tirely satisfied mexico is being flooded with ger man goods to the point that its authorities are now discussing the peddling of blocked marks and german products to other latin american countries a barter agreement with italy will bring mexico sev e ef saat a ee kate a ob a ae a eral tankers in exchange for 4,000,000 barrels of oil italy is to share with japan in a rayon yarn barter of two or three million dollars united states trade with mexico has meanwhile declined from 100,000,000 for the first eleven months of 1937 to 56,000,000 for the same period in 1938 authorities agree that with british french dutch and american markets largely closed to mexican oil the development of trade with the fascist powers is likely to continue settlement of the petroleum controversy which would carry with it reopening of world markets is regarded as the only fundamental solution of this growing problem the rumored visit to mexico of donald richberg as representative of the oil interests is viewed by some observers as a hopeful sign colonel batista of cuba is also reported to cherish the ambition of serving as mediator in the oil ques tion during his projected visit to mexico city charles a thomson mr chamberlain’s troubles continued from page 2 position of the pound the need for new export mar kets becomes increasingly imperative the federa tion of british industries urged last week that the government stand ready to back exporters by threats page four of retaliation against countries that employ unfair trade practices since the most powerful weapon ig such a trade war abolition of the most favored na tion clause in british treaties would violate the new anglo american agreement it is unlikely that the government will take any drastic action at the moment to add to the many embarrassments of the cham berlain government irish nationalists undertook on january 16 to place bombs and placards in key cities throughout the british isles while defective fuses prevented widespread destruction many of the bombs damaged strategic electrical plants and com munication lines special guards protected the cab inet in london as police tracked down the terrorists believed to be members of the irish republican army these sinn fein enthusiasts apparently dis satisfied with the moderate and conciliatory program of premier de valera seek to drive the british out of ulster and to unite north and south ireland under a republican régime although the present bomb ings will hardly accomplish their purpose they serve to warn the british that as in 1916 trouble may again arise in their backyard in the event of a euro pean conflict james frederick green the f.p.a bookshelf inside europe by john gunther new york harper re vised edition 1938 3.50 the peace edition of this perennial best seller on europe’s diplomatic affairs carries the chronicle of inter national events through the conclusion of the munich agreement marihuana america’s new drug problem by robert p walton philadelphia pa lippincott 1938 3.00 the most comprehensive and scholarly survey of the technical aspects of the hashish problem yet published valuable as a reference book for those interested in the sociological medical and chemical aspects of marihuana world of action by valentine williams boston hough ton mifflin 1938 3.50 the delightful autobiography of an english journalist soldier novelist covering such diverse subjects as pre war europe the war and peace conference the opening of tutankh amen’s tomb the moroccan revolt and the amer ican depression there are interesting conversations with many famous personages including presidents coolidge and roosevelt the german reich and americans of german origin new york oxford university press 1938 1.50 this collection of excerpts from documents on the third reich’s propaganda activities abroad is sponsored by a group of fourteen americans the material relating to the united states consists of a few pages of excerpts almost entirely from publications of the german american volks bund the volume would tell a far more coherent story if it contained more background material american labor by herbert harris new haven yale university press 1938 3.75 although it contains little that is new this book pro vides in a single volume not only the oft told story of the growth of the american labor movement but more detailed studies of such giant unions as the united mine workers of america the international ladies garment workers union and the railway brotherhoods throughout the author maintains a detachment that is all too seldom found in popular books on the subject full recovery or stagnation by alvin harvey hansen new york w w norton 1938 3.50 a competent expert discussion of the theory of the bus iness cycle accompanied by some interesting chapters ex pressing the belief that investment outlets are becoming more difficult to find roads to a new america by david cushman coyle bos ton little brown 1938 2.75 an interesting and moderate statement of new deal economics particularly the theory of large government expenditures the baltic states by the information department of the royal institute of international affairs new york ox ford university press 1938 3.00 this comprehensive survey of the political and economic structures of estonia latvia and lithuania derives special importance from the fact that these small countries lie in the path of a possible conflict between germany and the soviet union the book contains much useful statistical data foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 14 january 27 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lagsiig busi president dorothy f lest secretary vera miccheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 bois two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year i bro eur bro wer uni loy sen cor and aga mat ven pla shi bet eg ind fiat ne dec vol ate mi lac det re pla err th pre ha en ost +i unfair apon in red na the new hat the at the cham rook on ey cities re fuses of the id com he cab rrorists yublican itly dis rogram tish out d under bomb ey serve ble may a euro reen en yale ook pro ry of the detailed workers workers hout the seldom hansen the bus pters ex becoming yyle bos lew deal vernment nt of the york ox economic es special ries lie in r and the statistical national ban editor foreign policy bulletin an irene current international events by the research staff bscription two dollars a year yo oe policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xviii no 15 february 3 1939 soviet japanese relations 1931 1938 by t a bisson in this report mr bisson analyzes the critical phases of soviet japanese relations which have constituted such an important factor in far eastern politics since 1931 february 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents each feb 16 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 al library gene university of michigan ann arbor michigan storm warnings in the mediterranean he fall of barcelona on january 26 following a nerve shattering series of rebel air raids brought not only the spanish civil war but the whole european situation to a new climax when civil war broke out in july 1936 both rebels and loyalists were receiving foreign aid the former from ger many and italy the latter from france and the soviet union purchases of war material abroad by the loyalists were entirely legitimate since they repre sented the legally elected government of spain ac cording to the rules of international law german and italian aid to general franco in rebellion against the existing government represented illegiti mate intervention in the internal affairs of spain while nazi participation under cover of non inter vention consisted largely of technicians and air planes mussolini openly sent well equipped black shirt militia troops whose numbers were estimated at between 40,000 and 100,000 by contrast the for eigners who fought on the side of the loyalists were individual volunteers who went to spain often in de fiance of their own governments their numbers never exceeded 25,000 and following the loyalist decision in september 1938 to dispense with these volunteers altogether most of them had been repatri ated under surveillance of a league of nations com mission hunger and lack of munitions more than lack of military training and civilian demoralization defeated the efforts of the loyalists to hold back a rebel offensive plentifully supplied with foreign air planes artillery and tanks these facts were of course well known to the gov ernments of france britain and the united states these governments however feared that assistance even though legitimate to the loyalists might precipitate a conflict with germany and italy which had repeatedly warned europe that they alone were entitled to intervene in spain moreover their ostensible campaign against communism and athe ism rallied to their support catholic and anti communist groups in the democratic countries which apparently disregarded the fact that nazi ger many has proved inimical both to private property and the catholic church under the circumstances the policy of the three western democracies was dic tated primarily by the desire to avoid a general war over spain and to bring the conflict to an end as promptly as possible britain has continued to hope that once the spanish war was over italian troops would be withdrawn and the status quo restored in the western mediterranean the problem now confronting france and britain is whether mussolini with such support as he may receive from hitler is ready to fulfill their hopes of appeasement while both hitler and mussolini have repeatedly denied that they expected to obtain territorial compensation in spain it is obvious that they did not expend men and material merely for the altruistic purpose of helping general franco defeat the loyalists many germans are now entrenched in commercial enterprises and technical activities in spain exports of spanish iron to germany of iron and copper to italy have markedly increased during the past year italy is reported to have established an air base on the island of majorca while germany it is rumored has set up gun emplacements in spanish morocco directly aimed at gibraltar there is no particular reason why hitler and mussolini should now surrender the strategic and economic advantages they have obtained in spain the western powers expect that general franco once he has consolidated his rule may turn his italian and german war ma terial against his erstwhile allies unless he does the only peaceful way that france and britain can rid themselves of the italo german menace in the medi terranean is to offer the axis powers adequate com pensation elsewhere the exact form this compensa tion will take and the methods the fascist powers will use to obtain it are the principal questions on the european docket that france and britain are in no mood to bow to dictatorial demands directly affecting their own pos sessions was the tenor of their official pronouncements during the past week m daladier in the chamber of deputies on january 26 declared that he would not cede a single piece of our land or a single one of our rights sir samuel hoare british home sec retary warned the world on january 26 against be lieving that britain had grown weary with age and feeble in power mr chamberlain speaking in birmingham on january 28 expressed readiness to satisfy so far as we can any reasonable aspirations on the part of dissatisfied peoples but said britain was in far better condition to defend itself than last september this statement was given emphasis by re ports of rapid increase in british airplane produc tion a summons for voluntary registration for na tional service offered as a democratic alternative to conscription and reshuffling of the british cab inet in which sir thomas inskip ineffectual minister for coordination of defense was relegated to the post of dominions secretary and replaced by lord chatfield energetic reorganizer of the british navy the situation confronting france and britain to day differs from that of september on at least four important points 1 in september germany was demanding terri tory which did not belong to the western powers and lay outside their immediate sphere of influence large sections of the population in france and brit ain by no means restricted to the ruling classes felt no desire to fight in defense of alien territory on an issue which was far from clear today italy is ex pected to demand cession of french territory for the defense of which public sentiment in france could be far more easily rallied than in the case of czecho slovakia 2 in september hitler had skillfully placed france and britain in a position where their inaction could avert a general war while any action on their part in behalf of czechoslovakia could be repre sented to the german people as an attack on ger many today it is the dictatorships which must open the attack if they are to obtain their territorial objec tives in africa and the mediterranean and it is the democracies which are in the position of biding their time with the conviction that time will work to the disadvantage of countries poor in money and raw materials hitler and mussolini are aware of this dis advantage and the real danger of the situation is that they might feel impelled to strike at the western powers while they still enjoy a margin of military superiority 3 if france and britain had decided to fight ger many in september they would have been confronted page two se ee by the difficult strategic problem of sending troops and war material across germany in time to aver german annihilation of czechoslovakia today if attacked by italy france and britain would have the advantage of fighting close to their home bases with the prospect of inflicting on italy at least as much damage as italy can inflict on them the unknown factor of course is the measure of support hitler might be prepared to give mussolini in return for his collaboration at munich a german attack on the western powers however would make germany vulnerable in eastern europe where its control is by no means undisputed 4 in september no one could be absolutely cer tain of the attitude of the german and italian people in case of general war the apathy displayed by both peoples during the sudeten crisis and their profound relief at the prospect of peace indicate that a general war for more distant objectives would not arouse popular enthusiasm from now on moreover the fascist dictatorships having isolated the u.s.s.r and crushed communism in spain can no longer use fear of communism to divide public sentiment within the democracies and confuse the essential is sue which is that of a struggle between two groups of powers for control of strategic bases and economic resources it is on this issue that american public opinion will have to focus in the days ahead if it is to avoid the many red herrings which will doubtless be drawn across the trail the question is not merely whether it is preferable to have democracies or dictatorships dominating the european continent the question is whether it is more expedient for the united states to have france and britain in control of the atlantic seaboard and the west african coast or to allow germany italy and franco spain whose policies cannot but affect the spanish speaking countries of latin america to capture these positions it would be equally illusory for americans to demand that france and britain take a stand against germany and italy in which this country would be unprepared to participate vera micheles dean hitler demands colonies and trade demands for colonies and greater participation in world trade coupled with a reassertion of ger many’s community of interest with italy were the highlights of chancellor hitler’s address to the ger man reichstag on january 30 for the rest his re port on the state of the nation delivered on the sixth anniversary of his accession to power consti tuted a routine vindication of nazi policies and ex pressed the conviction that the german people would continue to follow the bold leadership which in the continued on page 4 eee tloops to avert oday if have the es with as much nknown t hitler n for his on the sermany yntrol is tely cer n people by both rofound general t arouse ver the u.s.s.r 0 longer ntiment ntial is groups conomic opinion to avoid ve drawn whether itorships estion is states to atlantic 0 allow policies atries of it would ind that sermany prepared dean rade icipation of ger were the the ger his re on the consti and ex le would h in the washin gton news letter washington bureau national press building jan 30 in the wake of chancellor hitler's speech to the german reichstag washington observers are looking ahead to a period of continued uncertainty in europe accompanied on the domestic front by a sharp congressional debate on the central issues of the administration’s foreign policy state depart ment officials after a hurried first reading of hitler’s speech gave the impression of being more concerned by the impending congressional debate than by the prospect of immediate developments in europe ever since president roosevelt's annual message there has been great uncertainty about the attitude of congress toward the new positive policy outlined by the administration congress did not recoil at the suggestion of measures short of war to curb ag gressor nations but neither did it indicate a readiness to repeal or amend the neutrality act when the senate foreign relations committee met on january 19 it deferred all action on neutrality legislation pending the call of the committee without even discussing any of the proposals for revision this ac tion which passed almost unnoticed in the press was of vital interest to the state department which had hoped that the committee would take the initia tive in framing a bill for revision of the existing statutes the same uncertainty surrounds the attitude of congress regarding other measures in the positive program already initiated by the executive the na tional defense program undoubtedly commands an overwhelming majority in both houses but there were and still are rumblings of opposition to the pro ject for the development of guam as a major naval base in the western pacific the steps taken to aid china through the 25,000,000 credit granted by the export import bank are warmly approved by many senators and congressmen but plans to extend the functions of the bank as part of a general govern ment loan program meet with suspicion and some hostility the decision of the state department not to lift the spanish arms embargo taken on the eve of franco's capture of barcelona was also influenced in part at least by uncertainty about the attitude of congress other factors were doubtless more impor tant and the chief reason advanced was that it was too late for any action by this government the legal arguments advanced by former secretary henry l stimson in his letter to mr hull apparently had little effect but one consideration which influenced the final decision was the fear that any move to lift the embargo might precipitate a dangerous debate in congress and the country which would stir religious controversy and jeopardize the chances for general revision of existing neutrality legislation the thou sands of telegrams against lifting the embargo which poured in on congress following appeals by leaders of the catholic church undoubtedly proved a de cisive factor apart from the spanish question however the ad ministration encountered no serious check in its for eign policy until january 27 when a new issue was injected by the disclosure that president roosevelt had authorized the purchase of a large number of american military airplanes by the french govern ment this disclosure came inadvertently as the re sult of an airplane crash in california which revealed the presence of a representative of the french air ministry on a new douglas bomber designed to meet the latest specifications of the united states army an investigation conducted behind closed doors by the senate military affairs committee raised the question whether military secrets had been disclosed to foreign governments contrary to war department regulations and led to testimony by secretary morgenthau secretary woodring general craig chief of staff and other high officials while the tes timony was not made public reports circulated rap idly on capitol hill to the effect that the war de partment had opposed the grant of special privileges to the french mission but had finally yielded to pres sure brought by william c bullitt u.s ambassador to france through the intervention of the treasury department whatever the truth of these reports and other charges there is little doubt that the investiga tion has touched off a senate inquiry which may ex tend beyond the question of military secrets to the larger issue of foreign policy there is no legal reason why france should not place orders for military airplanes in this country american manufacturers are completing an order for 400 war planes for great britain and the state de partment has authorized exports of military aircraft totaling 56,939,000 during the past year most of these shipments which involve no violation of the neutrality act have gone to britain france china the netherlands indies and south american coun tries it may be argued that in view of the supremacy of german air power the united states should in its own interest place its productive capacity at the disposal of the european democracies to restore the balance of power and prevent a repetition of munich it may also be contended however that in taking this step the united states is making an important com mitment and embarking on a policy from which it cannot lightly retreat in case of war while both arguments are heard in congress hesi tation about endorsing mr roosevelt's stronger for eign policy has been heightened by the secrecy sur rounding this transaction and the failure of the ex ecutive to inform congress the effect of attempting to disguise an important and critical decision affect ing the foreign policy of the united states as a normal commercial transaction as the administra tion has done may be to stiffen resistance to any modification of the neutrality laws in any event it has brought on a debate regarding the main objec tives of the country’s foreign policy w.t.stone hitler demands colonies and trade continued from page 2 past had confounded not only foreign antagonists but domestic critics and feeble intellectuals the speech tended to confirm various signs that hitler for the first time has adjourned his contem plated drive to the east at the expense of poland and the soviet union this seeming shift in policy is attributable to two factors the obvious difficulty of setting up a german dominated ukraine except at the expense of a war which germany cannot afford and the need to repay mussolini for his invaluable support during the czech crisis it has become increasingly apparent since munich that the reich would have no easy task in mobilizing eastern europe against the soviet union although the countries in this region cannot afford to antagon ize nazi germany with which they have close and natural economic ties they have no wish to become the tools of an adventurous anti soviet policy so far only hungary has agreed to sign the anti comintern pact even emasculated czechoslovakia hemmed in by the reich and reduced almost to the rank of a german satellite has successfully resisted pressure in this direction rumania ruled by the firm hand of king carol who has practically destroyed the fas cist iron guard shows no disposition to join either the soviet or the german camp in this policy it is firmly supported by poland which realizes that the establishment of an independent ukraine would involve its own partial dismemberment under these circumstances the nazis are confining their efforts to securing the benevolent neutrality of eastern europe in the event of warlike complica page four tions in the west this explains the reaffirmation of the polish german pact by the german foreign min ister during his visit to warsaw on january 25 and 26 as well as germany’s disinclination to press its demands for the return of memel so long as the lithuanian government does not interfere with the nazi directorate of that autonomous territory the reich must rely on central and southeastern europe as a reservoir of foodstuffs and raw materials in time of war it has even sent emissaries to moscow in the hope of reviving the profitable trade it formerly en joyed with the soviet union in the first nine months of 1938 the u.s.s.r took only one half of one per cent of germany's exports as against 10.9 per cent in 1932 it is perhaps not without significance that hitler’s speech contained no derogatory reference to the soviet government although the german chancellor made no specific pledge to go to war in support of mussolini's de mands on france and britain he proclaimed in an obvious reference to italy that other nations have rights based on their strength and numbers and we are determined to defend our common interests to gether the fuehrer is pressing italy's claims not only because germany may in the future again need italian assistance but also because his own personal fate as a dictator is closely linked with the fortunes of i duce moreover the nazi government finds this a convenient opportunity to extract fulfilment of its own demands for colonies and commercial conces sions germany's economic difficulties hitler argued in his speech are caused by over population of our living space this over population has been ag gravated rather than relieved by the acquisition of austria and the sudeten territory both of which have a proportionately larger deficit of raw materials and foodstuffs than the reich with a foreign trade bal ance heavily adverse and reserves nearly exhausted germany must either push its exports or obtain more productive territory while nazi economists probably realize that the former german colonies can be of no immediate help in meeting the dearth of raw ma terials they may utilize this demand as a lever to overcome the growing disposition in britain to fight germany's barter trade methods seriously alarmed by the vulnerability of its economic situation the fc an satu reich government is trying to intimidate britain france and even the united states into acquiescing in an aggressive german trade drive any attempt to put pressure on germany hitler warned would find the country prepared for a desperate economic struggle john c dewilde foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 15 fesruary 3 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lestig bugelt president dorothy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 f p a membership five dollars a year e 181 two dollars a year +of n id its ne ne ne is foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year f n policy association incorporated rape west 40th street new york n y 4 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 february 10 1939 vou x yal no 16 institute on international problems for teachers and club leaders problems of our post munich world saturday february 18 9 45 a.m to 5 00 p.m hotel astor new york morning session all sessions 75 cents including luncheon 2.25 general library university of michigan ann arbor mich ee roosevelt moves to stiffen democracies president roosevelt’s reported statement that the frontier of the united states lies in france with its belated denial added to the perplex ities of the european situation already confused by rebel advances in spain and diplomatic reorienta tions in eastern europe the immediate effect of the president's statement was less pronounced in france and britain where fear of a disavowal overshadowed satisfaction at this evidence of american cooperation than in germany and italy which saw in it a sinister attempt to bolster up the democracies in this sense mr roosevelt's secret conference with the senate military affairs committee temporarily acted as a deterrent and the mildness of mussolini’s address to the fascist grand council on february 4 when he failed to disclose his territorial aspirations was re garded in some quarters as a direct outcome of amer ican pressure the value of the president’s action however was weakened by his unusually heated de nial and by fear in france and britain that his for ward move like president wilson’s advocacy of the league of nations might have the result of strengthening isolationist sentiment in congress and the country at large from the european point of view the principal issue regarding the president's action is that it may cut athwart the policy of appeasement sponsored by france and britain at munich the object of this policy is to placate germany and italy with conces sions at the expense of weaker countries yesterday in eastern europe tomorrow possibly in africa or asia where the colonies of portugal belgium and the netherlands might still be used to stave off a general war true france and britain have been bending every effort since munich to accelerate their own armament production and to supplement it by the purchases of airplanes in the united states a new note of calm determination sounded by prime minister chamberlain at birmingham has since been re echoed by him in the house of commons on jan uary 31 and by lord halifax on february 3 at the same time mr chamberlain has made it clear that britain is prepared to consider trade and colonial concessions to germany provided and this has long been the crux of the matter germany in turn is prepared to do its share in restoring world confidence and to consider some measure of arms limitation hitler has hitherto contended that the third reich cannot be expected to engage in any kind of diplo matic bargaining regarding territories of which it was deprived at versailles he sees no reason why ger many should be asked to give a quid pro quo what ever form it might take for the return of its african colonies or of former territories in europe like memel and danzig as in the case of austria and czecho slovakia hitler has nothing to gain by war if he can obtain satisfaction of his demands by peaceful means should these means prove ineffectual he can once more be expected to use threat of force as a lever to extract concessions from recalcitrant countries the assumption underlying president roosevelt's foreign policy as expressed in his message to con gress and his conversations with the senators ap pears to be that once germany is confronted with a united democratic front and a sufficient show of force as seen from europe it will abandon its de mands only this assumption would justify mr roose velt’s course for if his policy merely led to the out break of a general war necessarily fought on euro pean soil it would hardly appeal to people who last september demonstrated their overwhelming desire for peace the policy of stiffening the backbone of the western democracies in advance of a new crisis is both sound and practicable but only if these powers themselves sincerely intend to resist italo german pressure if they are still in a mood to make ig ik i ij 4 sne me ee ee ee eat concessions to the fascist dictatorships then the united states after twenty years of futile efforts to avoid foreign commitments might inadvertently find itself holding the bag in europe even if the western democracies are ready to resist further expansion by germany and italy the united states should not engage in the dangerous practice of buying a pig in a poke no matter how profound and legitimate our desire to strengthen the western democracies against nazism the united states can not be expected to underwrite the european status quo it cannot become a partner either silent or ac tive in any combination whose sole object is the pro tection of international vested interests as the price of its economic moral or military collaboration it would be justified in seeking from the western pow ers an elucidation of their foreign policy for twenty years the democracies have used their preponderant military and financial power to prevent any change of the territorial status guo by peaceful means thus leaving germany italy and other dissatisfied coun tries no alternative except in their turn to resort to force before and after munich they went to the other extreme of making at the point of hitler's gun concessions they had refused to an unarmed germany unless a general settlement of all political and economic problems is reached and such a set tlement seems remote at the present moment the democracies are confronted with the difficult task of checking the use of force by dictatorships while at the same time attempting to consider demands which if indefinitely rejected might lead to an explosion the united states can make a constructive contribu tion to this task only if it knows both the scope and the roots of the problem in formulating its foreign policy this country must also consider the change in emphasis which has taken place since munich germany remains econom ically dominant in eastern europe and the balkans and this domination can be broken only if france britain and the united states are prepared to absorb the foodstuffs and raw materials of this region which they have given no indication of doing ger many’s political control of the east however has proved hard sledding public sentiment in poland hungary rumania and yugoslavia remains anti communist but it can hardly be characterized as pro nazi what it favors is not collaboration with ger many but maintenance of each country’s hard won national independence perhaps the most beneficial effect of the german drive to the east is that it has forced the various dictatorships in that region to make concessions to their national minorities and op pressed classes especially the peasants in a belated effort to stem the nazi tide this situation is illus trated by the yugoslav cabinet shift of february 4 page two when the stoyadinovitch dictatorship which had openly favored germany and italy was forced to re sign by the withdrawal of its moslem and catholic supporters this political split may force the gov ernment to satisfy the demands of the croats whose disaffection might disrupt the country for auton omy within a federated democratic system should the croat leader dr matchek succeed in carrying out his program the country’s foreign policy may undergo a reorientation not in the direction of out right anti nazism because yugoslavia lacking west ern support cannot afford to antagonize the third reich but in the direction of forming a bloc with poland hungary rumania and possibly bulgaria to resist further german expansion such a bloc might have the support of italy which seems anxious to re construct its sphere of influence in the balkans de stroyed by the advance of the third reich should these various diplomatic moves assume concrete form nazi germany like the empire of the hohenzollerns may be confronted with the necessity of warding off pressure on two fronts at a moment when its eco nomic and moral resources are far smaller than in 1914 vera micheles dean batista visits mexico the ten day visit to mexico of colonel fulgencio batista chief of staff and unofficial ruler of cuba has occupied the center of the stage in inter amer ican politics since february 1 colonel batista in his speeches and interviews advocated a washington havana mexico city axis opposed the introduction of european ideologies into the western hemisphere and pledged cuba’s support to mexico in case of for eign attack the chief importance of his visit is that it represents the most recent step in a rapprochement between the two countries which has been in pro gress for more than a year although both govern ments have stated that no concrete agreements were contemplated this striking demonstration of accord has caused speculation abroad concerning their fu ture policies the most important question raised by this visit is whether it signifies any tendency on batista’s part to support mexico’s expropriation policy or use it as a model for his own program cuba has recently been in the grip of an economic depression during the past year public opinion has shown considerable sym pathy for the nationalization measures of the car denas régime recent government proposals such as a mortgage bill submitted in january seem to fore cast a leftward trend in economic policy during his visit colonel batista inspected various economic pro jects of the mexican government and announced a slightly left of center policy which would avoid both fascism and communism continued on page 4 por cor said ven sior re his ro da oid washin gton news letter washington bureau national press building fes 6 amid all the tumult and the shouting over mr roosevelt's foreign policy several impor tant aspects of the problem cannot be obscured by the public allegations and retractions the charges and counter charges which have been hurled from both ends of pennsylvania avenue at the close of this turbulent week three underlying factors remain to be taken into account 1 that the united states already is and must inevitably be a decisive element in the world balance of power 2 that the objectives of the president and the state de partment have been and still are dictated by an honest conviction that this country can postpone or avoid war by tipping the balance of force in europe against the axis wers and in favor of britain and france 3 that the objectives of congressional critics are dom inated by an honest belief that the united states can and should hold aloof from foreign commitments that we should not be drawn into european power politics and that congress should not surrender the war making power to the executive these three factors overshadow the unfortunate incident of the president's confidential interview with the senate military affairs committee on jan uary 31 and the question of secrecy which arose from the disclosure of special facilities granted to the french airplane mission as the congressional debate proceeds they seem destined to assume increasing importance america and the balance of power on febru ary 3 following the white house press conference at which mr roosevelt denounced as a deliberate lie the published reports that he had placed amer ica’s frontier in france or on the rhine senator key pittman handed washington correspondents a type written statement warmly supporting the president's four point definition of american foreign policy the president's re definition was as follows we are against any entangling alliances obviously we are in favor of the maintenance of world trade for everybody all nations including ourselves we are in complete sympathy with any and every effort made to reduce or limit armaments as a nation as american people we are sympathetic with the peaceful maintenance of political economic and social independence of all nations in the world but the final sentence in senator pittman’s sup porting statement contained an assertion which many correspondents failed to emphasize mr pittman said the only thing in my opinion that could pre vent war in europe and the possibility of its exten sion to the united states in the future would be such an equal balancing of military power that neither side to a controversy would be willing to undertake the chance of a defeat this of course was the essential point and the key to the administration's recent foreign policy wheth er we like it or not the united states is so much a factor in the balance of power that any action on our part either positive or negative inevitably tips the scales in europe how well this is recognized in the state department was shown last week by the anxious appraisal of european reactions to the first cabled reports of the secret white house conference on tuesday to mr hoover's chicago speech on wednesday and to the president’s somewhat be lated press conference explanation on friday even mr hoover it was pointed out acknowledged the influence of the united states in the euro bal ance of power when he warned that aerial d ment of civilian populations would arouse american public opinion the executive position up to this moment there is no indication that the furore in congress or the backfire in the press have materially altered the pres ident’s major objectives there is still some difference of opinion within the state department both as to what may happen in europe and what action this government should take but in general the pres ident and his state department advisers are proceed ing on the following assumption that germany italy and japan will continue their expansionist ses grams through 1939 that a european crisis is likely to be precipitated by the colonial demands of ger many and italy and that the combined strength of the two axis powers may overwhelm britain and france unless the balance of power can be restored without delay this appraisal formulated after munich has been strengthened if anything by hit ler’s reichstag speech although an acute crisis is no longer expected in march in the opinion of the pres ident and his advisers it dictates an immediate course of action designed to strengthen the hands of britain and france in every possible way short of war so as to forestall a situation which would threaten the vital interests of the united states whatever the exact words mr roosevelt may have used in his con ference with the military committee the belief that our own first line of defense lies in france and brit ain continues to determine the basic assumptions of executive policy the position of congress while the ultimate aims of the executive remain unchanged the imme b t i p if a eae ee re a a ee ae ee so ne diate prospects for implementing a positive policy through revision of the neutrality act have been ma terially altered by the storm in congress partisan politics has doubtless been one element in the con gressional reaction but in the opinion of most im partial observers it is not the principal factor far more important is the genuine ae of american in volvement in a foreign war which continues to dominate both houses of congress despite the un doubted shift in congressional sentiment during the past two years whatever the sentiments of indi vidual members with regard to spain or china and however strong the dislike of nazism and fascism congress as a whole has continued to reflect the tra ditional and deep seated antipathy to american in tervention in what it regards as the disputes of europe it is this traditional distrust of european commitments or entanglements rather than the pow er of the isolationist bloc which gives strength to the attack on the president’s policies the first skirmishes in this debate however have not yet revealed a definite issue on which con gressional critics can organize their lines for a de cisive combat with the president the charge of secrecy affords a convenient base for attack but can not effectively curb executive control of foreign pol icy the airplane incident can hardly be used to pre vent sales to britain and france in time of peace the only issue on which the fight might be waged would be an immediate proposal to amend the neutrality act so as to give the president discretion to embargo aggressors and on this issue the administration has elected to stay its hand until the storm is over w t stone batista visits mexico continued from page 2 it seems doubtful that closer relations with mexico cani materially relieve cuba’s basic problem of diver sifying its production or finding outlets for its sugar at satisfactory prices although mexico enjoys a very favorable trade balance with cuba its purchases of cuban products could not be greatly increased nego tiations for a trade agreement opened about a year ago have not been brought to conclusion meanwhile the united states which takes about three fourths of cuba’s sugar exports has begun negotiations for revision of the existing reciprocal trade agree ment on november 29 after his return from a visit to washington colonel batista announced that an oral agreement had been reached on this subject by which the united states would reduce the duty on cuban sugar and would make concessions on cuban page four alll tobacco and other agricultural commodities in re turn cuba would grant concessions on rice imports from this country and relax its labor laws for the benefit of american residents secretary hull denied that any agreement had been concluded however and american senators from sugar producing states are offering sharp opposition to concessions on sugar imports it seems unlikely that cooperation be tween mexico and cuba could have an important effect on cuban american negotiations but if batista intends to move much further to the left in his eco nomic policy cooperation with mexico might afford him moral support at the same time the cardenas government confronted by many difficulties over his oil expropriations would doubtless welcome cuba’s assistance whether or not colonel batista’s recent travels re sult in concrete advantages for cuba they have ap parently enhanced his personal popularity with the masses at home although he has ruled cuba as an army leader since 1934 there have been many signs that he wishes to place his leadership on a more democratic basis if as forecast in news reports he seeks the presidency of cuba in 1940 his new luster as an international statesman should prove to be a distinct asset pau b taylor published february 6 1939 europe in retreat by vera micheles dean knopf 2.00 an analysis of the post war diplo matic situation the munich accord and its possible results for the world tomorrow the refugee in the united states by harold fields new york oxford university press 1938 2.50 a careful and intelligent account of the laws and regu lations on immigration affecting the refugee the experi ence of the various groups of post war refugees who have come to this country and the american instrumentalities for aid to émigrés this study should do much to overcome the over simplified and often fallacious idea that every immigrant necessarily displaces an established worker war peace and change by john foster dulles new york harper 1939 1.75 a careful analysis of the ethical and political mechan isms whereby violence has been largely eliminated within the state of the factors accounting for the persistence of anarchy in the international sphere and of the steps which must be taken if legal procedures and the processes of orderly peaceful change are to be applied to prevent war mr dulles proposals for liberal and tolerant atti tudes in international relations as an offset to exaggerated or imperialistic nationalism offer little hope for immediate improvement in the world situation they will not appeal to those who view war as an expression of fundamental ideological differences or a concomitant of social change but they do clarify the causes of international conflict and set forth the broad lines on which improvement must proceed foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 16 fepruary 10 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lestre bugit president dorotny f leger secretary vera michetes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year se f p a membership five dollars a year national so in dif ran ed hol afte onc so on ind tior phi and tag las wol con lan uat thu tior not inf ari the of tary of ly clai pla pla +re an slo ble jew eri lave ities ome very ork han thin e of steps 2sses vent atti ated diate peal ental ange and must ational editor eoreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current tmternational events by the research staff p subscription two dollars a year as mo boreign policy association incorporated real 3 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xviii no 17 february 17 1939 recent foreign policy reports 25 cents each soviet japanese relations 1931 1938 by t a bisson international aid to german refugees by david h popper diplomatic background of munich accord by vera micheles dean entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan ann arbor mich st pe ican japan takes hainan and moves south imed to coincide with german italian pressure on the french and british positions in the mediter ranean the sudden landing on hainan island effect ed by japanese military naval forces on february 10 holds far reaching implications for the future of the western powers in the pacific less than four months after the seizure of canton japan has taken its sec ond decisive stride in the long projected drive for southward expansion japanese air and fleet bases on hainan would threaten the security of french indo china sever british naval communications be tween hongkong and singapore and in conjunc tion with the japanese mandated islands isolate the philippines confronted with a new fait accompli the french and british governments are in a peculiarly disadvan tageous position to exert effective pressure on japan last june london and paris warned japan that they would act together in handling the undesirable complications which would result from a japanese landing on hainan in view of the present delicate sit uation in the mediterranean france and britain have thus far restricted their threatened action to presenta tion of identical notes at tokyo these notes while not fully revealed seem to be limited to a request for information as to the nature and duration of the hainan occupation in response foreign minister arita has assured the french and british envoys that the move was dictated by the strategic necessities of the war in china and would not go beyond mili tary necessity and that japan’s repeated disavowal of territorial designs in china also held true for hainan it is clear from this interchange that japan is firm ly maintaining its ground the phrasing of the dis claimer suggests that the japanese authorities are placing the occupation of hainan on exactly the same plane as the occupation of other areas of china in dications that a puppet régime under japanese aus pices will shortly be established on the island lend further support to this assumption the argument re garding military necessity will not bear scrutiny japanese airplane carriers now anchored off pakhoi are roughly 100 miles closer to the strategic centers of china’s southwest than aviation bases on hainan while chinese vessels already meet with great diffi culties in carrying munitions into kwangtung where there is neither an entrepdét nor rail communication with the interior the occupation of hainan in fact will afford japan no real assistance in overcoming chinese resistance or ending the war at tokyo nev ertheless the fait accompli has been sanctioned by the diet which enthusiastically applauded war min ister itagaki’s report on february 13 and voted a res olution stating that the occupation of hainan was bound to exercise a far reaching effect upon the wat situation an interesting sidelight on current japanese policy is reflected in the recent soviet japanese incidents on the manchoukuo border these incidents together with the exaggerated report by hallett abend that 600,000 japanese troops are being concentrated in manchuria to attack the soviet union have obvious ly been designed to distract the attention of the western powers from japan’s advance toward the south at the present time the interests of the west ern powers in the far east seem to be rather more seriously jeopardized than those of the u.s.s.r the occupation of hainan directly challenges france's po sition in indo china it was undertaken despite the restrictions imposed by the indo china authorities on munitions shipments to china and in defiance of the franco japanese treaty of 1907 by which both powers engaged to support each other in maintaining the peace and security of regions of china adjacent to the territories where they have rights of sovereignty protection or occupation british dutch and amer ican interests are affected to an almost equal degree in coping with this threat action by the western powers might well prove more effective than reliance on the theoretical possibility of a japanese attack on the soviet union t a bisson spanish war enters a new phase the decision of premier negrin and his com mander in chief general miaja to fight the rebels to the end from central spain where the loyalists still control madrid and valencia upset the cal culations of france and britain which had hoped that franco’s occupation of catalonia would term inate the civil war and restore the status guo in the western mediterranean in an attempt to concili ate the rebels and thus hasten the withdrawal of italian forces from spain the french government on february 2 had sent senator léon bérard on an unofficial mission to burgos and on february 9 the british cruiser devonshire carried a franco emissary to the island of minorca fortified by the british firm of vickers to arrange for the surrender of its loyalist garrison the only condition imposed by britain was that this strategic island unlike its sister island of majorca should be kept free of italians it was also reported that france and britain had offered franco a loan for the reconstruction of devastated spain and might even recognize his régime without preliminary fulfilment of their original demand for the withdrawal of italian troops these diplomatic mopping up operations met with two immediate obstacles the determination of loyalist leaders to carry on the struggle for spanish independence thus balking recognition of the franco régime and the hostility aroused in germany and italy by this obvious attempt on the part of the west ern powers to profit by the rebels victory in the course of the peace negotiations reported to have be gun under anglo french auspices after the fall of barcelona premier negrin had insisted on three con ditions a guarantee of spanish independence from foreign influence a plebiscite to determine the form of government desired by the people liquidation of the civil war without persecution and with freedom for all spaniards to join in the country’s reconstruc tion while franco was ready to underwrite the first condition he rejected the other two and insisted on unconditional surrender by the loyalists meanwhile on february 5 virginio gayda fas cist spokesman on foreign policy declared that ital ian troops would not be withdrawn from spain until franco had achieved not only a military but a full political victory and until every other unlawful in tervention having any degree of political usefulness has ceased including the presence on french soil of 200,000 spanish refugees this statement togeth page two er with reiterated hints that italy expected fulfilment of its natural aspirations still officially undefined indicated that mussolini would use his strategic posi tion in spain and the balearic islands to drive as hard a bargain as he can with the western powers in reply m bonnet french foreign minister told the french senate on february 7 that the government would not allow any foreign state to menace the in tegrity of spain and thus the security of france and was determined to safeguard our territory and our empire on the preceding day prime minister cham berlain in the most unequivocal pledge britain has yet given france assured the house of commons that any threat to the vital interests of france from whatever quarter it came must evoke the immediate cooperation of this country thus at the very mo ment when the loyalists were making their last stand against the fascist minded rebels the western pow ers faced in spain the possibility of that very struggle with the rome berlin axis which their non interven tion policy had been designed to avert vera micheles dean germany eases pressure on jews publication of an important german proposal to assist jewish emigration from the reich re vealed on february 13 at a meeting of the intergov ernmental committee for aid to german refugees has aroused new hopes for the salvation of ger many’s persecuted minorities in its present form the plan is the outgrowth of extended conversations con ducted by george rublee director of the committee and nazi officials at london and berlin approved by the most important german authorities it envi sages the emigration of about 150,000 wage earners in annual contingents of fixed size during the next three to five years with their dependents estimated at 250,000 in number to follow after they are es tablished in new homes no provision is made for the egress of about 200,000 elderly or infirm indi viduals who will sojourn peaceably in the reich but may some day be treated as hostages if something extraordinary occurs pending their emigration those fit for work may seek employment to provide for their own sustenance but they are to be segre gated in some undisclosed manner from non jews working in the same establishments this arrange ment is apparently intended to facilitate the reopen ing of certain jewish businesses abruptly liquidated at the end of last year emigration will be financed in part by a trust fund composed of a proportion of the remaining jewish wealth in germany which will be used to buy equipment and capital goods for emi grants to take with them on february 14 the evian committee meeting in london endorsed a proposal to form a private international corporation which continued on page 4 it tak pir the box the ph of sio rec the id nt sal 2 sal ich washin gton news letter washington bureau national press building fes 14 during the last ten days the furor in washington caused by the debate over the presi dent’s tactics in european affairs has temporarily ob scured the equally significant trend in the adminis tration’s far eastern policy although the issue of securing the open door in china is quiescent for the moment there are several indications that the state department is cautiously advancing a policy designed to block eventual japanese expansion into the south pacific and to bolster its diplomatic protests on acts of discrimination against american trade in china the proposed fortification of guam even though the current appropriation of 5,000,000 allows only for harbor improvements is a small but revealing straw in the wind the dispatch of a united states destroyer to hainan to investigate japanese activi ties which might be inimical to american interests in that strategic locale is another most important however is the bill to amend the philippine inde pendence act hearings on which will commence this week before the committee of territories and insu lar affairs the fortification of guam and the implementation and extension of our ties with the philippines are integral parts of the administration’s whole far eastern policy since the outbreak of hostilities in china eighteen months ago three alternatives have been possible 1 2 withdraw entirely from participation in far eastern affairs 2 to remain in the far east at least until 1946 but to take no effective steps to resist japanese expansion into spheres of essential american interest 3 to prepare to resist japanese expansion by making the philippine sector of the pacific which includes guam impregnable against japanese attack while the administration has made it clear that it does not intend to withdraw from asia it has taken no formal step to indicate a shift in its philip pine policy on the surface the recommendations of the joint preparatory committee which are em bodied in the bill before the senate are designed for the sole purpose of aiding the sound development of philippine economy without regard to the question of independence actually however japan’s expan sion in asia has forced state department officials to reconsider the advisability of casting the islands adrift in 1946 without an anchor to windward in the eyes of some officials the program of the joint committee may be used as such an anchor by serv ing to create a unified and financially sound philip pine nation a strong philippine commonwealth is an essential corollary to any attempt on the part of the united states to resist japanese expansion south of formosa moreover extension of the economic ties until 1961 will serve to prolong the sentimental attachment which most americans feel towards their filipino wards the bill thus implies that we are not only to retain our interests in the far east but are taking steps to protect them unless that is the in tention there appears to be no reason to fortify guam the shadow of partisan politics however has now arisen to plague the administration and others who had hoped for a speedy passage of the philippine measure because of the suspicion in congress as to the general direction of the administration’s foreign policy and because the philippine issue does imply certain important commitments an extensive debate on the larger issues of foreign affairs is liable to arise upon the introduction of the measure the bill now stands a chance of defeat should it become em broiled among the larger issues of foreign policy in a politically minded congress in which the gulf be tween new dealers and anti new dealers is becom ing daily more pronounced consequently the president was advised against sending a special message to congress urging the passage of the bill as had been previously planned political lines have not as yet been formed in favor or in opposition to the measure according to recent polls and editorial comment sentiment is becoming much more sympathetic to the retention of ties with the philippines administration wheelhorses would support the bill while no great opposition is expected this time from the agricultural lobbies on the other hand the isolationists who might attack the proposed amendments number such strange bedfellows as left wing new dealers and conservative republi cans a speech by senator gibson on february 9 which was generally overlooked in the press also aroused concern in administration quarters mr gibson pointed out that the bill does not legally commit the united states to conclude an agreement in 1946 but only sets forth a plan of economic relations for the period 1946 1960 therefore he proposed for consideration a substitute program calling for im mediate repeal of the export tax provisions of the independence act should other senators support the gibson proposal it might well provoke the very con troversy state department officials have been striv new ent frederick t merrill germany eases pressure on jews continued from page 2 would raise additional finances and facilitate resettle ment although many aspects of the plan are sufficiently vague to inspire grave doubts regarding its practica bility it does mark a distinct triumph for the evian committee which has sought to substitute orderly and humane emigration for the pitifully inadequate and chaotic exodus of refugees from germany today german officials apparently concerned at the sharp decline in germany's sales abroad since the anti semitic excesses of november 1938 have dropped their original demands for a ransom in foreign cur rencies in order to mollify foreign sentiment yet it must be remembered that some of the greatest obstacles to settlement of the german refugee problem remain unaltered the plan does not cover non jewish refugees nor does it provide the ad ditional funds for large scale colonization that will doubtless be necessary because of the rapid decline in jewish resources in germany more important still is the need for finding lands where refugees may settle in large numbers while 50,000 to 60,000 refugees may find permanent sanctuary each year un der present conditions new prospects for mass settle ment are far from encouraging projects for the ad mission of 100,000 emigrants to the dominican re public and of 1,000 refugees annually to the island of mindanao in the philippines are still in a prelim inary stage hitherto there has been little serious con page four sideration of the practicability of these schemes or of the british government's proposal for mass settle ment in british guiana where a commission of ex perts is now surveying immigration possibilities the major tasks of preparation for overseas settlement in numbers still remain to be accomplished meanwhile the fate of palestine which accord ing to the zionists could immediately shelter 100,000 refugees hangs in the balance at london where a tripartite conference of british jews and arabs opened on february 7 there the british representa tives are striving to achieve a compromise on a basis of justice intended to satisfy all groups with claims to the holy land separate meetings have thus far been held with the jewish and arab delegations the former including both zionist and non zionist repre sentatives and the latter delegates from five arab states as well as palestine both groups refuse to re cede from their conflicting demands which clash most sharply on the issue of the continuance of jew ish immigration despite the moderating influence of non zionists and non palestinian arabs there is little hope of agreement at the conference the british government has asserted that breakdown of the nego tiations will be followed by imposition of a settle ment of its own such a settlement might revive the cantonization scheme for palestine considered by the palestine royal commission in july 1937 which relegated the jews to an extremely small autono mous area along the coast where immigration would be unrestricted this entity would presumably be linked to a federation of arab states throughout which jews might eventually settle in limited num bers neither jews nor arabs are likely to welcome this highly suppositive plan peace remains as distant as ever in the holy land deve h posra the f.d.a bookshelf the united states and world organization 1920 1933 by denna f fleming new york columbia university press 1938 4.00 valuable study of important world events centering around the league of nations and the united states dur ing a period of strain and crisis the mediterranean in politics by elizabeth monroe new york oxford university press 1939 2.50 this chatty survey of the manifestations of nationalism and imperialism in the middle sea contains valuable back ground material on the trouble areas present and poten tial of this vital region but in her casual discussion of the clash between the fascist powers and the democracies the author appears to underestimate the significance of the conflict between rival alignments for purposes of power politics in the mediterranean area french indo china by virginia thompson new york macmillan 1937 5.00 a scholarly and informing study of the various native cultures of indo china the background and development of french administration and the current political and economic problems of this little known dependency the contemporary importance of this comprehensive volume is enhanced by the threat of japanese expansion into south eastern asia with french indo china standing first on the line of march foreign affairs 1919 1937 by e l hasluck new york macmillan 1938 2.50 a country by country survey of world history since the war although it is uneven in quality and contains a few misstatements it should prove a useful compendium for students of international affairs foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 17 fesruary 17 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp leste buett president dororuy f leer secretary vera micheles dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year eo 81 f p a membership five dollars a year fc an vol italy the noe wer ital ing mor are and mer pect and fre the yer wit c +rk ive ont nd he is th on rk the ew for onal itor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xviii no 18 february 24 1939 contest prepare a club program ona headline book or world affairs pamphlet ist prize 25.00 2nd prize 10.00 registration fee 20 cents contest closes april 10 for further details write to f.p.a club service bureau mar 13 1939 periodical r entered as second gener al library class matter december unty of mich 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan ann arbor nichican tt european powers struggle to control spain ytsiamayin reoccupation on february 18 of ter ritory in east africa which it had promised to italy by the 1935 accord and the announcement that the french and british fleets would hold joint ma noeuvres in the mediterranean beginning february 23 were the answer of the western powers to reports of italian mobilization in europe and africa accord ing to these reports mussolini in the past two months has mobilized 500,000 men of whom 100,000 are stationed in libya bordering on french tunis and rumors are rife that he will have one million men under arms by the end of march when he is ex pected to confront france with formal demands the area reoccupied by france is a strategic twelve and a half mile strip of coastal territory between french somaliland and italian eritrea commanding the strait of bab el mandeb at the entrance to the red sea across this strait lies the arabian kingdom of yemen which has hitherto been on friendly terms with italy but recently sent emissaries to paris on a secret mission the french reoccupation is justified on the ground that italy on december 22 denounced the 1935 accord which was never actually carried out owing to the outbreak of the ethiopian war these moves and counter moves in the mediter ranean were precipitated by the liquidation of the spanish civil war brought appreciably nearer by the refusal of president azafia now in paris to return to madrid or sanction continuance of the struggle now that france and britain are making a determined ef fort to squeeze germany and italy out of spain the fascist powers with the cooperation of japan are expected to stage a simultaneous squeeze play in central europe the mediterranean and the far east while another munich is not out of the ques tion the defeat of the loyalists may in itself con stitute a setback for france and britain the position of germany and italy is not as favorable as it was last september the western powers for the time being at least have abandoned their stake east of the rhine and can concentrate their military efforts in the mediterranean if italy and germany are to ob tain territorial advantages in this region they must attack the western powers now occupying defensive positions which are usually stronger both from the military and from the psychological point of view nor is it certain that hitler is prepared to do more than reciprocate mussolini's verbal assurances of sup port during the september crisis while germany continues to press for colonies and economic conces sions it has no immediate advantages to gain in the mediterranean and an actual conflict in that area might prove a severe test of the rome berlin axis france and britain are meanwhile pursuing the dual policy of strengthening their armaments and at the same time holding out to the dictatorships the promise of non territorial concessions as a reward for good behavior on february 16 britain announced its decision to spend the staggering sum of over two billion dollars on armaments during the financial year 1939 1940 principally on naval construction this decision which caused the german press to de nounce britain’s disregard of the munich spirit was followed by the news two days later that trade missions representing the government and the fed eration of british industries would visit germany early in march to discuss a price and marketing agree ment in an effort to avert a threatened trade war be tween the two countries improvement in trade would not be unwelcome to the third reich whose january trade figures showed a 12 per cent decrease in ex ports and a 13 per cent decrease in imports as com pared with the preceding month simultaneously the left press in france featured reports that m bonnet hitler demands colonies and trade foreign policy bulletin february 3 1939 h paneer et gs eee oe aoa whose secret diplomacy during the september crisis had aroused es sa suspicion was secretly nego tiating with mussolini regarding the possibility of granting italy a free port in jibuti germany countered these franco british moves by accelerating the expansion of its navy especially ocean going submarines announcing plans to en large and modernize the kiel canal ostensibly to meet the threat of soviet naval construction and at tempting to increase its commerce with danubian countries on february 13 it signed a commercial ac cord with italy providing for increased barter be tween the two totalitarian systems and a preferential freight rate on goods from austria to trieste whose future as an outlet for austro hungarian trade had been jeopardized by axschluss signs multiplied however that germany’s drive to the east which had seemed a foregone conclusion after the munich ac cord was encountering increased resistance in the danubian region on february 15 the hungarian premier bela imredy who had advocated an anti semitic policy was forced to resign on the technical ground that one of his great grandfathers was a jew the new cabinet formed by count paul teleki representing the hungarian aristocracy which has op posed anti semitism is expected to continue imredy’s policy grant land concessions to the peasants and resist german domination a similar gesture of inde pendence was made by poland which in accordance with its policy of balancing its powerful neighbors against each other concluded a comprehensive trade agreement with the soviet union on february 19 meanwhile a new factor was injected into eu rope’s confused political picture by the death on february 10 of pope pius xi the election of a new pope which must begin not later than march 1 promises to have far reaching consequences dr von bergen german envoy to the vatican intimated on february 16 that the fascist dictatorships hoped for the election of a worthy successor who would be alive to the problems of a new world the in creasing influence of the western hemisphere which contains about one third of the world’s catholic pop ulation and a large portion of its wealth has raised the question whether the sacred college would de part from its tradition of electing an italian and se lect a pontiff from among the cardinals of this hem isphere whoever is finally chosen for this high office will be faced with the difficult task of reconsidering the position of the church in a world swept by revo lution since the war the vatican has opposed régimes no matter what their political complexion which challenged organized religion supporting those which either favored or tolerated the church’s activities this explains the apparent paradox of the church’s hostility to nazi germany and communist page two russia and its support of franco spain the same inconsistency has been revealed by western liberals who have condoned in russia and spain the attacks on the church which they condemn on the part of greater germany where at least so far as austria is concerned the church paved the way for nazism by its determined hostility to the austrian socialists as in the years preceding the world war the cath olic church may be expected to play an important réle in the increasingly complicated game of power olitics p vera micheles dean is a russo japanese war imminent while japan has been quietly consolidating its seizure of hainan island a fanfare of publicity has developed over the imminence of a russo japanese war the news reports have stressed various factors the alleged concentration of japanese troops on the siberian and outer mongolian borders incidents on the manchoukuo frontier speeches in the diet affect ing the soviet japanese fisheries dispute and the pos sibility of transforming the anti comintern pact into an outright german japanese italian alliance there can be little doubt that negotiations looking toward a formal military alliance have been taking place in berlin rome and tokyo the guess may be hazarded that the initiative comes from berlin and that hesitation has developed mainly in the rome and tokyo sides of the triangle influential military groups in japan represented by ambassadors oshima and shiratori at berlin and rome are working for such an alliance there is a good chance that their efforts will be successful since the influence of the more cautious elements in japan has steadily dimin ished in recent months if the alliance were consum mated however it might be difficult to decide wheth er the western democracies or the soviet union would be more immediately menaced by the coali tion germany and italy now seem to be directing their attack against france and britain while in the far east japan has followed suit by occupying hainan cooperation apparently exists without a for mal alliance but it is not at present directed against the u.s.s.r the debate in the lower house of the diet on february 14 culminated in passage of a unanimous resolution on the fisheries question which demanded swift appropriate action not stopping at the use of force to protect japanese rights and interests this prearranged debate was obviously designed to strengthen japanese diplomats at moscow in the cut rent fisheries negotiations the soviet union has re cently adopted a strong attitude on this question in negotiations before december 31 the japanese re continued on page 4 rua abr cru suf pro ing ges eu nev the loo sor but sin pr yee rul me ct os ct ing ing me ary ma for eir the in im th ion ali ing the ing of inst ous jed of his to ur re in was hington news letter sibbes washington bureau national press building fes 20 president roosevelt’s statement on feb ruary 18 that ominous diplomatic reports from abroad might force him to curtail his caribbean cruise with the navy has occasioned almost as much surprise and concern in washington as it apparently produced in london and paris on the surface noth ing has happened within the past few days to sug gest an ominous turn for the worse dispatches from europe have contained no particularly alarming news and administration leaders in congress and the cabinet have assumed that the immediate out look while critical was not desperate a thorough canvass of informed opinion among administration advisers on foreign policy throws a somewhat different light on the immediate situation but fails to confirm mr roosevelt's apparent alarm since mid december the state department has been proceeding on the assumption that 1939 would be a year of recurrent crises in europe and the far east recent events have confirmed these assumptions while it is difficult to sift the truth of reports and rumors reaching the state war and navy depart ments the following summary seems to represent the general consensus of opinion the next crisis in europe appears to be centered in the mediterranean and north africa mussolini who has re ceived no benefits from the rome berlin axis is likely to announce formally italy's claims when the spanish civil war terminates possibly within the next few weeks reports reaching washington indicate that mussolini has quietly mobilized about 400,000 men in italy and strengthened italian forces in libya near the tunisian frontier and in ethiopia near jibuti it is possible that he may have a million men under arms by the end of march or early april these developments will assume larger significance only if germany gives diplomatic and military support to its axis partner so far there is no tangible evidence of large scale german mobilization although some reports indicate small german troop concentration in austria near the italian border should the crisis come to a head britain and france would face the alternatives of resisting the combined pressure of the axis powers possibly at the risk of war or accepting another appeasement conference if war should result japan might be expected to move against the dutch east indies while germany would exert pressure on holland this hypothesis is strengthened by japan’s recent occu pation of hainan a move which is interpreted in some quarters as the first step in a triple play timed with action by germany and italy in europe in any event washing ton is inclined to link developments in the far east with those in europe and to give more weight to manoeuvers in southeastern asia than to its r movements in manchuria apan’s troop at this point informed washington opinion is divided on how britain and france would meet such a crisis should it develop there is a belief in some quarters that london and paris may feel strong enough to reject any italian demand for concessions in the mediterranean or africa the general opinion however looks toward a second appeasement conference in this situation germany which does not desire a war but which seeks to weaken the ties between london and paris might be expected to urge a peaceful adjustment the chamberlain government may also be expected to urge concessions in which case france would be compelled to acquiesce and presumably make the major sacrifice while this analysis presents a somber picture it con tains nothing essentially new and fails to support mr roosevelt's professed alarm it is possible of course that the president had received last minute informa tion which is not available elsewhere in washington but the first effect of his statement has been to revive doubt and suspicion in congressional circles since early in january congress has been conditioned to a crisis atmosphere in which the national defense program has been pushed rapidly through the house by an overwhelming vote of 367 to 15 and sent to the senate in this atmosphere the long threatened foreign policy debate has not quite come off despite the outcry against secrecy congressional critics have sidestepped the issue of airplane sales to france and hesitated to launch an attack on the president's pos itive policy administration leaders have found some support from republicans and anti new deal demo crats who are willing to go along with the president on foreign policy if they are convineed that his pro gram is devoid of political considerations and is help ing to reduce the danger of war but the latest hints of threatening developments in europe have raised new questions in the minds of both friends and critics of the presidential policy is mr roosevelt playing politics after all does he know what london and paris really intend to do should a new crisis develop this spring is he merely seeking to strengthen britain and france to enable the democracies to talk on equal terms with the dic tatorships or is he seeking to block any european conference if he has assurances that britain and france will resist does he expect the united states to underwrite the european status quo and nothing more w t stone page four ae is a russo japanese war imminent continued from page 2 fused to accept the russian dictum that 40 of the 280 japanese fishery lots had to be withdrawn for strategic reasons the soviet authorities then al lowed the annually renewed modus vivendi on the fisheries to lapse and for the first time a non treaty situation has existed since the beginning of the year according to normal procedure the 40 fishery lots under dispute would be auctioned at vladivostok on february 24 and would presumably be taken by russian instead of japanese bidders if this occurs the next move would be up to japan in order to maintain its alleged rights to these lots which in clude shore canneries on kamchatka the japanese would have to engage in a landing operation with combined military naval forces it remains to be seen whether japan would go to such extremes in defend ing a small fraction of its kamchatka fisheries the normal compromise may yet result although it ap pears more difficult this year circumstantial evidence lends support to the re ports that japanese troops have been withdrawn from the central fronts in the hankow area both the size and destination of these withdrawals however is uncertain the step may have been motivated by a desire to minimize the strain on japan’s economic po sition caused by the extensive military operations in ee china during 1938 official figures show a decline of 1,541 million yen in japan’s total foreign trade last year of which 422 million was in exports and 1,119 million in imports these drastic trade losses have re sulted in appreciable inroads on japan’s stocks of raw materials ranging well over 50 per cent in the case of cotton wool and american lumber the only com modities for which statistics are published the small favorable balance of 61 million yen in merchandise trade moreover does not at all reflect the actual drain on japan’s foreign exchange resources in 1938 exports increased mainly in the yen bloc areas of manchuria and china but fell off greatly in coun tries paying for goods in currencies which supply for eign exchange japanese exports to the united states for example declined by 77,381,000 in 1938 as a result japan found it almost as difficult to balance its international payments as in 1937 gold shipments to the united states aggregated 168,739,643 625 million yen in 1938 as against 246,470,005 845 million yen in 1937 japan’s remaining gold stocks estimated at 500 million yen are only one fourth of the total held two years ago with gold reserves and war materials depleted it would be foolhardy for japan to engage in a war with the soviet union un less it had an ironclad guarantee that germany would simultaneously attack the u.s.s.r from the west t a bisson the f.p.a bookshelf the real conflict between china and japan by harley farnsworth macnair chicago university of chicago press 1938 2.00 the author believes that the real conflict is in the con trasting world outlook and psychology of china and japan whatever judgment one may have as to this thesis there can be no dispute regarding the fascinating quality of mr macnair’s study or the meticulous documentation of his points the deep lying urge to conquest and world dominion in japan is nowhere revealed so clearly as in the extracts quoted in the concluding chapters of this book malaysia by rupert emerson new york macmillan 1937 5.00 this thorough treatment of colonial administration in malaysia concentrates mainly on the direct and indirect exercise of british rule in the straits settlements and the federated and unfederated malay states with a briefer analysis of dutch policy in the netherlands indies the discussion of the origins and background of british and dutch administration in their malayan dependencies adds greatly to the value of this excellent study germans in the cameroons 1884 1914 by harry r rudin new haven conn yale university press 1938 4.00 a scholarly volume based on first hand research which concludes that german accomplishments in the cameroons considering the comparatively short period of occupation were remarkable the forgotten peace brest litovsk march 1918 by john wheeler bennett new york morrow 1939 5.00 a scholarly and admirably documented study of the treaty imposed by germany on a prostrate russia in 1918 which clearly shows that hitler’s drive in the direction of the ukraine owes much of its inspiration to the plans of the kaiser’s general staff deep furrows pioneer life in the collective in palestine by abraham ben shalom new york hashomer hatzair 1937 1.35 this stimulating discussion of life in an agricultural collective reflects the enthusiastic idealism responsible for the success of jewish pioneering in the holy land despite the political factionalism which often hampers the zionists work woodrow wilson disciple of revolution by jennings c wise new york paisley press 1938 3.75 this biography culminates in a wordy attack on the war president based on historical theorems which are probably unique and certainly inaccurate at least in part history of american foreign relations by louis m sears new york crowell revised and enlarged edition 1938 3.50 brings up to date an extremely useful source of back ground for today’s confusions foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 18 fepruary 24 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th screet new york n y raymonp lasiie buzit president dorotuy f leet secretary vera miche.es dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year col nif en ha the the ab fri fr tre the se +a cline of ade last id 1,119 have re s of raw the case ily com 1e small handise actual in 1938 reas of nm coun ply for 1 states 8 asa balance ipments 13 625 5s 845 1 stocks yurth of ves and irdy for ion un y would west isson by john 00 y of the in 1918 ection of plans of alestine hatzair icultural isible for i despite zionists inings c k on the hich are t in part m sears on 1938 of back national an editor a e subscription two dollars a year ya ww soeten policy association incorporated ae of 8 west 40th street new york n y 5 si foreign policy bulletin an inter pretaggn of current international events by the research staff a4 xviii no 19 marcu 3 1939 what lies behind the arab jewish struggle in palestine the puzzle of palestine answers this question and gives not only the essential facts of palestine’s turbu lent history but also an account of the various plans which have been proposed to solve this problem headline books no 14 the puzzle of palestine by david h popper cloth edition 95 cents paper edition 25 cents if al ies 030 a class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 general lidrary university of michigaa ann arbor michizan recognition of franco hastens showdown deciding to recognize the franco régime on february 27 britain and france have adopted a course which had become increasingly inevitable during the last few months from the very begin ning of the spanish civil war their refusal to offer energetic opposition to italo german intervention had paved the way for defeat of the popular front government in spain a reversal of that policy at the last moment would have needlessly prolonged the conflict without affecting the final outcome un able to pursue an alternative course the british and french could not make recognition of general franco conditional on specific pledges regarding treatment of the vanquished government forces or the future conduct of spanish foreign policy nevertheless recognition of the nationalist ré gime marks the first step in an anglo french cam paign to wean franco away from italy and germany admittedly it will prove difficult to dislodge the fascist nations from their present position of vantage rome and berlin will not cease reminding franco that he would hardly have won without their as sistance the italians still have at least 30,000 troops in spain while the germans have entrenched them selves in the economic and commercial life of the country both hope to use franco’s large and well trained armed forces as a pawn in their program of power politics their expectation that nationalist spain will adhere to the anti comintern pact will probably be realized they also derive support from franco’s decision announced early in january to play an active rdle in the mediterranean and moroc co further encouragement to their cause has been given by recent reports that general franco would shortly appoint as his prime minister ramén serrano sufier a leader of the falangist movement known as an admirer of italian and german fascism yet the position of the british and french in spain is not entirely hopeless preoccupation of the spanish government with internal reconstruction and possible dissension among the divergent elements which have helped franco to victory may preclude spain’s active participation in the european struggle for power prolonged occupation of spanish soil by italian troops or obvious attempts by germany or italy to dictaté the country’s internal policy might well arouse the hostility of the spanish people who have traditionally resented all foreign interference in such an eventuality franco could play london and paris against the fascist powers trade with free exchange countries like france and britain is also essential for spain which needs to replenish its de pleted supply of foreign exchange and britain alone can supply the long term foreign loan which may be needed to heal the wounds of almost three years of civil war outside spain the position of france and britain appears strong their rearmament programs are at last proceeding at a more satisfactory pace and their economic and financial reserves are far superior to those of the fascist powers the british and french need only strong nerves to resist the pressure from berlin and rome actually hitler and mussolini seem rather at a loss as to their next step for germany the way to the east appears at least temporarily barred the anti german student demonstrations which took place last week in warsaw and other polish cities testify to the fundamental antagonism between po land and germany and the dissolution of the lead ing hungarian fascist party on february 24 indicates that hungary is not prepared to follow entirely in germany's wake a series of visits by count ciano italian foreign minister in belgrade budapest and warsaw seems to prove also that italy is anxious to aid eastern european states in resisting nazi pene tration the realization of fascist objectives at the expense of britain and france appears even more difficult it would be suicidal for germany and italy to embark on war they can only hope by constant maneuvers and threats to keep europe in such a state of ferment and tension that the other powers will in the end meet their demands for the sake of appeasement the dispatch of italian reinforcements to libya re ports of accelerated arming in germany and the menacing tone of the german and italian press are all part and parcel of these tactics a policy of watchful waiting and an attitude of calm confidence are the only effective counter weapons to this campaign more recently british statesmen have coupled their appeasement policy with assertions that they will resist any threat to the vital interests of france and britain such was the tenor of a speech delivered by foreign minister viscount halifax on february 23 yet the difficulty of joining appeasement with an expressed determina tion not to yield to force is that any conciliatory gesture will inevitably be regarded by the fascist powers as an indication of weakness maintenance of law and order in the face of threats need not and must not preclude alteration of the status quo yet orderly revision can proceed only after germany and italy have been convinced that their sword rattling tactics do not intimidate other powers only then will it be possible to reach a constructive gen eral settlement providing for adjustment of colonial and economic issues as well as termination of arms john c dewilde britain proposes independent palestine amidst arab victory celebrations charges of be trayal from the jews and a sharp outburst of violence in palestine united states ambassador joseph p kennedy visited the british foreign office on febru aty 27 to discuss the implications for the united states of any steps to abrogate the british mandate over the holy land or to curtail jewish immigration this démarche undertaken pursuant to the terms of the anglo american palestine convention of 1924 followed closely upon publication of a summary of britain’s plan to abolish the league of nations mandate and establish an independent palestinian state bound by alliance to the british empire em bodying vital concessions to the arabs the proposal is the fruit of a tripartite conference of arabs jews and britons convened at london on february 7 under the british proposals whose impact has scarcely been dulled by their tentative form a transi tional period which might be prolonged until 1942 page two or 1944 would precede the consummation of inde pendence constitutional details among which ade quate safeguards for all british interests would be prominent would be settled by a round table con ference of british arab and jewish representatives nominated by the british and meeting in london possibly in the autumn of 1939 procedures roughly analogous to those used in formulating the egyptian and indian constitutional structures would be em ployed but before these measures were taken the british government would add arabs and jews to the existing executive and advisory councils for pal estine now composed entirely of british officials while these representatives would probably exercise only consultative functions they are apparently to be selected on a basis of proportional communal representation so that arabs would enjoy a two to one predominance in the legislative organs the path would then be cleared for arab domination in an independent palestinian state linked by alliance with britain although treaty provisions would doubtless guarantee jewish minority rights how effectively no one can say meanwhile immigration and the acquisi tion of land by jews would be drastically circum scribed once arrangements for independence were completed the future of the jewish national home would rest to a considerable degree in the hands of the leaders of the arab majority in palestine although final judgment on the british proposal must be deferred until it is published in extenso it seems apparent at the moment that by its terms the arab nationalists have won their greatest triumph in palestine its provisions do not to be sure accord the palestinian arabs the complete and immediate independence for which they have steadfastly con tended but they do inaugurate a policy which would evolve inexorably toward that goal delegates from the five arab states present at the conference are reported to be urging the mufti of jerusalem to ac cept it with excellent prospects for success the mufti who dictates palestine arab moves from his refuge in the lebanese republic would now have little to gain by continuing his policy of absolute intransigence to the zionists this sudden turn in the negotia tions is a cruel blow and they have not been slow to reveal their bitterness with the refugee problem complicated by a spartan german police order re quiring the berlin jewish community to produce the names of 100 jews daily for expulsion from the reich the one haven to which additional numbers of the persecuted might have turned now appears likely to be barred by british fiat more than this the status of the 450,000 zionists already resident in the national home maybe crystallized in a continued on page 4 fe imple resist amet neigt cong life erm trade partt cial perts creat bala poin 40 p a of inde ich ade ould be ble con ntatives london roughly gy ptian be em cen the jews to for pal officials exercise ently to mmunal two to he path nn in an ice with oubtless ively no acqulsi circum ce were 1 home ands of roposal tenso it ms the triumph accord mediate tly con 2 would es from nce are nn to ac ss the rom his yw have absolute negotia slow to problem rder re luce the om the 1umbers appears an this resident d in a washington news letter ee washington bureau national press building fes 27 the first steps are now being taken to implement the administration’s post lima policy of resisting german and italian pressure in south america by something more concrete than good neighbor protestations last week both houses of congress approved a bill to extend until 1941 the life and scope of the export import bank the gov etmment agency best adapted to combat totalitarian trade practices in this hemisphere the treasury de partment is concluding arrangements to give finan cial aid to brazil and state department trade ex perts are searching for a solution to the dilemma created by argentina's announcement that it must balance its trade with the united states even to the point of cutting its imports of american goods by 40 per cent threatened opposition to renewal of the export import bank’s charter failed to materialize in either the house or the senate republican critics of the measure attacking the bank as a dangerous instru ment of foreign policy and a war breeder had to be satisfied with an amendment to limit its borrow ing and lending powers to 100,000,000 while the 25,000,000 credit granted on december 15 to the universal trading company was condemned as a political loan to the chinese government the bank's previous commitments have merely aided the expor tation of american goods to other countries the intoads made in latin america by european ex porters who in many cases enjoy government back ing are due in large part to the more liberal credit terms they can offer in 1938 united states trade with eight latin american countries was facilitated by credits extended by the export import bank it is understood in washington that a large portion of the bank’s increased capital will now be used in this direction particularly to finance american exports to brazil for the last two weeks washington officials have been assiduously courting the brazilian foreign minister oswaldo aranha in the past the united states has been inclined to take brazil’s friendship for granted and has unwittingly offended it by its persistent efforts to woo argentina recently brazil has become the spearhead of the ideologic and eco nomic penetration of the european totalitarian states into latin america its strategic location and the strength of its national defenses make it of vital military importance for protection of the monroe doctrine mr aranha has been at pains to convince washington officials that the pressure of the fascist countries will prevail in brazil unless material aid is forthcoming from the united states no announcement has yet been made as to just what form this aid will take the passage of the export import bank bill even with its limiting pro vision was encouraging to the aranha mission aside from the more liberal credit facilities thus afforded two suggestions have been under discussion for bolstering trade between the two countries one is that brazil might divert its wheat imports from argentina to the united states another that a tri partite agreement to include argentina might be negotiated treasury officials are considering a loan to the brazilian government the figure reported is 50,000,000 to furnish brazil with ample foreign exchange and stabilize its currency the rehabilita tion of brazil’s national defense is another pertinent item such financial and trade arrangements although they sometimes clash with the spirit of the hull trade program are needed to combat german bar ter practices since trade and political prestige go hand in hand closer economic ties between the united states and brazil would materially check nazi influence congressional opposition however may be ex pected to any direct loan to the brazilian government american investors have fared badly in recovering their south american loans the new credit im perialism of the treasury department and its extra curricular activities in the recent airplane sales are viewed with suspicion by several groups including some state department officials the resignation of wayne taylor assistant secretary of the treasury was presumably a protest against such policies washington observers do not expect all of aranha’s requests to be granted the argentine warning that future imports from the united states are to be curtailed by 40 per cent was evidently timed to coincide with aranha’s visit the chief dilemma in our trade and political rela tions with argentina is the inability of the united states to import sufficient agricultural products from argentina to balance our large exports to that country trade with argentina is no natural and is hardly stimulated by our refusal to admit argen tine beef in any quantities or under any conditions on the ground that infection of beef in any portion of argentina prohibits importation of all its meat products possibly the argentines hope that their action will hasten congressional reconsideration of the sanitary convention already ratified by argen tina but pigeonholed by congress at its last session germany's willingness to absorb argentine raw ma terials on a barter basis and britain’s insistence that argentina buy british goods in exchange for its large importations of argentine beef and wheat however are more important factors unless tripar tite trade between brazil argentina and the united states materializes or large short term commercial credits to these countries can be arranged there seems to be little hope of drawing both argentina and brazil into the american economic and political orbit frederick t merrill britain proposes independent palestine continued from page 2 permanent ghetto without possibility of further development from the zionist point of view it appears that the arabs are being rewarded for their unceasing terroristic campaigns and hostility to britain while the zionists are penalized for follow ing a policy of non retaliation and loyalty to the empire they may therefore be expected to repeat the tactics adopted in 1930 when a british declara tion favorable to the arabs provoked such a storm of protest that it was reinterpreted in a manner restoring the balance between the two antagonists as a last resort passive resistance by the jewish com munity in palestine has been envisaged and hot heads among the zionists might utilize the occasion to engage in retaliatory violence against the arabs which the jews have thus far generally eschewed should the zionists feel constrained to espouse measures of this sort the british would be confronted by a continuing state of disorder in the holy land for which they may logically be saddled with a high degree of responsibility it would not be equitable to condemn british policy unreservedly britain has had the thankless task of attempting to reconcile two uncompromising nationalist movements in an page four age of realpolitik the british cannot be too severe censured for extending the olive branch to the arabs in order to retain their strategic predominance jg a region threatened by fascist maneuvers never theless the reluctance of the british to take stronge steps to quell terrorism long before it had reached its present proportions or to call an arab jewish cop ference before violence became organized rebellion will weigh heavily against them non zionist jews and a large body of neutral observers would haye given considerable support to a compromise pro posal recognizing the basic claims of arab national ism but not throttling the future expansion of jew ish economic development in the levant they were particularly hopeful of such a scheme because prime minister chamberlain in opening the tripartite con ference on february 7 declared that the government entered the discussions bound by its obligations under the mandate to both arabs and jews although arguments for changes in the mandate would be heard the highly tentative nature of the suggestions thus far made by the british government permits it still to turn in this direction without loss of face if it does not do so an arab dominated palestine will soon spring into existence by appeasement of the palestine arabs britain obviously hopes to retain its ascendancy among the ardent nationalists of the middle east despite the challenge of the totalitarian states yet here as in the west the question arises whether concessions which appear to be won by vio lence will suffice to maintain britain’s position in the region affected or in the world at large davip h popper mr thomson’s resignation the foreign policy association regrets to announce that on february 15 1939 mr thomson resigned as research associate to take up his new duties as assistant director of the division of cultural rela tions in the department of state mr thomson had been the f.p.a s latin american expert since 1933 the f.p.a bookshelf betrayal in central europe by g e r gedye new york harper 1939 3.50 an interesting and informative account of the fall of austria and the partition of czechoslovakia written by a correspondent of the new york times mr gedye who was stationed first in vienna and later in prague gives graphic detailed pictures of both crises from the point of view of a staunch opponent of nazism foundations of british foreign policy from pitt 1792 to salisbury 1902 edited by harold temperley and lillian m penson new york macmillan 1938 7.50 an excellent collection of two hundred documents many published for the first time illustrating the policy of successive foreign secretaries the editors have added historical notes to explain each document in terms of in ternational affairs and domestic politics foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 19 marcu 3 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lusiig bugtt president dorothy f leer secretary vera micheles dzan editor entered as second class matrer december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year co f p a membership five dollars a year vol eu pee alll +tely abs in ver ger hed con lion ews ave dro nal ere ime lent ons vs late hus still f it will the its the ian ises v10 the nce 1 as as ela nad 33 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 vol xviii no 20 marcu 10 1939 europe in retreat by vera micheles dean mrs dean scrutinizes it as there is no muddling through in this arrays the best information available an expert brooklyn citizen a deeply thoughtful understanding and even hopeful conclusion makes inspiring reading harpers magazine 2.00 fpa members ordering through headquarters receive a 10 discount political implications of papal election hen the sacred college of cardinals on march 2 elected eugenio cardinal pacelli to the papacy on the third ballot it served notice that it could not remain aloof from the political and ide ological struggle raging throughout the world pope pius xii who for many years worked in close col laboration with his predecessor is the most experi enced and widely traveled diplomat in the vatican as papal nuncio to the kaiser’s imperial govern ment in 1917 and subsequently as nuncio to the weimar republic he became intimately acquainted with germany's war and reconstruction problems in 1937 when he consecrated the shrine of st theresa at lisieux he was welcomed to france by the government of léon blum whose socialist party on the whole favors anti clericalism he has twice visited the new world in 1934 he attended the eucharistic congress at buenos aires and in 1936 he spent a month in the united states and had an inter view with president roosevelt pius xii is expected to be as uncompromising as piux xi on such ques tions as the racial policy of hitler and mussolini and his radio address of march 3 supports this view but as a realistic italian diplomat he is also expected to pursue his predecessor's objectives by methods less calculated to provoke an irreparable breach between the vatican and the totalitarian states the new pontiff assumes his arduous duties at a time when the rule of the church in both spiritual and temporal matters is being challenged by new dogmas based either on materialist or outspokenly pagan concepts these dogmas have made particu lar headway in countries which had either remained outside the main stream of the french and american revolutions or had only recently experienced the impact of the industrial revolution the dominant tendency in these countries which duplicates the experience of western powers in the nineteenth century is to exclude the church from the politi cal sphere to defy the influence it has hitherto exercised over such matters as education and family life to expropriate its property as was done in russia in 1917 and is being done today by the nazis in austria and in some cases to challenge its uni versal ideas by emphasis on nationalism and racialism for the development of these tendencies the church or at least some of its representatives cannot be held entirely blameless it is not a mere coincidence that in spain and mexico for example members of the catholic hierarchy have used their great wealth and influence not to advance social re form but to perpetuate the rule of obscurantist and reactionary governments true the vatican in a number of pronouncements notably the encyclical quadragesimo anno of pius xi1 has recognized the need for social reform in an age of mass pro duction which calls for economic as well as.politi cal democracy catholic statesmen however like schuschnigg in austria or imredy in hungary did not squarely face the political implications of this problem and tried to steer a difficult course between what they considered the scylla of nazism and the charybdis of socialism too often arbitrarily de nounced as godless communism with the result that they were finally forced to yield to the pres sure of less scrupulous groups their vacillations and political prejudices were not infrequently shared by catholic churchmen for example cardinal innitzer of austria who acquiesced in anschluss only to discover as von papen and other german catholics had done in 1933 what nazi totalitarian ism means for the church in all fairness it should be added that the vatican feared anschluss hoped that it might be averted by restoration of the catho lic hapsburgs and condemned the action of cardinal innitzer an equally difficult problem is faced by the vati can in countries like spain and italy whose present governments pay outward obeisance to catholicism the predominant religion of the population but foster political and social concepts which cut athwart the doctrines of the church general franco primar ily a military man is according to all reports a de vout catholic he is surrounded however by politi cal elements notably the falangists who are con cerned first and foremost with reorganization of spain along totalitarian lines a totalitarian spain may follow one of two courses either it will chal lenge the church at every step as has been done by nazi germany or it will try to use the church for its own secular ends as has been done by fascist italy where mussolini until recently avoided a head on collision and even succeeded in es tablishing a modus vivendi with the vatican by the lateran treaty of 1929 sooner or later however the second course becomes indistinguishable from the first as was proved in 1938 when italy now forced to follow in germany's wake inaugurated a racial policy patterned on that of the nazis the extent to which the church can avoid in italy the conflicts and persecutions it has encountered in ger many depends on the future course of fascism which is increasingly dictated not by mussolini but by the so called radical pro german elements headed by il duce’s son in law and foreign minister count ciano and roberto farinacci former secretary general of the fascist party confronted by this mounting tide of revolt the vatican still has the opportunity of lending its sup port to the forces'in europe and the new world which oppose totalitarianism if it makes this choice it will be throwing its weight on the side of coun tries like france britain and the united states which have already effected separation of church and state and assign no special privileged position to the church but insure all their citizens freedom to prac tice and propagate the religion of their choice many straws in the wind indicate that the vatican may be moving in this direction mr chamberlain’s au dience with pius xi during his stay in rome on jan uary 12 was followed by the appointment of a papal legate to britain on february 10 the united states which has had no diplomatic representative at the vatican since 1867 may reverse this practice and president roosevelt requested that special hon ors should be accorded cardinal mundelein on his visit to rome in november 1938 in france too non catholics have shown renewed interest in catholic policy all this evidence points in the di page two a rection of closer ties between.the western democra cies and the vatican this trend in turn has been strengthened by the anti totalitarian views freely expressed by leading cardinals notably mundelein of chicago verdier of france roey of belgium schuster of italy faul haber of germany and cerejeira of portugal and by the growth of catholic liberal thought not only in europe where catholic intellectuals have hith erto played a more important réle than in this coun try but in the new world as well it would be unrealistic to expect the vatican to take the leader ship in international affairs too active participation might be criticized by both catholics and non catho lics as incompatible with the function of the church but it would be of paramount and perhaps decisive importance for the course of future history if the influence of 350,000,000 catholics throughout the world should gradually incline in the direction of anti totalitarianism and in favor of political régimes which whatever their other faults and inadequacies recognize freedom of thought freedom of speech and freedom of conscience vera micheles dean will britain act in the far east while the western democracies have contented themselves with routine protests against japan's military occupation of hainan island they have co operated with increasing firmness on several other items of far eastern policy during recent months the american protest notes addressed to japan on october 6 and december 31 were supported by british and french notes of similar tenor in january in mid december the american government again took the lead with its 25 million dollar credit to china london also seems to be following this sec ond initiative by the united states under the ex port credits guarantee bill recently approved by par liament a sum estimated at 500,000 is expected to be placed at china’s disposal for the purchase of trucks and other equipment from british firms it is also reported that the british authorities are con sidering the possibility of advancing a loan of from 3,000,000 to 5,000,000 to china which would be used to fortify that country’s currency position eventual british action on these financial matters is of greater significance than the relatively small sums at issue would indicate the larger question of anglo american cooperation in the far east is in volved the united states is the only power with suf ficient freedom of action to take the lead in bringing economic pressure to bear against japan will britain follow such an american initiative or will it duplicate its rebuff to stimson’s note of january continued on page 4 i fa the nes es ch ers all of in uf ing jill vill ary washington news letter flite ee sobeo washington bureau national press building march 6 on his return to washington from the caribbean fleet maneuvers president roosevelt finds congress in the midst of its long awaited debate on the administration's foreign policy during the past few weeks the house has pushed through three important defense measures by over whelming majorities the army air corps expan sion bill authorizing a maximum of 5,500 army airplanes at a cost of 300,000,000 was approved february 15 by a vote of 367 to 15 after only six hours of debate the naval air and submarine base bill authorizing an expenditure of 48,800,000 passed the house on february 23 by a vote of 368 to 4 finally the regular war department appropri ation bill carrying a record outlay of 499,857,939 for the fiscal year 1940 was adopted unanimously on march 3 virtually without discussion the only setback for the administration was the unexpected defeat of the proposed 5,000,000 authorization for harbor improvements at guam rejected by a close vote of 205 to 168 in the senate introduction of the air corps bill on february 27 touched off a stormy six day debate in which administration critics launched a vigorous flank attack on the president's foreign policy a dozen senators headed by vandenberg and bennett champ clark and supported by borah hiram johnson nye lundeen and lafollette centered their fire on the cloak of secrecy surrounding mr roosevelt's recent conduct of foreign policy sena tor clark and others declared that the country was being exposed to a deliberate campaign of propa ganda more sinister than that which preceded our entry into the world war on february 28 senator lafollette and eleven of his colleagues introduced a revised war referendum designed as a final check against secret diplomacy that may decoy us into a foreign war against our will while these administration critics deplored the methods by which the french airplane deal had been accomplished they hesitated to oppose the actual sale of war planes to the european democracies moreover despite charges that the administration is aggravating european tension by alarmist state ments and provocative name calling most of the president's critics announced their intention of sup porting the air corps bill and other measures in the defense program results of foreign affairs debate outwardly at least the results of this running debate are un certain and inconclusive in the absence of a formal vote on any specific issue of foreign policy the atti tude of congress on such legislative measures as the war referendum or revision of the neutrality act remains as much in the dark as ever but beneath the surface washington observers find several revealing indications of an important change in congressional opinion one clue to this change is found in cloakroom dis cussion of the neutrality act there is still strong opposition to any proposal for applying embargoes against aggressor nations and even the thomas amendment which permits the president to lift an embargo against a victim of aggression with the consent of congress is conceded to have little chance of passage at this session at the same time a number of isolationist senators are beginning to question the wisdom of maintaining the present mandatory embargo on arms some of these sena tors admit privately that it would be difficult if not impossible to enforce the present arms embargo for more than a few months after the outbreak of a general war in europe american public opinion they concede would be profoundly shocked if the opening days of a european war should be marked by a destructive aerial bombardment of london and paris and would probably force the repeal of the neutrality act within a very few weeks since such a reversal of policy after the outbreak of war would almost certainly bring the united states into the conflict as a belligerent these senators rea son that it would be wiser to amend the law now while europe is still at peace several compromise formulas have been privately discussed the one most frequently mentioned would eliminate the arms embargo clause in section 1 of the present act and substitute a general cash and carry provision this would permit the sale of arms and ammunition as well as other war materials provided that such ma terials are paid for in cash and are not carried in american vessels such a formula of course is dis ingenuous for while it makes no distinction between belligerents it would in practice favor those states which control the seas and possess large cash bal ances in the united states this compromise has already found considerable support in administration circles and is looked upon with favor by the state department the greatest eee obstacle to its acceptance at this time is the con tinued suspicion of congressional critics that it will be used to give an unconditional guarantee of ameri can aid to britain and france without any assurance from these powers regarding their future intentions if an american guarantee of war aid to the euro pean democracies merely led to a stubborn attempt to freeze the existing status quo in europe and africa it would be more likely to invite an explosion than to prevent war but if the administration could convince congress that its primary aim is to enable britain and france to move toward a negotiated settlement with the totalitarian states on terms of equality it might find it possible to reach an ac ceptable compromise on neutrality and even lay the basis for greater unity in american foreign policy w t stone will britain act in the far east continued from page 2 1932 britain’s action on the current proposals for financial aid to china will supply a partial answer to this question in several respects the british govern ment has recently exhibited a somewhat firmer at titude toward japan it has facilitated railway river and highway transport for chinese supplies through burma arranged for a chungking rangoon airline service and demanded and secured an indemnity for the japanese bombing incident of february 21 on the borders of the hongkong territory the western powers have meanwhile been at tempting to counteract increased japanese pressure against the foreign administered areas of shanghai and tientsin on february 23 a delegation of jap anese army navy and consular authorities spurred by a series of assassinations of chinese puppet of ficials at shanghai presented a set of demands to the municipal council of the international settlement two days later the council rejected these demands on the ground that acceptance would virtually trans fer the policing power of the settlement to the japanese negotiations continued however and on march 3 a compromise was announced while this agreement provided for more stringent measures against terrorism and for additional japanese mem bers on the settlement police force it did not jeop ardize the municipal council’s exclusive jurisdiction over policing matters within settlement boundaries at tientsin where terrorism has been much less pronounced the japanese authorities have recently sought to enclose the foreign concessions with an electrified fence a move which has evoked joint page four a representations by the british french and americap consular authorities far more serious is the blow struck at forej traders in north china by two regulations of the peiping provisional government announced march 2 one regulation outlaws the former chines currency and attempts to force acceptance of japanese sponsored banknotes at par while the sec ond bans the export of north china commodities except through an exchange transaction at the of ficial rate if these regulations were enforced they would soon eliminate western trade the foreign banks will undoubtedly resist and their stand will probably be accorded official support at washington and london except for a minor offensive up river from han kow toward ichang the japanese command has settled down to the stiff task of consolidating its control of occupied territory in china operations against guerrillas in the north and around shanghai have thus far achieved small results as indicated by japan’s budget estimates however there will be no diminution of the strain on japanese finances appropriations tor 1939 1940 recently approved by the japanese cabinet total 8,964 million yen an increase of 600 million yen over the record figure for the current year of this budget aside from emergency expenditures on the china incident a considerably larger sum will be devoted to accelera tion of naval and military armaments more than 6 billion yen will have to be covered by domestic loans signs of strain on japan’s home front have also appeared in another quarter on march 1 an arsenal explosion near osaka killed some 200 people injured 550 rendered 10,000 homeless and vit tually destroyed the industrial town of hirakata of three such disasters to japanese military estab lishments since december 19 this was by far the most serious t a bisson fascism for whom by max ascoli and arthur feiler new york norton 1938 3.00 here is a book which has not yet had the attention it deserves although written by two emigrés its content is objective and scholarly in analyzing particularly the eco nomic aspects of fascism the authors demonstrate clearly that neither german national socialism nor italian fas cism constitutes a class régime in the marxist sense the only privileged elements in both countries are the hier archy of party leaders all classes are subjected to their political domination foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 20 marcu 10 1939 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lasiie bueit president dorothy f leger secretary vera miche.es dean eéitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated ee ey national pli cz fro pre m +ican nese of sec ities of they eign will pton lan has x its ons ghai ated ll be nces stab r the in eiler ion it ent is e eco learly fas the hier their national editor ss r ign ro hs of ve foreign policy bulletin ani tion of current international events by the research staff aa cy subscription two dollars a year vv 9 foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y yy vou xviii no 21 march 17 1939 germany’s controlled economy by john c dewilde a penetrating estimate of the stability of nazi economy march 1 issue foreign exchange control in latin amer ica by herbert m bratter the first comprehensive survey of foreign exchange controls in latin america february 15 issue é foreign policy reports 25 cents each 1p 92 gee mak 42 933 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan ann arbor michigan into czecho slovakia hitler drives wedge azi tactics made familiar by the austrian an n schluss and the sudeten crisis have been ap plied to slovakia central province of the rump czecho slovak state which had obtained autonomy from prague after the munich accord on march 10 president hacha of czecho slovakia alarmed by ru mors that the slovak hlinka guards might stage a pro german putsch with the aid of the german minority proclaimed martial law in bratislava and ousted joseph tiso slovak premier tiso dupli cating the action of seyss inquart in austria last march appealed to hitler to restore order on march 13 he flew to berlin where he was received with high honors by the nazi government which until then had professed disinterestedness in czecho slovakia’s internal problems following a conference with tiso hitler apparently demanded the reorganization of czecho slovakia into three independent states bohemia slovakia enlarged by moravia part of which would be assigned to germany and car patho ukraine establishment of a german protec torate over the three new states which would in clude customs and currency unions with germany and adherence by them to the anti comintern pact dissolution of the greater part of the czecho slovak army and transformation of the rest into a simple police force immediate solution of the jewish ques tion by introduction of the nuremberg laws hither to rejected by prague and establishment of a new czech government which would be even more sub servient to german demands than that of premier beran representing the czech agrarians who had worked for the downfall of benes on march 14 prague having no other alternative acquiesced in the establishment of an independent slovak state a glance at the map shows why germany wanted to end prague’s rule over slovakia as long as the czecho slovak state remained united even though weak it could place countless minor obstructions in the path of germany's advance to the east with ger many in control of slovakia the way is open for ger man penetration of carpatho ukraine which the nazis have long regarded as the most convenient springboard for a greater ukraine movement ger man influence in that region which was also granted autonomy in the post munich reshuffle seemed on the point of being thwarted on march 6 when the prague government dismissed julian revay minister of communications for that province on his return from a mysterious visit to berlin entrusted general prchala its representative in the carpatho ukraine cabinet with restoration of order and warned the ukrainian fascist organization to remove all terrorist elements from its ranks in slovakia as in carpatho ukraine the german nazis are using the grievances of backward regions which had resented the post war domination of czech officials to break up what is left of the czecho slovak state and to force prague to become a vassal of the third reich germany was obviously in a strong strategic posi tion to impose its will on prague deprived by the munich accord of its natural defenses and fortifica tions especially since france and britain which at munich had promised to guarantee the frontiers of the rump state did nothing to implement their pledge now that poland and hungary have satisfied some of their own claims to czecho slovak territory however they are less prepared than last september to acquiesce in german designs on prague which di rectly menace their own independence on march 14 when slovakia’s separation from prague was consum mated hungary was reported to be rushing troops into carpatho ukraine through which it hoped to establish a common frontier with poland this com mon frontier balked by hitler after munich is no longer opposed by rumania one of czecho slovakia’s partners in the little entente during the visit of m garfencu rumanian foreign minister to warsaw on march 4 poland and rumania apparently agreed to surrender their defenses against germany's drive to the east by military and economic collaboration both countries decided to negotiate with the western powers regarding orderly emigration of their surplus population largely jews to overseas colonies but refused for the time being at least to adopt anti semitic legislation modeled on that of germany and declined to join the rome berlin axis if france and britain had hoped last september to divert germany from the west by encouraging its drive toward the soviet ukraine their hopes were temporarily disappointed not only by hitler's delay in pushing east but by russia’s reluctance to be drawn into a conflict with the third reich when hitler after munich shifted his attack toward the west where he demanded satisfaction of italy's mediterranean claims and return of the german col onies eastern europe and the soviet union breathed easier hoping that the storm had been diverted from their heads to those of the western powers on march 10 stalin told the eighteenth all union con gress of the communist party that the fuss made by the western press about soviet ukraine was intended to raise the ire of the soviet union against ger many to poison the atmosphere and provoke a con flict with germany without any visible grounds for it the slovak episode is a brutal reminder that hitler’s technique consists in creating constant di versions from east to west and again from west to east in an attempt to distract and divide his op ponents confuse their preparations and deliver a blow where it is least expected this technique is just as dangerous for the soviet union as for the western democracies unless of course the u.s.s.r is pre pared to come to terms with germany hitler’s battle for control of eastern europe is by no means won but he can be checked only if the western powers having strengthened their own armaments are ready to supplant germany as a market for the foodstuffs and raw materials of the danubian countries and to provide them with the credits and free exchange which germany is not in a position to offer this in turn depends on the success mr cham berlain and m daladier may achieve in stabilizing the situation in western europe where germany and italy until last weekend had concentrated their bar rage of propaganda and threats the spanish con flict confused by dissension in loyalist ranks has hardly been clarified by various rumors regarding secret negotiations m bonnet is said to be conduct ing with italy behind a screen of official denials m bonnet has been so constantly under fire since last september not only on the part of the french and page two foreign press but of some of his cabinet colleagues as well that the question is often asked why premie daladier retains him in the cabinet one explanatiog is that he fears that m bonnet who is known to aspire to the premiership might prove more danger ous outside the government than in another is that m bonnet serves as a lightning rod to divert popular criticism from m daladier this ambiguous policy is hardly calculated to win american support for france's avowed determination to resist italo ger man pressure in the mediterranean vera micheles dean britain strengthens military position for the first time since the munich agreement great britain seems to be taking an increasingly pos itive lead in western diplomacy in recent weeks the british government has resorted with unusual ef fectiveness to the rooseveltian precept speak soft ly and carry a big stick because its new weapons are rapidly growing to enormous proportions at the same time that he announced defense estimates for 1939 1940 totaling 580,000,000 and arranged for an expeditionary force to france mr chamberlain suggested a five power conference in europe and even hinted at disarmament discussions it is not im possible that 1939 may see an impressive revival of british prestige and influence which have been over shadowed recently by the diplomatic victories and military conquests of the rome berlin axis striking evidence of new strength and confidence was revealed on march 10 by sir samuel hoare home secretary and a member of mr chamberlain’s inner cabinet after asserting that britain no longer feared either a knock out blow in a short wat or the financial strain of a long struggle sir samuel hoare discussed at length obviously for foreign consumption the possibility of a five power confer ence according to hoare such collaboration which apparently would include the hitherto neglected so viet union would be approved by the united states even though no one asked or expected american in tervention this bid for cooperation reinforced an announcement made on the previous day by an offi cial spokesman for prime minister chamberlain that britain might propose disarmament negotiations after settlement of the spanish war and italo french differences various factors are contributing to britain’s strong er policy in europe the mediterranean and the far east in annexing the sudetenland germany attained an objective which lay outside the british sphere of influence and which could not be blocked except by an anglo french offensive across the rhine germany has a free hand for further expansion to the east but continued on page 4 ii ues nier tion 1 to ger ular dhicy for set ion ent pos eeks ef oft ons the for for lain and of ver and nce are lin's no wat quel ign fer nich ates in an ain ions nch ng far ined of t by any but washin gton news letter washington bureau national press building march 13 whatever may be the economic and financial results of the agreements reached with brazil last week no one in washington underesti mates the political importance of these accords for in its exchange of notes with sefior aranha the ad ministration has not only launched its counter attack on the fascist economic penetration of latin amer ica but has formally proclaimed a new departure in american diplomatic practice which carries wide im plications taken in conjunction with other recent moves they underline the determination of the ad ministration to employ the broad powers of the fed eral treasury and the export import bank as new instruments of diplomacy on a world scale terms of brazilian accord in the brazilian agreements the two governments make the following specific commitments 1 the export import bank undertakes to establish ac ceptance credits for the bank of brazil to assist the brazilian government in lifting restrictions on foreign yous 9 these credits amounting to 19,200,000 will be repayable in instalments over a period of two years the export import bank further agrees to cooperate with american manufacturers and exporters in extending long term credits to facilitate the purchase of american products needed by brazil to develop its transportation facilities and industrial capacity 2 the united states treasury agrees subject to the approval of congress to provide up to 50,000,000 in gold to the brazilian government for the establishment of a central reserve bank repayment to be made from brazil’s future gold production president roosevelt will present to congress a request for the necessary authorization to carry out this loan 3 the united states further agrees to maintain a finan cial attaché at its embassy in brazil and to press for legis lation authorizing the loan of government experts to assist brazil in developing non competitive agricultural products for which a market may exist in this country 4 in return the brazilian government agrees to issue a decree freeing the foreign exchange market for commercial transactions thus assuring funds for the payment of im ports from the united states 5 brazil undertakes to resume interest and amortiza tion payments on its dollar bond indebtedness beginning july 1 1939 the terms of a transitional arrangement covering payments on national state and municipal dollar bonds amounting to 357,000,000 will be continued with the foreign bondholders protective council inc of new york 6 the brazilian government proposes to guarantee american investors treatment equal to that now or here after accorded its own nationals economic advantages the economic benefits of these arrangements are fairly obvious should brazil remove exchange restrictions the door would be open to wider trade relations with the united states and brazil would free itself to some extent from the german system of blocked mark trading by ex tending long term credits american exporters may be able to increase their share of the brazilian mar ket and by resuming payment on defaulted dollar bonds brazil may encourage new american invest ments and thus stimulate development of its natural resources these commercial advantages will not be over looked when the administration goes to congress for authority to carry out the 50,000,000 gold loan tentatively promised by the treasury there will be questions nevertheless regarding the wisdom of po litical loans which put the government in the foreign banking business it will also be pointed out that un til last year brazil has been exporting nearly twice as much to the united states as it bought in the american market a fact which suggests that the obstacle to american exports may be more funda mental than lack of exchange other developments this week served to empha size the political significance of the brazilian ac cords and the new departure in american diplomacy on march 13 senator key pittman chairman of the senate foreign relations committee introduced a bill authorizing the war and navy departments to manufacture and sell arms and implements of war to any american republic the measure provided specifically for the building of warships in united states government navy yards and the production of ordnance and anti aircraft equipment in government arsenals for latin american states an additional stipulation expected to provoke sharp debate in view of the recent french air mission affair authorizes the president to impart secret information and sell secret military equipment to these countries under certain safeguarding conditions following the preliminary announcement of this bill mr sumner welles act ing secretary of state informed correspondents at his press conference that the state department was heartily in favor of the general objectives of the pro posal advanced by senator pittman thus to the treasury and the export import bank must be added government trade in armaments as instruments of the new diplomacy w t stone britain strengthens military position continued from page 2 in the west it must take the offensive and attempt as in 1914 to defeat britain and france on their own ground the british are now prepared as they were not in 1938 both to offer vigorous defense and to launch a counter offensive in two directions by air against germany's western industrial regions by land across the belgian and french frontiers the government de clares that both men and anti aircraft guns are ready for the defense of london and that the deficien cies revealed by the september crisis are eliminated the war minister mr leslie hore belisha an nounced on march 8 that britain has already com pleted plans for sending to france an expeditionary force of nineteen divisions comprising almost 300 000 men in contrast with the five divisions of less than 100,000 sent in august 1914 and closely co ordinated with the french army time is on the side of the british who are hitting their stride in rearmament just as germany italy and japan are becoming financially winded the british page four government proposes in its estimates for 1939 1949 to raise the defense loan limit from 400,000,000 voted in 1937 for a five year period to 800,000,000 the equivalent on a per capita basis of abou 10,500,000,000 for the united states out of a total budget of approximately 1,278,000,000 for the next fiscal year britain will spend 580,000,000 on arm aments divided as follows navy 149 million army 165 million air 208 million civilian de fense and other 57 million the air minister claims that britain will soon possess 1,750 first line air planes at home and 500 overseas and will have at least 2,370 planes for home defense in april 1940 nine new capital ships are provided for so that by 1942 the british can operate simultaneously in euro pean and asiatic waters even though still vulnerable to air raids across the english channel which is no longer the safeguarding moat of earlier times brit ain is preparing to continue to rule the seas while keeping a balance of power on the continent james frederick green the f.p.a bookshelf survey after munich by graham hutton boston little brown co 1939 2.50 mr hutton appraises the salient political economic and strategic features of the new danubia which is being forged by the nazis in eastern europe concludes that the region is still far from a fief of the rome berlin powers and emphasizes the difficulties which would confront the fascist states in case of a general european war the defence of democracy by f elwyn jones new york dutton 1938 2.50 an able examination of the aims of the axis powers and the methods by which their doctrines are propagated on every continent mr jones urges a united policy of firm resistance to aggression by the western democracies the soviet union and the smaller states of europe imperial japan 1926 1928 by a morgan young new york william morrow 1938 3.00 an informal and readable account of japan’s domestic and foreign politics since 1926 by the former editor of the japan chronicle mr young observed events at first hand for ten of these years and his study is full of re vealing data both of men and of affairs this is a valuable sequel to his earlier work japan in recent times 1912 1926 the far east an international survey by harold s quigley and george h blakeslee boston world peace foundation 1938 75 cents a revision and enlargement of the pacific area an international survey published by dr blakeslee in 1929 this volume constitutes the most useful handbook on inter national issues in the orient in succinct form it deals with manchoukuo treaty rights in china the positions of the various powers in the far east navies and air routes and historical backgrounds its value is greatly enhanced by twenty five documentary appendices my scotland by a g macdonell new york funk and wagnalls 1937 2.50 a witty commentary on scottish history and culture well written and illustrated the author urges renewed resistence to english domination which he believes has brought economic hardship in recent years canada and her great neighbor sociological surveys of opinions and attitudes in canada concerning the united states edited by h f angus new haven yale university press for the carnegie endowment for in ternational peace 1938 3.75 an exhaustive analysis of the impression not alto gether favorable which americans individually and col lectively make upon their neighbors this excellent work on the formation of public opinion through personal con tacts education newspapers magazines motion pictures radio etc should prove of great value to any one study ing international relations or sociology it also provides an unusually acute commentary upon our national life by allowing americans to see themselves as the canadians see them the united states and santo domingo 1798 1873 a chapter in caribbean diplomacy by charles callen tansill baltimore johns hopkins press 1938 3.50 a detailed and documented monograph on the relations between the two countries containing an exhaustive his tory of president grant’s fruitless attempt to annex the dominican republic foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 21 march 17 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp leste buett president dorotuy f leer secretary vera michetes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year a 181 f p a membership five dollars a year fc vol ri a ma the cell ha anc all ate at th +es ced ind ire ved has of the ale in ito col ork on res dy an ans llen 50 ions his the ional litor s bral lia 4 i univ of micti foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xviii no 22 marcu 24 1939 defending america by major george fielding eliot what is adequate defense is the western hemisphere in danger of attack what are the armed forces necessary for continental defense here at last is a concise lucid and balanced account of our problem of national defense written by a military expert in language the layman can understand world affairs pamphlets no 4 25 cents a copy f.p.a membership covers this series ec nv entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan ann arbor michigan hitler strikes out for pan german europe for the third time in little more than a year hitler has advanced the frontiers of the ger man reich after intervening in favor of the in dependence of slovakia which was proclaimed by the slovak diet on march 14 the german chan cellor summoned the czech president dr emil hacha to berlin and compelled him under threat of invasion to lay the fate of the czech people and country in the hands of the fuehrer of the ger man reich that same day march 15 german troops closely followed by hitler began to roll into czechoslovakia occupying and garrisoning all im portant cities with the army came the dreaded gestapo to mop up undesirable elements simul taneously an orderly but none the less thorough campaign for the aryanization of czech business professional and cultural life was launched on march 16 a decree formally added bohemia and moravia to the german reich and conferred upon these territories the status of a german protectorate two days later baron konstantin von neurath ex minister of foreign affairs was named reich pro tector in the newly acquired regions meanwhile on march 16 hitler accepted the invitation of the slovak premier dr tiso to take slovakia under his protection and hungary relying on the support of the reich invaded and conquered ruthenia although the stubborn refusal of prague to obey all orders from berlin was probably the immedi ate cause of hitler's sudden coup the economic situ ation in the reich was undoubtedly a motivating factor a persistently unfavorable trade balance threatened to drain germany of all its remaining foreign assets and jeopardize its supply of raw ma terials and foodstuffs its feverish armament pro gram was overtaxing its iron and steel plants and arms factories through the seizure of bohemia and moravia the german government according to ber lin sources has now come into possession of gold and foreign exchange amounting to 500 million marks enormous czech arms factories at pilsen and briinn will enable the reich to step up its war prep arations airplane plants an important heavy indus try and czech army stocks have also fallen into the reich’s hands without firing a shot while the seizure of most of czechoslovakia is unquestionably of immediate benefit to germany the natural riches of the country should not be overesti mated they will not appease hitler's appetite for more room for his people the country produces a surplus of rye oats barley potatoes and sugar but like the reich has a deficit in corn and fats it is poor in mineral resources lacking sufficient coal and iron ore and possessing almost no petroleum yet like austria the new protectorates of the ger man reich constitute another step toward the crea tion of the nazi ideal of a grossraumwirtschaft a regional economy comprising all of central and east ern europe while the realization of this ideal no longer remote would not make germany self suffi cient it would yield the german empire enough food copper bauxite oil and lumber and partially cover its requirements in other raw materials now that hitler has made himself undisputed master of bohemia the outlines of his conception of the new europe are beginning to emerge it will be a pan german europe probably including the baltic countries poland hungary and the balkans with in this greater unit the constituent countries will have varying degrees of autonomy or independence according to their strength and geographic relation to germany as integral parts of the reich and its monetary and customs régime bohemia and moravia will en joy little autonomy beyond the right to have their own schools use their own language and be ad i wt es ministered in part by their own officials even these cultural rights will presumably be narrowly circum scribed germans within bohemia and moravia have been declared german citizens other inhabitants have been made subjects of the protectorate this territory will have its own government whose mem bers and decisions may be vetoed by the german fuehrer or his representative the reich protector the exact status of slovakia has not yet been de fined but at least its foreign relations and defense will be taken over by berlin hungary although supported by germany in the conquest of ruthenia may before long sink to a status resembling that of slovakia the remaining states in this german combination will probably be permitted to retain nominal inde pendence provided they abstain from policies inimi cal to germany and cooperate completely with the reich in the creation of its grossraumwirtschaft and the extension of its racial doctrines the german government has already been pressing rumania to sell the reich all its exports of foodstuffs oil and lumber similar suggestions were made some months ago to lithuania and bulgaria under ex isting circumstances these countries have no alterna tive but to yield sooner or later to this pressure page two poland too will have to abandon the fence and fall completely in step with germany otherwise it may find itself victim of another partition although the western powers may be able to hold the western front they can hardly check hitler in central and eastern europe in establishing this domination over europe hitler has become the chief beneficiary of the wilsonian doctrine of national self determination the appli cation of this principle after the war created many small states unable to resist the german advance once germany again became a strong power where the doctrine was imperfectly applied hitler has fre quently constituted himself its champion utilizing it to annex austria and disrupt czechoslovakia to day he can if necessary support the claims of the croats in yugoslavia the hungarians in rumania and the memel germans in lithuania yet some day the principle of self determination of nations may prove a boomerang for the new german reich as it was for the pre war austro hungarian empire the nationalities of eastern europe have all tasted of independence and freedom their nationalism is vigorous and will not easily be suppressed even by the ruthless and efficient german john c dewilde europe’s hour of decision the establishment of a german protectorate over czecho slovakia and the general expectation that hitler will proceed with his program of expan sion have once more confronted the western powers with the choice they postponed at munich gone now are the false assumptions that hitler would be satisfied with the annexation of german speaking regions already overpopulated and highly industrialized gone is the hope that by diverting nazi germany to the east where it would clash with the u.s.s.r france and britain might preserve their territories in europe and their possessions overseas gone is the illusion that peace and security are divis ible hitler's bloodless victory disastrous as it was for the czechs and slovaks has at least revealed his policy with inescapable clarity it has also raised numberless questions of which the following are the most pressing 1 does hitler’s drive to the east increase the danger of general war to talk as if there were still a choice between war and peace is misleading a world struggle for control of markets and raw ma terials has been going on for decades punctuated now and then as in 1914 1918 by the outbreak of armed conflicts such an armed conflict may even now be avoided in eastern europe where disruptive nationalism and social revolution are playing di rectly into hitler's hands ukrainians in poland hungarians in rumania who might be promised to budapest as a reward for collaboration with the third reich croats in yugoslavia bulgarians in greece discontented peasants and lower middle class elements throughout eastern europe are con sciously or unconsciously hitler’s strongest allies diplomatic maneuvres and even economic conces sions by the western powers will prove fruitless to check this drift into germany's orbit unless france and britain decide to fight hitler in such a case it is yet possible that poland rumania and yugoslavia terrified by the german advance might go over to the side of the world war allies 2 will the western powers resist hitler in eastern europe hitler's coup in czecho slovakia brought severe condemnation from france britain the soviet union and the united states the recall of french and british ambassadors from berlin at tempts by london to consult washington and mos cow and acceleration of rearmament everywhere moral condemnation serves as a useful safety valve for popular indignation against germany its only tangible effect on hitler however is to speed up the process of expansion the western powers failed to take a stand against hitler on behalf of czecho slovakia whose defense could have been justified on the ground not only of its military value but of its devotion to democratic institutions it is difficult to wl nd it gh mn nd ler 1ce ria lve the to ho 1ts to see why they would now defend the polish and ru manian dictatorships except for two reasons few british economic interests were involved in czecho slovakia while one third of rumania’s oil resources are controlled by british concerns and what is equally important the farther hitler presses into rumania and eastward to the persian gulf the more directly he menaces the british sphere of influence in the eastern mediterranean and the middle east here for the first time since the beginning of hit ler's expansion it is to britain’s immediate self interest to resist germany that is why britain to a much greater extent than france whose interests have been almost entirely concentrated in the west ern mediterranean is hastily summoning poland rumania and the soviet union to form a new line of defense against hitler’s eastward drive 3 what will the soviet union do now it is perfectly understandable that the u.s.s.r ostenta tiously cold shouldered at munich should now dis play similar indifference regarding the fate of the western powers nor is it outside the realm of pos sibility that germany and the soviet union might yet reach a settlement at the expense of the british empire accompanied by a new partition of poland and return to the u.s.s.r of bessarabia appropri ated by rumania in 1918 even if the soviet union is ready to collaborate with britain and france anti communist feeling in poland rumania and yugo slavia which fear communism more than nazism may prove an insuperable obstacle one thing is cer tain the soviet decision will be based on a realistic estimate of the plight of the capitalist democracies 4 is war to be expected in the west the pros pects of armed conflict in the west are more tangible than in the east italy still awaits payment for ser vices rendered at munich and may try to acquire page three by force the french possessions it unofficially de mands notably tunisia and french somaliland it is possible however that mussolini taking a leaf out of hitler’s book might persuade britain that self determination for tunisia would bring ap peasement and maneuvre the british into accepting another munich italy's support as in 1914 will go to the highest bidder the danger is that france may bid pay and then find that italy is unwilling or un able to deliver the goods 5 should the western powers fight hitler the western powers have now been placed by hitler in a position where if they use force they will have to launch a war of offense against germany unless of course such a general war is precipitated by outright italian attack on french possessions a war of of fense could no longer be fought on ideological grounds since the western powers did nothing to support democratic forces in spain china or czecho slovakia and on the contrary weakened them at every turn but for the undisguised purpose of de fending colonial territories acquired by methods es sentially not different from those of the fascist states this prospect is not cheering for those who recognize only too clearly that the world crisis is due as much to the shortcomings of the democracies as to the actions of the dictatorships nor could any responsible person contend that war would solve europe’s deep rooted problems promote democracy or improve the economic condition of the masses yet terrible as war would obviously be is it in the long run more or less dangerous for civilization than the moral disintegration of democratic peoples who like the french may be forced to adopt dicta torial régimes to preserve their existence in time of so called peace p vera micheles dean the f.p.a bookshelf mein kampf by adolf hitler new york reynal hitch cock 1939 3.00 mein kampf by adolf hitler new york stackpole 1939 3.00 mein kampf which is must reading for every student of european politics is now available in two unabridged translations the first is an authorized edition the sec ond was allegedly brought out in violation of copyrights both use the first german edition and both are marred oc casionally by awkward translations reading of the first is facilitated by numerous if somewhat haphazard annota tions prepared with the aid of a distinguished american editorial board men must act by lewis mumford new york harcourt brace 1939 1.50 mr mumford etches in the sharpest terms the ideologi cal clash between fascism and democracy and urges that the united states adopt a drastic policy of complete non intercourse with germany italy and japan while prepar ing for war and furnishing limited aid to other anti fascist powers unfortunately under present circumstances his desire for suppression of fascist propaganda and fascist activities in this country is likely to open the door to an equally unpleasant development a campaign against lib eral and progressive forces stigmatized as communist foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 22 march 24 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lgsiig buell president dorothy f leer secretary vera micheies dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year 181 f p a membership five dollars a year h if washington news letter washington bureau national press building march 20 the administration moved swiftly this weekend to implement its verbal condemnation of germany’s seizure of czecho slovakia by vigorous action on two fronts first in applying countervail ing duties against imports from germany the treas ury has taken the initial step in a policy of economic retaliation which may be widely extended by execu tive action second in introducing a compromise resolution to amend the neutrality act senator key pittman chairman of the foreign relations com mittee has launched the long awaited campaign in congress to remove further obstacles to freedom of action in support of european democracies three moves in sequence the double objective of administration policy is sharply underlined in the following sequence of events 1 on march 17 acting secretary of state sumner welles issued a statement to the press with the approval of presi dent roosevelt strongly condemning the temporary ex tinguishment of the liberties of a free and independent people and asserting that it is manifest that acts of wanton lawlessness and of arbitrary force are threatening world peace and the very structure of modern civilization 2 on the same day the state a pega began drafting a formal note to berlin dispatched on march 20 reassert ing its condemnation and declining to recognize the legality of germany’s occupation of czecho slovakia 3 on march 18 the treasury department announced that the provisions of section 303 of the tariff act of 1930 will come into force on april 22 applying an addi tional duty of 25 per cent on imports from germany which are shown to be subsidized by the government these steps coupled with the neutrality drive are based on a deep seated conviction and two broad as sumptions which are shared by president roosevelt and a majority of his state department advisers the conviction is that the vital interests and security of the united states are jeopardized by the expansion of the totalitarian powers the first assumption is that hitler after consolidating his gains in the east will turn against the western democracies by sup porting mussolini's aspirations in africa and the mediterranean unless both members of the rome berlin axis are convinced in advance that such a course will precipitate a general war the second assumption is that britain and france will resist fur ther aggression by the dictators provided they can count on the moral support of the united states backed by its vast economic and financial sources cash and carry neutrality the nature of the economic aid offered by the administration is fore cast in the treasury's first step toward retaliation and mr pittman’s move to open the american mar ket for purchase of arms airplanes and other war materials while mr pittman disclaims administra tion sponsorship for his neutrality amendment jt is no secret that the cash and carry formula is now favored by the state department as the least ob jectionable compromise which has any chance of adoption at this session it would eliminate sec tion 1 of the existing law with its embargo on arms and ammunition and avoid all reference to civil strife in place of the embargo it would require the president within thirty days of the outbreak of declared or undeclared conflict between two or more foreign states to issue a proclamation making it unlawful to export arms or other war materials in american vessels forbidding loans or credits to belligerents and thus requiring that all such exports be paid for in cash but the effect of these steps is less clearly apparent than their purpose while the cash and carry clause would give britain and france access to our market it would penalize china by cutting it off from further credits and the thirty days proviso would pre sumably compel the president to invoke the act in the far eastern conflict the treasury's countervailing duties will not au tomatically cut off german trade or even prevent the entry of all german imports as reported in most washington dispatches they will apply only to dutiable imports which benefit from a bounty or grant from the german government in practice this covers only german imports financed on a bar ter basis and represents a relatively small share of the 64,625,000 of german goods sold in the united states stronger punitive measures may be taken un der other tariff statutes particularly section 338 of the 1930 law but unless such reprisals are taken with other nations as part of a concerted boycott they cannot have any decisive effect and may lead to counter reprisals the paramount question in congressional circles however is on what terms american aid is to be furnished to britain and france many question the assumption that the democracies are prepared to re sist further aggression while others want to know what information the state department has received regarding the future intentions of london and paris it is one thing to agree on terms of cooperation and quite another to issue a blank check w t stone oo o rr fs +el etaliatiog ican mar ther wat mministra iment it a is now least ob lance of ate ser on arms to civil quire the break of two of making terials in edits to 1 exports apparent ry clause market a further uld pre e act in not au vent the in most only to unty or practice mn a bar share of e united aken un 1 338 of re taken boycott 7 lead to circles is to be tion the sd to re to know received id paris ion and tone subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff entered as second class matter december riodic al roy 2 1921 at the post nera 1 m office at new york r unty of pate n y under the act of march 3 1879 vou xviii no 23 marcu 31 1939 should the neutrality act be retained revised repealed for a concise summary of the act together with discussion questions write for the pros and cons of neutrality 5 cents f.p.a club service bureau general library university of michigan ann arbor mich france weighs i italy’s claims an a speech in which he alternately rattled the saber and extended the olive branch benito mussolini on march 26 virtually invited the french government to initiate conversations regarding italy's colonial claims on france claims for the first time officially limited to tunisia djibouti and the suez canal the rome berlin axis i duce declared was un breakable and the german advance in central europe was fated to happen concerted action against the authoritarian régimes would only produce a total itarian counter attack at all points the spanish issue was now virtually settled and discussions of franco italian problems defined according to mus solini in the italian note of december 17 1938 abro gating the rome accords of 1935 must now begin if the two states were not to become still more estranged in the mediterranean italy's interests were vital in the adriatic they were pre eminent but not exclusive as regards the slavs since international re lations were governed by force italy was compelled to arm at all costs even if it meant the destruction of civilian life with this amalgam of bombast and oblique but conciliatory reference to current diplomatic issues mussolini apparently attempted to satisfy his fire eating followers while intimating that he would not be unreasonable regarding colonial claims in lon don the moderation of his demands was used to jus tify a rapid british retreat from earlier attempts to form a stop hitler bloc an attempt which failed because britain was not prepared to guarantee auto matic military assistance to the sorely pressed states of eastern europe paris appeared relieved because official sanction had not been given to italian claims for corsica nice and savoy to the french the stage appeared to be set for capitalizing on earlier over tures for franco italian rapprochement the most im portant of these was the announcement on march 25 that france had decided to turn over to the franco government the loyalist fleet which had taken refuge in the tunisian port of bizerta on march 7 will italy leave the axis while the french have hitherto refused to go beyond the abortive laval mussolini agreements they might now be disposed to make further concessions in return for satisfactory assurances from rome among other things france would undoubtedly insist on a commitment to with draw italian troops from spain where a franco offen sive was launched on march 26 following the collapse of peace negotiations italy’s fear that hitler might liberate the croats in yugoslavia and penetrate to the adriatic was believed in some quarters to afford an extraordinary opportunity for breaking the ger man italian bonds which have thus far withstood all democratic threats and blandishments the french could conceivably grant greater rights to the italians in tunisia give italy a voice in the administration of the suez canal company and establish a form of condominium over djibouti and the french con trolled addis ababa railway it remains to be seen whether minor concessions of this type or even an offer of desert territory in the hinterland of tunisia will convince mussolini that he does not stand to gain more by defiance as a member of the axis than by agreement with the western powers in any case french internal developments have been predicated on the theory that the real menace to france comes not from the mediterranean but from across the rhine taking advantage of the consterna tion aroused by the collapse of czecho slovakia pre mier edouard daladier on march 19 secured from parliament full decree powers until november 30 1939 under his special authority granted after bitter debate the premier moved swiftly to strengthen the french position in europe in the military field the government assumed power to call up reservists with out parliamentary formality and to increase the per sonnel of the professional army the military district around metz was divided into two each with a full military establishment the french government has called to the colors between 125,000 and 200,000 special fortress troops for the maginot line retained for indefinite service 90,000 conscripts who would ordinarily have completed their training in april and added almost 3,000 officers and non commis sioned officers to the army’s rolls a second group of decrees is designed to reinforce the industrial foundation on which defense must rest the 40 hour week already virtually abolished by earlier enactments now gives way to a 60 hour max imum in all basic industries which may be exceeded if necessary rates of overtime pay have been severely slashed skilled laborers of whom there is already an acute shortage will be required to work wherever the government demands with loss of the unemploy ment dole as the penalty for refusal another decree designed to secure secrecy comparable with that at tained in the dictatorships sharply restricts the pub lication of military information in the broadest sense forthcoming measures are expected to prohibit attacks on foreign heads of states by the press and perhaps to establish a government propaganda office in the field of finance new regulations cut down civil expenditures fighting fascism with regimentation thus for the third time in less than a year the daladier gov ernment has obtained extraordinary powers permit ting it to exercise a freedom of action it could not otherwise enjoy it is particularly significant that these powers were not necessitated to meet an im minent threat of internal social unrest under the su memel and rumania mark losing no time after its absorption of czecho slovakia germany last week advanced at opposite ends of its long eastern front in memel and ru mania on march 23 it forced lithuania to cede the memel territory an area of 1,000 square miles with a population of 150,000 a large majority of which is german this territory severed from germany in 1919 to provide lithuania with a seaport under an autonomous régime had been seized by the lith uanians in 1923 the memel statute signed by brit ain france japan and italy on may 8 1924 had granted the territory autonomous rights within the lithuanian state following the czech annexation the memel nazis began mass demonstrations urging return to the reich on march 20 the lithuanian foreign minis ter who had hurried to berlin received an ultimatum in which the german government suggested the pos sibility of outbreaks in memel and threatened to send page two pervision of finance minister paul reynaud franee had turned its back on the objectives of the popular front and had partially embraced the tenets of eco nomic liberalism recovery was noticeable if mod erate the general index of production had risen from 81 in october to 87 in january capital much of jt fleeing from belgium holland and switzerland had flowed steadily into france but the overwhelming fear of war retarded private investment and appeared to demand measures of economic constraint the steps taken by m daladier were ordered not by a national government representing all factions but by one resting on a new rightist majority in the chamber of deputies the prime minister has re fused to promise that parliamentary elections will not be postponed that the press will remain free or that the communist party will not be suppressed under these circumstances the future attitude of french la bor still dispirited as a result of the unsuccessful gen eral strike of november 30 will probably depend on whether business and financial interests are subjected to constraint commensurate with that imposed on the workers the french experience supports the view that democratic governments and the dynamic fascist régimes cannot continue to exist side by side not be cause fascist claims must immediately result in war but because even if a temporary peace is gained by concessions the nerve racking uneconomic arma ments race forces resort to totalitarian methods in the sheer search for national efficiency regimentation tends to displace liberal democracy by a sort of po litical gresham’s law how the political clock can again be turned back is exceedingly difficult to foresee davip h popper nazis eastern advance troops to keep order unless lithuania ceded the territory within four days although the lithuanian government accepted these demands n march 21 it declared germany’s step illegal and announced its in tention to consult the signatories of the memel statute in reply germany threatened to invade the entire country unless lithuania’s statements were re pudiated and memel immediately surrendered by an agreement signed early on march 23 lithuania ceded the territory in exchange for a free zone in the port of memel and a german promise of non aggression while the seizure of memel is not itself of great importance it strengthens germany at the expense of poland and the soviet union the establishment of a submarine base at memel will increase the reich's naval supremacy in the baltic moreover since all lithuania is likely to fall under german influence poland has less hope of obtaining lithuanian terri tory as compensation for the possible occupation of danz the serve ge than clusic agrec gove seek an a gert by tl and man ukr nied berl sto imp ger seek but run t for soul trie som its ich of it ind had helming ppeared ered not factions ry in the has re will not or that under ench la ful gen pend on ubjected osed on the view ic fascist not be in war uined by c arma ds in the entation t of po lock can cult to opper ded the thuanian ch 21 it ed its in memel vade the were re d by an ia ceded the port gression of great pense of 1ent of a reich's since all nfluence an terri ation of danzig by germany lying less than 100 miles from the soviet border lithuania may also conceivably serve as a base for german attack on soviet territory german rumanian agreement more important than the seizure of memel was hitler’s prompt con cusion on march 22 of a far reaching economic agreement with rumania early in march the nazi government had sent a delegation to bucharest to seek economic advantages beyond those granted by an agreement concluded in november 1938 the german demands were given threatening emphasis by the destruction of czecho slovakia on march 14 and by the massing of hungarian troops on the ru manian border after the conquest of carpatho ukraine on march 17 a report subsequently de nied that rumania had received an ultimatum from berlin spurred britain to hasten the formation of a stop hitler front moreover britain whose total imports from rumania actually exceeded those of germany during february announced that it would seek means of expanding its purchases still further but failed to prevent the signature of the german rumanian agreement this agreement concluded for five years provides for german development of various rumanian re sources and intensified trade between the two coun tries in return for adjusting its farm production somewhat to german needs rumania will increase its agricultural exports to the reich germany agrees page three to sell bucharest war materials and to give technical assistance in certain agricultural processing indus tries german capital is allowed to exploit rumanian mines and petroleum as well as to develop ru mania’s railways river navigation facilities and motor highways the reich apparently can now ob tain rumanian oil by barter and by the use of special marks the exchange rate between the mark and the rumanian leu which will affect the value of trade concessions is not yet known in granting the third reich these economic con cessions king carol continued the cautious policy he has followed since munich because of its valuable natural resources and its geographical position ru mania clearly lies in the path of german expansion in the face of internal and external dangers king carol has suppressed the fascist iron guard at home and in default of economic and military support from britain france and the soviet union has shown a conciliatory attitude toward germany and hungary the new economic agreement reflects the king’s ac ceptance of rumania’s increased dependence on the third reich it does not however appear to commit the country irrevocably to exclusive german economic exploitation or political control meanwhile it may provide a breathing space during which the attitude of britain france and the soviet union will deter mine whether rumania can resist inclusion in the or bit of the expanding third reich pauz b taylor the f.p.a bookshelf france overseas a study of modern imperialism by herbert ingram priestley new york appleton century 1938 5.00 this detailed but discursive history of french colonial enterprise since 1815 recognizes that political motives may be as strong as economic forces in stimulating the desire for colonies and concludes that the possession of colonies is a political lic bility rather than an asset morocco as a french economic venture a study of open door imperialism by melvin m knight new york appleton century 1937 2.25 an interesting study which concludes that the french colonial empire as a whole has been an expensive national luxury zechs and germans by elizabeth wiskemann new york oxford university press 1938 5.00 this volume prepared for the royal institute of inter national affairs is probably the best book in english on the relations between germans and czechs in bohemia and moravia up to the crisis of 1938 its full historical treat ment of the pre war period and its analysis based on per sonal observation of the problems of the post war period remain valuable even after the break up of czecho slovakia schacht hitler’s magician by norbert miihlen new york longmans green 1939 3.00 in this penetrating exposé of the third reich’s former economic dictator the author reveals how schacht ex ploited germany’s creditors to advance the cause of ger man rearmament schacht is portrayed as a clever ego tistical opportunist who ironically enough fell victim to his own methods although the value of the book is im paired by its polemical tone and occasional inaccuracies it provides instructive and interesting reading the far eastern policy of the united states by a whit ney griswold new york harcourt brace 1938 3.75 a scholarly contribution of first rank this study of american policy in the far east spans the 1898 1938 period each phase of this 40 year era from the acquisi tion of the philippines to the contemporary american diplomatic reaction toward the war in china is carefully analyzed and voluminously documented some of the state papers and memoirs are presented for the first time in this volume all periods save the most recent are given a detailed and illuminating setting in world politics the author’s thesis that american efforts to maintain the open door policy in china are futile and dangerous somewhat colors his emphasis and interpretation foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 23 marcu 31 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond leste buell president dorothy f leer secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year 181 f p a membership five dollars a year ge ee il hi i mi washington news letter stbbes washington bureau national press bullding march 27 when the senate foreign relations committee meets this week to set a date for hearings on the complicated issue of neutrality revision it will have a choice of four possible courses of action these alternatives which will be weighed against the background of swiftly moving developments in eu rope and the far east may be summarized briefly as follows 1 repeal of existing legislation two senate resolutions calling for outright repeal are pending at the present time one introduced by senator king of utah s 203 the other sponsored by senator lewis of illinois 1745 a similar resolution is spon sored by representative faddis h.j.res 44 in the house the effect of all three measures would be the same to restore the pre war status under which the conduct of the united states would be governed by traditional neutral rights and duties as defined by in ternational law 2 discrimination between belligerents the theory that the united states should distinguish be tween an aggressor and a victim of aggression is embodied in the resolution presented by senator thomas of utah s.j.res 67 this proposal is based in part on the recommendations of a group of experts appointed by the committee for concerted peace efforts it would amend existing statutes in two important respects first by authorizing the pres ident to extend the embargo on arms and ammuni tion to include the placing of restrictions on cer tain other articles or materials of use in war sec ond by making it possible to lift any embargo against a victim of aggression in a case involving the violation of a treaty to which the united states is a party provided that this action has the approval of a majority of each house of congress 3 cash and carry sales the resolution intro duced by senator pittman s.j.res 97 and spon sored by representative hennings in the house is frankly offered as a compromise it would not dis tinguish between aggressors and victims but would remove the embargo on arms and ammunition and permit the sale of all materials to any nation able to pay in cash and transport american goods in its own or neutral vessels the civil strife clauses of the existing law would be dropped but most other fea tures including the embargo on loans and credits would be continued without change 4 do nothing several members of the foreign relations committee and many rank and file mem bers of both the senate and house favor letting the present law take its course rather than making any change which might influence the present situation abroad if no action is taken before may 1 the exisp ing law will continue in effect with the exception of section 2 which gives the president discretionary au thority to apply the cash and carry provisions to ar ticles other than arms and ammunition what action will congress take for the time being at least none of the positive proposals for revision commands sufficient support to assure its adoption the thomas amendment is con ceded almost no chance of passage at this session despite practically universal condemnation of hit ler’s march to the east and the growing hostility to the totalitarian states there is surprisingly little sup port for an embargo policy against the dictators this is due partly to fear of american involvement and partly to distrust of the european democracies par ticularly britain senator borah voiced the suspicions of an important section of congressional opinion when he declared in a radio address on march 25 that germany has had no better friend since hitler came to power than the british democracy sentiment for outright repeal has undoubtedly gained in recent weeks the ranks of the isolationists are split on this proposal with men like hiram john son murray of montana and lewis of illinois in favor of scrapping existing legislation and enacting no substitutes moreover many of those who voted in favor of the original neutrality law are now thor oughly disillusioned by the march of events abroad and no longer believe in the possibility of legis lating a foreign policy nevertheless washington observers who have polled congressional opinion during the past few days are convinced that advocates i i of repeal are still far from securing a majority the pittman compromise offers the best chance of agreement but even this is not certain both groups of isolationists are opposing it on the ground that by supplying munitions to the european democracies we will be repeating the mistakes of 1914 to 1917 and those who favor concerted action against aggressors fear that it will work to the disadvantage of china and actually aid japan unless these objections are overcome in the course of the hearings which are scheduled to begin this week there would seem to be more than a possibility that the whole question of re vision will be allowed to slide without any action at this season w t stone +lee bps bref lel foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new yor oat entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the pose office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 ei gr ar oe op wie vout xviii no 24 april 7 1939 a timely study of the historic struggle between the president and congress for predominance in the conduct of our foreign relations the president’s control of foreign policy by james frederick green april 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents general library university of michigan ann arbor mich chamberlain speeds stop hitler coalition ritain and france which at munich appeared to have given hitler a free hand in eastern europe have sharply reversed their course by rapid fire negotiations with poland rumania and the soviet union designed to check germany's eastward drive in these efforts to form a coalition britain with the utmost reluctance but with new found determina tion has assumed a leading réle as it did when it led other coalitions to prevent the hegemony of louis xiv napoleon and wihelm ii what has britain promised when the now familiar reports of german troop movements and press attacks on poland reached london mr cham berlain told a cheering house of commons on march 31 that the british government saw no justi fication for the substitution of force or threats of force for the method of negotiation referring to pending consultations with other governments he said that during that period in the event of any action which clearly threatened polish independence and which the polish government accordingly con sidered it vital to resist with their national forces his majesty's government would feel themselves bound at once to lend the polish government all support in their power he added that france which already has a military alliance with poland took the same position as britain and that the prin ciples on which the british government was acting were fully understood and appreciated by the so viet union mr chamberlain’s pledge immediately qualified by a london times editorial which stated that it did not bind britain to defend every inch of the present frontiers of poland intimating that it might ex clude former german territories like danzig the polish corridor and upper silesia was reaffirmed in still stronger terms by a semi official british com muniqué of april 1 this communiqué declared that with respect to danzig and the corridor it is held in london it is up to poland to decide if at any moment it feels its independence threatened britain thus apparently leaves in poland’s hands the crucial decision whether german action against danzig or the corridor calls for polish armed resistance which britain and france are pledged to support the british government however did not exclude the possibility of a polish german settlement regarding these issues provided germany does not impose such a settlement on warsaw by force or threat of force this loophole created the uneasy suspicion in poland that mr chamberlain might have another runciman mission up his sleeve significance of british pledge except for the abortive british guarantee of czechoslovakia’s fron tiers after munich this is the second time in its his tory the first being its centuries old alliance with portugal that britain single handed has guaran teed another country’s independence as distin guished from collective guarantees like the league covenant and the 1839 treaty underwriting the neu trality of belgium what is even more remarkable this is the first time that britain has given such a pledge to a country lying outside its western euro pean sphere of interest as indicated in mr chamberlain’s speech of april 3 his pledge to poland is only one link in a chain of similar promises to be given to all countries that are unhappy anxious and uncertain about ger many’s future intentions british military assistance to eastern europe which will probably take the form of defense loans is synchronized with concrete economic measures which france has belatedly adopted to checkmate german domination of the danubian region on march 31 france concluded a commercial treaty with rumania by which it agreed to purchase 500,000 tons of oil doubling its last year’s purchases and to slash its duties on rumanian wheat by 60 per cent a treaty granting similar trade concessions to yugoslavia is to go into force in the near future what will be the effect of this new policy the unex anglo french counter offensive in eastern europe brought an immediate reply from hitler in his wilhelmshaven speech on april 1 the fuehrer reiterated his grievances against the ver sailles diktat warned the western powers not to meddle in germany's living room asserted that the reich had no intention to wage war on other peoples denounced the new encirclement of ger many threatened to terminate the anglo german naval treaty of 1935 expressed the conviction that the world will defend itself against the most severe bolshevistic threat that exists but added that a final understanding between nations will come sooner or later hitler's speech did not dispel the inherent con tradiction between his avowed desire to wipe out the shame of versailles and his obvious intention to make a bid for german hegemony not only in europe but in other parts of the world by his own process of peaceful change hitler has already al tered the principal territorial provisions of the ver sailles treaty while many people in the democra cies sympathize with germany's objections to the peace settlement their sympathy does not extend to regions outside pre war germany such as czecho slovakia wherever hitler oversteps pre war boun daries he increases the prospects of a coalition against the reich which viewed from germany may seem like encirclement but viewed from outside has the appearance of self defense what is unfortunate is that britain and france which had a good legal case for defending czecho slovakia should have page two been maneuvered into a position where they may have to resist by force the return to germany of danzig and the corridor yet the anglo french decision however question able its immediate premises has had an electrify ing effect on the small european states which for years have been waiting for some sign of leader ship by the great democracies the belgian elections of april 2 brought a severe setback for the rexists in favor of center parties and registered the narrow defeat in eupen and malmédy of the heimattreue party which favored return of these districts to the reich the danish socialist radical government ejected several agitators sent into north schleswig by germany for the obvious purpose of preparing for the surrender of that territory by denmark but could not prevent the election of three nazis to parliament on april 3 and on april 2 the belgrade dictatorship finally decided to come to grips with the demands of the croats whose leader matchek simul taneously displayed a more conciliatory attitude whether europe’s disorderly retreat can now be checked depends on the future course of anglo french diplomacy after what happened in munich and more recently in prague it is natural that po land should suspect british pledges this is even more true of the soviet union whose assistance is as much feared as it is desired by poland and rumania the elements of suspicion and disunity in the euro pean coalition now in the process of gestation still outweigh the elements of confidence and ready col laboration this balance can yet be righted provided britain does not again allow itself to be lulled by hitler into a false sense of security and provided also that the forces it aligns against germany are eventu ally directed toward a more constructive objective than mere maintenance of the territorial status quo vera micheles dean the end of the spanish republic with the surrender of madrid on march 28 the resistance of the spanish loyalists crumbled rapidly and by april 1 after thirty two months of sanguinary conflict the civil war in spain was brought to a close even after years of semi starvation bombardment from the air and resistance against heavy odds the submission of the loyalists did not take place with out a struggle on march 5 the republican govern ment of premier juan negrin was ousted by a na tional defense council which elected general josé miaja as its president and colonel segismundo casado who had executed the cop as its minister of defense no corhmunists were included in the council which immediately sought to secure peace but a worthy peace before this could be achieved a communist revolt broke out on march 7 and was suppressed only after six days of fighting whether the communists trapped in spain and having noth ing to lose refused to support overtures for peace or whether they were offered up as a sacrifice pet mitting franco to negotiate with a régime purged of the elements most objectionable to him is still not known at any rate during the following fortnight the national defense council made vain efforts to reach agreement with the nationalists on the terms of an honorable peace victorious in the field general franco evidently saw no reason why he should ac cept self denying stipulations regarding the integrity of spanish territory or the extent of reprisals against his defeated opponents a nationalist offensive on the southwestern front begun on march 26 met capi nize the 5 indi ists repr und byt obst com cou ban mer esti they at 2 tior ince era tall the anc res mt pe cul inc nay of on ify for jer ons ists row eue the ent wig ing to ade nul glo ich ven s as nia uro still col ded by also ntu tive qu0 n ther oth ace pet ged still the each f an eral ace grity linst on ev 7_ with little resistance and was followed by complete capitulation on april 1 the united states recog nized the franco régime and lifted its embargo on the shipment of arms and munitions to spain reprisals and reconstruction unless advance indications prove incorrect the victorious national iss will probably add another chapter of harsh reprisal to the long history of cruel spanish revolts under the law of political responsibility adopted by the new régime on february 13 those guilty of obstructing the nationalist movement by acts of commission or omission are subject to trial by special courts and to penalties including loss of civil rights banishment confiscation of property and imprison ment up to a maximum of fifteen years the num ber of prisoners taken by the victors is already estimated at 650,000 their property is forfeit and they will be forced to work on reconstruction projects at a daily wage of approximately 50 cents in addi tion to their food and shelter the political course of the new spain remains incalculable save for the virtual certainty that gen eral franco will not relinquish command of his to talitarian state already nationalist censorship and nationalist labor regulations have replaced those of the loyalists the diplomatic advances of the british and the french have not as yet secured an open response from franco comparable to the glowing messages his representatives have exchanged with mussolini and hitler instead of depreciating the peseta to encourage exports and attempting to se cure a long term loan in london steps which would indicate a return to liberal economic policies the new régime has fixed the exchange rate at 9 to 10 to the dollar it will apparently undertake the task of reconstruction with cheap spanish labor and con trolled barter trade largely with germany and italy page three such a program will not be palatable to franco's conservative and royalist supporters who would prefer a return to the status existing before 1931 the relations of these elements with the fascist falangists who support such radical reforms as land redistribution nationalization of banks and public utilities the syndicalist organization of span ish labor and restriction of the activities of the church remains uncertain and may provoke severe crises in the future france defies il duce the question of foreign influence in spain is intimately bound up with the fate of the italian demands on france discussed by premier daladier on march 29 stressing french unity in the face of external aggression m daladier identified his cause with that of all pacific demo cratic governments in a reasonable tone which con trasted with the blustering emotionalism of i duce he cited the italian note of december 17 1938 whose text was simultaneously published by the french government to prove that no definite de mands had yet been made by the italians he refused to accept mussolini's thesis that the conquest of ethiopia created new rights for italy a thesis which would mean that each new concession would give rise to new rights the french premier also repeated his refusal to cede a foot of our land or one of our rights and paid mussolini back in his own coin by virtually inviting italian proposals in the spirit of the 1935 accords forced to take the initiative the italians are thus placed in a difficult position in which they can gain little unless the french decide to make voluntary concessions to wean mussolini away from the rome berlin axis davip h popper the f.p.a bookshelf union now by clarence k streit new york harpers 1939 3.00 a thoughtful and persuasive argument for immediate federation of fifteen countries the united states great britain the dominions and the smaller european de mocracies under a common constitution and govern ment and with a single citizenship currency tariff and military force although mr streit underestimates the re fractoriness of modern nationalism state sovereignty and economic rivalry he utilizes effectively both the logic of the federalist and the challenge of mein kampf hav ing served for ten years as geneva correspondent of the new york times he discusses in unusually accurate and suggestive fashion the fatal weaknesses of the league of nations rats in the larder the story of nazi influence in den mark by joachim joesten new york putnam 1939 2.50 the author exposes the remarkable degree to which nazi infiltration and intimidation in denmark has pro ceeded and calls for an alliance of rearmed scandinavian nations to preserve their democracy and national integrity in the face of the german menace political handbook of the world edited by walter h mal lory new york harpers for the council on foreign relations 1939 2.50 absolutely indispensable for quick accurate information on the annual state of parliaments parties and the repre sentative press of all countries foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 24 aprit 7 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lasime bugelt president dororuy f leer secretary vera micheres dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 ew 181 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 f p a membership five dollars a year two dollars a year washington news letter sibben washington bureau national press building april 4 with senate hearings on the question of neutrality occupying the center of the stage washington correspondents have paid relatively little attention to the battle of conflicting economic in terests over the future of the hull trade program last week however two developments revealed a growing inconsistency in administration policy which seemed to suggest that the state department and the president may be taking opposite sides in this undercover but vitally important conflict on april 1 the state department signed its twenty first reciprocal trade agreement reducing duties on american trade with turkey almost simultaneously the president published and endorsed a plan for an export subsidy for cotton which is diametrically op posed to the underlying principle of secretary hull's trade program the turkish agreement the agreement with turkey represents a distinct if minor triumph for the administration’s policies in the international commercial field without departing from the most favored nation principle of equal treatment for all countries the united states has secured tariff con cessions for over 40 per cent of its exports to turkey and has given undertakings with regard to 97 per cent of its imports from that country the items in volved in the agreement are almost exclusively na tional specialties whose interchange will not seriously affect domestic industries the agreement is particularly significant because it demonstrates the possibility of negotiations on an equitable basis be tween countries which have adopted a controlled foreign trade régime and countries which still cling to relatively liberal economic practices the cotton emergency this success is offset by a resounding defeat for the hull trade program with indications of more to come as agricultural pressure groups in washington desperately seek methods to reduce surpluses piled up on farms and in warehouses in particular the administration's cotton program has reached an apparent impasse with the domestic price pegged far above the world level by a loan program and more than 11,000,000 bales roughly one year’s supply hanging over the market the president now proposes a payment to producers who release their loan cotton to the market and a cash subsidy to exporters enabling them to sell their stocks abroad well below the do ed mestic price such a two price arrangement may wel constitute the entering wedge for an expanding sys tem of foreign trade controls imports of foreign textiles produced from cheap cotton may have to be regulated by quotas while compensating payments must be made to american textile exporters to per mit them to compete in world markets with considerable justification the german prey immediately denounced the proposed plan on the ground that the united states was adopting prac tices essentially similar to the nazi subsidy scheme which had caused the state department to impose a 25 per cent countervailing duty on german imports to this country some economists feel moreover that the american move if approved by congress and put into execution cannot fail to lower world cotton prices these would of course prove of the greatest benefit to germany and japan nations highly de pendent on imports of the staple and would rup counter to the roosevelt policy of withholding eco nomic aid from aggressor states moreover the new program is certain to have unfavorable repercussions in brazil with unfortunate consequences for the future of the good neighbor program official defense of this proposal is not entirely convincing it is stated that since cotton is on the free list in almost all countries lower world prices will be welcomed and that it is high time the united states ceased boosting cotton prices to a level per mitting profitable production in much less suitable areas the hope is also expressed that the threat of renewed american competition in world markets will make other producers more amenable to the idea of a world cotton compact stabilizing the output of all major producing countries the american wheat subsidy program it is argued has already done much to bring a world wheat agreement nearer the evidence indicates that pressures for new subsidies and export aids will become more rather than jess forcible in the future already a powerful attempt is being made to impose new taxes on the importation of foreign vegetable oils a move which if successful will seriously jeopardize several im portant trade agreements in which these taxes are bound against increase under the circumstances secretary hull’s reply of april 3 to statements made by german officials in which mr hull steadfastly defended his foreign trade policies may prove less important than the economic necessities of a stag nant american economy an vol for wa eve bar foc po arr pre wi the el es qd tr +foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y ld well vow xviii no 25 april 14 1939 sin for a review of our economic experience in the world be war foreshadowing probable developments in the ents event of another world conflict read periodical room be genbral library n os chcenil univ of mich class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 general library university of michigas ae economic problems of u.s neutrality ann arbor michigan in wartime by winthrop w case s april 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents i albanian coup shakes balkans tts that v 1th the lightning mobility made familiar by and the rome berlin axis mussolini invaded al ton pania on april 7 just as the world’s attention was test focused on the possibility of a german coup against de poland the resistance offered by the insignificant fun army of this small predominantly moslem country bes proved futile and on april 8 the realm of king zog ne who had fled to greece was officially taken under ons the protection of king victor emanuel emperor of the ethiopia by count ciano why did italy invade albania the the italian press took unusual pains to justify the in ices vasion of albania which occurred only two days ited 4fter rome had assured britain that no drastic action per was contemplated the most probable explanation able 8 that mussolini finding france adamant regarding tof his claim to tunisia and hitler lukewarm about a will general war on behalf of italy decided to seize al a of bania as the least dangerous form of compensation f aij for the territorial successes achieved by his german heat partner this move was foreshadowed by mussolini's such speech of march 26 when he said that italy’s inter ests were preeminent in the adriatic but not exclusive as regards the slavs obviously a sop to new yugoslavia the possible repercussions of the al a banian coup appear to have been discussed at inns a bruck on april 4 by general keitel chief of the me german high command and general pariani nich ealian undersecretary for war who had served as principal military adviser to the albanian army from are 1927 to 1932 italy’s invasion of albania not only ad seemed to offer no opportunity for effective opposi 55 tion by britain preoccupied in eastern europe but re provided a strategic base for any operations the a axis may undertake in the balkans it coincided with the announcement that general franco on march 27 had signed the anti comintern pact thus assuring germany and italy of support against britain in the western mediterranean italy’s albanian stake albania has long been considered most of all by britain as an italian sphere of influence when the albanians in 1912 proclaimed their independence from turkey italy joined austria hungary in preventing serbia from securing control of albania under the terms of the london treaty of 1915 by which italy entered the war at the side of the allies italy was to obtain a protectorate over a part of albania including the strategic port of valona which it had occupied at the outbreak of the war at the paris peace conference italy demanded a mandate over albania but was overruled by president wilson who insisted on es tablishing an independent albanian state in 1922 following a period of political strife ahmed zogu a moslem chieftain became premier of albania having failed to obtain financial as sistance from the league of nations which albania had entered in 1920 zogu turned to italy begin ning in 1925 italy granted albania a series of loans inaugurated a program of public works under the supervision of an italian development corporation known as svea and appointed italian officers to reorganize the albanian army in 1926 with the ap proval of britain italy signed the treaty of tirana designed to prevent any disturbance of albania’s status quo a letter accompanying the treaty gave italy the right to intervene on albania’s request in the country’s foreign and domestic affairs after zogu with italy's support had proclaimed himself king zog i in 1928 an italian company re ceived a concession for the extraction of oil poor in quality which was refined at bari and proved of considerable value to italy during the ethiopian cam paign several recent incidents however indicated page two that italian domination was not entirely palatable to zog his growing resistance coupled with the intrigues of tribal chieftains who had opposed his rise to power were probably the immediate causes of his downfall what did italy gain italy's gains in albania must be measured not in economic terms but in terms of prestige and strategic advantage italy is already the principal market for albanian exports of oil wool and dairy products and furnishes the bulk of that country’s imports of manufactured goods while rome may now intensify development of albanian resources it may be doubted that ex ploitation of that mountainous country can do much to relieve italy’s economic problems by the establishment of a protectorate over al bania however mussolini is in a position to use force or threat of force against yugoslavia greece turkey and egypt which has territorial jurisdiction over the suez canal coveted by italy should i duce like hitler adopt the slogan of self determination he may find it useful to launch a great albanian movement for the recovery of 100,000 albanians in greece 500,000 in yugoslavia and smaller groups in bulgaria and turkey the outlook for the balkans the outlook for the balkan countries is by no means cheerful either for them or for their would be pro tector britain on april 10 following the visit to turkey of m gafencu rumanian foreign minister it was indicated in bucharest that the balkan entente by which greece rumania turkey and yugoslavia guaranteed the security of their balkan frontiers would be applied in case of need but these countries are so divided among themselves and so preoccupied by internal problems that it is doubtful they could make common cause against the axis even if assured of british support a yugoslavia still rent by the post war conflict be tween serbs and croats is now threatened on the north by germany which offers the best market for its products and on the south and west by italy the yugoslav regent prince paul is pro british in sym pathy but the belgrade court has long been hostile to the u.s.s.r and it seems improbable short of a revolution that it would join any coalition which included moscow greece which allowed france and britain to use its harbors during the world war is on the whole anti italian and resents italy’s con trol of the predominantly greek dodecanese islands ostentatiously visited by goebbels late in march king george ii restored to the greek throne with british aid might favor cooperation with britain but his influence is counterbalanced by that of the dictator premier general metaxas who favors a pro german orientation turkey like greece fears the extension of italian influence in the eastern medi terranean but is becoming more and more dependent on the german market germany and italy more over can disrupt the balkans by encouraging the re visionist aspirations of bulgaria germany's world war ally which lost territory to greece yugoslavia and rumania against this powerful combination of internal strife economic needs and national minority prob lems which plays directly into hitler's hands britain has only two things to offer cash and the threat of war if the rome berlin axis advances east of al bania britain which at munich gave germany a free hand in eastern europe can hardly expect the balkan countries to have much confidence in its as sistance unless it shows actual determination to stop hitler and mussolini by force if britain can demon strate that it is now in earnest it might either succeed in checking the dictatorships at the zero hour or should war come might then possibly swing the british coalition meets obstacles prime minister neville chamberlain’s belated plan to mobilize the nations of eastern europe in an anti aggression bloc was dealt another serious blow when italy seized the initiative and occupied al bania the vacillating states of that area have been given one more convincing demonstration that brit ain and france would hardly be able to render them quick and effective assistance in case of attack the italian action came at a time when the british project had already struck a snag perhaps this latest chapter in british diplomacy may again have to be captioned too late an anglo polish alliance britain did succeed last week in persuading colonel beck polish foreign minister to enter into a defensive alliance as announced in the house of commons by prime minister chamberlain on april 6 the agreement will assure great britain and poland of mutual assist ance in the event of any threat direct or indirect to the independence of either apparently poland would be allowed to judge when its own independ ence would be sufficiently jeopardized to warrant military resistance yet the accord has not been signed its completion awaits the settlement of many details particularly regarditsg the methods by which the two countries would aid each other in case of war meanwhile the reich government is leaving no stone unturned to impress warsaw with the tile ich and at on nds rch vith ain the a ars lent ore re rid ivia stop 10n of nce ime will sist to and nd rant een any hich of ying the inadvisability of implementing this agreement in principle despite warsaw’s cautious and repeated assurances that the polish german accord of 1934 remains unaffected germany has made it clear that it would regard conclusion of the anglo polish alli ance as an unfriendly act which would involve de nunciation of its non aggression pact with poland and turn the reich into a highly disagreeable neigh bor subjected to this pressure poland may yet be in duced to reconsider its course is it too late meanwhile britain has made little progress in other directions the british gov ernment itself is sufficiently alarmed by the prospects of continued italo german aggression to carry its new policy to a logical conclusion last week it ap parently even offered to guarantee the independence of hungary which had been regarded as already in the german camp and colonel beck is said to have been given the mission of persuading the hungarian government with which poland has close relations to join the anti german coalition all these maneuvers however appear belated while many hungarians fear german hegemony the present budapest government its appetite whetted by recent territorial acquisitions still looks to the reich for support of its ambition to recapture tran sylvania rumania menaced by both germany and hungary is apparently willing to accept a british guarantee but reluctant to give in exchange a pledge which might provoke rather than ward off an attack the rumanian minister of foreign affairs grigore gafencu is scheduled to visit london and paris to ward the end of april but significantly enough he has accepted a german invitation to stop first at berlin since about 60 per cent of rumania’s for eign trade is controlled by the reich the german government would find it easier to apply economic screws should this country presume to follow an in dependent policy yugoslavia and greece are also immobilized particularly now that they are flanked by an italian controlled albania and turkey while maintaining friendly relations with moscow and page three london is compelled to sit on the fence by virtue of its economic ties with germany which now takes more than half of its exports realizing the inabili of these countries to commit themselves the british cabinet decided on april 10 that any attack on greece turkey or any other eastern mediterranean nation would be considered an unfriendly act what of the soviet union while brit ain and france may still be able to act in the mediter reanean they alone cannot sufficiently offset ger many’s economic and military predominance in east ern europe strategically they will be unable to rush troops and materials to this area in case of german aggression britain and france are ill equipped to wage offensive warfare in poland or the balkans just as the rome berlin axis can hardly risk a frontal attack on the western european powers because of their superior economic resources and their greater naval strength they might ultimately bring germany and italy to terms but meanwhile german troops would overrun eastern europe only the active par ticipation of the soviet union in the anti german front might block such a development so far british efforts to enlist soviet cooperation have met with considerable difficulties the polish and rumanian governments tied by an old anti soviet alliance are reluctant to call in russian troops who might ultimately exploit the undoubted poten tialities for social revolution existing in both coun tries moreover moscow is displaying no haste to join now that considerations of self interest have induced britain and france to turn to it for aid confident of its ability to defend itself unaided the u.s.s.r apparently expects to be more assiduously courted before it can be persuaded to act under these circumstances the countries of southeastern europe may reluctantly prefer to dispense with out side guarantees and take the chance that they may be able to satisfy german aspirations without sacrificing at least their nominal independence john c dewilde the f.p.a bookshelf britain and the dictators by r w seton watson new york macmillan 1938 3.00 a detailed analysis of british foreign policy from the paris peace conference to the annexation of austria in march 1938 by an authority on central european affairs professor seton watson urges britain and france to create a coalition of pacific countries including the soviet union and then attempt a general settlement with ger many diplomatic relations between the united states and japan 1895 1905 by payson j treat stanford cal stanford university press 1938 3.50 the third volume in a thorough study of japanese american diplomatic relations since 1853 like the pre ceding volumes this authoritative work is based mainly on state department archives extensive quotations from diplomatic papers published and unpublished make it an invaluable reference work for students of the far east foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 25 aprit 14 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lesim busi president dorotuy f laer secretary vera micugtas dmgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 181 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year a ne ea tt sa val of a is 4183 a mi pa ae v ee washington news letter sibbes washington bureau national press building april 10 if the purpose of the neutrality hearings now proceeding at both ends of the capitol is to clarify american policy in the face of the fast moving european crisis the testimony of the past week has contributed little toward that end the senate foreign relations committee with virtually its full membership present has heard a former secre tary of state mr henry l stimson urge amend ment of the existing law to give the president wider discretion to defend the vital interests of the united states by throwing its moral and material resources against the aggressive action of three of the seven most powerful nations of the world it has heard another expert witness mr bernard m baruch for mer chairman of the war industries board offer the opposite advice that the best way for america to keep out of war is to make its goods and supplies available to all belligerents without discrimination as provided in the cash and carry plan sponsored by senator pittman but it is still far from agreement on any general formula capable of application in the threatening european show down or the potential crisis in the far east senate opinion divided from the gen eral tenor of questions asked during the first few days it is apparent that few opinions have been changed despite mr stimson’s strong endorsement of the thomas amendment not more than two or three members are likely to vote for economic em bargoes against aggressor states outright repeal of the present law has even less support the only ap parent choice lies between the pittman resolution and retention of the present law and on this central issue which will determine whether american sup plies are to be placed at the disposal of britain and france the committee is almost equally divided senator pittman can probably count on eight or nine votes at the present time while senator borah who is leading the fight for retention of the existing law is assured of almost the same number of votes the administration has not yet been heard from and it is possible the state department may find another formula or throw its full weight behind the pittman resolution but as twelve votes will be re quired to assure a majority of the committee the final decision will probably rest with three or four sena tors who have reserved their opinions and taken no active part in the debate executive policy stiffens meanwhile as the crisis in europe deepens the position of the executive is rapidly crystallizing the division of opinion which existed inside the state department before munich has entirely disappeared and there js now virtual unanimity among the president's ad visers while hopes of averting a general war haye been dimmed by events of the past month the con viction has spread through administration circles that the vital interests of the united states are di rectly threatened by the unchecked expansion of the axis powers this conviction warmly supported by mr stimson before the foreign relations commit tee was given even more dramatic expression in an authoritative summary of the president's views re vealed to correspondents at warm springs on april 8 in this statement the second inspired story issued by the anonymous white house spokesman within the past two weeks the united states was pictured as faced with three possible courses of action imposed by the extension of the nazi fascist economic system 1 adoption of the chinese wall policy calling for withdrawal from all foreign trade with heavy losses in national income 2 establishment of export subsidies a course which would involve heavy treasury payments and sharp tax increases 3 a general lowering of living standards through longer hours of work and reduced wages to enable american exporters to meet the competition of low wage foreign nations operating under the barter system on economic grounds these artificial alternatives failed to impress many competent observers wash an it vol i ec a re war of ai j all been and tato of tl time only justi stat that an 1 mer pre sent any obv tic ington correspondents however were not left in doubt about the diplomatic objectives of the adminis tration these objectives merely implied in secre tary hull's statement on the same day denouncing the forcible and violent invasion of albania are based on the clear determination to offer the fullest economic and diplomatic support to great britain and france in the minds of administration leaders it is clearly to the advantage of the american people to see that france and britain are not reduced to the status of second rate powers at the same time there is general agreement that the united states should not make any military commitments and cannot do much to restore the balance of power in eastern europe destroyed so completely last september the immediate task is to steer a middle course which will serve as a warning to the axis powers without giving a blank check to london and paris w t stone wit 3 to its +hich able ow ives ish nis cre the are lest ain foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated apr 25 1929 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post en dl ss it 0 the ere uld do erm the vill ing 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xviii no 26 april 21 1939 economic problems of u.s neutrality by winthrop w case in wartime a review of our economic experience in the world war forecasting probable developments in the event of another world conflict april 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents office at new york rh n y under the act eo we of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan ann arbor mich roosevelt appeal jolts dictators aggre roosevelt’s message of april 15 to hitler and mussolini whatever may have been its political motives acted both as a deterrent and a hope it sought to dispel any illusion the dic tators might have regarding the non participation of the united states in a general war at the same time it held out to the fascist dictatorships although only in general terms the hope of economic read justment with the active collaboration of the united states the chief weaknesses of the message were that it was addressed to germany and italy not by an impartial mediator but by a statesman who had mercilessly flayed their actions in the past and that presumably in deference to american isolationist sentiment it attempted to relieve this country of any responsibility for political readjustments which obviously cannot be divorced from economic change credit side of stop hitler coali tion the president's message ostensibly sent without previous consultation with london and paris fits neatiy into the coalition negotiations launched by mr chamberlain immediately after the dismem berment of czecho slovakia this coalition continued to take shape last week when mr chamberlain told the house of commons on april 13 that britain had pledged greece and rumania all the support in its power in case the independence of these two countries was clearly threatened and they consid ered it vital to resist with their national forces these pledges confirmed by m daladier on thé same day were accompanied by active negotiations with turkey and the soviet union on the credit side of the british ledger may also be listed the teport that poland and rumania might combine their armies under the leadership of marshal smygly rydz that general laidoner estonian chief of staff had held military consultations with po land that britain and france might overcome polish rumanian reluctance to admit soviet forces to their territory by arranging only for the assistance of soviet airplanes that bulgaria regarded as a potential ally of the rome berlin axis had ordered the dissolution of the bulgarian nazi organization on april 11 that the british and french fleets had been mobilized in the western mediterranean and that tension between hungary and rumania had been somewhat relaxed on april 15 while budapest pressed for a new pact extending the rights of the hungarian minority in transylvania acquired by rumania at the end of the world war anxiety over spain balanced against these items on the debit side of the ledger were the re luctance of greece rumania yugoslavia and even poland to reciprocate british pledges of assistance for fear of antagonizing germany and the persisting un willingness of the soviet union to promise military support until it had seen france and britain in ac tion against the third reich despite the taunts of the opposition mr chamberlain apparently still hoping to detach mussolini from the rome berlin axis refused in his speech of april 14 to regard italy's occupation of albania as a violation of the 1938 anglo italian treaty by which the two coun tries had undertaken to maintain the status quo in the mediterranean yet mr chamberlain’s concili atory attitude did not prevent i duce from discussing further collaboration with field marshal goeging in rome over the weekend of april 15 or from past poning the withdrawal of italian troops in spaig to may 15 when general franco is scheduled to ngke a triumphal entrance into madrid meanwhile these italian troops strengthened by additional contingents from italy have been mafsed in southern spain where they might cooperate vith spanish forces in an attack either on french morocco or on gibraltar germany moreover announced on april 14 that its fleet would conduct a month's maneuvers off the spanish coast in the atlantic ocean thus providing a hint that may 15 may have a double meaning in the dictatorial time table if the french government still retained any illusions re garding the attitude of franco spain these illusions were destroyed by the reports submitted on april 13 by its ambassador marshal pétain who is said to have been received with utmost frigidity in burgos and if britain had hoped to use its histori cal alliance with portugal to offset possible spanish moves against france or gibraltar this hope too was dashed by the treaty of march 17 between spain and portugal in which each promised not to allow its territory to be used for an attack on the other will poland cede danzig while britain and france were thus forced to concentrate their at ter‘on and their naval resources in the mediter ran.an germany was once more pressing for blood less fulfillment of its claims in eastern europe po lish foreign minister beck whose chief motivation is his long standing hatred of france returned to warsaw with britain’s pledge in his pocket but seems to have made little progress toward comple tion of the anglo polish pact of mutual assistance his time has been occupied by direct negotiations with germany which had demanded return of the free city of danzig and the right to construct an automobile road to east prussia across pomorze known as the polish corridor in the case of both danzig and the corridor germany has a legitimate claim against poland unlike czecho slovakia these territories were taken away from the german em pire in 1919 solely for the purpose of providing newly reunited poland with access to the sea since then poland has built a port of its own at gdynia and at the present time 65 per cent of the country’s seaborne commerce passes through gdynia as com pared with 35 per cent through danzig true polish interests in the free city might be injured by ger man reoccupation and the projected german auto mobile road to east prussia can only be regarded as an entering wedge for return of the polish cor ridor to the reich but the british pledge to poland was so framed as to leave the decision regarding re sistance to german demands in the hands of the japan’s role in a european war the sudden transfer of the united states fleet on april 15 to the pacific has emphasized the close connection between the european and far eastern crises american policy is clearly moving to counter a possible initiative by japan in eastern asia what direction would such an initiative take through out a month of increasing european tension japanese diplomacy has moved cautiously within a narrow page two ey polish government if the poles although assured of anglo french support should prefer to avoid clash with germany by surrendering danzig it js impossible for france britain or the united statg to force poland to fight the reich on this issue can status quo be indefinitely maintained poland’s case is typical of the prob lems confronting the stop hitler coalition the most that this coalition with or without the suppor of the united states can do is to redress the balance of power in europe which since 1933 has been ip creasingly unfavorable to the western democracies if britain france and the united states can conving both hitler as well as his potential victims that they now have both the desire and the capacity to resist force or threat of force this would in itself mark a step forward from the present situation of profound discouragement unless such an assurance is con veyed in unmistakable terms europe must resign itself to a series of crises which cannot but prove destructive to the nerves and economic systems not only of europe but also of this hemisphere it would be extremely short sighted however to believe that a stop hitler coalition can be con tent with the negative task of maintaining the ter ritorial and economic status quo it is not enough to hold the lid down indefinitely even if that were practicable it is essential to provide outlets for pent up grievances which the democracies in the past had done little or nothing to alleviate this can be accomplished only if we realize that we are con fronted with a revolutionary international situation in which it would be disastrous for the democracies to be maneuvered into the position of die hard con servatives those who favor new deals in domestic affairs cannot in all good faith be adamant regard ing new deals in international affairs difficult as the situation may be if hitler decides to reject the president's appeal it will be even more difficult if he challenges the united states to implement its promise of a new deal by drafting the practical bases of a new peace the problem then will be to prevent negotiations with hitler and mussolini from becom ing another munich which might prove even more dangerous for the democracies than that of last september vera micheles dean orbit the authorities at tokyo have conspicuously refrained from a clear definition of policy should war occur in europe while continued negotiations with the berlin rome axis are reported japan ap parently still hesitates to enter into binding com mitments of a universal nature with its partners in the anti comintern pact on the other hand two moves by japan during this period may have a certain id q it is ates ely ob port 1 if cies rince esist und con sign rove not r to con ter rh to were for past n be con tion acies con estic zard lt as t the lt if t its vases vent com more last in ously ould tions ap com rs in rtain page three significance the first was announcement of japanese occupation of the spratly islands on march 31 com plemented by the annexation on april 18 of a group of reefs and islets 300 miles long between french indo china the philippines and british north borneo in the south china sea the second was settlement of the fisheries dispute with the soviet union on april 2 a war in europe would undoubtedly confer an increased freedom of action on tokyo’s military naval leaders at the same time any policy which they might adopt is circumscribed by a number of limitations both military and economic the con quest of china is by no means complete as recent events have shown pacification of occupied areas has achieved a very limited success the minor cam paigns in central china directed against ichang and changsha have met with unexpected stubborn re sistance the rapid capture of nanchang during the last two weeks of march seemed to herald a sweep ing japanese advance early in april however the chinese forces initiated a series of counter attacks affecting such widely separated places as canton kaifeng on the yellow river and paotou inner mongolia these counter attacks which capitalized on the extent to which japan’s forces of occupation are scattered throughout china have served to hold up the offensive against ichang and changsha and to indicate that china's potentialities for resistance still exist where is japan headed this factor as well as the serious drain on japan’s economic re sources over the past two years would seem to place japan in a less favored position than in 1914 further advance even should a european war occur involves a hard choice should the attack be directed against the soviet union or against western interests in china and southeastern asia the first of these tt choices involves serious risk of the great powers the soviet union alone commands important military forces which are already in the far east at changku feng last august japan had one serious engagement with these forces the result of which did not increase its confidence two weeks ago it came to an agree ment with russia on the fisheries issue in which the soviet terms were essentially accepted despite these factors there is a strong group in the military command which feels that the russian maritime provinces must be added to japan’s growing empire before its security is assured and preparations to ward this end have been under way ever since 1931 if the soviet union becomes engaged in europe what better opportunity could arise the line of least resistance however clearly lies toward the south france and britain in pegticular would have small military and naval forces at their disposal to protect their eastern possession or the oil of the dutch east indies for japan the greatest prize of all the occupation of hainan and the spratly islands has already pointed the way only one serious obstacle threatens attainment of this ob jective the united states apprehension over the american reaction appears to be the chief reason for japan’s delay in concluding an open military alliance with the axis powers the united states has been the economic life line for japan in its effort to conquer china while the american fleet has been stationed in the pacific in recent years there has been no serious likelihood until now that it might be used can the united states be kept neutral if japan moves on french indo china the dutch east indies or british malaya fear of american inter vention is likely to prove the main deterrent to such action by tokyo in the event of a european war t a bisson the f.p.a bookshelf germany and england background of conflict 1848 1894 by raymond j sontag new york appleton century 1938 3.50 a sound and suggestive narrative of anglo german re lations indicating that the two countries have consistently failed to understand each other and stressing the elements of conflict that have reappeared today economic problems of the next war by paul einzig new york macmillan 1939 2.50 p a well known writer on finance sums up succinctly the measures of economic mobilization which must be taken by britain in the event of war and reaches the conclusion that the greater economic and financial resources of britain and its allies would prove decisive american diplomacy concerning manchuria by stephen c y pan providence r i providence college book store 1938 4.00 this volume deals with the application of the open door policy to manchuria since 1900 including a study of the 1900 1922 period the washington conference the sino soviet conflict in 1929 the japanese invasion of 1931 and events since the formation of manchoukuo introductory chapters on manchurian conditions and the open door principle supply a valuable background for the analysis british history in the nineteenth century and after 1782 1919 by g m trevelyan new york longmans green 1938 rev 3.50 an enlargement of a justly popular history foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 26 apri 21 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorpofjated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lzsimm bubll president dorothy f leer secretary vera miche entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a y ar i 181 dean editor f p a membership five dollars a year i a es washington news l ettez washington bureau national press building april 17 in washington where congress still claims a voice in the control of american foreign policy the ultimate results of president roosevelt's spectacular appeal to hitler and mussolini must be considered against a domestic background which may prove to be almost as important as the appeal’s im mediate repercussions in europe the domestic background for the mo ment this background is not decisive the gravity of the crisis and the sheer audacity of the president's action have combined to win the support of an over whelming majority of congress the hope that the message will attain its ostensible purpose to defer if not to avert the threat of war is shared by even the severest critics of mr roosevelt's recent foreign policy but when the time comes to take the next step whether it be to carry out the promise of eco nomic adjustments or to implement the president's implied commitment to the anglo french coalition the domestic background will again become a de cisive factor for it would be rash to assume that congress and american public opinion have grasped the tremendous implications of mr roosevelt's in tervention and are prepared to assume the responsi bility for maintaining the balance of power or under taking permanent political commitments on the european continent to the rank and file of congress last saturday morning the president's message came as a be wildering climax to a week of tension and seemed to mark a reversal of executive policy to the presi dent and his state department advisers however it was a bold but logical extension of the program pursued timidly and by indirection since the chicago speech of october 1937 the message was not in tended as a traditional offer of mediation but as an invitation to the aggressors to pause and weigh the full consequences of their policies before proceeding further if the decision to address the dictators alone was a mistake as some believe it was the mistake was deliberate the possible results were calculated in advance and naturally included the risk that the offer would be parried or rejected but the calcula tion also took into account the effect on world opinion and on the efforts to form a world coalition diplomatic warnings as such the mes sage followed in perfect sequence the series of diplo matic warnings which began with mr roosevelt's cal culated farewell to his neighbors at warm sprin on april 9 when he said i'll be back in the fall if we don’t have a war even more pointed was the warning in the presi dent’s public address to the governing board of the pan american union on april 14 when he pledged the nations of the western hemisphere to defend their american peace to the fullest extent of our strength matching force to force if any attempt is made to subvert our institutions or to impair the independence of any one of our group the criti cal reaction to this challenge which had surprised several latin american diplomats in washington was obscured by the warm support for the peace appeal which came over the weekend from 16 american republics and the dominion of canada but the most significant move was made by the navy department when it ordered the return of the united states fleet to the pacific no explanation was offered by the navy or the white house but in state department quarters there was ample evidence that officials were aware of the strategic unbalance in the far east such are the routine maneuvers of the game of power politics the ultimate responsibility few of the president's critics in washington will charge that he is playing power politics from choice the choice was not his own and complete inaction last week might possibly have led to the open clash which the entire world knows must end in disaster but the responsi bility of the united states from this point on is a heavy one it involves not merely the calculations of power politics but a sober estimate of whether the ends we desire can be achieved by the means at our disposal if by a miracle hostilities could be staved off are we really prepared to assume the po litical obligations in europe which must go hand in hand with any economic and military disarmament plan if war comes despite our efforts to prevent it do we believe we can defend our institutions and our democracy by joining the european stop hitler coalition what are the terms and who is to de fine the issues in a situation which is as much a product of revolutionary social forces as it is of rival imperialisms it is here that the domestic back ground becomes important for the american people fought one war to check german hegemony and then washed its hands of the consequences it will take more than that to achieve peace and justice in the world w t stone mia fpa a rr ee nwo aa ty +ice that ance in of the v of the that he ice was might entire sponsi on is a ilations vhether eans at uld be the po hand nament prevent ns and hitler to de nuch a t is of ic back people 1ony ices it justice one foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y you xviii no 27 april 28 1939 poland key to europe by raymond leslie buell 3.00 an up to the minute study which answers dozens of vital questions and shows the background of poland’s place in world affairs the only complete and authoritative in terpretation of the tinder box of europe published by knopf fpa members ordering through headquarters receive a 10 discount way 4 1939 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan ann arbor michigan britain adopts conscription hile chancellor hitler drafted his reply to president roosevelt to be delivered before the reichstag on april 28 the british government tushed its diplomatic and military defenses in prep aration for war since march 15 when hitler en tered prague prime minister neville chamberlain has virtually reversed the course of britain’s post war foreign policy and altered his own definition of appeasement the british answer to the occu pation of czecho slovakia has taken many forms the grant of guarantees to countries in eastern eu rope and creation of a new grand alliance mobilization of the mediterranean fleet improve ment of civilian defense and preparation of a new expeditionary force for the continent to carry out the latter objective in many ways the most important _the british cabinet has enlarged the territorial army established a ministry of supply and intro duced military conscription the recent appointment of lord lothian as ambassador to the united states fepresents a supplementary move designed to in crease american good will the expeditionary force the crisis of last september proved conclusively that if britain and france were to check the axis powers they must be prepared to do three things blockade germany in the north sea and italy in the mediterranean withstand the initial air bombardment and launch an effective counter attack and mobilize overwhelm ing land forces both west and east of germany the british who were either unable or unwilling to un dertake this triple play in september are now pre paring despite conciliatory protestations to en circle germany by land and sea the crucial factor in this maneuver the creation of an expeditionary force to defend the french and belgian frontiers was postponed until march 8 when the war min ister mr hore belisha announced that britain was organizing 19 divisions of 300,000 men 13 from the territorials and 6 from the regular army for cooperation with the french army on march 29 mr chamberlain indicated that 32 divisions would be prepared the territorial army whose establishment totals 130,000 men will be raised immediately to a war footing of 170,00 and doubled in size by the recruitment of 13 1ew di visions of 170,000 men the territorials 4 be also include an additional 100,000 men for anti sircraft work and 10,000 for coastal defense operatgns the ministry of supply since this ment of britain’s military establishment is sible without greatly increased production and munitions mr chamberlain has created min istry of supply the new ministry long advocated by winston churchill and other conservative dissi dents will be headed by mr leslie burgin formerly minister of transport and highly regarded as an administrator the government which had postponed the creation of such an organization to avoid dis location of industry has granted the ministry power to secure priority for army orders over normal busi ness the work of the ministry will be limited for the present to army supplies since production for both the navy and air force is proceeding satisfactorily other defense measures the minister of civil defense sir john anderson reported on april 8 that 280,000 steel shelters had been distrib uted sufficient for 1,500,000 people and that pro duction would soon reach 80,000 shelters a week the government claims that production of both airplanes and anti aircraft guns has remedied the unpreparedness of last september although exact figures are unobtainable one estimate indicates that britain now has between 2,000 and 3,000 first line ee se ag en se an a a ee r planes for home defense and more important is producing at least 400 planes a month the ship building industry provides more visible results for virtually an entire new fleet is on the ways new vessels will be delivered during the next fiscal year at the rate of one a week while 43 warships were added to the navy during 1938 1939 resort to conscription until this week the chamberlain government had dodged the most dangerous political issue in its rearmament pro gram both leading conservatives at home and britain’s allies on the continent had demanded military conscription as proof that britain intended to carry out its promises while the german press had ridiculed the chamberlain cabinet for its weak ness in continuing volunteer recruitment the prime minister who previously declared that he would not adopt conscription without public approval through a general election hesitated to touch a ques tion which divides both parliament and his own party the labor party bitterly opposes a measure which it believes will destroy the trade unions and introduce a tory dictatorship while many conserva tives dislike further disorganization of the heavy industries especially the export trades on which british economy depends the mobilization of men for both military and individual service will neces sarily prove a slow process particularly with regard to instruction and equipment the controversy over conscription indicates the importance of domestic politics in british foreign policy mr chamberlain is apparently determined to fight in person the general election which is expected democracies encirclement drive slows down the sudden return of sir nevile henderson the british ambassador to berlin on april 24 indicates that the chamberlain government is making a final effort to prepare the ground for some agreement with the nazis while warning them that intransigent opposition to a rearmed britain may mean disaster sir nevile an avowed proponent of appeasement had been recalled to london on march 17 when prime minister chamberlain expressed his sharp dis approval of the destruction of czecho slovakia his return will be construed by the smaller states of eu rope as evidence that efforts are being made to mod erate the tone of hitler’s reichstag speech until they are assured they will not be offered up as a sacrifice in return for still another settlement between britain and the fascist powers these states are unlikely to cooperate further in completing the half built edifice of collective resistance to nazi aggression the prevailing feeling of insecurity and lack of confidence in britain’s support have already been revealed by the answers of minor powers to hitler's a page two o f a this year but is unwilling to play his trump card inclusion of eden and churchill in a war cabiner until the eve of the election to defer to the edep churchill group at this point would be an admission of defeat for mr chamberlain while the rivalry be tween eden simon and hoare for the premiershj would inevitably split the cabinet the decision to introduce conscription as a vigorous warning to hitler represents the furthest step that mr cham berlain can take short of reorganizing his cabinet the labor party fortunately for mr chamberlain the opposition is even more hopelessly split than his own party the liberals are too fey and too divided to menace the conservative majority while the labor party is rent by the quarrel between its executive and sir stafford cripps as leader of the younger labor party members who are willing to combine with both the liberals and the com munists to form an anti chamberlain popular front sir stafford cripps in january submitted a memorandum to the labor constituencies proving that a straight party victory is impossible the ex ecutive committee dominated by conservative trade union leaders and by socialists who fear dilution of the party promptly expelled sir stafford from the party no compromise has been reached so far even though many local groups are forming popular fronts for election purposes in the absence of any united opposition it would appear probable that mr chamberlain's political power will continue unchal lenged except within his own party james frederick green inquiry whether they considered themselves menaced by germany and had asked or known in advance of president roosevelt's intercession these questions could be parried in only one way by nations terrorized as a result of german italian aggrandizement the ironical chorus of no’s from capitals engaged in extraordinary military preparations was slightly tem pered by rumania’s declaration that it did not see how any one could feel secure in europe at the pres ent time by a dutch statement that in case of war the netherlands must be prepared to face every possibility and by references from switzerland belgium and lithuania to the guarantees they had received from germany and other states mussolini replies to roosevelt in tense anticipation of the fuehrer’s next move europe gave little heed to the first official italian comment on the roosevelt appeal contained in a speech by mussolini on april 20 the duce ridi culing all messianic messages asserted that italy's preparations for a world exposition in 1942 pre card biner e eden mission alry be niershi ision to ning to cham cabinet or mr pelessly too few na jority detween ader of willing e com popular nitted a proving the ex ve trade ilution rd from so far popular of any that mr unchal freen menaced vance of juestions rrorized nt the raged in tly tem not see the pres of war ce every rzerland hey had 3lt in t move italian 1ed in a ice ridi at italy's 942 pre cluded intention of attacking any one it was there fore unjust he continued to attempt to place nations of the axis on the seat of the accused and patently absurd to guarantee existing frontiers without first taking into account pyramidal errors of geography as for multilateral conferences the cer tainty of their failure increased with the number of conferees particularly when the united states retained its customary rdle of distant spectator this foretaste of the critical reception awaiting the roosevelt appeal has not interrupted the efforts of both blocs in europe to secure as many allies as ssible before the approaching dénouement rome and berlin have been particularly active in the bal kans where yugoslavia hemmed in on three sides by the military and naval power of the axis appears unable or disinclined to withstand pressure forcing its adherence to the anti comintern pact conversa tions concluded at venice on april 23 by the yugo slav foreign minister alexander cincar marko vitch and italian foreign minister count galeazzo ciano foreshadow a hungarian yugoslav non aggression agreement in which hungary would re nounce its territorial demands against belgrade in return for special guarantees for yugoslavia’s hun garian minority yugoslavia would thus become a virtual satellite of the axis meanwhile the anglo french effort to forge a ting around the axis powers has been meeting with dificulties true prime minister chamberlain hinted on april 18 that military conversations were under way with the guaranteed powers and that holland switzerland and denmark were included in the list british sources also intimated that assur ances had been given to turkey although that coun try ostensibly fearing the reaction in berlin refused to permit announcement of any pledge and carefully preserved a balanced policy by awarding to german companies a contract for a 10,000,000 naval arsenal on april 20 rumania too has exhibited reluctance to move entirely into the anglo french orbit a group page three of rumanian experts arrived in berlin on april 24 to complete the german rumanian trade agreement of march 23 just as a british economic mission reached bucharest british negotiations with the so viet union moreover still give no sign of a breach in the wall of distrust separating the two powers in responding to the british proposal for limited soviet assistance against attack by germany the u.s.s.r has demanded a blanket commitment by britain and france against all aggression providing for mutual aid in case of hostilities in the far east and imple mented by definite military obligations there is no evidence that britain or france intend to give such sweeping guarantees no matter how great their eleventh hour need for soviet assistance war or military dictatorship it is an open question how long the current period of tension can continue unrelieved the return of sir nevile henderson who will soon be followed by his french colleague robert coulondre is already viewed as an indication that the nerves of the nazis have again proved steadier than those of their op ponents britain with france in its wake may once more shy away from a show down with the revision ist powers in that case europe would not be con vulsed by war but neither would it enjoy the blessing of peace by press barrages which intimidate neigh boring states and by ostentatious military displays the axis powers may succeed in extending the sphere of their conquests war may be avoided indefinitely by clever manipulation of these weapons but the militarism they engender everywhere may prove in the long run almost as undesirable as armed con flict itself davin h poprer mrs dean broadcasts on hitler speech on friday evening april 28 mrs dean will par ticipate in a round table discussion of the speech hitler delivers the same day to the german reichstag this discussion arranged by nbc will be broadcast over wjz on a coast to coast hook up for exact time consult your newspaper the f.p.a secret armies the new technique of nazi warfare by john l spivak new york modern age books 1939 50 cents a survey of the activities of fascist agents and propa gandists particularly in mexico panama and the united states through embassy eyes by martha dodd new york har court brace 1939 3.00 the daughter of an anti fascist american ambassador to germany gives an intimate account of her family’s bookshelf experiences and of her complete disillusionment during the course of four years spent in the nazi reich the rape of palestine by william b ziff new york longmans green 1938 3.50 an extreme jewish nationalist whose point of view is not shared by a large majority of his co religionists pre sents a biased and in many respects inaccurate history of the national home in palestine the author makes vitriolic attacks on the british on the recognized zionist leaders and on democratic and progressive principles generally foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 27 aprit 28 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymoonp lgstrg bugell president dororhy f lert secretary vera micheerzs dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 a 181 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter peed bingy washington bureau national press building aprit 24 in the brief interval between president roosevelt's message of april 15 and the reply from chancellor hitler on april 28 washington has experienced a momentary release from the tension of recent weeks on the surface the worst fears have subsided and faint hopes have begun to revive but beneath the surface hopes and fears are held in check as both congress and the executive study the future alternatives and consider somewhat more calmly than last week the implications of the american initiative the position in congress congress has been slow to grasp the meaning of the president’s intervention and is reluctant even now to accept its political consequences to most washington ob servers however it is reasonably clear in this transi tion stage that congressional opinion is not yet pre pared to accept the responsibility for either of the two courses on which the administration may be compelled to embark peaceful adjustment of the status quo of intervention on the side of britain and france if by some miracle hitler should open the door to peaceful negotiation the president would find it exceedingly difficult to commit the united states to any program of economic readjustment in europe he could appoint an american delegation to a dis armament or economic conference provided that political questions as he himself suggested were left to the european powers even assuming that the president had a plan for assuring economic justice he could scarcely go beyond the limits of the recipro cal trade program and the stabilization agreement without encountering serious obstacles at home for not only is congress opposed to political commit ments but it is unprepared for any economic settle ment which calls for the assumption of permanent political responsibilities in europe on the other hand while senator borah now concedes that american public opinion has already taken sides in the impending conflict and that strict neutrality is probably impossible congress has not yet accepted two of the primary assumptions on which the president is proceeding these are first the assumption that our own vital interests are di rectly involved and second that the united states can prevent the outbreak of war by throwing its full diplomatic and economic weight behind britain and france nothing that has happened during the past fortnight has altered congressional opinion on these two points although congress has actually author ized nearly two billion dollars for national defense and is prepared to vote unlimited funds for defense of the western hemisphere it is still reluctant to endorse any policy which may in its opinion lead to military intervention in europe or the far east the executive position these important reservations cannot obscure the fact that the execy tive position has been materially strengthened in relation to congress as a result of his peace offer to hitler and mussolini the president has temporarily silenced those critics who had loudly condemned his previous attacks on the dictators and has cut the ground from under advocates of an american nev trality policy if the offer is rejected or even parried by hitler the way will be paved for revision of the existing neutrality act at least to the extent of permitting the export of arms and war material to britain and france the executive also extended its powers in other directions last week when the house voted to ex tend for two years or until june 30 1941 the presi dent’s authority to change the gold content of the dollar and continue the operations of the 2,000 000,000 stabilization fund passed by a record vote of 225 to 158 the measure was sent to the senate with only one change in the present law a proviso that the treasury department’s annual report on the stabilization fund be sent to congress as well as to the president coupled with other new powers in the hands of the executive such as the export import bank the securities and exchange commis sion and the reconstruction finance corporation this new extension implements the financial diplo macy which the administration is prepared to em ploy in the coming struggle for power in weighing its position on the eve of chancellor hitler’s reichstag speech however the administra tion is faced with one major uncertainty this is the possibility that prime minister chamberlain is pre pared to make another appeasement effort if hitler rejects the president’s offer the administration is prepared to go to congress with a program of eco nomic measures short of war combined with a pledge that american troops will not be sent to europe but if mr chamberlain makes a new ap peasement offer to the dictatorships the president may be faced with the uncomfortable choice of either opposing british policy or participating in another munich w t stone +de on these author defense defense ctant to lead to ast nportant e execu ened in offer to porarily nned his cut the can neu parried n of the xtent of terial to in other d to ex he presi t of the 2,000 ord vote e senate proviso port on well as owers in export commis oration al diplo 1 to em 1ancellor ministra lis is the n is pre if hitler ration is 1 of eco with a sent to new ap resident of either another stone wal foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vout xviii no 28 may 5 1939 for a realistic appraisal of our present military pro gram highly important at a moment when national defense expenditures are rapidly increasing read american defense policies by david h popper may 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 general library la lf an university o michig qi n arbor mich p ow ype peary we wl go a a ll hitler reaffirms expansionist program as had been anticipated chancellor hitler's reply to president roosevelt's proposals delivered before the reichstag on april 28 constituted a com plete rejection in one of his best propagandist efforts the fuehrer poured scorn and ridicule on every one of the american suggestions in a man ner cleverly calculated to destroy their effect on the german people and the world at large germany was willing enough he asserted to give assurances to nations which felt themselves menaced but only as the result of bilateral negotiations and on a recipro cal basis the reich could not afford to disarm in the naive expectation that its just claims would be met nor could it put its trust in economic con ferences all of which had ended in failure germany hitler intimated would continue to rely on the bloodless methods it had pursued with such suc cess in recent years and president roosevelt would do better to confine his efforts to the defense of the american continent which the german government had no intention of attacking pacts with britain poland abro gated actually only a relatively small part of the fuehrer’s address was devoted to the president's note the major portion consisted of the customary indictment of the versailles treaty and a lengthy justification of germany’s recent policies the only significant pronouncements related to the abrogation of the anglo german naval agreement of june 18 1935 and the 10 year pact of friendship and non aggression concluded by poland and the reich on january 26 1934 denunciation of both these ac cords confirmed by notes published on april 28 had been regarded as a foregone conclusion ever since the negotiation of a virtual anglo polish alliance the exchange of pledges of assistance by poland and britain hitler argued had removed the assumption on which both agreements were based that neither country would ever wage war against germany termination of the anglo german naval agree ment which limited the reich’s naval tonnage to 35 per cent of the british is in itself of little practical importance since germany will be unable for some time to build rapidly enough to reduce britain’s tre mendous margin of superiority but it reflects ber lin’s bitterness against london which is once more accused as in pre war days of encircling the reich while the german government has at present no desire to attack britain directly it is clear that gott strafe england will again be the rallying cry of any war in which germany may become involved as a result of its policy of continental expansion more important is the abrogation of the polish agreement which follows poland’s refusal to enter tain german demands for danzig and an extraterri torial railway and automobile highway through the polish corridor connecting east prussia with the reich the german government claims but the poles deny that these demands presented at the end of march were accompanied by an offer to con clude a 25 year non aggression pact to protect po land’s economic interests in danzig particularly by establishing a free port and to invite warsaw’s par ticipation in a guarantee of slovakia’s independence these proposals so reasonable on the surface dem onstrate once more how astutely hitler chooses his ground so as to avoid giving his opponents a justifi able cause for war hitler’s technique of attrition speculation on the timing and direction of ger many’s next step is rife again hitler may find it expedient to abstain from any dramatic coup at poland’s expense so long as the present temper in britain and france compels resistance to any direct se a action he will probably count on steady and con tinuous pressure to keep the atmosphere so critical that satisfaction of german demands will appear to be the only remedy should poland yield a new issue on which war would be joined may not arise for some time unless britain and france deliberately precipitate a conflict the reich will not necessarily demand more territory on the continent provided the countries of eastern and southeastern europe agree to coordinate their economic life with that of germany along the lines laid down in the german rumanian treaty of march 23 in this area the ger man government may carve out an exclusive sphere of influence proceeding gradually so that no issue will at any time be sufficiently important to pro voke war deterioration of german economy this technique is made essential by germany's own internal economic situation many signs indicate that the country’s economy could not stand the strain of a prolonged war reserves which would normally be utilized only in wartime are already being used and have been partly or wholly exhausted the labor shortage is so acute that the government has ex tended the working week to 60 hours in many in dustries essential to national defense and forbidden workers and employees in many branches to leave their jobs without the consent of the labor offices europe on the alert the impression made on europe by hitler's reichstag speech was at once less pacifying and less alarming than that of his previous addresses the fuehrer’s reiteration of his peaceful intentions doubtless sincere since he still hopes to achieve his objectives without a general war no longer had the effect of lulling germany’s neighbors into the false sense of security produced by munich at the same time their very awareness of critical times ahead with or without armed conflict removed that sense of helpless panic which has hitherto been one of hitler’s principal weapons against the democra cies paradoxical as it may seem the state of hyper tension created by hitler’s policy has diminished the fear of armed conflict since war destructive as it would obviously be may soon seem less ruinous and nerve racking to germany's neighbors than present day peace will poland fight for danzig this feeling is illustrated in the case of danzig brought to a head by hitler’s denunciation of the german polish non aggression pact while danzig had his toric ties with poland its population was predom inantly german in 1919 when the paris peace con ference separated it from the reich to provide po land with access to the sea warsaw’s fighting mood page two 4 hundreds of small commercial and artisan enter prises have been closed to provide workers for in dustry despite considerable replacement and exten sion of plant industrial machinery and equipment are in many cases showing serious signs of de terioration under the strain of continuous opera tion the government has published an impressive three year plan to replenish the depleted rolling stock of the railways but it is doubtful that enough labor and material can be found to remedy the grave deficiencies of the transportation system meanwhile the government is rapidly exhausting every device to obtain money for its many enterprises on may 1 it inaugurated a new financial plan involving the payment of public orders through the wholesale issue of tax anticipation warrants which may be used by industrial entrepreneurs up to 40 per cent in discharging obligations to other concerns and thus add to the danger of inflation taxation is already very high and it is significant that widespread pro test induced the government on april 27 to reduce the new tax on income increment from 30 to 15 per cent while these various measures do not threaten financial or economic collapse under existing circum stances they do indicate that the reich will be dis inclined to face a war which would overstrain its resources john c dewilde for hitler’s next move diminished in recent years by the construction of the polish port of gdynia than to its belief that once germany reoccupies danzig it will soon seize the polish corridor which is danzig’s natural hinter land and had a predominantly polish population in 1919 after seeing czechoslovakia partitioned by piece meal concessions of which it took its share poland has no intention of suffering a similar fate and has indicated its determination to fig ht i if ger many uses force to secure its demands should poland decide to fight for danzig and the corridor can it count on franco british support the semi official british communiqué of april 1 clarifying mr chamberlain's march 31 pledge to warsaw stated that in the case of danzig and the corridor it is up to poland to decide if at any moment it feels its independence threatened ports from paris and london following sna speech suggested the possibility that britain and france as in the case of czechoslovakia last septem ber might urge poland to make territorial cessions for the sake of preserving peace should this occur hitler's method of winning bloodless victories ovet is due less to the economic value of the free city chamberlain speeds stop hitler coalition foreign policy bulletin april 7 1939 2 enter for in d exten uipment of de opera pressive rolling enough re grave anwhile y device 1 may 1 ying the holesale be used cent in ind thus already ead pro reduce 15 per threaten cifcum l be dis train its ilde e city mn of the lat once seize the 1 hinter lation in oned by share ilar fate t if ger r and the support pril 1 ledge to and the f at any ed re hitler's rain and septem cessions is occuf ries ovet icy bulletin the least powerful of his opponents would register another triumph and the renewed faith of small sates in the leadership of britain and france might be irrevocably destroyed the real question is whether the british led coalition should now join issue with hitler at every point menaced by the third reich no matter how defensible germany’s claim may be on historical or legal grounds or allow the reich to recover another pre versailles territory be fore coming to grips with it how strong is the rome berlin axis if the prospect of a general war on behalf of danzig and the corridor seems distasteful to france and britain it is hardly more attractive for italy which until now has avoided an open military alliance with the third reich and has no desire to forfeit any advantages it may gain in the mediterranean for the sake of winning german victories on the eastern front hitler of course may be expected to use all the pressure at his disposal to retain italy within the axis and seems ready to pay for italian aid in eastern europe by german technical and mili tary assistance in africa general goering has just inspected libya where the italian government hopes to find homes for 80,000 colonists by 1941 and his visit was closely followed by that of colonel general brauchitsch commander in chief of the german army who reached rome on april 30 the french suspect that the axis powers are planning to establish a sort of mittel afrika corresponding to the nazi mittel europa by connecting italian libya with the former german cameroons now under a french mandate from which they could menace egypt and the suez canal to say nothing of cutting britain off from the union of south africa the libyan preparations coupled with the possible visit of german warships to italy and the tepeatedly postponed withdrawal of italian troops from spain suggest that the axis powers hope to distract franco british attention to the mediter tanean while hitler delivers a blow at poland the rome berlin axis however is not free from stress and strain fear of a general war troubles the italian people who seem less and less enthusiastic about collaboration with germany in spain ger man technicians are seeking to exploit resources of mercury and pyrites in direct competition with italy the settlement of the croatian problem forecast on april 26 which would grant croatia autonomy in all fields except finance defense and foreign affairs promises to strengthen the internal position of yugoslavia and increase its resistance to the pres page three sure of the axis powers meanwhile rumania hopes to counterbalance germany's growing economic in fluence by closer ties with britain which has sent to bucharest a mission headed by its chief economic adviser sir frederick leith ross and with the united states where it is negotiating for resumption of war debt payments in this tense period of no peace no war which hitler’s speech did nothing to relieve the best course for the western democracies is to remain on the alert for germany’s next blow which is sure to be struck where it is least expected convince germany if possible that any further attempt to use force or threat of force will meet with concerted resistance and yet leave the door open for future adjustments which must be compatible with the interests not only of germany but of other states if war is avoided the eventual settlement must be reached by general negotiations not imposed at hitler’s diktat which if czech experience is any guide would be even more drastic than the versailles diktat he has so vigorously denounced vera micheles dean fpa board announces staff changes the board of directors announces with deep re gret that mr buell has resigned as president of the foreign policy association as of july 1 when his six month leave of absence expires in order to carry on his work as round table editor of fortune mr stone is continuing as acting president mr buell has been associated with the f.p.a for twelve years 1927 1939 first as research director and following mr mcdonald’s resignation in 1933 as president of the association during this period mr buell developed the research department which under his direction achieved the objective of putting scholarship to work and made a dis tinguished contribution to knowledge of interna tional affairs in the united states the members of the f.p.a may be assured that mr buell will retain an active interest in the association the board of directors also announces that the f.p.a has just inaugurated an extensive research program on latin america to assist in this program howard j trueblood economic analyst and for several years manager of the foreign securities di vision of the standard statistics company has been appointed to the research department as latin american expert under this program the associa tion will study raw material resources problems of trade competition and political and economic trends in latin america foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 28 may 5 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lustre buell president dorothy f leet secretary vera micustas dagan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 iste 181 te two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter sibben ibd beings washington bureau national press building may 1 whatever its effect on the immediate future of europe chancellor hitler's reply to presi dent roosevelt has not altered the fundamental po sition of the united states it has not deflected the white house and the state department from the course on which they have embarked nor has it changed the attitude of congress in any important respect in appraising the washington position how ever it is still necessary to distinguish between the re actions of the executive and those of congress for it is difficult to conceal the fact that the arguments so adroitly advanced by hitler have served to accentu ate rather than reduce the division of opinion be tween the two policy forming branches of the gov ernment state department reaction within the executive hitler's answer from berlin has con firmed the worst fears of the president and his state department advisers while secretary hull has maintained official silence it is apparent that the state department has no illusions regarding the sig nificance of the reichstag speech in hitler's de mands for living room in europe they recognize a formal proclamation of germany's right to pro ceed with its own dynamic revision of the status quo in his offer to negotiate individually with large and small powers they see no chance for peaceful ad justments except on germany's terms and in har mony with the needs of the reich in the termination of the anglo german naval accord they read a warning to prime minister chamberlain not to in terfere with further adjustments on the continent and in their opinion the denunciation of the 10 year non aggression pact with poland presages an other showdown backed by the threat of force with poland cast in the rdle of czechoslovakia this threat of force however has apparently strengthened the determination of the white house and the state department to proceed with a positive policy up to this point the president has acted on the conviction that hitler would not attempt any forceful solution in europe if he was quite certain that his action would precipitate a general conflict there is no evidence in washington that this basic conviction has been altered by the developments of the past few days on the contrary there is every indication that hitler's ironic counter attack has strengthened the belief that war can yet be averted by a show of firm resistance while the washing iad ton administration cannot dictate the course of lop don or paris it clearly intends to do all in its powe to indicate that the time for resistance may be near at hand congress and neutrality if hitlers speech confirmed the fears of the executive it also increased the fears of congress while a few mem bers of both houses professed to see some hope for peaceful settlement the vast majority were more concerned by the threat of war and the dread of american involvement to those who have opposed the president's active intervention in europe hitler's answer gave convincing proof that the united states should keep hands off from now on the isolation ists who had hitherto seen no chance of calling a halt found in the reply a final opportunity to register effective resistance even among those who have sup ported the executive program there were some who counseled a course of greater caution in the future only a small minority urged a policy of measures short of war while hitler’s speech has widened the gap be tween the president and congress there is no cer tainty that this gap will prove enduring for the moment congress has not accepted the president's assumption that the vital interests of the united states are involved in the european conflict nor has it concurred in the president's belief that meas ures short of war will stop hitler's european expansion at the same time a majority of both houses are clearly hostile to germany's recent ex pansion and overwhelmingly in favor of the anglo french coalition the significance of this sentiment was shown this week when informal polls of the senate foreign relations committee revealed increasing support for the pittman amendment to the neutrality act which is privately favored by the state department precisely because it permits the export of munitions to britain and france simultaneously the president has sought to persuade congressional leaders who still suspect his motives that he is determined not to send ameti can troops to fight on european soil and that his ef forts to support the anglo french coalition will be confined to economic measures in the end the posi tions of congress and the executive seem destined to become merged if and when the anglo french coalition is in danger of defeat by the dictatorships w t stone +s register 1ave sup me who e future measures gap be mo cer for the esident's united ict nor at meas juropean of both ecent ex e anglo own this foreign port for ct which precisely o britain is sought 1 suspect d ameti at his ef 1 will be the post destined o french torships stone ia foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year gn policy association incorporated om on afb west 40th street new york n y abr a sot hot viii no 29 europe in retreat by vera micheles dean 2.00 mrs dean not only possesses extraordinary resources in the way of information with the ability to present them succinctly and clearly but she has written the cool est book of a hysterical period the christian century may 12 1939 fpa members ordering through headquarters receive a 10 discount entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan ann arbor nichican polish stand hastens european realignments bm announcement in milan on may 7 that germany and italy were planning to transform their anti comintern pact of 1936 into a military and political alliance constituted hitler's answer to the statement of foreign minister beck in the polish sejm on may 5 in his restrained but firmly worded speech colonel beck who had done everything in his power to foster polish german collaboration de clared that the non aggression pact of 1934 had never been intended to prevent either poland or germany from concluding agreements with other countries the anglo polish pledge of mutual as sistance could not therefore as claimed by hitler on april 28 be regarded as a violation of the 1934 pact especially since germany had meanwhile en tered into an arrangement with italy the polish memorandum delivered to germany on may 5 stated that immediately after the seizure of bohemia and moravia in march hitler had presented peremptory demands for the surrender of danzig and the right to construct a railway and an automobile road through the polish corridor pomorze in return he had hinted at concessions affecting slovakia and possibly a share of french and british colonies in africa when poland made counter suggestions hitler refused to negotiate and answered the polish proposals by denouncing the 1934 pact colonel beck declined to make one sided concessions with respect either to danzig or the corridor but left the door open for further negotiations provided germany demonstrates both peaceful intentions and peaceful methods of action effect of italo german alliance poland’s resistance to steamroller fulfillment of mein kampf appears to have hastened the imposi tion of german control on italy which had been gradually developing since 1936 italy’s outspoken reluctance to wage war on poland and the growing unpopularity of collaboration between rome and berlin among italians seemed to call for a tightening of the axis screws this objective was not achieved until hitler had sent to italy his foreign and air ministers and his chief of staff who obviously brought pressure on italy to surrender what freedom of action it still retained in the diplomatic sphere the milan conference is expected to be closely fol lowed by the dispatch of additional german tech nicians and army leaders to italy and libya and the construction under german supervision of fortifica tions along the franco italian frontier in return for what is described by the nazis as unlimited military collaboration italy is apparently to receive german support for its mediterranean claims against france with which it has hitherto made little headway the purpose of these joint german and italian operations has become increasingly clear since the termination of the spanish civil war they are in tended to immobilize france which will have to guard itself against possible attack on its german italian and spanish frontiers to divert the attention of france and britain to the mediterranean and africa where the combined axis forces constitute a threat to either egypt or tunisia or both and thus to prevent the western powers from undertaking any effective action on behalf of poland should the poles decide to fight germany over danzig as in the case of czechoslovakia what must be anticipated in the free city is not a german attack but a german sponsored attempt by danzig nazis to proclaim their self determination to return to the reich in such an eventuality poland would have to count less on direct military assistance from the western powers than on such aid as it can obtain from its neighbors in eastern europe these ger ts ee es 7 an ss ae ad ase a ss as ae bho pge st sre pero ret ae es get cd i zs 9 gat te 4 i a at many is now doing its best to neutralize by offering pacts of non aggression to the baltic and scandi navian countries and economic assistance to hungary and the balkans the unknown factor in the east is still the u.s.s.r which is marking time in its ne gotiations with britain and france britain appar ently wanted the soviet union to aid poland and rumania at such time and in such manner as these two countries might decide while the soviet govern ment wanted britain and france to give it guarantees against german attack on the u.s.s.r as well as pledges regarding the far east britain’s hesitation to accept a general alliance with the u.s.s.r is de termined among other things by its reluctance to antagonize japan which it hopes may still reject an outright military pact with the axis powers its desire to avoid friction with anti communist catholic coun tries like spain and portugal its unwillingness to alienate the vatican which is reported to be urging hitler to negotiate about danzig and its fear that when it comes to a showdown anti communism may prove stronger in poland and rumania than anti nazism what does litvinov’s removal mean the dilemma of anglo soviet relations was not resolved by the resignation or dismissal on may 3 of foreign commissar litvinov principal so viet advocate of collective security while m lit financial aid strengthens u.s latin american ties the unremitting efforts of the roosevelt admin istration to promote solidarity in the western hemi sphere as a bulwark against european cultural and economic penetration found graphic expression in the visit paid to washington last week by general anastasio somoza president of nicaragua president somoza’s visit will be followed by that of the chilean minister of finance who will at tempt to negotiate a loan of at least 50,000,000 in this country the chilean congress has already au thorized the government to borrow up to double this amount abroad at an interest rate not in excess of 3 per cent since chile is unable to pay more than a small fraction of contractual service on its outstand ing external debt it is hardly in a position to obtain funds through ordinary channels relief must there fore be found in washington rather than wall street and there is ample reason to believe that aid will be given although the amount chile seeks may well be whittled down during the course of nego tiations chile is urgently in need of financial assistance in order to carry out its earthquake reconstruction plan in the large foreign loan authorized by the chilean congress rehabilitation of the devastated areas was see washington news letter page two vinov’s disappearance had long been predicted j probably indicates that the soviet government weary of inconclusive negotiations with france and britain has decided once again to play a lone hand in inter national affairs if this is true stalin and his assog ates who in contrast to litvinov and the old bol sheviks are distinctly national and on the whole anti western may be expected to play their hand jp accordance not with ideological concepts but with what they regard as russia’s national interests whether national interests will dictate eventual co operation with france and britain on russia’s terms or some kind of non aggression pact with germany will probably be revealed at the soviet congress on may 25 where litvinov’s successor m molotoy one of stalin’s most loyal collaborators is expected to speak meanwhile the soviet government is dis playing great diplomatic activity in the black se area where its envoy m potemkin who may become foreign commissar has just completed a tour of rumania bulgaria and turkey it is not impossible that as an alternative to collaboration with the west the soviet union may attempt to build up an eastern european system of security stretching from the bal tic to the black sea in such a program the removal of m litvinov who had been regarded with sus picion in poland and rumania may prove to have been an important factor vera micheles dean linked with an ambitious program of industrial ex pansion including hydroelectric development as well as appropriations for smelters refining plants and other enterprises this program was part of the broad aims of the popular front government elected in 1938 but the social and economic objectives of the new administration have been necessarily subor dinated to the immediate task of dealing with the vast problems created by the january 1939 earth quake meanwhile with winter approaching the construction of temporary buildings to house an esti mated 700,000 made homeless by the earthquake is being rushed despite a considerable increase in rev enue gained partly at the expense of foreign investors through new taxes on the copper industry it is evident that the government cannot meet the require ments of reconstruction from current income aside from these factors the united states has strong political and commercial reasons for extend ing aid to chile at this time in the past few years chile has been an important area of german ameti can rivalry and since 1934 the reich has increased its participation in total chilean imports from 10.2 to almost 26 per cent in 1938 while the share of the united states in this market showed only a slight drop during the same period from 28.8 per cent to slight comp ods t have necess interc tende dictat boliv efs o on tl impe wing ame fasci porta ister mont the s in b his f the in co it sh dicta wv at w man econ the ted it wi britain 1 inter associ ld bol le anti and in it with terests ual co terms rmany ress on lotov xpected is dis ck sea become our of ossible west eastern he bal emoval ith sus to have dean tial ex as well nts and of the elected tives of y subor vith the earth ng the an esti juake is in rev nvestors y it is require ates has extend ww years ameri ncreased om 10.2 share of a slight r cent to 7 7_ slightly less than 28 it is probable that without the competition of unorthodox german trading meth ods the american trade record with chile would have been distinctly more favorable there is no necessary connection between ordinary commercial intercourse and any financial aid which might be ex tended to chile but such aid might well pave the way for development of trade between the two countries totalitarianism in bolivia mean while recent political developments below the rio grande have emphasized the fact that latin ameri can democracy is neither as widespread nor as im pregnable as it is sometimes believed to be bolivia's current strong man colonel german busch has adopted totalitarianism as the professed cure for the economic and financial ills of his country the young dictator whose régime had been legalized by the bolivian congress a year ago has assumed such pow ers of government as were not already in his hands on the ground that the country was threatened by impending bankruptcy and political chaos the left wing and liberal press in the united states and latin america has branded the new bolivian state as fascist much stress has also been laid on the im portant part played by sefior dionisio foianini min ister of mines and petroleum in bringing about last month's changes in 1937 sefior foianini instigated the seizure of the standard oil company properties in bolivia and busch apparently expects to solve his financial problems by revenue from this source the new busch régime admittedly has many features in common with european fascism but on the whole it shows little deviation from the type of military dictatorship familiar in latin america whatever may have been the political influences at work in bolivia there is no doubt that nazi ger many continues to be occupied with the political and economic penetration of latin america on may 4 the federal prosecuting attorney of argentina held page three that the local nazi party activities were unconstitu tional and stated that protective legislation was re quired the prosecutor's opinion was handed down following five weeks investigation of charges that the germans were plotting to annex patagonia which received wide attention following publication of an incriminating document the authenticity of the document was not established but the court’s in vestigation unearthed sufficient evidence of danger ous activity by the nazis to warrant counter measures howarp j trueblood f.p.a club contest awards the association is glad to announce the winners of the fpa’s club contest which aroused consider able interest in headline books and world affairs pamphlets in kansas one of the club programs was given during farm and home week before an audi ence of 800 people while others were broadcast over local radio stations 1st prize 25 miss anna harris lakewood n j y.w.c.a a pageant collective peace must triumph based on bricks without mortar 2nd prize 20 mrs john k ormond birming ham mich f.p.a and women’s international education council a skit based on made in u.s.a 3rd prize f.p.a membership miss alice l krebbs lynchburg va business and profes sional women’s club a broadcast from five countries based on church and state honorable mention mrs bert g mitchell allyn wash federation of women’s clubs a pageant women of the americas based on the good neighbors honorable mention mrs t b buckner kansas city mo american association of university women a skit based on the good neighbors the f.p.a bookshelf escape to life by erika and klaus mann boston hough ton mifflin 1939 3.50 how the great army of german creative artists and intellectuals who left germany in 1933 and after have fared and why they have sought and still seek to escape from the nazis no ease in zion by t r feiwel new york knopf 1939 3.75 this study of british imperialism arab nationalism and in greater detail the origins and history of jewish zionism is one of the most brilliant works on the holy land which has appeared in recent years he opened the door of japan by carl crow new york harper brothers 1939 3.00 an excellent biography of townsend harris first resi dent american diplomat in japan whose achievements are honored by japanese but largely forgotten by his own countrymen british american alliance by e c buehler ed annual debater’s help book vol v new york noble and noble 1938 2.00 a very useful collection of outstanding articles and speeches concerning an anglo american alliance with a critical bibliography for further reading foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 29 may 12 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lesiig buell president dorothy f luger secretary vera micheres dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 ro 181 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year oe f tal ak 1 oe oe file at washington news letter washington bureau national press bullding may 8 washington remained discreetly silent about developments in europe last week declining to make any comment on colonel beck’s reply to chancellor hitler the sudden removal of m lit vinov as soviet foreign commissar or the announce ment that germany and italy intend to strengthen the rome berlin axis by concluding a military alli ance in other fields however this world capital was actively engaged in diplomatic pursuits of its own not wholly unrelated to events in europe pan american display one activity occu pying the attention of the administration was the official visit of president somoza of nicaragua which was made the occasion for the most elaborate military display seen in washington for many years the ostentatious pageantry of this reception con trasted sharply with the simple greetings accorded to other foreign visitors in the past and caused con siderable wonderment among the thousands of gov ernment workers who were granted a two hour re cess to assure a welcoming throng the underlying purpose of the visit is fairly ob vious and is accepted here as part of the larger pro gram launched last march with the visit of foreign minister aranha of brazil at that time the admin istration gave evidence of its desire to strengthen pan american solidarity by extending economic and financial aid to latin american countries particu larly those most vulnerable to encroachments by the totalitarian states senhor aranha succeeded in ob taining several important benefits including a credit of 19,200,000 from the export import bank for lifting exchange restrictions additional long term credits to facilitate purchase of american products in brazil and the promise of a treasury loan of 50,000,000 the probable results in the case of nicaragua are far less impressive while president somoza is seek ing to win support for the proposed nicaraguan canal he is not receiving much encouragement in washington at the present time the army and navy are not enthusiastic and are actually pushing a project of their own for a third set of locks at pan ama which can be completed at one tenth the cost of a new canal across nicaragua it is possible that the export import bank will extend a modest credit of four or five million dollars for the development of public works and the expansion of foreign trade but the resources of the bank are limited and the prospects for greater aid are slim other latin american countries are expected to send representatives to washington in the near fu ture the finance minister of chile senor wach oltz has been invited to come here next month and informal discussions have been held with paraguay and several other countries barter negotiations proceed another significant economic move was officially launched last week when britain agreed to open barter ne gotiations with the united states looking toward the exchange of american wheat and cotton for british rubber and tin this proposal was initiated in wash ington early last month in an effort to find a partial solution for two pressing problems 1 the pro curement of reserve stocks of essential raw materials not produced in the united states and 2 the dis posal of large quantities of surplus wheat and cot ton without dumping on the open market while both houses of congress have recently passed legis defin lation authorizing the purchase of reserve stocks of strategic raw materials the funds promised are far from adequate for building up large supplies on the other hand congress has not yet found any satisfactory plan for dealing with the agricultural surpluses which is acceptable to the administration while the scope of the barter proposal has not been revealed secretary hull has been forced to issue two statements explaining the nature of the transaction answering the criticism that his trade agreement program is being abandoned and out commercial policies reversed mr hull declared that the idea now being explored is confined to the acquisition of strategic materials and strategic ma terials only as reserves for national emergencies one of the essential features of such an arrange ment would be an agreement on the part of other governments as well as our own to hold the acquired stocks as reserves and not to dispose of them on commercial markets despite these explanations and regardless of the possible advantages of these arrangements some ob servers in washington are beginning to ask whether internal economic pressures and the activities of the totalitarian nations are not forcing the united states to depart from some of its fundamental principles as embodied in the good neighbor policy and the reciprocal trade program w t stone tr a may annor and to ea ing t this appal black ranea simil layed sanja strate +als is ot ile is far on ny ral on 10t to the ide ur hat the na ge her red the ob her the ites sles the foreign policy bulletin an ig egilion of current international events by the research staff oh par or subscription two dollars a year ror ff of foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xviii no 30 germany’s expansion in eastern europe by paul b taylor may 19 1939 an analysis of the transformation of czecho slovakia into a sphere for german expansion forecasting the methods likely to be used by nazi germany in eastern europe generally may 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents may 25 1030 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 university f michigan ann arbor mich new moves to restrain rome berlin axis nother vital link in the european coalition against the rome berlin axis was forged on may 12 when prime minister neville chamberlain announced in the house of commons that turkey and britain had undertaken to come unreservedly to each other’s aid in the event of aggression lead ing to war in the mediterranean area the scope of this undertaking which is to be embodied in a definitive agreement was not fully revealed but it is apparently comprehensive enough to include the black sea and the balkans as well as the mediter ranean proper it will probably be followed by a similar franco turkish pact said to have been de layed by turkish demands for fuller authority in the sanjak of alexandretta since turkey controls the strategic straits giving access to the black sea its accession to the franco british bloc constitutes a major diplomatic victory for the democratic powers prospects for anglo soviet pact improved announcement of the turkish ac cord which had been regarded as contingent on a soviet british agreement was also hailed as an in dication that negotiations between london and moscow were proceeding satisfactorily the british government has been anxious to restrict its obliga tions toward the soviet union as far as possible it has asked the soviets to pledge assistance to france and britain whenever the latter become involved in war as the result of carrying out their commitments to protect poland and rumania in defending these two countries mr chamberlain intimated on may 10 the british and french would be helping russia as well and moscow would not be obliged to give aid until paris and london lived up to their under takings unwilling to be merely the tail to the franco british kite the soviet government is seek ing a much more comprehensive alliance based on lt sa ee complete reciprocity and equality according to an obviously inspired editorial in the moscow news paper izvestia the kremlin wants the agreement also to protect the u.s.s.r in case the country is either attacked or fulfills soviet commitments to neighboring states that moscow is trying to make its own defensive arrangements is demonstrated by the recent visits of vladimir potemkin vice com missar of foreign affairs to ankara sofia buchar est and warsaw the views of london and moscow seem hardly far enough apart to preclude agreement in the near fu ture in britain both parliament and the foreign office are pushing the cautious chamberlain govern ment to make further concessions and disregard the possible repercussions of a soviet pact on the vatican spain and portugal the soviet union also seems anxious not to take an intransigent position signifi cantly enough it has ignored suggestions of a non aggression pact sent up as a trial balloon in berlin although the agenda of the forthcoming session of the league council includes no items of importance the kremlin is sending m potemkin to geneva on may 22 there he will have an opportunity to ex change views directly with viscount halifax brit ain’s foreign minister rapprochment of warsaw and mos cow the anti german front has been reinforced too by warsaw which has now apparently cast all caution to the winds poland was strengthened in its attitude on may 11 when mr chamberlain again publicly assured the world that britain was terribly in earnest in its refusal to countenance attempts to change the situation in danzig by force in such a way as to threaten polish independence the polish government has largely overcome its deep distrust of the soviet union and is apparently ef a _____ page twe fecting a far reaching rapprochement with moscow on may 8 it was announced that the kremlin had accredited a new ambassador to warsaw after a lapse of two years following conversations between foreign minister josef beck and m potemkin it was even reported that poland was prepared to be come a direct partner in the pact of mutual assistance now being negotiated in moscow and london another source of encouragement to london was the rejection of the non aggression pacts proffered to the scandinavian countries by chancellor hitler despite the tempting nature of the offer the foreign ministers of the four nations decided in conference on may 9 that acceptance under present circumstances would tend to make them parties to a german po litical combination some discouraging factors less heart ening to the anti german forces was the disappoint ing character of the anglo rumanian economic agreement signed on may 11 the credit of 5,000 000 opened for the purchase of british goods is unexpectedly modest and while the british are ex pected to take more rumanian oil lumber and grain the important undertaking to buy 200,000 tons of the next wheat crop has been made dependent on the rather doubtful condition that the wheat will be made available at world prices this accord once more demonstrates the difficulty of offering balkan countries an effective alternative to close economic collaboration with germany which absorbs more than half of this area’s foreign trade in yugoslavia moreover even less progress has been made by anglo french diplomacy the con tinued failure of the belgrade government to ratify the tentative agreement reached with the croats op april 29 together with the visits of the regent prince paul in italy and germany seem to indicate that yugoslavia is gradually drifting into the rome berlin orbit it is reported that yugoslavia and hup gary will soon sign a pact of friendship and nop aggression under italian auspices belgrade also ap pears to have lodged a protest in ankara againg turkey's action in concluding the accord with britain without consulting its balkan allies checks on the rome berlin alliance aside from courting yugoslavia germany and italy responded to anglo french maneuvers by agreeing at milan on may 7 to conclude a formal alliance conversion of the rome berlin axis into an alliance does not vitally affect the existing situation as the most exposed partner in the combination italy may be counted on to urge germany to pursue a cautious policy toward poland in a surprisingly moderate speech delivered at turin on may 14 i duce de clared that there were no problems in europe at present big or acute enough to justify a general war the italian government may have inspired the vati can’s efforts to sound out european capitals on the possibility of convening a conference to settle the german polish conflict in berlin as elsewhere these soundings seem to have met with no response germany appears to be biding its time waiting for a more opportune moment to strike at poland un doubtedly berlin is perturbed by the apparent suc cess of the encirclement policy but it still hopes that circumstances more favorable to its designs will develop in the fall john c dewilde britain reveals its palestine settlement publication of the long awaited plan of the british government for the future status of palestine finally scheduled for may 17 may partially appease the palestine arabs but seems unlikely to bring peace to the holy land to judge by an unofficial summary of the new statement of policy all the delicate ne gotiations conducted since the opening of the tri partite conference of arabs jews and britons at london on february 7 have failed basically to alter the british proposals britain remains committed to the establishment of an independent palestinian state after a transitional period which will begin as soon as peace is restored an outstanding conces sion to the arabs yet the british hedge this devel opment about with so many safeguards and grounds for delay that it would be rash to presuppose the im pending creation of an arab government in the country britain proposes independent palestine foreign policy bulletin march 3 1939 steps toward self government ac cording to advance reports the plan will fully pro tect british commercial and strategic interests britain will continue to stand guard over the rights of both arabs and zionists a national assembly with british representation is in due course to draft a constitution for the new state which must be approved by london the transition period will be divided into a number of steps ostensibly leading toward autonomy at the first stage enough arab and jewish representé tives will be nominated in proportion to their respec tive populations to form a majority on the legislative advisory council and under similar ratios some of these will be appointed to fill half the posts on the executive council after two years if conditions permit the advisory council will be transformed into a legislative body with an elected palestinian element while palestinian members of the exec tive council will be placed at the head of certaif be2e8 6 rr 8 tl ouus rate at war ati the the ere nse for suc of will ye ac pro itain both itish 1tion don mber at enta spec ative some ts on tions rmed inian xecu rtaif hr rs hs executive departments the british high commis sioner however will retain certain reserved pow ers which if experience in india and various british colonies is any criterion will include the most es sential state functions later steps in the slow progress of the country to ward self government are only vaguely outlined the british government merely hopes that the evo jutionary process may be completed within ten years meanwhile should economic conditions permit britain will sanction the entry of 75,000 jewish im migrants in five years in order to establish the jewish population at one third that of the entire country further immigration will require both british and arab acquiescence the high commissioner will be empowered moreover to restrict new purchases of land by the zionists will conflict cease such a plan calcu lated to crystallize the jewish national home as a protected minority element in a community advanc ing toward self government might once have been successfully applied in palestine today after three years of bloodshed almost all basis for mutual trust and cooperation seems to have vanished zionists tegard the plan as nothing short of a betrayal and a capitulation to arab violence they see themselves condemned to another ghetto and are threatening passive resistance to the new régime the arabs whose intransigence has paved the way for the gains they have thus far won have little confidence in british desires for gradual evolution toward inde pendence they will be tempted to continue their obduracy in the hope of forcing the british govern ment to hand essential posts and powers over to them as quickly as possible in essence they demand that an arab oligarchy be ensconced in authority a de page three a velopment which might be fatal for the jewish popu lation since britain seems unwilling to abandon the zionists entirely but prefers to maintain a balance of forces indefinite continuance of the existing three cornered conflict appears in prospect under such circumstances britain will inevitably retain a decisive voice in the affairs of the holy land no other solution short of resort to force is conceivable until zionists and arabs discard their extreme na tional pretensions and reach an agreement on the basis of a bi national palestine in which both may prosper it may not be entirely fortuitous that the british government did not publish its palestine plan until after the release on may 10 of a report by a special commission which had investigated the possibilities for settlement of refugees in british guiana while the commission did not consider this inaccessible tropical territory suitable for immediate large scale settlement it felt that the potential possibilities of the region justified an experiment in colonization the project would involve the expenditure of perhaps 3,000,000 to settle 3,000 to 5,000 carefully selected young men and women in trial villages not until at least two years had passed would it be possible to evaluate the real potentialities of the region even assuming therefore that the financial climatic and other obstacles to large scale settlement in guiana can be overcome the mainstream of refugee emigra tion must for some years be directed toward tem perate zone territories so largely inhabited by english speaking peoples and perhaps toward palestine and its environs any implication that settlement in guiana or similar areas can compensate for shutting off the flow to palestine is therefore incorrect davin h poppeer the f.p.a bookshelf the struggle for religious freedom in germany by a s duncan jones london gollancz 1938 8s 6d cross and swastika by arthur frey new york macmil lan 1938 2.50 these two books supplement each other admirably the first supplies a good chronological account of the clash between state and church in the third reich the sec ond covering only the evangelical church deals more with the issues underlying the struggle and points out clearly how the church in part paved the way for its own persecution through its previous temporization with na tionalism the government of greater germany by james k pollock new york van nostrand 1938 1.75 while this book provides a brief competent survey of the present governmental structure of the third reich it would have been improved by a more detailed analytical approach the nazi primer translated from the german with a preface by harwood l childs new york harpers 1938 1.75 this official handbook used for the education of the hitler youth provides an enlightening though not sensa tional exposition of the nazi outlook on race and ger many’s place in the world arabian antic by ladislas farago new york sheridan house 1938 2.50 an absorbing account of a journalist’s adventures in the little known territories surrounding the red sea with particular reference to the italian effort to replace britain as the foremost european influence in that area an atlas of current affairs by j f horrabin new york knopf 1939 fifth edition revised 1.50 material on the debacle of austria and czecho slovakia brings up to date this useful little annual foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 30 may 19 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lgsiig bugll president dorotuy f luger secretary vera michares dan eéitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year e 181 f p a membership five dollars a year re ee ee ae es ee pea gos a washington news letter washington bureau national press building may 15 at a time when international relations are conditioned more and more by the balance of power it is not surprising that american foreign policy should also be influenced by strategical con siderations last week washington observers took note of three apparently routine events which seemed to emphasize the growing importance of military and naval factors these were 1 a navy department order of may 10 announcing the reorganization of the cruiser division of the battle force 2 selection of admiral william d leahy to be gov ernor of puerto rico following his retirement as chief of naval operations 3 the visit to brazil of brigadier general george c marshall recently named to succeed general malin craig as chief of staff of the united states army the significant feature of the reorganization of the cruiser division is the transfer of five cruisers from the atlantic to the pacific the effect of the order will be to dismember the recently created at lantic squadron and to strengthen the main battle force by creating three cruiser divisions which will be maintained at full fighting strength in the pacific the transfer is in line with the policy of the navy department to keep the united states fleet intact as a single operating unit and not divided into sep arate forces coming at this time only a month after the order transferring the fleet to the pacific it is also interpreted as a strategic move indicating the concern with which the administration is fol lowing japan’s activities in southeastern asia the selection of admiral leahy confirms reports that the administration has approved plans for de veloping puerto rico as a major defense outpost in the caribbean the strategic importance of the island has been increased by the rapid development of air power its value was demonstrated during the naval maneuvers in the caribbean when airplanes based on puerto rico were assigned an important réle in the defense of the panama canal and the interception of the attacking fleet congress has al ready voted nearly ten million dollars for a naval air base at san juan and it is now revealed that ad ditional funds are to be made available for a large army air base admiral leahy was appointed by president roosevelt primarily because of his intimate knowledge of the new defense program the visit of general marshall to brazil is also linked with the western hemisphere defense pro gram and considerable significance is attached to the forthcoming conversations with general pedro de goes monteiro the brazilian chief of staff ac cording to reports in washington however the trip had its origin in a move by germany to invite the chief of staff of the brazilian army to berlin this month on learning of this german move senhor aranha the foreign minister of brazil is said to have intervened with president vargas on the ground that acceptance of the invitation would give an erroneous impression of brazilian policy shortly afterwards the invitation to berlin was declined with the explanation that general monteiro was compelled to remain in rio de janeiro to receive a courtesy call from general marshall the brazilian chief of staff will return the visit later this summer neutrality stalemate meanwhile in washington congress appeared to be approaching a stalemate on the issue of neutrality revision when the public hearings came to an end last week the division of opinion in the senate and house committees was almost as great as when the hearings began none of the pending proposals has secured a majority and no acceptable compromise is yet in sight the only decision reached by the house commit tee is an informal agreement to do nothing until the senate has reported a bill in the senate com mittee the pittman cash and carry resolution has a slight edge over other proposals but is still at least two votes short of the necessary majority it is opposed by senator borah and seven or eight advo cates of the existing law and also by senator john son and several others who favor repeal of all ex isting legislation and a return to the rules of interna tional law this combination while unable to unite on any positive formula is held together by its op position to further presidential discretion and to all embargoes against aggressor nations and is appat ently strong enough to block the pittman proposal or any similar measure in this situation no action is likely unless or until the administration comes out publicly with its own recommendations despite reports that the adminis tration is considering the extension of its moral embargo on airplane exports to other war materials consigned to japan there is no indication so fat that the state department is about to intervene decisively w t stone sta set ins tol the sit ar el in er to +foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff ubscription two dollars a year entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan ann arbor mich western powers stiffen in far east z roiicy association incorporated po mes 40th street new york n y se ao no 31 may 26 1939 o e f p a members we hope very much that you will drop in to see us at national headquarters if you are in new york this ip summer for the world’s fair we shall have on he hand information about discussions of international af ris fairs taking place during your visit or we offer you a warm welcome and look forward to with pleasure to seeing you an tly ed yas line with their efforts to form a stop hitler a coalition in europe the western powers now ian seem prepared to adopt a stronger stand in the far et east vigorous steps taken at amoy and shanghai on may 17 18 as well as firm notes by the american a and british governments have apparently fore stalled threatened seizure of the foreign settlements by japanese military forces japan’s drive against the val settlements brought to a climax a series of ancreas aa ingly overt encroachments on western interests nd which began with the occupation of canton last oc tober hainan island was seized in february and the spratly islands were occupied a month later ut since these moves affected either chinese territory or itil areas to which title was in doubt the japanese for m eign office was able to disregard foreign protests nas but on the issue of the settlements and concessions at in china where the legal position is clear the west r is ern powers evidently decided that the time had come vo tocall a halt in drive on foreign settlements for x several months local japanese authorities in china na as well as responsible officials at tokyo have been ute conducting a campaign designed to establish ja p pan’s control over the foreign settlements the most all important of these foreign controlled districts es af tablished in a number of chinese cities over the past of century are located in shanghai tientsin and hankow in tientsin japanese nationals demon itil stratively moved out of the british and french con wn cessions several months ago and an attempt was us made to surround the foreign administered area with al an electrified wire barricade at shanghai after a a tense situation created by japanese demands on the ar one municipal council of the international settlement in february a modus vivendi which did not essen tially alter the existing status was reached on march 3 several weeks later agitation was renewed at shanghai and on may 3 the tokyo foreign office handed notes to the british and american ambassa dors formally requesting certain changes in the ad ministrative status of the international settlement on the following day the japanese consul general presented similar demands to the local shanghai authorities while declaring to the japanese press that the so called settlement question has entered its last stage on may 6 japanese army headquarters at tientsin issued a statement presaging suitable measures for self protection and the maintenance of peace and order on may 12 japanese marines were landed at kulangsu island center of the international settle ment at amoy this occupation ostensibly motivated by the shooting of a local chinese puppet official was followed by demands for revision of the kulang su administration events at kulangsu it was im mediately recognized provided a test case for the larger issues at stake in shanghai and tientsin while the authorities of the kulangsu settlement resisted the japanese demands several western naval ves sels were concentrated at the island and on may 17 18 american british and french patrols each equal to the japanese occupationary force were landed in shanghai on may 21 the foreign authorities of the international settlement and the french con cession had meanwhile proclaimed a strict ban on political activity a measure directed primarily against chinese groups the local japanese com munity however launched a campaign of mass meetings and demonstrations for revision of the settlement’s administrative status and a japanese naval spokesman threatened action similar to that taken at kulangsu on may 19 both foreign areas at shanghai mustered an impressive display of all avail able military naval and police forces which under took an extended search for terrorists and concealed pila ne tag bog a se 1 ia se a ee ee ie i a rs oo ae es a_ e e s_ page two arms as at kulangsu this display of force was ob viously designed to check the possibility of a jap anese coup for the present the firm meas ures taken by the western powers seem to have at tained their object u.s rejects tokyo’s demands at tokyo on may 17 the american ambassador delivered a reply to the japanese aide mémoire of may 3 re lating to demands affecting the shanghai settlement the american government in its reply declared itself ready to participate in friendly and orderly negotiations properly instituted and conducted for any needed revision of the settlement’s land regu lations present abnormal conditions however of fered no basis for an orderly settlement of the com plicated problems involved which would be reason ably fair to all concerned the united states re jected tokyo’s demand for revision of the voting system on the ground that the japanese community already enjoys a proportionately greater vote than that to which it is entitled by virtue of the munici pal rates and land taxes it pays adjustments of the settlement’s administrative practice had been made in the past and the american government felt that similar attempts to meet any reasonable requests would continue the efforts of the settlement of ficials to perform their normal functions how ever had been seriously handicapped by lawless activities in areas contiguous to the international settlement and by refusal on the part of the japanese britain outlines palestine independence plan the latest british statement of policy on palestine published on may 17 and debated in parliament on may 22 and 23 contains no surprises blaming the ambiguity of earlier pronouncements and pledges for much of the strife between arabs and jews the new white paper unequivocally declares that it is not part of british policy that palestine should become a jewish state denies that wartime prom ises to the arabs justify the claim that palestine should be converted into an arab state and describes the british objective as self government in an inde pendent palestine in which arabs and jews shall share authority in such a way that the essential in terests of each are assured despite its recognition of the need for clarity the white paper is itself vague and replete with qualifi cations regarding the increasing degrees of authority to be delegated to palestine’s inhabitants perhaps unavoidably so two points only are unmistakably clear first the admission of not more than 75,000 jewish immigrants during the next five years will be followed by establishment of an arab veto over im migration which should cement the arab’s numerical and political dominance over the zionists second e ama military forces to return the settlement area lying north of soochow creek to the effective control of the authorities of the international settlement smooth functioning of the settlement’s administra tive machinery would be promoted by a frank ree ognition on japan’s part of the excellent work of the settlement authorities and by the prompt restora tion to those authorities of complete control over the settlement area extending north of soochow creek on may 19 the british reply presented at tokyo by sir robert leslie craigie also rejected japan’s demands regarding the shanghai settlement during recent weeks an intense struggle has been proceeding within tokyo government circles over the attitude to be adopted toward the european situ ation pressed by germany and italy to join in a full fledged military alliance the japanese authorities have thus far refrained from making any definite commitments except for generals itagaki and koiso the war and overseas ministers the cabinet seems to be united in opposing commitments which would automatically carry japan into a european conflict a new anti comintern pact with germany and italy has apparently been drafted along the lines necessitated by this cautious attitude but the mili tary extremists are still pressing for an outright alli ance it remains to be seen whether the hiranuma cabinet can overcome the army opposition and en force acceptance of the new pact t a bisson the insistence of the british that the constitu tion of the new state and its fundamental treaty with london protect british strategic interests minor ity rights in palestine and the holy places fore shadows long continued british control in the man dated area transition to independence evolu tion toward self government in the holy land may be checked at any moment at britain’s discretion once peace and order have been sufficiently restored a transitional period will begin during which arabs and jews will be invited to serve as heads of execu tive departments with administrative and advisory functions in the two to one proportion of their re spective populations eventually their powers would be extended by formation of a council of ministers while an elective legislature might also be estab lished after five years of the transitional régime a representative body would be set up with british participation to make more definite recommenda tions regarding the country’s future this body would presumably implement britain’s objective for pal estine an independent government within ten years nothing in the white paper precludes crea cons hig land ara prec rept mu pale diti con brit onu ern esti one me con ara tio ill eff nal ver itu ull ties nite and rich ritu eaty nor ore 1an olu may i0n red rabs sory fe yuld ters tab 1e 4 itish nda yuld pal ten rea pct tion of a federal system of government which would give the jewish community a degree of local auton omy in the regions where it is now concentrated on the contrary such a development which has been consistently advocated in some british circles may be facilitated by new powers granted the british high commissioner to restrict or prohibit jewish land purchases in certain areas like the white paper itself the reactions of the arab and jewish communities have followed the predicted course although it was reported that the representatives of other arab states had urged the mufti of jerusalem to accept the british terms the palestine arabs have apparently decided to seek ad ditional concessions from london arab violence has continued if on a diminished scale and both the egyptian and iraqi governments have informed the british of their disapproval of the white paper the onus of resistance to the new plan however is being borne by the zionists who have flooded british gov ernment offices with world wide protests in pal estine there were large demonstrations on may 18 in which a british policeman was killed and over one hundred jews were wounded while violent measures have since been abandoned symbolic strikes continued for several days and zionists made prep arations for a long period of non cooperation with the mandatory government whose right is supreme these manifesta tions on the part of both palestinian communities illustrate the absolute impossibility at the moment of uniting their leaders in a common national gov ernment there is no sign that the gulf between two nationalities striving to live in the same territory has been narrowed in evaluating the palestinian conflict the verdict of the disinterested observer must depend entirely on the standards he adopts both arabs and zionists can cite historical claims to the holy land if those who bring material wealth and physical im provement to all the inhabitants of an undeveloped country are justified in settling there and governing themselves then the zionist position is well found ed particularly since jews see no other immediately available haven for their persecuted brethren if the doctrine of national self determination now so fash ionable in europe is the paramount consideration then the arabs may undeniably demand immediate self government without british interference of any sort but if preservation of the communications and strategic interests of a great empire is believed to be all important both these claims must be subordinated to the maintenance of british authority even more than in the past it would appear that the imperialistic factor is now the basis on which decisions regarding palestine are being made in london the british are apparently willing to yield some measure of autonomy to the arabs in order to end the three year revolt which has irritated other arab governments and threatened britain’s prestige and ascendancy throughout the arab world the arabs courted by the fascist powers are in a position to drive a hard bargain with britain for their support the zionists on the other hand have no choice but to cast their lot with the opponents of fascism more than ever before the fate of palestine during the next ten years of uncertainty will be inextricably bound up with political developments on the world stage davi h poppper the f.p.a bookshelf the dragon wakes by edgar ansel mowrer new york morrow 1939 2.00 a report from china on the first year of the war par ticularly valuable for its information on the southwestern provinces and the chinese central government’s adminis tration and personnel its brevity and clarity should com mend it to the lay reader america in the pacific by foster rhea dulles boston houghton mifflin company 1938 3.50 second edition with a revised introduction of an excel lent study of america’s expansion across the pacific in the nineteenth century unconquered by james bertram new york john day 1939 3.00 a vivid personal narrative of the first year of the sino japanese conflict the author was in japan when the war broke out and in peiping when it fell to japanese forces he revisited both japan and north china a year later and meanwhile had spent four months with fighting units of the eighth route army in shansi an effective piece of writing done with style insight and imagination the japanese canadians by charles h young and helen r y reid chicago university of chicago press 1938 2.25 a balanced factual survey of the status of japanese in canada supplying a mass of illuminating information on their economic cultural and social adjustments part ii deals with oriental living standards in canada includ ing both chinese and japanese inside red china by nym wales new york doubleday doran 1939 3.00 a first hand account of the chinese soviets in the sum mer of 1937 when japan was launching its invasion and the kuomintang communist united front was being formed indispensable companion volume to edgar snow’s red star over china both for its mass of supplementary information on the chinese communist movement and its narrative interest foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 31 may 26 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th sereet new york n y raymonp lgsiig buell president dorothy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year qi 181 f p a membership five dollars a year recs tes a er 4 t mf 7h i yt washington news letter washington bureau national press building may 22 almost three weeks have passed since the conclusion of the public hearings on proposed amendments to the neutrality act without any move on the part of the administration to break the ap parent deadlock on this central issue of american foreign policy while the house foreign affairs committee has voted unanimously to invite the sec retaries of state war navy and commerce to ap pear as witnesses not a single cabinet officer has testified and no authoritative statement of the ad ministration’s desires has been forthcoming from any source two new formulas for neutrality the only development last week was the introduc tion of two new compromise proposals neither of which seems likely to resolve the present contro versy one of these sponsored by senator gillette a member of the foreign relations committee pro poses a partial return to the traditional rules of in ternational law by repealing most of the existing law it seeks to accomplish the same purpose as the pittman resolution by eliminating the arms embargo but in place of the cash and carry formula senator gillette would substitute a less rigid trade at your own risk clause whenever the president or con gress declares that a state of war exists the presi dent shall by proclamation define the area of com bat operations and thereafter any citizen of the united states or any american vessel that enters or proceeds through any area shall do so at his own risk the gillette proposal retains the existing pro hibition on loans and credits and continues the functions of the munitions control board other provisions of the present law are repealed the second new proposal drafted by representa tive bloom acting chairman of the house foreign affairs committee embodies the same principle of trade at your own risk it would also omit the arms embargo and authorize the president to define com bat areas through which american vessels should pass at their own risk in addition however it would retain certain other features of the existing law such as restriction of travel by american citizens on bel ligerent vessels and exemption of all american re publics from the provisions of the statute from the administration point of view this new formula would seem to represent a substantial ad vance over the pittman bill and other pending pro posals in the event of a general war in europe j would not only open the american market to britain and france but would permit american vessels ty engage in wartime trade provided they did so a their own risk while it makes no further conces sions to those who advocate economic sanctions against aggressor nations it would confer greater freedom of action on the executive and restore th some extent the traditional neutral rights claimed by the united states in the past in congress it is possible that the trade at you own risk policy may prove to have more suppor than the pittman cash and carry formula it is op posed by senator borah and the isolationist block who hold the balance of power in the senate and for the moment it seems to have little chance of passage nevertheless it comes closer to the views of isola tionists like senator johnson who favor a return to international law as the best means of keeping out of war without some leadership or initiative from the administration however no compromise of any kind will be possible during the present session of congress in searching for a solution the state department would be well advised io analyze more carefully the testimony at the recent hearings and to explore the possibility of other methods of dealing with the problem the hearings demonstrated conclusively that congress is still opposed to granting the presi dent discretion to embargo aggressors or to take sides openly in europe or the far east but they also demonstrated that congress is not at all anxious to legislate a foreign policy to meet all future con tingencies one approach open to the administra tion is to clearly reassert the primary objectives of american foreign policy and to suggest a practical alternative to the present law such an might be found in legislation entirely divorced from the existing neutrality act and based solely on con siderations of the national interest and the com mon welfare the present law regulating the ex port of tin plate scrap falls into this category and might conceivably be extended to cover other basic commodities such as petroleum scrap iron and steel while this would not resolve all the issues in com flict between congress and the executive it would in the opinion of many observers offer new possibili ties for constructive action william t stone 1ze oe coy shi ele fici the of +ae l e bn at ces ons ater to ned nent the the the ively resi sides also is to com stra s of tical ative rom con com ex and dasic teel con yuld ibili foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york no wet op vou xviii no 32 vv june 2 1939 3 uo ee for a detailed analysis of ital emands concerning tunisia djibouti and the suez canal and of the reasons why france resists these demands read italy’s african claims against france by vera micheles dean june 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan ann arbor michigan balance of power turns against germany i ye italo german military alliance signed in berlin on may 22 with unusual ceremony was intended both to checkmate poland’s unexpected resistance over danzig and to forestall consumma tion of the anglo soviet pact unlike the pre war triple alliance between germany italy and austria hungary which was defensive in character and at italy's express desire excluded war against britain the new alliance is offensive as well as defensive be ing designed to rebuild europe on a new basis of justice and to provide living space for the two partners this living space is to be found by ger many in central and eastern europe and by italy in the balkans africa and the mediterranean with whose free development according to the italian press the reich has promised not to interfere scope of italo german pact the alli ance provides for consultation whenever the inter ests of one of the partners are threatened by one or more powers coordination of their economies for wartime purposes and wholehearted cooperation in case of war expressly prohibiting the conclusion of a separate armistice or peace the alliance has al teady been implemented by conferences between german and italian military leaders and by techni cal arrangements for the construction of standard ized armaments in both countries germany will ap parently provide the raw materials needed by italy's war industries and rome expects to obtain iron copper and mercury from spain the fascist dictator ships also hope that in the hungarian parliamentary elections of may 28 29 the nazis will muster suf ficient votes to swing their country irrevocably into the orbit of the rome berlin axis the italo german alignment with the exception of spain which remained neutral in the world war corresponds fairly closely to the geographic boun daries of the pre war triple alliance the axis may yet make inroads in yugoslavia torn by the conflict between serbs and croats although matchek the croat leader favors collaboration with the western powers and opposes the pro nazi orientation of the belgrade government and may win over bulgaria germany's war ally by promises of territorial re vision at the expense of greece and rumania such support as spain may give the axis however is counterbalanced by the defection of turkey in 1914 an ally of germany which has now joined the british coalition negotiations for soviet pact mote over the italo german alliance far from frighten ing neighboring countries into submission as had been hoped in berlin merely hardened british de termination to consolidate the stop hitler coali tion by a pact with the soviet union after a long period of hesitation which could not fail to be in terpreted in moscow as preparation for another munich the british cabinet finally decided on may 24 to meet most of the terms proposed by the soviet government which on may 29 tihounced that it was increasing its military expenditures by 66 per cent over the past year britain is apparently ready to sign a mutual assistance pact with the u.s.s.r already linked to france by a similar pact concluded in 1935 but never implemented by a military alli ance which would provide for common action by the three powers in case one of them was attacked on any european front the anglo soviet pact for the present at least would apply to europe but not to the far east where britain still hopes to avoid a break with japan meanwhile it is not clear just what is going to be done about the strategic aland islands commanding the approaches to the gulf of bothnia which russia lost to finland in 1917 and which finland and sweden now want to fortify while the signatories of the 1921 aland convention a have all agreed to fortification of the islands russia not a signatory blocked action on this matter in the league council on may 27 the soviet gov ernment apparently with some reason fears that sweden which supplies a large quantity of iron ore to germany and finland which has displayed anti soviet sentiments might fortify the islands in such a way as to favor german strategic interests in the baltic europe at the crossroads should brit ain and russia finally come to terms the prospects for a successful short war by the rome berlin axis would be materially reduced provided of course that the various states composing the stop hitler coalition remain united at the same time the anglo soviet pact would undoubtedly increase the risk that germany rather than acquiesce in encirclement might strike now before britain’s conscription its naval and air program and the triple entente mili tary consultations have reached their maximum ef fectiveness germany and italy have the advantage in europe of compact territory shorter internal communications and unified command as compared with the british coalition they are far weaker how ever from the point of view of economic and finan cial resources which unlike france and britain they would be unable to replenish from non european sources the british coalition received further en couragement from the united states on may 27 britain strives the present journey of king george vi and queen elizabeth across north america the first visit of british sovereigns to the new world te veals the importance of imperial considerations in british diplomacy during the post war years the historic ties of empire tended to weaken because of the demand for self government constitutionally recognized in 1931 by the statute of westminster the various dominions particularly canada op posed any commitments in europe either through the league of nations or through regional pacts which might involve them in war and frequently demanded the right of neutrality in event of a lo calized conflict even though the combination of germany italy and japan threatens the empire at many different points the british government still lacks the certainty of the automatic and unequivocal support which it received in 1914 canada has been particularly hesitant about em pire cooperation because of the ethnic division of its population and the proximity of the united states french canadians who comprise nearly 30 per cent of the population and are increasing more rap idly than english speaking canadians remember with resentment their conscription in the world page two for empire unity ee es when secretary hull breaking the long silence main tained by the administration regarding neutrality proposals now pending in congress urged abolitiog of the automatic arms embargo in line with the pittman resolution and on may 28 in chicago came out strongly against isolation while optimism about the future would be premature it become increasingly evident that germany may have reached the peak of its striking power at munich and that its threats of frightfulness will have progressively less effect on its neighbors the mere fact of checking further expansion by germany for the time being seems a major victory to paris and london as well as to the small euro pean countries which had practically resigned them selves to german hegemony of the continent would be most unfortunate however if the ger man people were now allowed to believe that their neighbors having prevented further aggrandizement of the reich had no other objective except its de struction or permanent emasculation such a belief would do more than anything else to solidify hitler's hold on the germans who have not forgotten the experience of versailles now that the balance of power seems to have been reversed in favor of france britain and their allies it can only be hoped that the opportunities neglected or betrayed since 1919 can be brought to fruition vera micheles dean war and distrust any obligation to fight for great britain being predominantly roman catholic they are suspicious of arrangements which might place them on the side of the soviet union against italy the dominion has frequently followed the isola tionist policy of its powerful neighbor while en joying the security afforded by the american navy the canadian government has authorized the manu facture of airplanes and guns for britain and the training of british pilots although the prime min ister mr w l mackenzie king has consistently declared that parliament will make the final decision regarding participation in war canada’s defense pro gram increased to 63,400,000 for 1939 1940 is for the first time being partially financed by loans the other dominions with the exception of eire have been more favorable to the imperial tie since they are more directly threatened by the anti british powers the union of south africa after enacting neutrality legislation in 1934 in opposition to em pire commitments now realizes that it would be required to return german southwest africa which it holds as a mandate if hitler should defeat britain in europe similarly australia and new zealand which have been steadfastly loyal to the empire are direct south to pr retait naval al briti engl dom the is in sing sions the conf milit nava of a first crea gov as37 wl eit ent de ief t's the ce the an eat ace aly yla en nu the in ly 10n f0 for ire nce ish ich ain nd are eee directly menaced by the expansion of japan into southeastern asia both dominions are determined to preserve their territory for the white race and to retain their mandated islands despite a hopeless naval inferiority to japan australian defenses since the fate of the british empire will be settled at london in the english channel and the mediterranean the oceanic dominions are collaborating in defense preparations the widely quoted axiom that australia’s frontier is in the mediterranean is completely apposite for singapore which defends british and dutch posses sions throughout asia will prove of little value if the battlefleet is defeated in european waters a conference of british australian and new zealand military officials was held in april to prepare for naval and air defense and to accelerate production of airplanes australia is building an air fleet of 212 first line planes for defense of its coasts and is in creasing its pilot force by 900 per year the new government of mr r g menzies who took office page three after the death of prime minister joseph lyons on april 7 plans to borrow approximately half of its 26,000,000 defense program for 1939 1940 by sending the king and queen to canada and appointing the duke of kent as the next governor general of australia the british government is warning its opponents of an imperial unity covering the seven seas the empire would be considerably safer however if britain had given more effective support in recent years to the league of nations al though the league was often regarded in britain and the dominions as an undesirable rival of the empire its collective security system actually reinforced im perial ties the failure of british conservatives to re alize the utility of the league which they customarily regarded as involving responsibilities without com pensating advantages contributed to britain’s decline in power and prestige the close cooperation of ger many italy and japan has apparently revived im perial unity which will probably hold firm as long as the present international tension continues james frederick green the f.p.a bookshelf canada today by f r scott new york oxford uni versity press for the canadian institute of internation al affairs 1939 2nd ed rev 1.50 a brief but comprehensive survey of canadian affairs combining accurate information with suggestive interpre tation and containing maps tables bibliography and in dex highly recommended as an introduction to the do mestic problems and foreign policy of the dominion through the fog of war by liddell hart new york random house 1938 2.50 a series of essays on the personalities and outstanding events of the world war penetrating in its judgments and unsparing in its criticism of the military methods and military minds responsible for so many of the war’s disas trous blunders latin america a brief history by f a kirkpatrick new york macmillan 1939 3.75 compresses much useful historical material into one volume despite a certain sketchiness the crisis of democracy by william e rappard harris foundation lectures chicago university of chicago press 1938 2.50 a thoughtful and temperate discussion of democratic institutions by a swiss authority deserving a large public in the united states america’s stake in international investments by cleona lewis washington brookings 1938 4.00 this book contains a wealth of extremely useful data bearing on our debtor creditor position it not only traces the development of foreign investments in the united states and our investments abroad but shows in detail where american capital has been placed the reader will miss however a thorough appraisal of the real value of foreign investments to the nation as a whole blood is cheaper than water the prudent american’s guide to peace and war by quincy howe new york simon and schuster 1939 2.00 mr howe bids reluctant farewell to the isolationists fatalistically accepts the triumph of what he calls the war party and utters a pious prayer that when the almost inevitable war comes it will find the united states con tending for an empire of its own in the americas and the far east rather than for the preservation of the british and french imperial realms the silk road by sven hedin new york e p dutton company 1938 5.00 a fascinating account of the famous swedish explorer’s trip through inner mongolia to sinkiang in 1934 and his return from urumchi to sian via the ancient silk road the expedition undertaken by motor truck for the chinese government surveyed the route along which russian sup plies are now reaching china’s armies this volume is a second installment of the expedition’s narrative which began with the flight of big horse the new western front by stuart chase new york harcourt brace 1939 1.50 hard hitting journalistic restatement of the case for american isolation mr chase believes that the challenge of fascism cannot be met by american participation in a european war but only by making our democracy func tion effectively the rise of anglo american friendship a study in world politics 1898 1906 by lionel m gelber new york oxford university press 1938 3.75 an extensive and interesting study of world diplomacy at the turn of the century mr gelber a canadian scholar shows effectively the extent to which theodore roosevelt intervened in both europe and asia and advocates con tinued anglo american collaboration in behalf of peace foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 32 june 2 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y 181 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national raymond lgslig buell president dorothy f lert secretary vera micheres dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building may 29 with a temporary lull in europe and the far east washington has been more active than usual in the sphere of latin american affairs during the past few weeks generally speaking these activi ties have followed three basic lines 1 concern over nazi penetration of latin america 2 progress in washington’s latin american aid pro gram which is of course partially linked to the first 3 study of internal political trends which may have a bearing on western hemisphere solidarity concern regarding nazi activities has been focused on bolivia no less an authority than the japanese brother in law of the president is reported to have stated that bolivia would soon join the rome berlin axis and the bolivian minister in rome is said to have declared that the busch régime was organized in the same way as italy and germany meanwhile there is little doubt that bolivia’s economic and po litical ties with germany are being strengthened aside from the rumored barter deal under which bolivia would exchange oil for german equipment needed by its petroleum industry an influx of german technical men is understood to have been under way for some time from the purely internal int of view moreover the strict regimentation of political and economic life in bolivia the exile of liberal leaders and the discovery of a jewish prob lem indicate that the busch régime may assume the political if not the economic trappings of fascism latin american program moves ahead in spite of developments in bolivia and rumors of nazi plots in brazil and ecuador wash ington’s program for cooperation with latin america is moving steadily ahead the brazilian agreement negotiated last march has already borne fruit in an announcement by the bank of brazil on may 20 that it was prepared to liquidate all blocked dollar credits covering merchandise of united states origin the sum involved is approximately 26,000,000 and holders of milreis deposits may liquidate them im mediately subject to the deduction of a small com mission or in 60 days at full value brazil which has been the scene of the greatest german american commercial rivalry in south america and has a domestic political régime suspect ed of fascist tendencies has become the spearhead of american solidarity efforts following the conclu sion of trade and financial arrangements the interest of the united states along more purely political lines is now being demonstrated by the visit to brazil of brigadier general marshall who will soon become chief of staff of the united states army genera marshall moreover has invited the brazilian chief of staff to return with him on board the cruiser nashville for a visit to the united states american exporters to south america also found encouragement in the recent decision of the argen tine foreign exchange control to allow increased im ports of automobiles from the united states the american exporters involved however must freeze the proceeds in argentina by purchasing an equiv alent amount of treasury bonds of three year ma turity the total amount of such bonds which the argentine government is reported to have assigned to automobile importers is 8,000,000 and the issu ance of an additional 12,000,000 for other manu factures is under discussion this evidence that american private interests are exercising more initiative in the development or maintenance of latin american commercial and fi nancial relations is corrobo1ated by the announce ment that private funds were being used for latin american credits thus in connection with the nica raguan credit of 2,500,000 it was revealed that the entire sum had been supplied by the bank of the manhattan company although the loan was guaran teed by the export import bank in the case of the brazilian credit seven united states banks provided all the funds on which they receive 1.25 interest with the remainder of the 3.6 paid by brazil going to the export import bank in return for the guar antee chile plans oil monopoly on the eve of negotiations for credits in the united states fi nance minister wachholtz of chile is understood to have told foreign oil companies that a government monopoly on the sale and distribution of petroleum would be established by september 3 foreign oil companies chiefly represented by subsidiaries of the standard oil of new jersey and the royal dutch shell would thus be forced to liquidate by that date properties valued at an estimated 9,000,000 while this action on the part of the chilean govern ment is not comparable with the bolivian and mexi can expropriation measures and the necessary legis lation has been on the books since 1932 its announce ment at this time might possibly weaken chile's position in the loan negotiations howard j trueblood an i age tov desi clos of t trac rus ger for +ae ee i a e al ef er foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y you xviii no 33 june 9 1939 the f.p.a on the air during the month of june the f.p.a will be on the air each thursday from 8 30 to 8 45 p.m over station wnyc the program entitled foreign policy forum is an informal unrehearsed discussion of international affairs mr buell mr stone mr bisson and mr green will participate in the june 8 broadcast britain seeks empire unity at entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post riodical rooor office at new york ner a tena n y under the act uni of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan ann arbor mich hitler combats encirclement espite the delay in negotiations for an anglo french soviet entente the german government can find little comfort in the present international situation for some time it hoped at least to neu tralize the soviet union in the event of another crisis a damper had been put on anti communist agitation in the german press and official speeches and britain rather than the u.s.s.r had been casti gated as the villain which was thwarting the reich's just claims to more lebensraum after being encour aged by the removal of foreign commissar litvinov the nazi government has now heard premier molo tov reaffirm in no uncertain terms the kremlin’s desire to participate in an anti aggression front while berlin welcomed the soviet suggestion for closer trade relations with germany it is quite aware of the difficulties in the way last year soviet german trade sank to a record low and the first quarter of the current year has witnessed no recovery the russians want adequate credit arrangements but the germans are reluctant to export valuable machinery for which there is a pressing need at home without some immediate guid pro quo in raw materials and foodstuffs germany’s non aggression pacts meanwhile the german government has been re assuring the smaller countries in europe that they have nothing to fear from the reich although nor way sweden and finland have politely declined its offer of non aggression pacts denmark as a neigh bor of germany found it expedient to sign such an agreement on may 31 this country has an active minority of about 30,000 germans which with un official help from the other side of the border has been agitating for a return to the reich in exchange for a danish pledge of neutrality germany has now undertaken not to resort to war or any other kind of force against denmark and has expressly acknowledged denmark's right to engage in normal trade with all belligerents similar pacts with estonia and latvia were signed on june 7 both these states already have non aggres sion treaties with the soviet union and apparently regard identical undertakings with the reich as an additional safeguard the non aggression accord con cluded between germany and lithuania following the surrender of memel was implemented on may 20 by two economic agreements providing for a rather moderate expansion of reciprocal trade and furnish ing lithuania with two free zones in the port of memel the construction of an entirely new free port by the reich is also contemplated yugoslavia and the axis in an obvious effort to counteract the anglo french encirclement drive the german government has concentrated most of its attention during the past week on yugoslavia the yugoslav regent prince paul who arrived in ger many for a week’s visit on june 1 has been lavishly entertained hitler publicly assured him that the common borders of their countries had been estab lished for all time a promise intended to set at rest fears that the reich might one day lay claim to the german minority of half a million in yugo slavia while berlin can hardly hope to win bel grade’s open adherence to the italo german alliance it does expect to develop still further its economic relations with yugoslavia already germany has cap tured more than half of this country’s foreign trade the reich attaches great importance to the negotia tions for a new economic agreement now proceeding in cologne yugoslavia not only can supply ger many with considerable quantities of foodstuffs but in mineral resources it is the richest of all balkan countries it possesses important deposits of copper bauxite lead and zinc and also has some antimony chromium and sulphur pyrites at present this min eral wealth is being exploited largely by french and british capital but germany is rapidly obtaining a greater share in yugoslavia’s economic development while realizing that belgrade is unwilling to re strict exports to free exchange countries berlin ex pects to use its great bargaining power to secure participation in new enterprises designed to increase the output of both raw materials and foodstuffs nazi successes in hungary the reich found some encouragement in the results of the hungarian elections of may 28 and 29 hungarian nazi parties polled one third of the vote and cap tured 43 out of the 260 seats in the chamber of deputies since they can count on the sympathy of at least part of the 180 successful government can didates the nazis will be able to wield considerable influence germans were so active in propaganda on behalf of the hungarian nazis that foreign min ister count csaky issued a public warning against elements who think they obtain merit in high ger moscow raises price of anglo soviet pact premier molotov’s speech of may 31 to the supreme soviet disappointed french and british diplomats who had expected the u.s.s.r to accept britain’s draft of a mutual assistance pact without further qualifications but did not by any means close the door to further negotiations with the western powers while admitting that britain and france had undergone a change of heart since munich m molotov expressed grave doubts whether these countries are seriously desirous of abandoning the policy of non intervention the policy of non resis tance to the further development of aggression under the circumstances the soviet union ostenta tiously left out of the munich negotiations had to remain vigilant in answer to the original british plan for soviet assistance to poland and rumania subsequently developed at russia’s insistence into a project for a triple entente m molotov defined his government's three principal demands he called for conclusion of an effective mutual assistance pact defensive in character between britain france and the u.s.s.r partially achieved in the british draft submitted before may 31 a guarantee by these pow ers to the states of central and eastern europe in cluding all european countries bordering on the u.s.s.r without exception and a concrete agree ment among them regarding the form and extent of immediate and effective assistance to be given to each other and to the guaranteed states in event of attack by aggressors these demands were based on two considerations which the soviet government regards as essential complete reciprocity involving recognition by france page two man places by trying to make things difficult fo us and tactlessly interfere with our internal life despite the moderation of the teleki government it is becoming increasingly difficult for hungary to steer a course independent of nazi germany p rumania the position of the government is stronger there on june 1 king carol bolstered up his per sonal régime by elections to the chamber of depy ties in which only candidates of his own national renascence party were allowed to run the present situation demonstrates that germany is still utilizing every opportunity to extend its po litical and economic influence even an anglo french soviet alliance will not close all avenues of expan sion in europe german polish issues stand tem porarily adjourned because germany is not prepared to risk a conflict at this time another crisis may not come until after the harvest has been gathered meanwhile hitler is cleverly utilizing the menace of encirclement to rally the german people be hind him john c dewilde and britain that the soviet union once an outcast is now their equal and not a country to be courted or discarded at their pleasure and acknowledgment of the soviet thesis that peace is indivisible and that an attack anywhere in europe must bring the projected triple entente into operation without any of the reservations implicit in the league covenant to which the british draft pact was to be closely geared soviet leaders unlike some of their french and british colleagues have never had any illusions re garding the scope of hitler's expansion program nor have they failed to notice that since munich the spearhead of german press attacks has been directed not against communism but against western democ racy for the first time in twenty years the soviet government is in a position to make britain pay a high price for its collaboration and there is noth ing either enigmatic or unnatural in its desire to charge what the traffic will bear nor is there any thing particularly sinister as some commentators appear to believe in m molotov’s statement that the u.s.s.r is ready to develop trade relations with germany and italy especially since mr chamber lain has not allowed the stop hitler movement t0 affect britain’s trade relations with the fascist dic tatorships what many observers find disturbing is that the soviet government which was thought to shape its foreign policy exclusively in accordance with ideological considerations is no more averse than other régimes to playing the game of poweft politics and in this game soviet leaders who have a shrewd understanding of fascist methods may we vic thi evi the su ace ast 1 of t of t an cted to sely and fe am the cted noc viet ay a e to any tors that with iber it to dic 1g 1s it t0 ance verse owef have may prove more adept than the democracies although there is always the risk that they may overplay their hand by asking a price unacceptable to the western powers will ussr impose baltic guarantee the real test of the diplomatic struggle now waged in europe will come over the baltic states which represent a sort of no man’s land between the em battled ranks of the british coalition and the rome berlin axis the soviet union is convinced that british guarantees to poland rumania greece and turkey fail to protect it from german aggression through finland latvia and estonia whose terri tory is contiguous with that of the u.s.s.r and who may prove unwilling or unable to defend their neutrality the chief difficulty is that these baltic states incorporated in the russian empire until 1917 have shown no enthusiasm for soviet guar antees of their independence which they consider as tantamount to an invitation for german invasion while all three states fear domination by the third reich they remain distrustful of communism they are anxious to preserve their neutrality against en croachments from either side but if they had to choose between german or russian protection they might well prefer the former it is not beyond the realm of possibility that the soviet government which is working to build up a security system of its own in eastern europe with the cooperation of poland and turkey may find it advisable to impose page three its guarantee on the baltic states to forestall german penetration in that region such a guarantee in turn might be regarded as a provocation by the third reich and might be the prelude to either german or soviet invasion of the baltic states the fate of the anglo soviet negotiations hinges on britain’s willingness to meet moscow's terms in full some observers see in the adamant attitude of the soviet union an attempt to force a political re shuffle in britain resulting in a cabinet which unlike that of mr chamberlain would have no mental reservations about collaborating with russia even if this were one of the motives actuating moscow it could hardly redound to the benefit of british communists while the labor party dominated by the trade unions supports an anglo soviet pact it is as opposed as ever to a united front with com munists in domestic politics it is much more likely that the really decisive influence brought to bear on mr chamberlain in favor of the soviet pact will come from the dissident group in his own conserva tive party which has provided more dynamic opposi tion than the laborites this group headed by win ston churchill and anthony eden has long advocated cooperation with the soviet union and may succeed in forcing the government to accept its policy as it did when mr chamberlain in its opinion only half heartedly followed its lead on conscription and establishment of a ministry of supply vera micheles dean the f.p.a bookshelf we shall live again by maurice hindus new york doubleday doran 1939 3.00 an excellent survey of the czechoslovakia that was di vided into three parts a warm hearted appreciation of the republic’s inhabitants and their magnificent achieve ments an eye witness account of the stunning series of events of september 1938 and a declaration of faith that the czechs will rise again survey of international affairs 1937 by arnold j toyn bee and v m boulter issued under the auspices of the royal institute of international affairs new york oxford 1938 2 volumes 17.50 the latest addition to this indispensable series distin guished by its keen analysis its encyclopedic scope and its admirable style constitutes a trenchant introduction to the study of the crises of 1938 and 1939 the first vol ume traces the european developments of 1937 the origin and progress of the far eastern conflict and the rise of unrest around the shores of the mediterranean the second consists of a detailed study of the spanish civil war and of the motives and interests of the european powers af fected by it europe since 1914 by f l benns new york crofts 4th edition 1939 5.00 an expansion of a useful survey of post war europe the chamberlain tradition by sir charles petrie new york stokes 1938 2.50 the man who made the peace neville chamberlain by stuart hodgson new york dutton 1938 1.50 two eulogies of prime minister chamberlain who re ceives unstinted praise for his diplomacy during the sep tember crisis sir charles petrie provides an interesting but wholly uncritical narrative of the distinguished family japan government politics by robert karl reischauer new york nelson 1939 2.00 a valuable handbook analyzing japanese political thought the evolution of japan’s government institutions the establishment and organization of constitutional gov ernment and its functioning since 1889 an admirable in troduction for the layman as well as suggestive and il luminating for the student germans in the cameroons by harry r rudin new haven yale university press 1938 4.00 a painstaking and reliable study of german colonial ad ministration in the cameroons from 1884 to 1914 while shunning comparisons with other colonial administrations because of differing conditions the author concludes that german rule in the cameroons was enlightened and humane foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 33 june 9 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymond lgsiig bubll president dorothy f legr secretary vena michetes dgan eéiter entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year 181 f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building june 5 efforts to revise the neutrality act in line with secretary hull's proposals temporarily suspended for the duration of the visit of king george and queen elizabeth will be resumed next week when the administration begins a race against time to secure some action before the adjournment of congress mr hull’s neutrality formula the prospects for definitive revision of the existing law were increased last week when mr hull broke his long silence and took the initiative in calling for abolition of the arms embargo provision in identi cal letters dispatched on may 27 to senator pittman chairman of the senate foreign relations commit tee and representative bloom acting chairman of the house committee on foreign relations the sec retary of state outlined seven specific proposals for dealing with the neutrality problem these proposals are 1 abolition of section 1 of the present act which would compel the president to prohibit exports of arms am munition and implements of war to all belligerents on the outbreak of war 2 adoption of new provisions not in existing law for bidding american vessels to enter areas of combat operations as defined by the president 3 adoption of new provisions to restrict travel by ameri can citizens in such areas 4 re adoption of provisions requiring transfer of title to a foreign purchaser of any articles or materials sold to belligerent nations this provision lapsed when the so called cash and carry clause section 2 expired on may 1 1939 5 renewal of existing prohibition of loans and credits to belligerents 6 renewal of existing regulations governing solicitation of funds for belligerents 7 continuation of the national munitions control board and the system of arms export and import licenses at first glance these proposals seem to represent an important concession to isolationist sentiment in congress and a compromise with the principles on which the executive has based its recent foreign policy they offer no encouragement to advocates of the thomas amendment which authorizes the president to impose embargoes against aggressor na tions and they fail to provide a basis for positive action in the far east in supporting restrictions on the exercise of traditional neutral rights moreover mr hull has apparently gone a long way toward accepting the position of non interventionists in con gress but these concessions are more apparent than real for the core of the administration formula jg the abolition of the automatic arms embargo which would permit the united states to place its armament plants at the disposal of britain and france in the event of conflict with the axis powers in europe prospects in congress this of course will be the crux of the debate in congress the iso lationists who are preparing to wage a bitter fight for retention of the arms embargo insist that its elimination will not only open the way to the same policies which led the united states into the world war but will also be tantamount to an alliance with britain and france the administration’s answer as given in the hull statement is that if we go in for embargoes on exports for the purpose of keeping ourselves out of war the logical thing to do would be to make our embargoes all inclusive a_ policy which even congressional isolationists admit is im possible while mr hull has not publicly endorsed any of the bills now pending in congress the state depart ment is quietly throwing its weight behind the bloom resolution h.j.res 306 which comes closest to meeting the secretary's specifications in addition to covering mr hull’s principal points the bloom resolution gives the president far wider discretion in invoking the law and applying its separate pro visions thus while the pittman bill gives congress the right to invoke the act if the president fails to find that a state of war exists the bloom resolu tion not only leaves this power with the chief execu tive but compels him to issue a proclamation only if he finds that it is necessary to promote the security or preserve the peace of the united states another reason for supporting the bloom resolu tion is the fact that the chief hope for securing action in congress now rests with the house the senate foreign relations committee is still deadlocked on the pittman bill and is unlikely to take any action for many weeks administration leaders however seem reasonably certain that the house committee will report a satisfactory measure within the next two or three weeks and that it will pass the house before the end of june this will carry the issue to the senate about july 1 when the real contest will begin and will allow at least a month for debate before the expected adjournment in august w t stone catec reacl whe inces lain disp and effor lems that illus way had resis men the beer frig cape fax lor in tl in pres the vidi nize will eco all clar whi ject +f ign policy bulletin entered as second etation of current international events by the research staff pg vy subscription two dollars a year office at new york vy n y under the act ag foreign policy association incorporated of march 3 1879 bpay 8 west 40th street new york n y e vou xviii no 34 june 16 1939 om is japan’s economic outlook by t a bisson general library ch xtent has the war with chin nt nels arene ote its ea po iar university of michigan he major war this report analyzes japan’s internal and external economic position in the light of a possible ann arbor michigan general conflict june 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents at its me anglo soviet pact hangs fire ith hile public attention in the united states that there are many delicate problems in europe as was monopolized by the visit of king george which are only too likely to lead to war if roughly for and queen elizabeth european developments indi handled similar sentiments were voiced by mr ing cated the possibility of another british attempt to chamberlain on june 9 when he told his constitu ald reach a settlement with germany since march 15 ents in birmingham that he was trying to insure the icy when hitler by occupying the non german prov safety of britain by removing the causes of war and im inces of bohemia and moravia shook mr chamber at the same time strengthening british defenses to lain’s confidence in his pledged word britain has the point where no country would be able to force of displayed the same energy in forging armaments us out of our weakness to accept terms that would wt and alliances that it had previously shown in its be dishonorable or disastrous to our vital interests om efforts to appease germany the two principal prob britain he said was still ready to discuss the claims to lems of british foreign policy were on the one hand of germany or any other country provided there to that hitler like the kaiser might remain under the was a reasonable prospect of a real settlement and om illusion that britain would let germany have its provided such a settlement were obtainable by nego ion way in europe and on the other that once hitler tiation not force ro had become convinced of britain’s determination to meanwhile anglo soviet parleys hung fire as ess tesist he might then invoke the slogan of encircle william strang central european expert of the to ment to rally the german people in favor of war british foreign office who had accompanied mr ly the double edged task of the british government has chamberlain to munich in september prepared to cy been to prove that it meant business yet not to leave for moscow while some members of the nly frighten the germans into believing they had no es british cabinet had apparently decided last week rity pe from the present impasse except war that the soviet union like poland day rutnatiia s to dispel this fear of encirclement lord hali should be free to decide when its interests were suf fax british foreign secretary told the house of ficiently endangered to call for anglo french as olu lords on june 7 that if there is one thing certain sistance others notably mr chamberlain sir sam 108 in this uncertain world it is that britain and france uel hoare and sir john simon were reluctant to até and also the countries with which they have been give moscow a blank check at the same time sir 8 in consultation will never commit any act of ag francis lindley former ambassador to tokyo and gression or attempt by indirect means to undermine an outspoken critic of the u.s.s.r who had enter vee the independence and security of other states pro tained the prime minister over the whitsuntide holi tee viding the independence of other nations is recog day told the foreign affairs committee of the ext nized he said the british government is not only house of commons on june 9 that british prestige use willing but anxious to explore the whole problem of would suffer less if the anglo soviet negotiations f economic lebensraum not only for germany but for failed than if it were thought britain had been forced vill all european nations britain lord halifax de to accept an alliance on russia’s terms ate clared most certainly wishes to reach the point at vatican opposition to soviet pact which international differences can be made the sub the soviet pact also met with opposition on the part e ject of calm unprejudiced negotiation but warned of the vatican which has been sounding out britain agree france germany italy and poland since early may regarding the possibility of a five power conference which might consider settlement of the danzig prob lem italy's african claims against france and ger many’s demand for return of its colonies such a program which would exclude the soviet union from european negotiations might well appeal to hitler and mussolini who face increasing difficul ties in achieving lebensraum without risk of war especially at a moment when czech passive resis tance exacerbates german relations with the bo hemia moravia protectorate no responsible statesman could neglect any op portunity of reaching a peaceful settlement of issues none of which it is admitted even in germany and italy are worth a war nor can one doubt the genuine desire of pope pius xii to prevent a general conflict but the pope is concerned not only to assure peace in europe but also to achieve the triumph of the christian ideal such a triumph he told ramén serrano sufier brother in law of general franco on june 11 when sufier and 3,000 spanish troops were visiting rome was achieved by the franco fascists reveal aid to franco spain impressive victory parades by german and italian troops who returned from spain during the past fortnight have been accompanied in the press of the axis powers by accounts of their achievements since the outbreak of the spanish civil war the detailed information embodied in official and semi official reports is of great historical value and gen erally substantiates spanish loyalist claims that fascist assistance to the former rebel cause was de cisive from the outset germany fetes its volunteers in germany the round of festivities for those who had fought in spain culminated in berlin on june 6 when 15,000 german veterans of the condor legion in uniforms of spanish cut and 2,500 german sailors passed before chancellor hitler and received his praise for their work it is now openly admitted that german troops not volunteers but regular mem bers of the armed forces were sent to spain for varying periods of training in actual warfare a speech by air marshal hermann goering on may 31 and an article in his newspaper the essener national zeitung conclusively demonstrate that assurances of german aid must have been given to general franco before the outbreak of his revolt which began in morocco on june 17 1936 and spread to spain on the following day by july 20 some twenty german lufthansa trans port planes had begun to ferry 15,000 moorish troops to the spanish mainland on july 31 the first group of german aviation personnel disguised as page two a forces which defended god and religion yet no one familiar with the facts of the spanish civil war now officially confirmed by germany and italy can believe that italo german intervention in spaig was motivated solely by hatred of bolshevism and atheism here as elsewhere in power politics cop siderations of strategy markets and raw materials were far more important than considerations of ide ology to view the conflict in europe in purely ide ological terms and on such terms to exclude the soviet union from participation in european poli tics would be to disregard the forces of social revo lution now at work throughout the world whic can as easily take the form of nazism as of com munism nor is it by any means clear that a settle ment intended to quarantine russia would really offer any hope of appeasement unless of course mr chamberlain still hopes to divert nazi expan sion toward soviet territory but at this point the soviet government might well disappoint the e pectations of british tories and the vatican by com ing to terms with nazi germany vera micheles dean civilian tourists left hamburg for spain in a ger man vessel carrying military planes bombs and anti aircraft guns in september 1936 pursuit and ob servation squadrons a battery of heavy anti aircraft artillery and two tank companies were added to the german forces and late in october a complete ait force corps of 6,500 men and materiel was sent to spain under the command of regular german off cers nazi forces on land on sea and in the air not only saw action on every front in spain but con ducted a training school for 56,000 spanish officers as well as tank anti tank flame thrower and com munication troops while these revelations were being made in ger many 20,000 italian troops and 3,000 spaniards arrived in italy paraded in naples and rome on june 6 and 7 and provided the occasion for a simi lar glorification of italian accomplishments during the spanish civil war an article in the official forz armate has disclosed that in the four months de cember 1936 april 1937 alone the italian nay transported 100,000 men 4,370 motor vehicles 40,000 tons of munitions and 750 cannon to spait after november 1 1936 italian submarines tor pedoed commercial shipping bound for loyalist ports creating the mysterious piracy menace deali with by the nyon conference in september 1937 count galeazzo ciano italian foreign ministet states in the fascist periodical gerarchia that italy intervention in spain began on july 25 1936 when the italian government sent its first nine bombing tt plan tary saw is gi attac and alth draw may tion thei their irali virtu the ing have that turb stal writ viet befc and ital alist ene now con clar gov raci the fou the doe tior the jur re u me raft t t0 ng eee planes to spanish morocco over 6,000 italian mili tary aviators operating italian machines eventually saw service in spain to italian air and naval forces is given the credit for repulsing a surprise loyalist attack on majorca largest of the balearic islands and a highly strategic base in the mediterranean although rome had announced its intention to with draw all italian forces from spain by the end of may it is reported that fascist troops are still sta tioned in that country why fascist powers intervened by their own words fascist leaders have thus invalidated their oft repeated assertions that germans and italians in spain were merely volunteers and have virtually admitted that their agents conspired with the rebels before the outbreak of hostilities in dat ing their military intervention from july 1936 they have destroyed the effectiveness of their argument that they were mefely redressing the balance dis turbed by prior soviet intervention even anti stalinist sources such as general w g krivitsky writing in the saturday evening post assert that so viet shipments of war materials did not reach spain before mid october 1936 that these supplies were to be paid for by spanish government gold reserves and that no expeditionary force comparable to the italo german contingents was sent to assist the loy alists realizing that their own evidence had weak ened their anti communist thesis fascist spokesmen now cite a new basis for their participation in the conflict on june 8 the vélkischer beobachter de clared that the very existence of a popular front government enjoying the sympathy of liberal democ tacies like france justified fascist intervention in the spanish arena the nazi organ declared was fought the decisive battle of the democracies against the authoritarian states the historical significance of the fascist exposé does not lie in the duplicity of german and italian officials which was easily matched by the equivoca tion of british and french authorities maintaining the fiction of non intervention speaking on june 6 hitler himself described the efforts of the page three german legionaries as a lesson to our enemies and therewith also a war for germany viewed in per spective the spanish episode thus represents one phase in the attempt of the fascist powers to obtain strategic domination and political influence in eu rope and elsewhere an undertaking they appear ready to pursue by any means at their disposal the spain which german and italian troops have left is not neutral it is a signatory of the anti cominitern pact it has sent important military and naval missions to germany and italy while the italian press already foreshadows conclusion of a military pact binding franco to the axis it commands large quantities of italian and german war materials apparently left behind as a gift so that its armament like its mili tary doctrine is largely coordinate with that of the fascist powers its bases and fi rtified iti athwart the south atlantic and western mediter ranean sea routes may be used py fascist planes ships and men when the opportun fy arises german and italian services have not been fendered to spain for nothing the western powers rhust now consider what is to be done to meet the existing situation and how creation of similar spheres of influences in other strategic areas may be avoided dpavip h popper prof chamberlain accepts oxford post the appointment of professor joseph p chamber lain to the george eastman visiting professorship at oxford university for the academic year 1939 1940 has necessitated his resignation as chairman of the board of directors of the foreign policy asso ciation professor chamberlain was one of the founders of the foreign policy association and his service on the board extends over the two decades of the association’s history he is succeeded by mr ralph s rounds an outstanding member of the new york bar a member of the board and one of the committee of nineteen from which the foreign policy association originated in 1918 in accepting professor chamberlain's resignation the board paid tribute to his many years of devoted service to the f.p.a and his creative work in the field of international education the f.p.a bookshelf bombs bursting in air the influence of air power on international relations by george fielding eliot new york reynal and hitchcock 1939 1.75 the role of air power in european crises and a possible european war is lucidly discussed and america’s aviation requirements for continental defense are analyzed a sound study devoid of hysteria the world over 1938 a chronologicil and interpretative survey and commentary of the yeer of tension edited by joseph hilton smyth and charle angoff new york harrison hilton books inc 1939 4.00 a well arranged accurate time saver for any one pick ing a way in the record of a year crowded with memorable happenings foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 34 jung 16 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lgsiig bugell president dorothy f leer secretary vera micheles dgann béitor entered as second class matter decembe2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year g 181 f p a membership five dollars a year vom ee redes washington news letter washington bureau national press building june 12 while washington was extending its historic welcome to king george and queen eliza beth last week officials of the two governments were quietly coming to terms on the proposed barter agreement which will bring the united states sub stantial war reserves of rubber and tin in return for surplus cotton and wheat barter accord making progress it would be a mistake to exaggerate the scope of the impending accord or to accept premature reports from london that the agreement will be ready for signature within the next few days several obstacles including the important matter of price remain to be resolved nevertheless it is now evident that the chief difficulties are being removed and that the ne gotiations are reaching a point where both sides seem confident of concluding an agreement which will have an important bearing on the security and de fense of the two countries the scope of the agreement is limited primarily by the fact that the british government unlike that of the united states is compelled to meet the cost of this transaction from its treasury whereas the american government has very large quantities of surplus cotton and wheat in government warehouses the british are compelled to buy rubber and tin from private producers at the prevailing market price theoretically it would be possible for the united states to secure a full one year reserve supply of rubber and tin as desired by the war department in exchange for about 5,000,000 bales of cotton or 440,000,000 bushels of wheat at current world prices however a transaction of this magnitude would cost the british government approximately 280,600,000 a figure far beyond anything which has yet been mentioned during the past two years the british government has spent about 13,000,000 60,800,000 for storage of food and raw ma terials or less than one fourth of the amount which would be required to cover american reserves for one year when the agreement is finally concluded the total amount involved is likely to fall somewhere between fifty and seventy five million dollars this will have relatively little effect on the huge cotton and wheat surpluses in the united states but will represent a substantial step toward the accumulation of essential wartime reserves in both countries strategic materials another important step supplementing the barter agreement with britain was taken last week when congress author ized the expenditure of 100,500,000 during the next four years to finance the purchase of essential war materials which may be stored for use either in military or industrial fields should any future war contingency cut off normal supplies the bill signed by the president on june 9 does not specify the strategic and critical materials but vests the authority for determining the quality and quantities of such materials with the secretaries of war navy and interior acting jointly with the army and navy munitions board in cooperation with representatives of the state treasury and commerce departments the funds may be spent either for the purchase of materials abroad or for the develop ment of mines and deposits within the united states they may be used only upon the order of the presi dent in time of war or national emergency except for rotation to prevent deterioration despite the fact that this measure was designed primarily to aid the government in building up re serves of materials not produced effectively or in sufficient quantities in the united states domestic producers managed to secure several important con cessions which may limit the effectiveness of the act the chief controversy in congress centered around section 5 which requires all purchases to be made in accordance with the so called buy american act of march 3 1933 under this clause the government procurement agents will be required to allow a rea sonable time not to exceed one year for production and delivery from domestic sources wherever avail able moreover if they find that production of do mestic materials is economically feasible they are required to direct the purchase of such materials without requiring the domestic producers to give the customary bond this remarkable provision which is said to have been sponsored by the domestic manganese interests leaves some discretion with the war and navy departments but clearly seeks to protect and encourage inefficient production in the united states how much will actually be expended under this act during the next twelve months is problematical if purchases of strategic materials are to be made during the fiscal year 1940 a special appropriation will be necessary before congress adjourns w t stone fo ani jun ja s t as a not é natic inter state conc sequ cour ance phra wari by j offic clan at i virti and fam imp chi tion tior of not and 7 fou ces age ren evi sist by the far +merce er for velop states presi except signed up re or in mestic it con 1e act round ade in 1 act mment a rea luction avail of do cy are rerials give vision mestic ith the eks to in the er this atical made riation one foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y you xviii no 35 june 23 1939 japan’s economic outlook by t a bisson a detailed analysis of japan's foreign trade position which points out that severance of trade relations with britain and the united states would deal a heavy blow to japan’s war machine june 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents fee jun 28 1939 class matter december pericdical rooa 2 1921 at the post gener office at new york ad librar n y under the act uintv of mic of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan ann arbor michican japan strikes at western concessions ecretary hull's first official statement on the tientsin dispute issued on june 19 served as a reminder to japan that the united states would not accept any basic change in the status of the inter national concessions in china while disavowing any interest in the origins of the affair the secretary ot state declared that the american government was concerned with the nature and significance of sub sequent developments in their broader aspects coupled with other past and present acts and utter ances in other parts of china despite its cautious phraseology this statement constituted an implied warning that the united states would oppose efforts by japan to enforce the more extensive demands un officially presented by japanese spokesmen in clamping down a blockade on the british concession at tientsin japan’s army commanders have issued a virtual declaration of war on the western powers and their interests in china five years ago in the famous amau statement of april 1934 japan by implication ushered the western nations out of china today the japanese army is placing the sanc tion of force behind the earlier declaration of inten tion after having driven foreign interests from much of occupied china japan is now applying pressure not only at tientsin but also at amoy shanghai and hankow the local issue at tientsin involving detention of four alleged chinese terrorists by the british con cession authorities developed more than a month ago holding that the japanese demand for sur render of these four men was not backed by sufficient evidence the local british authorities have con sistently refused to deliver them into japanese hands a british offer to have the evidence in the case sifted by a committee with a neutral chairman presumably the american consul general at tientsin has thus far been rejected since establishment of the block ade on june 14 japanese military and diplomatic spokesmen have demanded that britain abandon its pro chiang kai shek policies and cooperate with japan’s new order in the far east in north china japan’s new order has been applied through dis criminatory exchange control and a direct ban on the export by western nationals of a long list of chinese products the foreign banks in the conces sions have sought to protect their trade by continu ing to handle the chinese national currency which is convertible into foreign exchange acceptance of japan’s demand for cooperation would thus spell the doom of foreign trade britain singled out for attack while such demands have sharply emphasized the issue underlying the present controversy between japan and the foreign powers they have been ap plied with some circumspection to the tientsin sit uation in this instance japan has singled britain out for special attack in an obvious effort to split the united anglo american french front formed last month in defense of the settlements at amoy and shanghai british nationals have been subjected to indignities while american and french nationals have been considerately handled at tientsin in con trast to shanghai and amoy the united states pos sesses no jurisdictional rights its interest is to avoid establishment of a precedent which might later be applied to the other foreign settlements while the broad implications of japan’s challenge have been clearly recognized in london there has been no resort to precipitate action on june 16 a foreign office communiqué indicated that the british offer to have the evidence against the four chinese suspects examined by a committee with a neutral chairman had not been withdrawn and britain still hoped that the incident might be localized should excessive japanese demands be maintained a however the communiqué asserted that an ex tremely serious situation will arise and the british government would have to consider what immedi ate and active steps they can take for the protection of british interests in china london officials and the board of trade have been conferring over pos sible means of economic reprisal and consultations with the dominions have been in progress measures under consideration are said to include denunciation of the anglo japanese commercial treaty of 1911 restrictions on japan’s trade barring japanese ships from empire ports and action against japan's currency trade restrictions to be effective would require support by the united states and france together with the british empire these powers are supplying more than three fourths of japan’s imports of war materials the british communiqué by stressing the bearing of japan’s demands on all those powers which have treaty rights in china made an implied bid for concerted action support from france un doubtedly assured is underlined by the joint dis cussions of anglo french naval commanders now being held at singapore the united states has taken no direct part in the dispute except for secretary hull’s statement that the american consul general at tientsin might use his good offices as a mediator through diplomatic channels the american govern ment is keeping in close touch with the british and french authorities but it has apparently made no commitment to join in economic reprisals japan’s ties with the axis although rome and berlin have greeted japan’s moves in the far east with expressions of satisfaction they have not as yet swung into action on their own account in page two europe the dispute at tientsin however is closely linked with the general question of japan’s choice of allies in the current world crisis local japanese army commanders at tientsin rather than the diplo mats of the foreign office have been responsible for the sharp attack on great britain in receng cabinet discussions at tokyo regarding the advyis ability of a full alliance with germany and italy the army ministers itagaki in the war office and koiso in the overseas ministry were obviously op posed by the other ministers the japanese ambassy dors in rome and berlin supported the alliance t the point of threatening resignation if it were not concluded and have conferred at berlin since the tientsin dispute assumed serious proportions close working cooperation thus seems to exist among the local japanese army commanders at tientsin the army ministers at tokyo and the japanese ambas sadors at the fascist capitals in europe it remains to be seen whether this bold maneuver by japan's army extremists will tip the balance in favor of closer alliance with the axis the outcome of the tientsin crisis is uncertain despite bold statements in the japanese press an undercurrent of concern over possible cooperation by the united states in economic reprisals is evident the broad demands voiced by certain japanese spokesmen have not yet been presented in official form on the other hand these demands express the essential objectives of japanese policy in china and a retreat at tientsin can hardly be effected without approval by the military if a compromise settlement is reached it will probably turn mainly on tokyo unwillingness to risk the emergence of a firm anglo i i far east american front in the fa t a bisson u.s credits checkmate germany in paraguay evidence is accumulating that the drive of the roosevelt administration to promote western hemi sphere solidarity and combat fascist influence in latin america by direct financial assistance is well out of the academic stage on june 13 a few days after disturbing reports of german penetration in paraguay the export import bank agreed to extend credits up to a maximum of 500,000 to that country for the purpose of supporting the paraguayan peso and liquidating commercial obligations to united states nationals an agreement has also been reached for the extension of additional credits in an amount not yet determined to finance purchases of american materials needed for the construction of roads and other public works in paraguay the first credit will expire on june 30 1941 and advances made under it will be repayable quarterly and carry an annual interest rate of 3.6 per cent the second credit will mature over a period of seven years and the interest rate will be 5 per cent annually these arrangements are particularly significant be cause they involve financial assistance to a minot south american country in which the financial and commercial interests of the united states have al ways been small german trade with paraguay has expanded sharply in recent years however and get man negotiations for the construction of a new moto road from asuncién to the brazilian border recently received considerable attention in the united states press the contemplated project included the estab lishment of domestic industries along the highway and its total cost was to have been met by a surtat on gasoline and other petroleum products while the new american credits may not completely fort stall german plans for economic penetration o parag many ne while ready long t brazil capaci to the as aft financ coope pects outsid ment vided balan ment on th with funds w privat showc fuc ad culmil fidant south the s from error exile pol 193 an sojou descr muni inter rathe natio high of co thus and venie forei pore headq entere se ore closely choice panese diplo onsible recent advis aly the ce and sly o bell ince to re not since yrtions among sin the a mbas emains japan's f closer certain ss an eration vident ipanese official ress the na and without tlement tokyo's anglo sson interest cant be munor ial and ave al uay has nd get nv motot recently d states e estab ighway a surtai while ly fore tion of paraguay they undoubtedly act as a check on ger many s offensive in latin america new credits offered to brazil mean while american business interests were reported ready last week to advance some 50,000,000 in long term credits to assist in the development of brazilian transportation facilities and industrial capacity this undertaking which will be submitted to the brazilian government for consideration came as a result of brazilian negotiations with american financial and commercial interests while official cooperation is indicated the credits which brazil ex pects to obtain through these channels are apparently outside the framework of the governmental agree ment negotiated in march 1939 this agreement pro vided for a credit to liquidate blocked commercial balances a 50,000,000 gold loan for the establish ment of a central reserve bank and a commitment on the part of the export import bank to cooperate with private interests in order to make available funds for brazilian economic development while both the washington administration and private business interests have displayed willing the f.p.a showdown in vienna the death of austria by martin fuchs new york putnam 1939 3.00 a detailed account of the intrigues and incidents which culminated in the collapse of austria related by a con fidant of the last austrian rulers south american primer by katherine carr new york reynal hitchcock 1939 1.75 as the name suggests this is an elementary survey of the south american nations and their people it suffers from over simplification and a high percentage of factual errors particularly in the treatment of commercial matters eziles in the aegean a personal narrative of greek politics and travel by bert birtles london gollancz 1938 16s an account by an australian left wing journalist of a sojourn in greece during the winter of 1935 1936 the description of the island of anaphi where greek com munists are exiled is interesting but to the student of international affairs the book as a whole will provide rather slim pickings visit search and seizure on the high seas by j i frascona privately printed 1938 by the author 40 west 40th street new york n y 2.00 this volume contains a proposed convention of inter national law on the regulation of belligerent rights on the high seas while endeavoring to retain as much as possible of commonly accepted law it also suggests modifications thus the author proposes to revive the old usage of neutral and belligerent passports in order to reduce the incon venience of search should a general war break out all foreign offices would profit by a study of this volume page three ness to extend effective aid to brazil holders of the brazilian dollar bonds outstanding in this country have received no word regarding the action they might expect on debt service under the march agreement brazil had undertaken to resume service payments in default since late 1937 as from july 1 1939 with this deadline only a few days off how ever no official action has been taken although june 14 press cables from rio de janeiro indicated that a token payment might be made pending the negotiation of a definitive settlement in the mean time quotations for brazilian government bonds in new york have declined about 30 per cent from the levels reached last march on news that brazil had agreed to resume service howarpd j trueblood listen in on the fpa’s radio program foreign policy forum broadcast over wnyc every thursday 8 30 to 8 45 p.m an informal unrehearsed discussion of international affairs by members of the fpa research staff we shall be glad to have your comments and criticism bookshelf studies in income and wealth new york national bureau of economic research vol i 1937 2.50 vol ii 1988 3.00 a number of recognized authorities make important con tributions in clarifying the concept and measurement of national income and wealth anthony eden by alan campbell johnson new york ives washburn 1939 3.00 a comprehensive biography well illustrated that covers every detail of mr eden’s career but reveals little regard ing his personality and political objectives the decline and fall of the british empire by robert briffault new york simon and schuster 1938 2.00 a strident condemnation of everything english by the author of europa who predicts with pleasure and with many brilliant epigrams and exaggerations the collapse of the empire capitalism in crisis by james harvey rogers new haven yale university press 1938 2.50 a brief discussion of the american economic dilemma containing recommendations for compromise and long term planning and many astute and satirical comments on modes of thought in goverment business and labor circles the tragedy of the chinese revolution by harold r isaacs london secker warburg 1938 18s an analysis of fifteen years of the chinese revolution with a foreword by leon trotsky argues that the chinese communists have strayed from a pure revolutionary path by cooperating with the kuomintang thus repeating the mistake of the 1925 27 united front foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 35 junne 23 1939 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national raymond lgslig bubll president dorotuy f leer secretary vera michgrtes dgan eéiter entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year ed 181 f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building june 19 the administration won the first round in its fight to secure revision of the neutrality act on june 13 when the house foreign affairs com mittee recommended favorable action on the so called bloom resolution which is closely modeled on the program recommended by secretary hull three weeks ago before reporting the measure the committee had voted down a series of amendments sponsored by the opposition minority and designed to stiffen the mandatory provisions in rapid succession the com mittee rejected proposals to restore the automatic embargo on arms exports to give congress an equal voice in invoking the act and to limit the president's discretion in determining the existence of a state of wat as finally reported the bloom resolution not only eliminates the arms embargo but authorizes a broad extension of the discretionary powers of the execu tive it permits wartime sales to any belligerent able to pay cash and willing to assume title to war ma terials at american ports the president moreover is not compelled to invoke the act unless he finds that it is mecessary to promote the security or pre serve the peace of the united states or to protect the lives of citizens of the united states in such a case he is authorized to forbid american citizens or vessels flying the american flag to proceed through areas of combat operations as defined by the presi dent under such limitations and exceptions as he may prescribe the bloom resolution eliminates the existing provision forbidding american vessels from carrying arms to belligerent states but continues the present ban on loans and credits as well as the re strictions on travel by american citizens and the use of american ports by belligerent nations favorable house action foreseen the next test of strength will come when the bloom resolution is brought up in the house for debate probably within ten days the favorable commit tee vote of 12 to 8 which followed straight party lines is generally accepted as evidence that the measure will pass the house with a substantial ma jority while passage of the bloom resolution is taken for granted even by the republican leaders the opposition led by representative fish is pre paring to make as strong a fight against it as the rules of the house permit in the senate the administration faces a deter mined minority which is preparing to hold congress in session for many weeks before accepting the pro posed amendments while the opposition has not revealed its full strength it has secured the signa tures of 21 senators to a round robin expressing op position to the administration proposal for repeal of the arms embargo in addition to those signing the round robin the opposition has gained several new recruits including senator mcnary republican floor leader and senator walsh of massachusetts chairman of the naval affairs committee the op position strategy is to delay a final vote in the senate if possible until late in august in the hope that the administration will permit the issue to pass over until the next session convenes in january in an effort to discourage these tactics the administration has passed the word to capitol hill that president roosevelt will insist on revision of the neutrality act before adjournment of the present congress war insurance new senate hurdle the administration however faced another possible hurdle last week when senate opposition developed against a bill to create a war risk marine insurance agency backed by the maritime commission under this bill the maritime commission would provide marine insurance to cover war risks on american and foreign vessels engaged in the foreign or domestic trade of the united states the measure would also cover the cargoes and crews of american ships in cluding those owned or controlled by the government opponents of the administration’s neutrality pol icy interpret the insurance bill as a plan to facilitate wartime trade and commerce with britain and france senator mccarran one of the opposition bloc in the senate linked the insurance measure with the pro gram for neutrality revision in a strongly worded statement denouncing american intervention in ew rope i shall resist he said and i think i belong to a group that will resist to the last of its ability any legislation which even tends to bring this country into controversies foreign to our american policy of freedom from foreign entanglements if the administration is really prepared to hold congress in session through august however it would appear to have sufficient votes to carry its neutrality program w.t stone fo an in unite to ja series +nt dle ed ce ler de nd tic so foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y 4353 entered as second class matter december goo 2 1921 at the post sod sonn office at new york ov 1 ue ce n y under the act 3 wear of mv of march 3 1879 v ta vor xviii no 36 june 30 1939 building the third reich by john c dewilde here briefly and simply are answers to the questions which are always asked about present trends in germany has the standard of living declined have occupation of czechoslovakia and austria helped or hindered the german economy what is the attitude of the germans toward future expansion in europe toward persecution of the jews toward war with britain and france world affairs pamphlets no 5 f.p.a membership covers this series 25 cents a copy general library university of michigan ann arbor michigan deadlock at tientsin oo some hesitation obviously due to the special features of the tientsin crisis the united states has now declared itself firmly opposed to japan’s new anti western offensive through a series of apparently routine steps the american gov ernment has effectively countered japan’s attempt to divide the western powers by temporarily concen trating its attack on british interests at tientsin american moves secretary hull’s statement of june 19 expressing the concern of the united states over the broader aspects of the tientsin dispute was supported by two protests delivered on the same day at tokyo in the first case the american chargé d affaires protested the japanese naval block ade established june 15 against the kulangsu settle ment at amoy where the united states possesses a direct jurisdictional interest in the second case the chargé d affaires requested permission to publish an exchange of notes and made further oral representa tions concerning japanese bombings of american properties in china while this move was not di rectly concerned with the issues at amoy or tientsin it served to emphasize american opposition to japan’s activities in china on june 21 moreover secretary hull announced that the american consui general in tientsin utilizing a statement drawn up by the local american chamber of commerce had formally objected to the adverse effects of the block ade on the interests and general welfare of the american nationals in the city finally on june 22 admiral yarnell commander in chief of the ameri can asiatic fleet bluntly rejected a japanese demand that american nationals and naval vessels be with drawn from swatow which japanese military forces had just occupied similar action was taken by the british naval commander and additional british and american naval vessels were dispatched to swatow while this joint anglo american stand against japan's pressure on western interests in china has not reached the stage of reprisals it has apparently tended to curb further and more extreme ja advances during the past week the british and french concessions at tientsin have evidently settled down to a long siege with no immediate prospects of a compromise settlement electrification of a barbed wire barricade has tightened japan’s strangle hold on the concessions although an acute food shortage has apparently been averted by the partial admission of supplies the stripping and searching of british nationals at the barricades has aroused public opinion in britain and called forth vigorous official statements but the british authorities show no inclination to adopt strong measures of economic reprisal taking hope from the fact that japan has thus far failed to present official demands on the larger issues at stake they are still seeking to obtain some form of local settlement the basic issues it may be doubted how ever whether a showdown between japan and the western powers can long be postponed on the broader questions affecting china in order to estab lish its new order in east asia on a firm basis japan must oust western interests from china as well as crush the resistance of the chinese na tional armies these two problems are intertwined through various restrictions the japanese authori ties have already succeeded in throttling western trade and business in most of occupied china complete japanese control of china’s economic life however cannot be achieved so long as the western traders and bankers maintain their bases in the for eign concessions and settlements even under present conditions western nationals take a considerable share of china’s trade the foreign banks in shang hai and tientsin continue to support the chinese national currency as the sole measure of defense against japanese fiat money and exchange control restrictions by direct loans to the chinese national government both the united states and britain have signified their opposition to japan's effort to dom inate china in the last analysis japan to attain its full objectives in china must overcome this western opposition the western powers for their part are de fending a traditional economic stake of considerable proportions before the sino japanese war broke out britain possessed investments of approximately 1,250 million and the united states of about 250 million in china the united states held first place in china’s foreign trade in 1937 with total ameri can exports and imports valued at roughly 150 million excluding hongkong and manchuria be hind the immediate economic stake in china more over lies the broader question of the future of the whole far east if japan establishes full control of china a new regional economy dominated from tokyo will emerge in eastern asia the world trend toward autarchy and economic nationalism will be accentuated with additional restrictions on interna tional trade japan’s project for large scale cultiva tion of raw cotton in north china for example will deprive american cotton growers of one of their major markets china moreover constitutes merely _france yields hatay to hold turkish support the signature on june 23 of a franco turkish mutual assistance agreement coupled with a treaty ceding the hatay republic once known as the sanjak of alexandretta to the turks emphasizes france's anxiety to tighten its alliances against the fascist powers the mutual assistance pact similar to the anglo turkish accord of may 12 is a provisional document binding both governments to cooperate in case of an act of aggression that might lead to a war in the mediterranean region and designed also to assure the establishment of security in the bal kans in concrete terms it is believed the turkish government has granted french and british vessels freedom of passage through the dardanelles in case of a european war use of the straits and turkish ports would be of the greatest assistance to the west ern powers in retaining command of the eastern mediterranean it is also a prerequisite for a balkan campaign by western and soviet troops or even for passive protection of the vital oil fields of ru mania and iraq against exploitation by german or italian invaders in some quarters conclusion of the lengthy negotiations at paris and ankara was in terpreted as a hopeful augury for the consumma tion of an anglo soviet pact since turkey would be unlikely to open the dardanelles to france and page two ey the first line of defense for the western powers jy the far east as japanese moves into southeasterp asia indicate the security of the philippines indo china the dutch east indies and malaya depends largely on the ability of the western powers to tur back japan’s challenge in china the area of conflict in the far east has been fyr ther enlarged by heavy fighting on the manchoukuo outer mongolia frontier near lake buir nor confirmed by moscow on june 25 a series of battles between soviet mongolian and japanese manchurian forces featuring airplane engagements has apparently been taking place in this region since may 11 according to soviet sources 82 planes s9 japanese and 23 soviet mongolian have been shor down in this period the japanese reverse thes figures assigning the larger loss to their opponents from moscow also came the announcement a june 25 that a trade treaty had been concluded be tween china and the soviet union details were lacking except that the new treaty was signed on june 16 and contained provisions establishing official trade bureaus in both countries it is surmised that soviet exports to china will consist of airplanes tanks and other war materials which will be covered partly by chinese tea and silk and partly by long term credit arrangements t a bisson britain without assurance that the u.s.s.r and the western powers would act in a common cause dis patches from moscow however failed to reveal evidence of progress in this direction although ten sion in europe and the far east appeared to be fore ing britain toward an agreement with the soviet union at almost any cost turks acquire syrian territory the definitive cession of hatay to turkey scheduled to take place on july 22 represents a blow to french prestige throughout the middle east under the syrian mandate this coastal district adjacent to tur key singled out because of its strategic harbor and its turkish minority of 40 per cent was accorded a special régime giving the turks certain cultural and administrative rights after september 9 1936 when france and syria initialed a treaty providing for termination of the mandate in three years ankara protested that turkish interests would not be adequately safeguarded under a syrian govern ment involved negotiations followed in geneva and paris and in 1937 provision was made for estab lishment of an autonomous area supervised by the league of nations and linked with syria for pur poses of foreign policy and fiscal affairs it soon became apparent that a non turkish bloc on tal lat es ed 12 the the and ded iral 36 ing ars not ern eva tab the pur bloc page three of ethnic groups would dominate the territory's electoral assembly by a policy of threats and what some french observers regarded as deliberate provo cation of disorder within hatay the turks then com pletely sabotaged the new régime france unwilling to perpetuate a dispute in an area of secondary im portance eventually agreed to permit turkish troops to enter the area and on july 3 1938 was rewarded by the signature of a franco turkish pact of friend ship the turkish inhabitants of hatay subsequently managed to elect a majority in its parliament and have since engaged in drastic turkification of the entire district france reneges on syrian pledge the relinquishment of french commitments in syria raises the question of the lengths to which the west ern states are justified in going to contain germany and italy within their present territories as a manda tory power the french agreed to be responsible for seeing that no part of the territory of syria and the lebanon is ceded or leased or in any way placed under the control of a toreign power besides their outright violation of this pledge the french have also engaged in dilatory tactics postponing the achievement of self government by the syrians the treaty of 1936 has not been ratified by the french conversations last fall between the former syrian premier jamil mardam bey and french foreign minister georges bonnet resulted in modifications of the treaty designed to give greater protection to france's strategic stake in the middle east on november 14 1938 m bonnet undertook to seek ratification of the new accord in the french parlia ment by the end of january 1939 yet parliament has not acted syrian nationalists have come into sharp conflict with the french authorities and have a rioted on numerous occasions and a french declara tion accompanying the franco turkish pact now states that france will not renounce in favor of any third party the mission that it assumed in syria indicating that france may not intend to relinquish the territory to the syrian government thus the french temporarily at least have won a new friend in turkey but only by establishing dan gerous precedents they have abandoned overseas territory for a diplomatic guid pro quo they have alienated arab nationalists for years to come al though they may be able to utilize strife between turks and arabs to preserve their own position as a balancing factor in the area worse still they have given new impetus to fascist propaganda and in trigue in the arab world by means of radio the press social clubs and alleged financial aid rome and berlin are diligently fishing in the troubled waters of the east seeking to assure the arabs of their interest in the struggle for arab independence tangible proof of their efforts was afforded by the visit of khalid al hud emissary of king ibn saud of arabia to chancellor hitler over the weekend of june 18 and by subsequent semi official admissions of german support for the arab peoples if they are astute in diplomacy and mindful of the past arab leaders will play the fascist powers off against the western democracies in order to secure the best possible terms for themselves in the future but in cidents like the cession of hatay may do much to throw them into the fascist camp davin h poprper what will germany do vera micheles dean david popper and paul taylor will discuss this ques tion on thursday june 29 on the f.p.a s weekly radio broadcast over station wnyc from 8 30 to 8 45 p.m the f.p.a bookshelf air war its psychological technical and social implica tions by w o’d pierce new york modern age books 1939 50 cents brief history of the technical advances of aviation coupled with consideration of the effects of air warfare on civilian morale in the future red star over china by edgar snow new york random house 1938 3.00 a revised edition of this best seller with a new section containing an excellent analysis of the first year of the sino japanese war international law and diplomacy in the spanish civil strife by norman j padelford new york macmillan 1939 6.00 a scholarly treatment of some of the war’s outstand ing problems from the point of view of the student of in ternational law contains much valuable documentation on the development of non intervention the rise of american naval power by harold and mar garet sprout princeton princeton university press 1939 3.75 this survey of american naval policy from 1776 to 1918 admirably fills a gap which has hitherto existed in amer ican historical writing the shift from a local defense navy to a powerful long range battle fleet mirrored america’s transition from a continental to a world power adjusting your business to war by leo m cherne new york tax research institute of america 1929 6.50 information and advice to the private business man on what to expect and what to do when war comes problems of neutrality and industrial and human mobilization are discussed source book on the government of england by r k gooch new york van nostrand 1939 4.25 a comprehensive and well organized collection of docu ments concerning the english constitution and government foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 36 jung 30 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonnd leslig buell president dorothy f luger secretary vera micheles dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 181 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter sibben pebdbrig washington bureau national press building june 26 two important extensions of american foreign trade policy were announced almost simul taneously last week one was the signing in london of an anglo american agreement for the exchange of 600,000 bales of surplus american cotton for ap proximately 85,000 tons of rubber from british malaya the other was an ambitious plan sponsored by president roosevelt to lend 500,000,000 to for eign governments primarily in latin america during the next two years for the purpose of expand ing american foreign trade in competition with the subsidized export systems of totalitarian governments barter deal omits wheat and tin the barter transaction involves somewhat smaller quantities of cotton and rubber than originally an ticipated and fails to include an exchange of wheat and tin as proposed by the united states this omis sion which is regretted in washington was due partly to objections raised by canada and partly to lack of adequate storage facilities in great britain nevertheless the agreement will bring the united states a war reserve stock equal to about one fifth of its annual consumption of rubber and vill give britain a war reserve of cotton equal to less than a fourth of its normal annual consumption of this commodity the 600,000 bales of cotton valued at 30,000,000 represent something less than 6 per cent of the 11 000,000 bales surplus currently held in government warehouses in the united states both parties to the agreement are at great pains to deny that this deal bears any resemblance to the barter transactions of germany and the totalitarian states in fact the word barter is strictly banned in all official publicity washington officials insist that the transaction will not interfere in any way with ordinary commercial trade and point to the fact that the stocks will be held as reserves for a major war emergency in the absence of war each govern ment agrees not to dispose of its stocks except for rotation to prevent deterioration without consult ing the other and in no case before a date seven years after the coming into force of this agreement prices are fixed on the basis of the average market price during the period from january 1 to june 23 1939 in the case of rubber production of which is lim ited by the international rubber agreement permis sion must be obtained from the international rub ber committee to release the additional amounts re quired by the united states the british governmen agrees to use its best endeavors to secure favorable action in the case of cotton the agreement does not ex clude the possibility of an export subsidy by the united states a plan which is still favored by sec retary wallace but if the subsidy scheme should be carried out in the future the united states would be compelled to compensate britain by delivering ad ditional amounts of cotton to cover the difference in price loan plan stirs controversy the new foreign lending project announced june 22 as part of president roosevelt's plans for a vast 3,860 000,000 self liquidating loan program is still something of a mystery in washington originally drafted by a group of new deal economists headed by adolf a berle jr assistant secretary of state the project was apparently approved by the presi dent without consulting secretary hull and without regard to the views of jesse jones rfc chairman or warren lee pierson president of the export import bank who have sought to keep latin ameri can loans on an orthodox basis as might have been expected it has already encountered stormy weather in congress from what has been said by mr roosevelt it would appear that advocates of the scheme propose to combat the nazi trade drive in latin america by extending governmental credits to open wider mar kets for farm and industrial products of the united states the figure of 500,000,000 is far larger than anything yet proposed by responsible officials in washington and exceeds the total annual exports of the united states to all latin america which averaged only 470,000,000 during the period 1934 to 1938 presumably the loans would be made through the export import bank although there is nothing to indicate that the treasury and other gov ernment agencies might not be involved the congressional attitude was foreshadowed last february when congress extended the life of the export import bank until june 30 1941 but imposed a limitation of 100,000,000 on loans and obliga tions outstanding at any one time on june 24 sena tors taft and lucas joined senator borah in an at tack which cited the large dollar bond debts in default in fourteen latin american countries and denounced the plan as a repetition of the mistakes made by private investors in the twenties w t stone fc ani +os on ent ble rfs ot a in ate out an oft eri her it ose lar ted han rts ich 934 ade is ov last the sed ga at in ind kes foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y you xviii no 37 july 7 1939 f.p.a radio program continues the discussion of current world affairs broadcast by members of the f.p.a research staff over station wnyc in june will be continued in july please note that this broadcast will now take place on wednesdays from 8 45 to 9 p.m jul 24 1939 entered as second class matter december ero hhign 2 1921 at the post ae office at new york a os xy wie n y under the act a ya of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan ann arbor mich will hitler take no for an answer oe tale negotiations were opening in tokyo for settlement of the tientsin controversy the spotlight of the far flung struggle between the axis powers and the western world turned once more to europe the arrival in danzig of germans from east prussia obviously bent on staging a coup for return of the free city to the reich was one of many indications that hitler was on the point of repeating the technique he had used so successfully in austria and czecho slovakia the only question was whether britain and france would stage another munich or resist further german expansion even at the risk of precipitating a general war any attempt at predic tion in a crisis governed by irrational factors and unbridled propaganda would be foolhardy but cer tain aspects of the situation are already clear 1 the experience of 1938 definitely demonstrated that it is not in hitler’s character to take no for an answer it was therefore to be expected that the check administered to him by poland in march when warsaw declined his de mand for the return of danzig and the right to construct a motor road through the polish corridor would be coun ter checked at the earliest opportunity hitler doubtless hopes to achieve his objective by peaceful means yet he might not be reluctant to wage a local war with poland provided it did not develop into general war 2 most observers believe that poland having learned a lesson from czechoslovakia will resist with force any at tempt by germany to alter the status of danzig whatever form it may take if poland must fight germany alone without hope of western or soviet aid its chances of vic tory are regarded as extremely doubtful but if poland re sists then britain and france are pledged to give the poles all the assistance in their power unless they are induced by german propaganda and their own fear of war into arguing that poland not the reich has taken the offensive 3 it would be unrealistic on the basis of past experience to exclude the possibility of another munich so long as mr chamberlain and m bonnet remain at the helm should britain and france force poland to yield danzig as they forced czechoslovakia to surrender sudetenland it can be predicted without undue fear of contradiction that such in fluence as the western powers had regained on the continent since march will be lost beyond recall that all countries still vacillating between the two camps will stampede to the german side that europe will have to resign itself perhaps for a generation to domination by germany and that the united states will turn to a policy of continental isolation 4 indications are not lacking however that britain and france may avoid another munich germany's annexation of bohemia and moravia in obvious violation of nazi ra cial principles has undercut the arguments of french and british munichists while its vague demand for living space has frightened diehard imperialists who had been ready to sacrifice eastern europe but not anglo french colonial possessions premier daladier on june 27 lord halifax on june 29 king george and mr chamberlain on july 2 spoke as men who had no further illusions about hitler and were prepared for a military showdown if no other course was left open none of them it is true said in so many words that german action in danzig would mean war and their as sertions would have carried greater weight both in ger many and elsewhere if accompanied by a real change of government personnel such changes however may be im pending at least in britain where it is rumored that mr chamberlain will take winston churchill and anthony eden into the cabinet the recall of churchill would un doubtedly have a tonic effect especially in the u.s.s.r where this able tory is more trusted than either mr cham berlain or the laborites the pravda article of june 29 in which zhdanov soviet propaganda chief expressed grave suspicion of mr chamberlain's tactics may have been de signed to force a change in the british cabinet which would permit prompt consummation of the anglo soviet pact in cluding imposition of a guarantee on the baltic states 5 difficult as it is to forecast the actions of the western powers it is equally difficult to determine whether hitler could now retreat on danzig there seems to be little doubt that the encirclement idea has gained ground in ger many and may have counteracted the fear of war which the german people displayed last september at the same time signs of increasing nervousness especially over the country’s economic situation can be detected behind the monolithic facade of german totalitarianism the test of nerves to which europe has been subjected by hitler is double edged it cannot in the long run fail to affect the germans as much and possibly more than other peoples snes the belief that the germans might welcome some indication that the outside world was now ready to resist further sabre rattling dictated the appeal broadcast by the british labor party on july 1 this appeal taken in conjunction with poland’s deter mination to resist may merely help hitler to con vince the germans that they are being encircled on the other hand visible indications of resistance and unity on the part of the western powers may serve to break the spell cast by hitler over both germany and the world in this connection it seems a foregone conclusion that the decision of the house of representatives on june 30 to retain the auto matic arms embargo of the neutrality act save for implements of war will be interpreted in berlin as a sign that in case of a european war the united states might for a time withhold military assistance from france and britain vera micheles dean senate hits president’s money control on july 1 the president of the united states was for the first time in more than six years without power either to alter the gold value of the dollar or control currency fluctuations by means of the 2 000,000,000 stabilization fund both powers em bodied in legislation which expired on june 30 were lost as a result of the revolt which opened on mon day june 26 when a senate bloc composed of re publicans conservative democrats and a group whose interest lay in a silver subsidy voted to end the president's power over gold but continue the stabilization fund this coalition was made possible by appeasing the silver bloc with a clause raising the domestic purchase price of this metal to 77.57 cents per ounce from the existing 64.64 cent level and dis continuing treasury purchase of foreign silver an immediate counter attack was launched by the president and secretary of the treasury morgenthau both of whom insisted that the maintenance of full powers over the dollar was of vital importance to the international position of the united states par ticularly at this critical juncture in world affairs support for the administration was found in the house of representatives which on june 28 rejected the senate bill a compromise measure embodying the restoration of dollar devaluation power and the continuance of foreign silver purchases but raising the domestic silver price payable to 70.95 cents was favorably received by a conference committee the following day only a few hours before the dead line the bill reached the senate floor where it was easily blocked by a filibuster puge two before adjournment however an agreement was reached to put the president's monetary powers tp a vote at 6 p.m on july 5 and in the meantime the administration had the long holiday week end marshal its forces it is not yet clear however whether favorable action would mean the restorm tion of full monetary powers along with the rela tively minor change in the status of silver purchases or whether as the leaders of the senate revolt cop tend entirely new legislation would have to be acted on in the routine way the stabilization fund has already reverted to the general funds of the treas ury and it is the republican contention contra dicted by the attorney general that a congres sional appropriation would be necessary to restore it this struggle over the president's monetary pov ers has struck at one of the most important features of the new deal’s economic and financial structure the depreciation of the dollar was decided upon shortly after president roosevelt assumed office in 1933 to raise the general level of prices and thus relieve deflationary pressure the price raising phase of monetary policy came to an apparent halt when the dollar was fixed at 59.06 per cent of its former gold value on january 31 1934 although the presi dent retained the power until june 30 to alter its gold content to not less than 50 per cent and not more than 60 per cent of former parity this power has never been exercised but it is now revealed that its mere existence prevented further depreciation of the pound last december mean while the stabilization fund has unquestionably op erated notably since the tri partite agreement of 1936 to prevent violent currency fluctuations during a period characterized by huge and sudden interna tional capital movements removal of both forms of control over the dollar would tie the hands of the united states in any future currency depreciation race but a possible loophole is afforded by section 8 of the gold reserve act of 1934 which remains effect this section gives the secretary of the treasury broad powers to purchase gold with funds not other wise appropriated at such rates and upon such terms and conditions as he may deem most advantageous to the public interest moreover the possibility of competitive currency depreciation which is largely a question of the pound and the french franc has been considerably diminished by the evident disin clination of the western powers to alienate the united states at this critical time howarbd j trueblood foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 37 jury 7 biss 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y raymonp lusi busit president dorothy f leer secretary vera micheles dsan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year national ec st oo ee eo +id ational editor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff 2 1921 at the post subscription two dollars a year office at new york a n y under the act foreign policy association incorporated sepioh a9 of march 3 1879 test 40tt qr 8 west 40th street new york n gs er se on of sv vor xviii no 38 july 14 1939 how do present preparations for war affect the british economy for an analysis of britain’s re armament program and an examination of its con sequences for industry finance and foreign trade read the july 1 issue of foreign policy reports economic mobilization of great britain by james frederick green 25 cents entered as second class matter december general library university of michigan ann arbor mich tension eases over danzig om july 10 after albert foerster danzig nazi leader had taunted poland and proclaimed that hitler would liberate the free city prime minister chamberlain with poland’s approval warned germany against changing danzig’s status by unilateral action organized by surreptitious methods this new british statement intended to dispel any doubts which might still linger in berlin and warsaw regarding the scope of britain’s pledge to poland measures the extent to which mr cham berlain has moved away from his appeasement pol icy the concessions he has successively made to the peace front idea however fall short of including winston churchill in his cabinet allegedly because this appointment would be interpreted in germany as a sign that britain had abandoned all hope of negotiating a settlement with the reich the anglo soviet deadlock remains unbroken but britain’s de termination to bolster up its eastern european allies was reafirmed on july 6 when it was proposed to increase government guarantees of export credits for non commercial purposes from 10,000,000 to 60,000,000 these credits will be used to facilitate purchases of war material and supplies by poland rumania greece and other countries simultane ously it was announced that british airplanes would visit brussels on july 9 and paris on bastille day july 14 the british cabinet thus indicated its readi ness to combat germany not only with military means but with the weapons of propaganda and economic assistance hitler has found so valuable a balkan axis the rome berlin axis meanwhile has lost no time in seeking to expand its scope in advance of a conflict the bulgarian premier george kiosseivanoff was acclaimed in berlin on july 5 when the german press voiced its sympathy for bulgaria’s revisionist claims against rumania and greece both of which have received unilateral guarantees from britain the nazis ap parently hope to create a little axis in the balkans composed of hungary bulgaria and yugoslavia to counterbalance the balkan entente formed in 1934 when turkey greece rumania and yugoslavia agreed to maintain the status quo while bulgaria declined to join the balkan entente at that time it markedly improved its relations with yugoslavia and in 1938 by the pact of salonika agreed not to alter the balkan status quo by force as compensa tion for support of germany hungary would pre sumably recover transylvania and the banat ac quired by rumania in 1920 bulgaria would receive the dobruja from rumania and some territory from greece and yugoslavia would be offered the greek port of salonika now that britain has given guar antees to rumania and greece hungary and bul garia fear that they may not obtain revision of their frontiers unless they play hitler's game both coun tries moreover are increasingly dependent on the reich which now that it has absorbed austria and czechoslovakia takes over half of their exports of foodstuffs and raw materials yet the revisionist claims of hungary and bulgaria might injure yugo slavia which has hungarian and bulgarian minori ties within its borders and the chief concern of both bulgaria and yugoslavia for the present at least is to maintain their neutrality against encroachments by all great powers south tyrol agreement at the other end of the mediterranean count ciano italian for eign minister accompanied by an imposing diplo matic and military mission is paying a visit to spain where he may negotiate a military alliance with general franco some observers however believe that the rome berlin axis may prefer to leave spain nominally neutral so that under cover of neutral ity it could assist them without fear of retaliation by france and britain as it helped the central powers during the world war meanwhile one possible source of friction between italy and germany was removed on july 8 when the two countries agreed on the gradual transfer to germany of 200,000 german speaking austrians and about 10,000 ger mans from the south tyrol surrendered to italy by austria in 1919 according to this agreement the german speaking population of the south tyrol may choose either to return to germany including austria or to become loyal italians permitting italianization of the frontier region along the brenner this transfer will not only provide ger many with the agricultural labor it lacks but like the greco turkish exchange of population in 1924 may point the way to solution of similar problems in eastern and southeastern europe the interesting thing is that in this case the nazis have com promised on their concept of blood and soil by removing their german racial brethren to the reich but leaving the soil to italy and have sacri ficed the slogan of living space to the necessity of remaining on good terms with italy the italian press which had been very reserved during the danzig crisis has now defined the price at which peace might be bought by the western powers the price includes cession of danzig the polish corridor and former german colonies to germany of tunisia djibouti the suez canal and malta to italy and of gibraltar to spain on these terms the fascist powers would be ready to guaran tee peace this obvious build up for another munich is bound to continue as long as hitler and mussolini believe that the western powers are merely going through the motions of resistance the out come of the present test of nerves which so far has worked to the advantage of poland and its western allies will depend on the determination of france and britain to resist any attempt peaceful or otherwise to dismember small states while leaving the door open to a negotiated settlement the danger of the european situation is not so much that hitler wants war it still seems evident that he would pre fer to obtain his objectives by peaceful means but that he may not believe france and britain mean business until he has brought them to military action vera micheles dean general mccoy succeeds mr buell the board of directors of the foreign policy association announces with pleasure the appoint ment of major general frank ross mccoy u.s.a retired as president of the association general page two mccoy who will take over his new duties in tember succeeds raymond leslie buell who resigned on july 1 mr buell will continue as a member of the board in general mccoy the association has chosen man of wide practical experience in international affairs who is recognized as one of america’s mog distinguished soldier diplomats while serving cop tinuously in the army for forty years gener mccoy held many non military offices and headed important diplomatic missions in which he demop strated outstanding qualities of statesmanship few american officers have performed more dis tinguished services than general mccoy or had wider experience in civil or colonial administration and in foreign affairs following his graduation from west point in 1897 he began his career when the united states was entering a new period in its his tory his first service was in cuba where he had charge of fiscal and budgetary affairs of the new republic before he was 25 years old a few years later he went to the philippines with general wood to serve as engineer and as secretary of the mor province he was personal aide to president theo dore roosevelt and later to secretary of war taft after the world war general mccoy was as signed to many important missions in different parts of the world in 1921 he returned to the philippines with the wood forbes mission to make a study of the situation in the islands in 1923 he went to japan to help in restoring normal life after the great earth quake in 1927 secretary of state stimson chose him to supervise the nicaragua elections a difficult task which he performed with tact and understanding in 1929 general mccoy served as chairman of the commission of inquiry and conciliation for settle ment of the chaco dispute between bolivia and paraguay in 1932 he was appointed a member of the lytton commission which was sent to manchuria by the league of nations a notable tribute to his peace services was paid by princeton university which conferred on him the honorary degree of doctor of laws on june 20 for his contribution to the cause of international good will and the peaceful settlement of international disputes in commenting editorially on general mccoy’s appointment the new york times de clared forty years in the army only broadened his experience as colonial and civil administrator and developed those qualities of statesmanship and diplo matic perception which fit him admirably for his new post foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 38 jury 14 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dornotuy f leer secretary vera michetes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year qa national +sned t of con taft darts ines y of pan arth task ling the ttle and rt of ria paid 1 the for onal eral de 1 his and iplo ational editor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xviii no 39 europe’s diplomatic tug of war by vera micheles dean how would europe line up in case of war this report summarizes the new european align ments and analyzes the official commitments on which they rest july 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents july 21 1939 jul 26 1939 second class matter december genera l library office at new york univ of migh n under the act of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan ann mich arbor britain prepares for a showdown uring the ominous quiet that has prevailed in europe for the past several weeks statesmen and soldiers appear to be setting the stage for another september melodrama the rome berlin axis is tenta tively advancing its demands seeking allies and testing the nerves of its opponents in almost exactly the same fashion as last year after albert foerster danzig nazi leader had conferred with herr hitler at berchtesgaden on july 13 forty german army trucks and 1,000 boys from the hitler youth organ ization were reported to have entered the free city the british polish alliance was reinforced on july 17 when the inspector general of british overseas forces major general sir edmund ironside arrived in warsaw for staff conversations and frontier inspections meanwhile the visit of the italian foreign min ister count ciano to spain apparently did not result in an open military alliance as general franco de clared in a press interview that spain would be neutral in wartime unless its vital interests were affected and would remain independent of germany and italy no explanation was offered for the evacua tion of the german speaking population in the prov ince of bolzano where all foreigners have been ordered to leave immediately the resistance of the italianized austrians many of whose families have inhabited the south tyrol for generations was re ported to have resulted in considerable bloodshed there was likewise no confirmation for the many reports that italy had leased the former austrian port of trieste to germany for ten years in order to strengthen the strategic position of the axis and facili tate german commerce british rearmament great britain has emphasized the reversal in policy that occurred since germany's occupation of prague on march 15 following prime minister chamberlain’s address of july 11 filling the gaps in the guarantee of poland the government sent more than 100 bombing planes on a 1,200 mile return trip across france on bastile day july 14 british and french troops were re viewed in paris by the british war minister mr leslie hore belisha and the chief of the imperial staff lord gort the government introduced a sup plementary arms budget on july 13 raising the april estimates of 630 million to almost 730 million or 82 per cent more than last year and bringing the ex pected deficit for 1939 1940 to over 480 million in contrast to last summer when the british post poned naval mobilization until the last minute and were admittedly unprepared to defend london the government expects to have almost a million men under arms during august and september while announcing special army and air force maneuvers the government is calling up the territorials and reserves during this critical period and summoning the first group of 30,000 conscripts for their six months training a test mobilization of the‘navy will take place in early august when over 12,000 reserve officers and men and 60 vessels will be added to the home fleet for the summer review and north sea maneuvers airplane production now estimated at 750 planes per month is believed at present to be surpassing germany's in both quantity and quality whether these elaborate diplomatic and military precautions will deter the axis powers from attempt ing another peaceful conquest this summer depends on two factors diplomatic and political that re main as yet uncertain the soviet british alliance without which britain and france cannot hope to intimidate their opponents is still conspicuous by its absence despite months of negotiation in addition to disagreement over such specific issues as guaran tees for the baltic states the delay has resulted in part from soviet distrust of british good faith e ee fe despite a constant clamor in the press mr chamber lain has refused to invite into his cabinet any of the dissident conservatives churchill eden and duff cooper who represent at home and abroad a policy of no unilateral concessions the prime minister apparently hesitates to take this vital step both be cause he dislikes to close the door completely on germany and to reorganize his government the cabinet is hardly large enough particularly in an election year for both chamberlain and churchill or for simon hoare and eden although the present term of parliament does not expire until november 1940 mr chamberlain is expected to call a general election in october or november of this year providing that his diplomatic and military policies have eliminated the possibility of war meanwhile lord halifax is being widely mentioned as a desirable prime minister in a new coalition of younger and more active leaders james frederick green neutrality stalemate president roosevelt's message to congress on july 14 transmitting a final plea for neutrality re vision by secretary hull has failed to break the stalemate accentuated last week by the 12 to 11 vote of the senate foreign relations committee deferring all consideration of neutrality legislation until the next session of congress barring an overwhelming expression of public opinion in support of the ad ministration’s demand for repeal of the arms em bargo it is likely that congress will adjourn without further action the situation created by this impasse is embar rassing to the administration and possibly dangerous to the best interests of the united states it is em barrassing to the administration because it repre sents a direct blow to the executive foreign policy pursued by the president and the state department for the past six months it is dangerous because it widens the gap between the legislative and executive branches of the government at a time when unity and consistency in foreign relations are sorely needed since the president’s opening message to congress in january the executive foreign policy pursued by the administration has rested on four basic convic tions 1 that there is a grave danger of general war in europe 2 that the vital interests of the united states will be jeopardized if war comes 3 that the best if not the only way of keeping the united states out of such a war is to make its out break less likely and 4 that the surest method of page two prevention is to convince potential aggressors thy they cannot afford to ignore the economic and finap cial influence of the united states which may used against them these convictions were reiterate by secretary hull in his statement last week afte citing points of agreement and disagreement op american foreign policy mr hull declared that th arms embargo not only plays into the hands of thos nations which have taken the lead in building up their fighting power but works directly against the ip terests of peace loving nations despite the fact that party politics have undouly edly influenced the attitude of congress the reaction following mr hull’s appeal demonstrated again that congress has never fully accepted the executive thesis that a balance of power policy is necessary tp defend the vital interests of the united states or js capable of preventing war in europe the first action of the senate foreign relations committee after its postponement of neutrality legislation was to delay action on a resolution introduced by senator pitt man authorizing an embargo on war materials t japan the same majority which blocked repeal of the arms embargo succeeded in postponing considera tion of the pittman resolution by a move to request secretary hull’s opinion on whether a prohibition on exports to japan would violate the treaty of amity and commerce signed by the two nations in 1911 dangers of impasse the danger of the present impasse in the opinion of many impartial observers is not only that it widens the breach be tween congress and the executive but that it may even increase the likelihood of american involvement in war by refusing to repeal the arms embargo con gress has not shaken the convictions of the president or altered the objectives of the state department although it has made the position of the executive more difficult the executive policy will continue with or without congressional support but if war should break out and the arms embargo should then be repealed the united states would be charged with unneutral action and exposed to reprisals which might easily involve the country in hostilities while it may not be possible to secure action on neutrality legislation at this session there are many compelling reasons for establishing a more effective basis for cooperation between the legislative and executive branches of the government such a basis might yet be found in a suggestion for a joint con gressional executive committee to report to the next session of congress w t stone foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 39 juty 21 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotruy f leer secretary vera michgtes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year ae 181 f p a membership five dollars a year sin +ssors that reiterated eek afte ement op d that the ds of those 1g up the nst the ip undoubr 1e feaction ited again executive scessary to tates or js first action e after its s to delay rator pitt aterials to repeal of considera to request srohibition y of amity n 1911 er of the impartial reach be lat it may volvement argo con president partment executive continue ut if war ould then irged with als which s action on are many e effective ative and ch a basis joint con the next stone ed national dean editor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xviii no 40 july 28 19389 europe’s diplomatic tug of war by vera micheles dean how would europe line up in case of war this report summarizes the new european align ments and analyzes the official commitments on which they rest july 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents mott class mateer december 2 1921 at the post office at new york brion n y under the act of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan ann arbor wich britain beats strategic retreat in far east onfronted by a direct japanese attack on its interests in china the british government has waged a diplomatic rear guard action to mod erate or delay its retreat from an exposed position which for the moment at least has become unten able the immediate crisis arose from a british jap anese dispute at tientsin where the japanese have been blockading the british and french concessions since june 14 not until july 15 did japanese foreign minister hachiro arita and sir robert leslie craigie british ambassador at tokyo commence discussions to determine the scope of negotiations on the points at issue and the conference dealing with the tientsin problem proper began only on july 24 british japanese agreement on the same day the text of the basic accord under which future negotiations will be conducted was announced in london britain recognizes that in china hostil ities on a large scale are in progress during the course of which the japanese forces in china have special requirements for the purpose of safeguarding their own security and maintaining public order in the regions under their control and have to sup press or remove any such acts or causes as will ob struct them or benefit their enemy the british gov ernment has no intention of countenancing any acts or measures prejudicial to the attainment of the above mentioned objects by the japanese forces this broad and ambiguous phraseology appears to represent the thin edge of the wedge whereby japan hopes to oust foreign interests from china by grant ing virtual belligerent rights to the japanese forces in the regions under their control the british ap pear to have assented to all japanese supervision over western activities in china based on military neces sity a pretext already stretched to extreme lengths by japanese apologists during the past few weeks tokyo has obviously been striving to force the british hand before the deadlock in europe is resolved japan’s ultimate aim is open british recognition of the new order in east asia which is tantamount to acknowledgment of supreme japanese control over china and cessation of financial and material assistance to the chiang kai shek régime to impress britain with the advis ability of submission japanese authorities have whipped up anti british sentiment at home by attri buting the long drawn out hostilities in china to british obstructionism this maneuver culminated in a hostile demonstration before the british embassy in tokyo on july 14 in china british face has been impaired by continued indignities against brit ish subjects chinese mobs have been incited to attack british property and an anti british boycott move ment is encouraged japanese have hinted that failure to reach an agreement would lead tokyo to join the other anti comintern powers in a military alliance japan exploits west’s disunity under the circumstances the british tactics are to strive for localization of the tientsin dispute and other issues at stake as long as their attention is centered on danzig neither britain nor france both of whose in terests are in jeopardy can counter the japanese drive by threat of military or economic action weak as it is moreover the position of the western euro powers in the orient has been still further under mined by events in the united states the defeat of the roosevelt administration’s neutrality legislation interpreted abroad as an isolationist victory was fol lowed on july 21 by the polite refusal of secretary hull to testify before the senate foreign relations committee on the pittman resolution providing for an embargo on the export of essential war supplies to japan at the same time secretary hull declined to commit the administration on the desirability of giving japan the requisite six months notice for de nunciation of the commercial treaty of 1911 a less drastic procedure suggested in a resolution intro duced by senator vandenberg on july 18 on the other hand complications in another quar ter may have served to prevent the japanese ion posing too directly their essential demand for relin quishment of all western rights and privileges in china serious difficulties have once more arisen with the u.s.s.r with whom the japanese are involved in two separate localities while desultory fighting continues in the khalka river district on the man chukuo outer mongolia frontier the soviets have conducted a series of air raids against railway centers far inside the manchukuo border which appear to have sobered the kwantung army officers for the mo ment soviet japanese relations have concurrently been strained by a threat to confiscate japanese operated coal and oil concessions in the northern or soviet half of sakhalin where the soviet authorities have levied large fines against the concessionaires for alleged violation of labor union contracts davw h popper chamberlain denies appeasement plan while announcing his new agreement with japan prime minister chamberlain denied on july 24 that he intended to revive his appeasement policy by of fering a large loan to germany rumors of such an offer had arisen during the past few days as a result of conversations between mr robert s hudson sec retary of the department of overseas trade and dr helmuth wohlthat economic adviser to the german government who was in london ostensibly to attend an international whaling conference according to the reports of mr hudson’s proposal germany would receive a large credit in return for restoring its national economy to a peace time basis withdraw ing from czechoslovakia and negotiating an agree ment with regard to limitation of armaments and di vision of export markets mr hudson who was re ported to have offered his resignation admitted that he had discussed the project with dr wohlthat but without any authorization from the cabinet the british government meanwhile continued its policy of furnishing financial assistance to its allies on the continent considerable conflict arose over the precise terms of the 5,000,000 credit to poland the british insist particularly as a precedent for im pending loans to other countries that all of the sum be spent in great britain the poles desiring to se cure military equipment as quickly as possible pre fer to spend part of the fund in the united states and other countries although colonel adam koc head page two t of the polish financial mission in london has threg ened several times to return to warsaw it is probable that he will not secure complete freedom in spendin the credit meanwhile the regent of yugoslavia prince paul and the president of the bulgarian pay liament stoitche mochanoff both visited london lay week presumably seeking some share in britain's large scale loans and export credit guarantees both the hudson wohlthat episode and the fric tion over the polish loan tend to underscore the cur rent uncertainty regarding the european peag front and to encourage new distrust of britain's de termination to resist german expansion as negotia tions between london and moscow continue to pro duce no alliance new reports appear concerning the possibility of a german soviet commercial agreement in addition to improving the trade relations of these two countries which in many ways have comple mentary economies such a treaty might prove the first step toward a political rapprochement providing for spheres of influence in eastern europe and giving germany a freer hand in the west strife in danzig failure to conclude a brit ish soviet alliance greatly increases the chance for germany’s annexation of danzig through use of in timidation similar to that employed during the su detenland crisis last summer the danzig political police corresponding to the german gestapo have arrested scores of citizens including twenty social ists who were charged on july 19 with conspiring with a foreign power presumably poland and preparing to bomb bridges and government build ings on the following day a polish soldier was killed by a danzig customs guard at the frontier vil lage of postelau a further encounter between polish and danzig customs officers occurred near rebben berg on july 24 while numerous minor skirmishes were reported in the danzig harbor districts over four thousand extra police were said to be patrolling the free city where terrorism political arrests and demonstrations in favor of german rule appeared to be increasing german spokesmen continue to declare that no compromise is possible concerning danzig while intimating that british mediation would be pre ferable to war these developments provide an ominous parallel to the events of last summer whet local friction nazi intransigence and anglo french hesitation combined to destroy czechoslovakia the future of poland dependent upon its corridor to the baltic will likewise be determined by the decisions of its enemies and its friends regarding a minor border area james frederick green foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 40 jury 28 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leer secretary vera micheltes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 f p a membership five dollars a year a national two dollars a year vol +reat able avia lage ain’s fric eace s de otia pro y the nent these nple ding ving brit for f in itical have cial iring and uild was t vil olish ben ishes lling and ed to clare nzig pre afl when the the sions ninor en lational editor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xviii no 41 aucust 4 1939 in quest of empire by walter consuelo langsam a terse and timely summary of the colonial question by a leading american historian illustrated with 14 maps and charts by emil herlin there is more information packed in this 90 page pamphlet than in certain books on the subject american observer headline books no 19 1 23 conls aug 1 1020 2 1921 at the post off new yi periodical roum n t eae pog genbral library of march 3 1879 univ of mich general library university of michigan ann arbor mich u.s denounces trade h treaty with japan b substituting positive action for the long series of futile protest notes to japan secretary hull’s denunciation of the japanese american commercial treaty of 1911 may well mark an important turning point in the far eastern crisis as this treaty pro vided for reciprocal most favored nation treatment in matters of commerce and navigation it constituted a technical barrier to the institution of trade reprisals against japan official japanese reactions clearly in dicate the gravity attached to the american move by tokyo which has consistently discounted the possi bility of substantial efforts to curb the sale of united states war materials to japan prospects for further action no new moves appear imminent since the state department apparently intends to await termination of the treaty on january 26 1940 before deciding its future course on the other hand denunciation of the treaty will necessarily exert an immediate effect on the far eastern situation it places japan in its relations with the united states on six months probation within this period japan must decide whether it can safely continue to ride roughshod over american rights and interests in china statements by mr hull and mr morgenthau have already indicated that unless jap anese policy is altered definite american reprisals will be in order executive acts might include sus pension of treasury purchases of japanese gold or imposition of countervailing duties on japanese goods behind these lies possible authorization by the next congress of an embargo on japan’s pur chases of war materials in the american market despite assertions to the contrary in tokyo the state department's action undoubtedly commands general support in the united states popular senti ment as reflected in a gallup poll taken in july would evidently favor immediate imposition of eco nomic penalties against japan in congress a number of isolationist senators who opposed the adminis tration’s effort to revise the neutrality act have ap plauded secretary hull’s denunciation of the jap anese american commercial treaty a resolution placed before the senate foreign relations commit tee by senator vandenberg indeed had pro such a move and obviously encouraged the state de partment to act at this time senator borah himself has suggested that an embargo on arms shipments to japan should be imposed at once although he did not specify whether his definition of arms includes such commodities as scrap iron and petroleum or cov ers merely finished munitions a vital distinction effects on anglo japanese negotia tions the state department’s action will obvious ly serve to strengthen britain’s hand in the delicate anglo japanese negotiations now being conducted at tokyo while the american move has the inci dental effect of showing up the partial british surrender to japan’s demands it may eventually tip the scales against complete surrender in the far east the customary results of an appeasement policy are already manifest in china where the jap anese army is now proceeding to force the wholesale evacuation of british nationals from the northern provinces under threat of physical attack british nationals have already been forced to evacuate kai feng and taiyuan similar pressure is currently being exerted against british residents in tsinan taku tsangchow and other north china cities application of such measures hardly tends to facil itate the negotiations at tokyo where the practical significance of the craigie arita formula is being hammered out the essential point at issue is the scope of the japanese demands in view of the amer ican stand the chamberlain government might have difficulty in carrying the british public along with it on much more than some modus vivendi for policing e page twe the foreign concessions british support for the jap anese red currency in china which would in volve eventual elimination of the western trader has not yet been granted if this demand is strongly pressed by japan britain may decide that the time to call a halt to concessions has come in such case the logical step would be denunciation of the anglo japanese commercial treaty thus again aligning brit ish and american policies in the far east japan's hopes for a decisive military victory in china have been dimmed by the united states action in denouncing the trade treaty chinese morale has received a fillip that will stiffen determination to re sist the japanese invasion even more strongly during the next six months at the end of that period if not before japan must face the definite possibility of being cut off from access to its american arsenal such a result would go far toward defeating japan’s effort to subjugate the chinese people t a bisson party strife in franco spain despite its weakness and disorganization after two and one half years of civil war spain has remained since general franco's victory last february an im portant pawn in the diplomacy of the great powers germany and italy anticipate a paramount share in the economic reconstruction of the country as well as spanish assistance or benevolent neutrality in event of war great britain and france hope to employ their greater capital resources in regaining spanish good will and counteracting axis influence in the western mediterranean spain’s reaction to these overtures whether in peace or war depends to a con siderable extent upon the outcome poewd strife inevitable after a long revolution within the franco government thus far general franco has sought to hold a balance between the two main groups supporting his rule the falangists blue shirted fascists who advo cate a corporative state and close collaboration with italy and the monarchists composed of landown ers nobility and many army and church leaders who are themselves divided by the claims of former king alfonso xiii his son prince juan and prince carlos of hapsburg general franco has recently de posed several outstanding monarchists including general queipo de llano military governor of seville and general juan yagiie commander of the moroccan army corps but has met their demands by refraining thus far from a step rumored to be im minent appointment of his pro italian brother in law serrano sufier as premier with almost unlimited powers although renewed strife among these cop of flicting cliques is reported it is likely that genera oe franco will continue to reconcile them by compro yah mise measures s the problem of reconstruction little progress has apparently been made in the vital vot tasks of reconstruction although a large portion of the army has already been demobilized military lay ra prevails in the large cities transportation and com munication are still severely hampered and both domestic and foreign trade remain at low levels the cost of living especially of food is reported to have risen rapidly during recent months partly as a result of severe increases in taxation on july 30 in an ef fort to speed up reconstruction the franco govem ment decreed that all men between 18 and 50 mug henceforth work fifteen days each year for the state without pay meanwhile the trial and execution of loyalist leaders and supporters have continued al though reports vary as to the numbers involved pro fessor julian besteiro 69 year old socialist president of the cortes in 1931 was sentenced on july 10 t thirty years imprisonment rehabilitation of the national currency greatly in flated by the paper money of both factions has been aided by the decree of a paris court which on july 26 ordered the return of 39,730,000 in gold stored in french banks as a result of this action general franco has agreed to take back at least 50,000 of the 300,000 republican refugees now living in concentra tion camps along the french frontier an american court on the other hand dismissed the plea of the franco government for the recovery of 6,450,000 in silver coins which the republican government had sold in the united states additional loyalist money total ing 47,700,000 in gold has been shipped to mexico city where a bank will be established to finance the settlement of spanish refugees this project was launched in paris where during a meeting of the republican cabinet indalecio prieto socialist lead er defeated the proposals of former premier negrin that the fund should be conserved for a counter revo lution and succeeded in ousting dr negrin from office james frederick green the menacing sun by mona gardner new york har court brace co 1939 2.50 a first hand picture of the little known countries ot southeastern asia which lie in the path of japan’s south ward expansion the author’s travel experiences in french i indo china malaya the dutch east indies and india are combined with excellent political and economic analyses and sympathetic studies of the conditions of the people its graphic treatment and fascinating style give it all the charm of a novel foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 41 aucust 4 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y franx ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micueces dean eéitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year zp 181 f p a membership five dollars a year +2h subscription two dollars a year go nee p wy w foreign policy association incorporated 9 8 west 40th street new york n y i in bb8 it foreign policy bulletin an int ion of current international events by the research staff rita vou xviii no 42 avucustt 11 1939 aug 16 1930 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 l ay ibrar a raw material resources of latin america general lib y om by howard j trueblood university of michigan 0th what are the raw material resources of latin america this survey analyzes them from the standpoint of present whav hichticafi the production and future potentialities and deals with the ann arbor michiga lave important questions of control and markets particular sult attention is paid to commodities of strategic significance ef to the united states l ef em august 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents nuust 1 of ra europe prepares for a crisis al parliament has adjourned until pro october 3 and prime minister chamberlain dent has retired to his retreat in scotland no relaxa 9 tion in international tension is expected the british are vigilant and determined not to be caught nap yi ping mr chamberlain sent parliament on vaca een tion over the vigorous protests of a considerable y 26 group of conservatives as well as the customary din labor and liberal opposition the vote against ad eral journment might have been still larger in the absence the of encouraging reports from the fields of armament tra and diplomacy current airplane production is tea reported to be surpassing that of the reich the the number of warships under construction this year 0 constitutes an all time record and only recently on sold august 2 the government made public its plan to otal build 180 more small vessels largely to combat the xi menace of submarine warfare the negotiations for the an alliance with the soviet union moreover received was new impetus by an announcement on july 31 that ss an imposing anglo french military mission was be ing sent to moscow for conversations with the soviet srl general staff on the danzig conflict it is too early to say that these developments have minimized the pros pects for war this autumn the conflict over danzig har is dangerously acute with both sides occupying such itreconcilable positions that no retreat is possible 8 at without irreparable loss of prestige hitler stands definitely committed to bring the danzig population are home to the reich and poland is just as resolutely lyses determined to resist any change in the status of the opie free city nor is there any equivocation this time in the franco british pledges to support poland the situation in danzig seems to be heading rapidly to siow ward a crisis the city has been militarized to a large degree barracks have been erected considerable quantities of men and arms smuggled in and prep arations made to bring in german troops in order to head off a possible polish occupation it is doubtful whether poland can long tolerate the present developments in danzig without being confronted in the end with a fait accompli its own economic and financial situation may also compel decisive action in the near future a poor country like poland cannot indefinitely maintain one million men under arms without serious drain on its re sources while the polish government has received a british credit of 8,163,000 for the purchase of war materials this amount represents only a small fraction of its current arms expenditures moreover the poles have so far been unable to obtain an addi tional gold loan of 5,000,000 which is badly needed to bolster the zloty in the face of this situation the renewed fillip given the anglo french negotiations with russia be comes extremely important without soviet aid it would be almost impossible to save poland from being overrun by the german army or to cut the reich off from the supply of swedish iron ore so indispensable to its war economy the departure of the anglo french military mission for moscow on august 5 indicates at least that the soviet govern ment is still interested in the formation of an anti aggression front and that britain has finally yielded to moscow’s desire for the simultaneous conclusion of military and political accords at the same time however william strang the british foreign office expert is returning home from moscow after seven weeks negotiations without having removed the ob stacles in the way of a political agreement the chief and apparently only difficulty is still the definition of indirect aggression moscow envisages the possibility of gradual german infiltration in the baltic states which might make these countries satel lites of the reich and possible bases for an attack on russia while the british government recognizes this danger it wants to define more precisely the exact circumstances under which action to ward off indirect aggression would be warranted the settle ment of this question is particularly difficult because all the baltic countries are united in resisting pro tective measures by any combination of powers which would impair their independence and make them mere pawns in the european struggle for power germany’s dilemma meanwhile the reich is in a quandary the nazi leaders must realize that events are no longer playing into their hands faced with the prospect that britain and france will increasingly outstrip german armament pro duction the government may consider this fall the best time to strike the reich’s industrial labor and fiscal reserves are approaching exhaustion and there are many signs of economic deterioration even if a collapse can hardly be expected yet within limits the reich still has the advantage of being able to select the time and direction of its next ad vance it may try to confound its opponents by let ting september pass without a major crisis and then unleash a surprise offensive later in the fall again it may decide that the polish issue is too hot to handle for the moment and turn its attention to the balkans where only two countries have received a british guarantee and the waters are troubled enough to provide good fishing there is as yet no assur ance that the jugoslav regent will approve the re cent provisional agreement to settle the conflict between serbs and croats which has long menaced the internal unity of jugoslavia and the croat leader dr matchek has threatened to invoke the help of germany unless the issue is settled once and for all in hungary the nazis and the government are.at odds and it may not be long before the for mer also send an appeal to berlin that the road of german economic expansion is still open in south eastern europe was illustrated only recently by the signature of two agreements providing for german collaboration in the exploitation of rumania’s forestry and agricultural resources despite its cur rent difficulties germany still hopes to find ways and means to extend its lebensraum john c dewilde british appeasement at tokyo prime minister chamberlain’s cautious reply to mr noel baker’s interpellation on the far east can hardly be reassuring to those members of parlia ment who have been demanding a stronger stand page two ccomernaaeecat in the tokyo negotiations the casual reference tp the remote possibility of a dispatch of the british fleet to far eastern waters was made in a contey designed to indicate the unlikelihood of such action obviously the whole british fleet cannot be sent ty the far east but the combined anglo french navig would appear strong enough to permit some strength ening of the present weak forces at singapore and hongkong by openly stressing the defenselessnes of the british position in the far east mr cham berlain has played into the hands of the more reck less japanese army elements in china his speech was delivered on august 4 two days later japanese air raiders destroyed two british steamers in the yangtze river near ichang since the steamers were moored several miles below ichang at a recognized anchorage for foreign shipping the attack can hardly be defended as accidental meanwhile the blockade of the foreign concessions at tientsin has again been tightened and the general effort to drive british nationals from north china has continued mr chamberlain’s speech made when parliament was preparing to adjourn for two months raises im portant questions concerning the future course of the anglo japanese negotiations at tokyo it tends to confirm previous reports that the four chinese suspects whom the japanese wish to place on trial in the puppet régime’s courts will be surrendered by the british authorities in the ultimate settlement additional terms not yet fully disclosed indicate that the japanese will also be admitted to a share in the policing of the british concession at tientsin there is no sign that these agreements have been utilized to win japanese concessions on the important silver and currency issues at stake in the negotiations the japanese negotiators are still demanding that the british hand over the chinese government's silver held in tientsin to the puppet authorities at peiping and that the british cooperate in supporting the japanese sponsored currency in north china de cision on these issues must be reached within the next few weeks was mr chamberlain preparing the members of parliament for an eventual sur render on the currency question at no point in his address was there a specific disavowal of that pos sibility he made it clear moreover that the british government has no immediate intention of abrogat ing the anglo japanese commercial treaty and thus aligning itself with the united states in practical measures to secure japanese respect for foreiga rights and interests in china t a bisson foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 42 august 11 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary vera micheltes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year national fc vol if +e to tish text t to vies ness am nese vere ized rive rdly cade ain foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xviii no 43 aucust 18 1939 ee germany’s colonial claims in africa by paul b taylor should germany’s former colonies be returned to her or are other alternatives possible this report weighs the justice of the german claims against the opposing views of the mandatory powers august 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 ane 9 9 1920 genera wwsorary university of michigan ann arbor mich axis drive shifts to southeast t he meagre reports on the three day conversations between the italian and german foreign min isters which ended on august 13 have done little to relieve the current uncertainty in europe the length of the talks and the fact that repeated consultation with the fuehrer and i duce proved necessary sug gest only that italy and germany may not see eye to eye on their future course of action while the italian press continues to stress the identity of views between the two allies the rome government is apparently very reluctant to become involved in war at this moment it realizes that much of the warfare would center in the mediterranean where italy would have to bear the brunt of a joint attack by france britain and turkey germany on the other hand would be much less exposed and could carry the initial fighting to poland the danzig conflict adjourned un der these circumstances count ciano and joachim von ribbentrop may have discussed possibilities of shifting their attention to southeastern europe where an advance is less likely to precipitate war available evidence indicates that germany also may consider the danzig nut too hard to crack for the moment the speech delivered on august 10 by albert forster the danzig nazi leader immediately after his return from a conference with hitler certainly suggested that the german government is not yet prepared to take decisive measures moreover the danzig au thorities beat a hasty retreat after poland had threat ened to prevent the execution of an order barring polish customs inspectors from the danzig east prussia frontier the danzig government is now ap parently trying to reach some peaceful adjustment of the many customs disputes which have marred rela tions with warsaw while germany may avoid war like provocations it will unquestionably keep up a policy of steady pressure against poland in the hope that warsaw will crack under the strain and even tually consent to negotiate hungary and yugoslavia hard pressed meanwhile the reich aims to encircle poland from the south by linking hungary to the rome berlin axis when count csaky the hungarian foreign minister visited von ribbentrop at salzburg on august 8 he seems to have been told that berlin fully expects budapest to join the german italian military alliance while the hungarians dislike the germans and have been on good terms with the poles they may have no alternative but to accept the ger man demand without a guarantee of assistance from france and britain resistance would be suicidal the reich absorbs the greater part of hungary's exports of grain and livestock and could thus easily apply the economic screws by supporting the hungarian nazis and the german minority numbering 500,000 it can continue to create countless difficulties for the buda pest government the exploitation of agrarian dis content in a country where one third of the land is in huge estates constitutes another method of exert ing political pressure in return for compliance with its demands berlin can hold out to budapest the bait of additional territorial gains at the expense of rumania yugoslavia the richest state in southeastern eu rope and the strategic gateway to the balkans is also coveted by germany caught between italy and ger many this country has striven to maintain its neu trality without daring to accept a guarantee from france and britain according to rumors circulated last week the rome berlin axis has demanded that belgrade commit itself to a policy of benevolent neutrality in the event of war yugoslavia would be compelled to furnish facilities for the trans portation of troops and war material across its terri tory to rumania bulgaria and the dardanelles the a belgrade government may appeal for aid to london and paris but its ability to obtain assistance and resist the rome berlin axis is seriously jeopardized by the unsatisfied demands of five million croats for auton omy within yugoslavia under pressure from the serb general staff and the serb bureaucracy prince paul the regent appears again to have rejected the agreement recently negotiated by premier cvetko vitch with the croat leader dr matchek while the latter is unlikely to carry out his threat to invoke german intervention the croats may well follow the precedent set by the slovaks in czechoslovakia and refuse to lift a hand to save yugoslavia from dis integration john c dewilde u.s urges mexican oil settlement the long standing dispute between the mexican government and the oil companies entered a new phase on august 14 when acting secretary of state welles intervened with a statement urging settle ment shortly after expropriation of the foreign owned properties in march 1938 secretary hull in sisted that mexico give prompt adequate and effec tive compensation for the properties but negotia tions looking toward a settlement have been left mainly to the parties involved mr welles has now revealed however that the recent proposal to place the properties under the administration of a nine man board originated in the state department this board was to have been composed of three representa tives of the mexican government three members se lected by the oil companies and three neutral mem bers not of mexican american british or dutch nationality chosen from a panel agreed upon by the american and mexican governments although the plan first appeared to have the support of the mex ican government it was rejected flatly by the oil com panies and the long negotiations threatened to end in a complete deadlock the intervention by the state department is designed to keep negotiations open and in a larger sense prevent aggravation of a con flict which endangers friendly relations between the united states and mexico fear that the refusal of the oil companies to handle shipments from their former properties will drive mexico into closer rela tions with the fascist bloc doubtless is also reflected in the state department's attitude the issue has now passed far beyond that of finan cial compensation for the properties seized it has be come a test of strength between the corporations and the mexican state and thus far neither side has indi page two cated any willingness to compromise from the stand by point of revenues the mexican properties are of rely nba tively small concern to either the royal dutch or the standard oil company of new jersey the principal corporate interests involved in the dispute the prece dent implicit in the mexican action however has caused deep concern not only among the oil com panies but among other corporations with latip american properties the american oil interests have therefore spared no pains to undermine the mexicay government’s position by economic boycott in which they have been joined by various other corporate in terests and by propaganda in this country virtually every week since expropriation for example the standard oil company of new jersey has issued 4 clip sheet containing reprints of news items and edi torials from the american and mexican press either opposing the government's oil policy or discrediting the country on other grounds reflecting contracted foreign markets and a prob able loss in efficiency resulting from the change in management after expropriation mexican crude oil production dropped 18 per cent in 1938 and new drilling has virtually ceased in january 1939 output was 32 per cent lower than a year earlier and the number of producing wells was only 697 as against 997 in january 1938 with normal export trade chan nels disrupted by the boycott imposed by the former producers shipments abroad declined 41 per cent in volume in 1938 while the value dropped from 162 000,000 pesos in 1937 to 79,700,000 pesos or from 18 per cent to 914 per cent of total exports the loss of this trade is a serious blow to mexico particularly when added to the reduction in the price paid for silver by the united states treasury and it is doubt ful that the former export volume will be regained in the near future some encouragement however is offered by the reported deal with brazil under which the latter would purchase about 5,500,000 barrels of mexican oil annually or over one third of 1938 ex ports despite wide publicity given to shipments of mexican oil to germany the 1938 total was only slightly greater in value than that for 1937 and about one eighth of aggregate foreign shipments howarp j trueblood the sugar economy of puerto rico by arthur d gayer paul t homan and earle k james new york colum bia university press 1938 3.75 the authors clearly set forth the problems of our poverty ridden possession but are rather timid about offer ing specific remedies foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 43 august 18 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y franx ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary vera micheles dean béitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year be f p a membership five dollars a year national on a com krer fran agal sovi its f repc fron pres det are qua helc zig mili pol the ccair fror tror on ing tier slo hig pol fac gat all res +the stand be re of rela tch or the princi the oa vever has oil com ith latin rests have e mexican in which porate in virtually mple the s issued 4 s and edj ess either screditing id a prob change in crude oil and new 39 output and the as against ade chan he former er cent in rom 162 or from the loss urticularly paid for is doubt regained ywever is der which barrels of 1938 ex ments of was only and about blood d gayer rk colum 1s of our bout offer d national sean editor foreign policy bulletin tation of current international events by the research staff an inter 0 oa brary subscription two dollars a year i al r iy of mboreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y you xviii no 44 august 25 1939 europe in retreat by vera micheles dean 2.00 a handbook for all who would look behind today’s headlines yale review the revised edition july 1939 throws new light on post munich events fpa members ordering through headquarters receive a 10 discount as ee entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan europe moves toward a showdown he announcement that the soviet union would conclude a non aggression pact with germany on august 23 has thrown the european picture into complete confusion coming hard on the heels of a soviet german trade pact it indicates that the kremlin has at last decided not to cooperate with franco british efforts to organize a united front against further aggression by hitler reassured by soviet neutrality the reich can now proceed with its plans to force an early showdown with poland during the past week 250,000 german troops are reported to have been massed along the polish frontier in slovakia in lurid colors the german press has been painting the persecution of poland's defenseless german minority thousands of whom are said to be fleeing to the reich in both official quarters and the press a compromise is no longer held possible germany now wants not only dan zig but the polish corridor as well poland in a vise germany is disposing its military forces so as to inflict a smashing defeat on poland from pomerania it threatens to move across the corridor severing warsaw from its access to the sea from east prussia which is today an armed camp it is in a position to strike at the capital and from the bohemia moravia protectorate german troops can surround polish upper silesia and push on to poland’s new industrial and arms manufactur ing center situated about 100 miles from the fron tier another invasion could be attempted from slovakia although only a few passes lead across the high carpathian and tatra mountain ranges into poland the german army in slovakia might in fact prove more useful in a campaign against hun gary and rumania should war break out germany would immediately have to establish control over all of southeastern europe which it plans to use as a teservoir of foodstuffs and raw materials despite denials from budapest little doubt remains that count csaky hungary's foreign minister has agreed to put the country’s small army railways and economic resources unreservedly at the disposal of the axis powers surrounded on almost every side the poles are now in a precarious plight able to put two million well trained men in the field they neither needed nor wanted the russian army to fight on its soil but both warsaw and london realized that poland's staying power would be impaired in the end by lack of adequate reserves of war supplies and its weak ness in tanks and airplanes unless the soviet union was prepared to cover these deficiencies now that this possibility is apparently ruled out poland must rely on its own scanty resources with the example of the czechs before their eyes the poles may decide to fight anyway hoping that the british and french may be forced to intervene and in the ensuing struggle wear germany out through a long war of attrition more appeasement in london and paris news of the soviet german pact was received with dismay the more so because it came while british and french missions were still in moscow discuss ing terms of military cooperation the factors prompting the kremlin’s sudden about face are shrouded in mystery unquestionably moscow tre mained or claimed to be skeptical of britain’s sincerity the soviet government apparently re sented london’s unwillingness to support without qualification any russian efforts to counteract in direct aggression although it is difficult to see how britain could have given moscow carte blanche to intervene in the baltic states against their expressed will under these circumstances the kremlin evi dently decided to stand aside supremely confident that russia’s own defenses and the vastness of its territory would ample protection against possible invasion by germany despite its new agreement with the reich the soviet union is unlikely to give berlin much direct assistance in the trade accord concluded on au gust 20 it has agreed to supply germany during the next two years with raw materials valued at 180 million marks but this amount represents only a very small proportion of german requirements moreover germany has had to give an undertaking to furnish 200 million marks worth of machines against credits extending over seven and a half years in the end however this agreement may pave the way for much closer cooperation between two countries whose régimes resemble each other in many respects whether moscow’s perfidy will induce britain and france to retreat from their commitments in eastern europe is still uncertain at any rate it will probably strengthen those forces who wish to com promise the german polish conflict without resort to war this time offers of appeasement may come from the pope or from the conference of the scan dinavian and low countries which king leopold of belgium suddenly called on august 21 yet any attempt to appease germany now would only be interpreted in berlin as a sign of weakness germany already has made clear that a conference could have but one purpose to arrange the peaceful transfer of danzig and perhaps the corridor to the reich it could not appease the appetite of the axis powers for more lebensraum but would simply encourage them to pursue with even greater vigor their present policy of threats and violence at this time it would therefore be suicidal for britain and france to abandon their new course of resistance to aggression john c dewilde tokyo conference nears collapse differences between japan and britain regarding the more fundamental issues at stake in the tokyo negotiations now threaten to disrupt the month old conference which has been conducted on the basis of the craigie arita formula of july 24 recogniz ing japan’s military necessities in china ambas sador craigie’s express refusal on august 18 to en gage in bilateral discussion of japan's economic de mands affecting north china constituted the first determined step taken by britain in the tientsin dispute recent consultations with the united states and france the results of which have been kept strictly secret apparently fortified britain’s decision page two to reject japan’s pressure for extensive concessions in the far east japan’s diplomats have succeeded in winning merely a few opening skirmishes at the tokyo cop ference britain agreed to surrender the four chinese allegedly implicated in the murder of a customs official of the japanese dominated government in north china it was also prepared to admit the jap anese to a certain amount of participation in the policing of the british concession at tientsin japan's negotiators then demanded that britain surrender g million worth of silver deposited by the chinese na tional government in the tientsin concession and prevent the chinese national currency from circ lating within concession limits contending thar these demands affected the interests of all powers in china the british government took time for dip lomatic soundings at paris and washington the net outcome was britain’s refusal of august 18 t engage in bilateral discussion of such economic is sues with japan although the possibility of further talks was not ruled out provided that the views of all interested powers were taken into account for its part the japanese foreign office insisted on august 21 that economic questions at tientsin were of purely anglo japanese concern and rejected participation of third parties in the discussion these statements have not closed the door to further negotiations the relatively mild tone of the japanese foreign office reflects a caution induced by an unwillingness to risk solidifying the anglo american front in the far east it is now the turn of the japanese army to apply further pressure in china severe floods at tientsin have forced sus pension of the blockade but new possibilities of serious difficulty have arisen at shanghai and hong kong following a shooting affray at shanghai on august 19 in which two chinese policemen of the local puppet government were killed by a british sergeant japan’s military and naval commanders met to plan their course of action at hongkong meanwhile japanese military occupation of border areas on the mainland raised fears that a blockade might be declared against the colony fuel for 4 continuance of japan’s guerrilla campaign against the western powers thus lies ready to hand all along china’s coast ta bisson the far east in world politics by g f hudson new york oxford university press 1939 3.00 a new edition of an able summary of far easter politics during the past century the final chapter has been enlarged and rewritten to include the events of the current sino japanese war foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 44 august 25 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y franx ross mccoy president dorothy f lest secretary vera michetes dean béitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 f p a membership five dollars a year s81 two dollars a year ani +n’s na ind cu hat lip to is her of int dd tsin ted to by plo urn in sus of ng on the tish jers ong rdet ade ra inst ong new has the tional ditor id oreign policy bulletin sep 7 1989 entered as an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff class matter december periodical room 2 1921 at the post subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y gf univ of mick office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 eral library vou xviii no 45 september 1 1939 f.p.a to broadcast from fair on wednesdays from 8 00 8 30 p.m during september the f.p.a will broadcast over station wnyc from the science and education building at the new york world’s fair the public is cordially invited to attend these meet ings and participate in the discussion period america looks abroad is the title of the series general library university of michigan ann arbor michigan europe pauses on brink of war f europe has so far escaped both the catastrophe of war and the humiliation of another munich the calm and resolute attitude of britain and france have been largely responsible the feeling of panic and weakness so evident during the czech crisis last r has given way to confidence and determina tion the fuehrer’s apparent expectation that the german soviet pact would cause the democracies to beat a hasty retreat has proved unfounded by dis abusing the last conservatives who still considered the nazi reich a bulwark against communism the agreement helped to solidify resistance to german pretensions and by opening all eyes to the possi bility of close collaboration between the two greatest totalitarian powers it clearly revealed the menace to the british empire meeting on august 22 the british cabinet lost no time in affirming that the agreement between moscow and berlin would not affect britain's own obligations to poland the fol lowing day hitler was told that london would re sist the use of force to the uttermost to leave no doubt in the fuehrer’s mind parliament convened in special session on august 23 quickly passed the emergency powers bill conferring sweeping author ity on the government to take any measure essential to national safety august 24 witnessed the final conclusion of a far reaching alliance with poland which commits britain to resist indirect as well as direct aggression against that country meanwhile additional reserves were called up for all branches of the armed forces on august 22 the british fleet was drawn up ready to blockade the entrances to the baltic sea at a moment’s notice and the unlicensed export of essential war materials was forbidden the admiralty assumed control of mer chant shipping and closed the mediterranean to british vessels to conserve the country’s gold stocks the exchange fund allowed the pound to slip its moorings on august 25 two days later a treasury order provisionally mobilized a large part of british holdings of foreign securities most significant of all london has made no hasty overtures to berlin it was the fuehrer who took the initiative on august 24 by calling in the french and british ambassadors to acquaint them with his de mands london refused to be hurried not until the afternoon of august 28 after three cabinet meetings did sir nevile henderson fly back to berlin with the government’s reply its answer clearly indicated that britain is unwilling to impose a munich settle ment on poland the fuehrer has been told to nego tiate directly with warsaw the british government is prepared to help bring these negotiations to a suc cessful conclusion only if germany abandons its menacing attitude britain's coolness in face of the nazi war of nerves has been fully matched in france by the end of the week the army was two thirds mobilized the french were in no mood merely to follow the british premier daladier answered hitler's unconditional demands for the immediate return of the corridor and danzig as early as august 26 he reiterated french determination to stand by poland and offered cooperation in seeking a direct settlement between berlin and warsaw the german government has undoubtedly been surprised by this show of resistance several intima tions that the zero hour was approaching have passed unheeded true there is little proof that hitler is retreating from his demands the british message of august 23 was rebuffed with the declara tion that germany could not be induced to renounce the defense of her vital interests in his interviews with the british and french ambassadors the fuehrer evidently demanded the surrender of dan zig and the corridor before discussing anything else later he intimated germany would be willing to participate in an international conference to reach a settlement on all outstanding questions including colonies and disarmament in replying to daladier on august 26 hitler declared he could see no way of inducing poland to accept a peaceful solution in no uncertain terms he restated his claims and swore that the macedonian conditions on our eastern frontier must be removed yet two days later the british reply apparently met with a less negative re ception in berlin presumably germany’s course will be greatly in fluenced by moscow and rome the provisions of the non aggression pact with the soviet union which was signed on august 24 were reassuring enough to the german people in particular article iv pre vents moscow from associating itself with any group of powers directly or indirectly aimed at germany yet there is no certainty that the russian and ger man governments have agreed upon some division of the spoils in the event of war nor is it clear to what extent germany would be able to draw on russia’s vast reservoir of foodstuffs and raw ma terials to cover its own serious deficiencies in vital war supplies perhaps the most startling news from the soviet union is the sudden decision to postpone ratification of the non aggression pact for which the supreme soviet or parliament had been summoned to moscow on august 28 italy's position still occasions much doubt this country has been singularly free from war fever relatively few army classes have as yet been mobil ized while mussolini may still remain neutral it seems unlikely that he will desert his ally the un conditional alliance with germany was signed at a time when italy was already well aware of the reich’s demands on poland and of britain’s com mitment to support warsaw against aggression yet il duce will probably make his influence felt in favor of a peaceful settlement in which he might press italy’s claims on tunis djibuti and the suez canal perhaps berlin is anxious for rome to stand aside for the moment so that i duce can later offer himself as impartial mediator under existing circumstances a peaceful solution is not altogether precluded for all their firmness the british and french may induce the poles to give in at least partly to hitler’s demands and the fuehrer himself may retreat to some extent rather than wage a war in which the odds would ultimately be against him on the other hand a concession by either side may involve an irretrievable loss of pres tige each is determined as never before to stand page two eee es on its position for this reason the preparations fo war have proceeded undiminished despite reassy ances that germany would respect their neutrality the netherlands belgium and switzerland have all taken measures of mobilization to prepare for any eventuality in yugoslavia the croat problem was finally settled on august 26 in time to enable the country to take a united stand in defending itself against encroachments europe is poised for war as it has been at no time since august 1914 john c dewilde roosevelt intervenes in war crisis an int while europe hovers between peace and war the american government has not been idle on august 24 president roosevelt asked the king of italy to seek a peaceful solution of the dispute and sent notes to chancellor hitler and president moscicki of poland suggesting direct negotiation between the two gov ernments arbitration or conciliation with the help of a neutral state in europe or an american repub lic the message to germany was couched in vigor ous terms reminding der fuehrer that he had not answered mr roosevelt's peace message of april 15 after the polish president had agreed to negotiation or conciliation mr roosevelt immediately sent a second appeal to germany the most difficult problem confronting the amet ican government is enforcement of the neutrality act president roosevelt who sought unsuccessfully to have it revised during the recent session of con gress has announced that he will recall congress when war seems imminent although the president puts the act automatically into effect by recognizing a state of war he can postpone action as he has done in the far eastern conflict in order not to hamper a particular belligerent after proclaiming that a state of war exists the president is obliged to prohibit the shipment of arms ammunition and implements of war to belligerents the purchase or sale of belligerent securities the solicitation of war contributions transport of implements of war in american vessels travel by americans on belliger ent vessels and arming of american merchantmen the president may forbid the use of american ports by foreign submarines and merchantmen or as 4 base of supply for belligerent warships while the arms embargo will seriously affect great britain and france which have already placed orders for overt 1,000 airplanes with american manufacturers the act will not prohibit trade in raw materials and foodstuffs of greater importance to poland's allies james frederick green foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 45 septemmber 1 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary vera micheles dean national editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year 8 f p a membership five dollars a year direct broke ing polar dicta had septe had fulfil unle agait man to d tere of a wou fort heec ultis this alm had it f whi it h +for sur lity all any was self war ner ver ind es onal itor an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y foreign policy bulletin 2 1921 at the post office at new york tou xviii no 46 september 8 1939 for a better understanding of the background of the european war read germany’s expansion in eastern europe bconomic mobilization of great britain furope’s diplomatic tug of war american defense policies the neutrality act of 1937 economic problems of u.s neutrality in wartime special offer 4 foreign policy reports for 1.00 bic dical room n y under the act bral library of march 3 1879 vv of mich general l europe plunges into war espite neutral offers of mediation and per sistent franco british efforts to bring about direct negotiations between berlin and warsaw war broke out in europe at 11 o'clock on sunday morn ing september 3 it came after britain france and poland had refused to accept another munich dictated by hitler and after the german fuehrer had ordered the invasion of polish territory early on september 1 that evening the french and british had warned berlin that they would immediately fulfill the obligations of their alliance with warsaw unless germany assured them that aggressive acts against poland would be suspended and the ger man forces promptly withdrawn attempts in berlin to delay a reply to this warning were finally coun tered at 9 o'clock sunday morning by the delivery of a british ultimatum declaring that a state of war would exist if the required assurances were not forthcoming within two hours germany refused to heed this threat as well as a subsequent french ultimatum couched in similar terms british stand firm in britain and france this dénouement of another european crisis came almost as a relief to the war of nerves to which they had been periodically subjected during recent years it followed prolonged negotiations in the course of which each side declined to retreat from the position ithad once taken in sharp contrast to their policies during last year’s czech crisis the british and french steadfastly resisted all temptations to put pressure on warsaw to accept germany's demands in every note sent to berlin they insisted that a settlement could be achieved only if the reich and poland would negotiate directly with each other on a basis of complete equality such was the general tenor of the british communication flown back to berlin on august 28 by the british ambassador sir nevile henderson it specified that the direct negotiations safeguard poland’s essential interests and that the resulting solution be susceptible of an international guarantee poland had already indicated its willing ness to negotiate on such a basis berlin was warned however that the british government could not acquiesce in a settlement which put in jeopardy the independence of a state to whom they have given their guarantee in addition the note promised hitler that britain would discuss his proposals to arrive at a lasting anglo german understanding once the polish issue was peacefully composed from this point of view britain never deviated confronted on august 29 with a virtual german ultimatum that poland send an emissary with full powers to berlin by midnight the following day the british government instructed its ambassador very early on august 30 to inform the wilhelmstrasse that it could not produce a polish plenipotentiary within that time in a reply handed to foreign min ister von ribbentrop at midnight that same day london again considered it impracticable to estab lish contact so early as today by that time how ever berlin had already resolved to act british pleas that both sides agree to abstain from all aggressive action and arrange some temporary modus vivendi regarding danzig fell on deaf ears hitler declines to abate demands germany’s failure to act sooner was wrongly inter preted in many european capitals as a sign of el tancy and weakness although anxious enough achieve his objective without war hitler proved unwilling to abate his demands by one jot he tried hard to disinterest france and britain in the polish conflict but was determined at all costs not to be thwarted by british or french interference on au gust 25 the fuehrer assured sir nevile henderson that he was ready to make a fundamental long term settlement with britain he would guarantee the a page two british empire and even conclude an alliance with it provided his limited colonial demands were satis fied in addition he would renounce all frontier modification in western europe in vain the german chancellor sought to beguile france with similar assurances at the same time he kept reiterating that the danzig and corridor questions must be solved and that the reich could no longer tolerate the macedonian conditions on its eastern borders as well as the barbaric maltreatment of the german minority in poland meanwhile the exact nature and extent of ger many’s demands on poland had remained unknown it was not until 9 o’clock on the evening of au gust 31 that the germans suddenly broadcast the terms which they had ostensibly been ready to offer the poles in brief they provided for the immediate return of the free city of danzig to the reich and for the retention of the polish port of gdynia by poland the remainder of the corridor was to be turned over to an international commission which at the end of one year would hold a plebiscite among all those who resided in this territory in january 1918 or who were born there before that date if the corridor went to the reich poland was to have a narrow corridor leading to gdynia in case the corridor were retained by poland germany was to be granted similar extraterritorial communi cations with its province of east prussia while these german proposals seemed compara tively generous they were obviously published at the last moment only to win sympathy for the reich both at home and abroad they appear never to have been submitted officially either to the british or to the poles foreign minister von ribbentrop read them hurriedly in german to sir nevile hen derson in their midnight interview on august 30 but refused to hand him the text on the ground that it was already too late the warsaw govern ment learned of the proposals only after they were broadcast when the polish ambassador attempted to obtain an interview with von ribbentrop on the following day he was put off until evening even then the german foreign office refused to deal with him because he had no power either to reject or accept the german proposals clearly the ger mans had no intention to engage in any real nego tiations they insisted that the poles accept their settlement without further question when warsaw resisted and ordered practically complete mobiliza tion on august 31 the hitler government decided to act without delay moscow encourages hitler the fzehr er’s decision to flout britain and france was moti vated at least in part by his belief that germany would not have to fight a war on two fronts the non aggression pact with the soviet union assure him that germany could mobilize its entire arme strength in the west once poland had been oyg run any expectation that a last minute hitch woyi mar the new friendship between berlin and mosc was dissipated on august 31 when the suprepy soviet or parliament consented unanimously to taj fication of the agreement with germany premig molotov utilized the occasion to deliver a scathiny attack on france and britain both these powers y alleged had supported warsaw in its refusal to 4 low the soviet union to send troops through polanj to defend her against aggression the franco britis offer to protect russia against attack had been y hedged about with clauses and peradventures 4s jy suggest that in case of need their aid would pro fictitious leaving the soviet union without effectiy assistance yet the soviet spokesman failed to shoy how these suspicions even if well founded justified a sudden rapprochement with germany which coul only encourage hitler to attack poland the neutrality of the soviet union may have ma it easier for hitler to dispense with italian assistance at any rate when the fuehrer went before the ger man reichstag on september 1 he declared i dum had been informed that italian military aid would be unnecessary that same afternoon the cound of ministers in rome announced that italy woul take no initiative whatever toward military opera tions it seems unlikely that germany's acquiescence in this decision was at all forced both countries probably realized that under existing circumstance italy's participation in war might be a liability as an armed but uncertain neutral italy could diver at least part of the franco british forces from germany and might find it possible to furnish ger many with some supplies from abroad it may nov withhold its intervention until realization of its own demands appears most opportune issues and responsibilities the outcome of the present war in europe cannot be foreseen the initial strategic advantage seems to lie with germany which can remain on the defensive be hind its formidable west wall and compel britain and france to assume the burden of the offensive both sides appear determined to battle to the bitter end the british and french are in no mood to tol erate a continuation of hitlerism with its recurrent demands and crises under aggressive nazi leader ship the germans are renewing the struggle begu in 1914 to assert themselves at the expense of the british empire the issue far transcends that be tween poland and germany it involves an interna tional revolution a struggle for a redivision of wealth and influence in the world i to assess responsibilities under such circumstances so is at f solu on perl thre mes th chit did ass an oul scoy ati mie s he 0 al land ritish 1 a to rove show tified sould made ance ger duc vould uncil yould peta cence ntries ances y as livert from ger now own come seen with e be ritain 1sive bitter tol rrent ader e gui f the t be erna n of ances eee is no easy task it is clear that the third reich was at no time interested in bringing about a peaceful solution of its immediate conflict with poland except on its own terms unfortunately germany's past ex perience had largely confirmed its conviction that threats and sabre rattling were the most effective means of securing satisfaction of its grievances those powers which failed to set up workable ma chinery for peaceful change during the twenties and did not resist the use of force during the thirties must assume at least part of the blame for the fatal de page three velopments of the last few weeks in ruthlessly push ing its claim to more extensive lebensraum ger many is undoubtedly reverting to the worst imperi alistic practices of the nineteenth century at the same time it must be remembered that in the years when britain and france were dominant no system or method was devised whereby the 80 million ger mans could participate on a sound and equal basis in the wealth which the french and british had themselves accumulated during an era of great im perialist expansion jouhn c dewilde japan changes front having barely recovered from the initial shock of the soviet german treaty of non aggression japan must now readjust its policy to cope with the out break of war in europe the soviet german treaty by rudely dashing japanese hopes of german mil itary aid against the soviet union nullified one of the prime gains which japan had envisaged from closer ties with the berlin rome axis it has virtually assured japan’s neutrality in the new european con flict thus freeing the anglo french coalition from the threat of a japanese attack in the far east within a few days after signature on august 24 the soviet german pact had forced a drastic re orientation of japan's foreign policy and a severe shake up in domestic politics the army extremists fervent advocates of a military alliance with the berlin rome axis during recent months were badly discredited in the new cabinet under general nobuyuki abe formed on august 29 a notable shift from the right toward the center took place the fact that mr shigemitsu japanese ambassador at london has been suggested for the post of for eign minister at present held concurrently by the premier suggests the extent of the trend away from extremism it is also evidence of a new policy toward the western democracies underlined by the sudden toning down of the campaign against british centers in china confronted by a soviet union with hands freed for action in the far east japan may now seek to court instead of assault the western powers possibly in the guise of a defender against bolshevism the alternative pressed upon japan by german diplomacy conclusion of a non aggression pact with the soviet union is not likely to be fol lowed despite the ironical fact that the u.s.s.r has invited japan to sign such a pact on many previous occasions since 1931 in the heavy fighting on the mongolian manchurian border according to recent reports the soviet forces have inflicted seri ous defeats on the kwantung army although these engagements have grown to large proportions a gradual détente rather than a full dress war may be expected to result from them the u.s.s.r is more likely to use its newly acquired freedom of action by increasing its aid to china currently evidenced by the arrival of soviet airplanes at chungking under terms of the recent 140 million soviet credit to the chinese government the gains which japan might have derived from a european war in other circumstances are now affected by a number of stringent limitations jap anese political circles had never envisaged a pean conflict in which the soviet union would faain tain its neutrality under such conditions japan faces a stronger rather than a weaker soviet uniqga in the far east furthermore japan’s inability to trad chinese resistance after two years of exhaxsting warfare curtails the prospect of a profitable war time trade japanese economy has been gearéd to the supply of munitions for the war in china and the existing shortages in capital resources labor supply and raw materials place strict limits of ex pansion of production for export unless the scale of war operations in china is drastically redlaced the alluring profits from an export boom of 4917 1919 dimensions are not likely to be realized the new cabinet however shows no intention of g ving up the effort to subjugate china in this connestion the united states will henceforth occupy an even more decisive position vis a vis japan with wgr in progress in europe japan will become still tore dependent on american commodities in ordéx to continue its war against china and japan’s dplo mats it may be expected will assiduously court the united states in the hope of avoiding the embirgo foreshadowed by denunciation of the japariese american trade treaty a wee foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 46 september 8 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president national vera micueres dean editor incorporated dorothy f leger secretary entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year re 181 f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building sept 5 as the european war began in earnest the administration proclaimed american neutrality on september 5 and continued its efforts to evacuate citizens abroad and to protect commerce and ship ping in the first of two proclamations president roosevelt announced the neutrality of the united states in accordance with international law and na tional precedent under this proclamation the gov ernment assumes responsibility for treating all bel ligerents equally closing its ports to belligerent warships forbidding its territory to their troops and denying in many other ways any official as sistance to the countries at war in return for these obligations the united states can require respect for its citizens and their property on the high seas and retain the right to trade subject to the law of contraband with both belligerents and neutrals this type of neutrality proclamation first issued by president washington during the anglo french con flict in 1793 is designed to define the position of the government vis a vis foreign countries and is implemented by penalties under federal statutes new neutrality regulations the second proclamation issued by president roosevelt derives from the neutrality act of 1937 further regulating american action in wartime this legis lation was enacted under the theory that president wilson’s insistence upon traditional rights of neu tral trade and travel and partiality for the allies forced the united states into the world war un der this act the united states waives some of its neutral rights under international law and restricts many of the activities of its citizens that might even tually compel the government to intervene on their behalf although the president has not yet sum moned congress to consider revision of the act he is expected to do so in the near future the first announcement of these two proclama tions came on sunday night september 3 when president roosevelt spoke briefly over the radio mr roosevelt declaring that he would make every possible effort to keep the united states out of war stressed the importance of national unity the presi dent reiterated his belief that an outbreak of war anywhere endangered american peace and empha sized the necessity of keeping hostilities out of the western hemisphere and adjacent oceans in de nouncing wartime profiteering mr roosevelt im plied that he would take steps to prevent abnormal financial and commercial transactions with the bel ligerents a rapid rise in security and commodity prices during the opening days of the war crisis sug gested the possibility that the 1914 1917 boom might be repeated trade and travel problems after the outbreak of war had ended the administration's efforts to secure a peaceful solution of the polish german dispute the state department accelerated its efforts to assist americans in europe the mazri time commission and the navy are expected to speed up evacuation by additional ships which may have to be convoyed out of the war zones mean while secretary hull announced on september 5 that passports would not be issued for european travel except in cases of imperative necessity this action while not required by the neutrality act accords with the spirit of this legislation by reduc ing the possibilities of danger to american citizens the presence of such danger was dramatically emphasized on september 3 when the cunard liner athenia sank off the scottish coast over 300 amer ican citizens were returning from europe on this ship which was either torpedoed without warning by a german submarine or destroyed by a floating mine although most of the passengers were be lieved to have been rescued the incident recalled the diplomatic difficulties which followed the lusitania sinking in may 1915 the home front while continuing its diplomatic efforts for peace until the last possible minute the administration extended its prepara tions for protecting american finance and industry in event of war many conferences between the state navy army treasury and justice depart ments were held and plans were completed for ab sorbing the initial shock to american business the sec announced that through cooperation with 4 wall street committee efforts would be made to keep the stock exchanges open unlike 1914 when they were closed for over four months and to min imize the effects of the liquidation of foreign assets mr jesse h jones federal lending administrator declared in an interview on august 31 that the export import bank was in a position to finance the export of american commodities other than muni tions regardless of the restrictions of the neutral ity and johnson acts james frederick green worl +uropean y this ity act y reduc citizens natically rd liner 0 amer on this warning floating vere be recalled red ing its possible prepara industry een the depart for ab ess the with a made to 4 when to min nm assets 1istrator the eee eeee that the ance the in muni neutral jreen foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y you xviii no 47 september 15 1939 a defending america by major george fielding eliot a concise lucid and balanced account of our problem of national defense written by a military expert in language the layman can understand world affairs pamphlets no 4 f.p.a membership covers this series 25 cents a copy mre entered as second odical roem fo ee ee neral library con ae univ of mic n y under the act of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan ann arbor mich powers prepare for war of attrition ws tight lid of military censorship clamped down on the activities of the european belliger ents has concealed the details of many of the mili tary operations but not the broad lines of preparation for prolonged and arduous conflict after ten days of warfare the german high command had won substantial victories in po textile center three days later the poles were making a determined stand in the suburbs of their capital against attacks from the northeast and the south the success of the nazis was due to the en circling tactics permitted by their greater mobility and to their command of the air which was utilized to disorganize resistance land the german fortifi cations in the west how ever were being subjected to increasing pressure by the french the focal point of hostilities had already begun to shift to the franco german fron tier where it was likely to remain as long as the allies aggressively op posed the invasion of po ated by the war work in the past the foreign policy association has a special responsibility to its members and to the american public in the situation cre in the coming months the association will do its utmost to sift the facts we shall avoid predictions and prophesies we shall en deavor to the best of our ability to weigh and analyze the evidence from all sides with the objectivity which has characterized our evacuation and retreat yet the main body of the polish army appeared to have withdrawn to the east despite the severity of the german attack its capacity for future oppo sition depends on such unfathomable factors as its morale sufficient rain fall to make roads and fields impassable for land evidence was ac cumulating to support their insistence that they meant to continue fighting until the hitler régime collapsed although this might be a matter of years blitzkrieg against the poles the war in the east commenced early in the morning of september 1 striking with the bulk of their armed forces at many points along the border the germans soon thrust deep into poland with their highly motorized and mechanized columns while adolf hitler personally watched its progress his army pinched off and overran the polish corridor with the exception of gdynia it pushed southward from east prussia and north and east from german si lesia and bohemia into the heart of industrial poland by september 6 german troops had entered cracow without resistance on september 9 they captured lodz poland’s second city and greatest heavy vehicles and to swell strategic rivers and the willingness of ru mania and the u.s.s.r to convey supplies to the troops until a decisive engagement is fought large german forces will be tied to the eastern front war in the west meanwhile terse but vague french military communiqués disclosed the commencement of operations along the fortified french german frontier although no attempt was made to launch a large scale offensive against the german west wall french forces were said to have penetrated a few miles into german territory in the gap between the rhine and moselle particu larly in the saar basin the preliminary engagements impelled the nazis to reinforce their frontier gar risons and provoked a counter attack near luxem burg these movements however were mere har bingers of much more extensive actions to come foreshadowing them the arrival of the first british troops to take up positions in france was announced on september 6 while both sides refrained from general aerial warfare in the west the british on september 4 bombed german naval vessels near the north sea entrance of the kiel canal and claimed despite german denials to have damaged a pocket battleship repeating the tactics of 1918 they also made flights over northwest germany and dropped millions of propaganda leaflets addressed to the german people the war on the high seas too fell into a familiar pattern with german ship ping driven to cover in neutral ports while german submarines sank fifteen british ships of 86,000 gross tons between september 3 and 12 losses were ex pected to decline as soon as a convoy system had been organized flushed by their successes in the east german spokesmen hinted that they might consent to end hostilities provided they received at least that ter ritory which had belonged to germany in 1914 danzig the corridor part of posen and industrial silesia this point was stressed by field marshal hermann goering in a defiant speech delivered be fore german munition workers in berlin on sep tember 9 but obviously intended for the outside world as well the polish campaign goering de clared would be practically completed two weeks after its inception while the last cleansing would be accomplished in less than four weeks as polish resistance flagged 70 german divisions could be transferred to the west germany was far stronger industrially than in 1914 according to the field marshal and could no longer be successfully block aded by the british navy thanks to the german four year plan for industrial self sufficiency and the sources of supply in the u.s.s.r rumania and yugoslavia these optimistic claims however seemed somewhat inconsistent with the stringent rationing measures already adopted by the reich long conflict in prospect while goering’s address revealed a desire to drive a wedge between france and britain the western powers showed no outward sign of disunity as if in answer to nazi feelers regarding a victorious peace settle ment at the expense of poland the british cabinet on september 9 announced that it had decided to base its policy on the assumption that the war would last three years or more previously on september 3 prime minister chamberlain had reconstructed his government creating a war cabinet of nine which included winston churchill as first lord of the ad miralty the post this outspoken opponent of the nazis had occupied in 1914 important new minis tries were established to deal with public informa tion economic warfare and food supply while an thony eden returned to the government as domin page two ions secretary in rapid succession britain proclaimed a series of measures regimenting the economic powe of the nation for war the sum of 500,000,000 was voted as a war credit at the same time the empire rallied to the defeng of the mother country australia and new zealand declared that they were at war with germany op september 3 they were joined by canada on sep tember 10 as public pressure for formal participa tion outweighed the consideration that under the american neutrality act the dominion would no longer be able to strengthen its armaments by pur chases from the united states the irish free state remained neutral and the union of south afric where boer nationalism and german propagand are important factors experienced a cabinet crisis before a new ministry headed by general jan chris tiaan smuts decided on september 5 to break of diplomatic relations with berlin because of stron minority elements in canada and south africa the immediate assistance rendered by these dominions was expected to be strictly limited france too has taken steps to increase its eco nomic stamina in the face of hostilities the daladier government has instituted strict govern mental controls over most phases of financial and economic life exchange control was established on september 10 in order to preserve the french gold reserve now twice as large as in 1914 a spec appropriation of 115,000,000,000 francs about 2 565,000,000 is available for the prosecution of the war decrees are to be promulgated to prevent profiteering and income taxes will be increased to cut down production for purely civilian needs by such measures rather than mere words britain and france have exhibited their determination to carry on the war at least until german troops with draw from poland neither ally expects a domestic collapse within the reich in the immediate future both appear to be relying heavily on their economic superiority over a period of years which is often regarded as the decisive factor in the allied victory of 1918 today the belligerents have immediately taken measures on the economic and propaganda fronts which were only adopted after several years of fighting in the first world war henceforth new methods must be evolved to meet new situations davip h popper neutral europe aid to reich in contrast to the world war many countries if europe have so far maintained their neutrality dur ing the last conflict only the scandinavian nations switzerland the netherlands and spain refrained from participating in hostilities italy remained neu tral until 1915 and then finally joined the allies en roclaimed nic power 0,000 was 1 defense y zealand rmany on a on sep participa under the would no ts by pur free state ith africa ropaganda inet crisis jan chris break of of strong frica the yominions e its eco ties the t govern incial and slished on ench gold a special about 2 ion of the d prevent creased to eds 1s britain ination to ops with domestic ice future economic 1 is often ed victory mediately opaganda eral years forth new situations popper ch yuntries in lity dur nn nations refrained lined neu the allies a after having bargained with both sides today the circle of non belligerents includes not only russia together with the baltic countries but also the en tire balkan area which in 1914 was the tinder box of the continent the mediterranean which was expected to be a major theatre of war is still at peace undoubtedly most of the present neutrals will do their utmost to keep out of war among the balkan countries attempts are being made to adjust or at least adjourn disputes for the duration of the struggle rumania and yugoslavia have been nego tiating for a non aggression pact with hungary which has always cherished revisionist ambitions at the expense of both these powers bulgaria which covets the rumanian dobrudja as well as territorial access to the aegean sea may be induced to sign a similar pledge yugoslavia ruled since august 27 by a cabinet including six croatians is now united in its determination not to take part in the war all these efforts to form a bloc of balkan neutrals have been strongly encouraged by rome as long as italy remains neutral turkey will not be compelled to fulfill the terms of its alliance with britain in announcing the anglo turkish agree ment to parliament on may 12 last prime minister chamberlain clearly stated that the two countries had undertaken to assist each other only in the event of aggression leading to war in the mediter ranean area although the italian press applauds every german victory the fascist government has scrupulously refrained from any action or expression of opinion which would cast doubt on the perma nence of its neutrality there appears to be no rea son why the most exposed member of the rome berlin axis should open itself to attack by britain and france mussolini's best strategy would be to await a favorable opportunity to offer mediation to the belligerents should italy however try to serve germany as a base of supplies then the franco british navy might immediately interfere with italian foreign trade in such an event rome might be forced into war the neutrality of a large part of europe is most encouraging to germany for both strategic and economic reasons it is now impossible for france and britain to attack the reich in the rear through southeastern europe the neutrality of the low countries helps to protect a vulnerable spot in ger many’s defensive armor because its fortifications do not cover the netherlands frontier it would hardly be in the reich’s interest to violate dutch or bel gian neutrality and thus expose itself to counter page three attack on the least protected part of its western boundaries the more neutrals there are on the continent the more potential sources of supply remain open to the reich at present germany can still draw on an area which in the first quarter of the current year furnished 44.7 per cent of its imports true the reich cannot expect to maintain the peacetime vol ume of trade with all these neutrals during the last war sweden was the only non belligerent whose exports to germany were consistently greater than in 1913 as in the world war britain is likely to take all the necessary measures to insure that neutrals divert no imports to germany already neutral met chant ships have been requested to call at british ports to facilitate search for contraband yet it will undoubtedly prove more difficult to control the trade of so many countries the chances that supplies may sift through the british net are greater than in the last war the neutrals themselves can furnish germany with many products the reich is obviously count ing on sweden to provide much of its iron ore last year germany covered 41 per cent of its import re quirements in this country from the five balkan countries germany obtained about 22 per cent of its entire food imports in 1938 but only 12.1 per cent of its raw materials and semi manufactures this area is under such constant military and eco nomic pressure from germany that it can probably be made to deliver even larger quantities of min eral oil bauxite copper timber livestock and grain it is still doubtful however to what extent the soviet union will supply the reich with essential materials while the surpluses available for export have diminished in recent years russia could still furnish germany with considerable amounts of manganese lumber petroleum products and grain it could help to make a blockade of the reich largely ineffective apparently france and britain are not unduly disturbed by this prospect they know that germany will not be able to pay for any large volume of im ports they also know that the reich’s holdings of gold and foreign exchange probably do not exceed two billion marks an amount equal to only one third of last year’s imports while germany could pay for foreign goods with machinery and other manufactures its industrial plant and labor supply may be unequal to the task of turning out a vast amount of war material and a considerable volume of export products at one and the same time john c dewilde foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 47 september 15 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dororhy f leet secretary vera michee.es dsan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year ss f p a membership five dollars a year i i a hy it i i washington news letter washington bureau national press building sept 11 in appraising the steps taken by presi dent roosevelt during the first ten days of hostilities in europe washington observers are careful to distinguish between three separate but closely re lated fields of action these are 1 the series of proclamations and executive orders issued in accordance with international law and exist ing domestic statutes for maintenance of american neu trality and defense of american rights and interests 2 the consultations with congressional leaders looking toward a special session of congress 3 the formulation of plans in cooperation with other american republics for the proposed conference of neutrals at panama traditional vs legislative neu trality to most washington observers a sig nificant feature of the proclamations and executive orders issued since september 5 is the emphasis placed on traditional neutrality as something dis tinct from what the president terms the so called neutrality act of 1937 this distinction was heavily underlined by the administration when it made public the first proclamation based on international law and american precedent three hours before the second proclamation invoking the 1937 law and applying the mandatory arms embargo to all bel ligerents by adhering to the rules of international law mr roosevelt is not only preserving full free dom of action for the united states but is also holding the door open to a vigorous defense of our neutral rights at some future time moreover by placing traditional neutrality before legislative formulas he is building a case for executive dis cretion and revision or repeal of the existing legis lation the state of limited national emergency declared by the president on september 8 is inter preted here as another instrument giving the execu tive large emergency powers nevertheless in applying the neutrality act the executive orders drafted by the state department conform strictly to the letter of the law the arms embargo was applied originally to germany po land france britain australia new zealand and india on september 10 the embargo was extended to canada following the dominion’s formal dec laration of a state of war with germany it should be noted however that the regulations issued under section 3 forbidding loans and credits to belliger ents takes full advantage of the discretion vested in the president and exempts ordinary commercial credits and short time obligations of a character customarily used in normal peace time transactions in effect this exemption makes the same distinction between loans and credits as the bryan policy during the first years of the world war special session before reaching his final decision on the call for a special session of congress mr roosevelt canvassed the legislative situation with both republican and democratic leaders and many rank and file members of both parties sev eral important factors were taken into consideration first in the view of administration advisers it was essential for the president to establish national unity and confidence in his foreign policy second ni ministration leaders hesitated to sanction a pro longed congressional debate revealing a division in u.s policy it would have been fatal to the presi dent’s future direction of policy to call congres into special session without the pledged support of republican leaders and a definite assurance that the administration program for repeal of the arms embargo could be put through without protracted debate finally there was a desire to give the coun try a chance to react to the new situation and for public opinion to crystallize not all of these doubts have been resolved the consultations with congressional leaders have ap parently satisfied mr roosevelt that his program can be accomplished but whether it can be achieved without lengthy debate remains to be seen neutral cooperation the announce ment that sumner welles undersecretary of state will represent the united states at the conference of 21 american republics to be held in panama late this month is evidence of the great importance at tached by washington to this meeting the purpose of the conference suggested by panama and five other republics is to unify and harmonize cor tinental policy in relation to the european war the program which remains to be worked out may not go so far as to propose a neutrality bloc or a com mon neutrality declaration but it will probably in clude the adjustment of neutrality provisions in the several states to conform more nearly to a common standard it is worth noting moreover that the re sponse of the state department today is far mort cordial than it was to a similar suggestion for inter american cooperation made by several latin ameti can states early in the world war w t stone +ee character nsactions istinction an policy his final congress situation ders and ties sey ideration rs it was nal unity ond ad 1 a pro 1vision in he presi congress ipport of ince that the arms yrotracted the coun and for ved the have ap program achieved nnounce of state erence of ama late tance at 5 purpose and five 1ize com war the may not fr a com bably in ns in the common at the re far mort for inter n ameti stone pal libk eereign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y you xviii no 48 september 22 1939 for background on the european war read germany’s expansion in eastern europe economic mobilization of great britain europe’s diplomatic tug of war american defense policies the neutrality act of 1937 economic problems of u.s neutrality in wartime special offer 4 foreign policy reports for 1.00 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan ann arbor mich europe in upheaval by vera micheles dean mrs dean has just returned from a two month’s trip to europe ussia’s invasion of poland on september 17 came as a shock to people in western countries who still clung to the illusion that the u.s.s.r would abstain from intervention for the moment it makes little difference whether russia is acting in concert with germany or attempting to insure its own interests against future german encroachments the immediate effect in either case is to throw eastern europe from the baltic to the black sea into a veritable witches cauldron from which it can emerge only in completely altered shape poland's incapacity to resist the swift motorized advance of the german and russian armies is a terrible warn ing to hungary rumania yugoslavia and bulgaria which are even less prepared than poland for a mili tary conflict with either or both of their formidable neighbors what may now be reasonably anticipated is a division of spheres of interest between germany and russia with the reich probably asserting its control over hungary rumania and yugoslavia while russia invokes the doctrine of blood broth ershood in bessarabia the baltic countries and finland all of which formed part of the russian empire before 1918 as the last vestiges of the ver sailles status quo crumble under the double impact of germany and russia eastern europe appears on the point of reverting to the status of 1914 to those familiar with the realities of the russian situation it had long been obvious that the soviet government disgruntled with the dilatory tactics of france and britain might ultimately make some sort of deal with germany and that once such a deal had been made europe would be in mortal danger of disruption the fulfillment of these expectations came as a surprise to only two groups those who on the left had believed that russia’s foreign pol icy was shaped solely by ideological considerations of hatred for fascism and those including britain’s rulers who with equal blindness believed that nazism would save europe from communism now the ideological smoke screen laid down by the false antithesis of fascism versus communism has been lifted and the two revolutionary powers are face to face with those european states both neutrals and belligerents which still desire to preserve some rem nants of the political and economic system left stauding by the first world war to speak of a rus sian betrayal is to reveal a fundamental miscon ception of soviet aims the ruling group in russia predominantly nationalist and anti western in sen timent is motivated not by considerations of ide ology but of russia’s national interests pure and simple just as russia’s interests after 1933 dic tated collaboration with the western powers against hitler so they dictated rapprochement with ger many after munich where france and britain showed they were both reluctant to resist nazism and eager to exclude russia from european councils dangers of russo german deal the immediate dangers of russia’s deal with germany were obvious from the start germany which has just obtained access to the coal and other raw ma terials of poland threatens to draw on the soviet union for the additional supplies it will need in prosecuting war on the western front the spectre of a british naval blockade has thus lost much of its menace and the striking power of the british navy against germany has been correspondingly reduced countries east of the rhine which had accepted british guarantees of their independence rumania greece and turkey are not only severely shaken by poland’s tragic experience but fear soviet encroach ments which france and britain may not be in a position to check even if they are ready to become involved in war with the u.s.s.r now that the remnants of poland’s routed armies are confronted with the russian invader germany can transfer the bulk of its eastern divisions to the west where they will bolster up its defenses against franco british attack but these immediate difficulties are overshad owed by a far greater danger for the western pow ers fascism and communism born in countries which had remained outside the main currents of the french revolution now threaten to destroy the institutions and ideas developed by the west in the nineteenth century great as are the differences in their historical and social setting fascism and communism have one thing in common contemptu ous hatred of capitalism and democracy symbolized for them first and foremost by the british empire the new totalitarian imperialism challenges not only the internal structure of the western countries based on such concepts as individual liberty and private property but also their control of colonial possessions most disturbing of all germany and russia assert in unison that they are fighting not for selfish national interests but to overthrow the yoke of democratic plutocracy and defend oppressed minorities or blood brothers in states betrayed by rotting ruling classes the western powers which in 1914 proclaimed themselves defenders of democracy against autocracy can thus be easily maneuvered into the position of die hard reaction aries determined to maintain the status quo at home and abroad unfortunately for the success of the allied cause these arguments now that they are advanced by both nazis and communists are bound to find listeners in eastern europe and the balkans whose peoples have long been ripe for revolution and have lost faith in the ability or even desire of the west ern democracies to build a new world order austria czechoslovakia spain are so many milestones on the road along which france and britain have re treated from their professed international ideals at a moment when the two western democracies are straining every nerve to wage the war they finally found it impossible to avert it would be worse than futile to indulge in criticism of their past actions but the fact remains that having first failed to re construct the post war world on a new plane france and britain were also defeated on the old plane of power politics by their blind incomprehension of hitler’s and stalin’s intentions italy’s neutrality helps germany as a result of this double error in the game of power politics the allies have begun the second world war under the most adverse possible circumstances russia’s neutrality had already dealt a stunning page two a a blow to all hopes of creating an eastern front againg germany but neutrality has also proved a refy for all other countries great and small with the te sult that so far the war has reduced itself to a basic test of strength between germany on the one hand france and britain on the other the neutrality of italy and the small european countries while tem porarily localizing the war actually works to the advantage of germany whose lines of supply through eastern europe the balkans and across the baltic remain undisturbed particularly advantage ous for germany is the neutrality of italy which would otherwise have provided a springboard for 4 french attack on germany as long as italy remains neutral it will be difficult and probably impossible for france and britain to persuade the balkan coup tries which otherwise might have felt threatened by italian expansion to enter the war on their side moreover if the allies want to do more than fight a war of attrition on the western front they will be forced to attack germany across the territory of one or more neutral countries in fact it may be expected that germany will do all in its power to invite allied violations of its neighbors neutrality which would furnish nazi propaganda with a strong talking point comparable to the german invasion of belgium in 1914 great as are the present odds against the allies europe is in such a state of convulsion that all pre dictions are hazardous even such an apparently disastrous development as the soviet german pact bears within it the seeds of possible advantage for france and britain this pact served the immediate purpose for germany of leaving poland at the mercy of the reich and for russia of inflicting re venge on france and britain for their action at munich but neither dictator can have any trust in the other it will take much time and considerable effort by german technicians to develop soviet te sources to the point where they can supply many’s needs to any adequate extent and closer contacts between germans and russians until nov carefully insulated against knowledge of the out side world may produce incalculable explosions in both countries it is with such imponderables that the allies must reckon as they continue their preparations for a wat which thus far has been primarily a war of defense and consider the possibility of a peace offer by hitler can or should the allies accept such an offer it may still be assumed that hitler would prefer avoid a long drawn out war with the west if he can obtain peace on his own terms which would cet tainly involve exclusion of france and britain from europe east of the rhine and redistribution of col onies and nothing would please either germany it agains a refy th the 0 a basic ne hand trality of hile tem s to the f supply lcross the ivantage ly which ard fora y remains 1possible an coun ireatened heir side han fight y will be ry of one expected ite allied ch would 1ng point lgium in 1e allies t all pre pparently nan pact ntage for mmediate d at the icting re action at y trust in siderable soviet re yply ger nd closer intil now the out losions in llies must for a wat f defense by hitler offer it prefer t0 if he can ould cet tain from mn of col germany a or russia so much as the prospect of imposing a humiliating peace on britain in europe paralleled chaps by an equally humiliating settlement in the far east what has happened in poland clearly in dicates that unless peace is promptly effected the nazis will not hesitate to use all means at their disposal to bring the allies to their knees many ple witnessing the havoc wreaked in poland feel that it would be better to preserve human lives and property even under foreign dictatorship as japan seeks new basis although premier nobuyuki abe’s statement of policy stressed concentration of japan’s efforts on the war in china it is apparent that the new jap anese cabinet is moving on a broad front to lessen the vulnerability of its international position the truce effected with the u.s.s.r on the mongolian manchoukuo border coincides with tentative sound ings at washington looking toward an improvement of japan’s relations with the united states all doors are being kept open as the cabinet moves cautiously forward to establish new and firmer bases for japan’s foreign policy aside from the trial balloon at shanghai affecting revision of the foreign defense sectors of the international settlement the japanese government has not yet attempted to capitalize on the increased anglo french weakness in the far east at the same time the new cabinet has studi ously maintained its diplomatic relations with ber lin despite the first spurt of indignation over ger many’s betrayal the japanese military economic mission originally sent to europe to strengthen the anti comintern pact spent most of its time sightsee ing in italy on september 16 however general juichi terauchi head of the mission left rome for a visit to berlin the soviet japanese truce premier abe will undoubtedly exploit the armistice concluded between japan and the soviet union on septem ber 15 as the first victory in the new cabinet's diplomatic campaign for japan however the im mediate gains are confined to fending off the threat never very serious of a major clash with the so viet union the terms of the truce are similar to those which followed the changkufeng hostilities of a little more than a year ago after meeting severe reverses in the recent fighting on the border the japanese forces have accepted the existing battle line as the de facto frontier pending the results of a joint demarcation commission acceptance of these terms was dictated by two considerations soviet page three was done by czechoslovakia than to have them de stroyed beyond repair in a war from which neither side can expect to emerge unscathed while this view might find some support in france and britain once germany has carried war to their soil for the moment the prevailing mood of the french and british is one of grim determination to fight ger many to the bitter end in the belief that life on a continent dominated by german nazis would in any case be unendurable for foreign policy military successes in the actual fighting and the in creased strength which the u.s.s.r deployed in the far east as a result of the soviet german treaty of non aggression these considerations should also be borne in mind when it comes to estimating the larger results which may flow from the truce even japanese sources unite in discounting reports that a non aggression pact with the soviet union is under discussion or is being contemplated if nevertheless japan did seek to obtain such a treaty the u.s.s.r would hold the whip hand and could virtually dictate its terms under these conditions it is difficult to see how japan could obtain the one concession which would be really worth while cessation of soviet military assistance to china it remains to be seen whether this hurdle is higher than some of those which have been leaped during recent weeks obviously the threat of a soviet agreement con stitutes a card which japan may attempt to play against the western powers in order to force con cessions in china france and great britain in any case can oppose little further resistance to japan’s activities unless they are strongly supported by the united states the latter’s position is more crucial than ever for the future of the far east washing ton holds two advantages the increased freedom of action conferred by expiration of the japanese american commercial treaty next january and the enhanced dependence of japan on the american market as a result of the european conflict it may be taken for granted that the efficacy of these ad vantages in preventing further japanese encroach ments on the interests of the western powers in the far east will soon be put to the test for the present however there is no warrant for believing that japan has moved appreciably closer to a solu tion of its vital problem final settlement of the war in china on its own terms t a bisson foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 48 september 22 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lert secretary vera michbles dean eiitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 181 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year was hington news letter vibben washington bureau national press building sept 18 as washington anxiously awaits the opening of the special session of congress this week every advance indication points to a full and free debate lasting at least a month or six weeks and possibly if other issues are injected until the regular session convenes in january the arms embargo none of the develop ments in europe have yet altered the administra tion’s determination to press its program for repeal of the arms embargo soviet intervention in poland which profoundly influences the character of the conflict in europe will inevitably have its effect on washington but at this stage the only discernible result here is a stiffening of the lines on both sides of the issue of neutrality revision the president and his advisers are still confident that they can muster a safe majority for repeal if the forecasts given to mr roosevelt last week hold good he is assured of ample support in the house and at least one or two additional votes in the senate foreign relations committee which postponed con sideration of neutrality revision in july by the nar row margin of 13 to 12 on the strength of such forecasts the administration hopes to avoid a repetition of the stalemate which prevented the issue from reaching the senate floor last summer and to hasten the final vote yet despite these predictions the outcome is far from certain and there is ample evidence that the debate will not be confined to the arms embargo but will range over the whole field of foreign and possibly domestic policy the ground for the op position stand was prepared last week in the speeches of senators borah vandenberg and bennett champ clark unexpectedly aided by lindbergh which sought to represent the movement for repeal of the arms embargo as a move to enter the war senator borah argued that to lift the embargo now war is in progress would unquestionably constitute inter vention in the present conflict in europe while colonel lindbergh made no reference to the em bargo his radio address was welcomed by the non interventionists as an important contribution to their cause just what the administration proposes to substi tute for the arms embargo has not been revealed although it is taken for granted that some form of cash and carry will be suggested at the moment its chief concern is to meet the charge of taking sides and establish a strong case for traditional neutrality based on international law and americay practice the state department is pressing its cop tention that the existing law is a false and illogical delusion illogical because it bars the export of arms while permitting the sale of all other kinds of war materials false because it runs counter to our own interests and waives historic neutral rights which we have insisted upon in the past neutral rights the case for traditional neutrality was presented by secretary hull in a formal statement on september 14 serving notice on european belligerents that the united states has not abandoned any of its rights as a neutral under international law the restrictive measures taken in accordance with domestic legislation he asserted do not and cannot constitute a modification of the principles of international law on the contrary this government adhering as it does to these prin ciples reserves all rights of the united states and its nationals uncer international law and will adopt such measures as may seem practical and prudent when those rights are violated by any of the bel ligerents but the central issue in the special session goes far beyond either neutral rights or the arms embargo it involves the question of what in the long run are the vital interests of the united states the president and his state department advisers are convinced that our vital interests would be jeopar dized by the reduction of great britain and france to the status of second class powers they are deeply concerned by the adverse conditions under which the allies are now compelled to fight if hitler's an ticipated peace offer is rejected by the allies as they believe it will be they expect a long war pos sibly lasting from three to five years in which the outcome may be determined by the ability of the allies to purchase airplanes and essential war sup plies in the united states our interests they insist demand that we furnish such war supplies on a cash and carry basis as permitted by the rules of inter national law the president's opponents in congress are equally convinced that our best interests will be served by keeping out of war and that the basic premises ms which the administration is proceeding will lead to military intervention if and when great britain and france are threatened with defeat these basic premises on both sides constitute the major obstacle to unity in american foreign policy w.t stone re just +a nal na tice has ider ken ted the ra ry fin and dopt dent bel goes 20 run the are par ance eply 1 the an they pos foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year forkejgm policy association incorporated 6 2armest 40th street new york n y ad p ic vou xviii no 49 september 29 1939 look behind today’s headlines read foreign policy reports american neutrality and the war out oct 1 burope’s economic war potential owt oct 15 japan’s position in war crisis out nov 1 effect of war on u.s l.a trade out nov 15 rights and duties of neutrals out dec 1 24 issues a year to members 3.00 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 8 ct 59 general library university of michigan ann arbor mich allies reject axi s peace offers the unexpectedly rapid conquest of poland neither britain nor france is disposed to accept peace on hitler’s terms although the fuebrer expressly disavowed any war aims in west ern europe in his speech at danzig on september 19 his intimation that germany was willing to cease hostilities on the basis of the status quo met with a chilly reception in paris and london speaking in the house of commons on september 20 prime minister chamberlain reiterated britain’s determina tion to redeem europe from the perpetually re curring fear of german aggression and to enable the peoples of europe to preserve their independence and liberties the same spirit characterized premier daladier’s address on the following day when i duce broke a prolonged silence on sep tember 23 to suggest publicly that it is a vain illu sion to maintain or worse still to reconstitute posi tions which history and the natural dynamism of peoples have condemned paris and london tre jected his peace proposals courteously but firmly if the reich is disappointed by this development ithas given no indication of it hitler’s own speech uncompromising and violent in general tenor was the the sup 1s1st cash ntet ually d by s of id t0 and basic tacle ine little calculated to conciliate germany's opponents the larger part was devoted to a lengthy denuncia tion of the versailles treaty polish barbarism and british complicity if britain wished to make hitlerism the war issue hitler declared the ger man people were prepared to take up the challenge germany could hold out and would not capitulate even in the seventh year of war meanwhile ger many and the soviet union would settle the fate of eastern europe while respecting each other's régimes conquest of poland strengthens reich the supreme confidence of the fuehrer was justified in many respects by over running poland in little more than three weeks the german mili tary machine has demonstrated its terrible efficiency and smooth organization by september 23 the ger man high command could proclaim that the cam paign in poland was ended with the exception of fighting at hopeless positions in warsaw in mod lin and on the peninsula of hela in its proud review of military accomplishments it announced the capture of 450,000 prisoners and 1,200 guns as well as the seizure or destruction of 800 polish planes after leaving a garrison in the conquered territory the reich is now turning its military power to the western front there the french army has not yet seriously penetrated the german de fenses the germans have already launched a series of counter attacks while categorically denying reports from paris that they are planning to turn the french flank by an invasion through the neth erlands and belgium germany has also profited economically from the conquest of poland in that part of the country provisionally assigned to the reich the germans have obtained rich coal fields which in 1938 pro duced about 42,000,000 tons or one quarter of the output in greater germany this polish supply will not only relieve the threatened coal shortage in germany but will give the country a surplus it can barter against imports of foodstuffs and other raw materials in addition the reith has acquired plenty of zinc as well as practically all of poland’s war industries it can also draw on polish labor reserves to maintair its agricultural and industrial produc tion although it will have to reckon with the possi bility of passive resistance on the part of thousands of patriotic poles germany pays stalin’s price in other respects germany's position is much less favorable the likelihood that britain can be forced to capitu late by submarine warfare seems rather small while the germans had sunk 196,925 tons of british and neutral shipping by september 26 the improve ment in british defenses is gradually minimizing the submarine menace in the east the fuehrer has had to pay a heavy price for his non aggression pact with stalin the military demarcation line in poland to which germany agreed on september 22 assigns to the soviet army three fifths of the conquered ter ritory together with a population of about 14 mil lion in particular it has deprived germany of a common boundary with rumania from which the reich draws vital oil supplies germany is determined however not to tolerate any interference with its sources of food and raw materials in the balkans on september 24 an organ of the german foreign office specifically warned the countries of southeastern europe not to court the fate of poland possibly this warning was in spired by the ruthless suppression of an abortive uprising attempted by the pro german iron guard in rumania on september 21 while members of the iron guard succeeded in assassinating premier armand calinescu the government of king carol will u.s.s.r block germany’s eastward path as the fourth week of the european war was ushered in by a peace offensive from berlin and rome the diplomatic situation seemed to be shifting in a direction more favorable to the allied cause among various signs indicating possible setbacks for germany were the course pursued by the soviet union in eastern europe the apprehension aroused in italy by russia’s re entrance into balkan politics and the avowed determination of france and britain to endure a prolonged war rather than accept a peace settlement on hitler's terms whatever may have been the secret clauses of the soviet german pact it becomes increasingly obvious that this pact envisaged not so much collaboration by the two totalitarian powers as parallel action in a region where both have something to gain at the expense of weaker neighbors to what extent the german and soviet lines of policy can continue to run parallel without crossing each other at some vital point is europe’s most important question the evidence available in the british white and blue books published on september 1 and 21 respec tively would indicate that hitler authorized the soviet pact as a last resort in the hope that it would effectively prevent france and britain from fulfilling their pledge to poland and thus clear the way for a quick german victory over the poles the anglo french decision to resist germany in spite of the soviet pact nullified the principal reason for which hitler had concluded it page two promptly retaliated by executing several hundred of its leaders and appointing a strong man gep eral george argesanu as prime minister the determination of rumania pressed by frang and britain to avoid any pro german orientation j not the only obstacle with which the reich mug contend in the balkans most of the rumanian gj industry is in the hands of foreign interests hostile to germany of the total amount of capital jp vested an anglo belgian group controls 42 per cent a franco belgian combine 23 per cent and ameti can interests 6 per cent in yugoslavia the impor tant copper mines are owned by a french company while the british control the lead and zinc mines obviously britain and france are supporting thes companies in their refusal to deliver unlimited quan tities to germany the balkans have thus become the object of a major tug of war the germans hoy ever are strategically and economically still in the best position unless southeastern europe is success ful in playing the u.s.s.r and italy off againg germany it can hardly escape falling completely under german domination john c dewilde while russia’s invasion of poland may have hastened germany's victory and permitted the transfer of some german forces to the westem front it may have dangerous long run consequences for the third reich the very fact that hitler must now wage a major war in the west makes it neces sary for him either to denude the eastern front thus giving the u.s.s.r added freedom for any diplomatic or military maneuvers it may choose to undertake or else weaken the western front by maintaining a sufficient force in the east to check possible inimical moves by the soviet union the fourth partition of poland has so far redounded strategically to the benefit of the u.s.s.r which has not only obtained a common frontier with hun gary but controls the entire former polish frontier with rumania and is thus in a position if it wishes to interfere with german attempts to obtain sup plies of wheat and oil in these two countries not will russia itself now that it is operating on a wat basis be able to furnish germany with any com siderable supplies except possibly wheat and map ganese moreover moscow propaganda which combines the appeal of slav unity with that of com munism may have far reaching effects among the backward predominantly peasant populations of eastern and southeastern europe while the land owners industrialists and white collar workers of this region may prefer to accept nazi rule the peasants and other elements notably jews may elect dred anice n js must n oil stile l in cent neti 1por dany lines these juan come how 1 the cess ainst etely have the stern ences mus eces ynt any 1008 at by heck the nded vhich hun nitier ishes sup nor wal con mat vhich com r the s of land rs of the elect to throw in their lot with the soviet union in this respect the treatment accorded by germany and russia to the poles will become an important object lesson to neighboring peoples balkans strive to form neutral bloc no time has been lost by the countries which lie in the path of german and russian expansion in seeking to conciliate the soviet government on september 23 hungary the most anti communist state in eastern europe renewed diplomatic rela tions with russia severed on february 24 when the hungarian government signed hitler's anti comintern pact the estonian foreign minister m selter hurriedly left moscow on september 24 where he had ostensibly gone to conclude a trade agreement just as the soviet government closed passage through leningrad via the neva river to finnish vessels bulgaria which hopes to obtain so viet support for its territorial claims against rumania is negotiating with moscow regarding air communi cations and trade yugoslavia whose authoritarian régime has been under the influence of white rus sian refugees is now considering the establishment of diplomatic relations with the u.s.s.r most im portant of all turkey which has been a friend of the soviet union since 1920 has sent its foreign minister m saracoglu to moscow where he is ex pected to discuss the formation of a neutral balkan bloc possibly under russian leadership it would be unrealistic to expect that russia’s plans are deter mined by a desire to protect the interests of france and britain but these plans might eventually act as a brake on germany's eastward expansion and to this extent prevent establishment of nazi hegemony in europe italy disturbed by shift in balkans the significance of this abrupt change in the balkan balance of power has not been lost on italy whose share in the axis partnership was to be participation in control of the balkans and domination of the mediterranean should germany now be forced to concentrate its efforts in the west temporarily leav ing southeastern europe open to russian maneuvers italy s hope of event nally obtaining satisfaction in that region as be price of its collaboration with the reich would be materially reduced like russia italy apparently would like to assume the leadership of a bloc of neutral st ites and has sought to rea ssure greece and turkey regarding its future designs in the eastern mediterranean by an accord con cluded on september 20 italy and greece agreed to withdraw troops from the frontier created between page three them by the italian occupation of albania last april and on september 23 italy announced that its gar risons on the dodecanese islands which it had ob tained from turkey in 1923 were being reduced to normal a three cornered struggle for a sphere of in fluence in the balkans may thus develop between germany italy and russia unless mussolini finds it necessary in the immediate future to reconsider the neutrality policy he had proclaimed on september 1 this policy appears to have been dictated by the hope that if italy remained scrupulously neutral it might serve as a benevolent mediator the moment poland was crushed and win a reward from either or both sides for its mediation the refusal of the allies to consider i duce’s peace overtures at this stage of the conflict opens up the prospect of a prolonged war which may have grave repercussions on italy's al ready strained economy the determination of the allies to continue the war until nazism has been crushed in the belief thac time is on their side was demonstrated on septem ber 25 when forces on the western front swung into action the apparent passivity of the allies which had provoked criticisms in britain and the united states is explainable on the ground that france and britain had no desire to sacrifice men and material in fruitless assaults on the west wall until they felt they had some chance of success in the long run however military operations may prove less de cisive than operations on the diplomatic front where germany vies with the allies in attempting to win the support of various neutrals most of these neutrals are less concerned with the ideological slogans of the two sides than with the prospects one or the other may hold out for the establishment of tolerable con ditions of peace if the allies can demonstrate that they are not merely able to rebuff hitler’s terms but ready to frame the basis of a new and more workable order in europe their chances of winning neutral support will be immeasurably enhanced if they do not the chief beneficiary of the war may be neither germany nor the allies but russia verra micheles dean the war and german society the testament of a lib eral by albrecht mendelssohn bartholdy new haven yale university press 1937 2.75 this volume is a notable attempt to describe the effects of the world war on german life instead of merely sum marizing the other german monographs of the carnegie endowment’s war history the author views the impact of the war in the light of his own subjective wartime im pressions and of his reflections on german post war de velopments foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 49 september 29 1939 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york p 181 published weekly by the foreign policy association n y frank ross mccoy president entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y national editor incorporated vera micheles dean two dollars a year dorothy f lest secretary under the act of march 3 1879 f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building sept 25 senator pittman’s working draft of legislation to repeal the existing neutrality law presents president roosevelt with a measure which meets his primary request repeal of the arms em bargo but in all other respects conforms to the demands of the mandatory group in congress while the pittman draft will doubtless be subject to change in the foreign relations committee or in subsequent debate on the floor of the senate and house most washington observers are predicting that such future revision will tend to stiffen rather than relax its mandatory provisions washington avalanche one basis for this prediction and one explanation for the kind of resolution drafted by the fourteen democratic members of mr pittman’s committee is found in the avalanche of letters and telegrams which has descended on washington from all parts of the country during the past week contrary to recent polls of public opinion the bulk of this correspond ence urges the strictest neutrality and a substantial majority apparently favors retention of the arms embargo there is no doubt that the volume and tone of this week’s mail has astonished the senators and representatives who will soon be called upon to vote on the neutrality issue while congress has been flooded with communications from its constitu ents many times in the past no one has found any precedent for the current demonstration or any clear explanation for the marked divergence from recent polls the contention that congressional mail merely reflects the activity of organized pres sure groups is not supported by the evidence found in senate and house offices which have checked and tabulated their correspondence while from 30 to 40 per cent of this correspondence has been traced to such organized groups the remainder is apparently spontaneous and represents the personal convictions of the writers whatever the reasons for this ava lanche its effect has been to cast further doubt on the outcome of the impending debate in congress the president’s message in his message of september 21 president roosevelt asked for im mediate repeal of the arms embargo against bel ligerents and return to the principles of international law as the surest safeguard against involvement of the united states in the european war ac the outset the president assumed that every member of the senate and house and every mem fc it sibbes pri pens le ber of the executive branch of the government are al equally and without reservation in favor of such measures as will protect the neutrality the safety and the integrity of our country and at the same wil time keep us out of war reviewing the efforts of the executive to prevent the outbreak of war and tracing the traditional american policy based on sound principles of neutrality and peace through international law mr roosevelt declared that the existing arms embargo was most vitally dan gerous to american neutrality american security and american peace as a substitute for the exist ing neutrality law president roosevelt recom mended a measure based substantially on the pro vy gram proposed by secretary hull at the last session of congress outli this program called for a discretionary cash and beg carry plan giving the president authority 1 to for 8 bid american vessels or citizens from proceeding the through areas of combat operations as defined by we the president and 2 to require that all goods 0 exported from the united states to belligerents be 9 preceded by the transfer of title to foreign purchasers stal while the pittman resolution provides for repeal f of the arms embargo it not only fails to give the sess president discretion in applying the cash and carry sch clause but further restricts his discretionary powers in est other sections of the law section 1 gives congress sep as well as the president authority to proclaim the his existence of a state of war thus bringing the act wh into effect section 2 inserts a mandatory cash and sig carry clause forbidding any american vessel to carry am any passengers or any articles or materials to tio any belligerent as well as requiring the transfer of oth title to foreign purchasers the sole exception to ev this sweeping prohibition is a proviso permitting si0 commerce on the great lakes between canada and ag the united states if enacted by congress this clause in would apparently prevent american ships from te calling at halifax and vancouver and cut off gt american borne commerce from british and french 2 possessions in the caribbean as well as australia new zealand south africa and other allied terri tories far from europe section 3 gives the presi ti dent authority to forbid american vessels from pro ceeding through combat areas while section at limits ordinary commercial credits to 90 days f without renewals and requires the president to re 4 port to congress every six months on all credits p granted under this clause taken as a whole this is 4 the strictest legislation yet proposed w.t.srone 4 +a rat on a uch fety ame orts war sed ugh that dan irity xist om pro sion and for ding 1 by rods s be sers peal the arty rs in tess the act and arty to r of n to ting and ause rom off ench alia erri resi pro n jays re edits is is foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated peeeal libr oer est 40th street new york n y lral lib vo xviii no 50 just off the press october ist october 6 1 will neutrality keep u.s out of war by william t stone head of the fpa’s washington by u 25 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan ann arbor michigan hitler b gs russia back to europe hitler prepared the peace offer he was expected to make in his reichstag speech the outlines of a new settlement in eastern europe were beginning to emerge from the chaos into which that region had been plunged since the outbreak of war the principal developments on the eastern front were the establishment of soviet air and naval bases on estonian territory the conclusion of three addi tional soviet german agreements and the apparent stalemate in soviet turkish negotiations estonia’s surrender following a midnight session with soviet officials reminiscent of the schuschnigg and hacha episodes dr karl selter estonian foreign minister flew back to tallinn on september 24 and returned in a few days with his government’s acceptance of soviet demands which were embodied in a pact of mutual assistance signed on september 28 in this pact whose pre amble recognized the principle of non interven tion the two parties undertook to render each other every assistance including military in the event of direct aggression or menace of aggres sion arising on the part of any great european power against the sea frontiers of the contracting parties in the baltic sea or their land frontiers across the territory of the latvian republic since the only great power in europe capable of attacking estonia across latvian territory at the present time is ger many this provision was interpreted as a soviet no trespassing sign against further german penetra tion in the baltic region this warning is to be im plemented by the establishment of soviet naval bases and airdromes on lease terms at a reasonable price on the strategic estonian islands of oesel and dagoe and in the town of paldiski baltic port for the protection of these bases and airdromes the u.s.s.r acquired the right to maintain at its own expense land and air armed forces of strictly limited strength the soviet government lost no time in consolidat ing its gains on the baltic on october 1 it was re ported that moscow was making claims on latvia for control of the ports of libau and windau as well as on lithuania as early as the first week in september norwegian commentators had predicted that the u.s.s.r might go even further and after imposing its conditions on finland attempt to oc cupy the adjoining northern provinces of norway in an effort to obtain an ice free port on the north sea which would give it that window on western europe which peter the great thought he had opened in 1721 when he founded st petersburg by these rapid moves the soviet government has turned the tables on germany which in 1918 under the treaty of brest litovsk had forced lenin to surrender estonia latvia lithuania and finland all of which had formed part of the russian empire for nearly two centuries excluded from the baltic region first by imperial germany then by the vic torious allies who decided to erect a group of small buffer states between germany and russia the so viet union now returns there as a great power with the acquiescence voluntary or involuntary of the third reich the acquisition of bases and ports in estonia and probably in latvia and finland as well assures russia’s mastery of the eastern baltic and will make it possible for the soviet government to resist german encroachments on the gulf of fin land through which as was learned during the world war germany could easily menace leningrad is russia working with or against germany the check administered by the soviet government to hitler’s plans for expansion in the baltic does not appear to have been offset by any material soviet concessions to germany in spite of the pleasure officially expressed by herr von rib bentrop regarding his visit to moscow on septem a ee ee ber 27 29 the principal features of the act ord co cluded by russia and germany at the close of th visit were a joint declaration by the two goveé qments regarding their future course in europe fal delimitation of the soviet german border ip po land and plans for economic cooperation between the two countries 1 soviett german declaration in this declaratio the two governments stated that they had definitely solved questions resulting from the disintegration of the polish state and thereby established a secure foundation for perma ment peace in eastern europe having accomplished this task they unanimously voiced their opinion that it would be in the interest of all nations to bring to an end the state of war presently existing between germany on one side and england and france on the other they therefore un dertook to concentrate their efforts if necessary in coopera tion with the other friendly powers on reaching this goal should their efforts prove unsuccessful the fact would thereby be established that england and france are respon sible for continuation of the war in which case the two countries will consult each other as to necessary measures the implied threat to fix war guilt on the allies and the warning that they would then be faced with a joint soviet german attack seem to have been the principal advantages secured by hitler who is obviously anxious to avert a conflict with the west ern powers while the soviet government might benefit by germany's defeat in the west which would give it a free hand in eastern europe it is difficult to see why it should render military aid to the reich when its chief concern is to avoid active participation in a general war nor would a clear cut german victory over the allies necessarily serve the purposes of the u.s.s.r which might then be left to cope with germany single handed the most plausible explanation of the soviet german declara tion is that both the totalitarian dictatorships are using their potential collaboration as a weapon to obtain what each wants from the allies germany cessation of war in the west and russia retention of the territorial and political gains it has made during the last four weeks if one may judge from winston churchill's radio broadcast of october 1 the allies are ready to fall in with the plans not of hitler but of stalin by accepting russia's return to eastern europe which they regard as a powerful obstacle to hitler’s drang nach osten 2 border and friendship treaty this treaty traces the final soviet german frontier in poland with the pro viso that the two governments will reject any interference in this settlement by third powers the new delimitation enlarges the territory allotted to germany and gives it a corner of poland bordering on lithuania while the u.s.s.r thus appears to have made territorial concessions to germany in poland this may prove to have been an extremely shrewd move as the new frontier leaves practically all the polish pee two a a population under german jurisdiction the sovig union obtaining only land peopled by white rus sians and ukrainians whom it can claim on th principle of blood brotherhood should the allig defeat the reich and attempt to reconstitute a po lish national state russia would be in a positiog to contend that it holds no polish inhabited ter tory and the london times has already indicate editorially that this reasoning might be acceptabk to the allies conversely if hitler makes creation of a paffer polish state one of the points in his peag proposals to the allies such a state would have tp be formed at the expense of germany not of russia 3 soviet german economic collaboration in letter addressed to hetr von ribbentrop m molotov sovig premier and foreign commissar said that on the basis an in the spirit of the general political understanding reachej between the two countries the u.s.s.r is willing to de velop economic relations with germany for this p an economic program will be drawn up by both sides unde which the soviet union will deliver raw materials to ge many in return for industrial products to be furnished by the reich over an extended period this economic pro gram is to be carried out in such a way that the volum of the german soviet exchange of goods will again attaia a high peak german access to soviet raw materials like the threat of russo german military action in the wes is a weapon used by hitler to force allied accept ance of his peace terms while soviet german ec nomic collaboration in peace time could prove mos fruitful since each country produces what the other needs it may be doubted that the u.s.s.r is able even if it were willing to supply germany with the raw materials it lacks in 1932 the peak year of soviet german trade german imports from the u.s.s.r constituted 5.8 per cent of its total imports a figure which had sunk to less than 1 per cent ia 1938 granted that trade between the two countries can be restored immediately to its 1932 level this would still fall far short of filling the gap in get man imports created by the british naval blockade which is estimated to have cut off 50 per cent of german import trade it should be pointed out moreover that the soviet union now that it is o a war basis would find it difficult to maintain peace time level of exports since it needs most d the principal products oil manganese phosphatt which it had been exporting to germany tht real battle in europe is being waged not on militay or economic fronts but in foreign offices and thanks to the far reaching effects of the soviet german pat the country whose support is most ascidoaa courted by both sides is the u.s.s.r which as latt as munich seemed to have been permanently cluded from european politics vera micheles dean atin wow gt 2 aoe ee lle es to de o ge 1ed by ic pro rolum attain ce the wes ccept n eco most other able th the sar of nthe nports ent in intries 1 this 1 ger ckade ent of 1 out is 01 tain i ost of phates the ilitany hanks 1 pac 10usl is late ly cr page three western powers prepare for siege warfare undaunted by the collapse of poland and the deadlock on the western front both britain and france have braced themselves to withstand the moral shock of the nazi peace offensive in a widely broadcast radio address on october 1 winston churchill first lord of the admiralty affirmed that poland would rise again put the best possible face on the soviet union’s westward advance by stress ing soviet british and french community of inter est against nazi expansion in the balkans and pro claimed the failure thus far of the german submar ine campaign confirming his statement that armies upon the scale of the effort of the great war were being prepared the british government summoned an estimated 250,000 young men 21 years of age to register for military service to finance britain’s participation in the conflict sir john simon chancellor of the exchequer pre sented a crushing emergency budget to the house of commons on september 27 anticipating that war costs would aggregate not less than 2 billion in the first year alone sir john raised income taxes to a point unequalled in british history and in creased a number of other levies excess profits are to be kept down by a 60 per cent impost formerly applicable only to armaments industries these measures it is estimated will yield approximately 1 billion the government will borrow an equiva lent sum as far as possible from the genuine sav ings of the people france girds for war effort devel opments in france have been analogous to those in britain in an official statement on september 20 and a speech by premier daladier a day later the french government affirmed its intention to perse vere until it had achieved complete victory belief in the government's sincerity had been strengthened by a cabinet reshuffle on september 13 when georges bonnet france's outstanding munichois was moved from the ministry of foreign affairs to the ministry of justice the altered conditions of french political life in wartime were graphically illustrated by the govern ment’s decision on september 26 to suppress the communist party in france together with all its publications and affiliated organizations the party had polled 1,200,000 votes and elected 72 deputies in 1936 but conclusion of the nazi soviet non aggression pact dealt it a blow from which it could not have quickly recovered while french public opinion was reported generally to approve the dis solution foreign critics regretted it as a vindictive act tending to discredit the liberal principles for which the french insisted they were fighting maritime warfare affects neutrals on the sea too the war seemed to be falling into the siege like pattern of 1914 1918 british blockade measures were quickly clamped down on neutral shipping a sweepingly inclusive contraband list modeled on the american schedule of june 1917 was published british subjects were forbidden to deal with neutral business firms placed on a black list because of their connections with the enemy neutral shipping was invited to call for examina tion at several control ports and in some cases was forcibly detained in british harbors negotiations were undertaken to secure the greatest possible share of the export surplus of european neutrals in retaliation german submarines were able to destroy 31 british merchantmen of 148,913 gross tons during the first month of the war sinkings rap idly decreased however as naval convoys were or ganized no british losses were reported between september 24 and october 2 when it was announced that a british vessel bound from new york to brazil had been successfully attacked german sources hinted that because british ships were being armed they would be compelled to disregard their 1936 pledge not to resort to unrestricted submarine war fare although this step might inflame neutral opinion and endanger neutral commerce many in ternational lawyers considered it justified under the circumstances since submarines could not be ex pected to make inquiries or provide for the safety of crews when under enemy fire although german u boats found it increasingly difficult to halt british shipping they tightened their counter blockade against britain by surveillance of the commerce of the scandinavian neutrals swedish finnish norwegian and danish vessels were ap prehended or destroyed some while they were car rying cargoes of wood products and iron ore others while traveling empty interception of trade be tween britain and the northern neutrals would im pose a severe strain on scandinavian economy and might tend to force some of the countries affected into war on the british side but the fate suffered by poland and the extension of soviet power in the baltic seemed likely to prevent such a development even if the western powers finally published peace terms appealing to the intelligence and con science of a neutral public dav h popper foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 50 ocrosgr 6 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dororuy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year p 181 f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building oct 2 the momentous debate over revision of the neutrality act which was launched in the senate this week threatens to overshadow all other issues in washington for some time to come while the principal problem as posed in the opening speeches of senators pittman and borah is repeal of the arms embargo there are several other vital questions af fecting the neutrality and security of the united states which are too important to be ignored two or three such questions have already been raised by the measures initiated through the executive branch of the government and the declaration approved by the conference of american republics at panama territorial waters one of these in volves the proposed extension of american terri torial waters far beyond the traditional 3 mile limit recognized by international law two weeks ago president roosevelt startled his press conference by declaring that american territorial waters extended as far as our interests required the significance of this novel definition was underlined a few days later when it was revealed that the president has full authority to issue executive orders regulating the operation and movement of any vessel foreign or domestic in the territorial waters of the united states and to take possession of such vessel if necessary to secure the observance of the rights of the united states this sweeping authority con ferred in the so called espionage act of june 15 1917 was cited on september 8 when the president issued his proclamation of national emergency the importance of territorial waters was empha sized again at panama last week when under sec retary sumner welles and representatives of several latin american states proposed a safety zone ex cluding belligerent operations within an area extend ing in some places up to 700 miles from the atlantic and pacific coasts of this hemisphere declaration of panama apparently spurred on by the sinking of a british freighter off the coast of brazil the panama conference approved a declaration ratifying the neutrality of the american states and designed to keep hostilities away from the western hemisphere but the panama discus sions raised a host of perplexing questions in con nection with this project for example there was a sharp difference of opinion on the delimitation of the safety zone with cuba suggesting an area cover ing virtually half of the atlantic ocean and other countries proposing an area close to the coastline the extension of territorial waters beyond the 3 mile limit however is likely to be challenged by belligerents if the belligerents should refuse to recognize the zone and if american warships eu should attempt to stop belligerent vessels the result might increase rather than reduce the danger of conflicts close to our own shores j another difficult problem is involved in arrange ments for patrolling the safety zone is the united states to patrol the coast of brazil and argentina for example or will this be left to the latin amer ican countries if joint patrols are established who will direct the operations the declaration of panama merely states that the american republics d may carry out individual or collective patrols whichever they may decide through mutual agree 4 ment neutral cooperation a second innova pez tion resulting from the panama conference is a var permanent advisory committee representing the cor american republics which will sit in washington an for the duration of the war this committee com wo posed of experts will be prepared to deal promptly cor with emergencies and will seek to coordinate the of action of the american states on matters affecting the the rights and duties of neutrals one of the first ins problems the committee may face will be to recon wh cile the domestic legislation of the united states th with the established practice of latin american nations at panama many of the latin american delegates advocated maintenance of trade relations in with belligerents in contrast to the cash and carty policy proposed in the pittman bill which would forbid american vessels to carry any articles or materials to any warring nation the uruguay dele gation formally proposed a joint declaration of the 4 american states protesting the right of belligerents to place foodstuffs and all articles destined for the civil population on contraband lists many other measures recommended at the panama conference will be referred to the perma nent advisory committee in washington some of the most important of these deal with economic and financial measures to cushion the shock of the war and to develop closer ties between north and south america this attempt to establish a frame work for neutral cooperation may not produce sen sational results but it promises to be an important factor in the shaping of a common policy in the western hemisphere w t stone +a e to esult r of inge ited tina mer who 1 of blics rols ore ova is a the gton com ptly the ting first con tates ican ican ions arty ould of jele the ents the the rma of mic the and ime sen tant the ie foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year ncaeor m e policy association incorporated pier al librarwest 40th street new york n y haiy of mich vou xviii no 51 october 138 1939 a out october 15th europe’s economic war potential by john c dewilde with the aid of james frederick green and howard j trueblood 25 oct anal 16 193 praga 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan inn arbor mich hitler lays down his terms the past week military operations on the western front were kept at a minimum while both sides maneuvered on the diplomatic field where hitler’s long anticipated peace offensive formed the centre of interest whatever the merits of the peace proposals which the fuehrer tentatively ad vanced before the reichstag on october 3 they have compelled the allies to take stock of their position and define more clearly the conditions on which they would consent to lay down their arms with poland conquered the belligerents now face the uncertainties of a long war in the west neither side will brave the risks of such a conflict with enthusiasm but each insists on a peace with honor it remains to be seen whether some form of neutral mediation by italy the united states or the northern european neutrals can bring about such a settlement the reichst'ag speech the terms outlined in vague form by hitler are unlikely to provide a suitable basis for discussion they were mentioned only toward the end of a long speech proudly review ing germany’s military accomplishments in poland and elaborately justifying the successive acts by which the nazis had torn up the treaty of versailles in essence these conditions of peace can be summarized under four headings 1 germany and the soviet union would together work out a settlement in eastern europe each would establish a new order in its sphere of interest in poland in its own sphere the reich might establish a polish state but only one which would do justice to historical ethnographic and economic facts an attempt would uso be made to reach a solution and settlement of the jewish problem in eastern and southeastern europe as a whole the german and soviet governments had agreed to support each other in resettling minority na tionalities in order to remove at least part of the ma terial for european conflict when hitler declared that this task would take 50 to 100 years to perform he was hardly exaggerating the minority peoples in eastern and central europe number about 11 million even after excluding those in greater germany and the soviet union to remove these minorities many of which have been settled for centuries in their present places of resi dence would require an enormous expenditure of time and money and entail much individual suffering the job would presumably be carried out by russia and germany without giving the countries and peoples af fected any right of appeal to the western european powers hitler announced his determination to begin almost immediately with the repatriation of the 3,000 000 germans scattered through eastern europe his emissaries have already approached the governments of the baltic states where 100,000 germans reside the return of these germans would presumably give the third reich a valuable reserve of military and economic man power 2 hostilities would cease and after the most thor ough preparation a conference would be called to dis cuss outstanding political and economic questions to reassure the allies hitler declared that germany saw no reason for any further revision of the versailles treaty apart from the demand for adequate colonial possessions justly due to the reich namely in the first instance for the return of german colonies at the same time he disclaimed all desire for conflict or terri torial disputes with germany’s neighbors in europe these statements failed to inspire confidence in paris and london which still remembered vividly similar assurances given by the fuehrer in september 1938 3 the conference would elaborate plans for a real revival of international economic life coupled with an extension of trade and commerce hitler did not out line in any detail the methods to be followed to achieve this objective but intimated that it would require the organization of production and marketing in other states along totalitarian economic lines 4 the powers would also discuss the establishment of an unconditionally guaranteed peace giving every nation a sense of security while declaring his readi ness to sanction the european status hitler is appar ently unwilling to make any concessions with respect to the restoration of czechoslovakia or the fait accompli created by russia and germany in poland he is pre pared however to reduce armaments to a reasonable i i emenee and economically tolerable level and conclude agree ments providing a comprehensive definition of the legitimate and illegitimate use of armaments negative reception in london and paris despite the war of destruction threatened by hitler if his peace overtures are not accepted the allies have given his proposals a cool reception pre mier daladier immediately announced before the senate foreign affairs committee that france would continue the war until victory and a régime of real justice and lasting peace is assured and the british government lost no time in expressing its distrust of the fuehrer’s promises the allies evidently believe time to be on their side while germany has won the military victories up to the present the future may tell a different story as france and britain slowly bring their vast economic and military power to bear on the struggle they see too that the european bal ance of power is changing to germany's disadvan tage the soviet union has seized the opportunity af forded by the reich’s preoccupation in the west to establish military protectorates over the baltic states and to resume its pre 1914 advance in the balkans page two which nazi germany had hitherto regarded as jg exclusive preserve italy is also believed to be turnj away from its close ties with germany if hitler ep tertained any hopes that i duce would join him jy imposing peace terms on the allies he has beep cruelly disappointed the visit which count ciang paid to berlin on october 2 was remarkably brief and the communiqué issued at its conclusion exceed ingly perfunctory the fuehrer’s speech for the firy time was devoid of glowing references to his axis partner italy seems alarmed at the prospect of being excluded from the balkans by the germans and re sians under the circumstances i duce is determined not to jeopardize his own chances for a larger place in the sun by committing himself unreservedly to germany nevertheless hitler has gained one advantage through his peace initiative he has compelled the allies to outline their war aims more precisely in one respect he put the issue quite clearly there must be no second versailles if all the mistakes of the past twenty years are not to be repeated john c dewilde soviet steamroller pushes west while hitler marked time waiting for the allies reply to his reichstag peace terms the soviet union relentlessly carried out its plans for domination of the eastern baltic the soviet estonian pact of sep tember 28 which gives the u.s.s.r the right to es tablish air and naval bases on the islands of dagoe and oesel and at baltic port and to maintain troops at these bases whose number is apparently to be 40,000 as compared with the estonian standing army of 12,000 was ratified by estonia on october 4 on the following day the soviet union concluded a sim ilar pact with latvia by which it obtained the right to maintain air and naval bases at the ports of libau and windau and a coastal artillery base between ventspils and pitraga as well as land and sea armed forces of strictly limited strength latvia's stand ing army is about 23,000 both these pacts provide that their realization does not affect the sovereignty or political and economic systems of the contracting parties a condition which estonia and latvia will find it difficult to enforce once their territory is occupied by soviet troops in both cases it was an nounced in moscow that arrangements had been made to increase soviet trade with estonia and latvia which had supplied the russian empire with dairy products and textiles before 1918 but had since then diverted their principal exports to britain and germany on october 5 it was also reported that the soviet government had made demands on lithuania includ ing the right to establish two air bases to enjoy free passage on the railway line from libau to the soviet ukraine and to transport timber on the river niemen in return for these concessions the soviet government was reported ready to permit the lith uanian population of twenty villages north of vilna in russian held poland to decide by plebiscite whether they choose to become part of lithuania or the u.s.s.r it appeared unwilling however to cede vilna seized by poland in 1923 as lithuania had first expected u.s.s.r summons finland having eal consolidated its gains in the baltic from w hich ger many has retreated even to the extent of repatriating german minorities in latvia and estonia some of which have been settled there since the thirteenth cen tury the soviet government on october 7 turned to finland which the russian empire had acquired from sweden in 1809 finland having gained its in dependence in 1917 has since then worked in close association with sweden norway and denmark and regards itself as part of the scandinavian rather than the baltic group of states its relations with the so viet union have often been strained during the past twenty years by anti communist sentiment in fin land by finnish grievances regarding soviet treat ment of eastern karelia a section of the u.s.s.r it habited largely by finns and most recently by the soviet refusal to permit joint swedish finnish remil itarization of the aland islands these islands which command the entrance to the gulf of bothnia have been under finnish sovereignty since 1921 soviet claims on finland alarmed not only helsingfors but fs tl wv a h e qa 5 its bate ang rief first eing rus ined lace y to tage in nust past ger ating e of cen d to uired s in close and than 2 so past fin reat r in y the emil thich have oviet but pen also stockholm where it was feared that the soviet government would now hold the whip hand in the eastern baltic for the scandinavian countries whose export trade is being throttled by germany's counter blockade against britain the most disillusioning aspect of the war is that hitler their self proclaimed defender against communism has now accepted so viet domination of this region balkans struggle for neutrality similar anxieties preoccupied the balkan countries confronted by simultaneous demands from germany russia italy and the allies while waiting for clari fication of europe’s tangled diplomatic situation the balkan states sought safety in improvement of their mutual relations with the eventual object of forming aneutral bloc which might withstand pressure on the part of the great powers turkey whose foreign minister m saracoglu has been in moscow since september 25 sent a military mission to britain on october 3 and on october 5 the head of the mission general orbay initialed the british turkish mutual aid pact which had been hanging fire since last may fulfillment of this pact however will depend on britain's ability to furnish turkey with military and economic assistance at a moment when britain itself needs all the armaments it can produce while both london and ankara contend that this treaty is not incompatible with any other obligations the turkish government may wish to undertake it would appear to conflict with russia’s reported demand that tur key close the dardanelles to british and french war ships which might seek to aid rumania also a recipi ent of allied pledges against german or soviet aggression meanwhile hungary and rumania which had been at swords points on the eve of poland’s parti tion announced partial demobilization on october 7 as a gesture of good will and rumania promised on october 4 to improve the lot of its large hungarian and ukrainian minorities in similar vein bulgaria which had been demanding the return of dobrudja awarded to rumania at the close of the world war has shown marked restraint on this subject appar ently under the influence of yugoslavia which is seconding turkey's efforts to protect the balkan re ion from involvement in the european war nor have rumania and yugoslavia yielded to germany's demands for increased deliveries of foodstuffs and raw materials the german rumanian trade agree ment renewed on september 28 failed to increase the volume of rumania’s oil exports to the reich which continue to constitute one third of its export able oil surplus or approximately two million tons page three annually and yugoslavia has shown reluctance to expand its exports to germany on the ground that the reich has failed to deliver manufactured goods especially armaments promised under its barter deal with belgrade it would almost seem that the reap pearance of russia in the balkans has given the bal kan countries courage to resist nazi demands if germany's attempt to conquer territory which it either controlled in 1914 or in which it could claim blood brothers caused the allies to wage war on hitler then russia’s even more successful attempt to reconquer territory it held before 1914 would seem to call for similar action on their part yet hitherto britain and france have tried to distinguish between nazi and soviet conquests on the ground that they are fighting against hitlerism the soviet conten tion expressed in izvestia on october 9 that war against hitlerism would mean a return to the dark ages makes it incumbent for the allies to decide whether their anti hitler war also necessitates a struggle against communism or whether they are prepared to accept russia’s conquests as a valuable counterweight to german expansion vera micheles dean statement of the ownership management circulation etce required by the acts of congress of august 24 1912 and march 3 1933 of foreign policy bulletin published weekly at new york n y for october 1 1939 state of new york county of new york ss before me a notary public in and for the state and county aforesaid personally appeared vera micheles dean who having been duly sworn ac cording to law deposes and says that she is the editor of the foreign policy bulletin and that the following is to the best of her knowledge and belief a true statement of the ownership management etc of the afore said publication for the date shown in the above caption required by the act of august 24 1912 as amended by the act of march 3 1933 em bodied in section 537 postal laws and regulations printed on the re verse of this form to wit 1 that the names and addresses of the publisher tor and business managers are publishers foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street nev york n a editor vera micheles dean 8 west 40th street new york n y managing editor none business managers none 2 that the owner is foreign policy association incorporated the principal officers of which are frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary both of 8 west 40th street new york n y and william a eldridge treasurer 70 broadway new york n y editor managing edi 3 that the known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 per cent or more of total amount of bonds mortgages or other securities are none 4 that the two paragraphs next above giving the names of the owners stockholders and security holders if any contain not only the list of stock holders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the company but also in cases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon the i f the company as trustee or in any rer fiduciary relation the name person or corporation for whom such tee is acting is given also 1 said two paragraphs contain state ts embracing afhant’s fuli ge and belief as to the circumsta 1 conditions under which lders and security holders who do not 2 r upon the books of the y as trustees hold stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a fide owner and this affiant has no reason to believe that any other erson association or corporation has any ir est direct or indirect in the said stock bonds or other securities than as so stated by her foreign policy association incorporated by vera micheles dean editor s 1 to and subscribed bef me this 27th day of september 1939 seal carolyn e martin notary public j york county new york county clerk’s no 329 my commission expires march 30 1941 foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 51 october 13 1939 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y tered as second class matter december 2 sp 181 published weekly by frank ross mccoy president dorotrhy f leet secretary vera micheles dean edéifor 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 the foreign policy association incorporated national 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building oct 9 efforts to induce president roosevelt to accept the rdle of neutral mediator in europe re ceived no official encouragement from the white house or the state department early this week at hyde park on sunday mr roosevelt made the an nouncement that he had nothing whatever to say about hints from berlin that germany would wel come an armistice if proposed by the united states in washington on monday mr hull maintained complete silence as department officials awaited the expected statements from london and paris in answer to hitler's reichstag speech mediation sentiment in congress this official reserve remained unbroken in the face of growing sentiment in congress for american media tion on october 7 senator thomas a leading demo cratic member of the foreign relations committee and a supporter of the administration program for arms embargo repeal urged the president to con sider most seriously hitler's peace offer no mat ter what happens he declared peace making has to be indulged in and the sooner the nations of the world begin the greater the chances for a negotiated peace tempered by the opinions of the neutral states while the senate deferred action on a motion by senator johnson of colorado proposing suspension of the neutrality debate pending the outcome of the armistice movement other voices were raised in favor of a peace settlement these included senators on both sides of the neutrality debate at the white house and the state department however washington observers find more reasons for hesitation than appear on the surface it is ap parent that washington will make no move of any kind until it is certain of the reception in london and paris at this moment any offer of mediation would seem to place the responsibility for continuing the war on the allies and would presumably serve hit ler's purpose of achieving a settlement on his own terms these terms as far as they were revealed in hitler's reichstag speech would be hard to square with secretary hull’s announcement on october 2 that the united states does not recognize the par tition of poland beneath the surface however there are indications that washington may be playing a delaying game to give the allies an opportunity to take full advantage of the present peace lull if negotiations can be con tinued for several weeks it is pointed out the advent of winter weather may defer the launching of major operations on the western front moreover it is sug gested that further delay at this time may give britain and france an opportunity to explore the effect of russia’s new position in the baltic and in eastem europe it is these imponderables which lend strength to the belief in washington that official silence today may not preclude some form of american mediation at a later stage american shipping under cash and carry meanwhile as the neutrality debate pro ceeds in the senate there are signs that the cash and carry program advocated by the administra tion may be modified as a result of criticism from american shipping interests and from other quarters within the administration itself it is a curious fag gr that the effects of the pittman bill on the american dif merchant marine have scarcely been discussed on the not senate floor last week however admiral land da chairman of the maritime commission appeared at ge an informal meeting called by senator pittman to ing consider the effects of the cash and carry proposal cat admiral land’s testimony has not been made public ma but even a cursory analysis of american maritime trade reveals the probable effects of the proposed ma legislation we e a wr on june 30 1939 there were 331 american vessels ba with a gross tonnage of 2,176,000 tons engaged in p carrying goods and passengers in international trade re at the present time shipping experts estimate that be something like 250 vessels of 1,568,000 tons would u be affected directly or indirectly by the mandatory prohibitions of the pittman bill most of the north atlantic shipping would be cut off by the prohibition p against carrying any articles or goods to belligerent ta nations on american vessels affecting approximately w 95 ships with a gross tonnage of 580,000 tons in addition 18 vessels totaling 107,000 tons would be 8 prevented from calling at belligerent ports in the mediterranean more than 50 vessels totaling 433,000 tons would be forbidden to call at belliger ent ports in australia new zealand india and brit li ish and french possessions in asia while many othet t small freighters would be barred from south africa and colonial possessions in africa some of these ships might be added to the fleet of 150 american vessels engaged in trade with central and south b america including the west indies but maritime j authorities see little chance of any great increase in this trade w t stone t +ee of major it is sug e britain effect of eastem strength ce today 1ediation h and sate pro he cash ministra sm from quarters ious fact merican d on the al land eared at tman to proposal le public maritime proposed in vessels gaged in ial trade nate that ns would andatory ne north ohibition elligerent ximately tons in would be ts in the totaling belliger and brit any other th africa of these american id south maritime crease if stone subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff perigdical room general library aaa uy of class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york orr n under the act a 2 09 of march 3 1879 i39 you xviii no 52 octoser 20 1939 announcing f.p.a world affairs institute 1914 1939 is history repeating itself all sessions including luncheon 2.25 morning session a ag 75 afternoon session fpa members 50 saturday november 4 hotel astor new york 9 30 a.m to 4 45 p.m general library university of michigan ann arbor michigan britain’s war of watchful waiting 2 rejecting hitler's peace proposals prime min ister chamberlain indicated on october 10 that great britain would continue its present tactics of diplomatic maneuver defensive warfare and eco nomic siege mr chamberlain supplemented premier daladier’s speech of october 10 by denouncing the german offer as vague and uncertain and declar ing that past experience has shown that no reliance can be placed upon the promises of the present ger man government in reply herr hitler through his press chief dr otto dietrich warned that ger many is now invincible and that britain and france would be responsible for the most gruesome blood bath in history that is soon to engulf europe re ports that dr dietrich had requested president roosevelt to mediate were subsequently denied in berlin after the president had indicated that the united states would intervene only if formally in vited by all belligerent governments mr chamberlain’s refusal to discuss peace under present conditions was designed to force hitler to take both the diplomatic and military initiative in western europe as in the world war the british government by framing its own objectives in vague general terms and demanding that germany restore conquered territory as a prerequisite for negotiations sought to win support from the empire and neu tral countries by placing the moral blame upon ber lin this maneuver was apparently successful for the nazi régime delayed beginning the war in earnest and hinted that further peace proposals would soon be made meanwhile germany has con tinued to win victories at sea torpedoing a british battleship the royal oak a 29,150 ton veteran of jutland as well as additional british and french merchant ships britain’s diplomatic aims at the same time that it combatted german submarines and sent 158,000 men to the western front in the first five weeks of war great britain has sought primarily to weaken the nazi régime from within and to en circle it from without that a war in the west is unpopular with the german people was indicated on october 10 when rumors of an armistice evoked widespread celebrations in berlin britain hopes to impress the germans already enduring the ration ing of food clothing and other necessities that the present conflict is to begin with the blockade con ditions of 1918 it has not yet succeeded however in formulating its aims in terms that will appeal to the german people as yet it has given no indica tion that the mistakes of versailles will not be re peated and that the reich will not be deprived of the political and economic position in world affairs which it can rightfully demand leaders of the labor and liberal parties and even conservative back benchers have repeatedly urged mr chamber lain to issue a plan for a wholesale reconstruction of europe possibly under some scheme of federation the government has refused to formulate its pol icy in precise terms partly because of the difficulties inherent in launching any long range program at this time and partly because of its desire not to alienate the soviet union italy and the balkan neutrals as britain thus stalled for time in the hope that hitler's chances for victory would steadily diminish it has been participating in the diplomatic warfare that rages from the arctic ocean to the dardanelles it countered germany's commercial pact with the so viet union by signing a barter agreement on octo ber 11 under which british tin and rubber will be exchanged for russian lumber despite the effect of the nazi soviet pact on poland last august the british derive considerable satisfaction from the fact that russia appears to be encircling germany in eastern europe even though realizing that russian expansion with or without german collaboration must eventually menace the empire britain benefits at least temporarily from stalin’s rapid encroachment on german spheres of influence in the baltic the soviet union secured valuable con cessions from estonia latvia and lithuania while returning vilna to the latter on october 10 and then pressed for similar advantages from finland the finnish mission returned from mos cow on october 15 reportedly refusing to meet soviet demands the altered balance of power in the baltic was to be considered at a conference sum moned by sweden for october 18 in stockholm and attended by the president of finland and the kings of sweden norway and denmark as well as their foreign ministers turkey’s difficult position the british government is particularly concerned with the devi ous game being played in the balkans and eastern mediterranean while a mission from turkey re mained in london to sign a mutual assistance pact a british deal the important victory won by the chinese armies north of changsha early in october which has been overshadowed by news from the european fronts climaxed a succession of diplomatic and military re verses japan has met since midsummer during the preliminary phases of the tientsin dispute japan appeared to be driving a hard bargain with the western powers the latter were apparently in full retreat on july 24 when the craigie arita formula conferring virtual belligerent rights on japan in occupied china was announced in the ensuing negotiations at tokyo conducted under this formula japan hoped to undermine the positions of the western powers in china and thus to carry through a flank attack on the chinese military resistance japan’s recent setbacks on july 26 however the state department abruptly denounced the japanese american commercial treaty although the anglo japanese negotiations for settlement of the tientsin dispute continued at tokyo they were eventually terminated without real gain for japan on august 18 when ambassador craigie rejected a set of japanese economic demands affecting north china further blows followed conclusion of the soviet german pact on august 23 struck at the foundations of the anti comintern pact and de prived japan of potential german military aid against the u.s.s.r at about this time soviet japanese hostilities on the outer mongolia man choukuo frontier reached their height and the kwantung army suffered a military defeat involv page two et ee the turkish foreign minister shukru saracoglu cap ried on difficult negotiations in moscow turkey is re ported to have refused russia’s demands that it clog the straits to britain and france in order to pre clude allied aid to rumania and that it permit the soviet union and germany to create and superyig a neutral balkan bloc since turkey's potenti enemy is italy however it is probable that the ap kara government will endeavor to maintain strig neutrality and to play off and receive econom benefits from each of the various belligereny britain greatly desires the benevolent neutrality of both italy and turkey as well as that of the balkay countries where the british hope to outbid germany for vital raw materials as in the world wa britain hopes to extend its diplomatic and naval front from the baltic and north sea through gj braltar to both the dardanelles and suez canal remains to be seen whether britain’s traditional siege technique bulwarked by gold and ships can de feat a modern foe equipped with airplanes an submarines james frederick green with tokyo ing according to subsequent official japanese i missions 18,000 casualties by a series of rapid moves initiated at the end o august japan sought to redress the balance a new cabinet was formed the campaign against britain was halted conciliatory overtures were made to washington and a military truce was arranged with the soviet union the japanese program also called for a speedy settlement of the china incident through establishment of an imposing puppet gor ernment headed by wang ching wei which would centralize the various local régimes at peiping nao king shanghai and hankow the changsha offensive preparatory inauguration of wang ching wei’s new government scheduled for the anniversary of the chinese re public on october 10 the japanese commant launched a major offensive against changsha by september 24 after preliminary advances begun in mid september a two column attack southward from yochow and westward from the kiukiang nar chang line was in full swing some 500,000 troops of which the japanese forces totalled approximatel 200,000 were engaged on a 70 mile front during the first week japanese forces rapidly cleared the northern section of the nanchang yochow c hang sha triangle and by october 1 japanese vanguard were reported at the gates of changsha five day later a chinese counter attack directed against the flanks of the japanese columns had turned the at vance into a retreat by october 15 the chines acess oglu cap r key is fe at it close f to pre ermit the supervig potential it the ap ain strig economic lligerents trality of ne balkap germany rld war nd naval ough g canal onal siege can de anes and green anese ad he end of ce a new st britain made to nged with lso called incident ppet gov ich would ing nam aratory to vernment inese re commant igsha by begun it vard from iang nat oo troops oximatel it during eared the yw chang vanguatds five days gainst the od the at e chines page three forces had regained all territory lost during the offensive and were attacking yochow the base from which the inland column had originally launched its drive events of the past six months give added signifi cance to this chinese military victory in the spring of 1939 japanese offensives in central china were also ineffective the first was halted after the capture of nanchang while the second in northwest hupeh province experienced a drastic reverse simi lat to that at changsha either the chinese armies are displaying much greater offensive defensive strength or else the morale of the japanese soldiers is markedly deteriorating both factors may per haps be operating on the military fronts in china in any case it would appear that further japanese advances will require the use of large numbers of additional troops demanding heavy financial out lays particularly in view of the enhanced morale of china’s military commanders and forces the victory at the front not only delays inauguration of the wang ching wei régime but diminishes any influence that régime might have on china’s political leadership at chungking finally it adds new com plications to japan’s efforts to restore its diplomatic front and strengthen its international position appeasement in the far east in most respects the strategic advantages which japan might have expected to secure from a european con flict have been dissipated by its recent setbacks the soviet union freed from the menace of a combined german japanese attack can now extend even greater aid to china the united states with its fleet in the pacific and the potential threat of a trade embargo holds weapons which japan hardly dares challenge these weapons are also available for use in defense of the anglo french stake in china with which american interests are closely intertwined the western powers probably dispose of sufficient strength to block further japanese encroachment on their interests in china london and paris however may prefer to protect their interests by a compromise that will serve to prevent an outright japanese collapse anglo french diplomacy is today more than ever inclined to view japan as a bulwark against the soviet union in the far east and appears to be joining hands with tokyo in a deal that will sac tifice nationalist china the warning of sir stafford cripps on october 10 that the anglo japanese alli ance is being revived merely underlines such events as the withdrawal of british naval vessels from the yangtze river the renewal of ambassador craigie’s conversations with japanese officials and the re ported french suggestions at chungking that china should conclude peace with japan the two far eastern powers still able to pursue an inde pendent policy the united states and the u.s.s.r hold the key to the outcome of any such anglo french maneuver in view of london’s strategic de pendence on the united states at this time it is difficult to see how an appeasement policy could be followed in the far east against american oppo sition if the western powers including the united states joined in such a program the issue would be clear cut deserted by the western democracies china would probably be forced to turn to the so viet union for the means of continued resistance the emergence in the far east of an apparent wil lingness to sacrifice china after its heroic struggle of the past two years raises serious doubts regarding the character of anglo french war aims in europe t a bisson germany’s claim to colonies information department papers no 23 second edition revised and enlarged by the royal institute of international affairs new york oxford university press 1939 1s an excellent brief treatment of germany’s colonial claims and of the british reactions to them after a short historical statement on the rise and fall of germany’s colonial empire the authors analyze but do not evaluate the arguments put forward on the two sides propaganda technique in the world war by harold d lasswell new york peter smith 1938 3.50 the second edition of a standard work the democratic monarchies of scandinavia by ben a arneson new york van nostrand co 1939 1.60 a good simply written text on the governmental sys tems of the three scandinavian countries with useful chapters on the historical and social economic background the new democracy and the new despotism by charles e merriam new york whittlesey house 1939 3.00 denouncing the intellectual inconsistencies and subter fuges of modern dictatorships the author maps out the ideals aims and basic mechanisms of democratic govern ment operated for the general welfare france faces depopulation by joseph j spengler dur ham n c duke university press 1938 3.00 an exhaustive study of the french population problem which reaches the conclusion that if further population growth were to be stimulated it would decrease the real per capita income of the country and thus lead to a lower standard of living for the french masses dictatorship in the modern world edited by guy stanton ford revised and enlarged minneapolis minn uni versity of minnesota press 1939 3.50 the descriptive material on present day dictatorships which makes up the bulk of this volume has been brought up to date and the excellent analytical essays on dictator ship and democracy including new data retain their edu cational value a very useful political handbook foreign policy bulletin vol xviii no 52 ocroser 20 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y national frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lert secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year eb 181 f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building oct 16 with the european war in its seventh week and the neutrality debate dragging into a third week official and public interest has turned to the possible effects of hostilities on economic relations between the united states and latin america ef forts to tighten inter american trade relations were dramatized by reports of a plan to lend part of the united states gold holdings to latin american coun tries which was discussed at the president's press conference on october 13 apparently immediate action along these lines is not being considered and in any event would require approval by congress the arrangements made in 1937 to sell brazil gold up to 60,000,000 however went into effect on october 16 meanwhile the broad question of trade changes in the americas resulting from the hostili ties is being probed by economists in the commerce and state departments the latin american trade problem last year the twenty latin american republics imported 1,390,000,000 worth of goods of which 497,000,000 worth came from the united states 238,000,000 from germany 170,000,000 from the united kingdom and 49,000,000 from france despite assurances by the reich that de liveries to brazil and chile can be made through neutral countries it seems probable that german exports to latin america will be almost entirely eliminated during the war france and great britain moreover will doubtless find it difficult to maintain exports while their industrial capacity is devoted to war needs theoretically the war means the im mediate opening up of additional export markets in latin america to the united states this country is unquestionably in a position to supply latin america with most of the goods for merly purchased from the belligerent nations but it can obtain the full benefit of this opportunity only by increasing imports of latin american goods or by new loans and investments while it would be im possible for the united states to absorb much larger quantities of latin american corn wheat copper nitrates petroleum or even coffee industrial recov ery in this country will increase consumption of vari ous other products from latin america such as quebracho hides and skins casein bauxite sisal and linseed in addition the united states might purchase more manganese cacao and wool from latin amer ica at the expense of sources of supply outside the western hemisphere from the long range point view however these considerations are perhaps important than efforts to develop new latin ican export products for the united states while new agricultural and mineral possibilities which the united states has been officially i ested for some time are being explored the dev ment of latin american manufacturing ind producing for the export trade is also being studi financing inter american trade pansion even with the high degree of coo tion now existing between the twenty one ameti republics in sharp contrast to the situation folf ing the outbreak of the war in 1914 and the mu desire of the united states and latin america tighten economic bonds the war will inevitably rupt previous trade channels much stress has laid on the flow of orders to the united states whi might otherwise have been filled by one of the ligerents a few latin american countries have change resources sufficient to permit a rapid shift this nature and some have benefited substantially from the rise in prices for their export products y latin america as a whole is facing a serious problem in disposing of many of its most important products and an over all economic boom of substantial propor tions cannot be assumed simply on the basis of the war the development of new latin american expoft products for the united states the influence of 1 covery in this country and the concentration of pur chases in the western hemisphere will necessarily be a slow process the same is true of any possible movement of long term capital from the uni states to latin america meanwhile exchange difit culties may prevent the sharp expansion in expomt trade which has been so widely forecast pending 1 adjustment of trade currents the situation prob could be relieved in part by short term credits for the present at least the funds of the expo import bank have been virtually exhausted and pf vate capital may be reluctant to take the initiative if this connection jesse jones federal loan admini trator has proposed the establishment under thé auspices of the export import bank of a compatiy for latin american trade development while this proposal is hardly past the plan stage it is apparent that the administration is determined to take all measures in its power to facilitate inter americaf trade expansion on an economically sound basis howarp j trueblood a eee a point of haps ess in 7m marke vilities lly inte develop industries studied ade ei coop of amerig n follow e mutual erica tably dig has bee tes whidy f the bel have d shift of stantially jucts ye s problem produats al propor basis of an export ce of n of put ecessarily y possible e nite ange diffi in export ending 1 probably edits bul e export 1 and pte itiative im admini under thé compat while this s apparent take all americait basis eblood +foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y you xix no 1 new f.p.a radio program starting sunday october 29 1939 at 3 15 p.m october 27 1939 the president general mccoy inaugurates the foreign policy association’s new weekly radio program on foreign affairs unday october 29 this new program will be broadcast over n.b.c every sunday from 3 15 to 3 30 p.m entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post ofice at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 noy 19 dr william w bishop 439 ersity of michigan library ann arbor mich pact with turkey strengthens allies hile the french were withdrawing their advance forces from german territory in an fort to strengthen their positions against attack the allies won a striking diplomatic victory on oc ber 19 by signing a 15 year alliance with turkey this pact which had been hanging fire ever since turkey and britain exchanged provisional pledges of mutual assistance last may was concluded after prolonged negotiations for a parallel russo turkish agreement had broken down it will help the allies to counteract german pressure on the balkans and provides an additional insurance that italy will re main neutral under the terms of the alliance france and britain will unreservedly protect turkey against aggression with all the means at their command the allies and turkey will come to each other’s aid the mo ment they are involved in a war in the mediterranean resulting from an act of aggression by any euro pean power turkey will assist the allies in carry ng out their unilateral undertakings of last april protect rumania and greece against attack and agrees to engage in immediate consultations and observe at least a benevolent neutrality whenever france and britain are the victims of an act of ag gression by a european power outside the mediter anean consultations will also take place in the event of an attack on any other european nation which has been guaranteed by one or several of the contracting powers or whose security is essential to their safety a protocol annexed to the treaty speci fes that turkey can under no condition be com pelled to take action having as its effect or involv ing as its consequence entry into armed conflict with the u.s.s.r turkey’s fears allayed in signing this pact turkey which was allied with the centra powers in the world war has tried to safeguard itself from any possible german russian or italian menace the turks have never forgotten that italy coveted southern anatolia and deprived them of libya and the dodecanese islands they have heard mussolini tirelessly reiterate italian claims to ex pansion in the eastern mediterranean and consid ered themselves threatened by italian bases on the dodecanese islands close to turkish shores re cently the more immediate danger has come from other quarters germany's political and economic offensive in the balkans threatened to make turkey a victim of this drang nach osten which had already captured half of the country’s foreign trade when the soviet union joined germany in claiming an exclusive voice in settling the fate of the balkans and began to press for control of the straits lead ing to the black sea turkey was also compelled to reconsider its policy of friendship toward moscow while the new alliance protects turkey against the soviet union as well as germany and italy it still leaves the way open for a reinsurance agreement with the kremlin by means of this pact the allies have considerably reinforced their position in eastern europe with turkey providing a base of operations and permit ting allied warships access to the black sea france and britain can shield rumania and the other balkan states much more effectively against attack by germany in the future the balkans will have greater strength to resist german efforts to monop olize their supplies of foodstuffs and raw materials nor do the allies now need to buy italian support italy has indicated its displeasure with the agree ment by renewed expressions of friendship with germany it may also have been significant that italy chose october 21 to conclude a final agreement with the reich providing for the repatriation of about 10.0 german citizens in the italian tyrol but permitting the 200,000 germans of italian citizen ship to remain if they wish italy is now unable to affect the outcome of the war decisively it can at best only utilize its neutrality to recover some of its former influence in the balkans a setback for russia for the russians the turkish agreement is also a serious blow in the negotiations with the turkish foreign minister shukru saracoglu they pressed the turks in vain to close the straits and the black sea to foreign war ships and influence rumania to cede bessarabia to russia and southern dobruja to bulgaria al though these objectives happened to coincide with germany's interest the kremlin was playing an ex clusively russian game in the west and northwest it had secured itself against germany by establish ing military protectorates over the baltic states and annexing the ukrainian parts of poland in the southeast russia wanted to safeguard itself against french and british intrusion by turning turkey into the russian gatekeeper of the black sea the return of bessarabia would also have given it strategic control over the mouth of the danube when these demands were refused moscow declined in turn to northern neutrals dig in the meeting of the scandinavian rulers at stock holm on october 18 19 was an important milestone on the rough path traveled by neutral europe in the present war the northern states find themselves in the unenviable position of being wedged between a russian drive to the west on one hand and a pos sible german advance to obtain vital supplies on the other to complicate the matter further the british blockade impairs their freedom of commerce while the german u boat campaign threatens the very existence of their merchant marine it was to discuss these problems and especially to consider the immediate threat to finnish independence in volved in the russian advance that king gustav invited king christian of denmark king haakon of norway and president kallio of finland to con fer in sweden accompanied by their respective foreign minis ters the scandinavian sovereigns met at stockholm where they reaffirmed their strict neutrality and pledged close cooperation in dealing with the prob lems thrust upon them by the war after discussing the difficulties to which their neutral shipping had been subjected by both germany and great britain they decided to continue consultations aimed at main taining their right to carry on normal commercial relations with all states including belligerent pow ers these were essentially the decisions arrived at earlier when the prime ministers and foreign min isters of the four states met at copenhagen on sep page two subscribe to a simple mutual assistance pact with turkey if only because it feared that the allig might use such an agreement to embroil russi with germany distrusting all powers the kremliy has played a lone hand it is simply and exclusively interested in making the soviet union impregnabk against any attack whether from germany frang or britain all the steps which it has recently takep might be characterized as an aggressive policy of self defense it remains to be seen how germany and russiy will counter this latest move of the allies both powers dislike to see another theatre of war develo in southeastern europe which they have defined gs their sphere of influence the germans have staked everything on a one front war and will not extend their military operations to the southeast unless their access to supplies in the balkans is seriously ob structed they may prefer to rely on russia as q counterweight to the allies in the east while the continue the struggle in the west for the time being the germans are apparently content to stay on the defensive against the french while striking at britain from the air and the sea joun c pewilpe tember 19 the policies laid down at stockholm were strongly reminiscent of those pursued during the years 1914 1918 when with firm cooperation the scandinavian states managed to remain neutral in spite of the hardships to which they were sub jected finland girds for defense with regard to the most urgent matter on the agenda the russian threat to finnish independence no definite commitments were made none the less the finns were bolstered by the strong moral support displayed by the northern powers and were encouraged to insist on complete freedom of action when they re newed negotiations with russia this week the fi nish government has discreetly refused to publish the russian proposals submitted to helsingfors on october 12 but from the manner in which con versations have dragged on until this week it would appear that the soviet demands are harsher than an independent finland can accept informed neutral circles on various occasions have reported that de mands include the following items 1 at least a share for russia in the fortification of the aland islands which sweden and fin land had begun to fortify early this year prior to russia’s demand that the status quo be maitt tained 2 military air and naval bases at hango which with dagoe island controlled by russia since its treaty with estonia of september 28 com that indicat fense 9,500 bade t militat in the the ba the inte pres southe prep insti uni thes dange format night yor two septer gate t presti ckholm during ration neutral re sub regard 1 the definite finns splayed ged to hey te he fin publish ingfors ch con would han an neutral hat de fication id fin rior to miain which a since com mands entrance to the gulf of finland 3 cession by finland of a number of small islands near the central russian naval base at kronstadt 4 extraterritorial privileges for russia in the ice free port of petsamo the ancient russian settle ment of pechenga now a part of finland in ad dition to its commercial value petsamo bay is large enough to harbor a sizable naval establish ment 5 exclusive right for russia to work the large finnish nickel deposits to release the soviet union from its dependence on the british empire for that important metal that finland was not contemplating a retreat was indicated on october 21 when it floated a new de fense loan of 500,000,000 finnish marks about 9,500,000 on october 23 new restrictions for bade travel in finland’s frontier districts without a military pass and the aland islands were included in the provision page three after finland the next logical move in the soviet drive might be to norway's great ore shipping port of narvik through which the bulk of swedish iron is sent and which is used extensively even when the northern baltic ports of sweden are frozen over in the face of a soviet threat to their own security norway and sweden if not denmark can be ex pected to give finland a measure of support which would not normally be anticipated in view of their comparative military weakness if worst comes to worst it is conceivable that they may be forced into war on the side of britain and france a course far from desirable but offering their only hope of emerging from the conflict as independent nations a randle elliott mrs dean will speak over weaf from 1 30 to 1 45 p.m on monday october 30 her subject will be behind europe’s headlines the f.p.a bookshelf the baltic states estonia latvia lithuania prepared by the information department of the royal institute of international affairs new york oxford university press 1938 7s 6d southeastern europe a political and economic survey prepared by the information department of the royal institute of international affairs new york oxford university press 1939 2.00 these extremely valuable surveys of two of europe’s danger zones contain detailed political and economic in formation presented in an unusually compact form night over england by eugene and arline léhrke new york harrison hilton books 1939 2.00 two american writers effectively describe the crisis of september 1938 as it affected a sussex village and casti gate the conservatives for weakening british power and prestige the day of the liberals in spain by rhea marsh smith philadelphia university of pennsylvania press 1938 3.50 a rather dull uninspired account of the establishment of the spanish republic war without violence a study of gandhi’s method and its accomplishments by krishnalal shridharani new york harcourt brace 1939 2.50 a detailed analysis somewhat repetitious of the satya graha non violence movement written by a participant mr shridharani relates the gandhi program to indian tradition and recommends it for the western world security can we retrieve it by sir arthur salter new york reynal and hitchcock 1939 3.50 an outstanding british economist and m.p comments on the international crisis criticizes the chamberlain gov ernment’s delay and inefficiency in civilian defense and offers a program for negotiation with germany while the volume is diffuse and poorly organized it contains many sound and useful proposals as well as several in formative but restrained sketches of cabinet personalities commodity flow and capital formation by simon kuz nets new york national bureau of economic research 1938 vol i 5.00 a comprehensive study of changes in the stock of capital goods which should prove useful primarily to the pro fessional economist world economy in transition by eugene staley new york council on foreign relations 1939 3.00 the author makes a persuasive plea for intelligently di rected efforts to foster international trade of greatest interest is the section of the book examining the reper cussions of domestic economic controls or planning on world trade slump and recovery by v h hodson new york oxford university press 1938 4.25 a useful but rather dull economic history of the de pression which fails to draw any conclusions from the diversified experience of many countries in combatting the slump merchants of peace by george l ridgeway new york columbia university press 1938 3.75 a history of the post war attempts of the international chamber of commerce to develop international economic cooperation historia de cuba by herminio portell vilé jesus mon tero editor havana 1938 a work of major importance by a cuban scholar on the relations between cuba and the united states based on state department archives as well as original cuban spanish and mexican sources the evolution of finance capitalism by george w ed wards new york longmans green and co 1938 4.00 the author traces the rapid rise of security capitalism in the major countries of the world and points in conclu sion to the immediate necessity of further comprehensive and intelligent private and public control poreign policy bulletin vol headquarters 8 west 40th street xix no 1 ocrober 27 1939 new york n y franx ross mccoy president published weekly by the foreign policy association dorotny f laexr secretary incorporated national vera micue.ces dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year b41 f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter vibben pred eengy washington bureau national press building oct 23 as the long debate on neutrality re vision draws to its close in the senate this week leaders on both sides are turning their attention to the house where the fight over repeal of the arms embargo will continue for at least another fortnight that the senate will approve the administration bill with its modified shipping regulations and its tightened credit restrictions by a majority of ap proximately 25 votes is now conceded by opposition spokesmen private polls in the house show a much closer division and leave the outcome still in doubt meanwhile washington observers are watching the effects of three significant moves by the execu tive branch of the government these moves are 1 the speech of united states ambassador joseph c grew at tokyo 2 the recent plea of president roosevelt for maintenance of peaceful relations be tween soviet russia and finland 3 the president's proclamation barring submarines of belligerent na tions from american ports and territorial waters diplomatic frankness in his speech be fore the american japanese society in tokyo on october 18 ambassador grew bluntly declared that the american people regard with growing serious ness the violation and interference with american rights by japanese armed forces in china in disre gard of treaties and agreements mr grew addec that what he had to say came straight from the horse’s mouth and that the american people had been profoundly shocked by the widespread use of bombing in china to them japan’s new order in east asia appeared to include depriving ameri cans of their long established rights in china while the text of this outspoken statement was not submitted to the state department in advance and was not made public here responsible officials left no doubt that it faithfully reflected the views of the government its primary purpose in the opinion of most washington observers was to bring home to all moderate elements in japan the urgent neces sity for an adjustment of japanese american rela tions this was not possible as long as the military group in japan was able to persuade the japanese people that the united states was sympathetic to their aims in east asia but with the strengthening of moderate elements following the soviet german pact plain speaking became possible without en dangering relations between the two countries the opportunity was seized by mr grew at the earliest possible moment after his return from a prolonged visit to the united states several factors undoubtedly contributed to the de cision to speak bluntly at this time one was the obvious desire of japan to negotiate a new treaty of commerce to replace the commercial agreement of 1911 denounced by the united states last june which is due to expire on january 26 1940 by regis tering its concern over treatment of american na tionals in china the state department was able to indicate that a new treaty must not only accord reciprocity but must be based on respect for ameti can rights in the far east and by stressing the trend of american public opinion mr grew was able to imply that failure to reach a settlement might possibly lead to an embargo on shipment of war supplies to japan if other factors included the new situation created by the european war these have not yet been disclosed in washington but the quiet strengthening of american air and naval forces in the pacific suggest an awareness of the balance of power in the far east on september 15 fourteen long range bombing airplanes were sent from hawaii to the philippines for neutrality patrol duty on september 24 the aircraft carrier langley arrived in manila to join other vessels assigned to a neu trality patrol of philippine waters on october 5 the bulk of the scouting force of the united states fleet sailed from san diego to pearl harbor hawaii several months in advance of the annual maneuvers baltic demarche president roosevelt's per sonal message to president kalinin of the soviet union expressing the earnest hope that peaceful relations would be maintained between russia and finland brought a friendly but not entirely reassur ing response from moscow on october 16 the re ply stated that the sole aim of the negotiations was the strengthening of friendly cooperation be tween both countries in the cause of guaranteeing the security of the soviet union and finland wash ington is still watching the third executive move president roosevelt's proclamation forbidding submarines of belligerent nations from entering the ports and territorial waters of the united states drew both praise and criticism the purpose of keeping submarines from american waters was generally applauded but the failure to take similar measures against armed merchant ves sels as provided in the same section of the neu trality act raised questions which may be pressed in congress w t stone for an inter tinues industri to cont since th the 2 was ren in 193 tion pi the lit for fo adelar to pov eral pa the of dor advant on qu to ente eral g using rights often charge lessne probak and tk the pa the leader port war cabine victor frencl patior in the +ile at 2ii ts er riet ful ind uf ons be ing sh it’s ent foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xix no 2 november 3 1939 for background on the situation in india read the military problem in india a new constitution for india constitutional developments in india an autonomous india the administrative issues 25c each special offer 4 foreign policy reports for 75 cents woy vey y 19 entered as second riodica room peter ra ay office at new york tv of mich n y under the act of march 3 1879 general library intvayrst 2 uriversil_y o42 michigan ann arbor mich canada pushes war plans a military stalemate persists on the western front the entire british empire con tinues its preparations for war as the most highly industrialized of the dominions canada is now free to contribute wholeheartedly to the empire cause since the major obstacle to collaboration with britain the government of maurice duplessis in quebec was removed in the provincial election of october 25 in 1936 premier duplessis had organized a coali tion party the union nationale and overthrown the liberal government which had been in power for forty consecutive years the recent victory of adelard godbout marks the return of the liberals to power and strengthens their position in the fed eral parliament the election was marked by a confusing mixture of domestic and foreign affairs as m duplessis took advantage of the emergency and hoped to capitalize on quebec’s traditional independence and reluctance to enter a european war he claimed that the fed eral government of w l mackenzie king was using its wartime powers to encroach on provincial tights opponents of premier duplessis who was often said to be supporting fascist organizations charged that maladministration and financial reck lessness were the real issues of the election and probably won support from both the wealthy classes and the peasants by denouncing the large deficits of the past three years the defeat of this once popular nationalist leader indicates that the french canadians will sup port the mackenzie king government during the war since quebec’s three members of the federal cabinet threatened to resign in event of a duplessis victory being predominantly roman catholic the french canadians who had long opposed partici pation in any war overseas were probably influenced in their vote by the nazi soviet pact which united the vatican’s two major enemies despite the return of the liberal party to power in quebec the ottawa government is not expected to violate its promise that conscription will be avoided during the present war conscription which provoked deep resentment in quebec during the world war was condemned in last week’s election not only by m duplessis but also by m godbout the victorious liberal leader and paul gouin head of a third party military preparations canada’s pattici pation in the war has been restricted thus far to precautionary measures particularly with regard to defense of the atlantic coast and shipping routes freed from any immediate danger in the pacific by japan’s decision to withhold support from germany canada has concentrated its small fleet of destroy ers and mine sweepers in the atlantic in contrast to the world war period when canada sent 400 000 men to europe the ottawa government is ap parently not preparing a large expeditionary force at present it is reported that a division of about 16,000 men will train in england during the winter even these initial and limited preparations have raised considerable discussion in the united states largely because of colonel charles a lindbergh’s controversial radio address on october 13 in vig orous phrases that aroused protests throughout canada and britain colonel lindbergh argued that the dominion was endangering the united states by its entrance into the european war since presi dent roosevelt had guaranteed canada’s territorial integrity in his kingston address on august 18 1938 it is not outside the realm of possibility that the united states may find its neutrality jeopardized by canadian belligerency the primary function of canada in this war will probably be in the economic rather than the military sphere as empire arsenal canada is expected to provide airplanes munitions and other products from factories that lie outside the german bombing range although it is estimated that great britain may spend up to 3,000,000.00c in canada in event of a long war the chamberlain government has postponed large orders until it knows what products are most needed and what articles can be purchased in the united states canadian producers are torn between the desire to start work before the american neutrality issue is settled and fear of overexpansion in a conflict of unknown duration mining and man ufacturing have already been greatly stimulated however by both canadian and british orders cop per producers for example have agreed to supply britain with 420,000,000 pounds of electrolytic cop per during the next year canadian farmers anticipate similar benefits since their present wheat reserves a carryover of 100,000,000 bushels and an esti mated 1939 crop of 450,000,000 bushels will find a large market in great britain the most striking advance is expected in aviation since canada plans to expand production rapidly and to train over 25 000 pilots annually from all empire countries at a cost estimated at 700,000,000 for the first year economic problems one outstanding un certainty in canada’s economic plans is the eventual réle of the united states if the arms embargo is repealed american munitions and aviation factories will also increase production for the allies if it is retained or other neutrality provisions prove too re strictive however many american firms will prob ably establish new plants in canada or expand ex india asks for freedom a series of resignations by the provincial minis tries in british india representing the all india national congress which began in madras on oc tober 27 has brought the indian constitutional issue to the forefront at a most embarrassing moment for the british government the congress party possesses a majority in eight of the eleven provincial legis latures of british india if congress members con tinue to hold their seats in these legislatures while the ministries resign a constitutional deadlock will ensue the british governors of the various prov inces will then be forced to bring their reserve pow ers into play and rule by decree a situation likely to produce widespread unrest and severe political strife background of the crisis the critical steps now being taken by the all india congress are motivated by certain immediate grievances as well as by the disappointing nature of the constitu tional reforms obtained after the world war dec larations by the congress party’s working commit tee have expressed opposition on three current page two ee es isting enterprises it was estimated in 1932 thy 1,177 american controlled or affiliated companig in canada employed capital amounting to 2,167 249,508 the 805 manufacturing companies included in this total employed capital of 833,293,135 and accounted for 24 per cent of canadian factory pro duction since many fields of production are domj nated by american firms canada’s ultimate ego nomic contribution to the war will to a considerable extent be decided in the united states perhaps the major wartime problem for canada as for great britain will be that of public finanee the canadian government like the british enters this conflict with debt and interest charges many times greater than those of 1914 anticipating deficit of about 156,000,000 for the current fiscy year the dominion has increased import and excise duties and introduced special taxation and sur charges including an excess profits tax despite ap increase in national income and consequently in rey enues canada may find that its wartime expenditure seriously affect an economy so dependent u international trade and investment it is possible of course that britain will be compelled to liquidate many british owned canadian securities and thus reduce the dominion’s overseas debt canada how ever will simultaneously be hampered in obtaining raw materials and manufactures from the united states on a cash and carry basis since the canadian dollar has already depreciated 10 per cent james frederick green issues prolongation of the life of the central legislature for one year by decree the government of india’s decision to enter the present european conflict and the dispatch of indian troops to egypt aden singapore and other points outside of india since matters of foreign policy and defense are not subject to indian legislative control the all india congress regards the two latter decisions as measures which impose a war on india against the will of its people in 1935 the army secretary on behalf of the government of india made a conditional pledge that the central legislature would be consulted on the dispatch of indian troops overseas the recent movements of indian troops however have beet ordered without such prior consultation during the world war india dispatched approxi mately 1,338,620 combatant troops and non com batant auxiliaries to the various battle fronts roughly 178,000 more men than all the dominions contributed together mahatma gandhi himself aided in the recruitment of these indian forces the war losses of india aggregated 73,432 killed and gre fo suc as il 33.3 b r ada nice ters g a scal ccise uited dian ntral ment peaa j bypt ndia not india sures ll of lf of edge d on ecent ox com vo boe nions nself and 84,715 wounded india’s direct contribution to the british war chest totaled nearly 150 million while its subscription to the war loans was even larger the montagu chelmsford reforms of 1919 how ever made but partial provision for responsible government in the provinces and two bitterly fought non cooperation campaigns have since culminated in the government of india act of 1935 which has thus far resulted only in provincial autonomy the current controversy in mid september the working committee of the congress party following a special session devoted to consid eration of the problems raised by the war issued a formal declaration of policy this manifesto con stituting the party's war platform condemned nazi aggression invited britain to state its war aims and suggested that india be granted full freedom in order that it might associate with britain as an equal partner in the war commenting on the declaration mahatma gandhi asked will great britain have an unwilling india dragged into the war or a will ing ally cooperating with her in the prosecution of the defense of true democracy the specific con stitutional steps by which the all india congress proposes to obtain responsible government have not been reported since the viceroy had already an nounced on september 11 that the scheme of fed eration envisaged by the government of india act would be postponed until after the war the con gress party would presumably demand new elections to the central legislature of british india and the formation of a central government responsible to such a legislature toward the end of september lord linlithgow the british viceroy instituted a series of private conferences with indian leaders of all shades of opinion the results of these discussions were summed up in a statement by the viceroy issued as a british white paper on october 18 which con stituted in effect a reply to the congress party's manifesto its main items may be summarized as follows his majesty’s government have not themselves yet defined with any ultimate precision their detailed objectives in the prosecution of the war and it is obvious that such definition can only come at a later stage of the campaign and that when it does come it cannot be a statement of the aims of any single ally the viceroy repeated and endorsed a previous declaration that the goal of british policy in india is that india may attain its due place among the dominions the federal plan of the 1935 act had been suspended for the moment but when the time came for teconsidering it there would be further consultations with a view to cooperation in framing any such modifications as may seem desirable at the end of the war the whole page three scheme of the suspended 1935 act would be regarded as open to modification in the light of indian views for the present the viceroy would immediately establish a consultative group representative of all the major political parties in british india and of the indian princes the viceroy would choose the committee from panels prepared by the parties and would invite it to meet under its own chairmanship the purpose of these meetings would be the association of public interest in india with the conduct of the war and with questions relating to war activities mahatma gandhi termed this statement pro foundly disappointing and the various provincial legislatures controlled by the congress party passed formal votes of disapproval preparatory to their resignations in london however the marquess of zetland secretary of state for india supported the viceroy’s statement and warned that the minori ties of india had consistently asked for safeguards against what rightly or wrongly they consider might be the consequences of an unfettered domination of the majority the existence of racial and class di visions in india was also stressed by sir samuel hoare who declared in the house of commons on october 26 that communal bitterness represented the main obstacle to india’s constitutional advance and that withdrawal from india would render brit ain false to the pledges we have given in the most solemn words to the moslems and other minorities and the european community on the other hand colonel wedgewood benn former secretary of state for india in a labor government condemned the viceroy's report as a clumsy document and declared india entitled to be assured that the cause for which this country is fighting is also her cause freedom deprecating the communal issue he proposed that a conference truly representative of all groups be summoned and added that the task of the british delegation to such a conference should be in broad terms to set a seal upon the agreement to which the indians may come themselves the statements of britain’s official leaders which lay such great stress on the racial and communal divi sions in india constitute a direct challenge to indian nationalism once the various communities of british india reach agreement on a common platform for immediate constitutional reforms they will be in a position to exert virtually irresistible pressure on the british government the latter in turn could find no more striking means of testifying to the demo cratic character of its war aims than by indicating its readiness to grant dominion status to india and opening discussions on concrete steps to execute such a pledge t a bisson foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 2 novemmber 3 1939 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y published weekly by the foreign policy association frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lert secretary vera micugeres dean editor incorporated national entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year eqz 181 f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building oct 30 the neutrality bill which goes to the house this week following its final passage in the senate on october 27 by a vote of 63 to 30 meets the administration's primary demand for repeal of the arms embargo but in most other respects re flects the overwhelming congressional demand for mandatory neutrality if approved by the house without major changes the bill will have an immedi ate effect and important long term consequences as well cash and carry neutrality one im mediate effect will be to permit the export of more than 73,295,000 in arms and ammunition to the allies of which 71,795,000 represents airplane orders placed in this country by britain and france before the outbreak of war but held up by the ex isting arms embargo of september 5 additional orders will be limited only by the needs of the allies and their ability to transport shipments and to finance cash payments to american manufacturers the long term effects are less apparent in the senate approved form the bill embodies a manda tory cash and carry provision which forbids ameri can vessels from carrying any passengers or any articles or materials to any belligerent state if british shipping should be seriously crippled by the german air and submarine campaign this provision might prove almost as onerous to the allies as the arms embargo the measure also tightens the loan and credit prohibitions of the existing law and eliminates the 90 day credit originally proposed in the pittman bill the main provisions in the senate measure are 1 american vessels may not carry arms or any other materials to belligerent states in effect however this prohibition applies only to european bel ligerents the bill expressly exempting ports in the western hemisphere in the pacific or indian oceans the bay of bengal the china tasman and arabian seas and the south atlantic the same exemption applies to transportation by air craft of mail passengers or other materials in these areas 2 in addition the president may forbid american vessels to enter combat areas as defined by him 3 export of all goods to belligerent states must be preceded by transfer of title to a foreign govern ment or national with the exception of arms ex ports this provision does not apply to canada 4 all loans and credits to belligerent governments are forbidden this provision however does not exclude credits between private american cop cerns and private individuals or corporations jin belligerent countries 5 other provisions carried over from the existing law with only minor changes include authori to restrict use of american ports by belligerent submarines or armed merchantmen restrictions on travel by american citizens on belligerent ships prohibitions against arming american merchantmen and continuation of the munitions control board the city of flint the incident involving the seizure of the american cargo vessel city of flint by a german prize crew was cited in congress last week as another reason for prompt action on the administration’s neutrality bill it was said that this vessel owned by the maritime commission and destined for a belligerent port with a cargo contain ing an undisclosed amount of contraband would not have been allowed to sail if the pittman bill had been in force in other quarters however it was pointed out that even under the pittman bill ameri can vessels may sail to neutral ports and that simi lar incidents are liable to occur if the vessel is carry ing contraband goods destined for ultimate delivery to a belligerent country since the outbreak of war in september at least 21 american ships have been detained by the belligerents 18 by the allies and in a number of cases the cargoes have been con signed to european neutrals the absence of inci dents is explained in part by the fact that the allies have refrained from placing prize crews on ameti can vessels and in part by the fact that the united states has not protested against the examination of american ships at allied control stations in the case of the city of flint the irritation shown by the state department is due less to the legal aspects of the affair than to the lack of co operation reported by ambassador steinhardt in his efforts to secure information from the soviet govern ment behind this irritation lies a disquieting sus picion that russia’s relations with germany are closer than hitherto revealed and that the attitude of the soviet union toward the united states may have far reaching effects on our relations in europe and the far east w t stone +oa nt all oeeernd ments es not con ns in asting hority perent ctions verent erican litions ving ity of ngress on on d that n and ntain would ll had t was meri simi carry livery f war been and conn inci allies lmeri jnited on of tation ro the of co in his vern y ssus y are titude may urope jne foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year gn policy association incorporated soe po you xix no 3 november 10 1939 america charts her course by david h popper 25 a world affairs pamphlet foreign policy association membership covers this series entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 7 ni yaraity of wate o i tf nah mo calteawl ann arbor michizcan the u.s.s.r explains its foreign policy hile belgium and the netherlands fearful of german invasion offered on november 7 to mediate between the european belligerents the us.s.r denounced the imperialist aims of capi talist states and renewing its drive for world revolu tion urged workers everywhere to revolt against the ruling classes and demand termination of the war m molotov’s speeches of october 31 and no vember 6 taken in conjunction with the manifesto issued by the communist international on the twenty second anniversary of the bolshevik revolu tion had little in them to gratify either germany or the allies the main points of m molotov’s speech of october 31 may be summarized as follows germany m molotov pointed out that russia’s relations with germany had radically improved and that the soviet government was giving the reich practical cooperation and political support in its efforts for peace he also stressed moscow’s desire to contribute in every way to the development of soviet german economic relations at the same time he made no reference to the possibility of so viet military aid for the reich and on the contrary emphasized that the soviet german pact of august 23 had bound the u.s.s.r to remain neutral if germany became engaged in war a course he said which his government had consistently pursued the type of economic assistance germany may expect to receive from russia this year was indicated by the announcement in berlin on october 24 that the u.s.s.r would ship 1,000,000 tons of grain and fodder to the reich an example of soviet politi cal assistance was a note of october 25 in which the u.s.s.r refused to recognize the validity of the british war contraband list contending that it vio lated international law impaired the interests of neu ttals and inflicted sufferings on civilian populations poland soviet neutrality according to m molo tov was in no wise contradicted by the entrance of soviet troops into eastern poland on september 17 which he said had been made necessary by the collapse of the polish state and resulting danger for the security of the u.s.s.r by this action the soviet union had obtained an area of 196,000 square kilometers with a population of 13,000,000 of whom all but one million are estimated to be white rus sians and ukrainians this area following elections to the national assemblies of western ukraine and western white russia on october 29 was officially incorporated into the u.s.s.r on november 1 un der the circumstances said m molotov everybody realizes that there can be no question of restoring the old poland the baltic states in summing up the mutual assistance pacts concluded by the soviet union with estonia latvia and lithuania following the occu pation of poland m molotov distinguished between the policy of czarist russia which brutally op pressed the small nations and that of the soviet government friendly to the baltic states in view of the geographic position of these states which constitute approaches to the u.s.s.r it had be come necessary for the soviet union to establish air and naval bases on their territory but he denied all nonsense about sovietizing the baltic countries attributing it to anti soviet provocateurs finland toward finland with which protracted negotiations have been carried on since october 7 m molotov adopted a definitely threatening tone he denied that the soviet union was demanding ces sion of the strategic aland islands or had any claims against sweden and norway when finland he said declined on the grounds of its neutrality to con clude a mutual assistance pact the soviet govern ment proceeded to discuss concrete questions con cerning the security of leningrad both from the sea through the gulf of finland and from land the finnish negotiators according to the soviet premier agreed to exchange certain islands in the gulf of finland as well as some other territory for a section of soviet karelia the real snag apparently developed over the soviet demand for a naval base at hangoe opposite baltic port where the u.s.s.r had just obtained a similar base from estonia which would permit soviet forces to strengthen their com mand over the entrance into the gulf of finland if finland agreed the soviet government said m molotov was prepared to abandon its objections to finnish fortification of the aland islands provided it was carried out without the participation of any third country should finland seek a pretext to frus trate the proposed agreement warned m molotov this would of course work to the serious detri ment of the finns on november 4 premier gajan der of finland declared that the soviet proposal for the establishment of a naval base on finnish terri tory would be inconsistent with the country’s in dependence turkey m molotov denied that in its negotia tions with turkey the soviet government had de manded cession of the districts of ardahan and kars former russian territories occupied by the turks in 1920 or changes in the montreux con vention governing the status of the straits all it wanted he said was a bilateral pact of mutual assistance limited to the region of the straits and the black sea under this pact the soviet government would have abstained from any action threatening to involve it in war with germany while turkey would have been obligated to bar warships of non black sea powers from the black sea turkey m molotov stated had rejected these proposals and had entered the orbit of the developing european war adding ominously whether turkey will not come to regret it we shall not try to guess japan m molotov commented on the begin nings of improvement in our relations with japan signalized by the manchoukuo mongolian border truce of september 15 by adding that moscow looked with favor on japanese overtures of a peaceful character he lent color to reports that the u.s.s.r might come to terms with tokyo as it has with berlin the united states m molotov criticized presi dent roosevelt's intervention in the soviet finnish negotiations which he found hard to reconcile with the american policy of neutrality he also declared that the decision of the united states to lift the arms embargo raises justified misgivings as it would merely aggravate and protract the european war this point was made still more sharply in a mani festo published on november 6 by the communist page two a ee international and in earl browder’s speech of no vember 5 expressing the new communist line the soviet attack on the united states g pears largely due to moscow's fear that it may ny longer be in a position to hold the balance of powe between the two groups of belligerents benefitin by the resulting stalemate and that the allies with american aid may prove stronger than germany what makes war imperialistic the most significant portion of m molotov’s speech was his opening statement in which he informed the p viet population that radical changes in europe had rendered certain old formulas obsolete and inap plicable and that now germany was striving for peace while france and britain were seeking war the soviet premier denounced anglo french efforts to destroy hitlerism by saying that religious way against heretics and dissenters have gone out of fashion the war aim of the allies he declared was not the struggle of democracy against hitlerism but the desire to preserve their profoundly material in terests as mighty colonial powers such a war prom ised the working class only bloody sacrifice and hardships the implication of m molotov’s statement is that the allies who are attempting to protect both their possessions and the established order in europe are waging an imperialistic war while germany and russia which are acquiring territory by force or threat of force are merely pursuing altruistic aims it accords with the classic marxist thesis that im perialism is synonymous with capitalism a thesis which disregards the historic fact that empires have been built destroyed and rebuilt in ages when in dustrial capitalism was unknown the american people are legitimately interested in learning the wat aims of the allies and in discovering whether they hold a promise of european reconstruction but it would certainly be the height of irony if in the process of debunking the war aims of the allies americans should go to the other extreme of be lieving that german and russian war aims are neces sarily any less imperialistic vera micheles dean italy tightens its neutrality by an important cabinet reorganization and 4 series of diplomatic moves in the balkans the italian government has adopted a series of measures de signed to safeguard its own neutrality and enhance its influence in southeastern europe the shake up in the top ranks of the fascist hierarchy announced with dramatic suddenness on october 31 was te garded abroad as something more than a meft changing of the guard although the italian press emphasized this aspect of the shift instead foreign observers pointed out that the officials who wert dismissed six cabinet ministers the army and ail force ch party german achil was kn now be militia instrum ture ha ro axis alberto ers of t erated implem the oth ricultur was rel count post d which the well fit italian war a ister i affairs is a yc in eth forces unconr fascist who is remair cides doubt ventul neutra diplor gover forces progr in de for tl 800,0 rome the it being me the e a poreic headqu entered of no patty tes ap nay no power refiting s with any the ch was the po pe had 1 inap ng for wat efforts 1s wats out of od was 3m but rial in prom ce and is that h their pe ate ny and tce of c aims rat im thesis s have hen in nerican he war er they but it in the allies of be neces dean y and a italian res de nhance ake up ounced vas fe 1 mere n press foreign o wert und aif force chiefs of staff and the secretary of the fascist had been prominently associated with the german alliance achille starace party secretary for eight years was known for his strong pro german views he now becomes commander in chief of the fascist militia in whose development he has long been instrumental dino alfieri minister of popular cul ture has been primarily responsible for the continued pro axis alignment of the italian press generals alberto pariani and giuseppe valle military lead ers of the army and air force respectively had coop erated closely with the german high command in implementing the italo german military pact on the other hand edmondo rossoni minister of ag riculture since the beginning of the fascist régime was relatively well disposed toward the u.s.s.r and count ciano the foreign minister remains at his st despite his ardent germanophile tendencies which had cooled since last august the men chosen to assume the vacant posts are well fitted to assist in the pursuit of an independent italian policy which would keep the country out of war alessandro pavolini the new propaganda min ister is a journalist without special bias in foreign affairs while ettore muti the new party secretary is a young fascist leader who played a heroic rdéle in ethiopia spain and albania the italian military forces will likewise be headed by officers hitherto unconnected with politics but outstanding in recent fascist imperial ventures marshal pietro badoglio who is said to be a proponent of italian neutrality remains as commander in chief of the armed forces he is surrounded by such close associates as marshal rodolfo graziani veteran leader of military cam paigns in libya and ethiopia the new army chief mussolini’s policy of aloofness apparently coin cides with italian popular sentiment which is both doubtful of the value of recent fascist military ad ventures and strongly anti german to defend its neutrality and improve its bargaining position in the diplomatic phase of the war however the italian government has decided to strengthen its armed forces still further a four year military expansion program costing 10 billion lire originally adopted in december 1938 has been amplified to provide for the expenditure of 17,476,000,000 lire 873 800,000 at the same time all mention of the rome berlin axis has vanished from the pages of the italian press and the attention of the country is being focused on measures of internal construction meanwhile italian diplomats have been active in the eastern mediterranean and the balkans where page three the soviet union threatens to fill the political vacuum left by germany today preoccupied in the west italy which gave ground in southeastern eu rope after 1935 in order to concentrate its efforts on ethiopia and spain may now seek to regain some of its earlier influence the italian government has already acted to remove the suspicion felt by greece since the conquest of albania in april 1939 the mutual withdrawal of troops from the greco albanian frontier in september was followed by publication on november 3 of an exchange of notes between athens and rome pledging a policy of re ciprocal friendship and collaboration a day later bulgaria and italy signed a trade treaty under which the former is expected to increase its agricultural ex ports to italy commercial negotiations with greece and rumania are also under way in seeking to form a neutral balkan bloc under its own auspices italy may ultimately clash with turkey britain and france which are engaged in the same endeavor as long as a soviet move against rumania is feared however the four powers may maintain a loose collaboration important conversa tions between turks and italians were initiated on november 3 while the improved relations between italy on the one hand and greece and rumania which are guaranteed by the allies on the other suggest that a soviet push to the south might meet with united resistance in this connection it is sig nificant that britain accorded de facto recognition to the italian conquest of albania on october 31 when it revealed that it had asked rome for permis sion to send a consul general to tirana vatican attacks totalitarianism the gradual shift in italy's position may have been hastened somewhat by the publication on octo ber 28 of the first encyclical of pope pius xii in carefully measured phrases the pontiff declared that the basic cause of modern evils lay in the rejection of a universal standard of morality in individual social and international relations while recognizing the value of diverse nationalities in contemporaty life he affirmed the existence of a broader human unity of all mankind transcending race differences the encyclical condemned absolute and unrestrained civil authority both within the state and in the realm of international affairs and was emphatic in its dis approval of the treaty breaking practices of absolute governments the implied support of the vatican for the allied cause which seemed inevitable after conclusion of the soviet german pact has thus been formally expressed it may have profound repercus sions in italy and outside davin h popper foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 3 november 10 1939 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 cw 181 published weekly by the foreign policy association frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lert secretary vera micheles dean editor 1921 at the post office ac new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year incorporated national washington news letter washington bureau national press building nov 7 now that the administration has won its long fight for repeal of the arms embargo wash ington like other world capitals is measuring the political and economic effects of the new cash and carry neutrality act signed by president roosevelt on november 4 some of the economic effects are already visible in the new airplane orders placed by allied purchas ing agents and the request of american shipping lines to transfer the registry of vessels excluded from the north atlantic trade under the terms of the new law and the presidential proclamation of a combat area in the european war zone but some of the po litical results which were predicted six weeks ago are strangely absent today there has as yet been no move toward further intervention in europe as opponents of repeal predicted and no attempt by the adminis tration to magnify its victory instead washington observers find greater evidence of restraint and cau tion than at any time since the outbreak of war diplomatic restraint one explanation for this restraint is found in the obvious desire of the american people to avoid military involvement in the war while congress has approved the ship ment of arms and airplanes to the allies no one in washington interprets this action as approval for more active american participation on the contrary they accept the fact that congress would not have repealed the arms embargo unless it believed that american neutrality could and would be preserved another explanation is found in the character of the war itself while state department officials do not call this a phony war they recognize the ex istence of new factors which dictate caution and re serve these factors are found on the military front in the new diplomatic alignments and in the psy chology of the masses of the people in the warring countries but above all in the undercurrent of revo lution the spectre of a possible fusion of the nazi and communist revolutions though discounted by many washington officials has none the less altered some earlier calculations about the nature and course of the war as a result repeal of the arms embargo is accompanied by a growing belief in official quar ters that the best interests of the united states would be served by strict neutrality and by using american influence to localize hostilities future events may alter this position but for the present washington will pursue a cautious policy economic effects the first economic reper cussions of cash and carry neutrality have come from the aviation and shipping industries the proposed transfer of american vessels to panamanian registry was launched by the united states lines 48 hours after signing of the neutrality act and won the conditional approval of the mari time commission before intervention from the white house and the state department held up a final decision a storm of protest from senators and congressmen who had supported the administra tion bill because of its safeguards against involve ment of american shipping brought a statement from secretary hull on november 7 that such a transfer would violate the spirit if not the letter of the neutrality law at hyde park however presi dent roosevelt implied that the transaction was legal and had no bearing on the neutrality act approximately 30 per cent of the total tonnage of the american merchant marine is affected by the terms of the new law and the president's proclama tion of a european war zone under the terms of the act american ships are forbidden to carry any pas sengers or goods to ports of the three european bel ligerents in addition the president’s proclamation forbids american vessels to enter a combat area ex tending from south of bergen norway to the north ern coast of spain shutting off the british isles and the baltic sea but not affecting travel in the medi terranean opponents of the transfer of registry point out that the price of these restrictions was weighed in advance and that unnecessary penalties were eliminated from the original bill in order to make it practicable and effective whatever the le gality of the proposed transfer it is an evasion of the purpose of congress washington agencies in touch with allied wat purchases are inclined to discount sensational re ports of a flood of new orders totaling between 500,000,000 and 1,000,000,000 so far as is known existing orders do not exceed 150,000,000 including the orders placed with american firms before the outbreak of war nevertheless a fun damental shift in trade with britain and france is anticipated within the next few months and will call for some kind of governmental regulation if serious dislocation is to be avoided so far the only new machinery set up is an interdepartmental committee functioning under the army and navy munitions board to protect our own national defense program w t stone for an inter at the protrac vember obstin comply hangor two cc finnisl the coincid of any ritoria by kin ber 12 helmir on no to con the us the prom their agreer break in 1 britis cham fear the fi in set tespo ing t commn of su achie gover consi +pe er 1a foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xix no 4 november 17 1939 cortx human dynamite the story of europe’s minorities by henry c wolfe headline book no 20 the headline books score again with a survey of europe’s tangled minorities chock full of maps common sense selected as the november pamphlet of the month 25 cents nuv 22 1939 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post dical roum office at new york al library n y under the act univ mich of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan ann arbor mich belligerents reject neutral peace offers s the world was anxiously watching for signs of a german invasion of holland or belgium at the other end of europe finland suspended its protracted negotiations with the u.ss.r on no vember 13 and the soviet press denounced finnish obstinacy finland apparently had declined to comply with soviet demands for a naval base at hangoe revision of the southern border between the two countries on the karelian isthmus and two finnish peninsulas on the arctic ocean the breakdown of soviet finnish negotiations coincided with the rejection by france and britain of any peace terms which would recognize the ter titorial acquisitions of germany the replies given by king george vi and president lebrun on novem ber 12 to the peace proposal made by queen wil helmina of holland and king leopold of belgium on november 7 were identical in their determination to continue the war until an end has been made to the use of force and violence in international affairs the rulers of the low countries apparently prompted by fear of german invasion had offered their good offices to ascertain the elements of an agreement that might be reached before war breaks out on the western front in all its violence in replying for britain king george said that the british are fighting to redeem europe in mr chamberlain's words from perpetually recurring fear of german aggression and to prevent for the future resort to force instead of pacific means in settlement of international disputes he put the tesponsibility for the next move on hitler by stat ing that if the belgian and dutch rulers could communicate to him any proposals from germany of such a character as to afford real prospect of achieving the purpose he had described the british government would give them their most earnest consideration expressing these sentiments in more precise terms president lebrun asserted that france would wel come all possibilities of assuring a just and lasting peace between all peoples a lasting peace he declared cannot be established except by reparation of the injustices which force has imposed on austria czechoslovakia and poland neither can it be estab lished unless effective political and economic guaran tees assure in the future respect for the liberty of all nations any solution he concluded that con secrated the triumph of injustice would give europe only a precarious truce the deadlock between the anglo french and german conceptions of peace terms was indicated on november 13 when it was reported that hitler in a note addressed to the dutch and belgian rulers would reject any proposal based on dismemberment of greater germany such as would follow restoration of austria czecho slovakia and poland lord halifax’s speech the peace offer of the low countries had already received an indirect answer from lord halifax british foreign secre tary who on november 7 had said we have learned that there can be no opportunity for europe to cultivate the arts of peace until germany is brought to realize that recurrent acts of aggression will not be tolerated while declining to speculate on the shape of the post war world he promised that we shall use all our influence when the time comes in the building of a new world in which the nations will not permit insane armed rivalry to deny their hopes of fuller life and future confidence to be forever overborne by grim foreboding of disas ter in addition britain would find means of reconciling the necessity of change in a constantly changing world with security against the disturbance of the general peace through resort to violence he did not commit himself however to plans for a european federation which have won support in some sections of allied opinion and which were warmly endorsed by lord lothian at swarthmore college on november 11 while the people of france and britain no less than those of germany and neutral countries are anxious to have anglo french war aims defined in more concrete terms it is obviously difficult for the allies to formulate long range plans at a moment when all belligerents are engaged in efforts to ob tain the aid of neutral or wavering states and when the outcome of the war is still obscure that britain hopes to have the support or at least the benevolent neutrality of germany's anti comintern partners italy and japan and counts on the soviet union despite its anti british and anti capitalist attacks to check germany’s eastward expansion was indi cated by winston churchill first lord of the ad miralty in a fighting speech delivered on novem ber 12 mr churchill in reviewing the first ten weeks of war found satisfaction in his estimate that no country in the world is well disposed toward the nazis and that the breathing space since germany's conquest of poland has enabled the allies to strength en their defenses he challenged hitler to make good his repeated threats of attack and said britain was ready to fight until germany has had enough of it restoration or reconstruction while one may agree with lord halifax that the shape of the world which may emerge from this con the low countries in danger in the face of alarmist reports regarding a pro jected german invasion of the low countries the netherlands premier dirk jan de geer assured his people on november 13 that acute danger does not exist any more now than it did in the first days of september when dutch defense forces were mobilized he compared the precautionary defensive steps recently taken with similar measures adopted during the world war and characterized as unwar ranted the conclusion that the threat to our frontier had increased after indirectly rebuking purveyors of rumors in britain and france he cautioned the dutch against the belief that violation of our territory was imminent strategic alternatives however treas suring in tone this speech is unlikely to end specu lation about a possible german drive through the netherlands in some respects the logic of such a move seems self evident thwarted in its efforts to dictate an early peace nazi germany faces the pros of a long war in which it may be starved out by the allied blockade a successful offensive war is one way to obviate this possibility since the german forces appear to be checkmated by the almost im page two flict cannot yet be clearly defined the question britain fgilin and france have left unanswered is how much of the grous order that existed in europe before 1933 they intend a to restore at the end of the present conflict it is ip yields creasingly recognized in both countries that europe proba has undergone so profound a revolution since 1919 gnds that return to the post war status quo is now impos other sible and while representatives of the school which rate demanded dismemberment of germany in 1919 haye has renewed their plea for such a course others acknowl nite edge the impossibility of either exterminating or oyer indefinitely subjugating 80 million people whose easte talents and energy if properly channeled could gyen prove a great contribution to the reconstruction of parat europe the allies have not yet officially imple any mented their new attitude toward europe’s ancient gre r problems by practical measures a step in this direc ery tion however has been taken by the new polish are government established on french soil this govern the ment has publicly forsworn the principles and whic methods of the old dictatorship of colonels and js try f seeking to develop a democratic approach both to is 6 ward poland’s complex social and economic prob dut lems and toward its eventual collaboration with trate other peoples of eastern europe notably a recon the stituted czechoslovakia the conflict now suspended thou over europe will not have been fought in vain if cons the various nations out of their own bitter experi se ence will have learned the necessity of correcting diffi some of the more glaring maladjustments left in the the wake of the last war vera micheles dean p strat up penetrable maginot line in france strategists have in t been tempted to conclude that a german march brit through the low countries is the only alternative to p0s defeat according to these theorists two possibilities w0v are open to the german general staff the firs ton would be to seize only the netherlands in an ef fort to acquire submarine and air bases from which britain might be attacked more directly and effec y tively at present air raids against britain can be a carried out only from north german bases and planes are compelled to fly a long circuitous route the around holland and belgium before they can reach jn london and the south of england the second possibility would be to invade france through the southern netherlands and belgium thus outflank 5 ing the strongest part of the maginot line in eastern france during the past few weeks reports of ger man troop concentrations along the dutch and bel gian borders and repeated declarations in berlin is that germany was preparing to strike a decisive blow against the allies seemed to presage either or both developments these alarming reports coif 0 cided with accusations in the german press that the low countries were guilty of unneutral conduct if bree il ope bes ave wi or ose uld ple lent rec ern and d is to rob vith on ded n if efi the lave arch to ities ef hich ffec 1 be and oute each cond the ank stern ger bel erlin isive ither coin the ct in i page three failing to resist british blockade practices more vig orously a sober appraisal of the situation however also jelds much evidence to the contrary the nazis probably realize that any violation of the nether jands or belgium might go far toward bringing other neutral countries particularly the united states into the war so far the german government has on the whole been careful not to offend the united states invasion of the low countries more over bristles with military difficulties to seize the eastern half of the netherlands and use it as an avenue to invade belgium and france might be com paratively easy the netherlands could not put many more than 300,000 men in the field and these are rather poorly equipped with tanks heavy artil lery and planes the belgians and french however are much better protected against an invasion from the north belgium has fortified the albert canal which stretches across the northern part of the coun try from the meuse to the scheldt the belgian army is 600,000 strong and better equipped than the dutch even after the belgian defenses are pene trated the german army would have to reckon with the northern extension of the maginot line which though not as strong as in the east could still offer considerable resistance seizure of the dutch coast would be an even more dificult military operation the western third of the netherlands lying below sea level can easily be flooded to the depth of two feet or more and strategic roads can either be submerged or blown up to move an army through these flood waters in the face of dutch resistance reinforced by the british air force and navy would be well nigh im possible if germany tried such a maneuver it would indicate that its leaders consider the situa tion desperate the question of morale it is possible that the frequent german threats of an impending offensive are only part of the war of nerves de signed to keep the enemy alarmed in fact germany might find it to its interest to stay on the defensive on land while striking periodically at britain from the sea and the air if the nazis can keep the war on a modest scale they can conserve their resources and strengthen their ability to withstand a long siege in this way they might save man power and materials for their factories and farms thereby maintaining domestic food production and keeping export in dustries humming meanwhile the germans could build up transport lines to southeastern europe and russia so as to utilize their economic hinterland more effectively if both sides employ waiting tactics the issue may ultimately be decided by civilian morale the germans still hope that the french will to fight may in the end be undermined particularly if france itself is not invaded for their part the al lies are speculating on internal unrest in germany the abortive attempt on hitler’s life at the bérger bréukeller on november 8 has probably strengthened their belief that the fuehrer’s popularity is rapidly waning while the nazis were quick to attribute the inspiration of the bombing to the british secret service the evidence seems to indicate the complicity of discontented nazi elements to conclude from this attempt that the nazi régime is threatened with col lapse from within would be unwarranted while the german people are without doubt keenly disap pointed at the failure of the blitzkrieg and dread the prospect of a prolonged war most of them see no alternative but to fight it out to the bitter end john c dewilde the f.p.a bookshelf how strong is britain by c e count puckler new york veritas press 1939 2.50 a nazi journalist makes an estimate of british eco nomic financial and military resources which in the light of war conditions today seems rather too optimistic from the german point of view international trade and finance by john parke young new york ronald press 1938 4.00 international economics by p t ellsworth new york macmillan 1938 4.00 both of these textbooks on international trade can be recommended the first is simpler and more comprehen sive in treatment containing much factual material on the development of world trade and finance the second is dis tinguished by its sound theoretical analysis and its full discussion of the more modern methods of regulating in ternational trade through quotas foreign exchange re strictions and clearing agreements neo neutrality by georg cohn new york columbia uni versity press 1939 3.75 an extensive technical study by a danish scholar and statesman who seeks a compromise between traditional neutrality and the post war collective security system lunacy becomes us by adolf hitler and his associates edited by clara leiser new york liveright 1939 1.25 numerous quotations culled from nazi speeches and pub lications serve the purpose of ridiculing the third reich but hardly contribute to an understanding of the nazi system i broadcast the crisis by h v kaltenborn new york random house 1938 2.00 a minute by minute transcript of mr kaltenborn’s re markable commentaries during the september crisis with excerpts from important speeches and interviews foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 4 november 17 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lust secretary vera micugres dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year 181 f p a membership five dollars a year washington news le ettec washington bureau national press building nov 13 the prevailing view in washington is that events of the past week point toward a con tinued stalemate on the western front at least until next spring this prospect has not been altered by the abortive attempt on hitler's life or by the peace appeal of queen wilhelmina and king leopold germany's delay in reaching a final decision to invade the netherlands is attributed to divided counsels within the reich and opposition from the army high command nevertheless this hesitation is not regarded here as evidence that chancellor hitler’s position has been weakened in any impor tant respect on the contrary washington opinion believes that the likelihood of a german govern ment headed by some one other than hitler is still remote this pessimistic appraisal however does not exclude the possibility that a stalemate may strengthen opposition elements in germany and lead to renewed peace efforts in the spring merchant shipping and national defense meanwhile the administration is still searching for a solution of the controversy over transfer of american merchant vessels to foreign registry while secretary hull has maintained his opposition to such a move on the ground that it violates the spirit of the neutrality act the pressure to keep american ships on the seas has not been re laxed by other agencies inside and outside the gov ernment much of this pressure has come from half a dozen shipping lines which are faced with the loss of their former north atlantic trade but equal pressure has come from both the navy department and the mari time commission who fear that their plans for an expanded merchant marine will be jeopardized by the new neutrality law the irish free state contends that it has been injured by its inclusion in the american combat zone within which no ameri can ships may operate and the maritime unions representing an estimated 10,000 men whose jobs have been destroyed by the act have been only partially mollified by a coast guard plan to open its training schools to provide ultimately for al most half of the unemployed during the past fifteen years the united states government has invested over 230,000,000 for the maintenance and operation of a merchant fleet de signed to serve as a naval auxiliary and officially sponsored as part of the national defense program under the roosevelt administration government subsidies have been increased and new impetus has been given to the building program within the pas two years the maritime commission has ordered 129 new vessels of more than a million tons represent ing the first instalment of a long term replacement program involving a total of 500 ships to be con structed over a period of 10 years at a cost of 1 500,000,000 the entire program moreover has been endorsed by the navy and all the new ships have been designed to meet naval requirements concern over the future of this ambitious program led the maritime commission to voice its fears dur ing the neutrality debate in a formal statement prepared for senator bailey chairman of the senate finance committee the commission made no secret of its opposition to the provisions of the original pittman bill and declared that should the principle of this measure become the established policy of the united states many if not all of the new ships ordered or planned would face a very doubtful fu ture and represent extremely poor risks from the investment standpoint while pointing to the dis ruption of certain of our shipping services how ever the maritime commission apparently made no effort to inform congress of its plan to sanction transfer of registry as a device to keep american ships in operation during the first month of the war no less than 20 american vessels totaling 119,000 tons were transferred to foreign registry some of these were bona fide sales but others in cluding 15 tankers owned by the standard oil com pany of new jersey were placed under panamanian registry with approval of the maritime commission in order to avoid the restrictions of the neutrality act in attempting to reach a decision president roose velt is faced with a problem of national interest in volving considerations which are broader than the interests of the shipping companies or the govefi ment investment in a merchant marine if national defense requires the maintenance of a strong met chant marine the cost should be carried under the national defense budget if the national interest i served by keeping american vessels out of combat areas financial considerations should not be allowed to intervene in any case the remedy is not likely t be found by resort to a loophole in the neutrality legislation ea fe eae w t stone fc ani vol will in th nove tok decle wel state linec indic japa of ci ever amk ber ferre the eral gau whet com dor 1 chur after cons tok with mol been nov con ciple li g imp and cials ence aug war fl mu +ry wal cially gram iment is has past d 129 esent ement con f 1 has ships s ogram s dut ement senate secret riginal inciple icy of y ships ful fu m the e dis how ade no anction nerican of the otaling egistry ers if com manian ssion in ity act govern vational 1g met der the erest 15 combat allowed ikely to utrality tone foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december i939 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 eral library univ of mich vou xix no 5 november 24 1939 will the western powers be able to keep their colonies in the far east read the outlook in southeast asia by rupert emerson associate professor of government at harvard november 15 issue of foreign policy reports 2 28 sree general library university of michigan ann arbor mich meet peace or a sword in the far east n intense diplomatic struggle in the far east foreshadowed by ambassador grew’s speech in tokyo on october 19 is now in full swing the declaration of acting secretary of state sumner welles on november 17 stating that the united states reserves its full treaty rights in china as out lined in the american note of december 31 1938 indicates that this country still refuses to accept japan’s new order in asia the eventual outcome of current diplomatic activity in the far east how ever is shrouded in uncertainty nelson t johnson ambassador to china flew to hongkong on novem ber 17 and then left for shanghai where he con ferred with admiral thomas c hart commander of the asiatic fleet and clarence e gauss consul gen eral in shanghai admiral hart and consul general gauss will immediately proceed to the philippines where they are expected to consult with the high commissioner francis b sayre the british ambassa dor to china sir archibald clark kerr has also left chungking for consultations at shanghai meanwhile after an 18 months interval a soviet ambassador constantin smetanin has again taken up residence at tokyo and immediately entered into conversations with the japanese foreign minister in moscow also molotov soviet premier and foreign commissar has been conferring with the japanese ambassador on november 19 they were reported to have reached a common agreement on the fundamental prin ciples of a soviet japanese trade agreement local moves in china this diplomatic tug of war is being waged against a background of important local developments in china in shanghai and other cities in occupied china japanese off dials are actively participating in a round of confer ences designed to remove the obstacles to early in auguration of a centralized puppet régime under wang ching wei no date for the launching of the new régime has yet been set on november 15 jap anese military naval forces effected a landing near pakhoi a port city in southern kwangtung province less than 100 miles from the french indo china bor der and started an advance inland toward nanning former capital of kwangsi province if the japanese forces cover the 130 miles to nanning they would be able to cut feeder railways from indo china into kwangsi the main indo china railway into yunnan province however is at least 800 miles further inland a minor but perhaps significant move also oc curred on november 12 when it was announced that the bulk of the british troops stationed in north china were being withdrawn for reasons connected with the european conflict two days later the french authorities announced that they were taking similar action as the number of troops thus affected totals barely 2,000 this measure can hardly be interpreted as other than a pronounced gesture of good will to ward japan the state department denied reports from london and paris that it had been asked to protect anglo french interests in north china but continues to insist on maintenance of american rights at tientsin the basic issue however is whether the anglo french action constitutes an invitation to the united states to exert its influence in the direction of achieving a compromise arrangement with japan here too the statement by sumner welles it would seem precludes american cooperation with britain and france along such lines this issue has been brought more prominently to the fore in recent weeks as it has become obvious that japan was threatening to reach an agreement with the soviet union unless its terms were met by the western powers soviet japanese negotiations brief references to japan in premier v m molotov’s ad dress to the supreme soviet on october 31 as well as the presence of a new soviet ambassador in tokyo suggests that the u.s.s.r is prepared to im prove its relations with japan in europe the soviet union feared above all the possibility of collabora tion between the western powers and germany in an anti soviet crusade in the far east it would similar ly view collaboration of these powers with japan as a threat to its security for this reason the u.s.s.r would undoubtedly seek to forestall any such ar rangement by coming to terms with tokyo an important quéstion immediately arises would the soviet union be willing to give up its aid to china in order to reach an agreement with japan its present relations with china are exceedingly close as a sequel to the sino soviet non aggression pact concluded at the outset of japan’s invasion of china in august 1937 a series of barter and loan contracts have been arranged between the u.s.s.r and china the last of these for 140 million american dollars was announced in august 1939 it is estimated that the soviet union is today supplying approximately two thirds of china’s imports of war materials it may be doubted whether the u.s.s.r will sacrifice the chinese good will thus built up by ending such aid to china in other fields however it could make fairly important concessions to japan the fact that the new soviet ambassador to tokyo is a fisheries expert suggests that the soviet union might be will ing to offer japan a long term fisheries agreement similar concessions might be made with respect to the coal and oil concessions on sakhalin island trade relations might be improved in 1936 the total soviet japanese trade turnover amounted to 53 mil lion but during the first eight months of 1939 to only 381 thousand if it makes such offers the u.s.s.r would have a strong bargaining position second only to that of the united states bases for a far eastern peace is there any means by which this apparent competition be tween the western powers and the soviet union for japan's favor might be avoided close alignment of either side with japan might conceivably lead to a spread of the european conflagration to the far east the united states could hardly hope to stand aloof from such a world wide conflict these dangers it would seem can only be averted by a resolute refusal page two a of the western powers to conclude a patched up peace with japan that would sacrifice china's jg terests it is essential that japan’s current interna tional isolation be maintained until the bases of fundamental settlement can be laid in the far eag to attain this end japan must be brought to the point where it becomes willing to renounce its ainy of conquest in china today this result could be achieved but it requires the cooperation of the major far eastern powers especially the united states and the soviet union under present conditions greg britain could hardly interpose effective opposition to an american lead in the far east as for the sovie union it should be noted that only effective action op behalf of china by the western powers could dimip ish its suspicion that a far eastern munich is now being prepared instead of driving japan into the arms of the u.s.s.r such action might lay the basis for parallel moves by the western powers and the soviet union looking toward a genuine far eastern peace settlement to this settlement the united states and the other powers would have to make important contributions establishment of a free china and the open door would be the cornerstone beyond this however the western powers would have to withdraw their troops and gunboats from china relinquish the extraterti torial system and their concessions in china liberalize their trade relations with japan extend financial aid to japan so that it might readjust its wartime indus try to production for export assist china financially in order to overcome the devastation caused by the war and help china and japan to negotiate a mu tually satisfactory trade pact if the american con gress imposes a trade embargo on japan it might be helpful to couple such action with a statement of this country’s aims including the main items listed above the price of this settlement may seem high but any less comprehensive approach to the far eastern prob lem is unlikely to hold out the promise of stability and peace competition for japan’s favor by the major far eastern powers bids fair to lead not toa peace settlement but to war the costs of a wat would be immeasurably greater for all concerned and the results far less fruitful t a bisson allies unify economic control in effecting an economic accord in london on no vember 17 great britain and france launched one of the most important developments of the war at the third meeting of the supreme war council prime minister chamberlain and premier daladier assisted by numerous military and civilian representa tives established six anglo french executive commit tees under a coordinating committee to provide common action regarding aviation and munitions raw materials oil food shipping and economic war fare these committees will coordinate industrial pro duction and use of raw materials in the two countries provide for equalization of any hardships caused by reduction of imports and avoid competition in pur chases abroad importance of economic unity the immediate effect of this agreement is to strengthen the unity of the allies whom germany has pet sistently sought to separate in recent months the al lies have thus far maintained a cohesive diplomatit front h forces u under e accord by thi effect t for the countri at the e eign pu their pre needs f countric ably be chases more quence for eur secreta tions uf tive ex tees su it is p particu may pt constru tion to might feder rec preme the al mediat and f and fi days 1 on wh thoriti ing mi lies clz poland kno in t econon factua that 1 while régime before posses racy o foreic headqu entered se page three hed up front however and have already placed their land so successfully through the convoy system and de 1a’s in forces under french command and their naval forces stroyer patrols that germany in desperation is turning nterng ynder british control regarding the new economic to the even more ruthless method of floating mines s of a accord the allied communiqué pointedly concludes they take comfort however in the fact that the air ut east by this means arrangements have been carried into plane once feared as a potential commerce raider to the effect two months after the beginning of hostilities has been utilized very little in this conflict and that ts aims for the organization of common action by the two germany's surface vessels have done less damage uld be countries which was achieved during the last conflict than in the world war major at the end of the third year the unification of for while germany pursued its war at sea and con tes and eign purchases will allow the two countries to plan tinued reconnaissance flights over british naval and great their production schedules and meet foreign exchange industrial centers it was compelled to deal with dis ition t needs far more satisfactorily producers in neutral orders in prague following riots on czechoslovakia’s soviet countries especially in the united states will prob independence day october 28 the protectorate tion on ably benefit from the coordination of allied pur government executed nine czech students and closed dimin chases and shipping the university of prague for three years martial law 1s now more interesting perhaps are the long term conse was promptly imposed on prague accompanied by ito the quences which this undertaking may possibly have the execution of three more czechs and the arrest of 1 basis for europe after the world war the newly formed hundreds of others as the nazi régime threatened and the secretariat and technical bodies of the league of na further punishment and alteration of the protec eastem tions utilized much of the personnel and administra torate status the czechs abandoned plans for pro tive experience of the allied coordinating commit test strikes because of the overwhelming force which ie other tees such as the allied maritime transport council the german authorities can bring to bear upon czech yutions it is possible that this new economic collaboration insurgents it is doubtful that any such revolt can suc n door particularly if expanded as the conflict progresses ceed at this time unless the reich encounters serious ver the may prove to be the basis for similar work in the re military and economic reversals troops construction of europe extension of allied coopera james frederick green raterti tion to tariff and currency problems for example eralize might give substance to the still nebulous concepts of public responds to f.p.a radio program cial aid federation and european union on the first two f.p.a broadcasts given by gen indus recent shipping losses while the su eral mccoy and william t stone 527 replies have ancially preme war council was preparing these larger plans been received with every state in the union repre by the the allied naval forces were confronted with the im sented except south carolina georgia florida mur mediate task of protecting commerce near the british north dakota vermont utah nevada and okla in con and french coasts at least ten ships five allied homa new york leads with 95 returns followed by ight be and five neutral have been sunk in the past few california with 65 and montana with 43 4 replies of this days including the netherlands liner simén bolivar have come in from canada and 15 comments from above on which almost a hundred lives were lost nazi au great britain but at thorities denied the british charge that german float mrs dean will speak on sunday november 26 n prob ing mines were responsible for these sinkings the al at 3 15 p m e.s.t over the blue network of nbc pee lies claim that they have met the submarine challenge with mr green following on sunday december 3 or a the f.p.a bookshelf a wat poland key to europe by raymond l buell new york soldier at the front in china bearing comparison with the cerned knopf 1939 3rd edition 3.00 great western war novels by authors such as remarque in this thorough and painstaking analysis of poland’s while not minimizing the horrors of war it tends to pre sson economic and political problems mr buell provides the sent japan’s invasion of china in a favorable light for a factual background against which the fourth partition of complete picture it should be read in conjunction with that unhappy country can be more easily understood timperley’s japanese terror in china while frankly admitting the shortcomings of the polish the war behind the war 1914 1918 a history of the ial pfo regime he maintains that poland would have gone down political and civilian fronts by f p chambers new untries before the german and russian onslaught even had it york harcourt brace 1939 3.75 possessed the social virtues of czechoslovakia the democ pa used by racy of switzerland and the traditions of england a detailed analysis with maps bibliography and index in pul wheat and soldiers by corporal ashihei hino translated be pp hey age ype pte sey ile condensing a wealth of material and providing a by baroness ishimoto new york farrar rinehart comprehensive view of wartime organization the study is y the 1939 2.00 often superficial and omits any mention of financial prob a gripping narration of the experiences of a japanese lems engthen as pet foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 5 novemmber 24 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national the al headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leer secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year lomatic fg 181 f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building nov 20 the president's request last week for a deficiency appropriation of 272,000,000 to cover military expenses arising out of the european war is only the first of a series of demands for larger de fense expenditures over half the sum asked by the president about 146,000,000 goes to the navy for the neutrality patrol for which seventy old world war destroyers are being recommissioned the 120,000,000 for the army will be used to increase regular army enlisted personnel to 227,000 and the national guard to 235,000 pursuant to the pres ident’s proclamation of limited national emergency on september 8 it will also help to finance the mo torization and intensive training of the army’s new streamlined divisions four of these will maneuver in the south for several months this winter army expansion plans the war appears to have made congress and the public more receptive than ever to greater military efforts in this country both services are responding with new expansion programs the augmentation plans of the war de partment now being whipped into shape for sub mission to congress in january are still based on the protective mobilization plan of 1937 stressing na tional defense by a relatively small highly trained and mobile force but the number of troops involved in this plan appears to be moving upward until very recently the strength of the initial pro tective force which the army hoped might be ready for combat almost immediately in an emergency was fixed at about 400,000 men the total personnel of the regular army and the national guard this month chairman may of the house military affairs committee revealed that the war department was planning to ask for full modern equipment and train ing for 600,000 the new level would be reached by bringing the regular army to its peace time author ized limit of 280,000 under the national defense act of 1920 and by increasing the citizen soldiery of the national guard to 320,000 some congressmen would like to recruit the guard to its maximum au thorized strength of 425,000 under the 1920 act giving the initial protective force a total of over 700,000 enlisted men others talk of acquiring new material for 1,000,000 secretary of war woodring has declared that the size of the protective force 400,000 to 600,000 men is a matter for congress to determine but he has placed greater emphasis on the need for adequate weapons and training for the entire personnel the war department asserts that its modern mobile units are organized for hemispheric defense with an increasing number of troops stationed in outlying f american territories and not for overseas warfare on the 1917 1918 pattern yet some unofficial ob servers feel that whatever the department's inten tions the new military machine can be transported overseas if necessary the high quality of its equip ment would only enhance its value the navy grows working closely with ranking naval officers representative vinson of georgia chairman of the house naval affairs com mittee has prepared an authorization bill which pro vides for 95 new fighting ships totaling 400,000 tons and 125,000 tons of auxiliary vessels the bill makes 5g no provision for additional battleships presumably because the 8 already authorized cannot be com the w4 pleted for several years to come but it does authorize bet 26 3 more aircraft carriers 8 cruisers 52 destroyers and sttuggle 32 submarines and proposes to double the maximum without authorized strength of the naval air force raising it lity w to 6,000 planes peoples the administration has not yet given explicit sup break of port to this program if the funds are appropriated of the the new construction would ultimately cost upwards their ult of 1,300,000,000 and would represent a 25 per cent brit increase in tonnage the second on this scale since aims he may 1938 on completion of the vessels now planned possible it would be possible to maintain a large scouting and chinery defensive force of carriers cruisers destroyers and opment submarines on both coasts shuttling the battleship principl strength back and forth through the panama canal ciples w as conditions may dictate whether the new plan isa ments b substitute for a gigantic two ocean navy or a step with t ping stone toward it cannot yet be foreseen were so because of the size of the new army and navy stant fle projects some congressional sources have predicted with cc a doubled defense budget totaling 3,000,000,000 living for the fiscal year 1941 of which 1,400,000,000 or country more would go to the army on november 10 ment budget director h d smith called these estimates externa wild and appealed for common sense in f gradual sisting extravagant appropriations motivated by pense war hysteria his sharp statement indicates that 4 presery hotter fight than usual is in prospect between the lishmer services and the bureau of the budget in drawing up lain ad the annual estimates for presentation to congress months washington now believes that army and navy ex develo penditures of 1,700,000,000 to 2,000,000,000 of accor more will eventually be voted the exact total will be spirit determined by congress the president and the their course of events in europe davin h popper ance +foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff entered as second class matter december subscription two dollars a year f 2 1921 at the post 9 1930 osice a new york ica n y under the act policy association incorporated of march 3 1879 ab mien west 40th street new york n y you xix no 6 december 1 1939 general library f.p.a christmas gift suggestions university of michigan sb regular membership ccccccocsovsccsnesnesansnesees 5 ee en associate membership m 3 ann arbor mich red special subscription to headline books ip and world affairs pamphlets 2 members sending in 2 or more regular memberships may ith obtain them at a special gift price of 4.50 each of ee germany strikes at britain’s trade be as germany struck a heavy blow at british and mr chamberlain however warned that before bly neutral shipping during the twelfth week of these peace aims can be translated into action we ym the war mr chamberlain in a broadcast on novem have got first to achieve our war aim and win the ize bet 26 declared that britain would continue the war hitherto the allies have waged a war solely ind ttuggle until germany had abandoned with or of defense husbanding both lives and material they um without bloodshed that aggressive bullying men realize that the reich is still superior in the number g it tality which seeks continually to dominate other if not always the quality of its airplanes and in peoples by force for the first time since the out its capacity for plane production they believe up break of war he distinguished between the war aim and mr chamberlain reiterated it that time is on req of the allies which is to defeat our enemy and their side that if a major engagement can be post rds their ultimate peace aims poned until next spring their position will be ent britain’s peace aims in discussing peace strengthened not only by the development of their ince aims he contended that it was neither necessary nor own plane production but also by imports of war ned possible to specify at this stage the kind of ma material from the united states and chinery which should be established for the devel germany too has been delaying a major blow in and opment of a new europe but defined the broad the west there is overwhelming evidence to show ship principles of the post war settlement these prin that hitler up to the last minute hoped to avoid inal ciples would include discussion of territorial arrange war with france and britain which he knew would isa ments by all european states on terms of equality subject german military and economic resources to tep with the help of disinterested third parties if it a test dangerous not only for the country but also were so desired development of a full and con for the nazi régime in contrast to its carefully lavy stant flow of trade between the nations concerned worked out plans for a lightning conquest of poland cted with consequent improvement in the standard of the nazi government appears to be divided over the 000 living the unfettered right for every european course it should pursue against france and britain of country to choose its own form of internal govern like the allies it does not want to waste men and 10 ment so long as that government did not pursue an material in a hopeless land attack in the west while ates external policy injurious to its neighbors and the soviet union consolidates its territorial gains in fe gradual abolition of armaments as a useless ex the east chiefly at germany’s expense but the nazis by pense except in so far as they were needed for the too believe that time is on their side that if they at 4 preservation of internal law and order the estab can avoid a costly struggle with the allies they will the lishment of this utopian europe mr chamber conserve their stocks of raw materials and mean b up lain added could not be the work of weeks or even while develop new sources of supply in the balkans ress months and the most fundamental thing for its and the soviet union the nazis hope that they may x development would be not merely territorial changes yet drive a wedge between france and britain arouse of according to the ideas of the victors but a new neutral resentment against the british weaken british i be spirit in which the european nations will approach morale and then at relatively little cost deliver a the their difficulties with good will and mutual toler mortal blow against britain by means of sea and air rf ance warfare 4 germany’s use of mines while germany has practically cut off britain from the scandinavian countries its submarine campaign has been only partially successful owing to britain’s use of the convoy system between 60 and 70 per cent of britain’s imports come from non european coun tries the united states the british dominions latin america and the far east to disrupt this com merce especially before american supplies have reached britain in any large quantities germany would have to make the waters around britain so dangerous as to discourage all neutral ships from transporting goods to britain this apparently is what germany is attempting to do by sowing mines in what are generally regarded as commercial ship ping lanes without previous notification to neutral countries these mines as far as can be determined are magnetic mines of a new type which explode with unusual force when ships approach them some of these appear to have been sown not by mine layers or submarines but by airplanes flying at low altitudes naval experts believe that these mines held responsible for the destruction in 12 days of 28 ships many of them neutral are the new weapon announced by hitler against which he said there could be no effective counter attack mr chamber lain however declared on november 26 that the british already know the secret of the magnetic mine adding we shall soon master it as we have already mastered the u boat meanwhile the thames estu ary was temporarily closed on november 23 and since over 40 per cent of britain’s imports pass through the port of london this measure if con tinued may cause serious dislocation of british and neutral shipping which would have to be re routed to ports on the west coast british retaliation the british have de page two nounced germany’s use of magnetic mines as a yip lation of international law the hague conventio of 1907 which germany said at the outbreak of w that it would observe forbids belligerents to lay yy anchored automatic contact mines unless they ap so constructed as to become harmless within one hoy after the person who laid them ceases to contr them it also declares that mines must not be i off the coasts and ports of the enemy country wit the sole object of interfering with commercial nay gation and that every precaution must be taken q protect peaceful shipping the germans in reply claim that the entire coast of britain is a war zone not a commercial shipping lane and that they ay justified in laying mines throughout that entire are without previous notification in retaliation for ge many’s use of mines the british issued an order jy council on november 27 providing for the seizur of all exports from germany even if carried in ne tral ships this measure too is a violation of inte national law the declaration of paris of 1856 gen erally accepted as governing this situation provides that belligerents must respect cargoes on neuth ships except contraband even if the cargos originate in the enemy country the neutral countries are now caught betwee the upper and the nether millstone they ar horrified by the destruction that german mines hay inflicted on their shipping but also alarmed bj britain’s measure of retaliation which gravely threat ens their overseas commerce and has already brought protests from the low countries italy and japan as both the allies and germany resort to more des perate measures in an effort to win a decisive victory the prospect of achieving the kind of settlement m chamberlain described as utopian grows unfor tunately more remote vera micheles dean germany’s campaign in southeastern europe while germany was desperately trying to impose a counter blockade on britain in the west its cam paign to mobilize every possible source of supply in the southeast met with varied success the reich probably welcomed the growing rift between ru mania and hungary which forms the principal ob stacle to the creation of a strong neutral bloc in southeastern europe capable of resisting german pressure at the same time it was defeated in its efforts to obtain larger quantities of raw materials from rumania and yugoslavia while these coun tries agreed to send more foodstuffs and fodder to germany they have been unwilling to sell valuable minerals which in the past have been largely reserved for countries able to supply cotton wool and colonial products in exchange hopes of balkan bloc dimmed since last summer yugoslavia and turkey have beei independently working to overcome the internecini strife which has marred the history of southeastet europe and constantly invited foreign intervention more recently these efforts have been strongly se onded by italy which is alarmed by soviet encroach ments and hopes to take advantage of the war recapture and strengthen the influence it formetl enjoyed in the balkans the project for a unite front however has now apparently been doomed bj hungary’s refusal to abandon its territorial demand on rumania hungary has never accepted the los of transylvania and the adjoining districts of crisati and maramures to rumania in 1919 although re manians constitute a clear cut majority of the pope lation of these territories even according to th hungarian census of 1910 hungary has continue to d has pact that ing both csa nea try eith ing thre uni ine me ven pre fen cos rw can ba to u eve thi su i0 to tin th vio ntiog twat necine aster ntion y set roach var t metl unitet 1ed by mandi e los risan h re popt othe tinue to demand their return since august of this year it has steadfastly refused to conclude a non aggression pact with rumania and has insisted without success that bucharest make a good will gesture by accept ing a pact to improve the lot of the minorities on both sides of the border on november 21 count csaky hungarian foreign minister precipitated a near break by a fiery speech declaring that his coun try could not promise to maintain the status quo either now or in the future rumania for its part has been adamant in refus ing to consider any territorial revision pressed on three sides by hungary bulgaria and the soviet union it fears that concessions to one country will inevitably give the signal for its virtual dismember ment the new rumanian cabinet formed on no vember 23 under the leadership of a pro french premier george tatarescu seems determined to de fend the territorial integrity of the country at all costs threatened with attack from three directions rumania is admittedly in a precarious position it can expect little or no help from its partners in the balkan entente and the allies will hardly be able to render effective assistance particularly if the u.s.s.r joins in the attack for the time being how ever germany may still attempt to preserve peace in this area since war might easily disrupt its lines of supply and entail all the risks inherent in the exten sion of military operations to a new and distant front german trade drive checked ger many's attitude may change however if its efforts to monopolize the trade of southeastern europe con tinue to meet with serious resistance to carry on page three war in the west germany must obtain control of rumania’s oil anglo dutch and french interests however control 62 per cent of that country’s petro leum industry and with the support of the allied governments have pressed bucharest not to yield to german demands rumania’s refusal to accord the reich a larger share of its oil exports as well as a more favorable exchange rate for the german mark apparently precipitated the resignation on novem ber 23 of the cabinet headed by constantine arge toianu it is still doubtful that the new rumanian government will be able to resist continued german pressure particularly now that the reich can threaten to support hungary's revisionist aspirations in yugoslavia the german trade drive has also hit a snag after repeated demands the yugoslav gov ernment agreed last october to consider larger de liveries of metals notably copper lead and antimony in return for german armaments to this end it issued a decree on november 12 imposing complete state control over the production and exportation of all metals including the output of french and british controlled copper and lead mines prompt protests from britain and france delayed the appli cation of this measure however and the reich has been further annoyed by yugoslavia’s reluctance to speed up delivery schedules on all the products it had already undertaken to ship to germany this is another illustration of the constant difficulties ger many must meet in its campaign to minimize the enormous economic handicaps under which it has to prosecute the war john c dewilde the f.p.a bookshelf the danube by emil lengyel new york random house 1939 3.75 this is the charmingly told story of one of europe’s most important rivers and the regions it serves mr lengyel has woven history legends and his personal reminiscences and philosophy into a book that deserves to be widely read sea power and today’s war by fletcher pratt new york harrison hilton 1939 3.00 completed before the outbreak of war this interesting study of modern naval strategy and naval strengths is packed with valuable background material politics of the balkans by joseph s rouéek new york mcgraw hill 1939 1.50 a brief survey of constitutional and political develop ments useful as an introduction to the region a short history of international affairs 1920 to 1938 by g m gathorne hardy new york oxford university press 1938 3.50 a first rate summary and survey issued under the aus pices of the royal institute of international affairs step by step 1986 1939 by winston churchill new york putnam 1939 4.00 a collection of fortnightly articles on international af fairs from the rhineland crisis to hitler’s occupation of czechoslovakia mr churchill with keen insight and a clear style argues effectively for the more vigorous diplomacy and defense policy that the chamberlain gov ernment gradually adopted the way forward the american trade agreements pro gram by francis bowes sayre new york macmillan 1939 2.75 highly competent description and defense of the hull trade program which seeks improved living standards and more amicable international relations through increased international trade the united states in world affairs 1938 by whitney h shepardson in collaboration with william o scroggs new york harper 1939 3.00 this latest annual in a distinguished series on american foreign relations fully maintains the high standards of literary excellence and accuracy set by its predecessors and contains valuable bibliographical and documentary material foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 6 dscember 1 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dororuy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year bo 181 f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building nov 27 last week found the machinery of pan americanism operating on three fronts in washington where the inter american economic committee is in session in guatemala city where the pan american treasury conference was held on november 14 21 and in havana the scene of the i.l.o sponsored inter american labor conference while only one of these groups the inter american economic committee came into being as a direct result of the european war the problems growing out of this conflict have provided the keynote for each of the conferences thus far however little of a tangible nature has been accomplished aside from discussing the formulation of policy economic and financial coopera tion while the fundamental objectives of mini mizing the economic shock of the war on the west ern hemisphere and readjusting inter american com mercial relations on a permanently sound basis are generally recognized no clear cut method of ap proach has yet been evolved both at washington and at guatemala city currency and financial prob lems have been in the foreground and various pro posals for their solution have been advanced so far as specific steps are concerned that which has re ceived the most consideration is the proposed estab lishment of an inter american clearing house pre sumably embodying features similar to those of the federal reserve system and the bank for interna tional settlements an outline for such an institution presented by assistant secretary of state a a berle to the financial sub committee of the inter american economic committee was favorably received last week and it is possible that definitive action will be taken along these lines in the near future it was hoped that such a clearing house or pan american central bank might aid trade expansion and en courage the flow of investment funds to latin america by stabilizing exchange rates perhaps the dominant feature of the pan american treasury conference was the stress laid on the de sirability of encouraging united states investments in latin america if new latin american products are to be developed for the united states market financial resources are unquestionably needed in addition some countries in latin america require temporary assistance to overcome exchange and mon etary difficulties which are limiting imports of united states goods but the question of financial aid whether it comes from private or official sources is complicated by many factors not the least of which are the large total of defaulted latin american bonds in the hands of united states in vestors and the expropriation of foreign oil proper ties by the mexican government the course of inter american economic cooperation hinges some what on united states financial policy on which administration circles are apparently not agreed trade agreements pushed when and if the trade agreements now being negotiated with argentina chile and uruguay come into effect the united states will have such pacts in force with four teen latin american republics and four colonies which in 1938 accounted for 75 per cent of total united states exports to that area foes of the hull trade program however are waging a new battle the heaviest fire being directed at the proposed te duction of the 4 cent per pound tax on copper im ports in the chilean pact in addition the inde pendent petroleum association of america is at tempting to keep the agreement with venezuela which embodies a reduction in the excise tax on petroleum imports from 22 cents to 11 cents per barrel from coming into effect on december 1 meanwhile negotiations with argentina are ren dered difficult by the long standing friction created by the united states exclusion of fresh meat on sani tary grounds as well as by argentina’s special com mercial arrangements with britain last week's te port that argentina would confine purchases to britain while given a measure of plausibility by the argentine buy from those who buy from us policy was evidently exaggerated it is of course possible that britain could literally force argentina to buy british goods by paying in blocked sterling for im ports of grain meat wool hides and other essen tials yet war prosperity in argentina would in crease demand for such united states specialties as automobiles agricultural machinery and electrical goods in the fog which surrounds the whole question of the economic relations of the united states with latin america during the war which only the pro gress of hostilities can gradually lift one fact seems clear unless by some miracle normal communica tions with the belligerents can be restored inter american trade is destined to increase whether the increase is of a sound long term nature however or a speculative boom depends in part on smooth operation of the machinery for pan american cooperation howarbd j trueblood an inte h are out th since in mc heen whorr ests o camp on n clarec force draw th ber 7 that sovie cuss troor joint tries whic of ber 2 land ister a co liver the vem to t publ men and uni a so shot c +ao ws dd fh mw w foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vor xix no 7 eeo7 december 8 1939 how will the european war affect commercial relations between the united states and latin america read war and united states latin american trade by howard j trueblood 25 mar 2 9 isd entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 finland stands up to u.s.s.r he soviet invasion of finland on november 30 aroused even more profound indignation through out the world than germany's conquest of poland since the suspension of soviet finnish negotiations in moscow on november 13 the soviet press had been vilifying the government of premier cajander whom it accused of serving the imperialist inter ests of britain sweden and the united states this campaign of unbridled invective reached fever pitch on november 26 when the soviet government de dared that a finnish battery had fired on its frontier forces and demanded that finnish troops be with drawn 12 or 15 miles from the border the finnish government in a note of novem ber 27 denied moscow's accusation and asserted that on the contrary firing had occurred on the soviet side of the border it offered however to dis cuss the soviet proposal with a view to removing troops from both sides of the border and suggested joint investigation of the incident by the two coun ties to a crescendo of country wide meetings at which soviet workers demanded drastic punishment of imperialist aggressors moscow on novem ber 29 denounced its non aggression pact with fin land this action was taken before the finnish min ister in moscow had had the opportunity to present a conciliatory note from his government whose de livery appears to have been purposely delayed by the soviet authorities in a speech broadcast on no vember 30 premier molotov declared that contrary to the malicious libel and infamous slander published in the foreign press the soviet govern ment had no desire to conquer the whole of finland and incorporate it into the u.s.s.r the soviet union he claimed continued to regard finland as a sovereign independent state but insisted that it should adopt a friendly attitude toward moscow confronted by soviet invasion the government of premier cajander which had just received a vote of confidence resigned and a new cabinet headed by risto ryti well known international banker was set up on december 1 in this cabinet v a tanner finance minister under premier cajander who had participated in the soviet finnish negotiations and according to premier molotov had blocked their consummation assumed the post of foreign min ister premier ryti immediately declared that fin land was ready to negotiate a settlement with the soviet union but would not consent to bargain away its independence his cabinet’s proposal for peace negotiations was transmitted to the soviet govern ment on december 3 by m winter swedish min ister in moscow people's government of terijoki on december 1 however the soviet radio had an nounced the formation of a new people’s govern ment for finland in terijoki a small seaside village near the soviet border headed by a finnish com munist otto kuusinen who had lived in exile in the soviet union for nearly twenty years according to a declaration published on december 1 finland will not join the soviet union but will conclude with it a pact of mutual assistance and obtain soviet karelia the nature of the régime said the declara tion cannot be decided by the working class a notable departure from the soviet revolutionary pro gram in 1917 which may indicate that moscow is seeking to enlist the sympathies of popular fronts in neighboring countries further evidence of this new tendency is given by the economic program of the people’s government which includes complete nationalization of big industries and banks but only partial nationalization of medium and small indus tries confiscation and distribution of large landed estates but preservation of small farms what is especially interesting about this program is that it conforms in its broad outlines with the program advocated by german nazis and may represent an attempt by moscow to outbid nazi propaganda in countries where there is a strong class of farm owners and small artisans and shopkeepers main issues in conflict in spite of the fact that soviet preparations for an attempt to obtain bases in finland had been obvious for a long time and had been known to france and britain at least since last march the world appears again to have been taken by surprise and there is real danger that genuine sympathy for the finns combined with fear of communism in many cases equally genuine but in others a screen for opposition to all social reform will precipitate a sort of mass hysteria against moscow it might therefore be useful to recapitulate some of the salient features of the soviet finnish conflict 1 soviet finnish relations finland for centuries a province of sweden was annexed by tsarist russia in 1809 and remained a part of the russian empire until march 1917 when its right to self government was recognized by the russian provisional government following the bol shevik revolution of november 1917 in russia finland was torn by civil war between finnish reds who had the support of the russian régime and the finnish whites led by general now marshal mannerheim who today com mands the finnish army and at that time had the support of germany the independence of finland was recognized by the so viet government in 1921 after that date there were no major clashes between finland and the soviet union ex cept for friction regarding treatment of finnish inhabitants in soviet karelia an area the soviet government during re cent negotiations offered to cede in return for naval and air bases in finland finnish public sentiment however has been more sympathetic to germany britain and the scan dinavian countries than to the u.s.s.r most of the finnish products which before 1917 were sold in the russian em pire have been exported to britain and many finns hoped until last august that nazi germany would prove a bul wark against communism the soviet government rightly or wrongly believed that germany in its eastward expan sion which france and britain until march 1939 had shown no intention of checking would use finland and the baltic countries as bases for attack on soviet territory it was therefore determined to beat germany at its own game and get there first the allies have now revealed what had already been suspected that moscow had de manded bases in the baltic countries and finland as the ptice of its assistance to the allies against germany the allies refused to pay this price on the ground that it would infringe on the sovereignty of small countries these coun tries however in the absence of a strong international or ganization which might have safeguarded them from both german and soviet encroachments were unable to with stand pressure by their powerful neighbors the refusal of the allies was a decisive factor in bringing about the soviet german pact 2 soviet aims in finland soviet aims in finland are political and strategic rather than economic the chief wealth of finland are its lumber which has been exported principally to britain and its nickel mines which were page two being developed by the international nickel company british controlled enterprise these british trade and mip ing interests are the main reason why soviet leaders fg lowing conclusion of a deal with germany who until they had been regarded as the arch instigator of finnish hostility to moscow denounced the influence of british imperial ists in finland sweden too has been apprehensive fp garding a soviet finnish agreement that might give the u.s.s.r control of the aland islands from which sovig forces might menace sweden’s shipments of iron ore ty germany what moscow wants in finland above all are strategic bases from which it could resist future invasion by ger many and or the allies and the ice free port of petsamo it is not improbable that should the soviet union succeed in defeating finland it might then seek control of ice free ports on the western coast of norway this would not only enable it to menace britain but most important of all would give it a strong card at the next peace conference from which it is determined not to be excluded as it was from the paris peace conference in 1919 and the munich conference in 1938 3 imperialism or world revolution the sovie union has thus resumed the imperialist objectives of tsaris russia both in the baltic and in the balkans its imperial ism however is a revolutionary imperialism similar to that of napoleon who carried the ideas of the french revolu tion throughout europe in the baggage van of his conquer ing armies the extent to which moscow’s revolutionary ideas will succeed depends not merely on the military force at the disposal of threatened countries but on the degree of their internal unity and stability one of the principal reasons for the rapid disintegration of poland was that this multinational state was torn by dissensions both be tween poles and national minorities and between rival pol ish parties in this respect finland with its high degree of national homogeneity and social equality offers much great er resistance to soviet propaganda one lesson to be drawn from finland’s case is that the spread of communism mus be combated not by mere denunciation of its doctrines but by genuine efforts to on economic and social con ditions which offer a breeding ground for communist ideas 4 the fruits of international anarchy soviet inva sion of finland has branded the u.s.s.r in many countries as public enemy no 1 momentarily eclipsing the similar activities of germany italy and japan the methods of moscow are certainly no better but neither are they worse than those of hitler and mussolini the real issue at stake is not the relative brutality of this or that aggressor but the fact that as long as international anarchy continues each power irrespective of its political or economic system will take advantage of the resulting disorder on the theory that if i don’t get him he'll get me there are already many signs that soviet invasion of finland might serve as a signal for the formation of a common front against the u.s.s.r it is not impossible that germany might invite the allies to abandon war in the west for the sake of launching 4 crusade against the soviet union such a crusade would have the support of all countries which fear either com munism or russian imperialism among them italy and japan it should be emphatically pointed out however that an anti soviet crusade no matter how great its justification on other grounds would not prove a remedy from the state of international anarchy which has fostered aggression from many quarters in the past decade and would merely spread it to the four corners of the earth the antidote for anarchy is not world war but the establishment of a strong interna 3 tional only securit on comp erties 1938 when the si cision ruled able fixed point may vestir ten j lowe nor pani prior ernm book the ti w actio and the no f mad dep quat com actic dipl worl com host may the oil fina dire disp tion mer the soci i tuti for head enter 2 a ol wo ust but on va ries ilar of rse ake the will hat any nal lies uld ve a et as age tional organization whose members would be concerned not only with their own national interests but also with the security and prosperity of other and weaker countries vera micheles dean latin america mexican oil and cuban politics oil firms lose the efforts of the foreign oil companies to regain control of their mexican prop erties expropriated by the government in march 1938 reached another dead end on december 2 when the mexican supreme court unanimously held the seizure to be constitutional in a subsidiary de cision carried by a three to one vote the court also ruled that the expropriation decree applied to mov able goods such as office supplies as well as the fixed property of the companies aside from these points the court ruled that while the companies may claim compensation for legitimate capital in vestments the government may defer payment for ten years moreover no compensation will be al lowed for hypothetical profits on oil in the ground nor for the cancellation of concessions the com panies however are to be paid for oil extracted prior to expropriation and sold by the mexican gov ernment and they will be allowed to recover their books and records as well as credits outstanding at the time of expropriation with this decision the possibilities of further action in the mexican courts have been exhausted and the mexican government is clearly the victor in the long legal struggle the issue however is by no means closed and an attempt will probably be made to exert diplomatic pressure through the state department which has demanded prompt ade quate and effective compensation on behalf of the companies it is difficult to envisage what further action beyond additional representations on the diplomatic front might be made within the frame work of the good neighbor policy which has be come increasingly important since the outbreak of hostilities in europe hence although moral support may be given by the state department to supplement the economic weapons and propaganda used by the oil companies against mexico it is believed that final solution of the problem can only come through direct agreement between the actual parties to the dispute the unyielding stand of both the corpora tions and the mexican government on the funda mental question of individual property rights versus the right of the state to protect its own economic and social interests will prove a difficult obstacle before the supreme court decision on the consti tutionality of expropriation it was widely reported page three ee that arrangements were being made for the mexican oil administration to sell its entire surplus oil pro duction amounting to about 2,000,000 barrels monthly in the united states in some quarters it is believed that negotiations for this sale have been concluded and an agreement reached with an amerti can company as yet unidentified this plan however involves the importation of mexican oil for re export rather than consumption in this country in either event such an agreement would afford welcome eco nomic aid to mexico whose oil marketing problems have increased since the outbreak of war revenues from this source might also give the government the financial basis for a new offer to the oil companies batista plans presidential race the political history of cuba is evidently entering a new phase with the emergence of colonel fulgencio batista the strong man of the island for over six years as a candidate for the presidency in the elec tions to be held on february 28 colonel batista is expected to be nominated within the near future by a coalition consisting of the liberals nationalists national democrats and communists which sup ported the government in the elections to the con stituent assembly last month the way for colonel batista’s candidacy had been prepared by the an nouncement of his retirement from the command of the army on december 6 the leader of the 1933 revolution who has since been content to remain technically behind the scenes is thus submitting his power to the risk of a popular vote the presidential ambitions of colonel batista have been an open secret for some time but it was thought possible that the defeat of his forces in the november 15 elections would prompt reconsid eration these elections for delegates to the constitu ent assembly charged with the task of preparing a new constitution resulted in 35 seats for batista factions and 41 for the opposition among the lat ter the cuban revolutionary party headed by for mer president ramén grau san martin accounted for 18 while 15 were won by the democratic re publicans led by another ex president mario g menocal the remaining eight opposition delegates were divided equally between the revolutionary abc party and ex president miguel mario gomez supporters in the light of these results the presi dential possibilities are at best confusing and it is not yet known what opposition candidates will be put in the field moreover since the november elec tions were fought on a straight pro and anti govern ment basis no clear cut issues have emerged how arp j trueblood foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 7 december 8 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nations headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year s81 f p a membership five dollars a year tr ney eens ee eo ann a ne a washington news letter washington bureau national press building dec 4 washington reacted more sharply to the soviet invasion of finland last week than to any development in europe since the outbreak of war during the 72 hours from noon of november 29 to noon of december 2 the white house and the state department took four steps in swift succes sion 1 dispatch of a formal tender of good offices to aid in a peaceful settlement 2 an appeal to both governments to refrain from bombing civilian populations from the air 3 a statement by the president condemning the soviet union’s wanton resort to force and 4 the imposition of a moral embargo on sales of aircraft to nations resorting to unprovoked bombing president roosevelt's strongly worded condemna tion followed rejection by moscow of the american tender of good offices previously accepted by the finnish government and receipt of official reports confirming the bombing of helsinki the statement read by the president at his press conference on de cember 1 declared that the news of soviet naval and military bombings came as a profound shock to the government and people of the united states and that all peace loving peoples will unani mously condemn this new resort to military force as the arbiter of international differences the present resort to arms makes insecure the independent ex istence of small nations in every continent and jeopardizes the rights of mankind to self govern ment moral embargo mr roosevelt's request that american aircraft manufacturers and exporters refrain from selling to nations which are obviously guilty of such unprovoked bombing marks the first extension of the policy laid down by secretary hull eighteen months ago against the shipment of military airplanes and equipment to japan in the case of japan this use of discretionary power has enabled the state department to maintain an embargo which has proved to be almost as effective as a legal prohibition secretary hull’s condemnation of bombing which named no specific country was made on june 11 1938 it was followed by a circular letter from the department informing all aircraft manufacturers that the united states government is strongly opposed to the sale of airplanes or aero nautical equipment which would aid or encour age the bombing of civilian populations and that the department would with great regret issue licenses for the export of any aircraft aircraft arma ments aircraft engines aircraft parts aircraft ac cessories aerial bombs or torpedoes to countries engaged in such practices since july 1938 export of military aircraft to japan has ceased and the total value of licenses for civil aircraft equipment has dropped to 2,249,000 in the case of russia the same procedure is con templated even if the president should decide to invoke the neutrality act in either situation the effect would be to permit exports to finland while shutting off further sales to the soviet union since january 1939 american airplane shipments to russia amounted to only 2,200,000 some washington ob servers foresee the extension of the moral embargo to other european belligerents and point to the president's use of the phrase unprovoked bomb ing as permitting a distinction between nations which initiate civilian attacks and those which take retaliatory measures for the time being however the administration is moving cautiously and resisting the strong pressure for breaking off diplomatic relations with the soviet union statements by leading republicans includ ing former president hoover senator vandenberg senator bridges and others demanding either the recall of ambassador steinhardt or complete sever ance of diplomatic ties have not altered washing ton’s decision to await further developments before taking such steps even the best informed washington opinion is divided on the probable effects of this week’s events some officials believe that russia's expansion in the baltic and its anticipated expansion in southeastern europe may place an increasing strain on relations between moscow and berlin and possibly encourage moves by germany for a deal with the allies accord ing to this theory powerful elements in germany as well as in britain france and italy might welcome negotiations for a settlement in the west to check the rising menace in the east other officials prob ably a majority do not share this optimistic view which they regard as wishful thinking they believe that the understanding between hitler and stalin rests on the desire to unite against a common enemy the british empire which has blocked the ambitions of both germany and russia they doubt whether this working basis will be broken by minor conflicts of interest in the balkans or the baltic and in the far east they look for soviet german efforts to align japan against the western powers w t stone assist facto have nazi pligh tions sand prom many ing land belie the path inro gert pres axis dem pilo the less mat whi mes sibi life uin we enc tha nis in +ile ice sia b 20 ab yns ike its the ern ons age rd as meé eck ob eve lin ny ons her icts the ign al poe foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xix no 8 wo x x why europe went to war by vera micheles dean deecember 15 1989 a brilliant critical evaluation of the european conflict remarkable for its scope and clarity december issue of world affairs pamphlets entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 or éj 7 et cs 7 ye i ej7 ef a a 4 general library university of uichigan ann arbor michigan en ts finnish resistance alters european picture inland’s continued resistance to soviet inva sion and its appeal on december 10 for the assistance of the civilized world injected new factors into europe’s complex situation which may have far reaching effects on the course of the war effect on germany and italy the nazis officially professed unconcern for finland's plight which they blamed on anti german machina tions by britain and sweden’s foreign minister m sandler they also denied reports from stockholm prominently featured by the soviet press that ger many had sent arms to the finns and allowed refuel ing on its territory of italian planes bound for fin land neutral observers in germany however believed that the germans millions of whom like the finns belong to the lutheran faith were sym pathetic to finland’s cause and alarmed by soviet inroads in the baltic region hitherto regarded as a german sphere of influence nor could the nazi press disguise the fact that while the fascist grand council reiterated italy’s support of the rome berlin axis the italian government permitted anti soviet demonstrations and promptly sent airplanes and pilots to finland the nazis moreover feared that the soviet union now that it is at war will be even less able than before to spare foodstuffs and raw materials for germany in analyzing the policy of the hitler government which has proved highly opportunistic both in do mestic and foreign affairs one can exclude no pos sibility however startling germany absorbed by its life and death struggle with the allies may feel gen uinely unable to check soviet advances toward the west and northwest but it may also be purposely encouraging soviet invasion of finland in the hope that the allies alarmed by the spread of commu nism will accept hitler's peace terms and join him in an anti soviet crusade which would have the support of italy and franco spain or if dr rauschning is correct in his belief that nazism is the revolution of nihilism it may be pursuing a reckless after me the deluge course with no con sideration of ultimate consequences for germany or europe effect on the allies finland’s decision to resist moscow heightened the dilemma which has confronted the allies since september 17 when the u.s.s.r invaded eastern poland ostensibly to restore order in that region the allies are determined not to let any subsidiary conflicts divert them from their principal objective the defeat of hitlerism while they sympathize with finland and are ready to aid the finns with armaments and supplies they are loath to take any action which might involve them in war with the soviet union especially since they suspect that hitler would welcome extension of the theatre of war in the hope that the allies might then have to disperse their forces now concentrated against germany on the western front the reluctance of the allies especially britain to break with moscow affected the proceedings of the league council summoned on december 9 at finland’s request and of the league assembly con voked the following day while the latin american members of the league at a safe distance from the european scene demanded expulsion of the soviet union from the league moscow’s neighbors sweden norway china iran turkey and rumania counseled moderation on the ground that expul sion might precipitate a general war with the u.s.s.r without materially aiding the finns should the league merely condemn soviet invasion of finland it may lose its eight south american members the following south american states are members of the league argen tina bolivia chile colombia ecuador peru uruguay and venezuela of these chile peru uruguay and venezuela had planned to withdraw before the outbreak of the soviet finnish conflict four of which had already taken steps to withdraw before the soviet finnish conflict and become a predominantly european organization particularly difficult is the position of china which sympathizes with finland but needs supplies from the soviet union and fears that league condemnation of soviet action might drive moscow into an agreement with japan at china’s expense effect on european neutrals fin land’s resistance may also have the effect of forcing european neutrals to reconsider their increasingly precarious position the finnish case has made it abundantly clear that neutral countries cannot hope to escape involvement in war merely by proclaiming their neutrality in attempting to walk the neutrality tightrope they constantly face the risk of antagoniz ing both sides the more acute the conflict becomes the more germany and the allies will scrutinize every action of the neutrals for possible signs of un neutrality moreover these states by abstaining from official assistance to endangered neighbors as in the case of norway and sweden to ward finland merely play into the hands of ger many and the soviet union which are then free to destroy their intended victims one by one events may soon force the remaining neutrals to decide whether they prefer to side with the allies against germany and possibly the soviet union or with germany and possibly the soviet union against the allies page two effect on the soviet union perhaps the most far reaching effects of all may be felt in the position both internal and external of the sovig union the success of the finns in holding off ny merically superior soviet forces and even stagi counter attacks has raised serious doubts abroad and possibly also in the u.s.s.r regarding the efficiency of the red army should these doubts hy substantiated by future developments fear of the soviet union which has haunted eastern europe may diminish and countries hostile to moscow ma seize this opportunity to strike simultaneously russian imperialism and international communism it should be pointed out however that while sovie troops long trained to believe that the u.s.s.r had no warlike designs on other countries may show no enthusiasm for an invasion of finland they might reveal a greater fighting spirit if soviet territory wer invaded and russian nationalism aroused at the same time there is no doubt that the soviet gover ment by attacking finland has alienated most of the sympathy it had formerly enjoyed among groups of the left in foreign countries if france and britain are alive to their opportunities this disillusion with soviet as well as nazi methods may mark a tum ing point in europe from a period of revolution to ward a period not of restoration no longer possible or desirable but of genuine reconstruction vera micheles dean italy seeks to safeguard its position in balkans while four of the five great powers of europe germany great britain france and the soviet union are involved in hostilities italy continues to strengthen its position in the mediterranean and balkans under the guise of non belligerency ap parently eschewing the term neutrality because it implies impartiality and pacifism italy seeks both the diplomatic and commercial rewards of a non belligerent while insisting on the traditional rights of the neutral on december 8 the fascist grand council issuing the first official statement of italy’s position since the outbreak of war reaffirmed the rome berlin axis and warned all belligerents against trespassing in the balkans in its concise and rather ambiguous communiqué the grand council defined italian policy as follows 1 it approved the non belligerency of italy which in its opinion has prevented the spread of hostilities to southeastern europe 2 relations between italy and germany remain fixed by their alliance and the exchange of views which took place before and after at milan salzburg and berlin 3 italy is interested directly in anything that happens in the danube basin and the balkans 4 italy will safeguard its maritime trade in the most explicit manner the most striking feature of the communiqué was the second point regarding the italo german military alliance which was formulated at milan on may 6 7 1939 but was apparently modified in subsequent dis cussions count ciano is believed to have refused italian military aid against poland during his con versations with hitler at salzburg in august and at berlin in october and the grand council’s declara tion may thus be a warning to germany that the alliance is still subject to interpretation at the same time this declaration dashes cold water on any hopes the allies may have had for immediate italian sup port the final point regarding italy's commercial rights is a forthright challenge to the allied block ade which is damaging neutral as well as germat interests although italy has been profiting as a trans shipment point for the belligerents especially for german trade with south america it is already compelled to reduce consumption of many imports such as gasoline coal coffee cacao sugar and iron and steel in order to conserve its resources secufe foreign exchange and meet the dislocation of normal trade pri intere both welco water only intern had d act he avow three naval sistan becau this t first italy again what cf ber 10 ism viet had no ight vere ern t of ups with to sible the tary 6 1 con d at lara ame off sup rcial rans for eady iron cure rmal ae pressure in the balkans by restating its interest in the balkans italy is apparently warning both germany and the soviet union that it will not welcome further fishing in these persistently troubled waters the grand council’s declaration appeared only two days after an article in the communist international official journal of the comintern had demanded that rumania sign a mutual assistance act with the soviet union similar to those with the baltic states this article was quickly dis avowed however by the soviet government since three of the baltic states were compelled to surrender naval and air bases in return for their mutual as sistance pacts and the fourth finland was invaded because of its refusal to make similar concessions this threat to rumania is regarded at rome as the first step in a soviet advance toward the dardanelles italy's efforts to secure a united front in the balkans against either german or soviet pressure are some what hampered by its close relations with hungary cf italy tightens its neutrality foreign policy bulletin novem ber 10 1939 page three which desires a share in any partition of rumania it was reported on december 10 furthermore that germany has guaranteed all of rumania’s frontiers except the bulgarian border in return for eco nomic concessions such a move would invite bul garia to press for the dobruja while checking the soviet union’s designs on bessarabia perhaps the most important factor in balkan unity however is turkey which like italy is endeavor ing to resist the pressure of germany and the soviet union turkish newspapers launched an attack last week against franz von papen german ambassador to ankara who was accused of spreading false re ports that turkey and the u.s.s.r were concen trating troops on their borders the turkish press which called for the expulsion of von papen charged that germany was seeking to divert moscow from the baltic to the black sea with the help of the allies and possible support from italy turkey hopes that both germany and the soviet union can be warded off before they divide rumania and approach the dardanelles james frederick green the f.p.a bookshelf europe in the fourth dimension by v poliakoff augur new york d appleton century company 1939 1.25 a noted observer of the european scene sets forth his conclusions on individual rights and spiritual realities in international politics with europe as his laboratory democratic sweden edited by margaret cole and charles smith new york greystone press 1939 3.00 an excellent review of swedish social democracy its government economy and policies prepared from investi gations in sweden by sympathetic but objective members of the new fabian research bureau this symposium con tributes much to a firm grasp of sweden’s position in world affairs england and the continent by carlo scarfoglio new york fortuny’s 1939 2.75 interestingly written arraignment of british policy to ward the rest of europe the new german empire by franz borkenau new york viking 1939 2.00 in rather sweeping terms the author expounds his thesis that nazi germany aims at world domination not only di rectly through the conquest of territory but indirectly through world wide fascist revolutions although valuable for its analysis of the motivating factors of german ex pansion this book is already dated battle against time by heinrich hauser new york scribner’s 1939 3.00 this remarkable balance sheet of hitler’s régime drawn up largely from personal observation can be heartily recommended recent articles in japanese periodicals by secretariat institute of pacific relations new york february 1939 0.25 a useful pamphlet containing eleven articles translated from japanese periodicals which cover important current economic and political subjects war in our times edited by hans spever and alfred kahler new york norton 1939 3.00 a detailed study of the economic and social effects of modern war prepared by the graduate faculty of the new school for social research in new york not peace but a sword by vincent sheean new york doubleday doran 1939 2.75 this famous journalist continues his personal history in spain and czechoslovakia with occasional excursions else where in europe although his narrative adds little to our knowledge of diplomatic developments it offers brilliantly written descriptions of ordinary human beings individual ly and collectively confronted by war and terrorism mr sheean’s opening chapter on england and his now famous story of jim lardner are particularly effective affairs of china by sir eric teichman london methuen 1988 12s 6d an exeellent survey of china’s modern political develop ment by a british official with thirty years service in that country it also contains chapters on the policies of the foreign powers and the historical background of their vested interests the treaty port concessions customs ex traterritoriality loans and railways the book is especial ly valuable for its indications of the british point of view on chinese questions the a bc of the federal reserve system by edwin w kemmerer princeton princeton university press 1938 2.50 in this new edition of a good brief account of our fed eral banking machinery the author maintains that the federal reserve system has been greatly weakened by recent legislation france and munich before and after the surrender by alexander werth new york harper 1939 3.50 a sprightly yet penetrating account of french foreign relations and public life from 1987 through april 1939 de tailing the rise and fall of appeasement policies in paris foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 8 dscemmber 15 1939 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 181 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frrank ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary vera michgres dgan editor 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year national bat ee eg al washington news letter washington bureau national press building dec 11 there are still too many uncertain factors in the réle now being played by the soviet union for any one to foresee how far this new politi cal and military element may alter the relation of the united states to the war yet the impact of the soviet attack on finland has already left its mark on washington and begun to shift the direction of american foreign policy at more than one point aid to finland to gauge the extent of this shift it is only necessary to look back some six weeks when congress at the president's request repealed the arms embargo and substituted the cash and carry formula at the time this new formula seemed to meet the demands of the president and the desires of congress and the american people it retained the strict ban on loans and credits while allowing us to give tangible aid to britain and france with whom we sympathized under the cloak of impar tiality but today in the case of finland the cloak is cast aside washington has felt no public pressure for applying the neutrality act and on the contrary has faced a strong demand for positive measures to aid finland by a curious turn in domestic politics and public opinion the most vocal demand for posi tive measures has come from some of the adminis tration’s sharpest critics including the republican national committee last week the administration took the first step toward extending tangible aid to the finnish gov ernment and people on december 6 president roosevelt instructed secretary morgenthau to hold the finnish debt payment of 234,693 due on de cember 15 in a separate account with a view to congressional action authorizing its return to fin land several administration leaders have expressed the belief that congress will not only approve this action but will vote to return other back payments and possibly suspend future debt instalments on december 10 jesse h jones federal loan administrator announced the opening of govern ment credits of 10,000,000 for the purchase of agricultural surpluses and other civilian supplies in the united states the credits will be furnished by the reconstruction finance corporation and the export import bank and extended to the finnish american trading corporation organized in new york by the finnish minister it is doubtful how ever whether the full credits for finland can be made available before congress meets in january as the export import bank has virtually reached the statutory limit of its commitments which are fixed at 100,000,000 moreover unless congress amend the existing law export import bank credits canny be used for war materials or airplanes which fin land is anxious to secure from the united states for the present the white house and the state department have reached no final decisions further steps the pressure for breaking off diplo matic relations with the u.s.s.r has begun to subside and there are no immediate plans for withdrawal of ambassador steinhardt from moscow such ac tion it is argued would be a futile gesture unles implemented by stronger measures and would merely deprive the state department of a useful source of information without affecting soviet policy peace rumors one reason for hesitation in taking stronger measures is the lingering hope that the united states may eventually be in a position to use its good offices for a peace settlement washington officials see little prospect for such a settlement at this time and discount the current rumors of a peace offensive by hitler and musso lini to line up the western powers against moscow such a move would be tantamount to peace on hitler’s terms and there is no indication here that britain and france are even prepared to listen to an offer from the present german government on the other hand should it be possible to negotiate even tually with a government in germany headed by some one other than hitler and should the peace terms promise something more substantial than 2 temporary truce the roosevelt administration might be prepared to assume the rdle of mediator still another reason for hesitation is found in the diplomatic struggle which is coming to a head i the far east the state department has no desite to throw japan into the arms of russia but at the same time it is equally wary of the invitation t appease japan by a compromise settlement which would sacrifice china and recognize japan’s new order in east asia washington officials profess not to fear a soviet japanese alliance for the reason that moscow apparently has very little to offer japan hence they continue to maintain a firm attitude an discourage any talk of a deal between japan and the western powers but whatever the outcome of thi tug of war the far east rather than europe appeat likely to be our area of greatest tension in the com ing weeks w t stone an it blow estué cess ocea raid with had voy the com skill man gun une fous on it refu ities to r l7t a fo plat thes scut or t l the pote on nav sels wa or san larg cou +a peea lol ad on plo side wal less yal eful licy n in ope na ent rent 1ss0 cow on that o an the ven d by react an 4 right 1 the id in lesire t the mn 0 vhich new ofess as00 apan and d the this peati com ne graf spee foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xix no 9 december 22 19389 control of the balkans is as much at stake today as it was in 1914 yet a constructive peace in this region may be possible read the struggle for the balkans by john c dewilde december 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 periodical roor general library untv or mich of march 3 1879 general library university of nichigan ann arbor mich incident disturbs the americas he dramatic conclusion to the career of the ger man pocket battleship admiral graf spee blown up on december 17 by its own crew in the estuary of the river plate constitutes a signal suc cess for the british navy in its attempt to sweep the oceans clear of hostile german vessels the nazi raider had been damaged in a running naval battle with three british cruisers on december 13 after it had attacked one of them the ajax which was con voying the french passenger liner formose although the weight of the broadsides of all three british ships combined was less than that of the graf spee they skillfully utilized their greater speed and power of maneuver against the pocket battleship’s two 11 inch gun turrets were it not for difficulties still largely unexplained the graf spee might nevertheless have fought its way out to sea inflicting far heavier losses on its opponents instead its commander chose to seek refuge in montevideo harbor the uruguayan author ities after examining the vessel granted it permission to remain in the port until the evening of december 17 to make essential repairs by the end of this period a formidable allied force was approaching the river plate in wait for the graf spee confronted with these heavy odds the german authorities decided to scuttle the ship rather than risk a demoralizing defeat or the possibility that it might fall into allied hands limitations of commerce raiding the fate of the graf spee illustrates once again the potentialities and the limitations of commerce raiding on the high seas by the isolated cruisers of a weaker naval power the material depredations of these ves sels are important in the early months of the world war the german cruisers emden and karlsruhe sank or captured 32 ships while in 1939 the graf spee sank 9 merchantmen and the deutschland still at large in the north atlantic is known to have ac counted for one british freighter and the auxiliary cruiser rawalpindi far more important however is the strain imposed on a blockading naval power which must scatter its forces in pursuit of the raid ers at one time 78 british ships were searching for or patrolling against the emden alone and it is evi dent that a disproportionately large number of allied craft have been assigned to deal with the german pocket battleships as a result of this diversion the efficacy of the german counter blockade activities in the waters surrounding the british isles is inevitably enhanced yet in the long run the operations of surface raid ers are not decisive without naval bases where they may replenish supplies and make essential repairs the cruisers suffer from an ever increasing disadvan tage food and fuel may sometimes be acquired from friendly or captured merchantmen but the question of ammunition supply is more difficult to solve every stop at a neutral port affords a clue to the where abouts of the raider with the help of wireless com munications and observation aircraft the task of locat ing enemy vessels on the high seas is easier than ever before and last but not least the naval superiority of britain and france is today so overwhelming that individual commerce raiders are unlikely to remain long unmolested the legal complications aside from its strategic implications the admiral graf spee epi sode has raised a number of legal and political issues while the vessel was anchored at montevideo the british contended that it should be forced to depart after 24 hours the usual period of sojourn for bel ligerent warships in neutral ports or else interned for the duration of the war the german minister to uruguay on the other hand claimed that a much longer period than the 72 hour extension accorded the vessel for repairs was necessary if it was to be rendered seaworthy caught in this diplomatic cross er ee fire the uruguayan government based its actions on the thirteenth hague convention on the rights and duties of neutral powers in naval war signed in 1907 by 44 states including uruguay britain and germany under articles 12 14 and 17 of this con vention the 24 hour limit must be observed except on account of damage or stress of weather in neu tral ports belligerent warships may only carry out such repairs as are absolutely necessary to render them seaworthy and may not add in any manner whatsoever to their fighting force it is for the local authorities to determine what repairs are necessary and to see that these are carried out with the least possible delay a uruguayan naval commission conse quently ruled on this point its decision was sup ported against german opposition by a united diplo matic front of eleven american nations including the united states the other questions concerning the naval battle re late to the matter of neutral territorial waters within which belligerents may not perform hostile acts ac cording to press reports a portion of the encounter took place within the 200 mile wide mouth of the river plate and continued at a point less than three miles from the shore since both uruguay and argen tina whose territories border on the estuary insist that the entire bay is included within their jurisdic tional waters the uruguayan government protested the violation of its territorial sea on december 15 the british however are equally firm in their view that the seas outside the classical three mile limit are free to all nations for the legitimate activities of page two peace or war in this contention they are generally supported by authorities on international law by they will find it difficult to justify their pursuit of the graf spee within the three mile limit itself the uruguayan protest also noted that the battle occurred well within the neutral zone established jp the declaration of panama on october 3 1939 fo protection of american interests in the waters sy rounding the united states and the nations to the south on october 13 the british admiralty had stated that it did not recognize any extension of terri torial waters beyond the commonly accepted limit by disregarding the existence of the zone the bel ligerents have now forced the american republics either to take steps to implement their novel doctrine or to admit its ineffectiveness one possible step would be to forbid the entry of belligerent naval vessels into any neutral american port for fuel or te pairs after a naval battle this procedure would weigh more heavily on the germans who possess no territory in the western hemisphere where thei ships might find refuge than on the allies before such a drastic measure is adopted however the american states will probably consult among them selves and with the belligerents in an attempt to secure limitation of the area of conflict by mutud agreement meanwhile if the seas are denuded of german shipping there should be no reason for te currence of hostile acts within the neutral zone the united states may thus be spared an embarrassing controversy with the allies davi h popper cf washington news letter foreign policy bulletin october 6 1939 league drops u.s.s.r as gesture to finland in condemning the soviet invasion of finland and expelling the u.s.s.r from membership on decem ber 14 the league of nations made a gesture of symbolic rather than practical importance it proved once more that the league is perfectly capable of act ing but only within the limits set by the interests of its members the expulsion of the soviet union not only expressed the universal abhorrence of the attack on finland but also provided many countries with a welcome opportunity to quarantine a state whose political and economic system offers a standing chal lenge to capitalist and democratic institutions at the same time effective assistance to finland was left to the discretion of individual league members whose action may be coordinated through the league secre tariat help for finland the extent of real help which can and will be given remains problematic the league secretariat has taken steps to inquire into finland’s needs and coordinate accordingly whatever offers of assistance are received prime min ister chamberlain told the house of commons on december 14 that his government had already re leased for export to finland a number of fighter aircraft and would permit the shipment of other material yet the allies will be reluctant to spare much war equipment particularly since such supplies may fall into soviet hands shipping difficulties are also serious the baltic sea is controlled jointly by the russians and germans and the finnish coast s blockaded by the soviet navy the only means of transport lies through sweden across the gulf of bothnia or by rail the soviet army has bee concentrating its attack on the central part of fis land in an effort to drive 130 miles to the gulf of bothnia and cut these connections with the outside world meeting determined resistance and hand capped by cold and snow the soviet forces have made but slow progress nevertheless they may su ceed in attaining their objectives before extensivt supplies can reach finland from other countries future role of the league whatevet the ultimate value of league action to finland tht temporary re emergence of geneva has revived spec ulation regarding the future rdle of the league the expulsion of the last great totalitarian power is wel t come leag were prese comp total is the lines bersk vert desis tions estak mad leag prim chiet cont solve tries tatin forn fi able in w hav they of i sovi of d app indi com tant hel luti the ente ee 3 dics rine step aval t re hter ther date lies ate y by st is of e of deen fin f of side ndi lave suc sive evel the the wel page three comed by many observers who believe that the league would be much stronger if its membership were confined exclusively to democratic states at present however the geneva organization is still composed of many countries which although not totalitarian are far from democratic in character nor is the reorganization of the league along ideological lines wholly desirable it might not only restrict mem bership to a comparatively few countries but con vert the league into a new type of holy alliance designed to intervene in any nation whose institu tions could be considered alien or dangerous to established democracy if fundamental changes are made it may prove more useful to reorganize the league along regional lines certain problems are primarily european in character just as others are chiefly of interest to the countries of the american continents still other questions however can be solved only by an organization comprising all coun tries whose value would be its universality necessi tating the inclusion of every state regardless of its form of government or economic system for the moment the league resolutions have en abled france and britain to escape from the dilemma in which the soviet invasion of finland placed them having joined forces to combat german aggression they could hardly ignore equally flagrant violations of international law and treaty obligations by the soviet union unwilling to be diverted from the task of defeating germany the allies saw in the finnish appeal to the league an opportunity to record their indignation at the conduct of the u.s.s.r without committing themselves to take on another opponent while many of the smaller league states were hesi tant about expelling the soviet union the allies helped the president of the assembly to jam the reso lution through without a record vote by doing so they pleased a number of latin american countries especially argentina but necessarily antagonized moscow which was quick to condemn their attitude soviet german partnership mean while germany watched this geneva by play with considerable satisfaction although disappoint ed that the invasion of finland has not induced the allies to call off the war against the third reich the nazis are now convinced that moscow will hence forth have no alternative but to cooperate closely with berlin against western and capitalist imperial ism if the soviet army succeeds in conquering fin land and ultimately continues toward the atlantic through sweden and norway western europe may still come to consider the russian bear a more for midable threat than the german eagle on the other hand if the performance of the soviet forces proves disappointing germany will be able to take a stronger stand in its dealings with moscow particu larly in the balkans where the interests of the two countries may clash the nazis professed to be reassured by the speech in which on december 19 italian foreign minister count ciano explained the course of italy’s foreign policy while revealing that the italo german alli ance was concluded last may on the understanding that italy would not be ready for war for three years count ciano nevertheless gave a blanket endorse ment to all the german steps which had led to war including the pact with the u.s.s.r by disavowing any intention to create a balkan bloc he afforded comfort to germany which opposes the organization of a strong united southeastern europe capable of re sisting german commercial penetration ciano’s speech indicated once more that italy's chief griev ances are directed against france and britain which apparently have taken no steps to satisfy italian aspirations in tunis or elsewhere in the mediter ranean john c dewilde the f.p.a bookshelf britain in recovery prepared by a research committee of the economic science and statistics section of the british association london sir isaac pitman 1938 5.00 a comprehensive but somewhat uneven survey of recent developments in all phases of british economic life the finance of british government 1920 1936 by ursula hicks new york oxford 1938 4.50 an excellent study of british public finance discussing both technical problems and general trends world finance 1938 1939 by paul einzig new york the macmillan co 1939 3.00 a comprehensive survey of the interaction of political and financial events for the period ending march 1939 revolutions and dictatorships essays in contemporary history by hans kohn cambridge harvard university press 1939 3.50 a professor of history at smith college provides a stim ulating analysis of contemporary europe in terms of forces let loose by the french revolution some of the most valuable essays deal with the spread of nationalism in the near east the rise of fascism and the breakdown of the versailles structure selected speeches on the constitution edited by cecil s emden new york oxford university press 1939 2 vols 1.60 statements made in parliament during the last two cen turies marking developments in british constitutional law and conventions foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 9 dgcember 22 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f laer secretary vera micueres dean bdéitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year b 181 f p a membership five dollars a year a ee washington news letter washington bureau national press building dec 18 with the return of congress less than two weeks off political leaders at both ends of penn sylvania avenue are gathering their forces for what promises to be a hard and bitterly contested fight over renewal of the reciprocal trade agreements act the present law under which secretary hull has negotiated trade agreements with 22 countries ex pires on june 12 unless extended during the coming session administration on defensive for the first time since the passage of the original act of 1934 the administration finds itself on the defensive facing an opposition which includes not only the en tire republican leadership but also a number of democrats who have previously supported the trade program within the past few weeks sharp attacks have come from senator pittman chairman of the foreign relations committee senator edwin john son of colorado senator o’mahoney of wyoming senator wheeler of montana and senator mccarran of nevada as well as from such republican critics as senators ncnary vandenberg capper and borah in the house minority leader joseph w martin jr has announced the appointment of a special commit tee to study and report on the effects of the trade pro gtam on american agriculture industry and com merce the committee will be headed by representa tive treadway of massachusetts ranking republican member of the ways and means committee and a bitter foe of the trade program by concentrating its fire on the alleged injury to the farmers and domestic producers of raw materials the opposition has managed to gain support from many organized groups in the southern and mid west ern farm belts further opposition has been stirred up by the current negotiations with argentina uru guay and chile whose agricultural and mineral prod ucts compete in some cases with those of domestic origin thus on the proposed agreement with chile there were violent protests from western mining states against any reduction in the 4 cent excise tax on copper there were similar protests against reduc tion of the import tax on crude petroleum in the agreement with venezuela and the proposed reduc tion of duty on linseed from argentina when hun dreds of these protests begin to pour in even though they often come from small marginal producers the political effect is formidable the war has also limited the scope of the trade agreements program and undermined the support of export industries which profited materially from some of the recent agreements already important benefits of the british agreement have been wiped out by the elimination of goods previously purchased in the american market and the transfer of large british orders to canada while munitions order may increase exports of fresh fruits farm products and peace time manufactures have already declined sharply governmental trade controls have been tablished in every warring country increasing the difficulty of administering secretary hull’s liberal trade program hull accepts the challenge president roosevelt and secretary hull however have accept ed the challenge and are prepared to wage a deter mined fight for extension of the program last week mr roosevelt announced that he would ask congress to renew the present act thus rejecting the advice of several administration leaders who had privately urged him to allow the law to lapse until after the 1940 elections mr hull has been even more emphatic on at least half a dozen occasions during the past month the secretary has hit back at his critics either in strongly worded statements at his press conferences or in carefully documented letters to senators and congressmen at chicago on december 5 mr hull made a detailed defense of his program before the american farm bureau federation the only major farm organization which has endorsed the act in his chicago speech mr hull conceded that war conditions had rendered more difficult the work of rebuilding international trade but he declined to agree that this is any reason for abandoning the en tire program for the duration of the war on the con trary his strongest argument for renewing the trade agreements act was based on the need for a liberal trade policy to aid in restoration of sound economic conditions after the war if there is anything cet tain in this world it is that after present hostilities have come to an end there will be an even more desperate need for vigorous action designed to re store and promote healthy and mutually beneficial trade among nations whatever the merits of the trade agreements pro gram it will require a determined and intelligent campaign to assure continuation of the present act in the coming session william t stone an it +1 gress idvice vately er the on at nonth er in rences ss and hull re the major at wat ork of ed to he en e con trade liberal nomic 1g cer cilities more to fe 1eficial ts pro lligent nt act one foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xix no 10 december 29 1939 the peace that failed how europe sowed the seeds of war headline book no 21 25c by varian fry by all odds the best brief diagnosis of european developments from the first world war to the second which has yet appeared frederick l schuman j an entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 1 1949 riodical room nbral library untv of mich peace problems stressed in christmas speeches he president's christmas message to the pope and to leaders of the protestant and jewish faiths in the united states discussed in the washington news letter voiced a hope for peace and post war reconstruction which was echoed with varying emphasis by several european leaders pope pius xii in his christmas eve address to the college of cardinals expressed great anxiety regard ing the capacity of nations exhausted or weakened by war to undertake the task of reconstruction among difficulties that will be enormously in creased and which the forces of disorder that lie in wait will seek to make use of in the hope of being able to give the final blow to christian europe without offering his services as a mediator the pope set forth five fundamental bases of a just and hon orable peace such a peace he said must assure the right to life and independence of all nations large small strong or weak liberate the nations from the heavy slavery of armaments create or reconstruct international institutions to assure faith ful observance of treaty obligations satisfy the teal needs and just demands of nations and peoples as well as of ethnical minorities even if this in volves an equitable wise and unanimous revision of treaties and establish a spirit of justice and responsibility in harmony with christian ideals allies christmas broadcasts similar concern for preservation of christian civilization was voiced by king george vi in his christmas broadcast to the empire when he said on no other basis can a true civilization be built let us remem ber this through the dark times ahead of us and when we are making the peace for which all men pray a more militant note was struck by premier daladier in his christmas eve broadcast if ger many he said had so carelessly and lightly had recourse to violence it was because it had never suffered war on its own soil this time he warned exact count will be kept of the destruction that she causes she will if it becomes necessary pay for all she does which may presage a new demand on germany for reparations a still different approach to europe’s problems was made by eamon de valera prime minister of ireland who in his christmas day broadcast to the united states urged the belligerents to hold a peace conference now rather than wait for a conference after a long war which would meet in an at mosphere of fury and resentment of hate and fear at the same time he asked americans to give their moral support to the reunion of northern ireland with the irish free state by peaceful means his appeal was underscored by the news that on decem ber 24 irish terrorists had raided a fort in dublin for munitions and that irish republican army riots were spreading in northern ireland while allied leaders were declaring their support of christian civilization nazi spokesmen also in voked the aid of god rudolf hess speaking from a german destroyer on december 24 said that the prayer of the german people was god you gave our nation your blessing we god will win your blessing in the coming year we will earn your bless ing in battle in the battle for our country for the man whom you gave us and colonel general von brauchitsch commander in chief of the german armies declared that in view of the allies deter mination to crush the german people there was only one thing for the germans to do fight until victory is attained so that one day germany will shine as the nation that brought about permanent peace conflicting war aims these christmas speeches reveal the gap which still exists between the aims of the warring powers and which must be bridged if the peace hopes expressed by president scrip an re roosevelt and pope pius xii are to be fulfilled the allies remain determined to crush hitlerism which by millions of germans is regarded as the only bul wark against dismemberment and subjugation of the german people defeatist sentiment has been ex pressed in france both on the extreme left by the communists who declare that the war serves the interests of imperialist capitalism and on the ex treme right by reactionary elements which still con sider nazism as a safeguard against communism but the majority of the french and british are in no mood to consider a peace settlement which would leave aggressive nazism in power and germany in control of non german territories like poland and czechoslovakia what the allies apparently hope is that anti nazi elements in germany presumably the army the monarchists and the industrialists pos sibly under the leadership of marshal goering who is regarded as a moderate may overthrow hitler before the nazis have launched the submarine and airplane attack they confidently predict for next spring and before germany has abandoned itself to bolshevism the task of preparing such a change is obviously both delicate and risky since any overt attempt by the allies to dictate internal devel opments in the reich might merely consolidate the germans behind hitler problems of anti christianism even more fundamental issues are raised by efforts here and in europe to rally christian civilization against anti christian forces there is an ever present danger that the term anti christian may become synonymous with the term revolutionary and that the nations of europe as well as those of the western hemisphere may find themselves aligned overnight in an anti revolutionary front no american republics invoke declaration of panama as a direct result of the graf spee incident the neutrality policy developed by the american repub lics at the meeting of the ministers of foreign affairs held september 23 october 3 is receiving its most serious test on december 23 the american republics for the first time invoking the declaration of panama unanimously protested to france britain and germany against violation of the wide safety belt designed to keep hostilities at a distance from the shores of the western hemisphere in addition to the graf spee episode the protest cited the sink ing or detention of german merchant vessels by british vessels in american waters as defined by the declaration of panama american waters ex tend to an average distance of 300 miles offshore within which the american states declared that they have the inherent right to exclude hostile acts cf washington news letter foreign policy bulletin october 7 1939 page two es one familiar with the history of the past twenty five years can fail to realize the degree to which the spiritual demoralization of our times has contributed to the present conflict but this demoralization is no due solely to the anti christian propaganda of nazis and communists it is also due to the fact tha organized religions in recent years have often failed to provide men with that inspiration which rightly or wrongly many of them have sought in nazism and communism to the extent that religious leaders of whateve faith show concern for the material as well as spirit ual welfare of their flocks to that extent their ob jectives coincide and will continue to coincide with those of twentieth century democracy but when ever they place their services at the disposal of ay tocratic governments which block social and eco nomic reforms as in tsarist russia and monarchig spain they tend to forfeit the confidence of theit peoples and create the danger that a revolution against autocracy may also develop into an attack on organized religion true christianity is repre sented not merely by dogmas and hierarchies it represented by a genuine attempt to foster conditions of life both within and between nations which would assure a minimum of comfort and security for all it will take more than war against germany or the soviet union or both to defeat the anti christian doctrines of nazism and a these doctrines will be defeated only if organized religions working in cooperation with democratic forces throughout the world out revolutionize the nazis and communists by fulfilling the great prom ises which democracy itself the fruit of many revo lutions continues to hold out to the world vera micheles dean none of the belligerents however has conceded that the american nations possess such an inherent right admission of such a right by the belligerents would constitute a distinct innovation in interna tional law which does not permit territorial control beyond the 3 mile limit conceivably the american states utilizing the united states navy might make their position effective by force or threat of force but any naval action of this type or even the seizure of a belligerent warship seeking supplies or refuge in a neutral american port would be regarded by the belligerents as a hostile act thus in the last analysis the american nations might have to use force to keep the safety zone clear of belligerent action while such a development is extremely um likely the united states by approving the declata tion has placed itself in an awkward diplomatic position from which it may prove difficult to retreat the declaration may have been originally drawn up to de states anc the euro gestion tl ligerents rovides sultation acts with under steps cat declarat tions it decembe suggestec of rules from suy in amer mitted w lished in this mea and braz national nathar 1939 a sobe between 1 in seare putnar a colle the briti fice fr contemp charle wiley thirty affairs movemer clarity work war is se rie 8 based national addition cessors tual inf in defe doub the f plement the go shary a cor ization foreign headquart entered as bos 1 eco irchig thet lution attack repre it is litions which ity for ny of ant inism inized cratic ze the prom revo 3an ceded herent erents tera ontrol erican make force eizure refuge led by e last oo use gerent ly ut oclara matic etreat drawn page three up to demonstrate the solidarity of the american sates and their unquestioned desire to stay out of the european war the declaration makes no sug gestion that force might be used to compel the bel ligerents to accept its provisions on the contrary it provides only for joint representation and con sultation in case the belligerents resort to hostile acts within the zone under the circumstances it is difficult to see what steps can be taken to preserve the spirit of the declaration without creating the kind of complica tions it was designed to avoid in their protest of december 23 the twenty one american republics suggested the possibility of retaliation in the form of rules which would prevent belligerent vessels from supplying themselves and repairing damages in american ports when the said vessels have com mitted warlike acts within the zone of security estab lished in the declaration of panama a variant of this measure of retaliation supported by argentina and brazil envisages the internment of all belliger the f.p.a national socialism and the roman catholic church by nathaniel micklen new york oxford university press 1939 3.00 a soberly written documented analysis of the conflict between the nazis and the catholic church in search of peace by neville chamberlain new york putnam 1939 3.50 a collection of speeches on foreign affairs delivered by the british prime minister during his first two years in fice from may 1937 to may 1939 contemporary world politics edited by f j brown charles hodges and j s roucek new york john wiley sons 1939 5.00 thirty four specialists study the forces at work in world affairs in terms of national objectives international movements and world citizenship careful organization clarity of styles and apt pictorial analysis feature the work war is not inevitable problems of peace thirteenth series london peace book co 1938 1.50 based on lectures given at the geneva institute of inter national relations in august 1938 this book is another addition to a readable and useful series like its prede cessors it fuses international idealism with extensive fac tual information in defense of france by edouard daladier new york doubleday doran 1939 2.50 the premier’s principal speeches since april 1938 com plemented by a laudatory biographical sketch the government of the french re public by walter rice sharp new york van nostrand 1938 1.75 a competent study of french political life and organ ization ent vessels arriving in american ports after engag ing in warlike acts within the zone on the other hand uruguay which was most directly concerned with the graf spee incident seeks to distinguish be tween raiders and warships protecting commercial vessels against raiders not only is there no legal authority for such a distinction but it might be con strued by germany as definitely favoring britain and france between now and the time the inter american committee on neutrality meets in rio de janeiro next month to make recommendations other pro posals for sanctions against belligerents infringing the safety zone will doubtless be made to devise a formula which will at once maintain the spirit of the declaration and avoid complications with one or more of the belligerents will be no easy diplomatic feat sanctions of some type however appear to be definitely on the agenda and the question of their effectiveness will naturally arise howarp j trueblood bookshelf golden avalanche by frank d graham and charles r whittlesey princeton princeton university press 1939 2.50 in this acute analysis of the gold problem the authors make a strong case for the conclusion that our present acquisitions of gold serve no useful economic purpose and can be justified only by the desire to strengthen the posi tion of the allies against germany germany rampant by ernest hambloch new york car rick evans 1939 2.50 the author an englishman marshals much evidence to prove his contention that nazism is only one more expres sion of an ever recurring german urge to dominate he shows little understanding however of the historical experiences which have molded german character and thinking australia her heritage her future by paul mcguire new york stokes 1939 3.50 a delightful survey of australian life combining travel history folklore and economic and social analysis many excellent photographs enhance the sprightly text twenty years armistice 1918 1938 by william orton new york farrar and rinehart 1938 2.50 an interestingly written record of europe from the armistice through the munich crisis strangers everywhere by pem london bodley head 1939 7s 6d the absorbing human interest stories of a score or so of german refugees german financial policies 1932 1939 by kenyon e poole cambridge mass harvard university press 1939 3.50 although this book is too technical for the layman it brings together a vast amount of material showing how the nazis have financed economic recovery and rearmament foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 10 dgcember 29 1939 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nationa headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lert secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year 181 f p a membership five dollars a year sons eho washington news letter pebd bingy washington bureau national press building dec 26 much speculation as to the possible réle of the united states as mediator in the euro pean war has followed president roosevelt’s peace messages to pope pius xii and leaders of the protestant and jewish faiths in the united states made public on december 23 in particular the ap pointment of myron c taylor as the president's personal representative at the vatican has given rise to rumors that a new peace effort may be initi ated in the near future and that diplomatic relations may be restored with the vatican mediation move not imminent to most washington observers these rumors appear premature even if not entirely without substance certainly they find no confirmation in official quar ters at the white house and the state department it is pointed out that the president’s message to the pope referred only guardedly to future peace moves and suggested that no given action or given time may now be prophesied the message spoke of the desire to encourage a closer association between those in every part of the world those in religion and those in government who have a common pur pose but added that the time for action is not yet mr roosevelt went no further than to suggest that when the time shall come for the re establishment of world peace on a surer foundation it is of the utmost importance to humanity and to religion that common ideals shall have united expression as to the appointment of mr taylor an emphatic denial that this move represents a step toward re storing diplomatic relations with the vatican came from white house press secretary stephen early on december 26 the only period during which the united states maintained a diplomatic representative at the vatican was between 1848 and 1868 rufus king the last american minister resigned on janu ary 1 1868 following the refusal of congress to grant further appropriations for maintenance of the american mission in recent years friendly relations have existed between the united states and the vati can without formal diplomatic representation and according to mr early no change is contemplated now mr taylor will have the rank of ambassador but without portfolio as the president’s personal representative his status will be similar to that of norman h davis who carried out various diplo matic missions under both the hoover and roosevelt administrations his salary which has not yet been discussed will be met if necessary from the gen eral fund of the state department while accepting these explanations some up official observers are inclined to weigh the presi dent’s initiative against the background of curren developments abroad and related moves in ameri can policy since the invasion of finland by the p viet union the attitude of the administration has apparently shifted at several points up until the end of november administration spokesmen dis couraged any talk of possible mediation by this government they allowed it to be known that the united states could entertain no suggestion for mediation without definite assurances that the offer would be acceptable to all the belligerents and without some promise that it would lead to more than a temporary truce as britain and france gave no indication of negotiating with hitler washing ton made no move to support the appeal of king leopold and queen wilhelmina and ignored any peace feelers which may have been relayed from berlin outwardly the position remains unchanged and washington officials deny any knowledge of recent moves in rome or other european capitals looking toward termination of hostilities yet beneath the surface there are signs that the position of the so viet union has altered the calculations of all euro pean belligerents and introduced a new element affecting the united states as well the prospect of a crusade against communism is not regarded as a promising formula for ending the war in the west but the call for a closer association between re ligion and government might easily coincide with suggestions for a united front to check the spread of bolshevism also the extension of the moral embargo to forbid the export of plans plants man ufacturing rights or technical information required for the production of high quality aviation gasoline as announced by the state deparment last week fore an inter pret fo every sund blue netwo entitled a ments on tl if you urge your c willi pol arad entere than 1939 proved ea ticipation hitler’s c costly as 1 if not y it has als appeared pre war a the perspectiv of non ag velopmen conservat watk age the sovie disservice by that and sovi sort of r democrat economic viet un opinion and left might also implement a united front program some observers profess to find similar tendencies operating in the far east as well as europe while the current negotiations with tokyo seem unlikely to result in a modus vivendi before the existing com mercial treaty expires on january 26 the desire t prevent a soviet rapprochement with japan seems 0 represent a governing factor in the calculations of the administration w t stone generate revival century tenewed by simul leaders welfare not unforese tries it and the +bi ne and cent king the so suro nent ct of as a v est 1 fe with read 10ral man lired line veek ncies a century terms such a revival may coincide with a thile ikely com e t0 ns to is of ne foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y you xix no 11 january 5 1940 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york 1p 9 4 n y under the act é of march 3 1879 the f.p.a is on the air every sunday from 3 15 to 3 30 e.s.t over wjz and the blue network of the national broadcasting company in a series entitled america looks abroad we are eager to have com ments on the program from f.p.a members and their friends if you have not been able to hear the broadcasts please urge your local station to carry them william t stone will speak on january 7th political balance sheet of european war aradoxical as it may seem much of europe entered 1940 with a somewhat less heavy heart than 1939 actual danger grim though it is has proved easier to bear than that nerve wracking an ticipation of disaster which had effectively aided hitler's conquests of austria and czechoslovakia costly as the war has already been in terms of wealth if not yet fortunately in terms of human lives ithas also served to clarify many issues which had appeared hopelessly confused and to dispel many pre war assumptions about its character and course the soviet german equation in the perspective of four months the soviet german pact of non aggression remains the most far reaching de velopment of the conflict it disillusioned both those conservatives who had regarded nazism as a bul watk against communism and those friends of the soviet union who had done moscow the great disservice of claiming for it the attributes of utopia by that same token it rallied many erstwhile nazi and soviet fellow travelers to the support of a sort of reformist democracy which might combine democratic institutions with some of the social and economic ideas developed in germany and the so viet union this sudden expansion of center opinion in western countries at the expense of right and left extremism may provided it does not de generate into blind reaction pave the way for a tevival of democracy reinterpreted in twentieth tenewed popular interest in religion accompanied by simultaneous recognition on the part of religious leaders of their responsibility for social and economic welfare not only has the soviet german pact brought an unforeseen accretion of unity to the western coun tries it has also proved less fruitful for germany and the soviet union than these two countries each according to its needs had anticipated in august during the first six weeks of the war moscow di rectly benefited from hitler’s preoccupation with the conflict in the west which he had hoped that the soviet pact would prevent this interval per mitted the soviet government to strengthen its de fense position against future invasion by germany with or without allied assistance by acquiring po lish territory and establishing air and naval bases in estonia latvia and lithuania it also raised ger many’s hopes that it might obtain in the u.s.s.r sufficient stocks of foodstuffs and raw materials to counteract the effects of britain’s naval blockade soviet invasion of finland however played havoc with both soviet and german plans this invasion dispelled any remaining doubts in the west regard ing the scope of moscow’s territorial aspirations and revealed the inadequacy of the soviet army both as a carrier of revolutionary doctrines and a poten tial ally of germany the successful resistance of the finns who on december 30 in the battle of lake kianta repelled a fresh russian attack launched by the recently appointed general stern gave new courage to countries which fear they are next on stalin’s list typical of this reaction was the state ment by premier george tatarescu on january 1 that rumania will defend bessarabia former rus sian province and bukovina former province of the austro hungarian empire to the last man against foreign invasion and while the increasing difficulties of the finnish campaign may make the soviet government more dependent than before on germany they have also curtailed its ability to sup ply the reich with foodstuffs and raw materials 1940 prospects on the western front the military reverses suffered by soviet troops in finland however may not prove decisive either for moscow’s finnish campaign or for the future pros pects of communism in eastern europe skillful as the finns have been in their utilization of terrain and war material their resources of man power are strictly limited and the aid extended to them thus far by other states in the form of volunteers money airplanes guns and ammunition may not prove suf ficient to withstand the sheer weight of soviet mass armies the allies are faced in the new year with the alternative of either diverting men as well as supplies to the aid of finland thus becoming in volved in war with the soviet union an eventuality which might not be displeasing to hitler or else concentrating their efforts on a decisive blow against the reich abandoning finland temporarily at least to stalin’s mercies the dilemma of the allies is complicated by re ports that in the spring the reich will utilize mines airplanes and a new fleet of vest pocket sub marines in an effort to cripple the british navy which so far in spite of heavy losses has succeeded in enforcing a strict blockade of germany and in main taining britain’s life line with the rest of the world a fierce counter offensive such as the world has never known against the allied blockade was predicted by field marshal goering on december 30 while chancellor hitler in his new year's message declared that the heaviest battle is still to come in a war which according to him is fought by germany for the purpose of establishing the so cialist millenium in europe by revolution against the western democracies and jewish capitalism the outlook in the balkans the page two balkan countries which may develop into anothe theatre of war in 1940 continue to be torn by th conflicting aims of the various belligerents italy disturbed by the soviet german pact is seeking pretext for an intervention in the balkans whid might check soviet expansion in that region such pretext might be provided as in spain by real oy alleged communist activities the sudden epidemic of communist riots in yugoslavia may be the firy fruits of soviet penetration in the balkans but it js not impossible that the drastic anti communis measures adopted by the belgrade government are dictated less by dread of communism than by fear that italy might intervene under the slogan of say ing yugoslavia from bolshevism that the slay peoples of the balkans may yet turn to the sovie union for support is indicated by the decision of bulgaria to send a trade mission to moscow italy apparently hopes to enlist the support of the vatican for the campaign it is gradually shaping up against communism in the balkans the rapproche ment between church and state was marked on december 28 by the pope’s return visit to the king and queen of italy the first visit paid by a pontif to the quirinal since termination of the vatican's temporal powers in 1870 but while mussolini prob ably shares the pope’s desire to restore peace in europe and check soviet expansion it may be doubted that he is ready to accept the pontiff’s five point peace program or abandon his hope for ter ritorial gains in africa at the expense of france vera micheles dean the war on the economic front with actual fighting restricted to comparatively modest naval and air operations the western euro pean belligerents are still concentrating most of their attention on economic warfare in this field britain has recently won several victories seeking to divert the trade of neutral europe from germany the british government concluded commercial agree ments with sweden yugoslavia greece and turkey diverting supplies from germany the accord with sweden signed on december 27 apparently includes a swedish undertaking not to permit the re exportation of goods imported from overseas countries and provides for a mutual in crease in trade which may prove prejudicial to ger many it is not known however whether sweden has consented to sell britain a larger proportion of its iron ore output at the expense of the reich of the other agreements all announced on december 29 that with yugoslavia is the most serious blow to germany the reich’s trade with turkey and greece had already declined substantially following the interruption of communications by sea and tur key’s political alignment with the allies from yugoslavia however germany had hoped to ob tain larger quantities of copper lead and other ores now belgrade has undertaken to ship more of these metals to britain and france with the proviso that the two countries also take its exportable surplus of prunes turkey has agreed to sell the allies its sup plies of chromium in return for their promise t buy such non essentials as figs and grapes while the accord with greece covers no vital war materials another agreement which has virtually been con cluded with spain will insure the allies that coun try’s important supplies of iron ore lead copper and sulphur pyrites and mercury rumanian oil for the reich germanys only recent commercial success was the treaty signed on december 20 with rumania in this accord rv mania accepted a rise in the exchange rate of the german mark from 41.5 to 49 lei which increases the reich’s purchasing power in the rumanian mat ket and agreed to provide germany with a mini mum of 130,000 metric tons of oil per month a babak gall as to remain dt many the mania has to raise th no means impeding though th germany in excess short of gasoline the n ever fron and care germany better th drastic sj assured time to omy to little fri fought o able to ployed i to maint germany pean cor the reic been use off exist ticularly ally ita only age the many is sources greater sure vic brought approva ing for help of provisio been at recover recent j francs i ginning raise its sum re country in br but sir foreign headquarte entered as pes poll sana eas to expedite delivery of 260,000 tons which remain due under a previous agreement for ger many the value of this treaty is problematic ru mania has already cancelled in part its undertaking to raise the exchange rate of the mark and it is by no means certain that the transportation difficulties impeding the delivery of oil can be overcome al though the total amount of oil to be shipped to germany during 1940 1,820,000 metric tons is in excess of exports last year it will still fall far short of covering the reich’s critical deficiency in gasoline once war begins on an extensive scale the nazi government can derive comfort how ever from the fact that its totalitarian state apparatus and careful economic preparations have enabled germany to conserve its resources and supplies much better than in the last war with the help of a drastic system of rationing the reich appears to be assured of a fairly adequate food supply for a long time to come the transition of the german econ omy to a war basis has been accomplished with little friction and waste since the war has been fought on a modest scale the government has been able to keep a very large proportion of men em ployed in factories and on farms where they help fo maintain production and exports on the whole germany has kept up its shipments to neutral euro pean countries remarkably well unfortunately for the reich a considerable part of its exports have been used under pressure from the neutrals to pay off existing commercial indebtedness this is par ticularly true of trade with germany’s ostensible ally italy which is permitting sales to the reich only against cash in foreign exchange the burden on the allies while ger many is trying to make the best of its slender re sources the allies also face a period in which ever greater economic sacrifices will be necessary to in sure victory the financial burden of the war was brought home to france at the year’s end with the approval of the 1940 budget the civil budget call ing for 79 billion francs will be balanced with the help of new taxation for war expenditures a provisional appropriation of 249 billion francs has been authorized while french economic life has recovered in large measure from the weaknesses of fecent years and capital to the value of 34 billion francs is said to have been repatriated since the be ginning of the war it is doubtful that france can faise its war budget without resort to inflation the sum required is in itself almost equivalent to the country’s entire national income during 1939 in britain the fiscal year expires only c on march 31 but sir john simon told the house of commons page three last november that the government was already spending money at the rate of 2,400 million per year and the most conservative experts estimate expendi ture for 1940 1941 well above this sum it has al ready become evident that the lower income groups will have to bear a large part of the burden for even if all incomes over 2,000 were confiscated and the tax rate on those over 250 were raised there would still be a sizable deficit for the coming fiscal year the basic income tax rate will be 37.5 per cent and the exemptions are exceedingly low franco british financial coopera tion the allies however have not only the ad vanitage of incomparably greater economic reserves but can share the sacrifices equitably this was strik ingly illustrated once more on december 12 when they concluded an agreement for financial coopera tion supplementing their general economic accord of november 17 the two countries have under taken to keep exchange rates fixed at 176.5 francs to the pound and to pool in effect their extensive foreign assets neither will raise any foreign loan or credit without the consent of the other and france and britain will share on a 40 60 basis the burden of any financial assistance to other countries or governments such as poland their finance min isters will also consult on price policies financial coordination confronts the allies in practice with serious problems france for example has adopted measures providing for drastic control of prices and wages no prices can be raised with out the consent of the government and wages have been stabilized at pre war levels and even reduced french wage earners are now getting the same pay for 45 hours which they formerly received for 40 hours and compensation for overtime has been re duced 40 per cent below the rate prevailing for regular hours in britain on the other hand wages and prices have continued to rise despite warnings from reputable critics like keynes that such a course could end only in inflation in the first three months of the war wholesale prices rose 24 per cent and the cost of living almost 11 per cent under the pressure of trade unions many wage increases have been accorded this situation will have to be remedied if financial cooperation between the allies is to succeed and dissatisfaction among french workers with their disproportionately heavy sacti fices is to be avoided all belligerent countries inevitably face the necessity of lowering living standards as the price of victory the war will not only bring about greater poverty but an economic levelling which may well be tantamount to a major social revolution john c dewilde foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 11 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1921 qi january 5 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy frank ross mccoy president dorotruy f lazer at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year association nationa editor incorporated secretary vera micuzres dgan washington news letter sibbea washington bureau national press building jan 3 with the approach of january 26 when the japanese american commercial treaty expires all indications of the probable trend of american policy toward japan are being carefully scanned as yet there is little tangible evidence regarding the moves which may be under consideration by the washington authorities after the treaty lapses the diplomatic jockeying at tokyo and washington dur ing the past few weeks however has given rise to some interesting and perhaps revealing episodes trade reprisals against japan a circular letter issued on december 21 by basil harris commissioner of customs eliminated the possibility that a 10 per cent ad valorem duty on imports from japan carried in japanese vessels might be automati cally imposed after january 26 the commissioner noted that in 1828 congress had enacted a law im posing a 10 per cent tax on imports carried in for eign bottoms but that president grant had sus pended such duties against japan in 1872 as the circular letter was designed to reassure importers it was apparent that the treasury department did not intend to reimpose this tonnage tax against japan in the near future a broader implication would be that immediate reprisals against japanese trade at least to the extent that these could be taken by action of the executive are not envisaged if such is the case it might serve to explain the un expected and otherwise unreasoned jubilation in japanese diplomatic circles just before the christmas week end reports from tokyo at that time stressed japanese satisfaction over certain unrevealed american con cessions to japan supposedly made by ambassador grew in his conversations with admiral nomura japanese foreign minister newspapers in japan even quoted ambassador grew as saying to the foreign minister that the american government would take steps at an early opportunity to insure that trade relations between the two countries will continue to be carried on without hindrance the story was played up in such a way as to give the japanese public the impression that mr grew’s as surances were in response to the japanese govern ment’s previous action in promising to open the yangtze river to nanking under certain restric tions at some future date at the same time news of the circular letter issued by the customs com missioner was garbled in such a way as to convey the impression that the treasury department had officially stated that there would be no trade dis crimination against japan the net result of this method of handling news within japan undoubtedly strengthened the position of the abe cabinet which was then facing its preliminary test before the die under adverse circumstances in washington meanwhile secretary hull de clared in press conference that the state depart ment had no details to communicate on the grew nomura conversations save that they were being carried on while no official denial of the japanese press reports was made by washington semi official statements indicated that trade would continue ig an uncertain state after the treaty expires until japan showed itself willing to grant major united states demands it was significant perhaps that in these statements also there was no hint of immedi ate trade reprisals against japan after january 26 the broader issue of a congressional embargo on american exports to japan was brought to the fore on december 30 when senator pittman chairman of the foreign relations committee issued a formal statement between the lines of this statement some observers noted a partial weakening of his earlier violations of american rights in china and indicated that he would urge the senate foreign relations committee at the proper time to approve his embargo resolution in conclusion he took note of the japanese american conversations at tokyo and expressed the hope that japan will carry out her pledges and that further action by congress will be unnecessary washington circles were also watching with keen interest the progress of negotiations between japan and the soviet union on december 31 moscow and tokyo announced agreements by which manchoukuo undertook to meet the final payment on the chinese eastern railway at once while the u.s.s.r ex tended the soviet japanese fisheries agreement for another year still more important was the statement that negotiations for a long term fisheries conven tion would be conducted during 1940 preliminary meetings of the commission set up to delimit the outer mongolia manchoukuo frontiers have been held and final agreement on this issue is expected to be reached at further sessions negotiations for a comprehensive soviet japanese trade agreement are being initiated at moscow t a bisson fore an interpre tralit the a exper january 1 i eh eeilc agrec sate off tiations united s january a trade brought trade ag america ready sis ccess forthright advocacy of embargo action he expressed ee by doubt that japan had undertaken to call a halt to categori 1 sin perhaps the fact uruguay pastoral states argentii cereals ucts acc abroad as crop absorbs which i no wh provide accorda linseed tract ar ended united by alm the ment tions o +entered as second foreign policy bulletin 1 tter december an interpretation of current international events by the research staff cab nor subscription two dollars a year office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 al pb led reign policy association incorporated jo 8 west 40th street new york n y you xix no 12 january 12 1940 jan 16 19 american neutrality and maritime rights general librar by david h popper university of michigan a keen appraisal of the implications of the neu trality act of 1939 together with complete text of ann arbor michtzan the act and a brief summary of the united states experience as a neutral in the first world war iam january 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents being aa hull program hits snag in argentina cia a athatbeagge persistent reports that no basis for embargo on imports of fresh chilled or frozen meat unt agreement could be found the department of under the smoot hawley tariff act of 1930 the nited state officially announced on january 5 that nego quarantine imposed by the department of agricul at in tations for a reciprocal trade pact between the ture in 1927 on meat from areas infected by the foot medi united states and argentina had broken down on and mouth disease was extended to include every oo january 8 it was admitted that efforts to conclude part of a country in which the disease existed in 30 4 trade agreement with uruguay had also been 1935 the united states and argentina signed a sani fore brought to an end thus for the first time the hull tary convention which would have permitted im fman wade agreement program has hit a snag in latin ports of meat from disease free zones but the ameri rmal america where at least in the number of pacts al can senate refused to ratify this instrument while some ready signed it has met with the greatest degree of the matter may not be of fundamental importance atlier success the reasons for this failure while compli to either country from the economic point of view essed ted by many side issues fall into three general the embargo has been deeply resented by argentina ult to categories as unfair discrimination during the recent negotia cated 1 similarity of economic structure tions any increase in the importation of even canned tons perhaps the most important difficulty arises from argentine beef which is virtually non competitive his the fact that the exports of both argentina and with domestic products was bitterly attacked by te of uruguay are made up largely of agricultural or western cattle interests in this country an element and pastoral products similar to those of the united of irony is injected into the situation by the fact that t het states between 75 and 85 per cent of the value of the immense argentine meat packing industry was ill be argentine exports in recent years has consisted of developed and is still owned in large part by amer cereals linseed meat and wool and the same prod ican capital keen ucts account for about two thirds of uruguay's sales 2 british trade drive in argentina japan abroad except under unusual circumstances such another reason for the breakdown of negotiations y and 4s crop damage in this country the united states lies in the close economic relations developed by the ukuo absorbs comparatively little of argentina’s corn united kingdom with argentina as well as uru unes which is that country’s largest export and virtually guay in addition to absorbing about 50 per cent of no wheat on the other hand the united states argentine pastoral exports including almost all t for provides a relatively good market fluctuating in chilled beef and frozen mutton shipments britain ment accordance with business conditions for argentine offers an important market for corn wheat and cot nven linseed carpet wool hides and skins quebracho ex ton total british purchases from argentina nor unaty tract and canned beef nevertheless in the 15 years mally exceed sales to that country by a wide margin t the ended with 1938 argentina’s imports from the pressure to reduce this margin was applied by been united states exceeded its exports to this country britain as early as 1933 through the roca agreement ected by almost a half billion dollars which provided in essence that the proceeds of ar fora the greatest single stumbling block to improve gentine sales in the united kingdom should be it afe ment in united states argentine commercial rela utilized for remittances to britain after deduction of on tions over the past few years has been the american a reasonable sum for payment of debt service due ss elsewhere now that the british are faced with heavy wartime requirements of foodstuffs and other taw materials they appear to be more anxious than ever to canalize the flow of funds between the two countries it is reported that while negotiations were still in progress between the united states and ar gentina the latter concluded a new agreement with the united kingdom whereby sterling paid for ar gentine products could be spent only in britain such a blocked sterling arrangement is an important instrument for the united kingdom in its drive to maintain export markets during the war but these trading methods whether welcomed by argentina or forced upon it by britain further limited the scope of concessions which the argentine might make to the united states 3 opposition to hull program under the circumstances negotiation of an effective recip rocal trade agreement would have been difficult at best these difficulties were multiplied by the grow ing clamor of opponents of the trade agreements program in the united states the fire of the oppo sition had already been drawn by the reduction in duty on petroleum embodied in the venezuelan pact and by the possibility of a decrease in the excise tax on copper later abandoned in connection with the proposed agreement with chile the argentine agreement was opposed in this country as a challenge to agricultural interests despite the fact that con cessions with respect to wheat and fresh meat were not considered with these major commodities eliminated the united states was prepared to offer reduced duties on linseed canned beef certain grades page two ee of wool hides and skins and various other products but the volume of imports in some cases was to haye been limited by quotas while these concessions faile to satisfy argentina owing largely to the quota pm visions they would have been sufficient to provi opponents of the hull program with new ammunj tion had the agreement materialized suspension of negotiations with argentina and uruguay where approximately the same set of cip cumstances prevailed is unquestionably a temporary setback to the broad program of inter american eq nomic cooperation which has been accelerated by the war in europe at the same time in breaking of negotiations which were opposed by agricultural interests the administration has demonstrated thar it has no intention of jeopardizing american pro ducers while this attitude may aid the administra tion in its fight to preserve the reciprocal trade agree ments program its inability or reluctance to face the issue involved in the importation of competitive products casts doubt on the efficacy of future nego tiations with latin american countries if the united states is to expand its markets in latin ameria while europe is at war purchases of latin american commodities must be increased and this increase cannot come about solely in non competitive prod ucts the breakdown of negotiations with argentina epitomizes the inter american trade problem partic ularly since argentina given the dollar exchange offers the greatest potential market in latin americ for united states products howard j trueblood hore belisha dismissal precipitates crisis ment ir the resignation of leslie hore belisha as minister of war has precipitated the first political crisis in great britain since the outbreak of the conflict the brief official announcement on january 5 following a formal exchange of letters between mr hore belisha and the prime minister took the country by surprise and led many members of parliament of all parties to demand a secret session before the regu lar meeting scheduled for january 16 the british press almost unanimously critical of the cabinet change suggested a variety of reasons without bring ing any confirmation from official sources mr hore belisha who took office as war minister in 1937 had effected a number of far reaching re forms throughout the army his most dramatic action which probably aroused hostility in mili tary quarters was to promote viscount gort as chief of the imperial general staff over the heads of several scores of senior officers and to reduce the average age of the high command from 63 to 52 the dynamic young war minister further attempted to broaden the base of recruitment for officers in an effort to democratize an officer corps traditionally restricted to the aristocracy and the upper midde class better pay and living conditions for the ranks were also among the improvements he sponsored it is possible moreover that mr hore belisha resignation was caused by basic differences over ques tions of strategy and organization the war mis ister frequently consulted captain b h liddel hart formerly military correspondent of the london times and noted military historian who advocated that britain maintain a small mobile army for purely defense tactics on the western front and use it naval and air power as well as expeditionary forcts on other fronts for offensive purposes the te sponsible officers in the field lord gort now commander in chief of the british expeditionay force and general sir edmond ironside chief of the general staff probably opposed hore belisha desire for campaigns of diversion in the baltic of balkans as being very dangerous at this time it seem cabinet hore beli few brilli the war the milit minister chamber air force year if r contemp ministry ments lord of mr cha cabinet charged crisis as her of a the old counted to m editors alarmin lowed son and landow of trac great d had be by mr markab traffic f questio of lord istry o criticize propag has she the bri amal ga equally of cont enl crisis isted s debate democ civiliar merits minist a wa foreig headqua entered page three ducts it seems equally likely however that issues of have heavy administrative duties rather than the 5 have cabinet organization played a part in the ousting of five man war cabinet that lloyd george used suc failey hore belisha who was recognized as one of the cessfully in the last years of the world war to a pro few brilliant aggressive personalities in the cabinet formulate broad executive policy civilian supervi tovie the war minister is known to have desired to place _sion of military and naval operations will probably 1munj the military air force now controlled by the air again create many controversies for the politician minister sir kingsley wood a close friend of mr and the experts frequently tend to disagree over all chamberlain under the war office as the naval issues of policy as in the case of the dardanelles md air forces were placed under admiralty control last and the somme campaigns in the last war of cir year if reports are correct that the prime minister is mr chamberlain’s government dominated by a poraty contemplating the institution of a single defense small group of elder statesmen whose policies in re 1 0 ministry to direct the army air and naval depart cent years contributed in large measure to the coun by the ments possibly under winston churchill now first try’s diplomatic and military weakness before the ng of ford of the admiralty it is more than likely that outbreak of war has as yet evoked no great en altura mr chamberlain acted primarily in the interests of thusiasm in britain the dominions or neutral coun d that cabinet harmony several british mewspapers tries the speeches of foreign secretary halifax peo charged that social prejudice played a part in the and the british ambassador at washington lord nustta crisis as mr hore belisha was the only jewish mem lothian however have presented the british cause agree ber of a cabinet top heavy with representatives of effectively in a forceful and persuasive address be ice the the old established families but this charge was dis fore the chicago council on foreign relations on este counted by well informed observers january 4 lord lothian declared that the issue be a to many members of parliament and newspaper tween britain and germany was largely one of sea rm editors the resignation of mr hore belisha was less power and that both joint control of sea power by ervey alarming than the new appointments which fol the democracies and the establishment of a european i lowed the war office was given to oliver stanley federation would be necessary at the end of this pro 9 and heir of lord derby one of britain’s largest war it is even possible that if britain is seriously hs ed landowners and wealthiest peers who at the board challenged by germany next spring the prime min of trade and in other offices had not shown any ister like herbert asquith in 1915 may have to part great distinction in 1934 moreover mr stanley give way to men of greater knowledge of foreign inge had been replaced at the ministry of transport affairs like lord halifax or of greater administra meri by mr hore belisha who immediately made re tive ability like winston churchill matkable progress in solving britain’s perennial james frederick green oop affic problem mr stanley’s appointment was also questioned on the ground that his wife is a daughter the defence of britain by liddell hart new york ran of lord londonderry a leading advocate of appease dom house 1939 3.50 aan pan ment in the so called cliveden set at the min yr tatogie defensive now being followed by the french inan istry of information lord macmillan severely and british forces and a general survey of british de ionally criticized for britain’s mistakes in censorship and fense problems niddle propaganda was replaced by sir john reith who sea power and the next war by lt commander a c ranks bas shown outstanding administrative ability at both bell new york longmans green 1938 2.00 red the british broadcasting corporation and the newly 2zteresting observations on ths nature of modern naval lisha’s amalgamated imperial airways but who has been and italy ques equally notorious for his dislike of publicity and lack germany puts the clock back by edgar ansel mowrer me of contact with the general public 9g edition new york morrow company 1939 iddel end of party truce the hore belisha ondon crisis may possibly end the party truce that has ex a bitter attack on nazi germany from the pen of a veteran american journalist who believes hitler has ocated isted since september and provoke a parliamentary eine the vy th clear to attila to the destroyer the scourge of god purely debate on one of the most difficult questions of as d h lati mili d world economy in transition by eugene staley new use emocratic sovernment the re ation of military an york council on foreign relations 1939 3.00 forces civilian officials during wartime and on the general a thoughtful and well written analysis of current eco he re merits of mr chamberlain’s government the prime nomic problems professor staley argues effectively that we mini i woes 1 are in a no man’s land between capitalism and collectivism n08 ister has been widely criticized for establishing receiving the benefite of neither amd the dia ionayy 4 war cabinet of nine members most of whom of both and that we must seek a workable compromise vief of lisha's foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 12 january 12 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national rae headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuhy f leer secretary vera micuetes dgan editor itic of entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year pe 181 f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building jan 8 in a manner befitting the chief executive of a neutral power president roosevelt in his mes sage to congress struck a more restrained and cau tious note on foreign affairs than he might have done in times of peace when he opened the first session of the seventy sixth congress a year ago mr roosevelt delivered an unexpectedly strong at tack on the forces opposed to religion democracy and international good faith he called for methods short of war but stronger and more effective than mere words to bring home the sentiments of the american people to aggressor governments but last week he voiced the hope and expectation of the country that the united states would not become involved in military participation in the war it would seem nevertheless that the administra tion has not materially altered the policy stated in january 1939 the president laid great stress on the futility of ostrich isolation and emphasized the effect of events abroad on american economic ac tivity and cultural stability the domination of con centrated military force in the rest of the world he declared would be a matter of deepest concern to americans and their children other nations admit tedly have the right to choose their own forms of government but the united states can never be wholly safe at home unless these governments are predicated on certain freedoms which we think are essential everywhere to washington the message foreshadows for the present a continuation of the pro ally neutrality within the framework of the neutrality law which has characterized the executive's activities since the outbreak of the war mr roosevelt’s words have strengthened the general conviction that washing ton will not inaugurate peace negotiations in the immediate future for if the fundamental issue of the war is the question whether dynamic govern ments based on military force shall successfully destroy the values of the democratic system then a patched up compromise peace would at best pro vide only a temporary armistice in the opinion of unofficial observers administration policy rests more strongly than ever on the thesis that american se curity is bound up with an anglo french victory and that limited assistance to the allies today con stitutes our strongest insurance against a single handed struggle with anti democratic forces in the future this assumption will doubtless be chal lenged by isolationist forces during the current ses sion of congress congress and defense appropria tions the controversy over foreign policy is dj rectly related to congressional action on the up precedented peace time military appropriations pro posed by the president in his budget message of january 4 for the fiscal year 1941 mr roosevelt asked more than 1.8 billion in regular appropria tions for the army and navy in addition he called for extraordinary expenditures estimated at 460 000,000 for emergency requirements in 1940 and 1941 although the distinction between ordinary and emergency military measures is often far from clear except for purely fiscal purposes while the military schedule in the budget is conservative in relation to some earlier forecasts it represents an increase of almost 500,000,000 over the sum approved for defense during the last regular session of congress since the expanded defense totals contrast sharply with economies in other sections of the budget and since mr roosevelt in an election year has re quested new taxes to cover the emergency military expenditures congress will not fail to subject the army and navy demands to rigid scrutiny the congressional spotlight has already been turned on the navy's new program for 77 additional combat vessels 30 auxiliary ships and 3,000 ait planes on which the house naval affairs com mittee began hearings on january 8 authorization of the new program will entail an increase of 25 per cent in naval tonnage except for capital ships and 100 per cent in the number of naval planes as a move to expedite its construction plans the nav department on january 3 recommended that the president be given sweeping wartime powers in 4 national emergency to commandeer factories ships and materials and to cancel or modify existing con tracts apparently the executive could utilize this authority under the limited emergency proclama tion of september 8 1939 because of the adverse reaction in congressional circles however the bill will not be pushed for the present discussion of these proposals will raise the ques tion whether the united states is confronted with 4 situation demanding that war measures be taken now to preserve its security the congressional answer to that question depends in part on the ex tent to which the views of the president on foreign policy are shared in committee rooms on capitol hill davip h popper fore an interpre fc vor xix e 7 e tem the decem ne ge as th sters a v been stub 1931 ac known ti amy to the form into the lance caange if isto be a being fol sovernme practical asia is japanese statesmar ciliating the aspect of merely h mainly o tions i handling ing to th to warrat itary can cupation vict r1es inaugura pet cove favorabl nation tl empero tablishm anese pe nomura factory 1 +a ale l a ta un dro of velt yf ia lled 60 and and lear tary n to e of for ress rply and 5 re itary the been onal air tion per and as a navy the mainly on popular discontent with economic condi imal ships handling of the war and the diplomatic issues relat con this ama verse bill ques ith a aken ional e ex reign hill er foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y periodical you xix no tf ener al tine any why europe went to war by vera micheles dean i value your concluding remarks which are tempered with wisdom and wise with temperance january 19 1940 raymond gram swing the december world affairs pamphlet 25 cents jan entered as bal class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 general library university of wichigan ann arbor michizan new tokyo cabinet faces diplomatic test es ntment of admiral mitsumasa yonai as the new japanese premier on january 14 reg isters a victory for the elder statesmen who have been stubbornly resisting extremist influences since 1931 admiral yonai a recognized moderate is known to have opposed the efforts made by the amy to conclude a military alliance with germany the former war and navy ministers are taken over into the new cabinet however and little actual change in the cautious policy of the previous cabinet isto be anticipated a real challenge to the program being followed by the military entrenched in the government china affairs board has not yet become practical politics in japan the new order in east asia is still the accepted framework within which japanese policy must be worked out but a moderate statesman is obviously needed for the task of con ciliating the united states at this time the cabinet crisis the most significant aspect of the overthrow of general abe’s cabinet merely hinted at in press dispatches is that it turned tions no opposition to the abe government's ing to the war existed in proportions strong enough to warrant the cabinet’s resignation the current mil tary campaigns in south china particularly the oc cupation of nanning were being reported as brilliant victories by the japanese forces preparations for the inauguration of wang ching wei's centralized pup pet government in occupied china were progressing favorably a few days before general abe’s resig nation the china affairs board the cabinet and the emperor had successively approved the plans for es tablishment of wang ching wei’s régime the jap anese people had been led to believe that the grew nomura conversations at tokyo had achieved satis factory results involving assurances that the united states would institute no special discriminatory mea sures when the japanese american trade treaty ex pired on january 26 the fact that admiral yonai has taken over these policies in toto indicates clearly that issues of foreign policy were not responsible for the change in government behind the cabinet crisis lay a general movement of economic dissatisfaction accentuated by a serious government blunder in the handling of the rice ques tion for several months japanese newspapers and periodicals have been filled with complaints over the functioning of the economic control provisions shortages of necessities and the rise in prices in the autumn these economic issues came to a focus on the rice shortage which had developed after the crop failure in korea due mainly to a severe drought ex tensive hoarding occurred and the rice dealers en gaged in black market selling above the fixed price of 38 per koku 5.1 bushels on november 6 dis regarding previous statements that the official price would not be increased the cabinet suddenly an nounced that the price would be raised to 43 as the farmers had already disposed of the bulk of their crop the gain was reaped mainly by the dealers shortages in other necessary commodities notably charcoal also became serious last year leading to official regulations against heating residences before december 15 questions of this nature apparently brought about the non confidence petition signed by a majority of the diet members and presented to premier abe at the end of december it is significant that the army itself counseled general abe’s resignation in order to avoid renewed popular agitation over these deli cate economic issues when the diet reconvened on january 20 the first effort of the new cabinet it is re ported will be directed toward loosening the restric tions of the control decrees imposed under the na tional mobilization law owing to the difficulties of japan's economic situation however the problem of ecting improvements in the living conditions of the people without jeopardizing the war effort pre sents a serious dilemma war fronts in china since mid novem ber japanese forces have engaged in two strong of fensive thrusts in south china the occupation of nanning cut a chinese line of supply along high ways from french indo china into kwangsi province the railway from indo china into yunnan province however lies much further inland from nanning japanese planes are able to bomb this railroad with somewhat greater facility despite the obstacles im posed by distance and high intervening mountains such bombing raids apparently inflicted some damage on the yunnan section of the railway early in janu ary leading to a french protest which was rejected by the japanese authorities it is doubtful whether bombing raids can entirely cripple this railway al though it may be closed through japanese pressure on the french authorities the new burma yunnan high way is so far inland as to be virtually impregnable it can be closed only if britain succumbs to japanese pressure the second japanese offensive northward from canton has apparently resulted in a military victory for china as crushing as that registered last fall at changsha these two campaigns in fact bear strik ing similarities in both cases the japanese forces were seeking to extend their control over the canton hankow railway except for limited areas around hankow and canton chinese armies hold the inter vening 400 mile stretch of this important railway in september the japanese command struck from the north at changsha but failed in december the at tack was shifted to the southern end of the line by late december the japanese divisions had advanced 80 or 100 miles from canton into northeastern kwangtung province chinese counter attacks first halted the advancing japanese columns and then forced them into a disastrous retreat by mid january the chinese forces had fought back to within 25 miles of canton where they were still pressing hard on the retreating japanese troops page two diplomatic issues on the political from japan’s leaders have completed the initial steps tg quired for establishment of wang ching wei’s ney government which is expected to be formally jp augurated in the near future under the military cop ditions prevailing in china this régime can provide only the thinnest screen for what is in effect japanes control and domination if japan’s forces of occupa tion were withdrawn no chinese government unde wang ching wei could stay in power for even a week in present day china japanese sponsors of the ney régime hope that it may contribute to a split in the nationalist government at chungking and thus weak en chinese military resistance of this there are as ye no convincing signs if however the japanese ay thorities could arrange a compromise settlement with the western powers leading to tacit recognition of wang ching wei’s régime the effect on chungking might prove much more serious japan’s negotiations with the western powers may thus provide the key to the outcome of events in china the crucial diplomatic issue concerns japanese american relations after the trade treaty expires on january 26 the strong plea made on january 11 by henry l stimson former secretary of state for an embargo on the sale of american war materials to japan has called forth vigorous rejoinders forces on both sides of this issue are lining up for what is expected to prove a severe struggle in congress during the winter the state de partment continues to maintain a tight lipped silence on the policy to be followed after jan uary 26 except for denying that a modus vivendi on trade relations with japan has been reached never theless it is not expected that any immediate penal ties on japanese trade through tariff action or other wise will be imposed when the treaty expires it seems probable that the state department will con tinue to explore possibilities of securing more favor able treatment for american nationals in occupied china while holding the threat of penalty action ovet japan's head the larger question of the embargo will meanwhile be left in the hands of congress t a bisson neutrals seek protection against war the cancellation of military furloughs in the neth erlands and the mobilization of additional troops in belgium on january 14 represent another one of those scares which have periodically disturbed the neutral countries of europe since the outbreak of hos tilities everywhere from the balkans to scandinavia the neutrals are making feverish preparations to guard against the constant threat of involvement in war the low countries in danger in the light of conflicting reports regarding german troop movements it is difficult to determine whether tht most recent measures of the low countries whic coincided with the temporary suspension of home leaves for the british expeditionary force in france are anything but purely precautionary in berlin the rumor of an impending german invasion of the netherlands was dismissed as another fear epidemi z mov shot agai brit ger trals jan witl wha indi case eer lov arm mrpym pinppop.enad front ps re s new ly in y con ovide anese cupa under new in the weak as yer eau with on of ations e key anese es on 11 by or an als to orces for uggle de ipped jan di on jever enal other es it com avol upied 1 over will on in the troop r the vhich home ance n the f the demic based on false reports if the germans failed to move last november there seems no reason why they should do so now while a successful operation against holland would give the reich bases closer to britain the extension of hostilities might also make germany much more vulnerable and bring other neu trals into the war in a strongly worded statement on january 6 the netherland government again warned that each violator of dutch territory will be met with the most severe power of our weapons from whatever side attack may come and belgium has indicated that it would give immediate assistance in case of aggression against its northern neighbor it seems hardly in germany’s interest to convert the low countries into an arena of war and deprive its amy of the protection now afforded by the westwall the frequent reports of german threats may be mere ly part of the war of nerves which berlin is waging against all neutrals in order to induce them not only to furnish the reich with more supplies but to re double their efforts in favor of an early peace scandinavia between two fires nor would germany gain anything by extending the zone of military operations to scandinavia the threaten ing tone of the german press expresses only the reich’s fear that norway and sweden may allow themselves to become embroiled in a war with the soviet union by assisting the finns such a war in which the allies would probably participate might cut germany off from indispensable supplies of swedish iron ore in response to german warnings the scandinavian press has emphasized that none of the northern countries would ever permit a major power to utilize its territory as a base of operations at the same time norway and sweden firmly rejected a so viet note delivered on january 5 which claimed that the assistance accorded to finland violated their obli gations as neutrals both maintained their right to permit the departure of volunteers as well as the transit and purchase of war supplies for finland the publication of this correspondence in moscow on january 14 further exacerbated their relations with the u.s.s.r tass the official soviet news agency characterized the norwegian and swedish replies as not entirely satisfactory and the moscow press and radio sharply assailed the two countries the scandi navian nations however refuse to be intimidated their determination to defend themselves and pursue an independent policy was affirmed in the speeches with which king gustav and king haakon opened the swedish and norwegian parliaments on january 11 and 12 respectively the two sovereigns an nounced that their governments would seek larger military appropriations page three new moves in the balkans in the bal kans both italy and turkey continue their efforts to keep that region free from conflict the comversa tions which the hungarian foreign minister count csaky had with count ciano at venice on january 6 and 7 appear to have produced an agreement for close cooperation against any soviet attempts to pene trate into southeastern europe the reported accord is probably not directed against germany since hun gary living in the shadow of the reich can hardly afford any anti german undertakings in fact ger many may welcome the purported agreement as a possible check on any eventual soviet move into the balkans the efficacy of italian assistance to hungary will depend however on the attitude of the yugo slav government whose territory separates italy from hungary for the moment belgrade is still intensely distrustful of italian motives it fears that italy and hungary plan to set up a three power anti soviet catholic bloc which would include croatia and sus pects that the italians fomented recent disorders in croatia and elsewhere in an attempt to split the yugoslav state while italy has counseled budapest not to use force in settling its territorial dispute with rumania turkey has been making similar efforts in bulgaria the establishment of a direct air service between sofia and moscow and the conclusion on january 5 of a three year trade agreement by the u.s.s.r and bulgaria created widespread fears in the balkans that sofia was rapidly falling under the influence of the kremlin the rumor apparently unfounded that bulgaria had promised the soviet union air and naval bases at varna and burgas on the black sea added to the alarm felt in turkey and yugoslavia bulgaria however has been moving cautiously the bulgarians despite their traditional sentimental at tachment to russia probably know that the u.s.s.r is unable for the present to help them realize terri torial revision at the expense of their neighbors in recent conversations with numan menemencioglu secretary general of the turkish foreign ministry the bulgarian premier and foreign minister george kiosseivanoff reassured turkey about his country’s peaceful intentions the communiqué issued at the close of the conference on january 13 expressed com plete agreement on the maintenance of peace in the balkans and the preservation of the neutrality pro claimed by the bulgarian government john c dewilde an atlas of current affairs by j f horrabin sixth edi tion revised new york alfred a knopf 1939 1.50 brings timely aid to frantic searchers for shifting boun daries foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 13 january 19 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotrhy f lest secretary vera michelbs dkan biéitor entered as second class matter december 2 is 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter sibber washington bureau national press building jan 15 a significant re statement of american naval policy was allowed to pass almost unnoticed last week as congress opened discussion of president roosevelt's national defense budget and heard con flicting testimony on the vinson bill to increase by 25 per cent the combatant tonnage of the navy revising fundamental naval pol icy testifying in support of the vinson bill ad miral harold r stark the new chief of naval op erations revealed for the first time a departure from the fundamental policy of a navy second to none in favor of a fleet equal to any hostile coalition which might be brought against it admiral stark ex plained that the general board of the navy had been compelled to revise its estimates of the defense re quirements of this country as a result of the events of 1938 and the outbreak of war in 1939 we must face the possibility he said of an allied defeat and then measure the strength of the powers which might combine for action against the americas theoretically he asserted the united states fleet should be increased to a strength not less than that required to defend the united states its interests and possessions and maintain the integrity of the monroe doctrine against the combined navies of our potential enemies in both oceans to assure victory we should have a 5 to 3 ratio of superiority available for the atlantic as well as the pacific this objective even though not realized in the vin son bill represents a startling advance beyond the limits of our naval policy as previously announced for more than 20 years our naval construction pro grams have been based on the principle of parity with the largest fleet of any single foreign power the claim to parity with great britain was first ad vanced in the expansion program of 1916 and was confirmed at the washington conference of 1921 when the 5 5 3 ratio was established no change in policy was suggested in 1938 when congress author ized a 20 per cent increase in tonnage to keep up with the construction programs of other powers the new vinson bill which calls for another 25 per cent increase in under age vessels would be sufficient to maintain the existing ratio in the pacific but not adequate according to admiral stark to de fend our home waters the monroe doctrine our possessions and our trade routes against a possible coalition of japan russia germany and italy never theless it confronts congress with an important ques tion of naval policy and one which has far reaching implications for american foreign policy national defense budget apart from the naval program the national defense estimates in president roosevelt's budget have proved a source of much confusion in congress last week five leading newspapers published five different sets of figures and even the congressional record carried summaries which varied by several hundred million dollars one reason for these discrepancies is that the budget pre sents two complete statements one based on esti mated expenditures and the other on estimated ap propriations not all of which may actually be ex pended during the fiscal year the real cause of con fusion however is the division of this year’s defense appropriations into separate budgets with the regu lar army and navy funds included in budget a while emergency funds are segregated in budget b the emergency budget which totals 573,000 000 not only includes supplementary appropriations for the war and navy departments but also allo cates funds to the coast guard the federal bureau of investigation and the panama canal available for expenditure during 1940 and 1941 to arrive at the total figure for national defense it is necessary to add the substantial allotments to the army and navy from the public works account the actual appropria tions called for during the present session of con gress are shown in the following simplified table breakdown of the national defense budget navy department regular appropriations budget a emergency appropriations budget b for fiscal year 1940 904,540,037 fol an int vou x jus econ nay i thi states the sever are questi missic tral z presa other the fe ports the n publi contr toa lease dema 146,049,256 123,932,540 50,000,000 for fiscal year 1941 public works total navy department 1,224,521,833 war department regular appropriations budget a 689 933,400 emergency appropriations budget b for fiscal year 1940 119,999,842 for fiscal year 1941 133,921,166 public works 29,502,188 total war department 973,356 596 other departments emergency budget b coast guard for 1940 1941 11,285,080 federal bureau of investigation for 1940 1941 3,963,000 panama canal for 1941 34,000,000 total other departments 49,248,080 total national defense this total is double the appropriations for the fis cal year 1939 and four times the budget for 1935 william t stone 2,247,126,509 trol whe days vesse ti versi sized corre state in it of cens ship mitt dest thro fere whe +a xy hing rom s in e of ding ures aries one pre esti ap ex con ense egu a get 000 tions allo 1reau e for t the ry to navy pria con get 10,037 19,256 32,540 00,000 21,833 43,400 99,842 21,166 02,188 85,080 63,000 100,000 48,080 26,509 1e fis 35 ine foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xix no 14 january 26 1940 just out a comprehensive survey of the strategic economic and neutrality problems confronting scandi navia the netherlands and belgium read the oslo states and the european war by a randle elliott january 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents nt as second nvvve class matter december rt ia 2 1921 at the post gener a isthe office at new york unty we n y under the act of march 3 1879 general library of michigan u.s protests infringement of neutral rights ee less than five months have passed since the outbreak of war in europe the united states is already embroiled in altercations with the belligerents over infringements of its neutral rights the american representations a reflection of the severity with which the war at sea is being conducted are centered on four subjects on two of these the question of belligerent interference with the trans mission of american mails and the creation of a neu tral zone around the americas the british attitude presages a long diplomatic controversy on two others the allied blockade of german exports and the forcible diversion of american ships into british ports which american vessels may not enter under the neutrality act american protests have not been publicly answered the entire problem of british control of american trade with neutrals was brought to a focus by an aide mémoire to great britain re leased in washington on january 22 this vigorously demanded that the allies abandon contraband con trol practices in the mediterranean area imposing wholly unwarrantable delays of nine to eighteen days on american shipping particularly since italian vessels were held for an average of only four days the mail dispute the issue of belligerent versus neutral rights has also been strongly empha sized by a british note on the treatment of postal 56,596 correspondence published january 20 replying to a state department communication of december 27 in its protest the united states had cited a number of cases in which british authorities removed and censored sealed letters carried on british and neutral ships and addressed to neutral countries while ad mitting belligerent rights of censorship over mail destined for the united kingdom or normally routed through it this government protested british inter ference with american mails on neutral vessels whether on the high seas or after they had been forced to enter british ports the american position is based on article i of the eleventh hague conven tion providing that the postal correspondence of neutrals or belligerents whatever its official or pri vate character may be found on the high seas on board a neutral or enemy ship is inviolable if the ship is detained the correspondence is forwarded by the captor with the least possible delay the british response recalling precedents estab lished in 1914 1918 stoutly upholds a belligerent’s right to open mail in order to ascertain whether it contains contraband such as securities checks drafts or industrial diamonds it cites clear evidence not published of the existence of an organized traffic of this nature between the united states and germany and defends the interception of military intelligence destined for the enemy far from agree ing that their action is illegal the british contrast their policy of examining and forwarding innocent correspondence with the german destruction of ships regardless of the safety of lives or mails on strictly legal grounds these contentions are hardly compatible with the blanket provision of the eleventh hague convention in its interchange with the british however this country will be embar rassed by a statement of secretary of state lansing on may 24 1916 that mail containing securities and other financial instruments might be classed as mer chandise and hence seized if contraband an im plied admission of a belligerent right to inspect all letters this damaging concession specifically cited in the british note was not an oversight although it injured american commercial interests secretary lansing later revealed that american protests on the subject were consciously half hearted because of sym pathy for the allied cause and a desire to retain the utmost freedom of action if the united states should ultimately become a belligerent after it entered the war this country soon established a censorship over all mails on vessels touching at american ports by a strange twist of circumstance a similar british inspection of mails carried on american clipper planes at bermuda led secretary hull on january 19 to threaten to re route the trans atlantic air line britain rejects neutrality zone while neither party has an undisputed case on the question of postal correspondence the british re sponse of january 16 to the american republics protest against violation of the pan american safety zone must be placed in an altogether different cate gory here the question at issue is the extension by the consent of all belligerents of the zone barred to warlike activity from the customary three mile limit to a broad maritime area averaging 300 miles in width without making any definite commitment on this point the british government laid down such sweeping conditions for its acquiescence that they are virtually impossible of fulfillment it would not accept such a zone it declared unless german war ships and supply ships were prevented from using the area as a sanctuary in which they would be safe from attack non german vessels moreover must be pro hibited from committing unneutral acts such as use of their radios to transmit information to the enemy german warships must not be allowed to pass with impunity from ocean to ocean through the zone while inter american german coastwise shipping which earned precious foreign exchange for the reich must be halted and german shipping in amer ican harbors laid up for the duration of the war in effect the british government thus asserts that it will not agree to suspend hostile activities in american waters until the german flag has disap peared from them when such activities would nor mally cease in any case until that moment arrives london apparently hopes to spin out the corre spondence on the question by raising a number of specific points for lengthy diplomatic discussion for the protest cf foreign policy bulletin december 29 1939 page two legally the british cannot be challenged for the insistence on the exercise of belligerent rights at se the inter american neutrality committee of inte national law experts which has been deliberating jy secret at rio de janeiro since january 15 is there fore confronted with a difficult task if it intends tp make the neutral zone effective troubles of a neutral the conflict ove the mails and the british refusal to cease interference with american shipping outside the immediate are of combat are not the only causes of the intense irritation now being revealed in washington mod ern economic warfare as conducted by the allies extends far beyond mere questions of maritime rights in attempting to conserve their foreign ex change resources the british and french have no only rigidly restricted their purchases to their own empires wherever possible but have shifted their foreign buying to their allies or to neutrals who will agree to deal with them on a strict bilateral basis they apparently intend to concentrate their bargain ing power where it may have an important political effect irrespective of ordinary most favored nation commercial practices and the principles of the hull trade program in such a situation american eco nomic interests are obviously destined to eer british tobacco purchases have been shifted from this country to turkey and empire areas shipping space has been allotted by the british for imports of only 100,000 bales of american cotton monthly during the next half year producers of fruits and pork prod ucts are losing a share of their normal markets compelling reasons doubtless exist for some of these developments but if americans should gain the impression that the allies were refusing to heed their point of view even where the consequences were relatively unimportant as they would prob ably be for example if mails were permitted to pro ceed unmolested to neutral destinations then the result might be to subject american sympathies toa difficult strain davip h popper i churchill ties allied cause with aid to finland winston churchill’s radio speech of january 20 was the strongest bid yet made in allied quarters for support from europe’s neutrals while all scandi navia dwells brooding under nazi and bolshevik threats he asserted only finland shows what free men can do yet if the finns are not to be worn down and reduced to servitude worse than death by the dull brutish force of overwhelming numbers the small neutral states must do their duty in accordance with the covenant of the league and stand together with the british and french empires against aggression and wrong mr churchill singled out sweden norway denmark the netherlands and belgium as the chief sufferers among the neutrals if they were not to yield 0 barbarous oppression one by one he warned all of these free nations and some others i have not men tioned must unite with the allies in their struggle this first open appeal for neutral support gave credence to reports that britain and france would like to widen the theatre of war in order to strike at germany through the baltic particularly sinc the success of finnish resistance has reduced thett fear of the u.s.s.r the scandinavian states and the low countries were quick to criticize mr churchill’s speech as an effort to draw them into war among the great powers their position was indicated on january 21 by the influential editorially of all is propagan might cre involve th of mr ch gid to fir especially aincant tl drew a c finland should jc speech fc quai a’c ant equ althougt italian c supply dence th of subst aid 7 ful study authoriti and a would s front be london announc to finla aircraft they cou effort i ment ac the vig countrie norweg their ab of the the fate navian to the save fit all othe against swed tilities and su followi let's sp ing re politica assistat foreign headquart entered as ym 18 oe gain litical nation hull 1 c0 suffer m this spac e only luring prod me of gain heed 1ennces prob o pro nthe toa per ald t0 all of men ugele gave would strike since theit ntries as af ywers vy the es infuential danish organ politiken this paper stated editorially that what the small neutrals fear most of all is neither germany nor the allies but the propaganda of both belligerents which eventually might create suspicion on one side or the other and involve them in war against their will that portion of mr churchill’s speech however which dealt with aid to finland was predestined to be well received especially in the scandinavian states and it is sig sificant that the first lord of the british admiralty drew a close parallel between his plea for aid to finland and his suggestion that the neutral states should join the allies moreover mr churchill's speech followed by one day a revelation from the quai d’orsay that many volunteers and impor tant equipment had already left france for finland although this aid for the finns was apparently of italian origin french disposition to expedite the upply of men and material was regarded as evi dence that the allies intend to carry out their pledges of substantial assistance to finland aid to finland on january 20 after a care ful study of the soviet finnish war british military authorities reported that 30,000 men 200 planes and a generous supply of military equipment would save finland if they reached the northern front before may meanwhile it was recalled in london that britain and france on january 1 had announced their dispatch of about 100 fighter planes 0 finland in addition to as much anti tank and anti aircraft equipment gasoline and ammunition as they could spare without jeopardizing their own war effort it was the transport of some of this equip ment across sweden and norway which prompted the vigorous german press attacks on these two countries early in january although the danish and norwegian parliaments on january 19 reaffirmed their absolute neutrality in europe’s big war none of the scandinavian countries hides its concern over the fate of finland they still feel as the scandi navian press asserted on january 9 that nordic aid to the finns is an act of self defense and that to save finland they must cooperate with the allies and all other countries who are prepared to aid the fight against soviet domination sweden since the outbreak of soviet finnish hos tilities has been the leading source of foreign troops and supplies for finland during the past week following former foreign minister rickard j sand ler’s speech in the riksd ag on january 17 demand ing real swedish help to finland the press and political leaders in sweden have advocated open assistance on an even broader scale on january 19 page three i cmemmeninentl swedish big business interests announced that they were sending a cash gift of about 15,000,000 to finland and other swedish sources revealed popular subscriptions for finland totaling almost 10,000 000 simultaneously helsinki announced that a thousand swedish volunteer soldiers using their own equipment were already fighting on the finnish northern fronts the swedish troops serve under their own commanders and are gaining practical experi ence which they feel will be invaluable if sweden itself should be drawn into war finland like spain during the spanish conflict has become a school for war the norwegian attitude toward open aid to fin land has been more cautious than that of sweden and reflects the realization in scandinavia that in volvement in war with the soviet union would in vite intervention by the western powers in fact the small northern countries could scarcely succeed in a war with the u.s.s.r unless they received support from britain france or germany but none of these three belligerents could permit its opponents to es tablish bases in sweden or norway and any attempt to do so would convert the scandinavian peninsula into a new battlefield the dilemma of the northern neutrals is thus one of maintaining their equilibrium between the western powers without closing the door for support against a military threat from the u.s.s.r all of these countries while actively pre paring to defend themselves if necessary still hope to remain at peace by using the bargaining power of their strategic position bic p a randle elliott f.p.a launches new publication on february 1 the foreign policy association will inaugurate a new publication pan american news this service which will appear every two weeks is designed to meet a growing demand for more adequate coverage on current political and economic developments in latin america than 1s available in the daily newspapers today perhaps more than ever before an understanding of latin america is vital to the people of the united states and the aim of the pan american news by emphasizing range continuity and objectivity is to supply the background for this understanding mr john i b mcculloch editor of the inter american quarterly has joined the staff of the f.p.a s washington bureau to direct the pan american news and mr howard j true blood f.p.a research associate will contribute a commercial and financial section to each issue foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 14 january 26 1940 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york be 81 publishe eekly by the foreign policy association incorporated dorothy f lzgert se vera micheles dean under the act of march 3 two dollars a year national editor retary 1879 f p a membership five dollars a year washington news l ettec washington bureau national press building jan 22 the issue of aid for finland is becoming a source of increasing embarrassment in washington as both the executive and legislative branches of the government continue to search for a formula to express the evident sympathies of the american people without raising new fears of involvement in the european war credits for finland last week with congress reluctant to take the initiative president roosevelt addressed identical letters to vice presi dent garner and speaker bankhead jan 16 sug gesting the opening of new credits for agricultural surpluses and manufactured products not including implements of war ignoring the fact that finland is seeking airplanes and munitions rather than agri cultural surpluses mr roosevelt added that the most reasonable approach would be to authorize an increase in the revolving credit fund of the export import bank which has already granted a credit of 10,000,000 to the finnish american trad ing corporation while contending that such an ex tension of credit at this time does not in any way constitute or threaten any so called involvement in european wars mr roosevelt studiously refrained from attempting to influence the action of congress within whose jurisdiction the matter lies this cautious proposal met with an equally cau tious response in congress the senate banking and currency committee called into special meeting jan 17 to consider the president’s proposal ad journed for a week after hearing jesse h jones federal loan administrator give a noncommittal explanation of the scheme mr jones declined to comment on the question of policy and did not en dorse the bill introduced by senator prentiss m brown of michigan authorizing an advance of 60 000,000 through the reconstruction finance cor poration and the export import bank for purchase of any materials needed by finland the committee discovered however that finland has actually used only about 1,000,000 of the 10,000,000 credit ex tended by the bank last month indicating that addi tional funds would be of little use to finland unless they could be employed for purchase of war ma terials and munitions although several bills were introduced to permit loans for military purposes a strong opposition developed in both houses of con gress to any action that might be interpreted as a departure from the spirit if not the letter of the neutrality act ed to understand this attitude it is necessary to te member that congress has never fully accepted the executive thesis that our vital interests are directly involved in the european conflict during the neu trality debate last fall congress was willing to lift the arms embargo on the premise that we could sel munitions to the allies and still remain neutral but it was not prepared to accept the theory thar the united states in its own self interest mus support the allies by all means short of sending armies to europe since the invasion of finland congressional opinion has undoubtedly shifted at many points but to most washington observers it still reflects the widespread popular desire to avoid any governmental action which might conceivably lead to involvement in the war the dilemma of congress today arises from the fact that it has already given its tacit approval to many steps taken by the executive based on the as sumption that what is happening in finland is of immediate concern to us during the past six weeks in addition to the export import bank loan the fol lowing positive measures have been taken by dif ferent executive agencies 1 the navy department by releasing the brewster air craft company from a prior navy contract has enabled finland to purchase 44 fighting planes for delivery this month the war department by facilitating inspection of united states arms and airplane factories has extended material aid to the finnish military mission now in this country 3 the state department has broadened the scope of the moral embargo against russia and japan by including all materials essential to airplane manufacture and urging american firms not to supply technical infor mation of strategic importance at the suggestion of the department several large oil companies have with drawn american engineers who had been directing the operations of plants for manufacture of high test gaso line in russia 4 the army and navy munitions board on january 19 called attention t abnormal exports of crude rubber and tin to certain european countries understood to mean russia and warned that unless voluntary coop eration of american exporters can be counted on other means will be taken to deal with the situation n the only real difference between these measures and the proposed credits for finland is that con gress rather than the executive has the power to determine government policy and congress while sympathetic with finland is still fearful of measures short of war and not yet convinced that america interests are in danger w t stone fore an inter pret fo vou xix nnou a ne in latin the sign on trad beginnir gef ffici reviv western mander in eral von the 228th the tactica preferred surprise and thrus winston chester in war of e to stay on germ ever the might be tes an attendant increased allied b of oil fr stacles e to resum rumania berg in ri agreed ni stretch e3 hoped th lieve the line thro ments of obtain a actually to have had grea reich to ported t +ame saw re the eu lift sel il hat ing nd at s it oid the fol air led this ded this the ling and for of 19 0p ther res to hile ires can bly foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y you xix no 15 february 2 1940 announcing the first issue of pan american news a new f.p.a service devoted to current developments in latin america background information and comment on the significance of the news together with a special section on trade and finance published every other thursday beginning february ist subscription 3.00 feb 6 1949 entered as second class matter december row 2 at the post prr iuthcal 2 1921 genbral libra office at new york univ of mch n y under the act of march 3 1879 general library university of michigan ann arbor michigan german war machine runs soaernerinsiene into obstacles tetra pronouncements on both sides have revived rumors of impending offensives in the western european war on january 24 the com mander in chief of the german army colonel gen eal von brauchitsch took the occasion afforded by the 228th birthday of frederick the great to laud the tactical genius of that prussian king who always preferred to attack employing speed of movement surprise concentration of forces at a decisive point and thrust into flank and rear three days later winston churchill in a speech delivered at man chester indicated that britain was tired of a passive wat of economic attrition and would not continue tostay on the defensive german oil supplies precarious what ever the intentions of the belligerents germany might be greatly handicapped by large scale hostili ties an almost unprecedented cold wave and the attendant stoppage of shipping on the danube have increased the difficulties of supply created by the allied blockade particularly the transportation h of oil from rumania is meeting with serious ob ith ttacles early last december an accord was reached to resume traffic on the railway running from the rumanian town of cernauti to germany via lem berg in russian poland at the same time the u.s.s.r agreed not to increase the gauge on the 200 mile 1 to stretch extending across its territory the germans hoped that the reopening of this railroad would re lieve the congestion on the other german rumanian line through hungary they calculated that ship ments of 200 tank cars daily would enable them to obtain a million tons of oil per year by this route actually only about half that number of cars appear t0 have moved the rumanian government which had great difficulty last december in persuading the reich to release 2,800 rumanian tank cars is re ported to be unwilling to allow more than 300 cars to leave the country in addition germany has had to contend with inefficient railway operation and sabotage in the russian section of poland to overcome the latter obstacle the germans are rumored to have obtained permission from moscow to send a number of railway guards and technicians into galicia german experts are also said to be as sisting in the exploitation of poland’s oil wells the bulk of these wells which produced 507,253 metric tons of petroleum in 1938 came under the juris diction of the soviet union last september the u.s.s.r preoccupied with its campaign in finland has apparently been unable to resist german de mands yet both moscow and berlin deny that german troops have entered galicia or that the reich has taken over the operation of the railway and oil fields in this area the shortage of tank cars however persists nor is it even certain that germany will be able to buy the quantity of oil 1,820,000 metric tons which the rumanian government agreed to export to the reich during 1940 english and french interests produce the bulk of the rumanian oil output the british alone controlling over 60 per cent of the refining capacity of the oil industry thus far they have refused to sell to germany under german pressure the bucharest government on january 17 issued a decree establishing a commission to organ ize and control the entire industry fearful that this measure would divert a larger share of rumania’s production to germany france and britain promptly protested the outcome of the tug of war now going on in bucharest is difficult to foresee the german coal shortage germany is also experiencing an acute shortage of coal al though the acquisition of the polish coal fields has made it the largest coal producer in europe de mands on the available supply are enormous large quantities are used for the manufacture of synthetic gasoline which the reich is increasing as rapidly as possible and even more is needed to pay for indis pensable imports of raw materials and foodstuffs here too the chief difficulty seems to be the lack of transportation facilities the rolling stock of the reich railways is not sufficient to handle the large volume of traffic re equipment of the railways was long deferred in the interest of rearmament in the fall of 1938 the reichsbahn had 4,000 locomotives and 80,000 freight cars less than in 1929 and the situation appears to have deteriorated since that time german efforts to buy or rent 10,000 cars in belgium have proved unsuccessful the belgian railways were unable to spare such a large amount of rolling stock and france apparently threatened in the event of belgium’s compliance to cut off the shipment of french iron ore from the briey basin in november the reichsbahn floated a loan of 500 million marks to obtain funds for equipment but it is doubtful that german plants can turn out enough cars and locomotives to meet both the do mestic and export demand while these difficulties are serious they are un likely to become critical as long as germany engages in war on a modest scale graver dangers however might be entailed by extensive hostilities which would increase the reich’s consumption of oil and other raw materials substantially above pre war levels under these circumstances winston churchill's canada faces a wartime election on january 25 following the shortest and per haps the bitterest parliamentary session in canadian history the liberal government of prime minister w l mackenzie king called a general election the plan to dissolve parliament and appeal to the country was kept a complete secret until the gov ernor general lord tweedsmuir opened the ses sion with the conventional address from the throne after less than four hours of acrimonious debate the governor general complied with mr mackenzie king’s request for a dissolution the election of the new house of commons will take place on march 26 the government is making elaborate plans for counting the ballots of the armed forces both in canada and overseas mr mackenzie king’s decision to call an election was prompted both by issues concerning canada’s réle in the european war and by party politics critics of the mackenzie king government have ac cused it of inefficiency and apathy in its preparations for war many elements in the country especially in ontario have charged that the cabinet is not providing ample support for great britain on the scale of canada’s contributions in the world war they have expressed disappointment that only one page two threat to carry the war to the reich becomes partic larly significant yet the allies may not find it easy compel the germans to fight on a larger scale despip the tendency of certain elements in the nazi party ty urge a dynamic forward policy an allied attag on the westwall might only result in a useless sa rifice of men and material and it remains to be seg whether an aerial offensive can really prove effective new theatres of war to open up othe theatres of war is equally difficult the scandinavia countries are still pursuing a cautious policy de signed to avoid war with either the soviet union o germany the balkan states are also extremely wary to prevent the extension of hostilities to south eastern europe hungary and bulgaria have appa ently agreed not to enforce their claims agains rumania for the duration of the war while ther is still a danger that the u.s.s.r may precipita war by seizing bessarabia such a diversion seem unlikely until the finnish campaign is brought tp a close meanwhile representatives of the balka bloc rumania turkey yugoslavia and greece are meeting in belgrade on february 2 to discus additional ways and means of maintaining peac germany does not want the balkan entente to de velop into an iron clad alliance but it does fear tha war in southeastern europe would interfere with ix supplies in this respect its interests coincide ne only with those of the balkan countries but of italy as well john c pewilde division has reached england and have claimed tha it was poorly clothed and equipped business me and farmers moreover have protested against the relatively small purchases being made by both the canadian and british governments even though the war supply board claims that it is spending a average of 4,000,000 weekly on behalf of th dominion and the allies the british government meanwhile has hesitated to place large orders unt it knew the extent of its needs in europe or the availability of airplanes and other products in the united states it has also preferred to purchase wheat at cheaper prices in australia argentina and else where the political front party politics hov ever played an even larger part in the dissolution of parliament as the term of the house of com mons which was elected in 1935 would normal have expired next october the conservatives e pected and desired a general election in the summet they were preparing to secure ammunition for the campaign during parliamentary debates and ques tion periods this winter by his surprise maneuve last week mr mackenzie king has forced the cor servatives to forgo this opportunity and to fight th 191 iso fo hea ent tticy sy ty spite ty to ttack sac seen ctive other avian de on of wary uth p par ans there vitate cems it to ilkan ce scus eace de that h it not it of de the else how 1100 som nally ef met r the jues uve con nt at ors a great disadvantage dr r j manion who re laced mr r b bennett as conservative leader in july 1938 lacks extensive political experience and had hoped to use the parliamentary session for or ganizing his forces and planning his campaign while prime minister mackenzie king undoubt edly welcomed this opportunity to embarrass his conservative opponents he was even more deter mined to head off an incipient rebellion within his own party as in the united states both of canada’s major parties are amalgamations of local political machines and combinations of diverse and often contradictory views although the liberals have tended to favor lower tariffs and to adopt a more nationalistic attitude on commonwealth affairs the two parties ordinarily have differed as little on na tional affairs as their american counterparts the conservative party in fact enacted considerable new deal legislation while mr bennett was prime minister in 1930 1935 and it still contains a strongly progressive wing the liberals have traditionally drawn their support from the french canadians in quebec and from the western prov inces the conservatives have been predominant in ontario and the maritime provinces quebec and ontario mr mackenzie king’s chief political problem in recent years has been to keep control of the liberal machines in both quebec and ontario these two provinces command a large majority of the house of commons since page three quebec elects 65 and ontario 82 of the 245 mem bers in 1936 the quebec liberals after 40 years of power lost the provincial legislature to maurice duplessis leader of a coalition called union nationale in 1937 however the liberals carried the ontario provincial election for the first time in a generation mr mitchell hepburn the new on tario premier immediately became a strong con tender for leadership of the national liberal party and allied himself with premier duplessis to oppose numerous measures such as development of the st lawrence waterway advocated by the mackenzie king régime in ottawa in an election held on oc tober 25 the liberals defeated m duplessis and re gained control of quebec thus assuring mr macken zie king of french canadian support the opposi tion of the hepburn group in ontario remained however and culminated on january 18 im a reso lution of the provincial legislature condemning the war policies of the mackenzie king government the mackenzie king liberals obviously hope that this election will consolidate their strength in the two vital provinces by continuing to promise that conscription will not be imposed they can keep the quebec vote by proving that their prosecution of the war is honest and efficient they can enhance their position in ontario their main objective therefore is to compel premier hepburn to support the national ticket and to end his opposition to the ottawa government james frederick green the f.p.a bookshelf bulgarian conspiracy by j swire london robert hale 1939 12s 6d an english newspaperman with a remarkable grasp of bulgarian politics has written a fascinating and revealing account of bulgaria’s post war history hitler’s germany the nazi background to war by karl loewenstein new york macmillan 1939 1.25 an able description and analysis of the institutions ideas and plain power politics which make up the third reich you might like socialism a way of life for modern man by corliss lamont new york modern age books 1939 95 cents the case for socialism here and elsewhere documents and readings in the history of europe since 1918 by walter consuelo langsam with the assistance of james michael egan philadelphia pa lippincott 1939 38.75 a useful collection arranged topically the deadly parallel by c hartley grattan new york stackpole 1939 2.00 a rather loosely written pamphleteering tract which stresses the similarity between america’s position in 1914 1917 and 1939 and advocates a continental or moderate isolationist foreign policy for the united states chaos in asia by hallett abend new york ives wash burn 1939 3.00 a ruthless exposé of japan’s new order in east asia by the shanghai correspondent of the new york times the results of japanese rule in occupied china both for chinese civilians and foreign nationals are here summar ized in graphic detail by an observer who has always been willing to give japan the benefit of the doubt farmward march chemurgy takes command by william j hale new york coward mccann 1939 2.00 the pseudo scientific super isolationist doctrine that by chemical processing of american farm products we can eliminate foreign trade and build a better social order in the united states road to war america 1914 1917 by walter millis bos ton houghton mifflin 1935 1.45 a moderate priced re issue of a book most apropos at this time of crisis china at war by freda utley new york john day 1939 3.75 in its earlier sections this book gives a well written account of a visit to china during the summer of 1938 before hankow was evacuated by the chinese forces the latter chapters represent a much more weighty analysis of the socio political forces at work in present day china foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 15 february 2 1940 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy entered as second class matter december 2 sbe 181 published weekly by the forcign policy association incorporated national president dorothy f leet secretary vera michbles dean editor 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year cer er eer errr ee eer erm eer ew eee ee ee eee ee ee ee a ee ee eer eee washington news letter washington bureau national press building jan 29 now that the united states has placed itself in a position to act decisively in the far east by terminating the commercial treaty with japan the question uppermost in washington is how this new freedom of action will be used the answer will depend in large part on the course of events in asia but also to some extent on the relations between the state department and the two committees of con gress which deal with foreign affairs no modus vivendi three days before the commercial treaty expired on january 26 the state department clarified its position in an oral state ment made to ambassador horinouchi by assistant secretary adolf a berle jr the japanese ambas sador was told first that termination of the treaty would not in itself bring about any changes in im port duties or tonnage rates but that future com mercial relations would depend entirely on develop ments secondly japanese merchants who have been allowed to reside in the united states for indefinite periods would be permitted to enter as alien visitors but would be required to apply for renewals each year under the immigration laws thirdly the united states did not see any immediate possibility of an exchange of notes between the two governments defining the status of trade relations this matter the department explained would have to be held open and presumably form a part of the discussions that have been taking place in tokyo between am bassador grew and the japanese foreign minister the clear meaning of this refusal to consider a temporary agreement is that the state department intends to use its freedom of action as a diplomatic lever to secure recognition of the larger issues in volved in japanese american relations it is not opposed to further negotiations with tokyo pro vided that these include not only the specific issue of american rights in china but also the broad ques tions of equal opportunity the open door and the integrity of china which are challenged by japan's new order in asia for the present the department appears to be content to employ the hreat of economic pressure without resort to direct retaliation or overt acts having served notice on japan mr hull and his far eastern advisers are proceeding cautiously they have quietly used the moral embargo to prevent japan from securing certain american processes for the manufacture of high test octane gas and have actually induced american oil companies to cancel orders for plant equipment valued at several million dollars at the same time they have made no effort as yet to stop the export of gasoline including octane gas which is being sold in considerable quantities there is some talk of extending further financial aid to china which would be possible if congress should increase the capital of the export impor bank but apparently no immediate plan for im posing countervailing duties or import restrictions against japan under existing tariff laws embargo action uncertain this atti tude on the part of the state department is taken to mean that the administration will not press for immediate action on the embargo resolutions now pending in congress senator pittman chairman of the foreign relations committee however may be expected to keep the threat of embargo action alive by urging full consideration of the two measures now before his committee he and other congres sional leaders may also be expected to facilitate passage of the measure increasing the capital of the export import bank by 100,000,000 while the latter measure is ostensibly designed to permit ad ditional credits to finland several members of the foreign relations committee have indicated that they will press for amendments to permit further loans to china without amendment the bank bill would be of little aid to china as that country has already borrowed 25,000,000 and the bill fixes a top limit of 30,000,000 to any one country of the two embargo measures before the senate committee there is little doubt that the state de partment would prefer the pittman resolution to that sponsored by senator schwellenbach the for mer is a discretionary measure authorizing the presi dent to forbid the export of arms and ammunition and certain other specified war materials such as iron steel oil gasoline and scrap metals whenever the president finds that any party to the nine power treaty is endangering the lives of citizens of the united states or depriving such citizens of their legal rights and privileges the schwellenbach resolution on the other hand calls for a mandatory embargo authorizing the president to withhold ex ports of any article or materials except agricultural products which there is reason to believe will be used in violation of the nine power treaty the administration’s caution in withholding its formal endorsement of either measure may be traced to the fact that congressional leaders are not yet certain of sufficient votes to assure passage without prolonged and embittered debate w t stone vou xi for a s yar po pira shifted at tok scatter japan arisen china lives frencl that tl bombi both dange on the th throw saito lenge in ch the p asia ceiver attac chin in na unify gatio even authe chin whet gime a ho alrea a whic teco +s is foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y you xix no 16 february 9 1940 periodical room 946 general librar univ of micw entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 for a survey of the military preparations and economic yar potential of the british empire read the british dominions at war by james frederick green 25 february ist issue of foreign policy reports general library university of michigan ann arbor michigan tokyo diet challenges china policy in far eastern affairs following ex piration of the japanese american trade treaty shifted last week to the opening sessions of the diet at tokyo and the progress of hostilities on widely scattered fronts in china new complications in japan’s relations with the western powers had also arisen from the successive bombings of the indo china railway into yunnan province which cost the lives of a number of passengers including five french nationals on february 3 it was disclosed that the united states prior to the recent japanese bombing raids had made informal representations both in tokyo and paris against the delays and dangers to which american goods and passengers on the french operated railway had been subjected the diet debate at tokyo the diet was thrown into an uproar on february 2 when takao saito a member of the minseito party openly chal lenged the common assumptions on which the war in china is being conducted after casting doubt on the prospects of achieving the new order in east asia he asked what the japanese people had re ceived in return for their great sacrifices in the war attacking wang ching wei’s proposed régime in china as nothing more than a central government in name he stated that it would neither be able to unify the country nor fulfill its international obli gations unless supported by a strong armed force even more serious in the opinion of japan’s military authorities was saito’s declaration that in view of china’s large territory and army it is doubtful whether japan can overthrow chiang kai shek’s ré gime saito’s incidental remark under the cloak of a holy war added the tinge of ése majesté to his already provocative interpellation as an aftermath of his bold address much of which was expunged from the official stenographic tecord saito was forced to offer his resignation from the minseito party his challenge however was formally answered on the following day by the premier and the war minister and it appeared likely that the army's demand for his resignation from the diet would not be satisfied the boldness of saito’s attack as well as the possibility that it may be carried through with impunity is due mainly to deep seated popular dissatisfaction with the grow ing hardships imposed by the war drastic restrictions on electric power consumption announced simultaneously with saito’s interpellation in the diet offer additional evidence of the serious ness of japan’s economic problem the new restric tions fifth in a series imposed in recent months will affect not only the export industries but also electric blast furnaces aluminum smelters and machine shops in japan’s major industrial centers the power famine has been caused by the summer’s drought which reduced hydro electric power and an increas ing shortage of coal the latter in turn is attrib utable to the scarcity of skilled coal miners and the reduced shipping facilities available to handle coal imports over and above these difficulties affecting wartime industry are shortages in ordinary com modities for mass consumption which ate having a much more general effect on popular sentiment the furor aroused by saito’s interpellation over shadowed important pronouncements made to the diet on february 1 by the ministers of finance and foreign affairs for the first time in japan’s history the new 1940 1941 budget estimates presented by finance minister ishiwatari exceed ten billion yen of this total more than six billion are devoted to extraordinary military naval expenditures including provision for an arms replenishment program tax receipts estimated at four billion yen are nearly one billion higher than in 1939 1940 but still leave six billion to be raised by domestic loans the foreign minister's annual message to the diet given by hachiro arita expressed regret over the advent of a non treaty status with the united states but observed that as a result of steps taken by the american government in december japanese american trade relations have in practice under gone no change while expressing hopes for con clusion of a fisheries convention and commercial treaty with the soviet union during 1940 the for eign minister also declared that japan would con tinue to cultivate intimate relations with all signatory powers of the anti comintern agree ment this statement was made on the same day that dissolution of the soviet japanese bor der commission set up as a result of the truce last september was officially announced in moscow and tokyo for the present despite the commission’s failure to agree on demarcation of the disputed fron tier region no essential change in soviet japanese relations seems likely to occur activities in china in his address to the diet foreign minister arita reaffirmed japan’s basic policy of establishing a new order in east asia and declared that the cabinet would do all in its power to assist the formation and growth of the chinese central government under wang ching wei his statement that this régime would be established in the near future is apparently borne out by the recent organization in china of a central political council consisting of chinese leaders who are ex pected to inaugurate the new government at shang hai during february defections by two members of this group early in january led to an exposé of the terms which wang ching wei had been forced to accept amounting to a much more extensive degree of japanese control especially over economic affairs than had been expected during the last few weeks several further aspects of the future constitution and policies of the puppet régime have been revealed both north china and the inner mongolian areas are to retain a large measure of autonomy thus testifying to the continu ing difficulties of establishing an effectively central ized authority at nanking rivalry between different sections of the japanese army backing various page two chinese puppet candidates has consistently proved a barrier to the political centralization of occupied china administration of the lower yangtze valle is to be entrusted to wang ching wei’s projected government instead of being directly handled ly the japanese authorities as the western powers are seriously concerned with the reopening of the rive to navigation they may be forced to treat diplomati cally with the new régime over the issues that will necessarily arise the extent to which they may thus wish to accord de facto recognition to the japanese sponsored government will create a delicate diplo matic problem somewhat mitigating the good effects expected to follow japan’s fulfillment of its pledge to restore navigation rights the japanese armed forces in china are mean while pressing forward with their military campaign in an effort to strengthen the authority of wang ching wei’s régime when it is finally inaugurated fighting on a considerable scale is occurring on a least four widely scattered fronts in north central and south china operations in the nanning area where large chinese forces have concentrated during te cent weeks have gradually assumed the proportions of a major campaign rapid japanese thrusts north east of nanning according to tokyo reports have trapped a large chinese force and destroyed the pos sibility of a successful chinese offensive as large scale hostilities are still continuing however it is apparent that the outcome on this front may not be determined for some time much the same situation exists in inner mongolia where a japanese drive west of the railhead at paotou is reported to have scored a victory over the chinese forces under gen eral ma chan shan the cavalry leader of manchurian fame in northeastern hupeh province a japanese drive has been turned back while south of hang chow a sudden japanese thrust appears to have been halted after a slight advance none of these drives save possibly the operations at nanning offers any serious threat to the chinese defenses in south china the struggle for nanning as well as the bombing raids on the indo china rail way indicate that japan’s army command is continu ing its efforts to cut china’s routes of access to the outside world t a bisson balkans seek to preserve neutrality the vague communiqué issued in belgrade on february 4 at the close of the three day conference of the balkan entente gave no support to rumors of sensational future developments which had been emanating from balkan capitals during the preced ing weeks as indicated before the meeting the members of the entente council the foreign min isters of rumania greece turkey and yugoslavia apparently sought to strengthen the loose form of balkan collaboration which has thus far served to the conflicting pressures of the great powers in this area even a cautious reaffirmation of the trend to ward regional adjustments may be regarded as af encouraging sign results of the conference the only concrete decisions made public by the conference relate to matters of procedure the four foreign ministers agreed to extend the life of the entente until february 1948 to meet at athens in februaty 1941 they pacific jn con goer war over tl afarme frame own al and th over t to ind the e gave f tain a states ing af minis rensiv fro munic cessfu allel t ing it viet n intra status turbe coope penin that bo now italy neutt neigh and was hun adva man oush buls clog min affir preserve peace in southeastern europe in view of the had flue run the por fori head enter ztaeeaeak a 1941 and to remain in close contact in the interim they recorded their decision to pursue a resolute pacific policy of maintaining strictly their positions in connection with the present conflict in order to preserve this part of europe from the ordeals of wat by way of veiled reference to their concern over the maneuvers of the great powers they re afirmed their will to remain united inside the framework of the entente which pursues only its own aims and which is not directed against anybody and their determination to maintain a common vigil over the preservation of each member state’s right to independence and national territorial integrity the entente’s overtures to hungary and bulgaria gave rise to a statement stressing its desire to main tain and develop friendly relations with neighboring states in a conciliatory spirit of mutual understand ing and pacific collaboration finally the foreign ministers called attention to the need for more ex tensive commercial relations among balkan states from the general tenor of the belgrade com muniqué it would appear that italy has been suc cessful in marshaling balkan support for a policy par allel to its own in southeastern europe italy stress ing its readiness to act as a bulwark against any so viet menace is working for the pacific settlement of intra balkan disputes in the hope of preserving the status quo at the same time rome would be dis turbed if the balkan states should so strengthen their cooperation as to reduce italian influence on the peninsula to this extent its policy coincides with that of germany both italy and the reich realize that rumania is now the focal point for all balkan disputes and italy from its vantage point as a powerful near by neutral has been active in restraining its dissatisfied neighbors in a conference at venice on january 6 and 7 the italian foreign minister count ciano was reported to have urged count stephen csaky hungarian minister of foreign affairs not to take advantage of rumania’s difficulties to intensify de mands for the return of transylvania simultane ously turkey has been counselling moderation in bulgaria after conferences with numan menemen cioglu secretary general of the turkish foreign ministry bulgarian officials on january 13 re affirmed sofia’s neutrality and desire for peace in the balkans this statement encouraged those who had feared that the soviet union might use its in fluence in sofia to support bulgaria’s claims for the rumanian dobrudja and may even indicate that the bulgarian government is willing to reach a tem porary agreement with bucharest on this question page three toward balkan conciliation on ru mania’s side there are similar signs that intransigence is giving way to a spirit of compromise confronted by the soviet threat to bessarabia and the difficulty of allocating its oil exports to the satisfaction of both germany and the allies the rumanian government seems more conciliatory toward its revisionist neigh bors than at any time in the past twenty years on january 20 the yugoslav and rumanian foreign ministers alexander cincar markovitch and grigore gafencu met at the little yugoslav village of versecz and apparently discussed the bulgarian claims the effect of the italian turkish and yugoslav efforts at pacification was apparent in the friendly refer ences made to bulgaria and hungary by m gafencu in a formal declaration at belgrade on february 3 in some circles it was even maintained that rumania had agreed to surrender a small portion of the dobrudja in settlement of the bulgarian demands and that turkey and greece were considering meth ods of satisfying bulgaria’s request for an outlet to the aegean it is still impossible however to confirm these reports and there is but slight evidence of any solution for rumanian hungarian difficulties for the time being at least the balkan alignment may be expected to remain flexible a heavy strain is placed on the maintenance of the entente itself by the divergent policies of its members yugoslavia still preoccupied with the problems of internal re organization appears to be leaning toward italy despite an anglo french guarantee rumania is des perately striving to satisfy both belligerents by a middle of the road policy a hope which grew dim mer when the allies on february 1 suddenly sus pended the granting of licenses for exports to ru mania as a step in the battle for control of its oil turkey having concluded mutual assistance pacts with britain and france is seeking thus far unsuc cessfully to convert the entente into a military bloc which might resist incursions by the u.s.s.r ger many and italy the clash of interests between the four states was illustrated by a declaration of the turkish foreign minister shukru sarocoglu on february 1 that tur key is not neutral but merely out of the war and that it is necessary to take all measures to prevent the flames from spreading the implication that ac tion might become necessary against the axis powers made a disturbing impression in yugoslavia thus while it is true that some steps have been taken to ward balkan unity there can be no assurance that it will withstand the pressures to which the belligerents are certain to subject it davipp h popper foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 16 february 9 1940 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 p 181 published weekly by the forcign policy association frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lest secretary vera micueles dean editor 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year incorporated national washington news l ettec washington bureau national press building fes 5 concluding its hearings on the naval ex pansion program the house naval affairs committee will report this week a modified vinson bill cutting in half the original program recommended by the navy in place of the 1,300,000,000 authorization bill providing for construction of 77 combat ships and 31 auxiliaries the committee has tentatively approved a measure limited to 21 combat ships and 22 auxiliaries at a cost of approximately 655,000 000 new airplane construction will be reduced from 2,395 to 1,011 planes of all types the new measure represents an increase of about 10 per cent in under age combatant tonnage instead of 25 per cent as originally contemplated paper reductions although secretary edi son opposed this reduction it would be a mistake to assume that the committee’s action represents a defeat for the navy department or a victory for congressional advocates of economy the difference between the two programs is largely on paper and will not affect the rate of new construction in any way during the next two years in fact as chairman vinson pointed out last week the revised program actually provides for all the ships that can be laid down in government and private shipyards the only essential difference is that the navy asked congress to authorize a five year program now while the committee favors a two year installment on the theory that there will be time to provide the rest of the program later if conditions seem to require it that there will be no reduction in shipbuilding activities or naval construction costs was demon strated by the testimony of rear admiral samuel m robinson chief of naval engineering who stated that the short term program will permit construction of 82 new warships within the next two years this includes new construction and replacements already authorized under existing legislation as amended the vinson bill will provide for 3 new aircraft car riers totaling 79,500 tons an unspecified number of cruisers totaling 66,500 tons and submarines aggre gating 21,000 tons in adopting the short term program the commit tee appears to have taken the position that future naval needs cannot be foreseen at this time and may be altered for better or worse within the next two years at any rate the committee is apparently not prepared to act on the outside possibility of an allied defeat which would leave the united state facing a combination of hostile powers potential coalitions one of the chief arguments for the original 25 per cent increase ad vanced during the house hearings was based on the possibility of such a coalition against the united states admiral stark chief of naval operations mentioned no countries by name but cited earlier testimony referring to germany italy japan and russia an interesting commentary on this theoy was made public by the navy department last week in the form of two charts showing the relative strength of the six leading navies according to thes figures which are not official but are based on the fullest information available the strength of the united states navy last november was approxi mately equal to the combined tonnage of japan and germany at that time the united states had in com mission modern under age units totaling 1,021,270 tons as compared with 1,021,451 tons for germany and japan comparing the tonnage figures in the different categories the united states is shown to be superior to the combined tonnage of germany and japan ia capital ships aircraft carriers and cruisers and im ferior only in under age destroyers and submarines in which germany and japan have specialized if the ships now building are taken into account the united states appears to be superior in all categories except submarines the russian fleet was not included in the naw department charts if italy should be added to the hypothetical coalition however the united states would still have a tonnage ratio in under age ships of approximately 5 to the coalition’s 7 officials et trusted with the technical problem of meeting any possible contingency must doubtless take this situa tion into account however remote the forming of such a bloc may seem but the ratio in itself is not particularly alarming unless it is assumed that ger many wins a complete victory destroys the british and french fleets and acquires naval bases making possible an attack on the western hemisphere this worst possible outcome is not yet accepted by the naval affairs committee and seems unlikely to be accepted by congress meanwhile congress might well consider a resolution introduced by represents tive van zandt proposing the establishment of 4 national defense commission to survey defenst needs in relation to national policy w t stone mc conflic and th where and ni new ar where finns the ne pepar or rus that th ligerer by unc then e has so fa vanish seme that 1 in the spell t sbilit al on wl today tions ng p and f until crush britai policy were that 1 other these +foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff entered as second subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated ee 1940 es february 16 g bishop for a survey of pan americanism since 1826 together pree ar itt pith a study of recent developments in inter american university o wichigan libr economic and political collaboration read ranges ed progress of pan american cooperation ns by howard j trueblood e february 15th issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents ory is europe ready for roosevelt peace move ese the caaatggidal roosevelt’s exploratory peace of deputies at the close of a secret session regard the move comes at a moment when the european ing the conduct of the war gave a unanimous vote xi conflict threatens to become generalized germany of confidence to m daladier on february 10 if this ind and the allies are deadlocked on the western front vote is an indication of french public opinion then ym where the war is confined largely to air skirmishes it would appear that france is not ready at this 279 and naval action the soviet union has launched a moment for another munich in fact observers re any new and determined attack on the mannerheim line _cently returned from the allied countries believe where its superior man power threatens to crush the that a peace move undertaken today by the cham finns who have appealed to the world for help in berlain and daladier governments would be the i the near east the allies with the aid of turkey are signal for popular revolts which far from saving it preparing for a possible drive either against germany what is left of capitalism in europe might have ex op russia it has long been expected in washington actly the opposite result a that this spring possibly as early as march the bel to understand this mood one has to remember ig lperents would attempt to end the present stalemate that the french and british people came to the con the ly undertaking large scale operations europe might clusion last september that the kind of peace europe vie then experience the kind of totalitarian war which it had known during the six years of hitler's rule was has so far been spared in the west and the prospects even more nerve wracking than war they emphati if a negotiated peace would be reduced to the cally do not want to go back to that kind of peace ayj vanishing point under the circumstances it has and they contend that even if hitler should resign the xemed to the president and to some of his advisers the evils of nazism would remain and would con ates that the united states as the most powerful neutral tinue to plague europe they want to destroy these hips n the world should take advantage of this breathing evils root and branch even if they have to endure a en spell to sound out the belligerents regarding the pos terrible war to achieve their purpose the question ay sbility of a negotiated peace is how can these evils be destroyed without also itu allied desire to crush hitlerism but driving the german people to despair and if the zt on what basis could peace be negotiated in europe german people are driven to despair in the process not today even more important would peace negotia what hope is there of reconstructing europe on a ger tions at this time merely increase germany's strik sane basis after the war to this the french and the itish ing power in the future a majority of the french british reply that europe will know an even worse king and british remain determined to continue the war fate if the nazis remain in power and worst of all this util hitlerism not merely hitler has been if germany should prove thé victor so they demand y the tushed there still are elements in france and war to the finish and many of them feel that the 0 be britain as in the united states who support the united states by intervening at this time may be right policy of appeasement and think that if only hitler unconsciously playing into the hands of hitler who ent were removed by some magic a peace settlement would be satisfied until further notice with a peace of that would save capitalism could be arranged with sanctioning his conquest of austria czechoslovakia fens ther nazis for example goering yet in spite of and poland ne these appeasement activities the french chamber german fear of dismemberment ie al roéx 40th street new york n y al libra y class matter december he 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 a must also be realized however that millions of ger mans who oppose hitler on every other ground are reluctant to t a peace dictated by the allies they fear ab a heey accepts such a peace it will again be dismembered humiliated and econom ically weakened they believe that hitler alone can preserve german unity and the desire to achieve unity has dominated the german people for at least a century the problem of the allies and now the problem of the united states as well is to discover within germany a group who could succeed the nazis if hitler were overthrown and negotiate a compromise with france and britain there is still a danger that the allies and the united states might turn to the german monarchists and industrialists who appear at this moment to offer the only alterna tive to hitler but men like rauschning and thyssen now in exile helped hitler to power in 1933 because they hoped he would crush communism and restore germany's military prestige they showed no con cern at that time for either democracy or european peace they turned against hitler only when it be came apparent that his movement was socialist as well as nationalist should the allies and the united states lean on these elements in their efforts to achieve peace they might find themselves support ing the forces of reaction in the reich not the forces which might ultimately produce a unified but lib eral germany the western powers might even find themselves playing the rdle of a new holy alliance whose endeavor would be to repress all revolutionary groups in europe whether they be labeled nazi communist or anti christian lessons of the world war it is into this vortex of conflicting and confusing forces that mr war clouds gather in near east extension of the war to the near east appears to loom as a distinct possibility following several de velopments during the past week on february 8 the turkish government abruptly seized the german owned krupp shipyards on the bosporus thus lend ing emphasis to its recent contention that turkey should be considered non belligerent rather than neutral the following day it dismissed 100 ger man technicians hitherto employed by the war and naval ministries in various armament enterprises on february 12 the arrival of 30,000 australian and new zealand troops at suez called attention to the continued reinforcement of british and french gar risons in the near east french and british troop concen trations according to reports emanating from turkey allied forces in the near east now total about 570,000 men in its mandated territory syria france is reported to have concentrated 300,000 soldiers consisting primarily of senegalese algerian page two a welles will be plunging next week one can hope for the ihe of both europe and the unite states that his exploratory trip is not being light undertaken that it will not be made a football of domestic politics and that the roosevelt administra tion as well as the american people is fully awar of the responsibilities it implies for by exploring the possibilities of peace in europe the unite states is obviously departing from the path of strig isolation it is starting on a course which as in the world war may ultimately necessitate some form of open intervention one lesson drawn from our world war exper ence should be borne in mind the intervention of the united states first as a peacemaker then as belligerent profoundly altered the balance of powe in europe at that time and enabled the allies t win a military victory this victory might hay proved more fruitful if the united states having shouldered the burdens of war had remained j shoulder the burdens of peace by withdrawing from europe after the paris peace conference the united states for the second time in two years again pro foundly altered the european balance of power there is room for legitimate difference of opinion as to whether this country should or should not have entered the war in 1917 but one thing seems clear if this country does not intend to share the respons bility for adjusting the far reaching problems tha lie at the root of the present conflict then it woul be far better in the long run for the united state to keep its hands off european affairs otherwise we would again be creating vain illusions and arousing false hopes in europe only to destroy them as we did in 1919 vera micheles dean and madagascar regiments as well as one division of the foreign legion and some highly mechanizei french troops britain is said to have about 40,00 soldiers in its palestine mandate almost all of whom were recruited in the united kingdom the bulk o the british troops approximately 200,000 com posed largely of moslems and indians are st tioned in egypt britain also has a strong air fore and some auxiliary troops further to the east in traq both iraq and egypt are allied to britain by treaties concluded on june 30 1930 and august 26 1936 respectively under the terms of these alliances they are compelled in time of war to give britain all tht assistance in their power including the use of thet ports airdromes and means of communication the concentration of troops in the near east maj well be a purely precautionary measure designed t meet a possible german russian attack on the ba kans and the straits or a russian drive through ir and afghanistan as early as last december italia dispa ment these ries alarn afgh that joint conve doub us tate preor stage gern sourc uni to la as a rum abou unic lies pipe the oper wou men large prob troo take 2g 2 il page three dispatches reported considerable soviet troop move ments on the iranian and afghan frontiers while these reports were generally discounted the coun tries in the middle east have remained in a state of alarm only a few weeks ago the governments of afghanistan and iran were said to have suggested that the non aggression pact which they concluded jointly with turkey and iraq on july 8 1937 be converted into a pact of mutual assistance it appears doubtful however that either germany or the us.s.r would risk any move which might precipi tate hostilities in the near east the soviet union preoccupied in finland is hardly in a position to sage a diversion elsewhere for the moment and germany is anxious not to dissipate its limited re sources over a wide area an allied attack on the soviet union it is far more in the interest of the allies to launch an attack in the near east using turkey as a base they might cut off german oil supplies in rumania or strike at the caucasus which produces about three fourths of the oil output of the soviet union batum the soviet oil port on the black sea lies only fifteen miles from the turkish frontier the pipe line connecting it with the baku oil wells near the caspian sea might be seized yet allied military operations whether in this area or in the balkans would require a large amount of men and equip ment the forces available at present consisting largely of colonials seem far from adequate the problem of transporting supplies for large bodies of troops operating far from home bases would also take on formidable dimensions moreover the u.s.s.r is said to be rapidly fortifying its ports on the black sea and its frontier in the caucasus with the assistance of german military engineers accord ing to some reports in the last analysis turkey holds the key to the situation in the near east without its cooperation and active assistance allied operations in this area would be impossible while turkey is extremely sym pathetic to the franco british cause it still wants to stay out of war all its efforts in the balkans have had this purpose in view moreover its alliance with france and britain concluded last october specifi cally does not apply to war with the soviet union turkish officials were also anxious that no exagger ated inferences should be drawn from the dismissal of german technicians it was emphasized in istan bul that the replacement of these germans started soon after the conclusion of the anglo french turkish alliance and was considered only a logical result of that trend in turkish foreign policy john c dewilde announcement recently the attention of the foreign policy asso ciation has been called to the unauthorized use of its name in sponsoring the work of other groups in vari ous fields we wish to remind our members as well as the public at large that the foreign policy asso ciation is a non partisan educational organization it cannot and does not officially endorse the work of any other organization or individual in some in stances it has cooperated with other groups but only in a consultative capacity the f.p.a bookshelf humane endeavour the story of the china war by haldore hanson new york farrar rinehart 1939 2.50 a running commentary on the far eastern conflict by an associated press correspondent who covered the war at first hand traveling through the interior provinces from peiping to chungking drawing on his experiences with japanese officers and soldiery the north china guerrilla forces the chinese communist leaders and china’s central authorities the author combines a gripping personal narrative with a thorough study of the military political and economic aspects of the war the portugal of salazar by michael derrick new york campion books 1939 2.00 a sympathetic and superficial argument that professor salazar’s corporate state is distinctly portuguese catholic and popular inside europe by john gunther new york harper 1940 war edition 3.50 mr gunther’s intimate study of the european scene and its personalities revised to include europe’s two wars is a revealing backdrop against which the war drama is enacted commonwealth or anarchy by sir john a r marriott new york columbia university press 1939 2.00 a capable survey of leading peace projects from the sixteenth to the twentieth century in their historical set tings this should be a helpful handbook for those in quest of a new world order the story of the political philosophers by george catlin new york mcgraw hill 1939 5.00 a popularized history of political theory with emphasis on the modern period and relevance to contemporary world problems manual of government in the united states by r k gooch new york van nostrand 1939 3.75 reorganization of the national government by lewis meriam and laurence f schmeckebier washington brookings 1939 3.00 these two books are useful companion pieces the first as an able statement of how the united states is governed the second as an investigation of technical problems which have resulted from the increasing functions of govern ment professor gooch fusing documentary sources with descriptive analysis combines in his textbook the study of federal state and local government foreign policy bulletin vol x x no 17 fesruary 16 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dororhy f leer secretary vera micueltes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year ee 181 f p a membership five dollars a year washington news l ettec pred eben washington bureau national press building fes 13 news of the forthcoming journey of undersecretary of state sumner welles to rome berlin paris and london has set loose a flood of speculation in washington taken in conjunction with secretary hull's disclosure that informal conver sations are being held with neutral countries it has thrust sharply to the fore the question whether any active attempt to restore peace in europe can long remain consistent with strict american neutrality in the course of negotiations the united states might conceivably drift into a situation where it would underwrite some of the peace terms of one side or the other isolationist circles have been quick to re call the famous memorandum of sir edward grey british foreign secretary dated february 22 1916 which was the culmination of colonel house’s euro pean travels during the first world war that docu ment recorded president wilson’s willingness to summon a peace conference at a moment considered opportune by britain and france and declared that the united states would probably enter the war against germany if the reich refused to participate or to accept terms not unfavourable to the allies motives for mediation there is no dis position in washington to draw anything but the most general parallel between the roving missions of colonel house and undersecretary welles circum stances have altered the administration can profit by american experience in 1914 1917 and mr welles is thoroughly schooled in the methods and implications of diplomacy moreover political ob servers inside the administration and out generally discount any prospect of an early settlement they discern the following motives for last week’s moves 1 president roosevelt may feel that slight though they are the chances for a negotiated peace will dwindle rapidly once a major offensive is unleashed in the spring since the difficulties of european reconstruction and the danger of american involvement in the war will probably grow as the conflict spreads every effort must be made to halt it now 2 mr welles may really be seeking information only particularly in berlin where the united states has not been represented by an ambassador since november 1938 it would obviously be impolitic to sent a first rank diplomat to germany alone hence the visit to other belligerents 3 the very disclosure of the welles mission may oper ate to postpone an offensive for the belligerent which at tacks while discussions are proceeding would forfeit amer ican and other neutral sympathy 4 as the november elections draw closer the admin istration’s actions are increasingly affected by domestic po litical considerations although this was probably not a major factor in their calculations mr roosevelt and secre tary hull both potential candidates for the presidency doubtless realize that a bold bid for peace will enhance their prestige among the electorate whether or not it succeeds here and abroad the comment has been heard that mr welles should visit the u.s.s.r and finland as well as western europe if he wishes to make 4 thorough survey of present conditions some sources regard the absence of the soviet union from his itinerary and the blunt castigation of the russiay dictatorship in president roosevelt's speech to the american youth congress as evidence that the ad ministration is contemplating a peace based princi pally on the status quo like the munich agreement such a settlement might be built in part on the com mon antipathy of britain france and germany to communism in view of the unpopularity of the nazis however it is unlikely that washington would support any scheme of this character omission of the u.s.s.r may more plausibly be laid to the extreme frigidity of soviet american relations since the city of flint incident and the invasion of finland contacts with neutrals the consulta tions with the neutrals still apparently in the most tentative stage also have important implications they were immediately construed abroad as a move designed to rally neutral support for a compromise peace plan adverse foreign reaction prompted sec retary hull on february 10 to stress the fact that the purpose of the talks was to determine an equitable basis for peace after the war ends rather than to seek immediate cessation of hostilities the concept of a united group of neutral powers which would throw their influence on the side of sanity when the time for a final settlement arrives is unobjectionable from the point of view of ameti can policy secretary hull was particularly careful to limit his specific objectives to two subjects on which there is little disagreement in this country the estab lishment of a sound and liberal international eco nomic system and the reduction of armaments it is interesting to note that president roosevelt in his peace appeal of april 14 last urged europe to settle its problems by conference but restricted participa tion of the united states to the same two fields at that time the president’s proposal was criticized on the ground that the united states could not expect to secure freer international trade and disarmament unless it helped europe to solve its fundamental difi culties on its face the hull project for collabora tion with neutrals seems to be open to the same objection davip h popper an int thi wegia febru isthm plight descri as an by the less c board graf of th cossa water destre by n ment norv enter britis norv awar boarc norv wegi in f altm asser oner nor ing t right the pass prize of t altn +ld he ce id ost ns ve se hat ble to ef of ves efi to ich c0 t is his ttle ipa at on pect ent iffi ofa ame foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y you xix no 18 february 23 1940 a for a keen appraisal of the strategic economic and neutrality problems confronting scandinavia read the oslo states and the european war by a randle elliott january 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents tty os ers yas yicnis ann afbor hap 4 hq periodical room genbral library univ of migt altmark raid arouses neutrals wn rescue of 326 british seamen imprisoned on the german ship altmark effected in a nor wegian fjord by the british destroyer cossack on february 17 and soviet advances on the karelian isthmus have once more focused attention on the plight of the scandinavian countries the altmark described by the germans as a merchantman acting asan auxiliary of the graf spee but listed in 1939 by the international union of telegraphic and wire less communication at berne as a warship had on board the crews of seven british ships sunk by the graf spee before that pocket battleship was scuttled off the coast of uruguay when raided by the cossack the altmark was within norway’s territorial waters after having been seized by another british destroyer the intrepid on february 16 and released by norwegian torpedo boats according to a state ment made on february 19 by dr halvdan koht norwegian foreign minister the a tmark had not entered the port of bergen as first claimed by the british and therefore had not been examined by norwegian authorities which were apparently un aware that the altmark had british prisoners on board the british case the british case against norway is based on the argument that the nor wegian authorities were guilty of gross negligence in failing to conduct a thorough search of the altmark when it put into bergen which dr koht asserts it did not do and releasing its british pris oners it is not by any means clear however that norway neglected its duties as a neutral accord ing to the hague convention of 1907 regarding the tights and duties of neutral powers in naval war the neutrality of a power is not affected by the mere passage through its territorial waters of warships or ptizes belonging to belligerents the only provision of the convention conceivably applicable to the altmark case is that which specifies that a prize can be brought into a neutral port only on account of un seaworthiness stress of weather or want of fuel or provisions if a prize does not leave as soon as the circumstances that justified its entry are at an end the neutral power must order it to leave at once should it fail to obey the neutral power must employ the means at its disposal to release it with its officers and crew and to intern the prize crew international law authorities contend however that the extra territoriality enjoyed by warships in foreign ports obtains in time of war and that therefore prisoners of war on board do not become free by coming into a neutral port so long as they are not brought on shore if the altmark was merely passing through norway’s territorial waters on its way to a german port then the norwegian government was under no obligation to take any action in this case its respon sibility would arise only if the altmark which in any case was not a prize was taking refuge in a nor wegian port for causes other than those specified by the hague convention but even if norway had failed to act under those circumstances this would hardly justify british violation of its territorial waters lord halifax british foreign secretary in his con versation with eric colban norwegian minister in london admitted that there had been a technical infringement of the norwegian maritime area by the british but that this was of little value com pared with the fact that the altmark had between 300 and 400 prisoners on board under conditions that were not even worthy of a dog britain's case would have been stronger if london had requested norway to release the prisoners before attacking the altmark the british however con tend that since norway either could not or would not prevent violation of its neutrality by germany the british navy had the right and duty to intervene germany for its part asserts that the cossack not only flagrantly violated norwegian neutrality but a perpetrated a bestial attack by killing several ger man seamen in the course of the raid the german foreign office immediately lodged a sharp protest with the norwegian government demanding re muneration for the losses incurred when the nor wegian minister in london protested against the raid asking for the return of the liberated seamen the british foreign office indicated that it had no intention of complying with norway’s demand scandinavian dilemma the altmark in cident once more demonstrates the difficulties that confront neutral countries subjected to pressure from both belligerents as the fortunes of war turned against finland last week when it was admitted in helsinki that soviet troops had captured some of the forts in the mannerheim line sweden and norway found themselves slowly ground between the upper and the nether millstone public sentiment in the scandinavian countries is strongly pro finnish sweden alone has already sent finland 25,000,000 in cash and 70,000,000 in materials while volun teers from sweden norway and denmark are either fighting with the finnish army or replacing finnish workers in factories the scandinavian countries have also permitted the passage of war materials and volunteers from other countries both sweden and norway however insist on preserving their neutral ity on february 16 it was reported that the swedish government had refused finland’s official request for military aid and had also declined to permit the transit of organized foreign troops as distinguished from volunteers which might attempt to help finland these reports were reinforced on february 19 when king gustaf of sweden at an extraordinary session of the crown council explained to the swedish people why the cabinet had decided not to give military aid to finland while expressing great admiration and sympathy for the finns the king said it was his absolute opinion that if sweden should intervene in finland it might not only be drawn into war with russia but also into the war be tween the great powers should such a situation arise he said it would be impossible for sweden to give finland the aid it is now providing aid which is page two not small and which we also in the future are willing to give with all our hearts to many americans the attitude of sweden anj norway which lie in the path of moscow's wes ward drive appears little short of suicidal it mug be borne in mind however that the scandinaviap countries which have developed some of the mog advanced economic and social institutions in th world are above all anxious to preserve their peoples from war they are fully aware that if the sovie union conquers finland it may attempt to seize sweden’s iron ore mines or norway's ice free ports but fear that open intervention on finland's side might precipitate a german attack on their territory should such an attack occur they believe that franc british aid might come too late to protect them from german invasion under the circumstances they re sent allied actions like the altmark raid whic threatens to involve them in war with germany they even suspect that the british may have staged this raid for the very purpose of provoking german te taliation which would then permit extension of the theatre of war to the scandinavian countries as the state of stalemate persists on the westem front it becomes increasingly obvious that both bel ligerents are seeking to draw the neutrals within their orbit by concessions or threats or both this war of nerves has already produced some signifi can rifts in neutral countries notably in belgium and the netherlands where after a series of war scare public pressure on the part of labor and liberal groups forced the resignation of the belgian and dutch commanders in chief on january 31 and feb ruary 5 respectively on the ground that they were encouraging the formation of dictatorial govem ments favorable to the allied cause a similar in ternal struggle may be impending in sweden where public opinion demands more active aid to finland the efforts of european neutrals to escape being sucked into the maelstrom of war are approaching climax just as the united states is undertaking it exploratory study of peace prospects and sounding out the neutral countries regarding the possibility of post war reconstruction vera micheles dean japan stalled on war fronts in china reports in mid february of japanese military withdrawals from strategic points in china and is suance by the japanese army of an unusual statement inviting chiang kai shek’s surrender have empha sized japan’s inability to exploit its earlier gains on the chinese war fronts the military deadlock in china increases the relative importance of steady criticism of the government in the japanese diet which questions japan’s capacity to shoulder the economic burdens imposed by prolonged hostilities on the china fronts the recent japanese offensives in kwangsi and inner mongolia after preliminary successes had apparently spent thei force by the middle of february reports from the north indicated that japan’s troops were withdraw ing from western suiyuan to the railhead at paotou if these reports are confirmed the threat of an ex tended japanese drive southward into shensi prov ince directed at china’s line of communications with the soviet union has been removed in the south where large scale hostilities had o curred earlier in the month japan’s high command seems flicting ning jpane been 1 preven ning f troops advan chines ning were p the south of pre régime in kv tance ing nc pand in cas necess annals procla tions cut edly powel vance prove it is 1 the h indo frenc tionir it clude has armic tions oper ance prese prolc diffic of m are tiatic read pare i the yen fore heada entere b i of rraraze rf as fy lity tet ei the ou ex ov ons ind a gems to have given up the kwangsi campaign con ficting claims as to the battles northeast of nan sing had left the actual results in some doubt japanese sources asserted that enormous losses had heen inflicted on the chinese armies sufficient to revent a threatened counter offensive against nan sing following these engagements however japan’s troops effected a strategic withdrawal from their advanced positions in kwangsi by february 19 chinese forces had pressed forward close to nan ging and some reports indicated that the japanese were preparing to abandon the city the proclamation issued on february 14 by japan’s south china command represented a striking reversal of previous threats to drive the chiang kai shek régime into tibet declaring that japan’s victories in kwangsi had rendered further chinese resis tance futile the manifesto concluded on the follow ing note therefore in the future we will not ex pand our operations but will await your offensive in case you adopt this latter plan we will resort to necessary tactics and add more pages to the war annals of the world the chinese answered this proclamation by announcing plans to float a muni tions and reconstruction loan of ch 500,000,000 curtailment of the kwangsi campaign undoubt edly reflects an increasing strain on japan’s man power the military casualties incurred in the ad vance to nanning and subsequent engagements have proved much larger than had been anticipated it is not at all certain that the results have justified the heavy costs continued bombing raids on the indo china railway as well as a statement by the french authorities indicate the line is still func tioning it would be premature on the other hand to con clude that japan’s military grip on occupied china has been materially weakened unless the chinese armies obtain much greater supplies of heavy muni tions they cannot undertake concerted offensive operations on a large scale yet indefinite continu ance of hostilities on the mainland even on the present scale raises serious problems for japan a prolonged military deadlock would accentuate the difficulties on japan’s home front where the reserves of men materials and money especially gold stocks are steadily declining direct or indirect peace nego tiations are unlikely at present since neither side is teady to propose terms that the other would be pre pared to consider in the diet criticism by diet members during the past two weeks has centered on the 10 billion yen budget proposed for 1940 1941 the budget has page three been attacked on the ground that the shortage of commodities especially coal and electric power makes its fulfillment impossible the materials mobilization plan of the cabinet planning board designed to answer these criticisms has been in turn assailed for its failure to make due provision for consumers goods lack of which is the underlying popular economic grievance evidence that the army hesitates to move too openly against popular opinion is afforded by the cautious handling of takao saito the minseito member who most boldly expressed the existing grievances if saito is expelled from the diet the other member from his constituency threat ens to resign a by election would then be precipi tated in which both men would probably be returned thus widening the breach between the army and the public under these circumstances disciplinary action on the saito case is being delayed in the field of foreign affairs japan’s denuncia tion of its arbitration treaty with the netherlands announced on february 13 has received considerable publicity it is difficult to view this step as anything more than a clever move to influence opinion abroad so as to increase foreign apprehension over a pos sible japanese attack on the dutch east indies and thus weaken any effort to apply economic pressure against japan if tokyo really intends to invade the dutch east indies its record on the nine power treaty indicates that an arbitration treaty would not be permitted to stand in the way the agreement concluded on february 16 between the shanghai municipal council and the local japanese sponsored government has more far reach ing implications in effect it provides a modus vivendi for cooperative policing arrangements in areas of disputed jurisdiction in shanghai and as such constitutes the longest step yet taken by the western powers toward de facto recognition of japan’s various puppet régimes the japanese au thorities moreover have announced resumption of negotiations for the return of occupied areas of the international settlement to the municipal council’s jurisdiction these events followed an amicable settlement of the anglo japanese controversy which had arisen in january when a british warship re moved 21 german nationals from the asama maru near yokohama in an exchange of notes published on february 6 britain agreed to return nine of the seized men to the japanese authorities while sir robert leslie craigie british ambassador at tokyo offered a guarded apology for the wounding of japanese susceptibilities by naval action twenty miles off the coasts of japan t a bisson foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 18 fepruary 23 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dornoruy f leer secretary vera micherzs dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year 81 f p a membership five dollars a year ne a eens washington news letter washington bureau national press building fes 19 in estimating the significance of wash ington’s recent diplomatic moves it is important to bear in mind some of the underlying factors which apply almost equally to europe and the far east two schools of thought one of these factors is internal during the past month washing ton observers have noted the re emergence of two distinct schools of thought within the administra tion regarding our relation to the war one school takes the position that there can be no peace in europe until hitler has been overthrown and nazism destroyed and hence that mediation at this time would be premature the other school of thought contends that the last chance of securing a negoti ated settlement may disappear if the present limited war becomes a total war according to this view the united states should seek a basis for mediation be fore the conflict is intensified or spreads to new fronts in scandinavia or the near east it would be misleading to label these points of view or catalog individuals who may belong to one group or the other differences of opinion are to be expected in a democracy and need not imply weak ness or indecision what is significant today is that emphasis has begun to shift from the first to the second point of view until mid january the white house and the state department gave no encourage ment to talk of neutral mediation at christmas when the president sent his peace message to pope pius xii he stressed the fact that the time was not ripe for a successful peace move and implied that he was opposed to a temporary truce the prevailing view was that any peace move launched on the basis of the existing military and political situation would consolidate germany’s position and merely strength en hitler’s hand for continuation of the conflict at another time more favorable to the nazis this view is still held by a number of responsible officials in washington but the emphasis on the second thesis has become more pronounced with the growing be lief that extension of the war to new fronts is im minent those who believe that a long and devastat ing war would virtually eliminate all possibility of a negotiated settlement have been granted a hearing which was denied them earlier in the winter it was the latter group which provided the real initiative for sumner welles exploratory journey to rome berlin paris and london they do not advocate a settlement which would accept peace on germany's terms but contend that the present stale mate may afford the last opportunity for an exchang of views between the belligerents before the expected offensives begin in approving the welles trip the president and secretary hull have sought to avoid commitments and have not attempted to define the terms on which the united states might be prepared to mediate presumably they intend to be governed by the reports which mr welles sends back from europe but even an exploratory mission involve some measure of responsibility which would in crease if any tangible basis for negotiations should be discovered in that event as some observers here have pointed out the administration would face the difficult task not only of defining the basis of mediation but also of deciding whether it is pre pared to assume responsibility for the settlement which follows europe and the far east another under lying factor is strategic as long as the outcome of the war in europe is uncertain those responsible for american foreign policy hesitate to take any action against japan which might precipitate a major crisis in the pacific this does not exclude the possibility of executive action in the form of financial aid to china or increasing economic pressure on japat even to a point which would be regarded as danger ous by many administration critics in congress a further loan to china was made more likely last week by the action of the senate in voting to increase the revolving fund of the export import bank by 100,000,000 the executive moreover is free to apply countervailing duties or to cut off all imports from japan under the provisions of the existing tariff act and such steps may be contemplated under cer tain circumstances as long as there is any possibility that the nav may be required in the atlantic however the ad ministration appears reluctant to take the decisive step of urging congress to pass the embargo resolu tions now held in committee this was demonstrated again last week when senator pittman was in formally advised that the state department did not desire to testify at this time a poll of the senate foreign relations committee revealed that seven members tentatively favor the embargo measures seven oppose action at present and six are undecided if the poll was an accurate reflection of committee opinion as it seems to be it would indicate that a word from the state department would decide the issue either way w t stone +crisis bility id to foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y you xix no 19 marcu 1 1940 entered as second class matter december reem 2 1921 at the post office at new york ral library 9 py ax sods the ac wty of of mids arch 3 1879 for an analysis of russia’s dramatic return to europe’s diplo matic scene as a result of the soviet german pact read russia’s role in the european conflict by vera micheles dean 25 march 1 issue of foreign policy reports general library university of michigan ann arbor mich balance of power shifts in near east the past week attention again focused on the balkans and the near east as the struggle for rumania’s oil entered a new phase and a series of moves partly shrouded in mystery pointed to significant developments in turkey rumania yields to allies on oil the bucharest government harried on all sides has acquiesced in allied demands thereby incurring the tisk of immediate german reprisals to obtain as surance that the recently instituted rumanian oil commission would not divert additional supplies to germany the french and british governments had imposed a form of blockade on rumania britain had suspended licenses for export of raw materials to rumania and held up shipments of metals and tubber in the mediterranean in addition the british government had threatened to withdraw its guaran tee of rumania’s independence and integrity given last may under these circumstances bucharest decided to yield at least in part on february 19 the rumanian minister in london delivered a note in which ru mania apparently promised to prohibit all exports of high test aviation gasoline and lubricants and not to increase deliveries of oil to germany the scope and significance of these concessions is not entirely clear according to most reports rumania has never delivered large quantities of aviation gas to the reich nor is it certain that bucharest has definitely agreed not to carry out its december 1939 agree ment under which germany was to obtain 1,680,000 metric tons of oil during 1940 an amount almost double the quantity exported last year germany however took a serious view of these rumanian con cessions to the allies and immediately dispatched dr karl clodius its leading commercial traveller to bucharest only the future can tell whether he will german war machine runs into obstacles foreign policy bulletin february 2 1940 be successful in counteracting anglo french pressure the object of a great tug of war rumania is hardly in an enviable position on february 22 it was revealed that its government had felt compelled to call for additional military reserves which reportedly will raise the strength of the rumanian army to 1,400,000 men by march 1 nevertheless bucharest remains surprisingly calm at the moment the ru manians do not fear an attack from the u.s.s.r they know too that the germans will not embark on a campaign in the balkans until they have ex hausted all peaceful means to obtain the resources of that area for their war in the west at the same time the rumanian government believes italy will use its influence to keep southeastern europe free of hos tilities it has also been reassured by the calm and cautious attitude of bulgaria which wants return of the southern dobruja from rumania and seemed until recently to be drifting into the soviet orbit in bulgaria where in a change of the guard george kiosseivanoff was replaced as prime minister by professor bogdan philoff on february 16 king boris opened the newly elected sobranje or parlia ment on february 24 with a reassuring speech he stressed that the policy of his government had under gone no change and that bulgaria was firmly deter mined to develop the best possible relations with all countries great or small a two day visit of the rumanian finance minister in sofia which ended on february 23 has further served to improve relations between bulgaria and rumania rumanian turkish alliance re ported the rumanian government is perhaps relying most of all on the support of turkey in the last few weeks there have been recurring reports that turkey has definitely agreed to come to the aid of rumania the moment the latter is attacked by either the soviet union or germany news from bucharest that a turkish military mission was ex mr pected shortly in the rumanian capital seemed to confirm these rumors if true this undertaking marks a reversal of the previous policy of turkey which has always fought shy of any agreement that might involve it in war with the soviet union fear that russia would sooner or later renew its historic drive for control of the straits may have induced ankara to change its policy preoccupation with rumania’s defense may have been the primary motive of a series of precautionary measures taken last week in turkey the extent of these preparations remains in doubt because com munications by telephone and telegraph with turkey were cut off ostensibly by pokey several days on february 19 the cabinet decided to apply the national defense law which gives the government sweeping powers over the organization of economic life and authority to mobilize and declare a state of emergency the supreme war council met the fol lowing day and on february 22 a decree established complete control over foreign trade for the primary purpose of accumulating adequate supplies for war purposes all these measures and others that were undisclosed coincided with the publication of ar ticles in the press calling on the people to be pre pared for any eventuality by spring and pointing to the possibility that war might develop in the russian caucasus or the balkans an allied campaign in the caucasus these turkish preparations coming shortly after the concentration of large numbers of anglo french troops in the near east have also given rise to ru mors that the allies are planning an offensive against the oil fields in the caucasus from which germany page two ee hopes to draw increasingly large supplies in the fy ture the allies would doubtless like to interry such oil shipments and they have probably beey perturbed by reports that from february 17 to 2 five soviet tankers arrived in the rumanian harhbo of constanza where they are storing oil for later transshipment to germany although the oil fields might be bombarded from the air the difficulty of land operations in the mountains of the caucasus would be enormous particularly since they would be carried on far from bases of supply and in ap area where communications are poorly developed nor is it probable that the allies would engage in such a campaign unless they were absolutely sure of the attitude of italy which might easily interrupt the movement of supplies and troops through the medi terranean there is some evidence that ankara’s war prepara tions were partly motivated by german threats that soviet troops might invade turkey unless it returned to a policy of impartial neutrality such at least was the charge made by certain turkish newspapers if this accusation is true germany may have over played its hand and forced turkey further into the allied camp at any rate the strengthening of tur key’s defenses as well as the reinforcement of allied garrisons in the near east have altered the balance of power in that area to the disadvantage of ger many and the soviet union whatever the ultimate purpose the mere mobilization of large forces by turkey france and britain stiffens diplomatic and economic resistance to berlin and moscow through out the balkans john c dewilde scandinavians unite to preserve neutrality while soviet troops and airplanes continued to hammer at the mannerheim line the scandinavian countries alarr ed by the pressure to which they are being subjected by the belligerents took measures to preserve their sorely tried neutrality at a confer ence held in copenhagen on february 25 the for eign ministers of sweden norway and denmark agreed that their countries were victims of warfare carried on in violation of international law and de clared that in the future they will act as a unit sup porting each other in all negotiations with belliger ents they will not only strongly object to violations of international law such as britain’s invasion of norwegian territorial waters in the altmark case and germany's systematic sinking of neutral ships but will also demand compensation for war losses the three foreign ministers in addition expressed their desire for the prompt termination of both the soviet finnish and the allied german wars and said that their governments would gladly welcome any endeavor to initiate negotiations between the bel ligerents with a view to a just and permanent peace allied arctic patrol the determination of the scandinavian countries to avoid involvement in one or both of europe’s wars increased as it was reported that allied warships were cruising off the coasts of norway and finland this arctic patrol might have at least three objectives to prevent the use by german ships of norway’s territorial watets for the purpose of avoiding the british blockade as was done in the altmark case to bar shipments of swedish iron ore from reaching germany through the norwegian port of narvik on the atlantic ocean and to relieve hard pressed finland by men acing soviet communications between the finnish port of petsamo now held by russian forces and the near by soviet base at murmansk britain's ultt mate purpose may have been foreshadowed by the speech of leslie hore belisha on february 23 when the former british secretary for war declared that allied inte and air wo and curtal meanw ment impc ral and on check the sweden w ait force ed to finland volunteers norwa britain in sharp pre sinking oo over a h merchant statement eign min norway and prop the britis submittec dined by day dr plify its examinin then acce wegian ports su for nor visit brit principal vessels cha ister ch february tuted a other br ternatior neutral in exten through in his e mr we more de britain tion of tion of the pre no secu must gi foreign headquarte entered as sis a allied intervention on behalf of finland by land sea snd air would end the doubts of norway and sweden ind curtail the duration of war with germany meanwhile on february 24 the swedish parlia ment imposed rigid restrictions on the export of capi wl and on dealings in gold and foreign exchange to check the flight of capital and it was reported that sweden would spend 22,000,000 to strengthen its sit force the swedish government moreover is ex ed to meet public demand for more active aid to finland by further facilitating the recruitment of volunteers and the dispatch of war material norway for its part adopted a firm tone toward britain in the altmark case balancing it off by a sharp press attack on germany for indiscriminate sinking of neutral ships which has taken a toll of over a hundred swedish norwegian and danish merchant vessels since the outbreak of war in a statement issued on february 25 the norwegian for eign minister dr halvdan koht again denied that norway had failed to perform its duty as a neutral and proposed that differences of opinion between the british and norwegian governments should be submitted to arbitration a proposal apparently de dined by britain in an interview on the same day dr koht stated that britain had offered to sim plify its contraband control of norwegian ships by examining them in neutral ports of loading and then accepting the navicert documents issued to nor wegian captains by british consular agents in those ports such examinations would make it unnecessary for norwegian ships bound for neutral countries to visit british control ports thus removing germany's principal justification for the sinking of neutral vessels chamberlain versus hitler prime min ister chamberlain in a speech at birmingham on february 24 admitted that the altmark raid consti tuted a technical breach of neutrality but he and other british officials cited frequent disregard of in ternational law by germany notably the sinking of neutral ships with heavy loss of lives and cargoes in extenuation of the raid which has been acclaimed throughout britain as a daring feat of seamanship in his birmingham speech delivered on the eve of mr welles’s arrival in italy mr chamberlain once more described the war and peace aims of the allies britain he said is fighting against german domina tion of the world but does not desire the destruc tion of any people he again asserted that under the present government of germany there can be no security for the future and that the reich itself must give proof of its good will and good faith ee page three when it does germany will not find others lacking in the will to help her to overcome the economic dif ficulties that are bound to accompany the transition from war to peace the prime minister added that france and britain powerful as they are cannot and do not want to settle the new europe alone but would welcome cooperation in an association to which we shall gladly welcome others who share our ideals he declared moreover that britain and france would continue after the war that complete identity of purpose and policy on which their pres ent alliance is based and which was so strikingly lacking in anglo french relations after 1919 only so he said do we believe we can establish the authority and the stability which is necessary for the security of europe during the period of reconstruc tion and fresh endeavor to which we look forward after the war germany’s answer to mr chamberlain was given by chancellor hitler on the same day when the fiihrer addressed a meeting at munich in celebration of the twentieth anniversary of the nazi party the chancellor denounced britain’s capitalistic pluto cratic conception of relations between nations and the desire of the english to dominate the world he asserted that neither in a military nor in an eco nomic way can germany be defeated and that euro pean reconstruction has already happened without the participation of old toothless men who dominate the greater part of the globe thus as mr welles starts on his exploratory visit of euro pean capitals the issue has once more been publicly joined between britain and germany each of which regards the other as a menace to its existence and to the ideas it represents vera micheles dean deadlock in china by lawrence k rosinger 25 cents america holds the balance in the far east by robert w barnett 25 cents our far eastern record a reference digest on amer ican policy edited by william w lockwood 25 cents these three pamphlets prepared and issued by the american council institute of pacific relations present a treatment of the contemporary far eastern scene that is at once comprehensive readable and accurate rosinger and barnett analyze the military situation in china the developments on the home fronts of the two far eastern belligerents and the policies adopted by the outside pow ers especially britain the u.s.s.r and the united states in the latter case an historical summary of america’s far eastern policy as well as its current aspects is included lockwood supplies additional background through excerpts from documentary sources bearing on far eastern issues both political and economic these clear and informative analyses form the best possible introduction to the far east for members of study clubs and reading groups foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 19 marcu 1 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 eb 181 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association frank ross mccoy president dororhy f lest secretary vera michetes dgan editor 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year incorporated national washington news l etter washington bureau national press building fes 26 the prospects for renewal of secretary hull’s trade agreements program were materially en hanced last week when the house passed the admin istration resolution extending the existing law for three years by a vote of 221 to 163 as expected the division followed party lines with only five republi cans supporting the measure and 20 democrats vot ing with the opposition trade fight shifts to senate while administration leaders expect a stiffer fight in the senate they were more sanguine about the outcome as a result of the defeat in the house of 24 amend ments designed to curtail or nullify the program an amendment to require senate ratification of all future agreements was rejected by the house 177 to 157 a similar proposal requiring that agreements be submitted to both houses of congress before proclamation by the president was turned down by a vote of 161 to 144 and an amendment to exempt excise taxes on imported copper lumber coal and oil was defeated by a vote of 164 to 155 these and other amendments will represent the chief threat in the senate where the opposition claims a larger proportion of democrats an in formal poll of the senate finance committee which began hearings this week however indicates that the house measure will probably be reported without change by a safe though narrow margin neither the house debate nor the senate hearings have produced any significant arguments for or against the program which had not been heard before the most useful contribution to date has come from the department of commerce in the form of a report showing the share of the united states in the total foreign trade of other countries until quite recently administration economists have been content to show the increase in our trade with trade agreement countries as compared with non agreement countries without proving that this result was achieved by the reciprocal program the commerce department study brings out another im portant factor its report shows that between 1933 and 1938 the share of the united states in the im ports of 16 trade agreement countries rose from 12.2 to 19.7 per cent during the same period our share in the imports of the 20 leading non agreement coun tries rose from 12.1 to only 14.5 per cent this new data not only confirms the figures on american for eign trade but demonstrates that the trade program trade practices when hostilities end ee has resulted in larger participation by the unite states in the markets of agreement countries war trade more important to the future of the trade program however is the effect of the wa on our commercial relations significant shifts in the character and distribution of american exports ar revealed in the final trade figures for 1939 made public by the department of commerce on febm ary 14 during the last four months of 1939 exports from the united states rose by 23 per cent over 1938 levels although by no means all of this increase was due to the war the largest increase in exports afte the outbreak of war was shown in shipments p canada which were 44 per cent higher than ip the same period of 1938 shipments to latin americ rose 42 per cent to asia 26 per cent and to europe 11 per cent for the entire year however total ex ports to all regions rose only 3 per cent while ship ments to europe actually declined the falling of in european trade was accounted for by the shamp reduction in shipments of agricultural products especially grain tobacco and fruits as well as the virtual stoppage of all trade with germany after september since november these peace time ex ports have given way to shipments of basic war ma terials the decision of the british and french purchasing commissions in the united states to buy as much aircraft equipment as american industry can pre duce over and above american defense needs ap parently marks the beginning of a lively war boom despite the restrictions of the cash and carry nev trality act war orders are increasing rapidly and may well exceed 500,000,000 before the end of the year in january according to the latest report of the munitions control board france alone placed orders for aircraft and equipment valued at more than 81 000,000 and actual airplane exports to europe for the month exceeded 20,000,000 another problem which is beginning to cause com cern in washington is raised by the new wartime agreements concluded by britain and france mos of these bilateral accords deprive the united states of benefits promised under existing trade agreements and embody many control provisions which are sim lar to those of the totalitarian states some of them moreover including the treaty between britain ant turkey are not limited to the duration of the wat if this trend continues the question may be asked whether any state will be able to return to liberal w t stone 1t the tain over bell proached of econo coal on t which let liable to attributed oppositio make a t german after had refu agreemen march 1 man coal pletely d a small toutes a via the i council o man exp hoping t had acqu rejected airplane coal on vigorous it said and pol britain april 16 in its to defen stated c blockade affected ments m +foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y prrriodic aay entered as second grr al class matcer december ay ppm pl 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 mar 20 1946 vou xix no 20 march 8 1940 for an analysis of russia’s dramatic return to europe’s diplo matic scene as a result of the soviet german pact read russia’s role in the european conflict by vera micheles dean 25 march 1 issue of foreign policy reports general library university of michigan ann arbor mich italy protests british coal ban the allied blockade control on march 5 de tained two italian coal ships the long dispute oer belligerent measures and neutral rights ap poached a climax ronald cross british minister of economic blockade announced that the german al on these italian vessels and on eight others which left rotterdam for home ports would be liable to seizure as prize cargo diplomatic circles attributed the departure of the vessels despite british opposition to the italian government’s desire to make a test case of allied efforts to embargo all german exports after the italian government in mid february had refused to conclude a coal for arms trade agreement with britain the british announced on march 1 that italy could no longer import ger man coal by way of rotterdam italy almost com pletely dependent on foreign coal can obtain only a small percentage of its needs by overland rail toutes and has continued to import german fuel via the netherlands in spite of the british order in council of november 27 which embargoed all ger man exports until now the british government hoping to conclude a barter agreement with italy had acquiesced in this trade under the arrangement ejected by italy britain would have received italian airplane engines and munitions in return for welsh coal on march 3 the italian government protested vigorously against the new british regulation which it said may disturb and compromise the economic and political relations between italy and great britain which were established by the accord of april 16 1938 in its note the italian government while claiming to defend italy’s interests as a non belligerent re stated germany’s contentions against the british blockade the prestige of both italy and britain was affected by publication of the note and both govern ments may find it difficult to back down at the same time the colonial office disclosed that britain had completed the concentration of troops along the kenya ethiopian border guarding the frontiers be tween british and italian colonies in east africa this controversy whatever its outcome may force italy to make a decision between the allies and ger many with which it has military and political accords finns in retreat the approaching crisis in the western war did not relieve tension for the small northern states concerned with the soviet union's war in finland the present soviet offensive on the karelian isthmus began on february 3 after soviet forces had repeatedly been repelled all along the 900 mile finnish frontier the drive was apparently launched at this time in order to crack the finnish lines before the finns receive substantial foreign rein forcements and before spring thaws make progress difficult in the boggy lakeland in december and january the proverbial russian handicap inefficient supply lines had impeded the soviet invasion of northern finland this difficulty was overcome on the isthmus fed by two main railroads and three highways from leningrad although better able to defend a shorter front against attack the finnish army in this narrow sector could not take advantage of its greater mobility the fall of viborg need not mean a final victory for the u.s.s.r the main defenses of the manner heim line have been pierced west of lake muolaa and the western anchor of the defense system the important fortress at koivisto is in soviet hands but the finns still hold the eastern terminus of their main defenses at taipale on lake ladoga and the vuoksi suvanto lake system is still intact moreover finnish and foreign volunteer workers have recently strengthened secondary defenses behind viborg where the finns plan to continue their formidable resistance throughout the war finnish strategy has been to retreat spread out and then attack from the ee flanks after a costly advance through 30 miles of fortified territory the soviet troops are now in a po sition extremely vulnerable to counter attack whether or not the finns will actually take the of fensive as they have done time and again north of lake ladoga will depend on their morale and de gree of fatigue after the soviet drive man power is becoming a decisive factor scandinavia between two wars all of the scandinavian countries realize that the finns cannot continue indefinitely without fresh troops and additional equipment although the movement for voluntary assistance to finland is growing in sweden norway and denmark the northern governments are still firmly opposed to official aid which might involve them in war realizing however that even official neutrality is no guarantee of their safety they hope for a quick end of war in europe on march 3 it was reported that the swedish and norwegian governments were seeking to obtain a compromise settlement between the u.s.s.r and finland in keep ing with their joint declaration at copenhagen on february 25 britain restricts palestine land sales ending the pause to which the outbreak of war had brought britain’s plans for the future of pal estine the british government on february 28 sud denly promulgated regulations severely restricting zionist land purchases from arabs in much the greater portion of the mandated territory under the new rules jews are free to buy land only in munici pal areas and in a strip of mediterranean coastal plain some 50 miles in length in a second zone in cluding the fertile valleys of esdraelon and jezreel and other territory land may not be transferred to any one but palestine arabs except to improve irri gation facilities to enable the division into lots of land held jointly by jews and arabs and to encour age plans for special joint jewish arab land devel opment schemes approved by the british high com missioner sales to zionists are prohibited in the hill country and in certain portions of the gaza and beersheba subdistricts where according to the british the land available already is insufficient for the support of the existing population these regulations are designed to implement the policy laid down in the british white paper of may 17 1939 which envisaged the establishment in ten years of an independent palestinian state allied with britain and inhabited by a two thirds arab majority land control a crucial issue in the clash of arab and zionist national aims land owner ship is one of the key factors jewish land purchases britain outlines palestine independence plan foreign policy bulletin may 26 1939 page two es on february 29 the three scandinavian gover ments acted on another of their copenhagen de cisions when they sent each of the western bellige ents uniform protests against indiscriminate warfare on neutral shipping the answers of berlin ang london on march 1 left little scope for neutral free dom to trade in berlin the d.n.b official germay news agency warned that acceptance of the british contraband control system was not in conformity with either the neutrality or the sovereignty of nop belligerent states and in london the ministry of economic warfare asserted that it is the duty of neutral to submit to this exercise of belligeren rights since the scandinavian states cannot live on their own resources and must trade abroad they haye to submit to british blockade control measures and suffer the consequences from the german navy as yet no arrangement has been contrived to save the small neutrals from losses that up to this time equal those of the belligerents a randle elliott cf scandinavians unite to preserve neutrality foreign p licy bulletin march 1 1940 often made at high prices have slowly but steadily continued during the last 20 years until today roughly 375,000 acres are in jewish hands while this is but a small proportion of the total palestine land area of 6,752,000 acres it must be remembered that over half the country including the large southern district is unsuited for cultivation most of the jewish holdings are concentrated in the more productive areas many were unutilized prior to thei acquisition by the jews under article 6 of the palestine mandate the british government while ensuring that the rights and position of other sections of the population art not prejudiced must encourage close settlement by jews on the land hitherto jewish settlement in in dustry and agriculture has improved rather than injured the economic status of the arab population successive british investigators however have ex pressed concern over the congestion existing among arabs in the hill areas in 1937 the peel commission recommended that jewish land purchases be limited to the plains where through irrigation and inten sive cultivation the soil may be developed to sup port a relatively large population this is the pro cedure envisaged in the new british regulations although in some respects they seem unduly severe toward the zionists since both zionists and arab nationalists art desperately striving to influence british policy the february 28 announcement aroused wrath among the former and rejoicing among the latter in pal estine a spread d of string british censure of war declares served tl with its the brit to put i of the l in one o jand res ment wi stipulati ligious 1 tive of f whil better a land di its lates tine or their ft which a sp will be the reg propose membe article the twent bers of th comr main been and said the the n into of of are e allt of tl can the x 0 the ix the its n foreig headqua entered lott bulletin teadily today while lestine nbered large fost of more o their te the rights ion are rent by in it r than lation ve ex among nission limited inten to sup 1e pro lations severe sts are cy the among in pal w etine a one day zionist general strike and wide read demonstrations were met by the imposition of stringent curfews in jewish areas in london the british labor party introduced its first motion of censure against the government since the outbreak of wat in june 1939 the parliamentary opposition declares the permanent mandates commission ob served that the white paper was not in accordance with its interpretation of the palestine mandate the british government had nevertheless proceeded to put it into effect without obtaining the sanction of the league council the zionists point out that in one of the most tragic hours in jewish history the land restrictions confine them to a pale of settle ment within their national home and contravene the stipulation of the mandate that the civil and re ligious rights of all palestine’s inhabitants irrespec tive of race and religion shall be respected while the british government contends that better arab zionist relations are impossible until the land dispute is settled the immediate result of its latest step may be to increase disorder in pales tine on the outbreak of war the zionists pledged their full support to britain and arab violence which had been decreasing in extent ceased almost page three a entirely relations between jews and arabs began to improve not because either group had modified its political pretensions but because of the effect of the war on palestine’s economic life for the first time jewish and arab citrus growers joined forces in seeking assistance from the british administra tion because of lack of suitable shipping facilities and the disorganization of their overseas markets the growers fear that they may be unable to dispose of half of their crop this spring it would be unfortunate if it should prove that britain had injected an irritant into the encouraging situation revealed by these developments the brit ish government may have thought it expedient to make a friendly gesture to the arab nationalists in return for support in a possible near eastern military campaign in view of britain’s war aims however it might have been wiser to shelve the palestine dis pute as far as possible until the end of the conflict britain would not then be open to the reproach already heard in some quarters that it has enhanced the difficulties of the jews and disregarded the league of nations while fighting for the freedom of peoples and the observance of orderly interna tional processes davi h popppsr a special meeting of the foreign policy association incorporated will be held at the hotel astor new york on saturday march 30 1940 at 3 30 p.m immediately after the regular luncheon meeting this meeting is called by the board of directors to consider and act upon proposed amendments to the constitution of the association which are now submitted by the board to the membership and which are as follows article iv section 2 to be changed to read the board of directors shall consist of not less than twenty two 22 nor more than thirty one 31 mem bers the chairman the vice chairman the president of the association and the chairman of the finance committee respectively shall each ex officio be and re main directors during the term for which he shall have been elected to office and until his successor is elected and qualified or until he shall otherwise cease to hold said office the board of directors shall from time to time determine the number of other directors and these shall be divided into three classes as nearly equal as possible the term of office of each class to be three years or until successors are elected and qualified all members of the board of directors shall be members of the association who are so circumstanced that they can attend the meetings of the board regularly the members of the board of directors other than the ex officio members shall be elected by the members of the association as provided for hereinafter in article ix section 5 of this constitution the board of directors may fill vacancies occurring in its membership whether by death resignation increase in number of directors or otherwise than by expiration of term by the election of members to serve until the next annual meeting or until their successors are elected nine members shall constitute a quorum of the board of directors the board may determine the conditions under which directors shall be eligible for re election article vi to be changed to read a national council shall be elected annually by the board of directors of the association and shall serve as an advisory body to said board all chairmen of local branches and of special committees of the association and all members of the board of directors shall be ex officio members of the national council during their term of office together with such ex directors as shall thereunto be elected by order of the board of directors ralph s rounps chairman these changes have been carefully considered by the board of directors the office will be glad to explain the reasons for them if members wish to make inquiries before the meeting foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 20 marcu 8 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 181 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association frank ross mccoy president dororhy f leer secretary vera miche.es dean editor 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year incorporated national ee ee a washington news letter washington bureau national press building mar 4 whatever else may be accomplished by mr welles european journey it has already demonstrated the grim intensity of the diplomatic struggle being waged behind the scenes despite his own unbroken silence mr welles has succeeded in loosing an avalanche of officially inspired press com ment that underscores the anxiety and tension with which the belligerents face the future berlin pyrotechnics in berlin mr welles visit was used by nazi authorities to spread the publicly known german view in the foreign press obviously for the benefit of the allies answering british and french reports of a german peace of fensive official quarters strove to create a frighten ing picture of germany's determination to continue the war until the power of british plutocracy is broken and to keep alive the threat of a decisive military offensive this spring hitler’s statement of war aims according to the version given to foreign correspondents repeated the familiar demands for lebensraum in eastern europe return of german colonies a form of freedom of the seas which would prevent britain from imposing a long distance blockade and limitation of armaments washington officials are not particularly surprised by these pyrotechnics which merely tend to confirm what is already public knowledge they are inclined to place greater weight on the fact that mr welles was given unusual opportunities to meet most of the leaders of the régime and to probe the german men tality at this stage of the war this knowledge will be useful to the american government regardless of what may have been said behind closed doors and whether or not hitler really sought to lessen the wide gap between the german and allied war aims it will be useful even though mr welles returns without any other immediate tangible results be fore the under secretary left washington there was already a feeling in some quarters that a test of strength would have to precede the launching of a serious peace effort should such a test come and should it fail to break the military stalemate the value of this exploratory journey may be more ap parent than it is today in any case washington is reserving final judgment until mr welles has com pleted his tour and made his report finnish loan passes meanwhile despite rumors of a possible compromise settlement of the soviet finnish war congress has enabled the ad ministration to grant additional loans to finland and extend new credits to norway and sweden follow ing passage of the export import bank bill on feb ruary 29 jesse h jones federal loan administra tor announced that the bank would lend 20,000 000 to finland 15,000,000 to sweden and 10 000,000 to norway under the terms of the bank bill as finally ap proved by congress the proceeds of these loans may be expended only for purchases in the united states and no part of the money may be used for arms ammunition or implements of war except commer cial aircraft there is nothing in the bill however to prevent finland from purchasing foodstuffs and other commodities in this country and trading them to britain or france for war materials rumors of possible mediation between finland and russia have increased during the past week and have been linked in some quarters to an apparent change in the soviet attitude toward the united states evidence of the soviet shift was seen among other things in the formal luncheon given for am bassador laurence a steinhardt in moscow on feb ruaty 28 by foreign commissar vyacheslav m molotov state department officials decline to acknowledge any connection between this luncheon and reports of possible mediation in the finnish war on the surface they find no tangible evidence that the so viet government is prepared to renew its original offer to finland or to consider a settlement with the present finnish government on the other hand they see several reasons why russia may hesitate to extend the war into scandinavia and might under certain circumstances welcome a negotiated settle ment after restoring the prestige of the red army moreover washington officials are aware of the con cern of the soviet government over the present state of its relations with this country during the past few weeks moscow has gone out of its way to settle a number of minor problems which have arisen between the two governments and in other ways has shown its desire to establish more cordial soviet american relations w t stone the british common people 1746 1938 by g d h cole and r w postgate new york knopf 1939 4.00 a useful social history of great britain well illustrated with statistics and written from an unusual point of view except ii or with by peace near e on the j the sov break possibly settleme mos the pas ligerent the test europe on maz premiet under s sweden the ma moscov were t hitler s axel v tion in and af happen teachec dent of berlin for ro ambas den v by pre conver leadins +or a 4 a ad d and dllow 1 feb ristra 000 10 ly ap s may states arms nmer vever s and them nland and arent jnited mong am 1 feb v m ledge ports n the 1e so iginal h the hand ate to under settle army con state past ay to arisen ways oviet ine foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y you xix no 21 marcu 15 1940 periodical room eovered 9s _secend genera treo ary class mateer december 2 1921 at the post untv office at new york mar n y under the act aa 7 1879 new homes for old public housing in europe and america by william v reed and elizabeth ogg a magnificent job of condensing the problem and the promise of shelter into 116 pages with over 90 photographs and charts common sense magazine headline book no 21 25 cents ied hor mich ann arbor 4 european powers str ene uggle over finland a diplomatic military and economic lines are tightened in europe from the arctic to the black sea there is an almost equal chance that the conflagration which has so far been damped down except in poland and finland will suddenly flare up or with equal suddenness will be checked once more by peace negotiations both in scandinavia and in the near east the allied conflict with germany seems on the point of merging into an allied conflict with the soviet union and conversely should peace break out on any sector of europe’s fronts it might possibly be widened into discussion of a general settlement moscow peace negotiations during the past week the efforts of both neutrals and bel ligerents converged on finland which had become the testing ground of all the conflicting forces in europe soviet finnish negotiations officially opened on march 7 when a finnish delegation headed by premier risto ryti arrived in moscow were launched under such outwardly diverse auspices as those of sweden germany and the united states among the many go betweens who paved the way for the moscow conference the ones most in the limelight were the swedish explorer sven hedin one of hitler's frequent visitors the swedish industrialist axel wenner gren who was recalled from a vaca tion in nassau by a message from marshal goering and after traveling on the same boat as mr welles happened to be in berlin when the american envoy teached that capital per svinhufvud former presi dent of finland who saw herr von ribbentrop in berlin just before the german foreign minister left for rome and lawrence a steinhardt american ambassador to moscow formerly minister to swe den who following the luncheon tendered to him by premier molotov on february 28 held several conversations with the soviet foreign office and leading diplomats in moscow and placed his em bassy at the disposal of the finnish delegation out of the welter of contradictory reports gen erated by the first news of soviet finnish negotia tions emerged the impression that moscow had not surrendered its original demands regarding cession of hangoe and petsamo and was insisting om acquisi tion of viborg which had not yet been occupied by soviet troops and according to finnish legend has always marked the furthermost limit of russian invasion in addition moscow was said to be de manding guarantees from finland and sweden against any attack through their territory neutral circles derived some satisfaction from the fact that by agreeing to negotiate with the ryti government the kremlin had abandoned its earlier claim that it would recognize no régime in finland other than the people’s government of otto kuusinen es tablished under its auspices in terijoki on decem ber 1 this satisfaction was short lived since on march 10 the moscow radio renewed its attacks on the capitalistic government of ryti and called on the finns to join the kuusinen people’s army finland’s choice the stake of finland sweden germany and russia in a possible peace is fairly clear finland is confronted with a choice be tween continuing a lone fight against overwhelming odds at the risk of subjecting its population and economic resources to destruction or accepting the best terms moscow may offer it would be too early to assume however that such a peace would long be compatible with finnish or swedish independence the very fear of encirclement which was invoked to justify hitler’s occupation of sudetenland and stalin’s original demands on finland inevitably dic tates further expansion to prevent fresh possibilities of encirclement until the expanding power meets with overwhelming resistance if it may be assumed that moscow’s principal objective is to assure the strategic security of leningrad against hostile attack ee le from a base on the gulf of finland then that ob jective will not have been achieved either with hel sinki’s of stalin’s reported terms or even with complete conquest of finland as in the days of peter the great its fulfillment may necessitate a soviet thrust in the direction of norway's atlantic seaboard the russian people are essentially non militaristic and stalin's formula of preserving peace to build socialism in one country had until the finnish campaign been in harmony with the na tional temper but it must be borne in mind that in spite of the soviet german pact moscow remains convinced the first workers republic in the world will eventually have to defend itself against an anti communist crusade launched by germany with or without the cooperation of the allies it is significant both that the first soviet approach regarding peace negotiations with finland was made through britain on february 22 rather than through germany as might have been expected if moscow was working hand in glove with berlin and that one of the sub jects reported to have been discussed by herr von ribbentrop during his call on the pope was the pos sibility of a crusade against bolshevism further soviet expansion in scandinavia might en counter the opposition of britain and germany both equally interested in the iron ore resources and strate gic bases of this area the british government after apparently rejecting the hore belisha proposal for the creation of a scandinavian theatre of war was spurred by the moscow peace negotiations into of fering to send an expeditionary force to finland’s aid provided free passage was assured by norway and sweden this offer met with firm resistance in stockholm where the government of per albin hansson appears determined to avoid any action that might antagonize germany sweden is on the whole sympathetic to the allied cause and profoundly shaken by the plight of finland but having wit nessed the fate of czechoslovakia and poland the swedes fear that allied aid would be neither suf ficiently prompt nor sufficiently effective to ward off a swift german attack on the ports and industrial centers of southern sweden and so repugnant is page two the soviet system both to swedish industrialists anq to the socialist trades unions that if the ussr should press westward sweden might seek germay protection against russia even if it involves najj domination of the scandinavian countries this particularly true because the swedes rightly wrongly believe that the allies in making a eleventh hour offer of aid to finland were motivated not by humanitarian considerations but by the desire to acquire a scandinavian base against germany and to bar the reich from sweden's iron ore should moscow’s terms prove too stiff however the poss bility is not yet excluded that finland might use thes terms as a lever to obtain last minute aid from both sweden and the allies why germany wants peace germany would doubtless be willing to protect sweden both because it could thus prevent any possibility of allied operations in scandinavia and block fur ther soviet expansion in the baltic which is no more palatable to the reich than it is to sweden at the same time conclusion of the soviet finnish war is highly desirable from the german point of view it would enable moscow to resume shipments of foodstuffs and raw materials especially oil now needed for soviet war transport and military oper tions moreover if germany finds it necessary to fight in the balkans moscow might be persuaded to transfer its activities to the near east in an effor to checkmate the attack which the allies in concer with turkey appear to be preparing against russian oil centers in the caucasus whether the soviet union which until now has followed a course dictated by self interest rather than collaboration with the reich is prepared to play the rdle projected for it by the nazis is by no means clear it is at this point that the european balance is most delicately poised for if the allies give active aid to finland they may force the soviet union into closer cooperation with ger many while if they abstain from such aid they may facilitate bloodless conquest of the scandinavian countries by the reich which would then be free t0 proceed with a similar program in the balkans vera micheles dean von ribbentrop visit leaves axis unchanged while mr sumner welles who reached london on march 10 continued to investigate the war aims of the european belligerents both germany and the allies sought to gain a diplomatic vantage point in the mediterranean the british government promptly negotiated a temporary settlement of its coal dispute with italy in order to take the wind out of the sails of the german foreign minister joachim von rib bentrop who paid an unexpected visit to rome on march 9 both protagonists hoped to strengthen their position in rome before mr welles returms there next week and to take the initiative in the balkans and near east the coal dispute by carrying out theit threat to stop germany’s maritime exports of coal to italy the british were able to force a showdown over one gap in their blockade between march 5 and 8 the allied blockade control had seized 13 italian ships carrying about 100,000 tons of ger man coal from rotterdam following negotiations herween jtalian a on marc return fc for gern device f italian 2 had beet bargo of fective surrende this c italy's ec fore po fused tc planes il trade af most 80 nite cod mally s over 2,5 of whic 4,000,04 sea the an ever a modu port co a germ cussed by land unwilli tem fo vo over be italy's lieved for it may be diplor italy's endan musso in war man g the se welle ing an contro of vo ciano italy 1 in von foreig headqua entered sts and ssr rerman s nazi this is tly or ng an tivated desire ny and should posi e these n both rmany weden sibility ck fur is no weden innish int of pments 1 now opera ary to suaded 1 effort conceft lussian union ted by reich by the hat the for if y force h ger cy may inavian free to ean returns in the t theif f coal wdown arch 5 zed 13 f get jations __ between lord halifax and giuseppe bastianini jtalian ambassador in london great britain agreed on march 9 to release these ships and cargoes in return for italy’s promise to send no more vessels for german coal this agreement was a face saving device for both parties the british accepted the jtalian argument that the purchases and shipments had been arranged before march 1 when the em bargo on germany's coal exports to italy became ef fective the italians escaped the dilemma of either surrendering their ships or challenging britain this compromise merely postponed a settlement of italy's economic and diplomatic problems it is there fore possible that italy which previously had re fused to supply great britain with arms and air planes in return for coal may soon accept a modified trade agreement italy is compelled to import al most 80 per cent of its annual requirements of lig nite coal totaling 15,000,000 tons germany nor mally supplies 7,000,000 tons and great britain over 2,500,000 tons of italy’s imports three fourths of which are transported by sea by cutting off the 4,000,000 tons which germany ordinarily sends by sea the british had threatened italian industry with an eventual breakdown pending the negotiation of a modus vivendi with britain italy continued to im port coal by railway from germany while in rome a german economic expert dr karl clodius dis cussed the possibility of increasing italy’s imports by land but the reich would probably be unable or unwilling to use its hard pressed transportation sys tem for this purpose indefinitely von ribbentrop’s trip the coal crisis was over before germany had an opportunity to stiffen italy's stand against the british it was generally be lieved that the nazi foreign minister would ask for italian support in any intervention germany may be planning in the finnish war as well as for diplomatic aid in the larger european conflict since italy's position in the balkans might be seriously endangered by a german or soviet german victory mussolini could hardly be persuaded to join hitler in war except at a very heavy price perhaps the ger man government may have anticipated this price in the semi official declarations made during mr welles visit to berlin that the reich was demand ing an end to british sea power particularly britain's control of gibraltar and suez after the departure of von ribbentrop from rome however count ciano’s organ i telegrafo asserted that neither italy nor i duce is influenceable in an audience with the pope on march 11 herr von ribbentrop expressed germany's desire for page three peace and a reconstruction of europe the foreign minister was received with studied coldness it was reported even though he declared that germany would respect religious liberties and would welcome the return of cardinal hlond to poland the ger man government apparently proposed a rapproche ment with the vatican in order to reinforce national unity at home jeopardized by the pope’s outspoken criticism of the nazi régime and to regain catholic good will abroad while von ribbentrop was con ferring in rome chancellor hitler in an unusually brief and grim address delivered in honor of heroes memorial day march 10 swore a holy oath that this war which was forced on us by the capitalistic power holders france and britain must end in the most glorious victory in german history germany's war aims moreover received indirect but important support from hungary on march 6 when the for eign minister count csaky opposed the restoration of the patchwork that was czecho slovakia which he declared would be contrary to the welfare of europe near east repercussions both the anglo italian coal dispute and the von ribbentrop mission to rome will undoubtedly affect the still obscure developments in turkey and the near east al though the allied concentration of troops in the eastern mediterranean has probably been exagger ated in the press it is obvious that britain and france are preparing for the defense of their interests in that region and even for some eventual offensive action in the black sea area the allies have a strong diplomatic position in turkey which they are using to full advantage if italy should be tempted to enter the war on germany’s side turkey in self defense would have to join the allies in protecting egypt and the suez canal and in driving italy from the eastern mediterranean if the soviet union on the other hand pushes into the balkans either with or without germany's consent turkey would also find it almost necessary to assist the allies although its treaty with them specifically excepts a war with the u.s.s.r james frederick green the northern countries in world economy by the delega tions for the promotion of economic cooperation be tween the northern countries helsinki otava printing office for the delegations 1939 2nd ed 1.50 a remarkably useful concise survey of the economic re sources and commercial importance of denmark finland iceland norway and sweden diplomacy by harold nicolson brace 1939 2.00 a brief discussion of the history and practice of diplo macy that presents sound but not very novel ideas new york harcourt foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 21 march 15 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dororuy f luger secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year isi a ee is f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building mar 11 in the midst of the fast moving and perhaps decisive political events which are shaping the future course of europe’s two wars it is inter esting and perhaps significant that under secre tary sumner welles should take the time in paris and london to present the views of the united states on the economic problems that will have to be faced in any peace settlement up to this point washing ton has maintained the strictest silence on the politi cal issues arising from the russo finnish negotia tions and their relation to the war in the west while senator pittman suggested the possibility of a month’s truce in a speech on sunday night no administration spokesman has yet hinted at the terms on which president roosevelt might consider the réle of mediator in europe the economic basis of peace in present ing a formal memorandum to paul reynaud the french finance minister on march 9 mr welles not only outlined the economic policy of the united states but emphasized the basic importance which economic issues will assume if and when the time comes for peace negotiations the views he ex pressed were not new or original according to the summary made public by the french finance min istry mr welles sought assurances on three gen eral principles 1 that restoration of liberal trade policies must be the basis of political and economic peace 2 that the revival of healthy international commerce precludes exclusive discriminatory trade agreements and calls for prompt removal of all wartime restrictions when hostilities cease 3 that post war agreements must be based on full reciproc ity applied without fear or resentment these principles of course have been repeatedly expressed in washington by secretary hull in his appeals for renewal of the reciprocal trade program they have also been transmitted to the neutral gov ernments with which mr hull has had frequent contacts during the past few weeks but despite the generally favorable reaction reported by the state department many convinced advocates of the hull program are asking whether even the democra cies will be able to return to liberal trade policies if the war continues for more than two years they point out that britain and france have already been forced to abandon most of their liberal principles for the duration of the war and are making new com mitments which will be difficult to terminate great britain’s import licenses and commodity control may be essential for the prosecution of the war by they may prove equally essential in meeting the problems of post war readjustment even the mog liberal and progressive economists in england ag urging not a return to free trade programs but am bitious public works programs based on planne economies if this trend continues and controlled economies extend throughout europe will it be pos sible for the united states to cooperate in the work of economic reconstruction without revising its own economic system this question has been raised by more than one administration spokesman in recent weeks in 4 much quoted address before the yale political union on january 31 assistant secretary of state berle declared that it is probable that everywhere else in the world economic necessity will have driven the great countries to a system of government cre ated money and of finance designed almost entirely either we must contribute to re establishing a classic system abroad or we shall have to re shape our own economy in order to be able to deal with the world at all mr berle did not hazard an answer beyond suggesting that we might hand over our accumulated and useless gold as a free gift to re establish trade and normal for social ends life there are indications however that some of these basic problems are being seriously examined early in january the state department announced the creation of a special advisory committee to study questions arising from the war and relating to the settlement which must come sooner or later this committee under the direction of hugh wilson former ambassador to germany has been working quietly for several weeks and is establishing com tacts with economic experts in several other govern ment agencies including the treasury the federal he twee at the fr dicates capitaliz threat o eliminat ing its and dip ment of future italy ar eastern pac the tern ably a mined t a war i centerin indicate buchare offered for swe doubtec ment tl berlin pressio reserve board and the commerce department the driven results of its surveys will not be published of course slovaki but the preparatory work may prove of great value nazi c when the time comes to discuss the terms of peace tection meanwhile the administration resolution to ex tend the trade agreements act has been reported favorably by the finance committee and sent to the senate without amendments the action of the com mittee was taken on march 8 by a vote of 12 to 8 with only two democrats opposing renewal of the program w t stone matter rumar march occupi fortific mania source lease +srparrbre ares ld j ue fodical you xix no 22 teoreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current internatiynal events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year bqbmgn policy association incorporated sal ligmarw west 40th street new york n y of mich march 22 1940 ax 9d 2 1921 at the post 2 94h office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 will germany and the u.s.s.r launch an offensive in the near east read the near east and the european war by philip w ireland department of government harvard u niversity march 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 cents ee general library university of michigan ann arbor michigas hitler plays his aces he dramatic two and a half hour conference be tween premier mussolini and chancellor hitler at the frontier village of brennero on march 18 in dicates that nazi germany has acted quickly to capitalize on the russo finnish peace now that the threat of a large scale war in the north has been diminated the german government is concentrat ing its entire energy on the creation of an economic and diplomatic bloc capable of dictating a settle ment of the western european conflict in the near future in this coalition germany hopes to unite italy and the soviet union together with south eastern europe pacifying the balkans for the nazis the termination of the finnish war was unquestion ably a great triumph the germans are now deter mined to nip in the bud any allied designs to start a war in the balkans or the near east.the rumors centering about rumania during the past ten days indicate which way the wind is blowing while bucharest has denied the reports that germany had offered to guarantee rumania’s borders in return for sweeping economic concessions the reich is un doubtedly anxious to persuade king carol’s govern ment that its safety depends solely on moscow and berlin the fate of finland has made a deep im pression on the balkan countries it has once more driven home the lesson of poland and czecho slovakia that small nations lying in the shadow of nazi germany or soviet russia cannot rely for pro tection on distant powers like france or britain no matter how strong the latter may be although the rumanian premier george tatarescu asserted on march 17 that his government was exclusively pre occupied with strengthening the country’s army and fortifications he and his colleagues know that ru mania with its limited economic and military re sources cannot defend itself successfully the re lease of virtually all of the 800 imprisoned members of the pro fascist iron guard announced on march 16 may indicate that rumania is pr to entrust its future to germany and italy on the other hand foreign minister gafencu again de clared on march 18 that his government would not permit the country’s national wealth to serve the war aims of any power the success of the reich's efforts to pacify the balkans will depend in large part on moscow's attitude the nazis hope that the soviet union will abandon for the time being its plans to recover bes sarabia from rumania or to establish control of the bosporus and dardanelles at turkey's expense since france and britain may seize on any overt act of aggression in this area to attack the russian oil fields in the caucasus the kremlin may perhaps consider it expedient to fall in with germany's plans the inducement to remain strictly on the defensive may be all the greater if the u.s.s.r becomes con vinced that the prospect of war in the near east is remote for the moment it appears unlikely that turkey will allow the allies to use its terfitory as a base for operations against the soviet union germany courts italy here italy's posi tion is also of paramount importance since the beginning of the war the italian government and press have repeatedly expressed rome’s desire to see peace preserved in the balkans at the same time they have bitterly opposed any encroachments by russia in this region it may have been hitler’s mission at brennero to point out ways of reconcil ing russian italian and german interests in south eastern europe the germans have recently formu lated a scheme for a tremendous continental bloc of revolutionary powers comprising italy ger many and the u.s.s.r which together might peace fully share the balkans and the near east and prove a decisive counterweight to the franco british com bination in such a grouping italy would play an rericabeeioae aeeaaae important réle by virtue of its strong strategic posi tion in the central mediterranean albania and libya it might thwart any allied attempt to pro voke war in the near east while hitler probably realizes that i duce will not definitely commit him self to military intervention on the side of germany he hopes that italy’s attitude will remain sufficiently equivocal and threatening to immobilize allied troop concentrations in the near east in return hitler may have promised to include the satisfac tion of italian ambitions in his war aims the object of these german maneuvers is to con fine the war to western europe and nullify the effect of the franco british blockade germany is confi dent that it can withstand the strangulation of its overseas trade as long as it is not compelled to dis sipate its limited economic resources and man power in extensive hostilities the nazis are even con vinced that time is on their side particularly if they can carry out their designs for the formation of a continental economic bloc meanwhile they hope to break down the morale of the allies by depriving them of opportunities for sensational victories and by constantly harassing british shipping and naval bases from the air while the germans may be over optimistic about the success of such tactics there are signs that the moscow achieves its goal in finland the peace treaty concluded in moscow on march 12 by finland and the soviet union marks one more setback in the losing struggle of small countries to de fend their territory against encroachments by neigh boring great powers as far as can be determined the soviet government first approached britain on january 22 the week the red army won its first important military victory at summa with an offer of negotiations addressed to finland when britain declined to act as postman moscow on janu ary 29 made a similar approach to sweden which transmitted the soviet note to the finns but warned the u.s.s.r that it would intervene on finland’s be half unless a peace settlement was reached nego tiations were officially opened in moscow on march 7 and concluded a week later the finnish diet ratified the peace treaty of march 15 by a vote of 145 to 3 what finland lost under the moscow peace treaty finland ceded to russia the karelian isthmus including its second largest city viborg and its famous mannerheim line fortifications it is reported that in this area the soviet government plans to construct fortifications of its own to be known as the voroshilov line finland also sur rendered the entire shore of lake ladoga the larg est lake in europe which now comes entirely under russian domination as well as a section of its page two q french and british peoples have been deeply troubled by recent developments for the first time they have begun to realize that the reich canny perhaps be starved out by a purely passive war of blockade many are chafing under prolonged ing tion and are urging more vigorous prosecution of the war in britain the opposition is becoming increasingly articulate in its demands for renova tion of the chamberlain government popular sep timent may compel france and britain to engag germany more actively in the future since a lan offensive against the westwall seems destined tp be fruitless air warfare on a vast scale may be the only answer even here however the allies may not be able to bring about a decision not only is the german air force reported to be still superior to the franco british fleet but it remains to be proved that the air arm can decisively influence the cours of the war yet the allies are still determined tp carry on they are fighting not so much for the re construction of poland and czechoslovakia as fo security against the recurrence of aggression the french and british are eager enough to put an end to this war but only on the condition that the united states underwrites and guarantees the peace john c dewilde arctic coast which will give russia strategic con trol of the finnish warm water port of petsamo finland moreover leased to russia for thirty years the hangoe peninsula on the gulf of finland which it had refused to sell or lease before the out break of war at an annual charge of 8 million finnish marks this peninsula is to become a soviet naval and military base in addition finland agreed to have a railway built this year across its territory running from the white sea in russia to kemi jaervi on the finnish swedish border to permit the passage of soviet goods duty free through its ar tic region from russia to norway and to give up the right to maintain warships or submarines othet than coastal vessels in its arctic waters the areas surrendered to the soviet union contain important industrial and agricultural resources of the finns living in these areas only one per cent decided to remain so finland is faced with the difficult prob lem of resettling more than 400,000 refugees i the territory it is now attempting to reconstruct moscow’s final peace terms were definitely more severe than its original demands for the time be ing the kremlin has apparently decided to deal with the present finnish government of premief risto ryti and has not insisted on acceptance by the finns of the people’s government it had s t up in terijoki at the beginning of the war but now that fi will ol whene the fir flict wé agains finlan now b attack reache been aclant union that it europ wi the m ern cc for forcec many is cles tem h some the troop resist force land tities super man ister force of la persi surre the navis trooy t ansv peac the aid read ficia the but the eve min cate fore head enter that finland has been shorn of its fortifications it will obviously be easy for the soviet government whenever it wishes to make additional demands on the finns moscow’s principal objective in this con fict was to assure the strategic security of leningrad against hostile attack from a base on the gulf of finland by germany or the allies this objective has now been achieved but if russia’s fear of western attack persists it may come to the conclusion once reached by peter the great that its security has not been definitely assured until it controls norway's atlantic coast on march 18 however the soviet union gave sweden formal diplomatic assurances that it has no further territorial demands in northern europe why finland yielded announcement of the moscow peace shocked and disheartened west ern countries almost as much as the.munich accord for today peace the kind of peace that has been forced on czechoslovakia and finland appears to many people far more dangerous than war yet it is clear that finland had no choice its defense sys tem had suffered a grave blow on january 22 when some of the best divisions of the red army pierced the mannerheim line at summa just as the finnish troops were coming to the end of their physical resistance with no hope of being relieved by fresh forces britain france and sweden had sent fin land airplanes arms and munitions but in quan tities clearly insufficient to offset russia’s military superiority and what finland needed most was man power as mr tanner finnish foreign min ister said in a broadcast on march 13 finland was forced to surrender on russia’s terms not because of lack of courage or unity among its people which persist even in the midst of defeat it was forced to surrender because it is a small country and because the western powers as well as finland’s scandi navian neighbors were unable or unwilling to send troops the issue of allied aid this criticism was answered on march 12 just before the moscow peace was signed by m daladier who said that the allies had decided as early as february 5 to aid finland and that 50,000 troops were being held ready for embarkation the moment the finns of fcially asked for help the difficulty according to the allies was not their reluctance to send troops but the refusal of norway and sweden to allow the passage of these troops through their territory even if the allies had been united in their deter mination to aid finland and reports would indi cate that this move advocated by france and by some page three british leaders notably the former war secretary mr hore belisha had been opposed by mr chamberlain the 50,000 men referred to by m daladier would probably have been inadequate to stem the russian advance moreover it now appears that the allies did not officially approach sweden and norway about the passage of troops until march 2 just before soviet finnish negotiations opened in moscow although the british had been informed of russia’s peace terms as early as janu ary 22 this eleventh hour offer must be regarded less as a genuine measure of assistance than as an attempt by the allied governments to salve their consciences and possibly to prolong the soviet finnish conflict in the hope that a new theatre of war might thus be created in scandinavia meanwhile sweden and norway believed that the chief object of allied intervention was not to defend finland but to bar germany from access to swedish iron ore and facilitate an allied attack on germany they were convinced rightly or wrongly that if they permitted allied troops to cross their territory they would be exposed to german retalia tion having witnessed the fate of czechoslovakia and poland the scandinavian countries feared that allied aid would be neither sufficiently prompt nor sufficiently effective to ward off a swift german blow on their territory for the time being developments in scandinavia fit perfectly into hitler’s plans for the pacification of northern and eastern europe and the exclusion of anglo french influence from that entire area the nazis also hope that once moscow is at peace it will ship to germany the foodstuffs and raw ma terials especially oil which russia has been con suming for war transport which are needed by the reich to alleviate the effects of the british naval blockade it may now prove possible to carry out the soviet german agreement of february 11 which provides for the exchange of goods over a period of years at a level exceeding that attained in 1931 when trade between the two countries totaled 1,066 million marks and if the allies should undertake military operations in the balkans and the near east to bar germany from soviet oil fields russia would now be free to use its army in this region while there is no doubt that moscow shares the de sire of hitler and mussolini for the break up of the british empire its conduct of the war in finland would indicate that so far its expansion has been directed at least as much against future german encroachments on the baltic as against the allies vera micheles dean foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 22 march 22 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dornorny f lugr secretary vera micuetes dran editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year biv 181 f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press bullding mar 18 the president’s declaration in an international broadcast on march 16 that an endur ing peace must banish militarism secure the integrity of small nations and permit free religious worship and interchange of ideas has emphasized once more the divergent trends of thought within the administration on problems of foreign policy mr roosevelt’s speech has been welcomed by those circles in washington which believe that unless germany is defeated and nazism destroyed no lasting peace can be achieved in europe this group has made no secret of its fear that the sumner welles mission might be used to prepare the ground for a negotiated settlement more or less on hitler's terms just what rdle mr welles has actually played in the intense diplomatic maneuvers now reaching a climax in europe is still unknown but the presi dent’s pronouncement indicates that the adminis tration is not yet prepared to support efforts to end the war by compromise on the basis of the status quo blockade talks make progress in another quarter meanwhile the united states is cooperating with allied representatives to iron out the difficulties arising from the anglo french block ade of germany since march 4 frank ashton gwatkin and charles rist technical advisers on economic warfare to the british and french govern ments have been in washington and have held lengthy conversations with american officials re garding allied contraband control the embargo against german exports censorship of american mail and the war trade barriers which have seri ously restricted american agricultural exports the allied experts in a statement issued on march 12 implied that their governments were unwilling to make basic changes in the measures already adopted but would consider special arrangements to minimize unnecessary inconveniences and loss at one time this winter there was some intra administration pressure for firm action to combat blockade and trade restrictions possibly by car rying overseas mail to europe in naval vessels or threatening to bar sales of aircraft to britain and france unless the allies resumed their normal agri cultural purchases actually however such drastic steps were never seriously considered by responsible officials the state department has now apparently decided to seek the best possible modus vivendi with the allies rather than make repeated but probably useless protests such a policy can be justified by broad political considerations it can also be de fended on the ground that our total trade with the allies has sharply increased since the outbreak of war in the five war months september to january canadian french and british purchases here were 150,000,000 greater than a year ago trade pacts and the senate meap while the allies continue to impose war regulations which furnish ammunition to opponents of the te ciprocal trade program whose renewal is about to be debated in the senate on march 19 for example british imports of canned and bottled fruits were halted indefinitely senators who oppose renewal re gard the trade pacts as useless if they permit the belligerents to take advantage of war escape clauses in shutting off american exports while binding the united states to comply with all provisions of the agreements state department authorities point out however that the trade agreements mechanism can be used in certain circumstances to protect american interests during the emergency thus under a sup i plementary pact with canada effective january 1 a quota imposed on imports of silver fox furs now unmarketable in europe has saved an american in dustry from serious loss more recently the canadian government in applying quotas on purchases of fresh pork has accorded american shippers an allow ance based on their exports to canada during the first nine months of 1939 a figure far in excess of exports for any previous year since 1923 the whole question of allied war purchases may be thoroughly debated possibly in sensational fashion during the course of a congressional investigation of airplane sales to foreign countries beginning march 20 the inquiry was provoked by a war de partment request for additional funds to carry out its aircraft procurement plans with the implication that foreign buyers are bidding up prices and it terfering with the american defense program a mild furor has also been created by the revelation that allied agents have been permitted to negotiate for the latest and fastest fighter models produced in this country the administration however denies the rumor on prices and stresses the progress if mass production methods being made by american manufacturers as a direct result of sales for expott this progress is regarded as a defense asset worth far more to the united states than a stock of planes with a very limited military life davip h popper rey nation sas which ment dispate ment feat fc head t goverr daring the ce agains its fai the s appea embar tation of the vote defini cided th quire strat i germ termi perso +1erican a sup ary 1 s now can in nadian ses of allow ng the cess of may be ashion gation inning ar de ty out ication nd in am a elation potiate duced denies ess in erica x port worth planes per tforeign policy bulletin fn interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year pic al eeeson policy association i d 1 sored d incorporate at 8 west 40th street new york n y you xix no 23 march 29 1940 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 ri ggg forthcoming fpa meetings march 30 new york where does our national interest lie april 1 worcester the struggle for the balkans 2 baltimore problems in the far east 9 utica the united states and the strife of europe 12 baltimore europe at war albany canada in world affairs 23 elmira 26 springfield toward a world federal government the british empire under fire general library university of michigan ann arbor wich the allies and germany come to grips sumner welles returns from his mission the european belligerents are girding themselves for a test of strength in france paul reynaud has taken over the reins of a new government committed to fight and win in britain popular demand for more vigorous conduct of the war has produced a determination to press attacks on nazi germany from the air and on the sea and in rumania the allies and germany are once more coming to grips ina struggle for control of oil and food supplies reynaud displaces daladier the resig mation of the daladier cabinet on march 20 came a3 a surprise to the outside world the secrecy which had surrounded sessions of the french parlia ment together with the rigid censorship of news dispatches concealed the development of a govern ment crisis the russo finnish peace marking a de feat for allied diplomacy apparently brought to a head the growing but ill defined criticism that the government was not sufficiently enterprising and daring in its prosecution of the war the right and the center which have always been anxious to crusade against the soviet union attacked the cabinet for its failure to support finland more actively while the socialists the largest party in the chamber appeared to have taken advantage of the cabinet's embarrassment to press their demands for represen tation in the government on march 19 a majority of the chamber abstained from giving daladier a vote of confidence although but one vote was definitely cast in opposition the government de tided to force the issue by resigning the new french premier paul reynaud ac quired a reputation for great vigor and ability by tightening out the country’s disordered public finances an uncompromising opponent of nazi germany he is expected to be unyielding in his de tetmination to carry on the war while taking over personal direction of the ministry of foreign affairs he has left edouard daladier in charge of the war office many of the ministers of the previous cab inet remain although an effort to broaden its base was made through the inclusion of three socialists notably georges monnet who has become minister of blockade it is significant that m reynaud dropped daladier’s minister of justice georges bonnet who as foreign minister was identified with the ill starred munich agreement the reynaud government survived its first test in the chamber by a majority of only one vote which by subsequent changes was increased to 17 the right and part of the center frankly criticized the participation of the socialists while m reynaud was determined to preserve the democratic and par liamentary character of the cabinet the right ex pressed preference for a government which would less obviously reflect the predominant political com position of the chamber at the same time a con siderable number of radical socialists abstained because of resentment that their chief daladier had been unjustly maneuvered out of the premier ship while these political intrigues reveal that the social schism in france has not been fully bridged they have not endangered the continuation of par liamentary government even in the critical war period exacerbation of internal strife may ultimate ly handicap the country’s military efforts but for the moment virtually the entire french people still desire to fight the war to the bitter end britain tightens the screws in britain prime minister chamberlain has so far man aged to stave off demands for the infusion of new blood into his cabinet the popular cry for more action was partly satisfied however by a series of air raids on the german seaplane base at the isle of sylt on march 19 this prompt reprisal for the german bombardment of scapa flow buoyed up public morale even though subsequent reports by e neutral observers cast doubt on the claims that much damage was done such raids may become more fre quent as larger deliveries of american planes help the allies to overcome the small margin of superi ority which the germans still retain in the air the blockade against germany is also tightening if protests from oslo are any indication the british are becoming less scrupulous about entering nor wegian territorial waters to check on the movement of german merchantmen on march 22 a british submarine penetrated the kattegat and torpedoed a german freighter carrying swedish iron ore and two days later a german collier was sunk off the danish coast oliver stanley britain’s war minis ter may have announced a new policy on march 20 when he declared we have learned it is the per son who ignores the rights of the neutrals who gets the advantage new test in rumania allied influence will be subjected to a severe test in the negotiations between germany and rumania which began on march 22 after the arrival in bucharest of dr karl clodius the reich’s traveling salesman in the previous round of the struggle for rumanian trade the british won at least a partial victory but ter mination of the russo finnish war in the meantime has brought a shift in the balance of power the german government may promise to protect buchar est from the fate which befell finland provided rumania adjusts its economic life to serve the war needs of the reich dr clodius is anxious to im plement the german rumanian agreement of gandhi wins victory in all india congress the fifty third annual meeting of the all india nationalist congress ended at ramgarth on march 20 with a vote of plenary powers to mahatma gandhi after five years in political retirement mr gandhi has emerged to lead the congress once more in its efforts to wrest independence from great britain throughout the sessions of the congress he advocated moderation and compromise as the best methods for winning independence and on several occasions defeated the left wing bloc headed by subhas chandra bose which favored a more vigorous policy as a prelude to further ne gotiations with the british viceroy mr gandhi de manded strict party discipline and allegiance to his principle of non violence we must break the bond of slavery he declared but if i am your general you must accept my conditions continuance of deadlock mahatma gandhi's return to open leadership in the congress party is a new and important development in the struggle which has been going on since the outbreak of war in europe on november 5 the viceroy india asks for freedom foreign policy bulletin november 3 1939 page two march 1939 in which rumania undertook to step its production of goods that germany lacks cently the bucharest government has repeatedly pressed its intention to raise the output of industy mining and agriculture although denying the ip plication that this increased production was to earmarked for the reich germany has built up sizeable clearing balance in its favor through th delivery of machinery and equipment and noy wants to capitalize on its investments by drawi more extensively on rumania for oil fibers and foo4 dr clodius faces many difficulties by keepin about 1,600,000 men under arms rumania is de nuding its farms of much needed labor the ip efficiency of the rumanian system of administratiy is another obstacle to the improvement of transpo tation facilities and an increase in production f pectations of any significant rise in rumanian gj output also seem doomed to disappointment th progressive exhaustion of the country’s oil reserve is reflected in the publication of production figure for 1939 which reveal a total of 6,154,000 metri tons compared with 6,600,000 tons the preceding year on the other hand the political constellation is certainly more favorable to germany the pres tige of the allies in the balkans has sunk to a ney low and the prospect of closer cooperation be tween moscow rome and berlin has its effect om every balkan capital the allies will have to ac promptly and effectively to counteract this growing german influence john c dewilde lord linlithgow announced that his conference with indian leaders had failed and that he would resort to his emergency powers by november 1 the ministries in the eight provinces controlled by the congress party had resigned leaving the provin cial governors to rule by decree the viceroy’s te peated offers to include representatives of the con gress party and the moslem league in his executive council for the duration of the war were rejected by both groups the viceroy speaking at bombyy on january 11 pledged eventual dominion status to india in a conciliatory speech which according to mr gandhi contained the germ of a settlement a conference between lord linlithgow and m gandhi on february 5 proved fruitless however and on march 1 the congress working committee passed a resolution threatening to renew civil dis obedience the negotiations of recent months have broken down largely on the issue of hindu moslem rele tions the all india moslem league headed by ali jinnah insists that the 77,000,000 moslems of india receive adequate rights and a proportionate shaft for botl rove it a mosle presiden governn toric h prerequi consistet ent con cern fot a desire east gan the hit alized worked depend legianc split w when gandhi dency drastic the vo raus c the r tined to politica interna rush cago the with r foreign to assu of three of colle that co for wal great fp politicc lory tions an i the gov compl for w har ar under aims every the rec foreig headqua entered fovin y's fe con cutive ejected ombay itus to ing to nent d mr wever mittee il dis roken 1 rela by ali india share page three in both the central and provincial governments un der any future constitution and denies that the con gress party represents the moslem minority the congress party on the other hand assails mr jinnah as spokesman for the moslems and claims to speak for both the moslem and hindu populations to prove its point the congress on february 15 chose a moslem maulana abul kalam azad as its new president succeeding rajendra prasad the british vernment meanwhile has insisted that the his toric hindu moslem conflict must be settled as a prerequisite for self government the british have consistently upheld the moslems through the pres ent constitutional crisis partly out of genuine con cern for the rights of a minority and partly out of a desire to win moslem support throughout the near east gandhi’s tactics the difficulty of solving the hindu moslem controversy has long been re alized by mahatma gandhi who has persistently worked for national unity as a basis for national in dependence his present demand for complete al legiance to his leadership however results from a split within the congress party itself since 1938 when subhas chandra bose was forced by mr gandhi’s collaborators to resign the congress presi dency the radical wing has been demanding more drastic opposition to britain and a program of so cialism for india mahatma gandhi adhering to his life long program of non violence has refused to sanction any policy that might provoke bloodshed but has found it difficult to hold back his younger and more impatient followers to make sure that any new mass movement for indian independence is limited to non violent action he is therefore com pelled to consolidate his leadership and demand party discipline the next few months will probably find both the british government and the congress party play ing for time and maneuvering to find some work able compromise mahatma gandhi would probably be satisfied if the british would pledge dominion status effective at the end of the present euro pean war and to make some immediate conces sions such an offer would satisfy most of the congress party and yet avoid any possibility of vio lence the british would insist upon protection for the various minorities and the native states and upon safeguards covering defense and commerce although the breakdown of the 1935 constitution makes a compromise far more difficult some work ing agreement is desirable particularly so that the provincial ministries may return to office and the central régime may develop federation and self overnment 8 james frederick green the f.p.a bookshelf the voice of destruction hitler speaks by hermann rauschning new york putnam’s 1940 2.75 the record of these conversations with hitler seem des tined to rank with mein kampf as an index to the fiihrer’s political philosophy international security by eduard benes arthur feiler rushton coulborn and edited by w h c laves chi cago university of chicago press 1939 2.00 the harris foundation lectures given in july 1939 with rare insight into human factors which determine foreign policy the authors review post world war efforts to assure peace if any one generalization can fit the views of three independent observers it might be that the value of collective security has not been disproved but rather that collective security has temporarily ceased to function for want of support by individualistic governments of the great powers political handbook of the world edited by walter h mal lory new york harpers for council on foreign rela tions 1940 2.50 an indispensable source of reference for information on the governments parties leaders and press of all countries completely revised to january 1 1940 for what do we fight by norman angell new york harpers 1940 2.50 a realistic and stimulating discussion of the factors underlying the present discussion of war aims and peace aims the author argues that the supreme grievance of every state is absence of security until that is redressed the redress of none other counts the fate of man by h g wells new york alliance book corp 1989 2.50 the new world order by h g wells new york knopf 1940 1.50 a world famous pamphleteer and prophet addresses minds which have suddenly become alarmed and open and inquiring because of the war the fate of man a philosophy of realistic pessimism bespeaks an urgent need for human adaptation to changed conditions the new world order points the way through social revolution scientifically planned and legally executed based on re spect for individual freedom finland by j hampden jackson new york macmillan 1940 2.00 a well written historical and interpretative study con taining most of the answers to questions which constantly arise over news from finland you americans edited by f p adams new york funk wagnalls 1989 2.50 fifteen correspondents of leading european asiatic and latin american newspapers accustomed to describing america for foreign readers now tell americans what they think of this country both revealing and instructive kodo the way of the emperor by mary a nourse new york bobbs merrill 1940 3.50 a history of japan’s development since the earliest times written in a popular and readable style the intro ductory chapters on the origins of japanese culture and civilization are especially interesting and valuable for the lay reader foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 23 marcu 29 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nationa headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotruy f lert secretary vera micue.es dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year rb 181 f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter peed eengy washington bureau national press building mar 25 when under secretary sumner welles returns to washington this week he will find that the official atmosphere has undergone a subtle change during his absence in europe whatever he may be able to report to the president and secretary hull on the results of his fact finding mission he will encounter a deeper suspicion of any peace move and a stronger resistance to further diplomatic ac tion by the united states at this time praise for welles rebuke to crom well in every quarter there is genuine praise for the manner in which mr welles conducted himself in europe and even those who were most critical of his journey at the outset are ready to concede that he carried out a difficult assignment with un usual skill but these tributes to the under secre tary’s professional ability do not entirely conceal the apprehensions of that section of washington opin ion which is most opposed to any negotiated settle ment under existing conditions despite the appar ent failure to find a practicable basis for negotia tions this group believes that another effort to end the war will be made if and when germany suc ceeds in uniting italy and the soviet union in a bloc capable of dictating a settlement presumably mr welles will be able to give the president a full account of the feverish diplomatic maneuvering which accompanied the conference be tween hitler and mussolini at the brenner pass on march 18 last week however state department officials professed to be mystified by reports of an alleged 11 point program carried in newspaper dis patches from rome and washington joined ber lin london and other capitals in denying any knowledge of this particular proposal neverthe less the haste with which the white house sought to repudiate the story and to minimize the possi bility of peace proposals gave further evidence of the administration’s desire to steer clear of involve ment at this stage mr roosevelt made this evi dent at his press conference on march 19 when without referring directly to the 11 point program he cast doubt on the authenticity of all such reports from europe and remarked that the peace head lines seemed very empty the president’s com ments left no doubt in the minds of washington observers that the administration is not prepared to guarantee or underwrite any proposal for ending the war on hitler’s terms in sharp contrast to the praise for mr welles was the public rebuke administered to james h r cromwell our newly appointed minister to canada for his toronto speech on march 20 as might have been expected mr cromwell’s outspoken criticism of the isolationist attitude of the united states and his strong expression of sympathy for the allies aroused a storm of protest in congress with sena tors and representatives of both parties demanding that the american minister be recalled or otherwise disciplined while the sentiments expressed by mr cromwell may be shared by many officials in wash ington the white house indignantly denied reports that the speech had been approved in advance by president roosevelt secretary hull in his reprimand made it clear that the address contravened stand ing instructions to american diplomatic officers which forbid public discussion of controversial poli cies of other governments without prior knowledge and permission of this government this rebuke ap parently satisfied most of mr cromwell’s critics but for some it leaves unanswered the question whether important posts should be entrusted to po litical appointees without diplomatic experience of any kind planes for the allies meanwhile the ad ministration has tentatively approved a new aircraft export policy which will permit the allies to purchase the most modern american warplanes without de lay under the new plan as worked out by the war and navy departments the allies will be allowed to buy a limited number of new planes now under construction for the army and navy in addition they will be permitted to place orders for the latest experimental types hitherto withheld provided that no secret military devices are released with the planes this policy which is certain to encounter opposi tion when it is presented to the house military af fairs committee this week is defended on the ground that the expansion of american aircraft pro duction facilities far outweighs any possible loss from sale of the newest designs as a result of orders already placed it is said that united states pro duction of aircraft has tripled during the past year and if the plan is approved it is expected to pave the way for allied purchases totaling a billion dol lars within the next 18 months for the present only a small minority is asking about the possible economic consequences of such a war boom w t stone for an a in the p 1914 ree the hii wa were wit french a main line have alre decided 1 financial since the war wit opinion seem to volving that inst leaks in the bloc dashes belligere not unw many wi interfere wili of wa the alli ore and in 1938 000,000 tons we port of port of ing the baltic naval vy allies c througk norwe do as of mar justice +7 ww s vegies foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 af g i349 you xix no 24 apri 5 1940 for an appraisal of the position of american shipping in the present european conflict as compared with 1914 read the war and american shipping by john c dewilde 25 april 1 issue of foreign policy reports dr william w bishop ann arbor mich allied blockade gains momentum the details of the anglo french supreme war council meeting in london on march 28 were withheld pending the reassembling of the french and british parliaments on april 2 the main lines of the policy formulated at that meeting have already been revealed the allies apparently decided not only to cement the political economic financial and colonial ties they have been developing since the outbreak of war but also to prosecute the wat with greater vigor as demanded by public opinion in both countries at the same time they sem to have agreed that military adventures in volving great loss of life should be avoided and that instead every effort should be made to plug leaks in the allied blockade rigid enforcement of the blockade inevitably creates the possibility of dashes between the allies and neutral or non belligerent countries as well as the prospect not unwelcome to france and britain that ger many will punish neutrals which acquiesce in allied interference with shipments to the reich will scandinavia become a theatre of war among the principal commodities that the allies are determined to deny germany are iron ore and oil of germany's total iron ore imports in 1938 estimated at 24,000,000 tons nearly 11 000,000 tons came from sweden of these 6,500,000 tons were shipped through norway's warm water port of narvik over 3,000,000 from the swedish port of lulea on the gulf of bothnia ice bound dur ing the winter months and the balance from other baltic and bothnian ports by establishing a close naval watch over norway's territorial waters the allies could conceivably stop all iron ore shipments through narvik although not without infringing on norwegian neutrality this they are prepared to do as mr churchill indicated in his radio speech of march 30 when he said that there could be no justice if in a moral struggle the aggressor tramples down every sentiment of humanity and if those who resist him remain entangled in the tatters of violated legal conventions but even if the allies succeed in blockading narvik and thus perhaps subjecting norway to german retaliation they are still faced with the possibility that with the coming of spring germany may afrange to receive all its ore imports through baltic or bothnian ports to cut off these shipments the allies would have to carry the war against germany into the baltic preferably from bases in the scandinavian countries this prospect continues to alarm sweden and norway in his speech to the supreme soviet on march 29 premier and foreign commissar molotov expressed a desire for friend ship with the scandinavian countries but warned them that the military defense pact discussed by norway sweden and finland would be contrary to the moscow peace treaty and would be regarded by the kremlin as an unfriendly act it is reported that soviet opposition has already caused sweden to abandon plans for such a pact allied drive in the balkans an even more important leak in the allied blockade is repre sented by overland shipments of foodstuffs and raw materials from the balkan countries and prospec tive shipments of soviet products principally oil through the black sea and up the danube traffic on which has been resumed after an unusually hard winter here the allies contemplate the use of two methods first they plan to purchase all available products over and above the minimum needed for local consumption and second they are preparing for possible military operations either in the balkans or the near east the first method has the immedi ate advantage from the point of view of the balkan countries of reducing their dependence on ger many in the long run however these countries must face the fact that unless france and britain university of michigan libre ql a eed et med teat ata ene dat i drastically alter their economic structure they can not provide permanent markets for balkan products and that germany geographically closer to them than france and britain is in a position to penalize them for any favoritism toward the western powers should the balkan countries yield to german pressure for more and still more of their exports the allies may consider the use of force so far as can be determined from conflicting reports the british are less eager than the french to develop a theatre of war in the balkans and the near east where they might have to face both italian opposi tion and turkish reluctance to engage in an expedi tion that might lead to war with russia here as in scandinavia the course of events may be profoundly affected by moscow’s action or inaction in his s of march 29 molotov specifically referred to the absence of a non aggression pact between russia and rumania although such a pact did not prevent the russo finnish war and said this was due to the unsettled dispute over bessarabia seized by rumania in 1918 he added however that mos cow has never raised the question of recovering bessarabia by military means should russia at tempt to seize bessarabia which at the moment seems unlikely it would give the allies a legitimate reason to intervene in rumania whose independence britain guaranteed in april 1939 moreover soviet intervention in the balkans would be contrary to the interests of germany and italy both of which desire preservation of the status quo in this region for the duration of the war as a matter of fact reports fostered by german sources after the brennero con ference of march 18 regarding the impending crea tion of a german soviet italian bloc have proved premature and molotov went out of his way on japan sets up after months of hesitation on the part of tokyo the new chinese national government under wang ching wei was finally inaugurated at nanking on march 30 the military stalemate in china em phasizing japan’s inability to obtain a decisive vic tory augurs ill for the success of wang’s govern ment its unrepresentative character and its de pendence on japanese bayonets for support is even more glaring than in the case of manchoukuo it is evident however that japan hopes to use the new régime as a bargaining counter both with chungking and foreign powers the wang ching wei regime despite the fanfare attending wang ching wei’s inaugura tion certain features of the new government suggest that its japanese sponsors recognize its tentative and provisional character the northern provinces of hopei shansi and shantung have been detached from nanking’s control and given a semi inde page two nanking regime march 29 to spike these reports by referring to th military assistance italy had given finland to fight or not to fight russia the crucial question confronting the allies is how j stop leaks in their blockade of germany withoy becoming involved in war with the principal ney trals and non belligerents notably the sovig union the request of the french government march 18 for the recall of m suritz soviet ap bassador in paris was a concession to the demand of rightist elements for a showdown with moscoy rather than an indication of the direction of allied policy france which until the outbreak of war had been more favorable than britain to the u.ssr hoping to find in moscow a bulwark against ge many’s eastward expansion is now more anxious than britain to come to grips with russia which i regards as hitler's accomplice and the instigator 6f defeatist communist propaganda neither frang nor britain however appears to want war with the u.s.s.r on the contrary mr churchill said m march 30 it is no part of our policy to seek war with russia this statement constituted a direct re ply to molotov’s declaration on march 29 that russia must maintain the position of neutrality and refrain from participation in the war between the big european powers paradoxical as it may seem noth ing would be so effective in altering soviet opinion regarding the allies as a show of force by france and britain in prosecuting the war against germany such a course might weaken the conviction firmly held so far by the kremlin that the french and british gov ernments while officially denouncing the nazis were secretly plotting a settlement with hitler a russia's expense vera micheles dean pendent position under a special political affair commission the inner mongolian puppet régime dominated by the kwantung army also retains its independent status instead of a single centralized government there are thus three separate japanese sponsored régimes in the occupied territories of china aside from manchoukuo itself the terms on which wang ching wei has been induced to ac cept his new position moreover have not been re vealed and the japanese authorities have refrained from extending formal recognition the ten point program announced by wang ching wei specifically includes as one of its objec tives the establishment of a new order in east asia a veiled threat is contained in the statement that the nanking government will respect the legiti mate rights and interests of friendly powers this threat was made much more explicit in a broadcast to japan by wang ching wei during which he de dared require abolitic foreign foreign force t moreo new frienc frictior at mal d tion a natura show ment has n activit situati am marct ert le tory gathe for h societ befor stron in a and the prese subve powe aims duri basse apri 4p on d 0 t cate acte expe the so t coul cou not in on lor for head entes it rbrz2ab7 sre rs tes bsfsaearsessrre qn br 2 2 zits it ast de en dared that tokyo would assist china to fulfill the requirements of an independent state such as the abolition of extraterritoriality and the rendition of foreign concessions japanese officials can now refer foreign protests to nanking and thus indirectly force the powers to deal with it on a de facto basis moreover should italy or other states recognize the new régime discrimination in favor of such friendly powers would undoubtedly create serious friction with states which refuse recognition at tokyo the japanese government issued a for mal declaration pledging whole hearted coopera tion and support to wang ching wei it is only natural the statement asserted that japan should show a special concern and desire for the develop ment and utilization of the resources of china japan has no intention of excluding peaceful economic activities of third powers that conform with the new situation in east asia ambassador craigie’s address on march 28 the british ambassador to japan sir rob ett leslie craigie delivered an unusually concilia tory address on anglo japanese relations before a gathering of japanese notables at tokyo choosing for his platform a meeting of the japan british society analogous to the america japan society before which the american ambassador gave his strong warning in october sir robert craigie spoke in a very different vein from mr grew both japan and britain he said ultimately are striving for the same objective namely a lasting peace and preservation of our institutions from extraneous subversive influences it is surely not beyond the powers of constructive statesmanship to bring the aims of their national policies into full harmony during the course of this address the british am bassador announced that he was leaving in mid april for a ten weeks visit to the united states on a private holiday ambassador grew will also be on leave in the united states during this period diplomatic circles in london asserted on march 30 that ambassador craigie’s remarks did not indi cate any change in britain’s far eastern policy char acterized as friendship with japan but not at the expense of any other nation particularly china the british ambassador’s statement however was so timed and on an issue of such importance this could be hardly accidental as to offer direct en couragement to the wang ching wei régime it is not easy to see how full harmony can be achieved in anglo japanese relations without an agreement on matters affecting china neutral observers in london were reported to believe that a far eastern page three munich was under preparation in an editorial of march 30 entitled no deal with japan the london news chronicle declared we do not at all like the way british policy is developing toward japan all signs seem to point the same way and it is the wrong way reference in a london times dispatch from tokyo to japan’s great experiment in china was also singled out for acid comment by the news chronicle which warned of the appall ing effect on neutrals and particularly on the united states of an appeasement policy in the far east position of the united states in a forthright statement issued on march 30 secretary hull reaffirmed the previous attitude of the united states on the situation in the far east as ex pressed on numerous occasions and made full reservation of american rights establishment of wang ching wei’s régime was characterized as an other step in a program of one country by armed force to impose its will upon a neighboring country and to block off a large area of the world from normal political and economic relationships with the rest of the world after referring to american rec ognition of china’s national government in 1928 secretary hull concluded the government of the united states has ample reason for believing that that government with capital now at chungking has had and still has the allegiance and support of the majority of the chinese people the government of the united states of course continues to recog nize that government as the government of china the clarity and vigor of this statement do not alter the fact that establishment of wang ching wei's régime by japan has brought closer the neces sity for a showdown on issues in the far east am bassador craigie’s conciliatory speech at tokyo is not likely to be followed by immediate british rec ognition of the new nanking government but the exigencies of the european conflict are pressing britain to reach a modus vivendi of some kind with japan unless the united states is prepared to sup port its protests to tokyo by firmer action the possi bility of an anglo japanese rapprochement at china’s expense will continue to exist today the united states is more than ever the main supplier of japan’s imports of war materials withdrawal of this sup port is required if japan is to be placed in a position where it can menace neither american nor british interests if however the united states is not pre pared to initiate and sustain such a policy then it will have to recognize that britain may feel impelled to pursue a policy of compromise and agreement with japan t a bisson foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 24 apprit 5 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leger secretary vera micuetes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year bis f p a membership five dollars a year lee oe en re re es oe sata ee ge washington news letter washington bureau national press building apr 1 this week end washington was weigh ing the probable effect of two events which may have a bearing on the course of american policy in relation to the war the first was the return of under secretary sumner welles who reported to president roosevelt and secretary hull at two long white house conferences last thursday on the re sults of his fact finding mission to europe the sec ond was the publication in berlin on march 29 of a german white paper containing sixteen docu ments said to have been taken from the archives of the polish foreign office and purporting to show the part played by american diplomacy in bringing about the war scant immediate prospect while the details of mr welles report continue to be a closely guarded secret little ground for optimism was found in the formal statement issued by the presi dent at his press conference on march 29 mr roose velt observed that the personal contacts and con versations made possible by the welles trip had resulted in a clarification of the relations between the united states and the countries he visited and might assist in certain instances in the development of better understanding and more friendly rela tions the president however found scant im mediate prospect for the establishment of any just stable and lasting peace in europe although the information made available to this government will undoubtedly be of the greatest value when the time comes for the establishment of such a peace mr roosevelt cautioned correspondents against specu lating about future moves and warned that his own words should not be interpreted as a prognostica tion of the future beyond this he declined to com ment and beyond this no one in washington ex cept messrs hull and welles is yet in a position to give any authoritative account of the results speculation about the german white paper how ever has not been entirely checked by official denials or the washington reply that its publication repre sented nothing more than nazi propaganda the alleged documents covered the period from novem ber 1938 to march 1939 focusing on the german oc cupation of czechoslovakia and the british pledge to defend poland they were said to contain reports from the polish ambassadors in washington paris and london quoting opinions expressed by two american envoys william c bullitt ambassador to france and joseph p kennedy ambassador tp great britain these opinions particularly those attributed to mr bullitt were personal expressions to the effect that the united states would suppor britain and france in the event of war and would eventually enter the war on the side of the allies effect of white paper it is still too soon to judge the effect of these charges and possibly further revelations which are promised from ber lin on friday immediately after publication of the white paper president roosevelt declared that the german statement should be taken with several grains of salt secretary hull in a formal statement denied that he or any of his associates at the state department had ever heard of any such conversa tions nor do we give them the slightest credence mr bullitt and count potocki the polish ambassador in washington declared that the docu ments were obviously designed for propaganda pur poses and denied the allegations attributed to them these disclaimers however failed to satisfy a number of congressional critics and washington correspondents who have heard similar opinions expressed in many after dinner conversations on american foreign policy the published excerpts moreover sounded plausible to those who knew the personal views of mr bullitt and certain other non career diplomats who have interpreted the presi dent’s views thus while no one questions the truth of secretary hull’s disclaimer the suspicion remains that some spokesmen for the president have talked too freely about the administration’s foreign pol icy nevertheless except for a few impetuous iso lationists congressional opponents of americat intervention have been wary of using the german documents for political purposes if the object of the nazis was to divide american opinion in ao election year they seem unlikely to succeed whatever the truth or falsity of these particular documents the timing of the german disclosures may have an important bearing on the results of the welles mission if the nazis had believed that mr welles was bringing back a proposal for mediation on terms acceptable to them they would scarcely have chosen this moment to link the united states with the plutocratic western powers which they charge with responsibility for provoking the wat the conclusion drawn from this propaganda manev ver is that the nazis are now convinced there is n0 prospect of a negotiated settlement in the near future w t stone vou 2 for will wa 7 h m on a gern milit cisive brita scans and many ship apri terri orde iron actic weg war com neut war ger +ald bly ser the ral ent ate rest ish lins ilar res the mr ion ely tes hey vat eu no ire foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xix no 25 april 12 1940 ee will help you interpret the european conflict the war and american shipping the near east and the european war russia’s role in the european conflict the british dominions at war war and u.s latin american trade 25 each foreign policy reports written by experts entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 dr william w bishop university of michigan library ann arbor wich war in scandinavia a setback for germany hoe invasion and occupation of defenseless den mark followed by a german attack on norway on april 9 brings to a climax the struggle between germany and the allies for control of scandinavia military action came after the allies had taken de cisive steps to tighten the blockade against germany britain had concluded war trade pacts with all the scandinavian countries whereby sweden norway and denmark had agreed not to re export to ger many vital imports from overseas and to restrict shipments of their own products to the reich on april 6 7 the british navy had entered norwegian territorial waters and sown mines at three points in order to interrupt completely exports of swedish iron ore from the norwegian port of narvik this action had been taken despite protests of the nor wegian foreign minister halvdan koht who warned the allies on april 6 that any attempt to compel norway to depart from its policy of strict neutrality would immediately involve his country in war perhaps even sooner than m koht anticipated german troops landed on norwegian soil drain on german resources despite the military successes which germany seems destined to achieve extension of the war may constitute a setback for the reich from the very beginning the nazis hoped to keep the hostilities on a small scale in order to conserve germany's slender economic fesources and man power it is true that germany will not need to strain all its energies to conquer scandinavia none of the northern countries ex cept sweden undertook a significant armament pro gram before the outbreak of the present war den mark’s frontiers enjoyed only the flimsy protection afforded by the non aggression pact of may 31 1939 which now has become one more scrap of paper and the small danish army has apparently retired without resistance the norwegian army which has a war strength of 90,000 men and an air force of little more than 100 planes may hold out longer behind the natural barriers afforded by mountains and a rugged coast line here german action will have to be swift in order to anticipate the landing of a large allied expeditionary force in northern norway the norwegian navy consisting of four coast defense battleships eight destroyers and nine submarines as well as smaller craft may prove a valuable adjunct to the british fleet germany may find its most formidable opposition in sweden which can mobilize an army of 600,000 men and has a fairly strong navy which may give the german fleet some trouble in the baltic swedish equipment however has been seriously depleted by the finnish war and once norway is conquered swedish re sistance will sooner or later collapse although the germans may be successful on the battlefield their strength will be sapped not only because they are compelled to fight but because they will have to keep large bodies of troops in scandi navia to crush passive resistance and perhaps ward off threats of invasion by the allies the german front will be greatly extended and rendered corte spondingly more vulnerable in the long run the economic disadvantages to germany may outweigh certain temporary gains while the reich will ac quire complete control of swedish and norwegian timber and ore resources particularly iron ore some copper and a little nickel tungsten and molybdenum its food supply will suffer severely the scandinavian countries are large net importers of foodstuffs they have exported considerable quantities of dairy products only because they have been able to import large amounts of grain and feed from overseas countries immediate application of the franco british blockade to scandinavia will now deprive the dairy and livestock industry of vital supplies blockade compels reich to act un le s es page 10 der the circumstances germany may have been moved to act by two considerations a desire to im press the german people with a striking military victory and a desperate need to safeguard access to the absolutely indispensable iron ore deposits of sweden in the face of a tightening british blockade presumably the latter was the stronger motive in contrast to the world war when germany con trolled the iron ore supplies of lorraine and the briey basin the reich is now much more dependent on imports of ore from sweden during the first six months of the present war the risks of navigation along the culipend coasts of norway and the danger of interception by british warships had cut ore shipments to germany through narvik to 640 000 tons as compared with 2,250,000 tons during the corresponding period of the preceding year while spring opened up the prospect of resumption of ore exports from the baltic port of lulea the germans knew that sweden stood committed to send part of its supply to britain it is possible that britain compelled sweden in a trade agreement concluded on december 28 to restrict its exports to germany severely in recent months several reports indicated that german industry was being seriously handicapped by a shortage of ore despite feverish attempts to exploit german deposits more inten sively before the outbreak of war domestic ore and scrap supplied only about a third of the reich’s re quirements war in scandinavia may presage the extension of hostilities to still other areas the low countries wedged between the belligerents may now be un able to stay neutral in the balkans a trade battle similar to that which produced war in scandinavia is being waged with all the resources at the com mand of both sides during the past week british ambassadors and ministers to all the countries of southeastern europe have been conferring in lop don on april 4 sir john simon british chancel lor of the exchequer announced the establishmen of an english commercial corporation designed ty outbid germany for the control of balkan trade in rumania the germans are desperately trying to step up deliveries of oil which during recent months have fallen far behind the schedule of 160,000 tons per month laid down in the agreement of last de cember now that the german military machine has again been set in motion an adequate supply of oil is more vital than ever before during january and february however rumanian oil exports to ger many did not exceed 25,000 tons already germany is reported to have demanded the right to police the danube river with german troops in order to expedite transport of supplies and if and when the reich is compelled to extend its military fron tiers the u.s.s.r may consider it necessary to o cupy finland completely and push into the balkans in order to safeguard its interests under the cit cumstances italy also may not remain aloof during the past few weeks i duce and the italian press have repeatedly addressed warnings to the italian people to prepare for any eventuality thus the german action opens up boundless possibilities lt marks the end of the passive war of attrition and may hasten the conclusion of the struggle john c dewilde britain and france forge new war unity without revealing secrets of policy the brief general declaration issued by the allied supreme war council at the conclusion of its sixth meeting held in london on march 28 has emphasized the extent to which britain and france have coordinated their war aims and peace plans the two govern ments have affirmed their desire to enlarge the sphere of their cooperation they have formally recorded an undertaking which must have been adopted long ago that neither will cease fighting except by mutual agreement or discuss peace terms until reaching an accord on conditions necessary for their permanent security after the restoration of peace they have agreed to maintain a community of action in all spheres for so long as may be neces sary to safeguard their security and to build an international order with the assistance of other na tions which will ensure the liberty of peoples re spect for law and the maintenance of peace in europe since the war council's communiqué con tains two complimentary references to premier paul reynaud and strongly reiterates the classical french precept of security it may have been framed bolster the precarious position of the reynaud gov ernment on the french home front yet it is also significant in a broader sense for it gives renewed expression to the determination of the two countries to cement their unity in the face of germany's great strength spheres of collaboration in the realm of military affairs the allies had already agreed to the principle of a united command before the outbreak of hostilities on october 11 1939 leslie hore belisha then british war minister an nounced that the british army in france had been placed under the french high command while french naval forces work under direction of the british admiralty by frequent conferences between ministers of the two countries their foreign and military policies are kept in close alignment as anglo french parliamentary committee headed by m yvon delbos meets periodically to discuss the legisla educat lic sch the lat as france perma cial ac relativ four reache suppli force tt laid ber 4 and e policy as been lems of su frenc mans this port the t forei sent state has t agret man the agait on cole coof i have lead and fed tion accc gror indi peti furt thei j bulle for head enter a oil ind ref the nen gs cit ing ress ian the tt and nch z0v also wed ries reat v7 legislative aspects of cooperation in the field of education the curricula of british and french pub lic schools are to be revised to require the study of the language and history of the other nation as non totalitarian nations however britain and france must surmount great difficulties if they are permanently to coordinate their economic and finan cial activities which have hitherto been subject to relatively slight governmental control in the first four months of the war the two governments reached agreement on joint action regarding food supplies raw materials armaments oil the air force blockade and the pooling of maritime trans rt the basis for close financial collaboration was laid by the simon reynaud agreement of decem ber 4 1939 which linked the franc to sterling and established the principle of a common financial policy with respect to the rest of the world a series of six intergovernmental committees has been established to deal with specific economic prob lems principally those relating to the acquisition of supplies and priorities are fixed by an anglo french committee of coordination under the chair manship of m jean monnet as one of its functions this complex organization supervises the allied ex port and import policies canalizing trade within the two empires wherever possible and husbanding foreign exchange resources for the purchase of es sential munitions particularly from the united states trade between the two countries themselves has been further facilitated by a general commercial agreement reached on february 17 which abolished many cumbersome formalities and relaxed many of the import restrictions applied by each country against the other's goods at the outbreak of the war on march 16 18 moreover the british and french colonial ministers conferred at paris on problems of cooperation in colonial trade industry and labor both governments have also encouraged direct agreement between their leading industrialists for cooperation in their own and foreign markets conversations between the federation of british industries and the confédéra tion générale du patronat francais resulted in an accord published on march 9 in which the two groups undertake to promote arrangements between individual industries to eliminate uneconomic com petition and maintain prices at fair levels they further agree to support each other in maintaining their existing markets and developing export trade j c dewilde the war on the ec nomic front bulletin january 5 1940 foreign policy page three during the war to secure imports wherever possible from their respective countries to eliminate franco british competition in the purchases of raw ma terials and to foster special arrangements between competitive and complementary enterprises in the two countries with its emphasis on cooperation rather than competition between industrial groups the agreement apparently foreshadows a degree of cartellization between the industries of the two states which may well become permanent collabora tion between them will be supervised by an anglo french industrial council labor groups too have engaged in conferences to harmonize their aims and policies an anglo french workers war council has been set up by the british trades union congress and the con fédération générale du travail it is devoting its attention to such matters as prices and the cost of living nazi and communist propaganda among workers and the effect of war legislation on labor contact has been established between the british labor party and the french socialist party as well after a conference at paris the two groups agreed on february 22 to maintain permanent liaison be tween their organizations as the conflict goes on the bonds between the allies continue to be tightened at an unprecedented pace originating in common defensive needs anglo french collaboration may well survive the war as a counterweight to the reich which 25 years after its last defeat has already recovered suf ficiently to meet the two western powers on equal terms if they can pool their energies and their post war policies britain and france may not feel the need to apply draconic measures against ger many in the event they are victorious measures such as the dismemberment of germany which would all too probably sow seeds of hatred for the future it is still too early to ascertain whether the anglo french association will develop as brit ish and french statesmen have asserted it might into a broader federation of nations or whether it presages an exclusive imperial bloc which will chal lenge other nations in the economic or political sphere it is equally possible to envisage the decay of the anglo french tie once the pressure of war is removed and narrow national self interest again comes to the surface but in any case the war union of the two powers sets the stage for developments which may some day put an end to the doctrine of unrestricted national sovereignty davip h poppper foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 25 april 12 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f luger secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year isi f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building tuesday april 9 the suddenness of the exten sion of war to scandinavia caught washington by surprise this week and compelled state department officials and administration leaders to re assess their earlier calculations both with respect to the course of events in europe and the effect on american policy the first news to reach the united states came early tuesday morning in a diplomatic dis patch from mrs j borden harriman our minister at oslo announcing that norway was at war with germany this momentous development which is certain to have repercussions in washington completely overshadowed the victory won by president roose velt and secretary hull last friday when the senate voted to extend the reciprocal trade agreements act without amendments for another three years a partisan vote it would be premature to conclude that the action of the senate terminates the tariff fight or represents a vote of confidence in the administration’s conduct of foreign policy the final vote of 42 to 37 followed party lines with senator norris joining 41 senate democrats in sup port of the resolution the republicans lined up solidly against the program and were supported by 15 democrats mostly from the western farm states and the two farmer labor members it was this solid bloc with additional recruits from adminis tration ranks which waged the unsuccessful battle to amend the resolution by requiring senate ratifica tion of future trade agreements or by other devices intended to nullify the program further evidence that the issue will be carried into the presidential election campaign came from republican leaders this week on april 8 represen tative treadway of massachusetts introduced a reso lution backed by house republicans calling for a special committee to formulate a permanent tariff and foreign trade policy to be administered by an independent government agency in compliance with clearly defined instructions from congress washington observers attach less importance to this partisan maneuver than to the undercurrent of isolationist sentiment which has appeared to be gain ing strength during the past few weeks as yet there has been no concerted attack on the adminis tration’s foreign policy and most congressional critics have hesitated to make political capital of the nazi white paper for the obvious reason that it would be likely to prove a boomerang nevertheless there are definite indications of more active oppos tion from all the diverse elements which mistrg the president's conduct of foreign affairs or question the assumptions on which he is proceeding the elements range from republican candidates on the right to the socialist party and the c.i.o on the left isolation trend indicative of the trend i republican ranks is the switch of thomas e dewey to a strict isolationist position during his campaign trip through the middle west in wisconsin o march 30 mr dewey abandoned his earlier resery on foreign policy and asserted that the only wa this country can remain genuinely neutral is for the government to give all its attention to procuri domestic recovery and keep its hands wholly out of the european war and out of any negotiations tha may take place between warring nations now or at any other day the national convention of the socialist party meeting in washington this weekend again nom inated norman thomas as its presidential candidate on a platform strongly opposing american partic pation in another world war while the conver tion was divided on foreign policy the majority point of view which was supported by mr thomas condemned measures short of war as leading t intervention in europe an equally strong stand against any involvement in foreign war was taken by the congress of industrial organizations in it legislative program approved in january it remains to be seen how this isolationist trend will be affected by the spread of the war to scat dinavia a possible key to sentiment in the senate may be found in the action taken on a resolution sponsored by senator bennett champ clark of mis souri calling for a sweeping investigation of prope ganda in the united states the intent of thi measure which has the backing of senator vander berg and a strong anti war bloc was to open a flank attack on the pro ally policy of the administration the resolution was reported by the foreign relé tions committee on march 27 without a dissenting vote and its language is broad enough to caus much embarrassment to the state department it i now pending before the committee on audit and control headed by senator byrnes of south care lina whose approval is necessary if funds for th investigation are to be forthcoming the events 0 this week may determine his decision w t stone +is niele ci l b22 28 be brsaseas n 2 rity y to ken its rend nate tion mis ope den lank hon ela ting aust it is and aro s of ne foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 vou xix no 26 f.p.a best seller war atlas 45 maps 25 f.p.a members use postcard enclosed in your war atlas to order copies for your friends bulletin subscribers send for your copy today april 19 1940 dr william gy bishop university of michigan library ann arbor mich scandinavian campaign tests allied strength he smashing series of blows delivered by germany and britain in and around norway marks a new phase of belligerent operations in europe if german air and submarine bases can be firmly established in southwest norway ger many will be in a position to strike at scapa flow and northern scotland from a distance of little more than 300 miles it will have obtained control of the reservoir of commodities produced or stored in scandinavia and cut off british imports from all of northern europe unless allied sea and air forces can retain general command in the north sea harry german supply lines to oslo in the skager tak and land a strong expeditionary force in nor way before local resistance entirely collapses ger many’s strategic position may have been greatly improved at least for the next year on april 15 it was stated that the first british troops had debarked on norwegian soil apparently at narvik and other points scandinavia in the balance from the incomplete and often conflicting reports of the scandinavian campaign it is still impossible to state whether the allies can successfully parry the latest german thrust by its well coordinated execution of the intricate plan for the capture of norwegian centers germany scored a tremendous initial ad vantage the norwegians were unable to carry out their mobilization and offered little resistance for the first few days in some instances notably at narvik norwegian traitors assisted the invaders demonstrating the efficacy of nazi intrigue in under mining resistance to german attack after the ger mans had halted at their primary objectives the norwegians heartened by pledges of full allied aid slowly gathered an estimated 30,000 troops around oslo and the hills east of trondheim and narvik by april 15 they were engaged in guerrilla operations north of oslo where perhaps 20,000 nazi troops were concentrated but had not been able to retain control of the forts on the shores of oslo fjord meanwhile the allied navies went into action to prevent the germans from consolidating their po sitions and strengthening their forces no great naval battle was fought but a number of isolated encounters occurred around norway after an earlier attempt made with insufficient force had been repulsed a larger british squadron led by the battleship warspite fought its way into narvik on april 13 three days earlier british light surface vessels and submarines had intercepted a large convoy of troopships proceeding up the skagerrak toward oslo in an area hitherto dominated by the german navy there were heavy german casualties on april 12 the british announced that they were laying the greatest mine barrier in history designed to close both the skagerrak and kattegat to ger man shipping bound for norway or into the north sea and two days later they even claimed to have mined the baltic from kiel bay to memel it is unlikely that the mines can be replaced as quickly as german vessels can sweep them up especially in the baltic on april 16 premier paul reynaud stated that 30 per cent of the nazi navy including 20 per cent of its cruisers and 25 per cent of its destroyers had been lost the evidence now at hand indicates that the flow of german troops and supplies to norway has been hampered but not interrupted german naval losses have been disproportionately heavy perhaps vital and further strengthen britain’s control of the sea yet the success of the german campaign here and elsewhere may depend less on sea than on air power in the crucial days ahead this new weapon will receive a thorough test in both offensive and defensive operations already german planes have sunk minor british fleet units and have damaged j 2 ee ae though not destroyed the battleship rodney german planes have ferried large numbers of troops to norway and are bombing norwegian concentrations wherever they can be located in return the british air force has made repeated attacks on bergen stavanger kristiansand and trondheim to prevent the establishment of major german air bases in those ports should the nazis fail to maintain supply lines direct to norway they would almost certainly seek a land route northward from the southern tip of sweden the position of the swedes is in any case critical through their country passes the only rail link between southern scandinavia and narvik a successful german occupation would give the nazis direct access to the iron deposits at kiruna as well as those in the south portion of the country unless strong british effectives starting from narvik should win the race to the mines a german offensive in sweden would also forestall a flank attack on the nazi forces in norway by the swedes while swedish resistance would be incomparably stronger than that of norway it might easily be paralyzed by a russian attack through finland economic consequences the economic consequences of a german occupation of scandi mavia are serious for the allies over half of all danish exports went to britain in 1938 as against only 20 per cent to germany and over one third of its imports came from the united kingdom as com pared with only 25 per cent from the reich britain was also more important than germany as an ex port market for both sweden and norway severe readjustments will be necessary in all three countries as their economies are perforce geared to that of germany britain moreover will have to obtain im ports of a number of essential foodstuffs from more distant overseas sources in 1938 the british pur page two chased from scandinavia 36.7 per cent of their im ports of eggs in which britain is 61 per cent self sufficient as well as 28 per cent of their butter imports in which it is 10 per cent self sufficient and 53 per cent of their foreign bacon in whic britain is 28 per cent self sufficient what is still more important sweden and norway have supplied the united kingdom with about 36 per cent of its iron ore imports although the home supply of irog ore equals about two thirds of the normal require ments british newspapers have already been te duced in size because 94 per cent of the united king dom’s wood pulp came from northern europe ger many and czechoslovakia if the reich could control all scandinavia’s sup plies it would come into possession of areas which produced 9,500,000 tons of iron in 1938 three times the pre war domestic german output exclud ing austria germany would also obtain a small supply of molybdenum and nickel as well as larger amounts of pyrites and copper although by no means enough to cover its peace time import te quirements on the other hand once existing stocks were exhausted germany would be forced to fur nish whatever petroleum products rubber tin vegetable oils and other raw materials the scandi navian area required since these are normally ob tained from overseas scandinavian agriculture will soon deteriorate if it is not furnished with imports of grain fodder oil cake and vegetable oil seeds should the nazis control all scandinavian trade they will have won certain immediate gains in the economic sphere which will be of considerable as sistance to them in a short war ultimately however they will be confronted with the problem of both supporting and subjugating the scandinavian popu lations unless they can bring the general conflict to a successful conclusion davi h popper will war spread to the balkans the struggle over norway may have a decisive effect on developments in southeastern europe and on the attitude of the two great european non bellig erents italy and russia a german victory in scan dinavia would further dishearten the balkan countries and might frighten them into submission to germany before they too are forcibly brought under nazi protection it might also cause italy and russia to enter the conflict not so much for the purpose of assisting germany against the allies as of achieving their own ambitions and forestalling ger man encroachments on their respective spheres of influence an allied victory on the contrary might rally the balkan countries to the side of france and britain thus closing one of the last remaining gaps in the allied blockade and persuade italy and russia to maintain their fence sitting position the balkan tug of war the pattem followed by events in scandinavia has thus far been closely duplicated in southeastern europe here as in the north germany and the allies have been engaged in a ruthless tug of war to win control of neutral countries by propaganda economic pressufe and threats of retaliation as germany invaded norway the struggle for the balkans was threaten ing to result in an economic stalemate for the reich the countries of southeastern europe have shown increasing reluctance to meet the reich’s demand for foodstuffs and raw materials on april 15 the rumanian government which earlier had suspended freight car and oil barge loadings for germany prohibited new contracts for exports of cereals germany might of course invade rumania but if such a case the bucharest government would prob soe qs sq srrebsri be any als t in rob ably damage its oil fields as it did in 1916 mean while the nazis unable to compete with the financial inducements britain is offering the balkan countries demanded a share in the control of traffic on the danube which they claimed was being sabotaged by the british what role will italy play the course ultimately followed by the hard pressed balkan countries will depend not only on the relative pres sures applied to them by germany and the allies but also on the attitude of italy and russia in a broadcast on april 14 giovanni ansaldo editor of the leghorn telegrafo and a close associate of count ciano warned the italian armed forces that italy's entrance into the war was not a matter of months but of weeks or even days while the italian people have little sympathy for germany and still passionately hope to avoid war the government is using every effort to create the impression that the reich has inflicted a severe defeat on the allies in scandinavia and that the franco british cause is as good as lost this line of argument is well designed to prepare the italian public for a sudden italian thrust which might take the form of invading greece and or yugoslavia through albania where many thousands of italian colonists are reported to have arrived in the past few weeks any attempt to alter the balkan status quo moreover might bring russia into the fray both because the soviet union still hopes to recover bessarabia from ru mania and because it is directly interested in the fate of rumania and bulgaria bordering on the black sea balance of power in the mediter ranean favorable as italy's entrance into the war might appear for germany which now obviously hopes to engage allied forces on as many scattered fronts as possible it would also provide the allies with an opportunity to enter a theatre of war in which the reich is far more vulnerable than in the west the outcome here would hinge in the first place on the relative efhicacy of the allied and italian navies it may be assumed that the allied naval forces in the mediterranean have been weak ened little if at all since the summer of 1939 at that time the british mediterranean fleet comprised 4 or 5 battleships one aircraft carrier 6 cruisers 39 destroyers 7 submarines and 6 motor torpedo boats french capital ship strength was concentrated in the atlantic and several french units are appar ently participating in the battle off norway the french mediterranean squadron contained no capi tal ships but had 4 heavy destroyers and 3 light page three cruisers in addition to a large complement of de stroyers and submarines italy whose entire naval strength is concentrated in the mediterranean has 4 pre world war capital ships two of which have been completely recon structed while the other two should by now have been similarly refitted the italians are building 4 new battleships of 35,000 tons but none were ready in september 1939 although two were nearing completion in smaller vessels 6 inch cruisers de stroyers and submarines the italian naval forces have a slight margin over the french alone especial ly in the submarine class with the destruction of part of the german navy however britain may transfer additional units to the mediterranean should italy regard this as an opportune moment to deliver a blow at the allies it could cut east west communications through the mediterranean and probably effect a quick landing of considerable forces in greece supported by a land attack from albania if such a move succeeds the allied forces in the near east variously estimated at between 250,000 and 500,000 would find it difficult to re plenish supplies of men and material from the west although they would still maintain communi cations with the french and british empires further east it may be doubted that italy could concentrate its fleet in the dodecanese in the eastern mediter ranean such a move would leave its west coast ex posed to allied attack and france might then de liver thrusts by land and air on italy’s vital northern industrial area and meanwhile france and britain by closing the exits and entrances to the mediter ranean could prevent overseas supplies from reach ing italy which is far more vulnerable economically than the allies on the other hand if italy should undertake offensive operations in the balkans the allies although capable of defending their present positions would not command the resources in men material or air power to deliver an immedi ate crushing counter offensive the allied position in this region would be further weakened should russia simultaneously strike in the balkans at the same time an italian attack on the allies would bring into action turkey which hopes to oust italy from the dodecanese while a russian thrust at the balkans might cause the turks hitherto reluctant to engage in war with the soviet union to permit the allies to use their bases against russia’s oil cen ters in the caucasus with possibly disastrous results for soviet agriculture which is increasingly de pendent on motorized equipment vera micheles dean em foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 26 aprit 19 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y nationa frank ross mccoy president dorotny f lert secretary vera micuetas daan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year gb 181 f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building apr 15 the repercussions of germany’s in vasion of denmark and norway were felt almost as swiftly in washington last week as in european capitals but for the moment at least the spread of hostilities to scandinavia left american foreign policy unchanged by the end of the week the roose velt administration was still anxiously weighing its course after taking eight emergency steps in rapid succession washington decisions in the order in which they were taken these steps were 1 a proclamation issued by president roosevelt april 10 barring all american shipping from the new area of hostilities the combat zone originally defined by the president last november under section 3 of the neu trality act is extended from bergen norway to include the entire norwegian coast and the russian arctic coast to a point east of murmansk 2 an executive order issued the same day under authority of a world war statute imposing restrictions on the sale or transfer of securities or other property held by danish and norwegian nationals in the united states the effect of this sweeping order which is administered by the treasury is to prevent germany from securing access to property of the two scandinavian countries 3 a tentative decision april 10 to hold up the transfer of credits already granted to norway and den mark by the export import bank pending the receipt of official information on the status of these countries each of which had been granted credits of 10,000,000 4 announcement of plans for evacuation of american citizens desiring to leave scandinavia followed by a re quest to britain norway and germany to permit safe passage of three american vessels from norwegian ports 5 conclusion of arrangements april 12 for the im mediate sale of 2,500 latest type military airplanes to the allies under contracts stipulating that the allied pur chasing mission will pay part of the cost of developing new models for the american army ultimate orders placed under this agreement may exceed 5,000 planes 6 a white house conference april 12 with navy department officials and congressional leaders to con sider additional appropriations for new naval construction 7 formulation of plans to aid the 17,000 inhabitants of greenland in the event that this danish colony should be cut off from its source of supplies 8 a formal statement by president roosevelt april 13 condemning the invasion of norway and denmark as an unlawful exercise of force and reiterating the at titude of this government toward the rights of small na tions in confining its action to these cautious and essen tially routine steps the administration has indi cated an acute awareness of the forthcoming politi cal conventions and the prevailing desire of the country to stay out of war mindful of the strength of isolationist sentiment in congress which has not been lessened by the invasion of scandinavia both the white house and the state departmen have carefully avoided any move which might cause alarm on capitol hill and have sought to minimize the possibility of any change in the direction of american foreign policy western hemisphere solidarity ney ertheless evidence is not lacking of a quickened tempo and a growing concern over the decisive turn ing point which many officials believe may soon be reached in europe it was underlined in president roosevelt’s strongly worded speech at the pan american union on april 15 and again in his pointed observations on the relation of greenland to the western hemisphere to the representatives of the american republics mr roosevelt declared that the cooperative peace of the western hemisphere was not created by wishing and it will require more than words to maintain it while he made no attempt to add to the pledges of continental solidarity contained in the declarations of lima and panama the president warned that the nations of this hemisphere could only retain their peaceful system if they are prepared to meet force with force if challenge is ever made the reference to greenland was less direct and implied no immediate challenge at his press con ference on friday mr roosevelt merely took cog nizance of the fact that germany's invasion of den mark might one day alter the status of this northern territory he made no comment on great britain's occupation of the faroe islands another danish possession or the decision of iceland to declare its independence and he parried all questions bearing on the application of the monroe doctrine to green land his only immediate move was to ask the red cross to investigate the possibility of rendering as sistance if supply ships from denmark are cut off by the war but the president made it clear that he considered greenland to be in the western hemi sphere and that its security is a matter of vital con cern to the united states both of these hemisphere references have theif implications for the future and as far as congress is concerned the president is unlikely to encounter opposition to any measures for the defense of the western hemisphere w t stone es vou x can tl have tr he an durin conce into t lands ton a felt b ing tl the p strate st on ister trans neth ences on a tende that main neth hosti sions woul wou fron asia pove any the the se rejo erla the clud cf repor +a apr 30 1040 foreign policy bulletin entered as second 7 an interpretation of current international events by the research staff univ of mich class mater december subscription two dollars a year pg wo p moe sre 4 foreign policy association incorporated apr 29 1940 st pall ae a 8 west 40th street new york n y y librarian's office you xix no 27 april 26 1940 haat wi11i i bisho th can the hull program function during and after the war br williows 1s have reciprocal agreements helped u.s foreign trade university of wichigan library 3 six years of american tariff eae et bargaining by david h popper ccapetinaieteinar ize of 25 april 15 issue of foreign policy reports a a the east indies japanese bargaining point rn he sag growing interaction between the european commodities he declared intervention in the do ent and far eastern conflicts was clearly illustrated mestic affairs of the netherlands indies or any alter an during the past week when tokyo expressed its ation of their status quo by other than peaceful his concern over the effects holland’s possible entrance processes would be prejudicial to the cause of stabil nd into the war might have on the status of the nether ity peace and security not only in the region of the lands indies immediate rejoinders from washing netherlands indies but in the entire pacific area lic ton and the hague indicated in turn the concern this declaration was supported by reference to the ace felt by these capitals over japan’s intentions regard four power pact of 1921 under which japan had by ing the netherlands indies but did little to clarify agreed to respect the integrity of the netherlands ty the probable course of developments in this rich and insular possessions in the pacific in conclusion mr tp strategic colonial area hull stated that it was the hope of the american in statements underline status quo government as it is no doubt that of all peace ent on april 15 hachiro arita japanese foreign min fully inclined governments that fundamental prin uld ister requested that the netherlands ambassador ciples such as the faithful observance of treaty red transmit to the hague a statement concerning the pledges should govern the attitudes and policies e netherlands indies after lengthy cabinet confer of all governments and be applied not only in ind ences at tokyo this statement was formally issued every part of the pacific area but also in every part on 02 april 16 the arita declaration apparently in of the world og tended as a warning to the western powers stated while official circles in tokyo greeted this state en that japan as well as other countries of east asia ment with considerable reserve the japanese press en maintained close economic relations with the did not manifest similar restraint the foreign of ns netherlands indies should extension of european fice contented itself with circulating a reply from ish hostilities to the netherlands produce repercus the hague indicating that in case the netherlands its sions in the islands the statement continued it became involved in the european war it would ing would not only interfere with these relations but neither _fequest nor accept aid from any power in en would also give rise to an undesirable situation protecting the east indies on april 19 after an 2eq from the standpoint of peace and stability in east interview with secretary hull the japanese ambas as asia in view of these considerations the japanese sador kensuke horinouchi disclaimed any special of government cannot but be deeply concerned over interest of japan in the east indies and stated that he ty development accompanying the aggravation of japan was satisfied with the dutch statement mi tte war in europe that may affect the status quo of significance of the diplomatic ex on the netherlands east indies change taking these statements at their face secretary hull immediately issued a vigorous value it would appear that japan intended to cir i0inder on april 17 after referring to the neth smoke out the western powers especially the ess lands indies importance in world trade and to united states which is in the strongest position to ter te substantial dependence of many countries in oppose japanese moves at this time having found the luding the united states on some of the islands that these powers do not intend to place the neth th ey erlands indies in protective custody japan has reports november 13 1939 0 in southeast asia foreign policy thus achieved its object and is content for the pres aermes soe en ee ent the western powers however apparently fear that japan may be staking out a claim to the rich dutch possessions to be made good at some later time a japanese attack on the islands in the im mediate future may be dismissed as unlikely since it would hardly be preceded by an announcement on the part of japan’s diplomats the difficulties of such an undertaking in any case are much more formidable than is generally realized there is a temptation to view the operation as involving merely a sudden japanese naval descent on the islands followed by their speedy occupation and effective exploitation in reality the problem is far more complicated a large scale military naval expedition would be required and would place a heavy additional strain on japan’s overburdened shipping the nearest japanese base formosa lies 1,000 miles north of borneo a distance which would preclude the possibility of unexpected attack and minimize the advantages of surprise expert ob servers are by no means convinced that an effective occupation of any large section of the islands would be easily achieved the netherlands indies are far too strategic an area to become a pawn in a game of appeasement such anglo french forces as are available and possibly australian troops would come to the assistance of the dutch authorities should the attack nevertheless meet with speedy success it is unlikely that the oil wells the chief prize would be left intact the wells are mined and would undoubtedly be destroyed before being abandoned on the diplomatic front meanwhile japan would have risked serious dangers the possibility of an agreement with britain and france on which jap anese diplomacy is now counting would be lost in the case of the united states japan would risk europe’s course hinges on norway struggle as reports of the conflict in norway begin to filter out from allied scandinavian and german sources three main points emerge from the welter of news and conjecture first the allies have not yet cut off the flow of men and supplies from germany to southern norway where the germans are seeking to become entrenched second the allies under cover of their fleet supported by frequent air raids on the german base at stavanger have succeeded in landing considerable forces at several points along the norwegian coast notably namsos north and andalsnes south of trondheim which the allies are trying to encircle there is thus a possibility that the allies may establish a northern front which if extended into sweden might bar germany from access to the swedish iron ore mines at kiruna and gallivare if the nazis suffer reverses they may be page two application of an embargo if not more direct opp sition finally japan would have exposed its north ern flank to the soviet union a bargaining point these various factops suggest that the costs of an attack on the nether lands indies might far exceed the gains on th other hand it remains true that the japanese nay is the most formidable striking force within ran of the islands the western powers especially bri ain and france are not anxious to be called upoy to assist in the defense of the dutch possessions and the american public would perhaps disapproy of intervention in their behalf japan may thus fed that it commands a bargaining point of some value by keeping the issue of the netherlands indies the fore foreign minister arita’s recent statement it should be recalled was preceded on february 1 by tokyo’s formal denunciation of the netherlands japan arbitration treaty both moves might wel be interpreted as a bid for concessions elsewhere at present japan is mainly intent on achieving some de facto arrangement with the western powers re garding china a result that might be furthered by a japanese pledge of non interference with the neth erlands indies tokyo’s nuisance value as regards the netherlands indies is considerable and should perhaps claim a price will the price be paid by the western powers at the expense of china again the attitude of the united states is see to be crucial an agreement between the anglo french coalition and japan could become effective only with the acquiescence of the united states so long as this country continues to supply the major portion of japan’s imports of war materials the possibility of a comprehensive far eastern a rangement at china’s expense remains open t a bisson the first to invade sweden third and perhaps mos important for the future course of the european wat the aid extended by the allies to norway and the fact that germany for the first time appears to be suffering at least a partial setback may alter the balance of forces on the continent in favor of france and britain struggle against nazi fifth col umns during the past week europe has beet flooded with rumors of impending attacks by ger many on hungary and the low countries and bj italy on yugoslavia and greece these rumors what ever their truth have played an important part if that war of threats and propaganda by which hitle has so far won his major successes with a minimu expenditure of men and material a german invé sion of the low countries or the balkans woul po rth tots lavy nge srit rove fee alue s to ent by nds well ome fe eth ards ould glo tive ates the ials at most wat the o be the ance bee ger 1 by yhat rt i itlet num nve ould er ee indicate that the nazis had despaired of imposing their demands on neutrals by methods short of force among such methods none have been so calculated to demoralize germany's intended vic tims as the activities of german fifth columns reported from holland belgium sweden hungary rumania and yugoslavia by publicizing acts of so called treachery on the part of some norwegians the nazi press warned neighboring neutrals against the danger of such methods and caused them to adopt precautionary measures on april 19 a state of siege was pro daimed in holland where the nazi party headed by the engineer anton mussert is said to enjoy some support among army officers sweden which has announced the intention to defend its neutrality imposed drastic restrictions on aliens in hungary premier paul teleki who still hopes to resist ger man domination with the aid of italy threatened on april 16 to dissolve parliament if members of his party should join the pro german nazi group in rumania king carol while continuing to release members of the iron guard previously banned for pro nazi activities sought to form a united politi cal front in yugoslavia former premier stoyadi novitth known as a warm supporter of germany and italy was arrested on april 18 on the charge that he had been plotting to overthrow the gov ernment with the aid of german nazis who have been active among yugoslavia’s 500,000 germans if pro nazi elements could score even temporary successes in norway where they formed an infinitesi mal proportion of the population and where in ternal conflicts had been reduced to a minimum it would be dangerous to underestimate the inroads of nazi propaganda in countries like rumania and yugoslavia chronically afflicted with political and economic problems italy’s hour of decision meanwhile in italy the press continued to voice contradictory opinions which may reflect a tug of war between two opposing views regarding the country’s future course one view which is said to have the support of the king the army and the vatican as well as of mod erate fascists favors continuance of the present pol icy of non belligerency the other more dynamic view is that favored by pro german fascists and voiced in count ciano’s organ the leghorn telegrafo which advocates italy's entrance into the war as the ally of an allegedly victorious germany behind the barrage of italian press attacks on the allies efforts are apparently being made by france and britain both to conciliate mussolini and to warn page three him of the dangers italy will face if it enters the war while britain’s economic war minister ron ald cross demanded plain speaking from italy on april 17 premier reynaud on april 20 stated that france was willing to settle its differences with italy and considered a mediterranean entente with italy and spain as one of the indispensable bases of peace it would be an illusion to believe that mussolini who expects to benefit by the break up of the british and french empires could adopt a pro ally policy but neither is his policy primarily pro german it is first and foremost pro italian mussolini still hopes to achieve his ambitions without sacrificing either men or material by actual participation in a war for which neither italy's army nor its economy is prepared and which might conceivably undermine his own power his ambitions include special rights for italians in tunisia over which france has had a protectorate since 1861 a free port in french djibouti on the red sea which used to serve as the principal outlet for the trade of ethiopia before that country was conquered by italy in 1936 and a share in the management of the suez canal now operated by a private company controlled by french and british stockholders the frantic threats and warnings that have been coming from rome since germany's invasion of norway may be intended to force concessions on these points from france and britain a diplomatic triumph is particularly desir able for italy at a moment when it appears as if russia with the acquiescence of germany may be on the point of drawing into its orbit yugoslavia and bulgaria long considered by italy as part of its sphere of influence in the balkans russia the other great non belligerent has meanwhile expressed the desire to reopen trade negotiations with britain regarding exchange of so viet timber for empire rubber and tin and british machinery which had been interrupted by the out break of the soviet finnish war the chief obstacle to these negotiations russia's re export to ger many of raw materials notably copper that it has been purchasing in the united states is minimized by the soviet press which has adopted a more con ciliatory tone toward the allies since germany's invasion of norway russia like italy is following a foreign policy determined not by sympathy for either germany or the allies but by its own national interests vera micheles dean cf v m dean italy’s african claims against france foreign policy reports june 1 1939 foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 27 aprit 26 1940 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lager secretary vera micueles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year br 181 f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building apr 22 some indication of the perplexing problems created by events in europe and the far east was furnished last week when the statement of foreign minister arita expressing concern over the maintenance of the status quo in the dutch east indies brought a quick reply from secretary hull at a moment when washington was weighing the outcome of the decisive struggle in europe impending issues one impending question is whether those responsible for american foreign policy are prepared to take positive action in the pacific so long as the outcome of the war in europe remains uncertain last week the promptness with which mr hull moved to clarify the position of the united states in relation to the dutch east indies was interpreted in some quarters as a hardening of american policy in the pacific to most washing ton observers however this conclusion appeared to be premature while reaffirming the basic principles of non intervention and emphasizing international interests rather than national interests cited by mr arita the secretary was careful to remain within the limits of previous declarations of policy moreover the studied phrasing of mr hull’s state ment to the press suggested an effort to forestall any development which might lead to a crisis in the far east rather than a move to implement a positive program of action this interpretation is strengthened by the obvious concern with which officials are following the course of events in europe on the basis of initial reports from the norwegian front informed military ob servers took a grave view of the strategic situation confronting the allies in scandinavia some of the first pessimistic estimates were modified by later re ports confirmed in washington and the successful landing of allied forces north and south of trond heim was interpreted here as increasing the chances of creating a northern front in some quarters this accomplishment was regarded as convincing evi dence of the ability of sea power to defend allied lines of communication against nazi air power nevertheless most officials are reluctant to draw final conclusions at this stage washington opinion continues uncertain about the outcome in scandi navia and apprehensive about the réle of italy in the mediterranean this uncertainty in turn poses another difficult question which may soon become more pressing during the first stage of the war in europe pres dent roosevelt with much difficulty found it pos sible to reconcile the dual objectives of his foreign policy as long as the conflict remained localized and inactive in the west the president was able tp assure aid to britain and france by all measure short of war without appearing to jeopardize his second avowed objective the maintenance of tech nical neutrality from september 1 to mid april the executive branch of the government proceeded on the assumption that economic and financial aid to the allies would be sufficient to assure the defeat of germany or at least to prevent an allied defeat and as long as this assumption appeared tenable the executive policy was unlikely to alarm a con gress committed to strict neutrality and non inter vention once the assumption begins to be ques tioned however the situation will be altered for if and when congress begins to doubt the ability of the allies to win the war without the military assistance of the united states the executive will be faced with a hard decision under such condi tions it will be difficult for any government in power in washington to.avoid a choice between supporting the allies regardless of the risk involved or completely abstaining from the conflict regardless of the outcome in europe whether this issue will come to a head before the fall elections depends largely on the turn of events in europe and the far east last week for the first time since early september w ashington was buzzing with speculation about the date of american entry into the war for the most part this was irresponsible gossip disavowed by political leaders and government officials but such talk even though irresponsible accurately reflects the new doubts and uncertainties raised by the decisive period which may lie ahead for the present the administration and its critic are playing safe several republican candidates are sounding a stronger isolationist note but without risking a direct challenge to the president on the issue of foreign policy mr roosevelt while de fending his record is cautious in dealing with europe and is making no new commitments in asia but the central issues remain w t stone +may 4 1040 foreign policy bulletin all a an interpretation of current international events by the research staff a pram subscription two dollars a year peer ofie new york a foreign policy association incorporated univ of mich of march 5 1878 8 west 40th street new york n y ai m t vou xix no 28 may 8 1940 es ficult just out a survey of the military and economic general library pool position of italy read university of michigan italy’s role in the european conflict pe by robert gale woolbert ann arbor wichigan rh research associate council on foreign relations ble to 25 asures ze his may issue of foreign policy reports tech april chamberlain’s war policies under attack eeded al aid small british forces in norway were re regarding the government's war policies is not lim defeat ported last week to have been outmaneuvred ited to the military sphere however as the new lefeat and repulsed by the germans the chamberlain budget introduced in the house of commons by nable cabinet faced mounting criticism in parliament and the chancellor of the exchequer sir john simon con the press many conservative back benchers in on april 23 is also under fire the budget provides intet cluding richard k law son of andrew bonar for an expenditure of 2,667,000,000 in 1940 41 in ques law prime minister in 1922 23 and one of the contrast to the 1,816,000,000 spent in 1939 40 1 for most promising young conservatives joined the these figures exclude the self balancing post office ability labor and liberal critics of the government's mili expenditures of over 80 million it is difficult ilitary tary and financial policies the most vigorous con to compare these gigantic totals as many news e will demnation was voiced by david lloyd george papers have done withthe present expenditures condi dynamic leader in the world war and leslie hore of the american government because of exchange nt in belisha former war secretary in the chamberlain fluctuations and the inclusion in britain’s budget of tween government while mr chamberlain will probably many local expenses handled in this country by olved be hard pressed by questions and criticism during states and municipalities britain’s expenditures for die the next few weeks it is unlikely that his govern 1939 40 however were 1.9 times the average out ment will fall particularly as winston churchill lays for the three preceding years its estimates for responsible for coordinating britain’s naval land 1940 41 total 2.8 times that average if the ameri before and air action in norway is still popular through can government's expenses for 1937 1939 were to in of out the country the labor party however appears increase at a similar rate they would equal 15 for unable to challenge the chamberlain régime effec 800,000,000 in 1940 and 23,400,000,000 in 1941 ington tively and does not desire a wartime election which although the government spent approximately tte of would probably favor the conservatives 30 per cent of the national income during 1939 40 t this although news from norway is still incomplete and proposed to spend over 40 per cent next year litical teports that the british expeditionary force was in sir john simon’s budget was widely criticized as even adequately prepared and equipped may prove to be not going far enough many critics remarked that new the most dangerous issue for the chamberlain gov the government’s expenditures for the first seven period tment these deficiencies undoubtedly were caused months of the war were about 12 per cent below largely by inadequate landing facilities loss of trans the amount estimated by the chancellor last sep port ships the absence of airfields and the speed of tember indicating that britain’s industries had not criti the operation the british army moreover tends to yet achieved capacity production this industrial es are divide up its expeditionary forces into separate sec inefficiency was further illustrated by the persistence ithout tions unlike the american army which favors smaller of unemployment totaling 1,121,000 on march 11 n the units of completely equipped troops the slowness of 1 britain’s leading financial journal the economist le de britain's campaign however tends to disprove the re maintains therefore that the proposed expenditure with cent allegation of the german foreign minister joa of 2,667,000,000 of which 2,000,000,000 is allo asia chim von ribbentrop that the allies and norway cated to defense is hopelessly inadequate in com had carefully planned this venture long in advance parison to germany's wartime outlay estimated at ne criticism of the budget dissatisfaction 2.5 to 3 billion new taxation of the 2,667,000,000 ex penditure estimated for 1940 1941 the government to raise 1,234,000,000 or 46 per cent by taxation and 1,433,000,000 or 54 per cent by borrowing to increase the 1939 40 revenue re turns by about 185,000,000 sir john simon pro posed a variety of new taxés designed to hit every income level in the country the basic income tax rate is raised as announced in the war budget of last september from 35 per cent to 3714 per cent and many exemptions are removed the surtax rates are to begin on incomes in excess of 1,500 rather than 2,000 to check on wartime profiteering and to encourage corporate saving and plant improve ment the government proposes to limit all corpora tion dividends to the highest paid during the three pre war years or to 4 per cent for corporations not paying dividends during that period since many firms engaged in producing armaments steel chemi cal and other products have paid fairly large divi dends in recent years this measure may not prove as effective as many of its proponents expect it should be noted moreover that great britain does not have a capital gains tax although it now has an excess profits tax of 60 per cent on business profits in excess of a pre war average to spread the burden of war as fairly as possible the chancellor announced higher taxes on tobacco pagetwva coemaneac ee beer whiskey and matches as well as higher postal telephone and telegraph rates the most novel fea ture of the budget is a general sales tax the exaq amount of which is to be determined later to cove wholesale transactions on all commodities excep food and drink certain items already specifically taxed tobacco gasoline etc and articles for e port critics of the government's fiscal policy argue that these taxes will not prove adequate for wartime needs and will not avert inflation the two purpose of the plan for compulsory savings proposed by the economist john maynard keynes which the govern ment rejected as too difficult to administer criticism of the chamberlain cabinet has so far been largely restricted to its inertia and unimagina tiveness in both military and economic affairs many britishers however are wondering why the air force bombs norwegian and danish towns but spares german seaports and industrial centers until recently at least the government hoped to escape the moral opprobrium of bombing civilians and to avoid uniting the germans behind the hitler régime the demand for action and for immediate victories which seems to be growing in britain would require military and economic measures far more extensive than any yet adopted by the allies james frederick green germany defends norwegian invasion while german troops continued to advance in norway foreign minister joachim von ribbentrop attempted to explode a diplomatic bombshell in berlin on april 27 in a statement delivered before a specially summoned gathering of diplomats journalists and high nazi officials the german for eign minister announced the release of the first of a series of white books to prove that germany had invaded scandinavia only to thwart allied plans for landing troops on norwegian soil the same charge had already been made in the memoranda deliv ered to the norwegian and danish governments early on april 9 this time however the nor wegian government was accused of complicity with the allies the circumstances surrounding the pub lication of these charges indicate that germany is particularly anxious to exonerate itself in the eyes of the neutrals and to warn the remaining euro non belligerents of the fate in store for them should they depart from the german conception of strict neutrality the german white book although the full text of the white book is not yet available in the united states it apparently does not contain any of those unchallengeable documents which the german government in its communications to norway and denmark claimed to possess the only two documents which might constitute definite proof of britain’s intention to invade norway were al legedly found on british officers captured at lille hammer and north of trondheim these consisted of orders instructing the 148th infantry brigade and a battalion of the sherwood foresters to effect a landing at certain norwegian ports the nazis rest their case primarily on the date of these orders april 6 and 7 three and two days respectively be fore the actual invasion of norway by germany the other documents can hardly be held to in criminate the allies in any way most of them re late to the franco british plans for intervention in the soviet finnish war and reveal nothing that was not previously known in addition the german white book reproduces certain telegrams said t have been discovered in the british consulate at narvik which request information on the strategic aspects and defenses of that norwegian port these requests the dates of which are not given may easily have been of a routine character and so do not necessarily prove that the british definitely com templated landing there nor do any of the doa ments justify the german invasion of denmark on the basis of available evidence it is difficult to distinguish truth from falsehood in the charges and counter charges made by both sides concert ing the i in scand germany plans we war wh constitute dusion 0 allies cot scandina on the p late in f the subse about the the rei by britis sterner a number longer waters invasion vated by ger it may b informat actually menting claimed britain s waters t announc ing was british ready w ships hi was dis even so destroye had em navy ha it is an seize al very no that th tion of ports a wegian stockhc caused ing the the op officers that th a view foreign headquart entered as a ae proof re al lille sisted le and fect a is rest ders ly be ny o it mm fe ion in it was erman 1id to ate at ategic these may so do y con docu mark ifficult harges ncern ing the invasion of norway plans to land troops in scandinavia were undoubtedly made by both germany and the allies long before april 9 such plans were probably completed during the finnish war when the development of a northern front constituted a real possibility even after the con dusion of the war in finland the reich and the allies continued to suspect each other of designs on scandinavia germany knew that the allies had been on the point of intervening in the finnish struggle late in february and early in march and heard of the subsequent recriminations in france and britain about the failure to extend the war to scandinavia the reich also noted a succession of declarations by british statesmen forecasting the adoption of a sterner attitude toward the neutrals as well as a aumber of acts indicating that the allies were no longer disposed to respect norwegian territorial waters under these circumstances the german invasion of scandinavia may have been partly moti vated by fear of drastic measures by the allies german charges unsubstantiated it may be doubted however that the germans had information proving that britain and france were actually preparing an invasion in his speech com menting on the white book herr von ribbentrop daimed that the german government learned about britain’s intention to mine norwegian territorial waters two days before april 8 when it was officially announced he further charged that the mine lay ing was really designed to insure the safety of a british expeditionary force which at that time al teady was on the north sea the british transport ships he said were recalled when the german fleet was discovered to have anticipated this move but even so a number of these ships were caught and destroyed by german bombers if the british really had embarked such an expeditionary force and the navy had made preparations to protect its landing it is amazing that the germans were allowed to seize all the important norwegian ports under the very nose of the british fleet it seems more likely that the british had learned about the concentra tion of german troops at various north german ports as mr c j hambro president of the nor wegian storting declared in a statement issued in stockholm on april 28 these reports may have caused hurried counter measures in britain includ ing the mobilization of a small landing force if the operation orders said to be found on british ofhicers in norway are genuine it may be significant that they speak of occupying norwegian ports with 4view to denying them to germany and that they page three a ee ae mention that our assistance will probably be welcomed by the inhabitants in any case german troops must have sailed many days before april 8 when they were already at narvik a port well over 1,000 miles from the nearest german embarkation point these troops were apparently transported in merchant vessels including a whaler which must have taken a week for the journey allied reverses in norway whatever the truth of this matter the war is now joined in norway the struggle promises to be prolonged although up to the present the germans have clearly held the advantage except for the first few days german communications with norway have at no time been seriously interrupted despite occasional forays by allied destroyers and submarines into the skagerrak germany still seems to be reinforcing its troops more rapidly and on a larger scale than britain and france motorized german columns have been pushing up the gulbrands and oester valleys in an effort to prevent a junction between the allied forces landed at namsos and aandalsnes and to establish permanent contact with the be leaguered german garrison at trondheim one col umn is threatening dombaas an important junc tion of the railways leading from aandalsnes and trondheim and other german troops have halted an allied advance from namsos at steinkjer the allies have been seriously handicapped by several factors all the important airports were seized by the germans who can now harry british and french troops from the air for the most part the british air force must continue to operate from distant bases in england or from aircraft carriers which are them selves vulnerable to bombardment moreover land ing facilities at the two ports held by the british namsos and aandalsnes are extremely limited and have already been partially destroyed by ger man air raids so far the british fleet has not yet succeeded in blasting its way into the trondheim fjord control of which is absolutely essential to the allied campaign in order to prevent the germans from seizing all strategic points the first british troops were apparently thrown into norway in great haste and without adequate equipment and it has since proved difficult to provide them with the tanks anti aircraft guns armored cars and artillery needed to withstand the attack of superior german forces nevertheless the allies are still landing additional forces and supplies if they show the necessary skill and boldness they may yet succeed in matching germany's present strength john c dewilde foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 28 may 3 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y franx ross mccoy president dorothy f luger secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year sis f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building apr 29 since the german invasion of denmark and norway state department officials have been giving much thought to the problems raised by pos sible territorial transfers in the western hemi sphere while president roosevelt has indicated that all questions relating to application of the monroe doctrine to greenland are hypothetical and prema ture the fact remains that the future status of this danish possession is already under careful study in washington and it is not unlikely that informal diplomatic discussions may soon be initiated among the american republics hemispheric problems the interest in greenland and also iceland is primarily strate gic as these territories form potential stepping stones in a great circle air route from europe to north america this route which was used by marshal balbo in his massed flight to the united states in 1934 is considerably shorter than any other trans atlantic route and cape farewell at the southern tip of greenland lies only about 900 miles from st john’s newfoundland iceland ap proximately midway between greenland and north ern scotland cannot be placed so easily in the western hemisphere but its strategic position is almost equally important a significant memoran dum recently received by the war department from vilhjalmur stefansson the arctic explorer points out that climatic conditions in iceland are favorable to flying at all times of the year and that the average temperature is much the same as that of new york or philadelphia evidence of washington’s inter est is seen in its prompt acceptance on april 25 of iceland’s request for establishment of direct rela tions with the united states washington has pro visionally recognized mr stefan stefansson ice land’s trade commissioner in new york as con sul general with jurisdiction to cover the united states and plans to open a consular office at reykja vik late in may or early in june the proximity of canada to greenland raises the larger question whether the united states would regard a transfer of former european possessions in the western hemisphere as compatible with the monroe doctrine presumably objections would be made to any direct transfer to great britain but canada while a member of the british common wealth of nations is an autonomous state in the western hemisphere with its own federal govern ment and its separate legation in washington far as is known the question has not been broached officially but it is one of the problems which is vey much in the minds of washington officials attention is also focused on the netherlands pos sessions in the west indies and the territory of dutch guiana in south america the dutch island of curacao and aruba situated off the coast of venezuela are particularly important because of their large oil refineries and storage facilities any change in the status of these possessions or any future threat to french or british possessions in the caribbean would be a matter of vital concern not only to the united states but also to the othe american republics at the panama conference held shortly after the outbreak of war in europe the foreign ministers of the american republics unani mously approved a resolution calling for immediate consultation whenever the question of a change of sovereignty should arise the resolution stated that in case any geographic region of ameria subject to the jurisdiction of any non american state should be obliged to change its sovereignty and there should result therefrom a danger to the security of the american continent a consultative meeting such as the one now being held will be convoked with the urgency that the case may require no such case has yet arisen and no official call for consultation has yet been issued but the situs tions foreseen at panama are considerably less re mote today than they appeared last september and the possibility of informal exploratory talks is now under serious consideration fore an inter pr ern shifted tc might ds april 30 the effec the preca ships frc route aro the alli port of j pains to ward th nounced provoca balk of the b ing effec the pros ships at of yuge neutrality act applied to norway path of meanwhile president roosevelt extended the nev trality act to norway in a series of three proclams tions issued from warm springs on april 25 two days before germany formally announced a stat of war in norway the effect of the presidents action which is virtually mandatory under the pro visions of the neutrality act is to place americat trade with norway on a cash and carry basis and to cancel the 10,000,000 credit recently granted by the export import bank american vessels had al ready been barred from norwegian waters by ai earlier proclamation extending the area of combal operations around all scandinavia the president did not invoke the neutrality act in the case o denmark however apparently because that cout try unable to resist german occupation is not tech nically at war with the reich w t stone ranean railway allied 1 against frontier zation vv 500,000 nazi csaky whose reach r activitie the cz some might for per urge th +nc lial bbfbbeeceeo f s 2e lr 7 2 be call re 10w ay jeu two tate nt’s pro ican 1 to al lent of foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y tou xix no 29 just out a survey of the military and economic position of italy read italy’s role in the european conflict by robert gale woolhstépic al room oenbral library 25 univ of migm may 1 issue of foreign policy reports may 10 1940 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 may p 194 general library university of michigan ann arbor michigan war fears shift to mediterranean as the allies completed their retreat from south ern and central norway europe's attention shifted to the possibility that another theatre of war might develop in the eastern mediterranean on april 30 the british government still smarting from the effects of the norwegian campaign announced the precautionary measure of rerouting its merchant ships from the mediterranean to the much longer route around the cape of good hope and on may 2 the allied fleets massed at alexandria principal port of egypt britain’s ally germany was at great pains to assure the balkans that its intentions to ward them are entirely peaceful and italy de nounced allied moves in the mediterranean as provocative balkans on the alert while the defeat of the british in norway had a profoundly depress ing effect on the balkan countries now alarmed by the prospect of german victory the arrival of allied ships at alexandria appeared to bolster the spirits of yugoslavia and greece which lie directly in the path of an italian thrust in the eastern mediter tanean on may 5 greece opened a new strategic tailway connecting the port of salonika where allied troops debarked in 1915 for a campaign against the central powers with the bulgarian frontier and yugoslavia continued both its mobili zation which when completed is expected to bring 500,000 men under arms and its measures against nazi fifth column activities meanwhile count csaky foreign minister of hungary through whose territory germany would have to pass to teach rumania denounced alleged anti hungarian activities on the part of slovakia former section of the czecho slovak state now ruled by germany yun some hungarians apparently fear that germany might use slovak grievances as an entering wedge for penetration into hungary and simultaneously urge the budapest government to inaugurate the dismemberment of rumania by pressing its own de mands for the return of transylvania italy still weighs decision in this confused and complex situation the two unknown factors remain italy and the soviet union the outcome of the norwegian campaign has strength ened the position of those fascist militants who have been contending that german victory is a foregone conclusion that the british empire is in process of dissolution and that italy by a bold and timely move should claim a share of the spoils these political considerations have been re enforced by the success of german air power in defending the nor wegian coast against naval attacks by the allies the fascist government now has cause to believe that its air fleet too could successfully repel allied naval attacks on italy’s long and exposed coast while italian naval and air forces wreak havoc on the allies in the eastern mediterranean such a belief may cause italy to abandon its policy of non bel ligerency and gamble on the possibility of deliver ing a quick and mortal blow at france and britain while they are still shaken by their norwegian re verses from germany's point of view italy's en trance into the war would have the advantage of diverting the allies without involving any immedi ate action on the part of the reich in appraising italy’s position it should be stressed once more that the possibility of italian cooperation with the allies was excluded since the outbreak of war italy's choice was between preserving its non belligerent position in the hope that at the next peace conference which it would presumably enter with its man power and economic resources intact it would be able to extract concessions from all bel ligerents and openly entering the war at the side of the reich it is not impossible that allied conces sions to italy together with concrete allied successes for pervions analysis of italy's policy cf will war spread to the balkans eign policy bulletin april 19 1940 against germany might have persuaded mussolini to continue the policy of non belligerency under existing circumstances italy stands to gain nothing by allied victory which it regards in any case as greatly in doubt and stands to gain by germany's victory only if it occupies ahead of the reich ter ritories it claims as its sphere of influence among these territories yugoslavia and greece are the most accessible as well as strategically most desirable rts might bar the since italian control of greek allies from the balkans as effectively as german control of norway now bars the allies from scan dinavia while domination of the eastern mediterranean may be regarded as italy's immediate objective in a struggle with the allies ultimately mussolini would doubtless hope to share in such division of the spoils in the near east with its rich oil resources as might follow an allied retreat from this region unlike russia which has achieved its immediate territorial objectives in eastern and northern europe and is ready for the time being to pursue a policy of neu trality italy has not yet succeeded in capitalizing on its bargaining position mussolini’s strategy like that of hitler in norway is apparently to try and provoke the allies into making the first move which could then be countered on grounds of self defense the allies as in norway are handicapped by their reluctance to invade neutral countries ahead of the enemy which leaves the initiative in the hands of their actual or potential opponents no time for illusion as germany oper ating on interior lines of communication rapidly consolidates its military and diplomatic positions while the chamberlain government met the op position of its critics in the british parliament on may 7 and 8 military and political experts the world over sought to assess the consequences of the allied withdrawal from southern norway which had produced the most serious crisis of the war in britain some observers suggested that the impor tance of sea power had been greatly reduced and the value of air superiority correspondingly enhanced others that without a better appreciation of the necessity for speed and perfect coordination of land air and sea services the allies could not hope to wrest the initiative from their opponents still others that almost all of non belligerent europe would now gravitate into the german orbit it is too early to express definitive judgment on some of these points but certain factors are reasonably clear german military superiority the al lies have yet to demonstrate that they can equal their enemy in the planning and resolute execution of the military offensive which must precede an ultimate page two and presses italy for action in the mediterran it would be dangerous to minimize the difficultic confronted by the allies forced to operate on the periphery of europe and to be on the alert for german thrust at any point along this periphery american public opinion has been working on the comfortable assumption that while the allies mi be faced with initial difficulties they could not fyi to defeat germany and speculation regarding the future of europe has been based on the theory thy the victorious allies would merely have a choice between imposing a draconian peace involving the dismemberment of germany or establishing a fed eration built on anglo saxon patterns in which reformed germany would be invited to participate on equal terms other alternatives such as a smash ing german victory or a stalemate which would leave germany in control of europe east of the rhine while france and britain as envisaged ip mein kampf merely survive as second rate pov ers on the fringes of the atlantic have received little or no consideration yet it is only realistic to face the possibility that germany while avoiding a ms jor engagement with france and britain on the western front may succeed for the time being a least in excluding the allies from the rest of the european continent and should italy enter the war from the mediterranean as well such a devel opment would not necessarily involve a military de feat for the allies but it might unless the allie take the initiative in the conflict have the effect of immobilizing them in the west while hitler pro ceeds with the construction of greater germany vera micheles dean german strategy triumphs in norway victory speaking before the house of commons on may 2 prime minister chamberlain admitted that the expeditionary force prepared for assistance to finland over three months ago had for the most part been dispersed although it was known that german troops were practicing embarkation and landing op erations in the baltic consequently only small lightly equipped contingents were sent to andalsnes and namsos during the week of april 14 because of the local german air supremacy the inadequate port facilities at the allied debarkation points were bombed disastrously by the german aif force despite their lack of suitable artillery tanks or air support the allied contingents including apparently a high proportion of raw british terti torials were rushed 130 miles inland reaching lillehammer about april 22 to join with the nor wegians and check the german advance but by may 3 all allied troops had retreated to the coast and sailed away the norwegian forces left behind bit ter and discouraged requested an armistice and theif resista hold 1 miles defen aviatic ened ser for ser ady ac du to sec fo hea ent fee il sr fsr res hs on erti ring nor and bit heit ee e resistance soon ceased the allies still retain a foot hold near the iron ore port of narvik almost 400 miles north of trondheim even here however the defending german forces are being assisted by nazi aviation and it is probable that if they are threat ened with defeat they will badly damage the rail road connection with the kiruna mines in sweden the strategic importance of the german triumph cannot be minimized the nazis may be expected to equip and supply formidable air and submarine bases on the western norwegian coast with slight delay these will be little more than 300 miles from scapa flow the great british home fleet station and not much farther from other important centers in northern scotland since nazi air attacks from more distant bases in the reich forced the home fleet temporarily to abandon scapa flow last winter it is questionable whether it can now be utilized even though its anti aircraft defenses have been strengthened starting from norwegian ports ger man submarines and light surface vessels will find it easier than ever before to elude the british block ade in the north atlantic even more serious is the revelation that the allies have not yet grasped the crucial importance of speed unified direction and coordinated action in meeting a foe who has mastered the technique of modern war the british and french assistance to norway was too small to achieve its purpose and it came too late the germans risked much and suf fered heavy losses but reached their objectives the allies unwilling to hazard a strong naval and air attack on trondheim before their opponent was firmly established eventually abandoned what they had weakly begun in this respect though not in others the norwegian expedition recalls the gal lipoli adventure in 1915 what is disheartening about the entire enterprise is the impression of ir tesolution timidity inertia and divided counsel among the allied leadership this is highly destruc tive not only of allied morale but also of the con fidence of european non belligerents in the ability of britain and france to fulfill their pledges and serve as a shield against nazi incursions sweden for example must now become economically sub servient to the reich decline of sea power against these dis advantages the allies can set only the destruction of a considerable proportion of german naval strength during the early stages of the operations around norway but to the nazis this seems a small price to pay for their victory they have never made any secret of their determination to win the war not page three on the sea but on land and in the air britain's re luctance to expose its costly capital ships to nazi air attack during the campaign apparently indicates that sea power is no longer paramount in narrow waters dominated by enemy aircraft for obvious reasons particularly for its effect on the italians the nazis seemed determined to emphasize this con clusion in the face of an official british denial they persist in claiming that they sank a british battle ship of the queen elizabeth class and a heavy cruiser on may 3 and damaged other warships the conquest of southern norway has rudely shat tered the complacent view held especially in britain and the united states that a victory of the allies is certain in the long run it was erroneous to be lieve that their superior economic war potential could of itself bring the conflict to a successful con clusion hitler appears to have realized that he must either end the war this year or at least bring all of eastern europe under his economic control and to have shaped his strategy accordingly his objectives and his methods are in many respects similar to napoleon’s he may have determined to strike rap idly at one allied flank after another from the orkney islands to the near east in an attempt to divide allied strength and bewilder anglo french leadership that his shock tactics are not without effect is indicated by prime minister chamberlain's public reference to the possibility of a lightning german attack on england itself it is only neces sary to recall that there has been no foreign invasion of england since 1066 to appreciate how much the confidence of the british in their insular security has dwindled thus the situation of the allies has deteriorated perceptibly in terms of both strategy and morale but it is by no means hopeless given an imaginative and centralized leadership which can ultimately snatch the initiative from the hands of the nazis it is still highly doubtful that the war can be con cluded without a final campaign on the western front somewhere between holland and the medi terranean where the bulk of the allied forces sta tioned in france can be brought into action the french nation has been much more completely or ganized for war than the british and its army still represents a primary center of resistance if the im pact of events in norway stimulates the british to equal efforts as did the munitions crisis of 1915 the allies may yet avoid the stalemate or defeat with which they are otherwise threatened davi h popper foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 29 may 10 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th sereet new york n y frank ross mccoy president dornotny f lust secretary vera micheres dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year ae 181 f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building may 6 the concern with which the adminis tration is following the attitude of italy was sharply underscored last week by the series of diplomatic conversations held simultaneously in rome and washington on may 1 ambassador william phil lips conferred with premier mussolini presumably on instructions from washington and was in con stant touch with count ciano italy’s foreign min ister the following day president roosevelt entered the conversations as a direct participant when he conferred at the white house with prince ascanio colonna the italian ambassador in the presence of acting secretary of state sumner welles u.s italian relations these exchanges were shrouded in secrecy and washington corre spondents were left to speculate on the nature of the talks the only official comment was mr roose velt’s press conference statement on may 3 that the united states was striving to prevent the extension of the european war to new areas and other na tions beneath the surface however it was appar ent that the white house had not been entirely re assured by mr phillips reports from rome and that the president was seeking to impress upon musso lini the possible economic and political consequences of italian entry into the war there were hints but without official confirmation that the united states might be prepared to consider ways of im proving economic relations between the two coun tries perhaps by resuming negotiations for a com mercial treaty if italy continued as a non belligerent one immediate economic effect of italian inter vention on the side of germany would be to cut off the profitable italian trade with the united states invocation of the neutrality act which would almost certainly follow italy’s entry would prevent american ships from visiting italian ports and extension of the area of combat operations would close the mediterranean to american shipping the importance of american trade with italy has increased greatly since the beginning of the war during the first six months of the war according to department of commerce figures italy’s purchases in the united states some of which have undoubt edly found their way to germany reached a total of 43,745,000 as compared with 28,042,000 dur ing the same period last year american imports from italy rose less rapidly amounting to 22 560,000 for the six war months as compared with 20,716,000 for the same months of 1938 1939 if the position of the allies should become more critical as a result of italian action in the mediter ranean there is little doubt that the administration would accelerate its economic aid to britain and france last week quite apart from the italian crisis washington observers noted what seems to be the beginning of a campaign to pave the way for eventual credits to the allies no move in this di rection has been made as yet but there has been much off the record discussion of the possibility of repealing the johnson act forbidding loans to coun tries in default on their war debt and amending the loan provisions of the neutrality act why the issue is being raised at this time is not clear as the allies should be able to finance their war purchases for 18 months or two years without recourse to borrowing the mexican reply despite its preoccupa tion with european developments the state depart ment continues to have its problems in the westem hemisphere last week the controversy over mex ico’s expropriation of american oil properties seemed to be entering a new phase with the receipt of the mexican reply to secretary hull’s note of april 3 as anticipated the mexican government flatly rejected mr hull’s suggestion that the claims for indemnity be submitted to arbitration the note which was made public here on may 4 dismisses the arbitration proposal on the ground that the issue was of purely domestic concern it contends that there has been no denial of justice as long as the mexican courts are still attempting to appraise the value of the expropriated properties the new element was injected by the announcement that the mexican government had reached an agreement with the sinclair oil interests under which the american concern will enter direct negotiations with the government for settlement of the amount of the indemnity and the conditions of payment the size of the sinclair investment is uncertain the mexican note asserting that it represents about 40 per cent of the total investment of american nationals in the oil industry and american oil com pany officials placing the figure between 10 and 20 per cent in any case the agreement if actually concluded will strengthen the position of the car denas government the state department meat while is unlikely to press the issue further at least until after the mexican presidential elections sched uled for july 7 w t stone hit h4 montl with on th his 01 the f but 01 euroy in hitle man ning has v the nomi allie gium large sentiz break ables famil third publi hitle out acqu unde quick g low princ engl ing and last and day +ot at a foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 ral library 4 wnlyy of mich you xix no 30 may 17 1940 can spain stay out of the european conflict read spain after civil war by a randle elliott 25 may 15 issue of foreign policy reports general library uaiversity of michigan ann arbor wich hitler at grips with allies in low countries aving invaded luxemburg holland and belgium on may 10 germany after eight months of war is engaged in a struggle to the death with france and britain the bloody conflict raging on the western front may not as hitler declared in his order of the day to the german army decide the fate of germany for the next thousand years but on its outcome hangs the immediate fate both of europe and of the world in his lightning attack on the low countries hitler has gambled germany’s entire resources of man power and raw materials on the chance of win ning the war this year before the allied blockade has undermined the german economy and before the allies have completed their military and eco nomic preparations it had been assumed by the allies that germany would attack holland and bel gium only as a last resort first because it involves large scale expenditure not only of lives but of es sential raw materials notably oil second because it breaks the deadlock on the western front and en ables the allies to engage german forces in a familiar theatre of war close to their own bases and third because such an invasion was bound to shock public opinion in the united states the fact that hitler struck at the low countries last week with out waiting to consolidate the bases he had just acquired in norway would indicate that he feels under urgent economic pressure to end the war as quickly as possible regardless of cost germany’s objectives by invading the low countries germany seeks to accomplish two ptincipal objectives to obtain bases opposite the english coast from which air raids and even land ing expeditions could be launched against britain and to outflank france’s maginot line during the last war germany occupied virtually all of belgium and used belgian seaports as submarine bases to day it hopes to establish bases not only in belgium but also in holland some of whose ports notably rotterdam are less than 200 miles by air from london in their surprise invasion undertaken without even an ultimatum and justified by the familiar claim that the reich was merely proteging the neutrality of the low countries against an allegedly impending allied invasion the germans once more displayed striking ingenuity excellent coordination and amazing attention to detail the use of unortho dox methods like the landing of parachute behind the enemy’s lines attempts to utilize columns of german residents and nazi sympa thizers to guide german troop movements the use of enemy troops or civilians as shields employment of a mysterious new weapon reported to render the occupants of fortifications completely helpless mass air raids these and other methods were intended to disrupt the morale of the low countries confuse their general staffs and populations cut their com munications circumvent their defenses and break their resistance without delay it was also hoped in berlin that the confusion necessarily resulting from cabinet shifts in france and britain would facilitate germany's long and minutely prepared invasion while the hostile reaction of the united states was discounted in advance on the assumption that this country will not have time to give the allies effective assistance even if public opinion should openly sup port the franco british cause allies prospects this invasion unlike that of norway did not catch belgium and holland un prepared the two low countries had been deter mined to preserve their neutrality but they had taken many precautions against the danger of a german thrust like france and britain however they were apparently planning for a war conducted if not on the lines of 1914 1918 at least on rela tively orthodox lines they also failed to concert their defense plans leaving a gap between the two armies and making allied assistance to them more difficult while belgium and holland withstood the initial shock of german invasion both on land and from the air the germans by may 14 had broken through the first line of belgian fortifications near liége crossed the maas and yssel rivers in holland and forced the dutch to abandon the northeastern netherland provinces the determined resistance of the dutch and belgians gave france and britain time to bring men and material into positions ap parently determined in advance by the allied gen eral staffs to break the allied defense of channel ports the nazis may have to expose their forces to large scale slaughter this they are apparently ready to do in the hope of achieving a decisive victory such a victory is by no means outside the realm of possibility particularly if mussolini takes this oppor tunity to attack the allies in the mediterranean on the franco italian front and in spain conversely if the nazis fail to win a quick decision and are forced into a long war of positions the chances of a nazi victory would be greatly minimized because ger many pr bably does not command sufficient eco nomic resources especially oil for a long war and once it has expended its stocks would find it difficult to replenish them assets and liabilities with the formation of cabinets of national union in france and britain the allies may be expected to prosecute the war with greater energy their chief weakness lies not in their morale which is high nor in their prepara tions for land warfare where the french army is expected to display its traditional courage and strik ing power nor in any lack of economic resources the chief weakness of the allies lies in the fact acknowledged by winston churchill on may 8 that they have not yet achieved equality with germany either in the number of airplanes now at their dis posal nor in the rate of airplane production while reliable figures are not available it is believed that germany has some 20,000 airplanes as compared with 9,000 to 17,000 for the allies and that ger man airplane production is one and a half times the combined production of france and britain unlike the nazis the allies cannot afford to squander air planes in mass attacks on widely dispersed key enemy positions they may therefore be forced at least for the time being to concentrate on a few military points giving germany great freedom in the air true the question whether air power alone can prove churchill to speed war effort the resignation of prime minister neville cham berlain marked not only the end of the first phase of the european war but also a turning point in british party politics in the vote which concluded a page two ey decisive has not yet been answered in the affirmative the german campaigns in poland and norway give no real clue to the vulnerability of western countries which have far better anti aircraft defenses but meanwhile the fact remains that the nazis enj superiority in the air and whatever the outcome of the struggle are in a position to wreak incalculable havoc on the low countries and on the allies there should be no illusion regarding the possibility tha germany under hitler may achieve this year the objectives it barely failed to achieve under the kaiser in 1914 1918 should this happen the world mus be steeled for the shock of discovering that the peace germany would then impose on the allies may be as totalitarian in its destructiveness as the war now being waged in the west position of the united states the various problems already raised for the united states by germany's onslaught on the west reveal the fallacy of thinking that this country merely by proclaiming its neutrality can insulate itself agains the effects of war in europe the fate of the neutrals of yesterday denmark norway holland and bel gium demonstrates that neither neutrality nor pacifism is a safeguard against nazi expansion there is room for legitimate difference of opinion as to the course this country should pursue under the circumstances but it would be a dangerous self deception to believe that it makes no difference to the united states who wins the war in europe it does make a fundamental difference to this country whether the allies whatever their past mistakes with respect to germany remain in control of europe's atlantic seaboard or succumb to the rule of the nazis who are openly bidding for domination not only of europe but of possessions held by european countries on other continents here as in all con tingencies of life there is a choice to be made a decision to be reached from the allied point of view the immediate danger is that in the next three to six months which may prove decisive the united states yielding to panic may commandeer all avail able resources for its own military preparedness pro gram and thus prevent the allies from obtaining airplanes and other war material in this country the irony of this situation would be that the united states while withholding aid from the allies would be preparing to meet on its own territory the menace france and britain are now combating in europe vera micheles dean two day debate on britain’s retreat from central nor way the chamberlain cabinet on may 8 won by only 281 to 200 although it ordinarily had a me jority of 223 votes more than one hundred com gervative the prin of the mr ci may 9 2 had bee break 0 mr british many and rep churchi british ministe ably co of def ished the un bers mental halifa berlain ment seal a labor the govern john labora offices the co mr three chairn ter of port bert gress whict overv labo unior and cruiti sir party geos was as port tive chu fore headc entere s um zzeaeewrf aa en 8 8 fs oom op yf by 1a ovc grvatives abstained from voting or openly opposed the prime minister after failing to persuade leaders of the labor party to join a coalition government mr chamberlain announced his resignation on may 9 and was replaced by winston churchill who had been first lord of the admiralty since the out break of the war mr churchill’s coalition the new british government while still incomplete contains many of the outstanding members of parliament and representatives of all three leading parties mr churchill the most brilliant and versatile figure in british public life became both prime minister and minister of defense the latter a new title prob ably corresponding to minister for the coordination of defense an office established in 1936 and abol ished on march 11 1940 and promptly reduced the unwieldy war cabinet from eight to five mem bers of whom all but one are to have no depart mental duties the new war cabinet includes lord halifax who remains foreign secretary mr cham berlain lord president of the council major cle ment attlee leader of the labor party lord privy seal and arthur greenwood deputy leader of the labor party minister without portfolio the labor party which had refused to enter a government dominated by neville chamberlain sir john simon and sir samuel hoare agreed to col laborate with mr churchill provided that it received offices commensurate with its popular strength in the country in addition to placing major attlee and mr greenwood in the war cabinet it secured three other important offices herbert morrison chairman of the london county council as minis ter of supply ernest bevin president of the trans port workers union as minister of labor and al bert v alexander a leader in the cooperative con gtess as first lord of the admiralty the office which he held in 1929 31 these appointments overwhelmingly approved on may 13 by the annual labor party conference were expected to win trade union support for the government's war effort and to expedite industrial production and the re cruitment of labor sir archibald sinclair leader of the liberal party became secretary for air and david lloyd george independent liberal and world war leader was expected to receive some recognition possibly as minister of agriculture to retain the sup port of the national government forces conserva tive liberal national and national labor mr churchill not only kept mr chamberlain in the page three war cabinet but appointed sir john simon for merly chancellor of the exchequer as lord chan cellor a post combining in some degree the func tions of our attorney general and chief justice and requiring membership in the house of lords and sir kingsley wood holder of many offices un der mr chamberlain as chancellor of the ex chequer three of mr chamberlain's more popular associates remained in the government anthony eden formerly dominions secretary became secre tary for war sir john anderson remained minister for home security and sir andrew duncan te mained president of the board of trade one of mr chamberlain’s chief critics alfred duff cooper who recently lectured in the united states was ap pointed minister of information the right wing conservatives were recognized by the appointment of lord lloyd as secretary for colonies and leonard amery as secretary for india significance of the cabinet change the resignation of mr chamberlain who seemed unable or unwilling to introduce new and younger talent into his administration ends a nine year period dominated by the conservative members of the national guvernment since its accession in the autumn of 1931 under ramsay macdonald and stanley baldwin the national government has seemed for the most part to lack imagination de cision and drive in both domestic and foreign pol icy yet in temporizing and dodging issues as in the ethiopian dispute the spanish war and the czech crisis it expressed the confusion and inde cision of the british people regarding international affairs and the inherent inefficiency of a democracy in comparison to dictatorship after the outbreak of war a political crisis like that of december 1916 when lloyd george replaced herbert as quith became inevitable for the elder statesmen surrounding mr chamberlain seemed unable to ap preciate the strength and speed of the nazi war machine the new churchill ministry given a 381 0 vote of confidence on may 13 promises to inject new life into britain’s diplomatic military and eco nomic efforts it presumably will continue the party truce over by elections and in accordance with world war practice postpone the general election due next november james frederick green handbook of the war by j c dewilde d h popper and eunice clark boston houghton mifflin 1989 2.00 succinctly written guide most valuable toward under standing the facts underlying the european conflict foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 30 may 17 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotrhy f luger secretary vera micheles dagan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year ois produced under union conditions and composed printed and bound by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter sebbes washington bureau national press bullding may 13 no one in washington can have any doubt that germany's invasion of holland and bel gium has sharply accelerated the trend away from neutrality toward limited intervention in europe and the far east whatever the ultimate outcome of the great battle for supremacy now joined in the low countries the immediate effect in washington has been to stiffen the administration policy of aid ing the allies by all measures short of actual war for the present the administration has not ven tured beyond the limits of this fixed policy the moral objectives of which were defined by president roosevelt in his address to the eighth american scientific congress on may 10 and by secretary hull in his speech to the american society of in ternational law on may 13 and for the immedi ate future the policy will be confined to economic financial and diplomatic measures within the frame work of technical neutrality but within these limits both the executive and congress are being forced by events to reach important new decisions three immediate issues three critical issues are already claiming immediate attention these are 1 the problem of aircraft production in the united states involving the question whether this country is able to supply airplanes to the allies in sufficient numbers to restore the balance of air power within the next six or eight months 2 the status of the netherlands east indies involving the disposition of the united states fleet now holding maneuvers in the area southwest of hawaii and 3 the related problem of the netherlands west indies involving the monroe doctrine and the dec laration of lima the speeding up of airplane exports to the allies is one of the few decisive steps which the admin istration can take at this time without legislative action any attempt to repeal the johnson act would encounter immediate opposition in congress and any move to open the way to credits would be blocked at this session the release of planes now on order for the army and navy however is possible under new regulations which went into effect on march 25 this policy permits release of military airplanes for export at the discretion of the war and navy de partments upon recommendation of the joint aero nautical board how many planes can be delivered in the next few months is problematical the present rate of american production is far lower than is generally realized up to last march the maximum output of the aircraft industry was 351 planes a month ip cluding all commercial as well as military types during the first six months of the war actual de liveries to the allies totaled 770 planes while de liveries to the united states army and navy num bered only 447 with more than 3,000 planes now on order for britain and france and 4,700 on order for the army and navy production is expected to increase rapidly but even under the most favorable conditions large scale deliveries can scarcely be ex pected for several months unless all new american orders are transferred to the allies it is reported that this step permissible under the release polig approved on march 25 is now under consideration east and west indies the decision t keep the united states fleet at hawaii first an nounced a few days before the invasion of holland and belgium was reaffirmed last week on the morning of may 11 small contingents of allied troops were landed on the islands of curacao and aruba to prevent possible german attempts at sabo tage in the important oil refineries on these dutch possessions off the coast of venezuela state depart ment officials who had been informed of the allied move took the position that the occupation did not constitute an infringement of the monroe doctrine as no change in sovereignty was involved they pointed out that the troops had been sent with the consent of the netherlands authorities and that the occupation would be of a temporary nature at almost the same time however the depart ment received intimations from tokyo that similar action in the netherlands east indies might produce repercussions in japan hachiro arita japanese for eign minister took the occasion to renew his state ment of april 15 expressing concern over the main tenance of the status quo in the east indies and ambassador grew promptly communicated with washington at his press conference on the same day secretary hull reiterated the desire of the united states that the position of the east indies should not be altered and within 24 hours assut ances were forthcoming from britain that it had no intention whatever of intervening tension was further reduced by statements from dutch authott ties that allied military support similar to that ex tended in the west indies was not required or it tended in the east indies w t stone fo an int ol x whe dictot the c zero defea war every too such eign nigh to ra victo rope tend cles dese shift this majo pres natic pare total for only were ity and izat whi eur of fou way of t istic dar par +de iy on nd he ed nd rt ied 10 ne ey he he it lar ice of nd ith me he ies uf no yas 2x in foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xix no 31 may 24 1940 what are hitler’s plans for the future of ger many and of europe read building the third reich by john c dewilde 25 world affairs pamphlets no 5 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 may ey 9 dr william bishop bichigan lib versity qo awn aarhor wich the united states faces a new world order my tt the epic struggle between germany and the allies entering its second week the american people show signs of yielding to at least five contra dictory tendencies 1 nation wide hysteria regarding the german menace such as europeans even at the zero hour have succeeded in escaping 2 profound defeatism concerning the ultimate outcome of the war 3 criticism of the allies on the ground that everything they have done has been too little and too late 4 a panicky urge to arm this country in such a way that it will not only be able to resist for eign attack but also aid the allies recognized over night as our first line of defense and 5 an attempt to rationalize the situation by arguing that a german victory may after all prove less disastrous for eu rope than had been hitherto assumed these various tendencies which are bound to determine the poli cies of the united states in the immediate future deserve to be assessed in the light of europe’s rapidly shifting events 1 dangers of hysteria the hysteria which gripped this country last week is due primarily to the fact that the majority of americans in spite of repeated warnings by president roosevelt and by many commentators on inter national affairs were mentally and psychologically unpre pared to face the scope of hitler’s program the horrors of totalitarian war and the possibility of allied defeat having for years been lulled into the belief that isolation was not only desirable but also practicable the american people were shocked to discover that the united states was in real ity on the point of being isolated from europe and asia and restricted to the western hemisphere the sudden real ization that the strategic mage and economic premises on which our own system has rested may be wiped out in europe leaving the united states as the sole great exponent of democracy and capitalism in the world has shaken the foundation on which millions of americans had built their way of life and their hopes for the future the repercussions of this blow such as loss of faith in democratic and capital istic institutions may unless promptly checked prove more dangerous for the united states than its military unpre paredness 2 defeatism about europe the very fact that even well informed americans had until now refused to face the possibility of allied defeat and had failed to discern the character of the revolution represented by nazism has plunged the united states into the most profound pessim ism while the position of the allies is extremely critical the french and british having seen what happened to the czechs and poles will probably resist to the last rather than capitulate the conflict may consequently develop from a war of armed units into a hand to hand struggle which may well destroy large parts of the continent but may also weaken nazi germany we must also take into account the thousand and one developments which the present battle may precipitate such as the ultimate sho of germany’s oil resources severely strained by large scale use of airplanes and tanks or the possible re entrance on the scene of the soviet union which had hoped for the com plete exhaustion of all belligerents but would hardly wel come german hegemony of the continent until the allies themselves have laid down their arms the american people would be ill advised to prejudge the outcome of the ict by indulging in a defeatism which can only redound to germany’s benefit 3 criticism of the allies while proving more vulner able to hysteria and defeatism than the allies americans are at the same time unsparing in their criticism of france and britain for allied failure to meet the german menace with adequate armaments in the last analysis the allies could have equaled germany’s armaments only if they like germany had decided to concentrate all their efforts on military preparations however justified may be american criticisms of the allies these criticisms apply also to the united states which has likewise been caught napping by the course of events in essence what americans are criti cizing is the failure of the democratic system which flour ishes best in time of peace to adopt the methods of military dictatorships whatever difference of opinion there may be regarding the character and scope of american aid to the allies two things must be recognized at this juncture the allies need not men or credits but airplanes and other military equip ment and no matter how great our willingness to help or how effective our ultimate assistance we are too late to be of immediate aid just as the allies were too late with re spect to poland norway holland and belgium yet it would be the height of irony if this lateness should now oy rat eeereeraee gerapmrmene or eamans o a a st nga page two serve as an ar t for withholding aid since the war may be peolengedl beyond pfesent expectations 4 the call to arms an effort to remedy this coun try’s own military deficiencies in record time and with rec ord expenditure was launched by president roosevelt on may 16 this country’s practical defense needs should not blind the american people to the fact that even if ger many wins a decisive victory in europe the immediate ef fects of such a victory on the western hemisphere would take the form not of military invasion but of invasion by ao ery against american institutions and the rdle of the united states in this hemisphere as france and britain and europe’s neutrals have learned to their disaster propa ganda working on dissatisfied weary and disillusioned people can circumvent military preparations if the allies now succeed in halting germany this will not be due solely to military skill or equipment for these germany too has at its command but to the fact that the menace of an nihilation has strengthened the morale of the allies ended their political disunity and forced subordination of private interests to the preservation of national existence to this extent hitler’s blitzbrieg might in the end prove a boom erang for germany by consolidating france britain and other countries against the inroads of nazi propaganda and hastening the moral social and economic reconstruction long overdue in the western democracies 5 effects of german vict such a reconstruction would prove the best answer to e argument born of de featism and fear of war that a german victory might afte all prove more tolerable for europe than had been expected there is no doubt that the european continent has suffered from many political and economic maladjustments whic france and britain at the zenith of their power and infly ence had done little or nothing to correct it is also true that in the long run europe might find under nazi ruk that political and economic unification which many weg erners had hoped thus far in vain might be effected the allies but it would be an illusion to believe that this unification could take place on any other basis than the sup pression of those individual liberties and human values which european civilization has developed in the course of centuries and through the world empires of france and britain has spread to other countries it would be equally illusory to believe that if europe succumbs to nazi rule the united states will be free in relative security to carry high the torch of civilization as many americans have said it should do or pursue its tradi tional way of life undisturbed our course must be charted anew in waters made perilous by new and unforeseen dan gers not only those who believed in intervention abroad but also the charles beard school of continentalists are now confronted with the task of reshaping domestic and foreign policy in such a way as to assure this country agains the kind of gradual erosion to which hitler’s threats of force had reduced france and britain on the eve of the present war vera micheles dean allies reel under nazi blows striking with unparalleled intensity in what must be the most powerful assault in history german armed forces have battered the allied armies to the verge of defeat in less than a fortnight and are rapidly advancing toward their final objectives at no time during the last war neither before the battle of the marne in 1914 nor during the german offensives in the spring of 1918 was the outlook for the british and french so dark the allies have thus far been outmaneuvered and outfought by su perior forces they are exposed to the most serious dangers on land and sea and particularly in the air it may yet be possible to stabilize the new battle fronts for a certain period if the tremendous wastage and extended communications which neces sarily accompany an offensive on the grand scale compel the nazis to slow their forward movements it may be possible for the allies to launch counter attacks on the flanks of the vast nazi protrusion into french territory if they can still collect a large mass of maneuver and protect their own transport against disorganization by german aviation but even as suming that such conditions develop britain and france must face the prospect of months of gruelling warfare for which they have not been adequately prepared the only alternative is surrender the german onslaught since may 10 when the invasion of the low countries began the progress of the germans has been nothing short of phenomenal despite its recently intensified defense preparations and a supposedly strong system of water defenses the netherlands succumbed in five days to nazi land and air attack meanwhile in belgium the german troops had rolled past the un conquered forts of liége and pierced the wooded hills of the ardennes taking the french frontier town of sedan on may 14 a day later forces thrown against the weakly defended line of the meuse be tween namur and montmédy breached the allied defense works and fanned out rapidly to the west the ensuing advance by nazi mechanized divisions working in closest cooperation with dive bombers and other planes and followed by motorized in fantry units has been retarded but not halted by furious melees with french tanks and infantry on may 20 the attackers took st quentin about 80 miles northeast of paris and other columns were pushing westward from a line extending from maw beuge to laon to preserve contact with the main french armies the british belgian and french forces north of the area of greatest penetration fell back toward the channel ports before the enemy pressure permitting the germans to enter brussels on may 17 and antwerp the following day on may 21 the german high command claimed that its units had reached the french coast at abbeville be hind the advance lines however there were many islands of allied resistance the outcome of the wat now depends on the ability of the germans to com solidate their grip on the territory they have 9 vicky from tl naz man ca grateg plan fc ificatio visagec ie oat est 0 swings the en weste hitl tives a plies t edly frencl and tk the fa contin 1914 know nerve forces the aims as an th deter tériel series the s meth have fensi devel open weat armc been of agai pera the of tl wid an trar fror mas unit por head enter reaves eeaeregka if i oo 5 3 of five ded tier wn ied ere ain nch fell my sels its any wat on wo y overrun before the allies can recuperate fom the shock and destruction of battle nazi strategy and tactics as the ger man campaign unfolds it is apparent that the nazi grategists have basically altered the von schlieffen jan for the invasion of france employed with mod fications in the offensive of 1914 that plan en visaged a great wheeling movement through bel sium enveloping paris from the north and pivoting yound a point on the franco german frontier south ast of luxembourg today the closing door swings instead in a great arc from luxembourg to the english channel from a stationary position in western holland hitler is obviously concealing his precise objec tives as long as possible for by doing so he multi plies the difficulties of the defenders he undoubt edly desires to sow seeds of discord between the french who are concerned for the safety of paris and the british who are probably preoccupied with the fate of the channel ports which serve as their continental bases such difficulties not unknown in 1914 1918 may once more arise until it is definitely known whether the germans wish to capture the nerve center of france cut off the northern allied forces by a dash to the sea turn southward to take the maginot line from the rear or combine these aims and at one swoop annihilate the allied armies as an effective fighting force the amplitude of the german objectives will be determined in large part by the extent of the ma tériel and personnel available to continue the rapid series of hammer blows delivered thus far and by the speed with which the allies are able to devise methods of parrying them the french for example have been forced in a few days to abandon the de fensive positional tactics which they so arduously developed during the last twenty years fighting in open country they have found their anti tank weapons ineffective against the masses of heavily armored german tanks whose existence had not been generally known and have utilized thousands of 75 millimeter field guns for point blank fire against them improvisation of this type and des perate counter offensive measures are necessary if the german drive is to be stemmed for the essence of the german infiltration scheme is immediately to widen every gap in the enemy's line before he has an opportunity to close it the allies on the con trary must strive to re form a strong continuous front which they may hold until they can create and mass the superior force of planes and mechanized units needed for the attack page three allies gird for death struggle spurred on in their efforts by events in the field the chiefs of state in paris and london are rapidly co ordinating their administrations for vigorous prose cution of a totalitarian war on may 17 after premier reynaud had told the french chamber of deputies a day earlier that methods and men might have to be changed he altered the composi tion of his cabinet and by assuming the post of war minister centralized direction of the military effort in his own hands edouard daladier the pre ceding defense minister was made minister of for eign affairs the aged marshal henri philippe pétain symbol of french resistance at verdun be came vice premier georges mandel one of clémenceau’s most energetic protégés was made minister of the interior where he will be in a posi tion to carry out premier reynaud’s warning that weakness will be punished by death to direct the military operations general maxime weygand was appointed on may 19 to replace general maurice gustave gamelin as commander of the french forces general staff leadership thus falls from the hands of an exponent of defensive warfare into those of a disciple and former subordinate of marshal foch who directed the great allied attacks of 1918 in britain prime minister winston churchill ap pears to have succeeded in shocking the british out of the complacency with which they have viewed the war since its inception the imminent danger of air attack from near by nazi bases in the low coun tries has led to the rapid formation of a volunteer defense corps to combat german parachutists this force is already said to comprise 500,000 men bar ricades have been set up at points on the channel coast along important roads and around govern ment buildings in london in a radio address deliv ered on may 19 mr churchill sought to prepare britain for a direct attack by the nazis as soon as the front in france was stabilized pleading for greater munitions production he forecast that the most drastic steps would be taken to call forth the last ounce and the last inch of effort from the british people here as in france the restraints of democratic government are disappearing along with the processes of private production at least for the duration of the war in the face of extreme emer gency such measures are necessary if nations are to retain their independence the great question is whether these developments so long avoided be cause they are distasteful to democratic states have been taken in time to prevent defeat davip h popper foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 31 may 24 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dororhy f lurr secretary vera micheltss dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year beis produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news le ettec washington bureau national press bullding may 20 as the gigantic battle on the western front enters its decisive stage washington is fever ishly engaged in preparing the legislation to carry out the vast emergency defense program urged by president roosevelt in his message to congress on may 16 with virtually all opposition swept away by the possibility of an overwhelming german victory in europe congressional subcommittees have already incorporated most of the new requests in the regu lar army and navy appropriation bills which are being rushed to final action within another ten days or two weeks in all probability congress will have voted the additional 1,182,000,000 requested by the president thus committing the united states to the expenditure of well over three billion dollars for defense before june 30 1941 unsolved defense problems when these new defense funds are voted however there will be no assurance that either congress or the administration is much closer to a solution of the very real problems confronting the united states if a successful resistance by the allies is now re garded as a vital interest of the united states the hysterical voting of additional deficit millions can not meet the issue for in the short run the emer gency program can have almost no effect on the outcome of the present death struggle in europe at best it will require between eighteen months and two years to accomplish the vast expansion of plants and personnel to turn out 50,000 airplanes a year far too long if the result on the western front is de termined in the next few weeks or even the next six months should the allies make a successful stand this country would continue to serve as a base of supply with the prospect of increasing our rate of production to 1,000 planes a month by december nor will the long term problems be solved merely by voting additional millions increasing working hours and scrapping restrictive wage legislation like the walsh healy act without any conception of what kind of defense we are preparing for the theoretical alternatives which seemed so plausible only yesterday have been perilously nar rowed by the hard realities of today whereas it seemed possible before the invasion of the low countries to contemplate aid to the allies by measures short of war it will no longer be pos sible to evade the issue of direct intervention if great britain and france are able to hold out through the summer for if we conclude that oy security is imperiled by a german victory then th only honest course is to mobilize our full econom and military strength behind the allies such course will not permit the luxury of selling airplang on a cash and carry basis it will mean facing the probability of total war next spring and organizing our military and naval program accordingly might permit the retention of the navy in the py cific for the present but if british sea power wer threatened in the atlantic or the mediterranean would inevitably compel the transfer of at least part of our fleet leaving japan free in the westem pacific under such a program our army would kk faced with the problem of reorganizing its pro tective mobilization plan now designed to furnish a covering force of some 750,000 primarily for con tinental defense in favor of an expanded program based on the possibility of overseas war on the other hand yesterday's theoretical program of hemisphere defense is equally distorted by the sudden prospect of a decisive german victory ow present navy which is now stronger than at any time since 1921 was built at great cost on the a sumption that a single first class fleet backed by small professional army and a modern air force would be capable of defending the sea and air ap proaches to the united states and protecting ow vital trade routes the navy today is adequate for this purpose against any single foreign power ot against any probable combination as long as british sea power controls the atlantic the report of the senate naval affairs committee on the expansion bill issued last week strongly defends a program of western hemisphere defense even if british se power is destroyed and holds that this would be fat less costly than participation in war in europe of asia the report however suggests the logical but disconcerting corollaries of such a program the necessity of preventing germany from gaining 1 foothold in the hemisphere american control of naval and air bases a two ocean navy and othe measures which threaten a revival of imperialism much of the confusion surrounding the defens program arises from the fact that it calls for both kinds of defense preparation for further aid to the allies if there is time and hemisphere defense i case of a german victory the confusion might bt reduced if the administration gave its support to af impartial defense commission to re examine whole problem w t stone hi mz of his render troops broadc out cc render ports now b wh aroun and 3 churc fense since 1588 who britis in the pelins howe feasit the in ment cor of tr to th govel posit secre crip sovie expe were agree crip and +foreign policy bulletin wu e 7 an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff n i i 194 class meinee daillll subscription two dollars a year os oe tie ba a foreign policy association incorporated 4 ast oe aa 8 west 40th street new york n y a you xix no 82 may 31 1940 ouro the just_ published dr william w bishop the british empire under fire university of michigan library nes by james frederick green the a discussion of the origins of the present european war and ann arbor mich of the british empire’s chances of surviving it with chapters ing also on the history and development of the empire on the self governing dominions the crown colonies and india pa headline book no 24 25 cents ere a great britain prepares for invasion 1 he allied position was seriously jeopardized on mobilization of men and property be may 27 when king leopold against the advice on may 22 the british parliament in less than three pio of his ministers ordered the belgian army to sur hours passed the emergency powers defense act re render thus further isolating the british and french surpassing in stringency even world war legisla troops in flanders premier reynaud in a brief broadcast denounced the king’s action taken with out consultation with the allies the belgian sur render opens a northern passage to the channel ports through which the allied armies have until now been supplied while german forces tightened their noose tion which virtually suspended the constitution for the duration of the war the act which was im mediately given effect through orders in council empowered the government to 1 control all per sons and property 2 conscript labor and regulate conditions of employment 3 control banks and finance and 4 impose an excess profits tax of a around the allied armies in northwestern france 100 per cent these measures representing a com y and moved steadily up the channel coast the promise of all political parties in the coalition gov churchill government rushed preparations for de ernment and a sacrifice by all classes in the nation ap fense of the british isles on only four occasions were long overdue britain’s desperate position to ou since 1066 have the british been endangered in day results in part from the failure of the chamber fo 1588 by the spanish armada in 1667 by the dutch lain government which was contemplating a long 3 ir who entered the thames estuary and set fire to war of attrition to recognize the urgency of the ts british shipping during the napoleonic wars ond situation after the outbreak of hostilities last sep sion 2 the world war when german planes and zep tember the propertied interests opposed pages 4 4 pelins raided london because of new weapons eet fey oe ee p i som se however an attack on the british isles is far more bata adn h lecti a os regarding hours wages collective bargaining and sable today than in previous centuries to meet introduction of women into the factories not until the imminent danger of invasion the british govern germany had conquered southern norway ond but ment took several drastic measures in the past week pushed through the western front were the british the conscription of wealth and man power suppression willing to adopt a totalitarian economy in order g i of treachery and military precautions in addition to fight the nazi régime on its own terms of t0 this defense of the home front the churchill ail tev q ope ts dil profiting from the experience of norway holland a cos se ees ee and belgium the british government moved speed 1 position by sending sir samuel hoare former air ily to suppress fifth column activities on may nse ang ater a ee sir epee 23 parliament supplemented previous legislation oth aa atest berge aie meta ae party to the against sedition and treason by imposing the death the soviet union and sir wilfred greene an economic penalty for serious cases of espionage and sabotage in xpert to italy while the negotiations with italy and severely penalizing anti war propaganda on be were apparently unsuccessful except for a reported the same day police raided the british union an a 4greement regarding navicerts it is possible that the openly fascist organization and arrested its leader th cripps delegation may secure a trade agreement sir oswald mosley and many of its members a con eb and pave the way for better political relations servative member of parliament captain archibald h m ramsay was also arrested for fascist activi ties the government meanwhile interned large numbers of resident aliens including captain frans von rintelen head of germany's spy ring in the united states during the world war since german naval and air forces are expected to attack along the channel north sea and irish sea simultaneously britain is particularly concerned over political conditions in eire where the irish republican army continues to foment dissension increasing numbers of german tourists and journal ists were reported to be entering dublin where because eire remains neutral germany maintains a legation premier de valera who secured emergency powers in january to combat the i.r.a has called up additional reserve troops and has begun intern ing pro nazi sympathizers inasmuch as britain under the 1938 settlement transferred to eire its three naval bases in southern ireland and withdrew the last of its troops remaining in eire it depends on the de valera government for protection of such ports as dublin cobh and galway britain’s posi tion is made especially difficult by premier de valera’s demand for the union of eire and the six counties of northern ireland a controversy which has raged ever since the treaty of 1921 the british and eire governments appear to be cooperating page two closely however in checking the lr.a which js believed to have received german funds military precautions to organize tr sistance to the expected invasion the churchill goy ernment on may 26 appointed general sir edmund ironside commander in chief of the home force general ironside who replaced general sir walte kirke had previously been chief of the imperial staff this post was filled by sir john dill whik general viscount gort remained commander of the british expeditionary forces the government which has already c ganized civilian groups to com bat german parachute troops took additional mili tary precautions in london and other cities and confiscated guns and ammunition from stores and sport shops it also arranged for evacuation of children from most of the towns on the east coast whether the anticipated invasion takes place de pends almost entirely on the outcome of the present battle in france where the belgian surrender has made defeat of the allied northern armies almos inevitable only a successful counter attack by the french army south of the german corridor to the sea can prevent the nazi forces from securing a firm foothold in the channel ports and striking acrog the channel at britain james frederick green nazi activities in mexico last week in a manner disturbingly reminiscent of 1916 17 alarming reports of increased german activity in mexico filtered across the border since the successful german drive on denmark norway and the low countries the american republics have become deeply concerned with possible fifth col umn activities and mexico admittedly would be a strategic center for disruptive measures the car denas government is strongly anti nazi and there is no evidence in that country of the deep resent ment against the united states which produced the virtually pro german attitude of 1914 16 the do mestic presidential campaign now in progress how ever has created a cleavage in sentiment which might be turned to the advantage of saboteurs whether german or not in addition the unsettled oil dispute continues to plague united states mexi can relations although the settlement concluded earlier this month with the sinclair interests suggests a break in the long deadlock these circumstances combined with a press which publishes a great deal of anti american material provide a favorable at mosphere for propaganda in the flood of rumors and hypotheses generated by the presidential campaign and the semi hysteria over trojan horses it is impossible to obtain an accurate picture of the scope of nazi activities in mexico several facts however can be determined with a fair degree of certainty the most striking of these is the pronounced increase in the number of german tourists and salesmen which reached such proportions that the mexican government has established a closer check on aliens and the army has laid plans for a counter espionage service ac cording to the government these and other measures have eliminated the danger of foreign activities it is evident however that nazi propaganda paid for in part by a forced levy on the german colony and emanating from the german legation and semi official news agencies has reached a high peak the object is hardly that of paving the way for inve sion instead german meddling in this instance i designed to stir up trouble which would occupy the attention of the united states or failing that to insure malevolent neutrality on the part of mexico in the event this country enters the war such calculations however appear to ignore the close economic ties between the united states and mexico somewhat paradoxically these ties have if anything been tightened since the expropriation of foreign oil properties the united states purchase about 70 per cent of mexican exports and it has been estimated that expenditures of american tout ists in mexico are running as high as 1,000,000,000 pesos 160,000,000 a year whether mexico is neutral or a belligerent it would find it decidedly sdvanta sates i fence tl ministra daring more tl frst six shipmet under of supy ary af srategi es al toad but w mexico ele time the pre artemp the ca thief c rightis the ba while candid it has tives 1 possib nazi purpo if ther wi still n surfac cama prm con con howe port the c this the with path mear cam back othe capi wh fore headc entere u b brrzerbs42arbrebr aee rare of red my ac res aid 1 va is py rat of is 4 ly a jivantageous to cooperate closely with the united sates in the event of war and there is every evi fence that this is the sentiment of the cardenas ad ginistration despite chaotic conditions in mexico during the world war exports to the united states more than doubled from 1914 to 1918 and in the frst six months of the present conflict the value of hhipments to the united states rose 30.5 per cent under war conditions mexico is an important source of supply for sisal and henequen antimony mer ary and other minerals to mention only a few wrategic commodities mexico as a source of sup lies and a market for manufactured goods is a viluable economic appendage to the united states but while this country can exist without mexico mexico cannot exist without the united states election prospects vague in the mean ime little light has been shed on the prospects of the presidential election scheduled for july 7 some attempt has been made to link nazi influence with the campaign of general juan andreu almazan thief opposition candidate and that of the extreme tightist general amaro who thus far has stayed in the background yet the party headed by almazan while far to the right of the supporters of the official andidate general avila camacho is hardly fascist ithas the support of business interests and conserva tives in general american as well as mexican the possibility that this group might become a tool of nazi agents appears decidedly remote although the purposes of the nazis would be almost as well served if they succeeded in promoting an armed revolt with the election only a few weeks off there is sill no clarification of the confused outlook on the surface it would appear that the election of avila camacho is assured since he has the support of the prm mexican revolutionary party the ctm confederation of mexican labor and the cnc confederation of farm workers it is impossible however to gauge the effectiveness of the ctm sup port since there undoubtedly are large groups in the ctm which back almazan more or less openly this bolt from the official candidate in part reflects the dissatisfaction of many rank and file workers with what are construed to be the communist sym pathies of the ctm leadership the communists meanwhile are giving their active support to avila camacho and they are generally believed ready to back him with arms if necessary almazan on the other hand is regarded by the upper middle class capital and even certain branches of labor as the white hope of mexico all things being equal page three almazan might be expected to halt or even turn back slightly the course of the revolution and come to terms with foreign capital should he be elected whereas under avila camacho the revolution might merely slow down both sides expect trouble and both sides have prepared for the armed revolt which is freely if vaguely predicted in all quarters in this bitter internal political struggle foreign machi nations provide a further element of confusion between now and the time of elections however it is possible that larger issues growing out of the course of the european war will act as a stabilizing influence on domestic politics howarp j trueblood american white paper the story of american diplomacy and the second world war by joseph alsop and robert kintner new york simon and schuster 1940 1.00 two alert young newspapermen sympathetically trace the broad lines of american foreign policy since munich in a well written narrative which owes its piquancy to the authors intimate contacts with certain washington officials this war by thomas mann new york knopf 1940 1.00 in this brief essay dr mann eloquently castigates the nazi leadership reiterates his faith in the western de mocracies and their peace aims and calls on the german people to throw off the nazi yoke and conclude a peace providing for european confederation japan’s emergence as a modern state by e herbert norman 2.00 japanese industry its recent development and present condition by g c allen 1.00 the problem of japanese trade expansion in the post war situation by miriam s farley 1.00 german interests and policies in the far east by kurt bloch 1.00 australia’s interests and policies in the far east by j shepherd 2.00 new zealand’s interests and policies in the far east by ian f g milner 1.00 american policy in the far east 1931 1940 by t a bisson 1.25 inquiry series institute of pacific relations new york 1940 these seven volumes represent the first fruits of a sig nificant research project initiated by the institute of pa cific relations in 1938 the i.p.r inquiry series is de signed to provide a fund of factual information and im partial analysis on the major questions which will have to be considered in a far eastern peace settlement scholars from many fields have prepared studies of various aspects of the sino japanese conflict its effects on the interests of third powers and the forms of adjustment which may prove feasible in a post war era the seven works under re view have set a high standard in accuracy and informed scholarship insuring that the inquiry series which will eventually comprise more than a score of different contri butions will prove indispensable to all students of the far east foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 32 may 31 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leer secretary vera micuheles dan editor entered as second class matter december 2 ss 1 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building may 27 moving with extraordinary dispatch and without partisan opposition congress is rapidly completing its drive to give legislative approval to the president's emergency defense program durin the past week the senate has passed both the army and navy appropriation bills by unanimous votes authorizing a total of 3,297,009,000 to carry the program through the next fiscal year before the end of this week the house is expected to concur the new defense budget the extent to which the original defense program has been ex panded by the new emergency measures may be seen in the following comparison when the war de partment bill passed the house about two months ago it carried a total appropriation of 784,999,000 as passed by the senate it authorizes 1,500,023,000 in cash plus authority to make contracts for an additional 323,229,000 before june 30 1941 the navy department bill which passed the house in february originally called for 965,779,000 this figure has been raised by the senate to 1,302,265 000 in cash and a further 171,491,000 in contract obligations with these new funds the war department ex pects to raise the strength of the regular army to 280,000 men supplemented by an expanded enlisted reserve approximately double existing orders for new airplanes increasing the authorized program from 5,500 planes to 8,066 and begin the procure ment of matériel and mechanized equipment suff cient for a mobilized force of 750,000 men and 250,000 reserves the navy department will be able to hasten completion of 68 warships of all types now under construction begin construction of 24 more raise the enlisted strength of the navy from 145,000 to 170,000 men and place orders for 2,970 new airplanes in addition to the 933 now scheduled for delivery and the 1,800 in service today as the emergency program moves towatd com pletion however it becomes increasingly evident that the voting of new funds and the purchase of new equipment for the armed forces is only one part of the vast problem now confronting this country the unity achieved last week in voting budgetary expansion gives no lasting assurance that partisan politics will be adjourned or that effective coordination will be accomplished or that adequate planning will be undertaken in time and it still leaves unanswered the question whether those jm mediately responsible for american policy will haye the foresight and vision to deal with the larger political and economic problems now pressing for solution the larger problems in his radio talk on sunday night president roosevelt dealt with some of these larger problems he was calmer and more reassuring than in other recent utterances promising that coordination of defense will be worked out with the aid of leading industrialists that labor will be adequately represented in washington and that there will be no breakdown or cancellation of the social gains of the past few years the speed ing up of industrial production will be carried out largely by private industry working with the gov ernment which stands ready to provide for the en largement of plants and the construction of new factories finally while promising to deal vigorously with fifth column activities which weaken a na tion at its roots the president undertook to safe guard basic civil liberties despite these assurances and the somewhat calmer atmosphere prevailing in washington this week neither the administration nor congress has come to grips with the most formidable of these larger problems which are primarily economic on the domestic side administration leaders are consider ing holding congress in session to enact emergency taxes for financing the vast expenditure for arma ment but the tentative plans call for further borrow ing and a probable increase in the national debt limit from 45 to 50 billion dollars externally we face the prospect of radical adjust ments in our economy to meet the new conditions of a radically changed world if we must adopt a policy of western hemisphere defense then it will be necessary to do more than build a two ocean navy and continue the hull trade program at the very least it will be essential to develop the full resources of the americas both to secure vital raw materials for ourselves and to increase the purchasing power of the entire hemisphere by ratifying the conven tion setting up an inter american bank which was signed on may 10 the senate would be in a position to take an important first step toward such a program w t stone fo an inte you xi for a posits ital +pw a re nw ft foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act rigdical room of march 3 1879 general library univ of mich you xix no 33 june 7 1940 for a survey of italy’s military and economic position read italy’s role in the edropean conflict by robert gale woolbert 25 may 1 issue of foreign policy reports general library university of uichizan ann arbor michizan italy girds ss itself for war as the allies struggled to evacuate the remnants of their troops from flanders and prepared for german attacks on paris and london attention was again focused on italy where far reaching plans were expected to be announced at a meeting of the council of ministers on june 4 all visible signs such as the mobilization of troops the evacuation of industrial cities close to the franco italian border the suspension of sailings from italian ports the cancellation of permits to acquire foreign exchange which may force termination of imports from the united states indicated the imminence of the decision mussolini has repeatedly asserted he alone will make this decision which for weeks has been hanging over the heads of the allies like a sword of damocles may itself be subject to the exigencies of the nazi timetable what italy hopes to gain at no time since the outbreak of the war was it possible that italy might enter the conflict on the side of the allies in contrast to 1914 when italy was friendly to britain and had a great deal to gain by the break up of the austro hungarian empire italy today can gain only through a defeat of the allies which would permit it to obtain those territories and advantages repeatedly demanded by the fascist press control of the mediterranean and of its exits and entrances at gibraltar and suez with gibraltar nominally assigned to spain possession of tunisia malta corsica nice savoy and djibouti and a share of other french and british colonies in africa italy's choice thus lay between continuance of non belligerency which to the more militant fascists appeared incompatible with the dynamic quality of fascism and outright military cooperation with germany count ciano italian foreign minister has revealed that at milan in may 1939 and again at salzburg in august of that year he had informed the nazis that italy needed three years to complete its military preparations and was reluctant to be come involved in war over poland where it claimed no interest these considerations doubtless deter mined mussolini’s decision to proclaim non bel ligerency at the outbreak of war in this rdle italy served germany's purposes by immobilizing allied forces on the franco italian border in the eastern mediterranean and in africa and by channeling various overseas products into the reich among them probably lubricating oil from the united states imports of which into italy rose sharply after sep tember 1939 italy's actual entrance into the war was therefore not necessary for germany and for italy was advantageous only at a stage of the con flict when total defeat of the allies would appear so certain as to preclude the danger of a long war on italy’s part the series of rapid victories won by the nazis in poland norway the low countries and northern france convinced militant fascists that germany was bound to win and that italy should enter the war now both to reap military glory at relatively little cost and to share in the spoils of victory these spoils even if overshadowed by german domination of the entire european continent would presumably be far in excess of any belated conces sions the allies may have proposed after the out break of war last september the fascist govern ment therefore rejected these concessions refused to be won over by last minute allied offers to allevi ate the effects of their blockade on italian trade and declined to be swayed by president roosevelt's repeated messages italy’s war potential in a short war italy’s military power especially its fleet with its large number of submarines and torpedo boats adapted for war in narrow waters and its air force estimated at 4,000 to 6,400 planes with a monthly production of 200 to 250 could inflict serious dam tst se se ii i ngs sn per cern rne ee er no a age on the allies much has been said about the difficulties italian troops would experience if they attempted to invade france across the alps but these difficulties would not prevent the italian air force from wreaking damage on southern france while the nazis launch a new attack along the somme aisne front italy's lack of raw materials for war industries is also often stressed as a source of weakness this factor would undoubtedly operate in a prolonged conflict especially if the allies succeed in closing gibraltar and the suez through which pass nearly 80 per cent of italy’s imports available trade statistics from non italian sources however would indicate that italy during the past two years has been accumulating stocks of certain key raw ma terials six million tons of oil were imported largely from the united states rumania and mexico and drastic restrictions were imposed on private con sumption 19,745 tons of cotton were imported from the united states india and egypt in january 1940 as compared with 7,930 tons in january 1939 while shipments of rubber from the dutch east indies to italy in january and february were three and a half times what they had been in the same months in 1939 while italy's pre war imports of coal which averaged 12 million tons a year nearly 4 million overland from germany austria poland and czechoslovakia and 8 million by sea have been curtailed by the british blockade germany claims that it delivered nearly one million tons of coal to italy in may and intends to keep up deliveries if italy were cut off from overseas imports it would be forced in a long war to seek supplies in the only area of europe still untouched by war the balkans here the rome berlin partners might become political and economic competitors italy has long claimed a sphere of influence in yugoslavia with a german minority of 500,000 and bul garia and has a special interest in greece which page two ee borders on its new colony of albania and mi conceivably become a base for allied operations jg the eastern mediterranean italy often biddi against the reich has sought to import from yugo slavia and rumania some of the raw materials jt lacks notably lumber wheat and oil any increay in german imports of balkan products would proy detrimental to italy nor should the possibility be excluded that italy instead of striking at france might first assert its claims to territory in the bal kans before a victorious germany can turn in this direction for if germany wins the war the balkan countries would move into the orbit not of italy which would be unable to protect them agains hitler but of germany this trend is already apparent in hungary wher the moderate government of count teleki hitherto hostile to hungarian nazism anticipates a germag victory and the need for cooperation with the reich and in rumania where the pro allied foreign min ister m gafencu was suddenly dismissed by king carol on june 1 and replaced by a german sympu thizer m gigurtu just at the moment when berlin was pressing its demand for increased deliveries of rumanian oil this pull toward germany is bound to increase with every nazi victory in the west and as it increases the influence of both italy and the soviet union in the balkans may be expected tp diminish the trade agreement which yugoslavia concluded with the u.s.s.r on may 11 apparently disappointed belgrade which had hoped moscow might counteract german and italian aspirations in this region it is with these many and often conflict ing considerations in mind that mussolini must reach a decision regarding military collaboration with germany whose victory might free italy of anglo french dominance in the mediterranean only to subject it to german dominance on the continent vera micheles dean dominions rush aid to britain because of the speed with which the nazis have taken the channel ports it is possible that germany may attempt to invade great britain within the next few weeks before the allies can reorganize their forces and fully mobilize their economic resources a decision this summer would be especially desir able for germany since it would be able to exert its maximum strength before the british dominions to say nothing of the united states could intervene effectively canada australia new zealand and south africa can all provide the allies on an even larger scale than in the world war with essential foodstuffs raw materials and many varieties of manufactured goods while these dominions have cf j f green the british dominions at war foreign policy reports february 1 1940 undertaken large scale military and economic prep arations they can hardly influence to any great ex tent the battle now in progress like britain and france the dominions had planned for a long slow war not the blitzkrieg that is now raging in europe the chamberlain government displaying the same lack of imagination and energy that characterized its work in britain itself apparently failed to ex plain the urgency of the situation to the empire and to place sufficiently large orders for airplanes and other supplies while the military effort of the dominions has been by no means negligible thus far it has centered largely on training and preparing for a long wat canada already has about 92,000 men under arms as well as many thousands training in the militia jt has third to sen js atte schem trainin zealar baypt pilots trainin in car mobile fin extent and f war e serves vestm chang especi produ stuffs worth ber a secur dolla cana may forei 000 brita finan of tk is he payn 700 fiscal ba betrp pa re pca sr re rto ing ep ind ow pe me zed ind ind free jt has sent two divisions to england is training a third division and recruiting a fourth in addition to sending several airplane units overseas canada js attempting to speed up the empire air training scheme originally designed to reach its maximum training of pilots in three years australia and new zealand together have sent about 30,000 troops to egypt and both dominions are sending airplane pilots to europe as well as expanding their own training units and participating in the empire project in canada the union of south africa is organizing mobile field units but limiting their service to africa financial difficulties to a far greater extent than in the world war problems of finance and foreign exchange have hampered the empire’s war effort great britain reluctant to utilize its re serves of gold foreign exchange and foreign in vestments has established strict import and ex change controls the dominions have followed suit especially as they buy airplanes and other american products in dollars while selling most of their food stuffs in pounds canada repatriated 90,000,000 worth of british held government bonds last octo ber and expects to repatriate additional british held securities at a rate of perhaps 250 to 300 million dollars annually for the duration of the war canada like the united states in the world war may thus experience a gradual reduction in its foreign indebtedness estimated at over 6,800,000 000 in 1937 of which 2,700,000,000 was held in britain the war moreover places a tremendous financial burden on each of the dominions because of their large public indebtedness much of whith is held in london and requires large annual sterling payments canada for example has appropriated 700,000,000 for war purposes during the 1940 41 fiscal year empire problems the war has raised politi cal as well as financial problems for the british com monwealth particularly with regard to south africa the union which declared war on september 4 by a vote of 80 to 67 in the house of assembly fol lowed by the resignation of premier j.m.b hertzog and part of his cabinet has been seriously split over questions of war policy its present premier general jan c smuts has cooperated closely with britain although disclaiming any intention of send ing troops outside africa meanwhile the opposi tion headed by general hertzog and dr d f malan has continued to demand neutrality for south africa and a republican form of government the smuts government has maintained its control page three of parliament while the opposition has probably lost some support since the invasion of the nether lands as the hertzog malan party is composed largely of afrikander descendants of the original dutch settlers the possibility of a british defeat raises vital questions for the empire as a whole since a victori ous germany would undoubtedly demand the british fleet and many british colonies and bases inasmuch as the dominions are largely dependent on britain for defense and economic relations their fate is closely bound up with the european struggle the defense of canada in particular would rest with the united states which has specifically included the dominion within the monroe doctrine and would presumably have to coordinate canada’s military establishment and economy with its own australia and new zealand which depend on singapore and british naval power for their protec tion would likewise have to count on american help our policy regarding these three dominions would therefore be among the first and most important problems to arise if germany should suc cessfully invade and conquer britain we should have to decide immediately how far we would be willing to defend these countries against attack by germany or some other great power whatever the outcome of the war the united states will prob ably cooperate more closely both economically and politically with the british dominions the recent exchange of ministers between australia and the united states and president roosevelt's appoint ment on may 27 of a ranking state department of ficial mr j pierrepont moffat as minister to can ada are significant trends in this direction james frederick green france at war by w somerset maugham new york doubleday doran 1940 1.00 this well written essay offers an interesting picture of the way in which the french people are meeting the strain of war mr maugham has set down his conception of french determination and french war aims primarily for the benefit of his british compatriots but americans will find his impressions equally significant and highly readable the neutrality of the united states laws proclamations orders regulations and inter american declarations applicable during the present war in europe boston world peace foundation 1940 25 cents a convenient compilation of the documents covering the period september 3 december 14 1939 america faces south by t r ybarra new york dodd mead 1939 3.00 light reading for those familiar enough with latin america not to be misled by a strong seasoning of mis information foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 333 june 7 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dororuy f lugr secretary vera micuetes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year tc eet ga a ee ke ve eter washington news letter washington bureau national press buliding june 3 the defense drive is proceeding with a momentum comparable only to the pace of military developments in europe with the emergency de fense program involving a total of 3,297,009,000 only two weeks old the president last week re quested congress for supplementary appropriations which it is estimated will total about 1,375,000 000 the only portion of the president's defense pro gram which has encountered serious opposition is his request for authority to mobilize the national guard hemispheric problems the defense prob lem of the united states has created overnight a new awareness of the western hemisphere washing ton is acutely conscious of the growth of fifth col umn activities in various latin american countries and the vulnerability of these countries either to military attack or economic seduction last week in a belated effort to mend defenses argentina pushed forward a bill to supply the army with 400 new planes and various other military equipment while uruguay made less ambitious plans to acquire planes and coast artillery and chile reopened ne gotiations looking toward the purchase of two cruisers in the united states even assuming com pletion of these programs however south american nations could offer little resistance to a relatively small modern fighting force all south america at present could put less than 300,000 army regulars backed by a theoretical reserve force of about 1 000,000 men in the field and the combined navies boast a half dozen battleships three modern cruisers about 30 destroyers and 20 submarines the fear of nazi trojan horses in latin amer ica is by no means confined to the countries already mentioned brazil despite official denials of a fifth column danger is perhaps more vulnerable to euro pean attack than any of the major latin american countries also it contains the largest german population of any south american country and its raw material resources have long been coveted by the reich for these as well as economic reasons brazil has for some time been a special object of financial and economic cooperation on the part of the united states and it is probable that this cooperation has since extended into the political and military sphere mexico and colombia both areas of vital strategic importance to western hemispheric defense have figured prominently in recent reports of spreading nazi propaganda and rumors of increased german activity have also emanated from ecuador and bolivia defense of the western hemisphere is as much an economic as a political problem while latip america is dependent on the united states for mili tary aid in the event of attack this country in tum is vitally concerned with unimpeded access to latin american raw materials should the european war result in a nazi victory latin america would be a logical objective for the intensified economic im perialism of the third reich the political philos ophy of the nazi state is repugnant to the latin american countries but these countries could hardly reject german offers to purchase their raw material and as was amply demonstrated even before the war there is a close link between business transac tions with germany and nazi political penetration consequently defense of the americas involves eco nomic support of latin america by the united states in a manner which would effectively eliminate the possibility that germany might use trade offers as a means of obtaining a political or military foothold in this hemisphere while the development of a war economy would probably increase united states consumption of latin american products to as much as 50 per cent of that area’s total exports the problem would not be solved by this more or less automatic adjustment there would still be a large latin american export surplus composed of commodities ordinarily not purchased by the united states such as cereals cotton various minerals and meat which would be fair game for nazi germany the united state may well be faced with the necessity of underwriting this latin american export surplus in order to con trol its marketing abroad in such a way as to prevent or minimize the danger of political penetration at the same time the united states must be prepared to formulate a policy with respect to allied invest ments in latin america in the event of a german victory these investments have a potential impor tance for the defense of the western hemisphere at least equal to that of the british french and dutch colonies in this region howarp j trueblood world without end by stoyan pribichevich new york reynal and hitchcock 1939 3.50 a fascinating interweaving of historic and political facts with vivid folk details which make the balkans come alive it is written with sympathetic understanding by one wh0 loves his people as prem was night withs stretc ita as of lini’s indey was man woul the v air f fren hitle first a se and in ently rane italy terri sea if it teriz peo cies to vv cor ir lini yug tiliti tude war +foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xix no 34 june 14 1940 how did germany gear its economic machine for war read germany’s wartime economy by john c dewilde 25 june 15 issue of foreign policy reports class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 jun 0 s n entered as second general library university of michigan hun av har we nhtoan ryerigdical ruva gbnbral ghiv of mig italy strikes in the mediterranean s the germans threw fresh reserves of men and mechanized equipment into their drive on paris premier mussolini on june 10 announced that italy was entering the war on the side of germany at mid night france and britain were thus compelled to withstand a concerted italo german attack on a front stretching from the atlantic to the mediterranean italy's entrance into the war often forecast and as often postponed was determined less by musso lini’s personal decision to launch a war of supreme independence than by the nazi timetable which was being carried out with clocklike precision ger man sources had pointed out last week that italy would wait until the last minute and would enter the war only when paris was besieged or the french ait force destroyed so as to escape the danger of french retaliation mussolini’s action indicated that hitler believed he was on the point of achieving his first objective defeat of france and conclusion of a separate peace before proceeding to his second and culminating objective of invading britain in accordance with german plans italy appar ently struck not in the balkans but in the mediter tanean and exclusively against britain and france italy's goal mussolini declared was to break the territorial and military claims that confine us in our sea because a country of 45,000,000 is not truly free if it has not free access to the ocean he charac terized the conflict as one of fruitful useful peoples against plutocratic reactionary democra cies from such decadent nations i duce intends to wrest gibraltar suez north africa and nice corsica and savoy in announcing his decision to go to war musso lini promised that italy would not drag switzerland yugoslavia greece turkey and egypt into the hos tilities unless these countries adopted a hostile atti tude the axis partners obviously hope to avoid a war in the balkans which might only provoke inter vention of the soviet union and turkey on the side of the allies italy’s entrance into the war was pre ceded by the restoration of diplomatic relations with the soviet union suspended in december when the soviet ambassador in rome ivan gorelkin left rome following anti soviet demonstrations on be half of finland by this gesture the italian govern ment hopes to insure the neutrality of moscow which in any case may not be in a military or economic position to take action against germany and italy the last minute decision of france and britain to reverse their policy toward moscow and send as their respective representatives eirik labonne for mer french ambassador to the spanish loyalist government and sir stafford cripps well known laborite may eventually bear fruit but for the mo ment the allies have little to offer the soviet union except the prospect of sharing the burdens of their war with germany and italy at the moment it is still uncertain whether tur key will abide by its pact of last october to come to the immediate assistance of the allies in the event of war in the eastern mediterranean there can be no question about turkey’s sympathy but the turkish government like others in the balkans finds it dif ficult to support a cause which might already be con sidered lost on the other hand the balkan coun tries must realize that neutrality now does not safe guard them against future aggression by the axis powers turkey's decision to remain neutral would undoubtedly be a severe blow to the allies who have expected to use this country as a basis of operations revolutionary steps in france mean while the french army was falling back on paris in order to preserve its existence and avoid a catas trophic defeat britain preoccupied in the mediter ranean and facing the danger of imminent invasion has been able to help france only with its air force ss and a few troops on june 10 the french govern ment was compelled to evacuate paris previously on june 6 premier reynaud had ef changes in his cabinet in an eleventh hour effort to remedy in the space of a few weeks the accumulated military and political errors of twenty years all the men who had been associated with the policies of appeasement and defensive warfare were eliminated and a vigorous campaign was launched against individuals suspected of pro nazi sympathies m daladier who had signed the munich accord was removed from the post of foreign minister which was taken by m reynaud charles de gaulle an advocate of mechanized war newly raised from the rank of colonel to that of major general was ap pointed chief assistant to m reynaud at the war ministry while paul baudouin president of the bank of china became the premier’s assistant at the ministry of foreign affairs and jean prouvost pub lisher of paris midi and paris soir was made min ister of information albert sarraut minister of education and anatole de monzie minister of pub lic works were dropped many of these changes had long been urged by the young generation who profoundly resented the corruption incompetence and red tape of post war political rulers the near sightedness vindictiveness lack of realism and inertia of these men had made it increasingly difficult for france to maintain a rdle page two a of leadership on the continent like so many of the measures taken by the allies m reynaud’s shake up became possible only when the enemy was at the gates and may again prove too late yet jp retrospect it will be difficult to exaggerate the sig nificance of the revolution through which france as well as britain has passed since the invasion of belgium and holland a revolution whose effects will leave an indelible mark no matter what may be the final outcome of the war while the battle of france may mark the end of one phase of the conflict it may prove only the be ginning of a far wider struggle on the periphery as the british dominions the countries of latin america where german agents are actively at work and the united states become in one way or another affected by the course of events in europe this struggle is not merely between nations but also be tween conflicting groups within nations a civil war superimposed on an international and ultimately perhaps intercontinental war the shape of this struggle had been visible as in a microcosm during the spanish civil war whose prophetic significance had been clearly understood by germany italy and russia but had merely caused the western powers to take refuge in a policy of non intervention which ultimately permitted the totalitarian states to destroy the democracies one by one vera micheles dean the western hemisphere plans its economic defense the united states must consider latin america both as a source of danger and as a source of strength the danger springs from alarming reports of nazi fifth column activities in such widely sep arated points as uruguay which german agents are said to have designated as the focal point of a new drive on latin america and mexico the strength lies in latin america’s ability to supply us with vast quantities of industrial raw materials and foodstuffs essential for the peace time economy of the united states and vital in time of war the fifth column menace is being attacked on two fronts local ac tion taken by the individual latin american gov ernments to unearth and stamp out such activities and general reinforcement of western hemispheric military and economic defense while several latin american governments took hurried steps to rearm the united states dispatched two heavy cruisers to southern waters as visible evidence that this country intends to protect latin america as part of its own defense program even more significant perhaps is the fact that the administration is investigating plans for eco nomic cooperation with latin america on a scale which would have appeared fantastic a few weeks cf washington news letter foreign policy bulletin june 7 1940 ago while it is too soon to predict the precise form which the new inter american economic defense might take it has been suggested that an inter american marketing board be established to take over full control of all latin american exports an agency of this kind financed largely by united states capital perhaps through the intermediary of the inter american bank would serve not only to assure to the united states all available supplies of latin american strategic materials but to bolster latin america economically without running the political risks inherent in dealing directly with a nazi dominated europe another line of action en visages marketing agreements with respect to indi vidual commodities economically the united states and latin amer ica are not fully complementary although trade re lations are close each area has a large exportable surplus which cannot under any conceivable circum stances be consumed in full by the other exports however are of far greater importance to the latin american economy than to that of the united states in contrast to latin america the united states is powerful enough to trade with the world on its own terms without having to yield to economic pressufe from the nazis during the recent past the united states has han a thir ihe latter ally the 4600,000 0 jestined fo of course which acco america’s roughly 4 maximur write the a sold outsid 1936 38 re united sta normal im 000 tons o 200,000 tc 200,000 to wheat and few major of the com on the do an inter would finc latin ame fequiremet exposing gaining p american the econo would in americas t macmills an ame political tr book combi ing number often out o the invis council an exce prohibitior formal sck the comple american forms of strictions represent act itself these rul merrill a rathe sonalities foreign fp headquarters entered as se bo 181 n oa sates has purchased an average of somewhat less han a.third of total latin american exports with ihe latter averaging around 2,000,000,000 annu illy the united states share has been roughly 00,000,000 leaving a balance of 1,400,000,000 destined for other markets these markets include of course other western hemispheric countries yhich accounted for about 200,000,000 of latin america’s exports roughly then it would cost the united states maximum of 1,200,000,000 annually to under write the average latin american exportable surplus sold outside the western hemisphere based on the 1936 38 record if this had been done in 1938 the united states would have bought in addition to sormal imports 10,000,000 bags of coffee 700 00 tons of meat at least 5,600,000 bags of sugar 200,000 tons of wool 1,500,000 bales of cotton 200,000 tons of hides and skins 1,950,000 tons of wheat and 2,737,000 tons of corn to mention only a few major commodities for economic reasons many of the commodities so acquired could not be thrown on the domestic market without disastrous results an inter american marketing board however would find opportunities to dispose of most surplus latin american products after first meeting the full requirements of the western hemisphere without exposing the individual countries to german bar gaining pressure moreover the additional latin american products purchased as a necessary step in the economic defense of the western hemisphere would include many needed commodities now the f.p.a americas to the south by john t whitaker new york macmillan 1939 2.50 an american journalist’s interpretation of economic and political trends in the major nations of latin america this book combines human interest treatment with an annoy ing number of factual errors and a picture of conditions too often out of focus the invisible tariff by percy w bidwell new york council on foreign relations 1939 3.50 an excellently written survey of those restrictions and prohibitions on american import trade not found in the formal schedule of tariff rates the author points out that the complexities of customs administration laws protecting americans against unfair foreign competition various forms of administrative tariff action and quarantine re strictions ostensibly for protection against disease often represent trade barriers far more effective than the tariff act itself these rule france by stanton b leeds new york bobbs merrill 1940 3.00 a rather unbalanced and unimpressive account of per sonalities and interests in contemporary france page three bought in part elsewhere thus the united states could consume much larger quantities of latin american wool hides and skins cacao fibers vari ous nuts waxes and vegetable oils rubber and a number of minerals including tin provided smelters are established during the first world war for example united states imports from latin america rose by over 640,000,000 although this increase was due in large part to price inflation as an emergency measure in the struggle to pro tect the western hemisphere united states assump tion of full responsibility for the economic welfare of latin america through operation of a market ing board has considerable appeal logically such a program would be accompanied by long range planning to encourage the production of additional complementary products in latin america in order that the entire economic structure of the western hemisphere might achieve a higher degree of inte gration the use of quasi totalitarian methods to combat a totalitarian challenge appears to be inevitable there is a growing disposition throughout the western hemisphere to subordinate democratic procedures to the conditions produced by new dangers from abroad the development of this frame of mind is a normal concomitant of war fears and may help to speed the defense program nevertheless it would be idle to ignore the rapid growth of restrictions expressed in such measures as the recent press curb imposed in argentina howarp j trueblood bookshelf a navy second to none the development of modern american naval policy by george t davis new york harcourt brace 1940 3.00 a definitive study of the evolution of american naval ideology which traces the gradual shift from the objective of a navy adequate for coast defense to one powerful enough to extend american influence to far corners of the earth after an admirable historical survey of this de velopment mr davis challenges the traditional concepts of sea power as expounded by admiral mahan and other american navalists he urges that we call a halt to our accelerating naval expansion program until the country de termines just what its foreign policy is and what territory and interests it will defend a diplomatic history of the american people by thomas a bailey new york crofts 1940 6.00 in this highly readable narrative of american diplomacy professor bailey studies the relationship between public opinion and foreign policy he succeeds in re creating the spirit of the times he depicts by basing his scholarly re view on detailed accounts from contemporary magazines newspapers biographical works letters speeches cartoons and posters foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 34 june 14 1940 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 ss published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leger secretary vera micheles dean editor 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year national produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press bullding june 11 italy’s entrance into the war gave the president another opportunity to promise the op ponents of force the full support of our material resources during the past week the government had already taken steps to speed aid to the allies who are particularly hard pressed because of heavy losses of equipment in the battle of flanders on june 3 the president obtained a ruling from acting attorney general francis biddle pointing out that a statute of july 7 1919 empowers the secretary of war to sell surplus supplies left over from the world war to any corporation or indi vidual on the basis of this authority the adminis tration is making arrangements to transfer to the allies through some corporation a large part of its unused stocks consisting of about 2,000,000 ser viceable rifles as well as almost 5,000 75mm guns the navy announced on june 6 that it was im mediately turning in 50 naval reserve bombers in exchange for future delivery of new planes with the tacit understanding that the manufacturers would resell the planes to the allies two days later the war department earmarked 100 northrop attack planes for a similar trade in these transactions are the first in a program which may assume con siderable dimensions within the next few weeks meanwhile the defense program has been rapidly getting under way congress completed action on the 1,492,000,000 navy appropriation bill on june 6 and is expected to finish consideration of the army bill this week other important developments in the realm of national defense include 1 a decision made known on june 5 to devote a fourth of the appropriations and the personnel of the w.p.a to military projects such as the construc tion of barracks airports etc a ruling of the w.p.a commissioner dated the following day gave pri ority to 73 projects considered of military importance 2 congressional consideration of an adminis tration bill authorizing the r.f.c to finance the acquisition of strategic materials and the construc tion or expansion and equipment of additional plant facilities needed for national defense 3 prompt inauguration of the advisory com mission on national defense appointed by the presi dent on may 29 the two key men of the commis sion william s knudsen and edward r stettinius have been released by their corporations to devote full time to the industrial problems involved in the national defense program secretary morgenthau ha put mr knudsen in charge of coordinating the vity machine tool industry while the president has given mr stettinius the additional task of heading a boar which will review the present cumbersome purchas ing methods of the government 4 the announcement on june 3 of a play whereby the civil aeronautics authority will take immediate steps to provide primary training for 45 000 new pilots by july 1 1941 in addition to se ondary training for 9,000 pilots 5 an intensive campaign to win the county over to the idea of universal compulsory militay service launched by the miiitary training camp association this drive has already received the ep dorsement of the new york times in a leading editorial printed on june 7 opinion is widespread that voluntary recruitment will no longer be suf ficient to secure an adequate army already senato lodge has suggested an army of 750,000 men and others are expressing the belief that a still larger force must immediately be trained not only to defend this hemisphere but to provide for the contingeng of our involvement in the present european wat 6 a growing realization of the implications of hemispheric defense on june 5 the house and senate foreign relations committees both approved the administration resolution committing the united states not to acquiesce in any attempt to transfer any geographic region of the western hemisphere rom one non american power to another nor american power while the resolution provides for consultation with other american nations in the event of such an attempt congress fully realize that the burden of preventing it would fall on the united states it is also becoming clear that ths country must be prepared to intervene by armed force if nazi or fascist efforts to overthrow an latin american government succeed despite the acceleration of our preparedness pro gram the country may have to accept much mort sweeping measures in the future the present ad visory commission on national defense may have to yield to an executive agency equipped with full powers to secure coordination establish a system of priorities and expand existing bottlenecks in indus trial capacity and labor still higher appropriation will also prove necessary if the united states is arm on the same scale as nazi germany before this war john c dewilde fore an inter pres fo he ti lini at for europ destiny of ain and t terweight with the army ac ance and scale mil tual colle an appea june 17 french p had assu of hostil organic to be eff with now cor authorit which p the fren relies o1 sources the tide vast nev a far m before to be pe north s strongly submar its port in the the the fre in only allies +enator n and larger defend ngenc war ons of se and proved united ransfer sphere r non des for in the ealizes on the at this armed w any pr0 more at ad y have th full em of indus jations 5 is to re this lde foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xix no 35 june 21 1940 how did germany gear its economic machine for war read germany’s wartime economy by john c dewilde 25 june 15 issue of foreign policy reports entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post offce at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 jun 9 general library university of michigan ann arbor mich dictators shape europe’s destiny gue triumphale meeting of hitler and musso lini at munich oft june 18 ushers in a new era for europe seldom in history have two men held the destiny of so large an area in their hands only brit ain and the soviet union remain as european coun terweights to the axis powers striking relentlessly with the full weight of the mechanized german army adolf hitler had beaten down french resist ance and apparently ended for the present all large sale military operations on the continent the vir tual collapse of the french forces was signalized by an appeal for honorable peace terms disclosed on june 17 in a radio address of the newly appointed french premier marshal henri philippe petain who had assumed office on the preceding night cessation of hostilities followed a last minute british offer of organic union with france which came much too late to be effective with national approval the british government now continues the struggle alone according to an authoritative statement from london on june 16 which presupposed continued blockade operations by the french as well as the british navy britain still telies on sea power and the superior economic re sources of its empire and the united states to turn the tide in the end yet it is likely that germany with vast new areas open to nazi exploitation will forge a far more self sufficient economy than it has ever before enjoyed the british blockade seems destined to be perforated with increasing effectiveness on the north south and east and britain no matter how strongly fortified becomes extremely vulnerable to submarine attack on its shipping and air raids against its ports and communications conducted from bases in the low countries and northern france the french debacle the subjugation of the french was completed with appalling rapidity in only twelve days of military operations while the allies were still disorganized by the impact of the disaster in flanders the german forces wheeled southward on june 5 against a defense position hast ily prepared along the rivers somme and aisne link ing with the maginot line at montmédy the great est advances were first made along the coast by the german right wing which faced the single british division remaining on the continent avoiding the strategic error of 1914 when the german troops turned east of paris in their march and thus exposed a flank to the allies the reich’s motorized contin gents swept down to the seine which was reached at a point east of rouen by june 10 hammer blows moreover pushed the french back in the center so that converging german units occupied paris on june 14 the city itself was not defended despite its psychological importance the fall of the french capital was only incidental to the chief objective of the invader the destruction of the french armies as a fighting force seeking new defense lines general weygand’s weary troops fought dogged rear guard actions as they fell back toward the loire they could not however resist the blows of their numerically superior opponents estimated at 150 di visions or more than 2,000,000 men and equipped with an overwhelmingly preponderance of airplanes and mechanized material as france sued for peace the germans had completely encircled the maginot line which had been largely drained of its defending troops to save them from capture and assist their hard pressed comrades in the south nazi forces closed the ring at pontarlier on the swiss border while others attacked the maginot forts directly by crossing the rhine and advancing from the saar re gion the german air force almost unopposed at the end ranged far over france and wreaked havoc in the temporary capital at tours and among innumer able refugees on the roads desperate political maneuvers the increasing seriousness of the french military situation se soe eter eee ee france on june 15 pledged redoubled effort to meet the material needs of the allies as long as they resist but pointed out that only congress could make mili tary commitments so rapid was the military dénouement however that these assurances proved of little value after pro longed cabinet discussions premier reynaud and his associates resigned on june 16 to clear the way for a government which would conclude an armistice the new régime headed by the 84 year old veteran mar shal petain with camille chautemps as vice premier included military and naval chieftains as heads of the defense ministries and other officials who had held posts in the two reynaud governments formed since march 21 the best known french proponents of appeasement mm pierre laval georges bonnet and pierre etienne flandin did not assume office but may of course be available for that purpose after a peace settlement has been concluded continental european reorienta tion meanwhile as italy waited for french terri tory to drop in its lap other countries took steps to page two was reflected in the desperate measures taken by the allied leadership after a brief sojourn at tours the cabinet of premier paul reynaud took refuge in bor deaux answering french pleas the british govern ment which was at first resigned to the impossibility of sending additional troops to france announced on june 13 that home defenses would be reduced to aid its ally and on the fallowing morning it pro claimed the indissoluble union of the two empires and britain’s determination to pursue the struggle in france in this island upon the ocean and in the air wherever it may lead us m reynaud sought further moral support in two appeals to president roosevelt on june 10 and 13 in which he requested clouds of war planes the president's response cabled to adjust their positions to the new hegemony of the axis powers on june 14 the spanish government abandoning neutrality for non belligerency occy pied the international zone of tangier across the strait from gibraltar and within artillery range of the british stronghold turkey although bound to the allies by mutual assistance pacts covering the medj terranean did not engage in hostilities but severed commercial relations with italy signed a trade pact with the nazis on june 13 and likewise remained non belligerent the soviet union strengthened its grip on the upper baltic and its defenses against the reich by invading lithuania on june 15 and lat via and estonia two days later it charged that the three countries had violated their mutual assistance pacts with the u.s.s.r by concluding a military al liance viewed as profoundly dangerous and men acing to soviet security these developments occurring within a brief space of a few days illustrate the breathtaking speed with which europe is obliterating the pattern impressed upon it by the paris peace conference in 1919 under the new order it would appear that the continent may eventually be dominated by two or three great pow ers of which nazi germany will be the strongest but control of europe involves control of its over seas empires as well extension of the struggle to this sphere would be of direct concern to the united states whose defense plans must now take into ac count conditions in areas as widely separated as west africa and the far east even the establishment of a pro fascist government in france would raise serious problems regarding the future of french colonies in this hemisphere hence the conclusion of land war fare on the continent offers no assurance of tran quillity for the united states davip h popper will japan strike in asia although tokyo still continues to move cautiously in the far east there is growing evidence that ger man military successes in europe are having pro nounced repercussions on japanese policy accom panying the current military campaign in the upper yangtze valley are statements indicating japan's in terest in the status of shanghai indo china and the netherlands indies formal adherence to the policy of non involvement in the european war is main tained in cabinet declarations but the pressure for an advance into southeast asia is increasing among military circles at tokyo in the far east as well as europe the united states is thus facing critical de cisions war fronts in china after meeting severe reverses in northern hupeh province during may japanese forces launched a new drive along the upper yangtze river the occupation of shasi and ichang river ports about 100 miles above hankow was successfully effected by june 12 chinese forces have since counter attacked in this region and the final outcome of the campaign must still be awaited yet japanese vessels can now supply the troops at ichang which gives reason to believe that the city can be held the occupation of ichang severs certain in terior chinese lines of communication and facilitates bombing attacks by japanese planes on china’s south western provinces above ichang however the gorges of the yangtze begin so that there is little possibility of a japanese drive against chungking permanent japanese occupation of ichang like that of nanchang would constitute an annoying factor in the chinese scheme of defense but it would not affect the continuance of that defense in any vital respect since the end of may when the clouds which covet chungking most of the year lifted japanese bombing lanes have raids on th than 100 pl tense of str constitute a increased evacuation casualties h ing official have suffer ican gunbo three days state depa statement pulation ernment 0 demn such new f the success prospect tk are likely tional sit japan’s fa less able asia anc move aga sions in tl japanese indo chin the forei gravity f troops hac nanking ing the v ships bel mand ad stationed concessio the tw and the to a forw cal euroy japanese success t by the mongoli it is unli to ching ened bu tude tov develops soviet a the case foreign headquarter entered as is janes have carried out a series of destructive air raids on the chinese capital these raids with more than 100 planes engaged at times have made no pre tense of striking at military objectives but apparently constitute a systematic effort to level the city despite increased chinese precautions including partial evacuation and greater numbers of dugouts civilian casualties have been severe foreign quarters includ ing official residences embassies and church missions have suffered heavy damage on june 16 the amer ian gunboat ttuila narrowly escaped a direct hit three days earlier as the result of inquiries at the state department secretary hull had issued a formal statement deploring ruthless bombings of civilian pulation and declaring that the people and gov emment of the united states wholeheartedly con demn such practices new factors in japan's policy despite the successes won on the upper yangtze there is no prospect that japan’s military commitments in china are likely to decrease in the near future the interna tional situation however is clearly changing in japan's favor with france eliminated britain is less able to preserve the status guo in southeast asia and the temptation grows at tokyo to move against the rich anglo french dutch posses sions in the far east on a single day june 13 the japanese army warned the french authorities in indo china to discontinue alleged support of china the foreign office at tokyo viewed with extreme gravity reports denied at batavia that 2,000 british troops had landed in the netherlands indies and the nanking régime issued a formal statement demand ing the withdrawal from china of troops and war ships belonging to britain france and italy a de mand addressed particularly to the defense forces stationed at shanghai tientsin and other foreign concessions along the coast the two most powerful neutrals the united states and the soviet union remain the greatest obstacles to a forward japanese move yet here too the criti cal european situation is working in japan’s favor japanese diplomacy is seeking with some measure of success to neutralize the soviet union as suggested by the soviet japanese agreement on the disputed mongolian frontier area signed at moscow on june 9 it is unlikely that the u.s.s.r would give up its aid to china where soviet interests are directly threat ened but it might well adopt a noncommittal atti tude toward a japanese southward advance such a development however might be forestalled by a soviet american agreement on far eastern issues in the case of the united states japan may reckon that page three the crisis in europe will eventually force a withdrawal of the american fleet from the pacific under these conditions unless a soviet american agreement ex isted the last major obstacle to the spread of japanese aggression into the south seas would have dis appeared choices for american policy in the circumstances which have now developed it seems unlikely that the united states can long avoid a de cision on the policy which it is to pursue in the far east the choice lies essentially between an effort to compromise with japan or a policy of firm resistance the former course was supported by senator van denberg on june 9 when he declared that he favored an attempt to write a new commercial and political treaty with japan this program would clearly in volve an effort to reach a compromise with japan on the issue of china in the hope that concessions thus made would forestall a japanese move southward to the extent that such action strengthened japan’s position in china however it would free tokyo's hands for an advance in another quarter in view of japan’s attitude toward the nine power treaty it is difficult to see how a new paper pledge would exert a restraining effect especially if japan felt that condi tions were ripe for a drive into southeast asia in this region lie the resources oil tin and rubber which alone can make the japanese empire economically self sufficient recent examples in europe suggest that concessions would encourage rather than restrain japan’s expansionist ambitions the second choice would require a determined ef fort to strengthen the obstacles which have thus far prevented japan from engaging in a new military ad venture the american defense program has already held up shipments of machine tools to japan a new defense law authorizes the president to curtail the ex port of munitions and war supplies and it is reported that scrap iron will be the first of such materials to be embargoed additional aid could be given china particularly in the form of credits to support the chinese currency these measures might be further strengthened by a soviet american agreement pledg ing both parties to the maintenance of china’s inde pendence and the status quo in southeast asia there are certain risks attached to this policy which would tend to increase american commitments in the far east at a time when it may be necessary to have our hands free to deal with developments in europe it can be strongly supported only so long as the united states is able to keep the fleet in the pa cific yet it offers perhaps the last prospect of pre venting a complete american withdrawal from the far east t a bisson foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 35 jung 21 1940 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lugr secretary vera micue.tes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year ebzw 81 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building june 17 the collapse of french resistance has caused washington to re assess the immediate conse quences in terms of american foreign policy and move swiftly to bolster the military political and economic defenses of the western hemisphere while president roosevelt's pledge to send materials and supplies in ever increasing quantities and kinds still holds for britain its effect is infinitesimal in stem ming the tide of german military might for the future washington is basing its diplomatic moves on a cold calculation of the state of our own mil itary preparations in relation to the needs of this hem isphere and the rapidly changing situation in europe fate of britain’s fleet the question most often heard during the past few days is what will become of the french and british fleets what hap pens to the french fleet now in the mediterranean may be determined within the next 48 hours but what becomes of the british fleet in the coming weeks and months is a matter of the greatest concern to this country three possible contingencies are being discussed first that britain will send the navy to canada second that the fleet will be scuttled third that it will be turned over to germany from the point of view of great britain any of these courses would mean the end of british sea pow er as such surrender of the british fleet would give germany italy and japan command of the seas throughout the world destruction of the british navy would leave germany and italy supreme in europe japan in the far east and the united states in the western hemisphere transfer to canada would give the united states with the british fleet undisputed naval supremacy outside the narrow waters of europe and asia from the point of view of the united states our defense position would be perilous only if the british navy were turned over to germany in that event our navy would be outweighed three to one by the com bined fleets of the european powers and nearly four to one if japan is included to match such naval power would cost this country 10 billion dollars in new ship construction alone and a continuing arma ment budget of from 10 to 12 billion dollars to build such an armada would require five or six years at the very least on the other hand transfer of the british navy to canada would compel the united states to reach im mediate political decisions of the utmost magnitude in that event the united states would have to decide at once 1 whether to join great britain and cop tinue the war with the dominions with canada be coming the center of the british commonwealth oy 2 to use the new naval strength to bargain for the best peace terms possible with canada as an inde pendent nation in the western hemisphere w hateve choice we might make undoubtedly the united states would have to assume responsibility for the mainte nance and upkeep of the fleet canada has neither the bases the shipyards nor the money to maintain a na of this size we would either have to buy the fleet or enter an alliance with canada whereby the two navies would be operated under joint command our decision on continuing the war would be dic tated necessarily by military factors first of which is our ability to conduct large scale operations over seas if france had been able to hold out it is con ceivable that the new world might in time have heeded winston churchill’s call to set forth to the liberation and rescue of the old but with the sur render of france and with germany’s mechanized legions in control of the entire continent it is folly to expect a military expedition to rescue europe even assuming we had full command of the sea and air it would require years to raise equip and transport an expeditionary force of the size required the maximum which the united states could do to aid britain would be to employ the bargaining power of the british fleet in canada to secure the least disas trous peace terms outside of europe within the con tinent of europe nothing we could say or do would have any effect on hitler's peace terms it would not be possible to save england from economic ot even political domination by germany but with the british and american fleets controlling the seas we might be able to reduce the harshness of the peace and preserve something from the wreckage of the british commonwealth of nations from our own self interest we are vitally concerned in the fate of both canada and the entire western hemisphere with the fleet on this side of the atlantic we could assure the defense of the western hemisphere to gether with canada and the other american nations we would be in a position to deal on equal terms with a united europe dominated by germany and perhaps to influence the terms of a peace settlement in the far east whether the people of the united states are pre pared to shoulder the responsibilities for maintait ing a pax americana is for them to decide william t stone fore an inter preta for vou xix ee the ef a discuss of the br also on t self gove headline boo ranci humili french del offered by german d took place forest of c the allies quished fo pétain als ting franc powers t midnight franc terms imp as had b are resolv solini ex concessior paign ag more tha coast on ocean wv virtually german mandeer facilities and cors the fren of southe without occupatic french mobilize troops a maintend craft anc and lan must be +fancies il a foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xix no 36 june 28 1940 ee7 the british empire under fire by james frederick green a discussion of the origins of the present european war and of the british empire’s chances of surviving it with chapters also on the history and development of the empire on the self governing dominions the crown colonies and india headline book no 24 25 cents entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 dr villian v bishop univers tcc dil michigan 1 library aan artar wr ch the axis powers impose their terms france tasted the bitterness of complete and humiliating defeat on june 22 when a small french delegation signed the conditions of armistice offered by nazi germany the presentation of the german demands and their final acceptance both took place in the historic railway dining car in the forest of compiégne where less than 22 years before the allies dictated the terms of armistice to a van guished foe on june 24 the government of marshal pétain also signed an armistice with italy thus put ting france completely at the mercy of the axis powers the french ceased fighting shortly after midnight on june 25 france reduced to impotence the terms imposed by the conqueror were fully as severe as had been expected realizing that the british are resolved to carry on the war hitler and mus solini exacted from the french virtually every concession which could facilitate a successful cam paign against britain german troops will occupy more than half of france including the entire cast on the english channel and the atlantic ocean within this area lie all the coal mines and virtually the entire war industry of france the german occupying forces will be able to com mandeer all factories mines and transportation facilities italian troops are occupying nice savoy and corsica and probably tunis and jibuti in africa the french government will retain only a small part of southern france which it may administer directly without the immediate supervision of an army of occupation french naval military and air forces are to be de mobilized and disarmed with the exception of such ttoops as germany and italy will permit for the maintenance of order all artillery tanks rifles air craft and other war equipment must be surrendered and land and coast defenses in occupied territory must be handed over intact the french navy ex cept that part needed to safeguard the french colonial empire is to be collected in specified ports for demobilization and disarmament under german or italian supervision the german government has promised not to use the french fleet that falls under its control except for minesweeping and coast sur veillance this undertaking will not necessarily ap ply however to the french war vessels which fall into italian hands the last article in the armistice clearly reveals how sweeping the german victory has been under this provision the reich reserves the right to de nounce the terms of the armistice if in germany's judgment the french government does not fulfill all its obligations thus if all or part of the french fleet continues to fight or if any frenchman either in britain or the french empire carries on the struggle against germany the armistice may be ter minated at once as an additional guarantee the germans will retain all french prisoners of war un til the conclusion of peace while france must rfe lease all its prisoners and hand over all german subjects particularly refugees whom the reich may designate the latter stipulations are of considerable im portance in view of the refusal of many frenchmen to accept the armistice major general charles de gaulle who was under secretary for war in the reynaud cabinet for a ten day period in june has fled to london where he has repeatedly appealed to the french people to continue fighting in a broad cast on june 23 he repudiated the armistice and the bordeaux government which accepted it and an nounced the formation in agreement with the british cabinet of a french national committee re solved to carry on the war in alliance with britain according to london reports the french com mander in chief in the near east general mittel hauser also refused to lay down his arms the gov erning authorities of french possessions in africa were said to have shown a similar determination to continue the war and the british government an nounced on june 23 that it was prepared to make the necessary financial arrangements to enable the french colonial empire to play its part why did france surrender under the circumstances it was surprising that the french gov ernment chose to capitulate undoubtedly the mili tary situation in france proper was quite hopeless after the german army had broken through on the somme aisne front north of paris the germans pressed on swiftly and relentlessly without giving the french opportunity to re form their lines by june 17 when the french sued for an armistice the german army had reached the loire and outflanked the maginot line and five days later the germans were already beyond tours and lyon yet the french government could have followed the prece dents set by the polish dutch belgian and nor wegian governments the fate of france might not have been much worse had it chosen to carry on from british soil or any of the french possessions at the same time it might have kept the french navy and a part of the french air force from fall ing into the hands of the enemy although prime minister churchill proposed to carry on the war in complete union with france the french government chose to surrender in the ex pectation of getting better terms from hitler than would otherwise have been possible despite the severe conditions of the armistice the pétain gov ernment which is composed of elements who believe in the necessity of a pro german orientation still hopes that germany may deal rather leniently with france at the conclusion of the war for this reason it will probably do all in its power to prevent outly ing parts of the french empire from continuing re sistance the day following the armistice marshal pétain added to his cabinet two men pierre laval and adrien marquet who have been known for their marked pro nazi and pro fascist leanings it is generally believed that laval will soon take over the reins from the aged marshal pétain thus the ger mans may be able to foster the creation of a fascist or near fascist government in france which will cooperate as a subordinate partner in a german dominated united states of europe with the bitter the plight of britain now completely isolated from the continent great britain finds itself in a desperate position prime minister churchill declaring on june 23 that he had learned of the armistice negotiations with grief and amazement urged all frenchmen out side the conquered area to continue resistance and reiterated his confidence in an ultimate british vic page two nn ness now engendered between france and britain such a government might even aid germany actively against the united kingdom axis powers dominate europe othe countries have shown the same reaction to germany success rumania which long maintained a precayj ous balance between the allies and the reich ha now definitely joined the totalitarian camp qh june 21 king carol dissolved his own nation renaissance front and supplanted it with a ney organization entitled party of the nation while this party will likewise be under the personal qi rection of the king it will include the members of the pro nazi iron guard and presumably derive it inspiration largely from this source in yugoslavia the germans and italians are also said to be pressing for the formation of a fascist minded government on june 14 the belgrade government released fo mer premier milan stoyadinovitch who had prey ously been interned for his nazi sympathies in effect nazi germany and fascist italy noy control directly or indirectly virtually the entire european continent with the soviet union as the only important continental power outside thei sphere of influence yet the axis powers can tum their attention to britain without much fear of 3 stab in the back from soviet russia while the kremlin may have belated regrets that it did nothing to halt the advance of the nazi war machine it ha neither the inclination nor the power to intervene in the war at this juncture the military occupation of the three small baltic countries reflects the so viet union’s desire to strengthen itself vis 4 vis germany and rumors of clashes on the russian rumanian border may presage a soviet attempt to occupy bessarabia which rumania seized from russia in 1918 such steps however have been or may be taken with the acquiescence of germany and not indicate that moscow is prepared to undertake more extensive action on june 22 tass the official soviet news agency categorically denied reports that 100 to 150 divisions had been massed on the german border or that relations with the reich had been aggravated owing to recent german successes in the west a german russian clash may come some day but for the immediate future britain must face é whole continent alone john c dewilde tory britain can win however only if it can with stand blockade and invasion this summer and thus gain time to mobilize the resources of its empite and to secure supplies from the united states sinc germany is apparently determined to utilize im mediately its advantages of superior preparation and its well perfected techniques speed surprise and not dc can us cial re the e contai chath merci and p germ wise in ir fifth munic imprc non its all meth temp it is boats feren spars air f for i facto brita gern tinen most fo fq ar see fs ae se i bras 4 oe ss pao be b 1a s ke al at he y eficient coordination the next few weeks may de cide the fate of britain britain’s strategic weakness by seiz ing the entire atlantic coast line of europe from northern norway to southern france hitler has se cured a firmer foothold for his final struggle than napoleon ever gained even at the height of his wer like napoleon hitler realizes that he can not dominate the whole of europe so long as britain can use its sea power to blockade him and its finan cial resources for organizing coalitions against him the entire eastern and southern coasts of britain containing the naval bases of scapa flow rosyth chatham portsmouth and devonport and the com mercial ports of leith hull london southampton and plymouth now lie within 20 to 390 miles of german held territory the west coasts would like wise be endangered if germany could win bases in ireland already weakened by dissension and fifth column activities britain’s maritime com munications furthermore are jeopardized by italy's improved position in the mediterranean spain's non belligerency and turkey's hesitancy to fulfill its alliance germany will probably combine two historic methods direct attack and siege warfare in at tempting to duplicate its rapid triumph over france it is believed to be preparing submarines motor boats and airplanes for landing troops at many dif ferent points in the british isles especially in sparsely populated and undefended areas the nazi air force has already begun the preliminary work for invasion by systematically bombing air fields factories supply depots and communications while britain has kept up a steady air bombardment of german military and industrial centers on the con tinent britain however is peculiarly vulnerable to the paralyzing effects of air bombardment because most of its population and industrial areas are con page three centrated in small areas and connected by relatively few trunk line railways for its defense britain depends primarily upon its navy which will have to repel attacks from every direction and strike at nazi concentrations in con tinental ports even at the risk of losing capital ships and aircraft carriers while mr churchill claimed on june 18 that britain had 1,250,000 men under arms in addition to 500,000 local defense volun teers a considerable proportion of these troops are not fully trained or equipped although the churchill government has greatly increased production and removed many of the deficiencies inherited from the chamberlain régime it has not yet even ap proached the output of airplanes and other arma ments achieved in nazi germany which can now draw on the resources of all of western europe the siege of britain in its attempt to weaken britain before delivering a final blow ger many undoubtedly will expand its submarine and airplane blockade in the world war germany even without the conquest of western europe and the aid of italy brought britain within a few weeks of starvation by use of the submarine while ger many’s submarines in the present conflict have proved less successful owing largely to effective re sistance by destroyer and convoy forces they will probably increase their efforts this summer supple mented by airplane attacks on british shipping and ports britain furthermore is now cut off from eu rope which normally supplies 31 per cent of its imports and offers a market for 34 per cent of its exports and is compelled to reorganize its com merce and shipping such a complete shift in brit ain’s trade may create new problems for the united states which would have to decide how far it is willing or able to help the british by furnishing sup plies ships and possibly convoys james frederick green the f.p.a bookshelf giddy minds and foreign quarrels by charles a beard new york macmillan 1939 50 cents a foreign policy for america by charles a beard new york knopf 1940 1.50 in september 1939 professor beard offered his views on continental americanism as distinguished from iso lationism in brief popular form now the eminent his torical scholar documents his case in a foreign policy for america how to pay for the war by john maynard keynes new york harcourt brace and company 1940 1.00 a brilliant english economist sets forth the essentials of his compulsory savings plan to finance the war al though written for british readers this book can be read with profit by all americans interested in the financial aspects of our national defense the fight for the panama route by dwight carroll miner new york columbia university press 1940 4.00 this scholarly microscopic account of the political and diplomatic maneuvering in washington bogota paris and panama which brought the panama canal to reality will be of more interest to the student of pan american rela tions than to the general reader perhaps the greatest con tribution of this work to the literature on the subject is the author’s analysis of the colombian political position at the time of negotiations armies of spies by joseph gollomb new york macmil lan 1939 2.50 a journalist’s collection of fast moving stories about international intrigue since 1930 although some of the tales incite well grounded skepticism the book is an inter esting exposé of modern espionage its extent and methods foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 36 junb 28 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dornotuy f lzzr secretary vera micueres dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year sb 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter vd 94n washington bureau national press building june 24 reacting quickly to developments in europe the administration has redoubled its efforts to strengthen the economic and political defense of the americas last week was marked by the follow ing steps in this field 1 the state department in its note of june 17 warned germany and italy as well as britain france and the netherlands that the united states would not recognize any transfer and would not acquiesce in any attempt to transfer any geographic region of the western hemisphere from one non american power to another non american power the principal territories at stake are greenland the guianas from which the united states obtains the major part of its bauxite requirements british honduras british french and dutch possessions in the west indies and st pierre and miquelon 2 both houses of congress passed a resolution reaffirming the monroe doctrine and containing a similar hands off warning the resolution also stated that the united states would immediately consult with the other american republics on meas ures necessary to protect their interests 3 under secretary of state welles announced on june 19 the calling of an emergency meeting of the foreign ministers of the american states all the countries have accepted this call and the meet ing is expected to be held early next month prob ably at havana 4 president roosevelt announced on june 21 a broad plan for the economic defense of this hemi sphere embodying the creation of an appropriate inter american organization for dealing with cer tain basic problems of their trade relations includ ing an effective system of joint marketing of the important staple exports of the american repub lics in addition the president stated the admin istration’s intention to proceed promptly and vig orously through many existing agencies to deal with various immediate difficulties now facing some american republics 5 edwin c wilson united states minister to uruguay supplemented the president's pledge on june 23 at a luncheon in honor of the officers of the united states heavy cruiser quincy when he de clared that it was the avowed policy of my gov ernment to cooperate fully whenever such coopera tion is desired with all the other american govern ments in crushing all activities that arise from non american sources and that imperil our political and economic freedom it is widely believed in wash ington that the visit of the quincy to montevideo shortly after the discovery of an alleged nazi plot to seize the country is an expression of this policy economic defense problems the de tails of the plan announced by the president remain to be worked out by his economic advisers in wash ington there is however general agreement on the need for emergency measures to deal with the prob lems of latin american surplus commodities pre sumably through the creation of a trading corpora tion or cartel having complete control over the marketing of western hemisphere products such an organization would probably require a capitaliza tion of from 1,000,000,000 to 2,000,000,000 in order to deal with the vast quantities of latin american goods normally sold outside the wester hemisphere in addition plans for a long term latin american development program are being ex amined the ultimate goal being the more complete economic integration of the western hemisphere the immediate purpose is clearly that of shielding latin america from nazi economic pressure and political penetration evidently by purchasing all latin american export commodities these would be utilized first to fill the needs of the wester hemisphere and the surpluses would either be kept off the market or sold abroad on terms and under conditions which do not jeopardize the safety of the hemisphere assistant secretary of state berle has pointed out that europe will require the products of the western hemisphere to clear up its staggering accumulation of misery and hunger and need thus implying the use of surpluses as a bargaining weapon it remains to be seen how a german dominated europe will pay for these products whatever the final shape of the program it car ries vast significance for future inter american re lations under the shadow of a greater menace dramatized by the uruguayan revelations the latin american nations have subordinated their fears of yankee imperialism to the interests of hemisphere defense in the long run however the united states must be prepared to provide more than arma ments and emergency economic support to prevent the rise of german influence in latin america meanwhile there is some danger that the united states may be making commitments in the wester hemisphere which have already aroused german anger without being fully prepared to make them effective on short notice how aard j trueblood cf foreign pelicy bulletin june 14 1940 aan n th im in the advan larger power asia indies minis visage milita great island group woulc the uw direct off th effecti east exten tions are b main britis with tariar lead tepla more domi prock foste may cal n powe on secre +ering thus ining rmaf x it car in fe ace latin urs of sphere jnited arma revent 1erica jnited ester erman them od foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y you xix no 37 juty 5 1940 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 dr willian y pi sh s20p just published university of wraps a s400l fan library america’s dilemma in the far east arbor tien 5 by t a bisson 25 july 1 issue of foreign policy reports japan moves toward dominance in asia anal the last fortnight japan has taken a series of important steps toward establishing its hegemony in the far east from tientsin to indo china the advance has been marked by a daily succession of larger or smaller gains wrested from the western powers tokyo’s broader aim of dominance in east asia including indo china and the netherlands indies was reiterated in a radio address of foreign minister hachiro arita on june 29 mr arita en visaged a new world order in which one dominant military power would control each of the earth’s great regions declared that east asia and the islands in the south seas formed a closely related group of territories and clearly intimated that japan would serve as the stabilizing force to bring about the unity of all the satellite states of that area in directly the statement was intended as a hands off warning to the west the outlook in the far east as the effective strength of the western powers in the far fast declines japan is seizing every opportunity to extend its control and influence the western posi tions in the concession areas at shanghai and tientsin are being increasingly undermined and continued maintenance of french rule over indo china and british control of hongkong are both threatened within japan successful organization of a totali tarian party headed by prince konoye may well lead to the overthrow of the present cabinet and its replacement by a new government in which the more extreme military fascist groups will become dominant under these circumstances japan’s rap prochement with germany and italy now being fostered by a good will mission under naotake sato may take the form of a close alliance at this criti cal moment the united states fleet remains the most powerful single restraining influence on the japanese on june 24 it had suddenly left hawaii under secret orders but six days later it returned to its hawaiian base after what was termed a routine training exercise tientsin and shanghai after prolonged anglo japanese negotiations an agreement on dis puted issues at tientsin which had remained un settled for more than a year was finally concluded on june 19 the settlement covered both the french and british concessions and affected silver currency and policing questions ten per cent or 300,000 of the chinese government’s silver deposits in the foreign banks of the two concessions was allocated to relief expenditures while the remainder was sealed pending its final disposition presumably at the end of the sino japanese war the japanese sponsored currency of the so called federal reserve bank in north china was permitted to circulate in the concessions on a par with the chinese national currency japanese authorities were accorded certain police rights in the concessions especially affecting the arrest of chinese deemed hostile to the new régime the scope of these policing rights was not fully defined but was left for subsequent negotia tions in tientsin as a result of these concessions the local japanese military authorities lifted the block ade of the concessions on june 20 although this provision had not been technically included in the craigie arita agreement signed at tokyo on the previous day new difficulties arose at tientsin on june 27 when japanese police officials ignoring the fact that the local authorities had still not reached agreement on the exact scope of the new policing rights moved into the two concessions and established offices by force majeure in shanghai on the same day french concession authorities signed an agreement permit ting the japanese army to extradite chinese suspects and participate in military searches within the con cession three days earlier the french authorities had surrendered to japan a part of the defense sector of the international settlement and the french con cession which had been held by french troops since august 1937 although loss of this sector jeopar dized the defense of the settlement the french officials ignored their obligation to consult with the british and american authorities before making a change in provisions affecting defense of the foreign administered areas indo china and hongkong mean while japan had also launched a concentrated diplo matic offensive against the french position in indo china on june 20 m charles arsene henry french ambassador at tokyo signed a statement pledging respect for japan’s military necessities in china the phraseology of which was identical with the craigie arita formula of july 24 1939 signature of this statement was immediately followed by an agree ment dealing with indo china by which france un dertook not to allow petroleum trucks and other materials to be carried into china on the haiphong kunming railway japanese inspectors consisting of military officers and diplomats are to be stationed at hanoi haiphong and other points in indo china with the right to examine the stocks of materials and to control the transportation of goods french customs officials are obligated to submit all necessary data for such inspection and control at chungking this agreement was denounced as violating french treaty commitments made to china in a convention signed in 1930 on june 23 the chinese foreign minister wang chung hui de the soviet union strikes in the balkans king carol placed himself virtually under the pro tection of nazi germany on july 1 after the soviet union had seized bessarabia and northern bukovina and rumania was threatened by attack from several quarters russia struck in the balkans less than two weeks after occupying estonia latvia and lithuania where the soviet armies dictated the formation of governments completely subservient to the kremlin by extending its strategic frontiers the soviet union sought to fortify itself against the consequences of an unqualified nazi victory in western europe after massing troops on the rumanian border the soviet government on june 26 served an ulti matum on rumania demanding the immediate trans fer of bessarabia and northern bukovina the ru manian government although trying to gain delay for the evacuation yielded on june 28 the ru manian army could not hope to hold out against the superior soviet forces and king carol evidently realized that war with russia would only invite at tack from hungary and bulgaria both of which covet large slices of his dominion bessarabia and bukovina the soviet government justified its claim to rumanian territory page two i clared that if an armed japanese invasion of indo china occurred the chinese government would be constrained to take such measures in self defense a might be deemed necessary to cope with the situa tion the threat of chinese military intervention implied in this statement if carried out may lead tp an extension of the sino japanese conflict into indo china units of the japanese fleet are already patrol ling sections of the indo china coast and japaneg military forces are driving overland from nanning to the indo china frontier but the japanese have not yet occupied indo china territory the concessions made by britain on the tientsin issue proved to be of no avail in forestalling addi tional japanese demands on june 25 the japanese vice minister of foreign affairs summoned jt robert craigie british ambassador to the foreign office and requested the british government to take effective measures to stop all movement of su plies to china by way of burma and hongkong these demands were supported by a transfer of japanese troops to hongkong’s mainland boundary where the local british authorities dynamited bridges spanning the shumchun river on june 26 three days later they decided to evacuate british women and children from the isolated colony on june 30 amid reports that britain’s far eastern naval forces were concentrating at singapore united states of ficials warned americans in hongkong to escape the impending crisis by sailing for manila on the liner president coolidge t a bisson on the ground of historic and national ties bes sarabia a poor and backward province with an ares of 17,151 square miles belonged to russia from 1812 to 1918 for a brief period from 1856 to 1878 the southwestern districts were part of moldavia which together with wallachia became the new state of rumania in 1918 rumania took advantage of revolution and civil war in russia to seize the entire province the soviet government consistently refused to recognize this fait accompli even though the territory has always been inhabited primarily by rumanians according to the 1930 census the ne manians constitute 55.8 per cent of bessarabia’s population which totals more than 3,100,000 people today the ukrainians and russians together make up only a quarter of the population in bukovina which was part of austria before 1919 the situa tion is somewhat different in two departments of this province cernauti and storojinet the ukraini ans and russians constitute at least half of a popw lation amounting to 476,000 soviet fear of germany the primaty motivating factors in russia’s action were strategic the kremlin has been surprised and disturbed by the swee union w werful with the toric dra west is secure un is of vita gives acc cause it new ind occupatic frontier step in control lis future dobruja rumania people h the sovic sea dow be induc wark w pansion for t alarmed possibili to reali as well and nav move ance wi plays it control itself ex many ai and br has not cause i especia on the bring t now t greatly germa soviet the lat for a alth cern i inspire occupa easy s foreig headquai entered 1 area from 1878 ldavia new intage ze the tently hough ily by e ru abia’s eople make ovina situa its of craini popu imaty itegic ed by the sweeping victories won by hitler the soviet union which does not relish the prospect of an all werful germany as its neighbor must now reckon with the possibility that hitler may resume the his toric drang nach osten as soon as the war in the west is ended in particular soviet russia wants to secure undisputed control of the black sea this sea is of vital strategic importance not only because it gives access to the great russian oil fields but be cause it lies within striking distance of many of the new industrial centers of the soviet union the occupation of bessarabia which pushes the russian frontier to the danube may therefore be the first step in a soviet drive toward the turkish straits controlling the entrance to the black sea in the future moscow may help bulgaria to recover the dobruja the southern part of which was lost to rumania in 1913 together with bulgaria whose people have always had a strong affection for russia the soviet union wouid then control the entire black sea down to the turkish border if turkey could be induced to unite with russia and bulgaria a bul watk would be erected against further german ex pansion to the east for the time being however turkey appears alarmed by the occupation of bessarabia and the possibility that bulgaria may seize this opportunity to realize its irredentist ambitions against turkish as well as rumanian territory it has taken military and naval precautions in anticipation of a bulgarian move yet turkey may still be won over to an alli ance with the soviet union provided the kremlin plays its cards cleverly and does not demand direct control of the straits like russia turkey considers itself endangered by the axis powers fear of ger many and italy drove it into an alliance with france and britain last october the turkish government has not fulfilled the terms of this treaty partly be cause it was afraid to join the losing side but especially because the kremlin apparently objected on the ground that turkey’s intervention would bring the war into the balkans and the black sea now that france has been defeated and britain greatly weakened turkey must either jump on the german bandwagon or fall back on an alliance with soviet russia the ankara government may choose the latter course if only for the reason that it was for a long time on very good terms with moscow although nazi germany has expressed uncon cern it obviously does not like the motives which inspired the latest russian move in the balkans the occupation of bessarabia puts russian troops within easy striking distance of the rumanian oil wells page three from which the german war machine draws part of its supplies moreover the russian action threatens to precipitate a general war in an area on which the axis powers depend for foodstuffs and raw ma terials hungarian forces have moved up to the ru manian border ready to march into transylvania and the adjoining districts of crisana and matra mures which hungary has long coveted fearing disintegration of his entire country king carol of rumania ordered complete mobilization on june 28 and apparently appealed to germany for assistance german and italian diplomats have evidently been striving feverishly to prevent a widespread con flagration in the balkans hungary however may get out of hand the budapest government not only wants to take advantage of the collapse of ru mania but fears that the soviet union in seeking to form a united ukraine will take over the car patho ukraine which hungary seized in march 1939 nazi germany confident it would be exaggerating to say that the german government is excessively alarmed by the attitude of the soviet union while berlin has been unable to oppose soviet expansion in the baltic and the balkans it is probably confident of its ultimate ability to deal with the russians in private the nazis have boasted that they can easily push back the russians the mo ment the war in the west is liquidated nor do they fear that moscow will launch a direct attack on germany by joining the war now the soviet union would expose itself to the full fury of a german at tack if and when britain is defeated on the other hand if it stays neutral it may one day have to face germany entirely alone at the moment soviet russia is apparently still determined to stay out particu larly because it is not equipped to engage in any offensive against a major power in the future it may rely on its new strategic frontiers and the vastness of its territory to keep germany at bay meanwhile germany is anxious not to be diverted from its primary objective the destruction of brit ish power for hitler britain is now the arch enemy which has repeatedly tried to thwart germany's legitimate expansion for the first time in its his tory germany is in a position to strike a death blow at the british empire and establish its own hegemony for good hitler may still be willing to entertain a peace proposal from britain but only if it comes from a government willing to take a pro nazi orien tation similar to that which is taking shape in france under the leadership of pierre laval and adrien marquet john c dewilde foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 37 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 sis jury 5 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lest secretary vera micheles dean editor 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor national f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building july 1 american foreign policy and defense will probably become major issues in the coming national election even though wendell willkie is more nearly in accord with president roosevelt's policies than any of his former rivals for the republican nomination both the platform and the vice presi dential nominee senator mcnary are notable con cessions to the isolationist wing of the party the national defense plank represents a compromise be tween the interventionists and the isolationists after declaring the party to be firmly opposed to involving this nation in foreign war the plank con demns the administration for unpreparedness and deplores explosive utterances by the president di rected at other governments which serve to imperil our peace without mentioning great britain the plank expresses sympathy to nations whose ideals most clearly resemble our own and without ref erence to neutrality urges such aid as shall not be in violation of international law or inconsistent with the requirements of our own national defense senator mcnary who has strongly opposed both the hull trade program and the administration’s foreign policy voted against repeal of the arms em bargo last october mr willkie on the other hand has approved the hull agreements while admitting that recent events have rendered them temporarily useless and advocated assistance short of war to the allies in an address in brooklyn n y on june 18 however he shifted his emphasis to non intervention declaring that despite our sympathy for the allied cause we must stay out of war while the republican position will be influenced by euro pean developments as well as campaign strategy it is possible that the administration may be charged with both warmongering and unpreparedness the havana conference meanwhile washington is engaged in feverish preparation for the emergency meeting of the twenty one american republics to be held in havana beginning july 20 since the panama meeting of foreign ministers dur ing the first weeks of the war the emphasis has veered sharply from neutrality and measures to ease trade dislocations toward actual defense of the west ern hemisphere the collapse of france and the fear that britain will not be able to withstand the full weight of german attack give this hastily convoked meeting an importance far exceeding that of any previous pan american conference with defense the keynote the meeting is expected to deal with fifth column activities military cooperation especially in the joint use of naval and air bases the future status of european possessions in the western hemi sphere and the cartel plan for economic defense the chief problem at havana may be that of pre serving a united american front in the face of 4 dominant germany and fears on the part of south america aside from the caribbean countries that the united states is not prepared to offer adequate military protection and economic support while there has been no actual defection the attitude of argentina and uruguay where the outburst of anti nazi feeling seems to have subsided during the past week suggests that german warnings on post wat trade may have had some effect the havana meet ing is expected to approach this problem by consid ering the cartel or marketing board plan announced on june 21 by president roosevelt the specific details however probably cannot be worked out at the conference another thorny question on the agenda is the study of the problems which may confront the american republics in case the sovereignty exer cised by non american states over geographic regions of the americas is relinquished lapses or is ma terially impaired it seems clear that the united states would prevent by force if necessary the transfer of dutch british or french possessions and it is highly improbable that germany would attempt such action it is more likely that the pos sessions will be allowed to remain in the hands of nazi dominated puppet states thus giving germany indirectly a political and economic stake in this hemisphere without violating the letter of the mon roe doctrine cuba is expected to offer a solution to this problem by advocating that all european pos sessions in the western hemisphere be made inde pendent or where this is not feasible that they be placed under pan american mandate the havana conference will doubtless be the target of intensive german propaganda designed to frighten or woo latin america away from the united states those countries which have found their major markets in europe argentina uruguay chile peru bolivia and even brazil may be in clined to weigh both the course of the war and the economic help they may receive from the united states before closing the door firmly on germany j.f.g h.j.t cf washington news letter foreign policy bulletin june 28 1940 ore an inter pre a the destroy pire bef indicate the eur action a versatio bardme brit povernt the tra italy 1 house that fr harbors its trea miral it woul two lis efs an tefuge mande mers in com to for a or sub indies crippl prove stroye was sister being ship pend squac porte +at fifth cially future hemi nse f pre of a south that quate while de of anti past st war meet onsid unced re cific ut at the t the exet gi0ns ma jnited 7 the sions vould pos ds of many 1 this mon lution 1 pos inde ey be e the ied to 1 the found guay ye in d the inited nany ms 3 1940 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y you xix no 38 juty 12 1940 a new f.p.a service pan american news devoted to current developments in latin america back ground information and comment on the significance of the news together with a special section on trade and finance published every other thursday subscription 3.00 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 dr willian y bishop vaiversity of michigan library ann arbor wieck britain and germany prepare for final round ew past week has been one of preparation for the battle of britain by which hitler hopes to destroy british sea power and defeat the british em ire before autumn three preliminary developments indicate that the next and perhaps final round in the european struggle is at hand great britain’s action against the french navy the hitler ciano con versations in berlin and the ever increasing air bom bardments of british and german controlled areas britain vs france on july 3 the british government moved swiftly and drastically to prevent the transfer of the french fleet to germany and italy prime minister churchill speaking in the house of commons on the following day revealed that france had refused to send its ships to british harbors before signing a separate armistice despite its treaty of alliance and subsequent pledges of ad miral darlan commander of the french navy that it would do so in addition to seizing two battleships two light cruisers several submarines eight destroy ers and about 200 smaller craft which had taken tefuge in portsmouth and plymouth britain de manded the surrender of french units at oran and mers el kebir in algeria after the french admiral in command had refused three alternative proposals to join the british and continue the war sail for a british port with repatriation of the crews or submit to internment in a port in the french west indies or the united states the british sank or ctippled the battleships bretagne dunkerque and provence as well as a seaplane carrier and two de stroyers the dunkerque which had been beached was later heavily bombed by british planes but its sister ship the strasbourg escaped to france after being torpedoed at alexandria one french battle ship and other units were guarded by the british pending final disposition of their fate while a squadron at martinique in the west indies was re ported to be blockaded by a british force on july 8 the british admiralty announced that it had taken successful action against the richelieu france's newest 35,000 ton battleship by this action in which the french declared they suffered 1,000 casualties britain retained naval su premacy over germany and italy which would have benefited greatly if they had been able to take over the french fleet intact as a result the pétain gov ernment immediately severed diplomatic relations with britain thus ending the entente cordiale that dated from 1904 and on july 7 french planes joined german and italian squadrons in an attack on gib raltar in view of the imminent adoption of a fascist constitution by france and the extension of britain’s blockade to include the french coasts further diplo matic recriminations and possibly even open hos tilities between the two countries may be expected in the future the axis partners confer after receiv ing a tumultuous welcome in berlin as the conqueror of france and avenger of versailles chancellor hitler turned to the more arduous task of subduing britain he conferred with count ciano on july 7 and prepared for further conversations to take place after the italian foreign minister had toured german occupied territories in the west although no official revelations were forthcoming it was as sumed that the conference like that of hitler and mussolini at the brenner pass on march 18 dealt with both immediate questions of strategy and long term problem of reorganizing europe meanwhile germany's position in the balkans somewhat men aced by the soviet occupation of bessarabia had been improved on july 4 when king carol ap pointed a pro german and anti semitic cabinet headed by ion gigurtu and composed of several iron guard leaders two days before rumania had renounced the anglo french guarantee of april 15 de ___ ___ 1939 and ordered the expulsion of british oil en gineers and technicians air bombings both britain and its enemies prepared for the impending battle by extensive air taids while britain and italy exchanged attacks in the mediterranean britain incessantly bombed strategic objectives in western germany and in german occupied territory along the entire west coast of europe germany continued its air attacks on britain while apparently massing men and ships for the projected attémpt to invade the british isles it is impossible at present to estimate the ef fects of these aerial bombardments which may prove to be the vital factor in the battle of britain the british claim that they have destroyed 2,500 german planes in addition to losses inflicted by french and other forces and that their own production has improved notably in recent weeks on july 7 lord beaverbrook minister of aircraft production an nounced that britain in june had doubled its pro duction of planes over june 1939 actually a re markably small increase and that it had placed orders totaling 1,000,000,000 in american factories britain’s chances while no one can pre dict the outcome of the next phase in the war it is possible to outline britain’s assets and liabilities foremost among its assets britain has achieved a remarkable degree of national unity under a coalition cabinet despite the dissatisfaction of many laborites and others because the advocates of appeasement neville chamberlain and lord simon still hold office however selfish and short sighted the cham berlain group may have been it was never guilty of the corruption and treasonable activities of many leading french statesmen and the british parlia mentary government was never so demoralized by the multi party system partisan politics and class germany tightens grip the swedish foreign office announcement on july 5 that the government had permitted germany to transport war materials and troops to norway through neutral sweden constitutes striking evi dence of the extent to which the nazis now control all of scandinavia german hegemony in the north was further substantiated on july 7 when sweden openly embarked on a policy of close economic col laboration with the reich through a series of trade agreements with germany german dominated den mark and german controlled norway these de velopments go far to incorporate sweden in the reich’s political and economic orbit throughout germany's norwegian campaign the swedish government acting under the international law of neutrality refused to allow nazi supplies or soldiers to cross its territory since british and french page two conflict the british secondly are fighting with their backs to the wall and defending their own territoy without the complicating frictions of alliances y the third place the british navy which demonstrated its traditional power during the withdrawal from dunkerque may provide formidable resistance ty any expeditionary force crossing the channel with the french fleet under its control it can continu the blockade of the continent with more or less sug cess and finally if britain can withstand the inj tial impact of the german assault it can utilize mor successfully both its own factory production and that of the empire and the united states next winter these advantages are perhaps outweighed by britain’s weaknesses in the face of an italo germay blitzkrieg the british army which lost all of its most modern equipment in flanders has apparently reorganized and re equipped only nine divisions the navy is vulnerable to airplane and submarine attacks and to artillery bombardment across the channel britain is apparently still dangerously inferior to germany both in first line planes and factory production it offers with its concentrated urban areas and communications excellent targets for aerial bombardment in ireland torn by the feud between neutral eire and belligerent ulster germany may attempt to establish additional air and naval bases as in the world war britain's population depends heavily on imports of foodstuffs and raw materials of which a large proportion even more than in 1914 18 must come from across the atlantic it remains to be seen whether adolf hitler who has conquered more of the european coastline than either napoleon or william ii can gain domination over europe by destroying british sea power james frederick green on northern europe forces withdrew from northern norway on june 9 however and the last norwegian troops surrendered sweden has become increasingly subject to domina tion by the reich and the u.s.s.r swedish ship ping to the baltic countries is now under soviel control and the swedes are completely dependent on germany for other imports and exports theit only remaining gateway to transatlantic trade through finland’s northern port of petsamo is com manded by a new german submariné base at kir kenes norway under the circumstances it is not surprising that the swedish government despite its determination to remain neutral acceded to strong german demands for transit privileges the gov ernment explained that the cessation of hostilities in norway had created a new situation in which sweden’s traditional views of neutrality no longef applied forth imi groups in while kattegat attack g row strai borg in s swedish way ge sion at t has cease transport bers at i attack or stavange to be co of brita north of den scandina of count polan france by insta informa tremely an appz in the much utilize ernmen denma invasiot nazi d others domest though tty’s fo germa the da tificate tesour germa tory v why e 1940 an course beginn tively plight less di foreig headqua entered 1 their rritory es ip strated from 1ce to with ntinue ss suc 1 ini more id that er ed by erman of its rently 1sions narine ss the rously s and trated fargets y the ulster al air itain’s dstuffs tion across adolf opean i can british een une 9 dered omina ship soviet endent their trade s com it _kir is not rite its strong e g0v stilities which longer page three applied this diplomatic retreat however called forth immediate criticism from influential anti nazi groups in sweden while sea passage through the skagerrak and kattegat is still subject to british air and submarine attack german forces can now safely cross the nar row strait from copenhagen to malmé or hilsing borg in sweden and travel on either of the two main swedish railroad lines from these points into nor way germany's insistence on winning this conces sion at the present time when fighting in norway has ceased gives credence to recent rumors that nazi transports and troops are assembling in large num bers at norwegian harbors in preparation for their attack on the british isles the ports of bergen and stavanger where most of the german forces are said to be concentrated are less than 300 miles due east of britain's shetland and orkney islands slightly north of scotland denmark and norway recent news from scandinavia has also directed attention to the fate of countries under german occupation in each case poland denmark norway holland belgium and france nazi military occupation has been followed by installation of strict censorship on news what information is received from poland indicates ex tremely harsh treatment of the local population and an appalling shortage of food and other supplies in the other five countries conditions are apparently much better with the nazis generally trying to utilize a native administration to conduct local gov emment in accordance with orders from berlin denmark which was unable to resist the german invasion on april 9 and immediately submitted to nazi demands has fared better than any of the others it has retained its own nominal rulers and domestic control over its civil administration al though germany has assumed direction of the coun tty’s foreign relations and economic life while the german army of occupation purchases supplies from the danes with special reichsmarks or credit cer tificates which are valid only in denmark danish fesources are being steadily exploited to enhance germany's war effort thousands of danish fac tory workers thrown out of employment by the the f.p.a why europe fights by walter millis new york morrow 1940 2.50 an outline history simply and clearly written of the course of europe from the end of the first world war to the veginning of the second mr millis strives to write objec tively but does not conceal his conviction that europe’s plight is due primarily to the rise of german nazism and less directly to the conduct of the democracies since 1919 a sudden reorientation of danish industry have been transported to the reich to plug gaps in german production some indication of increasing dissatis faction among the danes was given on june 13 when a decree ordered that all private arms in cluding hunting rifles and collections of firearms must be deposited at police stations a terse com muniqué by the nazi military commander in the netherlands on july 6 accusing local residents of a disloyal attitude toward the german occupation re vealed the existence of dissatisfaction in the low countries as well germany's method of indirect control over the border countries moreover was forcefully illustrated last week in two other measures on july 1 the nazis advised the united states to discontinue its diplo matic missions in norway belgium luxemburg and the netherlands by july 15 and to discuss questions concerning these countries in berlin secondly ger man military authorities took definite steps to depose king haakon and establish a local régime in norway that would carry out german instructions these measures revealed in a dispatch from stockholm on july 5 climaxed a month’s campaign in the german controlled norwegian press demanding the abdication of king haakon who fled to england with prime minister nygaardsvold on june 9 the germans have now compelled the norwegian ad ministrative commission recognized by king haakon as the legal government in occupied norway to set up a national council with supreme authority composed of such pro german interests as major vidkun quisling this body promptly requested the abdication of king haakon and summoned the norwegian parliament to meet on july 15 to create a pro nazi government in norway on july 8 the king formally refused to renounce his throne and norwegian foreign minister koht at a press con ference in london asserted that the projected ses sion of parliament had been postponed the ger mans have not yet succeeded in establishing a new norwegian government which will be legitimate under the norwegian constitution a randle elliott bookshelf the german army by herbert rosinski new york har court brace 1940 3.00 dr rosinski who had the advantage of close association with germany’s armed forces until 1936 has written an excellent review of the development of the german army from frederick the great to hitler recent events how ever hardly justify his skepticism of germany’s reliance on a war of movement foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 38 jury 12 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leer secretary vera micuergs dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office ac new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year s181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building julty 9 the administration moved swiftly last week to keep abreast of totalitarian triumphs in europe and asia the german reply to a state de partment note of june 18 opposing transfer of western hemisphere territory to a non american power provided the occasion for three pronounce ments on american policy which may ultimately assume great importance monroe doctrine re interpreted the first and most formal of these was contained in an official statement of secretary hull on july 5 the gist of the nazi position mr hull revealed is that any demand for non intervention by european na tions in american affairs can only be valid if the american nations for their part do not interfere in the affairs of the european continent in contest ing this view the secretary carefully distinguished between the united states policy in this hemisphere and german and japanese attempts to establish su premacy in europe and eastern asia he described the monroe doctrine as solely a policy of self defense designed to prevent aggression in this hemisphere on the part of any non american power and likewise to make impossible any further exten sion to this hemisphere of any non american system of government imposed from without the doc trine contained no vestige of any implication of united states hegemony in this it differed sharply from policies alleged to be similar to it in other areas which would in reality seem to be only the pretext for the carrying out of conquest by the sword of military occupation and of complete economic and political domination this basic distinction af firmed mr hull was able to justify present ameri can policy in europe as cooperation not in political affairs but for the purpose of promoting economic rehabilitation and orderly international processes the second pronouncement was made by presi dent roosevelt on the same day in a press confer ence at hyde park the chief executive listed five essentials of a just and enduring peace freedom of information knowledge and the press freedom of religion freedom of expression freedom from fear of attack and threats to territorial integrity and freedom from want together with the greatest pos sible cultural and commercial intercourse among na tions on july 6 mr roosevelt released a third more tentative indication of administration policy using stephen t early his press secretary as a mouth piece the president informally suggested applica tion of the principle of the monroe doctrine ji europe and asia as it is practiced in the americas by settling territorial questions through consultation among all the nations of the area concerned rathe than by the decision of one conquering power early also stated that the united states has no ip tention of interfering with territorial adjustments ip europe or asia giving indo china but not the dutch east indies as an example he insisted that the ad ministrative or ultimate disposition of american colonies of conquered states should be decided by all the american republics not by this country alone the broader implications with an ob vious eye for the effects on the pending havam conference of american republics opening july 20 the administration has thus reaffirmed some of the central principles of its foreign policy it has not done so however without raising some interesting questions in particular mr early’s assertion that the united states has no intention of interfering with territorial adjustments in europe or asia might con ceivably be regarded as hinting at abandonment of the american position in the far east although it is not believed here that such an interpretation is warranted what is considered significant in the early statement is the tacit assumption that france is to have no voice in the disposition of its asiatic and american colonies the state department might ultimately be tempted to adhere to this view in order to avoid the embarrassing possibility that while the colonies remain under the flag of a fascist french government they may be utilized by the nazis for their own ends from a domestic point of view the three pro nouncements are apparently intended as a response to two currents of thought now prevalent in the country at large one of these championed by 4 highly vocal group both inside congress and out it essence accepts the nazi thesis that the united states must dissociate itself from european affairs com pletely if it is to demand non intervention here the second swelled by the nazi triumph is persuaded that this country must sooner or later reach ao amicable agreement with germany by its open e pression of concern regarding nazi activities in the americas and its insistence on freedom in the broader sense as a prerequisite for an enduring peace the administration has intimated that it puts no faith in such easy solutions of america’s external problems davip h popper fore an inter pr fte fre the han french 1870 71 débacle vichy ir political of its v effected july 9 ing ma create a landslid ties anc day the nation by 569 succeed the nev claimed appoint chief c we i aut est out in the chief tory o makin legisla tensior altho of the comm state oo rep the fi will p +rican by all ne an ob avana ily 20 of the as not esting n that g with it con ent of ugh it ion is in the france a siatic might order ile the french zis fot pro sponse in the by a out in states comm e the suaded ch an en ex in the in the peace o faith blems per foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y you xix no 39 __ july 19 1940 how did the allies gear their economic machines for yar read wartime economy of britain and france by d h popper and j c dewilde 25 july 15 issue of foreign policy reports rowua entered as second periodical ary class matter december gemeral libr 2 1921 at the post wniv of mich office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 jui 9 fj 104 general library university of michigan ram aybsr wich oan petain sets up new order in france tee seventy years of popular government the french nation has again placed its destinies in the hands of an authoritarian régime the third french republic born of a humiliating defeat in 1870 71 has vanished as a result of another military débacle in four days of parliamentary activity at vichy in southern france it was superseded by a new political system embodying many of the institutions of its victorious fascist neighbors the change was effected with due regard for legal formalities on july 9 parliament approved a draft resolution giv ing marshal henri philippe pétain full power to create a new constitution for the french state by a landslide vote of 395 to 3 in the chamber of depu ties and 229 to 1 in the senate on the following day the two houses sitting together as a sovereign national assembly formally enacted the resolution by 569 votes to 80 although dissident legislators succeeded in inserting a provision for a plebiscite on the new charter on july 12 marshal pétain pro claimed the new organic law by personal decree and appointed a cabinet responsible only to him as chief of the french state he now employs the royal we in all government decrees authoritarian france only the broad est outlines of the new political structure are revealed in the first basic acts of the pétain régime the chief of state names the cabinet and is the reposi tory of executive authority he exercises full law making powers pending the formation of a new legislature and whenever he considers that foreign tension or serious internal crisis renders it necessary although he cannot declare war without the assent of the newly created assembly he does have full command of the armed forces and may proclaim a state of siege reports from vichy indicate that the functions of the future parliament will be purely advisory it will probably be organized on a corporative basis following patterns established in italy and spain with a lower house representing various branches of production and commerce and an upper chamber composed of a cross section of the new french élite under these circumstances its réle will doubtless be similar to that of europe’s other totalitarian legis latures principally a sounding board for pronounce ments on policy program for reconstruction from the vague statements thus far issued it is apparent that many of the government’s fundamental doc trines are still in a state of flux the factions in con trol at vichy like many others are agreed that the old system of multi party rule which encouraged disunity and fostered irresponsible government by unstable cabinets must not be resurrected they are in accord as to the need for great concentration of authority in order to restore normal life and rebuild devastated areas in referring to an immense broth erhood movement in france marshal pétain pre sumably had in mind a widespread desire to supplant the war and post war spirit of defeatism and pas sivity with a revitalized concept of national solidar ity this sentiment the government is trying to crys tallize by replacing the liberty equality fraternity slogan of the republic with a new trilogy a guar antee for the rights of labor family and father land although the content of these abstract rights is still far from clear in the economic sphere the new régime has pro claimed its allegiance to the principle of controlled economy strikes and lockouts will be forbidden corporative groups of workers and employers will be formed under government supervision as in italy and international doctrines and efforts to stimulate class consciousness specifically by left wing activities will be suppressed youth is to be trained and in doctrinated by the state public power will be exer cised to prevent the spread of intellectual and moral perversity a decree restricting important office to persons of french parentage appears to foreshadow an anti semitic program while reports of numerous arrests indicate that doctrinal opposi tion will be forcibly stifled finally the new rulers of france assert that the country must be integrated within the continental system of production and exchange and return to her agricultural and peas ant character primarily a broad intimation that they will accept a position of subordination to ger many as a rural appendage of that nation’s projected european grossraumwirtschaft men around petain whatever the ulti mate popular reaction the government's prospects for survival remain problematical although the pétain régime has courted german favor by signing the armistice denouncing britain and proposing to move the seat of government to paris and versailles in the occupied area it is regarded with suspicion by the nazi press in france it will always be stig matized as the government which assented to defeat and in the economic crises that loom ahead it will inevitably be held responsible for france’s difficulties what is still more important the men around pétain are not new leaders but old ones who had participated in the political life of the republic they now condemn with few exceptions they are the men who favored the munich accord and flirted with fascism as a possible counterweight to the measures of the french left some it was rumored opposed the declaration of war last september and afterward sought to initiate peace negotiations with the enemy the new cabinet moreover is far from homogene ous in its political doctrine one group headed by marshal pétain and his defense minister general maxime weygand represent an extreme right wing catholic and anti communist circle standing for authority and hierarchy in the long tradition of french conservatism a second group in the new government is represented by vice premier pierre laval designated successor to pétain who assumes active direction of french public affairs this group speaks for the right wing parties of pre war days closely affiliated with large economic interests and opposed to social legislation which interferes with free enterprise finally a third political group composed of radi cal semi fascist elements has as its chief cabinet axis powers and russia reorganize eastern europe while britain according to mr churchill’s speech of july 14 prepared for war not only in 1941 but also in 1942 the nations on the european continent continued in varying degrees to acquiesce in the reconstruction plans mapped out by hitler and mus solini to mr churchill’s firm statement we shall seek no terms we shall tolerate no parleys virginio page two spokesmen adrien marquet minister of interio and jean ybarnégaray minister of youth apj family marquet was a leader in the dissident go cialist movement which organized the neo socialig party in 1933 dedicated itself to order authority nation assailed parliamentary institutions and ey pressed admiration for hitler’s success while ybarnégaray acted as a spokesman of the fascig croix de feu in the chamber of deputies dis patches reaching this country via berlin report the formation of a so called french uniform party by members of this radical group under marcel déat whose pacifism in pre war diplomatic crises was epitomized in his statement that he did not want to die for danzig such an organization if given a monopoly of political and educational activity by the state might perform the task of establishing full totalitarianism in france serving as a counterpart to the nazi and fascist parties of the axis although the full story of the french collapse cannot yet be told certain points are clear faulty military leadership was only a surface manifestation no individual was responsible for the french defeat and no single movement the french system of government which encouraged factionalism and made stable responsible rule difficult was doubtless partly to blame unimaginative and even corrupt bureaucrats and parliamentarians could not supply the drive and efficiency needed for competition with the fascist states on equal terms more fundamental still france was paralyzed for years by bitter social strife and never achieved the union sacrée of the last war the war effort was not whole hearted com munists on the left conducted anti war propaganda at moscow’s behest while extremists on the right turned a willing ear to fascist propaganda in earlier years the socialists cut down production by raising labor standards too far above those in neighboring countries and capitalist interests weakened the state by letting industrial plants grow obsolete while they sent their liquid funds abroad for safekeeping consequently the french economic structure lost its vitality and was never reorganized for the needs of totalitarian war despite these failings the french did make a worthy war effort which is too fre quently underrated their experiences may provide important object lessons for americans davin h poppsr gayda usually a spokesman for i duce wrote on july 15 that the final drive against britain would be launched in a few days but that the british might be given one more opportunity to participate in the renovation of europe on axis terms if britain is to prevent this renovation it will have to do more than repel german invasion it will have to break the hold on the co appea events of that hitl subsidiary objective ing all european spread oo cut off tl endeavor balkans of oil a munich ently tol and fore torial cl satisfied meanwh voking a trate on harvest simila bulgaria tories lo wars of many's in the britain an expl the na spread to serve great fo pated o and bu halted 1 union of the it is by might and stré tion th terms rus this pc has pro hold o latvia teady its mili ritories rr foreign headquart entered a see social e last com panda right arlier aising ring state they ping st its ds of rench fre ovide per a on the continent appeasement in the balkans the events of the past week make it increasingly clear that hitler does not intend to be diverted by any subsidiary clashes on the periphery from his main objective which is that of crushing britain and end ing all possibility of british intervention on the furopean continent just as the nazis prevented the spread of war to scandinavia which might have cut off their imports of iron ore so now they are endeavoring to check the spread of war to the balkans which might interfere with their supplies of oil and foodstuffs at the conference held in munich on july 10 hitler and count ciano appar ently told the hungarian delegates premier teleki and foreign minister czaky that hungary’s terri torial claims against rumania would be ultimately satisfied under a post war peace settlement but that meanwhile the hungarians should abstain from pro voking a conflict in the danubian area and concen trate on the far more pressing task of getting in the harvest similar advice appears to have been given to bulgaria which hopes to obtain the return of terri tories lost to rumania and greece during the balkan wats of 1912 1913 and the first world war ger many’s insistence on maintenance of the status quo in the balkans for the duration of its war with britain has had the effect of temporarily stabilizing an explosive situation from the point of view of the nazis it would be disastrous to have war spread to the balkan countries which may have to serve as the granary of europe at a time when great food stringency if not actual famine is antici pated on the continent suspension of hungarian and bulgarian claims moreover has temporarily halted the advance into the balkans of the soviet union which would doubtless have claimed a share of the spoils in any reorganization of this region it is by no means impossible however that the nazis might permit moscow to obtain additional territory and strategic ports on the black sea in the expecta tion that once britain is crushed or brought to terms germany can easily oust russia russia strengthens hold on baltic this possibility is not excluded by moscow which has profited by the lull in the east to consolidate its hold on the baltic on july 14 and 15 lithuania latvia and estonia where the soviet union had al teady obtained air and naval bases and established its military control voted for inclusion of their ter titories in the u.s.s.r after the leaders of opposi page three the hold the axis powers and russia have obtained tion elements had either fled or been placed under arrest this vote coincided with new soviet threats against finland and with reports in moscow that finnish workers were expressing dissatisfaction with deterioration in economic conditions due in large part to the hardships and territorial losses suffered by finland as a result of its war with the soviet union it may be expected that as germany extends its economic control over denmark norway and sweden moscow will similarly extend its control over what remains of finland thus acquiring valu able nickel and lumber resources as the triple process of german russian and italian expansion proceeds in europe several main trends become increasingly defined the small coun tries which had achieved independence in the course of several centuries as a result of the gradual break up of the holy roman the hapsburg and the ro manov empires are now being again absorbed into the new empires recreated by the germans the italians and the russians their fate demonstrates that self determination unless accompanied by in tegration of great and small powers into a broad federation based on the principle of mutual assist ance ultimately proves suicidal for weak countries which are unable to resist the political and economic pressure of powerful neighbors as a result of this process of re absorption of small countries into great territorial empires the concept of national sov ereignty which had proved the principal stumbling block to the formation of any european union or federation is being rapidly obliterated at the same time the civil conflicts superimposed on international conflicts are undermining the concept of nationalism which was such a powerful force in the formation of national states on the european continent out of the immense travail which europe is now undergoing new political and economic forms are bound to emerge no matter what may be the final result of the war most western observers had as sumed for decades that sooner or later europe would have to achieve unity or perish in the course of suicidal wars their principal mistake was to assume that europe could be unified only under the leader ship of the western democracies and on lines pat terned after anglo saxon institutions today ger many and russia are both ready to impose their pro grams of political and economic unification on euro pean countries the principal question is whether these two programs will converge or whether a victorious germany will eventually mobilize the rest of europe in a thrust against russia vera micheles dean foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 39 juty 19 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lust secretary vera micheles dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news etter sibber washington bureau national press building july 15 with the democratic national con vention and the battle of britain monopolizing the spotlight official washington has nevertheless re served a large share of its attention for developments in latin america the size and caliber of the ameri can delegation to the havana conference announced on july 13 indicate both the importance washing ton attaches to the meeting and the direction in which its efforts will be concentrated the delegation is headed by secretary hull who will be seconded by assistant secretary of state berle regarded as the chief proponent of the cartel plan for economic defense of the western hemi sphere other members of the delegation include william dawson ambassador to panama green h hackworth the secretary of state’s legal adviser leo pasvolsky special assistant to the secretary of state laurence duggan chief of the division of the american republics of the department of state harry d white director of monetary research of the treasury department grosvenor m jones as sistant director of the bureau of foreign and do mestic commerce and leslie a wheeler director office of foreign agricultural relations depart ment of agriculture of these seven members five are economic experts problems at havana the meeting of for eign ministers of the american republics at havana will take place in an atmosphere far more ominous than that of any previous inter american confer ence the american nations have been acutely con scious of nazi fifth column activities for some time and increased german pressure on the central american countries to refrain from any action inimi cal to future trade relations with germany brought a direct hands off warning by secretary hull on july 11 this warning was softened only by the simultaneous notification to great britain that the conference was purely american in character issued in answer to a british proposal of july 10 for the pooling of anglo western hemisphere resources many observers feel that next week inter ameri can relations will undergo their most severe test at havana the united states has stated clearly its position regarding the transfer of european posses sions from one non american power to another and the cuban proposal to place such possessions under a joint pan american protectorate has been cf washington news letter foreign policy bulletin june 28 1940 widely approved the steps necessary to carry oy such a plan however have yet to be devised the united states is also committed to defend the amer icas both against military aggression and political penetration through economic means unless these assurances can be implemented by effective actiog within a reasonably short time latin america will find it increasingly difficult to ignore germany's al ternate threats of reprisal and promises of a lucra tive post war trade the surpluses of raw materials and foodstuffs which are rapidly accumulating in latin america while the european market dwindles have placed many of these countries in a vulnerable economic position elections in cuba and mexico the mexican presidential elections held on july 7 passed as quietly as might be expected in view of the bit terness of the campaign and the tension prevailing throughout the country there is little to indicate that the results were influenced either by pressure on the part of the united states which had been feared by the mexican left or by nazi activities accord ing to the count of the prm mexican revolu tionary party general avila camacho was elected by a seventeen to one majority over general al mazan the opposition candidate the latter how ever has by no means conceded the result and there is a disturbing possibility that general almazan will establish a rival congress when the legal congress dominated by the avila camacho group is installed on september 1 unless a compromise can be formu lated before that time serious complications may develop one compromise proposal which is hardly likely to find much support in the avila camacho camp involves the selection of a provisional presi dent to take office for a year or two at the expiration of president cardenas term on december 1 early returns on the cuban election held july 14 indicate a victory for colonel fulgencio batista by a margin of perhaps 50 per cent over dr ramon grau san martin the opposition candidate aside from the inevitable charges of terrorism and interfer ence at the polls by the opposition the contest was relatively calm and the outcome appears clear cut despite communist support which may have been purely a political expedient little ideological signif cance is attached to batista’s defeat of dr grau both have pledged cooperation with the united states and foreign capital and business interests do not appeaf apprehensive of batista’s alleged leftist tendencies howarp j trueblood fore an inter pr cataclysr thresholc reaching political states in jul rita a p within peace se significa tokyo 4 and mo axis ha authorit them 11 though while new de lowed t the result siderabl that cl or in tk military manufa munitic now in obstacle ment i certain sult of be firm anese japane ent ja japan fective embrax is mor the w friend soviet histori +foreign policy bulletin rt ol i an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff class matter december j subscription two dollars a year 9 a 4 rag 4 a foreign policy association incorporated 194g y ae eee e 8 west 40th street new york n y periodical a general rer oe second class mail vou xix no 40 july 26 1940 univ of migh dut he america’s choice today general library a by w t stone and the f.p.a research staff cal cataclysmic events have brought the western hemisphere to the university of michigan i thee ion political and a aaa iii jane poms not the united ana arbor michigan vill states in the event of a german victory al july issue of world affairs pamphlets 25 cents ta f.p.a members will receive this pamphlet als 2 britain closes burma road ble ritain s decision to close the burma road for the anglo japanese agreement to a period of three months beginning july 18 kyo’s demand that britain halt traffic on the burma the within which london hopes that a sino japanese yunnan highway originally presented to the british sed peace settlement can be arranged has already led to government on june 24 had followed immediately bit significant changes in the far eastern scene at on japanese diplomatic successes at tientsin and in ing tokyo a new japanese cabinet more nationalistic indo china early in july britain sent a preliminary fate and more inclined to align japan with the fascist reply evidently negative in character but tokyo on axis has taken office at chungking the chinese urged the british government to reconsider and ted authorities fear that an effort is being made to coerce this request was transmitted to london on july 9 rd them into signing a japanese dictated peace al by the british ambassador sir robert leslie craigie lu though london disclaims any such intention mean formal confirmation of the agreement first reported ted while washington gives no indication that these on july 12 was given to parliament on july 17 al new developments will modify the poiicy it has fol opposition to this appeasement gesture mani ow lowed throughout the sino japanese conflict fested in parliament as well as criticism expressed ere the increased difficulties china must face as a in the united states apparently caused the prime will result of the closing of the burma road are con minister to present a report to commons on the fol ss siderable yet it would be premature to conclude lowing day led that chinese resistance will collapse automatically the anglo japanese agreement as outlined by mu or in the near future as the result of a reduction of mr churchill was restricted to trade matters af nay military supplies most of china’s munitions are fecting burma and hongkong mention of a peace dly manufactured locally and some stocks of heavy settlement was not connected with the actual terms cho munitions have been accumulated the war in china of the agreement these stated that the burma gov es now in its fourth year bids fair to remain the chief ernment had agreed to suspend for a period of ion obstacle to tokyo’s program of territorial aggrandize three months the transit to china of gasoline trucks ment in other areas of the far east even were and railway material as well as arms and ammuni 14 certain of these areas to succumb to japan as a re tion shipment of the same goods was to be pro by sult of french or british weakness they could not hibited in hongkong the prime minister in de jon be firmly held so long as one million or more jap fending the agreement declared that it was neces ide anese troops were bogged down in china a sino sary to remove anglo japanese tension at a time fer japanese peace settlement which confirmed pres when the empire was engaged in a life or death vas ent japanese gains in china would in fact free struggle the agreement was temporary he cut japan's economic resources and man power for ef stated and it was hoped that within this period of een fective consolidation of a new order in east asia three months a sino japanese settlement could be if embracing the whole of the south seas region what achieved britain wished to improve its relations oth is more important coercion of nationalist china by with japan and to see a free and independent fu ind the western powers at this time would strengthen the ture assured to china it was prepared after peace eat friendly ties now existing between china and the was concluded to negotiate with the chinese gov ies soviet union a development that might mark a ernment for revision of treaties affecting extrater historic turning point in the far east ritoriality and foreign concessions es aap effects in the far east the japanese cabinet which concluded this agreement resigned on july 17 and prince konoye premier of japan’s first war cabinet in 1937 38 was given imperial author ity to form a new government overthrow of the yonai cabinet was precipitated by the resignation of the army minister general shunroku hata and was accompanied by newspaper statements advo cating a more vigorous foreign policy yosuke mat suoka the new foreign minister has firmly sup ported the army's expansionist program and for some years has headed a fascist party in japan prince konoye’s efforts to organize a totalitarian party were still in process when the sudden over throw of the cabinet occurred actual formation of the new party has not yet been announced and old established habits may tend to delay its emergence in foreign policy the konoye cabinet will seize every opportunity for further expansion which the european war may present closer ties with ger many and italy will be fostered additional moves against britain invited by the surrenders already made to the former cabinet are a distinct possibility at chungking on july 17 the foreign office spokesman characterized britain's agreement with japan as unfriendly and unlawful he emphatically stated that chinese resistance would continue and this point was strongly reaffirmed by the chinese foreign minister wang chung hui the american position a considerable page two divergence in the british and american viewpoint became apparent on july 16 when secretary hulj issued a statement at washington which pointedly condemned the anglo japanese agreement he de clared that the american government has a legit mate interest in the keeping open of arteries of commerce in every part of the world and considers that agreements such as those taken in regard to the burma road and the indo china railway would constitute unwarranted interpositions of obstacles tp world trade along the burma yunnan route it should be noted pass not only munitions for ching but also large shipments of tung oil antimony and tungsten to the united states as repayment for 45 000,000 of american credits to china in response to secretary hull’s statement reports from london declared that washington had been informed in advance of the situation which had de veloped but had not indicated that it was prepared to adopt measures in the far east strong enough to make the agreement unnecessary london dispatches also stressed the ambiguous position of the united states which objected to the anglo japanese agree ment but was itself supplying the bulk of japan's imports of war materials although the american fleet has been retained in the pacific there is at pres ent no other indication of the course which this country may follow in the far east t a bisson britain rejects hitler’s peace bid chancellor hitler's last appeal to the british people for a common sense peace delivered in his reichstag speech on july 19 was briefly rejected by lord halifax british foreign secretary in a speech broadcast on july 22 the german chancellor ad dressed britain as a victor speaking to an already vanquished country which he expected to sue for peace without specifying the terms of the ultimate settlement he might have in mind he reiterated that he had never desired war with britain or the de struction of the british empire he said he felt only disgust at the thought of a fight to the finish which kept him from his principal task the build ing of a state with a new social order and the finest possible standard of culture but that british poli ticians had only a single cry that the war must go on as in previous appeals to other coun tries hitler tried to arouse the british people against their government hinting that the british cabinet would take refuge in canada leaving the people to endure unending suffering and misery he also warned the british that any hopes they might en tertain regarding german russian estrangement were unjustified because relations between the two countries has been finally established and their respective spheres of influence defined to hitler's appeal lord halifax answered we shall not cease fighting until freedom for ourselves and others has been secured britain’s internal unity the extent to which hitler's last appeal may serve to divide the british people and produce the kind of internal split which in one continental country after another ma terially aided nazi victories depends both on the domestic situation in britain and on its govern ment’s appraisal of the support it might obtain from the european continent and from overseas some of the british leaders who had advocated appease ment and according to hitler deserve praise not blame remain in the cabinet and one of them sit samuel hoare is serving as british ambassador in madrid where he is reported to have received peace proposals from nazi sources but these leaders far from having the approval of the british people to whom hitler was appealing have been publicly dis avowed and replaced in key posts like the ministries of labor and supply by representatives of the people such as ernest bevin and herbert mor rison that these changes in the personnel of the cabinet have immeasurably increased public conf dence the bel cator times ing nc way 0 will h succes ernme mez british be fut pied b dicate ment be as specia nethe germ nethe been germ that is bei but a are de axis the cc broug gary ciliate cently while enver unles germ the c a she cept isolat alf a dome forme buell politi relat fusio urges offer worl the 4t a ence fore headq entere s his 13 ase 1as he lit dence and strengthened britain’s internal unity is the belief of r h tawney laborite writer and edu cator who in a letter published by the new york times on july 21 argues that the british are fight ing not to defend capitalism or imperialism but a way of life they all have in common this unity will have to be broken down either by threats or successful invasion before the present british gov ernment sues for peace meanwhile from the european continent the british can expect only such incidental aid as may be furnished by unrest in the territories now occu pied by the germans that such unrest exists is in dicated by reports that a norwegian rump parlia ment which was to ratify a nazi régime could not be assembled owing to popular opposition that special military courts have been established in the netherlands to try persons accused of insulting the german people and nation and that prominent netherlanders including colonial officials have been arrested in retaliation for the detention of german residents in the dutch east indies and that criticism of the pétain government in france is being expressed not only by the german press but also by french political groups in paris which are demanding new men and new ideas nor are the axis powers finding it altogether easy to reconcile the conflicting interests of small countries they have brought into their sphere of influence thus hun gaty appears to be disgruntled by germany’s con ciliatory attitude toward rumania which until re cently seemed favorable toward france and britain while turkey is alarmed by german attempts to envenom its relations with the soviet union yet unless britain succeeds not merely in fending off a german invasion but in reasserting its influence on the continent the small countries which still retain a shred of independence will have little choice ex cept to move into either the german or the russian page three camp this choice carried out under soviet military control was made in favor of russia by estonia latvia and lithuania which in the elections of july 14 and 15 voted to be incorporated into the union of soviet socialist republics american party platforms from the united states britain can expect little beyond sym pathy during the interim period which must ve between the political conventions and the november elections isolationist and pacifist sentiments were at least as strong and vocal in chicago as in phila delphia and the platforms of the contending parties vie with each other in their professions of peace their desire to avoid war outside the western hemi sphere and their determination which may prove incompatible with a policy of peace to defend this hemisphere and the monroe doctrine what the presidential nominees will do with these platforms once they are elected is another question mr will kie in a number of public pronouncements preced ing his nomination had indicated that he believed the allies were this country’s first line of defense and should be given all possible aid short of war mr roosevelt in his acceptance speech on july 20 brushed aside his party’s platform and said he did not recant the sentiments of sympathy with all free peoples resisting aggression or begrudge the material aid that we have given them and ex pressed the hope that should the government next january pass into untried hands they will not substitute appeasement and compromise with those who seek to destroy all democracies everywhere in cluding here whatever may be the personal senti ments of the two presidential candidates however they do not provide concrete assistance to britain whose decision whether or not to heed hitler’s last appeal will have to be reached solely on the basis of its own appraisal of the international outlook vera micheles dean the f.p.a bookshelf isolated america by raymond leslie buell new york alfred a knopf 1940 3.00 a penetrating analysis of the relationship between the domestic and foreign policies of the united states by the former president of the foreign policy association mr buell provides a critical study of recent economic and political trends and a comprehensive survey of our foreign relations since the world war concluding that our con fusion of thought has left us dangerously isolated he urges mediation in the asiatic and european wars and offers a program for future reconstruction and a new world association the world since 1914 by walter consuelo langsam 4th ed new york macmillan 1940 5.00 a timely revision of a text which is practically a refer ence vade mecum shanghai city for sale by ernest o hauser new york harcourt brace and company 1940 3.00 highlights of shanghai’s history during he century of its modern existence written with dash and flavor economic warfare by paul einzig new york macmillan 1940 1.90 the facile author ranges over all the economic problems of the war often indulging in rather glib generalizations part of the book is already outdated japan’s case examined by westel w willoughby balti more the johns hopkins press 1940 2.50 a useful study of japan’s aims and policies in china the validity of japan’s case and the recent far eastern policy of the united states foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 40 jury 26 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f laer secretary vera michetes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year es 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building july 22 as congress returned to washington this week after recesses taken for the political con ventions the administration began detailed presen tation of the next steps in its giant defense program on july 20 president roosevelt signed the two ocean navy bill authorizing a 70 per cent increase in fleet tonnage two days later secretary knox and other navy officials began their testimony before a house appropriations subcommittee where they urged approval of estimates of 936,000,000 about 178,000,000 to start the new program and the re mainder for other projects war department spokes men headed by secretary stimson were scheduled to appear before the subcommittee immediately af terward to seek 3,911,995,000 for army equip ment for a force of 2,000,000 men the army and navy requests are being made pursuant to the president's message of july 10 urg ing total defense and pledging that american men would not be sent to take part in european wars although they would repel aggression against the united states and the western hemisphere of the funds envisaged in the message 2,161,441,957 is to be spent by july 1 1941 while 2,686,730,000 is obligated for future expenditure in the form of contract authorizations since more than 5,000,000 000 has already been made available for defense re quirements in regular supplementary and deficiency appropriation bills passed in the last few months the total national provision for military purposes in the fiscal year 1941 should exceed 10,000,000 000 this figure almost equals the record of 11 011,387,000 appropriated for the world war fiscal year 1918 the two ocean navy the broad objective sought by the navy department in the naval ex pansion act is security against any possible com bination of hostile fleets even if they should attack simultaneously in both oceans for this purpose full equality with all potential enemies is not necessary because the effectiveness of attacking vessels is diminished as the distance from their bases increases the strength now considered essential for two ocean defense as compared with the existing fleet is indicated in the following table the two ocean figures include ships now in service as well as the 1,325,000 tons of vessels authorized in the act of july 20 and about 137 vessels of almost 900,000 tons now under construction types built 1940 no tonnage battleships 15 464,300 aircraft carriers 6 134,800 cruisers 37 328,975 destroyers 237 300,280 submarines 102 102,060 totals 397 1,330,415 the two ocean navy no tonnage 35 1,281,800 20 460,600 88 956,374 378 617,060 180 231,866 701 3,547,700 according to senator walsh chairman of the senate naval affairs committee the earliest time for completion of the program is 1946 but despite large appropriations for the expansion of shi building facilities many observers doubt that s enormous an undertaking can be finished by tha date whether it will be adequate depends first on the disposition of the french british german and italian fleets second on future political relation ships among the great naval powers third on the speed with which the nation controlling europe shipyards constructs new men of war fourth on the fate of bases in the western hemisphere and finally on the effect of technological advances on naval warfare especially as regards aviation ships versus planes proponents of ait power have criticized the program because of whai they term its disproportionate emphasis on naval strength which cannot be completed until long after the present emergency is past they point out that the new law authorizes the expenditure of 4,010 000,000 on ships and only 600,000,000 on addi tional naval planes whatever the ultimate ratio between naval aviation and surface vessels how ever it should be noted that congress has provided for a rapid expansion of naval air strength an ad approved june 15 1940 authorized an increase in the number of naval planes to 10,000 the creation of facilities to train 16,000 naval aviators and the construction of additional naval air bases both con tinental and overseas the ultimate cost of the ait craft included in this act is estimated at 1,150 000,000 while approximately 1,100,000,000 wil be needed for bases equipment and the training of personnel the naval expansion law of july 20 moreover raises the authorized limit of naval planes from 10,000 to 15,000 with a stipulation that thi total may be exceeded if in the president's judg ment it is not sufficient for defense needs under the circumstances it is hardly accurate tt maintain that naval aviation is being disregarded the fact is that congress has authorized as matj ships and planes as the country is physically able construct today davip h poppper mr t tive amer of acl demo impac inter beyor thous the first after vana far f ame ward mach whet ment mon the strur the lish nom does evol cont the ern nom lar left prin +n and lation on the rope s on the and ces of of ait f what naval o after it that 4,010 1 addi ratio how ovided an act ase if reation nd the th con he ait 1,150 0 will raining uly 20 planes at this 5 judg rate t varded many able to pper foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y you xix no 41 avucust 2 1940 pbriodical kyu general librar uniy of mich entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 auc p 3 1879 ib second class mail for a comprehensive analysis of the inter amer ican trade problem read economic defense of the americas by howard j trueblood 25c august 1 issue of foreign policy reports general library university of michigan ann arbor mich havana strengthens inter american unity by howarpd j trueblood mr trueblood was an observer at the havana conference lf july 30 the ten day havana conference more formally known as the second consulta tive meeting of ministers of foreign affairs of the american republics came to a close with a record of achievement designed to convince the world that democracy can act with totalitarian speed under the impact of an emergency as a tangible expression of inter american unity the havana meeting went far beyond any previous pan american conference al though the results obtained were a logical sequel to the foundation laid at lima in 1938 and at the first meeting of ministers held in panama shortly after the outbreak of the european war the ha vana meeting which took place under circumstances far more grave than those yet encountered by the american republics represented a distinct step for watd in the operation of pan american consultative machinery the coming months will determine whether or not this machinery is adequate to imple ment the policies formulated at havana the conference witnessed the evolution of the monroe doctrine from a unilateral declaration on the part of the united states to a pan american in strument of policy in the face of a common danger the american republics have attempted to estab lish a united front against the political and eco nomic repercussions of the european war this does not mean that a specific procedure has been evolved to meet all possible contingencies on the contrary while detailed methods for dealing with the problem of european possessions in the west etn hemisphere were approved the program of eco nomic defense which has been a matter of particu lar concern to the washington administration was left quite flexible failure to draw up complete blue prints for cooperative action along economic lines however is in no sense attributable to indecision or to lack of agreement on the necessary measures it was recognized at havana that in a world situa tion which is becoming increasingly fluid economic problems should be dealt with in accordance with the circumstances existing at any given time european possessions the question which attracted greatest attention at havana and which is of most immediate importance to the security of the americas is that of european possessions in the western hemisphere this question was in fact the only real issue of the conference since the original united states proposal for a pan american mandate system presented to the meeting on july 23 was opposed by dr leopoldo melo head of the ar gentine delegation the opposition of argentina which was based primarily on a difference of opin ion as to the urgency of the situation eventually dis appeared largely through the personal efforts of secretary hull this rift between the united states and argentina gave rise to serious concern over the success of the conference but the ease with which a compromise was effected testified to the sincere desire of argentina long an outspoken opponent of the united states at pan american conferences to preserve unity there is no evidence to support the charge circulated in the opening days of the ha vana gathering that argentina sought to sabotage the conference in order not to jeopardize its euro pean markets after the war the immediacy of the territorial question was recognized in the unanimously approved act of havana which supplemented a more elaborate for mal convention to be presented to the various gov ernments for approval the act declares when american islands or areas at present held by non american nations are in danger of becoming the subject matter of exchange of territories or sover eignty the american republics may establish regions of provisional administration when the conditions making such action necessary cease to exist the possessions would either be made inde pendent provided they are capable of self govern ment or returned to their former sovereigns in order to set the provisional administration in opera tion the act provides for the creation of an emer gency committee made up of one representative each of the american republics said committee to be considered constituted from the date of the ap pointment of two thirds of its members this com mittee may meet at the request of any signatory in addition however any american republic may act alone if the necessity for emergency action be deemed so urgent as to make it impossible to await action of the committee the convention which requires ratification by the signatories states that the american republics reserve the right to judge if some transfer or intent to transfer sovereignty jurisdiction cession or incorporation of geographical regions in america owned by european countries until september 1 1939 may impair their political independence even though there has been no formal transfer or change in the status of the regions economic cooperation in his address be fore the havana meeting on july 22 secretary hull recommended a four point program of cooperative action providing for 1 strengthening and ex pansion of the activities of the inter american financial and economic advisory committee as an instrument for continued consultation with respect to trade matters 2 creation of facilities for the temporary handling and orderly marketing of ac cumulated surpluses of those commodities which are of primary importance to the maintainance of the economic life of the american republics 3 development of commodity agreements with a view to assuring equitable terms of trade for both producers and consumers of the commodities con page two cerned 4 consideration of methods for jp proving the standard of living of the peoples of th americas the economic recommendations 4 proved by the conference were essentially an ampli fication of these points the surplus commodj problem received primary attention but the unite states delegation took pains to deny that any vay marketing scheme designed to freeze out germany was contemplated in place of a cartel or market ing board plan the declaration merely recommended the creation of instruments of inter american operation for warehousing financing and transitoy disposition of the surpluses of said products 4 well as for their orderly and systematic distributiog and sale presumably this program is definitely linked to president roosevelt’s recommendation fo a 500,000,000 increase in the capital of the export import bank the broad outlines of westem hemisphere economic policy were laid down at hs vana but the details remain to be worked out by the inter american economic and financial advisoy committee which will have the cooperation of the inter american bank and the inter american devel opment commission matters pertaining to neutrality were referred to the inter american neutrality committee which functions at rio de janeiro this body was entrusted with the drafting of a project of inter american convention which will cover completely all the prin ciples and rules generally recognized in international law in matters of neutrality and especially those con tained in the resolutions of panama the delegates also passed a resolution which provided for the sup pression of foreign activities tending to subvert their domestic institutions or to foment disorder ir their internal political life the resolution on for eign activities included provision for the exchange of information and immediate consultation in the event that the peace of any of the american repub lics is menaced by such activities u.s embargo raises far reaching issues as the axis powers announced that the long heralded invasion of britain was under way britain last week extended its blockade of the european continent to cover spain and portugal which fol lowing the collapse of france could serve as a chan nel for german imports from overseas countries the british blockade was reinforced by the action of the american government which on july 25 prohibited the export of petroleum petroleum prod ucts and scrap metal from the united states without a specific license from the administrator of export control lieutenant colonel russell maxwell and prevented cargoes of these materials from clearing for spain and japan while the american embargo may be explained by considerations of national de fense there is no doubt that it will prove a blow to spain where there is a shortage of gasoline lt will be an even more serious blow to japan which has been drawing the bulk of its war materials from the united states effects of u.s embargo an embargo on war materials may well be regarded by japan ger many and italy as a hostile measure even if it tech nically falls short of war especially when the united states stands ready to supply britain with all the airplanes and other war equipment our fac tories are capable of producing from the point of view of the united states however it would be illogical to rally the country behind a program of defense presumably designed to prevent germat italian at this coun tential sequentl argumen notably bargo of yasion o in the jz tokyo n states to by any f demands relations which y burma 1 parently arrested is instru firm between ing the the pac lapse of and br munich east in destroy disturbe have pr which the latt breathi tions a both doubt indicat hold g provide breathi to utili tion of germa ing sui of con there as earl tion by satis fie pire ir least have 1 base f headqua entered rf im of the s ap ampli nodity jnited y vast rmmany larket ended an c0 isitory ts as bution initely on for port ester at ha by the ivisory of the devel red to which rusted erican prin 1tional 5 com egates e sup ubvert der it yn for change in the repub i blow ine it which s from rgo of 1 get t tech on the 1 with ar fac int of ald be am of erman a italian and japanese attack on what are regarded as this country’s interests while permitting the export to potential enemies of war materials that may sub sequently be used against the united states one argument commonly advanced against such action notably in the case of japan has been that an em bargo on oil would merely encourage japanese in yasion of the dutch east indies recent statements in the japanese press however would indicate that tokyo needed no encouragement from the united states to consider expansion to the south nor is it by any means certain that acquiescence in japanese demands would necessarily improve this country’s relations with tokyo the experience of britain which yielded to japan’s demand for closing of the burma road only to discover that the japanese ap parently interpreting this as a sign of weakness had arrested prominent britishers on charges of espionage is instructive in this respect firmness or appeasement the choice between firmness and appeasement now confront ing the united states both on the atlantic and on the pacific has been widely debated since the col lapse of france some observers contend that france and britain should have continued the policy of munich and permitted germany's expansion to the east in the hope that germany and russia would destroy each other leaving western civilization un disturbed this course it is said would at best have preserved france and britain from the disasters which have befallen the former and now threaten the latter and at worst would have given them a breathing space to make adequate military prepara tions against the reich both of these assumptions are at least open to doubt russia’s performance in finland does not indicate that it would have been well equipped to hold germany on the eastern front long enough to provide france and britain with an adequate breathing space moreover since the allies failed to utilize the eight months of war for total mobiliza tion of their economic and military resources against germany they probably would have displayed dur ing such a breathing space an even greater degree of complacency and paralysis of the will nor is there evidence as yet to indicate that hitler who as early as 1923 was making a bid for world domina tion by the german master race would have been satisfied with the development of an economic em pire in eastern europe on the contrary there is at least equally good reason to believe that he would have used this economic empire as an even stronger base for ultimate attack on the west for the real page three enemy of the third reich and its real competitor for world domination is not russia but the british empire and should the british empire collapse its next competitor may be not russia but the united states with which it is already contending for in fluence over latin america the price of peace the principal mistake of french and british statesmen was not that they first chose munich in preference to war and then war in preference to another munich but that they never squarely faced the problems created by the rise of a united and militant germany in a passive world had france and britain yielded on poland as they had already done on austria spain and czechoslo vakia they might conceivably have avoided outright warfare they might have been forced however to accept the kind of german domination now imposed not only on france poland and czechoslovakia but also on countries which are regarded by germany with a relative degree of sympathy such as denmark and holland only to the extent that advocates of appeasement in france and britain were ready to accept this domination in september 1939 are they now justified in criticizing those who rightly or wrongly accepted the alternative of war most hu man beings prefer peace to war and few today are unaware of the material and spiritual destruction wreaked by war on civilians and soldiers alike mere hatred of war however is purely negative it fails to remedy those conflicts of interests which from time to time break out into open warfare and avoids the fact that peace no less than war requires ma terial sacrifices hitler has been far more clearly aware of these realities than the western powers whose leaders and peoples until recently have been reluctant to make either the sacrifices required by preparation for war or those required to appease germany italy and japan today the price of peace is not merely abandon ment of this or that piece of outlying territory be longing to some small power like the dutch east indies but total acceptance of the revolutionary world order contemplated by germany italy and japan such acceptance may appear to be both desir able and practicable but by a strange paradox the leading advocates of appeasement in all countries are unalterably opposed to the kind of democratic revolution which might have checked the inroads of nazi propaganda and hope to preserve property rights by conciliating the totalitarian powers with out realizing apparently that under nazism prop erty becomes the servant not the master of the totalitarian state vera micheles dean foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 41 august 2 1940 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f luger secretary vera micheres dean editor 1921 at the post office at new york n y national under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter sttben washington bureau national press building july 30 defense legislation continues to occupy the center of the washington stage with the burke wadsworth compulsory military training bill the 4,848,000,000 emergency military appro priation excess profits legislation and a congeries of detailed projects sharing the congressional spotlight temporarily at least conscription is the greatest single issue on the legislative calendar the debate on this question may drag on for many days in the senate where an outspoken minority has announced its opposition to compulsory service in general opponents of the legislation attack it as a step toward preparation of a mass army for par ticipation in overseas wars they insist that were voluntary enlistment in the army made sufficiently attractive the full strength needed for american defense in this hemisphere could be raised without resort to compulsion the administration supported by the army and an apparent congressional major ity stresses the need for large forces for hemisphere defense under present conditions and reiterates the customary arguments for peace time conscription that selective service is more democratic and fairer and that it builds national morale and physique army expansion plans enlargement of the army for its new functions is already under way the authorized enlisted strength of the regular army has been raised from 280,000 to 375,000 and intensive recruiting has thus far brought actual strength to about 250,000 troops stationed in the continental united states are being organized in nine streamlined divisions largely motorized and possessing fire power equal to world war type di visions containing twice as many men furthermore chiefly as a result of german successes in europe the tank and mechanized elements of the infantry and cavalry are being re grouped in a separate ar mored corps of two divisions including field artil lery and motorized infantry the new force will contain over 18,000 officers and enlisted men and 1,400 armored vehicles predominantly light tanks scout cars and medium tanks the expansion of the professional units is only a first step in the war department program previous mobilization plans called for a protective mobiliza tion force of not more than 1,000,000 men who would not be ready for service until months after war be gan these have been superseded by rising and still indefinite estimates of mobilization needs in a state ment published on july 17 general george c mar shall chief of staff declared that a trained and fully equipped army of 2,000,000 men is an indis pensable minimum for hemisphere defense and dis closed that the war department objective is noy the formation of forty five streamlined infantry dj visions and ten armored divisions composition of proposed force for such a force conscription is undoubtedly necessary legislation requested by the president on july empowers him to call up the national guard and reserve officers for service in the western hemi sphere and united states territories these contin gents will assist the regular army in maintaining essential activities and training the young men se lected under the new training system the war de partment favors mobilization of the entire guard for one year except for individuals with dependents who are permitted to resign the regular forces and the guard combined might total 600,000 men to whom 1,400,000 would be added by compulsory service by october 1941 under the burke wadsworth bill as drafted by the senate military affairs committee individuals between 21 and 31 will serve for twelve months army plans contemplate the induction into the armed forces of 400,000 men in october 1940 400,000 more in april 1941 and in october of that year an additional 600,000 those who com plete training will be transferred to the reserves for a period of ten years and will be subject to call for periods of additional instruction granted such a program will come into effed this fall some observers fear that the country hav ing appropriated billions and introduced conscrip tion may then regard itself as adequately prepared for any emergency in fact only the blue prints will have been adopted actual creation of the new armed forces will require many years decisions on details and final objectives have been tentatively ap proved but must necessarily remain in a fluid state until the international political situation becomes more stable the two ocean navy cannot be com pleted for at least six years a production rate of 25,000 airplanes per year cannot be reached in less than two and a similar time lag exists for most of the other complicated devices now demanded if great quantity by the two services complacency at this stage is therefore unwarranted the danger period will continue until man power and machines are fused in a smoothly functioning military orgat ization davin h popper n his s m m missar st flict in te belligeres ment of ambassa the part said that us.s.r british r tributed circles 11 weight situation ment of the past russia thanks t feeling bility of an impr althoug ture is refraine on the hot yet achiev her prit terms v mos mier re states erences which conden and li cision countr +ittee velve into 1940 er of com s for ll for effect hav scrip pared prints new ns on ly ap state omes com te of 1 less st of ad in cy at anget hines yr gan er foreign policy bulletin an int tation of current international events by the research staff et y wi poreign policy association incorporated ay of 8 west 40th street new york n y subscription two dollars a year vou xix no 42 aucust 9 1940 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 second class mail for the background of current developments in the balkans read spotlight on the balkans by p b stoyan 25c august issue of headline books general library university of michigan ann arbor michigan molotov predicts spread of war nt his speech to the supreme soviet on august 1 m molotov soviet premier and foreign com missar summed up the results of the european con flict in terms which held little comfort for any of the belligerents while admitting that the recent appoint ment of sir stafford cripps prominent laborite as ambassador to moscow seemed to reflect a desire on the part of britain to improve relations m molotov said that britain's previous hostile acts against the us.s.r made it difficult to expect that soviet british relations would develop favorably and at tributed france’s defeat to the fact that leading circles in france treated too lightly the rdéle and weight of the soviet union in european affairs a situation presumably not remedied by the establish ment of the pétain laval régime whose members in the past have shown little sympathy for communist russia the soviet premier added that germany thanks to the russo german pact will have a calm feeling of security in the east indicated the possi bility of an understanding with italy and stated that an improvement in relations with japan is feasible although tokyo’s program for a new political struc ture is not yet clear at the same time m molotov tefrained from predicting an early german victory on the contrary he said that the end of the war is not yet in sight and that while germany has achieved great successes she has not yet achieved her principal objective termination of the war on terms which she considers desirable moscow denounces u:s the soviet pre mier reserved his harshest words for the united states he was both bitter and sarcastic in his ref erences to the american declaration of july 23 in which mr welles under secretary of state had condemned russian absorption of latvia estonia and lithuania and described as illegal the de cision of the american government to hold in this country the property of the baltic states including gold which m molotov claimed had been pur chased by the soviet state bank m molotov de clared that the united states has imperialistic de signs on european possessions in the western hemi sphere and predicted that existing conflicts would be fanned into a second imperialistic world war in which the united states would aid britain against germany judging by m molotov’s speech the so viet union still hopes that the wars of europe and asia will be directed not against its territory but against the british empire and should the empire collapse against the united states it has conse quently no desire to antagonize germany at the same time it does not anticipate a clear cut german victory and plans to improve its strategic position without actually becoming involved in a war through which with a minimum of sacrifice it has already obtained latvia estonia lithuania bessarabia northern bukovina and a part of finland germany seeks rumanian oil while russia like the rest of the world waits for the out come of the battle of britain german and italian spokesmen have warned their peoples not to expect another blitzkrieg now that britain has been cut off from the european continent which in normal times furnished one third of its imports and in turn is blockading the continent the european con flict has once more assumed the form of an economic as well as a military endurance test germany and italy excluded from the markets of the western hemisphere and asia except for what they may ob tain by way of the soviet union are concentrating their efforts on development of war materials avail able in europe germany already has access to the iron ore of sweden spain and france in the bal kans where france and britain have lost their in fluence germany is rapidly obtaining control of industrial enterprises formerly owned by french british dutch and czech capital among these are ee iron mines in rumania and copper mines in yugo slavia but the most important of these enterprises are the rumanian oil wells yielding to german pressure the bucharest government on july 24 confiscated the british controlled firm astra ro mana expelled british oil technicians on the ground that they had been plotting to damage the wells and seized british oil barges on the danube in january french and british concerns in rumania had refused to let any of their oil go to the nazis and while rumania under its trade treaty with germany had promised to deliver half of its oil exports to the reich actually only a small quantity had been shipped during recent months now if transporta tion difficulties can be solved germany will prob ably be able to obtain the bulk of rumania’s oil exports which totaled four million tons in 1939 it must be remembered however that european coun tries under german control have been cut off by the japan tests british resistance while great britain last week exchanged air bombardments with germany and prepared for the long expected invasion it found itself once again embroiled with japan britain's attempt to appease japan by closing the burma road for three months beginning july 18 as the first step in promoting a sino japanese peace settlement was regarded in tokyo as a gesture of weakness the new totali tarian cabinet of prince konoye not only promptly proclaimed a greater east asia policy but of fered another direct challenge to britain on july 27 japanese police arrested a dozen or more british businessmen and journalists on charges of espionage one of the prisoners according to japanese reports committed suicide during the questioning in response to this action the british government on august 2 interned the london representatives of japan’s two great industrial syndicates the mitsu bishi and mitsui interests to the repeated protests of the japanese ambassador mamoru shigemitsu foreign secretary halifax is said to have replied that these two internments were a regrettable coin cidence and not a reprisal for the tokyo arrests it was announced in london moreover that two other persons a representative of the bank of for mosa and the german wife of a japanese artist had been arrested in july for deportation on august 4 five more japanese two in singapore one in hongkong and one in rangoon were arrested by british officials while the british government will probably continue to regard such actions as a re grettable coincidence it is obviously seeking to strengthen its bargaining position by replying to japan in its own terms on august 5 britain released britain closes burma road foreign policy bulletin july 26 1940 page two es british blockade from their overseas supplies of ojj in the near east the far east and the westem hemisphere even if germany obtains the entire output of rumania and other oil producing euro pean countries estimated at ten million tons it wil be unable to supply the continent’s oil requirements which normally amounted to 19 million tony this situation leads to the belief that germany and italy while seeking to wear britain down by repeated bombings and threats may attempt to seize the oil resources of the near east in iraq and iran and may demand oil exports from the soviet union which might thus be called on to play a more active role in the european struggle otherwise now that the united states has placed an embargo on exports of oil and aviation gasoline europe may have to re vert to an economy in which no oil will be used except for immediate war purposes vera micheles dean the mitsubishi agent in london after japan had freed five of its prisoners the konoye government by both words and deeds has indicated that it intends to utilize this golden opportunity for consolidating japan’s position in eastern asia it was reported on august 4 from both shanghai and vichy though denied in tokyo that japan had made secret demands on french indo china for extending its military and economic con trol the japanese were said to have demanded the right to move their troops across french indo china and to use the french railway into yunnan province as well as the right to establish naval and air bases and closer economic relations japan under an agree ment signed on june 20 two days before the franco german armistice had already checked the flow of war materials through indo china and stationed its own inspectors at hanoi and other points rule ment of the new secret demands would give japan virtual sovereignty over the whole country as well as a strategic foothold for a drive either north or south since an economic mission headed by general kuniaki koiso a leading imperialist and member of the preceding cabinet is preparing to leave for the netherlands indies japan is apparently launch ing its greater east asia policy in earnest japaa is thus able not only to advance its own imperialist ambitions in southeastern asia but to assist the axis powers by diverting british and american at tention in view of britain’s preoccupation in eu rope moreover the japanese barring america naval intervention can now move southward step by step without opposition the lull in europe as anglo japanese relations reached a showdown prime ministet churchil the dang away mors tha governm in milita security defense raids ov estimate german made re shangha tion by institu a care major fc legal ste japanese sources new a top the leas plicity a the cru haver the f german an aust a doc llewe hart usefu tions mineral of the gist show the pro duce s reserve nomic f origina nationa traces defends peace i the mi dout a vi der ge middle some yor a br settlen foreig headqua entered japan rialist st the an at n eu erican 1 step yanese inistet eae churchill warned the british public on august 3 that the danger of a blitzkrieg by no means has passed away and urged suspicion regarding german ru mors that no invasion is now intended the british government apparently alarmed lest the present lull in military activities should create a false sense of security and curtail industrial production continued defense precautions at home and extended its air raids over western europe since it is impossible to estimate the effect of the incessant raids by both german and british forces no prediction can be made regarding germany's plans for invasion the page three success of which depends largely upon the prelimi nary bombing of british shipping ports railways and factories british officials still insist however that if britain can stave off invasion until next winter it can successfully utilize the superior eco nomic resources of the empire and the united states as well as tighten its blockade of the continent the conflict would then become once again one of block ade and attrition in which economic resources and popular morale would be the decisive factors james frederick green the f.p.a bookshelf shanghai and tientsin by f c jones with an introduc tion by harold m vinacke new york american council institute of pacific relations 1940 2.00 a careful study of the historical development of the two major foreign concession areas in china covering their legal status economic importance effects of the sino japanese war and current issues sources of information by a c de breycha vauthier new york columbia university press 1939 1.00 a topical catalog of important documents published by the league of nations this work is valuable in its sim plicity and careful exclusion of insignificant details the cruise of the raider wolf by roy alexander new haven yale university press 1939 2.75 the fascinating adventure story of the exploits of a german raider during the world war dramatically told by an australian who was a prisoner on board for nine months a documentary textbook in international law by llewellyn pfankuchen new york farrar and rine hart 1940 6.00 useful compilation of documents commentary and ques tions mineral map of europe by the geological department of the pure oil company theron wasson chief geolo gist chicago the pure oil co 1940 3.50 shows the location of europe’s mines and oil fields and the proportion of the world’s output of mineral they pro duce supplementary tables give data on europe’s mineral reserves invaluable to the student of the underlying eco nomic factors in the european war japan among the great powers by seiji hishida new york longmans green co 1940 3.50 a revision and amplification of a doctoral dissertation originally published in 1905 under the title of the inter national position of japan as a great power the author traces japan’s rise to the position of a great power and defends present japanese policy as an effort to maintain peace in east asia the march of the barbarians by harold lamb new york doubleday doran and company 1940 3.75 a vivid account of the origins of the mongol empire un der genghis khan and of its later stages in china the middle east and russia some notes on war and peace by walter lippmann new york macmillan 1940 50 cents a brief informal analysis of the broad bases of post war settlement news is my job a correspondent in war torn china by edna lee booker new york macmillan 1940 3.00 a lively and informative story of the experiences of a woman correspondent in china since the early twenties it offers an entertaining insight into ways of life in china as well as a running commentary on the turning points in chinese political development for the past two decades conference board studies in enterprise and social pro gress new york national industrial conference board 1939 5.00 this handy reference volume gives a broad factual sur vey of the american economic system it includes chapters on natural resources population and employment national income and wealth standards of living industrial organ ization and public finance why war by nicholas murray butler new york scrib ner’s 1940 2.50 in this collection of speeches and essays a distinguished internationalist pleads the cause of world unity to assure peace and individual liberties fighting years memoirs of a liberal editor by oswald garrison villard new york harcourt brace 1939 3.75 the interesting autobiography of a distinguished pub licist formerly editor of the new york post and the na tion mr villard is particularly effective in his condemna tion of wilsonian diplomacy during the world war and the peace conference land without laughter by ahmad kamal new york charles scribners sons 1940 3.00 narrative of a journey of adventure and misadventure through sinkiang which began with a mid winter cross ing of the himalayas asian odyssey by dmitri alioshin new york henry holt and company 1940 3.00 an extraordinary first hand account of military service with general kolchak in siberia and with baron ungern in outer mongolia ending with an escape across the gobi desert to china emigrant communities in south china by ta chen new york secretariat of the institute of pacific relations 1940 2.50 an important sociological investigation by a trained chinese scholar of the effects of chinese emigration to the south seas on the livelihood family education health so cial organization and religion of the parent communities in china foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 42 august 9 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frrank ross mccoy president dorothy f lagr secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year br 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter sitbes washington bureau national press building auc 5 after several weeks of uncertainty the administration appears to be moving toward an im portant decision on the issue of extending further military and naval aid to great britain evidence of the trend of washington opinion is found in the radio broadcast of general john j pershing on au gust 4 urging the united states to safeguard her freedom and security by making available to great britain 50 overage american destroyers and in the testimony of secretary of war stimson before the house military affairs committee last week naval aid to britain while general pershing was not speaking as an administration official he accurately reflected the concern of the white house and the state department over britain’s need for destroyers and small naval craft reports reaching washington during the past few days have indicated that the british shortage of such naval auxiliaries is far more serious than is generally realized during this critical period gen eral pershing declared we shall be failing in our duty to america if we do not take any steps we can to save the british fleet secretary stimson who has consistently advocated all possible aid to britain short of war made no reference to the transfer of naval vessels in his testimony but warned his au ditors of the possibility that in another 30 days great britain herself may be conquered and her shipyards pass under german control the conclusion drawn from these statements is that the administration is seeking to revise its earlier policy of furnishing surplus war materials to britain a policy which was suspended without explana tion about a month ago it will be recalled that during the first weeks of june before the capitula tion of france president roosevelt authorized the sale of large stocks of surplus army and navy sup plies to the allies between june 6 and june 15 when the president made public his cable to premier reynaud promising renewed efforts to supply planes and munitions the government released to the allies 280 scout bombers and attack planes 600,000 enfield rifles about 800 french 75 s and quantities of machine guns mortars and ammunition from our world war stocks this procedure was ten tatively approved by the senate in the army expan sion bill which passed by a vote of 80 to 0 on june 11 but was held up a few days later when senator walsh chairman of the senate naval af fairs committee objected to the release of 20 new motor torpedo boats to great britain since june 25 the administration has virtually shut dowfi on the supply of army and navy stocks to britain with tespect to the sale or transfer of naval ves sels to britain three separate questions are involved 1 can such transfer be made under existing laws 2 are the vessels needed by our own navy 3 would the transfer be in our national interest there is a sharp difference of opinion on the legal question on june 24 the attorney general advised the president that the sale of the 20 motor torpedo boats would seem to be prohibited by the act of june 15 1917 which provided that during 4 war in which the united states is a neutral nation it shall be unlawful to send out of the jurisdiction of the united states any vessel built as a vessel of war with any intent that such vessel shall be delivered to a belligerent nation a ruling in accord with our traditional neutrality policy under international law the recent act to expedite na tional defense signed by president roosevelt on july 1 prohibits the sale or transfer of any vessels weapons or munitions to any foreign government unless the chief of naval operations or the chief of staff certifies that they are not essential to the national defense this proviso is cited by advocates of the sale of destroyers to britain as granting full authority to the executive without the necessity for action by congress in view of the difference of opinion and the importance of the issue specific authorization by congress would appear to be the wisest course for the administration to take at present the united states has the largest de stroyer fleet in the world with some 237 vessels built and 60 more under construction our supeti ority would not appear to be threatened by the sale of 50 overage destroyers built during the world war and reconditioned this year whether the navy will need these vessels will depend of course on what happens in europe if britain is able to with need to use them but if the british navy is de stroyed or falls into the hands of germany the se curity of this country will be profoundly affected most americans agree that our national interests would be jeopardized by a nazi victory the real question however is whether the 50 destroyers will be sufficient to turn the balance and if not whether we will then be committed to full participation in the war w t stone an inter ts vou xt cataclysn threshold political jn the eve major american july issue h tk a far re on ever ing rect the clo control agents brough wester china issues been ar militar thi the 2 order tioned serious in chi result britain telatio of viev kong diplon of the sarily stand the threatened nazi invasion we will have no on th may s while of bri hot ye by lor ing eff wi morec explos nank +ls ent ef the ites ull for of ific the sels eri sale orld avy on ith 0 seé ests real will ther 1 in e foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of curfent international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 wesr 40th street new york n y vou xix no 43 avucust 16 1940 entered as second l december aug 17 4 a 2 the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 second class mail general library america’s choice today by w t stone and the f.p.a research staff cataclysmic events have brought the western hemisphere to the threshold of fateful decisions this pamphlet examines the military litical and economic problems which may confront the united states in the event of a german victory major george fielding eliot says it ought to be read by every american july issue of world affairs pamphlets 25 cents university of michigan ann arbor michtecan periodical ros rary br al lib japan presses forward in east asia bags counting on a direct nazi invasion of the british isles to provide the opportunity for a far reaching advance tokyo has swiftly capitalized on every weakness of its far eastern opponents dur ing recent weeks japan’s major gains have included the closing of the burma road and the growing control exercised by its military and diplomatic agents in indo china at the same time japan has brought strong pressure against the positions of the western powers in the foreign concessions along the china coast to the anglo japanese settlement of issues at tientsin concluded on june 19 has now been added the withdrawal of the remaining british military forces at shanghai tientsin and peiping the situation at shanghai most of the 2,850 british troops affected by the war office order announced in london on august 9 were sta tioned at shanghai and the effects will be felt most seriously at this strategic center of western interests in china the british action apparently taken as a result of japanese diplomatic pressure reflects britain’s continuing effort to smooth the path of its telations with japan from a strictly military point of view the concentration of british forces at hong kong and singapore is probably justified from the diplomatic point of view however this continuance of the british retreat in the far east will not neces sarily lead to a diminution of japanese pressure on the contrary if past experience is a guide it may stimulate tokyo to advance further demands while the controversy over the arrests of nationals of britain and japan in their respective territories has not yet been settled the stronger attitude adopted by london in this case seems to have had a restrain ing effect on tokyo withdrawal of the british forces from shanghai moreover will add new difficulties to an already explosive situation through the agency of the nanking régime japan issued orders in mid july for the expulsion of 84 chinese six americans and one briton from the international settlement samuel h chang one of the chinese listed for expulsion and a member of the board of directors of the american owned shanghai evening post has since been as sassinated hallett abend correspondent of the new york times but not on the blacklist was as saulted in his apartment on july 19 and the other listed americans have found it necessary to employ personal bodyguards or wear bullet proof vests these events have also been accompanied by a series of semi official japanese demands that in order to safeguard the neutrality of chinese soil the forces of the european belligerent powers stationed in shanghai should be evacuated the british with drawal may be followed shortly by evacuation of the french and italian contingents but so far there is no indication that the united states will transfer its troops while the chief responsibility for defense of the settlement now rests on the 1,600 american marines of the fourth regiment it is not likely that japan will want to become involved in a serious controversy with the united states at this time on august 9 sumner welles acting secretary of state declared that the marines at shanghai as well as the smaller american forces in the north will remain in china at least for the present the fate of indo china the number of japanese agents in french indo china which al ready exceeds 100 at hanoi seems to be steadily increasing japanese army planes carrying these of ficials to and from tokyo make free use of the hanoi airport in addition to their nominal function of supervising traffic with china the members of the japanese mission are engaged in economic and ge ographic surveys and the mapping of strategic com munication routes leading into china important negotiations which may decide the fate of the col ony are meanwhile taking place between french and japanese officials the chief japanese delegate general issaku nishihara after conferring with premier konoye in tokyo has returned to hanoi to complete the negotiations japan’s demands accord ing to french informants concern chiefly the right to establish naval and military bases in indo china to move troops and secure a new trade agreement favorable to japanese interests should the first of these demands be granted the new bases will be of greater value in opening a land route through siam to the singapore base than in facilitating a direct invasion of yunnan province a japanese advance into china via the hanoi kun ming railway may be attempted but it will doubt less prove an extremely difficult operation in the mountainous area traversed by the railway even small chinese defense forces would be exceedingly effective while the destruction of bridges and tun nels would quickly put the railway out of commis sion there is no certainty moreover that the chinese army command will choose to remain on the defensive along the yunnan border statements from chungking have indicated that chinese troops will move in from the north to protect indo china as soon as japanese forces of occupation are established and give signs of undertaking an offensive american policy while japanese official and unofficial spokesmen have broadly hinted that reprisals may be expected to follow recent american actions looking toward an embargo on export of war supplies it appears that the actual steps thus far taken by the united states have not seriously curbed japan’s access to the american market president roosevelt's original proclamation of july 2 taken under the authorization of the new act to expedite national defense signed the same day listed a group of products which could be exported only after a government license had been obtained on page two july 26 by presidential proclamation and accom panying regulations three more items aviatiog gasoline iron and steel scrap of the number grade and tetraethyl lead were added to the origi nal list none of the new products thus specified was definitely embargoed at the time and appar ently licenses are still being granted for most of the items on the list on july 31 however president roosevelt applied a specific embargo to the shipment of aviation gaso line to any country outside the western hemisphere this action led to the first official japanese protest delivered by ambassador horinouchi to the state department on august 3 the text of the note was not made public and the same reticence was ob served in the case of the american reply handed to the japanese ambassador on august 9 by sumner welles it was learned however that japan's pro test was restricted to the issue of aviation gasoline indicating that licenses have probably been forth coming for the other listed items including steel scrap in any case only 20 per cent of japan’s pur chases of american scrap consist of the number grade so that denial of an export license would still leave the bulk of japan’s imports of this product untouched decision on the larger issue in the far east especially as it affects the dutch east indies will almost certainly await the progress of hitler's ex pected blitzkrieg against britain as this blitzkrieg develops the full extent of japan’s ambitions in the south seas should rapidly become apparent it is clear that the struggle in this area is narrowing down to one between japan and the united states america’s dilemma in the far east thus promises to become even more acute for pending the outcome of a nazi offensive against britain it will not be easy to send american naval vessels to asiatic waters t a bisson italy strikes in africa as waves of german bombers on august 11 and 12 carried out their most devastating raids on the british isles since the outbreak of war perhaps preparatory to the german blitzkrieg the second week of italy's intensified campaigns in africa found the italians advancing against stiff british resistance britain compelled to keep its greatest strength con centrated at home to beat off the awaited german in vasion faced the prospect of waging a rear guard ac tion against italy's superior numbers and equipment italian plan of attack italy’s military activity against the british is concentrated mainly in three zones british somaliland the anglo egyptian sudan and egypt its objectives in the african cam paigns are to gain freedom from the mediterranean through the suez canal and red sea and to aug ment its colonial holdings at britain’s expense the italians scored their first important success in the present campaigns on august 5 one day after the beginning of the drive into british somaliland when they took the seaport of zeila this port over looks the gulf of aden where with heavy artillery and naval support it could command entrance into the red sea by the end of the week three italiaa columns were surrounding the capital city of ber bera a leading port of entry for supplies from india although the british had prepared to retain if possible a foothold in east africa for eventual counter attack on the italians they apparently intend to avoid 4 costly struggle over somaliland if italy's east afri can forces conquer all of this colony they will still be cut off from any possible reinforcements except st ate ner page three by air the british apparently have decided on errilla warfare in this region and on the piece meal destruction of italian units as their supplies of munitions become exhausted south african troops with their own mechanized infantry artillery air force medical corps and engineers have advanced northward into kenya colony to engage the italians from the south since britain still controls the red sea and indian ocean italy's two main bodies of troops could effect a junction only through the anglo egyptian sudan the second area of anglo italian hostilities therefore is developing along the frontier between the sudan and italian east africa on july 5 italian forces from eritrea and northern ethiopia took kassala eastern gateway for the rich cotton plantations of the upper nile valley but fighting along this front recently has been seriously handicapped by seasonal rains which have made much of the country impassable before the italians could reach libya from east africa moreover they would have to pierce vast jungles and extensive deserts where temperatures rise to 120 degrees fahrenheit rifle barrels cannot be touched in mid day and water is exceedingly scarce along the libyan egyptian front where italy has concentrated over half of its total african army of about 500,000 white and native soldiers desert con ditions are equally difficult the italian forces in this zone like the british have ample water supplies near their own bases but will have to overcome pre carious shortages as they move out into the open despite these obstacles however italy's eagerness to oust the british from the suez canal and their base at alexandria from which britain controls the eastern mediterranean has led to extensive prep arations for an italian invasion of egypt on au gust 5 italian and british planes began a series of air battles along the mediterranean coast of libya and egypt the egyptian government allied with britain ever since egypt achieved independence in 1922 has maintained its neutrality in the conflict but has permitted britain to use egyptian territory as a base of operations against italy and a british military mission has supplied the egyptian army of 22,500 men with mechanized equipment of the latest british pattern whenever the italian army actually invades egypt that country will apparently be pre ere the overwhelming number of italian orces to enter the war immediately against italy dominion status for india as italy consolidated its strength along britain’s traditional lifeline to india the british government made a new bid for wartime support from indian leaders on august 8 the marquess of linlithgow viceroy of india offered to expand his present executive council to include representative indians and pro posed to set up a new war advisory council which would directly associate the national life of india as a whole with the british war effort last oc tober action on the same proposal had been made conditional on cooperation among the major parties in the provinces but now the government indicated its readiness to expand the council immediately the viceroy also stated that the government will most readily assent to the formation of a represen tative assembly after the war to devise the frame work of a new constitution lord linlithgow indicated somewhat more definitely than ever that britain was prepared to grant india dominion status although he did not reveal when this step would be taken by offering the promise of a free and equal part nership in the british commonwealth the london government apparently hopes to win the immediate backing of india’s great wealth and vast population india which could be of great assistance in the afri can campaigns might unite to support britain rather than face less desirable domination by germany or italy on august 11 however the president of the all india national congress said that the british offer would be refused because it still falls far short of the nationalist demand for full independence but as the congress will not give its formal reply to the viceroy until after its working committee meets on august 18 britain hopes to win india’s support while there is yet time a randle elliott the f.p.a bookshelf this is our china by madame chiang kai shek new york harper and brothers 1940 3.50 letters speeches and commentaries on the new china as it has developed since the years immediately preceding the japanese invasion the march of the barbarians by harold lamb new york doubleday doran and company 1940 3.75 a vivid account of the origins of the mongol empire un der genghis khan and of its later stages in china the middle east and russia north pacific fisheries by homer e gregory and kath leen barnes new york american council institute of pacific relations 1939 3.00 a thoroughgoing analysis of the american salmon and halibut industries in the north pacific embracing such factors as conservation marketing prices investment pro ducing firms labor and foreign trade the concluding chapters deal with the place of fisheries in the alaskan economy and the international problems which the indus try has created in the relations between the united states japan and the soviet union foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 43 aucust 16 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y franx ross mccoy president dorotuy f lazer secretary vera micuhe.es dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year is produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year a washington news letter washington bureau national press building aug 16 the appeal issued by former president herbert hoover on august 11 for prompt and realistic action to organize relief in holland bel gium norway and poland raised a critical issue which unless clearly understood threatens to divide american opinion mr hoover declared that there would soon be wholesale starvation death and disease in these little countries unless something is done about it he said he could not understand what the washington administration means by statements that they do not have the facts regard ing the european crisis and criticized the recall of john cudahy ambassador to belgium who on au gust 6 had been quoted in london as saying that the situation in europe would be worse than hell next winter problem of european relief the es sence of the european relief problem is that the continent is not self sufficient in foodstuffs and normally must import grains sugar and other prod ucts from overseas countries notably the united states and latin america according to mr hoover belgium normally imported 70 per cent of its food holland 40 per cent norway 20 per cent and the german occupied part of poland 30 or 40 per cent now that britain has extended its blockade of ger many to cover all countries under nazi rule europe with the exception of the soviet union is cut off from direct access to overseas markets and must rely solely on its own resources estimates as to crop prospects for this year vary widely the nazis as sert that they have sufficient food reserves for their own needs and that the crops of the balkan coun tries on which they presumably plan to draw are expected to be close to normal in spite of cold weather and the harvesting problems created by large scale mobilizations this summer in rumania and hungary the situation in holland is also re garded as relatively bearable belgium and france however have suffered severely both because a considerable portion of their territory served as a battlefield during the harvest season and because their agricultural workers were not demobilized as promptly as in holland the situation of france is particularly threatening the destruction of many bridges the shortage of gasoline and the difficulty of restoring communications between occupied and non occupied regions have disrupted transportation creating serious shortages of certain commodities notably butter and milk the german view the position taken by the german government is that the countries which fought the reich did so at their own risk and must now bear the responsibility for feeding themselves without expecting any assistance from the nazis at the same time the german authorities are ham pering local efforts to improve the food situation b stripping occupied countries of foodstuffs and other products in return for special paper marks issued at greatly devalued rates a procedure tantamount to confiscation reports indicate that while the ger man forces in occupied countries have behaved well they have consumed on the spot or sent back to the reich many products of which germany had de prived itself during the years of remilitarization under these circumstances britain now engaged in a life and death struggle with germany in which its blockade of the continent remains one of its most powerful weapons is definitely opposed to any measure that would provide food for european countries and thus indirectly at least alleviate ger many’s economic problems nazi propaganda is at tempting to create the impression in the united states that the british are cruel in not permitting relief of holland belgium poland norway and france and at the same time is seeking to convince the people now under german rule that their real enemy is not germany but britain no issue is more calculated to move the american public and if the question were solely one of relief every argument would support the need of providing food and other supplies for european countries which have already suffered such great hardships and unless assisted now may go through an even more brutalizing process than that of germany after the world war the answer to this difficult problem has perhaps been given most adequately by mr hoover himself who in his statement of august 11 said that his re lief plan depended on fulfilment by germany of certain basic conditions germany he said must agree to take none of the domestic produce of the countries which would be given relief to furnish an equivalent of any food already taken to permit im ports from russia and the balkan states and to permit adequate control of distribution by a neutral non governmental organization so as to enable it to assure that those guarantees are carried out it seems doubtful that the german government will undertake to give the guarantees outlined by mr hoover and unless it does it is impossible to expect that britain will lift the blockade vera micheles dean an ii vol for eur brit whi sug lish ind on tal bri isle net str for the rer +ngaged which s most ce any ropean e ger is at united nitting ly and vince ir real s more if the rument 1 other ready ssisted alizing war erhaps imself his re iny of must of the ish an nit im ind to eutral able it ut it it will yy mr expect ean foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vou xix no 44 aucust 23 1940 of march 3 1879 second class mail for a timely study of the strategic importance of european possessions in the americas read european colonies in the western hemisphere by a randle elliott 25c august 15 issue of foreign policy reports germany blockades britain the intensive air attacks on britain together with the proclamation of a total blockade of the british isles throw some light on the methods by which germany hopes to subjugate its enemy they suggest that the reich may not actually invade brit ain until the nazi air force has definitely estab lished its supremacy and until the british people and industry have been greatly weakened by starvation the german government announced its blockade on august 17 in reprisal for the illegal and bru tal naval warfare allegedly conducted by the british it declared the waters around the british isles a zone of military operations and forbade all neutral vessels to enter on pain of immediate de struction german planes and submarines will there fore sink all ships within this area without warning or attempting to ascertain either the character of the vessel or the nature of its cargo this action is reminiscent of the inauguration of unrestricted sub marine warfare by germany in january 1917 when the imperial german government also proclaimed blockade zones within which ships would proceed at their risk and peril the adoption of this measure during the first world war precipitated a rupture of diplomatic relations with the united states and shortly after wards brought this country into the war although american merchantmen are this time debarred from british waters under the neutrality act the de termination of germany to establish a broad war zone has already given rise to a controversy with the united states concerning the safety of the refu gee ship american legion which sailed from pet samo finland on august 16 this ship was scheduled to pass directly north of scotland through the area which president roosevelt himself closed to travel and trade by american vessels and citizens the german government informed washington on august 17 that it disclaimed responsibility for the safety of the american legion because its course would bring it too close to the zone of military operations the following day the united states countered with a note emphasizing its expectation that the vessel will not suffer molestation by any action undertaken by the german armed forces a war of attrition as far as britain is concerned it appears confident about the ultimate outcome of the aerial and sea warfare launched by the nazis the german communiqués regarding the air losses inflicted on britain continue to be flatly contradicted in london which claims punishing air raids against factories and other military objectives in german controlled territory the german air force is still superior in numbers but apparently in ferior in quality to the british while the germans have the advantage of bases close to british waters and industrial regions britain probably has larger and better supplies of high octane aviation fuel according to reports of eye witnesses the air dam age so far done to britain is still quite indecisive nor do the british accept the nazi claim that 5,000,000 tons of merchant shipping have been sunk and 1,500,000 more tons rendered useless since the beginning of the war until recently the british navy was still convoying vessels through the eng lish channel despite german boasts that the channel had been swept clear of shipping on both sides in dustry is replacing airplanes almost as rapidly as they are shot down under the circumstances the preliminary stage of the battle of britain may last a long time if the war becomes one of attrition american assistance to the united kingdom may be a more important factor than was anticipated when most observers expected a blitzkrieg that this aid meets with the general approval of the american people was again confirmed on august 17 when wendell willkie in his acceptance speech declined to make it a campaign issue and endorsed in principle the president's course of placing the material resources of this nation at the disposal of opponents of force mr willkie remained silent however on the proposal to sell or transfer some fifty recondi tioned american destroyers which may be of par ticular value to the british navy at this moment in the waters within easy reach of nazi airplanes brit ain must place its primary reliance on small fast destroyers for patrol and convoy duty losses in this category of ships have been so heavy that the brit ish government proposed the purchase of american destroyers more than two months ago italy threatens greece while britain and germany are locked in a life and death struggle italy appears to be preparing a blow in the eastern mediterranean italo greek relations approached a critical stage after the italian press accused the greek government of complicity in the murder of an albanian irredentist leader coupled with this accusation were intimations that italy would take advantage of the presence of a small albanian minority in epirus to claim that greek province for italian controlled albania reports of similar de mands on jugoslavia also began to circulate on august 15 the greek cruiser helle was torpedoed by an unidentified submarine and the following day two greek destroyers were attacked from the air while italy has disavowed responsibiilty for the sinking of the helle greece fears that these incidents are the opening guns of an italian offen sive designed to force the country into full compli ance with the wishes of the axis powers after the conquest of somaliland which britain yielded to superior italian forces on august 19 italy is ap parently preparing for a concerted attack on egypt and the suez canal this drive would be greatly facilitated if italy were able to utilize greek harbors and territorial waters as bases for operations against the british fleet while greece has so far refused to page two repudiate the british guarantee of its independence and territorial integrity premier metaxas seems more inclined to rely on germany for protection if the reich steps in however it will undoubtedly exag its price meanwhile rumania is already paying the cog of nazi protection in return apparently for cop tinued tolerance of its existence as a state rumani is being compelied to settle all territorial disputes with its neighbors after negotiations lasting two weeks the bucharest government reached an agree ment on august 17 providing for the cession of the southern dobruja to bulgaria which had lost this province in 1913 on august 15 rumania likewise opened conversations with hungary whose claim ty most of transylvania apparently received the a proval of the axis powers in the munich confer ence of july 10 the hungarian delegation is re ported to be demanding the return of two thirds of transylvania which rumania acquired in 1919 ac cording to the rumanian census of 1930 the popu lation of this province together with the adjoining districts of crisana and maramures amounts to 4,600,405 of which a majority 2,696,797 are ru manian and only 1,255,437 hungarian the ethno graphic picture is confused by the fact that a large part of the hungarian element the so called szeklers live in the extreme eastern part of the territory separated from the remaining hungarians by an almost solid mass of rumanians despite these complications bucharest probably cannot sue cessfully resist the surrender of most of this rich province the total revision of rumania’s frontier may in turn inspire an attempt by italy to compel a redrawing of its own boundaries at the expense of jugoslavia and greece the permanence of all such settlements in the balkans however will in the last analysis hinge on the outcome of the battle of britain john c dewilde japan weighs its course formal dissolution on august 15 of the minseito last of japan's old line political parties removes the final barrier to a long heralded reorganization of japan’s political structure yet this action in keep ing with the times is more significant for the evolu tion of japanese foreign policy than for any vital de parture in domestic politics it looks toward establish ment of a political system more closely patterned on the german and italian model and thus marks a fur ther step toward rapprochement with the fascist pow ers of europe it cannot add greatly to the regimenta tion already dominant in japan’s economic and po litical life or seriously modify the traditional method of behind the scenes maneuvering through which the army navy the court circle the bureaucrats and big business reach decisions on issues of basic policy the political steps thus far taken moreover are marked by the same tentativeness which characterizes japan's current foreign policy the former parties have all voluntarily dissolved but premier konoye dictator elect in the proposed totalitarian system has not yet organized the new party or formulated the program on which it will be based it would be safe to assume that the vigor with which internal political reorgant zation is pressed will depend largely on the progress of japan’s expansionist efforts and the closeness of the ties which develop with germany and italy caution at tokyo there is no indication that japan intends to move rapidly toward an alliance with hitler at least so long as the outcome of the a nazi a month well a the cal cabine french willins but t sure b the kk dent the eu vious an out posses mussc the rather speed japan ily m rough air 0 fare marg third visior inatic ous o fc thus japar with other hand of ac ercise has wate area the accey defe ee occu date hai occu auth the ingt ceed shas fore headc entere endence ms more 1 if the ly exact the cog for con rumania disputes ing two n agree n of the lost this likewise claim tp the ap confer mm is re hirds of 919 ac 1e popu djoining unts to are rv e ethno a large so called of the ngarians despite not suc his rich frontier ompel a ense of all such in the sattle of v ilde icy the marked japan's rave all jictator not yet rogram assume cor gani rogress ness of aly dication alliance of the ee nazi assault on england remains uncertain after a month in office the konoye government despite its well advertised extremism has diverged little from the cautious foreign policy of the previous yonai cabinet it has pursued the advantages deriving from french weakness in indo china and from britain's willingness to make concessions in regard to china but tokyo has won these gains by diplomatic pres sure backed by the threat rather than the use of force the konoye cabinet still maintains the indepen dent policy or the policy of non involvement in the european war which it inherited from the pre yious régime it has just as carefully refrained from an outright military attack on the french and british possessions as from an open alliance with hitler and mussolini the reasons for this caution go deeper than the rather obvious desire to see whether england will be speedily reduced to submission by the german attack japan’s military and economic resources are still heav ily mortgaged to the campaign in china on which roughly one million troops and much of the japanese air force is engaged the strain of three years war fare in china has deprived japan of the economic margin necessary to cover a large scale conflict with a third power elementary prudence dictates that the vision of a greater east asia under tokyo’s dom ination be realized without courting the risk of seri ous opposition foreign complications in the moves thus far taken to round out its far eastern empire japan has sought above all to avoid an open break with the united states this factor more than any other has probably led tokyo to refrain from joining hands with germany and italy inviting as that course of action may appear in other respects it may also ex ercise a determining influence on the dispute which has arisen over allocation of the strategic shanghai water front formerly part of the british patrolled area as an addition to the american defense sector in the international settlement japan has refused to accept the decision on this issue taken by the local defense commanders over japanese protest on august 15 and is insisting that its troops be permitted to occupy the entire british defense sector the exact date for withdrawal of the british forces from shang hai has not been set but the evacuation will probably occur on or about august 24 as the local shanghai authorities have proved unable to effect a settlement the questions at issue have been transferred to wash ington and tokyo where negotiations are now pro ceeding pending final adjustment of the dispute the shanghai municipal council has suggested a tem page three porary compromise under which the important water front area would be occupied by the settlement’s vol unteer corps a militia unit of foreign nationals con trolled by the council the american government has indicated its willingness to accept this proposal while negotiations for a definitive settlement are taking place but the suggestion has not yet received official japanese approval the partial improvement in soviet american diplo matic relations during recent weeks has also led to some concern at tokyo and thus exerted a restraining influence on japan’s expansionist ambitions while renewal of the soviet american trade accord on august 5 is the major tangible evidence of improved relations conversations have been taking place at the state department between sumner welles acting secretary of state and constantine a oumansky the soviet ambassador even the opening of an american consulate at vladivostok which has been suggested as one possible outcome of these conversations would create a profound impression in japan there is little doubt that the soviet union would favor the estab lishment of some form of cooperation with the united states in the far east particularly if it prom ised stronger support for china’s national defense under present conditions on the other hand the u.s.s.r would feel no responsibility for restraining japan’s advance into the south pacific it might even take advantage of such a development to compose the specifically soviet japanese issues which exist in connection with trade fisheries and the manchurian boundaries in recent months japan has achieved important successes notably the closing of the burma road the withdrawal of british forces from china and the foothold established in french indo china these gains however have been merely preliminary and are in no sense decisive it remains to be seen whether tokyo can consolidate its conquests in china and whether it will be given the opportunity to bring the south seas within the limits of its expanding empire t a bisson seasonal variations in the economic activities of japan by william alfred spurr lincoln university of ne braska 1940 1.50 a scientific analysis of seasonal fluctuations in jap anese prices production employment stocks of goods transportation foreign trade and banking activity since the late nineteenth century iceland the first american republic by vilhjalmur stefansson new york doubleday doran 1939 3.00 at this moment the explorer’s entertainingly written account of present day conditions and historic background is particularly interesting foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 44 august 23 headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 ef 181 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lert secretary vera micueres dean editor 1921 at the post office at new york n y national under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter as ee washington bureau national press building aug 19 in the present state of international af fairs the decision reached by president roosevelt and prime minister mackenzie king of canada on august 18 to set up a permanent joint board for defense portends far more than the opening of staff conversa tions relating to the northern half of the western hemisphere it is inevitable that the momentous agreement with canada should be read both here and abroad in relation to the simultaneous negotia tions with great britain for acquisition of naval and air bases in british possessions in the western hem isphere and the proposed sale or transfer of 50 over age destroyers to aid in the defense of the british isles taken together these emergency moves disclose the outlines of a new relationship not with canada alone but with the british commonwealth and clear ly reveal the change in our own position which would be brought about by a german victory in europe mutual defense pact the announcement of the agreement with canada which was issued without comment following the meeting of the pres ident and mr king merely states that the perma nent joint board to be composed of four or five members from each country shall commence im mediate studies relating to sea land and air prob lems and consider in the broad sense the defense of the north half of the western hemisphere such staff conversations while unprecedented are a logical extension of american policy canada has always been included within the monroe doctrine at least by implication and the steps now being taken imple ment president roosevelt's pledge made at kingston ontario two years ago that the united states will not stand idly by if domination of canadian soil is threatened the implications however are far reaching if our strategic position in the western hemisphere is threatened as it would be threatened by the destruc tion or surrender of the british fleet it is logical to conclude that the staff conversations would cover such problems as defense of all british possessions in the western hemisphere the distribution of military naval and air forces for the common defense and the joint development of new naval and air bases while canada might assume legal responsibility for british possessions in this hemisphere actual responsibility for meeting any act of aggression would naturally fall upon the united states navy an agreement of this scope clearly suggests a mutual defense pact in which the obligations and objectives of the two coup tries would be fully set forth rather than a series of staff talks under authority of an executive agreement it would raise important political issues such as the relations between the two countries should canad continue the war after a british defeat a formal treaty of course would require senate ratification the nature of the political problems involved in 4 program of hemisphere defense however indicate that such a treaty with canada while marking a de parture from our historic aversion to alliances of any kind would be preferable to military conversations without a covering treaty naval and air bases from the point of view of hemisphere defense the move to acquite naval and air bases on this side of the atlantic is of primary strategic importance our only atlantic base today outside of the continental united states are located at guantanamo cuba san juan puerto rico and st thomas in the virgin islands these form an adequate protective screen to cover the pas sages into the caribbean from the north atlantic but from the south atlantic the approaches to the panama canal are exposed all the way down the line of the lesser antilles to the coast of south america the absence of american bases in this vital ares means that in event of a nazi victory in europe ger many would not only be within striking distance of brazil but that a german fleet operating from the west coast of africa would be 700 miles closer than an american fleet operating from puerto rico while bermuda and jamaica where britain main tains secondary naval stations have been mentioned in connection with the negotiations the army and navy are more interested in potential bases at trin dad off the coast of venezuela and several islands in the windward and leeward group which covet the exposed line of the antilles in the north an air base in newfoundland is considered vital to the joint defense of canada one immediate effect of an agreement with britain covering the lease of naval bases and a program of joint defense measures with canada might be to pet mit the release of british and canadian warships now operating in this hemisphere such a distribution of naval forces would encounter little opposition in congress where there is still much resistance to the outright sale of american destroyers or their release as part of the deal on naval bases w t stone an inte vou x the assi will find and peri gr economi a it chapte the ur the co and f york the bre weste power meetir roose tity in to go britist dii count and i over t ers di triang the jc ous g tem and e can f sprea since the n unite prote medic and jeopa natio cf w +cl nt the ida nal la ites de any ons han ain ned and ni nds ver an the tain 1 of per hips tion if the ease foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 8 west 40th street new york n y vout xix no 45 avucust 30 1940 2 1921 at the post geiodical office at new york uni l library n y under the act of mich of march 3 1879 second class mail new f.p.a headquarters the new address after september 5 1940 will be foreign policy association midston house 22 east 38th street new york n y the association welcomes its members to these new quarters where they will find improved facilities for study in a library well stocked with books and periodicals on international affairs canada and u.s push defense plan by james frederick green mr green attended for three days the canadian institute on economics and politics at lake couchiching ontario august 17 25 a the permanent joint board for defense held its first meeting in ottawa on august 26 a new chapter was opened in the relations of canada and the united states the joint board established after the conference of prime minister mackenzie king and president roosevelt near ogdensburg new york on august 17 18 is authorized to consider in the broad sense the defense of the north half of the western hemisphere the implications of these powers are so far reaching that the ogdensburg meeting held exactly two years after president roosevelt's guarantee of canadian territorial integ tity in a speech at kingston ontario seems destined to go down as one of the historic moments in both british empire relations and american diplomacy differing interpretations the three countries most concerned in this defense agreement and in the negotiations proceeding simultaneously over the lease of naval bases and transfer of destroy ers differ considerably in their interpretations of the triangular bargaining for the united states both the joint board and the leasing of bases fill danger ous gaps in the western hemisphere defense sys tem these plans like the increasing diplomatic and economic cooperation of the twenty one ameri can republics represent fire insurance against the spread of the european and asiatic conflagrations since no one can confidently predict world events in the next few years or even the next few months the united states is taking every possible precaution to protect its vital interests a nazi victory in the im mediate future or a prolonged period of stalemate and ever spreading devastation would obviously jeopardize the security of the western hemisphere nations a british victory moreover would not auto cf washington news letter foreign policy bulletin august 23 1940 matically remove the present danger as great brit ain weakened by air raids and submarine warfare might not be able to maintain a balance of power in europe or to check the spread of revolution the british government has gone further in its interpretation however than any american spokes man and possibly further than the present negotia tions warrant prime minister churchill speaking in the house of commons on august 20 hailed the de fense discussions as follows undoubtedly this process means that these two great organizations of the english speaking democracies the british empire and the united states will have to be somewhat mixed up together in some of their affairs for mutual and general advantage for my part looking out upon the future i do not view the process with any misgivings no one can stop it like the mississippi it just keeps rolling along let it roll let it roll on full flood inexorable irresistible to broader lands and better days mr churchill probably sought not only to assure the more imperialistic members of the conservative party that there was no question of any transference of sovereignty but also to weaken german and italian morale by proclaiming anglo american collaboration nothing could be better de signed to give a fillip to the british war effort than such a declaration though its effect on american opinion is less certain at this stage of the war canada welcomes the joint board and naval base negotiations because they strengthen the defenses of the united states and great britain upon both of which depend the dominion’s territorial security political independence and economic welfare the canadians having voluntarily entered the war last september are committed to a british victory and are making heavy sacrifices to preserve the common wealth they realize however the necessity of close cooperation with the united states for any eventu ality in europe or the far east the triangular dis cussions are therefore approved both by the elements of canadian opinion which stress the common wealth relationship and by those who favor a sharper north american alignment canada which has here tofore remained aloof from pan american union may soon begin to participate in the rapidly expand ing political and economic activities of the western hemisphere canada's present position canada is by no means a complete liability in the defense plans of the united states for it has already been at war one year and has undertaken extensive military and industrial mobilization under its 1940 41 budget the dominion plans a minimum expenditure of 1 148,000,000 of which 700,000,000 is designated for war purposes a large sum for a population of 11,000,000 which is less than the population of new york state or only 8 per cent of that of the united states canada has 114,000 men in the active ser vice force at home and 40,000 men in england in addition to 100,000 men enlisted in the non perma nent active militia corresponding to the united states national guard the dominion has 113 naval vessels mostly small auxiliary ships on patrol and convoy duty in the north atlantic while the air force is expanding rapidly and the commonwealth air training scheme already has 22 schools in opera tion it has fortified the halifax naval base and other sections of the atlantic coast and established gar risons in newfoundland a british crown colony as well as in iceland bermuda and the caribbean canadian industry has not yet reached capacity pro duction of airplanes and munitions however owing largely to british delays in placing orders in 1939 the mackenzie king government has taken vig orous measures especially since the blitzkrieg began in may to make sure that canada’s assistance will become fully effective next winter on june 20 the canadian parliament passed legislation similar to the grant of powers given to the churchill govern page two ment on may 22 mobilizing the entire human and material resources of the country three weeks later parliament adopted conscription although mr mackenzie king pledged he would never conscript men for service outside canada and all men and women over 16 years of age were required to regis ter during august 19 21 the government plans to begin compulsory military training about october 1 beginning with single men of 21 not engaged ip essential industries the training will last only 39 days and will involve approximately 30,000 men every month the registration proposal was vigor ously denounced on august 2 by mr camillien houde mayor of montreal canada’s largest city mayor houde a veteran politician who probably counted on widespread support among the french canadians was promptly arrested and interned it js difficult as yet to estimate the effect of mayor houde’s stand since the final registration returns have not been announced future canadian american rela tions defense cooperation will profoundly affect the relations of canada and the united states which have developed increasingly close economic and po litical ties in recent years the joint board creates an unusual situation in american policy involving an agreement between a neutral and a belligerent the measure is equally unprecedented in british empire affairs in that it brings a dominion into the orbit of western hemisphere diplomacy this development raises many exceedingly difficult questions regarding cooperation in foreign policy during and after this war since the united states is now intimately in volved in canada’s relations with the british com monwealth in event of a british defeat for example canada would have to decide whether to continue the war perhaps with the king and british government at ottawa a decision which would necessarily be affected to a considerable extent by the attitude of the united states strategic moves in the near east the ultimate outcome of the battle of britain which remains in its indecisive preliminary stage may be considerably affected by developments now impending in the eastern mediterranean in this area the italians are seeking to destroy the naval and military hegemony which the british have so far man aged to retain despite the defection of france the maintenance of this supremacy is not merely a matter of prestige for britain but is essential to enforce ment of the blockade against the axis powers access to oil so long as the british fleet con trols the eastern mediterranean germany and italy cannot trade by sea with most of the balkans and the black sea region of soviet russia vital supplies must still come overland by rail or via the danube where transportation facilities are heavily overtaxed the air warfare in the west and the projected in vasion of britain make it particularly important for germany and italy to get unimpeded access to the oil of rumania and the caucasus by taking over the direction of british and french oil companies within the last month the rumanian government took the preliminary steps necessary to assure virtually the entire oil output to germany but in practice there are probably not enough railway tank cars and river barges to transport it only the opening of communi cations through the mediterranean would make it possible to transport adequate quantities of oil to italy a defeat axis thoug enoug into t ital motiv has hi ritori know measi in his torate great britis only into brita near it italy in th hard whic base inva bard attac vast few likel wea and the yoersfaeanerre il en be ed for the the hin the the ere vet ini it italy and via trieste to germany a decisive british defeat in the mediterranean might even enable the axis powers to tap the rich oil supplies of iraq al though the british would presumably be provident enough to destroy the pipe lines which bring this oil into the mediterranean ports of haifa and tripoli italy's projected campaign in the near east is also motivated by other considerations so far mussolini has had only a negligible share in the sweeping ter ritorial revisions effected by hitler and stalin i duce knows however that his future influence will be measured by the importance of the territorial pawns in his hand the establishment of an italian protec torate over greece and the conquest of egypt would greatly reinforce his position and the destruction of british naval power in the mediterranean would not only realize mussolini's ambitions to convert that sea into an italian lake but enable italy to displace britain as the predominant power throughout the near east italy tackles greece the settlement of italy's score with greece seems logically the first step in this program a direct attack on egypt from libya hardly appears feasible at this time the coastal road which runs some 360 miles from the italian naval base at tobruk to alexandria might be used for an invasion but british warships could constantly bom bard italian columns proceeding by this route any attack farther south would have to be made across vast stretches of waterless desert relieved by only a few oases the conquest of egypt is therefore un likely unless britain’s naval power is first decisively weakened italian control of the greek mainland and many of the greek islands would certainly put the italian fleet in a much better position to chal lenge the british if the italo greek crisis should develop into war the italians would probably have no great difficulty in marching about a hundred miles from the al banian frontier across northern greece to salonika from this line italian troops could extend their oc cupation southward greece could put only 150,000 equipped men in the field to resist such an invasion on the sea the italians would probably start by seiz ing corfu and then try to occupy the other ionian islands to the south sooner or later however they would meet with resistance from the british fleet turkey’s position the outcome of such a conflict is dependent in part on the attitude of turkey which has a formal treaty of alliance with greece dating from 1933 although the turks would un doubtedly welcome an opportunity to oust the ital page three ians from the dodecanese islands which lie so close to turkey's shore it is by no means sure that they would rush to the assistance of greece last june when italy entered the war against the allies the ankara government invoked the escape clause in its alliance with britain and france which provided that turkey could not be put in a position where it would be compelled to fight the soviet union since that time moscow’s policy of reconquering all the regions formerly held by the czarist empire has made an kara even more suspicious and fearful of the krem lin soviet russia might take advantage of turkey’s involvement in war to claim the frontier districts of kars and ardahan which moscow was obliged to cede to the turkish nationalists in 1921 for this reason the turkish government might maintain a policy of armed neutrality such a course might also be influential in checking bulgaria which would be sorely tempted to exploit an italian invasion of greece for the purpose of realizing its long cherished ambition to recover a territorial foothold on the aegean sea while bulgarian expansion in this di rection would not immediately threaten turkey it might be the prelude to an ultimate attempt to drive turkey out of europe and weaken its hold on the straits up to the present italy appears to have moved rather cautiously in enforcing its claims against greece rome probably hopes that diplomatic pres sure reinforced by the threat of force will be sufh cient to induce athens to renounce the guarantee of protection accorded by britain in april 1939 and to place itself unreservedly at the disposal of the axis powers the german government is probably seek ing to promote such a peaceful surrender for it has no desire to see war break out in the balkans at this time for the same reason berlin may have been instrumental in averting at the last moment a final rupture of the hungarian rumanian negotiations over transylvania as long as germany must reckon with the possibility of another winter of warfare in western europe it is inclined to oppose any war which might jeopardize much needed supplies from the balkans joun c pewilde canada america’s problem by john maccormac new york the viking press 1940 2.75 a timely survey interestingly written of canada’s do mestic problems and external relations by the former mon treal correspondent of the new york times since the book stresses the importance of canada in american foreign policy and defense preparations it provides an excellent background for understanding the roosevelt king nego tiations foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 45 augusr 30 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 8 west 40th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lest secretary vera micugies dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year hw 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press buliding aug 26 with the joint board on canadian american defense already at work and negotiations with great britain for lease of naval and air bases and sale of destroyers proceeding rapidly president roosevelt and his advisors are giving some thought to the methods by which these emergency defense measures are to be carried out one of the primary questions confronting the executive branch of the government is whether or to what extent con gress should be given a voice in the shaping of for eign policy executive control of foreign pol icy the administration has not yet reached a final decision on whether to proceed without action by congress but this course is being urged on the presi dent both in connection with the british and canadian negotiations and the proposed sale or transfer of destroyers the appointment of the united states members of the joint board which includes mayor laguardia of new york representatives of the military naval and air services and the state department does not require senate confirmation and raises no question of congressional approval such a question might arise in the future however if the agreements reached by the joint board should go beyond the president's own powers of execution those who are urging mr roosevelt to proceed by executive authority point to the broad powers conferred on the president by the constitution and cite the recent supreme court de cision in the curtiss wright case 299 u.s and many other precedents upholding the plenary and executive power of the president as the sole organ of the federal government in the field of interna tional relations the right of the president to con clude executive agreements thus obviating the necessity for senate ratification of treaties has in variably been upheld by the court and has been used frequently in the past apart from these legal prece dents which do not specifically meet the issue raised in the sale of destroyers advocates of prompt ex ecutive action hold that the need for haste overrides all other considerations they believe that it would be fatal to submit such matters to congress and risk prolonged debate at a time when even a few days de lay might jeopardize the vital interests and defense of the united states on the other hand there are several reasons for executive restraint it is obvious that the negotia tions with canada for example will involve political commitments of far reaching importance the fact that canada is a dominion of the british empire and a belligerent necessarily raises the more significant question of relations between this country and the british commonwealth while canada and the united states have emphasized their common interest in the defense of the western hemisphere british opinion as reflected in prime minister churchill's statement to parliament on august 20 regards the triangular discussions as the beginning of a common diplomacy based on the community of vital interest between the united states and the british empire without discussing the merits of this basic issue sey eral members of congress not all of whom are iso lationists contend that the executive should at least give some indication that any final arrangements will be submitted to the senate if this procedure is not followed it is pointed out the executive may be hampered by congressional fears and suspicions which could be easily avoided by an assurance that democratic processes will not be abandoned it will not be easy to reconcile the safeguarding of democratic processes with the demands for haste and the need for secrecy at critical stages of the negotia tions nevertheless the support of congress will be essential in carrying out whatever agreements are finally reached as congress alone has the power to appropriate funds however broad the legal powers of the president the wisdom of ignoring congress on an issue of this magnitude is open to question latin american response meanwhile the state department is watching with interest the reaction of latin america to the leasing of british naval and air bases in the western hemisphere so far there has been no rift in the unanimity of opin ion recorded by the american republics on all major defense issues at the recent havana conference the move to bring canada under the protective influence of the monroe doctrine is generally regarded as a logical and necessary extension of american policy and there has been no apparent revival of the old fears of north american imperialism however the question of establishing united states bases in south american republics may raise difficult problems be cause of the fear in several countries that this would lead to encroachments on their sovereignty when the issue was tentatively raised with uruguay several weeks ago the suggestion was made that any naval or air bases on uruguayan territory be established as pan american bases such an arrangement if it could be worked out might be preferable to the granting of exclusive rights to the united states w.t stone er vou for leas eu he +picions ce that ling of ste and egotia will be its are wer to dowers ngress ion while est the british sre so opin major e the fluence d asa policy he old er the south ms be would when several naval hed as could anting stone foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year pbrigdical room office at new york r eo eee general library n y under the act foreign policy association incorporated uniy of mich of march 3 1879 22 east 38th street new york n y you xix no 46 september 6 1940 for defense potentialities of the british bases leased by the united states read european colonies in the western hemisphere by a randle elliott 25 august 15 issue of foreign policy reports entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post second class mail general library university of michigan ann arbor mich balance sheet of europe’s war at the close of europe's first year of war the outcome of that conflict which has cast a shadow over other continents remains in the bal ance when france and britain on september 3 1939 declared themselves in a state of war with germany their action was motivated as much by profound psychological fatigue with the recurring crises to which europe had been subjected since 1933 as by the resolve to check further german expansion allies insistence on status quo the passive attitude first adopted by the allies toward their war with germany corresponded to their pas sive attitude during the preceding twenty years of peace during that period when a forward look ing program of reforms might well have captured the imagination of european youth and harnessed their energies to constructive instead of destructive tasks the main program offered by france and britain was maintenance of the status guo which was op posed by germany and italy and accepted rather than enthusiastically supported by other countries of the continent the high hopes which had buoyed up the allied peoples in 1919 that the league of nations would gradually alleviate the political and economic problems of europe and the world had temained unfulfilled the failure of the allies to press for reconstruction of europe once victory was in their hands created the belief in dissatisfied coun tries that britain france and france’s satellites in eastern europe were opposing changes not because of high moral considerations but because such changes might prove to their disadvantage receiv ing no leadership from the western powers divided among themselves by jealousies and intrigues europe for at least a decade lived in a state of suspended animation from which it was aroused only by the tesurgence of a militant germany in the moral vacuum created by the apparent bankruptcy of western ideas hitler launched a dy namic program which envisaged the reorganization of europe under the leadership of germany the re duction of france to the position of a third class power cut off both from its allies in the east and from its empire overseas and the exclusion of brit ain and the united states from european affairs having first allowed germany to strengthen its mili tary and strategic position by the absorption of aus tria the break up of czechoslovakia the test of arms in spain the formation of an alliance with italy and the conclusion of a non aggression pact with russia the french and british governments finally yield ing to the pressure of public opinion at home and in the united states made a stand on poland which they were not in a military position to defend but even when britain and france took up arms against germany the only alternative they offered europe was the hope of inflicting another defeat on the reich and restoration of the status quo the allies hoped to overcome germany by an eco nomic blockade with a minimum of actual warfare but under cover of the siegfried line the reich having effected the partition of poland on sep tember 28 began to reorganize europe east of the rhine on a basis adapted to its war needs while the allies continued business as usual in expectation of an internal german breakdown the nazis per fected their military preparations in april they oc cupied denmark and invaded norway successfully checking allied attempts to eject them from nor wegian territory they invaded the low countries on may 10 conquered the netherlands and belgium between may 14 and may 28 invaded france and on june 22 italy having meanwhile entered the wat imposed on the pétain government the armistice of compiégne after ten months of war germany through either outright military domination or politi cal and economic influence controlled the entire con tinent except for the european part of russia and i aenamnial seemed on the point of crowning its victory by a de cisive attack on britain german hegemony challenged by britain german hegemony of the continent how ever is still challenged by two european powers britain and the soviet union having been forced by germany's victories to liquidate virtually all its continental commitments britain has concentrated its military and economic forces in the british isles from which it is not only resisting german air attacks but has begun to deliver systematic blows at ger many italy and german held territory germany in turn continues its air attacks on britain designed to cripple british industry disrupt british shipping and demoralize the british people in its efforts to resist germany britain is receiving steadily increas ing aid from its dominions and is drawing on the expanding industrial resources of the united states while germany is exploiting the resources of the european continent notably the balkans which it has sought to pacify by dictating disposition of con troversial territories which might otherwise have provoked conflicts between the balkan countries while britain has been resisting germany in the west the soviet union has been attempting to im prove its strategic position by the incorporation into its territory of estonia latvia and lithuania the conquest of eastern finland and the acquisition from rumania of bessarabia and northern buko vina these soviet conquests achieved with a mini mum of bloodshed except in the case of finland were apparently made with the consent explicit or tacit of the german government the germans however seem determined to check further russian advances into the balkans and the economic as sistance the reich had hoped to obtain from the soviet union in the form of food and oil supplies has fallen short of german expectations yet it would be a mistake to establish a connection be tween britain’s resistance to germany and russia's efforts to improve its defensive position in case of further nazi expansion to the east the soviet union like germany would derive tangible benefits from the break up of the british empire whose interests have clashed with those of russia for a century in axis powers dictate by turning the northern half of transylvania over to hungary the axis powers have taken one more step in their self appointed task of redrawing the boundaries of europe the new order imposed by germany and italy may prove no more permanent than the dictate of versailles which it is intended to replace but for the moment this thought affords little consolation to countries like rumania which are forced to accept the decisions of berlin and rome the axis powers intervened decisively in the page two the near and middle east europe seeks new order meanwhile profound changes are taking place in europe which may completely alter the fabric of european life no matter what the outcome of the present cop flict disillusionment with the institutions and prac tices of democracy has swept the entire continent including france where there is a tendency to recon sider france’s policy since the rise of the german empire in 1870 and to undertake a reorientation which would detach france both from britain and russia and bring it into collaboration with the new order contemplated by germany at the same time few illusions remain in conquered countries even among nazi sympathizers that this new order will necessarily prove more desirable more humane or more constructive than the dictate of versailles if the settlement imposed by russia on the baltic countries or by germany and italy on rumania are to be taken as a foretaste of europe's future then it would be difficult for those who have denounced the imperialism of demo plutocracies to assert that the new order proposed by totalitarian dictator ships offers something new in terms of relations be tween nations this violent disillusionment with both old and new this widespread discrediting of all existing values may produce either a state of anar chy or a state of apathy in either case as happened in pre hitler germany the way would be opened to the assumption of power by men who whatever their defects claim they have concrete ideas and especially concrete hopes to offer to the european masses in the supreme test which all systems and ideologies nazism and communism no less than democracy are undergoing today in europe the western peoples still have as good an opportunity as germany or italy or the soviet union to provide a rallying point for human endeavor but the rallying cry cannot be merely restoration of the status quo lt must reveal comprehension on the part of the west ern peoples that the present conflict was precipitated not merely by the intransigence or greed of ger many that it has deeper causes for which the west too is responsible and which the west too must undertake to correct verra micheles dean rumanian settlement hungarian rumanian conflict on august 27 after direct negotiations between bucharest and budapest had virtually broken down and a series of border in cidents threatened to precipitate war germany and italy were both unwilling to tolerate a balkan wat which would jeopardize their supplies of oil and food and might bring about the seizure of additional rumanian territory by the soviet union hungarian and rumanian delegates were therefore summoned to vienna where on august 30 herr von ribbentrop se the natural into the tention the 10th which 1 area age the esta the pari rumani throug a self ce lation has be manian as a spt pend is impo area an sylvani to buc miles v cording with 2 is draw the lar lers in nograp that th hunga 1930 r than a ment while resettle on eac germa rangen of the some mania litical been vienn demor about by ge grew anarck the a ee foreig headquai riesead se s530 7c while which n life t con prac tinent recon erman tation n and e new time even r will ne or sailles baltic la are then yunced assert ctator ns be with of all anar pened pened atever and opean is and than e the uty as vide a lying u0 it west itated ger west must an after japest ler in y and n wat and tional varian noned ntrop a o n and count ciano handed down their arbitral award the transylvania issue transylvania a natural fortress girded by mountains which juts far into the heart of rumania has been a bone of con tention ever since the hungarians conquered it in the 10th century in 1526 hungary lost it to turkey which in turn yielded it to austria in 1683 the area again came under hungarian rule in 1867 with the establishment of the dual monarchy but in 1919 the paris peace conference compelled its cession to rumania despite bitter protests from budapest throughout these vicissitudes transylvania retained a self centered economic and political life its popu lation like that of many other parts of the balkans has been inextricably mixed consisting of ru manians hungarians germans and jews as well as a sprinkling of other people pending final delimitation of the new frontier it is impossible to give accurate figures concerning the area and population of the northern half of tran sylvania which is to go to hungary according to bucharest the transfer involves 19,300 square miles with a population of 2,710,348 in 1930 ac cording to budapest an area of 17,000 square miles with 2,370,000 inhabitants while the new boundary is drawn in such a way as to include within hungary the large magyar speaking settlements of the szek lers in the eastern corner of transylvania the eth nographic character of the territory is so complex that thousands of rumanians will also come under hungarian rule in fact calculations based on the 1930 rumanian census indicate that along with less than a million hungarians the budapest govern ment will acquire more than a million rumanians while no provision has been made for compulsory resettlement of the hungarians and rumanians left on each side of the new frontier it is possible that germany and italy may press for a voluntary ar rangement in the hope of preventing any revival of the territorial dispute the bulk of the trouble some german minority however remains with ru mania the division of transylvania disrupts a po litical economic and administrative entity which has been preserved for over a thousand years the vienna award therefore occasioned violent anti axis demonstrations throughout rumania and brought about the fall of premier gigurtu who was succeeded by general antonescu on september 4 the danger grew that the whole country might fall prey to anarchy and dissolution the cession of northern transylvania together page three with the loss of bessarabia and part of bukovina to the u.s.s.r and the pending transfer of southern dobruja to bulgaria will deprive rumania of al most half of its territory neither rumania’s formal renunciation of the british guaranty nor the pro fascist composition of the bucharest government served to protect the country from territorial dis ruption king carol apparently feared that armed resistance would give the signal for an immediate invasion by the soviet union as well as hungary incidents along the new soviet rumanian border had already brought threats of russian action on au gust 19 and 29 rumania becomes german protec torate both hungary and rumania are now un reservedly in the camp of italy and germany the budapest government is more than ever before bound to the axis powers which have twice helped it in the realization of its irredentist ambitions and rumania has received an unqualified guaranty of its territorial integrity and inviolability from rome and berlin this guaranty is directed primarily against the soviet union whose encroachments in the bal kans both germany and italy are anxious to stop in a radio speech delivered on august 31 the ru manian foreign minister frankly declared that henceforth our politics will not know any other policy than the policy of the axis in which we put all our hopes the rumanian army will be de mobilized and the country is generally expected to assume a status similar to that of slovakia which is a german military protectorate on september 3 it was reported that german motorized divisions would move in to protect rumania’s new frontier the vienna award constitutes a clear warning to yugoslavia and greece the only two countries in the balkans proper which have not fully submitted to the dictates of the axis like rumania they profited from the territorial settlement following the last war belgrade and athens both fear that they may in turn become victims of peaceful of fensives by the axis powers the belgrade govern ment is already reported to be negotiating for the surrender of part of the banat a roughly triangular area at the southern end of the hungarian plain which yugoslavia took from hungary in 1919 these negotiations might have to be followed by other yugoslav territorial concessions to italy and italian controlled albania as for greece its conflict with italy which has been hanging fire for the past two weeks may now enter a decisive phase john c dewilde foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 46 seprember 6 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lert secretary vera micueres dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year sep 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter wae washington bureau national press building sept 3 as europe enters the second year of war the united states while remaining technically at peace has embarked on a program of total defense in some respects more far reaching than that carried out during the first year of american participation in the world war the agreement announced by president roosevelt on september 3 by which the united states will transfer 50 over age destroyers to great britain and in return obtain a lease of british naval and air bases in the western hemisphere is the most spectacular and perhaps the most decisive step taken by the united states since the outbreak of hostilities a year ago in so far as this agreement implies an extension of the area of american de fense it may seem to go beyond the program of western hemisphere defense now approaching the final stage of legislative action in congress but in many ways the agreements with britain and canada merely implement the program already approved by congress for which congress has appropriated or authorized more funds than the united states spent for prosecution of the war in 1918 within the next few weeks in all probability congress will have taken final action on the remain ing legislative measures designed to carry the pres ent program through the fiscal year ending july 1 1941 under the circumstances a brief summary of the main features of this unprecedented program may serve to clarify its scope and status status of defense program appropriations between june 11 and june 26 when the fall of france completely altered the stra tegic problems confronting the united states con gress authorized a total of 5,077,000,000 in direct appropriations and contract authorizations for the army and navy this sum was contained in the regular war and navy department appropriation bills for 1941 and the first supplemental emer gency appropriation bill passed on june 26 a month later on august 29 the senate approved the second supplemental defense appropriation bill already passed by the house carrying an addi tional 5,133,000,000 and raising the total for ex pansion of the armed forces to 10,210,000,000 for this fiscal year this figure exceeds the 6,148,000 000 spent for prosecution of the war in 1918 and approaches the peak of 11,031,000,000 for war expenditures during 1919 two ocean navy the navy’s share of the ten billion dollar budget amounts to approximately 3 290,000,000 most of which will be used to speed construction of the 138 ships already in process of building or on order at government and private yards only about 183,000,000 will be spent on beginning construction of new ships under the two ocean navy program which will require six years to complete at an estimated cost of four billion dol lars relatively small amounts are included in the estimates for expansion of government navy yards but the bulk of the new construction is allocated to private shipbuilders under contracts permitting rapid plant expansion apart from ship construction and maintenance the largest single item in the nav budget is 821,000,000 in cash and contract author izations for expansion of naval aviation the navy now has 1,746 useful planes on hand plus 2,489 on order present plans call for about 5,400 modern planes on hand or on order by july 1 1941 and 8,900 by july 1 1942 protective mobilization plan passage of the national guard resolution approved august 27 and the expected adoption of the burke wadsworth selective service bill by the house following sen ate action on august 28 will enable the war de partment to carry out its protective mobilization plan late this fall and next spring this plan as now projected calls for a force of 1,200,000 organized around the regular army and the national guard both of which will be brought to war strength by recruits drawn from the selective draft at their present strength the regular army and the na tional guard total about 513,000 men the first draft contingent planned for this fall will be lim ited to 400,000 men and a similar number will be called out in the spring with successive contingents used for replacements in his testimony before the senate appropriations committee however gen eral marshall chief of staff indicated that the pro tective mobilization plan force of 1,200,000 was the bare minimum for defense of the northern hemi sphere and the caribbean area and that defense of the entire western hemisphere might require three million or even four million men the war depart ment budget of 6,809,000,000 provides the essen tial items of equipment for the protective mobiliza tion plan force and critical items for a force of two million men while the implied objective of the entire program is hemisphere defense the military organization and the procurement program are not necessarily limited to any geographical area william t stone for an inter vou xix willia if you or german destruct ing toll congeste commur at certa and tha the bac british german ber 9 sumed territory the secc the war and the the brit gern imposes territor bases ir it was made a vichy materia product future with a bassadc to app french to fur bring t ing poi france an come +5 a pe i ee i ed i i ee a foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y entered as second class matter december liprar 2 1921 at the pose al office at new york is 1v n y under the act of march 3 1879 second class mail you xix no 47 september 13 1940 william t stone to broadcast september 15 the f.p.a will start the second year of itt america looks abroad radio talks with an analysis of american foreign policy on sunday afternoon september 15 at 3 15 e.d.s.t over the blue net york of the national broadcasting company we welcome comments on these programs from f.p.a members and their friends if you have not been able to hear the broadcasts please urge your local station to carry them iy 5 1040 general uibrary university of michigan ann arbor michigan germany’s total war strikes britain arrying out chancellor hitler's threat of retaliation for british air raids on berlin german planes on september 7 launched a series of destructive attacks on london which took a mount ing toll of life among civilians particularly in the congested east end of the british capital a british communiqué of september 8 stated that bombing at certain stages appeared to be indiscriminate and that damage was severe but judged against the background of the war is not serious the british air force in turn bombed many objectives in germany notably the port of hamburg on septem ber 9 marshal goering who had personally as sumed command of the air blitzkrieg from french territory indicated that these mass raids constituted the second phase of the battle of britain opening the way for german invasion of the british isles and the decisive victory of the axis powers over the british empire germany's preparations for its attack on britain imposed an increasing strain on german occupied territory especially france not only were german bases in france bombed by the british air force but it was reported on september 9 that germany had made a formal demand on the french government in vichy for a substantial part of the food and raw materials in unoccupied france and for any such products that france may be able to import in the future this demand may confront the united states with a grave decision since the new french am bassador to washington m henri haye is expected to appeal for american assistance in relieving the french food situation refusal by the united states to furnish unoccupied france with food might bring that already sorely tried country to the break ing point yet it is clear that any assistance given to france will directly or indirectly aid germany a new deal in rumania while the out come of the life and death struggle between britain and germany remained in suspense the nazis pro ceeded rapidly with their program of territorial re vision in the balkans king carol of rumania who on september 3 had summoned general antonescu to form a new cabinet bowed on september 5 to the general’s demand for his withdrawal abdicated his already drastically reduced powers in favor of his son prince michael and departed once more into exile accompanied by mme lupescu whose influ ence on the king had long been denounced by the iron guard and other rumanian politicians general antonescu is regarded as sympathetic to the axis powers and in any case has no choice but to accept the course dictated by hitler at the same time he is apparently not ready to place rumania under the rule of the iron guard this group whose principal leaders had been executed or imprisoned in sep tember 1939 following the assassination of premier calinescu by an iron guardist had maintained close relations with berlin and had hoped to seize power on the dissolution of the monarchy the iron guard however is not only anti semitic and anti democratic but also fanatically nationalist and the vienna award under which rumania was forced to cede northern transylvania to hungary split the group some of whose members urged resistance against hungarian occupation of this area which began on september 5 general antonescu is con fronted by a staggering task he must restore law and order in what remains of the country’s territory after the cession of northern transylvania to hun gary of southern dobruja to bulgaria and of bes sarabia and northern bukovina to the u.s.s.r he must purge the administration of corrupt elements which had been reputedly associated with court circles and had aroused the indignation of many rumanians he must establish working relations with germany which now treats rumania as a pro tectorate whose principal function is to furnish the page two reich with oil and foodstuffs and will probably insist on a status of autonomy for the german minority remaining within the country’s shrunken frontiers and he must avoid further clashes with hungary whose extremist nationalists claim addi tional territory from rumania as well as with the soviet union which appears to be encouraging com munism and pan slavism among rumania’s neigh bors bulgaria and yugoslavia war in the near east pacification of rumania is of the utmost importance to germany which hopes to restore the normal flow of supplies from that country as soon as possible and to de velop there a market for german manufactured goods under the circumstances the nazis are ex pected to back general antonescu who is regarded as a strong man and enjoys the support of the army the vienna award and the abdication of king carol however have not yet stabilized the situation in the balkans and the eastern mediterranean on the contrary prime minister churchill in his report of september 8 to the house of commons indicated that the near east whose resources of oil offer a great temptation to germany and italy would soon become the theatre of action last week the medi terranean fleet reinforced by new units bombed the italian controlled dodecanese islands and fresh con tingents of british troops landed in egypt main ob almazan defies mexican government by davip h popppeer mr popper has just returned from mexico heightening the political tension and uncertainty which have existed in mexico since the disputed elec tion of july 7 general juan andreu almazan and his followers last week sharply defied the authority of the government of president lazaro cardenas and advanced their preparations to assume office on inauguration day december 1 the almazanistas who like the supporters of general manuel avila camacho the government candidate claim to have received some 90 per cent of all votes cast in the election summoned their congress into secret ses sion at an undisclosed meeting place on septem ber 1 the day the official legislature was convened on september 3 the rump congress proclaimed gen eral almazan president elect and a day later issued a manifesto containing a slashing attack on the ad ministration of president cardenas with unusual violence and disregard for accuracy this pronounce ment accused the government's mexican revolu tionary party of committing 12,000 political mur ders in the last six years of blind subordination to soviet totalitarianism and of corruption and error responsible for the grave crisis in the country today the manifesto concluded with a thinly veiled appeal for popular revolt ee jective of italy's african war preparations italy meanwhile sent a military mission to syria which had been coveted by the italians in 1919 but wa assigned by the paris peace conference to frang in the form of a league mandate the course tha war might take in the near east like all other de velopments hinges on the outcome of the battle of britain on the basis of censored news it is difficult ané obviously fruitless to venture any predictions the outcome of the air blitzkrieg depends not only op the relative quality and number of british and ger man airplanes and pilots but also on the morale of the two peoples now subjected for the first time t total war which inflicts far greater hardships op civilians than on armed forces the air war ove britain is testing the endurance not merely of the trained fighter but of the average human being in a way in which it has not been tested in modem times except during the spanish civil war and the war in china in both these cases the endurance of determined human beings proved equal to the strain imposed by brutal and vastly superior force not because the spanish loyalists and the chines had hope of victory over their enemy but because they had reached the conclusion that death wa preferable to subjection vera micheles dean political war of nerves despite its inflammatory statements the almazan faction has carefully refrained from challenging the government by force of arms rumors of sporadic strife in vari ous outlying mexican states have filtered through to the capital but the ministry of national defense asserts that federal troops have not had to intervene to maintain order the almazanista tactics termed a political war of nerves have apparently been designed to shake the confidence of the government by a show of strength and provoke it to take the initiative in forcible action thus far however the authorities have only issued subpoenas requiring al mazan leaders to appear in court to answer charges of sedition and criminal provocation some of these leaders fearing more strenuous government meas ures were said to have sought asylum in various embassies and legations in mexico city while others were reported to be organizing a revolutionary junta in texas general almazan himself after an unexplained sojourn in havana at the time of the pan american conference has traveled to panama and is now if the united states ostensibly as a tourist on sep tember 2 he issued a statement attacking the record of the racketeer government of president cat denas and promising to return to mexico and claim the pt tion vv bellior gress gener until minut th gues 4 implic two policy carde to po is aln classe fessio partic agree mass ters or nc of tl trade tas t coun decli ing wide os char total embi the othe o clare in of t take rect of f ver the rh the nce ord vat aim the presidency at the proper time the declara tion would appear to presage eventual armed re bellion were it not for the fact that the official con gress has unaccountably delayed its finding that general avila camacho has been elected president until this step is taken the possibility of a last minute compromise cannot be excluded the alignment of interests the is sues at stake in mexico’s post election conflict were implied rather than apparent in the speeches of the two candidates prior to july 7 both advocated a policy somewhat more conservative than that of the cardenas régime general almazan who appears to possess more drive and energy than his opponent is almost solidly supported by the middle and upper classes of the country including a nucleus of pro fessional men and catholic leaders organized in the partido accion nacional many foreign observers agree that he obtained a surprising predominance of mass support in mexico city and other urban cen ters but it is impossible to state definitely whether or not this advantage was outweighed by the votes of the national revolutionary party’s rural and trade union adherents according to the almazanis tas the government must bear responsibility for the country’s difficult economic plight as reflected in declining ag icultural and industrial production ris ing prices deficits in publicly owned enterprises and widespread hardship president cardenas and the c.t.m the mexican labor federation it is charged are sympathetic to communist and other totalitarian doctrines and are responsible for the embitterment of mexican american relations due to the expropriation of american oil properties and other radical measures on the other hand government spokesmen de clare that almazan is an advance agent of fascism in mexico and would destroy the hard won gains of the mexican revolution if he were permitted to take office the ideology of that revolution is di rected with equal emphasis toward the abolition of foreign economic power in mexico and the so page three cialization of the country in a lengthy address to the new congress on september 1 president cardenas reviewed the revolutionary achievements of his six year term stressing reduction of illiteracy redistribu tion of land to over 1,000,000 peasants and com pletion of the legal process of expropriation of for eign oil properties government adherents admit that general camacho is not disposed to carry this move ment further but contend that his tenure of office will be used to consolidate the gains already achieved difficulties of revolution a political pause of this kind is undoubtedly necessary to relieve the economic stress produced by official poli cies and aggravated by the dislocation of mexican foreign trade as a result of the european war if mexico's social experiments are to prove permanent ly successful a new productive discipline must be evolved to replace the orthodox incentives to efficient production mexican labor organizations now placed in partial or complete control of the oil industry railroads public utilities and other enter prises are rapidly learning this hard truth after strenuous opposition the petroleum workers union was recently forced by president cardenas to agree to a reorganization of the oil industry including wage cuts dismissals and other measures designed to re establish financial stability pressure is being placed on the railroad workers syndicate to effect similar reforms all parties agree that much must be done to increase the production and income of the individual peasant on the government’s collective farms the next few years will determine whether the revolutionary program will go forward along such lines or will be circumscribed by a nation de termined to discard economic innovation what 1s certain is that the fortunes of war in europe and the rise or fall of totalitarian doctrines on that con tinent are bound to affect the course of mexican affairs it seems inconceivable that the united states will permit direct domination of mexico by any european power and the attitude of washington in this respect will have a decisive influence on the future of the mexican republic the f.p.a bookshelf neutrality for the united states by edwin borchard and william p lage second edition new haven yale uni versity press 1940 3.50 retaining the valuable legal and historical material which distinguished their work on its first appearance three years ago the authors of this book now carry their analysis through the early part of 1940 and repeat their plea for isolationist neutrality a federation for western europe by w ivor jennings new york macmillan 1940 2.50 a famous british constitutional lawyer plans a loose federation among the democratic states of northern and western europe and foresees its eventual extension to the entire world although based on arbitrary assumptions the study is valuable for its consideration of difficult constitu tional questions foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 47 september 13 1940 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lager secretary vera micueres dean eéitor entered as second ciass matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year sf 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year pasa et ss ae ss r re ti r by washington news letter washington bureau national press building sept 9 it is perhaps premature to describe washington’s apparent return to a stronger policy in the far east as a direct extension to the pacific of the new anglo american alignment achieved by president roosevelt's momentous agreement with great britain as long as the outcome of the battle of britain remains in doubt the united states may be compelled to move cautiously in the far east and yet the warning to japan issued by secretary hull on september 4 sounds a new note of firmness and indicates that the anglo american bargain may extend far beyond the transfer of 50 destroyers to britain in return for the lease of naval and air bases by the united states the anglo american deal and the pacific mr hull’s warning issued in the form of a statement to the press followed a series of un confirmed reports that japan had delivered an ulti matum to the government of french indo china demanding the right to transport japanese troops over the french owned yunnan railway to the chinese border such a move whether made by force or through agreement with the french authorities would open up an important new avenue for jap anese attack against china and bring tokyo closer to its major objectives in southeastern asia siam and the netherlands east indies mr hull's state ment of september 4 was essentially similar to earlier statements of april 17 and may 11 expressing this country’s concern regarding maintenance of the status quo in the area of the pacific particularly in indo china and the east indies but this latest re minder coming less than 48 hours after the naval base deal with britain carried far greater emphasis by virtue of prime minister churchill’s pledge never to surrender the british fleet and the consequent de cision in washington to keep the american fleet in the pacific other circumstances moreover helped to create the impression of parallel action by the two english speaking nations on september 4 washington of ficials allowed it to be known that the u.s fleet was still based at hawaii then as though to underscore the broad community of interest between the british commonwealth and the united states lord hali fax british foreign secretary followed mr hull on september 5 with a statement of britain’s interest in preserving the status quo in the pacific and on the same day a conference was held at the state de partment between secretary hull lord lothian the british ambassador and richard g casey the australian minister to washington suggesting the possibility of cooperative measures by the three powers it remains to be seen whether these diplomatic maneuvers actually foreshadow the extension of military conversations to the far east at the mo ment there is no evidence of military consultations similar to those being carried on by the canadian american joint board for defense but so far as the pacific is concerned the important point to keep in mind is that concerted action is always possible without any formal agreement as long as the ameri can fleet is free to remain in the pacific in other ways as well the strategic consequences of the destroyer naval base agreement extend beyond the limits of the western hemisphere it is obvious of course that the new group of naval and air bases once they are established will enormously strengthen our continental defenses the bases in the bahamas antigua jamaica st lucia and british guiana will effectively cover the vital approaches to the panama canal and assure american naval and air supremacy in the entire area of the caribbean and along the northern coast of south america the proposed bases in newfoundland provide additional security for canada but construction of these bases does not imply the adoption of a policy of passive defense or even a limited hemisphere defense resting on an atlantic maginot line on the contrary it promises an aggressive policy founded on mahan’s doctrine of the offensive as the best possible defense this is the key to the strategy which is made possible by out lying bases and parallel action by the world’s two principal sea powers no one who has grasped the full meaning of this history making agreement with britain should be sur prised therefore that the first effects have been felt as sharply in the pacific and the far east as in the atlantic and the western hemisphere the bar gain holds despite continued criticism of the meth ods employed by mr roosevelt to accomplish his ends and legal doubts which have not entirely been resolved by attorney general jackson's opinion nor can the bargain be undone even though it involves commitments which many believe are tantamount to an unofficial alliance binding the british common wealth and the united states and requiring both parties to take all measures which may prove neces sary for their common defense w t stone fo an in i of a h b demo light chur the v conti dead milit a lar had been had from tions vesse load orga sour with best the pi the critic pose mr tion ing of e for opir scot rath diffi +foreign policy bulletin ae ae an interpretation of current international events by the research staff cer 3 gree a subscription two dollars a year un sldb office at new york 2 5 apy n y under the act ious policy association incorporated ois of march 3 1879 an brars east 38th street new york n y any 4 ie mae l 4 rads ch oo mics op my eg second class mail wot xix no 48 september 20 1940 ch canada at war se by james frederick green ps a survey of canada’s first year of war with an analysis e o4n of the political financial and economic effects of military f and industrial mobilization c 25 september 1 issue of foreign policy reports s axis powers seek showdown with britain p e ewes first week of germany’s total air war against britain ended on september 15 with no clear demonstration that the nazis had secured the day s light mastery of the air which according to mr d churchill's address of september 11 is the crux of s the whole war by september 16 casualties from s continuous raids on london were estimated at 1,200 n dead and 5,000 wounded a figure regarded by s military experts as far below that to be expected in ll a large and thickly populated city many buildings a had been razed or damaged communications had y been interrupted at various points stores of food had been damaged a number of women and children d from congested areas had been evacuated and por ty tions of london’s docks where 37 per cent of the mt vessels engaged in overseas trade are normally st loaded and unloaded had been destroyed or dis n organized information from official and private 5 sources however indicated that london civilians ie with few exceptions were adjusting themselves as is best they could to the most destructive air raids of t the war and were carrying on essential services 0 preparations for nazi invasion but the british authorities had no illusions regarding the is ctitical dangers to which the country might be ex r posed in the immediate future on september 11 don’s anti aircraft resistance but sought to disrupt german invasion preparations at their source over the week end of september 14 the royal air force bombed french belgian and dutch harbors in france according to information released by the vichy government the british planes inflicted heavy destruction while british long range guns shelled the french coast and german guns replied by shell ing dover italy’s thrust into egypt as german planes battered london italy on september 12 launched its long awaited drive into egypt from key points in northern and southern libya under the leadership of marshal graziani italian motor ized troops supported by the air force pressed for ward into the egyptian desert meeting stiff british resistance on land and from the air it is generally conceded that the italians who no longer fear an attack from the rear by french colonies in north africa have concentrated a force on the egyptian border which is superior to that of the british in number both of men and airplanes the british navy however controls the eastern mediterranean and may be in a position to harass the italian advance along the coast and four hundred miles of desert regarded by some military experts as impassable even 1 mr churchill warned his people that nazi prepara tions for invasion on a great scale are steadily go ing forward along the entire german occupied coast of europe from norway to the bay of biscay plans for the nazi invasion which in mr churchill's for mechanized troops separate the frontier of libya from the fertile nile valley much will depend on the attitude of egypt which although an ally of britain still maintains a policy of non belligerency and is not officially at war with opinion might be launched at any time on england italy on september 15 king farouk appealed to or scotland or ireland or on all three were aided moslems in egypt and throughout the world for a es tather than hindered by fog which made it more collective prayer for peace and should british re to dificult for british fliers and shore batteries to th pound at german ship concentrations the british however apparently decided during the first week of total war that offense was the best form of defense and not only strengthened lon sistance prove effective this appeal might be trans formed into a plea for moslem aid against the italians the fascist government however appar ently hopes that the egyptians will urge appease ment and perhaps create a situation which would force the british to withdraw from egypt thus open ing the way for italian seizure of the suez canal at the same time the british must face the possi bility that if they concentrate all their near eastern forces in egypt they may facilitate an italian coup in greece which continues to be the target of italian press attacks because of its ties with britain uneasiness in the balkans uneasiness in the eastern mediterranean has been increased by the spread of revisionist sentiment in the balkans now that bulgaria has recovered southern dobruja to be occupied in four stages between september 15 and 25 some of its spokesmen are demanding the return of four small regions in eastern yugoslavia and of western thrace which bulgaria ceded to yugoslavia and greece respectively under the treaty of neuilly in 1919 hungary not satisfied with re occupation of northern transylvania may press for return of the banat two thirds of which it ceded to rumania and one third to yugoslavia under the treaty of trianon in 1920 public sentiment in yugoslavia which remains favorable to the west ern powers is exacerbated by signs of increased german penetration and is veering toward the so viet union which is regarded as the only possible check on axis expansion in this region a similar trend is noticeable in bulgaria where the commu nist party has denounced the country’s pro axis orientation and urges rapprochement with the u.s.s.r the soviet government for its part claimed the right on september 13 to be represented on the danubian commission which is being reor page two a ganized under german control in rumania gep eral antonescu on september 14 proclaimed the formation of a legionary state with himself as chief and horia sima leader of the iron guard o legion as vice premier under the new régime which is to be closely patterned on that of nazj germany the iron guard will function as the sole political party and on september 15 general ap tonescu pleaded for cessation of internecine strife including differences that had developed within the iron guard the political readjustments already effected o under discussion are accompanied by economic read justments designed to fuse the european continent into a single economic bloc dominated by germany in which customs barriers will be abolished as in the case of the bohemian moravian protectorate on september 15 and trade will be carried on through multilateral clearing arrangements controlled from berlin the extent to which the new system rapidly being organized by germany will survive the pres ent war depends in the first place on the outcome of the battle of britain should britain successfully resist the nazi invasion the problem will still re main whether the british will be in a position to give the countries of eastern europe sufficient mili tary protection and economic aid to liberate them both from their present dependence on the reich and from the fear common to many of them that the collapse of germany would merely open the way for domination of the continent by the soviet union vera micheles dean nazi demands harass petain government hampered both by external and internal difficul ties the government of marshal henri philippe pétain has forged ahead with plans for consolidat ing its authority in defeated and divided france although the new régime retains nominal adminis trative control over the entire country it cannot in the three fifths of france occupied by german troops exercise even the limited competence granted to it in the south german sources openly describe the pétain government as transitory and refuse to make definitive arrangements for the future until military operations are concluded in accordance with the terms of the compiégne armistice they have saddled france with a charge of 20,000,000 marks a day 8,000,000 at official rates for the maintenance of german troops in france by setting an artificially high exchange ratio of 20 francs to the mark the nazis are draining the french treasury of almost half the estimated daily cost of the war to france while it was still a belligerent far more than the amount which should be needed for an army of oc cupation the sums remaining to the germans after meeting immediate military needs will be available for further purchases of materials already scarce in the country should the imminent invasion of great britain be delayed until the spring of 1941 it is quite possible that the nazis may extend their occupation to cover the whole of pre war european france such a move would permit even closer supervision of political activities and stores of foodstuffs and materials than is now carried out at nazi dictation it would give the reich direct access to the medi terranean where an important campaign may be waged during the autumn and winter months ex tension of german control would actually be wel comed by some french leaders who have been greatly concerned that the suspension of postal and other communications between the two parts of the country might impair its unity and thus facilitate the permanent partition of france petain government reshuffled with its fate thus dependent on the fortunes of war the pétain government though reactionary rather than fascis frenc ently betwe amba been vichy is to thirte of th retain un and cabin ing o actin instit ment leade cil adrie franc catior yout the tailec mini signe of th gate persc civil ti proce lican whic and chat paul gust the i min been tl ticle for and wh repe mutt tem trial fore headq entere s le page three fascist in its composition is striving to adapt the french nation to the new order in europe appar ently as an outgrowth of conversations in paris between vice premier pierre laval and the german ambassador otto abetz m laval’s authority has been increased in a cabinet reorganization effected at vichy on september 6 henceforth the vice premier is to preside over meetings of a cabinet council of thirteen department heads and coordinate the work of the various government departments he also retains control of the press and radio under the new system the formulation of laws and general policies is to be entrusted to an inner cabinet known as the council of ministers consist ing of eight secretaries of state and marshal pétain acting as president disappearance of parliamentary institutions is emphasized not only by this arrange ment but by the absence of all former parliamentary leaders save m laval in the new governing coun cil among those deprived of cabinet posts are adrien marquet former minister of the interior francois piétri who had been minister of communi cations and jean ybarnégaray once minister of youth and family a department now merged with the ministry of education general weygand de tailed to duty in french africa was replaced as minister of war by general charles huntziger who signed the compiégne truce which took france out of the war and has since served as chief french dele gate on the wiesbaden armistice commission the personnel of the cabinet now consists principally of civil servants the riom trials the new government is proceeding with preparations for the trial of repub lican statesmen accused of responsibility for the war which is to take place at riom between september 7 and 15 it interned in the chateau de chazeron near chatelguyon former premiers edouard daladier paul reynaud and léon blum general maurice gustave gamelin and georges mandel minister of the interior in the reynaud cabinet two former air ministers pierre cot and guy la chambre have been indicted for their acts while in office the controlled french press has printed long ar ticles designed to prove the guilt of all these leaders for french unpreparedness the declaration of war and the disastrous conduct of military operatic us while the record of mistakes and failures needs no fepetition it does not appear that the accused com mitted acts regarded as criminal under a liberal sys tem of jurisprudence it is more likely that the riom trials will be used to provide scapegoats on whom the collapse of the country may be blamed accord ing to marcel déat writing in l’oeuvre the french hope to avoid the stigma of collective war guilt and consequent reparations in a nazi dictated peace treaty by demonstrating the individual responsibility of the accused it would be naive however to imag ine that such a maneuver would alter the policies of hitler who would doubtless argue that the french nation as a whole was to blame for the misdeeds of its duly appointed representatives while french officials thus repudiate the activities of their predecessors many basic legal concepts of the third republic are vanishing as a result of steps taken by the new régime frenchmen who left france without permission between may 10 and june 30 that is during the military campaign and the surrender have been deprived of their citizen ship and their property has been confiscated indi viduals holding public office or engaged in profes sions such as law and medicine must not only be french citizens themselves but must prove that their fathers also were french a number of youth groups have sprung up for training of the young at the same time the government is attempting to improve relations with the church never especially cordial under the republic on september 3 it repealed a law passed in 1904 forbidding teaching by religious orders in french schools republican legislation ban ning anti semitic activities has also been repealed and a number of demonstrations against jews have been reported leading the anti semitic agitation is jacques doriot who left the communist party in 1936 and founded his own french popular party with a bitterly anti communist platform m doriot is be lieved to maintain excellent relations with m laval and his star is said to be in the ascendant finally an official decree of september 12 marks a further departure from liberal capitalism it gives the gov ernment sweeping powers over production and trade which might theoretically at least be used to cripple the economic power of french capitalists davin h poprer new headquarters for f.p.a the foreign policy association extends a cordial invitation to its members to visit their new head quarters at midston house 22 east 38th street new york where the officers and staff will be glad to welcome them members will be particularly interested in the library lounge with its excellent collection of ma terial on foreign affairs foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 48 september 20 1940 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lrggt secretary vera micheres dgan editor national entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year yo 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year se washington news letter washington bureau national press building sept 16 when congress voted final action on the burke wadsworth bill on september 14 provid ing the first compulsory military service law in peace time it sought to define the military policy of the nation by restricting service under the act to the western hemisphere and the territories and posses sions of the united states but as the battle of britain enters a decisive stage it is apparent that the power to define military policy rests with the president as commander in chief and with those in the executive branch of the government who are responsible for the conduct of american foreign policy peace time conscription in the act itself congress reserves the right to determine what troops are needed for the national security in ex cess of the regular army and navy and lays down the broad provisions for a fair and just system of selective compulsory military training and service within these provisions wide powers are conferred on the president including authority to prescribe the necessary rules and regulations for registration of all male residents of the united states between the ages of 21 and 35 inclusive induction of men into the land and naval forces for a period of twelve months and enforcement of industrial contracts the compromise provisions finally agreed on for conscription of industry give the president power to take over any plant refusing to execute a govern ment order and permit the government to operate such plant directly or through a contractor paying whatever rental is deemed fair and just by the president while congress implies that the selective service law is limited to defense of the western hemi sphere the fact remains that the law provides a military system which is adapted to meet any con tingency for the immediate future the war depart ment contemplates a protective mobilization plan force of 1,200,000 men composed of the regular army national guard and two increments of 400,000 men each to be drafted this winter and spring the law will continue in force until may 15 1945 however unless amended or repealed at future sessions of congress and within the next few years the annual increments of 800,000 men drawn from an estimated 16,500,000 required to cf washington news letter foreign policy bulletin september 6 1940 register will provide a basis for a trained army of three or four million men the policy issue the critical question re duced to its simplest terms is whether we can best defend the vital interests of the united states by attempting to make the western hemisphere im pregnable or by joining great britain in an effort to defeat germany in europe this is a question which the president and his executive advisers must con sider but in searching for an answer those respon sible for our defense program and our foreign policy are compelled to weigh both short term and long term factors in the short run the consensus among military av thorities in washington today is that britain has slightly better than a 50 50 chance of resisting the threatened german invasion in the long run how ever it is pointed out that great britain has no base anywhere on the continent from which to defeat the great land forces of germany in europe should hitler fail in his attack on the british isles and should britain withstand prolonged bombardment from the air the war may enter a period of stale mate it might then become a war of attrition with british sea power pitted against german land and air power many observers believe that such a stale mate might last until one side or the other collapsed from sheer exhaustion or until europe was reduced to political and economic chaos in that event the question of a negotiated peace might be raised again as the only means by which to avoid the complete destruction of europe in the present hour of crisis there is little talk of mediation in washington although it is pertinent to note that the possibility of a stalemate has not been entirely dismissed the immediate prospect is a growing demand for additional assistance to great britain in the form of larger shipments of airplanes particularly heavy bombers and fighters and perhaps the training of military pilots such aid may be supplied for a time without fixing the ultimate objectives of our national defense program and it may prove a decisive factor in the battle of britain but it is already apparent that the military requirements of more active participation in the waf are not identical with the requirements of hemisphere defense w t stone the pacific ocean by felix riesenberg new york whit tlesey house 1940 3.00 a history of the exploration trade and warfare of the pacific ocean during four centuries for an inter you xi ust inl sol __ ve anc closer t cluded the fre vent ic dong sisted mande japane in ind render on sey status achiev states proval retary ments govert of fre th the ag permi in tc china hano troop media troop maint indo annor und darec exche titori ony said +ry au in has ng the how o base sat the should ss and dment stale with d and stale lapsed duced nt the again nplete alk of rtinent as not ect is ice to nts of ghters such ig the gram ttle of foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y you xix no 49 september 27 1940 e7_ 7 e ust out indo china spearhead of japan’s southward drive by t a bisson 25 october ist issue of foreign policy reports entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 second class mail ore h seam wei japan wins air bases in indo china ventual japanese domination of indo china and southeast asia was brought appreciably doser by the agreement of september 22 which con duded three months negotiations over the fate of the french colony signing of the pact did not pre vent local hostilities on the northeastern border at dong dang and langson where french forces re sisted an invasion by japanese troops whose com mander ignored the stipulations of the franco japanese accord the possibility of a general uprising in indo china against the vichy government's sur itender however appeared remote at washington ilitary 1e war sphere ine whit of the on september 23 secretary hull noted that the status quo is being upset and that this is being achieved under duress and declared that the united states had repeatedly stated its position in disap proval and in deprecation of such procedures sec retary hull also issued a categorical denial of state ments from vichy asserting that the american government on august 31 had signified its approval of french concessions to japan the franco japanese pact the terms of the agreement according to official sources at hanoi permit the establishment of three japanese air bases in tonking the northernmost division of indo china one of these bases is to be located near hanoi and japan may bring in not more than 6,000 troops to garrison the air bases at haiphong im mediate landing of a limited number of japanese troops is to be made under provisions allowing the maintenance of a few effectives at this port the indo china government's proclamation at hanoi announcing the pact appealed to the population for understanding calmness and discipline and de dared that military facilities granted japan were in exchange for japanese guarantees to respect the ter fitorial integrity and french sovereignty of the col ony admiral jean decoux the governor general said that the agreement represented one of the greatest marks of confidence one country can give another while general maurice martin com mander of the indo china army termed it the first manifestation of a durable friendship between france and japan at first glance it would appear that in accepting this agreement tokyo has considerably modified its original demands the limitations on the number and location of the japanese forces permitted en trance into the colony prevent in effect the free passage of troops for which japan had reportedly been pressing in addition the air bases are restricted to a northern segment of indo china while demands for naval bases which have been occasionally re ported were apparently dropped whether these restrictions will prove sufficient to guarantee the colony’s integrity however is open to serious ques tion it remains to be seen whether japan will re spect the limitations agreed upon and if not wheth er the french authorities will be able to resist further pressure at a later date the german technique of progressive subjugation which was applied to czechoslovakia may well be repeated in indo china once japanese air bases are established in the north ern areas and manned by large fleets of airplanes the possibility of effective french resistance to ad ditional encroachments will be seriously jeopardized in view of japan’s broader expansionist aims in southeast asia it may be assumed that tokyo will not long remain content with the present limited gains in indo china the conversations at washington since the warning statement on indo china issued by secretary hull on september 4 which was rein forced by evidence of anglo american cooperation further conversations at the state department have included both lord lothian the british ambassa dor and mr richard g casey the australian min cf washington news letter foreign policy bulletin september 13 1940 ister reports from washington have indicated that pacific questions were discussed in these talks and london advices state that they involved considera tion of possible use by the united states of british naval and air bases in that area including singa pore these developments were viewed with con cern at tokyo where active conferences between the nation’s highest leaders eventually culminated on september 19 in an imperial conference on an important state matter obviously the indo china situation it is significant that this conference prob ably sanctioned the modification of japan’s terms which enabled agreement to be reached at hanoi although it may also have decided on an invasion of indo china if the terms were not met on septem ber 20 an indo china purchasing mission headed by colonel jacomy left washington after unsuccessful efforts to secure airplanes and ammunition for the french colonial forces in hanoi the mission’s lack of success was apparently due not only to the priori ties already established on orders for american planes but also to the freezing of french balances in american banks japan’s next moves under the announced terms of the franco japanese agreement tokyo will be unable to utilize the haiphong kunming railway as a route of invasion of yunnan province the na tural obstacles to such an attempt were in any case probably too formidable to be overcome especially since picked chinese troops have been massed on the border and tunnels and bridges along the railway axis plans partition of africa the british bombardment of dakar and the un successful attempt to land at this strategic seaport in french west africa focused attention on septem ber 23 on the rapidly spreading struggle between britain and the axis powers for control of africa on september 11 the british garrison at gibraltar permitted a french naval squadron of three cruisers and three destroyers to pass unmolested on their way to dakar where france’s new 35,000 ton battleship richelieu is being repaired after being disabled by the british in july on september 21 however brit ish warships ordered the six french vessels back to dakar when they attempted to convoy a group of merchant ships to france two days later the bom bardment followed a refusal by the french high commissioner at dakar to permit general charles de gaulle to land with an expeditionary force of british troops and free frenchmen who favor continuing the war against germany french equa torial africa has already lined up with general de gaulle as have new caledonia and the new hebrides in the pacific and britain controls the belgian congo through a belgian committee in london page two within yunnan have been destroyed japan's high command will be able to use the new bases in indo china for air offensives in china’s southwest by past experience indicates that such operations are yp likely to prove decisive disposal of the china affair still remains th paramount issue for tokyo which has been using every new concession by the western powers as means to break down chinese resistance settlemey of the war in china would alone release the sources necessary to establish the greater fay asia which japan now sees within its grasp it js not easy to determine how far china’s will to resis may have been shaken by events of the past fey months during recent weeks a chinese military of fensive in north china has threatened japan's hold on communication lines in that area including par ticularly the important east west railway line cop necting shansi and hopei provinces yet china defense cannot be maintained in full effectivenes unless the western powers halt their retreat in the far east to achieve this end it would be necessary not only to curtail shipment of war supplies ty japan but also to reopen china’s routes of access ty the west the burma road closed for three months on july 18 will again become an important issue in mid october it is interesting to note that the possibility of reopening this highway on october 1 was canvassed in the course of the recent british american conversations at washington t a bisson the series of conversations among axis diplo mats initiated in berlin on september 16 when spanish minister of the interior serrano sufer con ferred with german foreign minister von ribben trop apparently involve the reorganization of eu rope africa and the near east under axis super vision while serrano sufier remained in berlin tc discuss spanish foreign policy with leading naa officials including chancellor hitler von ribben trop left berlin on september 18 to confer with premier mussolini in rome the german foreign minister returned four days later to report on his talks with mussolini before serrano sufier’s sched uled visit in the italian capital on september 25 the spanish enigma while details of the conversations have not been revealed it is apparent that spain has been assigned an important rdle in axis plans at the outbreak of the european conflict general franco announced that spain would follow a policy of strict neutrality after germany's suc cesses in the low countries and france however and italy’s entrance into the war in june 1940 spaii adopted a policy of non belligerency favorable to its partners in the axis on september 16 serrano suit into pret state on é ger gov and reaf alli cate tral call wec tug n's high in indo vest but s are up ais the en using ers as 4 ttlemen the te ter eas sp it is to resist rast fey itary of n’s hold ling par ine cop china's ctivenes it in the 1ecessary plies to access to months int issue that the tober 18 british sisson s diplo 6 when her con ribben of ev s super erlin to ig naw ribben er with foreign on his s sched of the pparent role in conflict follow y's suc owever 0 spais le to its o sufiet page three stated in berlin that spain was a non belligerent only temporarily in madrid the official falangist party newspaper arriba announced on september 17 that one command will decide the action of spain at the proper time despite this increasing orientation of spanish pol icy toward rome and berlin there is as yet no clear indication that spain will enter the war against britain the country is still very weak economically and wants to avoid the additional strain of a long war and blockade at the same time influential spanish imperialists hope that as a result of the present war spain will recover gibraltar taken by britain in 1704 and acquire french morocco control over gibraltar appears to be one of the foremost topics discussed in berlin and rome so long as the british keep the italian fleet bottled up in the mediterranean britain’s chances of with standing the anticipated german invasion remain relatively good if the axis powers gain command of the rock however italy could not be blockaded and italian naval vessels would be able to menace british shipping and threaten britain itself with blockade by exerting diplomatic pressure on spain and at the same time promising colonial prizes after an axis victory germany and italy apparently hope to persuade spain either to enter the war or at least to permit german and italian troops airplanes and submarines to use spanish territory for a campaign against gibraltar in occupied france germany holds a common border with spain and it would be im possible for the spanish government to refuse an insistent german demand for transit privileges from the heavy gun emplacements already erected on spanish soil near gibraltar the british garrison there could be subjected to bombardment and siege portugal's position portugal was drawn into the axis discussions on september 22 when premier mussolini's newspaper popolo d'italia stated that il duce and von ribbentrop had agreed on a post war distribution of african colonies among germany italy spain and portugal the portuguese government is actually allied with great britain and after the outbreak of war in september 1939 reafirmed the validity of its obligations under the alliance if the italian press account is true it indi cates that portugal believes it could not remain neu tral in case spain is dragged into the war histori cally britain has used this country as an entering wedge for military operations in spain but now por tugal would probably form part of any axis plans for a drive on gibraltar a few years ago a british military mission studied the possibility of develop ing an air and naval base at faro on the southern coast of portugal which would be valuable for de fending the western approaches to the straits of gibraltar only 20 miles of flat land lie between faro and the spanish border connected by a railway and a motor road military observers believe that mechanized units from spain could occupy portu gal’s western seaports in about 12 hours there are no fortified lines to stop an invader and the portu guese have a trained peace time army of only 35,000 before portugal throws in its lot with the axis however it would probably have to be assured of final victory for the rich african colonies which constitute its chief means of support are held only with the assent of great britain african war front in its far flung em pire britain is still very strong although british forces have slowly yielded ground in africa on the night of september 16 italian colonial troops occu pied sidi barrani 55 miles inside the egyptian libyan frontier and key post of the second british defense line in egypt the egyptian government has broken off diplomatic relations with italy and warned prior to the present italian offensive that it would declare war if italian troops invaded egypt but italy’s successful advance has apparently in duced king farouk to stand by until the outcome is revealed despite the physical handicaps to military operations in the african desert the italians under marshal graziani seem determined to continue their drive through egypt in an effort to force the british out of their bases at alexandria port said and suez from which britain controls the eastern mediter ranean the italian offensive is along the same route but in the opposite direction which the ameri can william eaton followed in 1805 when he led an army of 400 men to victory against the pasha of tripoli in the tripolitan war although britain must conserve its major strength for defense of the british isles themselves ulti mately victory or defeat may depend on its ability to retain its imperial holdings and continue the blockade of germany and italy under these cir cumstances the british still hope to bolster their position in africa with further man power and ma terial assistance from the union of south africa india australia and new zealand a randle elliott poreign policy bulletin vol xix no 49 september 27 1940 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y claw 181 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frank ross mccoy entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 national vera micheles dean editor two dollars a year president dorotuy f leer secretary produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building sept 23 despite its absorption in european affairs washington continues to push ahead with ere for hemispheric solidarity and defense on th the political and economic fronts of major importance last week was the completion on sep tember 20 of congressional action on a bill increas ing the lending authority of the reconstruction fi nance corporation by 1,500,000,000 two thirds of this sum is to be utilized by the r.f.c for the acquisition of strategic materials and assistance to national defense industries the remaining 500 000,000 goes to the export import bank for the development of the resources the stabilization of the economies and the orderly marketing of the products of the countries of the western hemi sphere a minority group in the senate led by sena tor robert a taft of ohio opposed the bank au thorization as futile wasteful and unwise argu ing that the proposed loans would never be repaid that ill feeling would therefore be created between the united states and other american nations and that the bank might subsidize products which com pete with united states exports these objections however were overruled by administration sup porters headed by senator wagner of new york who stressed the need for financial assistance to latin american states striving to combat the politico economic pressure of totalitarian countries argentine import embargo to clear the ground for the bank’s new program its presi dent warren lee pierson visited rio de janeiro on september 18 and buenos aires on september 23 in brazil it is understood long standing negotia tions for the use of american capital to build a steel plant were carried forward but conditions in argentina proved less propitious on september 19 the argentine exchange control board had peremp torily suspended the issuance of import licenses for all united states products north american ob servers resident in buenos aires suspected that the move was a maneuver to improve argentina’s bar gaining position in the discussions with mr pier son and perhaps in part an expression of pique over the injection of the argentine beef controversy into the american political campaign neither of these interpretations is given much weight in official circles which point out that ar gentina’s actions may be explained on purely eco nomic grounds the most recent argentine trade re ports for the first eight months of 1940 show that the country’s export balance necessary to meet pay ments falling due on british american and other loans amounted to only 27,583,000 pesos as against 187,861,000 pesos in the first eight months of 1939 because of the war argentine markets in europe have almost vanished except for britain while the united states has in increasing degree become the only source of imports indispensable for argentina’s economy argentina’s adverse trade balance with the united states almost tripled in the first eight months of 1940 as compared with the period january august 1939 rising from 30,114,000 pesos to 82,063,000 the shortage of dollar exchange in buenos aires is consequently acute and gold shipments have been necessary to meet argentine obligations in new york the extension of a dollar credit by the export import bank would ease the temporary strain on ar gentine finances there are unsubstantiated reports moreover that american funds may be used to finance vast argentine food exports to britain mexico and uruguay meanwhile wash ington has followed with approval recent develop ments in two potential latin american trouble centers in mexico a minor rebellion in the state of chihuahua appears to have been quelled with little difficulty secretary hull’s statement that general manuel avila camacho who was proclaimed presi dent elect by the mexican congress on september 12 would be welcomed in washington if he cared to visit the city is generally interpreted as a cautious acceptance of the congressional mandate a declara tion of policies issued on september 19 by general camacho foreshadows a sharp swing to the right under the new administration the president elect professed himself a good catholic rejected any communist collaboration in the new government termed himself a democrat rather than a socialist and expressed the opinion that adequate guarantees must be extended to both mexican and foreign in vestors this declaration has already cut the ground from under the supporters of general almazan and may go far to moderate the opposition of united states conservatives to the present mexican régime in uruguay the arrest of eight nazi leaders on sep tember 21 is to be followed promptly by a trial which should bring to light significant details on undercover german activities in the americas as well as the alleged plot to seize control in monte video and transform the country into a german agti cultural colony davip h popper fo an ini bw t the su withst the fi where aband ing b gaulle days a ten outsid europ bri tion t revolt africa resum using dertak know ony the v the st reinfo tempt septet resista with two f aband cause enter frenc the v thi ain ju aged were +ed ial on as te fi foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xix no 50 octtoser 4 1940 look behind today’s headlines read indo china spearhead of japan’s drive america’s dilemma in the far east the outlook in southeast asia japan’s economic outlook soviet japanese relations 1931 1938 special offer 5 foreign policy reports for 1.00 ve entered as second cy class matter december isd 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 yamc room orary second class mail general library university of wichigan ann arbor nichican axis powers seek to isolate britain s peges the past ten days britain has suffered two serious reverses temporarily overshadowing the success with which the london population has withstood four weeks of intensive bombardment the first occurred at dakar in french west africa where on september 25 a british naval squadron abandoned an attempt to protect and support a land ing by the free french forces of general de gaulle the second was sustained in berlin two days later when japan joined the axis powers in a ten year alliance designed to bar intervention by outside powers in both the far eastern and the european wars british setback at dakar the expedi tion to dakar was designed to provoke an armed revolt against the vichy government in french west africa and to thwart a reported german attempt to resume an air transport service to south america using dakar as a base it appears to have been un dertaken without adequate preparation or complete knowledge of the real situation in the french col ony strangely enough the british had permitted the vichy government to send six warships through the straits of gibraltar for the apparent purpose of reinforcing the loyal garrison at dakar an at tempted landing by general de gaulle’s troops on september 23 met with determined and successful resistance after the british fleet had exchanged fire with french shore batteries and warships and sunk two french submarines the expedition was suddenly abandoned without forcing the issue ostensibly be cause neither de gaulle nor the british wanted to enter into serious warlike operations against those frenchmen who considered it their duty to support the vichy government this fiasco has further alienated france and brit ain just at a time when the french people encour aged by british resistance against german attacks were beginning to hope that britain might yet de liver them from the increasingly oppressive rule of the nazis the spirit of recrimination which had characterized franco british relations after the col lapse of france had been gradually giving way in part to tacit reliance on an ultimate british victory the dakar expedition which provoked two retalia tory french air raids on gibraltar has again em bittered relations between the erstwhile allies and simultaneously dealt a serious blow to the free french movement the continued enforcement of an air tight british blockade against france which is bound to cause widespread privation among the french people may further deepen the rift between france and britain the pact of berlin of greater consequence however is the new triple alliance concluded in berlin in this agreement the axis powers and japan pledge to respect and support each other’s efforts to establish and maintain a new order of things in europe and greater east asia respectively spe cifically they undertake to assist one another with all political economic and military means when one of the three contracting powers is attacked by a power at present not involved in the european war or in the chinese japanese conflict while the pact contains no definition of what would constitute an attack german spokesmen have intimated that only intervention of a decisive character would be con sidered a casus belli the present measure of ameri can assistance to britain or soviet help to china is apparently not regarded as falling within this cate gory germany and italy intend the new alliance pri marily as a hands off warning to the united states by threatening this country with a war on two fronts they hope to keep britain isolated the warning however has been accompanied by a gesture of ap peasement the preamble of the pact offers the cooperation of the three powers to any nation in oe eas re as sss cluding presumably the united states which wants to carve out a lebensraum of its own in other spheres of the world and the berlin press has emphasized germany's desire to respect the monroe doctrine which the germans consider the american counter part to the assertion of axis supremacy on the euro pean continent such assurances are unlikely to have any effect on this country which has recently had evidence of a nazi plot disclosed in uruguay and knows that the axis powers are encouraging totali tarian spain to extend its cultural and political in fluence in the former spanish colonies of the new world soviet union ignored the attitude of the soviet union toward the new alignment is not yet clear the pact expressly leaves the relations of the three powers to russia in statu guo although berlin has intimated that an agreement was reached on the area in which russian leadership is to pre vail the kremlin remained silent except for a state ment in pravda communist party organ that the alliance is a further aggravation of the war and expansion of its realm while moscow apparently received advance information about the alliance it was omitted from the councils of the three powers as it had already been excluded in practice from de cisions touching the balkans berlin and rome set tled the hungarian rumanian conflict without mos cow’s participation and bulgaria one of the few potential allies of the soviet union in the balkans is now frankly relying on the axis powers for the page two realization of its territorial ambitions against greece and yugoslavia the kremlin may also be suspicious of the recent german finnish agreement which per mits the transportation of troops and supplies from germany to northern norway through finland yet the soviet union no longer has much freedom of movement and may be compelled to reconcile itself to this latest although unwelcome develop ment germany moreover has no reason at the mo ment to disturb its relations with moscow and ap pears confident that it can bring about a non aggres sion pact between the soviet union and japan simi lar to its own agreement with the soviet government the omission of spain from the triple alliance oc casioned some surprise particularly because ramon serrano sufier spanish minister of government had been negotiating for some time with german and italian representatives in berlin despite the temprt ing offers of gibraltar and morocco held out by the axis powers spain has so far resisted their pressure to enter the war while the country’s economic con dition may constitute an effective bar to active par ticipation the italo spanish conversations proceed ing in rome this week may evolve a scheme under which axis troops would be allowed to attack gib raltar from spanish soil the consummation of such an arrangement coupled with the triple alliance would set the stage for an even more intensive and general assault on the british empire john c dewilde japan’s role in the new alliance announcement of the rome berlin tokyo pact in berlin on september 27 climaxed recent japanese moves in indo china leading officials at tokyo have struck varying notes in referring to japan’s new ties with the axis with one or two exceptions their statements display a marked lack of belligerency despite the strong support accorded the tripartite pact emperor hirohito’s imperial rescript of sep tember 27 expressed deep gratification over conclu sion of a pact with governments which share in the views of our empire premier konoye said that japan was prepared to participate in the formidable task of creating a new era in the entire world and warned that the new allies were ready to display the power of their military alliance in case of neces sity yosuke matsuoka the foreign minister was much more subdued while the foreign office spokes man declared we are not changing our policy to ward the united states we have not abandoned hope of adjusting our relations with america risks and gains since japan must shoulder the major share of the risks inherent in the new al liance particularly the likelihood of increased eco nomic pressure by the united states it is natural that tokyo should observe some degree of caution ger many is in no position to supply japan’s raw ma terial deficiences while german munitions and machinery cannot be sent to japan unless the soviet union chooses to permit such shipments if japan were actually engaged in military operations against britain or the united states in the far east there could be no possibility of direct military naval sup port from the axis so long as britain held suez and aden immediate contact between the new allies can be established only by an agreement with the u.s.s.r and both germany and japan are now at tempting to enlist soviet cooperation in the first instance by some kind of soviet japanese under standing tokyo did not assume these risks without certain real compensations germany has formally recog nized japan’s leadership in creating a new order in greater east asia within this sphere lie french indo china and the netherlands east indies two rich colonies whose mother countries are occupied by german troops by the terms of the pact hitler has thus assigned title of these colonies to japan in the case of indo china german pres gure c the f hano of g decisi axis the c pressi erlan de view will bluff japar new tablis garri into troof qua r i page three ce sure on the vichy government apparently facilitated ing this step hostilities caused by the japanese in us the french surrender to japan’s demands in the vasion in the northeast have been halted with the hanoi pact of september 22 this tangible evidence invading forces left in occupation of a highly strate mm of germany's good intentions may have been the gic area a drastic japanese raid on kunming capital id decisive factor in winning japan’s adherence to the of yunnan province which occurred on septem mm axis japan undoubtedly expects similar support in ber 30 may have been launched from the new indo lle the case of the dutch east indies exerted through china air bases chinese troops poised on the yun p pressure on hostages held by germany in the neth nan border are momentarily expected to begin an 10 erlands invasion of indo china thailand siam has re developments in indo china in japan’s newed its demands for the return of territory seized view the immediate effectiveness of the new alliance by indo china in 1893 on september 28 according n will thus be tested by events in southeast asia the to official hanoi sources thailand army planes nt bluff will have worked at least for the present if bombed french posts 15 miles inside the disputed c japan can proceed unhampered in consolidating its mekong river area no injuries were caused how on newly won position in indo china ever and on september 30 the vichy government ad the provisions of the hanoi pact permitting es announced that no reprisals would be undertaken nd tablishment of three air bases in northern indo china pt garrisoned by 6,000 troops are being gradually put he into effect on september 26 the first 2,000 japanese ire troops landed at haiphong and were conducted to while thailand’s pressure on indo china has been coordinated with japan’s moves there is no evidence that thailand is completely dominated by tokyo as has been sometimes alleged m quarters provided by the french authorities follow t a bisson af the f.p.a bookshelf er airpower by al williams new york coward mccann freedom’s battle by j alvarez del vayo new york id 1940 3.50 knopf 1940 3.00 ch an enthusiastic exponent of the doctrine of air suprem spain’s ordeal by robert sencourt new york longmans ce acy in modern war recounts his experiences during visits nd to the air forces and production units of all the great euro pean powers except russia from his first contacts with the new german air force in 1936 major williams was con vinced that it would surpass all others in europe many of his comments on problems of command strategy tactics and performance are keen but their effectiveness is dulled by his flagrantly opinionated political views and his un warranted refusal to recognize the full value of sea power er on the broad oceans a burma road by nicol smith new york the bobbs merrill nd company 1940 3.50 entertaining narrative of an adventurous trip along the burma road from kunming to lashio and return illus an trated by the author’s photographs it is prefaced by en ist gaging tales of indo china as well as more realistic sketches of conditions in yunnan including those at the re tin mines of kochiu if united states policy toward china by paul h clyde 1940 2nd ed 3.00 these two books taken together give a well rounded account of the conflicting forces at work in the spanish civil war senor alvarez del vayo foreign minister and minister of war in the republican government during the conflict writes an inside story from his privileged position professor sencourt concentrating chiefly on internal de velopments in spain writes with sympathy for the na tionalist cause but with an apparent desire to state facts accurately and opinions fairly guilty men by cato new york stokes 1940 1.50 fifteen british political leaders who guided britain into a series of diplomatic fiascos and finally into a war for which it was not adequately prepared are condemned by a recital of their part in the events of the past years the author demands that all of them retire from the gov ernment posts they continue to occupy tragedy in france by andré maurois new york harper nd durham duke university press 1940 3.50 1940 2.00 an a valuable collection of documentary texts illustrating a wise and urbane analysis of the causes political per he american policy in china since 1839 including treaties sonal and military of the french collapse written from at official statements and exchanges between american diplo personal experience m maurois served as a liaison officer mats and the state department indispensable reference in france and britain until last june rst work for students of the far east sg they wanted war by otto d tolischus new york rey nal hitchcock 1940 3.00 i saw it happen in norway by carl j hambro new york appleton century 1940 2.50 the story of the german invasion in norway as experi mr tolischus has drawn on his many years experience enced and recorded by the president of the norwegian a as correspondent of the new york times in berlin to parliament although the facts recorded in this book are ig write one of the best brief books on nazi germany and its on the whole well known it will rank high among the first in challenge to the world hand historical records of this war ch vo foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 50 ocroser 4 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national ed headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera michbles dgan editor t entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year 9 pa e es 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year ers gs tren 9 or erenenet amour eer o wren ee a ss se washington news letter sitbes washington bureau national press building sept 30 washington has given no indication this week of altering its present policy with respect to europe or the far east as a result of the military alliance between germany italy and japan the official attitude of the administration was expressed by secretary hull at a state department press con ference on september 27 when he declared that the reported agreement of alliance does not in the view of the government of the united states substantially alter a situation which has existed for several years announcement of the alliance mr hull added merely makes clear to all a relationship which has long existed in effect and to which this government has repeatedly called attention no one who has understood the swift march of events during the past few weeks will draw errone ous conclusions from this attitude of official reserve mr hull’s statement does not reflect unconcern it does not suggest indifference to the far reaching im plications of the pact nor does it mean that the posi tion of the united states will remain unaltered for long on the contrary it points toward acceptance by the american people of a situation which may call for measures no longer short of war and military action no longer confined to the western hemi sphere alternatives which might have been possible six months ago have been eliminated faced with a direct challenge the united states is compelled to take new and critical decisions in both europe and asia critical decisions the decisions which will confront washington in the weeks directly ahead are primarily strategic in the past we have been able to take diplomatic or political action without regard to the immediate strategic consequences in the fu ture we are under the necessity of measuring our ability to enforce every major diplomatic move by military or naval action as long as the british fleet remains in control of the atlantic no threat of com bined action by the axis powers will affect the se curity of the united states or weaken our aid to britain in europe but with the prospect of a long war possibly resulting in a stalemate in western europe the potential field of military operation has extended to africa the near east and southeast asia and in this event the disposition of our mili tary strength becomes the paramount factor in amer ican as in british policy it appears probable that the diplomatic steps taken by washington in the far east last week on the eye of tokyo's alignment with the european axis will soon be implemented by further economic and polit cal measures the first step taken on september 25 was the announcement by the export import bank of another 25,000,000 loan to china this was fol lowed on september 26 by president roosevelt's an nouncement that a complete embargo would be placed on all exports of scrap iron and steel except to the western hemisphere and great britain be ginning on october 16 these measures alone are un likely to prove effective in curbing japan's expansion in the far east but other measures of greater im portance are said to be under consideration these include continued discussion with britain about re opening of the burma road and conversations with britain and australia regarding the use by the united states navy of singapore and other british bases in the western pacific despite these implications of steady and increas ing pressure on japan under secretary sumner welles speaking before the foreign affairs council of cleveland on september 28 refrained from clos ing the door on negotiations for an equitable settle ment with japan asserting that the way was still open to negotiation mr welles declared that from the standpoint of reason common sense and the best technical interests of all the powers possessing in terests in the far east there is no problem presented which could not be solved through negotiation pro vided there existed a sincere desire on the part of those concerned to find an equitable and fair solution which would give just recognition to the rights and the real interests of all concerned in the absence of such a solution which must ap pear remote to mr welles the problem confronting the united states will become largely one of naval strategy our two ocean navy will not be ready for 5 or 6 years while the single fleet available today can not be safely divided for simultaneous operations in the atlantic and pacific only in cooperation with britain australia and the netherlands indies would we be able to match japan’s naval power in the west ern pacific such cooperation however depends on the ability of the british fleet to maintain its control of the atlantic in the final analysis our policy in the far east hinges on the outcome of the battle of britain what the axis powers hope to do by threat ening combined action in europe and the far east is to block effective aid to britain on the part of the united states william t stone fo an int vou x ne begi series v david may you ha local st a hi br officia line w the fc fro allies ade havin contir conce begin way com roller norv ence early phase can attac prest w carri occu bega ing gert grad plan of v conc this use italy pro stres to t kei +foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xix no 51 october 11 1940 oct entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act periodical room of march 3 1879 deneral library univ of mick second class mail new time for fpa radio program beginning sunday october 13 the america looks abroad series will be presented from 2 30 to 2 45 e.s.t on that date david h popper will discuss conscription and our defenses may we have your comments on fpa’s radio program if you have not been able to hear the broadcasts please urge your jocal station to carry them genera library univers versity of nichizan ann arhor y he hin ior ak axis prepares to strike at mediterranean meeting of hitler and mussolini at the brenner pass on october 4 described by the oficial communiqué as a cordial conference in line with a routine exchange of views inaugurated the fourth phase of the war during the first phase from september 3 1939 to april 9 1940 the allies relying on the effect of the economic block ade continued business as usual while germany having conquered poland started to reorganize the continent east of the rhine in accordance with nazi concepts of a new order during the second phase beginning with the invasion of denmark and nor way on april 9 and ending with the armistice of compiégne on june 22 the reich launched a steam toller offensive occupied the atlantic coast from norway to spain seriously weakened british influ ence on the continent and announced its plans for an early invasion of the british isles during the third phase profoundly influenced by increasing ameri can aid to britain germany delivered smashing air attacks on london and brought japan into the axis presumably to checkmate the united states when britain’s resistance stiffened and the r.a.f carried the war into italy germany and german occupied territory reports from berlin and rome began to indicate that the axis powers were prepar ing for a second winter of war in this fourth phase germany apparently hopes to wear britain out by gradual destruction of its shipping and industrial plants and at the same time shift the main theatre of war to africa and the near east where climatic conditions are more propitious for winter operations this would also make it possible for germany to use its army now idle for the most part in assisting italy's african campaign the belief that strategic problems were considered at brenner pass was strengthened by reference in the official communiqué to the presence of general field marshal wilhelm keitel chief of the supreme command of the ger rpds or orr a a a eee oe ee rs sa man armed forces and by reports that marshal graziani commander of italian troops in africa had visited rome on the eve of the conference war prospects in mediterranean the objective of the axis powers in the mediter ranean is two fold to oust britain from gibraltar and strike at the suez canal thus breaking britain’s blockade of the mediterranean and to seize the oil fields of the near east needed to replenish the oil reserves of the totalitarian powers to achieve this double objective the axis forces might seek to close in on the suez canal in a pincer like movement favored by nazi strategists with the italians ad vancing eastward from libya into egypt and the germans advancing southward through hungary rumania bulgaria and turkey into syria and pal estine simultaneously an attempt might be made to attack gibraltar with the consent if not the active participation of spain which has apparently suc ceeded for the time being in preserving its status of non belligerent the success of these far flung opera tions would depend on five principal factors an italian victory over the british in egypt the acqui escence of the balkan countries turkey french and syrians in syria arabs and jews in palestine the extent to which the british fleet could disorgan ize the troop movements of the axis and bring rein forcements to the near east the attitude of the moslem world and the course adopted by russia 1 following the invasion of egypt on september 12 italian colonial troops on september 16 occupied sidi barrani 55 miles inside egyptian territory since then hampered by heat and the difficulty of obtaining water and harassed by the british fleet and air force the italian army has been digging in at sidi barrani in preparation for fur ther advances now that the desert is cooling off it is ex pected that the italians may resume operations meanwhile the egyptian government has been divided on giving britain military support as was indicated on september 21 when members of the saadist party who favored active prosecution of the war resigned from the cabinet aa 2 both germany and italy are putting pressure on balkan countries which are still outside the axis orbit but would presumably prefer to avoid an open conflict since war in the balkans would deprive the axis powers of an important source of foodstuffs and raw materials italian troops have been massed on the border of greece already threatened with bulgaria’s territorial demands and italy denounced turkey's servility to britain while germany having rewarded its satellites hungary and bulgaria with rumanian territory moved troops into rumania on october 6 ostensibly for the purpose of protecting the oil fields from the british on the same day general antonescu rumania’s premier proclaimed himself commander of the iron guard whose activities he had hitherto attempted to restrain thus legitimized the iron guard rapidly proceeded with its plans for the confiscation or reorganization of foreign owned properties in rumania notably oil fields controlled by british american and dutch interests the british for their part have sought to disrupt italian preparations in the eastern mediterranean by lenhey italian bases on the dodecanese islands and have encouraged resistance to axis demands on the part of greece and turkey 3 an italian military mission is now in syria and is re ported to have presented far reaching demands to the french authorities which are divided between loyalty to the pétain government and the desire apparently shared by some syri ans to resist italian encroachments 4 reports of moslem reactions to the war have filtered chiefly through cairo and may therefore be colored by british censorship some observers however believe that the arabs much as they might wish to throw off british rule and achieve independence recall the fate of libya and have page two a little interest in substituting italian for british domination 5 the soviet union continues to maintain an attitude of watchful waiting the re shuffling of the british cabing however with the disappearance of russia's arch enemy mr chamberlain and the increased influence of the trade unions has produced a favorable impression in moscow if russia can be convinced that the advocates of appeage ment who might have ultimately collaborated with hitle in an attack on russia have been definitely eliminated jt may adopt a policy of benevolent instead of malevolent neutrality toward the british empire and its policy may have an important effect not only on turkey but on coun tries of the near east like iran and iraq as well as on india to sum up the axis powers may be confronted in the mediterranean with military political and economic problems more baffling and complex_than those they have so far encountered on the continent they will also for the first time in the course of this war be scattering their forces on a number of fronts leaving at their back occupied territories whose popu lations judging by reports from holland and nor way are not yet resigned to nazi rule the axis powers however have the advantage of operating from a centrally located base which can supply them readily with reinforcements while the british who will also be obliged to scatter their man power and matériel thus possibly weakening home defenses must operate on the periphery vera micheles dean chamberlain resignation strengthens war cabinet following the resignation of neville chamberlain as lord president of the council on october 3 prime minister churchill undertook a fairly extensive re organization of his government he enlarged his war cabinet from five to eight members by adding ernest bevin minister of labor lord beaverbrook minister of aircraft production sir kingsley wood chancellor of the exchequer and sir john ander son the new lord president herbert morrison former minister of supply became home secretary in place of sir john anderson who had been widely criticized for his failure to provide adequate deep air raid shelters and for excessively strict internment of aliens mr morrison in turn was replaced by sir andrew duncan president of the board of trade under both chamberlain and churchill these changes which signified a shift of personali ties rather than policies were dictated mainly by party considerations since the coalition government comprises conservatives liberals and laborites the enlargement of the war cabinet is otherwise difficult to understand since mr chamberlain was constantly criticized because his inner cabinet of nine members was too large especially in comparison to lloyd george's four or five member cabinet during the world war mr chamberlain resigned for gen uine reasons of health but his departure was wel come to a large part of the public which felt uneasy because this symbol of appeasement remained in the war cabinet another member of the chamberlain régime viscount caldecote formerly sir thomas inskip was moved from the dominions office to the non political post of lord chief justice the elimination of these two conservative leaders was balanced by the elevation of wood and ander son both conservatives to the war cabinet the increasing prestige of ernest bevin who probably ranks second only to churchill in popularity is in dicative however of the striking social changes which air raids evacuation and wartime taxation are effecting in great britain the conservatives who have governed except for two brief intervals since 1922 and who have a large majority in parlia ment are still powerful and are giving way vety slowly but the war is gradually broadening the po litical and economic base of britain’s social structure dominion assistance every american te porter and broadcaster in london pays tribute to british morale and praises the maintenance of indus trial production despite air raids it must be remem bered however that the chances of a british victory depend not only on the home front but also on the rest of the empire men and materials are being fur nished by the dominions india and the colonies it increasingly great quantities but the empire's vast resources will probably not be fully utilized until evi tin émaseresb il pu lor lxis ing vho and ses the lain nas lers jer he bly ges are vho lia ety ure re to jus em tory fur 5 if vast ntil late 1941 canada for example has 167,000 men under arms of whom 53,000 are overseas in eng land iceland newfoundland and the west indies and is beginning conscription for home service this month the most spectacular part of canada’s preparations the training of pilots and building of planes may eventually play a decisive part in the conflict the commonwealth air training plan al ready has 4,500 men training for active service in addition to 7,500 student mechanics and maintenance men canadian industry is reportedly producing about 130 air frames a month chiefly for training planes but has to depend on american engines both australia and new zealand have speeded up military and economic mobilization and are said to have sent tens of thousands of troops to eng land and the near east australia has placed 184,000 men under arms and new zealand secured 81,000 volunteers of whom 23,000 have been sent abroad before starting conscription in june both are con centrating on air power with 33,000 men train ing in the australian air force and 15,000 in new zealand australia is producing light training planes at the rate of three a day and is manufacturing all its own light arms and ammunition in addition to exporting some naval armaments and stores to brit ain and the other dominions although the situation in the union of south africa is more obscure there are indications that enthusiasm for the war has increased since hostili ties shifted to africa general hertzog who resigned as prime minister in september 1939 when the house of assembly voted down his motion for neu trality by 80 to 67 has continued to oppose the war prime minister smuts defeated another hertzog peace move on august 31 by 83 to 65 and continued to push his defense preparations with 100,000 men under arms south african troops have moved into kenya and tanganyika britain’s aims if great britain can resist aerial bombing and prevent invasion this autumn it will have won its first military victory of the war it will then have to undertake the second and even more arduous task of gaining back territory and eventually taking the offensive against germany such a campaign would require in addition to con tinued control of the seas far greater contributions of men and machines than any of the dominions are sending now or are planning to send possibly even more than they can provide if britain can hold out until 1941 however american production of airplanes and munitions will be going into high gear page three in the first eight months of 1940 american exports of arms to the united kingdom totaled 86,154,000 including 56,306,000 in airplanes and parts the fact that august exports of airplanes constituted over half the eight month total suggests that ameri can assistance is being rapidly accelerated although this high august figure was composed partly of machines diverted from shipment to france britain’s control of the sea will remain a vital factor this winter when germany is expected to in crease its submarine warfare after relatively small losses in july and august britain suffered the sever est submarine attacks of the war during the week of september 15 22 in which sinkings totaled 131 857 tons of british shipping and 27,431 tons of allied and neutral the british minister of ship ping ronald h cross claimed on september 24 however that britain had.lost only 8 per cent of its pre war mercantile tonnage and had more than offset this loss by new construction captures and transfers from foreign flags james frederick green statement of the ownership management circulation etc required by the acts of congress of august 24 1912 and march 3 1933 of foreign policy bulletin published weekly at new york n y for october 1 1940 state of new york county of new york ss before me a notary public in and for the state and county aforesaid personally appeared vera micheles dean who having been duly sworn ac cording to law deposes and a that she is the editor of the foreign poli bulletin and that the following is to the best of her knowledge and belief a true statement of the ownership management etc of the afore said publication for the date shown in the above caption required by the act of august 24 1912 as amended by the act of march 3 1933 em bodied in ion 537 postal laws and regulations printed on the re verse of this form to wit 1 that the names and addresses of the publisher editor managing edi tor and business managers are publishers foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y editor vera micheles dean 22 east 38th street new york n y managing editor none business managers none 2 that the owner is foreign policy association incorporated the principal officers of which are frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary both of 22 east 38th street new york n y and william a eldridge treasurer 70 broadway new york n y 3 that the known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 per cent or more of total amount of bonds mortgages or securities are one 4 that the two paragraphs next above giving the names of the owners stockholders and security holders if any contain not only the list of stock holders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the company but also in cases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting is given also that the said two paragraphs contain statements embracing afhant’s full knowledge and belief as cto the circumstances and conditions under which stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the company as trustees hold stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner and this affiant has no reason to believe that any other person association or corporation has any interest direct or indirect in the said stock bonds or other securities than as so stated by her foreign policy association incorporated by vera micheles dean editor sworn to and subscribed before me this 27th day of september 1940 seal carolyn e martin notary public new york county new york county clerk’s no 329 my commission expires march 30 1941 foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 51 ocroper 11 1940 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 eb 181 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frrank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lget secretary vera miicheles dgan editor 1921 at the post office at new york n y produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor national under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year ees nel awe w washington news letter washington bureau national press building oct 7 as congress prepares to depart for its brief campaign recess it leaves near completion a remarkable legislative record which includes not only the largest national defense program ever adopted in peace time but also the widest grant of executive power ever given to any president when the country was not actually at war the legislative record no one has yet had time to sift and analyze the entire mass of legis lation passed during the nine months of this un precedented session but even a brief resumé of the major statutes reflects the sweeping changes which have been brought about by the emergency the following summary indicates the outstanding results national defense 1 regular and supplemental appropriation acts provide 8,623,336,784 in direct appropriations and 3,804,582,009 in contract authorizations for the army and navy a total of 12.4 billion dollars available in the fiscal year ending june 30 1941 these figures top the actual war expenditures during the year 1918 when the total military and naval outlay amounted to about 8.4 billion dollars 2 act to expedite the strengthening of national de fense approved july 2 1940 authorizing the president a to embargo export of any materials or equipment neces sary for defense of united states b to construct or equip new plants which may be operated by the government or leased to private concerns c to commandeer privately owned plants utilities transportation and storage facilities if necessary in the interest of defense d to finance ex pansion of privately owned plants through government loans or capital investments e to sell or transfer obso lete or surplus war materials to foreign countries subject to approval of the chief of staff and chief of naval oper ations 3 national guard act approved august 27 authoriz ing president to call up the national guard and reserve officers for one year’s active service in western hemisphere or united states possessions 4 compulsory military training and service law ap proved september 16 authorizing president to select and induct into land and naval forces for training or service as many men between 21 and 35 as he considers necessary for national defense 5 naval expansion act approved july 19 authorizing a two ocean navy by 70 per cent increase in under age combat ships and expansion of naval aircraft 6 civil and military aircraft training act approved june 27 to provide primary training for 45,000 new student pilots by july 1941 and secondary training for 9,000 ad vanced students economic defense measures 7 reconstruction finance corporation under amend ments approved june 25 and september 16 authorized to aid national defense by loans for acquiring reserve stocks of strategic and critical materials and to increase domestic pro duction of manganese chromite tungsten or other strategic minerals considered of value to the united states in time of war lending authority of rfc increased by 1,500,000,000 8 export import bank under amendments approved september 26 authorized to make loans for the develop ment of the resources the stabilization of the economies and the orderly marketing of the products of the countries of the western hemisphere with lending authority in creased by 500,000,000 from rfc previous limitations on aggregate amount of loans to any one country removed 9 reciprocal trade agreements act approved april 12 extended for three years 10 department of agriculture authorized to investigate possibility of producing rubber and other strategic materials in latin america war and navy departments authorized to assist governments of american republics to increase military and naval establishments refugees and aliens 11 neutrality act amended august 27 to permit amer ican vessels to evacuate refugee children provided safe conduct is granted by all belligerents 12 registration of aliens authorized in act of june 28 with extensive provisions for deportation of aliens con victed of carrying arms advocating overthrow of govern ment or other subversive activities despite the broad grant of emergency power to the president in carrying out the national defense program congress is still jealous of its constitutional prerogatives and fearful of unlimited executive con trol in opposing the administration’s earlier plan to force adjournment until january 1941 and insist ing on returning to washington after a short elec tion recess congress again has sought to affirm its joint responsibility in the conduct of foreign rela tions and to safeguard its final authority as the sole agency of the government with power to declare war faced with new uncertainties resulting from the extension of war in europe and asia however congress has virtually abandoned its previous oppo sition and given the president the free hand he has asked whatever the future holds in store it is apparent that the final authority now rests with the president as commander in chief and on his foreign policy advisers on their judgment and sense of responsi bility depends the course this country will pursue in the critical weeks ahead wts +ite ils ed foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff subscription two dollars a year foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xix no 52 ocrober 18 1940 periodical roor just out apnerat library europe under nazi rule by vera micheles dean 25c october 15 issue of foreign policy reports entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the pose office at new york ig n under the act sa id of march 3 1879 second class mail genera lih ary wa az’t valve sity af we cy of 5 3n na art or nich ba britain and u.s reopen burma road ee reopening of the burma road accom panied by preparations to evacuate american nationals from the far east washington and lon don have again assumed the initiative in the series of diplomatic maneuvers that had followed announce ment of japan’s alliance with rome and berlin the orders for withdrawal of american nationals have apparently had a sobering effect at tokyo and the threatened reprisals for reopening of the burma road may be quietly abandoned japan's allegiance to its new alliance however was firmly maintained by yosuke matsuoka japanese foreign minister in a speech delivered at tokyo on october 13 the day after president roosevelt's dayton address he stressed the common interests of germany italy and japan as well as their intention to establish a new world order of complementary natural geographic divisions with the western hemisphere assigned to the united states and asserted we have entered an alliance and we will cling to our allies the burma road reopening of the strategic burma road which runs from lashio in northern burma to kunming in yunnan province has become the symbol of efforts to strengthen china’s means of fesistance the task is more formidable today than it was three months ago when the route was closed during this period japan has established military and ait bases in tongking northernmost section of indo china the mountainous terrain will probably bar an overland offensive against kunming strategic center of chinese resistance in yunnan province but it is no obstacle to air attacks based on the hanoi airport the only serviceable field for heavy bombers in northern indo china japanese bombing attacks may be directed against both kunming and the burma road at distances of 400 to 500 miles while kun ming has already suffered considerable damage from the air bombing raids are unlikely to halt movement of traffic along the road judging from the unsuccess ful japanese attempts to close the canton hongkong railway at much shorter bombing range in 1938 the second major difficulty is the transportation problem which hinges mainly on the number of trucks that can be secured for operation on the burma road rough estimates indicate that the 5,000 trucks now available can handle a total of some 25,000 tons a month half imports and half exports if 10,000 trucks could be made available the capacity would be automatically doubled more trucks can possibly be spared from china’s interior highways but large additional imports would also be required as further supplies of american trucks together with greater amounts of gasoline become available it should be possible to add steadily to the carrying capacity of the burma road provided the japanese air attacks can be withstood still another problem concerns the availability of the heavy munitions especially airplanes field guns anti aircraft guns and light tanks which china needs most china has been obtaining these munitions from the soviet union but the amounts must be consider ably increased if the chinese armies are to take the offensive these types of munitions are not available in unlimited quantities can amounts adequate to china’s needs be made available from american or british empire production on this question may de pend the extent to which china’s military force can immobilize japan in the far east indo china developments japan's next significant move is likely to involve pressure for addi tional concessions in indo china a japanese eco nomic mission is preparing to demand increased trade with cochin china a section of indo china which produces large quantities of rubber and rice on the cochin china coast moreover lies the french naval base at cam ranh strategically important for a jap anese move against the netherlands indies relations between thailand siam and indo ra aa ra pe pater st ao re ib a aeeagn china on the other hand have somewhat improved the hanoi authorities announced on october 9 that thailand has in principle accepted proposals to es tablish a joint commission to deal with frontier inci dents these negotiations it was said would proceed locally while thailand’s territorial claims on indo china were referred to the bangkok and vichy gov ernments the american minister at bangkok has called thailand's attention to the state department's attitude toward maintenance of the territorial status quo in the far east and 10 american dive bombers consigned to thailand have been detained at manila japan’s problems while attempting to gauge the ultimate extent of the anglo american diplomatic counter offensive in the far east tokyo is also concerned over difficulties on the military and political fronts in china in the north guerrilla at tacks have weakened japan's grip on communication lines while on october 14 a new japanese offensive was launched against an estimated 300,000 chinese troops in the shanghai hangchow nanking triangle an important chinese military victory in southern germany advances in the balkans while germany increased the scope and effective ness of its air attacks on britain german forces on october 8 entered rumania ostensibly for the pur pose of protecting rumanian oil fields from acts of british sabotage and italian troops resumed their ad vance in egypt the german move into rumania may be a genuine attempt to safeguard the principal source of oil on the european continent and it is probable that the british had hoped to destroy or damage the oil wells as the rumanians had done in 1917 under allied directions in addition however the nazis who in august guaranteed rumania’s fron tiers after territorial cessions to hungary and bul garia expect to train the rumanian army on the ger man model and to establish a base for operations farther south and east these operations which are doubtless planned to coincide with the italian ad vance into egypt may be directed solely against brit ain and britain’s two remaining satellites in the bal kans turkey and greece but the german moves could also be directed against the soviet union should moscow decide at this stage to oppose fur ther german encroachments in the black sea region and lend assistance to turkey which on october 11 was reported ready to aid syria against axis attack germany obtains rumania’s oil from the point of view of the nazis control of the oil fields would in itself offer sufficient justification for their occupation of rumania in 1938 rumania sup plied slightly less than 1,000,000 tons of mineral oil to germany austria and czechoslovakia at a time when the aggregate consumption of these countries page two anhwei was reported on october 12 and two days later chinese occupation of a yangtze river port cut japanese land and water communications below hankow october 10 china’s national anniversary passed without the expected signature of a treaty be tween japan and wang ching wei’s nanking régime emphasizing japan’s lack of success in effecting po litical consolidation of its conquests in china on the eve of the anniversary generalissimo chiang kai shek expressed china's determination to continue the struggle until its territorial integrity was restored tokyo’s concern over the withdrawal of american nationals was increased on october 14 when it be came known that the state department intended to send three special liners to the far east to speed the evacuation first reports indicate that about 70 of the 580 americans in north china and between 50 and 100 out of 900 americans in the tokyo yokohama district were leaving immediately much larger num bers however may leave shanghai and since ap proximately 16,000 americans are living in the areas affected a total evacuation would necessarily require considerable time t a bisson was approximately 7 million tons and their com bined imports about 5 million tons the british block ade which cut greater germany off from all other sources of oil except russia greatly increased the reich's need for rumanian supplies at the outbreak of the war however britain and france which te ceived 540,000 and 289,000 tons of rumanian oil respectively in 1938 vigorously contended with ger many for a share of rumania’s petroleum products this struggle grew sharper as germany was forced after april 1940 to draw on its oil reserves the ex tent of which remains a military secret with its troops garrisoned in all important towns of rumania germany not only commands rumania’s total produc tion estimated at 6,240,000 tons in 1939 but can prohibit oil exports to all countries it regards as hos tile or subservient to britain notably greece and turkey rumania alone however cannot fill the total oil needs of the european continent which were te cently estimated by general goering’s organ essener national zeitung at 19 million tons nor can the soviet union whose oil exports are estimated by the german militar w ochenblatt military weekly at less than one million tons fill the gap in europe's oll supplies created by the british blockade it may there fore be expected that the axis powers especially now that they have turned their attention to the motorized campaign in egypt will seek to obtain control of oil fields in iran and iraq germany moreover controls traffic on the danube and can transport troops and equipment down that river to the black sea without fear of opposition of conf inte ver excl sult perr whit bul ven sov on not cove get two not gre on mai imn me slay bel ler thre un gat cor ter the mil clu ziv pez foi hea ent ays reas wire omm rck ther the eak re oil xer cts ced nia the part of riparian balkan states now under threat of german troops in rumania on september 17 at a conference held in vienna the reich abolished the international danubian commission set up under the versailles treaty from which germany had been excluded the commission was replaced by a con sultative committee on danubian affairs under a permanent german director dr george martius which is composed of delegates from italy hungary bulgaria yugoslavia and slovakia to be con vened and adjourned by the director although the soviet union demanded the right to be represented on this committee on september 13 the matter has not yet been adjusted using rumania as well as hungary and bulgaria both of which are indebted to the reich for the re covery of rumanian territory as an entering wedge germany is in a position to impose its terms on the two remaining countries in the balkans which have not yet bowed to its will greece and yugoslavia greece simultaneously threatened by italian forces on the albanian frontier and by bulgarian de mands for a portion of greek territory is faced with immediate peril unless the british fleet in the eastern mediterranean succeeds in giving it timely aid yugo slavia still on the fence is divided between those who believe in a realistic policy of participation in hit ler's new order in the balkans and those who through attachment to either the allies or the soviet union oppose acceptance of nazi rule german dele gates in belgrade have already demanded absolute axis control of yugoslavia’s export of surplus wheat corn and ores notably lead controlled by british in terests and copper formerly controlled by the french on october 13 however premier cvetkovitch urged the government to reject any territorial demands on the f.p.a j’accuse the men who betrayed france by andré simone new york dial press 1940 2.50 suicide of a democracy by heinz pol new york reynal and hitchcock 1940 2.50 two timely volumes on the events leading to the collapse of france by authors who hold right wing politicians chiefly responsible for what has occurred m simone pseudonym of a french journalist follows the gather ing storm from 1933 to 1940 concentrating his attention on the major crises in french foreign and domestic policy while he marshals much evidence to prove his contention that france was not beaten by hitler but destroyed from within by a fifth column with the most powerful con nections in the government big business the state ad ministration and the army his case is weakened by the sensational statements and rumors he has uncritically in cluded heinz pol a german refugee resident in france gives a more analytical account of the fascist and ap peasement groups which weakened french resistance page three a yugoslavia and emphasized that the country would fight rather than make concessions in south serbia while milan neditch minister of war declared the people of yugoslavia would die for our indepen dence and our right to live our own lives in our own way will russia oppose germany although germany's move into rumania had long been antici pated it appears to have taken the soviet union by surprise reports indicate that the soviet government has massed troops on the rumanian frontier and has rushed military preparations in northern bukovina former rumanian province which it occupied in july it would be premature however to expect so viet intervention against germany in the balkans true communists have been active in yugoslavia and bulgaria denouncing axis encroachments and urging cooperation with the soviet union but russia like smaller countries is undecided and the nazis are apparently negotiating with moscow regarding the share of spoils it might receive following the break up of the british empire the soviet union it is reported would be awarded territory in the middle east liran iraq and afghanistan and cen tral asia provided it does not resist germany and concludes a non aggression pact with japan whether a russia thus enlarged at the expense of smaller coun tries might then in turn fall victim to nazi expan sion remains a problem for moscow to consider but should the soviet union relinquish its dream of dom inating the black sea and the straits it would in practice be abandoning turkey to germany's mercy and thus opening the way to fulfillment of germany's long cherished berlin to baghdad project vera micheles dean bookshelf neither book is balanced or comprehensive but both are stimulating and significant for american readers german economy 1870 1940 by gustav stolper new york reynal hitchcock 1940 3.00 the former editor of der deutsche volkswirt has written a brief lucid survey and analysis of the main trends in germany’s economic development his book clearly shows the gradual growth in state direction of economic life which facilitated the transition to the totalitarian economy of national socialism agrarian china prepared by the research staff of the secretariat institute of pacific relations chicago uni versity of chicago press 1938 2.50 these selected source materials from chinese authors with an introduction by professor r h tawney offer a comprehensive survey of china’s agrarian problem with no effort to minimize the long standing evils that have af flicted the chinese countryside foreign policy bulletin vol xix no 52 ocrober 18 1940 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 eo 181 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micugres dgan editor 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year ten theanine gl washington news letter washington bureau national press building oct 14 in measuring washington’s reply to the triple alliance of the axis powers it is important to read all public pronouncements on american policy in relation to the diplomatic economic and strategic moves which accompany them thus in the case of president roosevelt's dayton speech of october 12 the full meaning of total defense is outlined even more sharply by the series of steps initiated during the past fortnight total defense in itself the president's ad dress to the nations of the western hemisphere con stituted as a direct answer to the challenge thrown down by germany italy and japan mr roosevelt not only rejected the doctrine of appeasement but warned that no combination of dictator countries of europe and asia will stop the help we are giving to almost the last free people now holding them at bay he declared that the united states is mustering its men to defend the whole hemisphere and added that in speaking of the western hemisphere we in clude the right to the peaceful use of the atlantic ocean and of the pacific ocean read in conjunction with recent moves in europe and asia the president's statement implies much more than a system of passive defense based on a mid ocean maginot line theoretically at least a passive defense policy might be enforced by a two ocean navy and a program of economic autarchy for the western hemisphere but the steps we are now taking point toward a return to the older tradi tional doctrine of sea power based on mahan’s thesis that offense is the best possible defense it does not necessarily follow that the united states intends to take the offensive in the immediate future despite the state department's advice to american citizens on october 8 to return from china japan manchuria and other parts of the far east respon sible administration officials have refrained from direct provocation and have sought to avoid aggra vating tension in the orient nevertheless the adop tion of an offensive strategy is clearly reflected in al most every economic and diplomatic move as well as in the routine precautions taken by the war and navy departments one third of the united states fleet is being overhauled and refitted on the west coast its personnel with 2,600 additional naval re cruits is being brought to full strength reports also indicate that american oil companies in the far east are moving surplus stocks of oil and gasoline f shanghai and hongkong to singapore nor is it prising that this strategy should take the form parallel action with great britain and the britj empire as a whole and a cautious approach tow the soviet union parallel moves in the pacific on same day that the state department made public if advice to american citizens in the far east the partment of agriculture announced that export bo ties would be discontinued on all shipments of wh and flour consigned to china and hongkong p sumably because such shipments had been reachi the japanese armies also on october 8 the canadi government imposed an embargo on export of cop to japan on october 10 richard butler british u dersecretary for foreign affairs told the house commons that matters of considerable importance had been canvassed in certain talks touching question of cooperation in the pacific between gr britain and the united states the reopening of the burma road is officially r resented here as a british move taken independenth of the united states the general impression crea by the current discussions however is that the uni states and the british empire are already operati on the basis of an unwritten understanding pred cated on joint recognition of a community of intet est and supported by parallel action such actiom may be applied up to a certain point by joint aid china and parallel economic measures against japam but in the final showdown it can only be effective i the powers employing these measures are prepared support them by concerted fleet action the approach to the soviet union has been some what more cautious but here too there are definite indications that washington is moving toward a more positive policy following conversations which took place last week between under secretary sumnet welles and constantine oumansky soviet ambassa dor in washington the administration took steps t0 release several consignments of machine tools to the soviet union which had been held in american ports for several months in addition the maritime come mission has approved the charter by russia of amer ican tankers while refusing such charters to japam the result of these moves however will depend on the soviet response to combined pressure from get many and overtures from japan william t stone +foreign entered as 2nd class matter general library university of michigan ann arbor mich orig 18 iy an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xx no 1 ocrosper 25 1940 belligerents vie for moscow's aid on balkans as german airplanes and submarines harassed british industry and shipping and the italian air force made a foray to the persian gulf germany tightened its grip on the balkans although damage to german industry by british bombers is apparently hampering deliveries of german goods to the bal kan countries under barter agreements the reich is now in a position from its rumanian base to ex tract further trade concessions by threat of force on october 19 yugoslavia whose premier and war minister had delivered fighting speeches ten days previously accepted a new trade agreement by which germany will obtain 60 instead of 50 per cent of yugoslav exports chiefly cereals and an increased amount of copper and lead similar pressure is be ing applied to greece whose pro british ruler king george ii is persona non grata to the axis powers and to turkey which has repeatedly declared that it will resist axis encroachments it is not yet clear however whether germany and italy will be forced to fight their way through the balkans into the near fast or will achieve their objectives in this region without open conflict by bringing the balkan coun tries to terms one by one as the reich has already done in western europe britain’s problems developments in the balkans and the near east continue to hinge on britain and the soviet union britain has not suc cumbed to intensified air attacks and on the con traty has carried the air war into germany with cumulative results that are beginning to affect ger man industry and german civilians it would be wishful thinking however to believe that british war industry remains unaffected by constant disruption of production and disorganization of communications hot to mention the difficulties created by evacuation and possible epidemics britain has thus become more dependent than ever on imports of armaments and airplanes from overseas and to that extent more vulnerable to increasing german attacks on british shipping as long as the british fleet retains control of the high seas war supplies of the british isles can be replenished from the united states and the domin ions but the rate at which such replenishments are now made will in turn have to be greatly increased as the process of destruction goes on moreover the possibility remains that the vichy government or at least vice premier laval may offer to collaborate with germany against britain in the hope of obtain ing more favorable peace terms from the nazis it was apparently with this possibility in mind that prime minister churchill on october 21 urged the french not to hinder and whenever possible to aid british efforts to defeat hitler at the same time britain is faced with the problem of maintain ing a flow of men and supplies to that other theatre of war in the eastern mediterranean which may assume decisive importance in the next few weeks the visit of mr eden british war secretary to cairo and rumors that he is seeking to create a balkan arabic front against the axis powers indi cate the importance attached by the british govern ment to the impending battle of the near east in this battle many factors at present appear unfavor able to the british cause among them are the re luctance of yugoslavia and greece to antagonize germany without the certainty of obtaining timely british support the inclination of the egyptians and of the moslem world in general to remain onlook ers rather than participants in the struggle between the great powers the difficulty of bringing up rein forcements and diverting them from home defense and continuing uncertainty regarding the réle of the soviet union moscow weighs its course the soviet government has as yet given no official indication of the course it might follow in case turkey decides to resist the axis powers although a brief state ment by tass official soviet news agency on octo ber 14 indicated that moscow had not been informed in advance regarding german plans for military occupation of rumania far from being enigmatic soviet policy both in europe and in the far east has been motivated by stark realism in august 1939 confronted with a choice between a head on con flict with germany and the possibility that if germany turned west its strength might be dissi pated in war with france and britain the soviet union decided to come to terms with germany the refusal of france and britain to pay the price then demanded by moscow for a military alliance which was recognition of soviet control over the baltic states and finland materially aided this decision at that time soviet leaders recognized with a clarity not shared by communist supporters abroad that neither russia’s industrial equipment nor its military preparations were adequate for a major conflict with germany these inadequacies have since been thrown into even sharper relief by the soviet finnish war and by the recently concluded maneuvers of the soviet baltic fleet which according to admiral kuznetsoff soviet navy commissar revealed serious deficien cies in training and material while the soviet union cannot relish the thought that germany may win this war and obtain hegemony of the continent it is in no position to challenge german supremacy single handed especially now that japan has become an official member of the axis just as germany by conclusion of its non aggression pact with russia sought to avoid war on two fronts so today the so viet union is seeking to avoid simultaneous conflicts in the west and east granted that moscow may be anxious to stop germany at the dardanelles by lending all the assistance it can to turkey it must in self protection conclude a non aggression pact axis seeks middle eastern oil intensified italian activities in libya and east africa and the reported presence of german units among marshal rudolfo graziani’s troops in egypt coupled with the threat of a nazi drive from ru mania through turkey toward iraq portend an axis drive to capture the oil fields of the middle east what are the objectives of our western hemisphere policy read raw material resources of latin america progress of pan american cooperation war and u.s latin american trade economic defense of the americas the havana conference of 1940 special offer 5 foreign policy reports for 1.00 page two e with japan negotiation of this pact will apparently be the first task of lieutenant general tatekawa the new japanese ambassador to moscow who og the eve of his departure from tokyo declared tha japan was anti communist but pro soviet even jf the soviet government succeeds in freeing its hands for open resistance to germany in the balkans and the near east it must not be expected to undertake this course without some inducement from britain and the united states at this moment as in the summer of 1939 the western powers are competing with germany for the assistance positive or nega tive of the u.s.s.r the germans are variously te ported to be offering iran and iraq or control of the dardanelles and a portion of turkey from britain and the united states moscow is demanding recognition of its territorial gains in the baltic states finland poland and rumania as well as in dustrial equipment and certain strategic raw ma terials it lacks now that washington has adopted a more lenient attitude toward soviet purchases in this country it is expected that moscow will place large orders here especially for equipment needed in copper mining oil drilling and oil refining and railway construction the question of recognizing soviet territorial acquisitions in order to obtain moscow’s assistance against germany and japan raises a delicate issue for britain and the united states as in every prob lem of international politics there is a conflict here between what is described as international morality and the unpleasant exigencies of realpolitik what ever the course adopted it should be borne in mind that the soviet government like that of other coun tries will be actuated in the final analysis by con siderations of self interest it is therefore to its self interest not to its principles revolutionary or other wise that the western powers and germany 7 have to address their appeal vera micheles dra and at the same time sever vital british supplj lines should british resistance in the eastern medi terranean be crushed italo german forces would od only be in a position to cut the mediterranean rei sea route but would also threaten british shipping in the indian ocean the fight for oil the importance of tht arabian peninsula deserts and the barren hills 0 iran persia in the struggle between britain ani the axis lies in the oil fields of this region tht richest outside the united states and russia rat leads the middle east with an annual production over 11 million tons all of which is controlled by th anglo iranian oil company whose principal stock holder is the british government from one of tht world’s largest and most complete refineries at abé dan cart thes whe by the a 7 fine bon mec fens beet mat pan out proc 1 iraq date sinc iraq the end und petr oil duct all for a of estit at 2 to run quit lion tion dict port and man alre brit mar tank stra b pow terr occcl fore head enters s ace led ind tal nce sue ob ere 3 lity nat ind yun on elf her wil ean dan on the northern coast of the persian gulf oil is carried to british military posts throughout asia far ther down the gulf lies the bahrein island field where bahrein petroleum company limited owned by two american concerns the texas company and the standard oil company of california produces a million tons of oil a year storage tanks and re fneries on bahrein a british protectorate were bombed on october 19 by italian planes flying from mediterranean bases although the plant was unde fended the manager reported that little damage had been done opposite bahrein on the saudi arabian mainland california arabian standard oil com pany a subsidiary of standard of california sends out 500,000 tons of oil a year and is increasing its production rapidly as new wells come in the 4.4 million ton output of the mosul field in iraq was formerly divided between the french man date in syria and the british mandate in palestine since the fall of france the northern branch of the iraq pipeline has been closed and all the oil is flow ing to the british refinery at haifa which has been the object of several italian raids near the southern end of the gulf of suez a small but expanding field under british exploitation produces 600,000 tons of petroleum a year thus the british have access to oil fields in the middle east with a total annual pro duction of 17.5 million tons a supply which covers all british needs in this area and leaves an excess for export to the british isles and the dominions axis still needs oil with the consumption of petroleum in germany and occupied territories estimated at 7 million tons and italian consumption at 2 million the axis powers have been hard pressed to find adequate sources of supply seizure of the rumanian fields will cover only part of the re quirements since these fields produce about 6 mil lion tons annually the problem of transporta tion moreover remains unsolved oil men pre dict that not more than 2 million tons can be trans ported from rumania to the axis states overland and up the danube for railways connecting ru mania with the reich as well as danubian barges are already operating close to capacity as long as the british fleet controls the eastern mediterranean ru manian oil cannot follow its peace time route by tanker from constanza on the black sea through the straits and out into the mediterranean blocked on the sea by the british navy the axis powers apparently plan to make the eastern medi terranean untenable for their enemy this winter by occupying all important bases the suez canal is the page three key to the situation in the middle east with alex andria a british naval base and haifa the outlet for oil next in importance the battle for egypt marshal graziani’s drive across northern egypt in july stopped 60 miles inside the border because of supply difficulties ac centuated by british air and naval bombing the italians have not as yet met the main british force which is strongly intrenched at mersa matruh rail head of the line to alexandria meanwhile the rains have started in northern africa making the advance of motorized forces increasingly difficult the rains are over however on the hast african front where italian forces which moved into the sudan last june have again become active around kassala since the army there must depend on supplies now much de pleted brought through the suez before italy en tered the war an attempt may be made very soon to invade egypt from the upper nile valley while such a move is still possible britain is not allowing the middle east to go by default latest type airplanes are patrolling the skies over egypt as a result of the american destroyer deal the british destroyer force in the mediter ranean has been doubled new army units are be ing landed in egypt and 200,000 men are reported to be stationed along interior lines of communica tion yet opposed to them are possibly 600,000 italian and native troops many of them trained in eastern warfare and backed by german technical efficiency to meet this menace britain cannot di vert much more strength from the home front at least before spring so that the middle eastern forces may have to hold off the axis alone louis e frechtling country squire in the white house by john t flynn new york doubleday doran 1940 1.00 in attempting to explain the new deal in terms of the man who sponsored it mr flynn has written a thumb nail biography of franklin d roosevelt and a critique of new deal measures and methods opponents of the presi dent will find in mr flynn’s attack some very palpable hits but administration supporters will claim that a num ber of the author’s thrusts are distinctly unfair why england slept by john f kennedy new york funk 1940 2.00 a stimulating appraisal of britain’s unpreparedness by a son of the american ambassador after pointing out the mistakes of both conservatives and labor who re fused to believe war possible and were unwilling to make sacrifices mr kennedy warns americans to rush their military and economic preparations historic evolution of hispanic america by j fred rippy new york crofts 1940 5.00 brings up to date a useful review of the developments which have shaped latin american civilization foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 1 octrossr 25 1940 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 is1 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lest secretary vera micugeies dean editor 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building oct 21 the announcement on october 19 that the metals reserve company a subsidiary of the rfc would build or finance a large tin smelter in this country marked another step in the government's program to remedy existing deficiencies in the sup ply of raw materials essential for national defense arrangements have been made with bolivian pro ducers to furnish enough ore concentrates to smelt about 18,000 tons of pig tin annually hitherto vir tually all of bolivia’s ore has gone to western eu rope and the united states has been compelled to buy its entire annual consumption of about 75,000 tons from europe and the far east meanwhile the metals reserve company is also carrying out the agreement concluded last june with the international tin committee which calls for the purchase of 75 000 tons of pig tin at 50 cents a pound supplies on hand or en route to the united states are now said to be sufficient for more than one year in recent months the government has also taken steps to insure adequate supplies of other raw ma terials not readily available in this country among these are 1 manganese the metals reserve company has contracted to buy more than 770,000 tons of manganese ore from both foreign and domestic sources cuba and brazil are increasing their de liveries on october 8 mr stettinius head of the raw materials division of the national defense advisory commission announced that stocks on hand or readily available in near by cuba were sufficient for two years requirements 2 tungsten as part of a transaction by which the export import bank extended a loan of 25,000,000 to china the metals reserve com pany agreed in september to buy 30,000,000 of tungsten over a period of years from the chinese national resources commission 3 rubber the rubber reserve company another rfc subsidiary will purchase a reserve stock of 330,000 tons of crude rubber before the end of 1941 in accordance with agreements con cluded in june and august with the international rubber regulation committee this amount is in addition to the 85,000 tons acquired under the cotton rubber barter deal made with the united kingdom in june 1939 the total of 415,000 tons represents about 70 per cent of our current annual consumption of crude rubber 4 aluminum under a program developed by the national defense advisory commission the output of this raw material so vital to the aircraft industry will be raised from 325,000,000 pounds in 1939 to 700,000,000 in 1942 the aluminum company of america has undertaken to extend its production facilities and the rfc is financing construction of another plant by the reynolds metal company 5 wool the advisory defense commission is making arrangements whereby 250,000,000 pounds of british owned australian wool will be stored in this country as a reserve available for american use in case of emergency this amount equals more than two years normal im ports of apparel wool production of war material lag ging although the national defense advisory commission has cleared 8,500,000,000 worth of de fense contracts for the army and navy including orders for 25,000 planes actual production is get ting under way rather slowly the greatest progress has been made in stepping up the output of planes which is expected to reach 950 in the current month as compared with a scheduled production of 1,133 the equipment of munitions plants is being retarded by a bottleneck in the supply of machine tools al though the machine tool industry is operating at virtual capacity orders in some cases cannot be filled until 1942 the entire output for 1941 will be needed for our own national defense program and british requirements new defense plants the construction and equipment of defense plants by private industry have been greatly accelerated by the inclusion of new amortization provisions in the excess profits tax bill and the emergency plant facilities contract developed by the advisory defense commission meanwhile the government is proceeding with its own program to erect plants for the production of powder and high explosives up to the beginning of october eleven such plants had been located production however will not begin in less than 10 to 12 months despite the progress achieved to date washing ton observers believe that the defense program will have to be speeded up in the near future the ap pointment of a single defense coordinator with definite powers and responsibilities may prove neces sary but no step in this direction is expected before the elections john c dewilde vol a tt 0 for front three brita gree ity agen pene gre outra name gove orou day decla fight after noun port in aj army only italic ita and aim terra tivel some them turk had tance erom the c venti pi +ission 10,000 will ilable this al im lag visory of de luding is get ogress planes nonth 1,133 tarded is al ing at e filled vill be im and on and ry have f new its tax ontract nission with its tion of ginning located than 10 jashing am will the ap or with re neces 1 before wilde tr e woiversit f wee entered as 2nd class matter risch 4500p wu w oa f wa ee d mawliia hy ayyy sau ann arbor mich 5 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xx no 2 november 1 1940 axis powers speed consolidation of europe he long threatened war in the balkans broke out on october 28 when italian troops which for weeks had been massing on the greco albanian frontier invaded greece following expiration of a three hour ultimatum accusing greece of aid to britain and asking permission to occupy strategic greek bases to guarantee the country’s neutral ity on october 25 the official italian news agency stefani charged that a greek band had penetrated albania attacking an outpost and that greek and british agents had perpetrated a bomb outrage in the albanian port of santa quaranta re named by the italians porto edda the greek government in a communiqué of october 27 vig orously denied the stefani charges and the following day premier metaxas rejected the italian ultimatum declaring the moment has arrived for greece to fight for her independence and honor twelve hours after the italian invasion athens officially an nounced that britain would give unlimited sup port to greece whose territory it had guaranteed in april 1939 meanwhile the poorly equipped greek amy estimated at 100,000 men with an air force of only 125 planes bore the brunt of attack by ten italian divisions estimated at 200,000 italy's principal objective is to seize greek harbors and bases especially the port of salonika with the aim of crushing the british fleet in the eastern medi terranean it is difficult to see how britain can effec tively aid greece against italy except by occupying some of the greek islands notably crete and using them in turn to cut italian communications while turkey whose territory is also guaranteed by britain had indicated that it would come to greece's assis tance in case of italian invasion the turkish gov etmment in the absence of any clear intimation of the course russia might adopt abstained from inter vention on the side of greece petain accepts hitler’s new order italy's invasion of greece was one of a series of rapid moves by the axis powers to consolidate their control of europe and oust britain from its few remaining footholds on the continent on octo ber 24 marshal pétain disregarding warnings and admonitions by president roosevelt king george vi and prime minister churchill reached an agree ment in principle with hitler transforming the four month armistice between the two countries into a settlement providing for french collaboration with germany's reconstruction of peace in europe the details of this agreement which was unanimously approved by the vichy cabinet on october 26 remain to be worked out on october 28 vice premier laval who had conducted the preliminary negotiations in paris assumed the post of for eign minister hitherto held by paul baudouin to arrange the details contrary to earlier reports which had forecast nazi demands for military as sistance by fgance against britain official sources in vichy declared that collaboration with germany would be confined to political and economic matters from switzerland came persistent rumors that france would cede alsace lorraine to germany and the riviera as far as nice to italy would share with italy its rule over tunisia and with spain its rule over french morocco and would defend its naval bases in the mediterranean and in africa against british seizure thus protecting axis operations in egypt and the near east in return the pétain gov ernment would be permitted to extend its rule to a part of occupied french territory move its head quarters from vichy to paris or versailles secure the release of nearly two million french war prison ers still held by the germans and obtain german assistance in the industrial reconstruction of france will axis launch peace offensive just before receiving marshal pétain hitler had held a long conference with general franco on the ee spanish border apparently in an effort to enlist his assistance in an attack on gibraltar while the span ish press is calling for national unity and suggests that events of the utmost importance are about to take place it is not yet clear whether spain is ready to follow italy's example and shift from non bel ligerency to active participation in the war proceed ing with his diplomatic blitzkrieg hitler on octo ber 28 met mussolini in florence to map out further steps in the far flung axis campaign de signed simultaneously to end the resistance of the brit ish isles and to break britain’s hold on the mediter ranean at gibraltar and suez this offensive was timed to coincide with the last week of the political cam paign in the united states and to confront the amer ican public whatever the outcome of the elections with the fait accompli of europe united under nazi rule and britain irrevocably isolated from the con tinent hitler's diplomatic moves which some observers regard as a prelude to a bid for peace are power fully aided by the war weariness of the european peoples who consider almost any alternative prefer able to renewal or extension of the conflict especial ly as long as british and american assistance in breaking the nazi strangle hold remains problemati cal while the conquered peoples welcome every reference to peace by whatever means it may be achieved fear of involvement in the war dominates american discussions of foreign policy both candi dates for the presidency have assured the voters that page two ee they do not favor appeasement and believe ip the utmost degree of national defense as well as all possible aid to britain but at the same time declare that they will not involve the country in war wheth er these seemingly contradictory sentiments yijlj continue to shape american foreign policy after elections or will be channeled in the direction of either war or appeasement is a question of im mediate concern not only to the united states but also to the war torn continents of europe and asia vera micheles dean new monthly feature for bulletin to meet the increasing demand for information on latin america the foreign policy association inaugurates with this issue of the foreign policy bulletin a new monthly feature trends in latiy america a full page article devoted to current de velopments in that region it will be prepared by john i b mcculloch who has traveled widely in latin america mr mcculloch author of the head line book challenge to the americas is editor and co founder of the inter american quarterly and also editor of the fortnightly pan american news pub lished by the foreign policy association pan american news is recommended to f.p.a subscribers who wish to make a special study of latin american affairs sample copies may be 0b tained by writing to the washington office of the foreign policy association 1200 national press building washington d c the f.p.a bookshelf documents on american foreign relations july 1939 june 1940 edited by s shepard jones and denys p myers boston world peace foundation 1940 3.75 the second volume of a new series to be published an nually this compendium of primary source material on our foreign affairs will be of the greatest value to specialists and scholars i saw france fall will she rise again by rené de chambrun new york morrow 1940 2.50 this is an absorbing well related narrative of a french officer’s life first in the maginot line second as liaison officer with the british in france and third during the blitzkrieg in belgium and northern france m de cham brun’s experiences make more profitable and interesting reading than his sweeping criticisms of the french gov ernment after 1936 and his fulsome praise of the vichy régime just out defense economy of the united states problems of mobilization by j c dewilde and george monson 25c november 1 issue of foreign policy reports battle shield of the republic by major malcolm wuellll nicholson new york macmillan 1940 1.50 a stimulating critique of the american army marred by misstatements and misrepresentations while the author blames the war department for failings in our military organization for which congress and the people are primar ily responsible he attacks many recognized flaws in army methods and systems and strikes some telling blows at the existing system of training and promotion for officers de spite its defects this book will contribute greatly to am understanding of the public debate on the army which is almost certain to occur in the near future defense for america edited with an introduction by wil liam allen white new york macmillan 1940 1.00 a series of eloquent arguments for aid to the allies by a group of well known national figures elements of international relations by f a middlebust and chesney hill new york mcgraw hill 1940 3.25 a well written introductory textbook twin stars of china by evans fordyce carlson new york dodd mead 1940 3.00 an excellent picture of the china war by an americal marine officer who lived and marched with fighting detach ments of guerrilla troops and who observed several of the important positional battles more than a mere narrative of the war it also analyzes china’s leadership and outlook the broad strategy of the chinese struggle and the growth of new chinese social and political institutions under strest of national emergency it is tween nazi mal i provid havan to be one a the fo lection to hav states sumne gates diplon washi sible v shoulc taining notabl sultatic of the tion f germa hemis mil far as americ dividec durins rankin tary ar guests staff been p the fiel strengt americ ally re orders some c states americ on wat be abl on ing ha foreign headquart entered a beis tin mation ciation policy latin ent de wheeler arred by e author military e primar in army ws at the icers de tly to an which is n by wil 1.00 allies by liddlebush 40 3.25 ison new americal ng detach sral of the narrative 1d outlook the growth nder stres trends in latin america it is significant that the renewed negotiations be tween berlin and vichy possibly foreshadowing nazi use of french bases coincided with the for mal inauguration of the emergency committee provided for by the act of havana adopted at the havana conference of 1940 this committee was to be constituted as soon as two thirds of the twenty one american republics appointed delegates since the fourteenth republic ecuador announced its se lection on october 24 the committee may be said to have come into existence on that date the united states representative is under secretary of state sumner welles and all the latin american dele gates except the one from brazil head the regular diplomatic missions of their respective countries in washington consultation should therefore be pos sible with a minimum of delay in case of emergency should nazi germany appear on the point of ob taining one of france’s new world colonies notably martinique the committee following con sultation would presumably authorize one or more of the american republics to take action such ac tion might require military intervention against germany by the united states or other western hemisphere countries military and economic fronts as far as relations between the united states and latin america are concerned interest is at the moment divided between the military and economic fronts during the month of october two groups of high ranking latin american army officers toured the mili tary and industrial centers of the united states as guests of general george c marshall chief of staff the latin americans are reported to have been particularly impressed with accomplishments in the field of aviation and with evidences of industrial strength this extensive contact between north american and latin american officers may eventu ally result in a series of military understandings orders for military equipment may be placed by some of the latin american countries in the united states although it is not clear at this moment how american manufacturers already working overtime on war orders for britain and the united states will be able to export armaments to latin america on the economic front the united states is mak ing haste slowly with its program of aid to the a by john i b meculloch latin american republics and the center of inter est has shifted to economic developments within latin america itself argentina and brazil are at present working out the details of a trade agreement arrived at in principle early in october two chief points are involved first a proposal for an exchange of surpluses second a plan whereby new indus tries to be developed in either of the contracting countries would be guaranteed against a raising of tariff barriers in the other an argentine chilean agreement along the same general lines is also in prospect while washington in the past has frowned on barter agreements it is realized in this country that present negotiations may contribute in some measure to freeing latin america from a dangerous over dependence on european markets domestic politics since midsummer there have been several changes of administration in the latin american countries in ecuador a republic plagued with chronic political instability for the last fifteen years and faced at present by an unusually grim economic outlook carlos arroyo del rio was inaugurated as president on september 1 a former corporation lawyer who has represented many im portant foreign firms arroyo has the advantage of business experience but is handicapped by a lack of popularity with the average citizen in panama 39 year old arnulfo arias took office on october 1 with a cabinet of relatively young and inexperienced ministers less than three weeks later his govern ment was proposing an extension of the presidential term from four to six years in cuba colonel ful gencio batista who has dominated island affairs for the past seven years was installed as president on october 10 supported by an unwieldy coalition of seven parties which range from communists to the conservative group of ex president menocal batista assumes his duties under the semi parliamentary system provided for by cuba’s new constitution a change of administration has also taken place in paraguay following the death of energetic highly respected president josé félix estigarribia in an air plane crash september 7 estigarribia’s war min ister higinio morinigo succeeded to office al though morinigo promised to adhere to his predeces sor’s policies he has entrusted the key posts in his government to army men and has arbitrarily decreed his own continuance in office till 1943 foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 2 novembgr 1 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national arters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leer secretary vera micuheres dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year s181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building oct 28 in his review of american foreign policy before the national press club on october 26 secretary hull made two pointed references to sea power which assume particular significance in rela tion to developments in europe and asia and recent shifts of american military and naval forces referring to the programs of the totalitarian na tions mr hull declared that they have as a fixed objective the securing of the control of the high seas and pointing to the defense of the united states he asserted that there can be nothing more dangerous for our nation than for us to assume that the avalanche of conquest could under no circum stances reach any vital portion of this hemisphere oceans give the nations of this hemisphere no guar antee against the possibility of economic political or military attack from abroad should the would be conquerors gain control of other continents and perfect their control of the seas they might well be able to strike at the communications lines the com merce and the life of this hemisphere and ultimate ly compel us to fight on our own soil under our own skies in defense of our independence and our very lives these carefully worded statements serve to rein force president roosevelt's warning in his dayton speech that when we speak of defending the west ern hemisphere we include the right to the peace ful use of the atlantic and pacific oceans more over in the present situation they give added emphasis to the series of military and naval steps which have accompanied washington's diplomatic moves in europe and the far east sea power and defense strategy concern over the possible military consequences of the negotiations between chancellor hitler and the vichy government of france was evidenced in washington early last week on october 24 the day marshal pétain conferred with hitler president roosevelt sent an urgent message to the vichy gov ernment warning that close military collaboration with germany might compel the united states and the other american republics to occupy french pos sessions in the western hemisphere under the terms of the act of havana the message which was handed to the french ambassador in washington by under secretary sumner welles referred specifi cally to martinique and french guiana cf washington news letter foreign policy bulletin october 18 1940 even earlier however the war and navy depart ments had announced several measures some of which appeared to be dictated by the changing strategical situation as early as october 3 the navy department had revealed the creation of g patrol force in the atlantic composed of three capj tal ships five heavy cruisers some 50 destroyers one aircraft carrier and numerous auxiliaries totaling about 125 vessels while most of these vessels were already in the atlantic it was reported last week that the patrol force will be further strengthened by the addition of six or more cruisers now in the pacific while this reinforcement may be explained partly on the ground of tactical necessity it serves as a reminder of the potential threat in the atlantic the main force of the united states fleet remains in the pacific with most of its strength concentrated at the base at pearl harbor hawaii and no im mediate change in fleet plans has been announced on october 9 however the navy department dis closed plans for the purchase of approximately 53 merchant ships and passenger vessels to be converted for use as fleet auxiliaries more than 25 of these ships have already been secured the list includes a number of modern vessels operated by the united states lines the baltimore mail line and the ameri can export lines suggesting the possibility that some of them may be intended for use as transports in addition on october 24 steps were taken to strengthen the defenses of the philippines by trans fer of two squadrons of pursuit planes for the use of the regular army there it is estimated that each squadron will include from eighteen to twenty seven planes an important addition to the existing force of about 150 craft of all types now stationed in the islands in themselves these military and naval measures represent little more than routine precautions and it would be misleading to exaggerate their importance coupled with president roosevelt's definition of hemisphere defense however and the continuing conversations with britain and australia they i evitably suggest the possibility of a doctrine of sea power based on the offensive in the present situa tion with the british fleet in control of the atlantic the united states is under no immediate necessity of further altering its disposition of naval forces but in the pacific and perhaps eventually in the atlan tic as well the key to control of the seas depends on collaboration between the united states and britain w.t stone greek prelin of the define the c and force from clashe borde light it week direct lel to in of strate boot italia the g separ remat move slav frofn one o ita far b the yet b force of y but t by g threa origi tively +tic lins ited ced dis rted rese es a ited 1efi that orts 1 to ans use each ven e of the ures id it ince 1 of uing r if 04 itua ntic ty of but tlan 1s on itain ne entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xx no 3 november 8 1940 axis unfolds its mediterranean strategy ith an official british announcement on no vember 3 that british troops had landed on greek territory the war in greece moved from its preliminary phases into a stage in which the strategy of the participants became somewhat more clearly defined the italian air force ranged widely over the greek peninsula bombing a number of cities and communications centers while the royal air force replied with a spectacular raid against naples from undisclosed bases on land mountain troops clashed in the rugged hills on the greco albanian border in weather which made the use of italian light tanks and trucks extremely difficult italy’s plan of attack during the first week of war the italian attack developed in two directions one thrust was pointed southward paral lel to the coast line of the ionian sea apparently in order to isolate corfu cephalonia and other strategic islands opposite the foot of the italian boot assuming that this goal can be achieved italian forces might then turn eastward along the gulfs of patras and corinth to athens thereby sepatating the peloponnesian peninsula from the remainder of the country the second italian drive moved directly to the east near the greco yugo slav frontier where road and rail connections lead ftom the town of florina to the port of salonika one of the greatest commercial outlets of the balkans italian progress toward these objectives has thus far been slow and the lightly fortified positions of the metaxas line inside greek territory have not yet been broken in the coastal drive the fascist forces were reported to be working toward the town of yanina some 30 miles inside the greek frontier but the column bousid for florina was outflanked by greek evzones who filtered into albania and threatened to cut its communications from reports originating in the battle areas it is clear that rela tively few troops are involved in the operations thus far undertaken this may be due to difficulties of supply to hasty commencement of an ill prepared campaign about which it has been rumored that mussolini and hitler disagreed or to italy’s desire to divert british troops from the egyptian front to greece alternatively the italians may be withhold ing their full strength while axis diplomats and the press attempt to force replacement of the metaxas government by a compliant régime like that of rumania which would permit fascist troops to occupy strategic centers in greece without further use of force despite political fissures in the structure of the greek dictatorship there is as yet no sign of internal dissension the british dilemma for the british the italian campaign poses a difficult dilemma outnum bered in egypt they have yielded only arid border territory to the fascist troops advancing from libya toward alexandria if the british now employ large forces in greece they will necessarily be cofmpelled to relax their naval pressure on the italian sea com munications with libya which is generally believed to be an important factor in restraining the italians and to weaken the strength of their air and motor ized resistance in egypt on the other hand if greece is permitted to fall to mussolini fascist air and naval bases will command the approaches to the dardanelles and reinforcing the dodecanese out posts strengthen the italian position in the entire eastern mediterranean it seems probable therefore that the few british troops sent to greek territory will be used only for the protection of naval bases occupied by the eastern mediterranean fleet notably on the island of crete from such bases the british may ultimately be able to intensify their sea and air attacks on italian communications and perhaps even come to grips with the italian fleet the crucial ques tion in the eastern mediterranean is whether the british forces now in that area can hold out until it becomes safe to dispatch more aid from the home land and until the slowly mobilized resources of the empire can be brought into play the campaign against greece which bolsters the left wing of the italian advance on suez may also serve as the right wing of a concerted axis drive to complete the conquest of the balkans once italy occupies salonika the encirclement of yugoslavia will be virtually accomplished and the possibility of effective resistance by that nation ended bulgaria which is now being subjected to infiltration of ger man technicians and tourists seems practically in capable of independent action should greece fall bulgarian nationalists would doubtless receive titular control of a corridor to the aegean the threat from bulgaria has played its part in restraining the turks who despite their alliance with britain have adopted a policy of non intervention this policy was reaffirmed by the turkish president ismet inonu in a speech to the turkish national assembly on november 1 while recognizing the bonds of the british alliance as solid and unbreak able m inonu expressed the hope that his country would remain non belligerent and hinted that the re newed intimacy of russo turkish relations was re sponsible for turkey’s attitude if turkey were closely linked with the soviet union it might pos sibly preserve its territorial integrity during a new division of spheres of influence in the balkans which it was widely rumored was being discussed with moscow by germany and italy britain menaced by new submarine campaign the aerial combat between britain and germany and the spread of hostilities to the mediterranean have tended to obscure the fact that british shipping losses have risen to the highest level of the war if the present rate of sinkings continues this winter great britain may be as seriously endangered by the submarine blockade as in april 1917 the loss of ships and cargoes is supplemented moreover by germany's incessant bombing of such vital ports as london liverpool and southampton as well as in land warehouses and railways although the british government claims to have sufficient food stocks for any emergency this winter its war effort depends for an analysis of german aims in europe read europe under nazi rule by vera micheles dean 25c october 1 issue of foreign policy reports 4 page two ll peace talks with france delayed op the western front reported german preparations for a new peace offensive were somewhat hampered by a setback in the negotiations for a definitive settle ment between france and the axis powers accord ing to dispatches from rome the pétain government was reluctant to sign a treaty handing over african colonial possessions to germany and italy especially since it was feared that wavering colonial officials might put their territories under the protection of the british fleet rather than cede them to former enemy troops in the western hemisphere the ac tivity of united states destroyers and patrol planes in the neighborhood of martinique presaged the pos sible seizure of french colonies by american naval forces if a treaty of peace were signed within france itself moreover marshal pétain was reported to be adamant in insisting on honor able neutrality rather than outright collaboration with the reich which is advocated by vice premier and foreign minister pierre laval consequently hitler and mussolini are believed to have approved a modus vivendi under which certain quantities of food coal and other supplies will be allocated to france and the number of german troops in the country reduced a temporary agreement on these points would alleviate the hunger and suffering which confront france this winter and leave the door open for a future attempt by the laval wing of the french government to swing the country behind the axis program for europe davip h popper on a regular flow of armaments and raw materials from north america during two recent weeks british and neutral mer chant marine losses as indicated in the table below have approached those of the worst world war period when sinkings averaged 198,700 tons weekly in the week of october 15 21 the total losses 198,030 tons actually equalled the april 1917 average while sinkings from september 17 to 23 amounted to 159,288 tons during both weeks al though allied and neutral countries suffered less se verely british losses 146,528 and 131,857 tons respectively were well over britain’s weekly average of 121,700 tons in april 1917 the average weekly sinkings for the past seven weeks have been as fol lows british 64,153 tons allied and neutral 25,527 tons total 89,680 tons these figures show a marked increase over the average weekly losses of the first year of the war british 29,600 tons allied and neutral 23,695 tons total 53,295 tons since the outbreak of war despite the immediate introduction of the convoy system over 3,400,000 tons of british allied and neutral shipping have been destroyed accor news octok 7,000 from week endin sept 9 sept 1 sept 2 sept 3 oct 7 oct 14 oct 21 weekl avet total i ist of v week avert aver apri br britis fons its lo fers f probl fewer tectio the as japan whil subm has a and from fabric fully ingto build the i dus an facts busing concis diplo yor del diplor durin fore headqr entered ich xis tals ner w ar according to british official statements the german news agency dienst aus deutschland claimed on october 3 however that the reich has sunk over 7,000,000 tons of british shipping alone recent shipping losses in tons from british admiralty reports as published in the american press week hae allied and ending british neutral total sept 9 28,200 26,347 54,547 sept 16 29,246 19,954 49,200 sept 23 131,857 27,431 159,288 sept 30 55,927 16,400 72,337 oct 7 24,943 6,151 31,094 oct 14 32,370 30,895 63,265 oct 21 146,528 51,502 198,030 weekly average 64,153 25,527 89,680 total in ist year of war 1,539,196 1,232,137 2,771,333 weekly average 29,600 23,695 53,295 weekly average april 1917 121,700 76,900 198,700 britain’s disadvantages although the british empire entered the war with some 21,000,000 tons of shipping and thus far has more than offset its losses by new construction captures and trans fers from foreign flags it faces a number of serious problems unknown in the world war britain has fewer naval vessels especially destroyers for pro tection of its commerce than in 1914 18 and lacks the assistance of its world war allies france italy japan russia and in 1917 18 the united states while germany entered the war in 1939 with fewer submarines and raiders than in the world war it has apparently accelerated its output of submarines and has also secured bases from norway to france from which even very small submarines with parts fabricated by mass production can operate success fully according to a united press report from wash ington germany now has 120 submarines and is building 180 more germany's airplanes have not the economic almanac for 1940 new york national in dustrial conference board 1940 5.00 an invaluable reference book containing a wealth of facts and figures bearing on economic legislation general business conditions and recent economic developments a concise commentary explains most of the data diplomat of destiny by sir george franckenstein new york alliance book corporation 1940 3.00 delightfully written autobiography of the man whose diplomatic life was ended by the german seizure of austria during his ambassadorship to great britain page three been as effective in commerce destruction as its sub marines but they have served successfully in locating ships and convoys and in bombing poorly defended vessels like trawlers or relatively large targets like the 42,000 ton empress of britain whica was set afire by a plane on october 28 to meet its present and future losses britain is moving to speed up construction and purchase of new vessels british shipyards which constructed a record total of 2,056,000 tons in 1920 and reached 921,000 tons in 1937 and 1,030,000 tons in 1938 are probably maintaining a high rate of production despite air raids although no statistics are available great britain moreover controls a considerable pro portion of norwegian danish dutch belgian polish and french shipping totaling over 10,000 000 tons much of the greek merchant marine re ported to have totaled 334 ships of 1,500,000 tons on january 1 1940 will come under british control britain has also purchased 101 american ships in cluding nineteen laid up vessels sold by the mari time commission for 4,640,000 on october 11 the maritime commission is reported to have ap proved the transfer to the united kingdom and canada of over 175,000 tons of shipping in the past six months the british ministry of shipping an nounced on october 31 that it had allocated an initial 50,000,000 for purchasing additional ships and plac ing orders in american shipyards it hopes to finance large scale production of a standardized 10,000 ton freighter despite the fact that american yards are already working at full capacity with approximately 1,500,000 tons of merchant shipping under construc tion or contract while great britain as in the world war is seriously menaced by germany’s sub marine campaign it probably does not face defeat so long as it can control the seas blockade its enemies and retain access to overseas sources of supplies and ships james frederick green the f.p.a bookshelf britain’s economic strategy by e v jonathan cape 1939 12s 6d a comprehensive and very useful survey of british eco nomic developments during the past two decades includ ing the rearmament program of 1937 39 francis london the long watch in england by eugene and arline lohrke new york henry holt 1940 2.00 a beautifully written but somewhat superficial interpre tation of british confusion and decadence by two amer icans living in a sussex village it merely expands the author’s night over england published in 19389 foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 3 november 8 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 s11 1940 published weekly frank ross mccoy president 1921 at the post office at new york n by the foreign policy association dorothy f leger secretary under the act of march 3 1879 incorporated national vera micueres dean editor two dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building nov 4 the president's recommendation on oc tober 30 that the national defense advisory com mission should sympathetically consider british re quests to place orders for 12,000 more planes has again focused attention on means of expanding our assistance to britain in recent weeks british spokes men particularly sir walter layton have repeatedly pointed out that the loss of french and belgian in dustrial capacity and the risk of serious damage by air raids compel britain to rely increasingly on the united states for essential war supplies supplies for britain the british do not minimize the aid received up to the present in addi tion to the 50 over age destroyers exchanged for air and naval bases they have acquired from the ameri can government about 240 army and navy planes and some 600,000 rifles 80,000 machine guns 800 75mm guns and 1,300,000 rounds of ammunition from surplus world war stocks this matériel ar rived at a critical time after the british expeditionary force had abandoned virtually all its equipment on the fields of flanders american mines and factories have made an even more substantial contribution to britain’s rearma ment the british purchasing commission has placed orders and taken over french orders for an amount totaling between 1,250,000,000 and 1,500,000,000 during the first nine months of the current year our exports to the united kingdom rose 88 per cent above the value in the corresponding period of 1939 shipments have been rapidly accelerated since the collapse of france in june during july and august they were almost three times higher than in the preceding year exports to canada for the first three quarters of 1940 also increased by 55 per cent fig ures recently released by the department of com merce showed that 44 per cent of all our exports during the first year of the war went to the british empire by august and september of this year the proportion going to british countries had risen to 65 and 66 per cent respectively these statistics are all the more significant because our exports to the british empire today consist al most wholly of war essentials they include aircraft and parts machine tools and other machinery oil and gasoline iron and steel aluminum copper and other metals firearms explosives and ammunition in the first nine months of the year 1,203 american planes were shipped to britain canada and austra lia iron and steel exports to the united kingdom alone amounted to over 2,000,000 tons maching tool shipments to britain have also continued to rise sharply from 7,954,726 in july to 15,070,249 ig september 1940 these supplies of course are not being given away the british are paying for them both by the shipment of goods and by the liquida tion of their assets in this country more assistance needed despite these contributions british authorities see an urgent need for still greater assistance additional aid could be extended either by releasing more of our own war material or by accelerating american production for british needs the british are reported to be nego tiating for at least some of the army’s long range bombers or flying fortresses and would undoubt edly welcome an offer of additional over age destroy ers which would be particularly useful in combating the submarine menace the british are most anxious however to have the united states enlarge its productive capacity of war material or to allocate a larger proportion of it to britain the manufacture of more planes is their first consideration the present schedule calls for the production by july 1942 of 35,800 planes of which 14,300 have been provisionally assigned to britain output however has lagged behind schedule while the united states shipped 333 planes to british coun tries during august exports in september are re ported to have dropped to 250 or less for october shipments were probably not much greater difficul ties encountered in the production of combat planes have apparently accounted for this decline the com mittee on plane standardization appointed by the president on october 14 is expected to eliminate differences in british and american specifications which have hitherto retarded output the mobilize tion of the automobile industry to manufacture ait plane parts is also designed to stimulate production experts doubt however that the industry can absot orders for 12,000 additional british planes unles such orders are definitely given priority at the e pense of american requirements in the last analysis the scope of our assistance 0 britain depends on america’s capacity to produce as long as we adhere to business as usual we shal be unable to satisfy with sufficient rapidity our ow and british demands for war material sooner o later the government may be compelled to intro duce a thoroughgoing system of priorities covering not only direct british and american orders but also indirect orders to subcontractors john c dewild +besip nj ay a i nese eed war for 20 inge ubt toy nave ce to entered as 2nd class matter general library periodical ae apneral ligrar liniy of mict foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y duce shall own er of intro ering t alse 7 tlde vou xx no 4 november 15 1940 nazis invite soviet participation in new order ave visit to berlin of vyacheslav molotov soviet premier and foreign commissar on novem ber 12 constitutes one more step in hitler's plans for reconstruction of the world in accordance with nazi ideas of a new order competitive bidding for soviet support between britain and the united states on the one hand and the axis powers on the other reached a new climax in october when ger many shifted a part of its land army from western europe to rumania presaging a thrust into the balkans and the near east germany it is believed sought to allay moscow’s apprehensions by offering russia a share of war spoils at the expense of the british empire either the dardanelles and some portion of turkey or access to the indian ocean through iran and a sphere of influence in afghanis tan and india where russia and britain have been in conflict since the middle of the nineteenth century belligerents offers to moscow the nazis in their bid for soviet collaboration had the advantage of offering not their own possessions or even territories they had already conquered but those of britain or britain’s allies and associates the british by contrast have been in the difficult position of having to win moscow’s good offices either by recognizing russia’s conquests in eastern europe and the balkans thus weakening their case against german territorial aggrandizement or sur tendering to russia some part of their own territory or influence in the near and middle east far from tecognizing russia’s gains in the baltic eastern fin land eastern poland and bessarabia britain has criti cized soviet methods of conquest has seized baltic shipping in its ports and has frozen the assets of baltic countries in spite of vigorous soviet protests moreover the presence at the foreign office of lord halifax who has been critical of moscow’s anti eagemany advances in the balkans foreign policy bulletin october 18 religious sentiment has not tended to improve anglo soviet relations it would be unrealistic to believe that the soviet government is eager to col laborate with nazi germany in the creation of a nazi sponsored new order but it would be equally unrealistic to believe that it is in a mood for col laboration with britain moscow's chief pre occupa tion today as in the summer of 1939 is to preserve the neutrality of the u.s.s.r and avoid any con flict with either germany or japan at the same time it is not averse to capitalizing on the advan tages it now enjoys in negotiations with both bel ligerents this view was clearly expressed by mar shal timoshenko soviet defense commissar on the twenty third anniversary of the bolshevik revo lution on november 7 when he stressed peace and neutrality and urged vigilance and preparedness in the present world situation adding the soviet union has extended its borders but we cannot be contented with what already has been achieved prospects for soviet japanese agree ment while m molotov is visiting berlin the first time that a soviet premier has gone abroad his government is engaged in negotiations for a non aggression pact with japan whose new ambassador to moscow lieutenant general tatekawa was re ceived by the kremlin with unusual honors it may be expected that moscow will come to some kind of agreement with tokyo but it.is not yet clear whether this agreement will be confined to soviet japanese economic issues or will be a broader settle ment concerning recognition of spheres of influence in asia and cessation of soviet aid to china the principal advantage russia would reap from an agreement with tokyo would be to divert japan's expansionist ambitions from china to the posses sions of the western powers in the far east just as in august 1939 through its non aggression pact with germany russia succeeded in diverting ger man forces away from eastern europe toward france and britain moscow however based its calculations on the belief that germany and the allies would exhaust each other leaving the u.s.s.r relatively free to fulfill its own plans for socialism in one country and eventual world revolution when the reich after a series of spectacular victories in the west sent portions of its seasoned army back to east ern europe moscow had to re evaluate the risks of a major conflict with germany for which it is neither industrially nor militarily prepared m molo tov’s visit to berlin indicates the soviet union is not convinced that britain even with increased american assistance can win the war and has de cided to re insure itself against a conflict with ger many by another territorial and economic deal it is within the bounds of possibility that soviet man power as well as soviet raw materials may now be enlisted by german industry for the prosecution of war with britain this possibility was foreshadowed by hitler in a fighting speech at munich on novem ber 8 when he rejected any compromise with britain reafirmed his unalterable determination to carry the conflict on to a clear decision and after sarcas tic references to the industrial production of the united states and the british dominions declared that germany's industrial production which can mobilize the power of almost all europe is the highest in the world effect on the balkans should germany and japan reach parallel agreements with the soviet union regarding a new order in europe and asia the position of neighboring countries which have been directly or indirectly supporting britain’s cause would be immediately endangered this would be particularly true of turkey which insists that it will not yield to the axis powers yet cannot afford to antagonize moscow russia’s course would also af fect the attitude of bulgaria which hopes to enlarge page two ee its territory at greece’s expense and of yugoslavia which in spite of outward compliance with axis de mands has hitherto believed that britain or russi might turn the balance in the balkans against ger many the tenacious resistance of the greeks who with the aid of british airplanes and guns have not only repulsed the italians in the mountains of the epirus but have driven them back into albania has ip jured italy’s prestige in the balkans a development which may not be entirely unwelcome to nazi ger many at the same time the disastrous rumanian earthquake of november 10 which dislocated rail road communications and damaged some of the oil fields may delay germany's military preparations for a thrust into the balkans yet it is obvious that even if military invasion is not attempted the axis powers can use threats sabotage propaganda and economic pressure to coerce countries which still re tain a shred of independence on november 8 the immunity committee of the hungarian parliament charged that the hungarian nazis had plotted ty kidnap regent admiral horthy assassinate the min ister of the interior and name their leader ferenc szalasi as premier on november 5 the yugoslay town of bitolj was bombed by an unidentified air plane variously alleged to be italian greek and british the subsequent investigation which failed to fix responsibility on any one of the belligerents pre cipitated the resignation of the pro british war min ister general neditch even more perilous seemed the situation of switzerland which after successfully maintaining its neutrality for a year has been re cently subjected to increasing axis pressure and last week was accused by the italian press of favor ing the british cause on all fronts germany is ac celerating its efforts to consolidate europe under nazi rule in the hope of winning the acquiescence of the united states as well as russia in its new order vera micheles dean eire and africa affect british sea power prime minister churchill giving a cautious ap praisal of the war before the house of commons on november 5 declared that we are far better off just out the second in a series of studies on the economic aspects of national defense defense economy of the u.s an inventory of raw materials by j c dewilde and george monson 25c november 15 issue of foreign policy reports than any one would have ventured to predict fout or five months ago but declined to prophesy about the battles which are yet to be fought mr churchill expressed satisfaction that britain had suc cessfully withstood germany's air raids which had taken a toll of 14,000 civilian dead and 20,000 wounded in the past eight weeks but he added had diminished in intensity since early september while warning that a german invasion might be expected at any time he asserted that the danger had beet reduced by both the approach of winter weather and the increasing strength of britain’s military and aif forces for several months he claimed britain had i sent east the sud fret atta fout phesy me 1 suc 1 had 0,000 had while ected r and rd aif n had sent scores of thousands of troops to the middle fast and had ceaselessly strengthened the fleet in the eastern mediterranean with the result that the balance of forces on the frontiers of egypt and the sudan is far less unfavorable than at the time of the french collapse the most serious threat accord ing to the prime minister lay in germany's renewed attack on british shipping and britain's inability to use the ports of eire for defense purposes the war at sea last week germany em ployed both airplanes and surface raiders with un ysual success while its submarines continued to at tack british and neutral shipping over a wide area on november 5 according to berlin reports nazi warships apparently including one of the graf spee class destroyed an entire convoy of 15 to 20 ships totaling 86,000 tons britain admitted the attack but declined to reveal the exact amount of shipping lost three days later german stuka dive bombers sank an unascertained number of ships near the british isles while on november 9 a single bomber dam aged the empress of japan a 26,000 ton canadian pacific liner now used as a transport britain finds resistance to the german onslaught more difficult than in the world war because it is denied access to several important bases in eire where previously british warships could secure fuel and supplies while on convoy service three irish port cobh queenstown berehaven and lough swilly are near the main routes to north america and considerably west of any british base all three ports were relinquished by the british government in april 1938 when premier de valera and mal colm macdonald then dominions secretary nego tiated a set of agreements covering most of the out standing economic issues between eire and britain prior to that time great britain in accordance with the treaty of 1921 establishing the irish free state had controlled and garrisoned these bases prime minister churchill who had strenuously opposed the 1938 transfer precipitated an acrimonious de bate over eire’s neutrality by describing the situation in his november 5 address as a most heavy and gtievous burden and one which should never have been placed upon our shoulders mr churchill's criticism was answered on novem ber 7 by premier de valera who reaffirmed eire’s complete neutrality in an address before the dail declaring that there could be no question of open ing these ports to britain mr de valera warned cf j f green the british dominions at war foreign policy reports february 1 1940 page three that any attempt to bring pressure to bear no mat ter from which side it might come would lead only to bloodshed in view of the historic antagonism between england and ireland it seems highly un likely that de valera who at the outbreak of war had to suppress the rebellious irish republican army will change his policy unless britain in turn agrees to the union of eire and the six counties of northern ireland which remained part of the united kingdom under the 1921 treaty mr churchill has one trump card however since he might conceivably restrict british trade with eire which normally sells 81 per cent of its exports in the united kingdom and secures both coal and manufactures there on november 11 eire’s minister of supplies sean f lamass warned that shipping shortages had caused serious deficiencies of food coal and gasoline and might soon lead to rationing capture of libreville not the least of mr churchill’s problems has been the uncertain status of the french possessions in africa especial ly after the withdrawal of general de gaulle’s forces and british warships from dakar on septem ber 23 the danger that the axis powers might gain naval and air bases on the west coast of africa was somewhat abated on november 10 by general de gaulle’s capture of libreville located almost exactly on the equator and capital of gabon one of the four colonies within french equatorial africa al though few details were available the de gaulle forces apparently took lambaréne an inland town before surrounding the port of libreville london denied the charges of the vichy government that british naval vessels had assisted in defeating the libreville garrison while libreville does not com pare with dakar in economic and strategic value it affords britain an additional foothold in west africa and command of both the french colonies and the belgian congo james frederick green where do we go from here by harold j laski new york viking 1940 1.75 a provocative discussion of the basic issues of the war arguing that great britain in order to win must lead a european revolution against both the doctrine of state sovereignty and the vested interests of capitalism the imperial soviets by henry c wolfe new york doubleday doran 1939 2.50 shrewd interestingly written analysis of the happenings that culminated in the german soviet pact of 1939 what’s democracy to you by joseph gollomb new york macmillan 1940 1.75 a short popular description of the meaning of democ racy and fascism in terms of every day living foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 4 november 15 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national 22 east 38th street new york n y franx ross mccoy president dorothy f laer secretery vara micusras daan editer entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n beis 4 under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building nov 11 interpreting the election result as a clear endorsement of the major foreign policies of the roosevelt administration washington has be gun to accelerate its program of aid to britain on his return to the capital on november 8 president roosevelt announced that henceforth half of this country’s total production of war materials will be allocated to the british empire airplanes of all types as well as arms ammunition and implements of war will be included under this rule of thumb division on the same day moreover the priorities division of the national defense advisory com mission announced approval of the british applica tion to place orders for 12,000 airplanes in addition to the 14,300 already under contract with american manufacturers shipping and credit problems with the prospect of a long war in which british sea power is pitted against german land and air su premacy on the continent two other problems of momentous importance may soon be pressing for decision these are britain’s urgent demand for increased american assistance in countering german submarine and air attacks on shipping and the more remote but no less vital question of financing brit ain’s future war trade with the united states the gravity of the renewed nazi attack on british shipping has been fully realized in washington for some time but the steps taken to date seem unlikely to meet the crisis which may arise if the losses of recent weeks continue it is true that the maritime commission has approved the sale of more than 100 american merchant ships to britain and canada since the beginning of the war and is now prepared to facilitate large scale production of new merchant ves sels for british order it is also true that the building program of the maritime commission is running ahead of schedule with 72 new ships launched since april 1939 and deliveries being made at the rate of one a week these vessels cannot be transferred to britain under existing legislation however and un der the terms of the neutrality act no american ves sel is permitted to enter the north atlantic war zone as a result there is evidence of new pressure to amend the neutrality act in order to permit ameri can ships to re enter the atlantic trade this winter but american aid may not be confined to mer cf britain menaced by new submarine campaign bulletin november 8 1940 foreign policy chant shipping during the past few days there have been hints that london is seeking diplomatig support in washington in an effort to secure access to the strategic naval bases in eire it is pointed out for example that mr de valera’s refusal to lease irish bases to britain places the british fleet at dangerous disadvantage in combating the german submarine campaign and that if eire were to fall into the hands of the enemy commerce between the united states and britain would be threatened the same argument may be advanced in suppor of american naval convoys to relieve the strain on the british fleet and protect american export trade with britain the credit problem has not yet reached an acute stage but the campaign for repeal of the johnson act and the loan and credit provisions of the new trality act has been revived with the introduction of a new resolution by senator king of utah which may win administration backing on the surface great britain appears to have ample resources to meet it maximum purchases in the united states for at leas another year or 18 months during the first year of the war the purchases of britain and canada in the united states exceeded their exports to this county by 875,000,000 this adverse trade balance was met chiefly by imports of gold and the sale of british owned securities in the american market despite the sale of 155,000,000 in securities the value of united kingdom investments alone was estimated a approximately 2,650,000,000 in august 1940 with more than 1,000,000,000 in readily negotiable stocks and bonds in addition canada and the united kingdom still held about 696,000,000 in dollar bal ances at the end of july and an undisclosed amoust of earmarked gold thus if the visible items in the balance of trad represented the only drain on britain’s financial sources it would seem that the scale of war purchasé in the united states could be more than doubled with out resort to loans actually however the heavy iff portation of gold suggests that a number of invisibk items such as advance payments for war orders am payments for expansion of american plant facilitié may have placed a greater strain on the british trea ury than is generally realized in any event if war continues for three or four years as prime mi ister churchill suggested on november 5 our final cial resources will become as important a factor ff britain as our industrial resources w t stone vol m they anni of t tren the with men fron tellit still el offic in a cons was prerr mos lead an 4 close still bette nitior sume of tk the cities the north journ th tions move of ot vemb the it field +all red ort on ade cute son neu n of may reat t its least ir of 1 the intry met itish spite 1e of ed at with iable nited nount one entered as 2nd class matter e 1 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xx no 5 november 22 1940 axis plans mediterranean campaigns ee olints speech of defiance to britain and 4y4 greece on november 18 warning italians that they must prepare for more severe sacrifices to annihilate the enemy gave evidence that the tempo of the european struggle is being accelerated this trend was apparent in the sphere of diplomacy as the axis powers engaged in a series of negotiations with their allies and neighbors which may prove mo mentous it was even more marked on the battle fronts where both sides struck from the air with telling effect and indicated that they were planning still more important strategic moves for the future europe’s diplomatic enigma lacking official information observers resorted to conjecture in appraising the significance of recent diplomatic consultations only a noncommittal communiqué was issued at berlin on november 14 when soviet premier and foreign minister molotov entrained for moscow after two days of conferences with nazi leaders whether the upshot of the meeting was an allocation of spheres of influence or merely closer economic ties between the two countries it is still impossible to state the only concrete signs of better relations thus far have been the implied recog nition of germany's protectorate over slovakia as sumed nearly two years ago through publication of the german slovak treaty in the russian press the establishment of german consulates at the key cities of leningrad vladivostok and batum and the reported withdrawal of german troops from northern finland where they were halted in their journey to norway under a german finnish pact the impression that the hitler molotov conversa tions were held to clear the way for a new axis move was strengthened by subsequent pilgrimages of other european dignitaries to the reich on no vember 15 marshal pietro badoglio chief of staff of the italian army conferred at innsbruck with general field marshal wilhelm keitel supreme commander of the german armed forces on joint prosecution of the war two days later king boris of bulgaria visited berlin and on november 18 the german italian and spanish foreign ministers conferred with hitler at berchtesgaden these consultations may well presage simultaneous moves against britain at both ends of the mediterranean which would com pel the british to fight defensively on distant and scattered fronts difficult to supply the spanish an nexation of the international zone at tangier oppo site gibraltar on november 4 may have been a preliminary to future operations in this sector ru mors that german troops had been stationed in bul garia foreshadowed action in the near east it is not impossible that formal acknowledgment of the new order by all the axis satellites on the euro pean continent perhaps accompanied by another peace offensive will precede general military move ments meanwhile however a potential obstacle to a western mediterranean campaign has arisen in the form of friction between the vichy government and the nazis this was widely publicized by a com muniqué issued at vichy on november 14 protest ing the mass expulsion of french speaking inhabi tants of lorraine faced with a choice between de portation to poland or unoccupied france train loads of these unfortunates have been streaming into lyon the open disagreement on this matter under scored the failure of vice premier laval to negotiate successfully with the nazis for amelioration of the french position at the same time there was in creasing evidence that the french were resisting axis attempts to secure strategic footholds in the french colonial empire dispatches from berne in dicate that general weygand may be preparing to safeguard the french grip on north africa at any cost perhaps against the openly expressed designs of the italians as well as against general de gaulle the war front for the time being italy was in no position for additional military operations three weeks after the beginning of the greek offen sive the fascist forces had lost most of their early gains and had retreated into albania while greek troops were threatening the important italian base of koritza 10 miles inside the albanian frontier it seemed likely that the italians would temporarily assume the defensive in this area until their forces could be augmented and reorganized by general ubaldo soddu the fascist undersecretary for war who has recently arrived in the battle zone such a task would necessarily precede resumption of the campaign which will probably be accompanied in future by much more active aerial support and will be planned as a slow advance through difficult ter rain rather than a lightning conquest british sea and air power struck heavily for greece as well as britain on november 12 when accord ing to british reports bombers and torpedo planes from two british aircraft carriers raided the italian fleet at taranto and badly damaged three capital ships and other vessels the italians insist that only one warship was seriously hit if the british claim is correct the balance of naval power has been heavily shifted in favor of britain in the mediter ranean under these circumstances the british base hastily established at crete may serve as a point of departure for destructive raids against italian sea communications and britain may find it possible to shift some vessels from the eastern mediterranean to gibraltar or the far east in any case the demon stration of the effectiveness of air power brilliantly employed against even well protected capital ships is fraught with significance for the future of fleets page two i in the narrow waters around the european continent on the british front a series of developments brought home the rigor of the conflict with unaccus tomed severity on november 5 a german sea raider had attacked a convoy of 38 british vessels in the atlantic and german sources had claimed that all were sunk british information subsequently dis closed that the heroic stand of the auxiliary cruiser jervis bay had permitted all but four of the ships tp scatter and reach safety but the incident served as q striking warning of the peril to british shipping from nazi vessels based on french and norwegian ports even more serious was the mass air raid of the german air force on coventry during the night of november 14 15 which devastated the city of 250 000 and cost about 1,000 casualties this attack was followed by unusually heavy raids against london and by retaliatory action against hamburg by the r.a.f with air warfare reaching its full destructive power it was an open question how long the com pact industrial areas of britain could survive intense bombing without serious reduction of output the british however appear determined to continue re sistance no matter what the difficulties until they can take the field in a final offensive against the reich to prepare for this eventuality an army cooperation command is to be formed december by the r.a.f to prepare for attack and dive bomb ing operations in close conjunction with operations by ground troops thus the british are paying their opponents the compliment of imitation and it may be assumed will employ the new command for put poses similar to those of the comparable german squadrons davin h popper a new crisis in indo china growing japanese military and naval concentra tions off china’s southern coasts during recent weeks have again created serious concern over the outlook in southeast asia unsettled issues between thailand siam and indo china and the uncertain attitudes of these countries toward japan’s aims add further complications to the situation in this critical theatre of far eastern developments japan's recent moves in mid november japanese troops and transports were being concen trated at haiphong main seaport of indo china kwangchou site of a french leasehold on china’s southern coast and hainan island this movement had begun at the end of october when japanese military forces withdrew from nanning capital of the southern province of kwangsi further with drawals have since occurred throughout the yangtze valley with japanese troops reported moving south ward from nanking hankow and other cities in central china the size of this concentration indi cates that an important move may be in prepara tion directed possibly against saigon the largest city on indo china’s southeastern coast in this area lies the naval base at cam ranh bay which would be of great strategic value for an advance agains the dutch east indies or british malaya the excel lent motor highway from saigon to bangkok mort over offers the most direct route into thailand change in fpa radio time beginning sunday november 24 the fpa’s radio pro gram will be broadcast 15 minutes earlier from 2 15 to 2 30 e.s.t on that date mrs vera micheles dean will discuss russia's role in the world conflict we are eager to have your comments and those of your friends if you have not been able to hear the broadcasts please urge your local station to carry the fpa radio program 30 58 yur its from the indo china coast possession of saigon would thus enable japan to strengthen its ties with thailand or exert pressure on the thai authorities thailand's strategic position intimately affects the security of both malaya and burma and the king dom has increasingly become a focal point in the military and diplomatic maneuvers concerning south east asia thus far it has carefully refrained from committing itself in its foreign policy either to japan or the western powers its continued pressure on the indo china authorities for a territorial read justment however has led to troop concentrations on both sides of the border alleged air incursions and a possible outbreak of full dress hostilities thai land’s demands on indo china seem to align it with tokyo and may presage a simultaneous attack on the french colony if japan moves on saigon jap anese press reports of november 18 claiming that britain and the united states were about to sign a military agreement with thailand have been de nied by officials at washington and bangkok thai land’s real attitude thus still remains uncertain the possibility of an important japanese move in the near future was further indicated by an imperial conference which met on november 12 in tokyo the last such conference held on september 19 sanctioned japan’s pact with the axis powers tokyo dispatches suggest that the latest conference ap proved a treaty which has been under negotiation for many months with wang ching wei head of the japanese sponsored régime at nanking the conference may also have approved plans for action in the south china sea or it may have considered the terms of a soviet japanese pact such an agreement was widely believed to be a possible outcome of the molotov hitler conferences on november 12 13 at berlin on november 15 however the official soviet news agency tass de nied published reports that japan had reached an agreement with the soviet union outlining spheres of influence in the far east and providing for ces sation of soviet aid to the chinese government at chungking this denial it should be noted does not altogether exclude the possibility of some less extensive arrangement between japan and the us.s.r a pact may yet be signed which covers specifically soviet japanese issues such as trade matters or the fisheries question or which provides for soviet neutrality in case japan becomes involved in war in southeast asia anglo american policy preparations by the western powers to meet a possible japanese page three thrust into southeast asia are evident on a number of fronts on november 14 it was announced in london that further reinforcements had reached the far east although the numbers and character of these reinforcements were not specified at the same time a new post commander in chief in the far east was created and air chief marshal sir rob ert brooke popham assigned to this command which covers malaya burma and hongkong with head quarters at singapore during the past few weeks additional american air squadrons have been sent to the philippines and hawaii while the fleet is being overhauled in successive contingents on the pacific coast the third and last contingent reached san pedro on november 14 and will probably re turn to hawaiian waters before the end of the month results of the anglo american australian conversations on defense matters in the pacific may be revealed when lord lothian the british am bassador returns to washington pan american air ways has requested permission of the civil aeronau tics board to fly its trans pacific clippers into singa pore and a regular fortnightly schedule between manila and singapore will probably be inaugurated efforts at conciliation have also continued to mark british and american policy toward japan on no vember 10 joseph c grew american ambassador at tokyo held a lengthy conference with the jap anese foreign minister yosuke matsuoka this conference was said to have occurred in an ex tremely friendly atmosphere and the possibility of a new effort to improve japanese american rela tions was seen as its result on november 13 more over the details of an agreement affecting the oil supplies of the netherlands indies which are con trolled by british dutch and american interests was announced at batavia under the terms of the agreement japan’s supplies of petroleum and gaso line obtained from the east indies would rise from 494,000 tons a year to 1,800,000 tons anglo ameri can approval of the arrangement was seen in the provision that united states and british companies would act as agents in supplying the oil to the jap anese interests it remains to be seen whether these conciliatory measures will induce tokyo to stay its hand in southeast asia the immediate course of events depends largely on the use to which japan puts the forces now concentrated off china’s southern coasts if the decision is for another forward move a se vere crisis seems almost certain to result t a bisson foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 5 novemmber 22 1940 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lest secretary vera miche.tes dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year pw 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building nov 19 as the united states continues its preparations to fortify the sites for the eight new naval and air bases acquired from britain in sep tember it becomes increasingly clear that washing ton is making headway in its larger program for use of other bases in latin america and the pacific state department spokesmen have repeatedly denied that any additional agreements have been concluded but have consistently affirmed that negotiations for joint use of latin american bases are in progress work advances on new atlantic bases the navy department announced on no vember 18 that the united states and great britain have agreed on the exact sites for american land plane seaplane and naval bases in seven of the eight british colonies where this country acquired rights under the september 3 transaction newfoundland will contain an air base and army training ground as well as a naval station of about 22 acres on the south side of st john’s harbor bermuda will pro vide land plane and seaplane bases a naval station and storage space for explosives these two outposts which will protect the vital industrial area along the eastern seaboard of the united states are now be ing surveyed in detail by groups of american army and civilian engineers in jamaica only 594 miles from the panama canal military airfields and naval dockyards are to be used jointly by great britain and the united states one of the first of the new caribbean sea plane bases to be developed will be at gros islet bay in st lucia this site is only 25 miles south of the french island of martinique the status of which has caused concern for the united states government ever since france’s surrender to nazi germany in june other land plane and seaplane bases primar ily for patrol squadrons will be established at antigua midway between st lucia and the exist ing united states base at san juan culebra st thomas and at british guiana on the northeast ern coast of south america in the bahamas united states patrol vessels will have use of the waters of abraham bay at mayaguana island north of the important windward passage between the atlantic and the caribbean additional facilities at st lucia and valuable strategic sites at trinidad are still be ing considered by the british and american govern ments inter american defense talks as for bases in latin america secretary hull on october 14 stated that no change of sovereignty over any latin american territory was contemplated although joint defense talks with most of the latin ameri can governments were being conducted within the framework of agreements signed at the panama and havana conferences under secretary sumner welles repeated these points on november 13 when he denied that the united states had ever sought directly or indirectly to obtain the lease or cession of air and naval bases in uruguay he indicated however that this country might accept invitations to share in the use of such bases in south america the diplomatic formula according to which wash ington is negotiating with latin american govern ments seems to be that each participating american republic is to construct on its own territory what ever bases are needed for continental defense while the united states stands ready to provide all pos sible technical and financial assistance whenever aid of this nature is desired this formula apparently is acceptable to most of the latin american gov ernments concerned although a majority of them would doubtless follow the lead of chile argentina and uruguay in refusing to countenance the idea of united states bases on their territory despite a state department denial that it was negotiating with the mexican government for a pact similar to the united states canadian agreement which in av gust created a joint permanent defense board per sistent reports in washington anticipate the conclu sion of a special defense arrangement between this country and mexico new bases in the pacific on several oc casions government leaders in washington have in dicated a desire for additional air and naval outposts to reinforce hemisphere defense in the pacific and some of the new latin american bases presumably will be constructed on the western coasts of central and south america despite possible agreement with great britain covering bases in the far east final decisions regarding their use by this country will have to await a clearer formulation of american far eastern policy that naval cooperation might be extended to the netherlands indies was indicated on november 14 in the announcement from batavia that the dutch naval base at surabaya would be et larged to accommodate capital ships the largest netherland warships it should be noted are cruisers of only 8,350 tons a randle elliott vers past tion exp alb ture whi tow pog c mig atta colu the and poir mot trar han una mor sim the new may stan whi tack mai it c har ital aeg thes frot gre +prriodical general ut ar wetiv entered as 2nd class matter general library university of michigan e 2 10 ann arbor michigan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y ov lem rina dea pite ting r to au per clu this oc 2 in rosts and ably ntral with final will rican ht be d of tavia e ef rgest 1isers vor xx no 6 november 29 1940 greek victory strengthens british in near east he striking victories of the greek army against the italians overshadowed the diplomatic maneu vers of the axis powers in the balkans during the past week and greatly strengthened britain’s posi tion in the near east greek troops have not only expelled the italian invader but have penetrated albania at four points on november 22 they cap tured the important albanian town of koritza from which the italians had launched their ill starred drive toward salonika and two days later they reached pogradec a frontier village which the italian army might have used as the starting point for a flank attack through yugoslavia to the southwest greek columns advanced on argyrokastron through which the italians had directed their thrust toward yanina and threatened porto edda an italian debarkation point greek conquest of the southern and most mountainous part of albania appears possible con trary to every original expectation the italians handicapped by insufficient preparations have been unable to utilize their superior equipment in the mountains and have retreated steadily before the simple and highly individualized tactics adopted by the greek evzones provided the greeks manage to consolidate their new positions and do not overextend their lines they may prove able for a considerable period to with stand other italian attacks from albania mean while the british air force supported by small de tachments of troops has set up bases on the greek mainland and on the island of crete from which it can bomb italian objectives more effectively and harass italy’s supply lines to albania and libya italy's control of the dodecanese islands in the aegean has also been jeopardized particularly since these islands are already reported to be suffering from a severe shortage of supplies axis maneuver in the balkans these greek british victories are especially important be cause they come at a time when the axis powers are attempting to line up the balkans in support of their new order in europe already the hungarian rumanian and slovak premiers have visited ger many to formalize their adherence to the tripartite pact concluded on september 27 1940 by germany japan and italy hungary signed the pact on novem ber 20 while rumania and the german protectorate slovakia followed on november 23 and 24 respec tively in accordance with the hierarchical order which the axis powers are seeking to establish the smaller nations were not admitted as equal part ners they will be represented on the joint technical commission which is to implement the pact only when the questions under consideration touch their interests up to the present yugoslavia bulgaria and tur key have given no indication that they will heed repeated german and italian admonitions to join this alignment and they have probably been en couraged to oppose such demands by the successful resistance of the greeks strong axis pressure has been exerted in belgrade and sofia because their two governments could greatly facilitate another attack on greece the vardar river valley through yugo slavia affords relatively easy access to salonika and from the bulgarian mountains german troops might descend on the narrow aegean littoral held by greece for italy the subjugation of greece is abso lutely necessary not only to recover its prestige but to dislodge the raf from its new bases while ger many has hitherto regarded the greek campaign as an exclusive italian venture and still continues to maintain diplomatic relations with greece it cannot permit the italians to collapse or suffer an irreparable blow the first definite indication of berlin’s new attitude came on november 24 when the diplo matisch politische korres pondenz semi official organ of the foreign office accused the greek premier a one general metaxas of being a british tool and of en larging the scope of the war despite their obvious interest in winning over yugoslavia and bulgaria german spokesmen had to admit on november 25 that no further acces sions to the tripartite pact could be expected for the time being even bulgaria which hopes to re cover access to the aegean at the expense of greece has managed to resist the blandishments of the axis powers soviet pressure may have affected bulgaria's policy the more since russia and germany do not yet appear to have completely adjusted their con flicting interests in the balkans on november 22 for instance the official soviet news agency tass denied specifically that hungary’s adherence to the axis tokyo alliance had taken place with the co operation and full approval of the soviet union moscow's new ambassador to berlin vice foreign commissar v g dekanozoff is known as an expert on the balkans and the near east two subjects on which further negotiations with germany will un doubtedly prove necessary turkey resists german pressure ger many also appears to have had no success with tur key which still stubbornly follows an independent course ankara’s determination to resist attack was re emphasized on november 22 when as a precau tionary measure martial law was declared in the turkish districts adjoining both sides of the dar danelles and the bosporus the germans however are assuring turkey that they harbor no designs on its territory and want solely to insure its neutrality in the eastern mediterranean conflict while con trol of the turkish straits would give the reich greater bargaining power in its relations with the soviet union a german attempt to conquer tur key would be extremely difficult to reach the oil fields of iraq or palestine and egypt a ger man army would have to cross the straits in the face of enemy fire and traverse more than a thousand miles of terrain in which communications are wholly inadequate realizing the strength of their position the turks are not inclined to surrender their present policy of benevolent neutrality toward greece and britain in return for a worthless guarantee against aggression by the axis on the other hand turkey’s offensive strength is so limited that it may hesitate coming f.p.a discussions date place topic nov 28 st paul the paradox of canada minneapolis how much can we defend dec 3 pittsburgh j american policy in the far east dec 4 hartford the struggle for the mediterranean dec 5 worcester showdown in asia dec 6 boston lessons for u.s in fall of france dec 7 providence the far eastern situation new york does europe face famine page two el eee a long time before actively joining the war against italy and germany although thwarted for the moment in the balkans the reich can draw considerable encouragement from the progress of its war against the british isles where it believes the war will in the last analysis be decided german raiders and submarines cop tinue to sink british merchantmen at a rate which justifies britain's growing concern about the avail ability of sufficient shipping facilities the germans have followed up their devastating raid on coventry by air attacks of equal intensity on the ports of south ampton liverpool and bristol the vital industrial city of birmingham and other towns in the midlands as yet the raf seems unable to stage similar mags raids against german industrial centers its scattered attacks on german munitions factories apparently have not inflicted damage on a scale comparable to that wrought by the luftwaffe on british plants the disparity in industrial resources seems to be widening to germany's advantage only greater aid from the united states in the form of ships and war supplies can narrow or close that gap john c dewilde w t stone to broadcast american aid to britain will be discussed by william t stone vice president of the association and head of its washington bureau on the fpa’s radio program on sunday december 1 these broad casts are given every sunday from 2 15 to 2 30 p.m e.s.t if you have not been able to hear the pro grams please urge your local radio station to carry the broadcast we are eager to have your comments and those of your friends beyond german victory by helen hill and herbert agar new york reynal and hitchcock 1940 1.00 a tract for the times in which the authors call for im mediate action against hitler they are at their best in demonstrating how the nazis are immensely strengthened not weakened by each successive campaign chronology of failure the last days of the french re public by hamilton fish armstrong new york mae millan 1940 1.50 writing with his customary insight and skill mr armstrong tells the absorbing story of the nazi blitzkrieg in the west and the collapse of france his day by day at count is at once dramatic and reliable his analysis of the causes of the french defeat is singularly well balanced haiti and the united states 1714 1938 by ludwell le montague durham duke university press 1940 3.00 an exceptionally careful and interesting study of the republic of haiti its strategic situation history govert ment people economy and foreign trade inside asia by john gunther new york harper and brothers 1939 3.50 an excellent companion to inside europe this work has already served to introduce many readers to the intricacies of asiatic politics beginning with japan and china it ranges through the wide field covered by southeast asia india and the near east ente l by tion a’s oad p.m pro arty ents gar r im st in ened h re mae mr krieg ly ac f the anced 1 lee 3.00 f the vern r and k has cacies na it asia trends in latin america by john i b mcculloch throughout latin america interest has been stirred by the creation in madrid of a vaguely defined consejo de hispanicismo a propaganda organ by means of which the franco government hopes to extend its influence over the former spanish colonies since relations between spain and the latin ameri can republics have been none too cordial in recent months and since spain’s gravitation toward the axis powers has aroused general concern this most recent step on the part of the madrid régime has been coldly received in the latin republics of the new world progress in economic cooperation several months ago the united states congress au thorized the export import bank to increase its lending facilities by half a billion dollars in order to help the countries of the western hemisphere since then the largest credits granted by the bank have gone to brazil 20,000,000 for aid in the con struction of a steel mill and a further 25,000,000 which will be made available to the bank of brazil in the shape of a revolving fund to facilitate pur chases from the united states a smaller credit has been granted to costa rica a cuban commission is now in the united states negotiating a loan and other similar arrangements are pending the most significant development on the economic front how ever was the arrival on november 13 in washington of an argentine financial mission headed by dr rail prebisch general manager of the argentine central bank last january negotiations for a reciprocal trade agreement between argentina and the united states were broken off and economic relations between the two countries are far from satisfactory the crux of the problem is the fact that the united states is itself a producer of argentina’s leading commodi ties cereals and meat and is therefore not in a posi tion to offer a market for argentine exports ar gentina’s chief customer great britain has been forced by wartime conditions to pay for argentine commodities to a considerable extent in blocked sterling on september 19 alleging scarcity of ex change argentina imposed a temporary ban sub sequently lifted on imports from the united states to meet the various issues raised by this problem it has been suggested that the united states argen tina and great britain might establish a tripartite arrangement whereby this country would sup ply the funds for unfreezing argentine balances blocked in london at present negotiations are in an exploratory stage and the washington admin istration has not yet committed itself to definite measures should argentine united states economic relations be placed on a more satisfactory basis as a result of current discussions this country will have moved a long way toward satisfying one of the basic prerequisites of any genuine hemisphere defense new mexican president to be inau gurated the inauguration of general manuel avila camacho as president of mexico on decem ber 1 is the most important impending event in latin american domestic politics the installation of the new mexican régime will bring to an end a long drawn out post election struggle between fol lowers of avila camacho and supporters of gen eral juan andreu almazan his chief opponent at the polls in recent weeks there has been a notice able dwindling of almaz4n support and many of the defeated candidate's chief advisers have made their peace with the government the appointment of vice president elect henry a wallace to repre sent the united states at the inaugural ceremonies is seen as a final blow to almazan hopes in effect this amounts to a recognition on washington's part of avila camacho as successor to lazaro cardenas presumably wallace’s visit will be the occasion of fresh negotiations with regard to mat ters still pending between the two republics notably the oil situation and agrarian claims the inauguration of avila camacho for a six year term may bring in its wake new domestic problems for mexico behind his candidacy have been aligned two diametrically opposed groups the left wing headed by vicente lombardo toledano secretary general of the dominant mexican labor confedera tion and the right wing represented by such close associates of avila camacho as ex president emilio portes gil a sharp struggle between these two rival groups is anticipated with the new president’s own sympathies enlisted in favor of the conservative faction for more extensive coverage on latin american affairs read pan american news for sample copy of this publication write to the washington bureau foreign policy association 1200 national press building washington d.c foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 6 november 29 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f laer secretary vera micugeres dean eéitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year s81 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building nov 25 with aid to britain approaching a new peak there are indications that the rapidly expand ing needs of the british empire may lead to a re newed congressional battle over america’s relation to the war early in the next session at first glance this may seem surprising in view of the fact that both major parties are committed to the policy of supporting great britain and that congress has approved or accepted virtually every measure pro posed by the president and yet if the prevailing views of congress are examined more closely they reveal divergent assumptions which are likely to touch off a new debate two hypotheses it is important to remem ber that the program of aid to britain has been supported in congress by different groups for dif ferent reasons according to one group full as sistance to great britain is a moral obligation as well as a political necessity many who accept this hypothesis believe that britain is fighting our war and that it would be better for the united states to go to war itself rather than face the kind of world which would follow a nazi victory consequently they would be prepared to take whatever steps are necessary even to the point of military intervention in order to prevent an outcome of the war which would leave the united states alone in a world dom inated by a hostile and victorious totalitarian bloc the second group maintains that support for britain is essential in order to gain time for the completion of our own program of national defense many who hold this view are prepared to give all possible economic and diplomatic aid short of war in the belief that it will keep war away from the new world but they reject the thesis that this is our war and hold that it would be suicidal for the united states actively to enter the war now faced with the choice of immediate intervention in europe or fighting later in the western hemisphere they would take their stand on the hemisphere defense line up to the present these divergent assumptions have not hampered the effective application of the administration’s program as the election demon strated both groups concede that the vital interests of the united states would be adversely affected by an axis victory and both recognize that the effective ness of our defense program will depend upon britain's ability to resist so far however the funda mental issues have not been presented candidly either side at least in open debate political leaders who privately believe that the united states must throw its full weight into the balance continue to assert in public that we can turn the balance without direct military intervention ignoring the fact that half measures are not likely to be effective in total war on the other hand those who hold that the united states can safely take its stand in the west ern hemisphere regardless of the outcome in europe and asia continue to close their eyes to the possi bility that a defeated britain might even be forced to join a victorious axis bloc thus confronting this country with a far more formidable problem in latip america finally both groups have probably over estimated britain’s strength and underestimated the extent to which the united states has become the decisive factor in the balance of power britain’s increasing needs lord lothian’s frank statement of british needs made in an interview on his return from london on novem ber 24 may bring about a more frank and realistic appraisal of america’s relation to the war but it may also sharpen the opposition of that section of congressional opinion which favored aid to england only to gain time for our own defense program by his blunt warning that england faces a long war that the british government is nearing the end of its financial resources and that it will need financial aid as well as more planes munitions and ships for the tough year ahead lord lothian compelled con gress and the american public to recognize that this country has already become the decisive factor in britain’s calculations for 1941 and the ensuing years the demand for the use of american ships even more than the need for loans and credits will pre cipitate congressional debate for the logical sequel to sending american ships into the war zone is to provide american naval convoys thus bringing the war close to the united states in november 1939 congress passed a revised neutrality act setting rigid limitations on the use by belligerents of the american merchant marine and american financial aid up to the present that act has prevented any incident which would be regarded by the united states as a casus belli at its next session congress must decide whether or not maritime and financial aid to britain are sufficiently important to the united states to justify the risk of war w t stone vor tect ap +g a funda dl a must nue to vithout ct that n total nat the west europe 2 possi forced ing this in latin ly over ited the yme the lord made in noven realistic but tt ction of england ram by ng wat end of financial ships for led con that this factor if ng years ips even will pre al sequel one is to ging the ber 1939 t setting ts of the financial nted any e united congress financial re united stone general librarghntered as 2nd class matter university of michigan ann arbor nichtcawee 4g foreign policy bublelin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xx no 7 december 6 1940 u.s loan counters japan nanking treaty gpbaeee'an moves at washington and nanking on november 30 emphasized continuing jap anese american differences in regard to china in the capital of occupied china lieutenant general abe special japanese envoy signed a treaty with wang ching wei head of the nanking régime pro viding for the readjustment of sino japanese re lations from washington came the announcement that the united states was extending additional cred its totaling 100,000,000 to the chinese govern ment at chungking on the same day at his press conference secretary hull called attention to his previous statement on march 30 1940 when japan set up the nanking government at that time he characterized japan's action as a further step in the program of one country by armed force to impose its will upon a neighboring country new loans to china announcement of the credits to china was contained in statements by the president and mr jesse jones federal loan ad ministrator the export import bank has already agreed to advance half of the total amount the second 50,000,000 will be provided by the u s treasury and was approved by the monetary commit tees of congress on december 2 as in previous loans to china the new advances will be covered by pur chases of specified chinese commodities in this case the metals reserve company is arranging to pur chase additional quantities of chinese tungsten an timony and tin valued at 60,000,000 during the next few years although the two loans are to be retired by con tinuing purchases of commodities from china they are distinct so far as their uses are concerned the treasury loan according to the president’s state ment will be used for purposes of monetary pro tection and management as between american and chinese currencies this credit will presumably be applied entirely to stabilization operations and thus will not be used to finance direct chinese purchases in the american market on the other hand the loan advanced by the export import bank will be used for general pur poses 1 apparently to cover american commodi ties purchased by the chinese government goods commonly suggested include trucks gasoline and foodstuffs but not munitions up to the present american loan contracts with china have specifically prohibited purchases of american munitions the congressional act of september 26 1940 however which increased the lending authority of the export import bank removed the limitations on loans for arms purchases china’s authorities may therefore be able to devote part of the proceeds of the new loan from the export import bank to purchases of munitions although the final details have not yet been worked out some confusion as to the exact total of recent american loans to china has been created by in clusion in estimates of the old 50,000,000 cotton and wheat loan originally granted in may 1933 this agreement was canceled in april 1935 after some 16,000,000 had been utilized by china three additional loans excluding the latest credits an nounced on november 30 have been made to china as follows 25,000,000 december 1938 20,000,000 march 1940 and 25,000,000 sep tember 1940 of this total of 86,000,000 ap proximately 43,824,000 have been actually dis bursed with payments by china totaling 13 160,000 the japan nanking treaty formal rec ognition of the nanking government extended by japan in the new treaty with wang ching wei has been delayed for eight months lieutenant general abe originally went to nanking with plenipoten tiary powers last april for the announced purpose of arranging the treaty just signed two main fac tors account for this long delay the first has been wang ching wei’s signal failure to attract popular support or wean political leaders away from chung king the aiead b has been japan’s hope that chi nese military resistance would laa down that a peace on japanese terms could be dictated and that the nanking and chungking régimes might then be merged signature of the present treaty thus rep resents an admission that these hopes have not been attained especially since tokyo has apparently been making sub rosa peace offers to the chungking au thorities during recent weeks it is now clear that the chinese government has rejected all such over tures and that japan has perforce been led to sign a formal treaty with wang ching wei the new treaty makes little real change in japan’s present position in china its provisions are so vaguely worded as to place no effective obstacles in the way of the de facto control which tokyo exer cises in occupied china both in political and eco nomic affairs for the future japan’s armed forces will continue to occupy north china and inner mongolia although they will withdraw from the rest of china within two years after a general peace is established the treaty makes one point of some importance especially for propaganda purposes it provides for the abolition of extraterritoriality and for the ren dition of japanese concessions to china although japan of course intends to dominate the govern ment of china to which it yields these privileges the offer can be played up for its effect on chinese opin ion on this significant issue the democracies have it in their power to make a crushing retort it has been suggested that britain and the united states germany seeks to reorganize balkans germany's drive to bring all european countries into its new order came to a sudden halt on no vember 25 when it was announced in berlin that no new adherences were expected to the axis jap anese alliance of september 27 which hungary rumania and slovakia had signed within one week this abrupt suspension of nazi activities on the diplomatic front may have been due in part to the unexpected success of greek and british arms against italy and in part to russia’s reticence concerning its attitude toward the new order the victories of the greek forces which on december 3 were un officially reported within 30 miles of tirana capital of albania have severely shaken italy’s prestige throughout the mediterranean from spain to egypt and may strengthen british influence in the balkans and the near east at the same time m molotov after listening to the proposals made to him by cf greek was syrotm british in near east foreign policy bulletin november 2 page two immediately conclude treaties with the chungking government providing specifically for the abolitiog of extraterritoriality and the rendition of concessions and settlements within a fixed period after china has re established its territorial and administrative integrity precedent for this action exists in the american treaty with china signed in july 1928 which led to chinese tariff autonomy the move would strengthen chinese morale and enhance demo cratic prestige in the far east japan’s southward drive the concen tration of japanese troops off china’s southern coasts has thus far led to no concrete action difficulties between france and thailand siam continue along the border of indo china with reports of hos tilities and mutual air raids dispatches from bang kok state that thai troops have occupied a small section of territory in southern indo china opposite saigon reported incidents in the dutch east indies affecting japanese nationals have also been prominently featured in the tokyo press it seems evident that japan’s recent efforts to clear the way for a southward drive have not been successful attempts to arrange a peace with china have failed and prospects of a quick settlement ap pear less likely than ever military operations in china are becoming more extensive a renewed jap anese offensive is taking place along the han river valley in hupeh province and heavy fighting is oc curring in shansi negotiations for a general soviet japanese accord have apparently bogged down in moscow and the present conversations have turned to the perennial fisheries question since the current fisheries accord expires on december 31 t a bisson hitler in berlin on november 12 and by lieutenant general tatekawa new japanese ambassador in moscow has given no indication that russia ap proves of nazi plans for a new order in europe and asia on the contrary there are signs thal the soviet government may have used its influenc in bulgaria and turkey to counteract germanys diplomatic campaign ste aps gh regular membership c.ccccccscmcrnemeernnsee associate membershi special subscription to headline a pe i aii cach liveries gr members sending in 2 or more regular memberships may obtain them at a special gift price of 4.50 each w it w lieve suffet sion attacl out t out f for artn balke an whicl kirk trieve aid yugce man thrai the n ceedi bulg many ernm whicl ing c offici were to av reant lowe sever inces gene hithe was nove tion iron ing t the s accor on n at al vanic indic tran gust pore headqu entered essions china strative in the y 1928 move demo concen n coasts ficulties ontinue of hos n bang a small opposite ch east so been forts to 10t been h china nent ap tions in wed jap an river ng is oc soviet down in e turned current bisson eutenant sador if ussia ap n europe 2 ee igns that influenct yermanys ips may ch a a will germany aid italy in balkans it would be wishful thinking however to be lieve that germany will stand idly by while italy suffers reverses in the mediterranean the impres sion is gaining ground that mussolini launched an attack on greece without due preparation and with out the approval of hitler in the hope of carving out for italy a sphere of influence in the balkans for which he would not be indebted to his axis partner by this move mussolini spread war to the balkans a development hitherto opposed in berlin and gave the british a foothold on the continent which they had lacked since their retreat from dun kirk i duce moreover appears determined to re trieve italy’s prestige without appeal for german aid yet negotiations between germany and the yugoslav government may be the prelude to a ger man drive through hungary and yugoslavia into thrace a section of greece claimed by bulgaria at the moment a diplomatic struggle appears to be pro ceeding behind the scenes between those elements in bulgaria and yugoslavia which believe that ger many is on the point of victory and urge their gov ernments to climb on the nazi bandwagon and those which still look to the soviet union for aid in block ing german expansion civil war in rumania german plans for reorganization of the balkans may be furthered by the disorders bordering on a state of anarchy which broke out in rumania on november 27 when 64 officials associated with the régime of king carol ii were executed by radical members of the iron guard to avenge the execution in 1938 of corneliu cod reanu iron guard leader and a number of his fol lowers these disorders which apparently claimed several hundred lives in bucharest and the prov inces notably the oil fields of ploesti occurred while general antonescu the rumanian premier who had hitherto sought to moderate iron guard excesses was absent in berlin on his return to bucharest on november 28 general antonescu with the coopera tion of his vice premier horia sima a moderate iron guardist attempted to restore order by plac ing the rumanian army on an emergency basis at the same time he took part in the elaborate funeral accorded to codreanu by his iron guard supporters on november 29 two days later during ceremonies at alba julia commemorating the cession of transyl vania to rumania 22 years ago general antonescu indicated that he would seek to recover northern transylvania ceded by rumania to hungary on au gust 30 at the orders of the axis powers and said page three germany and italy had shown understanding for rumania’s sufferings in the absence of first hand information it is dif ficult to determine whether the nazis incited the mass executions of the iron guard in the course of which perished not only a number of police and government officials but also many leading ru manian intellectuals it is obvious that the state of anarchy to which rumania has been reduced cannot be helpful to the germans who need peace and order for full utilization of rumanian oil and food stuffs yet rumania’s plight may be used by the nazis to justify complete occupation of the country on december 2 it was reported that four additional divisions were on their way to rumania and that field marshal general wilhelm keitel commander in chief of the german forces had been entrusted with the task of bringing order out of chaos while the world’s attention was focused on greece and rumania britain continued to suffer increasingly destructive air raids on its ports and war industries as well as submarine attacks on its shipping the struggle between britain and ger many is rapidly approaching a critical stage more critical perhaps than people in britain and the united states have yet begun to realize now that the con tinent for the most part under nazi rule is threat ened with shortages of food and fuel as well as with the kind of political breakdown that has de veloped in rumania germany would probably wel come an early cessation of the war which would permit it to consolidate its control of europe at the same time britain faced with declining industrial production sharply increased shipping losses and the unremitting dangers of air raids and winter life in shelters presses the united states for the greatly accelerated aid it needs if it is to carry on single handed its struggle against germany should additional american aid either not be forth coming or else owing to delays in industrial pro duction and legislative procedures be unavailable for months to come the possibility that new peace feelers might be put out in the near future cannot be excluded with britain and germany locked in stalemate the rdle of the two great non belligerent powers the united states and the soviet union assumes paramount importance for the outcome of the conflict vera m dean listen in to the fpa’s radio program next sunday david h popper will broadcast from 2 15 to 2 30 p.m e.s.t the subject is axis prospects in the balkans foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 7 dsgcemmber 6 1940 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leger secretary vera michetgs dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year sis produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building dec 3 before taking any legislative action on financial aid to britain washington plans to explore other methods of dealing with the problem and in more carefully into the empire’s existing cial resources in this country while the im portance of stepping up delivery of war materials to england is fully appreciated here lord lothian’s statement that the british government is nearing the end of its resources is viewed with considerable skepticism this attitude is not only reflected in the decision of the senate foreign relations com mittee november 27 to postpone consideration of the johnson act and the neutrality law until the next session but is also evident in some of the executive departments directly concerned with british purchasing operations britain’s financial balance sheet it is difficult to draw up a precise balance sheet as the exact resources available to britain for war pur chases in this country are not known however a rough estimate may be made on the basis of trade and financial data collected by various government agencies at the beginning of the war the assets of great britain and canada were summarized as follows by the federal reserve board united kingdom central api reserves 2,000,000,000 dollar balances 595,000,000 stocks and bonds 735,000,000 direct investments 900,000,000 4,230,000,000 canada central gold reserves 215,000,000 dollar balances 355,000,000 stocks and bonds 500,000,000 direct investments 560,000,000 1,630,000,000 total u.k and canada 5,860,000,000 this total of course includes direct investments in american enterprises such as railways utilities and factories which could not be readily converted into cash excluding all direct investments however the liquid assets of britain and canada amounted to at least 4,400,000,000 how much of this has been drawn on for pur chases in the united states is not entirely a matter of guesswork during the first thirteen months of the war our exports to all british countries excluding minor colonies totaled 1,861,400,000 and our im ports from these sources amounted to 1,046,906,009 leaving the empire with an adverse commodity balance of about 814,500,000 it is most unlikely that this trade deficit has placed a serious strain on british resources in the united states while great britain and canada exported no less than 3,842,000,000 in gold to the united states during the first thirteen months of the war a large portion of this gold probably belonged ty you france holland and other european countries and even the british share cannot have been entirely used up for payments of war supplies that britain's liquid resources in the united states were not ex tensively tapped is indicated by the most recent treasury figures showing that the british and canadian dollar balances declined by only 169 000,000 and sale of securities amounted to only 193,000,000 the balance of commodity trade of course does not tell the whole story british war purchases ate now running far in excess of last year and advance war orders are assumed to be in the neighborhood of two billion dollars moreover the british are known to be advancing funds for the expansion of american airplane factories shipyards and other mu nitions facilities they are also using some of theit american assets to pay for latin american trade nevertheless the consensus in washington is that british purchases could be continued at the present rate of increase for at least a year or eighteen months without draining the financial resources of the em pire the assumption therefore is that great britain has raised the issue at this time for political rather than economic reasons in the purely economic field there are several ways in which the united states might ease britain’s credit position without repeal of existing legislation the rfc for example coule extend loans to american industry for plant expat sion thus relieving the british of this necessity the treasury could use its equalization fund to bij sterling or the export import bank might exten credits to cover latin american trade with greil britain in fact some of these methods are being employed at the present time the political issue however raises the dired question whether the united states is prepared go the limit in supporting britain’s war effort the answer which the american people may wél ponder has not yet been disclosed in washingtot w t stone the h effect end greel base mate appal again terrar mand natio leade oppo chief garde had p was islanc opian the with point the miral of the th atte eral the f tainec milit count indic at th in al the egyp +entered as 2nd class matter general library university of michigatc 9 yap ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y nged to vor xx no 8 ies and ely used britain's not ex t recent ish and y 169 to only rse does 1ases in advance riborhood itish are insion of other mu of their an trade n is that e present n months the em at britain al rather mic field ted state mut repeal ple could int expalr sity the d to bu ht extent rith grea are being the dired repared war effort may wel ashingto stone __ december 13 1940 orld attention has been diverted from german raids on british cities and shipping to the mediterranean theatre of war by the shake up effected in the italian high command over the week end of december 7 the continued advance of the greeks who on december 8 captured the italian base at argyrokastron and reports of food and raw material shortages in italy in a series of changes apparently designed to prepare a counter thrust against the greeks in albania and the british medi terranean fleet mussolini assumed supreme com mand of the armed forces and accepted the resig nations of older and perhaps more cautious war leaders general badoglio who is reported to have opposed the albanian campaign was replaced as chief of staff by the younger general cavallero re garded as an ardent fascist general de vecchi who had participated with i duce in the march on rome was succeeded as governor of the dodecanese islands by general bastico a veteran of the ethi opian and spanish wars admiral riccardi who has the xeputation of being a brilliant officer familiar with coordination of air and naval forces was ap pointed naval chief of staff and under secretary of the navy replacing admiral cavagnari while ad mitral jacchini was given the title of commander of the fleet on the sea these rapid changes presage a vigorous italian attempt to stem the tide of the greek advance gen etal metaxas the greek premier is fully aware of the fact that the victories of his forces can be main tained only if greece is supplied with airplanes and military equipment to resist the anticipated italian counter attack and his appeal to president roosevelt indicated the urgent character of his country’s needs at the same time italy’s contemplated counterattack in albania may be hampered by the offensive which the british launched against the italian forces in egypt on december 9 italy grapples with military and economic problems italy’s economic problems in reorgan izing its albanian campaign moreover italy is con fronted not merely with military but also with eco nomic difficulties italy was relatively unaffected by the first ten months of the european war since as a non belligerent it could maintain communications with overseas countries notably the united states and latin america when italy entered the war in june 1940 britain promptly extended its blockade to the mediterranean and the british blockade has disorganized italy’s economy to a far greater degree than have military operations as pointed out by wil liam n hazen in a report recently issued by the united states department of agriculture it is estimated that in peace time 84 per cent of italy's imports arrived by sea of which 80 per cent had to pass through gibraltar and 5 per cent through the suez canal both controlled by britain with an additional 5 per cent passing through the darda nelles under normal circumstances italy received via gibraltar and suez 80 per cent of its cotton imports 90 per cent of its wool imports all of its rubber and jute 70 per cent of its cereal grain imports two thirds of its fats and oil imports and all of its foreign pur chases of coffee and meats since its entrance into the war italy has been cut off from overseas sup plies of fats oils and meats the three food prod ucts in which despite mussolini’s self sufficiency ef forts it is most deficient as a result the fascist government has prohibited consumption of coffee has introduced rationing of sugar fats spaghetti and rice has adulterated flour has designated four days of the week when no beef veal or chicken can be sold and may be expected to inaugurate further restrictions in the near future the italian people are confronted not only with rationing of essential foodstuffs but also with a sharp rise in prices estimated at well over 30 per cent even before italy entered the war which the government authorities have failed to control fascist calculations in june were apparently based first on the assumption that the war would prove of short duration and then when britain did not sur render following the collapse of france that italy might be able to replenish its food resources with imports from spain portugal scandinavia and the balkans the food reserves of the continental coun tries however have been for the most part appropri ated by germany and far from sharing these re serves with italy berlin is apparently pressing the italians for additional deliveries of food on de cember 5 it was disclosed that italy had signed an agreement with germany undertaking to increase food exports to the reich notably fruits and vege tables by intensifying its farm production and giv ing aid to farmers while the reich promised to stabilize agricultural prices by eliminating specu lative competition on world markets that these measures will necessitate increasingly drastic control of italy’s farmers was indicated on december 7 when the government announced its decision to im pose heavy penalties on farmers who withhold their produce from compulsory stozage as well as on mine owners who fail to speed up operations shortage of raw materials in addi tion to food problems italy is also experiencing a shortage of strategic raw materials such as rubber cotton wool and jute the hazen report states that italy's cotton reserves will be depleted by the end of 1940 and declares that on september 1 1940 the pirelli rubber company italy's largest producer page two l of rubber goods indicated it would soon be com pelled to reduce its activities drastically because of lack of supplies it also suggests that the italiag drive into egypt launched in september may haye been undertaken among other things for the pur pose of replenishing italy's diminishing supplies of cotton and vital foodstuffs italy moreover is be lieved to be suffering from a shortage of oil and its war with greece may deprive it of between 100,009 and 200,000 tons of crude oil which italian refinerie had been annually importing from albania while military reverses and economic privations may shake the morale of the italian people who have shown little or no enthusiasm for the war jt would be hazardous to anticipate an internal col lapse in italy the italians are being subjected t rapidly increasing economic pressure but they are by no means on the verge of starvation and unde a revitalized military command italy may still prove capable of striking a heavy blow at greece and a british forces in the mediterranean moreover im portant as the mediterranean theatre of war appears at the moment it should not divert world attention from the british isles on which germany continue to center its attacks for if british industrial produc j tion should be seriously slowed down by german air raids and british sea communications jeopardized by german and italian submarines anglo greek successes against italy would prove a hollow victory which might leave both britain and italy at the mercy of the reich vera micheles dean spain exacts price for peace britain’s renewed efforts to coordinate its military operations with simultaneous moves on the diplo matic front are strikingly illustrated in spain on december 8 after more than a month of negotia tions between london and madrid the british gov ernment announced that it had granted facilities for shipping to spain 6,000 tons of manganese ore ur gently needed by the spanish steel industry half of this ore as well as a large quantity of jute is to be imported from india the british broadcasting cor poration announced on december 8 that britain was also investigating the practicability of sending a large supply of wheat to spain where there is an acute shortage of whole flour milk meats and other just out the first of a series of reports on the military defenses of this country the u.s army in transition by david h popper 25c december 1 issue of foreign policy reports essential foodstuffs a trade agreement involving the importation of foodstuffs in fact is the subject of negotiations which madrid is now conducting with both britain and the united states anglo american spanish trade talks a preliminary step toward a comprehensive commercial arrangement between spain and britain was taken at madrid on december 2 when the two countries signed a payments agreement giving spail the right to use frozen credits totaling several hur dred thousand pounds for purchases in the united kingdom and the sterling area the following da british authorities agreed to grant without delay navicerts for shipment of a million tons of wheat t0 spain and promised to issue additional permits soon as the spanish government obtains americal credits for the purchase of other supplies whid would probably include wheat frozen meat gase line cotton and rubber officials of the united state embassy in madrid participated in informal cot ferences with british and spanish trade experts lat in october and it was reported from the spanisl capita the u hope war j owing demot tion vv the rij ica o onstra trade on d that tl for a puted definit it was the a lion d bri appare spain britair plies t recent kingd space minis restric furthe spain its ex britist the re miffi a ra keen ar impres lutiona 21 to you new two ism th ment t pects f useful siam 3 univ the develoy heaval and cu pendic foreig headqua entered ei com use of italian y have 1 pur lies of is be and its 00,000 fineries al vations who war it al col cted to 1ey ate 1 under i prove and at rer im appears ttention yn tinues produc serman ardized o greek victory at the ean volving subject iducting rade ehensive britain the two 1g spat ral hue united ying day it delay wheat t0 rmits a merical whid at gase ed states nal com erts late spanish capital on november 12 that britain had requested the united states to provide spain with food in the hope of inducing general franco to stay out of the war at that time the negotiations proved fruitless owing to vigorous spanish press attacks and student demonstrations against the united states in connec tion with reports that washington was to acquire the right to use naval and air bases in south amer ica on november 21 however anti american dem onstrations suddenly ceased and the three cornered trade talks proceeded in a more cordial atmosphere on december 7 secretary of state hull indicated that the spanish government has asked this country for a substantial loan to purchase foodstuffs re putedly at least 100,000,000 but said that no definite agreement had yet been reached unofficially it was reported that washington was ready to permit the american red cross to give spain several mil lion dollars worth of food supplies britain spain and the war britain is apparently determined to make every effort to keep spain from entering the war on the side of the axis britain’s agreement to facilitate the shipment of sup plies to spain is all the more significant in view of recent curtailments of food imports into the united kingdom itself in order to conserve vital shipping space for essential war materials the british food ministry between november 26 and december 2 restricted imports of eggs and meat and banned further imports of all fruit except oranges since spain pays for its purchases from britain largely with its exports of oranges to the united kingdom the british government has bought this year’s entire page three crop of spanish bitter oranges and is now negotiat ing for large shipments of sweet oranges british trade concessions to spain reflect the importance that london attaches to spanish neutrality and indicate britain’s apparent conviction that madrid can be prevented from giving military support to the axis only if it receives from britain supplies it cannot obtain from germany and italy at the same time london is forced to consider the danger of strength ening a potential enemy as it helped strengthen italy prior to rome's entry into the conflict last june the spanish people clearly want to avoid another war in the wake of their bitter civil strife but spain’s territorial aspirations in africa gibraltar and south ern france can be fulfilled only as a result of a final axis victory on december 8 the newspaper arriba official organ of the spanish government party falange espafiola warned france that spain’s terri torial claims were irrevocable and that the vichy government would be called on to prove the sin cerity of its professed friendship berlin and rome in turn may expect franco to give them active aid rather than mere friendly support if spain is to profit from an axis victory since gibraltar could be attacked successfully only from spanish territory spain might eventually be dragged into the war by germany and italy despite britain’s ap parent willingness to pay a high price for franco's neutrality a randle elliott for a penetrating analysis of germany’s internal situa tion listen in next sunday to john c dewilde who will broadcast on the fpa’s radio program from 2 15 to 2 30 p.m e.s.t the f.p.a bookshelf the revolution is on by m w fodor boston houghton mifflin 1940 2.75 a rather superficial and hastily written book in which a keen and experienced european journalist gives his personal impressions of the blitzkrieg and his thoughts on the revo lutionary character of nazism fascism and communism 21 to 35 what the draft and army training mean to you by william h baumer jr and sidney f giffen new york prentice hall 1940 1.00 two west point instructors describe the draft mechan ism the organization of the army the process of assign ment to units and basic military training and the pros pects for personal improvement and advancement a very useful manual for the selective service trainee siam in transition by kenneth perry landon chicago university of chicago press 1939 2.50 the most detailed and authoritative study on recent developments in siam covering the 1932 33 political up heaval and current trends in economic political social and cultural fields a set of substantial documentary ap pendices enhances the value of the book suez and panama by andré siegfried new york har court brace 1940 3.00 an eminently readable and well illustrated account of the history of the two great inter oceanic canals with an examination of their political and commercial importance today hitler’s war and eastern europe by m philips price new york macmillan 1940 1.25 a british laborite m.p gives a rather sketchy account of the historical and economic background of the rivalry of the great powers over poland and the balkans his concluding chapters have been invalidated by the passage of time treaty relations of the british commonwealth of nations by robert b stewart new york macmillan 1939 5.00 a scholarly analysis of legal relationships existing among constituent parts of the british empire with special emphasis on the progress which the dominions and india have made toward independence in conducting their own foreign policies foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 8 decemmberr 13 1940 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 e181 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frank ross mccoy president dorotuhy f lest secretary vera micuheiges dran editor 1921 at the post office ac new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor nationa f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter sttbes peed ebag washington bureau national press building dec 9 as treasury officials of britain and the united states begin their formal conversations on the financing of british war purchases it is important to make a clear distinction between technical eco nomic questions on the one hand and the funda mental political issue on the other the conversations between sir frederick phillips undersecretary of the british treasury and secre tary morgenthau were opened last week on the tech nical plane as a first step toward determining the status of britain’s financial resources in this country also conducted on a technical basis were simultane ous negotiations with a british shipping mission which is seeking rapid expansion of american ship building facilities to offset tonnage losses at sea and reduced production in british yards both of these problems and many others the rate of air plane deliveries priorities on critical war materials and expansion of plant capacity traise difficult and sometimes debatable questions yet washington is well aware that all of these technical problems are subordinate to and determined by the fundamental political issue the paramount issue it is doubtful whether the average american realizes how much the political issue has been sharpened in recent weeks since germany's failure to carry out its threatened invasion of the british isles the conflict has become a war of aitrition in which britain’s ability to continue depends far more directly on the united states this was made perfectly clear by lord lothian on his return from london and has been underlined emphatically by other official british spokesmen they have left no doubt that they are prepared to throw everything into the balance and are teady to wage a long war but they have not hes ated to point out that their own ability to plan for the future rests on decisions which can be taken only in the united states in effect therefore the united states has already become the decisive factor not merely for 1941 but for the years ahead in the immediate future it may still be possible to contemplate greater industrial financial and diplo matic aid to britain without affecting the political formula of measures short of war this appears to be the position taken by mr joseph p kennedy who announced his resignation as ambassador to lon don in order to help the president keep the united for a discussion of the economic questions cf washington news letter foreign policy bulletin december 6 1940 states out of war it is also the position taken by others among the president’s advisers who belieye that we should support the british in order to gain time for our own defense effort but oppose direct military intervention as disastrous for this country and futile for britain the difficulties of this posi tion will increase however as british needs begin to conflict with the long term defense needs of the united states especially since the american economy continues to function at a peace time rather than a wartime pace in fact the national defense com mission is already struggling with this dilemma since its mass production program will not reach a peak before the spring of 1942 while britain is calling for mass deliveries in 1941 but the political issue cannot be postponed in definitely for if washington should hesitate too long britain may be compelled to choose other al ternatives in the next few months britain may be placed in an extremely serious position by germany's airplane and submarine campaign and require over night far greater assistance and promise of assistance than most americans have yet been willing to con template a negotiated peace is not in sight today and responsible quarters here continue to discount the undercover talk of new peace feelers neverthe less the prospect of a long war of exhaustion inevi tably raises the question of a negotiated settlement in which the interests of the united states as well as britain would be directly involved on the basis of the present military position a negotiated peace might seem to leave the british em pire intact while recognizing germany's hegemony on the continent british sea power has not been destroyed in either the atlantic or the mediterranean and hitler has failed to demonstrate that air power alone is capable of delivering a knockout blow as several commentators have pointed out however 4 peace with hitler would be likely to involve more than german dominance in europe it would almost certainly mean that germany would gain permanent access to submarine and air bases from norway 10 spain and increased power to press its trade and colonial demands outside of europe moreover it would presuppose a government in london ready and willing to work in harmony with the totalitarian masters of europe to the united states such a prospect is far from palatable but the alternative is equally harsh if it involves american participation in a long and bitter war w.t stone he pret ported yoisin t gamel effects can be french marshz into cl and af conside ity of becomi throug french their p the wa the rac ever france new colonie britair with with c details out by coup templ with t of na mony plann urged po may eral at had v +istance o con today iscount verthe inev ement is well tion a sh em remony t been ranean power ow as ever a e more almost manent way de and over it 1 ready litarian ir from sh if it ig and one foreign entered as 2nd class matter ws arn mies 94n policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vout xx no 9 december 20 1940 laval’s fall reveals nazi aims in france he dramatic fall on december 14 of vice premier and foreign minister laval who is re ported to be held in custody at the chateau of pelle yoisin to which he had consigned daladier reynaud gamelin and blum promises to have far reaching effects on the course of the european war so far as can be determined from reports filtering through the french censorship m laval had hoped to displace marshal pétain assume supreme power and enter into closer collaboration with hitler both in france and africa than the marshal had been prepared to consider m laval was unpopular with the major ity of the french people but he had succeeded in becoming the marshal’s right hand man chiefly through being available at a time when other french leaders were either in flight or discredited by their participation in war cabinets and had paved the way for personal dictatorship by his control of the radio the press and the cinema m laval how ever had failed to convince marshal pétain that france might gain an important place in hitler's new order by turning over its navy and african colonies to germany for a knockout blow against britain while the marshal following an interview with hitler on october 25 had agreed to collaborate with germany in the reconstruction of europe the details of this collaboration were still being worked out by m laval with nazi authorities in paris the coup d’état that m laval is reported to have con templated was to have been staged in connection with the transfer from vienna to paris of the ashes of napoleon’s son the duke of reichstadt a cere mony which hitler and ribbentrop were reportedly planning to attend and for which m laval vainly urged the marshal to visit paris position of marshal petain whatever may have been m laval’s real intentions his gen eral attitude was well known as early as 1935 laval had urged franco italian cooperation in the hope of preventing german seizure of austria but had failed at that time to obtain the support of britain which sought to check italy’s invasion of ethiopia by the imposition of league sanctions for this or other reasons m laval was bitterly anti british and had staked his political future on a german victory over britain and the consequent necessity for france to collaborate with hitler's new order had laval seized power he would probably have placed at germany's disposal not only the french navy but also french bases in africa for use against the british both on the mediterranean and on the atlantic such a move would have neutralized brit ish and greek successes against italy and provided mussolini with far more effective assistance than the transfer of german troops to the african theatre of war through the balkans or france marshal pétain as well as general weygand who since late october has been on an inspection tour of french north africa agreed with m laval last june that france could not continue the war but they did not share his desire to join ger many against britain in fact the more that becomes known of developments in france since the armis tice the more it appears that marshal pétain has stubbornly resisted any attempt by the germans to force him into an anti british course even when the release of a million and a half french war pris oners was held out as an inducement the marshal’s decision to accept the german armistice was taken in the belief first that he would be dealing with honorable army leaders who would show respect for the plight of a conquered country and second that britain was bound to be defeated in short order when the marshal discovered that his régime had to deal not so much with the german army in any case subject to nazi influence as with the nazi au thorities and the gestapo and that the british not only refused to surrender but inflicted severe blows on italy his determination to preserve such degree of independence as the armistice terms allowed him was apparently increased following the ouster of m laval with the aid of a new french guard groupes de protection under the orders of m pey routon minister of the interior marshal pétain took measures to strengthen his régime the radio the cinema and the press previously controlled by m laval were attached directly to the office of the marshal a consultative assembly composed of representatives of business and professional interests is to be appointed shortly a constitutional decree of july 12 which provided that the marshal would be automatically succeeded by the vice premier was rescinded henceforth should the marshal be pre vented from exercising his functions as chief of state before the ratification of the new constitution the council of ministers will designate his succes sor by a majority vote and former premier flandin succeeded m laval as foreign minister what role will flandin play the role that m flandin may play is not yet clear m flandin was at one time regarded as an anglophile but he had no illusions concerning the military strength of germany even in the early days of the hitler régime and warned britain of the poten tial threat of nazism unlike m laval flandin did not publicly advocate re insurance against germany by an alliance with italy when he discovered that the british were slow to realize the nazi danger he favored reconciliation with germany and after munich sent hitler a telegram of congratulations it would be difficult therefore to regard m flandin as anti german yet he may prove personally less ac ceptable to the nazis than m laval a past master at political maneuvering on december 16 german sources indicated berlin was displeased with laval’s ouster and declared france and germany were still at war suggesting the possibility that the nazis might occupy all of france and otto abetz german commissioner to france was sent to vichy nazi aims in france the full implications british expel italians from egypt taking advantage of the defeats suffered by the italian army in albania and of the recent shake up in mussolini’s high command british forces have struck a serious blow at italy’s position in north what will be moscow’s future course read russia and the new order in europe by v m dean 25c december 15 issue of foreign policy reports page two of the crisis precipitated by the dismissal of ki laval can be understood only in the light of nayj policy toward conquered countries the principal weapon of the nazis and one that may be truly described as their secret weapon since its sig nificance is understood by each conquered country only after its downfall is the transformation of what appears to be an international war into a ciyjj war with an efficiency not yet appreciated in britain and the united states the nazis systematically dis credit all existing leaders right left and center undermine all ideas and systems sow suspicion among all groups and classes and finally achieye their aim of disintegrating a country from within and creating a state of chaos which then is held to justify total german occupation and control what happened in rumania was a portent not an isolated incident it was part of a vast scheme for the sub jugation of any european country that shows the slightest signs of resistance and it would be ap illusion to believe that what happened in rumania cannot happen in france the most disastrous aspect of this scheme which is being applied with vari ous degrees of severity in all occupied countries is that the nazis find support only among an infinitesi mal minority of the population usually men already discredited and sometimes corrupt or else totally unknown then when the populations display their repugnance for these puppet régimes they are of fered a choice between either accepting the quis lings and the lavals or else being subjected to com plete german domination such a choice may nov confront france and the prestige of marshal pétaia who enjoys the confidence of the french is the only safeguard against the country’s subjugation by ger many which would mean use of french bases and the french navy in hitler’s war on britain and this war as stated by the fuehrer in his speech at the rehinmetall brosig munitions plant on december 10 is a struggle between two worlds one of which he said must crack up vera micheles dean africa the stalemate which lasted three months has been broken by the first serious fighting in africa since the outbreak of the war the attack began on december 9 with a move ment in the western desert which british officials in cairo described simply as a great raid it soos developed however into a major offensive with ordinated action by mechanized and infantry units of the army by planes of the r.a.f and the fleet air arm and by ships of the royal navy using tactics reminiscent of the german blitzkrieg in po land and france the british first captured outposts around thrust to the near fe tered frontie com of ital less sf pushec shal ri stores the pre prison polish total o 150,00 grazia shipme tion f employ is sign seem t air of british droppe e on tions it it is cairo procee must t paired italian nation by e 1939 a se current experie from brail ane peditior compar foreigd headquar entered a of m nazi ncipal truly s sig ountry on of a civil britain ly de nter picion chieve within eld to what solated 1e sub ws the be an amania aspect h vati ries is finitesi already totally ry their are of e quis to com ay now pétain he only by ger ses and ind this at the nber 10 hich he dean nths has 1 africa a move hicials in it soon with try units the fleet y using g in po outposts page three around sidi barrani the spearhead of the italian thrust in egypt then sweeping around sidi barrani to the south the fast moving force reached the coast neat buqbuq and rolled up the italian posts scat tered along the coast all the way to the libyan frontier coming after the debacle in greece the collapse of italian resistance was less surprising but none the less spectacular within a week the british have pushed the well trained desert fighters under mar shal rodolfo graziani back 75 miles captured huge stores which had been laboriously accumulated for the projected drive on suez and taken at least 50,000 prisoners the british advance was not altogether unex pected prime minister churchill told the house of commons on november 5 that precious weapons and scores of thousands of troops were moving to egypt from england reinforcements of men from india australia and new zealand together with polish and free french units helped to swell the total of allied troops in north africa to perhaps 150,000 still well below the estimated 250,000 at graziani’s disposal even more important were shipments of armored vehicles guns and ammuni tion hurricane fighters replaced the older models employed by the r.a.f in the middle east and it is significant that in the recent advance the british seem to have achieved temporary superiority in the air of great value too was the cooperation of the british naval units which almost unopposed dropped tons of shells on the narrow coastal plain the only feasible route of supply for the italian posi tions in egypt it is reasonable to accept official caveats from cairo and london that the present advance will not proceed much farther than the libyan frontier lines must be consolidated troops rested and vehicles re paired the same supply problems which held the italians immobilized so long at sidi barrani will be gin to operate against the british some time will probably elapse before these forces are ready for another offensive repercussions on the other hand the reper cussions of the british victory may be widespread the italian collapse removes the threat of an attack on the suez canal from the west and egyptians can breathe more freely graziani’s remaining forces must try to make another stand with their morale lowered their supplies seriously depleted their trans port lines across the mediterranean constantly ex posed to british attack and their picked regiments in egyptian prison camps hitler may decide to bolster up the sagging fascist army by the dispatch of planes and supplies but it is doubtful hether italy would welcome reinforcement of the african army by german units within italy itself however lightly fascist editors may treat the british successes the news will con tribute to the growing pessimism already in evidence elsewhere around the shores of the mediterranean reports of the italian rout have already strengthened british prestige stocks rose on the cairo exchange egyptians who want their government to abandon its equivocal policy in favor of outright war on the axis gained increased influence and hussein sirry pasha the new prime minister appears more willing than his two immediate predecessors to take this step to the westward graziani’s present embarrassment enables general maxime weygand who still controls the french forces in north africa to assume a stiffer attitude toward the axis as a result of the startling british success in the western desert the ultimate conquest of libya dur ing the winter comes within the realm of possibility and such a victory might well lead directly or indi rectly to mussolini’s submission british troops and naval units would thereby be released for service at home where the war will finally be won or lost louts e frechtling the f.p.a bookshelf nationalism and the cultural crisis in prussia 1806 1815 by e n anderson new york farrar and rinehart 1939 2.50 a series of essays on leading individuals and intellectual currents in the great national awakening which prussia experienced after its military defeat by napoleon jena from england to america a message by henry noel brailsford new york whittlesey house 1940 1.00 an eloquent appeal for a declaration of war and an ex peditionary force from the united states based upon a comparison of british and german aims in europe the caribbean danger zone by j fred rippy new york putnam 1940 3.00 a reliable and readable history of united states diplo macy in the caribbean area set in careful perspective against its strategic political and economic backgrounds the united states in world affairs 1939 by whitney h shepardson in collaboration with william o scroggs new york harpers 1940 3.00 the eighth in a notable series of yearbooks this volume is an extremely valuable interpretative record of america’s role during a critical year of world history foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 9 dgcember 20 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dororuy f lest secretary vera micugtes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year bw 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building desc 16 washington stands on the threshold of momentous decisions on his return to the capital this week president roosevelt finds an atmosphere of mingled tension and frustration in which deci sions too long delayed are pressing urgently for action the decisions are both internal and external lag in defense production the most critical internal decisions are those forced by the lag in defense production now frankly acknowledged by the national defense commission william s knudsen in his forthright speech to the national association of manufacturers on december 13 re vealed that while 85 per cent of the defense orders have been placed actual production is running behind even the moderate schedules planned by the commission a few months ago thus instead of the 1,000 planes a month planned for january 1 the total output of all types for the united states and great britain will not exceed 700 guns and ma chine guns are still in the tooling stage and light tanks are being turned out at the rate of four a day the reasons for this lag are more obvious than the remedy it is apparent that mass production cannot be accomplished overnight and speed can not be attained by following the rules of business as usual up to the present the government has been reluctant to enforce priorities and has tried to superimpose the huge defense load on the regular business load while both capital and labor have clung to their accustomed privileges but the reme dies now foreshadowed promise to go beyond the measures suggested by mr knudsen such as the spreading of subcontracts longer hours and a six day work week for putting the defense job on a war basis means something more than speeding up private enterprise as the thirty four members of the princeton faculty stated on december 15 in urging president roosevelt to declare a state of emer gency it means total mobilization of the indus trial military and naval resources of the nation with the extension of full wartime powers over almost every phase of american life the possibility of such a proclamation of na tional emergency has been privately discussed in washington for several weeks as one method of awakening the nation to the gravity of the crisis in answer to those who assert that the president al ready holds wide emergency powers advocates of the proclamation move contend that only by actu ally exercising these powers can he bring the ameri can people to realize the perils of delay and accep the necessity for drastic action although president roosevelt had made no public statement on the subject before his return to wash ington his parting remark on leaving warm springs december 15 that he would be back in march if the world survives gave pointed emphasis to his own concern over the complacency of public opin ion this concern is shared by secretary hull and many of the president’s executive advisers who are pressing for decisive measures but it is doubtful whether the proclamation would advance the cause of unity as it would be certain to alarm those ele ments which fear collectivism at home or direct involvement in the war abroad thus further con fusing the issue at a time of crisis other steps which can and probably will be taken are first the appoint ment of a much needed coordinator for the national defense commission and second the application of ptiority powers as yet unused external pressures the chief external de cisions are closely related to these internal moves and revolve around britain’s needs in the course of the next three months despite the notable british victories in egypt and italy's setbacks in albania washington is aware that the severest test is yet to come perhaps in the form of another nazi attempt at a knockout blow in the spring and in such test britain’s ability to survive will depend in large measure on the aid forthcoming from the united states lord lothian in the last public statement he made before his death put the question bluntly when he said you have already declared your interest it the survival of britain it is for you to decide whether it is to your interest to give us whatever assistant may be necesessary in order to make certain that britain shall not fall the financial aid which apparently being requested by sir frederick phillip this week will be less vital during the next 90 days than ships and airplanes and naval collaboration it is in the sphere of active naval cooperation thi washington’s most critical decisions lie w t stone inside england is the subject of the fpa broadcast on december 22 the speaker will be jame frederick green these broadcasts are given evet sunday from 2 15 to 2 30 p.m e.s.t over the blu network of the national broadcasting company vou x a at gains if americ voked ligeren states a day roosev of a fe board duction the wv warned sponde of axis ican ha use wo as a ww tation shippit ous cor britain tained verging mitted lenge size to etnmen taneous of the that the earlier technic plemen alluded ards of inv express +entered as 2nd class matter general library vep 2 university of mich van sy pri al room ns fo gen univ of mich foreign lt brary ann arbor michizan moir ga 316 oy by an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xx no 10 december 27 1940 american aid to britain angers nazis wane german successes in the sea and air warfare around the british isles and continued british gains in the mediterranean the announcement of new american measures of assistance to britain has pro voked the first official nazi reference to the non bel constitutes a sharp reversal of the previous view that such aid could not become effective in time to alter the outcome of the war on its face therefore the german statement indicates that a long campaign of attrition may be in prospect before an attempt is made de ves of t to mpt ha arge ited n he st in that ch is illips days ition that ne ppa james blue ligerency of the united states on december 21 a day after president roosevelt's appointment of a four man defense board to expedite pro duction a spokesman of the wilhelmstrasse warned foreign corre spondents that seizure of axis ships in amer ican harbors for british appeal to the membership the association is approaching the end of the year with its budget not yet raised due in part to the di version of certain gifts to war charities we therefore hope each member will try to secure at least one new member or subscriber at this time the cooperation of our membership is urgently needed to complete the 1940 budget we take this opportunity to thank members who have given f.p.a memberships for christmas to cross the english channel in force ger man air and sea attacks have already imposed an increasing burden on the british emulating the tactics of the r.a.f the german air force now seeks out industrial centers and seaports as targets for its bombs at the same time use would be regarded asa warlike act basing his statements on a misquo tation of remarks by r h cross british minister of shipping the spokesman inferentially threatened seri ous consequences for the united states if support for britain were carried too far one nation he main tained could not continually observe a restraint verging on self effacement while another per mitted a policy of pinpricks injury insult chal lenge and moral aggression as if to empha size to the american public the danger of its gov ermment’s course the german foreign office simul taneously requested the withdrawal of three members of the american embassy staff in paris on the ground that they had helped a british officer to escape a day earlier berlin had announced the establishment of technical military and economic commissions to im plement the axis japan pact while the german press alluded to american friction with japan and the haz atds of a two front war invasion or attrition the nazis open expression of concern over american aid to britain long range german planes have ventured hundreds of miles out over the atlantic both to attack shipping directly and to guide submarines operating in groups toward british convoys the effectiveness of these meth ods is reflected in the mounting toll of mer chant vessels lost at sea which according to the british reached a total of 101,190 tons in the week ended december 1 and 81,685 tons in the following week including these figures sinkings of british allied and neutral shipping for the war as a whole have passed the 4,000,000 ton mark and con tinue at what prime minister churchill called on december 20 a very disquieting level mr church ill informed his countrymen moreover that th must be prepared not only for this type of deadlock but also for a possible winter invasion and counseled undiminished vigilance during 1941 he asserted britain would finally become a well armed nation with a large mobile army to repel attack and fight in other theaters at any time meanwhile in a s to the italian people on december 23 mr churchill placed the responsibility for the anglo italian hos tilities on mussolini and expressed the hope that the italians would resume control of their affairs the mediterranean theater one ex ample of mr churchill's strategic conceptions has already proved its success in north africa where advancing british troops have laid siege to the italian port of bardia 30 miles inside the libyan border while desperate fascist resistance at this point may ive marshal graziani time to prepare strong de enses farther to the west an unusual report by the marshal to mussolini published on december 22 casts doubt on the ability of the italians to make a stand the army graziani declared knew in advance of the impending british assault but could not resist the crushing superiority of the enemy's armored units because its own communications and supply lines had been largely interrupted by british naval and air forces there is as yet no evidence that the operations of these british forces have been impeded on the contrary the british middle eastern head quarters has apparently felt sufficiently confident of their predominance to detach capital ships cruisers and destroyers for a heavy shelling of the albanian port of valona on december 18 and a sweep of the lower adriatic which was not opposed by the italians as long as the maritime routes to libya and al bania remain precarious british and greek advances will be limited principally by the size of reserve forces and their physical problems of supply the graziani statement and the italian press policy of emphasizing even exaggerating the strength of the british arms in the mediterranean are obviously designed to cushion public reaction to present and fu ture defeats they may also serve to pave the way for extensive german military aid unofficial reports of nazi participation in the italian war effort have been numerous especially in coordinating war services and combating sabotage it seems highly probable that junkers transport planes have been ferrying reinforce ments across the straits of otranto to greece yet without which can scarcely be sent by air there is a definite limit to the augmentation of italian fighting power in this sector however the greeks too are showing signs of strain despite claims of slow advances they have not yet occupied the key page two order your copy now u.s aid to britain 1 what have we supplied 2 what else does britain need 3 what more can we provide 4 what are the risks involved january 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25c road junctions of tepelini and klisura which bar the way to the more nearly level albanian coastal plaip france’s fate in the balance nothwith standing the importance of the mediterranean theater it still seems true that the decisive battleground of the war remains in western europe here po tentous negotiations are in progress between the nazis and the vichy government with the scope of franco german collaboration the chief issue mar shal pétain has apparently braved german displeasure by refusing to reinstate in the vichy cabinet pierre laval supposedly the strongest exponent of turning over the french fleet and naval bases to the reich although laval has been permitted to take up private residence in paris even in defeat the marshal does not lack high cards in the diplomatic contest with the nazis the french forces in north africa and syris are loyal and might swing to the british if all of france were occupied anti german sentiment is said to be reviving among the french masses and britain's cause to be growing more popular on december 23 admiral william d leahy sailed aboard a cruiser for lisbon to present his credentials to marshal pétain as american ambassador and presumably to work for restriction of franco german collaboration to the narrowest possible sphere if the elements of the complicated war situation are considered as a whole it may be noted that despite vast differences the struggle is assuming the character of an endurance test just as in 1914 1918 on the one hand germany is striking at british shipping and industry and preparing for a final military blow while it strives to employ the energies of the sullen ill nourished populations now under its control for purposes of war production on the other hand brit ain is maintaining a partially effective blockade of the continent and battering at italy which it hopes through command of the mediterranean and com tinued french neutrality to contain until ameria aid reaches decisive proportions the importance of this factor was emphasized by the appointment on december 23 of viscount halifax as the new british ambassador to washington whether britain’s effort can go on will depend not only on its militay strength but perhaps even more directly on its succes in propounding new doctrines with which to gal vanize europe and america for enthusiastic ant nazi efforts davip h popper war and peace prospects for 1941 i the subject of the fpa’s broadcast on december 29 the speaker will be vera micheles dean we are eager have your comments on these broadcasts which att heard every sunday from 2 15 to 2 30 e.s.t over tht blue network of the national broadcasting company a foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 10 dsecemper 27 1940 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y franx ross mccoy president dorothy f legt secretary vera michetes dean ednw entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year 1 nations 50 tion anno also 000 repu polit chile o buoy cam polit from brace gene tion rathe the n an hi cam is to presi by ar most dreu renot avil alm hims prog assut bishc 4 th of th tem twee pend sider try have years state at tk amc grea at a for m u the extension of a 110,000,000 loan to argentina 50,000,000 from the treasury's currency stabiliza tion fund 60,000,000 from the export import bank marks a long step forward in washington's announced policy of economic cooperation with the latin american republics the export import bank also granted credits of 7,500,000 to uruguay 10 000,000 to peru and 3,000,000 to the dominican republic meanwhile in latin american domestic politics interest centers chiefly on mexico and chile optimism in mexico an atmosphere of buoyancy characterizes the mexican scene as the avila camacho administration gets under way although political forecasters are at a loss to draw conclusions from the composition of the new cabinet which em braces elements both conservative and radical the general impression prevails that the mexican revolu tion of the last thirty years is to be consolidated rather than pushed further to the left indicative of the more conservative tendency of the new régime is an historic decree first major step taken by the avila camacho government under which individual title isto be given to farmers working communal lands with a surprising degree of harmony the new president has been accepted provisionally at least by an overwhelming majority of the mexican people most of the former supporters of general juan an dreu almazan have lost faith in their candidate who renounced all claims to the presidency on the eve of avila camacho’s inauguration conservative ex almazanistas believe that the new president will himself put into effect many planks of the almazan program the devoutly catholic element has been re assured moreover by a statement of mexican arch bishop martinez who publicly declared on december 4 that avila camacho may be considered a loyal son of the catholic church in labor circles enthusiasm is tempered by fear that some sort of showdown be tween the government and labor leaders may be im pending two knotty problems are already up for con sideration the reorganization of the petroleum indus try and the status of the national railways which have been under worker management for several years as far as relations between mexico and the united states are concerned prospects seem unusually bright at this time for a program of intimate cooperation among the mass of the mexican people there is a greater feeling of cordiality toward this country than at any time in recent years and such anti united trends in latin america by john i b mcculloch states demonstrations as that which occurred in front of the american embassy on the occasion of mr wal lace’s visit can be written off in part as the perform ance of agitators in nazi hire prospects for a settle ment at an early date of the oil dispute and other is sues between mexico and the united states are excel lent and close collaboration on the defense front can be predicted chilean pattern alters important de velopments are taking place in chile which bid fair to alter considerably the political pattern in that re public although a popular front government backed by the radical socialist communist and sev eral lesser parties took power two years ago the rightist opposition has maintained control both of the senate and chamber on march 2 congressional elections are to be held for a partial replacement of senators and a total renovation of the lower house several weeks ago chile’s two old line traditional parties the liberals and conservatives both of which are now in opposition announced that they would abstain from going to the polls in march the reason advanced was lack of proper guarantees as revealed in recent by elections since then however the political pattern has been altered in one significant respect returning from washington after a four month sojourn in the united states oscar schnake the socialist minister of fomento development lashed out furiously at the communists whose policy of subservience to mos cow he stigmatized as both absurd and insidious this was not the first time that the communists had been so berated an anti communist group was formed sev eral weeks ago in chile and a bill outlawing the party has already been passed by the chamber and is pend ing before the senate the significance of schnake’s attack and of similar attacks which followed from other responsible socialist leaders lay in the fact that they originated from within the popular front coali tion itself so far the radicals have shown themselves loathe to drop the communist connection and the executive committee of the popular front as a whole has re fused to take action in the light of the clearly ex pressed socialist attitude however this situation can scarcely continue should the popular front revise its stand as the result of an agreement between socialists and radicals to throw the communists overboard it might then be possible to secure a realignment of political parties in chile based on a broad alliance between moderate leftists and moderate rightists for more extensive coverage on latin american affairs read pan american news a bi weekly newsletter edited by mr mcculloch for sample copy of this publication write to the washington bureau foreign policy association 1200 national press building washington d.c washington news letter washington bureau national press building dec 23 in the series of dramatic moves initiated by president roosevelt last week the administration has disclosed the outlines of a vast program which extends beyond the limits of industrial production for defense and aid to britain into a new and uncharted area of foreign policy the implications are clear even though the ultimate objectives have yet to be stated the new defense program the scope of the program was outlined in the following specific moves 1 a proposal by mr roosevelt december 17 that the united states government finance all future orders for war materials in this country turning over to britain whatever amounts are necessary on a loan or mortgage basis a gentleman’s agreement would provide for future repayment in kind 2 an executive decision december 18 advising the british purchasing mission to go ahead with new orders estimated at 3,000,000,000 without waiting for final action on plans for financing 3 creation of a new office for production man agement for defense december 20 to coordinate the entire industrial defense program in a super council of four men william s knudsen sidney hillman secretary of war stimson and secretary of the navy knox the one mission of the new office was described by mr knudsen december 21 as production to the maximum of american resources in capital and labor in management and industry in every field which can contribute to victory 4 consideration by several government agencies of plans for augmenting britain’s merchant tonnage by a immediate construction of new shipyards to lay down at least 60 ships for britain in 1941 b sale or transfer of more than 150,000 tons of old vessels and c the possible requisitioning of foreign vessels laid up in american ports in implementing this program during the critical weeks ahead congress is likely to become a factor of some importance even though the administration has avoided the direct issue of repealing the johnson act and neutrality legislation by its control of appro priations congress retains not only the power to fix the rate of defense expenditure but also the power to define the purposes for which expenditures are voted hence the present trend of congressional opinion may be significant that part of the program which deals with speed ing defense production and coordination of admin istrative machinery has already been assured over whelming support in both houses for many weeks congressional spokesmen have been calling for action to meet the lag in armament production and to over haul the cumbersome machinery of the national de fense commission they will approve any move which promises speed a few critics may ask if the new set up will solve the critical question whether basic industries shall be expanded by government in tervention or if it will meet the problem of produc tion planning on which members of the defense commission are still divided others may continue to press for action on the controversial issue of labor's demands for protection but if speed is attained con gress will give united support to any plan proposed by the president when it comes to the uncharted area of foreign policy however doubts and misgivings are heard in several quarters up to the present a large section of congress perhaps a majority have supported all possible aid to britain because they believed that only in this way could the united states gain time to com plete its own armament program but they have not come to the point of military intervention and they strongly question the wisdom of such steps as the requisitioning of foreign ships in american ports of sending american ships into war zones few of them will be intimidated by threats from berlin but they oppose measures on our part which invite reprisal at least until we are better prepared on questions of finance and defense moreover a number of rank and file members are saying with some truth that they are expected to approve vital national policies with out being given the information necessary to form an intelligent opinion many questions are now being asked in wash ington on the following points if the united states is to intervene to prevent a british defeat what are the actual military probabilities for 1941 and 1942 if britain is able to win with our aid what kind of peace does it propose to make can the amer ican people assume that a victory over hitler will allow them to live in peace and security at the end of the war without assuming any further responsibility for the future of england if not what kind of system would we offer europe as an alternative to nazi dom ination these questions deserve thoughtful consi erations w t stone vol ey le year balka movet the sc ernme and b orderi ports ther v the g to cc tr thoug ports subst mania decer ways germ no re cernir ment must and inade 21 th bered week move germ a cam sor move germ is sai minis sever +oreign ard in tion of ted all at only o com ive not id they as the orts of f them ut they isal at ions of unk and vat they 2s with form af wash united at what 41 and id what e amer her will e end of mn sibility f system azi doft consid stone entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xx no 11 january 38 1941 germany plans new offensive vidence has been accumulating that hitler’s legions may be preparing to strike early this year either in the balkans or the british isles in the balkans reports were rife of heavy german troop movements into rumania and of countermoves by the soviet union in bessarabia in britain the gov emment urged renewed vigilance against invasion and broke the informal three day c hristmas truce by ordering destructive raids against french channel ports and in northern france field marshal wal ther von brauchitsch intimated on december 24 that the german army awaited only the fuehrer’s order to come to grips with the englishman troop movements in balkans ai though german sources ascribed the troop trans ports across hungary to holiday leaves rumors of substantial increases in the german garrison in ru mania were too persistent to be ignored beginning december 28 normal traffic on the hungarian rail ways has been sharply curtailed in order to grant german troop and supply trains the right of way no reliable indication has been given however con ceming the size or the purpose of these reinforce ments most of the totals mentioned in the press must be discounted because large bodies of troops and equipment cannot be quickly transported on the inadequate railways of the balkans until december 21 the german garrison in rumania probably num bered not much over 100,000 and in the ensuing week hardly more than 75,000 men can have been moved in a considerable time may elapse before germany can accumulate an army large enough for acampaign in the balkans some observers have tried to relate the troop movements to a forthcoming showdown in russo german relations the russian army in bessarabia is said to have been strengthened and the soviet minister to bucharest is reported to have presented several sharp notes demanding an explanation of the iron guard’s anti communist activities as well as in formation concerning the reinforcement of the ger man garrison other rumors indicated that the confer ence designed to work out a new international régime for the danube had broken up in december with complete disagreement between the axis powers and the soviet union neither germany nor russia how ever has any interest in provoking an armed clash it is more likely that the chaotic conditions still prevailing in rumania have led both to take military precautions the gradual distribution of german troops among all the important towns in rumania may presage a determined drive to restore the peace and order which germany needs if rumania is to serve as an important source of supply should the nazis find it necessary to assume direct control the soviet army might w ell follow the precedent set in poland by occupying moldavia up to the siretul river and seizing the entire estuary of the danube in cluding the rumanian port of galati such moves need not precipitate war especially since the ger mans would be left in possession of the vital oil fields around ploesti the threat to yugoslavia and bul garia the concentration of several german di visions in the rumanian banat and the arrival of other german forces at giurgiu on the danube have given rise to fears than an invasion of yugoslavia or bulgaria may be contemplated as part of a cam paign to relieve the bele iguered italian forces in albania and prevent the british from establishing permanent air bases in greece indications that the germans are at last coming to the rescue of their allies have been strengthened by rumors that three or four german divisions have entered italy and that german planes and technicians are already serv ing with italian troops in albania yugoslavia af fords the best avenue for a german attack on greece a german army might pass east of belgrade up the morava river past nish and then down the vardar river valley to the greek port of salonika the dis tance however is 600 miles and part of the route lies through difficult mountainous country which the yugoslav army encouraged by the greek ex ample would probably defend most tenaciously an invasion of bulgaria might prove still harder even though the bulgarian army is smaller and more poorly equipped than that of yugoslavia one route through sofia and up the struma river valley might lead the german forces into greek macedonia over extremely mountainous terrain which is especially inhospitable in winter the only alternative road down the maritsa river valley into thrace lies right on the turkish border so that any invasion along this line would risk complications with turkey there are no signs as yet that bulgaria might acquiesce in the passage of german troops in return for terri torial access to the aegean sea which it lost in 1919 while the sofia government has acquainted greece with the character of bulgaria’s territorial claims king boris was reported on december 26 to have dismissed 27 high ranking army officers who wanted to enter the war on the side of the axis premier bogdan philoff recently declared that his country would countenance no foreign régimes and the government has specifically refused proffers of pro tection from any source whether moscow or berlin the risks of a german campaign in the balkans may well outweigh the possible gains as long as italian forces can hold their own against the british and the greeks for the time being italian resistance is confining the greek army in albania to relatively small advances and in libya the italian garrison at bardia is still holding out berlin probably hopes that lengthening supply lines will be sufficient to prevent further italian setbacks at the hands of the british and greeks while germany does not want italy to collapse it is not especially interested in helping mussolini win victories which might ulti mately enhance his bargaining power germany mobilizes the continent on the whole germany’s primary objective is still to keep the continent at peace so that it can produce the supplies essential for prosecution of the war against the british isles the economic organization page two ee of europe under the aegis of the nazis is already proceeding apace the industrial resources of the o cupied territories are being utilized either by trang porting needed machinery to the reich or by order ing existing shops and factories to carry out orders for the army under the supervision of german com missars unemployed workers in the occupied coup tries are given the choice of starvation or employ ment in germany intensive efforts are being mace to tap the available natural wealth according tp one report the nazis are supervising construction of a new pipe line to the rumanian river port of neu moldova thus making it unnecessary for oj shipments to pass through the lower reaches of the danube which are already frozen over german interests are also negotiating for the purchase of the french mines de bor in yugoslavia the larges european producer of copper outside of spain and a german monopoly has also been formed to take norway’s entire copper output and boost production all of europe’s foreign trade is being increasingly centered in berlin italy yugoslavia finland nor way sweden holland and belgium already clea part of their trade with non german counttig through the german clearing office a new swedish german commercial pact announced on december 16 is expected to raise the trade turnover between the two countries from 1,400,000,000 to 2,000,000 000 kroner the close integration of the rumania economy with the german which was originally contemplated by the treaty of march 1939 wil now begin in earnest as the result of a new agree ment signed on december 4 under this arrange ment rumanian oil deliveries are to aggregate 3 000,000 tons during the current year meanwhile the germans are also boasting that german russian trade has exceeded the high levels attained in 1930 the economic mobilization of europe is all the more imperative for germany now that berlin i beginning to worry about the prospects of increased american assistance to britain ultimately howeve europe’s resources are not large enough to be pitted against those of the united states for this reason alone germany will probably not postpone for long a major blow against britain john c dewilde tokyo strengthens totalitarian structure as the new year opens a lull prevails in the far east broken only by reports that german raiders are being fitted out in japanese harbors while these reports may presage more ominous developments in 1941 they are not characteristic of the immediate situa tion confronted with increasing difficulties both at home and abroad japan has been marking time as it waits for a more favorable opportunity to move forward unable to settle the war in china or reach an understanding with the u.s.s.r and concerné over the apparent stiffening of british and americit policy tokyo has suspended its more openly aggit sive activities in southeast asia on the home frozl obstacles to the drive for political and economtl regimentation have also appeared sharp conflict within japan’s ruling groups have delayed applic tion of prince konoye’s totalitarian program aft left the new political structure hanging in mid al 5 ee jap konoy series project if ting been f varied unions difficul tities 1 ultima will er and cu the ne cordin is to b ployee the op of the organi prehen and ce variou into a of all hands seve mover a sing drawn politic increas of the throug variou and mr diet i by the conser withou fore h the pa could not pa ore ja foreig headquar entered 2 ilready the o trans order orders n com 1 coun mploy y made ling to ruction port of for oil ches of serman nase of largest in and to take duction easingly d nor ly cleat ountties ywedish ecember between 100,000 imanian riginally 39 will w agree arrange gate 3 anwhile russiat in 1930 all the berlin i increased howevel be pitted is reasol for long wilde oncernel a merical ly aggre me front economl conflict 1 applic ram ae n mid ail i a japan's fascist regime since the second konoye government took office in july 1940 a long series of totalitarian reforms have been either projected or applied many organizations especially if tinged with liberalism or internationalism have been forced to dissolve the list now includes such yaried groups as the political parties the labor unions and the rotary clubs it has proved more dificult however to establish new totalitarian en tities in place of the dissolved organizations the ultimate goal is a set of corporative institutions that will encompass everything in the political economic and cultural spheres in a few cases the outlines of the new structure are already visible for labor ac cording to a cabinet decree of november 8 there is to be a special cooperative body of all the em ployees in each enterprise under the leadership of the operator while district and national federations of the local units will be formed existing trade organizations are being fitted into a similarly com rehensive national association with local district and central headquarters in the religious sphere the various christian denominations are being united into a single japanese christian church ownership of all church property is being vested in japanese hands several difficulties have confronted this totalitarian movement there is no well defined dictatorship of a single party instead there is a fascist movement drawn from among the army navy bureaucrats politicians business men and court circles which has increasingly enforced its will by shrewd utilization of the national emergency but it advances only through a series of compromises achieved by these various groups often after severe conflict another and more formal difficulty concerns the japanese diet for the diet is part of the constitution granted by the emperor and is to that extent sacrosanct the conservatives may rally behind the constitution without fear of attack the reformers have there fore had to adopt oblique tactics in this case since the parties were extra constitutional agencies they could be forced to dissolve again the election law not part of the constitution can be revised by the order your copy now u.s aid to britain 1 what 2 what 3 what 4 what january 1 issue of have we supplied else does britain need more can we provide are the risks involved foreign policy reports page three cabinet proposals are now being considered for a reduction of members in the diet’s lower house and for limitations on manhood suffrage a more formidable challenge to japan’s parlia mentary institutions has meanwhile arisen in the new imperial rule assistance association which concluded its first conference in tokyo on decem ber 18 the functions of this body have not been exactly defined it has however all the aspects of a ready made fascist party composed of a series of hierarchical councils reaching down to the smallest villages and towns and ending with near neighbor groups in the localities officers are appointed by the president who is always to be the prime min ister the central headquarters of the association will maintain close liaison with the government de partments and legislative branches how this new organization will work in practice remains to be seen the present diet which con vened on december 24 and then adjourned until january 20 for the usual holiday recess is in an anomalous position the lower house without par ties possesses neither leaders nor formal organiza tion its proceedings will be influenced by the im perial rule association and its members probably will not be inclined to repeat the strong criticism voiced in the last session the capitalists are also concerned over other aspects of the association notably reports of schemes for state management of corporations even though reassured by a pledge that the association would respect the rights of private property recent changes in the cabinet and new appoint ments to the privy council indicate that the struggle to determine the limits of further totalitarian moves will continue in the last analysis however the in terests of the whole ruling group in japan demand such moves the need for stricter regimentation arises most of all from the growing hardships of the japanese people there is a shortage of rice coal milk butter eggs potatoes and meat are virtually unobtainable while charcoal sugar matches and gasoline are strictly rationed if an end to the war time emergency were in sight the situation would be less critical but in fact the government is forced to tell the people that new dangers and difficulties lie ahead t a bisson william t stone will broadcast from washington on january 5 his subject is the issues before congress this is one of the regular fpa sunday broadcasts which are heard from 2 15 to 2 30 e.s.t over the blue network of the national broadcasting company foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 11 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 beis january 3 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy frank ross mccoy 1921 at the post office at new york n y association incorporated national vera miiicheles dean editor two dollars a year president dorothy f lest secretary under the act of march 3 1879 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter sate washington bureau national press building dec 30 in his first major address since the election president roosevelt last night rejected all proposals for a negotiated peace pledged greatly increased aid to britain and called on the nation to become the arsenal of democracy mr roosevelt's fireside chat skillfully designed to meet isolationist criticism set the stage for the specific proposals which presumably will be forthcoming when con gress reassembles next week no appeasement in many respects the first half of the address outlining the axis threat to the united states and rejecting any idea of appease ment or compromise was the most significant fea ture of the president's appeal answering those who like senator wheeler and senator tydings have suggested a negotiated peace the president de clared that such a dictated peace would be no peace at all it would be only another armistice leading to the most gigantic armament race and the most devastating trade wars in all history after quot ing a few sentences from hitler's speech of decem ber 10 which stated that there are two worlds that stand opposed to each other the president emphati cally asserted the united states has no right or reason to encourage talk of peace until the day shall come when there is a clear intention on the part of the aggressor nations to abandon all thought of dominating or conquering the world many of the president's sentences resembled those of woodrow wilson in the world war for mr roosevelt assailed the tripartite treaty of septem ber 27 as an unholy alliance of power and pelf to dominate and enslave the human race and stated bluntly that no nation can appease the nazis throughout the first half of his speech mr roose velt made it clear that he regarded peace as impos sible so long as the present german government re mained in power and constantly warned of the nazi threat to the entire western hemisphere aid to britain it was only after describing the axis challenge to the western hemisphere in some of the strongest language of his presidency that mr roosevelt advocated full aid to britain warning that there is risk in any course we may take the president argued that economic support of britain and other free nations which are resist ing aggression was the safest method of avoiding war he declared that his defense advisers could decide how much shall be sent abroad and how much shall remain at home on the basis of oup over all military necessities in his emphatic asset tion that our own future security is greatly de pendent on the outcome of british resistance the president was obviously preparing the public for g program of far greater aid to britain perhaps by the loan of american armaments the requisition ing of foreign shipping in american ports assistance by naval convoys or patrols or other measures short of war mr roosevelt sought to disarm his critics however by stressing his opposition to an expedi tionary force on the ground that the british empire the spearhead of resistance to world conquest needed only weapons to enable them to win in an effort to check any defeatist sentiment that brit ain’s war effort is a lost cause the president climaxed his address by the statement based on the latest and best information that the axis powers are not going to win this war as though directly re plying to the german foreign office spokesman who warned recently against american assistance to brit ish shipping mr roosevelt asserted that the united states will not be deterred from aiding britain by any interpretation the axis may place on its actions increased production in his closing ap peal for increased production of armaments for britain and america the president sought to placate his critics in both labor and business while prom ising that the government would protect those whom it asks to work and fight for it he urged that strikes and lockouts be voluntarily eliminated from defense industries mr roosevelt discounted the fears of many business men regarding the creation of surplus plant on the ground that our future peace time needs would require greatly increased production and that the emergency overrides all other considerations the president however warned that business a usual would be impossible under the armament program and that production of some luxury goods might have to be curtailed whether mr roosevelt can overcome the apathy suspicion and hostility of many groups in the country and win their suppor for specific proposals to speed production will de pend largely on the public reaction to his statement that the nation faces the greatest danger in its his tory and must work and sacrifice as though it wett actually at war it will also depend on his ability t0 allay the fears of many citizens about the long term implications of this program for aiding britain james frederick green on jar cans 1 denbe britair countr explor eight basis whee toratic tonom of ind and d tectior tries demni offerir a jus stractl depen no than which of wa it is object long t have hitler aims sixtee has a has al wi grant avoid its wa +om ikes nse of plus eds that ons as nent rds avelt y of port de nent his wert ty to ong tain ou mm genie wrary os arcrs entered as 2nd class matter lich 0 tay foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y you xx no 12 january 10 1941 hile president roosevelt in his broadcast of december 29 and in his message to congress on january 6 rejected talk of peace some ameri cans notably senators wheeler tydings and van denberg believe that before proceeding to give britain a measure of aid that might involve this country in war the united states government should explore the possibility of a negotiated peace an eight point plan which might provide a working basis for a just peace was outlined by senator wheeler on december 30 this plan included res toration of germany's 1914 boundaries with au tonomy for poland and czechoslovakia restoration of independent france belgium holland norway and denmark restoration of german colonies pro tection of racial and religious minorities in all coun tries internationalization of the suez canal no in demnities or reparations and arms limitation in offering his plan senator wheeler admitted that a just peace is difficult if not impossible to ab stractly define while war rages it is too completely dependent upon the attitude of the belligerents nothing could be more natural or more tempting than the hope of discovering a formula of peace which would prevent the continuance and expansion of war in any discussion of war and peace however it is essential to distinguish between the short term objectives of the belligerents or war aims and their long term objectives or peace aims the british have defined their war aims as the need to crush hitlerism the germans have defined their war aims as the need to destroy the british empire after sixteen months of war neither of the belligerents has achieved its short term objective but neither has abandoned the hope of ultimate victory what are belligerents peace aims granted that britain and germany succeed in avoiding a stalemate and that one of them fulfills its war aims the victor will still b confronted with is a negotiated peace possible the task of carrying out its long term objectives or peace aims neither britain nor germany has of fered a detailed blueprint of the order of things it plans to create once the war is over but the nazis obviously dissatisfied with the pre war situation have already taken a series of measures on the euro pean continent that foreshadow their concept of a new order the british relatively satisfied with pre war conditions have been principally concerned with the restoration of rights and freedoms curtailed or destroyed by the nazis and have postponed defi nition of their peace aims until the defeat of hitler under the circumstances is there a meeting ground between british and german peace aims or is the conflict between them as the british and germans both believe a conflict between two worlds one of which must triumph at the expense of the other the first and most important obstacle to a ne gotiated peace is that neither of the belligerents trusts the other the british feel that a peace con cluded with hitler would be another and far more disastrous munich an uneasy truce which would give germany leisure to prepare for a final blow against what would be left of the western world the germans for their part fear that the british might seek to break up the german state and re duce it to the position of a second class power another important obstacle to a negotiated peace from the british point of view is that a peace con cluded today between britain and germany would be equivalent to a nazi victory at a peace confer ence held today germany with its army and most of its industry intact would insist on retaining its hegemony of europe it would demand a substantial share of africa far more than mere restoration of germany’s pre war colonies it would insist on free access by a german controlled europe to the food stuffs and raw materials of latin america even if it did not insist on surrender of part of the british fleet it would have obtained strategic bases in eu rope and africa from which it could menace the british the most that the british could expect from a negotiated peace would be to keep the british isles and to retain nominal control of those parts of the empire that lie outside africa with their communications constantly threatened by combined german italian and japanese forces there is no indication that germany would be prepared as sug gested by senator wheeler to restore the inde pendence of western european countries grant autonomy to poland and czechoslovakia which in any case are demanding independence not auton omy or restore alsace lorraine to france at the same time there is growing recognition among the british that it will not be enough to crush hitlerism that while the short term ob jective is being hammered at day by day the long term objectives must be constantly borne in mind the war itself is shaping the future peace not all the things that have been done in europe by hitler can be undone even in the event of complete victory by britain repugnant as hitler’s new order is to millions of people throughout the world it may not prove possible or even desirable to restore in toto the order that existed in august 1939 many brit ishers and americans realize that what will be needed at the end of the war is not restoration but reconstruction not merely efforts to save democracy by adopting defensive tactics but efforts to strength en and advance democracy by taking the ideological offensive against nazism responsibilities of the united states it is at this point that crucial questions must be faced by the united states if as the british axis prepares to counter fall of bardia the fall of bardia on january 5 after twenty days of siege constitutes a notable victory for the british army of the nile and removes the greatest obstacle to rapid penetration of libya by the imperial forces with suitable naval protection the town can now be used as a british base for its harbor will accom modate supply ships up to 4,000 tons and there are facilities for aircraft the dogged resistance of the bardia garrison has presumably enabled marshal graziani to strengthen the defenses of tobruk 65 miles to the west although the uncertainty of his page two for a broad background of defense facts read u.s aid to britain u.s defense mobilization u.s defense raw materials the u.s army in transition canada at war special offer 5 foreign policy reports for 1.00 see it the alternative to a negotiated peace is com plete and total defeat of hitler then ameticags want to know can the british achieve this war aim the answer so far as can be determined is thy the british cannot win a decisive victory over hitle unless they receive a much larger measure of ai from the united states aid that might eventually necessitate military intervention by this country jy the opinion of some americans involvement of this country in war is far more dangerous than the most disastrous negotiated peace to avoid future disillusionment like that whid followed 1919 americans must realize that it will not be enough for the british with our aid to wig the war we would also have to help the british win the peace for it becomes increasingly evident that if britain with the aid of the united states succeeds in preventing german control of europe it will in turn be faced with the necessity of main taining some form of control over the european cop tinent at the close of hostilities are we prepared not only to give further aid to britain even x the risk of war with germany but also once wa is over to collaborate with britain in the cop struction of a new order whatever form ow intervention takes whether intervention in war o intervention in peace it creates obligations on the part of the united states for either we shall bk obliged to implement our promises of aid to britain by concrete actions or else we shall be called on ly the british to guarantee the negotiated peace what is not yet always clearly understood is that th united states is a great power and a great powe cannot indefinitely avoid responsibility vera micheles dean supply line from italy places definite limits on th italian military effort whether the british can sume their rapid advance depends to some degrtt on the disposition of italian air squadrons relieve of their mission of raiding britain and ordered home as well as german planes which according to announcement on january 2 have also been stt tioned with the italians if the fuel situation pe mits full employment of axis aviation in the med terranean theater the extended british lines may i turn become precarious important though they are these development must be regarded as subsidiary to the evident prep arations for the german army's next forward movt which may be precipitated by italy's difficult situt tion every effort has been made to conceal the tii and location of the blow by creating simultaneot crises in widely separated areas britain the ulb mate objective has been confronted with a nef met whi serv bef alsc bell eire brit neu of stat and sait get seri fen bef irel con to bell cor brit curt of sine pla eire iten hav to sun to tem hav mir qua de flec anr tasi to tha so suc for heac ente i om ans im ther aid ally lh of the hich will win itish dent it ain com vared n at wat cof out at ot 1 the ll be ritain on by what tthe ower an n the un fe legret lieved home to ai n ste n per nay it yments prep move situs e tim anedws e ult a ne j __ menace in the shape of showers of incendiary bombs which caused serious fires in london until a civilian service was improvised to extinguish the missiles before they could start conflagrations tension was also heightened in eire bulgaria and france eires neutrality threatened both belligerents appear to be turning their attention to fire whose strategic importance in the battle of britain is so great that continued respect for its neutrality is problematical from the british point of view the re acquisition of harbors in the free state as naval bases would facilitate convoy duty and perhaps permit resumption of traffic through saint george’s channel into the irish sea it is to germany’s interest on the other hand either to pre serve the existing status or to occupy the weakly de fended irish coast as a means of enveloping britain before it is finally reduced while britain has not publicly demanded that ireland compromise its neutrality it has apparently concluded that as a neutral eire must be subjected to all the inconveniences of other european non belligerents regardless of its link with the british commonwealth through control of shipping the british ministry of economic warfare has therefore curtailed irish imports to the point where stocks of gasoline and foreign foods are running low since january 1 moreover the board of trade has placed under license all exports from britain to eire of cattle feed fertilizer certain tools and other items and after january 22 irish exporters will have to obtain navicerts guaranteeing that shipments to many markets are not destined for enemy con sumption in british opinion eire does not deserve to enjoy the benefits of trade under the convoy sys tem without contributing to its effective maintenance the german response to these measures seems to have been the dropping of bombs and magnetic mines on eire from january 1 to 3 often enough to preclude the possibility of accident although qualified german sources denied responsibility the de valera government claimed that it had identi fied both bombs and mines as of german origin and announced that it was protesting in berlin some neutral observers considered the attacks a nazi fore taste of what would follow if eire turned over bases to the british london however professed to believe that germany hoped to force the irish into the war so that british troops and aviation would be diverted to the strengthening of eire’s defenses at the other end of europe german pressure was suddenly applied to bulgaria which with apparent page three soviet support had recently shown signs of resistance to inclusion in the new order while it is im possible to draw positive deductions from the vague reports of german troop movements and diplomatic peregrinations throughout the balkans it is widely believed that bulgarian adherence to the axis is imminent and that it may be followed by military occupation perhaps with compensation for the u.s.s.r in other fields the progress of the nazi army may indirectly be of service to italy by posing new strategic difficulties for the british in the near east france resists nazification mean while events in france as influenced by the will of the german conqueror have demonstrated that the abolition of parliamentary government is not in itself an automatic bar to prolonged political crises the latest development in marshal pétain’s attempt to secure a stable government enjoying both german confidence and french domestic support occurred on january 3 when paul baudouin who once re flected m laval’s point of view resigned from the cabinet although it was expected that laval’s pow ers might be handed over to a triumvirate consist ing of m pierre etienne flandin minister of for eign affairs admiral jean darlan and general charles huntziger no such move has yet taken place instead vichy is trying to resume negotiations for collaboration with germany which were broken off on laval’s dismissal admiral darlan whose star is rising visited hitler in occupied france on christmas day for this purpose but ber lin continues to hold aloof until the political situa tion has been clarified to its satisfaction there can be no doubt that marshal pétain des perately desires to reach an agreement with the reich for french stocks of food and materials are declining the budget situation is almost hopeless and the lack of free communication between the two french zones is morally and politically destruc tive at the same time the marshal refuses to bring france into the war against britain or permit the nazis to utilize french naval bases and ships a french order of january 4 placing general henri dentz the new syrian high commissioner under the orders of general maxime weygand in north africa is symbolic of pétain’s determination to re sist in the colonies if the nazis push him too far as admiral leahy takes up his residence in vichy therefore skillful american diplomacy may prove an important factor in the future development of franco german relations davip h poppper foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 12 january 10 1941 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y published weekly by the foreign pelicy association frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f luger secretary vera micueres dean editor incorporated national entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year a produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year ss we washington news letter washington bureau national press building jan 6 as the seventy seventh congress organ ized to meet the unprecedented issues confronting the nation in 1941 there was no doubt in the minds of washington observers that the overwhelming majority in both houses were prepared to act promptly on practical measures to accomplish the swift and driving increase in armament production called for by president roosevelt in his annual mes sage today but after listening to mr roosevelt's statement of national policy after re reading his ring ing call for action many members of congress were still left in doubt as to the specific measures they will be asked to approve in the critical months ahead a restatement of aims the expectation that the president would specify some of the prac tical steps necessary to implement his call for action was not realized in the message indeed some sur prise and disappointment was expressed that mr roosevelt did not venture beyond the broad objec tives outlined in his fireside chat of december 29 already there had been widespread acceptance even if not complete endorsement of the fundamental aims of american national policy but congress was waiting for detailed blueprints of the proposed acts and policies in his message the president re stated the funda mental aims without equivocation we are com mitted he said to three things first to all inclusive national defense second to full support of all those resolute people everywhere who are resisting aggression and are thereby keeping war away from our hemisphere third to the proposition that principles of morality and considerations for our own security will never permit us to acquiesce in a peace dic tated by aggressors and sponsored by appeasers in support of these policies mr roosevelt urged greater speed in rearmament and greater aid to britain frankly expressing dissatisfaction with arma ment production thus far he called for quicker and better results on aid to britain he recommended that we make it possible for those nations to con tinue to obtain war materials in the united states fitting their orders into our own program he im plied that a plan for carrying out the transfer of war materials to britain may be furnished with the budget message later this week some of the prob lems raised by the discussion of aid to britain may also be clarified by the visit to london of harry hopkins the president's special emissary contrasting the so called new order of tyranny which the dictators seek to create with the aims of democracy the president proclaimed four essential human freedoms freedom of speech and expression freedom of every person to worship god in his own way freedom from want and freedom from fear defense of democracy he added must also include such simple and basic things as providing jobs and security for those who need it but when the president had finished his message the chief question in the minds of congress te mained unanswered what are the practical steps which may be necessary if we are to make good the indictment of the axis powers mr roosevelt de clared that as long as the aggressor nations main tain the offensive they not we will choose the time and the place and the method of their attack to many of his listeners this implied that the time had come for the united states to take the offensive and yet to the disappointment of some and the relief of others the answer was left in doubt various explanations are being advanced for the president's failure to submit a more positive pro gram of action on the internal problem of speed ing defense production it is pointed out that most of the critical decisions must be made by mr knud sen’s coordinating council and the executive branch of the government and in some cases final decisions have yet to be reached in the opinion of congress however this explanation cannot be applied to the policy of aid to britain the semblance of national unity has been achieved up to this time by restricting our support of britain to measures short of military intervention congress may eventually be ready to support any action necessary to prevent the defeat of britain but it has not yet reached the point of approving every action of the executive without scrutiny or question this offers the most plausible explanation for mr roosevelt's hesitation to propos further specific measures w.t stone u.s defense progress and problems is the subject of the fpa’s broadcast on january 12 the speaker will be david h popper we welcome yout comments on these programs which are heard every sunday from 2 15 to 2 30 e.s.t over the blue network of the national broadcasting company vol rel du +mei i entered as 2nd class matter unive savy o24 40 1 gan sf ann arbor michigan pepronical rqva fs genep al library y wy ot mm an unity of mice l 19 rat q y me foreign policy bulletin y l anny s of an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association ntial foreign policy association incorporated noa 22 east 38th street new york n y own fear vor xx no 18 january 17 1941 lude jobs japan gains by thai invasion of indo china sage vera for the increasing severity of hostilities between thailand siam and indo china the steps relative lull on the far eastern front has continued 1 the during recent weeks japan’s relations with the so t de viet union are still in an indeterminate stage nain matked by failure thus far to renew the fisheries the convention which expired on december 31 1940 ack in china some uneasiness has been caused by a rift time between the kuomintang and the communists al isive though a threatened crisis seems to have been averted 1 the warfare in indo china since last octo ber despite occasional rumors of demands for further t the military concessions japan has made no openly ag pro gressive moves in indo china throughout this period peed however unsettled conditions have prevailed on the most thailand indo china border recent events have nud suggested that japan unwilling to risk the conse ranch quences of direct moves on its own part in indo sions china may be planning to take advantage of the gress growing warfare between thailand and indo china the until lately hostilities on the indo china border ional have been of limited scope they were confined for icting the most part to belligerent declarations from bang itary kok to hanoi and to occasional local air raids by dy to few planes on each side during the past two lefeat weeks these relatively minor incidents have been nt of succeeded by warlike operations on a considerable thout sale on january 9 the indo chinese military forces asible withdrew five to ten miles from the cambodian opose border following thai infantry attacks supported by extensive bombing operations fighting on the cambodian front is occurring along the rail and road communication system that leads toward saigon in ems southern indo china reports from hanoi claim that 2 the japanese pilots are flying the thai planes and that yout japanese military planes en route to thailand have every been making unauthorized landings in indo china twotk these hostilities have coincided with the begin hing of negotiations on economic matters between yne japan and indo china an important indo chinese economic mission reached tokyo at the end of de cember and preliminary conferences for a compre hensive trade pact have since been held no details as to the progress of these negotiations have been revealed but it is understood that japan is seeking to increase its imports of certain indo chinese prod ucts notably rice tin and rubber thailand’s inva sion of cambodia is weakening the position of the french authorities in indo china and making it less possible for them to resist japan’s demands either political or economic the kuomintang communist rift serious tension between the kuomintang and the chinese communists has raised the threat of re newed civil strife in china since the beginning of the japanese invasion in 1937 cooperation between china’s two major political groups has been effec tively maintained despite occasional periods of dif ficulty the last crisis occurred in 1939 but was settled in july of that year by generalissimo chiang kai shek’s intervention in the course of the war two main centers of mili tary operation by chinese communist forces have developed the first and most important is located in north china where the eighth route army is the nucleus of a strong guerrilla movement which extends over several provinces a subsidiary com munist force known as the fourth route army has developed a similar guerrilla base north and south of the lower yangtze river between nanking and shanghai both the eighth route and fourth route armies are controlled by communist officers but under the general direction of the central military authorities at chungking the continued expansion of these armies has been viewed with distrust by some elements in the chinese central government the communist leaders on the other hand main tain that despite inadequate central support in ere 9 os rn ct aen ni oe a on i i money and munitions they have managed to ex poe their operations and engage larger japanese orces thus enhancing their contribution to the com mon military struggle underlying these problems are more basic differences centering around the political and economic reforms in guerrilla districts which have curtailed the powers of the landed gentry and the merchants these issues are also connected with the communist demand for a wider extension of democratic rights throughout china and are sharpened by the distress resulting from the infla tionary rise of prices in free china during the past autumn the chinese central au thorities adopted a number of measures which nearly led to open conflict three lines of blockhouses hemming in the eighth route army have been built in the northwest and a force of 200,000 cen tral troops has been concentrated behind these lines in november moreover general ho ying chin the war minister at chungking demanded that the fourth route army transfer all its forces north of the yangtze river by december 19 as the region in question was wrested from japanese control by the fourth route army after regular chinese forces had been withdrawn the leaders of the fourth army page two a have resisted this order in one locality reports jp dicate that a section of the fourth army disarmed detachment of 10,000 kuomintang troops sent ty dislodge them the fact that no major effort has been made ty enforce the orders against the fourth army suggests that the immediate crisis has passed as kuomintang communist collaboration is the key to china’s sy cessful defense a renewal of civil strife at this time would have serious repercussions on the whole ra eastern situation the british american and soviet ambassadors to china are said to have warned both chiang kai shek and chou en lai chief communig representative at chungking against the adverse effects which renewed civil conflict would have og the possibility of further aid from abroad there js some evidence that japan’s peace feelers at chung king in october and november helped to bring kuomintang communist differences to the surface the reopening of the burma road additional amefi can and british financial aid and the soviet loa agreements with china in january totaling 15,000 000 should in this case exert a stabilizing influence on china’s internal situation t a bisson germany plans to expand trade with russia the part that the soviet union may eventually play in the broadening world conflict again came under discussion over the week end of january 11 with the signature of a new soviet german trade agreement and contradictory rumors of moscow’s attitude toward german diplomatic and military maneuvers in the balkans the new trade agreement signed on january 10 along with four border and population transfer treaties represents a step in the execution of the economic program codistiioen by the two governments in a treaty concluded on august 23 1939 as expanded by the agreement of february 11 1940 the february agreement had provided for an exchange of goods valued at over one billion marks or 400,000,000 the agreement of january 10 regulates the trade turnover between the soviet union and germany until august 1 1942 and provides for an amount of mutual deliveries considerably exceeding the level of the first year of operation of the february 11 pact the u.s.s.r is to deliver to germany industrial raw materials can the united states balk invasion read u.s strategic bases in the atlantic by a randle elliott 25c january 15 issue of foreign policy reports oil products and foodstuffs especially cereals wal germany is to deliver industrial equipment while no specific figures were mentioned in the agreement the official german news agency d.n.b declared the new arrangement could be called an economic plan scope of soviet german trade nv detailed information is available from either ger man or soviet sources regarding soviet german trade during the first year of the war deliveries of wheat oats and barley from russia however havt been described in berlin as satisfactory of the grains imported by germany about 80 per cent att said to be fodder it has also been implied in berlin that germany might import the share of russia exports which formerly went to britain estimated at 19,000,000 in 1938 germany would be inter ested in importing from the u.s.s.r other agt cultural products and foodstuffs such as corn rice and meat but of these russia does not have at pre ent an exportable surplus it is interesting to nott that german references to the greatest grain deal in history coincided with reports that russia ws sending a trade mission to argentina to negotiates giant agreement for the purchase of grain whid might then presumably be exported via russia germany in other words russia technically a not belligerent might serve as an intermediary for get man imports across the pacific of latin americal fo ent have f the nt age berlin 1ssia's mated inter agth 1 fice pres note 1 deal a was jate 4 which sia 0 1 not r get erical foodstuffs at present barred from western european ports by the british blockade since bulk shipments via the pacific are impracticable and britain would gesist wheat shipments to germany this soviet move may have the effect of arousing argentine wheat growers against britain soviet oil exports russia also does not have a large exportable surplus of oil and strategic raw materials needed by the reich soviet crude oil roduction increased from 21.4 million tons in 1932 to 32 million in 1939 with a further increase to 4g 5 million scheduled for 1942 under the third five year plan soviet oil exports however declined from 6.1 million tons in 1932 to 1.4 million in 1938 and soviet deliveries of oil to germany in 1939 40 appear to have been about 900,000 tons this decline in soviet oil exports is due in large measure to enlarged home consumption partly for the needs of the red army and partly for the needs of agriculture which is being increasingly motor ized that the soviet union hopes to expand its oil production in the future is indicated by its purchases of american oilfield and oil refining equipment as in the case of rumania however the nazis may discover that conclusion of a trade agreement is not sufficient to increase deliveries of oil products and may be ultimately confronted with the necessity of intervening directly in soviet oil production soviet purchases in us the most im portant metals covered by the soviet german trade agreements of 1939 and february 11 1940 are manganese chrome and antimony exports of all of which to germany totaled one million metric tons in 1939 40 it is of course conceivable that man ganese previously exported to overseas countries notably the united states and now prevented by the anglo italian war from passing through the mediterranean might be diverted to germany it is also conceivable that as in the case of the antici pated grain negotiations with argentina the soviet union might act as an intermediary for germany in the purchase of strategic raw materials from the united states and other countries attention was called last week in washington to the fact that the soviet union has become the third largest buyer of copper in the united states purchasing 108,955 000 pounds in 1939 40 and the largest foreign buyer of cotton excluding barter shipments to britain purchasing 139,591 bales since august 1940 the bulk of soviet copper purchases consist not of domestically mined ores but of copper ore concentrates which are sent to the united states by page three copper mining companies in latin america for processing and admitted in bond for subsequent sales abroad it is of course difficult to determine the extent to which purchases of copper and cotton in the united states are designed to offset the loss of other sources of supply by the soviet union owing to the war and the extent to which moscow then reships these products to germany criticism of soviet sales and resales to germany has been expressed in britain and the united states british authorities being especially concerned with the possi bility that the soviet union might become a dangerous leak in britain’s blockade of the reich the soviet union however continues to maintain that it is a neu tral power and therefore free and willing to trade with any country ready to accept its terms exports to germany can no more be regarded as a sign of soviet german alliance than british and american exports to japan continued with limitations in spite of officially expressed sympathy for china can be considered a sign of an anglo american alliance with japan it would be dangerous to jump to the conclusion that because the soviet union trades with germany moscow is also ready to accept any solutions germany might impose on areas adjacent to soviet frontiers the soviet union has neither the industrial plant the military equipment nor the popular will to become involved in a major conflict with germany but this does not mean that moscow might not use its influence in bulgaria and yugo slavia to counteract german pressure on these coun tries contrary to general expectation that bulgaria was on the point of joining hitler’s new order in exchange for territorial advantages at the ex pense of greece m bogdan philov bulgarian premier declared on january 12 following his re turn from germany that bulgaria would maintain its neutrality and would accept neither nazism fascism nor communism on january 13 tass the official soviet news agency declared that if german troops were entering bulgaria it was without the knowledge or consent of the soviet government how long bulgaria can maintain its precarious posi tion between germany and russia will depend less on its own intentions than on the course of the medi terranean war and on the effect this war will have on turkey as well as the soviet union vera micheles dean what has happened to europe by geoffrey t garratt indianapolis ind bobbs merrill 1940 2.75 bitterly keen observations on the various factors that produced the present european struggle foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 13 january 17 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y franx ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micueces dgan béitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year bs produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building jan 13 as congress prepares to take up the sweeping legislative program for all out aid to britain no one in washington can fail to sense the deep undercurrent of doubt and anxiety which runs through all discussion of the fateful issues now pressing for decision anxious questions are not confined to those outspoken isolationists like sena tor wheeler and hiram johnson who challenge the basic assumptions of the president's position they are raised by others who endorse the president's avowed aims but hesitate to give so much power to one man hr 1776 blank check or author ity to act some of the reasons for this hesi tation are found in the provisions of hr 1776 as presented to congress on january 10 in its original form the bill would confer on president roosevelt wider powers than those ever held by any chief executive of the united states except when the country is actually at war designed to enable the government to act quickly in extending all necessary aid to britain and its allies it would make mr roosevelt virtually the sole arbiter of american for eign policy subject only to such restraint as public opinion or congress may exercise if endorsed with out reservation it would tend to make the united states an avowed ally of great britain on terms and conditions fixed solely by the president the bill itself is a short document of nine sections it authorizes the president notwithstanding the provisions of any other law to manufacture and to sell transfer exchange lease lend or other wise dispose of any defense article to any country he deems vital to the defense of the united states it gives the president full authority to release for export any defense article of the army and navy to exchange military secrets and to permit a belliger ent government to outfit or recondition its war vessels in american ports it places no limit on the amount of money which may be spent to carry out the purposes of the act the terms of this aid and the basis of repayment shall be those which the president deems fit to understand the hesitation of congress and the basic question which its attitude poses for de mocracy it is necessary to look deeper than the provisions of this particular measure with respect to the bill there is a general belief in washington that the administration has asked for more than it expects to get and that in the end it will accepp amendments and compromises provided they do destroy the primary purpose congress as a whole recognizes the need for decisive action in emergency but is not yet prepared to surrender all authority without any time limitations and without periodical accounting in theory at least there should be no insuperable obstacle to a compromise formula under which the executive would have sufficient power to meet emergencies subject to congressional limita tion and review at stated intervals a compromise along these lines may be worked out within the next few weeks but the issue is com plicated by at least two unresolved doubts which hamper unity and concerted action one concerns mr roosevelt himself some persons in washington ask whether the president has thought through the pos sible military consequences of further intervention at a time when our own defense program is admit tedly lagging without additional assurance on this point many who would otherwise support a broad delegation of power to the executive continue to hesitate in the face of crisis this hesitation has not been dispelled by mr willkie’s endorsement on january 12 of the administration’s lend lease bill with amendments the second unresolved doubt concerns the long term objectives of aid to britain it would be diff cult for the american government to request a public statement of british war aims at a time when britain is fighting for survival but those who hesitate to give a blank check to the president are asking what kind of world order he has in mind at the end of hostilities should britain with american aid ob tain a victory over germany the basic question posed for the united states is whether democracy can act decisively in time of crisis not by resort to the totalitarian methods of crushing all opposition but by common consent the dangers of indecision are obvious but many members of congress sincerely want to base their decision on fuller information regarding the ultimate objectives of the administration than has as yet been placed at their disposal w t stone james frederick green will broadcast on sunday january 19 his subject is the debate over the presi dent’s foreign policy this is one of the regular fpa sunday broadcasts heard from 2 15 to 2 30 e.s.t ovet the blue network of the national broadcasting company vol wo bri to ern pie star got anc une pre +vention admit on this a broad rinue to has not ent on se bill re long be difi a public 1 britain sitate to ng what end of aid ob states is of crisis crushing dangers nbers of ision on bjectives laced at stone sunday he presi alar fpa s.t ovet company entered as 2nd class matter genera l lbrary tt 6 valverste jay s ty of michigan v a 4 toy ann arbor nich an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xx no 14 january 24 1941 axis leaders plan german drive in mediterranean oa 4b in the mediterranean may be intensiued following the secret conference between hitler and mussolini which according to a german com muniqué of january 20 resulted in complete agree ment on their views concerning all questions the axis leaders accompanied by their foreign minis ters and high army officials must have discussed primarily the terms and extent of further german assistance to italy almost simultaneously a german mission of 35 economic experts headed by dr karl clodius arrived in rome apparently for the purpose of working out an arrangement to supply italy with raw materials which it urgently needs although i duce realizes that additional german aid will inevitably curtail italian gains in a post war settlement continued italian reverses in africa and albania have left him with no alternative just how the germans will reinforce the faltering italian troops in albania whether through italy or the balkans remains shrouded in mystery the contin ued movement of german troops and supplies into rumania indicates that a drive into greece through yugoslavia or bulgaria may still take place franco german relations the position of france in relation to the mediterranean war was probably also reviewed by hitler and mussolini it would greatly facilitate germany’s campaign against british forces in the south if the reich obtained a port on the mediterranean and hitler may now seek to exact this further concession from the pétain gov emment the meeting of marshal pétain and m pierre laval on january 18 reopened several out standing questions of franco german relations ne gotiations for increased cooperation between vichy and berlin were interrupted on december 13 by the unexpected dismissal of m laval as french vice premier and foreign minister an official com muniqué after the january 18 meeting however announced that the misunderstandings which brought about the events of december 13 were dis pelled despite m laval’s apparent preference for increased collaboration with germany and the marshal’s desire to avoid antagonizing the reich an official spokesman at vichy made it clear on january 20 that the immobilized french fleet would not be used against britain and that france would continue to assure and safeguard its overseas em pire with general weygand in command of french troops in africa the possibility that french colonial forces might join the british affords marshal pétain a degree of bargaining power to resist ger man pressure for active support of the axis german air force aids italy the ger man air challenge to britain’s naval supremacy in the mediterranean which took a new turn on janu ary 17 as german planes struck eastward at the suez canal area has been developing during the past few weeks into a major campaign germany's pene tration into this southern theatre of war originally reserved for italy in axis plans has apparently re sulted from italy’s inability to carry out the dive bombing operations required to inflict serious dam age on a battle fleet from the air in order to be reasonably sure of success in bombing such a small target as a ship or a single military objective of lim ited size a plane must either be equipped with deadly accurate bomb sights or dive at the target the italian air force according to all available informa tion lacks the superior sights and the right kind of planes to engage in large scale dive bombing brit ain’s command of the mediterranean has not been threatened by either the italian navy or the italian air force since rome declared war against the british last june although it has been clear that in the long run the success of italy's war effort in africa would probably depend on its ability to maintain naval sup ply lines german airplane formations participated in medi terranean warfare for the first time on january 10 when stuka dive bombers attacked a british military convoy southwest of sicily as a result of this en gagement and german italian air attacks against british warships in valletta harbor at malta on jan uary 16 and 19 one of britain’s three aircraft car riers in the mediterranean the newly built i ustri ous was put out of action for a considerable period and the modern 9,100 ton british cruiser southam p ton sunk british p anes began a series of retaliatory bombing raids on the german italian air bases at catania sicily on january 12 and the italian air drome at marizza rhodes on january 17 axis at tacks from other nearby bases however will seri ously complicate britain's problem of supplying al lied forces in africa and greece through the strait of gibraltar and the western mediterranean and may even increase the hazards of shipping further reinforcements to greece in eastern waters british successes in africa italian re verses on the battle fronts in libya and east africa may have been the deciding factor in germany's decision to enter the mediterranean at this time page two since the british recaptured sidi barrani on decep ber 11 and solum on december 16 they have moyg steadily into italian territory following the captuy of bardia on january 5 british troops began to e circle the next italian fortified zone at tobruk british armored cars penetrated as far as the eo virons of bomba 55 miles west of tobruk m while the royal air force has harried the reorg ization of italian defenses at tobruk derna ay bengazi in east africa the italian forces have retreate before a determined british advance which bega on january 9 and which culminated on january in the recapture of kassala italy’s loss of this tow in the anglo egyptian sudan taken by fascist force last july brought to a sudden close the italian threa to invade khartoum and the great cotton growiny region along the upper nile farther south alony the border of kenya colony italian forces have als given up advanced posts which they seized last sum mer germany's aid to italy in the mediterranean js apparently designed to arrest british successes on the african fronts before italy might be compelled tp stop fighting there if hostilities should cease ip africa a good share of britain’s strength would bk freed for use against the reich a randle elliotr the f.p.a bookshelf the war first year by edgar mcinnis new york ox ford 1940 1.50 originally published under the sponsorship of the cana dian institute of international affairs this volume is a re markably objective survey of the events of the first twelve months of war it should be useful to writers teachers and maps a chronology and texts of treaties are in uded the structure of manufacturing production by charles a bliss new york national bureau of economic re search 1939 2.50 the author gives a cross section of our manufacturing industries as of 1929 differentiating the products by major classifications and setting forth the proportion contributed by materials wage and salary earners capital etc the usefulness of this survey is impaired by the lack of com parable data for other years while congress debates the lend lease bill read financial help for britain the pros and cons by john c dewilde 10c a brief study guide presenting arguments on both sides of this momentous question i british relations with china 19381 1939 by irving friedman 2.00 the chinese army by evans fordyce carlson 1.00 inquiry series institute of pacific relations new york 1940 these two studies continue the authoritative series d monographs in the inquiry series of the i.p.r dealin with problems arising from the far eastern conflict th first study after a brief historical introduction gives detailed and illuminating analysis of britain’s policy i the far east from the manchurian crisis to the outbred of war in europe the second provides a useful descrip tion and evaluation of china’s armed forces with especi ly rich materials on guerrilla techniques and organization the president office and powers by edward s corwit new york new york university press 1940 5.00 this historical and analytical study of the presidency a landmark in its field of particular interest today are tlt survey of lincoln’s dictatorship during the civil we emergency and the suggestions for change in the compo tion and functions of the cabinet as a safeguard agail dangerously personalized presidential power the fleet today by kendall banning new york ful and wagnalls 1940 2.50 an interestingly written account of the selection of nav recruits and their training in the various branches of t service recommended for men considering enlistment foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 14 january 24 1941 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y bs frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lugt secretary vera micne.es dean eéit entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year published weekly by che foreign policy association incorporated nati0 ecot and l in ter aid fo in the ton to emerg financ has be 1939 under signed effort coffee forma ecc can l progr dustri amer matio first lished nician have favor tially rubbe that wi up fe partic drawt here passes tembe of no balan spher past straig is rey not n arbitr el can f presic gress for me cop n decem ive m 1 cap yan to bruk is the ik m reor yerna retreated ich began anuary 1 this town cist forces ian threat n growing ith along have also last sum franean jj ses on the ipelled to cease in would be lliott economic cooperation between the united states and latin america is being worked out at present in terms of commodity agreements united states aid for long range industrial and agricultural projects in the southern republics and loans by washing ton to tide the other american countries over financial emergencies in late november the inter american financial and economic advisory committee which has been sitting in washington since november 15 1939 reached agreement on a coffee convention under the agreement exporting countries are as signed quotas for u.s and non u.s markets in an efort to stabilize marketing conditions and raise coffee prices the committee is now collecting in formation on problems related to cotton and cacao economic aid meanwhile the inter ameri can development commission is pushing its own program for developing non competitive small in dustries in latin america through joint u.s latin american capital outlays it has announced the for mation of a local cooperating group in brazil the first of a number of such committees to be estab lished throughout the americas agricultural tech nicians are also at work four rubber survey groups irving on 1.00 new york series dl r dealing nflict the n gives i policy i e outbred ul descrip h especial ranization s corwit 5.00 psidency i ay are th civil we e compos rd agains ork full n of navi hes of th stment have been touring tropical latin america selecting favorable sites for immediate planting this is essen tially a long term program since no sizable flow of tubber from latin america the original source of that commodity is possible for six or seven years with various credits to latin american republics up for consideration by the export import bank particular attention has been focused on the long drawn out negotiations with cuba the difficulty here arises from the fact that the cuban congress passed a pretentious 50,000,000 loan bill in sep tember 1940 without ascertaining previously whether or not the various items listed including sums to balance the cuban budget properly fell within the sphere of export import bank loans during the past few months attempts have been made to straighten out this misunderstanding washington is reported willing to extend financial aid though not necessarily in the amount or for the purposes arbitrarily specified by cuba’s ill starred loan bill elections in prospect two latin ameri can republics venezuela and haiti are to choose presidents this spring in april the venezuelan con gress will meet to pick a successor to eleazar lépez trends in latin america by john b mcculloch contreras who has governed venezuela since the death of dictator gémez in december 1935 al though he faithfully served gémez as war min ister during the latter's lifetime lopez contreras has subsequently brought venezuela a long way from the ruthless dictatorship that characterized the gémez régime today the country might be described as a semi democracy with certain tacit limitations on rights of political organization and free speech enjoying enormous influence throughout venezuela lépez contreras could doubtless secure his own re election should he so desire barring however un foreseen developments on the international front the president appears determined to relinquish office at this juncture the most likely candidate to suc ceed him is didgenes escalante venezuelan ambas sador in washington in haiti as in venezuela a president is to be selected by congress in april it now appears that the present incumbent sténio vincent hopes to re main in office and that a newly selected hand picked legislature will put through a constitutional amend ment to this end according to the provisions now in effect no president can govern for more than two periods and vincent has already served his two terms among many haitian intellectuals profound resentment has been caused by this fresh illustration of continuismo or indefinite self continuance in power this practice appears to have taken firm root by now in all the central american republics with the notable exception of costa rica and in all the island republics of the caribbean save possibly cuba where batista’s elevation to the presidency in octo ber merely gave a legal form to the power which he had previously exercised as chief of staff of even greater interest perhaps are the chilean congressional elections scheduled for march 2 popu lar front hopes of upsetting rightist majorities in both houses of congress at this time are somewhat weakened by disruptive tendencies within the popu lar front itself as a result of socialist attacks on the communist party recently the socialists announced their intention of withdrawing from the popular front and organizing a new leftist bloc which would exclude the communists although a new president will not be chosen in colombia until 1942 the candidacy of ex president lopéz has already been a major issue in colombian politics for many months for more extensive coverage on latin american affairs read pan american news a bi weekly newsletter edited by mr mcculloch for sample copy of this publication write to the washington bureau foreign policy association 1200 national press building washington d.c periodical r wa3 ihington news ll etter washington bureau national press buliding jan 20 as president roosevelt began his his toric third term today he gave greater emphasis to the crisis confronting democracy in the world of 1941 and underlined more sharply the call for decisive action in his inaugural address the president made no direct reference to the pending bill for full aid to britain or the program of action it is designed to im plement recalling the task of the people in wash ington’s day and in lincoln’s day he invoked the spirit and faith of america in defense of democracy and warned against the peril of inaction today he declared the task of the people is to save that nation and its institutions from disruption from without in the face of great perils never before encountered our strong purpose is to protect and perpetuate the integrity of democracy for this we must muster the spirit of america and the faith of america call to action prior to the inaugural ad dress however the application of these basic prin ciples to the present situation abroad had been sharply outlined before the foreign affairs com mittee of the house by leading members of the cabinet appearing in support of the lend lease bill their testimony left little doubt of the emergence of a new and stronger foreign policy predicated less on the conflict of ideologies than on the necessity of preventing control of the seas from passing into the hands of hostile powers the vital importance of sea power in terms of our own security in the western hemisphere was the central theme of all the statements heard last week in urging congress to give the president wide dis cretion to meet any contingency that might arise secretary hull warned that the united states is faced with the grim necessity of subordinating all other considerations to the elementary requirements of self defense confronted with forces of con quest now on the march across the earth self defense is and must be the compelling consideration in the shaping of our own foreign policy but the primary reason why america must act to support britain is that control of the seas by law abiding nations is the key to the security of the western hemi sphere were britain defeated and were she to lose command of the seas germany could easily cross the atlantic especially the south atlantic unless we were ready and able to do what britain j doing now secretary stimson underlined the same point wh he declared that this country is faced with a crisis that is much more acute than the emergency of 1917 it is imperative that our industry and our plants should be working at top speed he said to furnish vital weapons of defense to great britain in order that she may meet the threat which is confronting her this spring and summer and thus preserve her fleet as a bulwark in the atlantic ocean colonel knox as secretary of the navy stressed the importance of sea power even more emphatically the struggle now going on he said is funda mentally an attempt by germany to seize control of the sea from great britain that is why from a military viewpoint the war has so vital an interest to the united states only great britain and her fleet can give us the time we need to build ships to train their crews to develop our outlying bases and to gear our industry for defense when spokesmen for the administration had com pleted their case few members of the foreign af fairs committee or of congress were left in doubt as to the nature of the decisive measures which are in store if british sea power is destroyed while con gress continues to debate the granting of power to the president there is a growing recognition that the last technical remnants of neutrality are disap pearing and that unless we act ourselves our future course may be determined by other powers while ambassador kennedy's speech on janu ary 18 reflected the inner conflict in the minds of many members of congress who still hesitate to ac cept the full implications of the administration's position or the grim alternative of an axis victory it is not likely to affect the outcome of the debate or the trend of american foreign policy meanwhile wash ington realizes that passage of the lend lease bill will not of itself provide much greater assistance to britain unless the production of war material is increased this task has now been taken in hand by the newly organized office of production manage ment w t stone a randle elliott will broadcast on sunday jan ary 26 his subject is new axis moves in europe this is one of the regular fpa sunday broadcasts heard from 2 15 to 2 30 e.s.t over the blue network of the national broadcasting company f vou xx brit az is the brit has affc a breatl to bring taking rope b importa comma against capture the tert italian strategi harassif campai the cita ministe forces 000,006 the bi 1939 w product tions ar level bri the an counter it is ob materia eficien gree of january to regi forces the sc militar betwee +stressed atically funda itrol of from a interest ind her 1 ships g bases ad com ign af 1 doubt n are in le con ywer to on that disap r future 1 janu inds of to ac ration’s tory it e or the wash ise bill ance to erial is and by anage tone janu this heard of the entered as 2nd class matter ain arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y you xx no 15 january 1 1941 nz germany's failure to invade the british isles after the collapse of france which shook the british empire out of its habitual complacency has afforded the government of winston churchill a breathing spell of more than six months in which to bring its slowly developing war effort to fruition taking advantage of the stalemate in western eu ope britain has been able to risk the diversion of important military supplies to its middle eastern command whose highly successful operations against the italians resulted on january 22 in the apture of tobruk and on january 25 of bisha the terminus of a railroad leading to massawa in italian eritrea while safeguarding the empire's strategic foothold in the eastern mediterranean and harassing the axis on its weakest flank the african ampaigns have not prevented the reinforcement of the citadel of britain itself on january 22 prime minister churchill revealed that the empire’s armed forces for defense and overseas war now total 4 000,000 men including the british home guard the bulk of the war factories constructed under 1939 war plans he declared are just coming into production but the number of workers in muni tions and aircraft plants already far surpasses the 1918 level britain’s fortress economy so long as the american output remains low and the german counter blockade of britain takes its toll of shipping it is obviously essential that all british man power materials and foodstuffs be utilized with maximum eficiency to attain this objective an increasing de gree of regimentation has proved necessary during january men 20 and 36 years of age were required to register for future conscription into the armed forces and these age limits are soon to be broadened the scope of reserved occupations exempt from military service is gradually being reduced all males between 16 and 60 are now liable to 48 hours duty britain builds war economy retains democratic controls each month to combat incendiary bombs and women too may soon be called for similar com pulsory service consumption of luxuries has long been curtailed by taxation as well as import and production control the rationing of basic food stuffs including those consumed by the army is be coming more stringent the individual meat ration in particular has been cut to the amount which may be purchased for 1s 2d about 23 cents each week to distribute war losses equitably the gov ernment has worked out a comprehensive scheme for compulsory insurance of real property and busi ness assets against damage suffered since septem ber 3 1939 and is also initiating a voluntary plan for the insurance of personal chattels in the sphere of public opinion the british home office on janu ary 21 suppressed the london daily worker a communist organ and the news letter the week because of their opposition to the war perhaps most important of all the steps yet taken to organize the british war effort is the govern ment’s decision announced by minister of labor ernest bevin on january 21 to register men and women of all ranks for compulsory assignment to vital industries when necessary this action adopted under the emergency legislation which gave the churchill government virtually unlimited power over persons and property last may is intended to minimize the scarcity of labor now developing in britain in the future trained personnel will gradu ally be shifted out of non essential pursuits and the right of dismissal or of leaving the job will be se verely limited a permanent mobile labor force is to be set up to unload and repair ships construct urgently needed buildings such as workers living quarters and meet other pressing demands ineffi cient management will be replaced by the authorities by measures of this type britain is gradually forg ing an economic war machine designed to compete sei san eere with the ruthlessly efficient organization of the nazi dictatorship the churchill government however has not adopted full totalitarian controls aside from those extreme conservatives who fear that it is already ir retrievably socialist the government's severest critics are those who assail it for not going far enough mr churchill has steadfastly refused to centralize authority in a small war cabinet free of depart mental duties preferring merely to set up three special committees of ministers known as execu tives to deal with imports production and post war reconstruction problems nor have the govern ment’s efforts in specific fields satisfied those who regard britain as a beleaguered fortress in which inequalities of income should be drastically scaled down while all able bodied individuals contribute their energies solely to the national cause to men tion a few specific instances the cabinet has been bitterly attacked for permitting wealthy individuals to purchase food in expensive restaurants without loss of corresponding ration privileges it has been assailed for permitting the coal and transport indus tries to pass on higher costs to consumers there has been an outburst of indignation over congested and insanitary shelter arrangements in cities particular concern has been caused by the failure to halt the up ward spiral of prices and wages which may lead to rumanian revolt adds to germany’s difficulties the abortive but bloody rebellion staged by a faction of the iron guard in rumania has thrown a revealing light on the constant difficulties with which germany must cope in its task of keeping vir tually the entire european continent under control the revolt which broke out on january 21 was at least indirectly aimed at germany the rebels sought to unseat general ion antonescu who had seized supreme power last september with the approval of the reich and had since permitted german troops to enter rumania in the guise of protectors al though the iron guard was originally instrumental in installing antonescu as the country’s dictator the more radical faction within this fascist organization soon became increasingly hostile toward the new ré gime not only because it failed to carry out a total social and economic revolution against the capital ists jews and old time politicians but above all be just out an analysis of the newest phase of the european conflict war in the eastern mediterranean by louis e frechtling 25 february 1 issue of foreign policy reports page two inflation or to adopt comprehensive plans for indys trial mobilization democracy in wartime for some y these failings a habit of resistance to social chap by some leaders may be responsible for othe bureaucratic timidity and inertia must bear the blam in general however the development of politic life in wartime britain does not indicate as som americans have intimated that democracy is dea in that country unless it is believed that democrag cannot survive if government assumes extraordinay powers to execute extraordinary tasks criticism jy parliament and the press is vociferous and frequenth productive of results while industry still retains certain degree of independence labor organization now have a consultative voice in production up equalled in british history under the stress of wa needs many social welfare measures have beep adopted which tend to maintain and in some cases improve the living standards of the lowest income strata no one in britain would deny that innume able shortcomings in political economic and socig life still exist nevertheless the government's jp creasing control over the activities and welfare of all the inhabitants of the country remains broadly based on public opinion davip h popper cause it submitted supinely to the surrender of most of transylvania to hungary and allowed rumania to fall completely under german domination while the iron guard always looked to berlin for inspira tion its members were motivated not so much by love of germany as by the desire to imitate the ex tremely nationalistic system of the third reich many of them became embittered when hitler showed scant consideration for the territorial in tegrity of rumania or for the revolutionary ambi tions of the iron guard for the time being the revolt seems to have been suppressed horia sima the vice premier who ap parently led the revolutionaries is reported to have been arrested and hundreds of rebels are being rounded up for summary punishment german troops did not intervene although the premier was apparently assured of their support in case of need in a manifesto issued on january 25 general antonescu proudly claimed that he had behind him the loyal shadow of the great fuehrer and the honor of german might which guarantees ou borders it remains to be seen whether germany will not exact an additional price for this type of moral assistance in retrospect it now appears that the fear of civil war may have been the primary reason for the recent heavy ruma may a germ gatia greec emphé army ferenc ernme nazi turki of the pa germ drive despi laval pellin fo an in occ gime the m nazis with tained repres germ difficu again the sive 1 every ample neces unless riotir in the nical cupat party norw leade of th fines lage it evide be us agitat from foreic headqu entered of indys some of r oo blame politi as some is dead emmocracy ordinary ticism jy equenth retains nization tion un ss of war ive been me cases t income innumer nd social ent’s in elfare of broadly opper of most rumania n while t inspira much by e the ex d reich n hitler rorial in ry ambi ave been who ap 1 to have ire being german mier was case of general hind him and the itees oul germany s type of ir of civil he recent eee heavy reinforcements of the german garrison in rumania at any rate the possibility that trouble may again flare up in this country may discourage germany from launching a campaign through bul gatia or yugoslavia for the purpose of conquering greece the hazards of such a venture were again emphasized on january 24 when turkish and british army navy and air officers ended a series of con ferences on military cooperation the turkish gov ernment has left little doubt that it will oppose a nazi invasion of bulgaria a large part of the turkish army has been concentrated in thrace west of the straits prepared for any possible action passive resistance to nazis meanwhile germany is still encountering serious obstacles in its drive to enlist the cooperation of conquered france despite the official reconciliation between pétain and laval the germans have not succeeded in com pelling the marshal to restore his former colleague to an influential place in the government the press in occupied france continues to assail the vichy ré gime for its refusal to collaborate with germany in the military as well as the economic field and the nazis apparently sought to express their displeasure with marshal pétain on january 25 when they de tained roger langeron his chief administrative fepresentative in paris as long as pétain withstands german pressure for military cooperation it will be dificult for germany to launch a decisive campaign against the british forces in the mediterranean the germans have been meeting troublesome pas sive resistance not only in france but in virtually every occupied country in the netherlands for ex ample the german authorities recently found it necessary to threaten much more severe reprisals unless anti german agitation and sabotage ceased rioting and unrest among the students have resulted in the closing of at least one university and a tech nical school in norway the german police and oc cupation authorities have had to take the pro nazi party of major vidkun quisling under their protection norwegian nazis are so unpopular that one of their leaders recently issued an appeal asking for respect of their right to exist despite several collective fines levied on norwegian communities acts of sabo lage are said to be increasing it would be wrong however to deduce from this evidence that germany if victorious in war would be unable to control its vast empire the present agitation in the subjected countries stems primarily from the hope however small that britain aided a page three by the united states may yet be successful in free ing europe from nazi domination if that hope should ever disappear the rebellious mood prevail ing at present would probably be succeeded by an attitude of resignation or passive submission nor is there any proof that these troubles have seriously impaired germany's ability to prosecute the war the lull in the air war attributed in some quar ters to bad weather need not be interpreted as a sign of weakness but may on the contrary merely presage a more vigorous offensive at present it seems unlikely that the germans will strike in the mediterranean italian losses particularly in africa have been so great that any effort to retrieve them and oust the british from the eastern mediterranean would require the diversion of large german forces it is more probable that italy will obtain just enough assistance in the air to retard britain’s advance in libya and harass its mediterranean fleet while ger many concentrates its big guns on the british isles john c dewilde mobilizing american industry for defense is the subject of the fpa’s broadcast on february 2 the speaker will be john c dewilde these programs are heard every sunday from 2 15 to 2 30 e.s.t over the blue network of the national broad casting company fpa sunday broadcasts in braille dear general mccoy it is splendid the way the foreign policy asso ciation is cooperating with the american red cross braille transcribers to put embossed copies of its sunday afternoon radio talks under the fingers of the deaf blind and my gratitude knows no bounds i have had several of those talks spelled to me and they indeed afford enlightenment on the meaning of foreign policy news the association is to be con gratulated on the fair mindedness with which it searches out facts in a world mad with turmoil and contradicting animus for the deaf blind who have so few pleasures or outlets for action there is nothing more vital than a periodical to give them summaries of the events every one about them discusses not only are they kept interested but they also are pre pared to understand and endure if their own lives are caught in the maelstrom of mankind’s upheavals again thanking you for the association’s unique gesture of goodwill towards my doubly handicapped fellows i am helen keller the economics of transportation in america by kent t healy new york ronald press 1940 4.00 an authoritative and stimulating work on a highly con troversial subject which has become one of paramount im portance to our defense economy foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 15 january 31 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lest secretary vera micuhetes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter rival washington bureau national press bullding jan 27 as congress continues to discuss the administration’s lend lease bill with final action still at least a month or six weeks away the execu tive branch of the government is considering several far reaching economic proposals which may eventu ally play an important part in the development of the national defense program and the policy of full aid to britain these proposals which are still in the tentative stage look toward the extension and coordination of economic controls as an essential part of the larger defense effort economic defense measures it would be misleading to suggest that plans are already laid for creation of an american ministry of economic warfare or a counterpart of the war trade board created by president wilson in 1917 sooner or later some such central government agency may be set up but at this stage the primary emphasis is on coordinat ing the activities of existing agencies now operating on the economic front the extent of existing eco nomic controls is not generally realized as the pow ers conferred by recent emergency legislation have been sparingly used actually however the admin istration has many potent economic weapons which can be utilized both to strengthen the defense effort and to support the program of active aid to britain the chief economic controls may be summarized briefly as follows 1 export controls since july 2 1940 the office of colonel r l maxwell administrator of export control has had full power under the president to restrict or prohibit the export of any article or ma terial necessary to national defense so far outright embargoes have been proclaimed on only two basic products iron and steel scrap and aviation gaso line shipments of which have been limited to the western hemisphere and great britain neverthe less more than 180 separate articles in addition to arms and ammunition have been subjected to licens ing provisions and the export of many of these articles has been restricted or curtailed while the items to be controlled are determined by colonel maxwell in collaboration with the army navy mu nitions board and the materials and production of fices of the national defense commission the state department retains an important voice in the deter mination of policy and actually administers the ma chinery for issuing licenses 2 financial and monetary controls wide powers in this field are shated by the treasury the federal loan administrator and the export import bank for some time the treasury has been sup porting the currencies of friendly governments notably china and argentina pby utilizing its stabilization fund in collaboration with the treas ury the federal loan administrator and the export import bank have extended credits to china and certain latin american governments in addition the treasury has administered the licensing system under which the american funds of european na tions occupied by the axis have been frozen this system it is now revealed may soon be extended to cover other countries in such a way as to restrict the flow of axis funds in and out of the united states 3 control of strategic materials at least four separate agencies are directly concerned with the purchase of strategic materials for defense needs in addition to the procurement division of the treas ury the federal loan administrator has set up three government corporations under the r.f.c to handle the building of stock piles these include the metals reserve company which is buying tin man ganese antimony tungsten etc the rubber re serve company and the defense supplies corpora tion which is purchasing other basic materials such as nitrates the reported intention to purchase quan tities of strategic materials in mexico indicates that the program may also be used as an instrument of pol icy with the object of buying up vital supplies which might otherwise fall into the hands of the axis powers 4 shipping controls while the government today lacks the wartime power to requisition foreign vessels in american ports or to establish bunker con trol the treasury has authority under the espionage act of 1917 to require all foreign ships leaving american ports to obtain clearance the maritime commission moreover exercises important controls over american shipping through its power to allo cate trade routes and approve the sale or transfer of american ships to foreign registry it is apparent from this summary that the chief problem confronting the administration is one of coordination by coordinating the activities of the twenty or more agencies now administering economic controls the administration would be in a position to carry out a far reaching program of economic defense w t stone vol fe 8 ti to es area cal ai toky wedg chin stren the at te three toky positi stron contr as we aidin indo equip and j oppor ment itself tecko to tak th tende on th vichy repre terms the ja bor the s merel tilitie is sche at +ast four vith the eeds in e treas set up f.c to lude the in man ber re corpora ials such se quan ates that it of pol es which the axis vernment 1 foreign nker con spionage leaving maritime controls r to allo transfer the chief is one of os of the economic sition to c defense stone foreign poi genéral library entered as 2nd class matter univers ity of mich ann arbor mich acy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xx no 16 fesruary 7 1941 japan dictates peace in indo china ollowing successful mediation of the thailand indo china conflict japan seems about to establish its dominance over the strategic coastal area of indo china its prospective gains both politi cal and economic far surpass those attained by the tokyo hanoi pact of last september the entering wedge was then inserted now full control of indo china may be realized japan’s position has also been strengthened by chinese political strife revealed in the attempted suppression of the fourth route army the saigon armistice in the complicated three cornered struggle centering about indo china tokyo had cleverly exploited its unique strategic position its political influence in bangkok was strong enough to warrant the belief that it virtually controlled thai policy japanese military advisers as well as planes and even pilots were evidently aiding thailand’s drive into indo china’s territory indo china with few planes and inadequate military equipment was caught between the thai advance and japanese pressure japan was able to choose the opportune moment to step in and dictate a settle ment that would provide the greatest benefits to itself above all by this method of action japan teckoned that outside powers would find it difficult to take exception to the results achieved the japanese offer to mediate the dispute was tendered on january 21 it was accepted by thailand on the same day and by the french government at vichy on january 22 french thai and japanese tepresentatives completed the drafting of armistice terms on january 30 the meeting was held aboard the japanese cruiser natori anchored in saigon har bor other japanese war vessels were cruising off the southern coast of indo china the armistice merely laid down measures to prevent further hos tilities but a conference to settle the terms of peace is scheduled to meet at tokyo within two weeks at the peace conference thailand will undoubted ly be rewarded with slices of indo chinese territory but whether these will be more extensive than the districts already occupied by thai forces remains to be seen the largest gains will go to japan reports from shanghai as yet unconfirmed outline a series of concessions which japan is exacting from indo china in the military sphere they include an army post at saigon a naval base in cam ranh bay gar risons on indo china’s northern border facing china and free use of all indo chinese air bases in the economic field japan would obtain a virtual monop oly of indo china’s rice rubber and coal and a free hand in the development of natural resources especially minerals whether or not these points have been definitely conceded they offer a good in dication of japan’s immediate aims anglo american policy tokyo’s occupa tion of saigon along with the excellent harbor at cam ranh bay would carry japan a long step closer toward its ultimate objectives in southeast asia the airfields at saigon are 750 miles from singapore while cam ranh bay is only 800 miles from the great british stronghold in the far east in addition thailand may now become sufficiently amenable to assist japan in a land campaign against singapore through the malayan peninsula yet the difficulties of reducing singapore are most formidable especial ly with hongkong and manila on the japanese flanks and japan may well hesitate to take the risks involved under present conditions a serious british setback in europe however might quickly alter this situation both in malaya and the netherlands indies de fense preparations have been rapidly pushed forward during recent months sir robert brooke popham with unified control of british defenses in the hong kong singapore area has been bringing in new troops and equipment although the naval strength at his disposal cannot be very great since last fall anglo american australian conversations on defense matters in the pacific have been proceeding at wash ington while little information on the progress of these negotiations has been divulged there is grow ing evidence that cooperative measures are being quietly instituted reports from new zealand have intimated that ports and airfields now being devel oped in the long hawaii singapore arc swinging south of the japanese mandated islands would be available to the united states along this arc the british dominions are now beginning to use large type american seaplanes particularly as scouts for german sea raiders for the moment however it is clear that there is no intention either in washington or london to lay down a challenge to japan in the pacific the unexpressed hope is that no critical issue with tokyo will emerge during the crucial months ahead in europe admiral nomura the new japanese am bassador comes to washington as an exponent of moderate views but there is slight feeling that he can alter the course of japanese policy despite the embargoes on scrap steel and aviation gasoline american pressure against japan has thus far been sparingly used during the first ten months of 1940 total american exports to japan increased by 12 million dollars over the same period for 1939 ex ports of scrap iron fell by nearly 10 million dollars but shipments of steel products rose by 12 million exports of petroleum machine tools and copper all showed increases these figures do not justify occa sional complaints from tokyo spokesmen of eco nomic pressure by the united states civil strife in china late in january it was revealed that the dispute attending the fourth route army had led to a severe clash between a unit of this chinese communist force and centrol troops the fourth route army’s rear guard with page two ee 8,000 troops headquarters unit and medical service was attacked by 27 central divisions on january 2 as it prepared to cross northward over the yangty river after a nine days battle the fourth army’s rear guard was defeated with 4,000 casualties and 2,000 prisoners its commander and vice commander were captured and the latter is said to have been executed the chungking authorities have ordered formal disbandment of the fourth route army the greater part of this force is still in being however in the provinces directly north of the yangtze river statements by both chiang kai shek and choy en lai the chief communist representative at chung king indicate that the conflict is not being allowed to develop further at this time generalissimo chiang kai shek declared that the step was necessitated by the disloyalty of the fourth route army but that such measures would not be extended to other forces presumably meaning the eighth route army similarly although chou en lai sharply criticized the injustice of the central government's action he expressed the hope that unity would continue to prevail the outcome of the new japanese offensive launched against the lunghai railway in honan province may shed further light on developments in this crucial sphere of chinese political unity de tachments of the fourth route army occupying southern areas of the province are cooperating in the defense against this drive maintenance of china internal unity in the immediate future depends large ly on what is done with the fourth army at pres ent although its divisions are opposing the japanese in scattered areas over several provinces it has no formally recognized status its anomalous legal pos tion may lead to further conflict at any time it is cer tain that japan alone will gain if civil strife is per mitted to continue in china t a bisson dominions increase aid to britain while hitler last week predicted a nazi victory in 1941 and seemed to have forced laval’s reinstate ment in the french cabinet the british empire was preparing for a test of strength this spring cele brating the eighth anniversary of his accession to power the fuehrer on january 30 promised that germany's greatly enlarged land sea and air forces would soon launch a gigantic offensive against brit for your background of defense facts read u.s strategic bases in the atlantic u.s aid to britain u.s defense mobilization u.s defense raw materials u.s army in transition special offer 5 foreign policy reports for 1.00 ain in tacit reply to president roosevelt's lend lease proposal hitler warned that any ships bringing aid to britain whether convoyed or not would be torpedoed the british expecting surprise attack against the british isles in the near future perhaps in conjunction with a nazi offensive in the mediter ranean have taken additional precautions along their coasts and renewed their aerial bombardmetl of germany's invasion ports in western franc britain’s war effort which is receiving extensive sup port from canada australia and new zealand i still hampered by continued dissension in the unio of south africa the neutrality of eire and the pe litical stalemate in india riots in the transvaal the outbreak cf japan gains by thai invasion of indo china foreign policy bw letin january 17 1941 succe of th for p with mala peate have again on th ina afrik predo indus wing a rep gene pro g of d imme vemb a lon the r liame despi benef smuts active sistan not y paign can h ary 2 a foreig headqua entered oad o chiang itated by but that to other te army criticized s action ntinue to offensive 1 honan lopments nity de ccupying ing in the ff china’s ids large at pres japanese it has no egal post it is cer fe is pet bisson it’s lend bringing would be e attacks perhaps mediter yns along bardment n france nsive sup ealand i he union d the pe itbreak of m policy bus a ev rioting in johannesburg on january 31 revealed the deep rift in south africa over participation in the war johannesburg police had to intervene with tear as bombs and armored cars when union soldiers attempted to break up a meeting of the ossewa brandwag an extremist organization of afrikaners the afrikaners are descendants of the dutch boers and huguenots and represent about 60 per cent of the white population of 2,000,000 about 140 per sons were injured in the street fights which lasted three days opposition to the war has continued ever since september 4 1939 when the house of assembly defeated by 80 to 67 prime minister j m b hertzog’s proposal for neutrality thus ending the coalition government general hertzog who was succeeded by general jan c smuts deputy leader of the coalition government continued to agitate for peace and in january 1940 he formed an alliance with the extreme nationalist party of dr d f malan while the opposition forces have been re peatedly outvoted by a majority of about 18 they have succeeded in rallying many different elements against the smuts government especially by playing on the traditional anti british sentiment that persists ina large portion of the afrikaner population the afrikaners chiefly engaged in agriculture resent the predominance of the english speaking elements in industry banking and commerce while the malan wing of the movement continued its campaign for a republic free of all ties with the british empire general hertzog as well as a number of openly pro german leaders including the former minister of defense oswald pirow constantly advocated immediate peace negotiations with the axis on no vember 6 1940 however general hertzog after along struggle with dr malan for leadership in the reunited nationalist party resigned from par liament and announced his retirement from politics despite this friction the government which has benefited from the great personal prestige of general smuts has recruited many thousands of troops for active service and has sent large forces northward to protect kenya and tanganyika and to assist in the empire attack on ethiopia only volunteers however serve outside the boundaries of the union the other dominions athough the as sistance of canada australia and new zealand is hot yet sufficient to be decisive in the spring cam paigns it may prove of vital importance if britain can hold out until late 1941 and 1942 on febru ary 2 prime minister w l mackenzie king an page three a nounced that canada was preparing to complete its two divisions already in britain and to send a third division overseas in the near future the canadian navy which now comprises 175 ships and 15,319 men is expected to reach 413 ships and 26,920 men by march 1942 with numerous corvettes auxiliary craft and merchant vessels already on the ways mr mackenzie king declared moreover that 25 new ait squadrons would be trained and that the comple ment of 36,000 men now serving in the common wealth air training schools would be doubled the australian troops which have headed the em pire’s drive across libya represent the largest pro portion of some 100,000 men now serving over seas even though enlistment for the a.i.f is volun tary australia which introduced conscription last july is preparing a home force of 250,000 men naval personnel now numbering over 15,000 has trebled since the outbreak of war while construction of three destroyers and many smaller vessels has been begun the government has also started construc tion of a graving dock at sydney costing 2,000,000 and capable of handling the largest capital ships similar progress has been made in aviation by sep tember 1940 the australian air force had accepted over 33,000 men for basic training and had already sent pilots to canada for final training and to britain for active service new zealand has also expanded its land sea and air forces totaling 80,000 men in october 1940 by november 1940 more than 20,000 new zealanders were serving overseas the british dominions like the united states are finding that time is the most vital element in aid to britain they have the advantage of vast resources in raw materials and foodstuffs rapidly expanding industrial capacity and a cooperative project ulti mately capable of turning out pilots by the thousands but they need many more months to become fully mobilized for total war james frederick green france under pressure is the subject of the fpa’s broadcast on february 9 over the blue network of the national broadcasting company from 2 15 to 2 30 e.s.t the speaker will be david h popper please let us have your comments the city of man a declaration on world democracy new york viking 1940 1.00 seventeen intellectual leaders join in an eloquent state ment of the need for revivification of democracy along pro gressive lines within a federal world state having sketched out the generalizations the group now intends to grapple with the more concrete constitutional economic re ligious and international issues involved foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 16 february 7 1941 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 hw 181 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lert secretary vera micheeltes dean editor 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor national two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter peed btag washington bureau national press bullding feb 3 while congressional debate on the lease loan bill continues to hold the center of the stage in washington several developments in the field of international relations are attracting the interest of this government the most important of these is the regional conference of the river plate now meeting at montevideo with the object of strengthening trade and commercial relations between argentina brazil uruguay paraguay and bolivia river plate conference the conference which met on january 27 marks a further extension of the trend toward regional economic accords be tween the american republics just a year ago argen tina and brazil signed a significant bilateral trade agreement providing for substantial reductions in the prevailing tariff duties on agricultural and manufac tured products of the two countries this was fol lowed in october 1940 by a supplementary agree ment looking toward the exchange of brazilian and argentine surpluses and by similar negotiations be tween argentina and chile in the present confer ence the scope of the agreements is widened by the inclusion of the five countries of the river plate basin with the united states chile and peru repre sented by official observers by reducing trade bar riers and removing other commercial and shipping restrictions the five countries hope to compensate at least in part for loss of their european markets it is only natural that some of the projects under discussion at montevideo should raise the question of whether preferential regional accords would con flict with the trade policy of the united states at every pan american conference since 1933 the united states has urged adherence to the uncondi tional most favored nation clause as the basis of american commercial policy at lima in 1938 sec retary hull won unanimous support for a resolution embodying the broad principle of nondiscrimination nevertheless latin american states have been re luctant to accept this principle without reservation especially since the outbreak of war in europe at least three of the major proposals now ad vanced at montevideo would apparently suspend op eration of the most favored nation clause the first of these proposals is a draft convention under which argentina brazil and uruguay would grant prefer ential treatment to the products of bolivia and para guay the second is a resolution introduced by ar gentina calling for a study of the feasibility of establishing a customs union between the five coun tries the third project advanced by uruguay ig4 draft convention providing for preferential distriby tion of raw materials and manufactured good among the same countries in normal times projects along these lines migh have drawn objections from the united states p the present situation however there is no indication that washington is disturbed by anything under dis cussion at montevideo state department official merely smile at newspaper reports suggesting tha this government may protest against the customs union project which is at best a remote possibility or the other current proposals they deny that the united states has ever raised objections to the argen tine brazilian trade pact on the contrary the recognize the necessity for such bilateral accords and appear to welcome regional agreements which serve to increase inter american trade thus even though the administration is not yet prepared to announce a departure from its most favored nation principle it is compelled by the realities to give tacit approval to the trend toward regionalism a more immediate question of policy is raised by some of the steps which the united states may take under the lease lend bill when congress has acted on that measure unofficially several latin american countries have expressed concern over the provision authorizing this country to open its ports to british war vessels and have pointed out that this step run counter to the inter american agreement reached at the panama conference in october 1939 shortly after the outbreak of war at that time the foreign ministers of the american republics joined in affirming the status of general neutrality and te solved to prevent their territories from being used bases for belligerent operations and even to pie hibit the fitting out or arming of any ship em ployed by one of the belligerents there is little doubt that most if not all of the latin american nations are concerned over the threat to western hemisphere security and are anxious tt strengthen pan american solidarity they are anxiow to cooperate closely with the united states but some of them are concerned by the fact that this countty having modified its earlier policy has not summoneé the representatives of the other american republic to consult on the new situation in the interest 0 hemisphere solidarity it seems to some observers thal this step might well be taken without delay w t stone es anc minist activitt ties in appear was af culture and w in his church and ai forwar with v garian added ground church to con eastern and rer suffere spite and a ficially the on and me army appare kans b tives f pected ruman the ru bri major their s germa tension +a al c y ia stribu goods migh tes in ication ler dis yfficials ig that ustoms sibility hat the argen 1 they ds and h serve though nounce inciple proval ised by ay take cted on nerican ovision british ep runs ched at ly after foreign in fe and fe used as to pre up em of the e threat ious 0 anxious ut some countty nmoned epublic erest ol vers that tone library entered as 2nd class matter f ay 27 is a me z pes ictical re s4y riick foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vor xx no 17 fesruary 14 1941 nazi moves in bulgaria force balkan crisis he break in diplomatic relations between britain and rumania on february 10 following prime minister churchill’s reference to intensified german activities in bulgaria presaged the spread of hostili ties in the balkans german pressure on bulgaria appeared to have hit a snag on february 4 when it was announced that the pro nazi minister of agri culture bagrianoff had tendered his resignation and was on the point of withdrawing from politics in his broadcast of february 9 however mr churchill stated that a considerable german army and air force is being built up in rumania and its forward tentacles have already penetrated bulgaria with we must suppose the acquiescence of the bul garian government airfields in bulgaria he added were already being occupied by german ground personnel numbering thousands mr churchill said that one of britain’s difficulties was to convince some of the neutral countries in south eastern europe that the british are going to win and reminded bulgaria of the dismemberment it had suffered as a result of the first world war when in spite of british warnings it had joined germany and austria hungary against the allies sofia of ficially denied mr churchill’s charges claiming that the only germans in bulgaria were a few officers and men who had long been training the bulgarian amy but the british distrusting these assurances apparently decided to take the initiative in the bal kans by withdrawing their diplomatic representa tives from bucharest this diplomatic break is ex pected to be followed by a declaration of war against rumania which might permit the british to bomb the rumanian oil fields britain’s fear of invasion of the three major contingencies anticipated by the british in their struggle with germany invasion of britain german intervention in the mediterranean and ex tension of the conflict to the balkans the third might offer britain the best opportunity to strike at a point where germany is peculiarly vulnerable the british have been steadily preparing for an invasion since dunkirk the danger of invasion to which sir john dill chief of the imperial general staff referred again on february 8 is not merely an argu ment advanced to enlist american aid it is an ever present danger which the british feel they would be foolhardy to underestimate to counter this ger man threat the british have recently launched day light air raids on the invasion ports but these raids as pointed out by military experts can at best have only a limited effect since the british do not yet command a sufficiently large air force to carry out an aerial blitzkrieg of german occupied territory that is the principal reason why the british are eager to obtain from the united states an increasing num ber of long range bombers which have the added advantage that they can be flown from canada to britain without being exposed to the hazards of sub marine warfare while girding themselves for invasion the british have apparently moved in africa more rapidly than either they or the nazis had anticipated so far german intervention on behalf of italy has been limited to the use of german dive bombers based on airfields in sicily against british naval units in the central and eastern mediterranean the most spectacular dive bombing operation was that directed against malta on january 19 when accord ing to mr churchill the british brought down 90 out of 150 german stukas which were seeking among other objectives to disable the aircraft carrier illustrious the mediterranean is still controlled by the british navy which was able on february 9 to shell genoa with little opposition from the italians and on land the greeks with british advice and assistance continue to press the italian forces now in process of reorganization i i be a cr se ee f eae it is in the third theatre of war the balkans that the germans might most effectively relieve italy german airplanes based on rumanian or bulgarian airfields might strike at the greek army from the rear on the other hand german use of rumanian or bulgarian territory for war purposes would lay these countries open to attack by the british and it is hoped in london that german operations in bul garia will bring turkey into the war on britain's side qualified observers have expected for months that after consolidating their gains on the continent the nazis would attempt to strike at the british em pire simultaneously from several widely separated areas in the hope of invading the british isles and meanwhile crippling british forces in africa and the mediterranean possibly with the assistance of france and spain these operations it was believed would coincide with renewed efforts to divert the attention of the united states from the atlantic to the pacific by some spectacular japanese move in the direction of southeast asia facilitated perhaps by a soviet japanese non aggression pact the date when these closely interlocked attacks are to be launched remains of course a nazi secret and equally secret are the exact geographic areas in which they will be set off mr churchill in recapitu lating on february 9 the achievements of the british since dunkirk when it was widely assumed that britain was about to collapse pointed out the vari ous contingencies that the british must bear in mind and warned his people above all against overcon fidence the worst of martial crimes at the same time mr churchill reiterated his be lief in britain's ultimate victory on the assumption that the united states is ready to supply britain with all that is necessary for victory britain he re peated does not need men explaining that the present war unlike that of 1914 1918 is not a war of mass armies but needs most urgently war page two ed on materials of all kinds and ships in which to transpog these materials mr churchill’s speech was ip sense an answer to the statement made by colon d lindbergh who in testifying before the senate fo eign affairs committee on february 6 declared th britain even with american aid cannot win anj consequently urged the united states to retain all it production of airplanes and other war material fo eventual defense against the strongest powers of europe and asia it is obviously impossible for any man no matte how well informed to determine in advance the oy come of a complex conflict which may in accordance with nazi plans proceed with the deadly accurag of an iron clad timetable or as already indicate by the course of italian operations in albania and africa may be fraught with accidents and dete mined by imponderables all that can be said at this moment is that the british themselves believe the can win and that there is little sentiment in britaip least of all in labor circles in favor of a nego tiated peace with germany which according to the british would under present circumstances be peace imposed not negotiated by germany and among the imponderables is the belief in a british victory that after an initial period of apathy ané despair is gaining ground in occupied countries contrary to the statement of the american youth congress on february 9 denouncing the war in eu rope as one primarily of exploitation in which one empire is engaged with another in a struggle for domination of the continent rather than for the lib eration and freedom of the continental peoples there are millions in europe irrespective of class or wealth who believe there is a real difference between the kind of influence unconstructive as it often proved that britain exercised on the continent before av gust 1939 and the outright domination exercised by germany vera micheles dean british victories bolster petain’s power while hitler's deputy rudolf hess assured the german people on february 9 that a supreme test of arms with britain was approaching the british gov ernment hastened to exploit its military advantage in the mediterranean to the utmost in the hope that a decision might be reached in that theatre before the invasion of england employing a brilliantly have you read u.s aid to britain it analyzes what we have already supplied what else britain needs what more we can provide and defines the risks involved 25 january ist issue of foreign policy reports executed pincers movement in which an armored de tachment pushed through desert wastes to cut off the enemy's flight the british army of the nile took the key base of benghazi from the italians on feb ruary 6 as the battered remnants of marshal graz ani’s forces fled to the south and west advance brit ish units acting as mechanized cavalry followed clos behind by february 9 they had reached el agheila almost a third of the way from benghazi to tripoli provided that the british can successfully maintait their attenuated supply lines by land and sea tt seems increasingly probable that they will not hal until they have established contact with the frend north african forces on the tunisian border with the capture of benghazi and its airdromes they have ansport s in 4 colonel ate foy red that in and nd all its rial fo vers of matter the out ordance ccuracy dicated lia and deter at this ve they britain nego to the s be a 7 and british hy and untries youth in ev ch one gle for the lib s there wealth en the roved re av ised by ean red de off the e took n feb grazi e brit 1 close gheila ripoli rintain sea it ot halt french with y have already enormously strengthened their defensive po sition in the eastern mediterranean control of the entire libyan littoral if followed by a transfer of military and air strength to albania would par tially envelop southern italy and sicily and might set the stage for still more effective attack on italian home territory or for military action in the balkans laval come back fails britain’s victories seemed to play a definite part in the cabinet crisis at vichy where marshal henri philippe pétain re sisted strong german demands for the reinstatement of pierre laval dismissed on december 13 to a dominant government post after vichy had reached the verge of capitulation pétain suddenly stiffened and according to reports refused to become a figure head while laval assumed de facto dictatorial con trol on february 8 it was announced that laval had declined an appointment as cabinet minister a day later pierre etienne flandin who had succeeded laval as foreign minister in december resigned be cause of german distrust and admiral jean darlan assumed this post as well as the navy ministry and the office of vice premier under a constitutional act of february 10 designating him pétain’s succes sor as chief of state darlan acquires all of laval’s former powers in his conduct of the negotiations in paris regarding laval’s reinstatement the admiral appears to have gained the confidence of the nazis who have not openly opposed the new régime the counter concessions made by pétain to induce the nazis to shelve laval for the time being have not yet been revealed while darlan unlike laval has not been regarded as an unreserved advocate of cooperation with the germans he is believed to share the former vice premier’s dislike for britain a sentiment strength ened by british attacks on the french fleet at mers elkebir and dakar last summer pétain and darlan may be expected to keep unoccupied france out of the area of hostilities at any cost both believe that the country needs a long breathing spell for moral as well as material recovery in their view moral recovery involves the eradication of democratic and individualist doctrines to be replaced by an authori tarian nationalism petain’s authoritarian govern ment in recent weeks pétain has taken a number of steps designed to cement his control of the new régime by a constitutional act of january 27 he made all high french officials directly responsible to him he also named a consultative assembly of 188 members as a temporary advisory parliament and page three mr william t stone will broadcast from wash ington on february 16 his subject will be congress and aid to britain fpa broadcasts are heard every sunday from 2 15 to 2 30 p.m e.s.t over the blue network of the national broadcasting company does your local station carry our program on january 29 he organized a national committee of 40 to act as a nucleus for an all embracing national political organization these measures were doubt less inspired by pétain’s desperate attempts to con solidate the political basis of his régime in the face of nazi demands his efforts were answered by the formation in nazi dominated paris of a national popular assembly sponsored by marcel déat with german approval this group which includes a number of prominent french extremists of the left and right urges complete collaboration with the in vaders in europe and africa and advocates the radical political and social doctrines of fascism it is obviously not the political strength of the vichy government which has thus far restrained the nazis from demanding fuller french collaboration in prosecution of the war it is rather french con trol of instruments of military power which might conceivably be placed in britain’s hands if pétain were pushed too far should hitler occupy the whole of france he might discover that the french fleet had been scuttled or had escaped to british ports that british forces had been invited to share the strategically located facilities of bizerta and other french overseas bases and even that the north afri can army under general weygand not to speak of the forces in syria under general dentz had cast their lot with britain vichy was playing its trump card in negotiations with the nazis when on febru ary 7 it quoted general weygand as flatly deny ing that german troops would be permitted to use bizerta against the british forces in north africa thus despite bitter memories and deep ideological divergences the identity of national interest is forc ing britain and france together once more british successes strengthen vichy’s hand and vichy’s re sistance makes more secure all british positions from gibraltar to suez davip h popper turkey at the straits by james t shotwell and francis deak new york macmillan 1940 2.00 a succinct authoritative survey of the history of the rivalries centering on the dardanelles beginning with the fall of constantinople in 1453 and continuing to the present war a foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 17 fesruary 14 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leer secretary vera micueies dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year bo produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter ss sei washington bureau national press building fes 10 passage of the lease lend bill by a vote of 260 to 165 in the house on february 8 leaves no doubt that the administration has ample strength in congress to secure favorable legislative action on its program of aid to britain at the same time the partisan vote by which the measure was approved and the limitations imposed in the series of amend ments make it equally clear that complete unity has yet to be achieved with regard to the funda mental objectives of american foreign policy as the debate shifts to the senate therefore it is im portant to analyze the prevailing views expressed in the house and the reasons for continued opposition on the part of a determined and vocal minority the house vote on h.r 1776 most wash ington observers who have followed the course of the bill through the house are in general agreement on at least four broad conclusions to be drawn from the first stage of the debate these are 1 that despite the partisan vote there is vir tual unanimity on the question of aid to britain not more than a handful of critics challenged the basic principle that it is in the interest of the united states to support great britain by all measures short of war and no opposition leaders advocated reversal of our present policy 2 that despite rejection of opposition amend ments forbidding american naval ships from en tering war zones or the use of naval vessels for convoying such ships the measure in its present form is not regarded as a mandate for direct military intervention the debate demonstrated again that a majority in congress does not regard this as our war and is still opposed to military involvement this prevailing view was accepted by administration spokesmen who repeatedly de clared that the bill does not change our status as a nonbelligerent and is not a device to get us in war without consent of congress 3 that despite the delegation of large powers to the president congress is still determined to safeguard its own authority this was demon strated in the two most important amendments written into the bill the first of these amendments places a limit of 1,300,000,000 on the value of military and naval equipment now in existence or under ap propriation but not new orders which can be transferred to other governments thus keeping some financial control in the hands of congr under the original bill the president would ha been free to transfer unlimited quantities of terial to other nations without any direct appropri ation for this purpose the second important amendment provides that any powers granted in the bill may be rescinded by a concurrent resolution that is by a majority vote of both houses rather than by the two thirds majority needed to override a presidential veto while the constitutionality of this provision may be questioned it seems reasonable to assume that if congress has authority to delegate its powers it also has authority to define the terms of such delegation 4 that despite these and other limitations the house measure has not achieved the degree of unity in congress which had been hoped for and which is essential if its purpose is to be realized ample evidence of this is found in the continued opposition of a minority which promises to be more vocal in the senate than in the house whether complete unity can be achieved during the next few weeks is open to question neverthe less an approach toward substantial agreement might be made if the administration were willing to accept somewhat more definite limitations the sug gestion advanced by representative wadsworth of new york to place a top limit on the amount author ized under the bill might well remove the apprehen sions of many members who sincerely believe that congress should retain ultimate control of the pro gram while rejected by the foreign affairs com mittee the wadsworth proposal if put to a vote would have commanded large support in the house it is apparent however that the central issue now posed in the senate is not merely the extent to which congress should delegate authority to the president but whether it is possible to secure full confidence in the administration’s foreign policy in the field of foreign policy the bill gives the president unde fined powers which are almost as broad as those if the domestic field for if the president has authority to determine the amount of aid to be furnished britain he automatically gains the power to influ ence if not to determine the policies of the british government there would be less hesitation in many minds if the administration were able to clarify its objectives and to indicate how it would employ these broad powers w t stone +now shich dent lence field inde se in ority shed nflu ritish nany y its these ne geteray rep entered as 2nd class matter ror mion peb 54 ic f a sd i foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y you xx no 18 fesruary 21 1941 a i ame declaration of friendship signed by turkey and bulgaria on february 17 in which the two countries undertook to refrain from any acts of ag gression represents a diplomatic victory for germany in the war of nerves by which it hopes to bring its sttuggle against britain to a close with a mini mum expenditure of lives and material while ger many was clearing the way for prompt termination of the greco italian war in the balkans general franco conferred with mussolini at bordighera on february 12 and with marshal pétain at montpellier om february 13 presumably concerning spanish aid to the axis powers restoration of the monarchy in spain and possible use by germany and italy of the french navy and french bases in africa so far as can be determined general franco is not uxious to engage spain now threatened with tarvation in the european conflict even to the atent of having a german or italian army operating ospanish soil against britain nor do marshal pétain ind general weygand appear ready to acquiesce in nazi demands for use of the french navy and french african ports yet nazi pressure may soon force both france and spain to conform to nazi plans imespective of their own desires the complicated maneuvers now going on in vichy where admiral darlan is emerging as the strong man of the hour tnd to indicate that the nazis have by no means ibandoned the hope of relegating marshal pétain a position of innocuous desuetude and restoring m laval to a key position in a cabinet which would le ready to collaborate unreservedly with the new oder the resignation of marcel peyrouton for mer minister of the interior who had played an important part in laval’s downfall represents an ither attempt to remove from vichy those elements which might be inclined to resist nazi pressure germany tightens grip in balkans nazis turn the screws in balkans meanwhile in the balkans king boris of bulgaria appears to have accepted nazi arrangements for the gradual occupation of his country by german troops disguised as businessmen and tourists who despite official denials are taking over control of airports roads and strategic bases a similar technique has been used with respect to yugoslavia whose prime minister cvetkovitch and foreign minister cincar marcovitch paid a visit to hitler at berchtesgaden on february 13 german strategy in the balkans is to avoid open hostilities if possible and through the massing of german troops and airplanes in bul garia and yugoslavia bring pressure on greece to accept peace with italy this strategy if successful would place on britain the onus of taking the first openly warlike step in the balkan countries would eject british forces from greece the first place on the continent where they had obtained a foothold since dunkerque and prevent assistance to britain on the part of turkey which has undertaken to fight only if bulgaria allows its soil to be used for mili tary operations at the same time germany is offer ing bulgaria and yugoslavia as compensation for their acquiescence the prospect that they may obtain territory at the expense of greece and albania for britain hitler’s policy of consolidating nazi control of the continent before undertaking an all out invasion of the british isles is hard to combat unless the british are prepared to attack rumania bulgaria and yugoslavia it would be difficult to prove that the balkans any more than the low countries or the scandinavian states last spring welcome german encroachments on their territory economic resources and political independence yet for the present and the immediate future these coun tries have far more to fear from germany than from britain and their rulers have apparently come to the conclusion that discretion is the better part of valor i thus demonstrating anew machiavelli's dictum that it is far more important to be feared than to be loved should the nazis succeed in paralyzing in ad vance the possible resistance of france and spain in the western mediterranean and of the balkans in the eastern mediterranean the position of the british forces in africa would in turn become vulnerable especially if the axis should succeed in striking at the british army of the nile from french bases in tunisia and syria such a pincer like move ment would according to present indications be synchronized with a japanese thrust at british french or dutch possessions in the far east so as to achieve a maximum of distraction in london as well as washington and disperse the british war effort its prospects for success while still consider able have been markedly reduced by britain’s winter campaign in africa as a result of this campaign the british have won control over mediterranean bases which could still bar a german thrust toward suez mr hoover's food plan under the cir cumstances it is not unnatural that the british who feel menaced on all fronts should be cool to mr hoover's new proposal made in chicago on febru ary 17 for a test feeding of three million belgians mr hoover pointed out in terms which cannot fail to appeal to humanitarian instincts that millions of people in the occupied countries are already living on sub marginal rations and may be enduring actual starvation in a short time he proposed to experi ment with a test feeding in belgium to ascertain whether people in that country can be saved with out military advantage to either side food at the rate of 50,000 tons a month would be distributed to one million adults and two million children through page two t soup kitchens so that there would be no questi of feeding germans the german governme would be asked to agree not to requisition natip food both britain and germany would be requestg to give free passage for relief ships and the who operation would be supervised by some neutral bod the decision whether or not to accept mr hoover plan poses an ethical and political problem of th greatest poignancy to permit the malnutrition not yet actual starvation of millions of people i the occupied countries who have been warned by thy nazis not to expect assistance from germany pears to be not only an inhuman act but an x which may eventually weaken and even destroy th spirit of democratic resistance in these countries the other hand aid to the occupied countries woul relieve germany of one of its most pressing pm lems that of providing some measure of subsisteng for peoples on whom it has imposed its dominaticy and over which it intends to rule in case of victor the question then must be asked whether the fat of these peoples may not prove still more diss trous if they are left even with adequate food der the rule of the nazis who are gradually exti pating all elements which might ultimately resis the new order the most disturbing aspect of this problem is that it raises issues which may confug and divide american opinion on the internationd situation at a moment when clarity and decisivenes are more necessary than ever before vera micheles dean axis strategy in the balkans is te subject of the fpa’s broadcast on february 23 ove the blue network of the national broadcasting com pany from 2 15 to 2 30 e.s.t the speaker will vera micheles dean please let us have your comments the f.p.a bookshelf finland fights by h b elliston new york little brown 1940 2.75 a vivid and searching report of the war in finland al though written in haste while impressions were still hot the book is both careful of fact and sincere in its expres sion of opinion what will russia do in the new balkan crisis read russia and the new order in europe by vera micheles dean 25 december 15 issue of foreign policy reports the new infantry drill regulations u.s army harr burg pa military service publishing co 1940 50 cent an invaluable manual for the infantryman compild from united states army publications america’s last chance by albert carr new york crowell 1940 2.75 alarmed by the fascist menace the author proposes series of measures to strengthen our armed forces and invigorate our democracy gertrude bell by ronald bodley and lorna hearst ne york macmillan 1940 2.50 the career of miss bell who was an archeologist 2 arabia a confidant of the arabs and a counsellor british middle eastern officials during and after the la war paralleled that of t e lawrence this is a popula uncritical account of her life e foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 18 fesruary 21 1941 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 ze frank ross mccoy 1921 at the post office at new york n y produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated natio president dorotuhy f leet secretary vera micuetes dean 4 under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year of dra coft to tine try 10 con rat set per uns hie fece cit ver exp 5017 estigg native leste body over's of the on i ple ir by the y ap ov the es qh would prob stence ation icton e fate d uw resist of this onfuse tional veness 2an is th over com vill be ments tarris 0 cents mpiled rowel 08es and re t new vist d llor he las opulat natioot edne trends caracas venezuela by air mail discussions of the economic situation in venezuela revolve yound that republic’s major export commodity oil venezuela is the world’s greatest oil exporter third greatest producer and around attempts to free the country from excessive dependence on that one prod act since the outbreak of the present war oil pro duction has had its violent ups and downs but es just compiled indicate that surprisingly mough 1940 oil production for venezuela as a whole was only 10 per cent below that of 1939 at nt owing to the uncertainties of the european wat and the dependence of oil exports on the tanker convoy system oil men are unable to forecast devel opments beyond the immediate future standard oil of new jersey is currently operating at about the 1940 level while shell has ceased the successive artailments which followed the collapse of france and now hopes to maintain stable conditions for the next couple of months at least exchange difficulties although oil pro duction has fallen off by only one tenth the market for many of venezuela’s other products has been drastically reduced this is particularly true of coffee more than 50 per cent of which formerly went t germany much of this for re sale to other con tinental countries the result is that the oil indus ty always a major factor now accounts for over per cent of all venezuela’s dollar exchange since 1937 the country has had nominal exchange matrol but not until october 1940 was an actual ationing of exchange instituted and a control board st up this control board relatively lacking in ex perience has been criticized for its arbitrary and usystematic handling of problems but greater ef ciency is anticipated in the future meanwhile the recent grant of a 10,000,000 credit by the national city bank of new york to the central bank of venezuela partly in the form of an overdraft is expected to ease the general exchange situation somewhat balanced economy an ultimate ob jective venezuela’s unhealthy over dependence on a single commodity has long been recognized but the present war has strengthened efforts to revive agriculture and cattle raising which were once the fepublic’s chief sources of wealth efforts to encour in latin america by john i b meculloch sm age farming have run afoul of various obstacles lucrative wages in the oil fields have drained away labor from the farms immigration has never been scientifically organized lack of transportation cre ates a farm to market problem and there are no storage facilities for perishable goods such as fresh vegetables ministers of agriculture have been fre quently changed and each one has inaugurated a new program estimates differ as to the amount of arable land actually available in venezuela but there is no disagreement as to the fact that better organiza tion of farming and marketing is a prime necessity cattle raising suffers from many of the same hard ships as agriculture plus certain others in the days of dictator gémez cattle breeding was practically a presidential monopoly and competitors were squeezed to the wall with the result that the number of cattle declined from ten million to less than three about a year ago an energetic man césar mon treal salinas was chosen director of the ganadera industrial venezolana venezuelan cattle industry company recently he spent five months in the united states working with armour and company a new plant is now to be opened in the heart of the cattle country at san fernando a combination slaughterhouse packing plant and cold storage es tablishment from san fernando it is planned to send meat by airplane a procedure which promises to work out more economically on the whole than the old method a long term program the revival of agriculture and cattle breeding represents a long term program in venezuela and no sensational re sults are expected at once the improvement of transportation the securing of technical assistance from countries like the united states and argentina the training of would be farmers and ranchers the establishment of storage facilities in consumption centers are among the most obvious approaches to a solution of the problem the economic situation at present is loaded with danger relying almost ex clusively on oil exports and importing a very high percentage of its food venezuela would be faced with serious social and political problems to say nothing of privation and human misery should in ternational trade currents be seriously deflected for an extended period for more extensive coverage on latin american affairs read pan american news a bi weekly newsletter edited by mr mcculloch for sample copy of this publication write to the washington bureau foreign policy association 1200 national press building washington d.c prriomical room mi r washington news letter fe washington bureau national press bullding fes 18 following a brief war scare in the far east the official spokesman of the japanese gov ernment issued a statement on february 18 suggest ing termination of all war and offering japan's ser vices as mediator if such services are called for in these critical days however tokyo’s policy is re vealed less by its statements than by its naval and air moves in southeast asia episode in war of nerves tokyo had made a move of this kind on february 10 when a small number of japanese troops and bombers sud denly appeared at saigon the strategic port of south etn indo china this force arrived in saigon unan nounced before any decision had been reached in the negotiations attending the thailand indo china peace conference at tokyo it was obviously being used as a trial balloon to test the anglo american reaction an immediate rejoinder came from singa pore where the military authorities dispatched a strong force of r.a.f bombers to advance air bases in northern malaya another rejoinder came from washington the next day when president roosevelt at a press con ference departed from his fixed rule of not answer ing iffy questions in answer to a correspondent’s query he firmly declared that the movement of american supplies to britain would not be affected if the united states became involved in a far eastern war the real storm blew up three days later on the afternoon of february 13 alarming re ports began to come in from the far east in aus tralia the acting premier arthur r fadden de clared that the war had moved into a stage of the utmost gravity and a special war cabinet confer ence was arranged for the next morning air mar shal sir robert brooke popham coordinator of britain’s far eastern defenses was in australia at the time to confer with the military authorities of the dominion it was also announced that the aus tralian cruiser sydney had returned from the medi terranean to bolster the far eastern front the neth etlands indies issued recall orders to two of its ships while united states consular officials renewed previous suggestions that american nationals should leave the far east no particular reason for these actions was assigned except for vague rumors of japanese military naval concentrations supposedly in preparation for a lightning move south and of an ultimatum delivered to the netherlands wal indies there was some ground for believing that britain and the united states were taking a hand in the war of nerves which has so far been ag monopoly of axis diplomacy the aftermath by february 14 when ad miral nomura presented his credentials to president roosevelt the storm was already beginning to blow over in japan the public displayed serious con cern and the cabinet information bureau issued a reassuring statement which discounted the immi nence of war in the pacific for the time being moreover the dispatch of additional japanese troops a and supplies to saigon was apparently abandoned on the other hand it seems but a question of time be before tokyo will proceed to occupy saigon as well int as the neighboring base of cam ranh bay in efforts to concert defense measures in the pacific ait against a possible japanese southward thrust have ist continued in anglo american diplomatic circles al un washington on february 15 secretary hull con ferred jointly with the british ambassador and the fir australian minister and later with the netherland de minister lord halifax the british ambassador th stated to the press after the conference that britis m forces in the far east had been increased quit co substantially while dr a loudon the nether a lands minister declared that the dutch east in of dies will fight any aggressors the house navs s affairs committee after hearing admiral haro tre r stark chief of naval operations also voted 0 be february 15 to recommend expenditure of 12,800 w 000 for the improvement of guam and tutuila ha al bors as part of a series of naval base expansio pe projects from london on february 16 came th as further announcement that the seas north of singe er pore covering an area of 80 by 50 miles were bein in mined the immediate issue in the pacific turns on th ca possibility of a japanese drive into southeast asia ac which would be coordinated with german move it in europe growing influence wielded by naz off agents in tokyo especially over the japanese mili fli tary has lent weight to the hypothesis that japar po may now be prepared to strike simultaneously wit ut germany informed opinion in washington how in ever is still inclined to believe that before commi we ting itself to a military adventure so unpredictabl of in outcome japan will wait to see the effects off de german strategy in europe soi t a bisson s +con ed a cing oops ned time well acific have es al con d the land ador ritist quit ether st in nav2 aro ed of 800 1 ha nsio e th singe bein nm th asia move naz mill japai r wit how mami ctabll cts of son si entered as 2nd class matter mrs charles s hear 126 babcock st brookline ma se wwe an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vol xx no 19 february 28 1941 japan's southward drive slows down s the war of nerves in the far east entered its second week there were signs that japan had begun to realize more fully the obstacles to a drive into southeast asia this was particularly apparent in the mediation in europe offer extended to brit ain by yosuke matsuoka the japanese foreign min ister an offer which prime minister churchill was understood to have rejected on february 24 matsuoka’s mediation offer the first inkling of the contents of tokyo’s note to lon don was given on february 18 by koh ishii chief of the cabinet information bureau the cabinet spokes man deprecated the undue anxiety felt in foreign countries over the alleged tension in southeast asia which he attributed to warlike preparations of britain and the united states he warned that some quarters of japan presumably the army ex tremist circles were contending that no time should be lost in taking the necessary steps to meet the worst possible eventualities in the south pacific after stressing japan’s primary interest in world pewce he concluded japan is fully prepared to act as mediator or take whatever action may be consid ered necessary to restore normal conditions not only in greater east asia but anywhere in the world the usual plea of japan’s moderate statesmen calling for concessions to ward off possible drastic acts by the extremists was evident in this statement it did not seem likely that japan would seritusly offer its services as mediator of the european con flict especially since it is formally allied to the axis powers on the same day sumner welles american under secretary of state answered japan by stat ing at his press conference in the very critical world situation which exists today the government of the united states is far more interested in the deeds of other nations than in the statements which some of their spokesmen may make reports from london on february 19 however stating that the british government had received a special message from foreign minister matsuoka carried the mediation offer into a more formal stage both the text and details of this message were with held mr r a butler under secretary for foreign affairs merely indicated that it was courteous and that it followed the same general lines of the previ ous day’s statement by the cabinet spokesman at tokyo his few words to the house strengthened the widespread impression that tokyo’s gesture to ward mediation revealed anxiety and a desire for compromise political repercussions of considerable significance immediately followed in tokyo the army extremists it was evident were bringing severe pressure to bear on foreign minister matsuoka the german ambas sador major general eugen ott also lodged a pro test against the mediation offer transmitted to brit ain germany’s concern arose particularly fromthe fact that matsuoka had acted issue of such importance t ressure apparently created a minor which the foreign minister special interviews with the ja btu ary 20 and 21 he denied that he de any spe cific proposal for mediating the european war in his statement of february 24 to the diet he tried to satisfy the army by reiterating a broad demand that oceania must be ceded to japan moves in southeast asia behind this diplomatic controversy britain the united states and japan continued to strengthen their strategic positions in southeast asia on february 18 a large force of australian troops extensively supplied with mechanized equipment debarked at singapore and entrained for prepared defense positions on the malayan peninsula additional air squadrons reached singapore on february 19 and previous reports that american heavy bombers were crossing the pacific my l to singapore were confirmed fighting planes of the latest type were sent to the american forces at hawaii and additional troops and officers landed in the philippines on february 19 the house of repre sentatives passed the 12,800,000 appropriation to improve the harbors and install defense works at guam and tutuila from numerous sources came reports that japan was concentrating large military and naval forces in southern waters it was said that 80,000 to 90,000 japanese troops had gathered on formosa and hai nan islands and that a fleet of 15 japanese vessels was cruising in the gulf of siam chinese sources asserted that large numbers of japanese troops were being withdrawn from china few of these reports could be confirmed tokyo’s réle of mediator in the thailand indo china conflict was proving more difficult than had been anticipated on february 22 according to re ports from vichy the french government rejected terms sponsored by japan which would have given to thailand one third of the indo china provinces of laos and cambodia at shanghai it was said that japan’s demands for virtually unlimited military facilities both in thailand and indo china in the page two e event of necessity had paralyzed the conference japanese charges that indo china was obtaining military planes from singapore and had imported 100 free french aviators indicate either that tokyo is facing real resistance or that it is planning a wholesale occupation of the french colony re ports that three of indo china’s naval vessels in cluding one cruiser had left saigon also imply the possibility of further conflict before japan consoli dates its position in indo china the establishment of diplomatic and trade rela tions between thailand and the u.s.s.r on febru ary 19 when a minister from thailand arrived in moscow suggests that the soviet union is now con cerning itself with events in southeast asia ne gotiations for a trade treaty between japan and the soviet union have also been resumed in moscow reports from tokyo claim that a soviet japanese trade treaty and even a nonaggression pact will soon be concluded but there is little direct evidence to support these claims for the present at any rate it would appear that japan’s uncertain relations with the soviet union have tended to slow down its ad vance into southeast asia t a bisson axis leaders warn of intensified war while the rest of the world anxiously awaited the next move of the axis mussolini and hitler sought to bolster the morale of their followers in speeches delivered on february 23 and 24 respectively despite the fact that the axis controls virtually the entire european continent the germans and italians seem far from confident of ultimate victory their material conditions of life have deteriorated rather than improved for british sea power and the block ade still keep germany and italy imprisoned in eu rope the italian people have been depressed by the continuous setbacks suffered by the armed forces al though getinan morale is better the lack of strik ing successes in the campaign against britain has undoubtedly revived to some extent the ever present fear that a prolonged war may yet rob the reich of ihe fruits of victory of the two speeches that of hitler was more routine in character speaking on the twenty first anniversary of the nazi party the fuehrer boasted for a survey of the industries most essential to the defense program read defense economy of the united states industrial capacity by j c dewilde and george monson 25 february 15 issue of foreign policy reports of the indestructible unity of the german people and promised that developments during the next two months would clearly demonstrate the invincible power of german arms mussolini on the other hand could not draw on the military accomplish ments of the past to inspire confidence in the future while lauding the fighting qualities of the italian army and holding out the prospect that spring might bring victories on the albanian front the duce was compelled to stress german assistance as the only real cause for hope to counteract fears of a german collapse mussolini recited in detail the factors which in his opinion make the reich unbeatable today realizing that the acceptance of german aid is humiliating to many italians the duce tried to justify it by pointing to the large british forces in the mediterranean area and by claiming that geographic and historic circumstances had reserved for italy the most difficult and distant theatres of war he frankly admitted the disastrous defeats in libya but rejected marshal graziani’s criticism that rome had failed to provide the african forces with sufficient motorized equipment yet by emphasizing the nu merical strength and armament of italian troops in libya mussolini must have increased the popular surprise that such.an army could have been so easily defeated occupation of bulgaria impending although the leaders of the axis did not reveal their plans the balkans have been momentarily expecting i ce ng ted lat ng xe in the li la ru on ne the ww vill nce ite ple ext ble her ish ire ian ght vas nly lan ors ble aid to the hic the but had ent nu in ilar sily ng fee gaye ra se the germans to occupy bulgaria as the prelude to a campaign against greece and the british forces in the eastern mediterranean the turks have obviously been alarmed by the interpretations placed on their nonaggression pact with bulgaria and have repudi ated the idea that this agreement was intended to sotify germany in advance of turkey’s acquiescence in an invasion of bulgaria in fact the turkish for eign minister shukru saracoglu declared on feb marty 23 that turkey would be unable to remain indifferent to foreign activities that might occur in her security zone it now appears that turkey never intended the bulgarian pact as a blow at britain negotiations were originally started with the ap proval of the british but at a time when there was still some hope that a turkish bulgarian agreement might actually permit the formation of an anti german balkan bloc including yugoslavia and sup ported by britain when the pact was finally con duded circumstances had changed so drastically that germany appeared to be its beneficiary regardless of this accord however turkey could hardly oppose the occupation of bulgaria by the german troops now massed in rumania while the turkish army protected by the straits and the difficult topography of the country could undoubtedly put up strong re sistance to a direct german attack it would have much greater difficulty in taking the offensive against german forces in bulgaria such a campaign might merely expose the turkish army to disaster german dilemma germany however is not likely to achieve decisive advantages by occupying bulgaria it would probably succeed in eliminating greece from the war and subjecting this country completely to axis control greece cannot hope to wage a victorious war on two fronts and the british do not appear able to land sufficient troops at salo nika to resist the oncoming germans the conquest f greece however would leave the germans the dificuit task of destroying british sea power in the eastern mediterranean although germany would have air bases from which to harass the british fleet its air forces would still be 500 to 600 miles from alexandria and the suez canal moreover the brit ish have reinforced their position by occupying the island of crete which they could probably retain even if the greek mainland were conquered the axis powers may experience considerable dif ficulty even in partially retrieving italian losses in libya britain’s determination to prevent substantial feinforcement of the depleted libyan garrison is re flected in the announcement issued by the british page three japan weighs its course is the subject of the fpa’s broadcast on march 2 the speaker will be t a bisson expert on far eastern affairs these programs are heard every sunday from 2 15 to 2 30 e.s.t over the blue network of the national broadcasting company does your local station carry the fpa broadcasts admiralty on february 22 declaring that an area of 150,000 square miles between southern italy and libya had been rendered dangerous to navigation according to a london report of february 23 brit ish submarines sank eight enemy supply ships in the mediterranean during recent weeks enough sup plies however may get through to prevent the british from conquering the remainder of libya the present situation in europe illustrates the im portant réle still played by british sea power al though the british fleet is widely scattered and has suffered some serious losses it has so far been strong enough to prevent the nazis from extending their control beyond the european continent the future will no doubt see a determined german attempt to break the hold of anglo saxon sea power by simul taneous attacks in the mediterranean and atlantic and perhaps by synchronizing this drive with a jap anese campaign in southeast asia in his address on february 24 hitler warned that germany was launch ing an intensified submarine war with a new type u boat at the same time he claimed that german forces had sunk 215,000 tons of shipping in the last two days john c dewilde heil hunger by martin gumpert new york alliance book corporation 1940 1.75 a revealing but somewhat exaggerated account of the way in which the health of the german people has deteri orated under the hitler régime our future in asia by robert the viking press 1940 3.00 a provocative analysis of amer in the far east with special emr and southeast asia the author of eastern asia to the united vocates a strong defense of american interests in tnat region the margary affair and the chefoo agreement by s t wang new york oxford university press 1940 2.50 a careful study of the first british attempts in 1875 to open up trade between burma and southwest china in the area now traversed by the burma road de gaulle and the coming invasion of germany by james marlow new york dutton 1940 1.00 using newspaper accounts and radio bulletins the au thor throws some light on the leader of the free french forces more important is the discussion of the strategy of mechanized war of movement of which de gaulle was an early exponent apb 181 oreign policy bulletin vol xx no 19 fepruary 28 1941 leadquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y published weekly by the foreign policy association frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leer secretary vera micue.es dean editor mtered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year incorporated national two dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building fes 24 now that final passage of the lease lend bill is only a matter of days the paramount question in washington is how the administration proposes to implement the new working arrangement between the united states and the british commonwealth of nations short term problems for the moment at tention is still focused almost exclusively on the short term problems of making american aid effec tive in the critical period of the next few months and yet it is now generally realized that legislative enactment of the british aid bill will not provide an automatic solution of these acute problems in itself the bill does not remove the industrial bottlenecks which have delayed the whole program of defense production nor does it answer the question of how to assure safe transport of american materials across the atlantic according to the latest figures made public by the opm deliveries of military planes to the army navy and the british during january totaled 957 an in crease of nearly 200 over december deliveries but still far short of immediate british and american needs estimates of future production are somewhat more optimistic with defense commission circles talking of 1,500 planes a month by may and per haps 2,000 a month by the end of the year if cur rent estimates of german air strength are correct however anglo american production is not expected to achieve parity in the air until about march 1942 the shipping problem is equally acute on feb ruary 14 the maritime commission signed the last of its contracts providing for the immediate construc tion of 51 new shipways at a cost of 33,374,500 for the building of 200 emergency cargo vessels while the first of these ships are expected to be ready for trans atlantic service before the end of the year the bulk of the new tonnage will not be available before the summer of 1942 furthermore most of the old tonnage available in the united states has already been sold to britain and canada approxi mately 755,000 tons had been transferred up to feb ruary 15 and today only four old ships are left in the maritime commission’s laid up fleet the pur chase or requisitioning of axis controlled ships in american ports would make available some 79 more cargo carriers but would still leave the critical prob lem of protecting sea borne commerce from n submarine and air attack long term relations with britain wa it is quite apparent that these and other pressing short term problems can only be solved in terms of the new political relationship between the united states and the british empire for the transfer of a few more destroyers or the sale of additional bomb ing planes belonging to the army and navy will be of little avail unless they represent concerted moves in a calculated long term policy t the foundations for closer association with the british commonwealth were firmly laid by president des roosevelt last august and september in the destroyer st naval base deal and the mutual defense agreement i with canada congress although not consulted at p the time is giving its tacit approval by authorizing funds for development of the new bases and the 5 american people have re elected mr roosevelt for a z third term and now despite its obvious reluctance to admit the existence of a de facto alliance congress or knows that the impending bill gives legislative sanc unc tion to a national policy predicated on thorough going collaboration with britain lent recognition of the new relationship however has asi yet to produce a clear statement of long term objec ax tives in congress almost the only mention of a ma positive policy looking beyond the immediate future 4 came in the brief exchange provoked by senator p austin of vermont on february 13 as a republican supporter of the lease lend bill mr austin made pe the mild suggestion that it might be well for united states senators to express their views on our peace a aims and for the government to ask britain for its at aims the suggestion brought no immediate re pos sponse but the questions and answers brought out wh the fact that congress is still groping for some as cop surance or commitment as to future policy and still fails to recognize that the real power to determine th future peace aims may rest with the united states bri to wh rest the administration is obviously conscious of this power and the new weight it will have in all fu ture relations with great britain and the british os dominions as yet however it has given no official i indication of the manner in which it will exercise this 4 gts w.t.stone oo +entered as 2nd class matter general library ae 194 tn pee ae university of nich foreign policy bulletin ssing an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association ns of foreign policy association incorporated nited 22 east 38th street new york n y of a comb vor xx no 20 march 7 1941 be of ad nazis in bulgaria threaten greece and turkey t he occupation of bulgaria on march 2 by 1 the german troops an occupation that the nazis ident described as temporary placed germany in a oyer strategic position to strike at britain’s two remaining ment allies in europe greece and turkey this move ed at preceded by infiltration of german officers soldiers izing 404 technicians in mufti occurred twenty four hours the 2fter the bulgarian prime minister bogdan philoff for had adhered to the axis pact of september 27 1940 at a ceremony in vienna attended by hitler in this _pact to which only hungary rumania and slovakia bfs had previously adhered germany italy and japan sant undertook to give each other military and economic ugh assistance in case one of them is attacked by a power not engaged at that time in the wars of europe and has asia in explaining bulgaria's collaboration with the bjec axis to the bulgarian sobranye parliament on of a march 2 prime minister philoff stated that this ac uture tion did not alter the country’s intention to preserve nator peace or its obligations to other states presumably lican 2 teference to the friendship declaration of febru made 2 y 17 1941 in which bulgaria and turkey had aid ed promised to refrain from aggression bulgaria’s ac ceptance of german occupation was approved by the peat government parties controlling 140 of the 160 seats of bt in parliament which overrode the objections of op ff position groups notably the agrarians some of t out whose leaders had already been arrested and sent to as concentration camps still nazis press for italo greek peace mine the immediate aim of the nazis in bulgaria is to tates bring overwhelming pressure on greece with a view this prompt termination of the italo greek conflict fy which has proved a severe drain on italy’s military itish tesoutces by diverting britain's attention to the f cial problems of a balkan campaign this move might simultaneously slow down the british advance in africa under present circumstances it is difficult ne jto see how greece can long resist combined italian 1ce to this and german pressure unless it receives prompt and substantial aid from britain even if the british could spare some of the troops now fighting on the libyan front where for the first time they are facing ger man units sent to aid the decimated italian forces they would find it technically hazardous to transfer these troops to the greek port of salonika where landing operations might have to be carried out un der german bombing had the british been in a position to take the initiative and occupy salonika in advance of the germans as the allies succeeded in doing during the first world war they might conceivably with greek aid have been able to re sist the german advance to the aegean but their attention during the winter months had to be focused on africa where they did seize the initiative as ad mitted by mussolini in his speech of february 23 1941 to land troops in greece now that the ger mans dominate bulgaria’s greek frontier would be an operation as difficult and possibly as disastrous as the british attempt to invade norway following occupation of that country by the germans last april yet the british will have to give some form of tan gible aid if greece where popular feeling remains pro british is to be prevented from signing a sep arate peace with italy and if yugoslavia and tur key which have not yet succumbed to nazi pressure are to support the british cause will turkey resist germany the most practical course now open to the british would be to prepare another line of defense against further ger man expansion to the east by strengthening the po sition of turkey which officially remains britain’s ally the conversations held by foreign secr eden and sir john dill chief of the british imperial general staff in cairo ankara and athens during the past two weeks were presumably concerned with the problems of defensive preparations by turkey it is generally recognized that turkey's army of o 600,000 which lacks modern equipment and air planes could not embark on offensive operations against germany it is believed however that granted the turks have the desire to resist they could defend their territory against german thrusts in the direction of either the suez canal or the mosul oil fields two objectives of paramount im portance to the british empire on march 2 the turkish government closed the dardanelles to all ships except those having special permits and em ploying turkish naval pilots and on march 3 semi official quarters in ankara indicated that turkey would act with britain if germany’s balkan army should attack either greece or turkey the final decision of the turkish government hinges not only on the extent of material aid it can expect from britain but also on the attitude of the soviet union the turkish government is undoubt edly friendly to britain and hostile to germany but it has been reluctant to become involved in war with the reich until it had ascertained moscow’s views for fear that the u.s.s.r might divide turkish ter ritory with the nazis as it did in the case of poland and rumania the hurried visit to ankara of sir stafford cripps british ambassador in moscow on march 1 during mr eden’s conversations with turkish statesmen may indicate the possibility if not of soviet aid to turkey at least of soviet acqui escence in turkish defensive preparations against germany this impression was strengthened by the tone of moscow’s note to bulgaria on march 3 in page two t which the soviet government declared that ge many’s occupation of that country threatened a tension of the war and refused to support by garia’s new axis dominated policy the soviet government however significant omitted to protest in berlin against german ocq pation and gave no hint of the course it might fo low in case turkey decides to fight on the side britain the u.s.s.r is not prepared for a majq_ conflict with germany either from the industrial 9 the military point of view it would prefer to see th european conflict end in a stalemate which woul leave both britain and germany so exhausted thy they would be incapable of attacking the soviet unig for many years to come now that germany howeve appears to be holding the trumps in the balkan moscow may find it necessary to redress the balang between the belligerents such a move seems pas ticularly urgent at a moment when german troop occupy the rumanian port of constantsa and th bulgarian ports of varna and burgas on the blad sea from which german submarines could har the relatively weak fleets of turkey and the u.s.sr reports that turkey will permit the passage o british warships into the black sea emphasize thi aspect of the conflict in the balkans and the nea east and reveal again the extent to which the wa between britain and germany is developing into struggle for sea power vera micheles dean ce foreign policy bulletin november 15 1940 january 17 1941 free governments aid britain open resistance to the german occupation by am sterdam residents on february 26 pro allied espion age in norway and acts of sabotage in poland and bohemia indicate the existence of widespread oppo sition in the conquered countries which may eventu ally be utilized by the governments in exile located in england as the nazis subdued and occupied nation after nation in europe cabinets and heads of state were usually able to escape and flee to london where six governments now function their present and po tential contribution to the allied war effort is con siderable and if the nazis are ultimately defeated these governments will undoubtedly play a leading australia is confronted with the gravest threat in its national history for an appraisal of its war effort read australia in the world conflict by james frederick green 25 march 1 issue of foreign policy reports role in the reconstruction of the continent some the refugee officials have already begun to outlist the new order they wish to establish at the close the war in november 1940 the polish and czed governments made a joint declaration of policy it which they agreed after the successful termination of the war to enter into closer political ant economic association which would become the basi of a new order in central europe and a guarantee its stability poland at the last stage of the german russiat invasion of poland leading members of the gor ernment escaped to france and then in july 1940 england power is now vested in the president the republic wladyslaw racziewicz and a cabin of nine a national council of 24 members ap pointed by the president and representative of mati polish political and religous groups acts in an at visory capacity the government controls the polish armed foret of 50,000 including 3,000 aviators army units havt served in north africa and are training in england while members of the air service are participating it ers bel arm con golc join afr t low and lanc far fore headc entere f page three fense of britain a small fleet of three gey the gee geil wen i142 listen in to the fpa’s broadcast on sunday destroyers two submarines and 14 other vessels march 9 from 2 15 to 2 30 es.t the o 30 p.m e.s.t over bul have joined the royal navy and merchant ships blue network of the national broadcasting com totaling over 100,000 tons are serving the allied pany anth cause subject the near east in crisis oc free france the british government on june 28 speaker louis e frechtling t fol 1940 recognized general charles de gaulle as we welcome your comments on our broadcasts leg leader of all free frenchmen but has not ac naja corded de gaulle’s committee the status of a provi duces 38 per cent of the world’s rubber 17 per cent ala sional government apparently london is reluctant of its tea and is the fifth largest producer of petrole th to affront marshal pétain by setting up a rival gov um it has its own defense forces a navy includ ould ernment ing three cruisers and a considerable number of tha free french troops now number 35,000 and are submarines an army of 80,000 and a small but jniog scattered throughout the british empire especially in modern air force curacao and aruba in the west eve britain and north africa twenty french warships indies contain the vital refineries for processing kan numerous auxiliary vessels and 60 merchant ships venezuelan and colombian oil lang have joined the movement the french territories norway the norwegian government and its pas which have declared their allegiance to de gaulle _constitutional monarch king haakon vii left nor oops are valuable both economically and strategically by way authorized by the parliament to exercise full 1 th submitting to free french control french equatorial power for the duration of the emergency it main blak africa including the mandated territory of cam tains supervision over a merchant fleet of nearly har eroon gave the allies a corridor across the middle 4,000,000 tons which is now aiding the allied cause sr of africa and enabled french forces to attack libya a danish council has been established in london e from the south five small dependencies in india to organize danes throughout the world in opposi thi as well as the nickel producing island of new cale tion to the nazis a free italian committee com nex donia and tahiti in the pacific have adhered to the posed of italians pledged to overthrow mussolini wa london committee and an anti nazi rumanian committee were formed nto czechoslovakia the provisional czechoslovak in february 1941 with the assistance of the british government recognized by the british on july 21 ministry of information none of these groups how an 1940 is composed of the president dr eduard ever has the status of a provisional government benes a cabinet of 14 and a state council which has some of the functions of a parliament the gov emment is dependent on britain and on czechoslo ned vaks living outside europe for funds to support the utlint czech army and air force numbering about 20,000 louis e frechtling out of the night by jan valtin new york alliance 1940 3.50 this autobiography of a youth who reached maturity as se men some of the units have taken part in the a revolutionist in post war ornene we as a e communist agent particularly in the hitler reich makes zed libyan ees and others are stationed in the a gripping story although its authenticity has been chal cy british isles lenged the book appears to portray faithfully the ruthless atios belgium while king leopold is a prisoner of methods of both the gestapo and the communist inter ami the nazis his government functions with full pow national basi ers in london one of its first acts was to conscript pacific islands under japanese mandate by tadao yanai ps tni j ce belgians all over the world for service with the gee woe pee ae pete pirearese atmy the government in exile controls the belgian wee ak bn sy niesttte eaaniaiiell cneain gals 1ssiat congo with its resources of copper tin radium and social factors religion and government the most ade gold and its defense force of 15,000 units of which quate source book of factual data on the islands this work gor ioined in th he teli 5 appears as a report in the international research series 40 tt yr in the campaign against the italians in last of the institute of pacific relations i rica nt the chinese way in medicine by edward h hume balti sbine the netherlands the dutch government fol more the johns hopkins press 1940 2.25 ap lowed queen wilhelmina to london in may 1940 a fascinating historical study of chinese ideas and onal and although it has lost its power over the home pn as bap as china’s gyn ay ee s es this field by a doctor with long experience in china the n ab 1204 it still administers important territories in the reader will find in this book a delightful introduction far east and the caribbean netherland india pro to the chinese people’s outlook on life force foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 20 march 7 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national have headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotrhy f leet secretary vera micueres dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year stan produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor ing iy f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building mar 3 while administration leaders in the senate press for final action on the lease lend bill government officials already fear that the material aid which might be extended to britain under this measure will be seriously limited by a shortage of shipping facilities although few observers credit the nazi claim that 740,000 tons of merchant vessels were sunk during february no one lightly dismisses hitler’s threat of intensified sea warfare the ger mans have had time to build additional u boats train crews and prepare new bases in the occupied territories from which british sea lanes are easily ac cessible ship losses british admiralty figures which on the whole have proved more accurate than the german indicate that almost 5,000,000 gross tons of british allied and neutral merchant shipping have been sunk by enemy action since the beginning of the war another 4,000,000 tons have probably been damaged sufficiently to necessitate time consum ing repairs these losses are all the more severe be cause enforced reliance on distant sources of supply and delays in convoying as well as loading and dis charging cargoes have reduced the carrying power of the british fleet by one third to one half sinkings have far exceeded british and ameri can replacement capacity last year british ship yards probably completed not more than 750,000 gtoss tons of ocean going merchant vessels while american yards built a little less than 500,000 tons it is doubtful that the british can surpass their out put this year particularly since the german air force will keep british yards under constant attack and the dominions can hardly be expected to build over 200,000 tons u.s shipbuilding britain’s chief reliance must therefore be placed on acceleration of ship building in the united states the emergency ship building program in this country comprises 260 standardized freighters with a dead weight tonnage or carrying capacity of about 2,600,000 the first of the 60 ships ordered by the british however are not scheduled for completion until the late fall of 1941 and deliveries of the remainder will take another year the last of the contracts for the 51 new ship building ways needed for the construction of the 200 cargo ships in the maritime commission’s emergency program was awarded on february 14 but even though the keels will be laid soon the first freighters will not be ready for service before early 1942 meanwhile an acute shipping crisis is expected develop in the spring and summer of 1941 w ington officials do not believe that many more ye sels can be made available to britain the ships stil in the government's laid up fleet aggregate a little over 100,000 tons and are being reconditioned fo service in the american merchant marine this coup try cannot spare many vessels now operating in it own coastal and foreign trade services because the withdrawal of british vessels from neutral shipping routes and the demands of the defense program haye greatly increased the burden on the american mer chant marine which in the past few years had cap ried less than one third of united states foreign commerce the requirements of cargo space for sential defense materials is so great that the mari time commission announced on february 28 the creation of a division of emergency shipping there is still a possibility that foreign ships idl in american ports may be taken over and sold to th british the chilean government established a prec dent in this respect by seizing three danish ships m february 15 and the argentine government is r ported to be considering similar action the idle for eign tonnage in united states ports includes about 44 danish 27 italian 2 german 14 french and estonian latvian and lithuanian ships up to th present the government has not invoked its doubtfil legal powers under the espionage act of 1917 ti take over these vessels negotiations to charter th danish ships are said to have made considerabk progress and overtures have also been made to tht italian shipowners in each case however the trat sactions contemplate operation of the ships on can rather than british trade routes under these circumstances a critical shortage british shipping facilities can be avoided only tf effective measures are taken to reduce losses in thi connection the united states faces serious decision in the near future to protect shipments of vit supplies to britain we can either provide the britis navy with additional destroyers or assume the con duty ourselves although the united states still ha 74 world war destroyers which could be transferte to britain the british may not have enough nav personnel to man them in the end this country mi be faced with the choice of standing by while t british isles succumb to the counterblockade or convoying british supply ships despite the danger direct involvement in war joun c pew1lde a +idle for s about and 1 d to the djoubtfil 1917 0 arter the siderable le to th ntry ma periodic sex nts 41 room entered as 2nd class matter vad f wtane a wwe ot 4 ees 53 general l pee wiorary university ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y you xx no 21 marcu 14 1941 as the nazis tighten their grip on the balkans and deploy their air and sea forces for a show down with britain in the atlantic the contours of the impending conflict assume increasing precision as long as britain resists and the british navy con trols the atlantic german dominated europe re mains a landlocked continent cut off from access to overseas countries by the british blockade to capi talize on the victories won in eighteen months of war hitler must achieve at least one of two ob jectives either germany will cut britain’s sea com munications with the united states and the british dominions using not only its air force and sub marines but also such tools as blockade running by french ships or else germany will not succeed in paralyzing the resistance of the british and will seek to consolidate its land empire on the continent in the hope of thus overcoming the economic difficulties created by the british blockade russia’s dilemma should germany have to follow the second course the country in the direct line of nazi invasion would no longer be britain but the soviet union that is why today the fate of britain assumes crucial importance for moscow not because moscow has any sympathy for the brit ish but because the fate of britain may determine the fate of russia from a coldly realistic short term point of view it would seem preferable for the soviet government to have germany invade britain and win the war in the west since this might give russia a breathing space moscow’s decision more over is complicated not only by its unpreparedness for a major conflict with germany but also by its undiminished suspicion that the british at a pro pitious moment may seek to divert nazi war efforts from the british isles toward the u.s.s.r yet in the long run russia’s position will be endangered whether germany wins or loses the war in the west for if germany wins it will have hegemony of the will democracy or nazism shape post war order european continent and through its partner japan will also share in control of asia thus menacing russia with hostile encirclement and if it loses it may attempt to recoup its losses in the west at the expense of the soviet union unless it first suffers internal collapse where is europe going as the lines of the conflict tighten the shape of post war europe is beginning to emerge from the fog of military and diplomatic battle no one familiar with the history of the past twenty years can believe that it would be possible at the end of the war to restore in europe the status quo of august 1939 the choice for eu rope is not between hitler's totalitarian new order and return to the kind of anarchy superficially modi fied by the league of nations that existed before the outbreak of the war the choice is between hit ler’s totalitarian new order and a newer order that britain with the aid of the united states and the british dominions might conceivably forge not only for europe but for the world that choice exists only as long as britain is undefeated should britain be forced to yield europe would have no alternative but to bow to hitler’s terms the passive resistance of conquered countries notably holland and norway is posited on hope of british victory to expect that this resistance will continue if britain were defeated is to indulge in a dangerous illusion yet in retrospect it may well appear that hitler if he is not victorious has performed a useful wrecker’s job although at tremendous cost for he has destroyed many of the institutions and practices some of them feudal in origin which in the past had blocked not only federation but even the most primitive forms of collaboration in europe under the hammer blows of nazi invasion and domination the european peoples are painfully acquiring a com mon political experience which may ultimately pro vide a basis for peacetime cooperation the nazis taking a leaf out of the communist book effectively transformed what might have been international war into civil war today some of their opponents recognize that this war is not merely a conflict be tween nations or as the communists would say between rival imperialisms but a civil war be tween supporters of conflicting ideologies within all nations this in itself tends to undermine national barriers on both sides and reduce the hypnotic effect formerly exercised by the concept of national sov ereignty similarly the idea of some form of supra national political organization which would corre spond to the growing internationalization of trade and communications is no longer a monopoly of those whom the nazis have contemptuously de scribed as pluto democratic internationalists to day the nazis as a corollary to the fiercely national istic ideas on which they rode to victory in germany advocate the formation of vast continental units developed in their plans not on the basis of free collaboraticn but of domination by a self appointed master race meanwhile the war itself is carrying to a logical conclusion some of the tendencies latent in the process of industrialization the nazis and com munists vie with democratic leaders in invoking the interests real or alleged of industrial and white collar workers the economic necessities of war also hasten the leveling process that everywhere increases the privileges and influence of workers and peasants at the expense of the middle class which in turn gained power in the eighteenth and nineteenth cen turies at the expense of the monarchy the aristocracy and the church the question might then be asked what real dif ference will there be at the end of the war between what is known as democracy and what is known as nazism if the two systems will eventually total up to the same thing why should europe and the world continue the struggle so far as can be de nazis press drang nach osten the balkan offensive initiated by the nazis when they occupied bulgaria on march 1 again demon strates hitler's ability to win important victories by waging a war of nerves yugoslavia in turn seems to be yielding to this method persistent unofficial here are three foreign policy reports which will help you understand the complex problem of our defense effort defense economy of the u.s i problems of mobilization ii an inventory of raw materials iii industrial capacity 25c each order your copies now page two termined today two important differences remain differences in the basic assumptions of the two sys tems and in the methods by which they are carrie into effect in contrast to the ideas popularized by thy french revolution which proclaimed the liber equality and fraternity of all men and by infereng of all national groups the nazi revolution is base on belief in the permanent inequality and subjectig of all men and nations except the germans in cop trast to the ideal of most religious faiths which x sume the intrinsic value and perfectibility of ead individual totalitarian systems assume that th individual is merely a tool of the society into whic he is born and is by nature subject to corruption through temptation threats or force the assumptions of the two systems have also dete mined their choice of methods the nazis have car ried out their ideas through arbitrary force exer cised by a small self appointed group of leades who designate themselves as the élite and are not responsible to the people whose interests they clain to represent the procedure hitherto followed ip democratic countries has been to act through mor or less peaceful compromises effected by leaden who no matter how great the authority that might be entrusted to them remain responsible to the people the admitted fact that the democrati peoples have often fallen short of their professed ideals does not necessarily mean that democracy i incapable of developing a formula for reconstruction of europe and the world which might offer a con crete and desirable alternative to nazism it dos mean the need to reconsider and reform democrag to reconcile political institutions developed in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries with the ew nomic necessities of mass production in the twentieth century and thus demonstrate by practical meas ures that a reformed democracy rather than nazism or communism may yet prove the wave of the future vera micheles dean reports from belgrade indicate that the yugoslai government will shortly sign a non aggression pat with germany while the text of the treaty appat ently gives the nazis no military political or ec nomic advantages it is reasonable to assume thi belgrade will receive further demands after the pad is signed to counteract the effect of the german pat on pro russian elements in yugoslavia it is reported that the government will issue a joint declaration 0 friendship with the soviet union by contrast to the yugoslavs the greeks in tht face of overwhelming odds show few indications 0 weakening the greek high command confrontel with the problem of defending the long border with bulgari engaged tended on a ni have gi italian failed t whi territor the tu they 4 degree larged military bri closer 1 that ti of syri the pe numer the bri in pre denied keepin minist on mz british tions d iraq syriz territo ject to france in syri for the cept th ence shorta cities sulted merce virtua matel syria if t may d ter los natior ties w lishm franc territc foreig headqua entered cracy is truction r a com it does nocragy in the he eo ventieth meas nazism future ean ugoslar on patt appar or ec me that the pact lan pac eported ation of in the tions of fronted ler with bulgaria while a large part of the army is already engaged in albania will probably abandon the ex tended arm of eastern thrace and take up positions on a narrow front based on salonika the british have given the greeks words of encouragement and italian munitions captured in libya but have so far failed to send military reinforcements while turkey appears reluctant to fight unless its territory is actually invaded there is little doubt that the turks will resist when attacked by nazi troops they are good soldiers and possess a remarkable degree of national unity but they will need an en larged air force and increased supplies of modern military equipment which only britain can furnish british watch syria as the war draws closer to the near east and the possibility increases that turkey may fight at britain’s side the position of syria lying across the land routes from egypt and the persian gulf to turkey assumes importance numerous reports from vichy paris and rome that the british are massing troops in northern palestine in preparation for an invasion of syria have been denied by london but it is apparent that britain is keeping a close watch on the territory the foreign minister of iraq nuri pasha as said arrived in cairo on march 6 to consult with anthony eden the british foreign secretary presumably the conversa tions dealt with syria which has a long frontier with iraq syria or properly speaking the french mandated territories of syria and the lebanon has been sub ject to the vichy government since the collapse of france italian and german armistice commissions in syria are attempting to obtain material advantages for the axis but thus far they have gained little ex cept the enmity of the native population the pres ence of the commissions coupled with the food shortage has produced serious unrest in syrian cities on march 8 protracted riots in damascus re sulted in the death of four persons foreign com merce is at a standstill and even internal trade is virtually impossible owing to lack of fuel approxi mately 60,000 french and native troops remain in syria with impaired efficiency and scant supplies if the british attempt the occupation of syria they may do so in the name of syrian independence af ter long and violent agitation by syrian and lebanese nationalists the french negotiated and signed trea ties with them in 1936 which provided for the estab lishment of independent states on the model of iraq france never ratified the treaties however and the territories are still technically under league mandate page three fpa radio schedule speaker william t stone subject after the lease lend bill what date sunday march 16 time 2 15 p.m e.s.t station nbc blue network we welcome suggestions for our broadcasts although actually french control is direct and com plete nuri pasha may have been speaking for britain when he declared at baghdad after visiting turkey and syria that syria should have complete inde pendence the interest of the iraqi foreign minister and his small group of followers in the developments precipi tated by the war is in sharp contrast to the apathy displayed by the arabs of the near east generally speaking the arab peoples prefer to remain passive while great decisions are being made around them to a limited extent this attitude may be ascribed to axis propagandists who have been active in the near east for at least five years more important is the arabs fear of germany they calculate that in case of a nazi victory their place in the new order will be better if they do not resist on the other hand they have already obtained from the british almost all they can expect and in the event of an allied triumph are confident that they will at least preserve their present position appeals to the arabs to join britain in the fight for democracy and the independence of small states are as ineffective in the near east as they proved in europe nor does the call to free fellow moham medans now under axis domination in albania libya and french north africa produce a popular response islam seems as impotent in unifying the arab world as christianity is in the western world louts e frechtling gen mccoy leaves for latin america members of the foreign policy association will be interested to know that general mccoy as head of a civil air mission left washington on march 5 on a 28,000 mile trip during which he will visit every country in latin america on behalf of the inter american escadrille inc general mccoy will study youth civilian flying groups in latin american coun tries similar to those already in existence in the united states he will work in close cooperation with mr nelson a rockefeller coordinator of commer cial and cultural relations between the american re publics general mccoy will return to new york in may foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 21 marcu 14 1941 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 ebjoo 181 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated fraank ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor national f p a membership five dollars a year 2 eg lte eo an enon aed washington news letter eee washington bureau national press building mar 10 after two months of intense and occa sionally bitter debate congress has finally given president roosevelt a freer hand to conduct ameri can foreign policy and carry out the program of full aid to britain congressional endorsement was as sured on march 8 when the senate passed the lease lend bill by a vote of 60 to 31 final terms despite the 2 to 1 majority rolled up in the senate the final vote failed to establish the complete unity which had been hoped for never theless the bill in its final form meets most of the essential terms and conditions laid down in advance by the administration it clearly achieves the two stated objectives it permits the executive to transfer american made or government owned war materials to great britain and its allies and it provides a method for financing further british orders after existing credit facilities have been exhausted the powers of the president are not materially altered by the additional limitations imposed in the senate al though congress reserves the theoretical right to terminate emergency powers by concurrent resolu tion the executive holds undisputed initiative in car rying out the program and shaping american policy the senate amendments however give congress somewhat greater authority by tightening control of future appropriations under the byrd amendment accepted reluctantly by administration leaders congress must appropriate additional funds or au thorize new contracts before the president can manu facture or transfer any defense equipment in excess of 1,300,000,000 the top limit fixed in the bill this means that the president must go back to con gress at once with a new appropriation bill asking for three to five billion dollars more some observers fear that the byrd amendment will lead to endless debate over the details of future transactions with congress attempting to say just how many planes tanks aud guns shall be allocated to britain most administration leaders however interpret this clause as requiring merely a blanket authorization or the earmarking of a certain percentage of future defense appropriations to meet british needs next steps the executive has already cleared the way for prompt action during the past two weeks president roosevelt has created an informal cabinet council whose members include the heads of the state war navy and treasury departments with harry hopkins sitting in as secretary while the functions of this group are presumably limited jg coordinating the work of existing government agen cies its real task is to formulate policy under the direction of the president important decisions are being reached in at least three separate fields first the administration must decide how many airplanes guns naval vessels and other military equipment can be spared by our own a von xx armed forces here the policy group is guided by the technical advice of the chief of staff and the chief of naval operations but in reaching a decision it js clear that the final word rests with the president and his civilian advisers the second urgent problem is to consolidate brit ish and american purchasing programs this will be no easy task in the past the british purchasing mis sion has encountered serious difficulties in dealing with four or five separate government agencies in charge of procurement even though it has been free to negotiate contracts on its own specifications with private manufacturers now that all contracts will clear through our own procurement agencies there will be far greater need for effective coordina tion for despite the president's efforts there is still a sharp divergence of authority between the opm and procurement branches of the army and navy the opm is responsible for planning production but the army and navy procurement officers fix all specifications and determine what and how much is needed the new policy group may provide a tem porary answer but if standardization is to be achieved most washington observers believe the president will find it necessary to place full respon sibility in a single agency the third problem is whether american naval ves sels are to be used for convoy duty on this issue the president and his cabinet committee have given no hint of immediate action when congress voted down amendments designed to restrict military of naval operations to the western hemishere how ever it recognized that the constitutional powers of the president as commander in chief could not be curbed by legislation thus the president is free to act by extending an american naval patrol two thirds of the way across the atlantic or by direct convoy if in his judgment either of these steps is necessary to guard the vital supply route to britain w t stone fte in minister its axis as a gest the circu fectivene in assert uncerta it ultimate stacles t this back conferen tokyo tl action ir visit wil is likely emphasi anese cil pros nouncen japanes opened to the 1 commur the fore ings wil with the isting lieve th closely 1 the bast ar any ma obvious east as pact wi which fegion +a a i q 8 il ves ie the en no voted ry of how ers of ot be ree to direct ops is ritain ine ch ne ro ue er entered as 2nd class matter pbeneral library university of mi an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vo xx no 22 marcu 21 1941 matsuoka goes to berlin ae successfully dictating a peace settlement in indo china japan has dispatched its foreign minister to berlin and rome for conferences with its axis partners while the move is clearly intended asa gesture to impress british and american opinion the circumstances attending it serve to lessen its ef fectiveness the difficulty which tokyo encountered in asserting its will in indo china as well as the uncertainty which exists regarding the settlement’s ultimate results have tended to emphasize the ob stacles to japan’s drive into southeast asia against this background it would seem that the berlin rome conferences are perhaps designed more to reassure tokyo than to lay down a bold scheme of concerted action in europe and asia the fact that matsuoka’s visit will mean at least a month’s delay before japan is likely to embark on further action in the far east emphasizes the hesitation which now exists in jap anese circles prospects for matsuoka’s visit an nouncement of the journey of yosuke matsuoka the japanese foreign minister to berlin and rome opened a wide field of speculation and conjecture as to the results which it might achieve the formal communiqué issued in tokyo merely indicates that the foreign minister will exchange personal greet ings with the leaders of germany and italy confer with them and gather first hand information on ex isting conditions in europe there is reason to be lieve that this noncommittal statement adheres more closely to facts than most official communiqués the realities of the existing situation in the far east and of japan’s relation to it hardly admit of any machiavellian strokes of policy tokyo would obviously like to assume full control over greater fast asia the region marked out as its sphere in the pact with the axis powers the netherlands indies which constitutes the richest economic prize in this fegion cannot be won without taking singapore the strategic key to southeast asia after the recent pacific crisis however japan is more than ever aware that any such attempt would meet with deter mined opposition tokyo will hardly shoulder the risks involved unless there is greater assurance that germany can overcome british resistance in europe on this question the japanese foreign minister might well desire an opportunity for independent observation and assessment of germany's position especially since his information is largely derived through army men like general hiroshi oshima the japanese ambassador in berlin who are thoroughly committed to all out cooperation with the axis a basic difficulty is involved in the axis japan pact despite its apparent advantages to both sides while germany would welcome an outright clash in the pacific between japan and the anglo american front tokyo is anxious to move into southeast asia with out becoming engaged in a major struggle it re mains to be seen whether this dilemma can be re solved when matsuoka confers with hitler a secondary but undoubtedly important reason for matsuoka’s visit to europe lies in japan’s uncer tain relations with the soviet union it is understood that the japanese foreign minister intends to confer with soviet leaders in moscow on his return trip this itinerary will enable him to undertake a prior exploration of the issue of soviet japanese relations with the german leaders at berlin the axis japan pact was undoubtedly sold to japan partly on the strength of hitler’s alleged influence at moscow six months have since passed but except for the cus tomary one year renewal of the soviet japanese fish eries agreement again as usual on somewhat worse terms for japan there have been no developments despite occasional hopeful announcements from tokyo the current prospects of a soviet japanese trade treaty or a non aggression pact do not seem favor able tokyo’s foreign minister will have a chance to ii ss s s page two put this question directly to hitler can he deliver moscow or was he overrating his influence with the soviet leaders the indo china settlement after sev eral extensions of the thailand indo china armistice a peace settlement was finally signed at tokyo on march 11 the armistice had originally been con cluded on january 31 for a ten day period but nearly six weeks elapsed before tokyo succeeded in enforc ing a definitive settlement under terms of the peace pact thailand was reported to have acquired 21,750 square miles of territory in the laos and cambodian provinces of indo china the extent of territory thus acquired by thailand is considerably less than one third of laos and cambodia which was understood to be the basis of japan’s first compromise pro posal at the peace conference in addition the ceded territories become demilitarized zones with equal treatment specified for indo china’s nationals in these areas thus limiting thailand’s full exercise of sovereign rights while the settlement enhances japan’s prestige as the police power in this corner of southeast asia certain of the corollary gains expected by tokyo are more problematical as part of the settlement an exchange of letters made japan the guarantor of its execution and expressed an intention by thailand and indo china not to conclude with third powers any political economic or military agreement di rected against japan on march 12 however pring varavarn head of the thai delegation at tokyo declared in a press interview that thailand woul continue to deal on a mutual and reciprocal basis with all countries and could not accept the doctrine of an exclusive japanese sphere in east asia the exact implications of this statement can op be made clear by future events but it tends to cop firm the fact that as yet japan has been unable to cure for itself the full results expected from the settlement no further special rights seem to have been won in thailand and even in indo china sp cific evidence of any large additional gains to japan has yet to be revealed when the truce was originally concluded reports stated that japan would obtain from indo china an army post at saigon use of naval facilities in cam ranh bay and other military concessions none of these prospective gains in the military naval sphere have yet materialized although a few japanese warships and bombers have appeared at saigon even in the economic sphere with negotia tions on trade matters still proceeding in tokyo there is some question as to how far indo china may be forced to yield on the other hand japan is prob ably in a better position to exact such concessions than before the thailand indo china conflict anda gradual extension of japanese control over indo china may now be expected t a bisson the f.p.a bookshelf my sister and i by dirk van der heide new york har court brace 1941 1.00 the poignant diary of a 12 year old dutch boy who lost his mother in the bombardment of rotterdam and finally found refuge in the united states total defense by clark foreman and joan raushenbush new york doubleday doran 1940 1.25 this nusual volume published like a group of type written sheets bound at the top is printed in the form of two memoranda the first is an imaginary summary writ ten for adolf hitler by german officials describing a hypo thetical nazi plan for gaining control of the americas principally by economic means the second is a detailed and stimulating program by which the authors believe pan americanism and democracy can be preserved and strength ened in the western hemisphere what is the crucial decision the u.s faces in its far eastern policy read america’s dilemma in the far east by t a bisson 25 vol xvi no 7 of foreign policy reports report on england november 1940 by ralph ingersoll new york simon and schuster 1940 1.50 vivid first hand account of recent events in englani with some controversial comments on air warfare ani american planes the new spirit in arab lands by h i katibah new york the author 303 fifth avenue 1940 3.00 a syrian arab long resident in america attempts a study of arab nationalism from the inside many interesting views are presented in the course of a rather disjointed survey a useful bibliography is appended the great hatred by maurice samuel new york knopf 1940 2.00 a brilliant though disputable psychological analysis anti semitism construed as a furtive form of enmity w christianity itself f.p.a radio schedule subject the balkan front speaker john c dewilde date sunday march 23 time 2 15 p.m e.s.t station nbc blue network please let us have your comments foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 22 marcu 21 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nation vera micue.es dean editon two dollars a year president dorothy f legt secretary headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy under the act of march 3 1879 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y ao 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year sta on ve ac dr m gr clu su pic have ia spe japan 1se of uilitary in the hough peared gotia tokyo 1a may prob si0ns and a indo son rersoll rgland re and 1 new a study resting jointed knopf ysis of nity to nation edin enactment by congress of the lend lease bill has met with widespread applause in latin america aside from general communist objections to any thing regarded as contributing to imperialist war the only important criticism noted below the rio grande came from chile a long coast line and responsibility for control of the strategic straits of magellan combine to make chile especially appre hensive of war in the pacific according to some sec tions of chilean opinion the united states has brought the possibility of war one step nearer by its open support of the anti axis cause this relatively minor complaint however can hardly be said to constitute a rift in the new world front vis a vis the old on the contrary hemispheric solidarity appeared to be strengthened last week by latin american comments on announcements that mexico and panama are cooperating with the united states in defense matters representative montevideo editors for example called for similar whole hearted cooperation with washington on the part of the uruguayan government the bogota newspaper owned by the president of colombia gave unquali fied approval to the arrangements while the mexi can press declared that mexico had blazed the trail for all latin america to coordinate its defense facili ties with those of the united states u.s and mexico collaborate identical statements issued in mexico city and washington on march 4 revealed that the two countries are de veloping a joint program for common defense in accordance with the declaration for mutual assistance drawn up in havana at the conference of foreign ministers of the american republics it is taken for granted that the completed arrangements will in clude plans for the development of naval bases at such strategic points as salina cruz acapulco tam pico vera cruz and mazatlan the improvement of airports and possibly the lease of the railroad across the tehuantepec isthmus as an alternative inter ocean route to the panama canal the decision to improve mexican airports confirmed reports first pub lished in december predicting that the international airlines servicing the area between the rio grande and the canal would be included in hemisphere de fense plans it is also reported that a mexican military mission will soon take up quarters in washington and that a permanent joint board similar to that established trends in latin america by john clark by canada and the united states may be set up but just as important for the moment at least as the military aspects of the united states mexican deal are its political implications in the mexican senate last week josé castillo torre when asking for in formation on these negotiations declared we trust the people of the united states as well as presi dent roosevelt complying with this request for eign minister ezequiel padilla stressed the great sympathy of mexico for its northern neighbor and in words colorful enough for a churchill or roosevelt affirmed the symbol of our international life should not be lot's wife turned into a pillar of salt for looking back at the flames of a dead city but pallas athena goddess of democracy facing danger and in whose bright lance hurled at the sun is found the call to liberty in more sober vein padilla explained that the bases to be developed in cooperation with the united states would be at the disposal of other new world countries and that they would be built by mexican money and workers and policed by mexican soldiers panama permits bases similar emphasis on retention of all sovereign rights was made by arnulfo arias president of panama in announcing a decision to permit the united states to erect de fenses outside the narrow canal zone not the dec laration of havana but an agreement signed a year earlier between the united states and panama was the basis for this second practical contribution to inter american defense according to the announce ment panama will retain jurisdiction over civilians within the new defense areas which will be vacated by the united states when the war emergency has passed panama moreover will be compensated by the united states for the land to be occupied by the listening posts and anti aircraft emplacements re quired for adequate defense of the canal two important overtones are to be noted in these new inter american developments in the case of the mexican deal the cordiality of officials in both mex ico city and washington strongly suggests that the defense agreement presages a settlement of outstand ing commercial and political differences centering primarily around oil property rights in the case of panama the cooperation shown by president arias goes far to discount recent assumptions that he was moving away from rather than toward the ideal of western hemisphere solidarity mr clark substitutes this month in the absence of mr mcculloch who is at present traveling in south america for more extensive coverage on latin american affairs read pan american news a bi weekly newsletter edited by mr mcculloch for sample copy of this publication write to the washington bureau foreign policy association 1200 national press building washington d.c i washington news letter washington bureau national press building mar 17 the machinery of government in washington is swinging into action this week to carry out the vast program projected by president roosevelt in his appeal to the nation on march 15 heeding the call for speed in mobilizing the re sources of the country for total effort congress has set the stage for prompt consideration of the 7,000 000,000 appropriation bill covering the cost of all out aid with an early and favorable vote expected in the house a dozen executive agencies are at work on revising production schedules consolidating british and american orders establishing new priorities and coordinating administrative machinery shipping and economic warfare at the moment first attention is being given the ship ping crisis which will be the subject of important discussions with sir arthur salter parliamentary under secretary for british shipping now on his way to washington on march 17 a compilation of brit ish allied and neutral losses made by lloyd’s of london showed that they totaled nearly 5,000,000 tons for the first 18 months of the war 600,000 tons more than in the first two and a half years of the last war while plans for making use of all idle tonnage in the western hemisphere are under con sideration there is a growing feeling in administra tion circles that more drastic measures will soon be necessary moreover following the president's pointed reference to ships in his saturday speech there is less reluctance to discuss the possibility of direct naval assistance either in the form of an ex tended atlantic patrol or actual convoy of shipments to britain another vital question brought to the front by president roosevelt's speech is the probable exten sion of export controls as an instrument of economic warfare relatively little publicity has been given to the operation of the export control system adminis tered by col r l maxwell head of the export control administration in collaboration with the state department during the past three months however several significant steps have been taken to broaden the powers of colonel maxwell and to extend the area of economic control since january 10 for example no less than 27 new categories have been added to the license system for backeround of shipping crisis cf washington news letter foreign policy bulletin march 7 1941 most of which affect chiefly japan and the sovig union recent additions include such items as gj well and refining machinery sole leather and per wire purchased in large quantities by the sovie union in 1940 and petroleum coke and varioys chemicals formerly exported to japan emphasizing these restrictions the powers of colonel maxwell were increased by an executive order of march 15 authorizing the administrator to make additions to or deletions from the general categories subject to license the effect of this ruling is to permit the ad ministrator to make changes almost overnight with out requiring the formality of a new executive order signed by the president in each case at the same time the export control administra tion has taken steps to expedite shipments to great britain and canada by issuing a blanket license cov ering the export of more than 130 items used by these countries the blanket license system for canada has been in operation since january 18 while the system was extended to great britain and northen ireland on march 3 this tightening of economic controls however has not yet removed certain apparent contradictions in the administration’s economic policy for despite the president's sharp indictment of the axis power large exports of war materials continue to flow to japan throughout 1940 japan continued to bea heavy purchaser of american petroleum gasoline machine tools copper scrap iron and steel total exports of petroleum products to japan increased from 45,285,000 in 1939 to 54,600,000 in 1940 while gasoline exports actually trebled rising from 1,198,000 barrels to 3,152,000 barrels it is true that since last november shipments of machine tools ferroalloys and refined copper have dropped of sharply according to the latest figures of the de partment of commerce total exports to japan de clined from 29,707,000 in january 1940 to ll 588,000 in january 1941 but petroleum products are still high on the list and only slightly below the figures of a year ago total exports to russia on the other hand have declined from 13,066,000 in january 1940 to 2,501,000 in january 1941 there are still those who are urging a policy of caution with respect to japan but the present trend is in the opposite direction the next few months att likely to witness a broad extension of export controls w t stone a py vol si0 tro 201 +y entered as 2nd class matter isan war 29 1944 an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vor xx no 23 marcu 28 1941 yugoslav pact facilitates nazi attack on greece with the capitulation of yugoslavia to axis demands one more obstacle to german inva sion of greece has been eliminated the german troops in bulgaria variously estimated at between 200,000 and 500,000 men now appear ready to move down the struma river valley toward the aegean sea to meet this threat the british have been rushing supplies and troops to greece and making every diplomatic effort to obtain the assistance of turkey a new battle front is thus rapidly develop ing in the balkans a limited axis victory the pact which the yugoslav premier and foreign minister signed in vienna on march 25 falls far short of a complete german victory as forecast by advance reports yugoslavia has refused to permit germany to occupy the country or march its legions down the broad vardar river valley which affords the easiest route for the invasion of greece and the most direct access to the key greek port of salonika belgrade’s adher ence to the axis involves primarily economic con cessions yugoslavia is expected to give germany transit facilities for the movement of war material to bulgaria and to admit technical experts who will speed up yugoslavia’s output of agricultural and mineral products the germans will probably also require demobilization of the yugoslav army so that soldiers may resume farm work germany evidently limited its demands only be cause it feared that insistence on complete subjuga tion might provoke armed resistance three cabinet ministers resigned on march 21 and popular demon strations against any form of agreement with the axis have been held throughout the country the serbs who constitute the largest national group in yugoslavia remember with pride their long struggle for independence against austria and many would gladly take up arms once more the germans evi dently did not wish to risk a major military cam paign for the sake of establishing complete control over yugoslavia on the other hand prince paul the yugoslav regent and the cabinet of premier dragisha cvet kovitch had no assurance that resistance might not provoke an immediate german invasion their ac quiescence in the pact was apparently dictated not by fascist or nazi sympathies but by the conviction that war would end in the complete extinction of yugoslavia’s hard won independence the possibil ity of successful military resistance was small be cause the axis had been allowed to take control of virtually all neighboring countries yugoslavia’s hard pressed army could have obtained supplies and assistance only through greece and this life line might have been cut by a sudden thrust of german troops from bulgaria moreover the six croat ministers in the cvetko vitch government who represent the second largest national group in the country were strongly in favor of compromising with the axis vice premier vladi mir matchek the croatian peasant leader appar ently feared that the germans would incite the croats to desert the serbs in the event of war the deep seated antagonism which has divided serbs and croats ever since the formation of the yugoslav state in 1919 was only partially bridged in august 1939 when prince paul and dr matchek reached an agreement providing for the establishment of an au tonomous croatia within yugoslavia this settle ment however did not fully satisfy croat demands for equality with the serbs so that many croats are today agitating for complete independence their campaign has been directed by dr anton pavelitch leader of a croatian terrorist movement who has lived in italy for a number of years and is said to be heavily subsidized by the axis the extremists have undoubtedly made gains at the expense of the mod erates for this reason dr matchek although funda mentally democratic and anti totalitarian chose to deal with the axis rather than jeopardize his leader ship of the croats and the unity of yugoslavia turkey stands firm meanwhile nazi diplomacy has been working feverishly to insure the neutrality of turkey during the projected greek campaign german professions of friendship how ever appear to have had no effect in ankara in fact signs are multiplying that the turkish government contrary to previous reports may actively help brit ain defend greece during the past week the greek turkish and british chiefs of staff are said to have conferred and the british and turkish foreign min isters consulted once more on march 18 the very fact that british troops and supplies have landed in greece is believed by some observers to indicate that turkey has undertaken to attack or immobilize ger man troops in eastern bulgaria turkish intervention was further facilitated on march 25 when the u.s.s.r and the ankara government exchanged declarations reaffirming the treaty of friendship of 1925 and pledging themselves to neutrality if either were engaged in war with another power by indi rectly encouraging turkey to resist german aggres sion the kremlin has once more revealed its grow ing anxiety over nazi penetration in the balkans as yet there is no indication that the soviet union will itself actively oppose the german advance al though it is reported that deliveries of russian oil to germany have ceased ankara’s decision will be determined in the final analysis by the military aid britain can furnish greece page two ey how many troops britain has landed or is prepared to land in that country is still unknown london has not even confirmed the reported debarkations x greek ports although the british censor has passed news of the movement of long convoys to greece the british apparently hope that a strong defensiye line can be established in northern greece som greek troops can perhaps be spared on the albanian frontier where heavy italian counterattacks hay been successfully repelled a comparatively smal greek and british army may be able to hold the mountains directly west of the struma river valley through which the germans must come during the first world war allied forces held the greek front for more than three years although the germans never really made a serious attempt to dislodge them and always scornfully referred to the salonika are as the war's largest internment camp the british undoubtedly face great difficulties in greece to transport and supply a considerable brit ish force by sea will be no easy task particularly after britain’s heavy losses in merchant shipping if the nazi army succeeds in entering greece it may catch the british expeditionary force in a trap from which escape would be impossible the churchill gover ment has chosen to face these risks only because it realizes that british prestige throughout the near east and the balkans might be irretrievably lost if greece were permitted to collapse moreover if the gamble succeeds and the germans are halted the balkan campaign may prove the turning point in the war john c dewilde spanish coup at tangier aids axis general franco’s government reiterated its belief in a german victory on march 16 when it ousted the native moroccan ruler of tangier and recon verted his palace into a german consulate the last symbols of internationalism in tangier disappeared as the new spanish appointed pasha took office on march 17 and the german flag flew in the former international zone for the first time since the world war although these acts represented the logical conclusion of spain’s occupation and annexation of tangier in june and november 1940 they marked a sharp divergence from spanish policy of the last two months for an appraisal of our defense preparations in outlying american bases in the pacific read u.s defense outposts in the pacific by a randle elliott 25 march 15 issue of foreign policy reports madrid’s forward policy was last demonstrated on december 14 when the spanish authorities dis missed british french and italian employees of the old international administration in tangier and as sumed charge of the finance health and public works of the zone tangier only 15 miles across the straits from gibraltar had been administered for a number of years by an international commission set up in accordance with the general act of algeciras of 1906 a series of agreements concluded in 1911 and 1912 a tripartite convention of 1923 and 4 protocol added to the tangier statute in 1928 under these agreements france spain and britain were the controlling powers at tangier although the 1928 protocol accorded italy almost equal rights in the government of the international zone germany had been wholly excluded on the insistence of france if august 1914 and under the treaty of versailles all german property in tangier and morocco had been liquidated following spain’s action of december 14 1940 britain immediately reserved its rights undet the international conventions and entered into nego tiot pre of dif thr atti tic spe oil suf cor wil tha est ar wh cell the i dip by th af altl init for ma vic fro for pos las all ost if if the int in de trated s dis of the 1d as works s the d for on set eciras 1911 und a inder re the 1928 n the y had nce if les all been er 14 undet nego fiations with madrid to obtain assurances that tan giet would not be fortified after prolonged discus sions the british government announced on february 26 that an agreement had been concluded for the duration of the war britain recognized spain's domi nant position in tangier while the spanish govern ment accepted international control over commercial matters there and promised not to fortify the interna tional zone general franco's policy in tangier reflects spain’s recatious position between the conflicting interests of the axis powers and britain spain would find it dificult to resist nazi demands for transit rights through its territory in case of a german decision to attack gibraltar madrid probably owes its non par ticipation in the war to the deplorable condition of spanish transportation and to its lack of food and oil which would impose a further drain on german supplies for its vital imports of food fuel and other commodities spain depends on the continued good will of britain and the united states it is significant that madrid’s february concessions to british inter ests in tangier followed britain’s permission to ship argentine food into spain through the blockade while the march 16 measures coincided with chan cellor hitler’s statement that germany would win the war in 1941 british successes in africa britain's diplomatic setback at tangier was more than offset by its recent successes against italian forces in africa the british stopped their westward advance in north africa after capturing el agheila on february 9 although free french forces have retained the initiative in southern libya where they seized the fortified oases of kufra on march 2 and jarabub on march 21 following closely on the free french victories in the libyan desert free belgian troops from the belgian congo joined the british and allied forces for a major drive against the remaining italian positions in east africa on that front during the last three months the british have retaken practically all of the outposts which italy seized during the summer and fall campaigns of 1940 and have also penetrated deep into italian territory in eritrea ethiopia and italian somaliland on march 16 britain’s recapture of berbera capi tal of british somaliland gave british forces a deep water port on the indian ocean and opened the way for rapid replenishment of men and supplies from south africa australia and new zealand the british now control most of british somaliland and page three f.p.a radio schedule subject the battle for the atlantic speaker david h popper date sunday march 30 time 2 15 p.m e.s.t station nbc blue network we welcome your comments and suggestions all of italian somaliland and are closing in on the heart of ethiopia from three directions on march 17 the capture of jijiga only 50 miles from the vital jibuti addis ababa railroad opened direct com munications between berbera and eastern ethiopia thus shortening british supply lines by more than 75 per cent the fall of neghelli on march 24 gave britain control over an important network of strate gic roads and a large water supply in southern ethiopia most of the italian resistance in east africa is now concentrated at cheren eritrea where a de cisive battle appears imminent there the british have italian troops almost surrounded with the rail road between asmara and massawa already severed britain has also made a strong bid for the military cooperation of french somaliland which is com pletely cut off from the homeland a diplomatic suc cess for britain in east africa resulting in the adher ence of french somaliland to the free french cause of general de gaulle would hasten the collapse of italian east africa and release british troops for further active aid to the greeks or service against the nazis on other fronts a randle elliott the fpa to give dinner in honor of vice president wallace the vice president of the united states will be the guest of honor at a dinner to be given by the foreign policy association on tuesday evening april 8th at the waldorf astoria mr wallace will speak on america’s second chance mr james g mcdonald will preside we hope very much that many members of the association and their friends will be able to attend reservations may be made at national headquarters introduction to the constitutional history of modern greece by nicholas kaltchas new york columbia uni versity press 1940 2.00 written by a brilliant greek who studied and taught in america this book surveys in brief compass the consti tutional history of greece from the revolution of 1821 to the end of the first world war the approach is not legal istic but dynamic emphasizing the effect of external poli cies and events in the shaping of greece’s political system foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 23 march 28 1941 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national fraank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lert secretary vera micneres dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year bw 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building mar 24 with little dissent and with relatively slight public attention congress is day by day taking action on defense appropriation measures of un precedented magnitude by the end of this week washington sources believe the president will re ceive for signature three of the largest money bills in the history of the country the 7,000,000,000 grant for aid to britain under the lease lend author ization the 3,415,000,000 regular navy depart ment appropriation bill for the fiscal year 1942 almost three times the size of this year’s regular appropriations and the fifth of the supplementary national defense bills for 1941 allocating 4,174 000,000 for army and navy needs total defense appropriations for the fiscal years 1941 and 1942 have now reached the staggering sum of 25,182 674,015 not including the seven billion for assistance to the british not all of this money can be spent within the allotted time although the monthly rate of expenditure for defense is steadily rising it reached 592,000,000 in february the actual out lay for the fiscal year ending june 30 is not expected greatly to exceed 5,000,000,000 the funds hitherto voted therefore provide for production at an in creasing tempo until some time in 1943 american defense objectives as each of the appropriation bills is passed the broad out lines of the army and navy programs for total american defense become somewhat clearer a few of the principal features may be described as follows army besides completing the equipment for an army of 1,418,000 men the strength to be reached on july 1 the supplementary defense bill also makes available funds to equip and supply 2,000,000 men in combat status that is to replace their estimated matériel losses in a military cam paign new productive facilities are now to be built suf ficient to maintain an additional 2,000,000 troops under the same conditions thus the army is making full provi sion for the material needs of the 4,000,000 man force on which its mobilization plans have been based ever since 1920 to sustain the air components of this force an ulti mate productive capacity of 21,000 planes a year for army needs alone is envisaged under the new appropriations the existing army air program calls for completion of 18,000 planes some time in 1942 over 1,000,000,000 is now added for the rapid production of 3,600 two and four motored bombers whose long range makes them pre eminently suited among other things for western hemi sphere defense navy the measures under consideration notably advang naval preparedness in all four fundamental components of fleet strength ships aircraft men and bases the n department appropriation bill devotes 1,515,000,000 fo progress on a shipbuilding program involving 729 vessels of all sizes relatively few of these can be completed withig the next year but in 1942 and 1943 large numbers of destroyers submarines auxiliaries and coastal patrol craf will be finished and added to the fighting forces as fo aircraft funds appropriated last year have been only slighty supplemented to assure expeditious completion of the navy’s schedule this provides for procurement of 7,129 planes by june 30 1942 so that the total naval aircraft strength by that date should closely approach the navy immediate goal of 10,000 barring construction delays the personnel of the navy moreover is being rapidly increased to prepare for operation of the two ocean fleet by 1946 in testimony on a pending authorization bill naval officials disclosed that a total of 532,500 men would then be required as compared with an actual active duty strength of 214,710 on march 4 1941 the new complements will be inducted by easy stages legislative sanction for a limit of 300,000 is now being sought and the strength of the marine corps whose ability to carry out shore operations in conjunction with the fleet has been greatly enhanced by recent appropriations is to be increased from 46,100 to a least 60,000 at the same time large scale construction has been authorized at virtually all our naval bases and outlying insular stations to facilitate operations against an enemy a great distances from our shores convoys believed imminent without denying the importance of these long range pr grams many officials in washington are much mor concerned with the immediate problem raised by british shipping losses in the atlantic there have been hints that as a stop gap measure the navy may soon transfer to britain some of its recently acquired auxiliary vessels and its motor torpedo boats or evet its oldest light cruisers to ease somewhat the strain on the british merchant marine and navy increas ingly however the view is expressed that it would be more logical to permit american ships unde american command to safeguard transport actos the north atlantic such a course would keep i american hands combatant tonnage which might prove highly useful in the future when the pres dent returns from his vacation cruise therefore fut ther consideration will doubtless be given to the problems of convoy or patrol in atlantic waters davip h popper correction the washington news letter of march 2 erroneously referred to the adesinlatestee of export contto as colonel r l maxwell in february 1941 colonel mat well was promoted to the rank of brigadier general +trength nts will a limit of the erations nced by 10 to at ion has utlying nemy at 7 ithout plo h more sed ns e have vy maj quired or evel strain nereas would under across ceep il might presi re fur to the rs pper arch 21 contro el max general library entered as 2nd class matter university of nichigan wine ann arbor nich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xx no 24 apri 4 1941 anti axis front looms in balkans eu crushing defeat administered to the italian but not at the cost of abetting an attack on greece navy and the revolt of yugoslavia against axis or sacrificing their own independence domination may mark a turning point in the war germany’s dilemma the dramatic turn of for the first time since the collapse of the low coun events in yugoslavia has confronted the germans tries and france the british together with the yugo with a serious dilemma to countenance yugoslavia’s slavs turks and greeks apparently have an excel defiance would be a blow to nazi prestige through lent chance to challenge axis control of part of the out europe and to delay military reprisals might give european continent and to engage germany in a the anti german forces the long sought opportunity war on two fronts which nazi military leaders have to form a strong balkan front stretching from the long been anxious to avoid presumably these axis adriatic to the dardanelles and the bosporus yet reverses have also left their impression on yosuke the alternative an immediate attack on yugoslavia matsuoka the japanese foreign minister who has is no more palatable the germans seem to have just been visiting germany and italy in order to been unprepared for this development a consider gauge the strength of nippon’s allies able army would be needed for a successful invasion the bloodless coup d'état which overthrew the of yugoslavia with large nazi forces immobilized regency of prince paul and the timid government of in the occupied countries of western europe along premier dragisha cvetkovitch on march 27 brought __ the russian frontier and in rumania germany's re to power a new régime determined to preserve yugo sources of military man power are already severely slavia’s independence against all encroachments by taxed the task of supplying german armies in the axis the serb people have rallied with enthusi yugoslavia bulgaria and rumania would be ex asm about 17 year old king peter ii who was for tremely difficult in view of the inadequate railways mally enthroned on march 28 and the new prime _and roads of the balkans while the yugoslav army minister general dusan simovitch who as com which numbers about 1,000,000 men could not pre mander of the air force led the successful revolt vent the occupation of belgrade and the northern only the croats whose territory would be first to be part of the country it would undoubtedly give a overrun by an invading german army have reserved good account of itself in the rugged mountains of their attitude although general simovitch invited western and southern serbia there its inferior equip dr vladimir matchek to continue as vice premier ment might not even constitute a serious handicap in the interest of national unity the croatian peasant since the germans would be unable to capitalize leader has apparently withheld his acceptance in the fully on their superiority in aircraft tanks and trucks hope of obtaining a re affirmation of the axis pact to meet a german march down the morava and by belgrade the departure of the german minister vardar river valleys from the north the yugoslavs and the withdrawal of german and italian nationals have two strong natural defense positions the first from all of yugoslavia indicate however that the at nish and the second farther south at skolpje simovitch government will not yield to this demand and the mountains to the east stand guard against a or the german war of nerves in a proclamation of german thrust from bulgaria particularly in the march 31 general simovitch called on all yugoslavs spring when the thaw converts the balkan mountain to stand fast and if necessary to give their lives valleys into virtually impassable marshes for their country the serbs want to remain neutral italian navy defeated meanwhile the prospects of successful resistance to german aggres sion in the balkans have been measurably enhanced by britain’s great naval victory in the ionian sea about 150 miles west of crete on the night of march 28 29 a large italian naval force apparently planning to attack the british convoys which have pouring men and supplies into greece was in tercepted and decisively defeated by the british medi terranean fleet three heavy 10,000 ton cruisers and two destroyers were sunk one battleship damaged and another light cruiser and destroyer are also be lieved lost according to british sources italy's naval losses since the beginning of the war now total one battleship three more have been damaged six cruisers 12 destroyers and about 25 submarines which would represent about a fifth of the tonnage of its pre war fleet its striking power which depends on battleships and heavy cruisers has probably been halved while rome has not admitted all these losses there can be no doubt that the italian navy has received such a series of crippling blows as to prevent it from challenging british supremacy again britain's task of supplying and reinforcing its balkan allies has thus been greatly facilitated the collapse of italian resistance in east africa brought closer by the fall of cheren gateway to asmara on march 26 and the capture of diredawa in ethiopia three days later may also release about 40,000 troops for reinforcement of the balkan front british and greek forces may even take advantage of the predica page two ment of the axis to launch an offensive in albania these favorable prospects were somewhat djs turbed by a renewed clash between french and brit ish forces on march 30 when algerian shore bat teries opened fire on a british naval squadron whic sought to stop four french merchant vessels proceed ing to the algerian port of oran escorted by one warship although the british ships withdrew afte an exchange of shots this attempted interfereng with french shipping has once more aroused the jn dignation of the vichy government the incident te called the recent threat of admiral darlan that the french navy might forcibly convoy all french ships in order to insure the provisioning of the country it seems likely however that marshal pétain will restrain darlan from carrying out any reprisals against the british the policy of the french goy ernment is primarily influenced by the course of the war like all the conquered peoples of europe the french still pin their hopes on a british victory now that the fortunes of war appear to be favoring brit ain the french government will hardly take advan tage of this naval incident to throw in its lot com pletely with the germans on the contrary the vey fact that the united states has with british con sent furnished unoccupied france with a few ship ments of the most urgently needed civilian supplies indicates that the french government has given defi nite assurances it will do its best to steer a course independent of germany john c dewilde british and americans outline post war reconstruction while the military and diplomatic situation in europe reached a new climax last week a significant discussion of war aims and peace plans began in north america lord halifax british ambassador to washington mr wendell l willkie and for mer president hoover undertook almost simultane ously and in somewhat similar fashion to outline several of the conditions essential for a durable peace all three speakers stressed the need of avoid ing a vindictive settlement and of freeing interna tional trade from restrictions and barriers and mr willkie went much further to advocate that the brit ish empire and the united states should remain joined tomorrow in order to create a better world lord halifax’s speech in his first address how closely is the navy approaching a full war footing what is the present status what are the additions contemplated in the near future read america’s naval preparedness by david h popper 25 april 1 issue of foreign policy reports since his arrival in january lord halifax speaking in new york on march 25 emphasized that the world must be treated in future as a single whole especially with regard to economic relations point ing out that since the world war we have seen an increasing difficulty in securing the distribution of the world’s abundance both within and across n tional frontiers lord halifax asserted that it must be our aim to promote the greatest possible inter change of goods and of services he declared that britain was already making plans to remedy the impoverishment which must follow in the train of war by arranging to establish stocks of food and raw materials which can be released after the com clusion of hostilities by developing the concept of four basic free doms contained in president roosevelt's address to congress on january 6 lord halifax made an elo quent appeal for four principles that are essential to life as we wish to live it and see it lived he out lined the religious principle of the absolute worth of every soul the moral principle of respect for pet sonality the social principle combining political lib erty and economic security and the domestic prit page three bania ciple of the sanctity and solidarity of the family t dis throughout his address and subsequent interviews 1 brit in new york lord halifax skillfully appealed to f.p.a radio schedule subject britain’s new eastern front speaker james frederick green e bat both liberals and conservatives in america and date sunday april 6 1941 whic while admitting that vast social changes were under time 2 15 p.m e.s.t oceed way in britain denied that socialism or any form of station nbc blue network y one dictatorship would arrive there after the war does your local station carry this program after mr willkie speaking in toronto on march 24 tence jyid similar stress on the necessity for post war eco he in omic recovery and warned against a peace written mt te in hate or reprisal or in terms of territorial ag at the grandisement or imperialistic designs he argued to outline specific aims because of the inherent com plexity of the international situation its preoccupa tion with immediate problems of war and its fear of alienating potential friends in europe ships that the basic principles of a peace settlement should perhaps the most hopeful development in this re untty be worked out now because later on some men will cent discussion of war aims is the general desire to 1 will feel the gloat of victory and others the bitterness of avoid the mistakes of the versailles treaty and to mrisals defeat while advocating the defeat of nazism place economic questions first on the agenda of an 80 mr willkie insisted that we must not again lock other peace conference so far at least the english of the 39,000,000 people in a prison wall of trade limits speaking world has sought to avoid the bitter re the and economic degradation to spawn brutality racial crimination and desire for revenge that proved fatal now intolerance and war mr hoover in an address at at the paris peace conference and have probably brit new haven connecticut on march 29 stated the already developed on the continent even in britain dvan case against a vindictive peace even more emphati itself where according to an official announcement com cally and expressed a belief that the united states on march 27 nazi air attacks since the outbreak vey if it avoids participation in hostilities will be able of war left 14,281 civilians dead and 20,325 injured com to bring a constructive and warning voice to the remarkably little hatred and bitterness have yet ap ship peace table mr hoover warned however against peared one of the gravest dangers in a long stale plies the imminent growth of socialism and fascism in the mate of attrition and devastation would be the 1 def united states especially if we enter the war both growth in the british isles and north america of ours colonel charles a lindbergh and president robert such emotional deterrents to a constructive peace lde m hutchins of the university of chicago recently james frederick green pointed out even more forcefully the dangers of war to the united states akia ambassador dodd’s diary ed by w e dodd jr and a similarity to world war in many ways martha dodd new york harcourt brace 1941 3.50 this di ims is simil devel the diary of an unconventional diplomat who as amer ee os war aas 61s shreal to hevelop ican ambassador to germany foresaw the cataclysm and point ments during the world war when many individ repeatedly warned that only the closest cooperation of en il uals and organizations were studying and promoting france russia britain and the united states could pre é t on of plans for a new world order president roosevelt in a test tubes and dragon scales by george c basil m.d a ss na merting sad february 25 that ead lans could wait in collaboration with elizabeth foreman lewis phila an until victory followed the precedent of woodrow delphia john c winston co 1940 2.50 inter wilson who declined to commit himself publicly experiences of an american doctor at chungking giv 1 that during the first years of the war it was not ing a many sided picture of life in china’s interior during recent decades the artistry of the anecdotes is matched ly the until may 1916 that president wilson consented to by the unique illustrative sketches placing the book in i 4 rin of address the league to enforce peace the largest and the category of literature even more than biography or 41 and 0st influential organization of its kind and it was history con mly in january 1918 nine months after the united the changing pattern of international economic affairs states entered the war that he formulated his four by herbert feis new york harpers 1940 2.00 teen points as in the world war many exceedingly the economic adviser to the state department traces free detailed aia salty desieal the evolution of international economic relations from the o s th tailed proposals and carefully dratted constitu régime of relative freedom or laissez faire to the existing 7 tions are emerging for union now and other types system of close government regulation and control un n 0 of international reconstruction the british govern fortunately his official position has precluded him from ential examining more thoroughly possible ways and means of ol ment moreover is as reluctant now as in 1914 18 adapting our own policies to the changing conditions e out worth foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 24 aprit 4 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national r headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dororuy f leer secretary vera micue.es dean béitor lib entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year i j ab isi produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor prin f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter sitbes ped dbsagy washington bureau national press building mar 31 plans for increasing food shipments to britain and cautious arrangements for delivery of two shiploads of flour to france may seem relatively minor matters when compared to other measures projected as part of washington’s fixed policy of supporting opponents of the axis powers for the moment they are overshadowed the forcible seizure of 69 german italian and danish vessels in american ports carried out by the coast guard last weekend and by the urgent shipping crisis which may soon call for further drastic action yet each of these moves must be considered in relation to the larger strategy which now governs all decisions in foreign and domestic policy new instruments of diplomacy since the passage of the lease lend act and the opening phase of the battle for the atlantic the primary ob jective of american policy has been to keep open the vital supply lines to britain and to strengthen the resistance of every other nation capable of opposing germany italy and japan this means that strategic considerations necessarily override legal technicali ties it also means that virtually all things from food to ships and munitions of war assume potential im portance as instruments of diplomacy in the case of the ship seizures washington of ficials have not yet revealed whether the government plans to operate the foreign vessels or turn them over to britain the action was described as a protec tive measure designed to prevent further sabotage or damage in american waters authority for the move was based on the espionage act of 1917 which empowers the secretary of the treasury to take full possession and control of foreign vessels in order to secure such vessels from damage or injury or to prevent damage or injury to any harbor or waters of the united states but regardless of legal defini tions it is apparent that strategic necessity will be the controlling factor in the ultimate disposition of all available tonnage in american territorial waters in much the same way strategic and political con siderations inevitably govern the policy with respect to food shipments until quite recently the adminis tration resisted strong pressure from the vichy gov ernment to permit shipments of foodstuffs to unoc cupied france for several months m henry haye the french ambassador was forced to cool his heels ed in washington without any sign of encouragemg from the state department in the face of britaigy steadfast refusal to relax its blockade of the cop tinent washington administered a similar rebuff tp mr hoover's plan for feeding the civilian populy tion of belgium and other occupied countries during the past few weeks however the stat department has relaxed its opposition to the exten of permitting fairly substantial food shipments tp unoccupied france on march 22 acting secretary of state sumner welles announced that arrange ments had been made with the approval of britaig to send two shiploads of flour to unoccupied franc under supervision of the american red cross mr welles emphasized that the food would be distrib uted under strict control in the free zone and tha the government of marshal pétain had given satis factory assurances that not a pound of similar o equivalent foodstuffs will be permitted to pass from unoccupied france to occupied france the present policy is purely experimental ani tentative and does not extend to any territories unde german control whether it will be continued in the case of france depends on the manner in which the french government lives up to its assurances as wel as on future relations between vichy and berlin on the latter point washington appears some what more optimistic than london although the two governments have been in full accord on step taken to date should investigation by american em bassy officials in vichy confirm reports of a barter agreement for exchange of foodstuffs between 0 cupied and unoccupied france it is most unlikel that washington will feel justified in approving further shipments nor will britain be likely to grant navicerts for american supplies which merely strengthen germany’s position on the continent or the other hand should the vichy government be able to carry out its obligations the experimental food program might be extended with far reaching im plications now that the united states has made its commit ment to support the opponents of the axis howevet it is impossible to divorce food policy from diplomag and military strategy used as an instrument 0 diplomacy food may serve to advance political ob jectives as effectively as ships or munitions w t stone vol +1 steps in em barter en oc nlikely ovine grant merely nt on be able 1 food ng if ommit ywevel lomacy ent of cal ob one ink gold entered as 2nd class matter ap oe es ws git ii j 4 4 cl ean ll iy foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xx no 25 apri 11 1941 germany invades yugoslavia and greece ey s invasion of yugoslavia and greece on april 6 opened a new phase in the european war involving the whole balkan peninsula in hostil ities and enhancing the importance of the mediter ranean as a theatre of conflict chancellor hitler’s proclamation of war which followed by a few hours the announcement in moscow of a treaty of friend ship and nonaggression between yugoslavia and the soviet union placed entire responsibility for the ex tension of hostilities on britain the greatest war monger of all time denouncing the new yugoslav government of general dusan simovitch as a band of rufans hitler promised to fight on until the last briton has found his dunkerque in greece military possibilities although the re ports of military operations in the balkans are meager and vague germany is apparently seeking at the out set to divide the yugoslav army to drive a wedge between yugoslavia and greece and to capture salonika yugoslavia is reported to have mobilized more than a million men of whom perhaps 700,000 are effectives and to have disposed its six armies or amy corps as follows two along the sava and danube rivers west and east of belgrade two near nish and skoplje farther south one along the al banian frontier and one in reserve near serajevo since the great plain extending across the north western part of the country and surrounding bel grade is vulnerable to invasion initial german suc cesses may be expected the government which has established a new capital in the south plans to with draw its troops gradually to the mountainous area during the world war the serbian forces were not driven out of these extremely rugged mountains until late 1915 after which the remnants of the army es caped through albania to corfu and then assembled later at salonika by striking quickly at belgrade nish and skoplije the germans probably hope to shat tet the yugoslav forces before they can be consol idated to attack albania and assist greece ger many was reported moreover to have sent four tyrolean divisions into italy to help defend albania to meet germany's expected offensive against greece great britain for many weeks has been for tifying the island of lemnos strengthening the greek air defenses and concentrating men and ma terial near salonika greece’s key port near the mouth of the vardar river on the aegean sea and an allied base throughout the world war in addition to con voying an estimated three divisions into salonika britain is said to have landed fully equipped troops at yugoslav ports on the adriatic if these reports are true britain may place bases on the dalmatian coast for invading albania and striking directly at italy for the present probably the most important task confronting britain and its allies is the defense of the struma river which runs southward through bulgaria and thrace entering the aegean about halfway between the ports of salonika and kavalla the nazis were reported on april 8 to have reached the aegean seeking to divide the turks and the greeks secure a foothold for striking at salonika and perhaps discourage turkey from entering the war problems for germany yugoslavia’s re sistance creates many new problems for germany which had hoped to avoid hostilities in the balkans not only because of possible danger to its vital sup plies of foodstuffs and raw materials especially ru manian oil but also because of its reluctance to create an eastern front itler who in mein kampf criti cized the kaiser for fighting simultaneously in the west and east had avoided such encirclement until italy's ill fated campaign in greece gave britain its first opportunity to regain a foothold on the conti nent when yugoslavia whose railways were needed for any german attempt to oust british air and naval forces from greece finally rejected berlin’s demands hitler failed for the first time to gain his ends by diplomacy alone yugoslavia’s ability to maintain its national unity and spirit of resistance were due in part to the action of vladimir matchek leader of the croat peasant party who agreed on april 3 to enter the simovitch government as vice premier appar ently in return for greater autonomy for croatia and wider croatian influence in the government the reaction of neighboring countries to the new balkan conflict may create additional difficulties for germany suspicion and dissatisfaction were aroused in hungary on april 3 when the veteran premier count teleki committed suicide presumably because he had been confronted with a german ultimatum for collaboration in the attack on yugoslavia with which hungary had signed a treaty of friendship last december 12 far more significant repercussions may occur in turkey which has repeatedly warned that it will defend the straits and its zone of security in europe but without defining that zone and has page two i ls engaged in preliminary joint defense conversations with britain greece and yugoslavia the soviet yugoslav friendship and nonaggression treaty ap nounced on april 6 and the veiled pro yugoslav atti tude of the moscow press suggest moreover that the soviet union may use its diplomatic influence againg the axis britain’s aims for great britain success og the eastern front is vital since only by holding its position in the mediterranean can britain continye its blockade of the continent divert nazi troops and airplanes from western europe and maintain the prestige that is so important a factor in warfare brit ain’s chances of resistance in the critical months ahead when renewed air raids and submarine cam paigns may make the margin between victory and defeat exceedingly narrow will be profoundly af fected as in the world war by the turn of events in the balkans james frederick green britain seeks to stabilize african fronts the difficulties faced by british and allied forces in the balkans where men and matériel in great quantity are needed for a successful drive against the nazis is reflected in recent developments on two african fronts in libya the british have re treated before superior german italian forces while in east africa they are rushing to complete the cap ture of the remaining italian armies so that some additional troops may be released for the balkan campaign contrary to the widely held impression that hitler would not risk sending important contingents to africa where communication lines across the medi terranean might be interrupted by the british navy it is now established that two or three nazi divisions including mechanized units and supported by aircraft are now operating in libya these units which the british hint may have been brought in with french connivance serve to stiffen the remnants of the italian army numbering from 50,000 to 100,000 with part of the imperial army of the nile al ready sent to greece the british were forced to yield benghazi on april 3 and derna 175 miles to the east on april 8 although the early withdrawals in libya were described by the british as strategic in nature it what pcoblems loom on japan’s domestic horizon read japan’s new structure by t a bisson 25 april 15 issue of foreign policy reports is now apparent that the axis forces threaten egypt britain may have to withdraw troops from greece to protect the suez canal which remains the keystone of britain’s defensive structure in the eastern medi terranean british anticipate collapse in east africa with the capitulation of addis ababa on april 6 the italians in east africa are left with only two centers of resistance massawa in eritrea and gondar in the northern ethiopian highlands british allied and patriot forces now hold all of italian somaliland most of british somaliland half of eritrea and half of ethiopia and they expect to complete their conquest soon british leaders have already begun to discuss the future of ethiopia and in their plans for reconstrue tion in east africa may be discerned the outlines of some of the peace aims which the british cabinet has steadfastly refused to formulate attempting to em courage the ethiopians to revolt against italy the british foreign office on july 11 1940 declared that emperor haile selassie’s régime would be recognized as the lawful government of ethiopia and that the country would be assured of its independence when the war was won however subsequent evasive pro nouncements of cabinet spokesmen and suggestions in british conservative journals that italy should be allowed to retain ethiopia if it made a separate peace led british liberals to fear that ethiopian freedom might be sacrificed in a move for appeasement the government's position was clarified on feb ruary 4 1941 when mr anthony eden then foreign secretary stated that britain would welcome the ft appearance of an independent ethiopian state with ations oviet yy an v atti at the sainst css on ng its ntinue ds and in the brit 10nths cam yy and lly af events een egypt reece ystone med east ababa t with eritrea lands all of d half pect to iss the nstruc ines of ret has to ef ly the d_ that nized vat the when ye pro estions uld be peace eedom rent n feb oreign the fe e with ee haile selassie as its ruler but in view of the re tarded political and social development of the peoples of ethiopia it was deemed necessary to provide the emperor with outside assistance and advice the character of this aid is to be determined by interna tional agreement at the close of the war although critics may brand assistance and advice as a cloak for british control it must be admitted that ethiopia cannot be expected to stand unaided in the community of nations for some time to come the oples of the country differ in background and de velopment amharas the coptic christian tribe have dominated ethiopia in recent decades from their homes in the central highlands they have treated as feudal serfs the moslem somalis and pagan gallas living in the periphery of their kingdom haile selassie was only beginning to introduce modern forms strengthen the central government and abolish slavery when his country was conquered by italy in 1936 out of the confusion caused by two page three f.p.a radio schedule subject the balkan campaign speaker vera micheles dean date sunday april 13 1941 time 2 15 p.m e.s.t station nbc blue network wars and five years of italian occupation the em peror must attempt to organize a government which will be able to fulfill its obligations to its own people to the neighboring british and french colonies and to the 200,000 colonists who were brought over from italy the british are faced with the problem of striking a nice balance in granting independence to ethiopia and yet retaining a measure of control all of native africa and the near east will be closely watching the evolution of british policy in ethiopia and their fu ture attitude toward britain will be conditioned by its success or failure louis e frechtling the f.p.a bookshelf behind god’s back by negley farson new york har court brace 1941 3.50 mr farson has written a revealing account of an ex tensive journey throughout africa he discusses with con siderable penetration the problem of the union of south africa british french and belgian colonial policies and has much to say about german colonists in the reich’s former colonies wartime control of prices by charles o hardy wash ington brookings 1940 3.00 an invaluable treatment of a subject which is likely to assume growing importance in the future the author dis cusses in a lucid manner the problems involved in con trolling prices and throws a revealing light on our experi ence during the last war the democratic ideal in france and england by david thomson new york macmillan 1941 1.25 a brief historical analysis of the democratic conception of government and society which has emerged in britain and france in the last 250 years in spite of widely dis similar institutions the author points out both countries haye been governed according to the same liberal principles the mongol empire by michael prawdin new york macmillan 1940 5.00 an english translation by eden and cedar paul of a recent notable history of the mongols and their empire originally published in german while concentrating mainly on the great figures of jenghiz khan kublai khan and tamerlane this work is a consecutive study of the rise and decline of the mongol empire and its differ ent parts since the twelfth century apanese expansion on the asiatic continent by yoshi s kuno vol ii berkeley university of california press 1940 4.00 in this study the second of a three volume work dr kuno covers the tokugawa shogunate 1603 1867 in cluding a summary of internal developments in the se clusion period most directly related to japan’s later expansion a rich selection of documentary translations is again included in this volume an encyclopedia of world history by william l langer boston houghton mifflin company 1940 5.50 this revised and modernized version of ploetz’s epitome of history has been prepared by dr langer with the as sistance of fifteen specialists in various fields the scope has been greatly enlarged by the addition of non european countries and nearly every line has been rewritten al though the dating system has been mainly retained an indispensable reference work both for dates and succinct digests of events the army way by philip wylie and william w muir new york farrar and rinehart 1940 75 cents the abc’s of the 1 d.r by paul brown new york mac millan 1940 50 cents the first of these booklets describes army life for the new soldier and gives him helpful pointers the second is a simplified illustrated explanation of the army’s current infantry drill regulations scandinavia the background for neutrality by alma luise olson philadelphia lippincott 1940 2.50 a discursive story of people life and politics in the northern countries sweden denmark norway iceland and finland toward a new order of sea power american naval pol icy and the world scene 1918 1922 by harold and mar garet sprout princeton n j princeton university press 1940 3.75 admirable and exhaustive as a historical treatise this second volume of a distinguished series on american naval policy includes a most stimulating analysis of the problems of american sea power the sprouts thesis that technolog ical advances in sea and air warfare have strengthened the defensive position of the united states is particularly relevant today foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 25 headquarters 22 east 38th streer new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 a april 11 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lest secretary vera miche.tes dgan editor 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor incorporated national two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building apr 7 in a tense atmosphere created by ger many’s invasion of yugoslavia and greece official washington has moved swiftly to deal with compli cations attending the long threatened balkan hostil ities decisions on policy are being taken with both europe and the far east in mind conflict in south eastern europe raises new problems with regard to the shipment of american war supplies at the same time the possible repercussions of the balkan strug gle on japan’s course in asia must also be considered the balkan hostilities after conferring with the president and state department advisers secretary hull issued a scathing denunciation of germany's barbaric invasion of yugoslavia on april 6 in line with this country’s policy of helping those who are defending themselves against would be conquerors he stated the american government is now proceeding as speedily as possible to send mili tary and other supplies to yugoslavia this state ment apparently takes the place of the neutrality proclamation customarily issued in previous cases when the war had spread to new areas the problem of shipping tonnage was doubtless uppermost in a lengthy conference held on april 6 between the yugoslav minister constantine fotitch and under secretary of state sumner welles a re cent cabinet meeting had explored the possibility of shipping war materials to yugoslavia on eight yugo slav merchant vessels now in american waters on april 4 moreover the president forecast imminent action on the broader question of altering the ex ecutive proclamation under the neutrality act which forbade american shipping to enter the red sea area since the neutrality act prohibits american ships from carrying munitions to belligerents how ever it may prove necessary to obtain congressional approval amending the act in this respect far eastern moves meanwhile during the visits of japan’s foreign minister yosuke matsuoka to berlin rome and moscow a clearer pattern of anglo american cooperation in southeast asia has emerged in mid march as matsuoka left japan for his tour of the axis capitals two squadrons of amer ican warships totaling 4 cruisers and 9 destroyers reached new zealand and australia on good will visits tumultuous welcomes greeted the officers and crews of the american vessels in auckland n z and in sydney and brisbane the implied warn ing to japan was strengthened when on march the navy department which had originally sta that the vessels would immediately return to the honolulu base announced that no further informa tion on their destination would be divulged the first official contacts between ranking british and american commanders in the far east were e tablished on april 2 3 at manila when air chief marshal sir robert brooke popham commander ip chief of british forces in eastern asia conferred with admiral thomas c hart commander of the amer ican asiatic fleet major general douglas macarthur the philippine commonwealth's military adviser and major general george grunert commander of american forces in the philippines the subjects un der discussion were not officially disclosed but it is understood that the general problem of defense co ordination in the manila singapore zone was cap vassed following sir robert brooke popham’s te turn to manila on april 8 after a brief trip to hong kong the conferences were resumed including in addition the netherland foreign minister e n van kleffens who had reached manila by clipper from honolulu decisions now being taken in washington with re gard to military aid to china following the retum from chungking of the president's special envoy lauchlin currie round out this picture of stronger action in the far east reports indicate that 10 american planes with accompanying technical pet sonnel are being made available to the chinese gov ernment of these some 30 pursuit planes have al ready been sent while a number of long range bomb ers capable of making a non stop return flight from china to japan may soon be on the way it is also understood that mr currie during his stay in chung king impressed upon the chinese officials the de sirability of reaching a settlement of the serious com flict between the central authorities and the chinese communist leaders thus although it seems unlikely that foreign mit ister matsuoka has made any hard and fast commit ments at berlin or received much encouragement from moscow washington and london have ap parently cleared the decks for any emergency which may arise in the far east recent changes in the jap anese cabinet reflecting a more moderate outlook ia tokyo indicate that the likelihood of a far easter crisis this spring is diminishing t a bisson qe +periodical rear ral wntv general library university of michigan ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin ing in e n clipper vith re return envoy tronger at 100 cal per se gov ave al bomb at from is also chung the de us con chinese rn min ommit gement ave ap 1 which the jap hook if eastern sson an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xx no 26 aprit 18 1941 eee ure of the soviet japanese neutrality pact at moscow on april 13 crowned with success the furopean mission of yosuke matsuoka japanese foreign minister at the moment when it seemed on the verge of failure premier konoye has welcomed the new pact as a signal triumph for his cabinet which desperately needed a diplomatic victory at this time to bolster its waning prestige according to the agreement's preamble the us.s.r and japan guided by a desire to strengthen ipeaceful and friendly relations between the two countries decided to conclude a pact on neutrality article i includes a mutual pledge to respect the ter titorial integrity and inviolability of the signatory powers the kernel of the pact is contained in article il which states should one of the contracting par ties become the object of hostilities on the part of one or several third powers the other contracting party will observe neutrality throughout the duration of the conflict the pact enters into effect on rati feation which is to occur as soon as possible in tokyo and is valid for five years in an accompany ing frontier declaration a soviet pledge to respect the territorial integrity and inviolability of man thoukuo is matched by a similar pledge on japan's part toward the mongolian people’s republic outer mongolia tokyo’s view of moscow pact con dusion of this pact opens up a number of possibilities for japan provided that tokyo is prepared to exploit them effectively at this time it facilitates settlement of pending soviet japanese issues relieves japan of its obligations toward the axis in the event of a soviet german clash and assures tokyo of soviet neutrality in case of a japanese conflict with britain or the united states _at tokyo premier konoye greeted the pact as of epoch making significance to soviet japanese rela tions and predicted that it would serve as a basis for matsuoka wins pact with u.s.s.r rapid solution of pending questions between the two countries tokyo evidently hopes that the pact will be followed by conclusion of a soviet japanese trade treaty as well as the long delayed permanent fisheries agreement the frontier declaration more over may lead to greater progress in the demarca tion of manchoukuo’s border than has so far occurred in the second place the moscow pact lessens tokyo's apprehension over the possible outbreak of soviet german hostilities in europe the tripartite alliance of september 27 1940 had obligated japan to come to germany’s aid in case of a soviet german clash recent events in europe coupled with the fail ure to bring the u.s.s.r into the axis japan pact had led tokyo to fear that such a clash might be imminent and criticism of this feature of the tripar tite alliance had seriously embarrassed the konoye cabinet while the soviet japanese neutrality pact meets this issue to tokyo’s satisfaction it is by no means so welcome to berlin by dissociating japan somewhat from the orbit of the axis it revises the tripartite alliance to germany's disadvantage berlin had originally thought to induce moscow to become a full fledged partner in the axis japan alliance but finds instead that moscow has concluded a separate agreement with tokyo thus for germany the use fulness of the axis japan alliance is reduced so far as the soviet union is concerned although there may be some recompense if the new pact induces japan to attack the singapore base the far eastern outlook tokyo sees a third and possibly the greatest gain from the pact in the sphere of its relations with britain and the united states it is now free to move against the anglo american positions in southeast asia with out fear of a flank attack from the soviet union in this respect japan derives an advantage similar to that which germany obtained in europe by the soviet german pact of august 23 1939 while the similarity exists there are at the same time considerable differences between the two cases and it remains to be seen how far the moscow pact will encourage greater truculence on tokyo’s part toward britain and the united states the konoye cabinet is at present engaged in a desperate effort to cope with its economic problems recent cabinet changes have given japan’s business interests vir tually a free hand in dealing with the economic crisis barring a coup d’état which the extremists might at tempt japanese big business will be inclined to seek an economic solution in a modus vivendi with the united states rather than risk a pacific war nor has the moscow pact improved japan’s mil itary position in china soviet assistance to china is not affected by the pact and moscow has assured moscow on alert for german drive to east after an initial week of blitzkrieg the balkan campaign appeared to be developing into a series of isolated encounters in mountain sectors where the greek and yugoslav armies still largely intact were attempting with the aid of the british air force to disrupt german communications in such a war of movement where nazi superiority in airplanes and motorized equipment depends on maintenance of communications with german bases in bulgaria ru mania and hungary it was difficult to estimate the chances of the belligerents from day to day or even from hour to hour meanwhile another lightning advance of german motorized units transported to italian libya from sicily had brought axis forces into egyptian territory within eighteen days profiting by the diversion of large portions of the british imperial army of the nile to the balkan and east african fronts the germans recovered the ground lost by the italians during the winter campaign in libya and threatened to endanger depleted british forces in egypt as well as the british fleet based on the egyptian port of alexandria dismemberment of yugoslavia ger man victories in the balkans and in africa taken in conjunction with intensive nazi propaganda activ ities in the near east notably iraq with its important mosul oil fields had immediate repercussions on the rapidly fluctuating situation in europe on april 10 german sources reported the formation of a separate for a graphic display on latin america order a set of 13 maps and charts 1.00 enlarged reproductions of illustrations from the headline book look at latin america use these to awaken interest in our southern neighbors page two chungking it will continue to send war supplies china tokyo has gained a pledge of soviet respey for manchoukuo’s territorial integrity and inyjg ability but this pledge will probably prove of sym bolic significance only it is still doubtful despite th pact whether tokyo will feel free to transfer trop from manchuria to other fronts in eastern asia the immediate outlook in the far east is ther fore not necessarily critical so far as the threat of japanese acticn is concerned there may be a reer descence of japan’s efforts to secure strategic bass in thailand or indo china which would have precede a southward drive before challenging th anglo american front however it seems likely thet tokyo will await the outcome of germany's cap paign in the mediterranean t a bisson pro axis state in croatia this new state is to kk headed by ante pavelitch a croat terrorist who had been involved in the murder of king alexander of yugoslavia in 1934 and had been living in italy the next day it was indicated that italy would claim th kossovo region of yugoslavia containing about one million albanians if and when that country is divid ed among the axis powers on april 11 hungary member of the axis group profited by chaos in the balkans to invade a strip of land in northern yugo slavia which that country had taken from hungay under the peace treaties of 1919 by utilizing the te visionist ambitions of its allies italy hungary and bulgaria germany apparently intends to break w yugoslavia and greece into several parts whic could then be forced to join hitler’s new order in this emergency britain and its balkan allies te ceived no hint of aid from turkey the turkish government continues to cling to its decision not to enter the conflict unless its territory is attacked i is possible however that germany may avoid out right attack on turkey and seek to win it over by offering attractive terms of trade and even a shait of british dominated territories in the near east moscow’s rebuke to hungary tur key’s decision still hinges on the policy of the sovie union which also has an interest in the fate of the straits and the black sea moscow after signing treaty of nonaggression with turkey on march 24 and a pact of friendship with yugoslavia on april 6 on the eve of the german invasion has expressél its sympathy for the yugoslavs and its disapprovil of bulgaria’s action in permitting german occupt tion of its territory a further step in the direction of what might be described as oblique and passitt opposition to german penetration in the balkans wis taken on april 12 when the soviet government off cially notified hungary that the movement of hut garian troops into yugoslavia had created a partic oo eae of he ee ss fs a ae ak fee page three pli larly bad impression in russia and could not receive a soviet approval in issuing this statement andrei f.p.a radio schedule invigi vishinsky vice commissar of foreign affairs see mediterranean crisis of sym added it is not difficult to realize what would be mn a oe die on mn pite thi the position of hungary should she herself get into time 2 15 p.m e.s.t r troop trouble and be torn to bits since it is known that there station nbc blue network sia are national minorities in hungary too the same the day it was announced that the german ambassador teat of and the slovak minister to moscow were returning to a tecn berlin and bratislava respectively for consultation that during the period of civil war and intervention ic baggy with their governments after 1918 the british themselves sought to obtain have the soviet warning to budapest probably refers control of the caucasian oil fields ing th to territory recovered by hungary from czechoslo ely tha vakia following the munich accord under the vienna it is conceivable however that if the balkan con s cam awatd of november 2 1938 arranged by ger paign should drag on the soviet union might im sson many and italy hungary was assigned a part of prove its own position on the west by claiming ter ruthenia and southern slovakia excluding the large ritory from hungary and making additional demands way to try to bring russia into the war on britain's side for the soviet government has not forgotten river port of bratislava which is the capital of the rumania such a move might strike at nazi com to lk present state of slovakia ruthenia the most back munications from the rear it might also give mos ho haj ward section of czechoslovakia to which it had been cow an entering wedge for communist propaganda nder of awarded on the break up of the austro hungarian among peoples who have sub marginal standards of ly the empire in 1919 has a population extraordinarily living and have already shown interest in the kind iim the mixed in language racial origins political sympathies of peasant collectivism that has been developed in sut one and religious affiliations according to the czecho the soviet union s divid slovak census of 1930 on the basis of nationality it is against this background of european develop gary 1 more than half of ruthenia’s total population of ments that k.ussia’s attitude toward its neutrality pact in the 709,128 consisted of ruthenes russians and ukrain with japan must be weighed whatever russia’s yugo ians the communist movement in ruthenia re form of government its foreign policy is necessarily ungay ctuited largely from ukrainians was relatively conditioned by its geographic position the position the re strong and in the elections of 1935 the communists of a landlocked continent lying between europe and ry ani polled nearly 80,000 votes out of a total of a little asia under no circumstances can russia become in eak up over 300,000 the major trends among the ruthenes volved in a situation which would expose it to wat whid have been in the direction of integration either with on both the european and far eastern fronts while ler russia or with an independent ukrainian state be the soviet japanese pact frees japan for a drive into lies e cause of pro ukrainian sympathies among ruthenes southeast asia it also frees the soviet union for pos urkish it was thought at the time of the vienna award that sible action in eastern europe should such action not the germans would eventually use ruthenia as a involve russia in hostilities with germany then ked it jumping off place for a ukrainian nationalist move japan by the terms of the pact would be bound to id out ment designed to separate the soviet ukraine from remain neutral in that sense the pact is as premier wet by the u.s.s.r moscow’s hint on april 12 regarding konoye has said epoch making it reaffirms what shart national minorities in hungary indicates that the so has been increasingly evident since 1939 that is the bast viet government may lay claim to ruthenia on the return to the european diplomatic scene of the soviet tur ground that many of its people have racial and union which at munich appeared to have been sovitt linguistic ties with russia relegated to asia by both germany and the western jf of tht will russia act in europe the soviet powers the soviet union intends to preserve its neu ning government is no more anxious today than it was in trality it hopes that the war will exhaust both the ch 24 1939 to become engaged in a major conflict with ger actual belligerents in the west and the potential pril 6 many least of all for the sake of the british empire belligerents in the east japan and the united states cessed nor was mr churchill’s statement of april 9 that but this does not mean that it will passively accept prowl germany might now attempt to secure the granary the new order hitler is seeking to build in eastern jccup of the ukraine and the oil fields of the caucasus to europe and the balkans rection wear down the english speaking world a tactful vera micheles dean assive ns was foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 26 aprit 18 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national at oft headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leger secretary vera micheres dgan editor h entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year a bw 81 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor artic f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press bullding apr 14 the task of fulfilling promises of effec tive aid to all opponents of the axis became more complicated last week end as washington weighed the military effect of nazi gains in the balkans and north africa and the political consequences of the soviet japanese neutrality pact on the assumption that control of the seas will continue to be the decisive factor regardless of the outcome of military operations on the continents of europe and asia the administration is directing its chief action toward keeping open lines of sea and air communication between the united states and the british empire greenland and beyond the most de cisive step yet taken to assure control of vital mari time routes was the executive agreement signed here on april 9 by secretary hull and henrik de kauf mann the danish minister giving the united states the right to establish air bases and other military and naval facilities in greenland precipitated by evidence of recent reconnaissance flights by german airplanes the accord was entered into by the danish minister after concurrence by danish authorities in greenland but without prior consultation with the german con trolled government at copenhagen the state de partment standing upon its declared recognition of the sovereignty of the kingdom of denmark over greenland strongly supported the minister when he refused to comply with orders from the copen hagen foreign office demanding his recall and an nounced it would continue to recognize him the practical effect of the agreement apart from blocking a possible german occupation of the island is to place greenland under the protective custody of the united states for the duration of the war in addition it extends the area of american military operations well into the arctic circle and eastward in the atlantic to within three miles of the nazi proclaimed blockade zone establishment of amer ican bases in greenland will not only flank the great circle route between europe and north amer ica but may also provide stepping stones for airplane deliveries to england during the summer months recent surveys conducted by the coast guard are said to show that air operations may be feasible for about half of the year while it is considered im practical to send large convoys by way of greenland one apparent result of the agreement will be the formation of an american naval and air patrol strong enough to release british naval vessels now operating in the western half of the atlantic and the political corollary of this move according to reports on cap itol hill will be a campaign to convince the country of the need for full convoying in the near future other moves short of convoy mean while until public opinion has had time to adjust to the new situation other decisive moves have been made to meet the shipping and transportation crisis without resort to american convoys on april 10 president roosevelt sent a message to congress ask ing for legislation to permit him to requisition for american service any foreign ships in american waters deemed necessary for national defense if congress grants this request which it is expected to do within the next two weeks the government will have legislative authority to take possession with due compensation of the danish german and italian vessels seized on march 30 and approximate ly 133 other foreign ships now in american ports the latter however include 73 norwegian vessels most of which are operating under an agreement with the british as well as 7 yugoslav freighters which will be released with war materials for that country the remainder of the foreign fleet consists of 19 french 24 dutch 2 belgian 1 rumanian and 7 or 8 estonian and lithuanian ships which have been claimed by the soviet union since its occupation of the baltic countries last year a third significant move was announced on april 11 when president roosevelt issued a proclamation removing the combat zone at the entrance to the red sea this action taken immediately after british forces had captured the port of massawa in italian east africa will permit american vessels to carry sup plies to the suez canal zone area under the terms of the neutrality act of 1939 still on the statute books although virtually nullified by the lease lend act american merchant ships are forbidden to carry wat materials to belligerents and some question was raised in congress as to the legality of shipments in american bottoms for ultimate delivery to belligerent nations all such legal doubts were brushed aside at the white house however where prompt action was assured in other quarters it was reported that as soon as congress passes the enabling legislation most of the 39 danish ships will be placed in the supply ser vice to suez the question which haunted washington as it read dispatches from africa however was whether the promised aid would arrive in time w t stone vol par par jolt duc 8 +bel vans 1sk for can if ted ent ion and ate sels lent ters that sists and een 1 of pril tion red tish lian sup s of oks war was in rent e at was oon t of set s it ther genera library entered as 2nd class matter university o mi ann arbor michizan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vo xx no 27 aprin 25 1941 by concluding an economic agreement with prime minister william l mackenzie king at hyde park on april 20 president roosevelt further ex anded his dual program of aid to britain and de fense of the western hemisphere according to their joint communiqué issued after a seven hour confer ence it was agreed as a general principle that in mobilizing the resources of this continent each coun tty should provide the other with the defense articles that it is best able to produce and above all pro duce quickly and that production programs should be coordinated to this end the agreement pro vides that the united states during the next twelve months will purchase between 200,000,000 and 300,000,000 worth of canadian defense products including certain kinds of munitions strategic materials aluminum and ships which are urgently tequired by the united states for its own purposes the agreement also permits great britain to obtain under the lend lease act american products to be used by canada in the manufacture of equipment and munitions for british use financial arrangements while the oficial statement was noticeably circumspect regard ing financial arrangements between canada and the united states it stressed the fact that american pur chases of canadian products will materially assist canada in meeting part of the cost of canadian de fense purchases in the united states because the neutrality act of 1939 forbade the extension of credits to belligerents canada is hard pressed to find dollar exchange for its large im port surplus from the united states which amounted to over 290,000,000 in 1940 in normal times the dominion having a triangular trade with britain and america utilized its favorable balance of trade with the united kingdom to pay for its excess of imports from the united states and cover its debt u.s and canada merge armament production service there great britain however is now financ ing its increasingly large imports from canada by promoting the repatriation of british held canadian securities a decline in the proceeds from the ameri can tourist trade since the outbreak of war further reduces canada’s ability to purchase in the united states to conserve its supply of u.s dollars canada early in the war restricted the travel of its citizens across the border and on december 2 1940 pro hibited or severely curtailed the importation of many nonessential articles from non sterling countries the new economic arrangement therefore will greatly alleviate the immediate strain on canada’s financial structure and probably reduce the need for drawing too heavily upon its gold reserves and liquid assets in the united states the agreement is thus a significant and logical development in canadian american relations for it supplements in the economic field the work of the permanent joint defense board established by president roosevelt and prime minister mackenzie king at ogdensburg last august 18 such collabora tion is long overdue since there are serious differ ences in the specifications of british and american armaments and considerable duplication in canadian and american production the coordination of out put in north america will prove useful not only in supplying great britain but also in event of a british defeat for creating a second line of defense in the western hemisphere the st lawrence waterway while many difficult problems in the sphere of economic cooperation confront canada and the united states perhaps the most complex is the long standing con troversy over the st lawrence waterway on march 21 president roosevelt sent to congress an executive agreement signed in ottawa two days previously providing for construction of a power i t i and navigation project estimated to cost 266,170 000 although similar in content to the treaty which the senate rejected in 1934 the agreement does not need approval by a two thirds vote but merely re ires appropriations by an ordinary majority mr roosevelt called the project a vital necessity for defense arguing that it would provide electric power ivalent to over 2,000,000 horsepower for ex ing industries on both sides of the st lawrence and an outlet for seagoing vessels to be constructed along the great lakes proponents of the bill claim that if the present waterway were expanded the great lakes ship yards which in 1919 built 199 ships totaling 495 559 tons could construct large merchant vessels and warships at present the great lakes yards are build ing only small craft including submarines that have page two to be sent down the illinois waterway and misgis sippi river for completion on march 24 the ad ministration revealed that canada and the unite states had agreed to reinterpret the rush bago agreement of 1817 in order to permit the construe tion of warships on the great lakes some op ponents point out that the st lawrence projec which calls for deepening the channel from 14 to 27 feet will not be completed until 1948 too late fo the present emergency the project is also strongly opposed by railway and utility spokesmen the coal industry the ports of new york boston and mon treal and other economic groups in the united states although many of its foes in canada includ ing premier mitchell f hepburn of ontario have accepted it as necessary for electric power james frederick green axis campaign threatens britain in mediterranean with british and greek forces retreating steadily before the relentless drive of nazi germany's mech anized columns it now seems only a matter of time before britain loses virtually its last foothold on the european continent the attempt to hold the greek front which at best was only a desperate gamble became impossible following the unexpectedly rapid collapse of the yugoslav armies after a series of german thrusts had cut yugoslavia into a number of isolated segments all organized resistance ceased on april 18 and thousands of nazi troops were re leased for the campaign against the hard pressed allied forces in greece although the germans are apparently suffering heavy losses their success ap pears assured by overwhelming superiority in man power tanks and planes it only remains to be seen whether they can prevent at least a partial evacua tion of the british from greece the nazi military successes have not been won without cost the balkan campaign has inevitably dislocated production and communications to some extent moreover germany’s immediate gains will not be great while the conquest of greece will give the germans an advance outpost in the east ern mediterranean the greek mainland is still some 600 miles from the key british naval base at alex andria at the same time the nazis have further extended the area of military occupation thus im we may have to participate in naval warfare with the ships we now possess what is the present status of the u.s navy read america’s naval preparedness by david h popper 25 april 1 issue of foreign policy reports mobilizing more of their troops it may be no easy task to curb the activities of guerrilla bands in yugo slavia and elsewhere and to keep in check the rival nationalist aspirations of the balkan peoples in rumania for example dissatisfaction with axis domination appears to be growing rapidly with nationalist elements demanding the return of ter ritories which in september 1940 were surrendered to hungary and bulgaria at the demand of ger many axis moves on wide front neverthe less the greek campaign assumes much more im portance when considered merely as part of a com prehensive axis drive to oust britain from the en tire mediterranean and near east this drive both diplomatic and military may be vigorously prose cuted on several fronts at once 1 in turkey and the near east 2 against egypt and the suez canal and 3 through spain against gibraltar now that turkey’s position has been greatly weak ened by the allied defeats in greece german diplo matic guns are once more trained upon ankara the turks who have considerably moderated their de fiant attitude toward the axis in recent weeks may be unable to reject the proffer of a nonaggression pact which the nazis are expected to make as the first move in a campaign to bring turkey into the nazi orbit the british however have taken steps to counter german plans to penetrate the near east along the historic berlin to bagdad route on april 19 they landed troops at basra the persian gulf port of iraq previously on april 4 a coup d'état at the iraqi capital had overthrown the govert ment of premier taha al hashimi and his pro brit ish foreign minister nuri as said and installed 4 new régime under rashid ali bey gailani who despite his professions of allegiance to the angle a ffsi 2 page three s fissie iraqi alliance of 1930 is reputed to favor a pro ri ls orientation britain psa difesttul of f.p.a radio schedule nited gailani’s government sent in troops to safeguard subject after greece what sagot the iraqi oil fields on which its mediterranean fleet oe ate sunday april 27 struc depends for fuel and to destroy the oil wells in the time 2 15 p.m eastern daylight saving time op event that nazi victories in the eastern mediter station nbc blue network oject ranean open the near east to the axis to27 the war in north africa the most im government the germans are said to be offering for portant front in the mediterranean area is still that comparatively liberal peace terms to france under ongly in north africa should axis forces succeed in con these conditions france would be permitted to keep coal queting egypt together with the british naval base a small part of alsace lorraine and all of its em mon at alexandria and the suez canal the position of pire with the exception of the former german col inited the british fleet in the eastern mediterranean would onies while the reich would release about 500,000 iclud become untenable any prospect of further resistance french prisoners of war and reduce the occupation have to nazi penetration of the near east would then charges such an offer if substantiated might be a disappear germany and italy would acquire free strong inducement to the pétain government which en dom of access to the black sea thus enabling them may already be convinced that a german victory is to use the maritime route for the transportation of inevitable if the germans can transport their troops esential supplies including oil from the balkans and equipment across the mediterranean and a and the soviet union at present the axis powers through tunis with french help their campaign in uy z must rely on the limited transportation facilities of north africa will be greatly facilitated even now a the danube and the balkan railways finally from they are requisitioning many french merchant ves la egypt which itself would afford a welcome source sels for use as transports and supply ships at the axis of cotton axis forces might be able to advance same time german troops in france are reported with southward into east africa preparing for a drive through spain to gibraltar tel the moment the british appear to be holding although the tide appears to be turning against deal the german and italian columns at tobruk in libya the british in the mediterranean we know too little ger ind at solum on the egyptian border which is still of the many factors which bear on the struggle to more than 300 miles from alexandria although predict its ultimate outcome even the loss of the at reinforcements are being rushed from east africa mediterranean however would not necessarily mean are where italian resistance has collapsed in all but a the defeat of britain the british isles would still com w sectors it is not expected that these will add remain a beleaguered fortress off the coast of a hos sa en more than 60,000 men to the british strength much tile continent and if the united states cooperates both will depend on the rate at which the axis can bring with britain in keeping open the lines of supply a additional troops and supplies to north africa continued prosecution of the war will still be possible 7 a across the central mediterranean the shelling of john c dewilde ea the libyan port of tripoli on april 21 indicates that sprcial oeper to hpa tame ede the british navy is still a powerful force to reckon i plans with yet the difficulties under which britain's medi 1a the may 15 issue of foazicn poticy basonrs vem terranean fleet is operating will undoubtedly multi plans fot rate sis aos oe diplo lv wh ng 7 analyzes plans which have been discussed in britain the teer ween the nazis acquire new bases for their dive united states and germany as well as practical measures bombers in greece its task is already tremendous already undertaken to implement these plans in addition ia for it must function not only as an adjunct to the 343 dean discusses the réle of the great powers in wed british land forces in and near egypt but must con of german victory a stalemate a british victoey im ession atl spey rete pees icati bety the aid of the united states as the y seek to interrupt communications between because we feel that f.p.a members who do not sub to the italy and tripoli about 1,000 miles to the west scribe regularly to foreign pouicy reports will be a meanwhile the german government according particularly interested in plans for post war reconstruc eat bish reports is succesfull enlisting the coop an weal id ed 50 april eration of france in transporting troops and equip copies as usual gulf bent to north africa in return for additional col this offer of a free copy is open only until may 8 after i j i y a état hboration which would be carried out with the re that date the report may be ordered at the regular price turn of pierre lav ition i overt ierre laval to some position in the french of 25 cents a copy 0 brit foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 27 april 25 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national illed a headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y franx ross mccoy president dororuy f lest secretary vera micuetes dean editor enered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year i who 181 pa 3 sy s nelle be produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor ang e ans f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building apr 21 at a time when washington is faced with the most critical decisions since the fall of france it may seem out of place to devote this news letter to the administrative problems of one of the smaller agencies of the federal government when this particular agency happens to be the state department and its foreign service however the adequacy of its personnel and equipment becomes a matter of national concern needs of the state department no one can question the loyalty and devotion of the professional officers who form the career service built up since congress passed the rogers act in 1925 they have carried a staggering load without complaint but few who are familiar with our for eign office today can truly say that it is adequate for the tremendous task imposed by the world crisis this task has increased many times since the out break of war in 1939 and involves a volume of work far greater than anything ever dreamed of in normal times on top of routine diplomatic and consular duties our foreign service posts have been called upon to do emergency work for almost every de partment of the government these emergency de mands must be met by a service which is also expected to provide accurate reporting of political and eco nomic trends on which national policy must be framed in the face of unprecedented conditions similar emergency demands have been thrust on the small staff of permanent state department officials who are expected to sift and evaluate the steady stream of dispatches and on the higher officers who formulate policy the result is a foreign office ma chine which is overtaxed and creaking badly at a time when it should be functioning at maximum efficiency the effect is seen in many ways responsible of ficials who should be free from routine are tied down to the most wasteful drudgery for example many ranking foreign service officers including even some heads of missions are compelled to type their own dispatches decode messages and perform other clerical functions frequently three or four officers are required to share the services of a single stenog rapher in fact one of our legations in south amer ica had no stenographer at all for several months last year and the minister spent much of his time writing his reports in longhand these are not merely isolated cases but the common experience of many foreign service posts other equally serious handicaps to efficiency are the lack of qualified research assistants both in the state department and in the foreign service the shortage of trained economists in the political dj visions of the department and the absence of any career service for the permanent staff in washington 7 comparable to the career foreign service while these shortcomings are largely mechanical they reflect a condition which extends to the top and obviously affects the efficient functioning of the whole machine other government agencies particu larly those engaged in the national defense program have tapped the best brains in the universities ip business and labor to fill key positions the state department although it has taken in some new blood is still relatively untouched and its staff far too ingrown it is jealous of its prerogatives and suspicious of other agencies such as the treasury the defense boards etc which frequently encroach on its preserve this tendency to short circuit the state department on matters involving our foreign relations has become more apparent in recent months overlapping may be inevitable in time of crisis but without completely adequate machinery of its own the state department is not in the best position to prevent the resulting confusion these conditions are due in part to lack of funds for years the state department has struggled along under totally inadequate appropriations during the depression appropriations for the department and the foreign service ranged between 12 and 16 mil lion dollars the smallest allotment for any regular government department except labor not until the outbreak of war in 1939 did the state department restore its pre depression budget in 1940 it received only 20.8 million dollars as compared with 19 mit lion dollars in 1932 this year’s budget is approx mately 22 million dollars but the estimates for 194 actually call for a reduction to 21.7 million dollars the responsibility for this situation cannot be laid entirely on congress which has usually granted the requests made by the department in approaching congress however the administrative officers of the state department have been unnecessarily timid and for the most part have merely tried to patch up an old machine when they really need a new model if the needs are stated emphatically enough congress will provide the funds w.t stone +general library entered as 2nd class matter eersonier root university of michigan a genet oo ann arbor mich a amt may dg i many y ate in the py the n interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association i di foreign policy association incorporated f any 22 east 38th street new york n y ngton yor xx no 28 may 2 1941 my america must choose pp an the last contingents of the british expeditionary rapidly reaching the stage of tension and nervous articy force withdrew from greece and the axis vacillation characteristic of the pre munich atmos gram press predicted a drive against suez the people of phere in france and britain the war of nerves ies in britain and the british dominions closed their ranks which in europe has always preceded german mili state against discouragement in his broadcast of april tary or economic pressure is in full swing in the new 27 prime minister churchill frankly acknowledged united states today aff fa the defeat of britain and its balkan allies in greece at such a moment it is the duty of every citizen 5 and swell as the vexatious and damaging defeat of to weigh to the best of his ability such facts about easury imperial forces in libya which he admitted had american foreign policy as can be obtained few croach ken the british command by surprise he denied have access to the kind of confidential information 1it the however that british setbacks in the mediterranean that is available to the president of the united states oreign had created any noticeable uneasiness in the coun on the president in the final analysis rests the re ronths ty the war he declared would be decided in the sponsibility for giving the american people as fully sis but west and there he welcomed with indescribable and frankly as seems consonant with the national s own lief the announcement of president roosevelt interest the information on which he and his ad tion to that american naval vessels and flying boats should visers base both short term and long term decisions patrol the waters of the atlantic but the president himself has indicated that he fund united states faces grave decisions would like to hear foreign policy discussed over along mr churchill’s speech and president roosevelt's the cracker barrel and in public forums until he ing the s tement about the atlantic patrol brought home has given a clear lead to the people as to the course nt and the american people the gravity of the situation he believes best calculated to serve the interests of 16 mil fronting not only britain but also the united the united states the citizens are bound to be in regular states for the most part americans have been al turmoil regarding an issue which may be a matter atil the 20st frivolously complacent some because they op of life and death to them this issue is whether the urtment posed any action that might create a risk of war for united states should reverse its policy of aid to eceivel te united states others because they blindly as britain and concentrate solely on preparing for de 19 mit wmed that britain with american aid short of fense of this country or carry on its policy of aid to prox wat would have little difficulty in defeating hitler britain up to and including measures which might sr 1942 now that the germans have proved again in the involve this country in a shooting war dollars bélkans that modern totalitarian war is won not by colonel lindbergh who has emerged as the lead the tal speeches or moral exhortations or individual cour ing spokesman for those who would reverse the ted the 8 but by command of superior machinery and policy of aid to britain which he has consistently aching tchnique americans who had jubilantly welcomed opposed has called quite legitimately for clarifica of greek and yugoslav resistance have swung to the tion of the views of so called interventionists his sien other extreme of assuming that loss of the balkans opponents equally legitimately have called for path may mean defeat for britain in an emergency the clarification of the views of the america first ad a new eavity of which it would be irresponsible to under herents in all fairness it should be said that both nou stimate the further course of the war may depend groups have avoided stating their ultimate conclu one the state of american public opinion which is sions one reason being that neither can possibly foresee all the contingencies that it might ultimately be called upon to face president roosevelt starts from the assumption that the axis powers cannot win the war provided the united states effectively becomes the arsenal of britain where administration leaders may be criticized for lack of clarity is that they have hitherto preferred to let events take their course they have not indicated in advance that once the united states started producing armaments for britain it might find itself obligated to assure deliveries of these armaments and that one step after another whose exact nature cannot clearly be predicted at this stage might ultimately lead to a state of war with germany they have not told the american people that the nazi challenge can be met only by strenu ous work and sacrifices to build a war machine com parable to that of germany at the same time it should be pointed out that while president roose velt considers britain our first line of defense he has met in advance the arguments of the america first group by building a second line of defense in the western hemisphere through military and economic cooperation with canada construction of new bases in the atlantic and an active good neighbor pol icy with latin america colonel lindbergh and his supporters however are also open to criticism since they have not in dicated the means by which they might attain their ultimate objectives lindbergh starts from the prem ise that while it will be a tragedy for the entire world if the british empire collapses britain has no reasonable chance of winning and that the united states cannot win this war for england re gardless of how much assistance we send he there fore contends that the united states which in his opinion cannot conceivably be invaded should con centrate on developing its own interests and civiliza tion in this hemisphere without stating specifically how this can be done in case of german victory two possible courses in weighing the two courses now open to the united states to proceed with aid to britain or withdraw into purely hemisphere defense it is important to realize that page tw policies and problems of the u s navy by david h popper 25 cents an analysis of naval progress and problems discussing the possibility of blockade and convoy operations by the u s navy if the european war is prolonged a two ocean defense of the americas if britain is defeated may 1 issue of foreign policy reports no course this country can take is free from risks further aid to britain does unquestionably create the possibility of war with the axis powers although germany may be expected to avoid a showdown with the united states as long as possible actiye participation in war would in turn have profound effects on the economy of the united states and hence on its future political and social development at the same time it must be recognized that with drawal of aid to britain by no means insures the united states against future demands and pressure by a victorious germany nor does it offer any as surance that the united states will find security economic prosperity in hemisphere isolation since many latin american countries far from being ip terested in the creation of a continental empire un der north american leadership are oriented eo nomically and culturally toward europe and may be expected to resume and expand their ties with europe as soon as war is over a greater german empire commanding the man power and raw ma terial resources of the european continent would be in a position to undersell the united states in eco nomically backward areas like latin america unless this country in turn reduced prices and wages and consequently its standard of living if the gallup poll is to be taken as an accurate gauge of public opinion 81 per cent of the people oppose entrance into the war and thus agree with colonel lindbergh but 68 per cent favor going in if there is no other way to defeat the axis powers the fundamental contradiction has so far ham pered formulation of a coherent foreign policy ata time when decisiveness and coherence are essential to any effective action the choice has to be made th not in terms of material advantages for the united cc states must recognize that at the end of the revolu h tionary wars of the twentieth century the world i a knew in 1939 will have vanished beyond recall th the choice has to be made in terms of those im 0 ponderable values which unfortunately cannot bt ha weighed and measured by figures of trade or num po bers of airplanes but depend in the last analysis i on the kind of philosophy man wants to live bj th vera micheles dean j six ch f.p.a radio schedule subject u.s naval aid to britain speaker a randle elliott m date may 4 1941 time 2 15 p.m e.d.s.t station nbc blue network is al co eel foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 28 may 2 1941 sais published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated natioss off headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheles dean edivw entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year for n risks create though wdown active ofound es and pment at with ires the ressures any as urity or n since cing in dire un ed eco nd may es with german aw ma ould be in eco unless yes and accurate people ee with r going powers rc ham icy ata ssential ye made united revolu world it recall ose if nnot be or num analysis live by ean nation an béile a survey of local political developments within latin america during the past three months reveals few important changes two countries are it is true jo have new presidents on april 15 the congress of hait1 picked elie lescot minister in washing jn to succeed sténio vincent who has been in fice for the past decade in venezuela the term of president aleazar lépez contreras chief execu tive since the death of dictator gémez in late 1935 ame to an end on april 19 lépez contreras was tained as temporary head of the state while the wo houses of the venezuelan congress debated the hhoice of a successor on april 28 former war and navy minister isaias medina angarita was elected president by congress overwhelmingly defeating his novelist opponent rémulo gallegos since both lopez contreras and vincent could have remained in office had they wished and since both men vir ually dictated the selection of a successor no pro found changes in policy are looked for either in venezuela or haiti more significant is the course of developments in chile here for the past two years a leftist popu lar front government has been bucking a rightist majority in congress this situation was radically altered as the result of congressional elections held on march 2 which returned leftist majorities in both houses unfortunately for the popular front its component elements have been squabbling among themselves particularly bitter is the feud between communists and socialists annoyed by communist charges that they had sold out to the united states and worried by heavy communist gains at the polls the socialists have recently voted on more than one acasion with the conservative groups this in turn has led the radicals third major element in the popular front to threaten a cabinet crisis which would have as its consequence the ejection of the three socialist members the situation was further complicated by the resignation on april 24 of the ix radical ministers who had apparently lost the confidence of their own party congressional elections were also held on march 16 in colompia here results were in conclusive the liberal party in office since 1930 is badly divided one faction supporting ex president alfonso lopez 1934 38 who hopes to return to oflice in 1942 and another faction bitterly opposing trends in latin america by john i b mcculloch lépez on the basis of his alleged leftist sympathies the conservatives led by mercurial yankee baiting laureano gémez are in a minority in the chamber of deputies but control a larger single bloc of votes than either the lopistas or anti lopistas taken alone in ecuapor congressional elections are scheduled for may the liberal party which has controlled ecuadorean politics for the last 45 years is rent asunder due largely to the inability of brilliant but austere lawyer president carlos arroyo del rio to win any measure of popularity for his régime both the conservatives whose leader jacinto jijén y caamafio is now in california and the socialists predominantly an intellectual group hope to turn the situation to their advantage also on the alert for a favorable opportunity is ex president josé maria velasco ibarra stormy petrel of ecuadorean politics who was last reported launching political broadsides from his retreat in buenos aires in argentina acting president ramén s cas tillo established virtually a one man régime on april 25 when he personally announced to the press that he would temporarily govern by decree for the past few months argentine politics have been dom inated by uncertainty as to whether president roberto ortiz was capable of reassuming the reins of power laid down last summer the radical party argentina’s largest single political group has been demanding the return of ortiz who was once a member of the radicals and is favorably disposed to them dissatisfied with the policies of acting president castillo an old line conservative and indignant over alleged electoral frauds in two ar gentine provinces the radicals refused to cooperate in legislative activity since after ten years in the political wilderness they finally obtained a majority in the chamber of deputies last spring this attitude of noncooperation brought about a complete stand still and the government has been unable to obtain appropriations lately a senate investigation com mittee turned in a report that the gravely affected eyesight of diabetic president ortiz rendered utterly impossible his return to power thereupon the radi cal party reluctantly abandoned its intransigent attitude on april 4 its decision has not yet been ratified by the party organs however and the legis lative boycott is still in force for more extensive coverage on latin american affairs read pan american news a bi weekly newsletter edited by mr mcculloch for sample copy of this publication write to the washington bureau foreign policy association 1200 national press building washington d.c washington news letter washington bureau national press building apr 18 the crucial issue of naval protection for american supplies shipped to britain an issue upon which united states entry into the european war may depend came to the fore last week in three major speeches by leading united states govern ment officials and was significantly reviewed by president roosevelt at his press conference on april 25 these public statements clearly indicated that convoys long a point of heated discussion in wash ington and opposed this week in a formal resolu tion sponsored by senator tobey of new hampshire are not the only naval measures being considered by the united states in its program of aid to britain the statements also revealed the administration's firm conviction that this country must now move actively to insure delivery of war materials con signed to britain and its allies under the lease lend program which is costing the united states 7,000 000,000 including 1,300,000,000 in army and navy equipment secretary of state hull speaking at the annual meeting of the american society of international law on april 24 declared that by helping the demo cratic nations resist aggression the united states is acting primarily for its own safety were the control of the seas by the resisting nations lost the atlantic would no longer be an obstacle rather it would become a broad highway for a conqueror moving westward although it is a huge task to provide the fighting instruments needed to preserve control of the atlantic by the free countries of the world secretary hull stated the united states effort to provide these instruments now becomes a measure of our intelligence secretary of the navy knox addressing the american newspaper publishers association on april 24 asserted that the united states is irre vocably committed to see that the aggressor nations do not win this war and having gone thus far we can only go on hitler cannot allow our war supplies and food to reach england he will be defeated if they do we cannot allow our goods to be sunk in the atlantic we shall be beaten if they do this is our fight mayor laguardia speaking in ottawa on april 23 as a member of the permanent joint board for canadian united states defense declared that president roosevelt and the american people recognize their task to provide military equipment for britain and to get it where it belongs the permanent joint board for defense he said wag most realistic in planning an american defense that extends 1,000 miles offshore from the farthest point of either the canadian or the united states coast president roosevelt on april 25 agreed with the statements of secretaries hull and knox that means must be found to get quick full aid to britain and that this is our fight the government said the president has no idea at this time of sending naval or air convoys to escort merchant vessels to england the pan american neutrality patrol however is be ing extended farther out into the atlantic and when ever necessary for purposes of hemisphere defense might extend its operations into any part of the world this neutrality patrol first ordered into ac tion on september 6 1939 has kept the government informed on movements of belligerent warcraft in the present emergency the patrol it is stated will broadcast its observations in plain english to help british merchant vessels avoid contact with hostile warships and planes other naval measures contem plated both the convoy and patrol systems by themselves have serious deficiencies which would impair their effectiveness in safeguarding shipments from the united states to britain some combina tion of the two plans therefore will probably be adopted large numbers of merchant ships travel ing in convoy present an easy target for commerce destroyers the speed of a convoy moreover is lim ited to that of its slowest vessel and it can scarcely escape attack once it has been sighted on the other hand the patrol system requires an almost unattain able number of warships and planes to cover the vast ocean surface in which attack might be ex pected since the united states is not formally at war the neutrality patrol unlike british naval patrols is not intended for direct measures against raiding submarines or aircraft and its possible ef ficiency is thus further reduced in view of these difficulties recent reports indicate that the navy con templates concentrating its forces to maintain 4 safe channel perhaps a hundred miles wide across the atlantic while the dangers inherent in all these plans for american naval action are fully recognized in washington the perilous threat to the entire program of united states aid to britain has necessitated their immediate consideration a randle elliott +lol iz was ofense irthest states th the means n and id the naval zland is be when fense f the to ac iment ft in will entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xx no 29 may 9 1941 british cabinet reshuffled in shipping crisis address of april 27 indicated the crucial importance oe new campaigns were developing in the mediterranean theatre and the battle of the atlantic was becoming increasingly serious prime minister winston churchill on may 1 sought to im rove british efficiency by reshuffling several members of his government lord beaverbrook canadian born newspaper publisher and an energetic administrator was appointed minister of state without portfolio help ostile tem 1s by vould ments bina ly be ravel merce lim while remaining a member of the war cabinet and apparently was empowered to coordinate britain’s wat production with which the public is still dissatis fed one english periodical in fact suggested last autumn that every government department needed a brief dose of lord beaverbrook although lord beaverbrook as minister of aircraft production had secured a remarkable acceleration of output in the critical months of last summer he was reported re cently to be in disagreement with both officials of the air ministry and airplane producers another significant change involved merging the ministries of shipping and transport which super arcely yainst le ef these r con lin a vide nt in fully o the 1 has tt vised maritime and railroad transportation respective ly into a ministry of wartime communications the new ministry is to be headed by frederick james leathers a prominent self made business man with out previous political experience this amalgamation was made necessary by the recent air raids on british ports which have disabled docks cranes warehouses and railway facilities and created severe congestion with its channel harbors virtually closed to traffic southampton badly damaged and plymouth declared an evacuation area britain is compelled to rely on only three main ports mr ronald h cross whose work as minister of shipping had been under heavy fre in parliament and the press was kicked up stairs to become high commissioner to australia and the former minister of transport lieut col t.c moore brabazon was appointed lord beaver brook’s successor as minister of aircraft production these cabinet changes like mr churchill’s radio of the production and transportation of war materials during the next few months chancellor hitler also stressed this aspect of the conflict in his address to the reichstag on may 4 when he called upon ger many for even greater armament production and de clared if the german soldier already possesses the best arms in the world he will receive still better ones this year and the next while hitler’s speech was devoted primarily to a survey of the balkan cam paign in which german casualties were placed at 5,328 britain claimed they were 75,000 it contained at least two significant sections designed for foreign consumption not only did hitler omit any specific reference to the american government except to imply that he had no quarrel with the united states but he also refrained from his usual attack on britain and the empire confining his remarks to bitter de nunciation of mr churchill personally and to ridi cule of his amateur strategy an obvious attempt to undermine the prestige of the prime minister who had called for a full debate and vote of con fidence this week on the greek campaign the shipping problem meanwhile the critical problem of shipping continues to disturb both london and washington for the losses of british allied and neutral vessels totaling 6,000,000 tons since the outbreak of war according to british statements but placed at 11,000,000 tons in german claims averaged about 346,000 tons monthly be tween october 1940 and march 1941 although it is generally believed that the rate of losses is steadily increasing recent figures are not available since the admiralty now releases its statistics on a monthly rather than weekly basis while the rate of sinkings has only rarely approached that of april 1917 the cumulative effect of germany’s sea and air attacks has been greater in this conflict since the losses of the last 19 months exceed those of the first 29 months of the world war for every two ships sunk moreover probably one is temporarily forced out of service for repairs the shipbuilding facilities of the british empire and the united states are at present unable to keep pace with these losses especially since many yards are constructing warships rather than merchant ton nage british mercantile construction which is re ported to average between 750,000 and 1,000,000 tons annually is undoubtedly being hampered by germany's concentrated air raids on the glasgow and clyde area normally responsible for 37 per cent of britain’s shipbuilding as well as liverpool bel fast and other cities while the united states is pre paring to build 444 ships under its emergency pro gram in addition to orders from both the maritime commission and private companies american pro duction will not become really effective until 1942 according to the new york journal of commerce the completion of ships in the united states is scheduled as follows january march 1941 actual 126,300 tons remainder of 1941 estimated 790 000 tons january march 1942 765,000 tons the iraq outbreak weakens britain in middle east british and allied troops in the eastern mediter ranean region already outnumbered at least two to one by their axis foes were forced to divert their at tention to iraq when on may 2 iraqi troops attacked the british air base at habbaniya 65 miles west of baghdad reinforcements were rushed by air and land from palestine and from the contingents recently landed at basra 350 miles down the river euphrates near the head of the persian gulf they face a native army of 40,000 trained troops who lack modern equipment possessing only a few tanks and about 100 airplanes hostile action by the iraq régime was expected after rashid ali beg gailani seized control of the government on april 4 and ousted the pro british regent and premier the coup d'état and the subse quent uprising against the british apparently took place with the encouragement of the axis pow ers who have long attempted to win over the arab world through radio propaganda trade relations and personal appeals by official agents the iraqis who have come under nazi influence are attracted not by the ideology of an aryan super race but by the hope that they may obtain aid in throwing off entirely british control anglo iraqi relations have been uneasy ever since page two special offer 5 foreign policy reports 1.00 war in the eastern mediterranean industrial capacity of the u s australia in the world conflict america’s naval preparedness japan’s new structure foreign shipping seized in american ports on marg 30 or liable for seizure under legislation now beip debated in congress probably does not excee 500,000 tons the equivalent of perhaps six weeks losses the effect of recent washington efforts reatiog of a pool of ships totaling 2,000,000 tons diversion of american oil tankers to british use and extensiog of naval and air patrols in the atlantic cannot yet be judged although many observers believe that they will not adequately safeguard britain’s supply lines the arrival of 26 ships with american war materials at suez according to an unconfirmed report from vichy on may 3 suggests however the importance of president roosevelt's action in opening the red sea to american commerce if the administration's present policies do not insure the safe transportation of aid to britain the government and the public will have to decide whether to use even more drastic and hazardous methods including naval convoys james frederick green britain assumed in 1920 a league mandate for iraq formerly part of the turkish empire afer a period marked by frequent outbursts against the mandatory power britain finally granted iraq its independence in 1932 but at the same time obtained a pledge of per petual alliance and a treaty provision that in case of war or threat of war the iraqi king would furnish the british all facilities and assistance in his power in cluding the use of railways rivers ports airdromes and means of communication the british also secured the right of maintaining air bases at hab baniya and basra british interests in iraq are primarily concerned with the petroleum resources and strategical position of that country the mosul oil fields produced 25 mil lion barrels in 1940 of which about half was pumped by pipeline to haifa palestine there refined and supplied to british navy and army depots in the eastern mediterranean the oil wells and pipelines have probably been damaged in the iraqi outbreak while the british may be temporarily inconvenienced at haifa the loss is not crucial iraq accounted for only 1.2 per cent of the world’s oil production in 1940 and the british possess an alternate source ot middle eastern oil in the iranian fields iraq is also important strategically since it lies across the com munication routes linking europe asia and africa the principal air line to the far east runs through palestine across iraq and down the persian gulf the rail line from haidar pasha opposite istanbul t basra completed in july 1940 constitutes an alter nate route for british supplies to turkey now thal the nazis control the aegean if the germans can march exceed weeks reation version tension not yet at they y lines aterials t from irtance 1e red ation’s rtation public drastic voys een ot iraq period datory ence in of per case of ish the ver in dromes h also t hab icerned osition ted for tion in urce of is also e com africa hrough 1f the pul to n alter yw that can page three eeo tablish themselves in iraq they could then threaten palestine and the suez canal and at the same time interfere with british communciations to india and the far east the german aid requested by rashid ali can come only by air starting from the italian bases in the dodecanese islands and stopping en route in syria conditions in this french mandate are extremely con fused food and essential commodities are very scarce and syrian nationalists have exploited the general unrest to agitate for the independence promised by the french government in 1936 only some 30,000 troops remain to assert vichy’s uncertain authority thus although the germans would meet no deter mined resistance in syria neither would they obtain much aid the political significance of the anti british out break in iraq extends far beyond the borders of the kingdom slightly smaller than montana and with a population equal to that of chicago fifteen mil lion arabs and moslems in the arabian peninsula and many more through the middle east watch de velopments with interest britain had hoped to keep the arab states neutral in this conflict demanding nothing from them but the use of certain territories and carefully avoiding any provocative acts in con formity with this policy london has refused jewish pleas for unrestricted immigration into palestine and for a large well armed jewish army despite these measures however iraq has taken up arms and:anti british demonstrations are reported elsewhere in the moslem world some quarters in london now de mand a revision of the appeasement program in the middle east urging a stronger policy against the pro axis elements and the arming of the jews in palestine louis e frechtling david popper to study in latin america on may 1 david h popper defense expert of the fpa research department left for latin america on a traveling fellowship of the rockefeller foundation in connection with his studies for the association on military and refugee problems he will visit cuba haiti the dominican republic puerto rico the virgin islands and trinidad as his primary task mr popper will undertake a survey of the political institutions and economic development of argentina where he will spend five or six months later he will fly to the west coast of south america and spend a month each in chile and colombia f.p.a radio schedule subject latin america looks at the war speaker john i b mcculloch date sunday may 11 1941 time 2 15 p.m e.d.s.t station nbc blue network the f.p.a bookshelf blood sweat and tears by winston s churchill new york putnam 1941 3.00 a collection of the eloquently phrased public utterances made by england’s great war leader during the last three years labor and national defense new york the twentieth century fund 1941 1.00 a very timely and lucid analysis of a complex problem remarkable for its objectivity and thoroughness the con clusion contains a series of constructive recommendations on policy by a committee of distinguished experts approach to battle by major leonard h nason new york doubleday doran 1941 1.50 although the author is sensationally alarmist regard ing the possibility of a direct invasion of this country he makes some severe and partly justified criticisms of the united states army as it exists today speeches on foreign policy by viscount halifax edited by h h e craster new york oxford university press issued under the auspices of the royal institute of inter national affairs 1940 4.00 fifty speeches with introductory notes by the new am bassador to the united states providing valuable source material on british foreign policy from the disarmament conference in 1934 through the first months of the war the pope speaks the words of pius xii new york har court brace 1940 2.75 brief biography and collection of the stirring peace pro nouncements of the wartime pontiff the strategy of terror by edmond taylor boston houghton mifflin 1940 2.50 the author draws on first hand experiences as european correspondent of the chicago tribune to show how the war of nerves and propaganda affected people in europe dur ing the fateful years leading up to the war and the early stages of armed conflict inflation and revolution mexico’s experience of 1912 1917 by e w kemmerer princeton princeton uni versity press 1940 2.50 professor kemmerer who functioned as adviser to the mexican government for some time gives a lucid analysis of mexico’s disastrous financial experiences during revo lutionary years the international gold standard reinterpreted 1914 1934 by william adams brown new york national bureau of economic research 1940 2 vols 12.00 a monumental and definitive work which views in ex cellent perspective the gradual disintegration and collapse of the gold standard foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 29 may 9 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lert secretary vera michetes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year bw 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membershin five dollars a year washington news letter fi if i washington bureau present crisis there is a growing conviction that some i national press bullding thing more drastic is required may 5 while public attention has been focused the shortcomings of the voluntary system are almost exclusively on the issue of convoys respon frankly admitted by many defense officials for ex sible washington officials have been deeply con ample agencies charged with meeting the demand cerned with another aspect of the shipping problem for strategic defense materials complain that these which may prove to be equally decisive in relation to essential products are piling up cn the docks at for the total defense program and the impending show eign ports while non essential goods find shipping down in the atlantic this vital if less dramatic space in american vessels one result is that the gov vol issue is whether american shipping is to be subjected ernment’s stockpile program is lagging and many to complete government control with rigid enforce firms working on defense orders are faced with po ment of priorities on cargoes allocation of all ship tential shortages of critical raw materials the pinch routes and fixing of rates it will come to a head this is felt most acutely in the far eastern trade where x week at a series of meetings scheduled by the mari non defense articles like tapioca and sugar are com time commission with leading representatives of the peting for space with tungsten chrome manganese bt shipping industry rubber and other strategic materials moreover many a con of fror cargoes from the far east are still being sent through the panama canal to east coast ports while valuable time might be saved by delivery to pacific ports for all out shipping control despite the urgent demand for ships and cargo space and the a a ons sethe mant ape transshipment by rail latin american trade has also om tend its n te american flag vessels up to sess re mp ae af sereen nee pa rm reas this time the administration has been most reluctant 9 preg he eonmagaay ee ee ne to use its emergency power to requisition any vessel so the needed for national defense instead it has sought to while these shortcomings are now tacitly admitted t meet the crisis on a basis of voluntary cooperation it 1s by no means clear that the remedy will be found ma between the government and the shipping companies in president roosevelt's call for a vast shipping pool neg under the act of 1936 the maritime commission has to meet the emergency in his letter of april 30 to p authority to allocate the routes and generally super admiral land the president asked the commission ann vise lines operating under federal subsidy it also has to secure the service of at least 2,000,000 tons of power to supervise sales charters and transfers of merchant shipping and to plan its operation so as registry but short of requisitioning the commission to make this cargo space immediately effective in ac rie has very little authority over the independent lines complishing our objective of all out aid to the democ which still control the bulk of american cargo carriers facies theoretically the united states has ample 4 particularly in the coastwise and intercoastal trade tonnage to create such a pool on april 1 the amer as yet the commission has no power to enforce ican merchant fleet consisted of 1,207 vessels total priorities on independent shippers ing 6,399,930 tons these were distributed as fol to if the crisis were less acute a good case might be lows foreign trade 368 ships of 2,249,919 tons anc made for continuation of the voluntary method the coastwise 286 ships of 1,185,912 tons intercoastal fre maritime commission has managed to transfer ship 8 ee a and great lakes a ces ping to vital trade routes with a minimum of disloca shape of 2,512,5 oo ae own past expen 4 tha tion whereas only 21 american flag vessels were demonstrates that this tonnage cannot be mobilize sug operating on asiatic routes in september 1939 no effectively without resort to priorities and strict gov p less than 82 ships are serving this area today on the er serre ene rese yes f south african run 51 vessels are operating today as the attitude of the administration will be judged 5ri compared with 13 in september 1939 credit for by its support of a bill h.r 4583 introduced by fre these results must be given to admiral land chair representative bland last week this measure would s man of the commission and h harris robson give the maritime commission the necessary powets head of the division of emergency shipping created to enforce priorities and dominate all american ma last february but the fact remains that persuasion shipping sta alone has not met the problem in the face of the w.t stone mi +vhere com nese many ough uable s for also many laced itted ound pool 30 to ission ns of so as in ac moc imple mer total fol tons astal 445 fence ilized gov dged od by vould ywers rican ne at riodical roof enf ral li in jt foreign entered as 2nd class matter may 15 194 x0 oban 310 9b aun an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y you xx no 30 may 16 1941 hitler strives to unite europe against u.s and britain rudolf hess spectacular flight to scot land and the exchange of sharp air blows by britain and germany occupied the center of the in emational stage the nazis speeded their efforts to consolidate the new order in europe in the hope of confronting the united states with a hostile bloc fom the atlantic across russia to the pacific into sich a bloc the nazis want to incorporate the few countries on the continent which for a variety of reasons have so far remained on the fringes of the new order unoccupied france spain turkey and the soviet union will france collaborate with ger many on may 7 following long and complicated negotiations in paris between vice premier admiral darlan and the german occupying authorities it was announced that the reich had agreed to modify the amistice of june 17 1940 in two respects communi cation across the line of demarcation between occu pied and unoccupied france is to be eased and the ast of occupation is to be reduced from 8,000,000 aday to 6,000,000 these concessions which are de ribed by the nazis as a first step were accompanied by increasing german pressure on marshal pétain to cede strategic bases in french north africa and by reports of german tourist infiltration into french morocco announcement of german con tssions moreover coincided with a vichy warning that any attempt by the united states such as that suggested by senator pepper on may 6 to seize the french sea and air base of dakar on the west coast f africa would meet the same fate that befell the british and general de gaulle leader of free french forces when they attempted to land in dakar last september so far as can be determined from censored news marshal pétain believes that the war will end with a stalemate and that in such an eventuality france might play an important rdle as intermediary between germany on the one hand britain and the united states on the other by contrast admiral darlan who has been described as anti british but not pro ger man believes in the probability of a total german vic tory and advocates close collaboration with germany in the construction of a continental new order as the possibility of american naval aid to britain in creased last week french spokesmen in occupied france hinted that if the united states entered the war the conquered countries would unite under ger man leadership since they would have no other means of preserving their existence collaboration for this purpose may have been discussed by admiral darlan in his interview with hitler on may 12 similar pressure was applied by germany to spain immediately on cessation of hostilities in the balkans on may 2 foreign minister ramon serrano sufier de nounced the plutodemocracies which he claimed had denied spain everything and pledged a for eign policy in close association with friendly pow ers this speech coincided with demands in the spanish press for return of gibraltar and french sur render of part of algeria immediately after sufier’s denunciation of the plutodemocracies which in cidentally have been the principal source of food supply for spain general franco effected a shake up both of his cabinet and of provincial governments which was apparently intended to strengthen the con trol of the military at the expense of falange party politicians the principal change was the appoint ment of colonel valentin galarza morante of the army general staff a close friend of general franco to the post of minister of the interior held by sufier before he became foreign minister and since then occupied by one of his subordinates war of nerves in moscow at the other end of europe the nazis are seeking to bring turkey into the new order through an economic treaty and the return to ankara on may 12 of ger ee er man ambassador franz von papen fresh from an interview with hitler may presage an accord between germany and turkey now that the nazis occupy greece and have seized most of the important greek islands close to turkey it becomes increasingly dan gerous for the turkish government to resist nazi ressure unless it can obtain aid from moscow but in moscow as in spain and france a silent war of nerves is being waged on may 6 it was announced that joseph stalin hitherto secretary general of the communist party has assumed the post of premier succeeding vyacheslav molotov who retains the post of foreign commissar since molotov’s foreign policy was dictated by stalin this shift did not por tend a new foreign line on the part of the soviet government it can be assumed however that in a world situation which is daily becoming more critical for the soviet union as well as for other countries confronted with german threats stalin thought it advisable to formalize openly the powers of dictator that he has exercised since the death of lenin in 1923 the soviet union is faced with the predicament that if it does not collaborate with germany it may be subjected to german military pressure it is in no position to resist the pravda story of april 30 that 12,000 german soldiers had landed in finland de nied by finnish and american sources indicated moscow's anxiety about reported nazi plans for ulti mate invasion of the u.s.s.r reliable sources claim page two that 60 german divisions are now massed on the viet border from the baltic to the black sea on ma 8 the soviet news agency tass carefully denied thy the u.s.s.r has been massing troops and plang along its border with german occupied poland ap4 rumania or that the kremlin was negotiating with iran for the use of air bases in that country whid borders on iraq the soviet union fearful of german attack may once more reach an agreement with germany in the hope of staving off for the time being a nazi thruy in the direction of the ukraine or the caucasian oj fields under such an agreement it is conceivable thy the soviet union which on may 12 recognized th pro nazi government of iraq after withdrawing re ognition from the norwegian belgian and yugo slav governments might be compensated fo loss of influence in the balkans and the black sq by a sphere of influence in iran or even india sing the soviet government has been consistently critica of britain and the british empire even when it off cially opposed germany such a move would hold m element of surprise a soviet german agreement re garding division of the spoils in the near and middle east however would not in any way preclude a sub sequent nazi invasion of the soviet union should that ultimately be regarded by hitler as necessary fo fulfillment of his plans vera micheles dean uncertainty in tokyo an extraordinary series of contradictions has marked the statements issued by official and un official sources in tokyo during recent weeks while a considerable degree of uncertainty apparently exists in japanese policy it is difficult to believe that present circumstances will permit any basic shift in that policy either as regards china or the south pacific attitudes in tokyo since the end of april a number of conflicting articles and editorials from the japan times advertiser english language mouthpiece of the foreign office have been widely quoted in the american press on the one hand this semi official paper has lent its support to the pro posal that foreign minister matsuoka visit washing ton for peace talks with american officials and has suggested that since conquest of china does not ap the wars in europe africa and asia are already shaping the future peace the world of 1939 has vanished beyond recall what is america’s place in the new world that is emerging read toward a new world order by vera micheles dean 25 a new foreign policy report out may 15 pear feasible the prospects of a settlement would k improved by a large scale evacuation of occupied areas on the other hand it has outlined a world peace settlement of such drastic nature that it could only be predicated on a complete victory of the japan axis alliance in the pacific for example the pro posal suggests a reduction in the strength of the hawaiian base prohibition of american bases wes of hawaii independence for the netherlands ln dies and indo china and the right of japanese at visers to rationalize the economic policy of paciit island areas the whole arrangement to rest 0 anglo american naval parity with the japan axi bloc this statement by the times advertiser how ever might well be interpreted as an awkward essif in diplomatic bargaining as the paper's general att tude seems to reflect the japanese conservatives hopt of reaching agreements both with china and ti united states despite the peace suggestions emanating fror some tokyo circles there is little evidence that t real exponents of japanese foreign policy take the seriously mr kumataro honda ambassador to 0 japanese sponsored nanking régime was reporte on may 11 as declaring if there is any one wil over eager for an early termination of the china ent the n ed tha planes nd and 1 with whic k may 1m the i thrust ian oil dle that zed the ing rec yu d a ck seg since critical it off 10ld no 1ent re middle a sub should ary for ean nuld be cupied world t could japan 1 pio of the 5 west nds in ese ad pacific est on in axs how d essa al att s hope nd the fr01 hat thea to porte e wit ina ea fit and the setting aside of japan’s fundamental policy hopes to conduct direct negotiations with chungking he dreams a foolish dream mr honda voices the authentic views of the japanese military in china the war news from the mainland gives jittle support to rumors that the japanese forces of occupation are beginning to withdraw recent bom bardments of chungking and kunming indicate that the season of air raids has again arrived while a large scale japanese offensive is being conducted in the middle sections of the yellow river valley the regions of southeast asia offer an even more crucial test of the actual objectives of japanese policy here too the treaty agreements relating to indo china recently concluded at tokyo show little evi dence of retreat three agreements signed on may 9 and following in the main the terms of the march 11 protocol brought the thai indo china conflict to aformal close the definitive treaty of peace between france and thailand was underwritten by japan in return for which both signatories agreed in separate protocols with tokyo not to enter arrangements with third powers directed against japan even more sig nificant were the two agreements for economic col laboration between japan and indo china signed at tokyo on may 6 after four months of negotiation of these the first is a general treaty of commerce and navigation while the second is a trade agreement which reduces tariffs on japanese products and gives tokyo a virtual monopoly of indo china’s exports notably rice maize rubber and minerals the large excess of indo chinese exports which is foreseen cannot be transferred into foreign currencies and will probably build up a considerable surplus of blocked yen although neither treaty directly in creases japan’s military rights in the french colony the economic stranglehold which the agreements give japan leaves no leeway for an independent indo chinese policy the japanese american issue although tokyo is maintaining a firm front there can be little doubt that a real conflict is occurring within japan at the present time during the past winter the con servative elements turned back the military fascist drive for state control of industry and finally placed masatsune ogura a leading industrialist in the cab inet to deal with the economic crisis these elements have become much more outspoken as indicated by kokumin’s recent condemnation of the application of national socialist ideas to japan they would now like to extend this come back into the sphere of for eign policy much was expected from the soviet page three japanese pact but after a month’s time little actual change has been registered in the situation the united states has not been intimidated nor has china’s resistance weakened neither soviet nor jap anese troops have been withdrawn from the man churian frontier and soviet military supplies are still being sent to chungking a condition denounced by some japanese groups as contrary to the existence of a neutrality pact under these circumstances the conservatives have turned to the hope of an agreement with the united states they would have had foreign minister mat suoka seek a settlement with washington in person if a visit could have been arranged they fear that war between germany and the united states is im minent and that such a conflict will force japan to honor its obligation to aid germany under the triple alliance the bolder spirits in command of japan’s foreign policy however point to the hard facts of the situation after nearly four years of exhausting con flict with china can any peace agreement be con cluded except on victorious terms yet a settlement in china is essential to an agreement with the united states while this country would also insist that japan forgo its ambitions in southeast asia instead of sac rificing the axis alliance the extremists argue it is imperative to hold fast to it and trust that germany's progress will eventually open up a path to complete japanese victory in asia weighing these alternatives it is clear that the conservatives offer a case that is too weak to be generally accepted despite the fact that its rejection may involve japan in conflict with the united states the lukewarmness displayed by washington to ward a matsuoka visit is convincing evidence that the american authorities see little prospect of major jap anese concessions at this moment in the far east american aid to china is being increased both through the dispatch of lease lend materials and the formal establishment of machinery to handle the 50,000,000 fund to stabilize china’s currency these measures however are being undertaken with con siderable hesitation notably in the case of the stabil ization loan which was originally authorized last november although scrap iron steel and machinery shipments to japan have sharply declined large quan tities of american oil are crossing the pacific and no curbs have been applied to imports from japan such caution at this late date will almost certainly en courage those elements in tokyo which still hope that their objectives in asia can be achieved with a mini mum of risk t a bisson foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 30 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y may 16 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association frank ross mccoy president dororuy f lest secretary vera miche.es dean editor incorporated national entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year b81 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building may 12 with the war entering a crucial stage washington officials are taking stock of our own defense program published progress reports appear to bear out neither the high expectations of the op timists nor the worst fears of the pessimists the optimists point to the acceleration in expendi tures for national defense which are currently run ning at about 1,000,000,000 a month as compared with 473,000,000 last december and 154,000,000 a year ago production figures on some items of de fense equipment are also encouraging light tanks 13 tons are rolling off assembly lines at a monthly rate of over 100 which is expected to be doubled by the end of the year machine gun production is well in advance of schedule two new general motors plants started operations last month and two more are to be finished in june and july by summer we shall also be producing as much powder for ammuni tion as in 1918 the current output of the aircraft industry is par tiularly encouraging in view of its disappointing performance earlier this year about 60 per cent of the 1,427 planes delivered in april are believed to be combat types and it is now expected that the in dustry will surpass the goal of 18,000 aircraft for the entire year 1941 critics however claim that this country has just begun to carry out the defense program out of total appropriations of almost 40,000,000,000 includ ing the lease lend fund and pending appropriation bills we have spent only 5,000,000,000 up to the present even the current rate of spending represents but one seventh of our national income and is prob ably only half the german outlay while machine tool output compares favorably with that of previous years it is still far from adequate in view of the re quirements of the lease lend program and the army’s plans to spend 1,500,000,000 on another series of munitions plants sufficient to equip 4,000 000 men the published figures on plane production conceal the fact that the manufacture of heavy four motor bombers urgently needed by britain is lag ging badly amounting according to one source to little more than 50 a month the production of heavy ordnance is still disappointing of the five manufac turers who have contracts for medium tanks 26 tons three have only just finished their first models during the next four or five months however all of the 784 new defense plants launched during the past ten months at a total cost of over 2,000,000,099 will come into production the lag in the defense program is generally af tributed to four major defects 1 lack of coordination and leadership the opm was originally expected to provide the unified direction needed for the defense effort in actual practice its jurisdiction has been rather narrowly confined parts of the defense pro gram have been handled by a number of other agencies equal in rank to the opm among them are the defeng housing division the national mediation board the transportation division sole remnant of the national de fense advisory committee’s original organization the office of price administration and civilian supply the coordinator of health welfare nutrition recreation and related activities the office for coordination of commer cial and cultural relations between the american re publics and the newly created division of defense aid reports which will administer the lease lend act in this complicated set up conflicts in jurisdiction and_ policies which often arise can be resolved only by the president who is already overworked the office of emergency man agement under which all defense agencies are grouped can provide only administrative coordination 2 inadequate planning critics contend that the whole program is geared to a schedule which fails to appreciate the need for speed production requirements are said to have been repeatedly underestimated although the need for heavy bombers was long foreseen the opm late last year worked out a comparatively modest project under which the automobile manufacturers will begin at the end of 1941 to supplement the aircraft industry by turning out parts and sub assemblies for about 200 two motor and 100 four motor bombers a month on may 5 president roosevelt called on secretary stimson for a sharp increase in the production of heavy bombers a long time will now be needed however to make additional facilities available 3 too much business as usual interference with normal business is not considered sufficiently drastic in many quarters the application of priorities for example has been too cautious despite a shortage of steel no mandatoy priorities have been instituted for this vital defense product similarly the maritime commission has failed to invoke it power to requisition all american ships although the ship ping shortage appears to justify such a measure 4 failure to appreciate seriousness of emergency s the opinion of many washington officials the country large has not awakened sufficiently to the gravity of the im mediate emergency labor and management put wages and profits ahead of the imperative need for an uninterruptet and rapid expansion in defense production some observers believe that the vital spark will be lacking as long as we confine ourselves to measures short of war others how ever fear that full participation in war would only aggravate national dissension and disunity and thus retard production under these circumstances washington is hoping that the president will soon give the country a cleat lead john c dewrlde vol +which id of g out sident crease now ilable with s been jatory oduct ike its ship try at 1e im 5 and upted ervers as we how ravate ction ping cleat ths yt al ea un per al t bra ira gan of mic ann if gol enn art entered as 2nd class matter an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xx no 31 may 28 1941 franco german collaboration creates grave issues for u.s ne the american public is debating ways and means of giving effective aid to britain without risk of war the united states is confronted with a nazi peace offensive calculated to prevent further measures of american aid by a combination of threats and promises this offensive started si multaneously on many fronts includes such seem ingly disconnected items as rudolph hess flight to scotland peace feelers in tokyo german references to soviet aid for iraq hints to american business men that in case of nazi victory latin american trade will be shared by german controlled europe with the united states and most recent and most important of all appeals by the nazi dominated press of occupied france for mediation by president roosevelt each of these moves has been accom panied by veiled or open threats that if the united states does not use its good offices to stop war be tween britain and germany or between china and japan it will be faced with the concerted opposi tion of europe and asia organized into a new order under the aegis of the axis powers hess peace mission whatever may be the final interpretation that historians will place on hess flight his object was apparently to establish a basis for peace negotiations between britain and ger many whether he acted as he did because he feared ultimate disaster for the reich or because he hoped to prevent closer soviet german collaboration whether he was charged with this mission by hitler and is thus to be regarded as fifth columnist no 1 or represented a nazi group opposed to further mili tary adventures all these are secondary issues even if it can be demonstrated that hess has broken with hitler it would be difficult to prove that his ideas about the future of europe and the world are ba sically different from those of the fihrer it seems probable that hess hoped to win the support of those elements among british tories who once favored the policy of appeasement and who still believe that if nazism breaks down peace can be made either with the german army or with german industrialists possibly with a view to eventual joint attack on the soviet union it should be added that paradoxical as it may seem peace with germany is also favored by a small minority on the extreme left the blunt attack made on hess by ernest bevin minister of labor on may 15 would indicate that anti appeasement sections of british public opinion believe that an understanding between some british circles and the nazi régime is by no means incredible even to suggest the possibility of disunity within britain at this critical moment when the decision to increase american aid still hangs in the balance would be enough to justify hess spectacular trip germany uses france as shield it is significant that this trip followed close on an article in the japan times advertiser organ of the tokyo foreign office on april 29 outlining the kind of victors peace that the axis powers would be ready to offer it also coincided with germany's ef forts to consolidate its position on the continent in such a way as to create the impression in britain and the united states that all hope of liberating europe from nazi rule must now be abandoned on may 15 italy after losing the campaigns of albania libya and east africa was awarded control of yugo slavia’s dalmatian coast and of croatia trans formed into a kingdom to be ruled by the italian duke of spoleto brother of the duke of aosta who has been forced to surrender ethiopia to britain germany's most important diplomatic victory however is the success it has achieved in using france as a shield against the possibility of ameri can naval aid to britain the terms of collaboration discussed by admiral darlan with hitler at berch tesgaden on may 11 and subsequently with dr schacht have not yet been revealed in a radio ad ia a a i i ae ie ait l iid fit iy e a ae ans lage as re gs h e baas sei rim ees i ts ae etins s_2 ec aaas fide se sles ge as re ae iis lic a dress of may 15 marshal pétain declared that through close discipline and public spirit france would surmount her defeat and preserve in the world her rank as a euro and colonial people and admonished the french to follow him without mental reservation along the path of honor and national interest when reports of franco german collaboration brought criticisms and expres sions of alarm from britain and the united states the press of occupied france denounced american intervention in europe and stated that if this coun try should enter the war france would join germany in a common european front french threats how ever gave way on may 18 to a plea for mediation by president roosevelt with the suggestion that the united states could virtually dictate peace terms to the axis powers and britain and that france would use its influence to aid such a peace gesture this policy of tying france’s fate to that of con tinental europe and yet using france as a bridge head between europe and the new world repre sents the views held before the war by french ad vocates of continentalism as opposed to universal ism among them the journalist pierre dominique who on may 13 was appointed general director of the french information office official french news agency in vichy the dilemma posed for the united states by this skillful nazi peace offensive has many facets to page two americans who like mr lindbergh and senatg wheeler have been urging abandonment of aid tp britain and a negotiated peace the french appeal inspired from berlin offers an easy way of avoiding the risks of war although it should be pointed oy that the axis powers are talking not about a nego tiated peace but a victors peace for americans who favor all out aid to britain this french appeg poses the cruel problem that if the united states should enter the war it would be fighting first of all not the reich but its own world war ally france which has already suffered bitterly from the effects both of the war and of the armistice the very indecisiveness of american public opinion which may now be further divided by nazi peace feelers strengthens nazi domination of europe since the delay between promises of american aid and their fulfillment gradually undermines the spirit of those in france and elsewhere who have not yet conceded germany's victory in this sense prolonga tion of the war with no clear indication of what the united states intends to do beyond the vague pro posals of economic freedom made by secretary hull on may 18 may prove a real advantage for ger many by robbing the conquered peoples of the hope that the nazis new order may some day yield toa newer order inaugurated by britain and the united states vera micheles dean events in syria precipitate new crisis the diplomatic and military situation in the east ern mediterranean remained in a precarious balance last week while hostilities spread to syria the duke of aosta viceroy of italian east africa surren dered on may 19 with his troops 7,000 italians and 31,000 colonials at alagi the most important of the three ethiopian towns under his command the end of aosta’s resistance which had apparently been prolonged for many weeks in order to prevent the transfer of british empire forces from ethiopia to egypt completes the elimination of axis control of the red sea approaches to the suez canal with a virtual stalemate existing in libya where summer heat and supply difficulties have impeded both the germans and british the main threat to britain’s po sition at suez and the middle east therefore comes just published a broad analysis of peace aims outlining reconstruction proposals along social political and economic lines read toward a new world order by vera micheles dean 25 may 15 issue of foreign policy reports from the northern prong of the nazi pincer the nazis in syria while britain held sev eral key positions in iraq including basra major port on the persian gulf the habbania airfield near baghdad and rutba on the oil pipeline to haifa and appeared to be overcoming iraqi resistance ger man airplanes were reported on may 15 to be using syrian airfields en route to assist the pro axis goy ernment of premier rashid ali beg gailani who had seized power on april 4 this cooperation be tween syria a french mandate and the axis precipt tated a new crisis in the strained relations of london and vichy in a radio broadcast from beirut on may 18 general henri fernand dentz french high commissioner for syria and the lebanon charged that france was wrongly accused of not having forcibly repelled german airplanes flying over syria some of which were forced to make landings and warned that he would resist british aggression and would reply to force with force general dentz is believed to have only 30,000 t0 50,000 men under his command but germany 6 reported to be bringing in reinforcements by plane and ship probably through the straits with the iraq outbreak weakens britain in middle east foreign policy bulletin may 9 1941 conni the 4 mant brita pales syria medi cypr confl asia area fuel enab the ingly ship by east disas the mor brit ing ever rela tur role ma mer a ove ital wa wit else out key sen sid but lon for all to an aft for hea ente page three nato connivance of turkey and rehabilitating some of id to he airplanes and other equipment ocifieasiy dis f.p.a radio schedule peal mantled under the italo french armistice agreement subject u.s faces showdown with vichy iding britain may not yet have sufficient forces in northern or goes 1 out palestine and trans jordan to strike effectively into ste all be or 1ego syria but its naval and air power in the eastern station nbc blue network icans mediterranean based upon alexandria crete and peal cyprus can hamper axis communications lieved to cover chiefly economic cooperation they tates takes in near east the stakes in this vast may have included a demand for unrestricted use of st of conflict throughout the eastern mediterranean and the straits because turkey is now virtually isolated ally asia minor are enormous the oil fields in the mosul and willing to act only if invaded it will probably 1 the grea while a valuable and convenient source of be by passed by germany's military machine except the fyel for britain would be of vital importance to ger possibly for transportation of supplies even more inion many conquest of the suez canal would not only uncertain at the moment are iran and afghanistan eat enable the axis to weaken britain's blockade of two moslem countries affiliated with iraq and tur the continent and to cut the supply line increas key under a treaty of friendship and non aggression aid ingly useful because of the passage of american signed in 1937 and the moslem areas of the spirit shipping and war material through the red sea arabian peninsula all of great strategic value in t yet by which britain has maintained its armies in the this conflict as in the world war while it is doubt mga eastern mediterranean but it would also have a ful that the mohammedan world extending from t the disastrous effect upon british prestige throughout north africa to portions of india will unite in a pfo the world if the axis were to triumph in this area holy war against the british empire these popu hull moreover it would enjoy access to iran india and lations offer fertile ground for axis propaganda get britain’s colonies and spheres of influence border role of the u.s.s.r germany's ambitions hope ing the indian ocean several uncertain factors how southeast of the straits clash as in the nineteenth t0a ever condition an immediate german victory the century with those of russia which traditionally has the relative strength of britain’s forces the position of sought an outlet to the sea to the mediterranean turkey latent unrest of the moslem world and the the persian gulf and the indian ocean wishing an sdle of the soviet union to avoid a showdown with germany either in europe while prime minister churchill declared on f asia minor the soviet union appears to be may 7 that general wavell had almost 500,000 acquiescing st least temporarily in these sevemt men under his command not all of this army spread nazi thrusts moscow extended diplomatic recogni ers ag ru wll tied and well upped ton the ae baghdad pis on may 16 on j the stalemate in libya and britain’s conquest of f it j 27 ee nn seal rh italian east africa however have given general ne ro ae pegpntscegs 6s ats i se nion ga wavell an opportunity to reorganize the crack troops anil thie aiake de pa cat of the san id withdrawn from greece and to prepare for action 8 mt wiawhere and it is doubtful whether the axis with spheres of influence as it was divided by russia and ad out control of the sea or the full cooperation of tur britain in previous decades g a key for railway transport will soon be able to as james frederick green i semble comparable forces in the near east both a hundred years of the british empire by a p newton cipf sides are operating far from their centers of supply new york macmillan 1940 3.75 ndon but the advantage will remain with the british so cute reed te rapive ege the seein of t resent war oe long as they control both ends of the mediterranean queen victeren to op cra a a germany’s drive to the east might be slowed down ge a urope by f l schuman new york knope ving for considerable period of time if turkey still vivid interpretation and analysis of the catastrophic rig allied with britain were to resist actively or even happenings of 1939 40 eo to refuse passive cooperation with the axis al housing for defense new york twentieth century fund and though the proposals which franz von papen nazi 1940 1.50 et ambassador to turkey brought to ankara mav 12 the findings and recommendations of the twentieth f y century fund’s housing survey should prove of vital in 0 to atter long consultations in germany were be terest to any one concerned about the defense program y is sane foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 31 may 23 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leer secretary vera micheles dean editor the entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year s181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year ulletin washington news letter washington bureau national press building may 19 even the hess affair was pushed into the background last week as washington measured the consequences of vichy’s decision to collaborate with hitler less than 48 hours after marshal pétain had delivered his message to the french people on may 15 it was evident in washington that this fate ful decision was opening a new chapter for the united states as well as for europe washington replies to vichy presi dent roosevelt lost no time in voicing the grave con cern of the american government in a formal state ment issued after consultation with secretary of state hull and under secretary sumner welles the presi dent declared that it is inconceivable that the french people will willingly accept any agreement for so called collaboration which will in reality imply their alliance with a military power whose central and fundamental policy calls for the utter destruction of freedom liberty and popular institu tions everywhere the president added signifi cantly that any such arrangements would appar ently deliver up france and its colonial empire in cluding french african colonies and the atlantic coast thus menacing the peace and safety of the western hemisphere this statement which was broadcast by short wave to france was promptly followed by action on the night of may 15 the coast guard placed un der protective custody all the eleven french ships in american ports including the liner normandie as though to drive home the meaning of this step the senate passed the administration’s ship seizure bill the same day by a vote of 59 to 20 assuring the president full power to requisition all foreign flag vessels needed for defense of the united states further warnings from secretary hull colonel knox and other spokesmen left no doubt about the administration’s chief source of concern control of the high seas for if the vichy policy of collabora tion should lead to axis domination of north africa as it has already led to military domination of syria the gateway to casablanca dakar and the atlantic would be open to hitler and the contest for control of the seas would inevitably involve the united states without directly referring to dakar or french possessions in the western hemisphere mr hull declared in an address on may 18 that control of the seas is the paramount purpose of the axjs powers in their program of world domination colonel knox speaking at the naval war college two days earlier asserted that new factors resulting from the vichy accord placed this nation in mort danger mr roosevelt again underscored the vital importance of sea power at his press conference op may 16 when he challenged germany's announced intention of blockading the red sea and reminde reporters that the united states had fought two up declared wars against the barbary pirates in the mediterranean and french privateers in the carib bean to uphold the doctrine of freedom of the seas but despite rumors that the navy is prepared tp occupy martinique whenever the order is given the administration refrained from precipitate action for the moment at least the state department which had supported the policy of limited food shipments to france still appeared reluctant to endorse an open break with vichy until it was absolutely certain about general weygand’s position in north africa before the latest negotiations with hitler reports from admiral leahy gave the state department some reason to believe that general weygand would resist nazi occupation of the area under his control less than three weeks ago on the strength of this belief it sent robert murphy counselor of the american embassy at vichy on a special mission to north africa while vichy’s earlier assurances and guarantees to admiral leahy must now appeu worthless in view of nazi operations in syria the state department is still awaiting a final report be fore accepting the alternative no one in washington doubts that the alternative will call for action more far reaching than convoys for if vichy is regarded as a member of the axis strategic necessity will become the controlling facto in american policy dakar and casablanca still seem remote even to most of the president’s supporters in congress but strategic necessity and the nazi chal lenge for control of the atlantic have already begut to force a significant shift in congressional opinion as demonstrated by the growing number of isolation ists who have urged the administration to occup martinique and other french possessions in tht western hemisphere the implications of this de velopment have not been overlooked by the exect tive branch of the government w t stone welg tion and am yon disp the the rece to g tion now brea mat con leat hit stru in t tim eral all ove tin ad of ma +the axis college resulting mortal the vital rence on nounced eminded two un s in the e carib the seas pared to iven the tion for it which hipments jorse an y certain bn africa reports partment 1d would control 2 of this r of the lission to neces and y appear yyria the eport be ternative convoys the axis ng factor still seem yorters in lazi chal dy begun opinion isolation o occupy s in the this de ie exect stone ann arbor mi at entered as 2nd class matter y e j 5 j of m44cq sma 2 c2ll7an d iogy an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association dt yum foreign policy association incorporated ee brar 22 east 38th street new york n y i ast t treet new york n y ot ov mich vor xx no 32 may 30 1941 war becomes struggle for naval and air power ia reaching a decision as to the future course of the united states president roosevelt has had to weigh certain long term factors in the world situa tion which are bound to affect the course of the war and to determine the character of the future peace among these factors are extension of the war be yond the continental boundaries of europe the un disputed superiority of germany in land warfare the striking power of the german air force against the british navy in narrow waters as shown most recently during the battle for crete and the need to give the western peoples a psychological orienta tion toward the future away from a past which is now irrecoverable 1 extension of war outside europe at the out break of war in september 1939 it was possible for many americans to believe that the conflict was concerned with purely european issues and would leave the western hemisphere unaffected while hitler by 1939 had already visualized the war as a struggle for world power he too was preoccupied in the first place with domination of europe at that time he even contemplated some measure of coop eration between a german dominated europe and the british empire which was to be excluded from all influence over the continent in the course of the war however it has become necessary for the nazis even if they had not origi nally contemplated campaigns outside europe to overflow into africa and asia and to challenge britain in the atlantic in an effort to crush the brit ish navy and to cut britain’s communications with the united states and the british dominions which have become both the larder and the arsenal of the british isles this extension of war to other con tinents demonstrates in itself that the nazis are not adhering to their often proclaimed plan for division of the world into continental units each ruled by a master race and that the united states cannot achieve isolation within its continental boundaries whatever differences of opinion may divide ameti cans today both isolationists and interventionists agree on one point that the united states should be prepared to defend not only its own territory but the western hemisphere as a whole 2 change in character of war as the war de velops into a conflict between continents its char acter becomes rapidly altered from september 1939 until the close of the balkan campaign in april 1941 the war had been chiefly a contest between land forces supported from the air in this contest the germans demonstrated unquestionable superiori ty both in terms of man power and mechanized equipment it is estimated that as a minimum the germans have 250 divisions or 3,750,000 men un der arms of these 250 divisions barely 30 were used in the balkan campaign no army in the world is prepared today to confront that of germany on the continent of europe the soviet union could prob ably mobilize greater man power and has experi mented with many of the devices used by the ger mans notably parachute troops but military experts are virtually unanimous in believing that the red army could not compete with the germans either in leadership or in training and equipment more over the german army is backed by a modern and efficient industry drawing on the industrial resources and skilled labor of conquered europe which could not be matched in the u.s.s.r the british on the basis of their experience at dunkirk in the balkans and in north africa believe that their troops man for man can outmatch the germans but acknowl edge that they do not have equality in numbers and that their mechanized equipment especially tanks is inferior to that of the germans in quantity al though possibly not in quality now that the war has spread outside europe the germans are turning from land to intensified sea page two and air warfare the battle for crete where a su perior german air force has apparently wreaked havoc on the british navy and the sinking of the hood and the bismarck mark a new stage in the war until now there has been considerable difference of opinion among military experts regarding the vul nerability of warships to attack from the air the battle for crete although not conclusive again demon strates the effectiveness of a first class air force when pitted against naval units close to land the ger mans for the time being have air superiority and now that they control the atlantic seaboard can harry the british navy and merchant fleet the war has thus become a contest for control of the air and of the high seas what britain needs most urgently today are long range bombers and war ships discussion of whether the united states may be called on to send an expeditionary force to europe or africa is for the moment premature on two counts first this country does not have a suf ficiently large mechanized force available for such a purpose at the present time second operations on land against germany would become feasible only if germany had first been defeated in the naval and air struggle now raging in the atlantic and the mediterranean if germany can win the contest for control of the high seas it will have won the war if not it would have to confine its activities to the european continent where it would ultimately have to face the passive resistance of millions of euro peans as well as the possibility that britain might eventually achieve equality and even superiority in the air germany’s immediate purpose is to prevent american naval aid to britain by demonstrating its own naval strength stressing collaboration with france and threatening the united states with jap anese intervention in the pacific 3 beyond the war w hat it is legitimate for those who fear the effects of war on the united states more than the effects of nazi victory to ask whether under the present circumstances it is pos sible to defeat germany in europe no one no mat ter how well informed can possibly give a dogmatic read war on the short wave by harold n graves jr this headline book just published presents radio’s new role as a war weapon and describes nazi efforts to sway both neutral and enemy opinion as well as british countermeasures 25c answer to this question the defeat of nazism fe quires far more than mere equality in man power and armaments assuming that britain and the united states can achieve such equality by sacrifices commep surate with those accepted by the germans since 1933 it requires above all mobilization in the wester world of psychological forces which could transform apathy into enthusiasm defeatism into hope for the future this cannot be accomplished here any more than it was in europe until the western peoples become convinced that they are fighting not againg something but for something whatever course of action is adopted by the united states it must be coupled with a vision however general in formulg tion of the kind of peace the western peoples hope to establish in case of victory without such a vision the most painstaking preparations for defense of the western hemisphere may prove as easy to circum vent as the maginot line vgra micheles dray index to foreign policy reports available the index to volume xvi march 15 1940 to march 1 1941 is now ready and we shall be glad to send a copy to fpr subscribers who write for it library subscribers will receive their copies of the index as usual united we stand defense of the western hemisphere by hanson w baldwin new york whittlesey house 1941 3.00 the military correspondent of the new york times has written what is at once the best survey of the state of our defenses and the keenest critique to which our armed ser vices have been subjected in recent years the anatomy of british sea power by arthur j marder new york knopf 1940 5.00 an exhaustive study of the evolution of britain’s naval policies during the years 1880 1905 when many aspects of modern naval doctrine took shape the product of years of careful research this book should be in the possession of all students of sea power and related subjects invasion in the snow by john langdon davies boston houghton mifflin 1941 2.50 a revealing study written for the layman of the stra tegies of the opposing sides in the russo finnish war al though a prominent british leftist the author is in ful sympathy with the finns and finds no valid excuse for th russian invasion england’s hour by vera brittain new york macmillas 1941 2.50 a sensitive english author records her impressions ané experiences during the first year of the war a pacifist she accuses the guilty politicians who governed engiané after 1919 of responsibility for the failure to make a dut able peace if a better world is to emerge from the preset holocaust individuals and nations must reject power anl accept love as their guiding principle foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 32 may 30 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nation headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheres dean eéitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year ge strugs ameri of a di to take that t elimin of fin mately aéreo trolled sary al the paign in the nated ously 1 man fp line w pan a as arc pilots colom as of this the pl branch contro cided for th callao coura as the sn ecuad curtail oil col line w future sedta northe air act ameri here netwo th an an and th to pe i 7 mor cop zism fe wer and united oommen ce 1933 w estern ansform for the ny more peoples against ourse of must be formula les hope a vision e of the circum is dean able 1940 to be glad te for it pies of sphere by use 1941 limes has ate of our rmed ser marder in’s naval aspects of f years of session of s boston the stra n war al is in ful se for th macmillan ssions and a pacifist i engian ake a dur he present power ant nl d nations ean editon german air lines eliminated the struggle to displace nazi air lines operating in south america has been carried a step further as a result of a decision by the bolivian government on may 15 to take over lloyd aéreo boliviano it is understood that this company will be reorganized after the dimination of german personnel and the severance of financial ties with german interests approxi mately half the route formerly served by lloyd aéreo boliviano will be transferred to the u.s con trolled line of pan american grace once the neces sary authorization and subsidy have been secured the first and most impressive victory in the cam paign to clip nazi wings in latin america was won in the spring of 1940 when the large german domi tated scadta line of colombia operating danger ously near the panama canal was eliminated ger man pilots and technicians were removed and the line was reorganized as avianca with the help of pan american airways recently a small line known as arco which had been started by two ex scadta pilots was absorbed into avianca thus making the colombian round up complete a second major victory was achieved on april 1 of this year when the peruvian government seized the planes and ground establishment of the local branch of lufthansa suppression of this german controlled air line had already been officially de cided upon but action was accelerated in retaliation for the scuttling of german ships in the harbor of callao peru’s vigorous measures undoubtedly en couraged bolivia in tackling its own problem as a result of action by the peruvian government the small nazi air line of sedta which operates in ecuador has been isolated sedta has already had to curtail its services owing to refusal by a canadian oil company in peru to supply further fuel and the line will probably disappear completely in the near future pan american grace is already duplicating sedta’s routes thanks to these developments in northern western and central south america nazi air activity on a large scale is now as far as latin america is concerned pretty well restricted to brazil here the condor line still maintains an extensive network the ecuadorean peruvian dispute an announcement to the effect that argentina brazil and the united states are offering their joint services to peru and ecuador to help settle their boundary trends in latin america by john i b mcculloch sees controversy focuses attention on one of the gravest problems now challenging inter american statesman ship since the end of the three year chaco war be tween bolivia and paraguay 1932 1935 and the subsequent negotiation of a settlement between the nations involved the ecuadorean peruvian dispute has represented the most serious outstanding issue between any pair of western hemisphere republics within the past two months first venezuela and colombia then panama and costa rica have en tered into frontier agreements terminating century old disputes the issue between ecuador and peru is more serious than either of these however both in extent of area involved and in degree of ill will feeling has run particularly high in ecuador where persistent newspaper reports of peruvian advances in the south have led to vigorous defense prepara tions to prevent widening of this breach in inter american solidarity and to forestall attempts by the nazis to turn the troubled situation to their ad vantage the united states in conjunction with the two most important powers of the south american continent presented a joint mediation proposal of ficially announced on may 9 reactions in ecuador and peru have differed widely in ecuador by far the weaker of the two the offer has been accepted unconditionally and enthusiastically acclaimed peru’s acceptance how ever includes reservations the government is not prepared to debate the nationality of the three prov inces of jaén tambez and mainas which lima has considered peruvian territory for 120 years appar ently peruvians are worried by the use of the word equity in the mediation offer they fear this means a large scale reshuffling of frontiers and provinces impressive demonstrations have been held in the peruvian capital backing the government in its avowed intention of permitting no infringement of national sovereignty there are indications that anti united states circles in peru will attempt to soft pedal participation of argentina and brazil in the proposal and to turn current resentment in lima against the north american republic alone f.p.a radio schedule subject america charts its course speaker vera micheles dean date sunday june 1 time 2 15 p.m e.d.s.t station nbc blue network for more extensive coverage on latin american affairs read pan american news 4 bi weekly newsletter edited by mr mcculloch for sample copy of this publication write to the washington bureau foreign policy association 1200 national pre s building washington d.c washington news letter washington bureau national press building may 26 the debate on america’s rdle in the war reached a high point of tension last weekend as washington awaited president roosevelt's state ment to the nation and the world in both congress and the executive branch of the government ob servers found a reflection of the widening area of conflict abroad in the widening concept of defense held by representatives of the american people expanding defense concepts this ex panding concept of defense was revealed by unex pected moves isolationist leaders united with inter ventionists to urge immediate occupation of all french possessions in the western hemisphere dollar a year men joined with new dealers to de mand government intervention in critical defense industries opm officials supported washington columnists in outspoken criticism of existing pro duction schedules and administrative confusion to some observers this response to the deepening crisis seemed to hold the promise of greater unity and to suggest a common ground for action based on the widest application of the doctrine of hemi sphere defense and sheer self interest to others it pointed to war to still others even the broadest extension of the hemisphere formula appeared too narrow a base on which to build foreign and do mestic policies adequate for the emergency in the field of foreign policy members of the president's cabinet projected a course looking well beyond the western hemisphere to counter the nazi challenge on the seas renewing their warning that the united states would not surrender control of the seas to any combination of hostile powers secre taries stimson and knox publicly urged repeal of the neutrality act to permit a return to the traditional american policy of freedom of the seas secretary hull was no less emphatic at his press conference on may 26 mr hull took official cog nizance of a statement by grand admiral raeder in which the commander in chief of the german navy was quoted as saying that american convoy opera tions would be regarded as an act of war it was indicated in washington that this threat of nazi reprisals delivered in an interview with a japanese correspondent in berlin would draw an even stronger reply than the german warning of april 26 that the red sea was to be considered a war zone in that instance the administration reaffirmed its decision to send some 28 american merchant to the red sea presumably with naval escorts deliver war supplies to british forces in the n east on the domestic front statements by leading de fense officials last week introduced a sharper note of urgency and self criticism an official summary of 12 months progress in the defense effort released by the office of emergency management on may 25 frankly recognized shortcomings that had bee glossed over in earlier reports and acknowledged that the record was not good enough the report went on to show that while the expenditure of more than 42 billion dollars had been authorized or pro jected only about 45 per cent of this sum had beep contracted for contracts actually awarded up ty may 1 totaled 15.2 billion dollars with an addi tional 3.7 billion in orders for britain even more dis turbing was the continued bottleneck in machine tool production and the resulting lag in the ordnance and airplane program the strongest plea for expansion of defense pro duction and the sharpest criticism of administrative confusion came from a prominent business man on the staff of opm in a statement broadcast on may 15 w l batt deputy director of the production division declared that a radical change of attitude on the part of some people in government some people in labor and some people in industry mus take place if we are to make good our promises calling for drastic expansion all along the line mr batt warned that we cannot produce the vast quat tities of fighting material which must be produced and at the same time preserve our standard of living in terms of automobiles and electric conveniences and leisure hours in congress division of opinion persisted despite the growing pressure of events most observers who know congressional sentiment agree that an attempt to pass legislation to repeal the neutrality act ot to authorize convoys would encounter strong opp sition on the other hand there is virtual unanim ity on the need for speeding up the entire defenst program and any measures essential for defense of the western hemisphere if the executive is able to base its policy on the expanded concept of hem sphere defense it is assured of overwhelming sup port in both the senate and the house congress like the country is waiting for the president to lead w t stone vou x n th mat portan recent many gle be for co linked the in lie mé and th streng the on with j st japan the m fense strug scatte tinues fesuul consti fense shiprr ching munit be ab in ther in the secre mini tage ame peace order gove certa +nore pfo to dd hine ance pfo ative 1 on may tion tude ome must ses mr juan uced ving nices spite who mpt t of pp nim ense e of le to em sup tess lead ne uiy 6 194 ilorary bs er af te wavy oi foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vo xx no 33 june 6 1941 the war of diplomacy in east asia n the far east as in europe an undisguised diplo matic battle of great scope complexity and im portance has accompanied the actual fighting during recent weeks four or five great powers and twice as many dependencies are directly involved in the strug gle between the anglo american front and the axis for control of tokyo's policy germany and italy are linked to japan by military alliance and thus have the inside track particularly since japan’s objectives lie mainly in the anglo american sphere britain and the united states have waged a defensive battle strengthening their armed positions in the pacific on the one hand while seeking to avoid an open break with japan on the other strengthening pacific defenses japan’s greatest liability the war in china represents the most decisive advantage for anglo american de fense in the far east after nearly four years of struggle the vast effort required to hold the widely scattered japanese battle lines in china still con tinues to undermine tokyo’s economic and military fesuurces direct assistance to the chinese armies thus constitutes a primary aspect of anglo american de fense activities in asia for the first time since 1937 shipments of american planes are now reaching china although much greater supplies of heavy munitions must be sent before the chinese forces will be able to engage in large scale offensive action in the strictly diplomatic sphere moreover the fur ther definition of american pos war aims embodied in the exchange of letters on may 26 and 31 between secretary hull and quo tai chi new chinese foreign minister will prove a distinct psychological advan tage in china secretary hull’s letter stated that the american government expects when conditions of peace again prevail to move rapidly by processes of orderly negotiation and agreement with the chinese government toward relinquishment of the last of certain rights of a special character which this coun try together with other countries has long possessed in china by virtue of agreements providing for extra territorial jurisdiction and related practices while this statement emphasized the necessity of post war negotiation before the extraterritorial system in china is surrendered it will be welcomed by chinese as a pledge of greater definiteness than any previously made immediate prospects on china’s home front are more hopeful than for some time past recent dis patches from chungking indicating that the eighth route army is cooperating in the defense of shansi province through offensives undertaken in the regions assigned to it have disproved japanese inspired ru mors to the contrary on the other hand the editorial statement in the influential chungking newspaper the ta kung pao urging a direct meeting between chiang kai shek and mao tse tung chief commu nist leader to settle all outstanding issues indicates that kuomintang communist relations have still not been stabilized since the attack on the fourth route army’s rear guard unit in january the period of greatest tension it is now known was reached early in april following a conference at sian between gen eral ho ying chin war minister and the ranking kuomintang commanders in the north at which plans for a general offensive against the eighth route army’s garrison area were considered several of the leading generals are said to have objected to such a drastic step which would have meant large scale civil strife and the kuomintang communist differ ences were again patched up when renewed japanese offensives occurred continued unity in china is more important even than munitions and it may be pre sumed that american diplomacy is following up the efforts toward that end made by lauchlin currie dur ing his special mission to chungking aside from the major issues centering around the maintenance of china’s defense britain and the te ae ee ss is se aes 4 bs ba a 1 be nar para as sie ss oe aks united states are also cooperating to strengthen the defenses of the strategic region of southeast asia the resistance which singapore the netherlands east indies and the philippines can offer is today much more formidable than a year ago all previous mili tary estimates however have included the full amer ican pacific fleet in any discussion of the defenses of southeast asia indications that part of the pacific fleet has now been transferred to the atlantic may force a revision of these calculations although there is as yet no definite evidence that the battleships of the hawaiian naval forces have left the pacific avoiding a showdown at the same time anglo american policy in the far east has been care fully directed so as to avoid measures which might appear provocative to japan and thus force a show down the most recent and most dramatic instance of this policy was the president’s failure to mention japan at any point in his fireside chat of may 27 which has been interpreted as a direct bid to the jap anese moderates late developments on the embargo front indicate a slight stiffening of the anglo american attitude on may 29 the provisions of the export import control act were extended to the philippines where japan had been making record purchases of cocoanut oil chromite copper manganese and hemp during the first four months of 1941 in the netherlands indies since last november japan has been permitted by agreement to increase its annual oil purchases from 494,000 to 1,800,000 tons on the other hand the demands of the japanese economic mission at batavia for larger quotas of oil and other products pressed through months of negotiations have been steadily rejected by the netherlands authorities at the end of may the japanese delegates backed by their home authorities demanded a final answer by june 5 or 6 when the negotiations are expected to reach a crisis direct exports to japan from the united states are the clearest example of pressure applied up to a cer tain point and then not carried further in the first page two quarter of 1941 embargoes and licensing control gy american exports to japan by nearly half raw cottop contributed the major share of this decline but sh decreases were also registered in certain war my terials especially iron and steel products and machine tools on the other hand the export of petroleyp products at 11,713,000 was rather above the cop responding 1940 figure of 10,252,000 despite the embargo levied on high test aviation gasoline can agreement be reached several te ports during the past few weeks only one of whic offered specific details have suggested that negotia tions for a comprehensive japanese american agree ment on far eastern issues are now taking place official sources at tokyo and washington however have failed to confirm these reports the major difficulties which have confronted far eastern settlement since 1937 still exist after nearly four years of war it is difficult to see how japan could accept any terms which did not at leas include north china recent efforts of the japanes conservatives to force a withdrawal from parts of china were defiantly rejected by the army leaders who proceeded to stage a series of new offensives nor can china after its huge losses in men and te sources be expected to accept a peace which meant the loss of its northern provinces while a minority in chungking might be willing to accept such a peace it would undoubtedly be rejected by the majority it may be doubted then that anglo american pol icy through a combination of pressure allied with extensive concessions will be able to set the stage for a final settlement in the far east at the present time the bare possibility that the american fleet might be forced to concentrate in the atlantic would tend to strengthen the hands of the extremists at tokyo un der these conditions the crisis in the pacific still looms ahead and may develop at the most awkward moment for britain and the united states t a bisson axis prepares new thrust in near east following closely the 12 day battle for crete the meeting of adolf hitler and benito mussolini at the brenner pass on june 2 presages the opening of a new phase of the war the two dictators may have discussed measures to counteract the increasing im portance of american aid to great britain and the read toward a new world order by vera micheles dean this foreign policy report just published presents a broad analysis of peace aims outlining reconstruc tion proposals along social political and economic ts is bi 6 25c next move to be made in the eastern mediterranean where the british forces are seriously weakened by losses of men and matériel in the greek and cretan campaigns war in the near east was also probably one of the subjects considered during the visit paid by general weygand to marshal pétain on june 2 the crisis in franco british relations sharpened by admiral darlan’s speech of may 31 in which he openly assailed britain for blocking franco german collaboration reached a climax in syria this week when it was reported that german troops were land ing in that french mandate while british troops wett being concentrated on the syria palestine border while previous german victories have been wof on lan stratin streng crete gage f for consid sea 0 combi ish fo to giv conte pos the sé and a the b neare been empl tratio place ti of th stiffe invas briti nazi the sibly and a arm iraq ish pers raise pare axi tial syri ern line fore will dra gu i con the dir ma ira fo hea ente fserpbss2 i tia ree ace ver fter 10w cast of lets ves fe cant y in ace pol with for ime t be d to un still yard ean 1 by etan ably aid e 2 1 by he nan eek ind vere won on land the battle of crete is significant in demon strating that a power possessing overwhelming air strength can cross the 75 miles of open sea separating crete fiom the greek mainland and successfully en gage forces depending primarily on naval superiority for their protection british sea power previously considered dominant in the eastern end of the inland sea now appears much less decisive this factor combined with the comparative weakness of the brit ish forces in armored vehicles and airplanes seems to give the nazis a preponderance of strength in the contest for the gateways to the indian ocean possession of crete enables the germans to cover the seaward flank of the axis forces in north africa and also to take the next step toward the east cyprus the british island lying about equidistant from the nearest dodecanese island and palestinian bases has been weakly defended in the past the germans may employ it as a springboard to syria where an infil tration of german air units and tourists has already placed them in control of many of syria’s 30 airfields thus far the british have respected the integrity of the french mandate although london’s gradually stiffening attitude toward vichy may portend an early invasion of syria from palestine at this stage the british would expect to meet little resistance for the nazis have not had time to organize their bases while the french forces themselves are composed of pos sibly 30,000 men and are short of munitions food and supplies axis plans in the near east were set back by the armistice signed in baghdad on may 31 between iraqi representatives and the commander of the brit ish forces which had advanced from basrah on the persian gulf rashid ali beg gailani who had raised the revolt against the british fled to iran ap parently having taken active measures before the axis powers were able to furnish him with substan tial aid german detachments flown in by air from syria continue to hold the valuable oil fields of north ern iraq and may either destroy the wells and pipe lines if the british approach or hold them until rein torcements arrive the loss of the iragi oil supply will not however be critical for the british who can draw on ample resources in iran and the persian gulf area behind the battle lines the warring powers are competing for the support of the arab population of the near east hitherto britain’s policy has been directed solely toward the preservation of peace and maintenance of the status quo in the arab states the lraqi outbreak indicated however that dissident ele page three f.p.a radio schedule subject the war at sea speaker william t stone date june 8 1941 time 2 15 p.m e.d.s.t station nbc blue network ments among the native populations were impressed by the military strength of the axis and hoped to im prove their position if only for a brief moment by striking at the empire which had long been dominant in the arab world the rebellion has been crushed and has not for the moment at least produced any sympathetic outbursts elsewhere it has however evoked a statement from foreign minister anthony eden in london that britain was prepared to support any scheme that commands general approval for the closer unity of the arab peoples this statement may be followed by more concrete proposals for post war benefits to be granted to the arabs if they resist the appeals of axis propagandists and agents louts e frechtling the struggle for north china by george e taylor 2.00 prerequisites to peace in the far east by nathaniel peffer 1.00 japan since 1931 by hugh borton 1.25 government in japan by charles b fahs 1.00 canada and the far east 1940 by a r m lower 1.25 far eastern trade of the united states by ethel b die trich 1.00 inquiry series institute of pacific relations new york 1940 these new additions to the inquiry series cover a wide variety of pertinent subjects nathaniel peffer cogently out lines the broad considerations which must govern a sound peace settlement in the far east george taylor offers a penetrating analysis of the methods by which the north china guerrilla movement has prevented consolidation of the peiping puppet régime the well rounded discussion of canada’s relations with the far east deals with official policy public opinion and the press trade immigration and defense two volumes cover recent political and eco nomic developments in japan while a third reviews the scope and importance of american trade with east asiatic countries nearly a score of books has now been issued under the inquiry series which has become an indispensable reference library on far eastern conditions and problems china and some phases of international law by l tung new york oxford university press 1940 2.25 this carefully documented study issued under the auspices of the china institute of pacific relations ex amines the chinese government’s attitude toward certain selected phases of international law in the modern period the subjects treated include jurisdiction over territory ships and persons nationality diplomatic intercourse con sular service and the pacific settlement of international disputes a y ay se sse fe es foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 33 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 bw 181 june 6 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lager secretary vera micueres dean editor 1921 at the post office at new york n y national under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year ae ers re dere se ee ee washington news letter peed btag washington bureau national press building june 2 in the past washington observers have invariably turned to congress for the first reaction to public pronouncements using congressional opin ion as a convenient yardstick against which to mea sure the effect of major policies advanced by the ex ecutive branch of the government last week how ever many observers turned elsewhere for the re sponse to president roosevelt's speech of may 27 finding the customary yardstick inadequate for ap praisal of this momentous pronouncement of amer ican policy clearing the way for action the reason was apparent for in his statement of policy and his proclamation of unlimited national emer gency the president had laid the basis for a course of action which will be shaped by strategic necessity as interpreted by the executive without the advice of congress in summoning the american people and the entire western hemisphere to gird for whatever action might be necessary in reasserting the doctrine of freedom of the seas and in warning germany that the united states would not retreat from its posi tion the president had carried american policy be yond the point of congressional debate congress itself was aware of the change while the president's statement failed to achieve complete unity on capitol hill the old alignments somehow appeared less important supporters of administra tion policy hailed the speech as a clear and courage ous statement of the choice confronting the nation but continued to call for action rather than words a number of critics were won over by the president's cold logic but the majority of isolationist leaders continued their opposition to convoys and declined to support a resolution sponsored by senator pepper calling for a vote of confidence on foreign policy at his press conference on may 29 mr roosevelt found it necessary to reassure congress and public opinion that he had no immediate intention of asking for re peal of the neutrality act or ordering the use of con voys to assure deliveries to britain but despite this evidence of continued legislative opposition con gress recognized that it had ceased to be a controlling factor and accepted the national emergency as notice that future decisions would be taken by the chief executive whenever in his opinion action becomes necessary significance of emergency procla mation the significance of the emergency proc lamation is not measured solely by the additiongl powers which it grants to the executive it is true of course that congress had already granted broad emergency powers in legislation voted during the past few years particularly since the fall of france ig june 1940 under existing statutes the president had full authority to forbid or control exports to requisi tion materials essential to national defense to regu late foreign exchange to enforce priorities and tp requisition any plant refusing to comply with manda tory defense orders under the emergency proclama tion these powers are extended to include government control over all transportation and shipping facilities not yet authorized in specific legislation and tp fix all conditions affecting capital labor and manage ment but above and beyond the statutory powers is the constitutional authority of the president as com mander in chief it is here that the proclamation of national emergency opened the door to action the field of action however is governed by po litical and strategic considerations which now assume critical importance first and foremost is the strategic problem posed by the imperative need for additional naval strength in the atlantic the navy cannot be expected to carry out the missions implied by the president in his reference to the island outposts of the new world the azores and the cape verdes or other missions involved in the guarantee of full aid to britain with the sea and air forces now at its command in the atlantic nor can the navy be ex pected to divide its fleet and scatter its strength across two oceans if a showdown is imminent in one or the other area of hostilities the primary rule of naval strategy is concentration of force at the point where it is capable of decisive action if we are proceeding on the assumption that our major threat lies in the atlantic and that the outcome of the war may be de termined in this area then we must accept the neces sity for transferring important naval units from the pacific president roosevelt's omission of any pointed reference to japan in his speech and his announce ment that we are steadily adding more ships and planes to our atlantic patrol indicate that such 4 transfer may be under way the return of ambassador w inant for consultation with the president and the state department sharp ens the political issues created by these strategic fac tors for the political consequences of any major shift of naval power to the atlantic not only alter out own position in the pacific but affect britain's calcu lations in both europe and asia wt srone f wa elz vaded the li able from preset admit cited attack strate levat occuf the ward iraq cover and able favo coast bord tural coas regic and entit rane and and mos the vers an +a ys entered as 2nd class matter ee sip ry de foreign policy buleetin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vo xx no 34 june 13 1941 britain and de gaulle clash with vichy over syria e the initiative from germany in the near east british imperial and free french forces in yvaded the french mandated territories of syria and the lebanon on june 8 thereby forestalling a prob able peaceful penetration by axis forces operating from crete and the italian dodecanese islands the presence of nazi detachments in syrian airfields admitted by an acquiescent vichy government was cited by allied spokesmen as justification of the attack the objective of the new campaign is primarily strategic although the french mandates on the levant coast cover only 57,900 square miles they occupy an important position at the crossroads of the near east railroads and highways lead south ward to palestine egypt and arabia and eastward to iraq and the persian gulf syria and the lebanon cover the northern approaches to the suez canal and provide the only land link with turkey avail able to the allies the configuration of the area favors the british and french troops for near the coast the valleys of the lebanese mountains give easy access from palestine and inland along the borders with transjordan and iraq there are no na tural obstacles the mandate for the rorthern part of the levant coast was assigned to france in 1920 although the fegion is administered as a single unit for customs and fiscal purposes it is divided into two political entities the republics of the lebanon and of syria the former a small area lying along the mediter fanean and including the important ports of beirut and tripoli contains a small majority of christians and is more europeanized than the predominantly moslem arab state of syria proper the history of the french mandates has been marked by contro vetsy riot and bloodshed stemming principally from the passionate desire of the syrian nationalists for an independent state linked with other arab lands in a pan arab league the least they expected was a quasi independent status like that granted by the british to egypt in 1930 and to iraq in 1932 the nationalists were first placated by the negotiation of franco syrian and franco lebanese treaties in 1936 providing for independent responsible governments and military alliances with france for 25 years and then outraged by the refusal of the paris govern ment to ratify the treaties it is significant that gen eral georges catroux representing the free french committee has repeated foreign minister anthony eden’s pledge of may 29 to guarantee to the syrians and lebanese an independent and sovereign status besides this appeal to elements within the french territories the british hope to weaken vichy s forces by inviting the french troops to join the de gaulle movement general henri dentz the french high commissioner however is reported to have removed many officers suspected of free french tendencies while the colonial troops are expected to obey the commands of their superiors with only 30,000 to 50,000 men at his command and with limited num bers of weapons vehicles and supplies general dentz must receive reinforcements from the axis if he is to make a successful stand allied concentration on iraq and syria has en abled the axis to strengthen forces elsewhere for the threatened attack on suez increased pressure on british forces in the western desert of egypt and air raids on alexandria with its vital naval base is reflected in the governmental crisis at cairo where the cabinet of hussein sirry pasha resigned on june 4 the british are pressing the king for more active cooperation but the aversion of almost all egyptians for war against the germans will prob ably prevent any positive aid to the allied armies in ankara nazi diplomats are apparently content to ask only an increase of trade between turkey and the reich as indicated in the new commer al agree ment of june 6 the existence of a through rail route from the dardanelles to syria already being used for the transportation of german supplies suggests the possibility of further demands on ankara for cooperation in the axis drive to the east the possi washington and london scotch peace rumors as the international civil war latent in the world conflict broke out into the open in syria rumors were circulated that hitler might launch a peace offensive before becoming involved in the next phase of the war the campaign for control of the near east these rumors which according to president roosevelt's statement of june 6 were instigated by germany had started with a series of outwardly dis connected developments in april and may notably the japan times advertiser article outlining axis peace terms the still mysterious flight of rudolph hess and suggestions in the german controlled paris press that the united states should offer its services as a mediator peace rumors were accom panied by reports that the british shocked by their defeat in crete had warned the united states they would have to sue for peace unless this country ac tively entered the conflict and simultaneous dis closures from several sources that hitler was on the point of proclaiming a united states of europe which it was intimated would be willing to col laborate with the americas further impetus to these reports was given by the sudden return to washington of mr winant american ambassador to britain who was said to have made the trip for the special purpose of con veying britain’s warning to president roosevelt it would seem however that such a warning if made at all would have been delivered by the british in advance of the president's fireside chat of may 27 close on the heels of reports from washington re garding the nature of mr winant’s mission ameri can newspapers and life magazine published an interview with hitler obtained by john cudahy for mer american ambassador to belgium in which the fuhrer ridiculed fears of a german attack on the western hemisphere at the same time warning the united states that convoys mean war these various rumors were scotched by the presi dent on june 6 they were also answered by mr we produce 20 times more oil than axis europe we are the most important factor in the oil econ omies of britain and japan what is our oil policy to whom do we export what is the oil tanker situation read oil and the war by louis e frechtling june 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25c page two bility of the nazis operating from iran to outflank british positions in iraq is suggested by persisten rumors that many germans traveling via th u.s.s.r have arrived in teheran louis e frechtling winant in a statement to a group of senators on the same day to the effect that britain is in an e tremely grave position but does not face any im mediate or impending disaster and by joseph grew american ambassador to tokyo who wrote a group of american church workers on june 7 that peace with germany at this time is utterly impos sible meanwhile in london the annual british labor party conference by a majority of 2,450,009 to 19,000 rejected a compromise peace and re affirmed its determination to fight until nazism and fascism are overthrown and ernest bevin british minister of labor in a statement broadcast from london to the national conference of social work at atlantic city on june 3 declared that britain's working masses will oppose all appeasement talk because we will not be driven back into slavery it may be noted that mr bevin was the only british official who on may 15 publicly denounced hess while it is obviously difficult to document mr roosevelt's statement of june 6 that the variow peace rumors can be traced to axis sources it is true that axis press statements and radio broadcasts for the past few weeks reveal views so similar to these rumors as to represent more than a mere coincidence it is understandable that germany having won cop trol of virtually the entire european continent might now pause before embarking on conquest of the british empire in the hope as one italian news paper put in on june 8 that the war might end in britain's adjustment to the new historic situs tion such a pause is all the more natural at a mo ment when president roosevelt has indicated that he and his advisers will determine where and by what means an attack on the security of the westem hemisphere is to be met and when american arms ment production is being speeded up under the terms of unlimited national emergency equally under standable is the attitude of those americans who ask themselves whether the british may not in ft ality be ready to sue for peace and whether this may not be an appropriate time to explore peace terms before an expanding war has taken still greater toll of men and economic resources no reasonable human being can welcome pie longation of the war the natural desire of all people for peace offers perhaps the most fruitful field for nazi propaganda since any attempt to answer argu ments against war can be dismissed as warmonget ing that those tion in ot posed ally f as th are c victor less t the could undet count territ the a the t if ne west to sa even of pe prese state to sai fore headqn entere rrr se rom lin's i0us true for hese nice con uight the ews d in that stern page three ing yet european experience has demonstrated that the nazis while suppressing in germany all those who urged peace and international collabora tion have used to their own advantage all elements in other countries who for a variety of reasons op sed war discussions of a negotiated peace usu ally neglect two points first that the axis powers as the japan times advertiser candidly admitted are contemplating not a negotiated peace but a victors dictated peace and second that peace no less than war will require sacrifices by britain and the united states it is conceivable that europe could have remained at peace almost indefinitely under one of two alternatives either the western countries could of their own volition have made the territorial and economic concessions demanded by the axis powers or else they could have armed to the teeth and prevented the axis powers by force if necessary from fulfilling their ambitions but the western powers before 1939 were ready neither to sacrifice for peace nor to sacrifice for war and even today many of those who discuss the possibility of peace with germany apparently think in terms of preserving the status quo for britain and the united states even if it should prove regrettably necessary to sacrifice europe to the nazis or china to japan f.p.a radio schedule subject the fight for the near east speaker louis e frechtling date sunday june 15 time 2 15 p.m e.d.s.t station nbc blue network most people still find it difficult to believe that there can be no return to the past that the choice is not between hitler's new order and restoration of the world as it existed in 1939 but a choice between hitler's new order and a forward looking peace settlement that might be worked out by the western powers if and when they check the military opera tions of the axis nor can the peace terms that might be offered by britain and the united states be lim ited any longer to platitudes regarding brotherhood of nations and equal distribution of raw ma terials they must have the quality of rousing the imagination and inspiring the collaboration of eu rope’s conquered peoples of china of latin amer ica of the arabs and others who have no sympathy for hitler’s new order but who were also not satisfied with 1939 conditions and do not necessarily see the shape of things to come from a purely anglo american point of view vera micheles dean the f.p.a bookshelf the wounded don’t cry by quentin reynolds new york dutton 1941 2.50 vividly moving eye witness report of the spirit of people hard pressed by war’s terror in france and england juggernaut over holland by e n van kleffens new york columbia university press 1941 2.00 the netherland foreign minister sketches his country’s struggle to preserve its neutrality and draws a graphic picture of the german invasion speak up for democracy by edward l bernays new york viking press 1940 1.00 a credo of democracy followed by manifold suggestions to the citizen indicating how he can become more effective in maintaining and improving the democratic system pre pared by an outstanding advertising executive not by arms alone by hans kohn cambridge mass harvard university press 1940 1.75 stimulating essays attempting an historical and juridical analysis of the world crisis by the author of revolutions and dictatorships political handbook of the world edited by walter h mal lorry new york council on foreign relations 1941 2.50 the fourteenth edition of this valuable reference work for students of foreign affairs unfortunately the editor devotes only a few lines to the political and juridical changes produced by the german conquests the industrialization of japan and manchukuo 1980 1940 edited by e b schumpeter new york macmillan 1940 7.50 a technical study dealing mainly with the past decade of japanese economic development this work by five dif ferent experts is a storehouse of information it includes sections on population problems e b schumpeter e f penrose agriculture and raw materials e f penrose the organization and development of japanese industry to 1937 g c allen on industrial policy and develop ment in japan korea and manchukuo since 1936 e b schumpeter and on japan’s balance of international payments m s gordon its conclusions stress japan’s economic grievances as well as the strength of the jap anese economy the quest for peace since the world war by william e rappard cambridge mass harvard university press 1940 4.00 the foundation of a more stable world order edited by walter h c laves chicago university of chicago press 1941 2.00 these two books are invaluable for a discussion of the political system to be established at the end of the present war mr rappard with an intimate knowledge of the in ternational institutions which operated in geneva ex amines thoroughly and critically the league the world court and the disarmament conferences the second vol ume incorporates the views of historians an economist a geographer and a political scientist on the necessary bases for a durable peace foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 34 junge 13 1941 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lggt secretary vera micheeles dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year bris produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building june 9 there should be no doubt about the gravity of the decisions which confront washington with the extension of hostilities to syria for the new campaign which opened in the middle east this week bringing french troops into conflict with their own countrymen and their former british allies not only compels this government to reconsider its re lations with france but involves the whole question of our relation to the war some indication of what may lie ahead was fur nished last week when this no longer neutral capi tal reacted sharply to two major offensives which gave advance warning that another decisive turning point was close at hand the first offensive diplomatic maneuvers for franco german collaboration brought secretary hull’s sharp warning to the vichy government the second a peace offensive launched on the wings of rumor and conjecture provoked president roosevelt's angry accusation against nazi propaganda warning to vichy among washington correspondents cordell hull's daily press confer ence has never ranked as one of the capital’s most productive sources of news cautious by tempera ment and painfully conscious of his responsibility as official spokesman on foreign policy mr hull is seldom guilty of indiscretion and never speaks with out thought of the consequences as a result his in frequent statements for the record assume a great er significance than those of any other man in wash ington except the president the warning to vichy which the secretary deliv ered at his press conference on june 5 may have been overdramatized in newspaper headlines but the im plications of the statement itself could not be mis understood mr hull carefully avoided direct threats and reviewed at length the efforts of this government to assist france in its difficult situation but when he declared that further collaboration with germany would make france the instrument of aggression against other states he indicated clearly enough that the united states had already begun to reconsider its position the conclusion was almost inescapable that if washington's worst fears proved true if france threw in its lot with the axis the american government would feel free to take any action deemed necessary for defense of its own in terests washington’s worst fears concerned the french colonial empire in africa rather than syria but the connection was obvious even before the actual fight ing began on june 8 syria is the key to the oilfield of mosul the suez canal and the entire middle bag the french empire in africa however holds the key to dakar and casablanca facing the atlantic and the island outposts of the western hemi sphere thus hitler's strategy was to hold out the promise that france could retain its colonies map dates and overseas possessions after the war pro vided only that it now resists great britain and that according to the washington view was the ultimate peril against which mr hull had warned for once french troops had taken up arms agains their former allies then germany would be free ty enter north africa in the guise of protectors of france and its empire what action this government will take following the events in syria depends almost entirely on gen eral weygand’s course in north africa if it appear that weygand persuaded vichy not to surrender africa washington will not force a showdown at once but if events confirm the worst fears then strategic considerations alone will determine the course of action rejecting appeasement if further proof were needed to demonstrate the present temper of the executive branch of the government it was found in president roosevelt's answer to the peat rumors which flooded washington last week with the return of ambassador winant from london on may 30 the peace offensive under way sinc the middle of may gained surprising momentum the fact that mr winant had made an unscheduled flight to report to the president was magnified by speculation that he had come with word the british would have to make terms unless the united states entered the war at once for nearly five days wash ington buzzed with such rumors until president roosevelt’s press conference on friday mr roosevelt did not deny that germany might welcome a settlement based on the existing militay situation instead he told correspondents that mr winant had not brought a peace offer from britaia not even a tenth cousin of a peace offer and that the talk of peace had been deliberately inspired by the nazi propaganda machine for its own ulterior purposes if the president's statement did not stop all speculation it left no doubt about the determin tion of the administration to reject anything motely resembling appeasement w t stone vou x as countt at onc betwe from sine is the and th course welte few s tion camp been of yu an ite and germ sovie sea tione germ are f germ anka had all le too evacu as a the some mini strate the was affai pecte +general lipp entered as 2nd class matter ary rr un 2 qp a bey pbrivvdical ruum versity of utcn aww 9 general library phe on 0 194 univ of mich ann arbor mtep bid foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vor xx no 35 june 20 1941 aoe hitler wages war of nerves on stalin a the united states prepared for a showdown with germany by freezing axis assets in this country and ordering all german consulates to close at once reports of another impending showdown between germany and the soviet union filtered in reported from bucharest that during the visit to munich on june 11 of general antonescu rumanian premier hitler promised him that germany would recover for rumania the provinces of bessarabia and moldavia part of the russian empire before 1918 ollowing from belligerent and neutral sources which had been occupied by soviet forces in july on gen since the exact nature of soviet german relations 1940 all these bits of information would seem to ee peas is the closely guarded secret of the wilhelmstrasse weave into a pattern indicating a german war of uurrendet nd the kremlin any attempt to predict their future nerves against russia they were counterbalanced down at course belongs in the realm of speculation from the however by the sudden visit to london of sir staf me thes welter of rumor and conjecture however emerge a ford cripps british ambassador to moscow who niné tit few shreds of more or less authenticated informa was reported to have discouraged all hope of soviet tion german troops estimated during the balkan aid to britain and by rumors of a far reaching eco er proot campaign at about 30 divisions have apparently nomic agreement between germany and the u.s.s.r smpet of been withdrawn from greece bulgaria and a part what will stalin do in the face of it was of yugoslavia their place in greece being taken by studied nazi silence on soviet german relations he peat an italian army of occupation reports from berne tass official soviet news agency declared on june ek with and stockholm indicate that between 100 and 120 13 that it should be assumed that german troop londot german divisions have been concentrated along the movements had no bearing on relations between vay sin soviet german border from the baltic to the black germany and the u.s.s.r according to this state mentum sea supplemented by 25 rumanian divisions sta ment rumors abroad of an impending clash between cheduled tioned on the soviet rumanian frontier and that the two countries constitute clumsily concocted nified by german forces conservatively estimated at 45,000 propaganda of forces hostile to the u.s.s.r and to british are now in finland leaving approximately 150 germany and interested in further extension and ed stats german divisions available for operations elsewhere unleashing of war tass stated that germany had ys wash ankara in turn reported on june 15 that russia not presented any claims to the u.s.s.r and that president had ordered general mobilization and had cancelled according to information at the disposal of mos all leaves for reservists the finnish government cow germany abides by the provisions of the ny might too has called up some reservists and has ordered soviet german pact of non aggression as unswetv militaty evacuation of women and children from helsinki ingly as the soviet union rumors to the effect that that mt a3 a precautionary measure reported movements of the u.s.s.r is preparing for war with the reich it n britain the german and russian fleets in the baltic receive said are false and provocational the annual er and some confirmation from a warning by the swedish maneuvers of soviet reservists it concluded have no inspired minister of education on june 6 that a threat to the other purpose than their training to present these n ultetio strategic swedish island of gotland is a threat to measures of the red army as inimical to germany not st0p the heart of sweden and soviet german tension is to say the least absurd etermilé was apparently discussed at a meeting of the foreign whatever interpretation may be placed on this thing affairs committee of the swedish parliament unex statement news from other war sectors suggest sev stone pectedly summoned on june 9 meanwhile it is eral possible developments for the moment it a page two would appear that germany has abandoned the in tention assuming it had any of a drive against the suez canal through syria from which its advance agents and technicians have been withdrawn in any case one of germany’s purposes has been accom plished by the syrian campaign that of precipitat ing a clash between vichy and britain at the same time it is conceivable that for a thrust through syria and turkey germany may now be planning to substitute a thrust through the ukraine and the cau casus into iran from which it could then strike at british forces in the near and middle east such an expedition however would require moscow's acqui escence if not actual military collaboration in addi tion germany appears to be pressing russia for the right to place german technicians in charge of food and oil production in the u.s.s.r it may be taken for granted that the decision stalin will reach with regard to germany’s demands will be determined not by sympathy for britain and this would explain reports of sir stafford’s discour agement but solely by consideration of russia’s own interests and by his calculations regarding the outcome of the war nor has britain any induce ment to offer moscow for opposing hitler while stalin has hitherto resisted any attempt to involve russia in war he might believe that at this stage of the conflict the only way to weaken a seemingly victorious germany and thus reduce the whole con tinent to a state of despair and defeatism propitious to the spread of communist doctrines would be by engaging hitler in a long drawn campaign in the east it is extremely doubtful that russia would itself provoke such a campaign on the other hand many elements in europe especially in countries dis possessed of territory by russia such as finland and rumania would be willing to cooperate with ge many in a crusade against the soviet union if germany should take the risk of war againg russia this would indicate first that it had given up the hope of ending the war this summer by a quic blow at britain and was consequently digging ip for a long struggle of attrition by replenishing jg sources of supplies at russia’s expense and se ond that it still expects to paralyze the actual 1 sistance of britain and the potential resistance of the united states by ostensibly turning eastward against russia some american observers contend that it would have been far wiser if france and britain instead of resisting germany in 1939 had permitted and even encouraged hitler to continue his drang nach osten on the assumption that the te sulting war between the reich and the soviet unig would have destroyed the two totalitarian régimes leaving the western powers free of danger from either nazism or communism this assumption however overlooks the possibility that should ger many conquer russia it would then obtain an ec nomic base of vast potentialities which it could us as a pivot for the formation of the new order ip europe ultimately defying both britain and the united states the possibility that germany might acquire such a base without opposition on the part of russia must obviously affect the calculations of both london and washington at this turning point in the war yet now that the similarities between the hitler and stalin dictatorships and their com mon hostility toward the democratic system are gen erally recognized in the west it is difficult to believe that the british people severely tried by nazi ai raids would come to terms with germany for the sake of defeating russia wera micheles dean british war effort hits consumption while british empire forces have been seeking to defend approaches to the suez canal in both syria and egypt the churchill government has continued in recent weeks its effort to bolster the home front shipping has remained the most critical single factor in britain’s war economy because in the words of president roosevelt's may 27 speech the present rate of nazi sinkings of merchant ships is more than three times as high as the capacity of british ship what are germany's oil requirements how much does it get from russia what are japan’s needs and where does tokyo procure its oil supplies what is the extent of britain’s reserve stocks of oil read oil and the war by louis e frechtling june 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25c yards to replace them it is more than twice the com bined british and american output of merchant ships today the current rate of losses probably cannot be met by british and american yards until the middle of 1942 the most recent admiralty ae nouncement placed shipping losses in the atlantic during april at 301,070 tons the lowest in that ocean for eleven months but calculated total losses including transports in the greek campaign 488,124 tons sinkings in the atlantic during ma were also relatively low according to prime mit ister churchill on june 10 but were augmented bj britain’s heavy losses around crete on june 15 tht admiralty announced moreover the loss of its fit tieth destroyer since the outbreak of war these severe losses of both ships and cargoes ift mediately affect british industrial output and in tum britain’s war effort britain was compelled to evad ate cre cause to safe shorta more the dis june butche ment act at shiplo were s at red can al month cui pedite during measu to mil produc clothir 7 the wood govert a day spent marck 5,00 ture c in ord tials to 50 limits from will b indivi plan after the dustri four the co has c restric marc olive ing p non maini ty w foreic headqu tered vith ger t againg given up y 4 quick gging in shing its and see ctual te stance of eastward contend ance and 939 had tinue his it the re et union régimes per from umption yuld ger 1 an eco could use order in and the ny might the patt ations of ing point between 1eif com are gen to believe nazi ait y for the dean the com ant ships ly cannot until the ralty at atlantic t in that tal losses yaign a ring may ime min rented by ne 15 the of its fit rgoes if id in tuft to evadl ate crete according to mr churchill primarily be cause the defending forces lacked anti aircraft guns to safeguard the airfields of the r.a.f shipping shortages have required the government further more to tighten the food rationing system to curtail the distribution of milk and eggs and to order on june 6 because of lack of feeding stuffs the butchering of 300,000 cattle while the first ship ment of american foodstuffs under the lend lease act arrived in britain on may 31 and twenty six shiploads of war equipment from the united states were scheduled to arrive about the middle of june at red sea ports the british cannot count on ameri can aid to see them through the next few critical months curtailment of consumption to ex ite britain's war effort the churchill government during the past few months has taken several drastic measures for transferring production from civilian to military goods heavier taxes concentration of production conscription of labor and rationing of dothing in introducing the 1941 42 budget on april 7 the chancellor of the exchequer sir kingsley wood stressed the danger of inflation inherent in government spending which exceeded 13,000,000 a day during the first three months of 1941 britain spent 3,884,000,000 during the fiscal year ending march 31 and is expected to disburse far more than 5,000,000,000 in the coming year apart from fu ture obligations under the lend lease arrangement in order to curtail civilian expenditure on non essen tials sir kingsley wood raised the basic income tax to 50 per cent and lowered all personal exemption limits and earned income allowances the proceeds from the reduced limits and allowances however will be credited according to a sliding scale to the individual taxpayer under a modified keynes plan for compulsory saving and repaid to him after the war the shortage of skilled labor in the armament in dustries resulting both from the transfer of between four and five million men to the armed forces and the completion of numerous factories begun in 1939 has compelled the government to impose severe testrictions in the field of industry and labor in march the president of the board of trade mr oliver lyttleton announced a plan for concentrat ing production in a relatively few factories in each non essential industry and closing down all re maining plants the nucleus firms in each indus tty will thereby work to full capacity filling gov page three f.p.a radio schedule subject appraising germany’s war prospects speaker john c dewilde date sunday june 22 time 2 15 p.m e.d.s.t station nbc blue network ernment orders supplying the export trade and meeting the minimum needs of the civilian popula tion meanwhile the minister of labor and national service mr ernest bevin has begun invoking his emergency powers both to require both men and women to register for work and to freeze employ ees at their jobs starting with the shipbuilding and construction industries mr bevin has issued orders requiring official permission before an employer can dismiss a workman or an employee can leave his job the effect of these measures was felt immediately in the textile industry where the concentration of production scheme was expected to release many thousands of workmen on may 31 the government announced the rationing of clothing on the basis of a point system similar to that introduced by ger many in november 1939 each individual is allowed 66 coupons 26 coupons being required for a man’s suit 11 for a woman's dress etc to spend at speci fied intervals in the course of a year this measure in addition to the recently increased taxation the strenuous campaigns for the purchase of war bonds and the wholesale tax of 33 1 3 per cent imposed last october on most articles for civilian consump tion was expected to assist greatly the imperative diversion of production to war materials james frederick green this fascinating oil business by max w ball indi anapolis ind bobbs merrill 1940 2.50 a layman’s introduction to the techniques and history of the petroleum industry emphasis is placed on develop ments in the united states but several chapters are de voted to foreign oil and the war government and economic life by leverett s lyon and victor abrahamson washington the brookings institu tion 1940 vol ii 3.00 this is the second volume of a monumental work which brings together in a convenient form a wealth of data on the complex relationships of government to industry agri culture commerce etc the defeat of chaos by sir george paish new york appleton century 1941 1.00 a prominent british economist outlines the economic op portunities awaiting the world after the war but offers few concrete suggestions about ways and means of provid ing the future peace with a stable economic foundation foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 35 june 20 1941 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y pw 181 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary vera micueres dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new yom m t under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor fr p a membership five dollars a year oe 2 a fe i washington news letter washington bureau national press bullding june 16 president roosevelt's first progress re port under the lease lend act deserves greater attention than it has thus far received when con gress passed h.r 1776 last march it laid special emphasis on the periodic reports which the executive was to make section 5 of the act provides that the president from time to time but not less fre quently than once every ninety days shall transmit to the congress a report of operations under this act except such information as he deems incom patible with the public interest when the first re port was sent to capitol hill last week however it attracted relatively little notice this was due in part to washington’s preoccupa tion with more sensational events issued on june 12 the report was quickly overshadowed by the wave of strikes in key defense industries the controversy over the sinking of the american merchant ship robin moor by a german submarine in the south atlantic the freezing of german and italian assets in this country and the white house order closing all german consulates but these developments raised no more disturbing issues than those revealed in the president’s summary lease lend report the most surprising fea ture of the 44 page report was its disclosure that out of the 7,000,000,000 appropriated by con gress only 10,729,684 has actually been transferred to britain china and the other nations whose de fense is deemed vital to the united states and the largest category of materials procured under the lease lend fund was not munitions or implements of war but foodstuffs to the value of 7,998,261 purchased by the department of agriculture for britain in addition however the report accounts for some 64,000,000 of primary war materials pro cured under appropriations made prior to march 11 1941 bringing the total to date to 75,202,425 this covers all ordnance aircraft tanks vessels and miscel laneous military equipment but does not include the 50 destroyers transferred under the naval base deal last september or the surplus army stores delivered to britain in june 1940 one explanation for these small figures is that the major war shipments to britain are still being made under orders placed last year and financed by the british treasury thus it is pointed out the over all exports to the united kingdom have risen steadily with total shipments during the first three months of 1941 amounting to 289,000,000 compared with 177,000,000 in the same period gf 1940 but the hard fact remains that current deljy eries are still short of britain’s immediate n while shipments to china have actually declined american exports to china according to the latey department of commerce estimate dropped to 19 998,000 in the january april period of 1941 as com pared with 25,030,000 a year ago in his covering letter to congress president roosevelt pledged the united states to help britain outstrip the axis powers in munitions of war and promised that we will see to it that these munitions get to the places where they can be used effectively to weaken and defeat the aggressors but the facts and figures cited in the report for the first 90 days are not altogether reassuring to those defense off cials who insist that to outstrip the axis the united states will have to take more drastic measures than we have yet been willing to accept on the positive side the report shows that 4,300 000,000 or about 60 per cent of the 7,000,000,00 voted in congress has been allocated for specific purposes the breakdown by departments is sum marized as follows war 2,890,620,953 navy 589,339,958 maritime commission 562,354,800 treasury 180,085,863 agriculture 54,886,305 administration 125,000 4,277,412,879 on the negative side it must be pointed out that the allocations fall considerably short of the requite ments submitted by britain in march and that in many cases actual contracts have not yet been made the report in fact fails to show what portion of the total allocations have been contracted for bul the greatest cause for concern is the continued te luctance of american industry to face the need for drastic curtailment of normal production in ordet to release men and materials for war production while the o.p.m has ordered a 20 per cent reduc tion in automobile production effective august it is still resisting pressure for a 50 per cent al which the war department now regards as essential for 1942 the moral of the president's first progress report is that the gap between promise and pet formance will not be closed until such steps are taken w t stone soviet stantia other ageres equal cupat bessar matic tempo ing br the n ment abidin germ umnex munis occup sabota these ers we tion pose hitler ace the er shevis in eur +out that e requife d that in en made ortion of for but inued fe need for in order oduction nt reduc lugust 1 cent cut essential progress and pet are taken stone ee ag er ene entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xx no 36 june 27 1941 hitler resumes crusade on communism invasion of russia in the early hours of june 22 opened a new phase of the wat which is bound to have profound repercussions throughout the world this invasion came as a shock both to those in western countries who in harmony with the communist party line had been de nouncing britain’s imperialist war against the reich and those who had too hastily interpreted the soviet german pacts of 1939 as a sign of all out collaboration between germany and the u.s.s.r nazi charges against moscow if the statements issued by hitler and von ribbentrop on the day of invasion are correct and they are sub stantiated in most details by facts available from other sources the german fuehrer signed the non aggression pact with a heavy heart and with an equally heavy heart accepted russia’s subsequent oc cupation of the baltic states southeastern finland bessarabia and moldavia as well as soviet diplo matic maneuvers in the balkans all in the hope of temporarily appeasing stalin and meanwhile crush ing britain in the west what apparently disturbed the nazis most judging by von ribbentrop’s state ment was that the soviet government far from abiding by its pledge to abstain from interference in germany’s internal affairs apparently out fifth col umned nazi fifth columnists by spreading com munist propaganda not only in the reich but in all occupied countries and allegedly committed acts of sabotage notably in the case of 16 german ships all these anti german moves according to the nazi lead ets were made by the soviet government in collabora tion with britain and the united states for the pur pose of prolonging the war and throttling germany hitler therefore decided to oppose the soviet men ace not only to defend germany but to save the entire civilized world from the dangers of bol shevism and clear the way for true social progress in europe nazism proclaimed bulwark against communism these statements revive the main theme of hitler's pre 1939 denunciations of russia the accusation that bolshevism threat ens european civilization and the assertion that germany offers a bulwark against this threat on a far larger scale than he has yet attempted hitler is thus again seeking to drive a wedge between groups within each nation the very thing of which von ribbentrop accuses the russian communists what is not yet always understood in the western world is that the nazis themselves have taken a leaf out of the book of lenin who during the first world war urged his followers to transform the imperialist war into a civil war where the rus sian communists were only partially successful due both to native inefficiency and to the repugnance of most western peoples for the pattern of life devel oped in the soviet union the nazis have proved far more effective by the simple device of promising to protect private property and religion only to whittle down both of those institutions through eco nomic restrictions and racial discrimination although the nazis have now turned back to hitler’s original concept of seeking living space for the germans in the east they have not for a moment abandoned their intention of destroying the british empire if hitler should win his objectives in russia britain and the countries now aiding brit ain would be confronted with far more deadly danger than they face today since germany would then have acquired a position from which no block ade could probably dislodge it this was clearly recognized by prime minister churchill in his broad cast of june 22 in which he rejected all thought of peace with germany and said that nothing will turn britain from its single irrevocable purpose of de stroying hitler and every vestige of the nazi régime in a speech to the house of commons on ee eeeee a june 23 british foreign secretary eden declared that britain would help russia fight germany to the finish what is most significant he stated appar ently with the consent of both moscow and the po lish government in exile that britain’s pledge to restore poland remained unaffected soviet assets and liabilities only time can answer the question whether russia can meet the supreme test imposed by the german invasion so far as military training and industrial resources are concerned the soviet union must be regarded as inferior to germany although the russians were ahead of the germans in experimenting with modern devices like parachutists and transport of troops by air the major weaknesses of the soviet union are its transportation system which has proved unequal to the strains of peacetime activi ties and if disrupted by german bombings might in turn throw industrial production out of gear the stubborn opposition of the newly occupied terri tories estonia latvia lithuania and southeastern finland which might welcome liberation from so viet rule even if it comes at the hands of the ger mans and the possibility that civilian morale in general already lowered by frequent purges and continuous economic difficulties might be under mined by initial german victories as well as by german appeals to the aspirations of various na tional groups within the u.s.s.r among these groups the most important are the ukrainians who have long hoped for unification of their people historically divided between russia poland hun gary and rumania some of their leaders are re ported to be aiding the nazis hitler may also be expected to appeal to the religious sentiments of those who have resisted the godless propaganda of the soviet government and to the anti soviet feel ings of white russians although alexander keren page two sky former premier in the provisional governmen of 1917 appealed on juné 22 for unity of all ry sians against hitler the most important asset of the soviet union jp its struggle against germany will not be the decep tralization of its industries many of which haye been erected in the urals and siberia beyond ge man bombing range nor its great expanse of te ritory which can be overcome to some extent by use of german motorized equipment moscow greatest asset is the bitter hostility aroused by the nazis in all occupied countries a hostility that did not exist in 1939 and that may now prove a dap gerous boomerang for hitler and the latent belief among many workers peasants and intellectuals especially in eastern europe and the balkans that communism remains irrevocably opposed to fascism and in the long run will destroy it in europe this belief had been seriously shaken by the soviet ger i man non aggression pact of 1939 but it is signif cant that active resistance to the nazis in occupied countries often comes not from industrial or pro fessional groups some of whom hope to benefit by collaboration with germany but from in dustrial workers and what is known as the man in the street it is to this resistance that foreign commissar molotov in his broadcast of june 22 shrewdly appealed when in contrast to prime min ister churchill he drew a sharp distinction betweea the clique of bloodthirsty fascist rulers on the one hand and german workers peasants and inte lectuals on the other these are the people who are ready to support britain against germany but who might conceivably support russia instead if britain and the united states fail at this crucial turning point to provide them with a vision of the world order the western powers hope to establish as a alternative to nazism vera micheles dean germany seeks security in east for attack on britain in ordering the invasion of the soviet union with all its attendant risks hitler was apparently actu ated by two imperative motives the first was to eliminate the danger once and for all that russia might strike germany in the rear just as the war against britain was entering its decisive phase the second was to assure germany ample resources to for moscow’s opinion of hitler’s new order in europe read russia and the new order in europe by v m dean 25 vol xvi no 19 of foreign policy reports defy britain and the united states in a long wat the first of these motives appears clearly in the statements issued by both the fuehrer and von rib bentrop in august 1939 the nazis submerged thei traditional hostility to bolshevism and concluded non aggression pact with the soviet union only be cause the army insisted that germany could no fight a war on two fronts the nazis made the bes of this situation but apparently remained skeptic regarding the permanent character of the russ german arrangement as signs of russian hos tility multiplied german army leaders also los faith in the agreement with moscow and began realize that the russian threat might prevent thet from conquering the british isles according hitler the army advised him that such large get th second gayda new w found axis britais mans mater sabota endle:s demat de powe positi quere and f partic from rope face imprc for e one fi in pear furni um a defici drast const fuel little forei headqu enterec de overnment vf all rus union jg the decep hich haye yond ger se of ter extent by moscow's ed by the y that did ve a dap ent belief ellectuals kans that 0 fascism rope this oviet ger is signif occupied il or pto to benefit from in the man t foreign june 22 rime min 1 between on the and intel who are but who if britain turning the world ish as al dean in 1g wat rly in the von rib rged thet ncluded 4 1 only be sould not e the best skeptical 1e russe sian hos also los began 0 rent thet yrding arge gtt man forces were needed to protect germany's bor ders against russia that radical conclusion of the war in the west particularly as regards aircraft gould no longer be vouchsafed under these conditions germany could either try to reach a peace settlement or truce with britain in order to obtain a free hand for action against the soviet union or attempt to hold the western front while delivering a smashing blow against russia the berlin government probably did put out peace feelers to britain perhaps through rudolph hess 4s an intermediary but british leaders were categori cal in their resolve to continue fighting to the bitter end the army then reached the conclusion that a two front war was inevitable this time it was willing to take the risk because elimination of the land front in western europe and the balkans enabled germany to concentrate most of its forces in the east the need for more lebensraum the second motive was most clearly expressed by virginio gayda the fascist spokesman who declared that the new war was designed to secure a broader economic foundation for the reorganization of europe under axis auspices and to prevent the united states and britain from starving out the continent the ger mans admitted that the russians had delivered raw materials and foodstuffs but accused moscow of sabotaging full economic cooperation by permitting endless delays and making impossible or difficult demands for counter deliveries despite a series of military victories the axis powers have been unable to improve their economic position virtually all the countries they have con quered or controlled are deficient in raw materials and foodstuffs the western european nations in particular have always depended heavily on imports from overseas although the food situation in eu tope is by no means desperate the german people face the prospect of a deterioration rather than an improvement in supplies during the month of june for example german meat rations had been cut by one fifth in the long run the supply of raw materials ap pear even more critical the european continent can furnish enough iron ore coal aluminum magnesi um and nitrates for the nazi war machine but it is deficient in almost everything else in spite of the drastic curtailment in all absolutely non essential consumption europe produces barely enough motor fuel and insufficient lubricants it has no cotton and little wool the supply of such important non fer page three f.p.a radio schedule subject the u.s and the soviet german war speaker william t stone date june 29 time 2 15 p.m e.d.s.t station nbc blue network rous metals as copper lead and even zinc is in adequate germany has had to rely on russia for sufficient quantities of manganese which is an es sential purifying and alloying agent in steel making moreover the european continent produces no tin and only small amounts of steel alloying metals such as nickel tungsten molybdenum vanadium etc which are vital in the manufacture of machine tools ordnance and ammunition germany had pro vided for these deficiencies to an amazing extent by accumulating stock piles before the war by care ful rationing and conservation and by developing substitutes yet its capacity in this respect is limited after conquering western europe it could not fully utilize the additional manufacturing facilities thus acquired simply because not enough raw materials were available while the united states was plac ing more and more of its rich resources at the dis posal of britain nazi germany saw little prospect of increasing its own economic strength sufficiently to offset this assistance access to russia’s wealth although the nazis had succeeded in imposing a counterblockade on the british isles they had failed to break the british blockade of the continent the germans were therefore compelled to seek some way out of their european prison and obtain access to addi tional raw materials and foodstuffs neither africa nor the near and middle east contain much natural wealth the u.s.s.r however is a rich reservoir of grain and minerals in control of the ukraine the caucasus and the urals the nazis would no longer be at the mercy of the kremlin for deliveries of oil manganese phosphates grain and other vital products almost five years ago on september 12 1936 adolf hitler frankly declared if the urals with their immeasurable treasure of raw materials siberia with its rich forests and the ukraine with its limitless grain fields were to lie in germany this country under national socialist leadership would swim in plenty the nazi legions have now set out to prove this contention their success or failure may determine the outcome of the war john c dewilde foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 36 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 ris june 27 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lrgt secretary vera micheles dean editor 1921 at the post office at new york n y produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor association incorporated national under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter yo ys 2 washington bureau national press building june 23 as washington recovered from the initial surprise of hitler's offensive against the so viet union administration leaders faced the task of charting american policy in a situation which had changed profoundly almost overnight foremost among the new and perplexing problems thrust upon the government were three major questions 1 should the united states follow the lead of prime minister winston churchill who pledged great britain to give all possible aid to russia and every nation which resists nazi aggression if so should the administra tion extend material assistance to russia under the pro visions of the lease lend act 2 should the united states intensify its aid to brit ain throwing its full weight into the balance in the west while hitler is occupied in the east or should it hold aloof and await developments before undertaking new commitments 3 asa result of the german russian conflict what policy should the united states adopt in the far east can we hope to detach the axis partner in asia by con ciliating tokyo or must we take a firm stand in the pacific as well as the atlantic fundamental objectives if washing ton’s first answer to these questions seemed any less certain than london’s emphatic response to the german drive in the east it was not because the president and his advisers were in doubt about the fundamental objectives of american policy the ob jectives are clear they have been laid down by the executive branch of the government in president roosevelt's broadcast of may 27 and underlined more sharply in the special message to congress on june 20 in which the president accused the german government of seeking to intimidate the united states and drive its commerce from the seas as part of the nazi scheme for world conquest implicit in these official statements as in every diplomatic and military move of the government during the past three weeks was the basic assumption that nazi germany represents the chief threat to the security of the united states and the western hemisphere neither this assumption nor the broad objectives which stem from it have been altered by the sensa tional turn of events on the contrary the nazi of fensive has strengthened the conviction that hitler is the real enemy whose defeat is essential thus in measuring the effect of hitler’s colossal gamble washington officials see the military campaign in russia as an unexpected opportunity for britain to strike with telling effect in the west the diversion may be long or short according to the stren the soviet army but at this moment it undoubteg exposes germany to the threat of a two front w and to that extent fortifies britain’s position the attitude of the washington government wa set forth on june 23 by sumner welles acting secretary of state in a statement which again de fined the paramount issue in terms essentially similar to those used by prime minister churchill the day a before speaking for the president mr welles cop demned both communism and nazism as intoler able to the people of the united states but de clared that the issue for this country at this time gn is whether the plan for universal conquest is p be successfully halted and defeated mr welles 0petu disclosed no immediate moves but within the larger alt to framework of the administration’s fundamental ob the jectives his statement provided a fairly complete an lian swer to the three specific questions russia if hitler is the chief danger then all other cop siderations must be subordinated to the primary ob opt jective and if the primary objective of american spe policy is to enable britain to take advantage of ger whelm many’s occupation in the east then it is no longer ip the possible for the united states to hold aloof and ais await developments to do nothing in this greatest ted crisis of the war would underwrite hitler’s gamble while and prove his contention that the democracies are h p incapable of understanding their own peril strategic ceeded considerations alone dictate that the united states 08 intensify its aid to britain as the first and most im 88 portant move with the transfer of heavy bombers mt and naval support in the atlantic at the top of the the w priority list long r from this premise it follows that the question of muniq lend lease aid to russia must be secondary this jal st does not however prevent the extension of material kussis assistance to the soviet union as long as it resists 1 germany it would be possible to issue a general ecom license for the release of frozen soviet funds in the ty a united states and to permit machine tool shipments ap which have been held up in recent months vide japan presents a more difficult problem but one tally which is not insoluble outright appeasement would ptisin be unlikely to change japan’s designs in southeast direct ern asia but tokyo is obviously concerned by the mosc actions of its partner in europe and will tread cau woulc tiously pending further developments in this situa which tion it is the course of wisdom for the united states libera to avoid provoking japan while keeping it in sus land pense w.t stone 7 mant +entered as 2nd class matter e of 40.05 7 pen ich fan te san library was an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association ting foreign policy association incorporated de 22 east 38th street new york n y uilar day vou xx no 37 juty 4 1941 con ler world alignments reshuffled by war in east ie ee ung reports from berlin and moscow regarding the course of soviet german military operations at the end of the first week made it difh rger alt to appraise the possible outcome of the struggle ob 00 the eastern front although it is significant that the ltalian press on june 29 warned that war with russia might prove long the german military com con muniqués departing from the strictly factual tone ob adopted in the case of previous blitzkriegs claimed ican spectacular successes over the russians and over jer whelming destruction of russian material playing ager up the propaganda angle of the world crusade and against communism as the soviet german war en test jtered its second week however it appeared that able while german mechanized units had driven beyond are the pre 1939 russian frontier they had not suc egic ceeded in breaking soviet resistance or in disorgan ates zing the main russian armies which in turn were im engaging the nazi panzer divisions in a war of move ment such as the french had failed to develop on the he western front even more important in their ling range implications than the general staff com of muniqués were the profound shifts in the ideologi his l struggle precipitated by the nazi invasion of ial russia iss 1 effect on european countries it eral becomes increasingly clear that aside from the mili the tury and economic advantages hitler might hope to ents ttap from invasion of russia he also hoped to di vide anti nazi forces in countries actively or poten one tially opposed to germany there is nothing sur uld ptising in the fact that countries which had been ast directly invaded by russia no matter how justified the moscow’s claims that it was doing so in self defense au would welcome an attack on the soviet union ua which promised them if not independence at least ites fliberation from soviet rule this is the case of po us land finland latvia lithuania estonia and ru mania other countries which for historic or re an ligious reasons had feared either russia of communism or both could also be expected to sym pathize with hitler's renewed crusade against communism notably hungary slovakia and spain moreover elements in every country which have re garded communism as far more dangerous than nazism would overtly or covertly support hitler's return to the anti communist and anti russian theses of mein kampf this is true for example of the vichy government paradoxical as it may seem the most powerful effect of hitler’s crusade has been felt not in the occupied countries of europe which have experi enced nazi rule or in britain whose people believe they are fighting for their existence against nazi germany but in countries as yet untouched directly by the war notably the united states and latin america in the united states whose increasing aid to britain the nazis hope to check before it turns the scales against them the soviet german war has aroused the most contradictory emotions while pope pius xii contrary to expectations made no anti communist pronouncement in his address of june 29 many catholics as well as non catholics have been disturbed by the thought that united states opposition to germany might assume the form of collaboration with communism on the whole however the american public has been unwilling to limit the program of aid to britain in order to give extensive aid to the u.s.s.r 2 effect on the soviet union if the soviet german war is bound to reshuffle alignments throughout the world deepening the international civil war by which both nazis and communists have benefited it will also not fail to affect the political situation in the soviet union whatever may be the outcome of military operations the soviet system has now been subjected to those strains and stresses which the moscow leaders had feared might jeopar de dize it it was this fear above all which dictated the kremlin’s advocacy of peace and collective se curity in the hope that given a respite from foreign struggle russia might build socialism within its boundaries and then promote it abroad while civilian morale in the soviet union has un doubtedly been shaken by continued purges and ma terial deprivations it must be borne in mind that war against germany is far more understandable and popular for the average soviet citizen than was the soviet german rapprochement of 1939 the emphasis on national patriotism the exaltation of the russian fatherland and the praise of historical figures like peter the great which have character ized moscow’s appeals in recent years may now bear fruit as the russians are invited not to attack other people which they did without enthusiasm in fin land but to defend their own territory at the same time it is not impossible that a series of mili tary defeats would either force transfer of power to military commanders or even provoke a sort of palace revolution on the part of such dissident ele ments as may have survived successive purges con versely soviet military successes would redound in popular opinion both within and without the u.s.s.r to the credit not only of russia but of communism meanwhile the necessity of cooperat ing with britain and ultimately perhaps of obtaining aid from the united states will necessarily bring russia closer to the western powers than it has been since 1917 and these contacts in turn might operate to alter the character of moscow’s policy in this connection the kremlin could do nothing more effective to win the sympathy of the western world than to proclaim its intention at the end of the war to restore the territories it seized in 1939 40 subject to the final settlement of their status at a peace conference 3 effect on germany but neither will the soviet german war leave the reich unaffected perhaps the most striking feature of the hitler and von ribbentrop statements of june 22 was that they what progress are we making in our attempt to achieve economic unity and political cooperation in the western hemisphere read export import bank loans to latin america 25 june 15 issue of foreign policy reports page two dispelled the legend fostered by nazi military yj tories that germany itself is invulnerable and fr from anxiety on the contrary these statements veal profound preoccupation on the part of ny leaders with the manifold problems created by 4 conclusion of friendship and non aggression pag with the soviet union the necessity in spite of thes pacts of maintaining large german land and j forces on the eastern front and the consequent dif culty of reaching a radical solution of the war o the western front on the basis of available dog ments it would appear that hitler who throughoy his career has been unalterably opposed to com munism allowed himself to be persuaded sometiny in may 1939 by von ribbentrop and the germs high command that a soviet german non ageres sion pact would relieve germany of the threat oj war in the east in case britain should fight the reid over poland an eventuality until then dismissed ly von ribbentrop who had thought britain would nl fight under any circumstances the failure of the soviet german rapprochemen to free germany for an attack on britain representei a setback for the von ribbentrop policy and clearei the ground for return to hitler’s original anti russian and anti communist course this shift wa apparently effected only after a struggle within th party and judging by hitler’s statement of june 22 on the direct advice of the german high command equally interesting is the fact that if the hitler an von ribbentrop statements are to be taken at fac value they reveal considerable and apparently suc cessful propaganda on the part of communists with in germany even if the nazis should achieve mili tary successes in the soviet union they may not fini it possible to stamp out all opposition elements both within germany and occupied countries above all military successes would only mark the opening chapter in the difficult and time consuming task o winning active russian collaboration in the devel opment of the economic resources of the ussr without which in case of a long war german cor trolled europe would suffer serious shortages of foo and lubricants vera micheles dean the soong sisters by emily hahn new york doubledal doran 1941 3.00 4 well written biography of the three famous sisters the soong family better known as madame h h kung madame sun yat sen and madame chiang kai shek a though sufficiently reserved to be placed in the authorize class it outlines in broad strokes a half century of chiné modern development in which the soong dynasty ha played an increasingly dominant rdle foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 37 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y jury 4 ee 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheles dean eéiif entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year nations under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year th the s prise in th foun lic pe they pecul fact this 1 the it euro prop tives or situa to th ing russ thro pape matt urus forty listrr sista polic latii and ful o icy inte poli spec the la hav spec rept to dre offs roc rar for ope aff trends in latin america ete les by john i b mcculloch b the outbreak of war between nazi germany and within the past fortnight however the uru 7 the soviet union has occasioned much the same sur guayan government has come forward with a sug ai prise and confusion of thought in latin america as gestion which if accepted by all would funda jig in the united states and may have even more pro mentally modify the neutrality position of the t or found repercussions for the predominantly catho american republics in 1917 several months after oc lic population of latin america the nazi claim that the united states declared war on germany uru how they are waging a crusade on communism has a guay announced that it would not regard as a bel om peculiarly strong superficial attraction moreover the ligerent any american power which took up arms tim fact that spain has indicated an unusual interest in against a non american state in other words uru mar this new phase of the war and has even expressed guay’s port facilities would be available to such an gres the intention of sending a token army to the eastern american power on full peacetime terms in late t off european battlefields foreshadows a redoubling of june uruguayan foreign minister alberto guani eich propaganda activities by latin american representa officially proposed to the other american nations that dy tives of the spanish falange such an attitude be generally adopted by republics 1nd on the other hand the new turn in the europea of this hemisphere at present replies to this situation has brought latin american communists gestion are being received and studied in montevideo ment to the tardy support of the anti axis cause follow new meeting of foreign ministers ntel ing the german invasion of territory held by the are russians chilean communists staged a parade ant through the streets of santiago while the news wa paper sig o urged immediate establishment of diplo n th matic relations with moscow in both mexico and opinion throughout the western hemisphere ap pears divided on the question whether a new con ference of the foreign ministers of the american republics should be held at this time two such meetings have taken place since the outbreak of the hem a 21 uruguay similar demands were made and in the present war one at panama city in september hand former country communist writers proposed the en october 1939 and a second at havana cuba in r and listment of a volunteer corps to be sent to the as july 1940 before adjourning at havana last sum fact sistance of the red armies the shift in communist mer delegates decided that the next conference al ned te be most sigamtent of cones i ines should be held in rio de janeiro but specified no a ls erican countries notably chile mexico exact date for this gathering mil and cuba where the party has been most success si aoe t fin politically at a joint press conference in rio on june 5 the both brazilian chancellor oswaldo aranha and the new e all opinion divided on neutrality pol argentine foreign minister enrique ruiz guifiazi enin icy latin americans have followed with intense were reported to have urged the convocation of such sk of interest the rapid evolution of united states foreign a conference at an early date on the following day devel policy in recent weeks the unlimited emergency however secretary hull stated that the united states 3sr speech of president roosevelt was well received on was not prepared to endorse such a suggestion out n cor the whole although the influential argentine paper right and hinted that the opportune moment for a font la prensa expressed regret that the president should further conference had not yet arrived apparently san have chosen to convey the impression that he was washington is reluctant to commit itself to a new speaking in the name of all twenty one american meeting of the foreign ministers while the general ibledai republics the titular president of argentina rober international situation remains highly uncertain and to ortiz was quoted as giving the roosevelt ad changeable al dress high praise the effect of this was more than ek aj offset however when on the day following the f.p.a radio schedule a roosevelt talk the vice president of argentina subject japan and the soviet yh ramén castillo who has been in control of affairs 4 german war for the past year during the serious illness of ortiz ag ted aa j opened the argentine congress with a blunt re time 2 15 p.m e.d.s.t affirmation of argentine neutrality station nbc blue network for more extensive coverage on latin american affairs read pan american news a bi weekly newsletter edited by mr mcculloch for sample copy of this publication write to the washington bureau foreign policy association 1200 national press building washington d.c washin gton news l ettec cities washington bureau national press building june 30 as the german soviet war entered its second week washington turned to the task of im plementing its announced policy of extending all out aid to the opponents of nazi aggression on june 24 president roosevelt ordered the treasury to re lease 40,000,000 of soviet credits which had been frozen earlier this month in the general ruling affect ing germany italy and other european countries held to be subject to axis influence on june 25 the white house authorized a further announcement that the neutrality act would not be invoked in the latest conflict thus opening the way for shipment of supplies to the u.s.s.r britain gets priority over russia despite this prospect of material support to russia it is apparent to washington observers that britain will continue to have first lien on virtually all ex portable american war supplies many factors rang ing from military and economic strategy to domestic political considerations combine to emphasize the priority of britain and the secondary position of the soviet union in the administration’s plans for meet ing the new international situation chief among the military considerations which dic tate a speed up of aid to britain is the strategic importance of british operations against germany in the west and the remoteness of the vast theater of war in the east russia and the united states have a common frontier in the bering sea but in terms of american strategy our most vital area remains the atlantic and the sea and air approaches to the western hemisphere the nazi campaign in russia has not materially affected the war at sea nor re moved the danger of a future assault on the british isles although it has offered britain an immediate breathing spell far from relaxing american efforts therefore military strategists are urging the admin istration to intensify its assistance to britain now when naval and air support will enable the british to take full advantage of their opportunity to strike effective blows in the west even though it may not be possible for the british to launch a decisive counter offensive at once american support in the form of bombers and an extended naval patrol would strengthen britain’s position and our own outposts in the atlantic other practical considerations tend to limit the immediate aid which the united states could give the soviet union the bulk of our airplane and muni tions production is already assigned to great britaj and the u.s armed forces while serious bottlen are retarding deliveries the shipping shortage j still acute despite the efforts of the maritime com mission to mobilize 2,000,000 tons of merchant ves sels and tankers to offset the heavy losses in the atlantic and new tonnage from the emergen building program will not be available before the end of this year almost the only route by which american shipments can be transported is by way of the pacific to the russian port of vladivostok nevertheless it is possible that the soviet govern ment has sufficient shipping to transport supplies from the united states if they can be made avail able at present about 11 soviet freighters are in various american ports and others might be trans ferred from other routes while constantine ouman sky soviec ambassador in washington has not yet presented a full list of russia’s requirements the most important items requested in the past have been machine tools industrial equipment oil well ma chinery and marine pumps and equipment for naval vessels approximately 1,700,000 worth of ma chinery for the u.s.s.r is said to be in american warehouses where it has been held up awaiting ex port licenses more difficult than these military and economic factors however are the political complications which face the administration in implementing its positive policy the outcry in congress against mak ing common cause with russia has not been as loud as might have been expected but the mixed emotions of the american people have found a reflection in congressional opinion most of the president's sup porters accept his contention that hitler is the chief threat to the security of the united states and con sequently endorse the administration program of full aid to all opponents of the nazi war machine nevertheless even among the followers of the presi dent there are some who are deeply disturbed by the alignment of communist russia with the democra cies and confused by hitler's crusade against bolshevism with these middle of the road elements including many republicans statements like that of former president herbert hoover on june 29 com demning stalinist russia and urging the united states to stand idly by can only have the effect of encour aging opposition to any decisive action by the goveri ment this is the great danger for the perils of inaction have now become more ominous than the risks of action w t stone vou x a create yasior japan it was no lo ready cope diffict eve and espec condi viet grow flecte viet consi tinue king subm arm powe front armi t polit a di has an tok the bety sepa offic em mee con +govern supplies de avail s are in be trans ouman not yet ents the ave been vell ma or naval of ma merican iting ex conomic slications nting its mst mak 1 as loud emotions ection in nt’s sup the chief and con gram of machine he presi d by the jemocra against lements that of 29 con ed states encour govern serils of than the ytone entered as 2nd class matter a an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xx no 38 july 11 1941 tokyo weighs course in german soviet war as the war in china enters its fifth year tokyo is confronted with a new series of problems geated by the german soviet clash the nazi in vasion of the soviet union has automatically cut japan's trade connections with germany from which it was receiving machinery and technical equipment no longer available in other markets japan’s al ready overstrained economy must be readjusted to cope with this additional and obviously unexpected difficulty even more disturbing to tokyo are the political and strategic implications of the soviet german war especially if hostilities are protracted under such conditions british and american ties with the so viet union both military and economic will tend to grow closer a result which will necessarily be re fected in the far eastern situation in the past so viet munitions have been supplied to china in considerable amounts and these supplies will con tinue to be sent according to reports from chung king in the new situation soviet bombers and wbmarines at vladivostok aud the soviet far eastern army as well as anglo american naval and air power become potential elements of a far eastern front against japan that already includes the chinese armies tokyo seeks a policy prospects of this political realignment in the far east have created a difficult problem for japanese diplomacy which has tended thus far to move with extreme caution an extraordinary series of meetings was held at tokyo in the ten day period from june 22 to july 2 they included no less than five liaison conferences between cabinet members and the high command separate conferences of army navy and government oficials and a number of personal reports to the emperor by the highest officials these preliminary meetings were climaxed on july 2 by an imperial conference the fourth since the china war broke out in 1937 and the eighth in japanese history in the noncommittal announcement which followed it was said that the imperial conference had reached decisions on important national policies to meet the current situation domez the japanese news agency stated that these decisions were expected to be gradually translated into action the cautious word ing of these statements would seem to indicate that tokyo plans no immediate action of a decisive na ture but intends to guide its policy by the progress of events japan’s neutrality pact with the uss.r and the clear proof that germany was the aggressor enables it to hold its hand for the time being at least without thereby infringing its alliance with the axis powers the fact that the triple alliance is still being main tained however was made apparent on july 1 when germany and italy extended formal diplomatic rec ognition to wang ching wei’s puppet régime at nanking similar action was taken by the axis satel lites in europe including rumania hungary and spain two different interpretations of this move are possible if it was merely an axis concession to hold japan in line it may indicate that the triple alliance has run into difficulties on the other hand it may involve a secret arrangement by which japan at some opportune moment will render direct assistance to the axis in this case additional japanese pres sure against the anglo american positions in south east asia might logically be expected germany has consistently sought to use japan as a means of di verting anglo american forces to the pacific al though it might press japan to move into siberia if the nazi drive into soviet territory bogs down several reports suggest that japan is preparing to extend its influence in indo china and thailand but no definite action along these lines has yet occurred on july 3 the japanese government requisitioned two of its vessels engaged in carrying chrome ore cocoanut oil hemp and other philippine products to the united states one vessel already at kobe was ordered to unload at the risk and expense of the owners of the cargo while the second will prob ably discharge its cargo at manila at his press con ference on the same day acting secretary of state sumner welles declared that japan was within its rights in requisitioning the ships and that the united states had previously taken similar action with re gard to american vessels the current shortage of japanese shipping is probably sufficient explanation of this action although it may have constituted a reprisal for restrictions placed on the export of cer tain philippine products to japan tokyo has also curtailed sailings on one of its shipping lines to new york but no general recall order has been issued reactions in washington in dealing with the new conditions in the far east presented by the german soviet war washington has adopted the same attitude of restraint displayed by japan re ferring to the imperial conference acting secretary of state sumner welles declared on july 3 that the united states naturally hopes that japan’s new for eign policy will be of such a character as to make for maintenance of peace in the pacific area an issue of some difficulty may develop over the shipment of american supplies to the soviet union by way of vladivostok the president’s decision on june 25 british improve positions as nazis drive east throwing the full weight of its armed forces against the red army the german high command has continued to exploit successfully the initial ad vantage of its attack on the u.s.s.r by pushing well beyond the pre 1939 boundaries of russia from the gulf of finland to northern rumania nazi strategists apparently hope to smash the soviet po litical structure by inflicting crushing defeats on the red troops and by capturing moscow the nerve center of the union thereby they would gain con trol of the resources and industries of russia before the defenders can effectively carry out the scorched earth policy enunciated by premier joseph stalin in his radio address of july 3 out of the welter of conflicting claims on the progress of the opposing armies only a few reports appear well founded the main german drive is not for a survey of the u.s power industry and trans portation system read defense economy of the uss transportation and power by john c dewilde 25 july 1 issue of foreign policy reports page two 2 not to invoke the neutrality act in the sovietge man conflict opened the way to such shipments on july 4 tokyo’s cabinet spokesman declared in ap swer to a german correspondent’s question thy the japanese government was considering the sibility of expanding japan’s territorial waters hy yond the limits of the three mile zone a moy which would block the routes of access to vladj vostok the cabinet spokesman’s statement was evidently a trial balloon designed to test soviet and american reactions unless japan should undertake further aggressive action there would seem to be small likelihood of a drastic change in the far eastern situation durig the immediate future both the united states an the soviet union have every incentive to prevent the development of critical issues in their relations with japan at this time the u.s.s.r will not be likely to afford japan any pretext for disavowing the soviet japanese neutrality pact tokyo on the othe hand cannot be unaware that under present circum stances closer anglo american soviet collaboration in the far east which it most fears will probably be stimulated by aggressive moves on its part it remains to be seen whether german pressure or japan’s willing collaboration with the axis will lead tokyo to take irrevocable steps t a bisson toward the ukraine as expected but from eas prussia and poland toward moscow mechanized nazi units have overrun most of white russia and have penetrated as far as the stalin line 100 miles behind the border where most of the russian de fense forces are still intact the issue of this battle one of the most significant in history is still in doubt concentration of the german war effort on the eastern front has not only given the british and al lied armies a welcome respite but has enabled them to launch a major air offensive over western europe with several hundred planes participating in single raids and with flights by day as well as night often unopposed by the luftwaffe the r.a.f has appar ently inflicted heavy damage on important industrial objectives well within the boundaries of the old reich as well as the invasion ports on the channel coast and airfields in occupied france meanwhile the allied forces in the middle eas are rapidly bringing to a close two campaigns 0 secondary importance and preparing to meet tht new threat introduced by the german drive inti russia progress of british and free french units 0 the syrian front has been slow apparently becaus comparatively small forces were employed and be cause much reliance was placed on persuasion 4s methc soldie the a from palest vichy fused turke transi he mt stren mean ened and t ranea britis asar noun archi as cc ment of th in the britis shore th been of th one defer victo drive ing f nazi almo fore india forei headqu entered oviet ger ments qp ed in ap tion that 3 the pos waters be a move to vlad ment was soviet and ag gressive lihood of ion during states and revent the tions with t be likely wing the the other mt circum laboration probably ts part it essure of will lead bisson from east echanized russia and 100 miles ussian de his battle 1 in doubt rt on the sh and al bled them rn europe x in single ht often has appat industrial f the old e channel iddle east ypaigns of meet the drive inte h units of ly becaust d and be asion as 4 method of winning over the french and native soldiers since the opening of hostilities on june 8 the allies have advanced through the syrian desert from iraq and moved slowly up the coast from palestine general henri dentz commanding the vichy army was reported on july 4 to have re fysed an armistice but unless aid reaches him via turkey whose leaders have refused to permit the transit of french troops or the sale of war matériel he must soon capitulate the surrender on july 4 of the remaining italian detachments in the galla sidamo province of ethi opia leaves at large only a few thousand troops of the 250,000 who garrisoned italian east africa when the british began their offensive in december 1940 when the remaining centers of italian resistance in the wild country north of lake tana in ethiopia and southwest of assab in eritrea are reduced the allied troops in east africa will move northward to rein force the army of the nile the steady flow of american matériel to egypt now estimated at almost a shipload daily matched by the arrival of troop reinforcements from british dominions and colonies east of suez ought to strengthen the allied forces in north africa in the meantime the axis army in libya has been weak ened by the withdrawal of almost all german planes and by the sinking of supply ships in the mediter ranean by british naval and air action further british moves in the middle east may be expected asa result of far reaching organizational changes an nounced on july 1 the replacement of general sir archibald wavell by general sir claude auchinleck as commander in the middle east and the assign ment of captain oliver lyttleton formerly president of the board of trade to handle political questions in the middle east as a direct representative of the british cabinet portends increased activity on the shores of the eastern mediterranean the transfer of wavell from cairo to delhi has been interpreted in some london circles as indicative of the desire of the british government to entrust to one of its foremost generals the preparation of the defense of india this explanation presumes the victory of hitler over the russians followed by a drive across turkestan or the mountain range stretch ing from the himalayas to the caucasus while the nazis have demonstrated their ability to perform almost impossible feats some time must elapse be fore they can expect to appear on the borders of india page three f.p.a radio schedule subject u.s occupation of iceland speaker a randle elliott date sunday july 13 time 2 15 p.m e.d.s.t station nbc blue network a second group of observers regards wavell’s shift as an expression by the british cabinet of its dissatisfaction with the conduct of the campaigns in greece crete and libya and possibly of disagree ment between churchill and wavell over future movements in the middle east the division of wavell’s powers between a new commanding officer and a representative of the london cabinet may in dicate the prime minister's intention to maintain closer control over the situation if the british are to seize the initiative again in the mediterranean theater they must strike soon pos sibly clearing the axis forces out of libya or ob taining strategic positions in turkey from which to threaten germany’s flank louts e frechtling union policies and industrial management by sumner h slichter washington the brookings institution 1941 3.50 in this exhaustive survey of the system of industrial jurisprudence which has grown up as a result of collective bargaining professor slichter points ou both its construc tive accomplishments and its deficiencies parts of the book are particularly relevant to a consideration of the labor aspects of national defense chemistry in warfare by f a and m s hessel and w martin new york hastings house 1940 2.00 a good book written in terms intelligible to the layman from marx to stalin by j e rossignol new york crowell 1940 3.00 the author subjects the marxist theories to a searching criticism australia and the united states by fred alexander bos ton world peace foundation 1941 cloth 50 cents paper 25 cents canada and the united states by f r scott boston world peace foundation 1941 cloth 50 cents paper 25 cents two very useful pamphlets in a new series entitled america looks ahead and edited by s shepard jones in clear direct style they outline recent developments and future problems in the increasingly close relationship be tween the united states and british commonwealth coun tries the conditions of economic progress by colin clark new york macmillan 1940 5.00 professor clark a pioneer in the study of national in comes draws up an international comparison of real in comes and makes a penetrating analysis of all the factors bearing on economic progress foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 38 jury 11 1941 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 beis j published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheles dgan editor 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year national produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building juty 7 with the occupation of iceland by united states bluejackets and marines announced by president roosevelt on july 7 as a step to protect the strategic outposts of the western hemisphere the status of the armed forces and the progress of the national defense program became a matter of pri mary concern in washington last week even be fore the president’s move was made public defense officials were scanning a series of official reports and taking stock of the defense program after a year of intensive preparation and expansion defense balance sheet for 1941 the most encouraging report came from the treasury which showed an impressive increase in federal ex penditures for the fiscal year ending june 30 with ap proximately half of the total outlay of 12,712,000 000 going to national defense direct military ex penditures rose from 1,559,000,000 in 1940 to 6,048,000,000 in 1941 covering actual outlays for the army and navy emergency ship construction defense housing selective service and special funds allocated to the president as well as the cost of deliveries under the lease lend act as reported by the treasury however these outlays did not include indirect defense spending by various civil depart ments or disbursements by the rfc and other lend ing agencies outside of the regular budget equally impressive was the sharp rise in the monthly rate of defense spending which rose from 150,000,000 in may 1940 to 473,578,000 in de cember and 836,606,000 in may of this year the current rate cf spending is well over 10 billion dol lars a year which exceeds the rate of defense expen diture in 1918 on the credit side of the ledger the army can point to the orderly induction of 594,000 selective service trainees which with the regular army and the national guard now comprise an organized force of 1,441,500 officers and men in active service overseas garrisons in the philippines the canal zone and outlying possessions have been doubled in less than a year to form the largest peacetime es tablishment ever maintained by the united states the navy with more than a hundred new combat vessels under construction is considerably ahead of schedule on its huge two ocean program and the fleet in being is at full fighting strength as a whole the armed services are undoubtedly in a more advanced state of preparation than when the united states entered the worid war in 1917 on the other hand some of the shortcomings the armed forces are frankly acknowledged by eral marshall the chief of staff in a semi annyjl report to the secretary of war made public op july 3 general marshall points out that in order to build up units of the new army the war depart ment has had to fill out regular army and national guard divisions with large numbers of trainees and raw recruits in many units the proportion of traineg is so large that to withdraw them at the end of their year’s service would leave only a skeleton force to meet this situation general marshall urgently recommended that congress modify existing laws so as to permit extension of the period of service for trainees and guardsmen beyond one year and te move restrictions on service outside this hemisphere equally serious shortcomings are revealed in the latest reports on industrial production procurement of strategic materials and the delivery of modem equipment for the u.s army and navy and for great britain official releases from opm acknowl edge a continuing shortage of raw materials and machine tools which is reflected most sharply in the lagging rate of aircraft and ordnance production while american aircraft factories turned out 1,40 military planes in april it now seems unlikely that this figure will be greatly exceeded during the critical summer months shortages of modern ordnance equipment are particularly acute and production of 37 mm anti aircraft guns 105 mm howitzers and heavy machine guns is not yet up to schedule that these deficiencies are due only in part t shortages of essential materials is indicated in 4 voluminous report compiled by the house military affairs committee and made public on june 28 the report which was approved by a 16 to 9 vote of the committee membership presents a critical analysis of the entire defense effort and seeks to find com structive remedies for what it terms the failures of the program by far the most serious criticism 8 the lack of adequate planning and the failure to provide for effective administration in particular the committee cites the failure to entrust to a ft sponsible head the full authority to carry out the will of congress and the country most washington ob servers agree with the committee that delays and bottlenecks will not be removed until steps are taken to provide some kind of master planning board under a responsible coordinator with power to act w t stone vo x provid in this missar staffor they port 0 germa nor co by mu giv churcl labora nated intend the t avoid states germz pos how tl on the first o rom famili the n soviet ania germ three kiev this in a pos soviet polan as the line ree +art nal and nees of urce ntly aws for te ere the nent dern for owl y in tion 400 that tical ance n of and rt to in a itaty f the ysis co ires m is re to ular a fe will 1 ob and aken oard act ne dr william bishop entered as 2nd class matter university of michigan library wa ann arhor wich og foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y yo xx no 89 july 18 1941 britain and soviet union pledge mutual aid yt the signing of a mutual assistance treaty on july 12 great britain and the soviet union provided a legal basis for their military cooperation in this treaty signed in moscow by foreign com missat molotoff and the british ambassador sir stafford cripps the two governments promised that would render each other assistance and sup port of all kinds in the present war against hitlerite germany and that they would neither negotiate nor conclude an armistice or treaty of peace except by mutual agreement giving substance to the pledges of prime minister churchill and foreign secretary eden for full col laboration with the soviet union the pact was desig mated a formal alliance on july 15 it was obviously intended not only to guarantee the continuance of the two front war which hitler had sought to avoid but also to counter any tendency in the united states and other countries to distinguish between germany’s opponents on an ideological basis position of the u.s.s.r it is difficult to see how this new accord can have any immediate effect o the conflict now raging in the east in germany's frst offensive along the 2,000 mile front extending fom june 22 to july 7 and starting with the now familiar assault by airplanes and mechanized units the nazi forces succeeded in overrunning most of the soviet occupied buffer zones estonia latvia lithu aia eastern poland and bessarabia while the getmans sought to smash their way quickly into the three largest russian cities leningrad moscow and kiev the red army’s chief task was to withstand this initial onslaught and to inflict as heavy damage 4s possible on the advancing panzer divisions large soviet forces apparently placed too far west in poland were destroyed in the bialystok minsk sector a the nazis pushed toward the so called stalin line the fortifications in depth that extend in varying degrees of strength through european russia the second german offensive which began about july 12 after several days of reorganization was de signed to destroy the main soviet armies and to con quer the vital cities and industrial areas of western russia although little accurate information was available amidst the conflicting claims of the two combatants the scope of this battle was indicated on july 13 when moscow admitted the loss of 253 000 men 2,200 tanks and 1,900 planes the ability of the soviet union to hold out until autumn when unfavorable weather and the strain of over extended lines might effectively check hit ler’s eastward drive depends on a number of un certain factors the quantity and quality of the red army’s men and matériel the efficiency of soviet industry and transport and the availability of aid from britain and the united states some of the questions about the strength of the soviet union's land and air forces may be answered within the next few weeks many military observers believed that the historic lack of maneuverability in russia’s armies might prove a grave defect against the unprecedented striking power of germany the soviet union not only has great reserves of man power which per mitted imperial russia to continue fighting for three years despite almost 3,500,000 casualties but also far better equipment than in the world war if the russian forces can remain intact during the present critical period and inflict sufficiently heavy damage on the german army this campaign may prove to be the turning point of the war despite the vast resources of the soviet union many weaknesses are generally believed to exist in the heavy industries and railways and the country’s economy is probably not as completely geared for war as that of nazi germany it is difficult to pre dict whether the soviet armies if driven east of moscow could be sustained by the new factories in page two the ural region or whether the stalin government had presented any new requests for supplies tray on fre could survive the administrative breakdown and loss port difficulties also will impede whatever materigl on the of prestige that would follow such a setback by is made available from these two countries since th moroc pursuing the scorched earth policy and by resort baltic and black sea are closed to commerce api yaluab ing to guerrilla warfare as ordered by premier stalin exports to vladivostok require transshipment oye reas on july 3 the retreating russians could deprive ger the trans siberian railway tion of many of most of the economic fruits of victory the most effective military assistance that britaig and a especially in the ukraine the richest of russian can render is the continuation of its large scale aerjg watd provinces the passive resistance of the peasant popu offensive against germany despite the hazards of of pa lation could probably become as effective as in ger daylight raiding and the shortness of summer nights the ft many’s occupation in 1917 18 the r.a.f has incessantly bombed western germany in the aid from britain and america for the and german occupied france for over a month qp leadin immediate future the soviet union can expect little july 14 prime minister churchill claimed that the to material assistance from either great britain or the r.a.f had unloaded in the past few weeks half iatere united states while british industrial production as many bombs as germany had rained on britain sough has increased enormously during the past year it is during the whole war although britain is reported blocks still unable to meet britain’s maximum needs in to have planned occasional sorties on the continent mater airplanes tanks anti aircraft guns and the other like the raid on the lofoten islands last march any nounc weapons that are probably of greatest urgency in full dress invasion of germany as urged on july two the u.s.s.r american production is similarly inade by maxim litvinoff former soviet foreign commis franc quate at present to fulfill any large requests from sar is highly unlikely at this time the british lack placec russia except with regard to certain types of ma both men and equipment to seize and hold a foot stated chine tools which have been refused export licenses hold on the continent it is not impossible however ply b on july 11 the soviet ambassador constantine a that britain may resume operations against libya afric oumansky conferred with president roosevelt and and elsewhere in the mediterranean presu under secretary of state welles but denied that he james frederick green essen british take syria review vichy policy stren the capitulation of the remaining french forces that it removes a principal source of friction be in syria to their allied opponents embodied in an tween the french government and the democracies pp armistice initialled at acre palestine on july 12 relations between london and washington and the should improve the allied position in the middle cabinet at vichy never cordial since marshal pétain aes east both politically and strategically participation assumed power on july 3 1940 rapidly deteriorated depa by free french troops in the successful five week this spring when it was reliably reported that the a campaign and assumption by de gaulle representa germans were obtaining large quantities of sup tives of authority over another french territory will plies from unoccupied france and had persuaded _b add to the prestige of the anti nazi movement else vichy to grant permission for the use of bases in that where in the french empire the allies now have syria recently the announcement that following the be an opportunity in the mandate to frame and imple german attack on russia vichy had broken of ol ment a policy designed to enlist the support of the diplomatic relations with moscow and was tacitly od arab peoples in the war against the axis moreover encouraging the enlistment of frenchmen in hitlers the military occupation of syria adds an important crusade against bolshevism resulted in a further cool on sector in the british defense line from libya to ing of opinion in the democracies toward france a india which may have to meet in the future german nevertheless the british and american govett real onslaughts southward from russia ments are apparently attempting to delay as long ly effect on u.s british policy the wider as possible full cooperation of the pétain govem seen et aie oi for significance of the armistice in syria lies in the fact ment with germany in order to safeguard the ies vital interests over which vichy still exercises hi china’s national front problems some control specifically the state department 10 ri and policies a t a bisson less than the foreign office hopes that france will not collaborate in the german war effort beyond the a 25 g requirements of the franco german armistice off __ the july 15 number of foreign policy reports presents june 22 1940 by sending war materials to the reich ror an analysis of kuomintang communist differences to by allowing the axis to employ bases in unoccu jed head gether with a survey of the five major issues which require y poy 2 p enter adjustment a map of the war fronts in north china is france or by turning over the remainder of the incinded french fleet to hitler even greater interest centets etial s of ght any the half itain rrted rent any ly 8 mis lack foot ever sibya be acies 1 the étain rated t the sup aded es if g the 1 of acitly tler’s cool veri long vern the rcises it no will d the e of eich upied f the niters on french territories in africa algeria and tunisia on the southern side of the mediterranean and morocco and west africa on the atlantic with their yaluable harbors of casablanca and dakar if these yeas were to fall under germany’s control domina tion of the continent of africa might become feasible and a nazi drive across the straits of dakar to watd south america would be greatly facilitated of particular importance to american defenses are the french islands of martinique and guadeloupe in the caribbean located close to vital sea lanes leading to the panama canal to insure the protection of at least some of these interests the british and american governments have sought to win vichy’s cooperation by relaxing the blockade and permitting shipments of food and raw materials on march 22 the state department an nounced that the british had given permission for two shiploads of wheat to clear for unoccupied france the agreement was then suspended but placed again in operation on june 30 when london stated that six french ships would be allowed to ply between the united states and french north african ports but not to metropolitan france the presumption is that by providing the areas directly under general maxime weygand’s command with essential supplies the general’s hand will be strengthened against the day when nazi troops de mand transit through the region whether weygand opposes the pro nazi trend at vichy and would actually fight the germans contrary to pétain’s or ders remains an uncertainty but apparently the state department is convinced that an attempt to persuade him to adhere to france’s obligations as a neutral is worth the risk british permit shipments to spain that the british government had been forced against its better judgment to make this breach in the block ade of continental europe was suggested during de bate in the house of commons on july 2 prime minister churchill’s defense of the agreement tended to dissociate the cabinet from any responsi bility for its inception and threw the burden on the american state department there is probably little teal divergence between the two capitals on the wis dom of propitiating continental neutrals however ior as recently as june 20 the british government signed a new agreement with spain continuing the shipment of large quantities of petroleum products likewise the british have permitted the government of general franco to import other important raw materials at levels equal to or above normal page three f.p.a radio schedule subject britain and the soviet german war speaker james frederick green date sunday july 20 time 2 15 p.m e.d.s.t station nbc blue network concessions to france and spain have been at tacked here and in britain as futile gestures com parable to the appeasement policy pursued so un successfully toward germany and later italy the critics declare that pétain and franco will take all they can get from the democracies and then join the axis when the time is ripe according to these ob servers all who are not with us in the fight against nazism are against us and should be treated as enemies nevertheless the official attitude is one of watchful waiting of encouraging resistance to hit ler within europe by shipments of food and of keeping as many countries out of the axis camp as may be persuaded to remain neutral thus far the appeasement policy has failed when applied to ger many and italy but at least until the present it has been a factor in keeping france spain and japan out of the european conflict louis e frechtling mrs dean to travel in south america on june 30 vera micheles dean research di rector of the f.p.a left for a six week trip in south america traveling by plane mrs dean will visit brazil argentina chile and peru returning to new york early in august war in the desert by raoul aglion new york henry holt 1941 2.75 a light account with long historical introduction of the war in north africa the author served in the french legation in cairo and under weygand in syria later join ing the free french forces men and politics by louis fischer new york duell sloan and pearce 1941 3.50 the interesting record of one of america’s leading for eign correspondents best known for his commentaries on soviet developments the chapters on russia and spain are the most illuminating both as regards the character of twentieth century revolutions and the author’s own atti tude toward the most gripping prcblems of our times focus on africa by richard u light new york amer ican geographical society 1941 5.00 an american surgeon and amateur flyer describes an air journey in 1937 38 from capetown to cairo and thence to tunis admirable aerial photographs supplement the au thor’s comments on the economic geography of british territories in central and southern africa foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 39 jury 18 1941 entered as se bore published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary vera miche.es dgan editor s matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year eae washington news letter washington bureau national press bullding juty 14 in the wake of the occupation of ice land by american armed forces the old problem of effecting a working relationship between congress and the executive has assumed a new and critical importance for despite the recognized constitutional powers of the president as commander in chief the support of congress has again become a vital factor in implementing the fixed policy of the government and carrying out the extended program of hemi sphere defense and aid for britain to which the united states is now committed reaction in congress while the response on capitol hill was generally favorable to the presi dent's strategic move in iceland a number of prominent congressional leaders declined to support enabling legislation asked by the administration to extend the period of service for trainees and national guardsmen and to permit the use of these short term troops outside the western hemisphere the three resolutions requested by the war department were introduced by senator robert r reynolds of north carolina an outstanding isolationist and through the accident of seniority rules chairman of the important military affairs committee who promptly announced his opposition to the proposed legislation but other congressional spokesmen in cluding speaker rayburn and representative mccor mack of massachusetts the administration’s lead ers in the house and senator george chairman of the senate foreign relations committee urged the administration to modify its plans in order to avoid a bitter debate which they said might cover the whole field of foreign policy confronted again with these warnings from its own leaders at a white house conference on july 14 the administration decided to sidetrack the request for authority to send short term service men beyond the western hemisphere while continuing to press for immedi ate action on the remaining legislation to extend the period of service beyond one year this compromise formula appeared to offer little more than a temporary solution to many washing ton observers it seemed to leave unsolved the basic problem of how to achieve unity of purpose and effective coordination a toblem which obviously goes far beyond the old question of checks and bal ances or the constitutional issue of the powers of the president but for the moment it may afford both branches of the government as well as american public opinion an opportunity to weigh the quences of divided counsels in a time of peril further chance to measure the limits of the new mitments which the nation has assumed with occupation of the outpost in iceland the new commitment in his message tp congress announcing the occupation presiden roosevelt made it clear that this strategic move was dictated by fundamental considerations of saf from overseas attack the president declared ip sharp and specific terms 1 that the united state cannot permit the occupation by germany of strate gic outposts in the atlantic to be used as air or naval bases for eventual attack against the western hemi sphere 2 that this government will assure the adequate defense of iceland with full recognition of its independence as a sovereign state 3 that as commander in chief i have consequently issued orders to the navy that all necessary steps shall be taken to insure the safety of communications in the approaches between iceland and the united states as well as on the seas between the united states and all other strategic outposts it is obvious that the consequences of these declara tions extend well beyond iceland the immediate commitment requires the use of american naval and air forces to keep open a line of communications ex tending through the german proclaimed war zone in the north atlantic this means that the naw must convoy troop ships and supply vessels and that american warships will be required to shoot if they are interfered with in the execution of this mission it also means that the army will be required to dispatch and maintain a force sufficient to replace the present british garrison numbering between 40,000 and 60,000 men in a practical sense how ever the commitment means that the united states must be prepared to police the entire north alantic and to anticipate any move by the axis powers which might threaten other strategic outposts of the west ern hemisphere from the bases in scotland and northern ireland suggested by mr willkie to the azores and cape verdes referred to by president roosevelt in the face of these commitments both congress and the executive know that there can be no retreat from iceland or the atlantic but the security of the united states and the western hemisphere call for an effective working relationship between the ordinate branches of the government w t stone ety vor x s it ci al ph spring the f gxth asia é and m and ni vostok pr which lensk their whet kiev ture forces count he f ukin the c litical annor to th in bo +move was of safety 7 xx no 40 clared in ted states of strate r of naval rn hemi assure the cognition 3 that tly issued s shall be ns in the ed states states and e declara mmediate naval and ations ex war zone the navy sels and shoot if 1 of this required 0 replace between ase how ed states h alantic ers which he west land and ie to the president congress 10 retreat ity of the call for 1 the co stone yul 98 wak batvers ann arbor mich entered as 2nd class matter wildiam w bissop be ou an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y july 25 1941 britain and russia launch propaganda offensives the soviet german war entered its fifth week it became increasingly apparent that the euro conflict as a whole was reaching one of its criti al phases similar to the battle of france in the spring of 1940 and the battle of britain in september the fate of the soviet union which occupies one ixth of the earth’s surface and unites europe and asia affects not merely the hostilities in the atlantic ind mediterranean but the whole distribution of land ind naval power from suez to singapore and vladi vostok progress of the war the nazi forces which on july 20 appeared to have occupied smo lnsk only 230 miles from moscow have continued their steady push eastward on three main fronts whether they can reach leningrad moscow and kiev russia’s largest cities in the immediate fu ture depends largely on the ability of the soviet forces to remain intact and to launch an effective tounter attack while there can be no question that he red army is putting up fierce resistance and uking heavy toll as it retreats the severe strain of he campaign is clearly revealed by the series of po litical developments in moscow on july 17 it was announced that political commissars equal in status othe military commanders were being established both the soviet army and navy the restoration of this system of dual control which had been aban doned after the soviet finnish war because of the inefficiency arising out of conflicts in jurisdiction uuggested the spread of instability and suspicion be hind the lines on july 20 premier stalin after cen ttalizing authority in a five man national defense council on july 1 and dividing the military command among marshals voroshilov budenny and timo hhenko on july 12 took over the post of defense ommissar from marshal timoshenko and assumed direct control over a reorganized commissariat for internal security from the german point of view it is essential to finish the russian campaign as speedily as possible to acquire foodstuffs and raw materials and then to launch a new peace offensive a quick victory over the soviet union would enormously increase germany's prestige throughout the world encour aging japan and perhaps discouraging britain its allies and the united states a long stalemate how ever would end germany’s reputation for invinci bility as well as give britain and america invaluable time to increase their armament production certain historic parallels become more obvious as the war continues for hitler like napoleon has been forced to strike at both egypt and russia after being thwarted at the english channel taking the road to moscow is a gesture of weakness rather than strength as in both the napoleonic period and the world war it becomes apparent that no single na tion can control all of europe without defeating both the great land power in the east and the great sea power across the channel the role of propaganda for the first time since the war began germany is on the de fensive with regard to propaganda for the past four weeks moscow has been skillfully utilizing all the propaganda devices exaggeration mystification braggadocio and vituperation that heretofore have been a monopoly of berlin within the course of five days the moscow radio spread rumors that marshal goering had been disgraced hitler had suffered an epileptic fit and field marshal von reichenau and other nazi officials had been dismissed whatever the actual truth the constant reiteration of these stories especially after the still unexplained hess affair probably stirs up doubt suspicion and con fusion all over europe the british moreover have taken the offensive by launching their v for vic tory campaign they are now preceding their short wave broadcasts by either the v symbol of three dots and a dash in the morse code or the opening bars of beethoven's fifth symphony and are urging the conquered peoples of europe to use the v sign wherever possible and to prepare for revolt against the nazis that this surprise plan was having some effect was indicated by the belated adoption of the symbol by the nazis even though the german word for victory is sieg this trend marks one of the most promising de velopments in the british war effort for the churchill government like that of neville chamberlain has been under fire for lack of imagination and drive with regard to propaganda many forthright books and articles have appeared including where do we go from here by harold j laski and war by revolution and democracy’s battle by francis williams maintaining that britain can win the war only by effecting social changes at home and foment ing revolution abroad while members of parliament have continually condemned the ministry of infor mation’s efforts in the propaganda field the gov ernment has been widely criticized not only for fail ing to provide a precise definition of war aims admittedly an extremely difficult task but also for failing to resolve the persistent stalemate in the in dian situation with all regard to the obvious com page two plexity of indian politics it can be argued britain’s prestige in the united states and other countries would be immeasurably enhaneg by a generous compromise that would bring ind more wholeheartedly into the war and provide fy the release of jawaharlal nehru and hundreds y other nationalist leaders from prison british cabinet changes in the cabing reshuffle which accompanied alfred duff cooper transfer to singapore on july 20 brendan bracken prime minister churchill’s parliamentary priyg secretary and chief brain truster was made mip ister of information while the post of parliamen secretary to the ministry went to a laborite erney thurtle the latter appointment derives some sig nificance from the fact that one of the two resoly tions adopted by the annual labor party confe ence in early june denounced the ministry and manded labor representation there mr churchill latest shift of personnel also served to elevate tw j of the most promising younger conservatives t higher office richard a butler was made presiden of the board of education and his place as parlia mentary under secretary to the foreign office wa j filled by richard k law james frederick green new cabinet weakens japan’s ties with axis that the japanese government intends to pursue a policy of independence and opportunism in its foreign relations is indicated by official statements and inspired newspaper comment in tokyo since the installation on july 18 of prince konoye’s new cab inet the cabinet was completed after more than two weeks of almost continuous conferences involv ing the emperor army and navy officials and rep resentatives of political groups where changes in japan’s international position produced by the ger man attack on the u.s.s.r were discussed in forming his third cabinet prince konoye dropped five members of the preceding body and added three new figures the most significant change occurred at the foreign office where yosuke mat suoka the outstanding exponent of collaboration with the axis was not taken back since the fall of france matsuoka negotiated the treaty of alliance oil becomes a more vital factor in military and economic strategy every day for a survey of oil resources and their significance in determining the course of the war read oil and the war by louis e frechtling 25 june 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25 with germany and italy signed at berlin on sep tember 27 1940 and in april of this year concludel the less binding non aggression pact with th u.s.s.r apparently unprepared beforehand fo hitler’s aggression on russia the japanese fount themselves in a precarious diplomatic position as result of the new relationships arising from the russ german conflict the close alignment of britain the soviet union china and the united states confronts japan with actual or potential opponents on al sides if the four powers were able in the future ts take concerted measures in east asia japan's situs tion would be exceedingly dangerous matsuoka is succeeded by vice admiral toyoda reported a moderate in outlook and therefore a us ful person to have at the foreign office if a mp prochement with the democracies should be tempted it is exceedingly doubtful however thi the new cabinet will abandon the drive for premacy in greater east asia the imperialis point of view is strongly represented by four am generals and by baron hiranuma a leading advocat of fascist policies who takes the newly created po of vice premier premier konoye’s formal pronouncement of hi colleague’s views was purposely vague revealitl only that they would put into practice the empitt foreign policy which is already fixed most 0 tha serve will f cision ably conce japa dictat jat terior mate chin plies and in 19 the d halte agricl chins shipr tight ute te w may inflic unite in th far sible the it ing a fore headqu entered s ring indi rovide fy indreds of he cabing t cooper n bracken ry privat made min liamen levate two rvatives t president as parlig office wa green in on sep concluded with the ehand for 1ese found sition as i the russo britain the s confronts nts on al e future ti yan’s situs al toyoda fore a use if a fp ild be a vever thi ve for st imperialis four am 1g advocatt reated pos ent of ht reveal e empite most ob a servers agree that considerations of aid to the axis will no longer be a controlling factor in tokyo’s de dsions on diplomatic and military moves presum ably hitler will be repaid in kind for his slight in concealing his intentions toward russia and the japanese government will move as its own interests dictate and as opportunities appear japan's chances for rapid aggressive steps in east em asia are less favorable than a year or 18 months ago the key british base at singapore has been strengthened by contingents of british indian and dominion troops and by sizeable shipments of air craft imperial forces are reported massing on the burma border to forestall japanese occupation of thailand and french indo china the small but respectable netherland navy and army has been reinforced by airplanes from the united states on japan’s pacific flank the united states has moved men planes and submarines to the philippines and is pushing the construction of naval air stations in the aleutian islands and guam while a portion of the united states pacific fleet has apparently been trans ferred to the atlantic the effect is minimized by the increased air power of the democracies in the east indies and philippines in the narrow waters sur rounding the islands air power can be used to great advantage against naval vessels japan’s striking power has not only failed to match the growth of anglo dutch american forces in the western pacific but even shows signs of de terioration the army has suffered casualties esti mated at 1,250,000 in the four years of warfare in china and has expended immense quantities of sup plies while chinese resistance continues stubborn and effective japanese industrial production declined in 1940 from 1939 levels and reports indicate that the downward trend in some industries has not been halted this year organization of the industries and agricultural resources of manchukuo and occupied chinese areas has been slow and unsatisfactory the shipping shortage in the pacific and the gradual tightening of exports from the democracies contrib ute to japan’s economic difficulties weighing these factors the japanese government may decide to mark time to see whether the nazis inflict a decisive defeat on russia and whether the united states becomes involved in a shooting war in the atlantic in either case the situation in the far east would change in japan’s favor it is pos sible however that pressure on the government by the imperialists combined with the necessity of find ing a drastic solution to japan’s economic problems page three f.p.a radio scheduie subject congress and the crisis speaker william t stone date sunday july 27 time 2 15 p.m e.d.s.t station nbc blue network will bring precipitate action while it was widely predicted in late june that tokyo would capitalize on russia’s difficulties by moving against eastern siberia the strength of the red army in that area makes a japanese attack very unlikely at the present moreover the conquest of russia’s maritime prov inces would add little to japan’s resources the british and netherlands indies and malaya are far more tempting economic prizes but a japanese thrust in that direction would meet the determined re sistance of britain and its allies possibly backed up by the american navy a third possibility fore shadowed by japanese newspaper charges that french indo china officials are engaged in un friendly activities is the occupation of indo china and thailand tokyo would thereby gain control of sources of rice tin and rubber and obtain strate gic bases for a drive on singapore louis e frechtling japan unmasked by hallett abend new york ives wash burn 1941 3.00 the well known new york times correspondent tells of his enforced retirement from shanghai discusses the mo tives and aims of japanese policy and describes at first hand the war preparations in the strategic island empires of southest asia north of singapore by carveth wells new york robert m mcbride 1940 3.00 an account of travels in japan china and malaya profusely illustrated with a series of unusual photographs workers before and after lenin fifty years of russian labor by manya gordon new york dutton 1941 4.00 a penetrating and critical analysis of workers problems in the u.s.s.r based on study of soviet sources the author a former member of the socialist party and now a member of the american labor party comes to the con clusion that in 1917 the russian workers exchanged ex ploitation by employers which was being gradually allevi ated by social legislation for exploitation by the state she believes however they will ultimately achieve freedom and prove the hope of democracy in europe the army of the future by general charles de gaulle philadelphia lippincott 1941 2.00 a translation of de gaulle’s vers l’armée de métier first published in 1934 as a plea for a new system of military organization in france at that time the present leader of the free french troops vainly advocated the creation of a strong first line force of professional troops grouped in mechanized formations and employing what are now known as blitzkrieg tactics foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 40 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y juty 25 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lest secretary vera micheles dgan séitor national entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year beis produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press bullding july 21 while congress is considering presi dent roosevelt's request for authority to extend the military service of trainees and national guardsmen other agencies of the government operating directly under the president are taking the initial steps in a program of economic warfare which may eventually prove more far reaching than any measures yet pro jected in washington latin american blacklist the essential machinery for economic warfare has been in ex istence for some time and numerous controls over exports shipping and financial transactions have been employed to cripple the axis powers and strengthen the resistance of their opponents the first step in the new program was taken a month ago under the executive order of june 14 which not only froze german and italian assets in the united states but also extended the control of finan cial transactions to all the remaining countries of continental europe the second step was taken last week when president roosevelt issued a proclama tion making public a blacklist of 1,800 latin american firms and individuals deemed to be acting in the interest of germany or italy the latest proclamation announced on july 17 was the result of long and intensive investigations carried out by the state department and the office of nelson rockefeller coordinator of commercial and cultural relations with latin america in effect the proclamation serves formal notice that the united states will use its financial and economic power to combat the activities of any person or com pany engaged in business with the european axis powers the list officially described as the pro claimed list of certain blocked nationa ill have two immediate functions in the first pia t will be used to shut off all trade with axis dominat firms by widening the scope of existing export con trols the export of several thousand articles cov ered by the export control act will be prohibited to persons named on the list secondly it will enable the treasury to treat persons on the list as though they were citizens of germany or italy thus extend ing the ban on financial transactions covered in the general freezing order of june 14 the initial effect therefore will be felt chiefly in latin america where nazi and fascist intrigue has been most acute the danger of permitting german penetration to continue unmolested is emphasized in the view of washington officials by the attem putsch in bolivia on july 20 which has led to dismis sal of the german minister while some protesy may be expected from business groups with european connections the general response throughout latip america seems to indicate a desire to collaborate a the united states in strengthening hemisphere nds extending economic warfare the program of economic warfare is not limited to lati américa however this was made perfectly clear in the president’s proclamation creating in effect a responsible board of strategy to administer the ney proclaimed list which may be extended to indi viduals and firms outside the western hemisphere this board is headed by the secretary of state who will act in conjunction with the secretary of the treasury the attorney general the secretary of commerce the administrator of export control general maxwell and the coordinator of com mercial and cultural relations with latin ameria mr rockefeller the real significance of this group lies in the fact that it provides a much needed planning body to direct the over all program which now seems to be taking shape up to this time the major obstacle to an effective program of economic warfare has been the failure of the administration to clarify its objectives or to coordinate the various agencies operating the ma chinery of economic controls the resulting confu sion was particularly evident in the measures applied to the soviet union and japan while the soviet union was never completely barred from access to american war materials licenses for export of ma chine tools and other equipment were denied for many weeks prior to the german soviet war at 4 time when state department officials were presum ably seeking to keep russia out of the axis camp since the nazi invasion of russia soviet assets if the united states have been released and licenses are being granted for some but not all of the ma terials previously ordered by the moscow goveft ment in the case of japan shipments of petroleum and high test gasoline are still permitted to leave this country despite the embargo on airplanes and other types of war material the steps taken during the past week indicate that the administration has begun to clarify its objectives and to organize a counter offensive which may match the proficiency of the totalitarian states w t stone lands ing th forma this w bases ment larges over t tural oped key pe the occup withir dutch ranh of th and o tion a ina p over free by thi ity sp plus tubbe wc japan far re ticipa were ll presic prom germ june freezi +ttem o dismis protests uropean ut latin llaborate mispher re the to latin clear in effect a the new to indi nisphere ate who y of the etary of control of com america of this h needed m which effective e failure ves of to the ma g confu applied e soviet access to t of ma nied for var ata presum is camp assets in licenses the ma govern etroleum to leave ines and cate that rjectives ly match stone a qdical ro par al library foreign policy bulletin entered as 2nd class matter genera ary vary va z ts.ly of rane a crlgag in arbdop tre sich an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xx no 41 aucust 1 1941 pacific crisis looms as japan occupies indo china at the risk of inviting further retaliation by the united states great britain and the nether lands indies japanese armed forces are consolidat ing the gains won by tokyo’s agreement with vichy formally announced on july 26 and are proceeding this week to fortify and garrison the newly acquired bases in indo china under the terms of this agree ment providing for the joint defense of france's largest asiatic possession the japanese have taken over the important airfield at saigon the deep na tural harbor at cam ranh bay only partially devel oped as a naval base and are sending troops to key points along the thailand and chinese border the strategic implications are apparent for the occupation of indo china places japan’s armed forces within striking distance of malaya the british and dutch east indies and the philippines from cam ranh bay it is only 725 miles to singapore keystone of the british defense structure in southeast asia and only slightly farther to the american naval sta tion at cavite in the philippines moreover japan is ina position to threaten burma and the vital artery over which aid from the western powers reaches free china potentially tokyo benefits economically by this addition to its greater east asia co prosper ity sphere as indo china has a normal export sur plus of 1,500,000 tons of rice and ships abroad tubber tin coal and metal ores world wide repercussions reactions to japan’s bold step southward were immediate and far reaching indicating that the democracies had an ticipated this move and for almost the first time were prepared to act in concert 1 the united states taking the initiative with president roosevelt's executive order of july 25 promptly froze japanese funds in the same way that german and italian assets were impounded on june 14 chinese funds were included in the new freezing order to control accounts belonging to chinese institutions dominated by japan the finan cial offensive was supplemented by a decree nation alizing the armed forces of the philippines and plac ing them as well as united states army units under an integrated far eastern command entrusted to general douglas macarthur military adviser to the commonwealth government since 1935 2 following washington’s lead the british gov ernment on july 26 applied a similar freezing order to japanese funds within the empire and denounced the anglo japanese commercial treaty of 1911 the indian japanese trade agreement of 1934 and the burmese japanese agreement of 1937 although the first treaty will not legally terminate for a year and the others for six months their provisions are largely nullified by the restrictions on financial transactions on the same day canada applied financial controls corresponding to those of the united kingdom 3 besides impounding japanese funds on july 28 the government of the netherlands indies suspended operation of the agreement of november 12 1940 by which japan obtained 1,800,000 tons of petroleum annually in addition to its normal purchases of 494 000 tons batavia intimated that smaller quantities of oil might be released to japan if great britain and the united states agreed u.s policy washington’s economic sanctions were preceded by a final effort to head off japan’s imminent descent on indo china on july 24 presi dent roosevelt in a remarkably frank talk to a civilian defense group explained that this govern ment had allowed oil exports to japan during the past years to keep the japanese from striking at the east indies oil fields it was very essential from our own selfish point of view of defense he said to prevent a war from starting in the south pacific so that the democracies could continue to obtain rubber tin and food products from that area the president implied that the policy would be scrapped page two if japan persisted in its aggressions on the same day acting secretary of state sumner welles for mally warned japan that the occupation of indo china would bear directly upon the vital problem of our national security for the american govern ment can only conclude that the action of japan is undertaken because of the estimated value to japan of bases primarily for purposes of further and more obvious movements of conquest in the adjacent areas when tokyo failed to heed this warning washing ton lost no time in imposing its freezing order which blocked japanese assets in this country estimated at 138,000,000 while the order was couched in sweeping terms state department officials were re luctant to discuss the possibilities of a complete em bargo on sales of oil and gasoline to japan in re sponse to a eres mr welles replied guardedly that every individual transaction with japan would be considered on its own merits before a license was granted or refused apparently washington did not intend to bring an immediate end to commercial intercourse or to close the door to diplomatic nego tiations at the same time washington is in a posi tion to bring increasing pressure on tokyo by utiliz ing its new licensing provisions and strengthening its military establishment in the far east the administration’s reluctance to apply an all out embargo may be based on considerations wider than the pacific assuming that a blockade of japan would mean a shooting war the united states would be involved in a major conflict in the far east exactly the result berlin hopes to attain by encouraging japan’s provocative moves the nazi high command admits that the invasion of russia has been slowed up and may take months to com plete meanwhile britain continues to dominate the air in western europe and shipping losses jy june declined to 330,000 tons which combine t make its prospects brighter than at any time sing april 1940 american aid which has been an jp portant factor in achieving these results might be dangerously impaired by a pacific war such a cop flict moreover would seriously affect the america industrial system which depends on southeast agia for 86 per cent of its rubber and 87 per cent of its tin while stockpiles and other sources of these vital products would prevent an immediate shortage the defense program would be hampered by militay operations in that area can japan stop these larger considerations do not obscure the fact that the democracies especial ly the united states are committed to a strong course of action if japan persists in its encroachments jp southeast asia the challenge to japanese aggression enunciated last week is more pointed than any state ment of policy made by the western powers since the invasion of manchuria in 1931 further japanese moves toward singapore and the east indies will apparently be met by more severe economic sanctions imposed even at the risk of war tokyo dispatches indicate that some important japanese circles understand the meaning of the re cent statements issued by washington and london the sharp decline of the japanese stock exchange and the elaborate explanation given to the japanese public evidence the surprise and concern of officials over the western powers firm stand if the mod erate element in tokyo representatives of big bus ness and some navy officers can exercise a restrait ing influence on the cabinet the situation in the fa east may continue in its present state if not a show down seems imminent lours e frechtling united front strengthened in latin america several noteworthy developments have accentu ated the series of recent economic and political moves to maintain a solid inter american front against axis activities in the western hemisphere the economic developments center chiefly around the united states blacklist of july 17 while the significant political moves have originated in latin america for a penetrating analysis of one vital factor in the crisis looming in the pacific read china’s national front by t a bisson 25 july 15 issue of foreign policy reports united states blacklist president roose velt’s blacklist order prohibiting further united states business transactions with 1,833 latin ameti can firms which were deemed to be acting for the benefit of germany or italy or nationals of those countries has evoked widespread comment in the other american republics while the initial response was generally favorable there have been indications that some latin american countries expect to have a hand in any future economic measures pertaining to the entire hemisphere in havana president ful gencio batista appointed a commission to study the blacklist and determine how cuba could cooperate most effectively with the united states in brazil and mexico the list was welcomed as an instrument fot wresting economic controls from foreigners and thu carrying forward the nationalization of busines far reaching economic effects on latin americal econon vicent ameri down over b establi strong restralt spokes countr could in a cations by a f ments some countr threate owing industt domes not iss accomy et nat the lis mercia solve govern over th pol paralle ments govern appear eign a hemis of sieg dismis wend agents posed unrest cated the d gated wend foreign headquart entered a ei losses in mbine to me since n an im might be ch a con a mericap cast asia nt of its hese vital tage the military derations especial ng course ments in g gression any state since the japanese dies will sanctions m portant yf the re london exchange japanese officials the mod big busi 1 restrain n the far t a show itling nt roose c united in amefi 524 for the of those nt in the response ndications t to have ertaining dent ful study the cooperate 3razil and iment fot and thus business america economy were foreseen by the mexican labor leader vicente lombardo toledano who urged that latin american workers impede the immediate closing down of blacklisted firms until they could be taken over by the various governments and their assets made available to the several national economies while voicing fear of united states financial domi sation of the western hemisphere dr lombardo raised the new move as excellent and justified by the axis threat in chile and peru where well established german and italian firms exercise a trong influence on economic life reaction was more restrained government and chamber of commerce spokesmen assumed the attitude that since their guntries are neutral in the european war they ould not recognize the validity of the blacklist in a number of latin american countries compli ations have arisen because the blacklist was issued by a foreign power and not by the local govern ments under which the firms are incorporated in sme cases notably the small central american countries enforcement of the trading restrictions threatens to work hardships on local populations owing to the fact that germans control certain key industries such as coffee cleaning plants on which domestic prosperity depends since washington did not issue a detailed statement in latin america to accompany the blacklist it has not been clear wheth et native business men who continue to deal with the listed firms will be subjected to ruinous com mercial sanctions by the united states to help re solve this confusion most of the latin american governments may eventually find it necessary to take oer the operation of axis dominated concerns political moves against axis several parallel political moves by latin american govern ments emerge as significant foremost is the bolivian government's vigorous action in suppressing what appears to be the boldest attempt yet made by for tign agents to foster revolution in the western hemisphere the proclamation of a nation wide state of siege on july 19 was quickly followed by bolivia's dismissal of the german minister to la paz ernst wendler and by an extensive round up of german agents and pro nazis whom the government ex posed as implicated in the putsch the widespread unrest in certain districts of the republic was indi ated on july 22 in the revolt of 4,000 indians in the department of cochabamba apparently insti gated as a mass protest against the dismissal of wendler as the government arrested 12 indian ee page three f.p.a radio schedule subject oil and the far east speaker louis e frechtling date sunday august 3 time 2 15 p.m e.d.s.t station nbc blue network leaders and quickly restored order it revealed that the projected putsch had been discovered by inter ception of a letter to minister wendler from the bolivian military attaché in berlin major elias bel monte pabon alleged pro nazi who aspired to the bolivian presidency and was especially popular in the departments of cochabamba and santa cruz bolivia was promptly supported by its neighbor ing republics and by the united states on july 21 acting secretary of state sumner welles assured bolivian president pefiaranda that the united states would give full assistance if bolivia’s ousting of the german minister resulted in an international inci dent the chilean government in permitting herr wendler to pass through chile on his return to germany has refused to let him go outside the city of antofagasta the desert port where he will be detained pending his required departure for ger many at the first opportunity argentina has also undertaken determined action against german activities the most noteworthy measures were the july 23 raids on nazi party head quarters and five other alleged pro nazi organiza tions in these raids initiated by a chamber investi gating committee similar to the dies committee great quantities of nazi records and documents were seized and 15 persons were taken from na tional socialist headquarters for questioning follow ing a strong official protest by the german ambassa dor in buenos aires the argentine foreign min istry has requested that some of the seized material be returned but the argentine chamber has formal ly supported its committee’s action and declared that the group is not required by law to give up the documents despite the apparent unwillingness of the executive branch of the argentine government to offend germany the chamber's strong stand may yet force a showdown the prompt united states support of bolivia in any case has left no doubt that washington is prepared to back up any latin american government in maintaining a united front against the axis in this hemisphere a randle elliott foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 41 august 1 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary vera micheeltes degan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year pow 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year ce eds a pe ts be ee ri ee ee washington news letter washington bureau national press building julyy 28 with the freezing of japanese assets in the united states the administration on friday further extended its activities in the field of eco nomic warfare this significant action as well as many controversies regarding the whole armament program suggested once again the need for more centralized control over the home front the united states is rapidly approaching the critical stage of its rearmament program with military and civilian production beginning to compete for raw materials plant and labor the lack of an over all agency of direction similar to the war industries board under bernard baruch in the world war was demonstrated last week by at least two develop ments the open clash between leon henderson and william s knudsen over curtailment of automobile production and completion of a new tax bill by the house ways and means committee automobile production the clash of personalities and policies within the defense organ ization in washington was evidenced by the an nouncement of mr henderson on july 19 calling for a 50 per cent reduction in the production of pas senger cats and light trucks during the next 12 months several days later mr knudsen asserted that such a drastic curtailment was highly undesir able because defense industries would be unable to absorb the displaced labor immediately after presi dent roosevelt had declared on july 26 that any differences over the degree of curtailment could be ironed out automobile producers arranged to confer separately with opacs and opm on july 29 whatever the ultimate decision reached the lack of centralized direction and the existence of many different agencies with overlapping authority was strikingly illustrated by this incident practically all critics agree on the need for a new baruch board that could handle procurement now divided between the army and navy and priorities this need was recently underscored by two factors the statement of under secretary of war robert p patterson on july 15 that only 15 per cent of american productive capacity is being devoted to defense work and the revelation of opm on july 26 that six firms have re ceived 31.5 per cent of all army and navy orders to create some supreme economic council is more easily said than done however for the new defense mo bilization reflects the larger struggles of class region and industry within the nation the person or group which directs defense production gains virtual coq trol over the whole national economy presiden roosevelt reportedly has not yet found an outstand ing administrator who could effectively represen both capital and labor the combination of william s knudsen and sidney hillman as co director of opm designed to fulfill the function of a coalj tion such as achieved in britain under prime mip ister churchill is hampered by the conflict between the a f of l and the c.i.o the new tax bill the new revenue measure which was introduced in the house of represents tives on july 28 by the ways and means committee illustrated not merely the lack of coordination be tween governmental organs but also the unwilling ness of congress to face the implications of the de fense program when the committee began its work in april it anticipated in accordance with the presi dent's budget message that expenditures in the 1941 42 fiscal year would total 17.5 billion and rey enue 8.3 billion agreeing with secretary morgen thau that about two thirds of the expenditure 1146 billion should be met by revenue the committee struggled to find 3.5 billion in new taxes only to discover that 1941 42 expenditures were estimated on june 1 at 22.2 billion while additional author izations of 8 billion were passed by the house on july 28 the new and increased taxes including 1,322,900,000 from corporations 1,152,000,000 tinues from individuals and 1,054,300,000 in miscellane ous excise taxes were therefore completely inade quate before they even reached the floor of the house while fiscal policy is one of many functions re served exclusively by the constitution to congress in recent decades increasingly close collaboration be tween the executive and legislature has been re quired especially for any reduction in expenditures the failure of the administration to support se retary morgenthau’s suggestion for the elimination of a billion dollars in non defense expenditures and to take the lead in broadening the income tax bast indicates that finance is not yet regarded as in great britain as an integral part of the defense economy with government expenditures greatly increasing civilian purchasing power while the defense prografl curtails the supply of civilian goods the danger 0 price inflation becomes imminent the present ta bill meets only a small part of next year’s deficit and fails to siphon off the excess purchasing power tht may lead to hardships created by uncontrolled prices james frederick green church states 1 thinkin states to prep fenses 1939 or acti evitabl warm the cot germa measur sible united the preside of war inet an derives from t avoid erty th admin be disa ever cc contro tional sions country past fe effectiv is at st +entered as 2nd class matter aucust 8 1941 lbers qgor ary nom sbrary university a of mice 7 of kichigag 4 arbor 3 ch 4 foreign policy bulletin at hi it m an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association af foreign policy association incorporated i 22 east 38th street new york n y n you xx no 42 ge continuing lack of a decision in the soviet german war and the postponement of a show down in the pacific make it possible to weigh some je of the paramount factors affecting the position rk of the united states whether prime minister j churchill’s statement of july 29 that the united he states is on the very verge of war is fact or wishful wy thinking there can be little doubt that the united an states has been impelled by the spread of hostilities 16 to prepare its military economic and diplomatic de tee fenses on a scale hardly imagined in september ty 1939 some citizens now urge a declaration of war ej of actions which would make a declaration in or evitable others charging the administration with on watmongering advocate complete abstention from ing the conflicts abroad and mediation for an anglo yo german peace the administration however con ne tinues to chart a course between these extremes by de measures that remain short of war a course pos se ible because the axis is unwilling to force the re united states into active hostilities es the roosevelt policy the hesitation of be president roosevelt to move further in the direction re of war despite pressure from members of his cab res inet and many leaders of public opinion probably sec derives from at least five different motives apart ion fom the normal desire of any chief executive to and avoid if possible the destruction of life and prop ase erty that accompanies war in the first place the reat administration undoubtedly realizes that it would my be disastrous to take a divided country into war how sing ver compelling the reasons might be the present ram controversy over the extension of service for na of tional guardsmen and trainees indicates sharp divi tax sions of opinion which exist in congress and the ani country the experience of britain and france in the that past few years suggests that no democracy fights ices lfectively unless it feels that its immediate safety n sat stake a feeling that is by no means universal re japanese moves raise new issues for u s in the united states in the second place the two ocean navy is still far in the future and the army is seriously deficient in team training and materiel while american ships and planes could take action against the axis the large scale highly mechanized expeditionary forces that might be necessary for de fending the western hemisphere and taking the offensive are now completely lacking probably even more important in the calculations of the white house and state department are cer tain basic considerations despite widespread charges that mr roosevelt and his advisers are interven tionist and anglophile in attitude the american government like all others has by no means abandoned the element of self interest which tradi tionally dictates its policies except for the hull trade program the new deal in its earliest days was decidedly nationalistic in approach as evidenced by president roosevelt's attitude toward the london economic conference of 1933 although some of ficials reportedly feel that the president has been too generous and uncritical in his dealings with the british it is significant that in the largest single aid to britain transaction mr roosevelt acquired eight valuable naval bases throughout this whole pro gram including the lend lease act runs the inher ently nationalistic policy of the balance of power like britain in previous centuries the united states is seeking to defend its strategic interests by throw ing its economic and diplomatic weight on one side of a conflict there is in fact a striking similarity between britain’s balance of power policy and mr roosevelt's broadcast of may 27 with the english channel being replaced by the atlantic ocean a fourth factor in the administration’s policy is its creation simultaneously of two distinct lines of defense to prevent the encirclement of north america the outer line in the british isles and china the inner in the western hemisphere by the mee ae bie bie a a the ms cees ot former the administration seeks to keep the war as far away as possible and to insure the victory of friendly powers by the latter it is preparing for a possible triumph of germany in europe and japan in asia it is quite probable fifthly that president roosevelt still believes this dual purpose can be achieved by measures short of war or at least short of expeditionary forces while some political ob servers charge mr roosevelt and mr willkie as well with deliberately misleading the public others believe that the president being both an optimist and an improviser steadfastly seeks the defeat of the axis by non belligerent means and plays down incidents that might provoke hostilities the far east throughout the past two years the policy of the united states vis a vis europe has been conditioned by a desire to avoid hostilities in the far east even at the present moment when the european conflict is reaching a critical stage that may spell eventual defeat for hitler the united states is not completely free to act many strategists argue that if the united states is ever to intervene it should do so now with germany fighting a two front war great britain while unable to launch a major land offensive on the continent is continu ing its aerial bombardment of western germany and may be planning attempts to open up a front in scandinavia or northwestern russia british offen sives against the axis in the mediterranean or else where are not beyond the realm of probability since prime minister churchill has been a leading advo cate of a two front campaign against germany since the earliest days of the world war the united states however could not participate in any major offensives even if it wanted to without first safe guarding its position in the pacific while the administration has taken almost every possible diplomatic and economic measure to warn japan against further expansion southward it has dnited states uses oil as instrument of policy that the united states intends to use petroleum exports as an instrument of foreign policy was clearly indicated by the executive order of august 1 which placed sweeping restrictions on shipments of oil in effect the order embargoed the export of page two the first of two studies on wartime changes in britain analyzes britain’s experience in the control of its national economy industry labor food and finance and points out several lessons for the united states read britain’s wartime economy 1940 41 by james frederick green 25 august 1 issue of foreign policy reports 1 not yet taken the necessary naval action such the sending of warships to singapore hongkong and netherlands indies ports the ethiopian wa proved conclusively however that half hearted eo nomic sanctions alone are not decisive and op antagonize the intended victim effective naval 4 tion would be difficult not only because it might provoke new controversy throughout the country by also because it would require the return of units from the atlantic until it is clear that pro longation of the soviet german campaign will pos pone an attempted invasion of britain it may dangerous to reduce the atlantic fleet to its earlie status it is easier nevertheless for the united state to restrain japan now than at any time in recent years in view of the strengthening of american british and dutch bases throughout the southwey ern pacific not only do the constant air patrols of these powers reduce the possible effectiveness of surprise attack by japan but the gradual increase in submarines and airplanes as well as land forces throughout the area greatly adds to the risks cop fronting japan in any large scale operation the united states could place further obstacles in japan’s path by sending war material to vladi vostok for strengthening the soviet armies in i beria that some such action may be under consid eration was suggested on august 2 by an exchange of notes between acting secretary of state welle and the soviet ambassador constantine a ouman sky the american government pledged all practi cable economic aid to the u.s.s.r and agreed to give favorable consideration to the use of ameri can shipping facilities the fulfillment of this agree ment and reliance upon vladivostok as a trans shipment point may force the long avoided show down in japanese american relations james frederick green gasoline and lubricating oil for aircraft to japan vichy france spain and other countries not en gaged in resisting aggression it also placed exports of other categories of petroleum crude oil auto mobile gasoline fuel oil for ships etc on a ration ing system based on normal or pre war levels the order will provide the newly created economi defense board with a powerful weapon for us against the axis the united states is particularly well placed t control the disposition of oil the raw material 0 which modern warfare and modern economic sj tems depend so heavily american wells produce 6 per cent of the world’s supply of crude oil ant american companies together with british ai 000,06 frencl loss 0 been for di of pet the w britai tanke intim tanke but b opera wat f to com tanke carib da a britis by tt trans has petro whicl and tanke alon this supp cann avail finar mon of g ably j fore headg entere page three dutch firms control 17 per cent more in latin i america and the east indies since transportation is f.p.a radio schedule a a major factor in oil supply the american tanker subject u.s takes diplomatic offensive 1 fleet of 365 vessels second only to the british and een vente seen date sunday august 10 time 2 15 p.m e.d.s.t station nbc blue network ly allied fleet in size gives added control over the world movements of petroleum ht aid to britain america’s advantageous po ut sition with respect to petroleum is being employed tive use of trade in oil has been demonstrated by the ny in a positive fashion through the supply of oil to restrictions on american exports which have accom f the anti axis powers while the allies possess im panied successive notes to tokyo criticizing japan's st portant oil fields in the near and far east these are aggressive moves in asia the united states has be far from the theater of war in europe and the prob been the principal supplier of petroleum to the jap it jem of transportation has become increasingly diffi anese exporting 24,600,000 barrels worth 59,000 tes cult as of june 1940 london controlled about 6 000 in 1940 this represents about 65 per cent of ent 900,000 tons of british norwegian dutch and japan’s consumption the trend in the value of an french tankers subsequently however the rate of petroleum exports to the japanese empire has been est joss of tank ships in the atlantic appears to have upward as the table shows of peen exceedingly high certainly higher than that 1937 45,403,000 fa for dry cargo vessels the supply of large quantities 1938 53,530,000 in of petroleum to cover the requirements of the r.a.f 1939 49,381,000 ces the world’s largest navy and the growing army in 1940 58,678,000 on britain and the near east became endangered by a 1941 first quarter 12,181,000 tanker scarcity in the spring of this year it has been statistics on japanese oil purchases since march are le intimated in american trade circles that british cles now official secrets but private sources estimate them q tankers are being employed on unessential voyages adi 4 at 5,000,000 monthly gi but british spokesmen assert that the ships are being oe ty i 4 si operated as economically as the exigencies of the the restrictions recently imposed on exports to oh ie permit japan are not decisive tokyo can still purchase crude ngt m oil and refined products other than aviation fuel and marmare delp the british meet their needs the maritime lubricating oil in this country if the state depart lan commission has already or will shortly divert 70 ment grants the requisite licenses by processing in cti tankers to carry oil between gulf of mexico and japanese refineries the crude oil can be made into to caribbean ports and harbors in new england cana p airplane fuel apparently the administration has eschewed a total embargo on oil fearing that it would result in a japanese thrust at the netherlands indies where 60,000,000 barrels of oil are produced annually more than enough to meet japan’s needs yeti da and possibly iceland whence tankers under the fee british flag will finish the route to the british isles ans by the end of this year the commission expects to ow transfer 80 or more vessels to this service the shift has already produced a marked dislocation of petroleum supplies along the atlantic seaboard louls e frechtling which consumes oil originating in mid continental and caribbean fields and transported principally by the american impact on great britain 1898 1914 a tanker to the main refining and distributing centers rare the ag bron pi oo eae aa pat along the coast the tankers normally engaged in eiphin carney 5 see eee 3 this exhaustive survey of the influence of american en this trade have been reduced a fourth cutting the oil life and thought in business politics literature educa ort supply proportionately transportation of oil by rail tion religion and many other fields on great britain is an wt cannot close the gap as there are not sufficient cars op contribution to the study of anglo american 2 lations ton available while the construction of new pipe lines on vel financed by the government will take at least eight the reconstruction of world trade by j b condliffe new york norton 1940 3.75 the author who was an economic analyst for the league of nations during the critical depression years gives a om months in the meantime restrictions on the sale ust of gasoline already enforced in the east will prob ably develop into a rationing system brilliant account of the progressive disintegration of the d 4 international economic order and makes some tentative a 0 japan s imports threatened the nega proposals looking toward post war economic reconstruction 7 sys foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 42 august 8 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national e 63 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dororuy f leet secretary vara micheles deeann editor pe entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year f ebw 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor an f p a membership five dollars a year ter os bni sen ga ln ties pio washington news letter cee washington bureau national press building aucg 4 president roosevelt's creation of an economic defense board on july 31 and the sub mission of a price control bill to congress the fol lowing day were significant moves in the series of administration steps to put the economy of the united states on a wartime basis while the board is directly concerned with international economic activities congressional enactment of the long debated price measure would help stabilize defense costs and purchasing power on the domestic front economic defense board many wash ington observers have compared the economic de fense board with britain’s ministry of economic warfare although the executive order of july 31 vested only advisory planning and veto authority in the board rather than any power to take positive action comparable with that of the british agency the order clearly leaves the president with all power to act through existing agencies the new board is noteworthy chiefly as an exploratory step toward the establishment of a government authority with delegated and positive powers to direct economic warfare it is also a much needed central agency to supervise work and plans of the many offices committees and departments now dealing with exports and imports acquisition and disposition of strategic foreign materials transactions in for eign exchange and foreign owned or controlled property international investments and extensions of credit and international shipments of goods headed by vice president wallace and composed of seven cabinet members in addition to the vice president the board will constitute a most useful medium for coordinating international defense meas ures and national diplomacy with military needs five specific functions of the defense board are outlined in the july 31 order 1 advise the president regarding action on measures which are deemed vital to effective defense 2 coordinate the policies and actions of the different departments and agencies now working on economic de fense 3 develop integrated defense plans and use all ap propriate means to assure that such plans and programs are carried into effect by such departments and agencies 4 investigate the relationship of economic defense measures to post war economic reconstruction and ad vise the president on steps to be taken to protect the trade position of the united states and to expedite the establishment of sound peacetime international economic relationships 5 review proposed and existing legislation dealj with economic defense and with the president's pe recommend whatever additional legislation may necessary while the many values of a board charged with these tasks are recognized it is difficult to see how eight very busy men can find time to implement ig detail along the five lines indicated the broad policies and objectives which the president may from time to time determine the real importance of the new board therefore will probably depend on the selection of thoroughly qualified alternates to devote full time to their tasks in preparation for the eventual creation of a ministry of economic warfare with the power to act price control the price control bill intro duced in congress by administration forces on av gust 1 is designed to avert inflation by authorizing the president to establish commodity price ceilings at the levels prevailing on july 29 and rental price ceilings in defense areas whenever necessary to further the national defense and security the need for legislation along this line has become increas ingly apparent in the light of accelerated price rises during the past two years since august 1939 the cost of living has advanced 5.5 per cent wholesale prices of industrial raw materials 43.6 per cent and domestic farm products 49.5 per cent despite te sulting maladjustments in the national economy and serious reductions in living standards imposed on many classes of the population by these rises the adoption of any comprehensive plan for price control has been hampered by groups reaping larger profits through increased spending the present bill sig nificantly forbids placing a price ceiling on any agricultural commodity below 110 per cent of the parity price based on the farmer's purchasing power during the years 1909 14 or the market price prevailing for such commodity of july 29 1941 this concession to the farm bloc in congress virtually assures further price rises on agricultural goods apparently as a concession to labor and utility blocs moreover wages and public utility rates are not included in the provisions of the bill and additional increases in these categories maj be anticipated while these concessions may have been necessary to obtain passage of the bill they only postpone issues which eventually must be faced as the british have discovered in their wartime ef forts to avoid inflation regulation to be effective must apply to every element in the price structufé a randle elliott vol for ja militar agreen has co bility was su ing wi ing the than e minist em pr cabin austra is to b cide our de solved side w the lined ameri strong of gr carries forcin bilizat amba first h teleph officia apply japan jai cupat this 1 move lande and +tal price ary to he need increas ice rises 939 the holesale ent and spite re omy and osed on ises the control r profits bill sig on any cent of rchasing or the dity on rm bloc rises on ssion to d_ public is of the ries may ay have ill they e faced time ef ective fructure liott bi5n0dp vs entered as 2nd class matter atk maas aug 19 194 an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y avucustt 15 1941 ollowing the economic penalties imposed on japan in recent weeks stimulated by the latter's military occupation of southern indo china under agreement with the vichy authorities severe tension has continued to prevail in the far east the possi bility of imminent japanese moves against thailand was suggested by the special australian cabinet meet ing which met on august 11 at melbourne declar ing that the pacific situation was more full of danger than ever robert g menzies the australian prime minister cut short a tour of the western and south em provinces to attend the emergency session of the cabinet at the same time william m hughes australian navy minister stated whether there is to be peace or war in the pacific is for japan to de cide the situation has deteriorated but it is none of our doing we want peace but we are inflexibly re solved to defend our interests which march side by side with those of britain these statements from australian officials under lined reports from london that current british american discussions were expected to lead to the strongest warning ever addressed to japan by a group of great powers the japanese government has carried economic mobilization a step further by en forcing additional provisions of the national mo bilization act while kaname wakusugi aide to ambassador nomura at washington has prefaced a first hand report which he is carrying to japan with a telephoned message from california warning tokyo oficialdom that the united states was prepared to apply counter measures according to each step that japan makes japan’s southward drive since the oc cupation of southern indo china was completed early this month japan has made few additional overt moves japanese troops and war supplies have been landed in considerable force at saigon fortifications and gun emplacements have been set up on cap st diplomatic warfare centers on thailand jacques at the entrance of the saigon estuary and work on development of the naval base in cam ranh bay to the north has begun on the other hand the dispositions cf certain of the japanese forces have suggested an attempt to overawe thailand or if this should fail an intention to invade the country strong japanese military and air force contingents have been stationed at strategic points along the southern thailand indo china border which afford the easiest lines of entry into thailand a force of 130 japanese vessels is said to be concentrated at hainan island reports thus far unconfirmed by ac tual evidence have stated that japan has presented demands to the thai authorities including a request for permission to occupy strategic bases in thailand and for a virtual trade monopoly confronted with increasing pressure from tokyo the thailand government has tended to move with some degree of caution although the indications are that it is not playing the part of a japanese pawn thailand authorities have made two recent conces sions to japan the recognition of manchoukuo and the extensign of a credit of 15 million yen to facili tate extensive japanese trade purchases balancing these concessions however thailand declared in an official communiqué issued on july 29 that its for eign policy rested on a program of independence self reliance equal friendship for all nations and unrestricted foreign trade this statement was sup ported by the dispatch of additional tank and aerial units of the thai army to the indo china frontier only a few miles distant from the newly arrived japanese troops anglo american moves the concern of the british and american governments over japan’s intentions toward thailand was made explicit on august 6 in direct warnings to tokyo expressed in london and washington anthony eden british foreign secretary declared before the house of commons that japanese intervention in thailand would give rise to a most serious situation between great britain and japan secretary hull in reply to a correspondent’s query indicated a few hours later in washington that the american government was becoming increasingly concerned about develop ments threatening thailand while these warnings were moderate in tone there was increasing evidence that a japanese move against thailand might encounter more than economic pen alties formal assurances of anglo american aid to thailand in the event of a japanese attack have not been publicly offered but reports indicate that such pledges have been made through diplomatic chan nels thailand's original statement affirming the complete independence of its foreign policy was re emphasized on august 7 although certain bangkok political sources intimated that the country would welcome british american assurances counter balanc ing japanese aspirations the week end of august 9 10 was featured in bangkok by an emergency cabinet meeting and intense diplomatic activity in which the american minister was prominent aside from diplomatic activity it seems clear that britain and the united states are making concrete preparations to deal with any eventuality that may develop in southeast asia there is some doubt as to the accuracy of the report from saigon that a british naval squadron headed by the 30,600 ton wars pite had been sighted in the gulf of siam there can be no question however that large additional reinforce ments for the already formidable british land air and naval defenses of malaya reached singapore early in august and it is possible that these may in clude naval vessels in the battleship category two american cruisers the northampton and the salt lake city also appeared at brisbane in australia dur ing the second week of august meanwhile japan’s trade with the united states the british empire and the dutch east indies had been largely brought to a halt by continued maintenance of the freezing orders issued during july another executive order germans seek decision in the ukraine although exact information concerning the russo germar war is still difficult to obtain from the conflict how has britain met the impact of total war this report the second of two on wartime changes in britain surveys social welfare measures the effect of heavy taxation the rcle of parliament civil liberty and party politics read social and political changes in wartime britain by james frederick green 25 august 15 issue of foreign policy reports page two a issued by president roosevelt on august 1 has alsg further restricted japan’s possible oil purchases in the united states even should the former's assets be yp frozen the new order in effect prohibited exports of aviation gasoline presumably to well below g7 octane content to aggressor nations and limited ex ports of crude petroleum to usual or pre war quan tities on a licensing basis the war of nerves further measures both of a military and economic nature may be instituted against japan following conclusion of the mysterio british american discussions which are apparently taking place these measures would be primarily mo tivated by an effort to prevent japan from invading thailand although they might also be intended to dissuade japan from taking action against the soviet union in the north where large reinforcements of japanese troops have been sent into manchoukuo occupation of thailand by tokyo’s forces would present far greater dangers to british american chinese defense positions than the presence of jap anese troops in indo china it would open the way to a land offensive down the malayan peninsula toward singapore an action which would be necessary in order to supplement a serious naval attack on brit ain’s great far eastern base it would also bring japanese bombers within easy striking distance of the burma rail and river routes along which supplies to china must pass before reaching the yunnan burma road and open southwestern china to more direct attack in the present case however there seems less chance that japan can effect a peaceful occupation by agreement such as occurred in indo china if thailand chooses to resist tokyo must assume the risks of outright aggression under existing condi tions such a move might precipitate the general far eastern conflict that has been brewing since the jap anese occupation of manchuria a decade ago it re mains to be seen whether japan is prepared to risk overt action in thailand and if so whether britain and the united states are prepared to offer effective opposition t a bisson ing and propagandistic communiqués issued by both sides the german campaign which had stalled for several weeks now seems again to be gathering mo mentum the drive toward moscow appears to have made no progress despite the victorious conclusion of the battle of smolensk which the germans reported on august 6 but in the northwest german troops have resumed their advance toward leningrad and in the south they are penetrating deep into the ukraine a strong german army has passed south of kiev aiming at dniepropetrovsk and the heart of ukrainian industry near the black sea other nazi forces 600,004 nikola rici page russiat over a gan re tandst as the en ge simistic rumor nersiste that th ings if tion we mand favorak in the collabo now th the brit the ret against selled mg cc in the and th cramer handec gust 6 of defe foreign headquart catered as td 18 l has also ases in ets be un d exports below 97 imited ex wat q ures both instituted mysterious apparently narily mo 1 inva tended to the soviet ements of oukuo ces would american ce of jap the way to ila toward cessary in k on brit also bring nee of the upplies to 1an burma ore direct seems less ccupation china if ssume the ing condi eneral far e the jap ago it re ed to risk rer britain r effective bisson d by both talled for ering mo rs to have forces are threatening the big port of odessa with its 0,000 inhabitants and the russian naval base at nikolaev riches of the ukraine the ukrainian cam in may well prove to be the turning point in the russian war and put into hitler’s hands the rich prize i j has long coveted despite soviet attempts to de gnttalize industry and production the ukraine still a predominant rdéle in russia's economy it ac gunts for over half of the iron and steel produced in he u.s.s.r about 70 per cent of the aluminum and igticultural machinery almost 70 per cent of the ugar and more than a fifth of the grain its heavy dustries are well nigh indispensable to a continued yar effort the new german successes if confirmed and con tisued would have far reaching consequences in the reich they would presumably help to allay the popu lr unrest which has developed over the compara ively slow progress of the eastern campaign the german people had been led to expect a quick victory wer a sluggish and weak opponent the dogged rus jan resistance which battled the reich forces to a tandstill caught the german populace unprepared as the r.a.f pounded cities in western and north em germany almost unmolested many germans pes imistically envisaged a prolonged two front war humors damaging to morale began to circulate a persistent flight from the mark aggravated by reports that the government was about to confiscate all sav ings indicated waning confidence while the situa tion was by no means grave the german high com mand was obviously relieved that it could report a favorable turn in the fortunes of war vichy pressed for decision the reports of german victories may also weaken those elements n vichy who have pursued a wait and see policy inthe hope of avoiding the necessity for complete ollaboration with nazi germany for several weeks now the government of marshal pétain has been on thebrink of momentous decisions in its relations with the reich the paris press has consistently inveighed ainst its timid and vacillating policy and coun elled a complete partnership with germany includ tg common defense of france’s african empire inthe face of strong pressure from the united states ind the indecisive warfare in russia the vichy gov tment has hesitated to commit itself in a note clusion of landed to ambassador william d leahy on au s reported an troops grad and into the sed south e heart of ther nazi ust 6 it apparently intimated that france was capable ifdefending its african possessions without aid but page three f.p.a radio schedule subject war of nerves in the pacific speaker t a bisson date sunday august 17 time 2 15 p.m e.d.s.t station nbc blue network refused to give categorical assurances to this effect the germans are reported to be demanding a full fledged alliance which would give them bases at casa blanca and dakar and make france virtually an axis partner though a strictly subordinate one in return the reich would presumably release more french prisoners consent to an alteration in the line demar cating the occupied and unoccupied zones and in sure france an honorable place in the new order although such developments would constitute a serious setback for britain and the united states they would not entirely offset the fact that the russian campaign in sharp contrast to the others in this war have cost germany heavy losses in men and matériel in addition the nazis have lost valuable time as the german soviet conflict ends its eighth week the pros pect that germany will bring it to a successful con clusion in time to launch a direct assault on the brit ish isles this fall progressively diminishes mean while britain and the united states gain time to gird themselves for the decision which is now likely to come not this year but in 1942 or later already the british aided by the u.s patrol in the north atlantic have managed to reduce monthly shipping losses dur ing june and july to about 300,000 tons these facts however should not give rise to any feeling of com placency every day gained through the russo ger man war must be fully utilized to speed production and strengthen armaments if germany is eventually to be defeated john c dewilde the south american handbook 1941 edited by howell davies new york wilson 1941 1.00 one of the best sources of general information on all the latin american republics this new edition will be particularly welcome to commercial travelers the petroleum industry an economic survey by ronald b shuman norman oklahoma university of oklahoma press 1940 3.00 a careful analysis of the economic and financial factors in the recent development of a key defense industry in discussing conservation of oil resources dr shuman sug gests that the war may extend government control over oil production foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 43 august 15 1941 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y dw 181 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lert secretary vera micheles dean editor emered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year national produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year sy ee me ee ee ee ee at oe he ope eee ie faas ss ws pew s washington news letter washington bureau national press building aug 11 the administration’s policy of extend ing economic aid to the soviet union brings the wheel of american russian relations full circle after the revolution of march 1917 president wilson promptly recognized the provisional government and continued to regard russia as one of the associated powers in the war against germany until the estab lishment of the u.s.s.r in the following november the united states then embargoed the war supplies about to be shipped to russia amounting to almost 191 million out of credits totalling 325 million and refused to recognize the soviet régime until no vember 1933 the present renewal of wartime col laboration between the two countries creates a num ber of difficult economic political and strategic issues for the united states aid to russia little evidence is yet available to indicate the exact nature and quantity of aid which the administration is planning to send the soviet union in accordance with the conversations of harry hopkins in moscow and the welles oumansky notes of august 2 one shipload of aviation gasoline has already left and at least four american tankers are being turned over to the soviet government accord ing to petroleum coordinator ickes on august 7 numerous american made planes on order for brit ain or already delivered including about 100 curtiss p 38 pursuit planes and some medium bombers re portedly are being released for soviet use further assistance will have to be determined by the avail ability of supplies and shipping prior commitments to great britain and the attitude of public opinion lend lease facilities have not yet been extended to the soviet union which is believed to have sufficient funds readily available for present orders the soviet american trade agreement first signed in 1935 was renewed on august 2 for another year but without the usual provision obligating the u.s.s.r to buy at least 40,000,000 worth of ameri can goods in return for most favored nation treat ment united states exports to the soviet union have fluctuated greatly during the past decade 1930 114.4 million 1933 9.0 million 1937 42.9 mil lion 1938 69.7 million 1939 58.6 million 1940 86.9 million and 1941 first quarter 16.4 mil lion in recent years american exports have consisted almost entirely of manufactures and semi manufac tures including machinery machine tools vehicles aircraft gasoline and refined copper transportation difficulties the abil we ity of the united states to send supplies to the soviet union is seriously limited by the lack of available ports the ice free port of murmansk and its railway to leningrad are menaced by the german drive in the north while archangel farther east is frozen during tol x winter months a second route is offered by the trans iranian railway which connects the caspian roc sea with the persian gulf but its carrying capacity is probably limited the most convenient port is vladi the vostok from which supplies could be sent to soviet mi forces in the maritime provinces or shipped across augus the trans siberian railway vladivostok can be import reached however only by means of the narrow chan apecte nels through the japanese archipelago and the sea govern of japan shipping shortages create another difficult plishm problem because a considerable portion of the o vealed viet union’s merchant marine which consisted of the pre 246 ocean going vessels of over 2,000 tons totalling cuss sj 938,357 tons on january 1 1941 is probably locked nazi in the baltic and black seas ioint r august political obstacles the delicacy of the of the new relationship between the soviet union and the ppa united states is reflected in the extreme caution with soou which the administration has moved in recent weeks j eigt aid to russia is even more unpopular in some quat ment ters than aid to britain as evidenced by the state ing the ment issued on august 5 by fifteen republican lead aime ers including herbert hoover alfred m landon eh charles g dawes frank o lowden ray lyman pounce wilbur henry p fletcher robert m hutchins and yig y john l lewis this declaration endorsing aid t0 termed britain and china but denouncing the anglo russiat sein alliance has had its counterpart in many speeches if jaye congress where isolationist sentiment appears to 0 ind reviving struge proponents of aid to russia point out however not cess only the strategic advantages of a two front campaigi mater against germany but the importance of northeastem tation siberia to defense of the western hemisphere the standa monroe doctrine originated in part as a warning tt some russia which appeared in 1823 to be menacing tht shadoy united states by its expansion southward from the es alaska the defeat of the u.s.s.r would bring japa ford a or germany to the bering straits or within only 56 safety miles of north america objecti james frederick green cham +y entered as 2nd class matter nove a oa oa university of michigan lake y 2 aug 194 oy se ann arbor mich 22 194 ae mw foreign policy bulletin the abil the aa an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association aa foreign policy association incorporated rae way 22 east 38th street new york n y rive in the en during ton xx no 44 avucust 22 1941 d by the ee roosevelt and churchill agree on steps to check aggression apacity is is vlad the return of president roosevelt and prime and denouncing the use of force demand 8 the to soviet 4 minister churchill to their respective capitals on disarmament of aggressive nations pending the ed across august 17 and 19 cleared the way for the series of can be important american and british measures which are row chan expected to follow the epochal meeting of the two d the sea government leaders at sea wiuile the major accom t difficult plishments of the meeting have not yet been re f the so vealed its main purpose apparently was to enable rsisted of the president and the british prime minister to dis totalling ass specific and effective means of stopping the ly locked nazi war machine this goal was suggested in the joint roosevelt churchill declaration of principles on august 14 which referred to the final destruction cy of the of the nazi tyranny a and the peace aims the joint declaration which first ition with nnounced the mid atlantic conferences embodied nt weeks in eight points the most forceful and definite state me quar ment of british and american peace aims made dur the state ing the war the first three points covering political ican lead sims state that 1 britain and the united states landon eek no aggrandizement territorial or other de ty lyman pounce 2 territorial changes that do not accord chins and vith the freely expressed wishes of the peoples con ig aid to cemed and call for 3 the restoration of sov o russial weion rights and self government to those who peeches itt have been forcibly deprived of them the economic ears to ind social aims pledge the two democracies to struggle for 4 the enjoyment by all states of vever not access on equal terms to the trade and to the raw campaign materials of the world and encourage 5 inter theastem tational collaboration to secure improved labor here the standards economic adjustment and social security arning t0 some form of international organization was fore acing tht shadowed in the expressed desire to promote 6 urd fromf the establishment of a durable peace which will af ing japan ford all nations and all men the means of living in n only 56 safety without fear and want in support of these objectives britain and the united states jointly champion 7 freedom of the seas for all countries green establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security this statement of principles is much less specific than president wilson’s enunciation of the historic fourteen points in 1918 but its general objectives are strikingly similar to those of the world war document like the wilson statement it is probably designed in part to bolster morale and resistance in the countries under german domination and to per suade the german people that they will also enjoy the right of self determination after the war the oosevelt churchill declaration serves moreover as a definite warning to the reich that the democratic powers are determined to continue fighting until germany is vanquished finally the joint enuncia tion of peace aims insures that the united states will participate in the post war settlement the british american declaration clearly recog nizes that both governments have world wide social economic and political interests which are threat ened by the expansion of nazi germany and its associated totalitarian countries active measures to check this expansion in the near future were indi cated by the white house statement which accom panied the declaration on august 14 the president and the prime minister it said had further exam ined the whole problem of supplying munitions of war to those countries actively engaged in resisting aggression and had made clear the steps which their countries are respectively taking for their safe ty in the face of totalitarian policies of military domination active measures to check aggres sion president roosevelt and prime minister churchill promptly implemented their conferences with a joint message to soviet premier stalin on au gust 15 proposing that high british and american b es pu ie ie aa we ms e wz ao in ese eer a ee en a se a ee dn ae representatives meet with stalin in moscow to discuss directly and arrive at speedy decisions as to the ap portionment of our joint resources britain and the united states it was pointed out are now cooperating to provide the very maximum of supplies needed by the u.s.s.r and will continue to send supplies and material as rapidly as possible premier stalin's acceptance of the proposal for a war aid confer ence announced on august 16 pledged full coop eration to hold the meeting in moscow without delay two hours later britain and the u.s.s.r climaxed almost two months of negotiations by signing a war trade agreement covering exchange of goods and clearing arrangements between the two countries and providing for a british credit of 10 000,000 to enable the soviet union to pay for the balance of british exports over imports while no emergency trade pact has yet been concluded between the united states and the u.s.s.r it is anticipated that american war materials will flow into russia with increasing rapidity through the far eastern port of vladivostok since the use of this soviet port could be prevented by japanese action roosevelt and churchill probably also discussed possible anglo american cooperation against japan in the far east nazi moves in the middle east the need for urgent action at this time has been empha sized by recent nazi successes in the ukraine and the development of a perilous situation in iran the ger man drive has already passed the u.s.s.r s vital southern port of odessa and led to the seizure on au gust 17 of the important black sea naval base at nikolaev in iran the alleged presence of about three thousand nazi agents has prompted simultane ous british and soviet diplomatic action after sev eral months of negotiations between british and iranian officials regarding nazi activities london and moscow each delivered friendly warnings to the teheran government during the second week in au gust these steps were followed by a stern joint anglo soviet warning announced in london on read about developments in chinese and japanese internal affairs japan’s new structure china’s national front by t a bisson 25 each april 15 and july 15 issues of foreign policy reports page two august 17 in view of britain’s decisive military a tion to counter the nazi inspired coup in iraq jp may stronger measures may soon be expected unless the iranian government gives adequate assurang that all menacing nazi activities will be curtailed the entrance of british troops into iran would be significant step both toward protection of britain's extensive interests in india and toward eventual mili tary aid to the u.s.s.r in its life and death strugole with germany in the middle east britain may again find itself face to face with nazi land forces and by absorbing some of germany's military pressure jg the south may strengthen russia’s will and power to resist a randle elliotr i saw england by ben robertson new york knopf 194 2.00 praise for britain’s conduct under nazi air attack by the london correspondent of the new york newspaper py latin american trade how to get it and hold it by frank henius new york harper 1941 2.00 the author who has had much practical experience jy foreign trade gives some sound common sense advice 0 methods of promoting our commerce with latin america problems of the pacific 1939 edited by kate mitchell and w l holland new york institute of pacific relations 1940 3.50 a detailed summary of the discussions of the virginia beach conference of the institute of pacific relations a which representatives from eight of the institute’s m tional councils participated the informative record od the conference proceedings is supplemented by extensive documentary appendices on american rights and interests in china the future of foreign investment in china and the foreign relations of the netherlands indies pilsudski by alexandra pilsudska new york dodd mead 1941 3.00 the best portions of this biography of the polish re tator written by his wife depict her exciting experiences as a nationalist agitator in pre 1914 russian poland ani as a fugitive during the german campaign of september 1939 the material on pilsudski himself is formal and stilted mine and countermine by a m low new york sheridan house 1940 2.75 the best available source for the history and description of mine warfare and the measures which have been taken to minimize its effects the book makes surprisingly inter esting reading winged warfare by major general h h arnold ani colonel ira c eaker new york harper 1941 3.0 two high army air corps officers give a good nol technical description of modern military aviation and the organization and functions of the united states arm air corps while a few statements in the book may be chal lenged as inaccurate and the value of some sections diminished by official reticence it should be of the greatest help to laymen interested in the subject foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 44 august 22 1941 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y a published weekly by the foreign policy association frank ross mccoy president dororuy f leet secretary vera micueres dsan biéilor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 two dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year incorporated nation sen nazi led to gressi lowin which berlin chaml ganize lat pr repor t provin propas the m populé civilias in a con ready by the monte unevet by the for th pouchi betwe radio thoriti the ex bassy there govert develc to the the measu bilitie dered victor prepat attemy latin by the boldly at tual is latin tense for mo cop ilitary ac n iraq in ted unless assurance curtailed ould be g britain's itual mili 1s nay again s and by essure in nd power llioty nopf 1941 attack by paper py old it by 0 erience in advice on america itchell and relations e virginia lations in itute’s na record of extensive d interests shina and odd mead polish dic xperiences oland and september yrmal and sheridan lescription been taken ngly inter rnold and 1 3.90 rood nom ion and df ates army ay be chal sections is 1e greatest tt d national yean editon trends sensational disclosures during the past month of nazi intrigue in bolivia chile and colombia have led to a popular demand in those countries for con gressional investigation of subversive activities fol lowing the failure of an alleged nazi plot in bolivia which involved the bolivian military attaché in berlin and the german minister in la paz the chamber of deputies resolved on august 12 to or ganize a six man committee of investigation a simi lar proposal is being put forward in chile where reports are rife of intrigue in german populated provinces of the south in colombia charges of nazi propaganda in the army are being investigated by the minister of war although there is growing pular sentiment for bringing the inquiry under dvilian control in one major south american country argentina a congressional committee of investigation has al ready been functioning for several months headed by the energetic young radical deputy raul da monte taborda this committee has been making uneven headway in the face of obstructionist tactics by the argentine government a fortunate occurrence for the committee was the recent discovery in the pouches of a german diplomatic courier traveling between lima and buenos aires of a short wave radio set confiscation of the set by argentine au thorities led to a three cornered struggle between the executive the committee and the german em bassy in which the latter came out a poor third there are indications at present that the argentine government in response to popular sentiment is developing a more cooperative attitude with respect to the investigations in progress the recent wave of plots real or alleged and the measures taken to combat them suggest two possi bilities either nazi agents in latin america ren dered desperate by the decreasing tempo of german victories abroad and the accelerated rhythm of u.s preparation are throwing caution to the winds in an attempt to achieve spectacular successes or else the latin american governments themselves heartened by these same factors are going after plotters more boldly than they would previously have dared attitudes toward the war on the ac tual issue of the war however official attitudes of the latin american governments vary widely the pre tense of neutrality has been largely abandoned in n latin america by john i b mcculloch mexico the central american states and the island republics of the caribbean in other words in that bloc of countries most directly within the military and economic sphere of the united states here the united states lead is being closely watched and fre quently followed cuba for example has just ex pelled the last german consul left in that republic italian consulates had already been closed there is much support in mexico for a similar step in hon duras a presidential decree bars axis sympathizers from government jobs of particular significance is a recent speech by president eduardo santos of colombia challenging the concept of frigid neutral ity and denying that weak nations can avoid danger by merely turning their backs on it official attitudes in the southern half of the south american continent reveal considerably greater re serve recently argentina requested both the british and german embassies to moderate the tone of their propaganda chile several days later barred all propaganda whatsoever from the radio it is worth noting that argentina and chile are two of the four countries peru and colombia being the others which declined or accepted with reservations a sug gestion of the uruguayan foreign office which would have guaranteed non belligerent status hence free use of ports etc to any american republic at war with a non american state the dramatic meeting of president roosevelt and prime minister churchill on the high seas and the subsequent announcement of joint british u.s peace aims will undoubtedly make a strong appeal to imagination of the latin americans the program put forward by the two statesmen has been described by mexican foreign minister padilla as representing the will of america in buenos aires the general sentiment appears to have been admiration for a statesmanlike document coupled with relief that the meeting on the atlantic did not mean as many ar gentinians had feared immediate entrance of the united states into the war f.p.a radio schedule subject impressions of latin america speaker vera micheles dean date sunday august 24 time 2 15 p.m e.d.s.t station nbc blue network for more extensive coverage on latin american affairs read pan american news 4 bi weekly newsletter edited by mr mcculloch for sample copy of this publication write to the washington bureau foreign policy association 1200 national press building washington d.c washington news letter washington bureau national press bullding aus 19 now that the president has returned to washington the capital is speculating about the steps which will presumably be taken to implement the agreements reached in the historic roosevelt churchill conference since the president has denied that the meeting has brought the nation closer to armed participation in the war the forthcoming de cisions will probably take the form of measures accelerating the defense program and adjusting the allocation of arms to the new conditions prevailing abroad status of defense production while congress is generally expected to approve the request for additional lend lease funds which the white house will send to capitol hill in the near future the real question is whether enough war material can be produced to meet the needs of the soviet union and china as well as of the british empire and the united states the output of munitions in this coun try during the second half of 1941 will undoubtedly be much larger than in the first half the construc tion and tooling of new plants has made great pro gress during the first six months of the current year machine tool production aggregated 346,900 000 as compared with a total of 425,000,000 in all of 1940 a substantial increase in the manufacture of light arms explosives artillery tanks and planes can therefore be expected at the same time require ments are increasing far beyond original expectations german conquest of vital industrial regions in the ukraine for example will raise enormously russian demands for american supplies moreover defense production in the united states has lagged in some respects output of aircraft which amounted to 1,460 during july is more than 100 planes behind schedule the heavy bomber pro gram has proved particularly disappointing partly because participation of the automobile industry in the program has not worked out as expected in general washington detects a tendency to slacken the pace of production on the unfounded assumption that the emergency is no longer as acute as earlier in the year need for clear leadership presidential action is believed necessary not only to impart new energy to the defense program but also to guide it through the critical period it is now entering this country has reached the stage in which further expay sion of munitions production can be achieved only af the expense of drastic curtailment of civilian oy the rapid multiplication of priority controls during the last few months has characterized the transition it has brought the danger of inflation to the fore and is forcing the government to decide where and ty what extent non defense production shall be reduced vou 3 under existing circumstances critics of the defense program consider unified leadership more essential than ever while the president’s adviser justice sam uel i rosenman is said to have been studying the 1 organizational set up for defense skeptics doubt that the conflicts in jurisdiction and policies among de q7y fense agencies will be effectively eliminated recently 1 p the rivalry between opm and opacs has been most pitle acute their respective spheres have never been clear ly delimited and their chiefs mr knudsen and mr o henderson have a fundamentally different ap proach to the entire problem of defense production conservatives tax mr henderson with ambitions to arrogate leadership of the program to himself chang delica was w west transportation difficulties the de 5 livery as well as the manufacture of war materials is evitab expected to confront the administration with serious difficulties the task of supplying the u.s.s.r acros r n the vast pacific for example puts a heavy additional ca burden on shipping facilities although planes may ina be flown across the atlantic and pacific witness the establishment of a new ferry service from the u.s to a the near east announced by the president on august i 19 other munitions must be transported by vessel ag merchant marine losses have been reduced from s 49 000 tons in may to 329,296 in june and a still aot smaller tonnage in july but these totals are still dan p gerously high since u.s yards built only 386,68 tons of merchant shipping in the first half of 1941 pr considerable progress has been made in shipbuild preciz ing techniques construction time per ship is being ing th reduced to four and a half or five months whic tise compares with a record of seven months and twenty contir four days set in the first world war although out west put is ahead of schedule it is not expected to out their distance current shipping losses until well along in ptinci 1942 meanwhile the need to cut sinkings and to dustri protect shipments to vladivostok from possible ap a mat anese action may provoke a shooting war soonet obtait than the country expects minde john c dewilde many +essential stice sam dying the loubt that mong de recently en most een clear bitions to self the de aterials is th serious r across idditional anes may ritness the he u.s to nn august by vessel ced from nd a still still dan 1 386,684 of 1941 shipbuild is being 1s which id twenty ough out d to out along if 7s and to sible jap r soonet 2 wilde general library gv of mich sener 7 tbherar periodical roum artes ite y entered as 2nd class matter aug 30 194 university of michigan arbor mich an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign rolicy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y aucust 29 1941 vou xx no 45 south america weighs course of war by vera micheles dean mrs dean has just returned from a visit to brazil argentina chile and peru yg spectacular struggle between germany and russia and the mounting tide of revolt against hitler’s new order among the conquered peoples of europe have had a profound effect on the countries of south america where public opinion registers changes in the international temperature with the delicate precision of a thermometer when germany was winning an uninterrupted series of victories in the west many latin americans with varying degrees of resignation had come to accept nazi victory as in evitable but a subtle change in the political atmos phere made itself felt soon after the german invasion of russia it might have been expected and this was the expectation of nazi propaganda that fear of communism would range the predominantly catho lic countries of south america on the side of ger many what impressed latin americans however was that for the first time the nazis had encountered military resistance which had thwarted their b itz krieg methods and they attributed soviet resistance not merely to russia’s military and induc‘rial pre paredness but to the effectiveness of a rival ideology which had proved a match for nazism preoccupation with exports to ap preciate the effect that this change in opinion regard ing the course of the war may have on south america it is essential to understand that the countries of that continent far from seeking security within a closed western hemisphere system are keenly aware of their links with europe and asia until now their ptincipal exports have consisted of foodstuffs and in dustrial raw materials their chief concern is to find amarket for these exports at the best price they can obtain they are consequently far more export minded and to that extent international minded than many sections of the united states it is to their ad vantage to have the great industrial powers britain the united states and germany compete for their products rather than have one great power monopo lize the purchase of their exports as the united states is in many respects doing today when war and the british blockade have closed south america’s euro pean markets from a purely materialistic point of view many south americans do not want to see the complete victory of either group of belligerents which might leave the victors in a position to dictate political and economic terms to raw material produc ing countries many of them would prefer to see the war end in a draw which would make it possible for south america to prosper by renewed economic com petition between the great powers is south america pro nazi some north americans who may themselves have hesitated to aid britain contend that south americans are luke warm toward the democratic cause and attribute this lukewarmness to pro nazi sympathies this is a mis interpretation of public sentiment in south america true many of the countries to the south of us have not yet reached the stage of political and economic development propitious to the full functioning of parliamentary institutions but the vast majority of the people are pro democratic and anti totalitarian by temper and tradition even more than by intellectual conviction nazi propaganda which stresses the inef fectiveness of parliamentary institutions in countries where they function as in argentina and chile and denounces anglo saxon imperialism has made relatively little headway except in military and upper class circles even there admiration for the nazis is due primarily to the awe aroused by the efficiency of the german war machine and to the preference of military and upper class groups for a strong govern ment in their own countries this does not mean that nazi influence in south america should be under estimated for a moment on the contrary it can yet aaa page two prove very dangerous because it is concentrated among key people who in case of a crisis might con trol strategic positions in each country affected the real influence in south america is neither ger man nor italian nor spanish in fact many south americans resent any attempt by madrid to direct their course somewhat in the way that north ameri cans often resent pressure from britain the real eu ropean influence among educated south americans stems from france which was relatively disinterested in that continent because france far more than britain or the united states was regarded as the true prototype of democracy and culture its defeat has proved a personal tragedy for many south ameri cans the defeat of france has also been interpreted as a great blow to the prestige of latin peoples in general the reaction to this event has taken two forms on the one hand there is a tendency to ration alize the defeat of france and the subjection of other latin peoples spain italy rumania by contend ing that the germans are invincible on the other hand there is an effort to discover how the countries of south america with their predominantly latin settlers can overcome the weaknesses revealed by the latin countries of europe what south america thinks of u.s in this period of painful readjustment south ameti cams are re examining their concept of the united states and of the réle the united states might play in the western hemisphere for them president roosevelt remains the protagonist of a new deal in hemisphere affairs but they still wonder whether the good neighbor policy is merely an emergency measure or has become an intrinsic part of our atti tude toward south america at the moment the south american countries realize that the united states is the only market for their exports and the only source of essential manufactured goods al though it becomes increasingly difficult for them to obtain manufactured goods from the united states owing partly to our own armament needs and partly to lack of shipping facilities although the former agitation against yankee imperialism has some what abated especially now that the communists have adopted the party line of cooperation with brit ain and the united states many south americans what is the economic and strategic importance of central america for the united states in the present emergency read the resources and trade of central america by a randle elliott 25 september 1 issue of foreign policy reports still feel that the united states exploits their tp sources without adequate compensatin yet th realize that in many cases their countries have no reached the level of technical development whic j would permit them to take over operation of ming and public utilities now operated by american at british interests and that withdrawal of foreign cap tal might precipitate an economic collapse as a rem edy they urge that the united states instead of gy gaur ing loans which might be difficult to liquidate pay higher prices for their strategic raw materials such as copper and advocate careful control of foreign age capital in the future ng s the south american countries are not on the whole afraid as yet of nazi invasion at the same rardin time they have become increasingly aware of nazi thoug activities within their borders and are beginning ty nore take various measures as in bolivia chile argen ck ta tina and uruguay to check these activities while op the countries on the east coast are concerned with the so germany's plans for the future on the west coast of rez chile and peru fear that in case of war in the fa east japan might seek to establish a foothold on the oy i pacific coast or sabotage their mines war in the far en east would also deprive these countries of a market i gh in japan which has been bidding against the united states for the minerals of chile and has purchased three quarters of peru’s 1941 cotton crop turke tively aumbe develo forma minat if some concrete incident should convince the soviet countries of south america that the axis constitutes maint a direct danger for that continent they would un incon doubtedly support united states measures for defense soviet of the western hemisphere because they are pas withd sionately attached to their political independence fused but until that danger has eventuated many of them irar feel that defense of their territory by the united oid states might prove almost as disastrous for theif unity independence as invasion by germany and perhaps the p more lasting in the midst of these mixed hopes and sided apprehensions the most important and immediate mpor task for the united states is to demonstrate three by ne things first that this country is rapidly becoming a untt center of culture which could to some extent at is p least replace france in the hearts and minds of south the so americans second that it is concerned with defense ttal p of democracy not only for the sake of material ad the 1 vantage even on a lend lease basis but for the sake persia of high ideals and third that it is prepared from while the military and industrial point of view to make bntis good its challenge to nazism for the south amett vitt cans too are preoccupied with the kind of new shah order that may emerge out of this conflict they find nazi methods repugnant but they want to make hc sure that the new order anticipated by britain and teered the united states will offer them political and 0 nomic participation on a basis of true equality their fe yet they have not ent which of mines rerican oy eign capi asa fe ad of giv idate pay rials such o foreign t on the the same e of nazi sinning to le argen es while rned with vest coast n the far od on the in the far a market he united purchased vince the onstitutes vould un or defense y are pas pendence y of them 1e united for their d perhaps ropes and mmediate rate three coming 4 extent at s of south h defense terial ad r the sake red from to make th amer of new lict they it to make itain and and eco ity o page three h britain and u.s.s.r act to check nazi influence in iran the invasion of iran on august 25 by british and soviet forces opened up a new theater of hostilities yd spread the european war many hundreds of miles farther from the polish corridor where it be almost two years ago general sir archibald wavell who had been transferred on july 1 from iro to india was in charge of the british armies yhich supported by naval units in the persian gulf yere attacking eastward from the iraqi border and yestward from baluchistan soviet troops were mov ing southward into iran from trans caucasia and turkestan west and east of the caspian sea respec tively while little information is yet available re garding the size of the opposing forces iran is thought to have a well trained army of 100,000 or more as well as a larger number of reserves but to lick tanks heavy guns and airplanes origin of the conflict great britain and the soviet union justified their action by the refusal of reza shah pahlevi ruler of iran to eject the large gmber of german technicians businessmen and ourists reported to be in the country after an emphatic warning by the british government in the early spring that it was concerned over developments in iran the british made numerous formal and informal representations at teheran cul minating in a virtual ultimatum by britain and the soviet union on august 16 the iranian government maintaining that only 640 germans were in iran incontrast to the two or three thousand cited in anglo soviet accusations apparently agreed to request the withdrawal of small numbers each month but re fused to order a general expulsion iran has sought ever since the outbreak of war to woid such a showdown in order to safeguard the unity and independence that it has achieved only in the past two decades in 1907 britain and russia ded their long struggle for control of persia an important gateway to india and the indian ocean by negotiating a treaty which divided the unstable country into spheres of influence russia was to exer ise predominant influence in the north britain in he south while the shah was relegated to the cen tal portion the soviet government shortly after the revolution renounced its rights in northern persia but britain retained much of its influence while the anglo iranian oil company in which the british government has a majority holding enjoyed virtual monopoly in the rich persian fields reza sah pahlevi who came to power in 1925 labored a f.p.a radio schedule subject two years of war speaker john c dewilde date sunday august 31 time 2 15 p.m e.d.s.t station nbc blue network incessantly to modernize the economic social and political life of the country to revive a nationalistic spirit and to end british and russian control the trans iranian railway a notable engineering achieve ment was completed in 1938 without resort to for eign capital and with american rather than british technical assistance in 1940 the shah secured a re vision of the anglo iranian oil company’s conces sion and won a guaranteed minimum annual pay ment of 4,000,000 at the present time iran like some other countries that have experienced british imperialism appears willing to risk eventual nazi domination in order to thwart a traditional opponent anglo soviet aims by taking preventive ac tion the british and russians hope to head off a german coup as effectively as britain acted in iraq and syria in fact they probably welcomed iran’s rejection of their ultimatum and the resulting oppor tunity to occupy the country iran ranking fourth in world oil production has held its output at approxti mately 78,000,000 barrels for the past four years the principal producing areas are at masjid i sulai man and haft khel in the southwest part of the country less than 100 miles from the iraqi border and are connected by pipeline to persian gulf ports their importance to the belligerents is equaled only by the strategic position of iran as a whole the ad vance of the nazi forces to the black sea and re treat of marshal budenny’s army eastward across the dnieper places germany within eventual striking distance of the caucasus and iran britain therefore finds it necessary to extend its long line of defense now running from egypt through iraq even farther to the north and east with the ukraine seriously menaced britain also needs the trans iranian rail way as a relatively convenient route for supplies to the u.s.s.r this railway runs from bandar shahpur on the persian gulf to bandar shah on the caspian where supplies would have to be transshipped by water another railway extends westward from teheran but does not yet connect with a short line in northern iran that reaches the soviet border james frederick green foreign policy bulietin vol xx no 45 august 29 1941 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y entered as second class matter december a bois published weekly by the foreign policy association frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leger secretary vera micheles dean editor 1921 at the post office atc new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 incorporated national two dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building aug 25 prime minister churchill’s radio broad cast of last sunday as viewed by washington circles reveals important decisions which the roosevelt churchill conference reached concerning the japanese threat in the pacific the immediate program appar ently envisages an effort on the part of the united states firmly supported by britain to convince tokyo that any further aggression will meet with determined resistance possibly involving the use of force two aspects of the churchill broadcast offer clear evidence that this country is taking the lead in cur rent dealings with japan the british prime min ister explicitly declared that the united states was laboring with infinite patience to arrive at a fair and amicable settlement which will give japan the utmost reassurance for her legitimate interests the warning which followed that in case these nego tiations failed britain would range itself unhesi tatingly at the side of the united states also indi cated that the diplomatic initiative at tokyo was being left in american hands the strong wording of this pledge nevertheless suggested that britain and the united states had agreed on specific defense measures in the pacific should japan fail to heed the danger signal negotiations at tokyo several days earlier washington correspondents had elicited an admission from secretary hull that important nego tiations were being held in tokyo referring to a two hour conversation between ambassador grew and the japanese foreign minister mr hull stated on august 19 that the talk had covered many sub jects in addition to the issue of repatriating ameri cans from japan on the following day moreover he had declined to discuss the ambassador's com prehensive report to the state department said to include japanese proposals for settlement of trade difficulties diplomatic conversations have mean while continued both in washington and tokyo on august 25 secretary hull described these talks as purely informal and emphasized that any agreement with japan would have to accord with the basic prin ciples of american policy enunciated on july 16 1937 washington quarters although not unduly optimis tic are satisfied that the united states holds the strongest cards in the diplomatic game now being played with tokyo during the past week or ten days with the exception of belligerent press statements japan has made no additional forward move instead there has been a noticeable effort by the japaney authorities to lessen the prevailing tension in th pacific except for refusal to permit about 100 ameq cans to depart on the president coolidge in this lap ter case it now seems likely that americans wil he permitted to leave japan for shanghai where they can obtain passage to this country the united states and britain together with the dutch east indies are now in a position to offer you x strong inducements to japan in exchange for definite commitments despite the bold front maintained by tokyo it is clear that the freezing regulations whic have largely halted trans pacific trade have proved th a body blow to japan’s economy especially if that 4 fo economy is expected to sustain the burden of a new marce war before trade is resumed japan will undoubtedly germ have to meet conditions laid down by washington under and london no inkling of these conditions has yet almos been given they would undoubtedly require pledges armist of japan’s good behavior both as regards thailand repub and siberia guaranteed perhaps by a limitation on had p japanese forces in indo china and by non interfer the ea ence with shipments of american materials to vladi of the vostok as the test case on the latter issue approaches narroy japan has still refrained from more than unofficial durati protests through its press and diplomatic spokesmen pp further u.s moves new measures more progr over threaten japan’s economic prospects export shal f control orders issued on august 1 make it extremely on fr unlikely that japan will again be able to buy ameti exact can aviation gasoline during the emergency even gard should a basis for resumption of trade be found on clear august 22 came a presidential proclamation raising and n the duty on crab meat paste and sauce from 15 to conces 224 per cent an action taken to equalize pro fs ar duction costs in accordance with a tariff commission daily recommendation in 1940 japan supplied about 90 pierre per cent 3,269,000 of the american market in reich this product pétair there is as yet slight indication of the extent to order which the soviet union may be cooperating in a joint ind ir far eastern program the projected tripartite com mjure ference at moscow will presumably consider specific afte measures through which the three powers can deal sttugs concertedly with the situation in the pacific many ab washington observers feel that the japanese threat hon w will not be finally removed until a unified british mpl american soviet policy linked to that of china and mad the dutch east indies is firmly applied in the fat sono east politic t a bisson notice +7 m in 0 n this lat is will be here they with the to offer r definite tained by ns which fe proved ly if that of a new joubtedly ashington is has yet e pledges thailand tation on 1 interfer to vladi proaches unofficial okesmen es more s export extremely ry ameti acy even ound on yn raising om 15 to lize pro mmission about 90 narket in extent to in a joint rtite com r specific can deal ic many se threat 1 british hina and 1 the far bisson dr wil i540p entered as pad class matter university of uichigan librarysep le 194 ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vo xx no 46 september 5 1941 revolt against nazis stirs france om shooting at versailles on august 27 of increased powers to admiral darlan to whom pub former premier pierre laval and the paris editor lic opinion has not always been favorable or fair but marcel déat both of whom had advocated franco who has ever helped me with loyalty and courage german collaboration brought into the open the marshal pétain’s broadcast was an admission of the underground struggle that has been rending france restlessness that had gripped both occupied and un almost from the moment marshal pétain signed the occupied france as the french people gradually armistice with germany the collapse of the third emerged from the daze in which they had been left republic following a catastrophic military debacle by the suddenness and completeness of their disaster had plunged france into such a state of apathy that even a rigid censorship could no longer conceal their the easiest way out seemed to be to accept the verdict lack of sympathy with either the darlan laval of the battlefield and rebuild the country within the gram of collaboration or the let us be brave and go narrow framework allotted to it by the nazis for the back to the soil program of pétain reports from duration of the war france indicated that all elements opposed to nazism petain accepts collaboration this socialists and communists monarchists and liber program of limited objectives was advocated by mar als whether or not they adhered to de gaulle were shal pétain who believed that hitler would impose beginning to stir and every german setback sharp on france a harsh but honorable peace and would ened their hopes that perhaps the verdict of june exact no terms that a soldier like himself could re 1940 might yet be reversed and france restored to gatd as disgraceful when it became increasingly its former position in europe dear that the nazis would demand french military effect of russian campaign the tide and naval aid agains sritain in return for whatever was definitely turned a year after the armistice when concessions they might make about release of prison the germans on june 22 invaded russia this inva es and other matters the position of pétain grew sion reopened all the old conflicts within france daily more difficult unlike admiral darlan and superficially obscured by the soviet german non pierre laval who urged close collaboration with the aggression pact of 1939 french communists freed reich on the assumption of a nazi victory marshal of any party line obligation to temporize with pétain did not seem ready to accept hitler’s new nazism immediately indicated by renewed propa order until the issue of the war had been decided ganda that their organization remained one of the and insisted that france would never do anything to most efficient and well knit political groups in france injure its wartime ally britain yet on august 12 and this time their activities coincide with the aspira aftec what must have been a long and painful tions of other elements in france notably the social struggle behind the scenes at vichy marshal pétain ists who had once opposed communist tactics per ina broadcast to the nation declared that collabora haps the most paradoxical result of the nazi struggle tion with germany offered the only hope for france against bolshevism in europe is that in france at complained that the authority of his government was least it has given new strength and prestige to com made subject to discussion deplored the confu munism it is within the bounds of possibility that if sion of thought in france suspended the activities of and when a large scale revolt against german domi political parties in the unoccupied zone until further nation comes in france it will be ed not only by ad fotice and announced that he had entrusted greatly herents of de gaulle but by men filled with the same spirit that characterized the paris commune in 1871 when france also passed through tragic days only to emerge with enhanced strength and unity under the third republic growing unrest in france has led the nazis to adopt severe measures of repression against persons described as jews and communists in the occupied zone while in the unoccupied zone marshal pétain whose government is also hostile to communism has attempted to bolster national morale by extending membership in the french legion founded in 1940 from the veterans of two wars to include all those ready to volunteer their services for the national revolution in announcing this new move on au gust 31 the marshal declared that from the ex panded legion his government expected to draw the support necessary to accomplish reform of the nation thus creating the impression that the legion might serve as a political party in a one party state pétain’s announcement however was apparently not wel comed in berlin which would prefer to have france remain weak disunited and disorganized the case of france shows that if the nazis are to maintain domi nation of the continent they can permit no strong governments in the conquered countries because these governments whatever their political com plexion might eventually provide a nucleus for re volt against the conqueror this fundamental problem of administering a con tinent vanquished but by no means subdued becomes increasingly acute as the war drags on and its out come appears more doubtful than it seemed at dun kirk the resistance of the russian armies prolonged beyond the expectations of themostsanguine observers page two has already made a profound impression on the op quered peoples and has revived their hope of eyep tually throwing off nazi rule which continues 4 meet with passive opposition everywhere from hol land to greece such problems are bound to preoccupy the axis powers and may have been one of the subjects dis cussed at the five day conference held on the easter front from august 25 to 29 the communiqué issue at the close of the conference which for the first time in axis history came as an anticlimax after the roose velt churchill meeting was neither boastful nor opt mistic the reference to the community of fate of the two dictators struck a wagnerian note of doom the promise that the new european order will ss far as possible remove the causes that in the pas have given rise to european wars was both circum spect and vague it has often been said on this side of the atlantic that it will not be enough for britain and the united states to win the war they will als have to win the peace this same task today confronts the axis leaders as they gird their countries for pro longation of the war it would be dangerously shortsighted however for the british and americans to assume that nazi domi nation of europe can be overthrown merely by the passive resistance of the conquered peoples the pos sibility of german defeat through revolts in occupied countries depends first and foremost on the material aid that these countries can hope to receive from the western powers and this hope in turn depends on the production capacity that britain and the united states can deploy in the months immediately ahead vera micheles dean can agreement be reached in the pacific premier konoye’s personal letter to president roosevelt transmitted by the japanese ambassador on august 28 has added new significance to the ne gotiations currently taking place between tokyo and washington details of the letter have been with held although secretary hull’s statement on au gust 30 that the japanese american conversations have been purely exploratory indicates that no agreement has yet been reached as the negotiations proceed a strong tide of extremist opposition tu the tokyo cabinet's policy increasingly prejudices the success of prince konoye’s démarche special offer 5 fprs for 1.00 europe under nazi rule america’s dilemma in the far east oil and the war britain’s wartime economy 1940 41 toward a new world order this major development in the far eastern situe tion had been preceded by the refusal of washington and moscow to consider japanese representations on august 25 concerning shipment of american wat supplies to the soviet union via vladivostok tokyo officials carefully suggested that protest was to strong a term for their diplomatic warning whid merely stated that the shipments created a delicatt and embarrassing problem for japan in his pres conference on august 27 secretary hull asserted tha the united states would insist on freedom of tht seas in the pacific while at moscow premier mole tov warned that a japanese effort to hinder norma soviet american trade relations would be regardet as an unfriendly act to the u.s.s.r pressure on japan continues despit the central rdle which current negotiations wil japan are playing in the struggle for the pacific n ther britain nor the united states is permitting all relaxation of defense preparations in that area a as sta assist terest effort force tion equip issuec fense cet and t early pectec as in singa toky sendit britis britor enteet order were reach cans barrie japan ever ing re to 1,0 th that dilem consic a tem amer is aga gasol now mittec to jar n foreig headqua entered n the cop 4 of even ntinues ty from hol the axis bjects dig he easter qué issued first time the roose 1 nor opti f fate of of doom will as 1 the past th circum n this side or britain y will also confronts s for pro wever for nazi domi ely by the the pos n occupiel e material from the epends on he united y ahead s dean tern situs ashington entations erican wat ok tokyo was too ng whid a delicate his press serted that om of ve rier molo er normal regarded 5 despitt ions will acific ne itting at t area a gecession of moves during the past week suggests hat continued pressure on japan is viewed as an adjunct of british american diplomacy in the ex isting far eastern crisis outstanding among these additional steps was the announcement from washington on august 26 that the president had ordered the dispatch of an ameri cn military mission to china headed by brigadier general john magruder who has twice served as military attaché in china the mission will include a staff of trained officers and will operate under di rection of the secretary of war its general purpose as stated by the president is to make lend lease assistance to china as effective as possible in the in terest of the united states of china and of the world dfort in resistance to movements of conquest by force on the following day an executive proclama tion extending license provisions to all military equipment and supplies not previously covered was issued in order to bar the export of philippine de fense materials to japan certain precautionary measures both by britain and the united states also supply evidence that an early settlement of differences with japan is not ex pected a large contingent of r.a.f fliers as well as indian artillery and infantry units landed at singapore on august 25 the british embassy at tokyo announced on august 31 that london was sending a special ship to japan in order to evacuate british nationals a majority of approximately 1,000 britons in that country were preparing to leave sev enteen american diplomatic and military officers ordered out of japan by the washington authorities were among 59 american nationals who finally reached shanghai on august 30 about 500 ameri cans many of whom were unable to cut through the barrier of japanese restrictions were still left in japan the plight of foreign nationals in japan how ever was somewhat eased by a relaxation of freez ing regulations which allowed them to withdraw up to 1,000 yen monthly for living expenses the immediate outlook it seems clear that the authorities in tokyo confronted with a dilemma of their own making have been forced to consider the possibility of concessions in order to win atemporary respite the serious effect of the british american freezing regulations on japan’s economy is again illustrated by new restrictions on the use of gasoline japanese taxis buses and private cars are now deprived of all gasoline instead of being per mitted the previous limited ration even more basic to japanese policy is the shift in the balance of power page three f.p.a radio schedule subject unrest in occupied europe speaker a randle elliott date sunday september 7 time 2 15 p.m e.d.s.t station nbc blue network caused by germany’s invasion of the soviet union tokyo's occupation of southern indo china was ap parently carried through on the assumption of a speedy german victory over the u.s.s.r with hit ler’s timetable in russia upset and an exhausting winter campaign for german arms in pros the balance of power in the pacific has markedly al tered to japan’s disadvantage the forces at britain's disposal have greatly increased while the strength of a combined anglo american soviet front in the far east brings the threat of encirclement to japan under these conditions the japanese cabinet has become willing to enter into negotiations on far eastern issues with the united states the obstacles to any general settlement in the pacific however appear too formidable to be overcome at this time tokyo could hardly accept such a settlement unless it included large territorial cessions by china the army extremists in japan already restive would de mand at least this concession to their imperial am bitions their disapproval of any other arrangement might lead to a desperate revolt yet neither the united states nor britain can be expected to coerce china into a peace settlement on these terms even a limited agreement designed to ease the present tension may prove hard to achieve the united states and britain can offer japan a resump tion of trade including access to oil supplies it is difficult to see what japan can offer in return other than pledges of good behavior effective guarantees for such pledges would constitute the real problem at present japanese troops are being concentrated both in indo china and manchuria hoping for the break that will enable them to advance an ex tensive withdrawal of these forces would offer some guarantee but they could be rapidly sent in again at a favorable moment the efficacy of such a standstill agreement would depend primarily on an estimate of the trend of events on the european battlefields if the trend is adverse to germany and time therefore runs against japan a modus vivendi in the far east might be justified in the opposite event however an agreement would enable japan to bolster its resources for a final showdown in the pacific a bisson foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 46 september 5 1941 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frank ross mccoy president dororny f legr secretary vera micheles dean editor national entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year bi produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building sept 2 washington circles have noted with in terest that president roosevelt's speeches on sunday and labor day struck at the most vulnerable point in the nation’s armor the failure of the general public to appreciate the real gravity of the interna tional situation the president and his advisers had become increasingly alarmed about what they re garded as public apathy toward the country’s war effort mr knudsen for instance had returned from a long inspection trip convinced that the united states could out produce any other nation but that the people still did not have the spirit necessary for this job arousing the nation the president ac cordingly took great pains to awaken the country on labor day he warned that our fundamental rights including the rights of labor are threatened by hitler’s violent attempt to rule the world and prophesied that the american navy could not main tain the freedom of the seas against all the rest of the world if the british and other friendly fleets were destroyed he appealed to organized labor in particular to remember that one of the first acts of the axis dictatorships had been to wipe out all the principles and standards which labor had been able to establish for its own preservation and advance ment talking to his neighbors at hyde park on sunday the president expressed his own dissatisfac tion with the country’s morale even more pointedly by reading from the letter of an american woman who had been terrified to discover on returning from europe that many people in this country had no idea of what hangs over their heads today some observers were disappointed however that the president did not announce any concrete measures to accelerate the defense program they looked in vain for a clear cut enunciation of the government's labor policy particularly regarding strikes and wages they heard the president pledge the country to do everything in our power to crush hitler and his nazi forces without attempting to prepare the country for the necessity of war on sunday the president did intimate that continued peace isn’t all in our keeping and monday he suggested that we should not only step up the total of our produc tion but safeguard it more greatly on its journeys to the battlefields yet he did not claim that our non shooting atlantic patrol was inadequate dissatisfaction with arms o the rate of munitions output in the united continues unsatisfactory despite an outlay of 192,495,000 for the construction of defense plants the recent exchange between president rooseyel and senator byrd brought to light some disap pointing figures on arms production of 1,46 planes turned out in july only 700 were comba craft the 300 bombers produced included but 14 vo x of the heavy four motored type on which britain must rely to carry the war deep into enemy territory r the president revealed that delivery schedules called for 61 modern 90 mm anti aircraft guns per month a t during the balance of the year but did not deny that output had been very small up to the present he claimed an output of 221 81 mm mortars during july but left unchallenged senator byrd's assertion thorov that not a single 155 mm gun would be produced in 1941 up to the present the british are said to have wo obtained about 500 american tanks while most of 5.4 these were light tanks the new chrysler arsenal is nuniq now turning out 32 ton models at the rate of 5 per i day which will rise to 15 when full capacity 5 reached to expedite production which is expected 1p to attain a value of 1,000,000,000 in 1942 the opm outcon ing fr hang 1 on the production division announced on august 23 that tt it was lending its tank unit to the war department rivne under an arrangement which would result in unified p maint control of tank production in this country for both sake the united states army and the british new administrative set up in responst and m to continued criticism of the administrative orgatt strate ization of the defense program the president cre of te ated on august 29 a supply priorities and allocations tanks board headed by vice president wallace and in germ cluding the four directors of the opm as well a the u leon henderson and harry hopkins donald m effect nelson chief of the opm purchasing division was it hac appointed its executive director as well as director euroy of the opm priorities division at the same time the heavy opacs was divided into the office of civilian sup figure plies integrated into the opm and the office of advar price administration which remains as an inde by th pendent agency by centralizing full control over the russi administration of priorities in the new board the in president has sought to put an end to conflicts be have tween opm and opacs moreover he has entrusted uss the board’s active direction to mr nelson who en west joys the confidence of both business men and new ton r e dealers joun c pewnpe +lants entered as 2nd class matter general library periodical room jeneral ligrary university of univ of mich yl eoreign policy bulletin evel an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association lisap foreign policy association incorporated 1,460 22 east 38th street new york n y mbat tol xx no 47 at 14 vo xx no september 12 1941 ritain alled as nazi forces hammered at leningrad in the ronth twelfth week of the russo german war the that outcome of this gigantic struggle on a front stretch he ing from the arctic to the black sea continued to uring hang in the balance preparations made in 1939 for 7 thorough american coverage of the battle areas by ed in press and radio proved unavailing on the eastern have front where information on far flung operations has a of had to be gleaned principally from the official com nal is muniqués of the two belligerents in spite of the pet paucity of independent news it is possible to discern ny 3 the main lines along which the war between germany ected and russia is developing and the effects it may have aa on the larger conflict that is sweeping the world men strategic gains and losses contrary to nified he predictions of some pessimists the red army has both maintained organized resistance in the face of fierce and unremitting attacks by the bulk of the german forces it has displayed not only the kind of physical pons and moral endurance which russian soldiers demon rgan strated in the first world war but also command t cre of technical equipment some of which notably itions tanks seems to compare favorably with that of the d in germans while germany has enjoyed air superiority ell as the use of airplanes has not had the demoralizing d m efect on the eastern front with its vast terrain that was ithad in the thickly populated sections of western rector europe both sides are thought to have experienced i the heavy losses of men and matériel although precise sup figures are lacking and the german forces in their ce of advance have been harassed by guerrilla troops and inde by the scorched earth policy of the retreating ar the russians the in three months of intensive warfare the germans s be have occupied one fiftieth of the territory of the usted ussr have seized important industrial centers in o en western russia and the ukraine notably the rich new iton ore region of krivoy rog have occupied the de estonian port of tallinn on the baltic and that of itor russia gives allies chance for showdown with nazis nikolaevsk on the black sea with heavy losses to soviet shipping and shipbuilding and have forced the russians to take severe economic losses the most spectacular of which was the blowing up of the dnieprostroy dam erected at great cost to the rus sian people in terms of unfulfilled consumption needs meanwhile the finns fighting in conjunction but apparently not in close collaboration with the germans have recaptured the territory lost during the soviet finnish war of 1939 40 including the city of viborg which the russians destroyed in large part before withdrawing the germans however have not yet occupied the four key cities along the 2,000 mile front leningrad moscow kiev and odessa all of which have so far withstood attacks from land and from the ait according to virginio gayda official fascist spokes man the nazis would be satisfied with occupation of these centers and would not press beyond them to ward the urals previously described by this same editor as the goal of the german advance from the point of view of the nazis capture of these key points seems essential before winter sets in other wise the german armies may have to dig in on the eastern front in the hope of launching a decisive offensive next spring russia’s morale some observers who had predicted the resistance of the red army had never theless felt qualms about the morale behind the lines believing that the russian people subjected for twenty years to privations and purges might seize this opportunity to revolt against the stalin régime so far as can be determined from censored dispatches this does not seem to have been the case the russian people have never in their history proved adept at wars of offense but again and again they have stubbornly resisted foreign invasion their resistance today cannot be attributed solely to com munism although there is no doubt that in com munism the nazis have encountered an ideology comparable in staying power to their own russia’s resistance stems primarily from aroused nation alism carefully nurtured in recent years by soviet propaganda which emphasized the national more frequently than the socialist fatherland this na tionalism is so marked that even russians hostile to the soviet régime have for the most part done everything in their power to aid russia setting aside religious and political differences for the time be ing among the russian exiles many of whom have been for years living in poverty far greater than that of the majority of recent refugees from europe the nazis have found only a handful ready to play the réle of quislings the soviet decree of august 28 ordering the transfer to siberia of germans settled since the eighteenth century in the volga region would indicate fear on the part of moscow that traitors might appear in the ranks of the german population as they did elsewhere in europe so far however nothing has been heard of acts of treason among russians although a skeptic might point out that the soviet government more forehanded than others had rid itself of potential quislings during the many purg s of recent years russia alone cannot defeat ger many the resistance of the russian armies and civilian population however cannot be counted on to defeat germany true the germans in their rus sian campaign have had to expend vast reserves of airplanes tanks fuel and other war material they have suffered heavy losses of man power which they can afford less well than the russians they have lost face in the conquered countries and in other parts of the world where some defeatists had as sumed germany was invincible on land and in the british utilize respite to strengthen near east front taking advantage of the axis powers preoccupa tion in russia great britain and its allies are en deavoring to establish by the occupation of strategic points and the movements of men and matériel a strong near eastern front extending from libya around the eastern end of the mediterranean to the caspian sea and the borders of india such a line would have a high defensive value in the event of an axis attempt to break out of europe by striking at the suez canal it would also become important if page two announcing new york luncheon discussions to be held at the hotel astor on the following saturdays at 12 45 p.m october 18 january 10 november 1 february 7 november 29 february 28 december 13 march 21 air no matter what britain might do on the hj seas with the aid of the united states the prolongs tion of the russian campaign never popular with the german masses has also had repercussions jp germany where renewed communist activities ay reported from industrial centers it would be dangerous however to deduce from this that germany is on the point of being defeated or that it will suffer a collapse from within by hold ing the german armies on the eastern front russi has afforded britain and the united states an jp valuable opportunity to coordinate and expand thei industrial and military resources for a final shoy down which might really bring the world war to close the sooner the better from the point of view of the conquered peoples faced with a winter of starvation and disease but this showdown remaix to be faced it will have to go beyond the material aid to russia which is to be discussed in moscow by a british mission headed by lord beaverbrook and an american mission headed by w averell harri man whether the showdown takes the form of a armed invasion of the continent predicted by some britishers for next spring all out raids on ger many renewal of the battle of the mediterranean or all of these combined none but the general staff can now predict but one thing can be regarded a certain the more difficult germany's position be comes in the east the more likely it is that the nazis will launch campaigns in other directions no matte how great the risk or cost involved the war is e tering another critical phase the final decision ma rest with those of the belligerents who maintain thei morale and military preparations most effectively during the present lull on the western front whid is bound to be temporary wer micheles dean the nazi war machine overran or outflanked the red army and threatened to drive toward india or the persian gulf moreover a strengthened allied position in the near east may become a base of attack as it was dur ing general wavell’s libyan campaign if the british are to capitalize on hitler’s present difficulties ani j inflict telling blows on the axis they cannot be com tent with an air offensive alone the mediterraneat area appears to offer the best opportunities for a full scale invasion of axis territory by clearing the fasc forces from libya the allies would open the way for surprise attacks against the whole southern littord of europe especially the balkan and italian penit sulas the reinforcement of allied armies in egypt 4p pears to be going forward rapidly a large proportiol of american lease lend equipment particularly tanks visior regio briti temb three pears liby ti briti ous high the liver ish a these therr their a stone and briti mori date thre istra tives cons whil free in requ swif lowe sent ern with fan the men mat defi fore heade entere t of larti of an some nean staffs ad as 1 be nazis vatter is may tively which ban oa consigned to great britain has been carried in ameri can ships to suez while the british are sending ma ériel direct to egypt through the mediterranean the delivery by air of american warplanes will be ed up when the pan american airways ferry service via the caribbean and brazil to west africa under way some time must elapse however be fore the allied forces in the near east can be ex ed to act for their losses in three major retreats were high and they need ample quantities of the latest equipment to operate against the german di yisions which have been sent to the mediterranean region to stiffen the italians despite the vigilance of british naval vessels which were reported on sep tember 5 to have sunk a cruiser a large liner and three supply vessels headed for african ports it ap pears that the axis has recently sent large convoys to libya two pockets of resistance in east africa make the british position in that region difficult but not danger ous an italian force is still active in the northern highlands of ethiopia while in french somaliland the officials remain loyal to vichy and refuse to de liver their colony to the de gaullist forces the brit ish apparently feel that the diminished importance of these outposts does not justify a direct attack on them and are relying on the blockade to bring about their ultimate surrender allies differ over syria in syria key stone of the allied near eastern defense structure and important land connection with turkey the british and free french are attempting to raise native morale and fortify the northern border of the man date full cooperation of the allied forces appears threatened by differences of opinion over the admin istration of the territory the de gaullist representa tives now in control of the civil government tend to consider syria a portion of a new french empire while the british wish to implement their pledge of freedom to the native peoples in iran the armistice that the teheran government fequested after 80 hours of hostilities marked by swift british and russian invasions has been fol lowed by protracted negotiations the allied repre sentatives presumably want occupation of the north em part of the country by russia of the southwest with its valuable oil fields by britain unlimited transit facilities on the trans iranian railway from the persian gulf to the caspian sea and the intern ment or expulsion of the 700 axis nationals esti mated to be still in iran the delay in reaching a definitive settlement appears due to the natural de page three f.p.a radio schedule subject u.s in third year of war speaker william t stone date sunday september 14 time 2 15 p.m e.d.s.t station nbc blue network sire of the iranians to temporize and to the mutual distrust of britain and russia which have been rivals in iran for a century and a half struggle over turkey the intense diplo matic struggle between allied and axis representa tives in ankara points to the possibility of military action in the near future to force turkey now the only remaining neutral in the near east to yield to one of the opposing sides although it was expected that the germans after their successful conquest of greece would turn on turkey hitler held his hand preferring to bring the turks within the axis eco _momic system by trade treaties rather than attempt an armed invasion now however the germans may find it necessary to open up a new front against the russians in asia minor by controlling the dardanelles and using turkish bases in the eastern part of the black sea the nazis could move against the soviet oil fields and mineral resources in the caucasus the british and russians hope that the effect produced by the red army's heroic resistance and the growing power of the allied forces will en courage ankara to preserve its neutrality even in the face of strong german pressure the future of the battle of the near east largely depends on the inonu government's decision louis e frechtling bomber’s moon by negley farson new york harcourt brace 1941 2.00 the author of way of a transgressor reports on lon don under the blitzkrieg of last winter his observations are interesting but less significant than his previous works problems of modern europe by j hampden jackson and kerry lee new york macmillan 1941 1.75 an attempt to portray by maps and pictorial charts the problems of europe which the people of this generation must solve if their civilization is to survive the method is successful when presenting statistics on production population minorities etc but inadequate in dealing with political concepts like the league and disarmament great britain under protection by frederic benham new york macmillan 1941 2.50 a valuable survey of economic developments in great britain from the financial crisis of 1931 to the outbreak of war with emphasis on the effect of the tariff and imperial preference foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 47 september 12 1941 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1 published weekly by the foreign policy association frank ross mccoy president dororuy f leet secretary vera miche.es dean editor 1921 at the post office ac new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor incorporated national f p a membership five dollars a year peateie ee fos e eo ewes washington news letter washington bureau national press building sept 8 the alleged german attack on the u.s destroyer greer coupled with the sinking on septem ber 8 of the american freighter steel seafarer in the red sea has produced a variety of reactions in wash ington interventionists fear that failure to demand prompt and energetic action in these cases as well as the earlier sinking of the robin moor will encourage germany to increase its attacks on american ships they are distressed by what they consider the un willingness of the american people to defend the nation’s rights on the high seas isolationists and pacifists on the other hand are jubilant that the american people still refuse to become excited and allow incidents of this character to drag them into war few opponents of the administration are will ing to challenge the navy's assertion that the greer was attacked but they regard the incident as the inevitable result of the president's decision to in augurate the atlantic naval patrol and push the country’s defense outposts to iceland which lies within the combat zone proclaimed by the nazis germany exploits anti war senti ment in u.s the german government has handled the greer affair in such a way as to appeal to american anti war sentiment after the navy de partment announced that the greer had been attacked on september 4 while on its way to iceland a ber lin communiqué confirmed the clash on september 6 but charged that the german u boat had fired two torpedoes only after the destroyer had sought to sink it with depth bombs this attack the com muniqué stated demonstrated that president roose velt despite his previous assertions to the contrary has commanded american destroyers not only to re port the location of german u boats and other ger man craft as violating neutrality but also to pro ceed to attack them to strengthen suspicion of the administration's foreign policy the german govern ment further accused president roosevelt of provok ing incidents for the purpose of baiting the ameri can people into war shipping situation improved wash ington is now waiting to see what steps the president will take to uphold the freedom of the seas on which he has laid so much stress in recent speeches in view of the sharp reduction in shipping losses during recent months it is believed that the presi dent may have difficulty in justifying the adoption of more far reaching measures to protect shipments of munitions in july the germans are said to hayg sunk only about 210,000 tons of merchant shippi in contrast to 597,193 and 504,272 tons in april a may respectively figures for august are still yp known but the british have announced that losses in the atlantic were not less satisfactory than ip july when approximately 164,000 tons were sunk this improvement is attributed in part to more ef ficient operation of the convoy and patrol system vo 3 british air patrols over the atlantic have been greatly extended and the anti aircraft equipment of mer chant vessels has been strengthened the americaa naval patrol has also released many british warships t for actual convoy duty 0 the american and british governments still doubt past f however that the present reduction in sinkings will count prove permanent they know that the german air lence fleet hes until recently accounted for a large propor quent tion of the losses not only by bombarding ships and ines port facilities but also by guiding submarines to their fcatic prey while the diversion of the nazi air force to gspec the eastern front has for the moment minimized the etali danger to shipping the coming fall and winter may gppai witness a renewal of the aerial assault on the atlantic in sc meanwhile the volume of shipping available to em i the british is still shrinking even at the current rate italiz of sinkings during july for example american m shipyards completed only 59,895 gross tons of ocean posit going merchant vessels ship deliveries will remain from relatively low for the balance of the year but are gle scheduled to rise sharply during 1942 in the first unios half of that year 236 vessels of 2,400,000 dead ciatic weight tons are to be completed and in the second try half about 338 vessels of approximately 3,646,000 scath tons provided sinkings can be kept at their present way level it should prove possible during 1942 to add nati to the volume of shipping tonnage thus strengthen fessi ing britain for large scale offensive action against were germany tiviti in some quarters the administration is believed to inati be aiming at ultimate repeal of the neutrality act osle which prevents american ships from engaging in di only rect traffic with the british isles since the british and ciy american merchant marines are already effectively weg pooled such a course would not immediately relieve the the shipping shortage its protagonists argue how who ever that it would constitute an unequivocal reasset 2,00 tion of the traditional american doctrine of freedom but of the seas and enable the american merchant fleet régi and navy to assume direct responsibility for supplying man britain john c pdewilde men +5 2e a4 b cl ij s baf ner cai lips ubt will ait por and heir e to the may ntic e to rate ican ean nain are first lead cond 1,000 esent add then ainst ed to act n di and ively lieve how usset adom fleet lying de al room al library sep 19 194 gonsvar brbrary entered as 2nd class matter on twamned see univeorstty of chican foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y yo xx no 48 september 19 1941 en rising tide of unrest in german occupied eu rope has reached a new high point during the past few months the spirit of revolt in the conquered countries has been manifest in repeated acts of vio lence against nazi occupation authorities and fre quent sabotage of war industries communication lines and transportation facilities with the intensi feation of this defiant resistance to german ruie especially in the last three weeks nazi measures of retaliation have become increasingly severe germany apparently hopes to suppress the anti nazi movement in scandinavia the low countries france and east en europe before britain and the allies can cap italize on its recent growth martial law in norway germany's im position of martial law in the districts around oslo from september 10 to 16 climaxed a lengthy strug gle between the nazis and the norwegian trade unions as long ago as may 15 43 norwegian asso dations representing almost every activity in the coun tty jointly sent reichskommissar josef terboven a sathing indictment of german government in nor way several leaders of these associations led by the national federation of labor and a number of pro fessional groups were imprisoned in june and all were warned not to encourage further anti nazi ac tivities individual acts of resistance to german dom ination continued to increase however and strikes in oslo’s iron and shipbuilding industries were ended nly when nazi authorities declared a state of gvilian emergency in the area around the nor wegian capital on september 10 in the next four days the germans court martialed 27 norwegians 5 of whom were given death sentences and arrested about 2000 the victims included not only labor leaders i many others who had openly opposed the nazi égime in order to avoid a general strike the ger mans replaced all trade union leaders with trusted men of major vidkun quisling’s pro nazi nasjonal growing unrest in occupied europe samling quisling’s official party organ fritt volk announced that martial law might later be extended to all of norway if opposition to german control continued resistance in other countries an tagonism to german rule has been similarly demon strated in the netherlands and belgium although the underground army in the low countries so far has revealed its existence in individual rather than mass action netherlanders by failing to observe nazi blackout regulations have guided r.a.f fliers in their nightly attacks on germany they have also sabotaged dutch food supplies destined for the reich in mid august belgian labor conscripts working on a nazi airdrome near brussels staged a daring coup in which they seized several hundred german rifles half a dozen machine guns many rounds of ammuni tion and scores of hand grenades despite the nazi wave of terror in occupied france sabotage and acts of violence indicate the existence of a widespread spirit of revolt in yugoslavia un conquered bands of native troops remain active in the mountain districts where persistent guerrilla attacks have harassed german and italian garrisons and lines of communication on september 14 four bombs ex ploded in the central telephone exchange of zagreb croatia disrupting the entire telephone system and injuring a german army officer and at least 13 others at approximately the same time several yugoslav patriots fired on six croat sentries in another part of the city in czechoslovakia and poland where nazi oppression has been most severe recent sabotage has been reported to be a serious handicap to the german forces of occupation even in rumania and hungary now allied with germany local officials on september 13 issued stern warnings against further operations by saboteurs political warfare while the conquered nations have always resented and to some extent re hi if fy i i i i ae ses a omg rei sh so sete a i i he a 1 si ha ee seme xo bo are iat ents 2 ee ered sisted nazi rule many of the current acts of revolt are a logical aftermath of germany's war on soviet russia this is particularly true of anti nazi activities in the industrial outskirts of paris where communism has enjoyed a wide following and in eastern europe where many people are traditionally friendly toward russia soviet policy up to june 22 was based on the thesis that the war was an imperialist conflict in which the u.s.s.r had no interest and from which communists in all countries should remain aloof germany's attack on russia however changed this attitude soviet propa ganda broadcasts proclaimed the war a nazi scheme for world domination and urged communists in the conquered countries to help frustrate german plans by active resistance and sabotage this russian appeal differed sharply from previous british methods between the capitulation of france in june 1940 and the outbreak of soviet german hos tilities this summer british policy encouraged the sub ject peoples to maintain their national spirit through passive resistance but to avoid a direct challenge to nazi domination the british supported by refugee governments and councils from most of the van quished nations foresaw an advantage in building up opposition to german rule on all fronts and eventu ally calling on these opposition forces to rise when their combined strength might be most effective in this connection british spokesmen have pointed out that the reich must depend on foreigners for a large part of the labor required to maintain its emergency régime faced with the unpleasant choice of aiding their conquerors or being deprived of vital food clothing and other necessities hundreds of thousands of non germanic peoples have been plowing the fields and making munitions of war to keep german soldiers fighting if these subject peoples should sud denly lay down their tools operation of the whole nazi system would be seriously impaired the current unrest in occupied europe indicates a growing conviction that germany may yet lose the war the soviet union’s sustained defense against german invasion has forced the nazis to withdraw read labor problems by john c dewilde the fifth in a series on the defense economy of the united states which examines at length the strike situa tion and the record of the mediation board september 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25 page two troops from their garrisons in the occupied regions and has provided tangible evidence that the reid is not invincible each indication of german weaknes may be expected to increase the spirit of revolt jus as the nazis have gained new adherents to their cays in foreign countries with their successive military vic tories soviet resistance in the east and british i raids on germany in the west are now winning activ support for the allies among the conquered peoples who find their only hope for restored independence in an eventual allied victory any relaxation of th allied war effort however would lead them towarj despair and hopeless submission to german rule f the anti nazi movement is not to suffer a collapse up der the force of german repression the allies mug correlate their political warfare with a steady an determined military offensive a randle elliotr new staff members the association announces with pleasure the a pointment of mrs anne hartwell johnstone as edy cation secretary in the department of popular edy cation to replace mrs stewart mrs johnstone has served for the last seven years as program secretay for the national league of women voters in the field of foreign policy and has traveled extensively in europe and the orient we are glad to announce also that miss priscila duxbury has taken over the work of student secte tary miss duxbury has had special experience with student groups interested in international affairs the diplomatic relations of the united states with haiti 1776 1891 by rayford w logan chapel hill univer sity of north carolina 1941 5.00 an intensive monograph on haitian american diploma during the first 115 years of united states independene this work should be read in connection with l l monte gue’s recent and more general study on haiti and th united states 1714 1988 in china now by winifred galbraith new york willian morrow 1941 2.50 life in china especially since the war seen throug the individual triumphs and tragedies of a score of persoli of all types and classes fresh and original with literary grace and emotional sincerity subject south america checks nazis speaker vera micheles dean date sunday september 21 time 2 15 p.m e.d.s.t station nbc blue network beginning september 28 fpa broadcasts will be heard f.p.a radio schedule from 12 to 12 15 p.m e.s.t foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 48 september 19 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated natio headquarters 22 east 38th screet new york n y frank ross mccoy president dornotuy f luger secretary vera michetes dean béie entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year co produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year th by af es mitte near ough the v by th playe new ican a prov by a gern grou activ attac sado ilege the bloc yond the non reso it 1s man men final 3 trends in latin america ie by john i b mcculloch the investigation of nazi propaganda activities urged a stronger and more effective anti nazi stand by an argentine congressional committee has en by the executive branch of the government at tered a decisive stage the committee has thus far sub chive mitted two reports and a third is understood to be german airline suspends services a ples near completion its findings throw light on the thor further landmark in the campaign to rid latin amet oe it ough organization of german citizens in argentina xa of german airlines was reached the first week the jhe volume of propaganda received and distributed i september when the ecuadorean government ward by the german embassy in buenos aires and the role ordered the nazi dominated sedta company to e if played by such propaganda organs as the transocean suspend operations slowly throttled by a gasoline put news service and the stridently pro nazi anti amer embargo and forced in its later stages to use auto must can e pam pero motive fuel dangerous at high altitudes sedta had and been gradually curtailing its flights for some months a resolution submitted by the committee and ap past all sedta services had been duplicated by the tr proved by the chamber of deputies on september 15 united states owned pan american grace line so by a vote of 78 to l calls for the dissolution of that the elimination of this german concern will cause german social and charitable organizations on the no hiatus in local operations 4 round that they serve as a front for illegal political mut edu activities this resolution is notable for its outspoken this latest development eliminates 590 miles from edu attack on the german ambassador it indicts ambas the german routes flown on the west coast of south has sador von thermann for abusing his diplomatic priv america leaving the nazis in control of only 70 miles etary ileges and overstepping the bounds of his position of airlines in chile pan american grace had previ n th the radical party which controls the largest single ously replaced 5,494 route miles of the scadta system ivel bloc of votes in the chamber is eager to go even be in colombia 1,210 miles of lufthansa routes in peru __ yond this declaration radical leaders hope to force 2d 4,109 miles controlled by lloyd aéreo boliviano scilli the government to declare the nazi diplomat persona in bolivia sect non grata and expel him from the country since the the eclipse of sedta leaves german planes still with resolution has not yet been approved clause by clause flying over brazil uruguay argentina and chile fs itisstill possible that a demand for baron von ther brazil is the crux of the problem for if axis dom mann’s expulsion may be introduced as an amend inated lines in that republic were eliminated nazi a ment when the deputies vote on the measure in its controlled services in the other countries would be final form isolated and relatively innocuous recently the con oma the progress of the argentine investigation is dor line which has extensive ramifications throughout being watched with keen interest in other latin amer brazil and maintains flights to santiago being buenos nd th ican republics many of which are faced with a prob aires was placed on the united states blacklist lem roughly similar to argentina's early in septem the same fate overtook lati the italian transatlantic villim ber radical deputy rail damonte taborda who line which operates on irregular schedule and over a heads the investigating group made a trip to monte variety of routes inclusion of these airlines on the arene video together with the committee’s secretary juan blacklist makes it mandatory on u.s companies to iteran antonio solari subsequently the visit was returned shut off all gasoline and other supplies by two uruguayan judges who had taken part in it would be undesirable to interrupt all air ser uruguay's 1940 trial of alleged nazi conspirators vices in brazil since such an interruption would in addition to giving a cue to other latin american create serious obstacles for travel in south america as countries the results of the investigation will indicate it is worth noting however that the local pan to what extent popular sentiment in argentina is cap american airways subsidiary panair do brasil able of carrying the day against the cold and bloodless which recently extended its services to the bolivian policy of strict neutrality persistently maintained by frontier now has nine tenths the mileage that con ead acting president ramon castillo several weeks ago dor has this estimate to be sure is based on miles 7d four of the leading dailies in buenos aires la actually flown not route miles but it indicates that prensa la nacién el mundo and critica joined american facilities are already capable of meeting hw man attack on castillo’s concept of neutrality and the need for extensive air services in this hemisphere for more extensive coverage on latin american affairs read pan american news 4 bi weekly newsletter edited by mr mcculloch for sample copy of this publication write to the washington bureau foreign policy association 1200 national press building washington d.c ras erg es se h of i 3 fe it washington news letter fe sci imotti dnieens ss b sis se re srs washington bureau national press building sept 15 as congress reassembles this week after its brief recess washington is measuring the changed position of the united states in the light of the world reaction to president roosevelt's decisive pronounce ment of september 11 the first defiant replies from berlin and rome have been tempered by subsequent statements which suggest that the european axis powers may hesitate to carry out their verbal threats at least for the moment and will await further american moves before precipitating a shooting war but whatever the course adopted by the axis all sections of opinion in washington recognize that the united states has moved from the twilight zone of non belligerent action to the threshold of armed intervention the end of passive defense the decision announced by the president not only sweeps away the last pretense of american neutrality but also marks the transition from passive to active defense hence forth under the orders given by the commander in chief the naval and air forces of the united states will protect british and allied ships as well as amer ican merchant vessels in the waters which we deem vital to our defense and will resist german and italian raiders in these defensive waters these orders according to secretary of the navy knox have already been invoked in the atlantic area be tween the american continent and the waters adja cent to iceland to most washington correspondents and returning congressmen however the words of the president and the explanation offered by secretary hull at his press conference on september 12 suggest that if germany and italy continue to attack amer ican ships or other vessels carrying supplies to britain and russia then the raiders may expect to meet the fire of the united states navy in whatever part of the world they choose for those attacks to this interpre tation they would add a second conclusion namely that defensive operations by the american navy are not conceived in terms of passive defense but in terms of active cooperation with british sea power in oppos ing the european axis powers if these conclusions are justified the roosevelt declaration clearly asserts a doctrine of freedom of the seas which extends far beyond the position asserted by the united states in the past in measuring the present position of the united states it is important to remember that the support of congress is still essential to the full implementation of national policy even though traditional checks and balances are being swept away by the overwhelmig pressure of events while all vital decisions affectj the disposition of the armed forces rest with the pres ident as commander in chief congressional support will be needed for the new lease lend appropriation and other measures which may be contemplated to give force to the present policy the neutrality act which still forbids american flag vessels to enter brit ish ports can be further modified by executive de cree but this basic contradiction to the country’s pres ent policy can be removed only by congressional action shifting congressional opinion while it would be foolish to deny the reluctance of congress to face the prospect of a shooting war it would be equally misleading to ignore the gradual change that is taking place in the thinking of the american people and which is reflected in congres as well the change has come in part from the recog nition of what a nazi victory would mean to the security of the united states and the entire westem hemisphere but it has not come primarily from fear of hitler the significant change has come with the growing realization that america is far stronger today than it was a year ago and that the strength of amer ica if used in time may turn the balance against hitler and frustrate a nazi victory a year ago even six months ago there seemed little prospect of turning the tide of nazi conquest the lag in our own defense program and hitler's ap parently dominant position on the continent of europe led many americans to the gloomy conclusion that our intervention would merely prolong the war indeft nitely without hope of any decisive outcome but today the prospect is completely altered not only by the increasing tempo of rearmament in the united states but by the surprising resistance of the russian armies on the eastern front by holding the nazi forces in the east russia has completely upset hit ler’s calculations of final victory in 1941 and shaken the legend of nazi invincibility with the realization that hitler is rapidly losing the power to bring the war to an end hard headed american opinion is be ginning to see the magnitude of the opportunity that is open to the united states and britain the effect of this altered prospect is already reflected in growing support for aid to the soviet union and to some ob servers it seems to mark a decisive turning point i the attitude of congress w t stone t ci ee vol a little abou tight fall ber prog the gert its i d leni only for inch it cc dust plan the onl rus prac pror war c pres +entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y september 26 1941 vou xx no 49 y's pres germany strikes at fessional a sthe russo german war enters its fourth month inio the soviet military situation appears to warrant a a little optimism in the northwest the german noose about leningrad is being slowly but inexorably mall tightened in the ukraine moscow has admitted the by the fall of kiev first announced by berlin on septem ber 19 and the german army is making steady ro aa progress toward the donets industrial basin east of a l the dnieper river farther to the south another westem german thrust is said to have cut off the crimea with its important naval base at sevastopol ey despite fierce russian resistance the capture of rer today leningrad the second largest soviet city seems now f aaa only a matter of time the leningrad area accounts for 10 to 12 per cent of soviet industrial production against including almost a fifth of the machine tool output it contains not only important consumers goods in dustries but also the well known red putilovets 1 plant reputed to be the largest munitions factory in tlet's a the u.s.s.r close to leningrad lies kronstadt the f europe only remaining naval base which can supply the 100 that russian fleet operating in the baltic sea with lenin ar indef grad and kronstadt in their hands german troops seemed onquest me pul orovisioned by sea would be free to make an east oe ward drive toward moscow conquest of the ukraine up to the he nazi present the most important german gains have been set hit made in the ukraine the broad dnieper river ree which checked the advance for some time has now alization been crossed at numerous points the capture of ring the kiev with its population of 846,000 is not so im am 2 be portant of itself because the city has few war indus nity that ities at the same time however german thrusts he effed from konotop and kremenchug have apparently iolated a large body of russian troops east of kiev growing aca another column proceeding from kremenchug is eer approaching kharkov a city of 809,000 which is the center of the ukraine’s heavy industry the ger mans are evidently aiming at the rapid conquest of vital soviet industries the donets industrial region with its rich coal mines and vital metallurgical industries the german armies however cannot stop with the seizure of the entire ukraine they must drive past the city of rostov toward the caspian sea in order to cut off assistance to russia through iran and to secure the rich oil resources of the caucasus germany was forced to stand by while russian and british troops completed occupation of iran on sep tember 19 following the abdication three days earlier of the recalcitrant riza shah pahlevi yet before iran becomes a corridor of supply for the soviet union german forces hope to drive a wedge between the two countries such a campaign is also dictated by the nazi need for oil which can be satis fied only in the caucasus the gasoline and petrole um stocks of the german army and air force must be replenished and the collective farms of the ukraine cannot be exploited without oil for tractors a black sea campaign to achieve their objectives in southern russia the germans may try to attack both by land and sea the whole black sea area together with the turkish straits is ac cordingly assuming greater importance on septem ber 11 the kremlin accused bulgaria of permitting its seaports to be used as bases for axis submarines and warships and of allowing german and italian forces to concentrate on its soil in preparation for landing operations in soviet crimea despite the traditional sympathies of the bulgarian people for russia the sofia government appears to be drifting into war with the soviet union the axis will find it difficult however to undertake naval operations in the black sea unless italian warships can be sent through the dardanelles and the bosporus to coun teract the present preponderance of the soviet fleet under the montreux convention of 1936 no bel ligerent warships may be permitted to pass through the straits recently ankara denied reports that bul r 18 w is i 1 i i a i i 14 4h i i t i i ms t i if vi t ai f iy i i a iq i 4 i mi mi 1 1 y ee se page two garia which technically is still a non belligerent had requested the turkish government to permit the transit of a number of war vessels which had pre sumably been bought from italy the axis powers however may soon press turkey for active or pas sive cooperation with their campaign against soviet areas adjacent to the black sea even if germany continues to be successful in its war on russia it has no assurance that it can compel the soviet union to cease fighting or that it will be able to capitalize on the industries and natural re sources of the conquered territories although the loss of the ukraine would undoubtedly be a serious blow to the u.s.s.r the newer industrial regions in the urals and asia could continue to supply a soviet army on a modest scale sverdlovsk in the urals is the center of an industrial area producing iron and steel copper petroleum and chemicals farther east in the heart of asia lies the kuznetsk basin with its important coal deposits and growing metallurgical industry in the far east the soviet armies can draw part of their supplies from another great manufacturing center at khaborovsk yet shortages will undoubtedly develop and the fighting strength of the russians may be seriously impaired unless foreign help can be sent via the near east or vladivostok germany’s difficulties up to the pres ent germany has conquered a vast area in europe plies in occupied countries the reich has generally to the fallen heir to deficits since most of the ovverpopy a cons lated european continent has depended on overseas to redt trade for part of its food and raw materials aj the ge though germany is now conquering a country with the n enormous natural resources it may be a long tim defens before this wealth can be effectively utilized fin a strengthen the nazi war machine german exper depen ence with the ukraine in 1918 indicates that a lar comm army of occupation may prove necessary to overcome indo c passive resistance and the scorched earth policy not be followed at present by soviet armies will necessitate tablish extensive reconstruction and repairs ot ind meanwhile germany itself has become poore off instead of richer it is entering the third winter of j4p4 war with decreased food supplies the reduction jg 54 the meat rations made effective this summer must he t tl continued and rationing of potatoes the chief ge man staple may have to be inaugurated the dearth dut of textile raw materials is likely to bring furthe dition curtailment in clothing allowances the germay may people however may bear these sacrifices willingly mode so long as they remain convinced of their ability in ington the long run to capitalize on the potentialities of ment european russia for this reason it is all the more perfor important that britain and the united states do ister everything possible to accelerate their war effort tion now if they want to defeat hitler time may mm to the longer work to the advantage of the british and was h without acquiring large new sources of foodstuffs their allies ing ja and raw materials after exhausting available sup john c pewipe tate suetst tokyo gauges balance of power imper while the japanese american discussions are marking time developments on the european battle fronts have again emphasized the uncertain basis on which these negotiations rest following the recent german advances in the ukraine the tokyo authori ties have begun to adopt a stiffer attitude toward the soviet union on september 18 the japanese gov ernment protested the alleged sinking of a korean ship by soviet mines nearly three weeks earlier on the next day the departure for moscow of some 50 family members of the soviet embassy staff in tokyo including the wife of the ambassador constantin smetanin gave additional evidence of growing ten sion in soviet japanese relations the announcement that japanese forces in southern indo china ad for an analysis of the probable effect of removal of u.s duties on major latin american com modities read toward free trade with latin america by constant southworth 25 october 1 issue of foreign policy reports joining the thailand frontier will hold large scale by fi maneuvers on september 29 30 also strikes a watn schoo ing note from that quarter marke although these events do not necessarily presage vs an immediate japanese attack on siberia or thailand they point to the fact that tokyo does not intend to amon permit the negotiations with the united states to tie its hands much as it might like to resume trade on been the old terms they also serve to discourage too great fascis reliance on the possibility that the moderation dis played by tokyo or the recent changes in japan's plant army organization will greatly alter the essentially tc opportunist course of japanese foreign policy politi army reorganization in tokyo eo ol peror hirohito’s assumption of direct command of the japanese army on september 11 has been get jy erally interpreted as a move to support a moderate foreign policy by curbing the army extremists a though it might also be considered a preparatory step toward a possible extension of far eastern hostili rorex ties a new general defense headquarters has been ss established under the active command of general otozo yamada who will be personally responsible nerally verpopu overseas tials aj ntry with ong time ilized ty n experi it a large overcome 1 policy ecessitate ss lll e poorer winter of uction in r must be hief ger ne dearth further german willingly bility in alities of the mote states do ar effort tish and whilde rge scale a warn y presage chailand intend to tes to tie trade on too great ition dis 1 japan's ssentiall icy yo em mand of een get moderate nists al tory step 2 hostili has beet general sponsible ee ee to the emperor since general yamada is reportedly a conservative it is expected that the shift will tend to reduce the influence of pro axis commanders on the general staff on the other hand the powers of the new defense headquarters are restricted to the defense of japan proper korea formosa and sakha lin as many of the more extreme assertions of in dependent authority have originated among officers commanding the troops in manchuria china and indo china it appears strange that these forces have not been brought under command of the newly es tablished defense headquarters it is in manchuria or indo china for example that independent action by officers in the field could most readily involve japan in incidents that might quickly get out of hand the obvious interpretation would seem to be that the tokyo authorities are especially fearful of an army coup d’état on the home front during recent weeks there have been several ad ditional moves in japanese domestic politics which may be designed to strengthen an impression of moderation while the conversations with wash ington are taking place preceding the announce ment of the new defense headquarters the em peror honored premier konoye and his cabinet min isters at a palace luncheon tendered in apprecia tion of the outstanding services rendered by them to the state on september 17 a similar luncheon was held at the imperial palace for 20 of the rank ing japanese admirals who generally favor a mod erate course in foreign policy earlier admiral suetsugu an extremist who headed a section of the imperial rule assistance association was replaced by fumio goto a bureaucrat of the conservative school the conflict within japan has also been matked by inflammatory speeches from representa tives of army and civilian extremist circles as well as a strong memorandum to the premier sponsored among others by mitsuru toyama head of the no torious black dragon society mass meetings have been held in tokyo under the auspices of tohokai a fascist party headed by seigo nakano although such political groups have been theoretically sup planted by the imperial rule assistance association tokyo seeks an opening neither the political strife in japan nor the current diplomatic negotiations can offer any certain guarantee that japanese foreign policy will henceforth choose the path of caution and moderation japan’s ties with the axis are the inevitable outcome of its effort to establish a greater east asia which must be built from territories controlled by china britain the page three f.p.a radio schedule subject prospects in soviet german war speaker john c dewilde date sunday september 28 time 12 12 15 p.m e.s.t station nbc blue network united states the netherlands and the soviet union tokyo has concentrated in indo china and man churia the forces which may be utilized to strike the next blow it will carefully estimate the shifts in the balance of power as a pragmatic guide to action the course of events on the russian battlefronts is an important factor in these calculations for the present japan’s advance has been halted by a set of concrete obstacles the trade embargo the anglo american dutch defense preparations in southeast asia china’s firm resistance and the soviet armed forces in siberia the far eastern defense front must be further unified and strengthened if tokyo is to be denied the opening it seeks t a bisson the armed forces of the pacific by capt w d puleston new haven conn yale university press 1941 2.75 an expert comparison of the organization and strength of the japanese and american navies the author analyzes the problem of a naval clash in far eastern waters and concludes that the superior weight of the american fleet including however 15 battleships would guarantee vic tory arsenal of democracy by burnham finney new york mcgraw hill 1941 2.50 an extremely lucid and helpful book on the industrial side of national defense which should aid in clarifying popular thinking on this subject europe and the german question by f w foerster new york sheed ward 1940 3.50 the author treats hitlerism as a typical german mani festation and concludes that the german nation as a whole must do penance for its sins at the conclusion of the war why france lost the war by a reithinger new york oskar priest 1940 1.25 the underlying causes of the french collapse considered under the headings of declining population and economic and political decay my boyhood in siam by kumut chandruang new york john day 1940 2.00 a delightfully intimate picture of siamese family life with revealing glimpses of local customs and traditions the maori people today edited by i l g sutherland new york oxford university press 1940 4.00 an excellent survey of the status and problems of the maori people prepared by a group of specialists includ ing a distinguished maori scholar the volume constitutes an outstanding contribution to modern anthropology and the history of new zealand foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 49 september 26 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y national frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lugr secretary vera micureres dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year is i y seen se en tees washington news letter ian washington bureau national press building sept 22 administration leaders admitting the gravity of russian reverses in the ukraine and the lag in transfer of lend lease materials to britain turned their attention this week to the immediate problem of speeding deliveries across the seas in time to meet the urgent needs of countries resisting nazi aggression lend lease report on the basis of data submitted to congress on september 15 in president roosevelt's second quarterly report of progress un der the lend lease act the problem appeared formidable the report concedes that actual lend lease deliveries have been disappointingly small despite the fact that more than 614 of the first 7 billion dollars has been allocated and over 314 billion legally committed according to the presi dent’s accounting the total of all defense articles transferred and defense services rendered amounted to 486,721,838 during the six month period as compared with only 75,000,000 transferred during the first three months a further breakdown how ever reveals that actual expenditures have come to only 388,912,000 while exports of lend lease car goes have not exceeded 190,447,000 over half of which represents agricultural industrial and other commodities more than 95 per cent of the cargo shipments have gone to the united kingdom the middle east and africa the prospect for increased deliveries during the next few months however is not as dark as these figures would indicate as the president pointed out in his report lend lease shipments are not the only materials which have been moving from the united states in fact much larger deliveries are being made under contracts placed by britain and other coun tries prior to the lend lease act thus since the beginning of the war about 4,400,000,000 worth of goods has been exported to the british empire alone and monthly exports to the united kingdom and canada are running close to 200,000,000 the request for a new lend lease appropriation of 5,985,000,000 submitted to congress on sep tember 18 will have no effect on the rate of deliv eries in the immediate future but is intended solely to prevent any interruption in the flow of aid due to lack of funds for future allocation the appropria tion if approved will finance the program through june 30 1943 and leave the president free to extend aid to any country whose defense he considers vital to the security of the united states aid to russia while there is nothing in th terms of the original act or the new appropriation bill to prevent the extension of lend lease aid to th soviet union it is apparent that the administratioy is planning a separate approach to the problem gf financing russian aid the decision not to includ russia in the lend lease framework for the time be ing was taken after consultation with congressiong leaders who anticipated possible political repercus sions in the debate on the new appropriation bill despite the critical importance of russia’s stan against the nazi war machine there remains a strong anti communist bloc in congress which may insis on specific exclusion of the soviet union from lend lease aid while the administration is committed to th policy of aid to russia the scope of its separate pro gram has not yet been fully revealed in answer ty reports from london expressing concern over the recent soviet reverses and the need for increased aid from britain and america secretary hull gave as surances at his press conference on september 19 that the united states was thoroughly aware of the need for prompt and effective assistance in other quar ters it was pointed out that credits amounting to 60,000,000 have already been released to the soviet union and that further financial aid would be forth coming from the r.f.c and other loan agencies last august the u.s treasury advanced 10,000,000 against gold to be shipped from the soviet union within 90 days on september 17 the federal loan administrator announced that the defence supplies corporation had contracted to purchase 100,000 000 of strategic materials from the u.s.s.r and had agreed to pay half of this sum prior to delivery while washington officials familiar with soviet needs recognize that these advances will be insufficient to replace the heavy losses suffered by the russiat forces they assume that additional funds will be forthcoming when the united states and british mis sions to moscow report directly on ways and meats of transporting cargoes before leaving london last week w averell harriman head of the america delegation announced that agreement had beet reached with the british on immediate measures pit sumably including reallocation of american ship ments to britain despite these assurances however there is little evidence that a heavy flow of supplies can be organized for several weeks at least w t stone vol 2 a h py ecutic indep on th slav f have those sistan ment detert ru tent noun tight chief barot rarily hemi lowir pre and a distri the form hing +py ek entered as 2nd class matter dr william ww bishop de y wet om t ert vhaversity of nichigan lib ary ann arbor mich s an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y octoser 8 1941 the ion the 100 of ade nal vol xx no 50 cus vill and he arrest of the czech premier general elias in ong prague on september 28 and the subsequent ex 7 ecution of 24 persons for plotting to reestablish an independent czech state have again focused attention the 08 the revolt against nazism in slav countries the me slav peoples particularly the poles czechs and serbs a have suffered more severely under german rule than the those of western europe while their spirit of re aid sistance has flagged at times from want of encourage ag ment it has recently been kindled anew by russia’s that determined fight against the nazis nee russia the traditional although not always consis ua tent protagonist of the slavs continued to enjoy a g to large measure of popular sympathy in eastern europe oviet c under the soviet régime after the nazi inva orth sion the soviet government was quick to capitalize on icies this sympathy in august a conference of slav 9,000 peoples convened in the soviet capital issued an ap inion peal to oppressed slav brothers throughout europe loan it repudiated the reactionary form of pan slavism plies which had been utilized by russian czarism for its 000 imperialistic aims but stressed instead the common 1 haj 804 to smash hitler’s armies and destroy nazism 80 that all slav peoples may peacefully and freely ovie velop their own state systems cient to check an uprising in bohemia berlin an ssian nounced on september 27 that reinhard heydrich il be ight hand man of heinrich himmler the gestapo mis chief had been assigned to take over the duties of neans baron constantin von neurath who was tempo n last tatily relieved of his office as reich protector of bo oricat hemia and moravia for reasons of health the fol been lowing day general alois elias was arrested for pre preparation to commit treason and high treason ship and a state of emergency was proclaimed in six czech vever stricts including prague finally on september 29 plies the nazis revealed that 24 czechs including three former generals had been shot on the charge of plan ne hing a revolution anti nazi revolt spreads in eastern europe guerrilla war in yugoslavia mean while dr ante pavelitch the italian imposed leader of croatia has had such difficulty in keeping order within his domains that italy has found it necessary to reoccupy the dalmatian coastal zone between the adriatic sea and the dinaric alps the ustachis who are the mainstay of the pavelitch régime have clashed frequently with serbian guerrillas and a number of them are said to have deserted to the enemy on september 23 it was reported from rome that fifty communists and jews had been executed as the intellectual instigators of bomb explosions in the telephone exchange at the croatian capital in the serbian remnant of yugoslavia premier milan neditch who was installed as ruler in bel grade by the germans has disclosed the existence of a state of civil war his troops have been engaged in a series of battles with guerrilla bands who sally forth from inaccessible mountain strongholds to blow up bridges and railway tracks or ambush small de tachments of germans whole villages have fallen into the hands of the guerrillas unable to cope with this growing resistance general neditch had had to call in additional german reinforcements on sep tember 27 budapest reported that german dive bombers operating in conjunction with general neditch’s troops had virtually destroyed the town of uzice on the belgrade sarajevo railway the exiled governments all of which are repre sented in london have done much to fan the spirit of anti nazi revolt in occupied europe their success has encouraged the formation of other national coun cils at the end of september a simultaneous move ment was launched in britain and the united states to free hungary from nazi domination in london a committee has been formed under the leadership of former premier michael karolyi and in the united states a similar organization has been set up by tibor eckhardt exiled head of the small farmers party on september 27 it was also announced that a free austrian national council with headquarters at toronto had been established under the chairman ship of dr hans rott a former member of the schuschnigg government in london meanwhile general charles de gaulle formally organized a pro visional government on september 25 by appointing a frce french national council inter allied conference while the primary task of these governments or committees is to crystallize opposition to nazism in conquered europe and to assist britain in winning the war they can also perform important work in laying the foundation for a new and better europe in the event of victory the latter task was emphasized at the meeting in london on september 24 of the inter allied conference which was attended by representatives of britain the dominions the soviet union and the free govern ments of nine occupied european countries the con ference unanimously endorsed the 8 points of the at lantic charter drawn up by president roosevelt and prime minister churchill as the guiding principles of a peace settlement the conference demonstrated however that much work remains to be done before all the governments see eye to eye on the practical ap plication of these principles it indicated too that the leadership of britain and the united states would not argentine air plot stirs the occupation of all military air bases in argen tina by argentine troops on september 23 in a series of spectacular moves which have not yet been fully explained quickly became an issue in the long poli tical controversy between the government of acting president ramén castillo and the radical party which controls a majority of votes in the chamber of deputies a subversive plot was apparently forestalled when government forces took over important military air dromes in cérdoba and parana and later extended their precautions to other parts of the country on september 25 general angel maria zuloaga was re moved from his post as head of the military air arm and at least two other key officers were arrested as further army air corps men were summoned for ques tioning about the plot which was centered in three announcing new york luncheon discussions to be held on the following saturdays at 12 45 p.m note change of dates in first two meetings october 25 january 10 november 8 february 7 november 29 february 28 december 13 march 21 on october 25th there will be an all day forum including luncheon to discuss the foreign policy of the united states and our defense program page two be blindly followed in all cases the netherlands yice p representative for instance sharply criticized the two anglo saxon powers for adding the reservation with gome due respect for their existing obligations to thei pula declaration thet all countries should enjoy access on 5 new equal terms to the trade and to the raw materials of glectio the world ly dete the most concrete step taken by the inter allied ecc conference was to establish a central bureau unde rach sir frederick leith ross for the purpose of formula take ing and coordinating a program to meet europe's up wil urgent need for foodstuffs and other raw materials popu once hostilities cease the british government has 000 been accumulating certain reserves which can be used by p immediately for the relief of europe these efforts 38,00 will now be internationalized and geared more closely ports to the anticipated needs of european countries they tradin will obviously require the cooperation of the united seas states although not participating in the london de plies liberations the united states did communicate its ti 4 readiness at the appropriate time to consider in what provi respects it can cooperate in accomplishing the aims allie in view sir frederick leith ross is expected in terial washington some time in october to discuss this question with the economic defense board headed by vice president wallace coppt john c dewipe most political controversy in co heavily german populated provinces patriotic mani cam festations in buenos aires assumed a strongly pro spok democratic character radical members of the cham unit ber of deputies charged that the conspiracy was of open totalitarian origin and that acting president castillo total had joined in the plotting castillo in turn at tion tributed the foiled uprising to radical party members régis nationalists and others for the moment at least of a the international aspects of this latest attempted latin this american coup have been obscured by internal poli agre tical rivalries but argentine government spokesmen tries and radicals alike have left little doubt that foreign itali elements were involved f the argentine cabinet which represents a minor repr ity of the conservative party has insisted on pre com serving strict neutrality throughout the war al this though popular sentiment in argentina has increas war ingly favored open cooperation with britain and the the united states the most important factor in arous ttc ing the argentine public has been the revelations of tot the congressional committee investigating nazi ac that tivities this committee headed by radical deputy the raul damonte taborda published its fourth report on sir september 30 a secret anti nazi inquiry has been tt he fori under way for some time in the senate controlled by se the conservative national democratic party of which te see trends in latin america foreign policy bulletin september 1 1941 pan american news september 25 1941 i ads wo ith 1ani vice president castillo is a member it has been ex in argentina that the senate inquiry may yet come out into the open and that in deference to pular sentiment senor castillo may publicly outline 4 new pro democratic policy before the december elections in buenos aires province which have usual ly determined elections for the presidency economic cooperation with democ racies the argentine government has already taken several important economic steps toward lining up with the democratic powers partly in response to popular opinion and partly in an effort to adjust its eonomy to current needs late in august it took over by purchase 16 italian merchant ships totaling over 98,000 tons which had been laid up in argentine rts since these vessels will be used primarily for trading with the united states their operation will release additional american tonnage for carrying sup plies to britain early last month moreover argen tina accepted an anglo american trade deal which provided for the disposal of farm surpluses to the allies and barred future sales of strategic war ma terials to the axis the government has now prom ised the americas the exclusive use of argentine tung sten beryl aluminum mica manganese iron and copper in line with measures previously taken by most of the other latin american countries mexico supports inter americanism in contrast to sefior castillo president manuel avila camacho of mexico has been one of the most out cet ttt cc page three f.p.a radio schedule subject what is left of u.s neutrality speaker a randle elliott date sunday october 5 time 12 12 15 p.m e.s.t station nbc blue network ment the president further predicted that all pend ing problems between the two governments notably the three year dispute over mexican oil expropria tions would be brought to an early and satisfactory solution a solution which may have been prevented in september by the refusal of united states oil men to accept a 9,000,000 token payment to have been provided through a united states loan to mexico with further compensation to be agreed upon later finally president avila camacho declared mexico does not recognize conquests by force anywhere in the world and is unalterably opposed to totalitarian penetration of the western hemisphere from either europe or asia a randle elliott berlin diary by william l shirer new york knopf 1941 2.09 a very readable and yet thoughtful account of europe’s march toward war and the first year of the conflict as seen by an american correspondent in the german capital without pretending to give the inside story mr shirer presents many significant observations on the germany that lies behind the censorship his comments on german morale and on the collapse of france are especially inter esting he believes that after subduing europe and africa hitler contemplates war against the united states modern democracy by carl l becker new haven yale university press 1941 2.00 a brief but profound and stimulating appraisal of democracy as it was ideally projected and democracy as it actually functions today i was a nazi flier by gottfried leske new york dial press 1941 2.50 this purports to be the diary of a luftwaffe pilot partici pating in the battle of france and the bombing of london and later was shot down over england its author is re vealed as almost completely subservient to nazi propa ganda the ideal product of the hitler régime who’s who in latin america by percy alvin martin stanford university stanford university press second edition 1940 5.50 a biographical dictionary indispensable for the serious student of latin american affairs mahan by captain w d puleston new haven yale uni versity press 1939 4.00 a really outstanding biography of the father of united states naval strategy this book will be of enduring in terest to all concerned with problems of american defense pro spoken champions of full cooperation with the 1am united states his unusually detailed message at the s of opening of congress on september 1 a document tillo totaling 175 pages provided the first full explana at tion of his program during the nine months of his bers régime he declared his foreign policy has been one east of all out cooperation for continental defense in atin this connection he cited the mexico united states poli agreement for reciprocal use of air bases in both coun men tries and mexico’s seizure of 10 german and two eign italian vessels to prevent sabotage in its harbors favoring increased trade with all of the american inot republics mexico on july 15 signed an important pre commercial treaty with the united states under which al this country became the exclusive buyer of strategic reas wat materials which previously had gone in part to 1 the the axis powers mexico president avila camacho rous recalled had also rejected germany’s note objecting ns of tothe united states blacklist and had full confidence ri a that any differences arising from administration of sputy the blacklist could be ironed out by friendly discus tn sions between washington and the mexican govern been a ed by fn 22 east 38th street new york n y foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 50 ocronsr 3 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lagr secretary vera micurres dean editor national vhich entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office ac new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year ber 19 b18 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press bullding sept 29 the administration drive to modify or repeal the neutrality act gained momentum this week following the introduction of a resolution call ing for outright repeal and formulation of plans to lift the ban on arming of american merchant ships while congressional leaders indicate that they will not press for action until the second lease lend appro priation has been disposed of the lines are forming for another struggle over foreign policy what is left of neutrality in discus sing the basic issue certain questions of fact have been raised with respect to the present status of the neutrality act of 1939 just how much of the orig inal law has been repealed or nullified and what provisions are still in effect where and how do these continuing provisions conflict with the foreign policy to which the united states is now committed in what ways is the executive hampered in fulfilling the commitment to give all out aid to the countries re sisting the axis can existing restrictions be further modified by executive action or is new congressional legislation imperative before considering the status of the neutrality act of 1939 it should be noted that most of our earlier statutes defining the duties of a neutral under the rules of international law have already been super seded by new legislation or nullified by executive de cree these earlier statutes were invoked by the pres ident in his first neutrality proclamation of septem ber 5 1939 which set forth some 28 specific regula tions to be observed within the jurisdiction of the united states in conformity with domestic law and customary usage among the rules then invoked were the customary prohibitions against enlistment in the armed forces of warring nations fitting out or arming belligerent vessels or furnishing supplies to belliger ent warships most of these traditional limitations were swept away with the passage of the lend lease act which automatically canceled any existing legis lation contrary to its provisions subsequent executive orders or presidential proclamations have annulled at least 25 of the 28 regulations thus eliminating almost the last vestige of neutrality under the law of nations despite the abandonment of traditional neutrality the act of 1939 remains on the statute books and with certain exceptions its legal restrictions are still in force since the repeal of the arms embargo in october 1939 congress has not directly amended any portion of the existing law although in effect it nullified the prohibition on loans and credits sec 7 by permitting the transfer of defense materials an4 services under the lend lease act other provisions such as the restrictions covering travel on amer ican vessels sec 5 and the use of american pork by belligerent ships secs 10 11 have been t laxed by executive rules and regulations apart from these modifications however the law remains yp changed of the provisions still in force three are in o conflict with the purposes ot the lend lease program and the declared policy of the president these are sec 2 a forbidding any american vessel to cary any passengers or any articles or materials to any belligerent state named by the president sec 3 te quiring the president to define combat areas through which no american vessel may pass sec 6 forbidding the arming of american merchant vessels with respect to transportation of war supplies other than arms and ammunition the president has some discretion in defining combat areas and finding the existence of a state of war thus by removing the combat area in the red sea and by failing to find a state of war between germany and the soviet union president roosevelt has enabled american ships to carry supplies to suez and vladivostok at the request of the state department the attorney general gave an opinion on september 15 holding that the term united kingdom as used in the nev trality act applies only to england scotland wales and northern ireland thus permitting american ves sels to enter any of britain’s possessions not express ly named in proclamations under the law as it stands however the president has no discretion to permit american vessels to entet any port in the united kingdom or any port of any european belligerent or even the atlantic ports of canada while the law allows american ships t0 proceed through the inland waters of the bay of fundy to st john it forbids them to enter halifax the net effect of these mandatory restrictions has been to force the transfer of more than 500 americat vessels to foreign registry and in numerous othet ways to invite a policy of subterfuge it must be ap parent however that the basic contradictions between the neutrality act and the declared policy of the united states cannot be removed by measures withia the technical discretion of the executive the com flict can be resolved only if both congress and the executive are prepared to face the issue squarely w t stone ber reg téri yea on ev br gel +entered as 2nd class matter dr william w bishop de university of wi ghigan library a ann arbor mich 5 f a fi foreign policy bulletin and ions ner orts an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association ft foreign policy association incorporated tom 22 east 38th street new york n y un vou xx no 51 october 10 1941 pea ram hitler seeks victory in russia a as the battle line swayed back and forth in the compared mr churchill's address of september 30 fe sixteenth week of the soviet ge.nan war to the house of commons in which he admitted 3 te berlin and moscow also engaged in a batt'e of words that germany retained superiority on land the ger eas tegarding their respective losses of mena and ma mans he said could fight russia and still have ec 6 tériel in his first public speech since may of this armies vast enough simultaneously to move against sels yeat chancellor hitler declared at the sportpalast the nile to attack spain and portugal and to in ies october 3 that russia is already broken and will vade britain the enemy’s only shortage said t has never rise again the nazis he admitted did not mr churchill is in the air apparently alluding ding know how gigantic russia’s preparations against to german losses of planes in russia that is a wing germany had been he asserted however that very serious shortage but for the rest he retains the ng to fresh operations of gigantic proportions were in initiative oviet progress on the soviet german front which took the russia needs war aid while an accurate tican form of a two pronged drive against moscow begun analysis of the german and russian claims and stok 02 october 6 counter claims must await the end of the war it is ome claims and counter claims hitler obvious that both germany and russia have suffered iding claimed that the germans had taken 2,500,000 rus great losses in men and matériel during their three neu sian prisoners had captured or destroyed 22,000 month conflict germany's industrial system which vales guns and 18,000 tanks and had shot down 14,500 remains relatively intact despite british air raids is nves planes in this connection it is interesting to note probably in a better position to replace losses in press that the italian fascist leader roberto farinacci equipment than russian industries many of which who has recently visited both germany and the either were located in regions now occupied by the ident soviet german front reported at a public meeting germans or obtained their raw materials from these enter in cremona on october 1 that russia at the out regions russia’s immediate problem is to obtain war f any break of the war had between 35,000 and 40,000 material in large quantities and at an ever quickening rts of tanks and 35,000 planes which would mean that tempo from britain and the united states this ps to the russians even according to hitler’s figures still problem was the subject of the three power confer ay of retain half of their tanks and over half of their ence held in moscow last week which is discussed in jifax planes the washington news letter two crucial difficul has nazi claims regarding russian losses were cate ties confront the western powers in their determina erican gotically denied on october 5 in a statement pub tion to aid russia first they must speed up their other lished by alexander scherbakoff director of the own industrial production and divert a major part ye ap soviet information bureau in moscow according to of the equipment they manufacture to the soviet tween his figures russia has lost 1,128,000 men 230,000 front at the risk of losing it in case of moscow’s yf the killed 720,000 wounded and 178,000 missing as defeat second they must expand the transportation vithin well as 7,000 tanks 8,900 guns and 5,316 planes facilities of the one route into russia which is least con on the other hand scherbakoff declared that the vulnerable at the present time to axis attack the id the germans have lost 3,000,000 men killed wounded route through the persian gulf and then over the ly and prisoners and 11,000 tanks 13,000 guns and railway across iran to the caspian sea the connec ne 000 planes with this russian statement may be tion between the iranian and russian railway sys tems however is not yet completed meanwhile the question of aid to russia has be come interwoven in the united states with ques tions raised about moscow’s internal policies notably its attitude toward freedom of religion president roosevelt in an effort apparently to win the support of roman catholics not only in the united states but also in europe and south america for aid to russia indicated at a press conference on septem ber 30 that russia under its constitution enjoys free dom of religion analogous to that existing in the united states for this remark the president was se verely taken to task by several american religious and political leaders and in an official statement issued on october 2 the white house voiced the hope that complete freedom of religion is on its way in russia moscow’s attitude toward re ligion while article 124 of the soviet constitu tion of 1936 states that freedom of religious worship and freedom of anti religious propaganda is recognized for all citizens this article as the rev dr edmund a walsh pointed out in commenting on the president's first statement about religion in russia has been a hollow shell it would be a disservice both to american public opinion and in the long run also to the russian people to claim that russia is a democracy in the western sense or permits the practice of civil liberties including freedom of religion which have become familiar to western peoples until germany's invasion of russia the soviet government persecuted religious leaders prevented religious education scoffed at re ligion which marx had described as the opium of the people and supported the activities of the god less league following the outbreak of war with germany moscow has permitted the use of religious services by polish forces that have been formed on soviet soil and discontinued publication of bezbozh nik the godless organ of the godless league ostensibly because of lack of paper on octo c page two ber 4 in a prepared statement the soviet officia spokesman s a lozovsky reaffirmed soviet free dom on the basis of the 1936 constitution to belieye and practice any and all religions as well as cop tinued liberty for the activities of anti religious gy ganizations and propaganda while no one acquainted with soviet russia could deny the absence of religious freedom in that coup try it is important for people in the united states to understand that the situation of organized religion in russia before 1917 was not comparable to tha in britain or the united states many of the leader of the greek orthodox hierarchy were closely asso ciated with the tsarist régime and supported jt policy of repression toward liberal movements 4s well as its obscurantist ideas regarding popular edy cation this does not mean that the russian people were not religious on the contrary there was i russiz a deep rooted feeling of mysticism which a least in the older generation has survived two years of oviet propaganda and repression the reyo lution of 1917 was directed primarily against tsarism it assumed an anti religious character largely because the greek orthodox church seemed committed ty perpetuation of the tsarist régime and of a system of private property which held out little hope of improving the lot of the russian workers and peas ants to say that the soviet government which has proved more autocratic than the tsars has not yet satisfied the material needs of these workers ant peasants is not an answer to the problems that pro voked the bolshevik revolution it may well be that in the course of this war the russian people as dis tinguished from the small minority of bolsheviks who seized power in 1917 will find an opportunity to mold russia’s social and economic system closet to the western concept of democracy meanwhile their resistance has galvanized th peoples of occupied countries into widespread revolt against hitler's new order this revolt may prove to have been tragically premature but it may als statement of the ownership management circulation etc required by the acts of congress of august 24 1912 and march 3 1933 of foreign policy bulletin published weekly at new york n y for october 1 1941 state of new york create of new york ss before me a notary public in and for the state and county aforesaid personally appeared vera micheles dean who having been duly sworn ac cording to law deposes and says that she is the editor of the foreign policy bulletin and that the following is to the best of her knowledge and belief a true statement of the ownership management etc of the afore said publication for the date shown in the above caption required by the act of august 24 1912 as amended by the act of march 3 1933 em bodied in section 537 postal laws and regulations printed on the re verse of this form to wit 1 that the names and addresses of the publisher editor managing edi tor and business managers are publishers foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y editor vera micheles dean 22 east 38th street new york n y managing editor none business managers none 2 that the owner is foreign policy association incorporated the principal officers of which are frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary both of 70 broadway new york n y 3 that the known bondholders mortgagees and other security holdts owning or holding 1 per cent or more of total amount of bonds mortgagts or other securities are 22 east 38th street new york n y and william a eldridge treasuttt none 4 that the two paragraphs next above giving the names of the owntt stockholders and security holders if any contain not only the list of stom holders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the compaij but also in cases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation the na of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting is given that the said two paragraphs contain statements embracing afnant's fe knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under whit stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of company as trustees hold stock and securities in a yo other than thaté a bona fide owner and this affiant has no reason to believe that any person association or corporation has any interest direct or indirect a said stock bonds or other securities than as so stated by her foreign policy association incorporated by vera micheles dean eaitt sworn to and subscribed before me this 30th day of september 1941 seal carolyn martin notary publi new york county new york county clerk’s no 339 my commisit expires march 30 1943 appe lem conti to th footl migh coun brit2 and adva con the foll for hea ente 1cial easuttt holdes regage ownet f stod ympan pon th re nace nm als t's fe r whit 3 of m i that in rated ue public nmissioe itimately tip the scales in a conflict which at times appears to reach a stalemate hitler's strategic prob iem like that of napoleon is first to consolidate the continent and then to break out of the continent on to the high seas in an attempt to defeat the british empire britain’s problem by contrast is to find a foothold on the continent for a counter offensive that might bring about the downfall of nazism for this counter offensive russia and the occupied countries seething with revolt offer potential bases provided britain and the united states have the determination and the technical ability to make use of their advantages vera micheles dean page three fpa forum when saturday october 25 sessions at 10 a.m and 3 p.m luncheon at 12 45 p.m where the waldorf astoria new york n y why to hear leaders of our government and armed forces discuss american foreign policy our first line of defense open to all men and women interested in world problems reservations at the foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y the f.p.a bookshelf the spoil of europe by thomas reveille new york ww w norton and company 1941 2.75 the author has drawn on many sources in compiling the frst detailed account of the methods used by the nazis in exploiting the economies of the conquered countries the battle for asia by edgar snow new york random house 1941 3.75 writing with his customary vigor and clarity edgar snow ranges widely over the course of the war in china since 1937 while concentrating on the critical issue of kuomintang communist relations he also devotes consid erable attention to japan’s current position and prospects andthe far eastern policies of third powers he concludes by outlining a liberal program of colonial emancipation which would marshal the eastern world more effectively behind the war against fascism they'll never quit by harvey klemmer new york wil canada fights an american democracy at war edited by john w dafoe new york farrar and rinehart 1941 2.00 this long needed survey of the canadian war effort written by professor percy corbett of mcgill university and five outstanding journalists affords an excellent view of canada’s political and economic life and its relations with britain and the united states what the citizen should know about the army by harvey s ford new york norton 1941 2.00 what the citizen should know about the navy by hanson w baldwin new york norton 1941 2.00 good descriptions of the armed services for the layman under the iron heel by lars moén philadelphia j b lippincott 1941 2.75 a restrained factual and yet absorbing eyewitness ac count of the nazi occupation of belgium wr.tten by an american scientist the author contributes pertinent ma terial on king leopold’s surrender the work of fifth col umnists and the attempted german invasion of britain in the fall of 1940 neighbors to the south by delia goetz new york har court brace 1941 2.50 an interesting and very readable story of the latin american republics written primarily for younger readers fred funk 1941 2.50 an interesting and highly sympathetic account of life in britain during the latter half of 1940 written by a mem ber of the american embassy staff mr klemmer pleads for much fuller material aid to the british than we have thus far delivered finland forever by hudson strode new york harcourt brace 1941 3.50 a descriptive narrative of finland and the finns the book attractively illustrated is a sympathetic character study of the country and its people for an impartial examination of the soviet consti tution both in the light of marxist doctrine and as a weapon in the struggle with fascism read the new constitution of the u.s.s.r by vera micheles dean vol xiii no 3 foreign policy reports south eastern europe a brief survey by the informa tion department royal institute of international af fairs new york oxford university press 1940 2.00 a succinct description of the recent political and eco nomic history of the balkan area as an entity the chapters on the industries and trade of the region are particularly valuable in estimating what the nazis can obtain from their conquered lands the united states and japan’s new order by william c johnstone new york oxford university press 1941 3.00 a thorough analysis of the historical development and present status of american rights and interests in china special consideration is devoted to the effects of the sino japanese conflict on these rights and interests while the concluding chapters summarize recent american policy in the far east and offer suggestions for the course to be followed at the present time 25c f.p.a radio schedule subject armed truce in the pacific speaker t a bisson date sunday october 12 time 12 12 15 p.m e.s.t station nbc blue network foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 51 ocronsgr 10 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dororhy f lggr secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year a 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building oct 6 the issue of aid to russia emerged this week as perhaps the most difficult problem confront ing the administration in the field of foreign policy temporarily overshadowing the drive for revision of the neutrality act and plans for early passage of the second lease lend bill in moscow members of the american and british missions to russia were working on the technical problem of speeding de livery of the vast supplies promised the u.s.s.r under the agreement announced on october 1 in washington administration officials were searching for an answer to the political question posed by the new commitments and aggravated by the controversy over freedom of religion in the soviet union moscow conference the official com muniqués issued in moscow furnished few details and left the precise terms of the agreement in doubt the joint statement made by w averell harriman head of the american mission and lord beaver brook british minister of supplies declared that the two governments had decided to place at the dis posal of the soviet government practically every re quirement for which the soviet military and civil authorities have asked in return the soviet gov ernment is to supply great britain and the united states with large quantities of raw materials urgently required in these two countries apart from the broad statement that arrangements had been made to increase the volume of traffic in all directions the heads of the two missions gave no indication of the extent of russian needs or the manner in which they will be met the supply problem despite the optimism of the moscow communiqués washington realizes the difficulties of supplying the soviet union it is expected that the u.s.s.r will in the long run need vast quantities of matériel to offset the loss of equip ment and industrial capacity which it has already suffered or may sustain in the near future munitions production in britain and particularly in the united states is unquestionably increasing rapidly it has just been announced that american aircraft output in september amounted to 1,914 planes between three and four hundred tanks a month are also roll ing off the assembly lines of this country’s arsenals in britain tank production is reported to have set new records recently yet the demand for all this war material is far greater than the two democraga can satisfy the united states army is still by g means fully equipped and in britain the losses g past campaigns on the continent have only just bee wail made good not only the soviet union but als north africa and the middle east must be supplied with arms and ammunition no front can be de nuded of equipment because as prime ministe churchill pointed out in his last speech germany vo still has strength enough to strike in any direction transportation difficulties the rus sian front however is of such vital importance that n supplies can and undoubtedly will be allocated t 4 the soviet union the problem of transportation js 84 generally considered to be the most baffling of all while bombing planes can probably be flown to the win u.s.s.r from britain all other material must be moved over long distances by sea and land the only direct routes to russia are those to the arctic ports gert of murmansk and archangel and to vladivostok in the far east the rail connection between murmansk mé and leningrad has already been cut and archangel 4 2 will soon be icebound vladivostok is 6,000 mile and from san francisco and at least another 4,000 miles p from the battle front moreover washington is stil uneasy about the ultimate attitude which japan my t take toward the movement of war supplies to vladi ing vostok the remaining route across iran is even tive longer and more circuitous it is 14,500 miles by sea rus from new york to the port of bander shapur on the por persian gulf and 870 miles by the trans iranian the railway to the caspian sea at this point supp syn must be reloaded on boats for the final haul to net russia it is considered doubtful that a large volume all of soviet shipping can be mobilized for this purpose s v as washington and london prepare to translate the decisions of the moscow conference into action they are probably not entertaining any extravagant expectations about the assistance which can be di rectly given to the soviet union they are encour 5 aged however by reports from the russian battle front and hope that the u.s.s.r will be able to continue resisting the german war machine through primary reliance on its own resources meanwhile 4 britain can provide indirect help by intensive bom 4 bardment of german factories and communications j and the united states gains valuable time to accel s erate its munitions program i john c pewilde +y j foreign ann arbor mich policy bulletin entered as 2nd class matter dr william w bishop de university of michigan library s also an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association plied foreign policy association incorporated e de 22 east 38th street new york n y mister ___ many vou xx no 52 october 17 1941 ction german armies aim smashing blow at moscow kus that n what hitler has characterized as the lase great ed t decisive battle of the year germany's armies are ion i engaged in a powerful and desperate drive to cap yf al ture moscow before the advent of the bitter russian to the winter heralded in the fuehrer’s speech of octo ist he bet 3 the nazi offensive has now been underway e only more than two weeks in this crucial campaign the ports germans are reported to be employing 3,000,000 tok jp men as well as the major part of their air force and nansk mechanized divisions at least four nazi columns are ange advancing from the south the southwest the west miles and northwest in an effort to surround the russian mile capital and to envelop and annihilate the main soviet is stil armies in a series of pincer movements n may the stakes in the bitter fighting now proceed vladi ing the stakes are large moscow is the administra even tive heart of the soviet union it is the hub of by sa russia's vast railway network and the center of im on the portant munitions industries including particularly ranian the manufacture of aircraft moscow has come to pli symbolize and epitomize soviet russia its fall might aul to not only enable the german armies to overrun virtu olume ally all of european russia but would also deal a irpose severe blow to soviet prestige and morale nazi forces have advanced steadily in spite of i stubborn resistance while the german experience with leningrad warns that the subjection of moscow be dit will be no easy task soviet authorities have not dis guised the seriousness of the situation despite opti mistic statements in washington and london about the extent of american and british assistance that is inslate ncour battle ble a being and will be given soviet officials probably ial tealize that the battle for moscow must be fought almost wholly with russian resources meanwhile they are faced with another dangerous german thrust ations in the south where the army of marshal von rund a stedt supported by hungarian rumanian and ital lan divisions has been making rapid progress along lde the shores of the sea of azov this nazi drive is imperiling the donets industrial basin and comes dangerously close to the important city of rostov at the mouth of the river don through rostov runs the only rail connection between russia and the caucasus which still produces 85 per cent of the so viet union's oil supplies if this city falls into the hands of the enemy the u.s.s.r will be compelled to rely on the rather inadequate shipping facilities of the caspian sea for access to caucasian oil in view of the plight of the soviet union the russian army paper red star has been calling on the british to launch a diversion on another front in london newspapers and the public have taken up the cry for action of some kind up to the present the british have confined their offensive to bombing attacks while considerable damage has been done to hamburg bremen and kiel in northern germany and to industrial centers in the rhineland the r.a.f has apparently been unable to impair decisively the reich’s industrial strength bombing objectives are distant and scattered and the british still have an in sufficient number of heavy long range bombers both britain and the united states have concentrated too much on the production of fighter planes as well as light and medium bombers they are now paying the penalty for failure to foresee the need for thousands of four motored bombing planes invasion of continent unlikely under present circumstances it is difficult to conceive of a successful invasion of the continent the euro pean coasts opposite britain have unquestionably been heavily fortified by the nazis and could prob ably be defended with relatively small forces south ern europe may be more vulnerable to attack the possibility of invading sicily or some other part of italy has long been discussed the italians are be coming disgruntled about their part in the present war their share of the spoils has been insignificant croatia which was to come under their jurisdiction is actually run by and for the germans italian sol diers occupy greece but control is really vested in the german authorities at athens italy has acquired only southern slovenia and the poor and narrow dalmatian coast italian resources are running low just this month supplies of bread potatoes milk clothing and many manufactures have been dras tically rationed yet as long as the expectation that germany will win the war persists the italian gov ernment and people will continue loyal to the axis if only to avert a worse fate thus any british attack would undoubtedly be resisted with all the strength that italy can command shortage of shipping and man power above all the british cannot muster enough shipping or man power to invade the con tinent at any point although the recent increase in british fat and sugar rations testify to improvement in the shipping situation it will probably be well along in 1942 before the present american construc tion program can make available sufficient vessels for a large expeditionary force hundreds of ships would be necessary to transport an invading army and keep them supplied with foodstuffs and war material moreover britain’s experiences in nor way belgium and greece constitute a serious warn ing against undertaking anything on the european continent on an inadequate scale to carry any prom ise of success an invasion will probably require a well equipped army of at least a million men there must be a guarantee that any bridgehead established on the continent can be steadily widened by pour ing in more and more men and supplies today brit ain must defend the widely scattered outposts of its empire with insufficient forces as the london econ omist recently pointed out there are only about three special offer 5 fprs for 1.00 u.s defense economy labor problems transportation and power industrial capacity raw materials inventory mobilization eayrr page two f.p.a radio schedule subject the russo german war speaker vera micheles dean date sunday october 19 time 12 12 15 p.m e.s.t station nbc blue network fpa forum some of the speakers will be mrs franklin d roosevelt assistant dir office civilian defense dean g acheson assistant secretary of state senator elbert d thomas representative thomas h eliot nelson a rockefeller time saturday october 25 place the waldorf astoria new york n y reservations through the foreign policy association p corporated 22 east 38th street new york n y ector quarters of a million men stationed in the middk east and approximately three to four times as mam in britain this discrepancy in man power betwee britain and germany will continue to handicap th british war effort and may be overcome only if the united states is prepared to use its army as well a its naval and industria strength in the next few months the degree of british pre paredness will be tested not by an invasion of th continent but probably by developments on th north african front unless britain can take ad vantage of germany's preoccupation in russia ané launch a successful attack on libya it may in th end find itself at a disadvantage also in north africa if a shortage of men and material forces britain ti remain idle until the nazis can release troops and supplies for other fronts it may become increasing difficult to fight germany with prospects of ultimati success britain and the united states cannot afforé to wait in relative inactivity in the expectation thal their combined resources will some day exceed thos of hitler john c dewilde the european possessions in the caribbean area by r 2 platt j k wright j c weaver and j e fairchilt new york american geographical society 1941 1 this work sets forth in convenient form for referent interesting facts concerning the government histor physical geography economy social conditions and str tegic importance of the british french and netherlan possessions in the caribbean area blitzkrieg by s l a marshall new york morrow 194 2.00 some competent though now and then opinionated 0 servations on the military lessons of hitler’s 1940 cam paigns with a warning to the united states that it is peril caesars in goose step by william d bayles new york harper 1940 3.00 brief biographies of the fuehrer and the men about hit written in lively style foreign policy bulletin vol xx no 52 ocroser 17 1941 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y eo published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nang frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary vera micheles den bie entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year p had impcc on c admi ques been pan the aria quer rent elev effic litics dent high wa t beet not six phil tota imn den wh am crez tho sta pro tor wh live dic a li mc of the be lor fla re mi wi fo a tor a in iddle ween the e the ll as pre e the the ad and n the frica in t an ing ima iffor 1 that thos de rr rehild 10 rence istory stra erlani 194 ed ob can t is 2 york at hit bi trends in latin america by john i b mcculloch panamanian government changes hands in the republic of panama increasingly important in hemisphere defense a bloodless coup on october 9 brought an abrupt end to the year old administration of president arnulfo arias whose questionable sympathies and headstrong tactics had heen a source of very real concern to architects of pan american solidarity a 39 year old physician at the time of his inauguration on october 1 1940 arias had studied in the united states and subse quently been exposed to conflicting ideological cur rents in england france italy and germany his elevation to the presidency was secured through the eficient operation of a well greased panamanian po litical machine which made short work of the presi dential aspirations of arias 1940 opponent the highly respected international lawyer and long time washington resident ricardo alfaro the first major act of the arias administration had been to force adoption of a new constitution which not only extended the president's term from four to six years but gave expression to an economic philosophy both intensely nationalistic and pseudo totalitarian this brought the new executive into immediate conflict with his own brother ex presi dent harmodio arias a shrewd lawyer and politician who controls the influential newspaper panama american on the international front as well arias created considerable confusion and suspicion al though he was at length induced to grant the united states air base facilities on panamanian territory other matters pending between the two countries proved difficult of solution in the hands of negotia tors appointed by arias the panamanian president who was given to indiscreet remarks meanwhile de livered a succession of statements interpreted as in dicating a latent sympathy for the axis powers and a less than cordial attitude toward the united states question of panama registry the most recent evidence of a fundamental divergence of thought between the arias administration and the united states government appeared on octo ber 6 on that date the panamanian cabinet with arias presiding decided that panama would no longer permit merchant vessels operating under its flag to be armed and would withdraw panamanian tegistry from such vessels as defied the decision this measure seemed likely to affect no less than 125 u.s owned ships 40 owned by the government which sailed under panamanian insignia it was for more extensive coverage n lati copy of this publication write to the w adopted moreover at a moment when the roosevelt administration was moving energetically to amend or eliminate provisions of the neutrality law which restrict the operations of u.s ships the coup d’état of october 9 was precipitated by the action of the president himself who under his mother’s family name suddenly departed for cuba apparently in anticipation of impending develop ments in his absence events in panama succeeded each other with the precision of a well conceived drama arias minister of government ricardo adolfo de la guardia called the cabinet together to announce that the government was temporarily without a head the first presidential designate minister of education josé pezet a close associate of arias later arrested was passed over and the presidency was officially conferred on ernesto jaén guardia second designate who had conveniently returned from mexico ten days earlier jaén guardia then formed a cabinet and resigned the cabinet picking de la guardia to succeed him it is reported that jaén guardia will go to washington as am bassador replacing carlos brin the extent to which the united states government was involved in or cognizant of this chain of events must probably remain a matter of conjecture on the surface at least u.s civil and military authorities were completely detached and inactive it seems un likely however that they can have viewed the change of régime with anything but gratification appar ently well regarded de la guardia has lost no time in putting his government on record as favoring a policy of intimate collaboration with the united states although berlin and rome have sought to exploit the incident as one more instance of yankee imperialism the sentiment of large sections of the latin american press is probably suggested by an editorial in e diario of montevideo uruguay which lauds the coup and goes on to speak disparag ingly of certain republics that insist on maintaining neutrality which is inadmissible in the battle be tween democratic and totalitarian lands a further dramatic development occurred on oc tober 14 when dr arnulfo arias on his return to cristobal canal zone surrendered to the panama police after the new government of panama had announced he would be sent into exile in costa rica arias had previously said he was returning to panama to share political responsibility with his friends american affairs read pan american news 4 bi weekly newsletter edited by mr mcculloch for sample ishington bureau foreign poi:cy association 1200 national press building washington d.c dec 16 194 washington news letter a washington bureau national press building oct 13 two notable milestones marked the advance of american foreign policy last week as the united states further reinforced its program of aid to countries resisting aggression on october 9 presi dent roosevelt sent an urgent message to congress asking for authority to arm american merchant ships at once the following day the house passed the second lease lend bill without a single major change by a vote of 328 to 67 these moves depend for their practical fulfillment on u.s shipping capacity and give added importance to the revised shipbuilding to display sufficient voting strength to discourage the administration from requesting in the near fy permission to send american flag vessels into combat areas and belligerent ports the overwhelming majority recorded by the house in favor of the 5,985,000,000 lease lend bill on october 10 does not provide a reliable indication of how forces will line up in support of other admin istration measures since congress by passing thee initial lease lend bill in march had already approved the basic policy involved the current house de bate centered chiefly on the amount to be appropri ated and the question of including the soviet union program designed to provide this country with the among the beneficiaries of lease lend assistance on largest merchant marine in its history the latter issue aid to russia was approved by a vote amendment of neutrality act presi of 162 to 21 dent roosevelt's message came after a delay of sev shipbuilding program in the last j eral weeks during which congressional and admin sis the delivery of american goods to the allies will b istration leaders discussed practicable means of re probably depend on the size of the u.s merchant vising the neutrality act to fit the changed interna marine its available tonnage has been sharply re tional situation which has developed since enactment duced during the war from 8,076,879 gross tons in of the existing legislation in october 1939 although september 1939 by the sale of about 1,000,000 tons the president specifically recommended repeal of to britain and its allies up to the end of last year only one section of the law section 6 which pro the transfer of 1,300,000 tons to the u.s army and hibits the arming of american flag ships engaged in navy and the registration of many u.s vessels un foreign commerce he urged congress to give der the panamanian flag to escape restrictions of they earnest and early attention to correcting other neutrality act at the same time present defense phases of the act which in effect give definite as needs require the more rapid movement of a greatet sistance to the aggressors the text of his mes volume of goods sage left no doubt that the desired additional changes the emergency shipping division of the maritime include abolition of clauses that prevent ameri commission which was set up to cope with these can ships from carrying goods through combat zones problems has been trying to make one ship do the and to belligerent ports work of two of even greater long term importance j failure to ask for prompt repeal of these remain the construction rate of new vessels has been vastly ing provisions is apparently due to the administra accelerated the revised building program calls for tion’s unwillingness to face a showdown on foreign 1,200 ships all types of 13,500,000 deadweight policy with adamant republicans and isolationist tons by the end of 1943 deadweight tonnage the democrats who threatened formidable opposition to best criterion of actual cargo carrying capacity aver any amendment beyond removal of the ban on arm _ages from 15 to 20 per cent more than gross tonnage ing merchant ships although wendell willkie on keels have been laid or engines are being built for october 6 urged the republican party to fight for about 400 of these ships and contracts have been let outright repeal of the entire act many republicans for 400 more at present 32 yards with 234 ways ale in congress have never recognized willkie’s leader operating full time and delivering about three ships hip and are rejecting his advice in the present con a week by mid 1942 when peak production will bey troversy looking toward the coming congressional reached vessels will be turned out at the rate of two f campaigns they assert that the national elections a day in view of the steady increase in united states last november provided no clear cut popular de industrial production and the administration's grow y cision on foreign policy since both presidential can ing determination to insure delivery of america didates advocated essentially the same course the goods to the allies these merchant vessels may yeyy opposition forces are not expected to prevent speedy play a decisive role in the war repeal of the armed ship prohibition but they hope a randle elliott +entered as 2nd class matter dr william w sisulep de nigan library ann arbor mich an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vor xxii no 1 october 23 1942 would wartime punishment of nazis aid united nations at a moment when the american press draws some optimistic conclusions from the mere fact that the germans and japanese have failed during recent weeks to make significant territorial gains nazi propaganda is straining every effort not with out success to divide the united nations and force them to take actions that might steel the german people for continuance of the war to the bitter end the allies who have been as slow to learn the art of psychological warfare as they had previously been to utilize the techniques of modern fighting are in danger of diverting their fire from germany and japan to snipe at each other punishment of nazi leaders the dis cussion aroused by president roosevelt's statement of october 7 that the united states would insist on punishment after the war of war criminals guilty of barbarism against the civilian populations of con quered countries has already revealed some di vergences among the allies the president by setting axis ringleaders apart from their nations was wisely attempting to assure the peoples of germany italy and japan that they would not be held respon sible in wholesale fashion for crimes from which they have been the first to suffer meanwhile the allied governments in london acting on a similar ptinciple had for months been compiling lists of nazis and native quislings who in their opinion bear the major responsibility for the cold blooded executions in conquered countries that have been fap idly increasing in numbers and brutality as the ger mans have found themselves stalemated at stalingrad in a belated answer of october 15 to a statement on this subject issued by the allied governments in london on january 13 soviet foreign commissar molotov not only subscribed to the plans of con quered countries for bringing nazi leaders to justice after the war he also demanded immediate punish ment of any who have fallen into the hands of the united nations notably rudolf hess who has been held in custody by the british since his dramatic flight to england in may 1941 shortly before the german invasion of russia at that time it was believed that hess hoped to prevent what he considered a suicidal campaign against russia by effecting some kind of.a settlement between britain and germany or al ternatively enlisting britain on germany's side in a crusade against bolshevism the soviet reference to hess was further empha sized by the pravda editorial of october 19 which declared that it must be finally established who hess is now a criminal subject to trial and punishment or a plenipotentiary representative in england of the hitler government who enjoys inviolability the kremlin's insistence on immediate punishment of hess seems to reflect the latent suspicion in moscow that certain circles in britain and the united states still are more afraid of russia than of germany and given certain circumstances such as the surrender of power by hitler and his associates might come to terms with representatives of the german army and industry who in the opinion of the russians bear equal responsibility for the european holocaust should allies resort to revenge the british for their part feel that any attempt to punish nazi leaders who may be held by the united nations would merely bring german retaliation against the thousands of united nations prisoners now held by the germans a risk it should be noted that the russians who have a vast number of prisoners in german hands are apparently pre pe ared to take it may be do ubted th at nazi leaders in germany would be deterred for a moment by any punishment visited on hess yet the issue raised by molotov may prove important in the psychological warfare now raging between the belligerents for it may come to constitute a test of allied intentions not only to the russians but also to non nazi germans who fear that their rulers like the kaiser in 1919 may ultimately escape retribution at the hands of the allies leaving the german people to pay the penalty britain and the united states moreover must bear in mind the understandable desire of the conquered peoples of europe to see vengeance wreaked as soon as possible on those whom president roosevelt has described as war criminals very different is the problem of allied retalia tion for brutal treatment of allied war prisoners in germany such as shackling the very fact that the nazis are now resorting in the case of british pris oners to practices they had previously reserved for the so called inferior peoples of eastern europe and the balkans would indicate that they have despaired of coming to terms with the british a fact which might serve well to dispel moscow’s suspicions about hess the shackling of british and canadian pris oners answered in kind by the british and canadians may prove only the first chapter of a terrible ordeal the russians for example are reported to be tak ing few german prisoners and the nazis have threatened that they will mete out to all allied prisoners the treatment accorded to german captives by any one of the united nations another inhuman page two e method of sowing dissension among the allies yet even more disastrous for the allies than the sufferings of their prisoners would be any attemp to answer the germans in kind brutality in cold blood is alien to the temper and traditions of the western peoples the practice of brutality in which the nazis would in any case prove more adept than the allies would not prevent hitler from continuing on his bloody course nor would it r lieve the plight of united nations prisoners and meanwhile it would tend to reduce the civilian pop ulations of the united nations to the same level of brutalization as that preached and practiced by axis leaders the terrifying thing might then happe that while losing the war on the battlefield tp the united nations the axis powers would have defeated them by infecting them with the poison of inhumanity the best way both to punish the nazis and to relieve allied prisoners is to win the war a decisively and rapidly as possible to permit the diversion at this crucial moment of our thought and energies to the mistreatment of axis prisone instead of applying them to the winning of the war would be to serve the axis cause vera micheles dean stage set for new military action in africa the close coordination of strategy in north and west africa with that in europe is at present the ob ject of several moves by the axis and the united nations the most recent of the axis efforts is the meeting forecast by reports from switzerland be tween hitler and mussolini at which they would presumably discuss italy’s role in safeguarding axis transportation lines to africa as well as the low morale in italy the possibility that the nazis may soon take over trieste and fiume the two key adri atic ports as a result of a recommendation that gestapo chief heinrich himmler is believed to have made following his trip to italy on october 10 12 is related to the attempt to improve their military position in the mediterranean axis strategy in africa the attempts of the axis powers to safeguard their lines to africa for an analysis of british plans for a new britain a new world a new europe and a new empire read as britain sees the post war world by howard p whidden jr 25c october 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 have led to a renewal of the blitz against malta britain's unsinkable aircraft carrier in the medi terranean if malta were knocked out of the war or taken by the axis the germans would find the prob lem of protecting their flank in north africa simpli fied they would then be more free to carry out the policy of defensive warfare that goering hitler and goebbels have recently hinted at in a series of speeches despite heavy and costly attacks how ever malta is still holding out and a british com muniqué of october 18 reported that the enemy's offensive had eased considerably the hopes of the nazis that conquered europe can be transformed into a mighty fortress capable of re sisting a bitter siege depend not only on their success against malta but to some extent on their ability to keep vichy french west africa and senegal under control in the nazi defensive strategy dakar holds the key position just as it would if it were to serve as the bridgehead for a move against the western hemisphere the harbor at dakar lies at one of the world’s foremost oceanic crossroads and is capable of being used as a naval base against united nations supply lines running to egypt the middle east and india by way of central africa if the axis powers could cut off access to the trans african air transpor tation routes they would oblige the allies to ship all men and materials from britain and the united states around the cape thus putting a still greater ih trar and of soul furt whi air als his 7 per dal tha evic aiff gal que wi enc an cup all eve vic chi __ lies than the attempt r in cold is of the in which re ade ler fre ild it re ers and lian pop level of 1 by axis 1 happen lefield to uld have poison of the nazis 1e war as ermit the thoughts prisoners f the war dean st malta he med 1 war of the prob ca simplt y out the litler and series of ks how itish com enemy's urope can ble of te eir success ability to gal under ikar holds e to serve western me of the is capable 1 nations east and cis powers transpor to ship all 1e united ill greater strain on allied shipping but dakar is more than a naval base it is also the atlantic terminal for the trans saharan railroad that is connected by dirt road and branch lines with the french mediterranean port of oran in algeria and for the desert trail that runs south from casablanca six or eight excellent airfields further increase dakar’s strategic importance a fact which reminds americans that the city is only 1,800 air miles from brazil's easternmost point it should also be noted that admiral darlan well known for his hostility to the british is reported to be in algeria the berlin madrid and paris radio stations have persisted in predicting an imminent allied attack on dakar and on october 16 the nazi radio reported that fighting activities have started on dakar as evidence they pointed to the alleged death of a vichy airman while on a reconnaissance flight over british gambia at the hands of an opponent they subse quently identified as a united states pursuit plane whether this announcement was intended merely to encourage further collaboration from vichy or was a means of preparing the ground for an all out oc cupation by the axis in order to prevent a major allied offensive is still not clear it is known how ever that german military experts are in dakar that vichy has ordered the evacuation of women and children from that area and that planes a limited number of tanks and the last of the french motor ized troops are based there furthermore according the f.p.a moscow war diary by alexander werth new york knopf 1942 3.00 vivid sympathctic impressions of moscow during the first winter of the russo german war by the reuter and london sunday times correspondent who had spent his childhood in tsarist russia agenda for a postwar world by j b condliffe new york norton 1942 2.50 brief but comprehensive and well stated analysis of the major assumptions on which the united nations must act to establish economic stability after the war the submarine at war by a m low new york sheri dan house 1942 3.00 a history of submarine warfare and a sober non tech nical analysis of its current successes and its future po tentialities behemoth the structure and practice of national social ism by franz l neumann new york oxford univer sity press 1942 4.00 this rather legalistic but extensive and detailed survey of the development and functioning of nazism reaches the conclusion that hitler and his subordinates have destroyed the legal foundations of the german state and set up an instrument of arbitrary rule page three to a fighting french report of october 18 a concen tration of vichy’s modern warships are in dakar possible allied moves meanwhile the united nations continue to mass their forces in areas bordering vichy’s african empire on the south and southwest an american expeditionary force which landed at monrovia liberia last week is the most recent of the arrivals and marks the americans closest approach to dakar although no official ex planation of their presence has been given it is likely that their assignment is not only to prevent liberia from falling into axis hands but also to use the area as an air and naval base against the submarine wolf packs that have shifted their operations from the united states coast to that of west africa and the south atlantic with bases at dakar and cape palmas in eastern liberia british naval circles warned recently that the initial successes of the nazi submarines might be considerable in conjunction with united nations forces in gibraltar gambia sierra leone the belgian congo and fighting french equatorial africa the ameti cans in liberia might be used in an offensive against the axis in dakar such a move could open the way for a strong allied attack on the whole of vichy africa and would constitute a serious threat to marshal rommel’s forces in egypt winifred nelson bookshelf uncensored france an eyewitness account of france under the occupation by roy p porter new york the dial press 1942 2.75 a former associated press correspondent in paris and vichy narrates his experiences with both germans and french in france the author is sympathetic to pétain but draws on his own interviews with laval to portray the latter as a supremely unattractive opportunist in everything but his dislike for the british which seems constant the new order in poland by simon segal new york knopf 1942 3.00 a careful dispassionate yet revealing account of the nazis attempt to destroy utterly the polish nation and create a colony in central europe the author concludes with a penetrating examination of polish politics in exile economic history of europe by ernest l bogart new york longmans green 1942 4.50 valuable text which traces developments in economic institutions and the resultant changes in economic activity and in society all out on the road to smolensk by erskine caldwell new york duell sloan and pearce 1942 2.50 the experiences of an author turned foreign correspond ent in moscow and at the front during the german ad vance to the east in 1941 foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 1 ocroper 23 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lugr secretary vara micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year b's produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter oct 19 it is an old saying that no chain is stronger than its weakest link and italy is obviously the weak link in the axis it fills approximately the position that austria held in the central powers bloc of world war i and just as the allies of that day endeavored to wean franz josef’s ramshackle empire away from berlin so the united nations today are seeking to separate fascist italy from its more powerful totalitarian partners one of the mightiest blows struck in this cause was delivered by attorney general francis biddle in his columbus day address in new york city mr biddle on that occasion announced that 600,000 unnaturalized italians living in the united states would be freed from the stigma of being classed as alien enemies beginning october 19 he revealed that this new policy was being adopted because of the loyalty displayed by these italians toward the country of their adoption in the ten months that the united states has been at war he said it had been necessary to intern only 228 italians or fewer than one twentieth of one per cent psychological warfare two days later mr biddle frankly admitted to the house immigra tion committee that his speech was part of this na tion’s psychological warfare and predicted that the action would have a tremendous effect as part of the campaign mr biddle’s speech was carried on all the short wave radio stations now under government control and the british broadcasting corporation moscow also relayed extracts from the speech to conquered nations the attorney general declared further that the speech in italian was being distrib uted in italy presumably by airplane the rome radio affected to belittle the biddle gesture it said that we will only oppose these buffoon measures with our contempt a spokesman of the italian foreign office commented that the an nouncement had no meaning since only a military order could countermand the restrictions placed on enemy aliens in the united states the implications of the united states government's policy toward italy were doubtless outlined to pope piux xii by myron c taylor personal representa tive of president roosevelt in his two interviews with the pope on september 20 and 22 although there is no reason to suppose that mr taylor who re ported to the president on october 16 discussed the matter of a separate peace with italy it is believed he pointed out to the pope that italy would enjoy om victory more freedom in the event of a united nations vie tory than it could expect under joint mussolini nagj domination italian discontent the united states ig intensifying its psychological warfare against the fascist régime at a time when despite the vigorous censorship an increasing volume of evidence is ac cumulating to show that conditions in italy are go ing from bad to worse and that the italian people are heartily sick of a conflict needlessly thrust upon them symptomatic of the unrest in italy is the peasant uprising in the village of monteleone neat naples last month against government grain requisi tions when according to a london dispatch of oc tober 13 special police and troops had to be called out the next day a message from berne switzer land stated that heinrich himmler chief of the nazi gestapo had just concluded a three day visit to italy during which he saw premier benito mussolini and foreign minister count ciano the reported meeting in the near future of the two axis leaders is thought to be due to german discontent with italy’s failure to cope with the in creasing disturbances in yugoslavia where general draja mikhailovitch is vigorously pursuing his guer rilla war against the axis invaders the nazis are credited with planning to abolish croatia as an in dependent state pushing the italians out of it to extend german control over the dalmatian coast and to organize a base at trieste which formerly belonged to austria hungary with a view to con ducting from there axis naval operations throughout the mediterranean it is difficult to check these reports but it becomes increasingly clear that the italians have not got their hearts in this war mussolini plunged his country into the conflict on june 10 1940 at a moment when hitler seemed certain of victory but his calculations went astray for italy the war has been a succession of military reverses in greece ethiopia and libya only where the germans have intervened as they did in the balkans and in north africa have the italians been saved from total defeat nobody in washington expects an immediate collapse of the fascist régime or a withdrawal of italy from the war now the fascist ruling clique knows that its own fate is staked on a nazi victory nevertheless a timely blow from the outside may one day snap the weak italian link in the axis chain john elliot buy united states war bonds +entered as 2nd class matter dr william w pts anlop tlh ts o va ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxi no 1 octoberr 24 1941 army cabinet takes over in japan a german forces attacking moscow’s outer his direction general tojo’s first act as home ring of defenses a new japanese cabinet minister was to order various shifts among prefec headed by a pro axis military leader has taken the tural governors and the higher police officials with reins of power in tokyo formal investment of gen all three cabinet posts held by one man and that a eral hideki tojo’s government on october 18 was vigorous military figure an unprecedented concen accompanied by the customary vague and unenlight tration of political power is effected in keeping with ening policy statements from the premier and for his responsibilities the premier was invested with eign minister the personnel of the new cabinet the rank of a full general as well as the international circumstances attending shigenori togo the new foreign minister brings its formation offer better clues as to the course it to the cabinet detailed and expert knowledge of the may be expected to follow two great protagonists in the soviet german con the cabinet line up by his background flict his last term of service in 1938 40 was as and record general hideki tojo belongs to the ex ambassador to moscow previously in 1937 38 he tremist wing of the army which has favored a policy had been ambassador to germany the finance min of aggressive continental expansion his last period ister okinobu kaya is a bureaucrat who has worked of active service occurred as chief of staff of the closely with the army notably under the first konoye kwantung army in manchuria where his duties called cabinet in 1937 38 when he held the same post for special knowledge of problems involved in a naoki hoshino one of manchoukuo’s leading state soviet japanese conflict as vice minister of war planners and former chief of the cabinet plan in 1938 he publicly declared that the japanese army ning board in konoye’s second cabinet returns to must be perfectly equipped and fully prepared to office in the key position of cabinet secretary with face a combination of the chinese and soviets on another manchoukuo bureaucrat and controlled two fronts he ardently welcomed the tripartite al economy advocate shinsuke kishi as minister of liance of september 27 1940 and may be counted commerce and industry the previous business rep as a firm supporter of tokyo's alignment with the resentatives have been swept from the cabinet the is new cabinet is thus marked by a strong anti russian general tojo’s position in the new cabinet more orientation inclusion of a set of nationalist minded over is considerably closer to that of a military dic bureaucrats and the concentration of vast powers in tator than in any previous instance during the past the hands of general tojo decade under normal conditions general tojo the international setting equally re would be placed on the retired list before appoint vealing of the new cabinet's outlook especially on ment to a political post wholly against precedent foreign policy is the time chosen to make the change and statutory law however the new premier will since the eve of the european war when the be permitted to remain in active service presumably hiranuma cabinet was overthrown by the soviet under the terms of a special imperial ordinance german non aggression pact government changes in hardly less unusual is the fact that the new premier japan have closely followed the shifting fortunes will act concurrently as minister of war and that of the belligerents the cabinets of general abe the home ministry which controls japan’s central and admiral yonai who succeeded hiranuma ized and extensive police system will also be under marked time during the period of stalemate on the ee european fronts in the winter of 1939 1940 ad mitral nomura then foreign minister carried on negotiations with ambassador grew for several months in tokyo the third konoye cabinet just ousted also sought to tide over a difficult period by negotiations when a german victory in russia was delayed and anglo american dutch trade sanctions countered the advance into southern indo china the second konoye cabinet on the other hand was formed in july 1940 on the basis of expectations that the collapse of france would speedily lead to an axis victory over england it forced the closing of the burma road moved into northern indo china and concluded the axis japan pact when the hoped for invasion of britain failed to materialize how ever japan’s southward drive was halted consid erable criticism was expressed at that time in the more extreme japanese military naval circles which felt that konoye had missed a golden opportunity by not pushing resolutely forward into southeast asia while the defenses of singapore and the dutch page two east indies were relatively unprepared the tojo cabinet has been formed on the as sumption that another great opportunity is at hand and that this time it must be exploited to the full it is clear that the german advance toward mos cow has been the determining factor in bringing to power a military leader capable of directing an ip vasion of siberia despite these calculations there is room for doubt that japan is prepared to act in the immediate future a campaign against the rus sian far east which would open japan’s vulnerable cities to attack by soviet bombers and permit soviet submarines to harass japan’s shipping communica tions with the mainland is the most hazardous vep ture that could be undertaken by tokyo there jis no certainty that britain and the united states might not be quickly drawn into the conflict and a warn ing to this effect would act as a strong deterrent tokyo’s decision however is apt to be governed more largely by the outcome of the struggle now taking place before moscow t a bisson establi raised finds produ all co termir us gentir argentine trade agreement strengthens good neighbor policy on october 14 after prolonged negotiations the united states and argentina signed a new trade and commercial agreement designed to replace the 1853 treaty of friendship commerce and navigation hailed by president roosevelt as an outstanding contribution to the reconstruction of trade the ac cord should help substantially in cementing politi cal and economic relations with argentina the country which has remained most skeptical of the value of the good neighbor policy the successful conclusion of the agreement at this time is in sharp contrast to the collapse of previ ous negotiations in january 1940 during the past eighteen months united states trade with argen tina has grown rapidly direct and indirect defense needs have greatly stimulated purchases of argen tine hides and skins wool and other raw materials in addition the u.s has bought increased quanti ties of fruit cheese wine and casein some of which formerly came from europe as a result u.s im ports from argentina rose from 61,914,000 in 1939 to 83,301,000 in 1940 and in the first seven months of 1941 they soared to 96,000,000 as com pared with 51,000,000 in the corresponding period of the previous year exports to argentina increased special offer 5 fpr’s for 1.00 toward free trade with latin america economic defense of the americas raw material resources of latin america export import bank loans to latin america resources and ade of central america from 70,945,000 in 1939 to 106,874,000 but in the first seven months of 1941 they dropped to 47,000,000 thus giving the argentines an export surplus in its trade with the u.s for the first time since the drought year of 1937 when we purchased large quantities of argentine feedstuffs the expan sion of trade with the u.s has enabled argentina to compensate largely for the loss of its continental european market although still saddled with large unexportable surpluses of corn wheat and other grain argentina managed to confine the fall in the global value of its exports to 9.2 per cent in 1940 and its total sales in the first eight months of 1941 were actually somewhat higher than in the same period of 1938 circumstances were therefore more favorable to the negotiation of a commercial agree ment with the united states u.s concessions in the new accord which becomes provisionally effective on november 15 the u.s furnishes argentina with additional oppor tunities to offset its trade losses in the european market this country lowers its duties on items which made up 64.2 per cent of our imports from argentina in 1939 and 44.5 per cent in 1940 the most important concessions are the tariff reduction on flaxseed from 65c to 32.5c per bushel the slash of 50 per cent in the duties on fresh apples pears grapes plums and prunes which is limited to the sea son when little u.s produce comes on the market the reduction by one half of the duties on bovine hides and skins quebracho extract and casein and the lowering of rates on italian type cheeses maca roni noodles and similar alimentary pastes formerly list of ing fe us grant 1940 seaso certai cars a case rates only 1940 the i no d the r a lar agree eign ment of a brita has litior ers agre gran t men ope nort fore headk enter yt es the as at hand the full td mos 1zing to b an in is there o act in the rus inerable it soviet imunica us ven there js s might a warn eterrent overned zle now isson ylicy but in pped to 1 export rst time irchased expan rgentina itinental h large d other l in the n 1940 of 1941 1e same re more uropean n items ts from 40 the duction he slash 3 pears the sea market bovine in and s maca ormerly page three v imported from italy the duty on canned meat pri marily corned beef is cut from 6c to 3c per pound and although a minimum ad valorem rate of 20 er cent is retained increased imports of canned beef should be possible since the 6c duty was uivalent in 1939 to an ad valorem rate of 60 per cent in addition the u.s has agreed to lower du ties on certain coarse wools to freeze existing rates on a number of products including brandy liqueurs and wines and to maintain others on the free list the u.s has hedged its concessions with a num ber of safeguards which will enable it to recover its freedom when more normal trade has been re established the flaxseed duty for example can be raised to 50 cents thirty days after the president finds that the abnormal trade situation in that product has ceased to exist moreover after the war all concessions will be subject to modification or termination by the u.s on six months notice u.s products benefited in return ar gentina has conferred tariff advantages on a long list of agricultural and industrial products account ing for 32,106,000 or 30.2 per cent of the value of u.s exports to that country in 1940 reductions are granted on goods constituting 19,354,000 of our 1940 sales and duties are bound on the remainder seasonal reductions on fresh fruits and those on certain industrial products such as trucks delivery cars and bus chassis are effective immediately in the case of most manufaciures however the new tariff tates will become applicable in whole or in part only when argentina’s customs revenue which in 1940 amounted to 230 million pesos again reaches the level of 270 million per year moreover there is no definite assurance that argentina will set aside the necessary foreign exchange for the purchase of a larger volume of american goods although it has agreed not to discriminate in the allocation of for eign exchange and has improved its exchange treat ment of imports from the u.s since last june most of argentina’s exports to the sterling area notably britain are paid in blocked sterling the u.s has therefore waived the right to insist on the abo lition of preferential exchange allotments to import ers from that area in addition this country has agreed to forego the benefit of tariff concessions granted by argentina to its neighbors and to peru the practical economic effect of the new agree ment is difficult to appraise in view of the uncertain operation of some of its provisions and the ab normal conditions prevailing in international trade f.p.a radio schedule subject the navy and defense speaker william t stone date sunday october 26 time 12 12 15 p.m e.s.t station nbc blue network while the accord in theory enables argentina to in crease substantially its sales to the u.s the shipping shortage in the north bound trades of latin america will seriously limit these possibilities in practice at the same time our defense program continues to cur tail exports of u.s machinery iron and steel and other products to latin america undoubtedly the political significance of the agreement will far out weigh its economic value it constitutes a testimonial of washington’s good faith and should reinforce the influence of the u.s in argentina its political ef fect may be transitory however if shipping and priority difficulties seriously handicap the develop ment of trade relations nor does the new agreement entirely remove argentina’s fear that the u.s may again reduce its purchases to previous low levels once the war is over joun c pewilde fpa forum on foreign policy the program of the foreign policy association's all day forum on american foreign policy to be held at the waldorf astoria on october 25 is as follows 10 00 a.m our first line of defense speakers the war department lt gen lestey j mcnair chief of staff general headquarters u.s army war college the navy department capt w d pulestron u.s navy retired aviation edward p warner vice chairman civil aeronau tics board hemisphere defense nelson a rocke feller coordinator of inter american affairs 12 45 p.m luncheon american foreign policy today speakers dean g acheson assistant secretary of state elbert d thomas member senate foreign relations committee thommas h e.iot member house of representatives 3 00 p.m our supporting line of defense the home front speakers civilian defense mrs franklin d roosevelt assistant director office of civilian de fense production line of defense stacy may director bureau of research and statistics o.p.m food and economic defense paul h appleby under secretary of agriculture civil liberties wen dell birge assistant attorney general united ser vice organizations speaker to be announced foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 1 ocrober 24 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nationa headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lagr secretary vera micheles dean edstor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year do 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building oct 20 the recent announcement that the state department has created a board of economic opera tions composed of ten ranking officials deserves greater attention than it has yet received in the press on the one hand it affords another example of the growing importance of economic warfare as an in strument of national policy on the other hand it constitutes belated recognition on the part of the department that its own machinery must be over hauled to meet the demands imposed by the war organizing economic defel se the re organization of the state department carries for ward the broad program outlined three months ago when vice president wallace was assigned the task of coordinating policies and actions of the different government agencies working on economic defense as chairman of the economic defense board set up by executive order on july 31 mr wallace was charged with developing integrated defense plans and assuring that such plans were carried out in line with this assignment the economic defense board has already t.ken over the functions of the export control oi ce formerly headed by brigadier general maxwei and absorbed the con trols division of the state yepartment which is now placed under the supervision of milo perkins ex ecutive director of the wallace board the efficiency of the state department should be materially improved by the new organization which was announced by secretary hull on october 10 henceforth all of the department’s economic func tions will be directed through the board of economic operations headed by dean acheson assistant secretary of state other members of the 10 man board include adolf berle assistant secretary of state herbert feis economic adviser leo pas volsky special assistant to the secretary of state and the chiefs of six divisions charged with specific economic tasks these tasks are allocated as follows division of commercial policy and agreements charged with negotiation of commercial agreements division of exports and defense aid responsible for all matters of foreign policy involved in admin istration of export control laws division of defense materials responsible for matters of policy involved in procurement of strategic and critical materials division of studies and statistics charged with prep aration of statistical data for the board of economic see washington news letter foreign policy bulletin august 8 1941 operation division of world trade intelligence responsible for commercial information forej funds and financial division responsible for ques tions of policy arising under u.s control of foreign funds through the board of economic operations each division will maintain close liaison with other government agencies engaged in economic work despite this drastic overhauling of state depart ment machinery it would be a mistake to assume that the department is adequately equipped to carry its share of the load imposed by the defense pro gram at best the new organization merely creates the framework for a program of expansion which is long overdue the state department is still operat ing on a budget of about 22,000,000 which is not much larger than the depression budget of 1932 and about the same as that of 1940 it has allowed other government agencies to take the initiative in formulating economic policies and has shown little enterprise in recruiting new personnel as a result important functions involving our foreign relations have been taken over by other departments expanding defense needs with the rapid expansion of defense production the task con fronting all of the economic planning agencies has become increasingly more difficult defense expendi tures are now running at the rate of about 18 bil lion dollars annually and by the end of this fiscal year the outlay is expected to reach an annual rate of 24 billion dollars or approximately one third of our national income last week however defense officials were reported to be preparing an enormous new program doubling existing production rates and contemplating an outlay of more than 100 billion dollars by the end of 1943 or 1944 while these reports have not been officially con firmed they emphasize the need for effective co ordination and planning particularly in the alloca tion of raw materials for example according to current estimates armament needs in 1942 will call for about 1,500,000 tons of copper out of an esti mated supply of 1,800,000 tons defense requife ments for steel in 1942 are now placed at 35 million tons as compared with a total estimated supply of 89 million tons the primary function of the state department is not to pass on the technicalities of such defense requirements but to formulate the strategic plans on which all production schedules should be based it can only perform the task w rth completely adequate personnel and equipment w t stone w ukra enda the be to force towa ernir mos the the shal able the ond vol t in tk regic with plan over by ura the regi and pos tain org the scal will brit aid diff not +ln ions vig states ig ainst the vigorous 1ce is ac y are go n people ust upon ly is the one near nn requisi h of oc be called switzer f of the ly visit to mussolini re of the german h the in general his guer nazis are is an in of it to an coast formerly y to con roughout becomes got their intry into ant when culations uccession id libya s they did e italians ishington t régime ow the is staked ow from in link in nds frrigdigal room general librars waly of mice general brary univ ty of michigay entered as 2nd class matter r a ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y you xxii no 2 october 30 1942 african offensive creates new interest in allied weapons n october 23 four days after field marshal smuts of south africa had declared that the defensive phase of the allied war effort had come io an end the allies seized the offensive on the egyptian front reports from cairo indicate that under cover of a sustained air attack and artillery barrage british forces have penetrated rommel’s first and second defense lines but that until the main tank forces clash the decision will remain in doubt with the action in north africa apparently marking the beginning of a general allied offensive in the african and ultimately the european theatre of war it is important to take stock of the aircraft and heavy mechanized equipment with which united nations forces go into battle although president roosevelt revealed on october 23 that attainment of his goal of 60,000 planes in 1942 had been sacri feed for the sake of higher quality there is no rea son to doubt the assurance which oliver lyttelton british minister of production gave the same day in london when he declared that the united nations had surpassed the total axis output of aircraft while no such statement has been made regarding allied tank production and president roosevelt's goal of 45,000 tanks in 1942 has also been sacrificed largely as a result of the conversion from the m 3 medium tank to the m 4 it seems safe to assume that the united states alone is now producing well over germany’s estimated 1,600 a month if british tank production has lagged behind expectations it is prob ably sufficient to counterbalance that of the occupied countries in europe planes and tanks compared in qual ity the allied position with respect to aircraft is clear cut the outstanding fact in the office of war in formation’s report of october 19 is that the united states and britain between them have planes in every type which are equal or superior to the best the nazis have to offer in the high altitude heavy bomber field the american boeing b 17f and the consolidated b 24d with their speed and unmatched armament are in a class by themselves and there is no evidence as yet that germany’s new high altitude bomber the junkers 86 p can compare with either of these american planes let alone with the consol idated b 32 and the boeing b 29 now under con struction in middle altitude heavy bombers the brit ish have the lancaster sterling and halifax planes which can out carry any other bomber now in use allied supremacy in the medium bomber class is probably not as decisive since the martin b 26 and the north american b 25 are rivalled by germany's dornier do 17 among light bombers the new brit ish mosquito appears to be in the front rank to gether with the douglas a 20 attack bomber in the fighter class the british spitfire has filled in the gap left by the failure of the united states to produce a fighter capable of meeting the newest messerschmitt 109 and the new focke wulf 190 at high altitudes over britain recent models of the curtiss p 40 and the bell p 39 have none the less given an excellent account of themselves alongside british hurricanes on the african front against an array of german tanks which includes the pzkw iv a medium tank of 22 tons carrying a 75 mm gun now in use by rommel’s forces in egypt and the pzkw vii a super heavy tank of possibly 90 tons carrying a 105 mm and two 47 mm guns the mainstay of allied tank armies seems to be the american m 4 general lee a 30 ton medium tank carrying a 75 mm gun and several heavy ma chine guns but in addition to the m 4 the united states is also building the t 6 a heavy tank of 60 tons whose armament is at present secret but prob ably includes a gun of at least 105 mm the heaviest british tank now in use appears to be the 28 ton waltzing matilda called the churchill at dieppe carrying a 2 pounder gun and a besa machine gun armament which has proved too light for the gun power of the german pzkw iv the british also use the 16 ton valentine and the 18 ton crusader the latter with a speed of over 30 miles an hour but the same light armament while it seems certain that the m 4 will stand up to the best the germans have in medium tanks it is not so clear that the british and americans have as yet anything in the field to compare with the ger man self propelled 88 mm dual purpose gun the british have made good use of their 25 pounder but unless a change has been made very recently it still does not move under its own power when the new after weeks of cautious preparation for a counter offensive japanese troops using tanks and artillery and supported by planes and ships have launched a drive to retake the american held airfield on guadal canal island the battle of the solomons which began in early august as a limited offensive has broadened out into a slugging match that will have important effects on the balance of power in the whole far eastern theatre of war thrust and parry in south solo mons a minor enemy push against the western flank of our troops on guadalcanal on october 20 was followed during the night of october 23 24 by four more attempts to penetrate the american lines these were repulsed as was an additional early morning attack on october 25 but the all out jap anese drive soon began during previous days united states bombers had twice attacked units of the japanese fleet several hundred miles north of the island damaging one light cruiser and one destroyer and hitting several other vessels on the morn ing of october 25 japanese transports landed fresh troops at the northwestern end of guadalcanal later american dive bombers made three attacks on enemy cruisers and destroyers north of near by florida island inflicting damage on japanese vessels the following day in an exchange of aerial blows the u.s destroyer porter was sunk one aircraft carrier severely damaged and lesser injuries suffered by other american vessels while hits were scored on is london more anxious than washington to begin the work necessary to carry into effect the common principles of post war reconstruction read as britain sees the post war world by howard p whidden jr 25c october 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports afe issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 page two american m 5 a 105 mm gun mounted on an m4 tank chassis goes into use however it should moge than make up for this deficiency in allied anti tank weapons the relative merits of some of these weapons will undoubtedly be more clearly revealed by the action on the north african desert and ex perience may well call for improvements probably the most that can be expected is that on the average we should have tanks and guns superior to the enemy's given this and a stronger will to victory our greater productive capacity should guarantee the ultimate defeat of the axis howarbd p whidden jr two enemy carriers japanese bombers and fighters have been attacking the guadalcanal airfield but with far greater losses than they have been able to mete out to the american planes with which they have clashed in the midst of these operations it was announced on october 24 that vice admiral william f halsey jr had relieved vice admiral robert l ghormley of command in the south pacific although no ex planation was given dissatisfaction was known to exist over the high cost paid by the united states navy during the period after the initial offensive of august 7 had brought the marines ashore on guadal canal and other islands united nations shipping losses in the immediate waters not including vessels damaged greatly exceed those said to have been in flicted on the japanese navy in the same area the sinking of the 14,700 ton american aircraft carrie w asp on september 15 made public on october 27 is the latest setback so far announced criticism has arisen because of the circumstances under which cer tain vessels were sunk one australian and three american cruisers for example were lost on august 9 in a hit and run raid by japanese destroyers which had been sighted some time previously from the ait clarifying the campaign the surrounding the fighting in the solomons have been dispelled somewhat by a series of articles in the musts new york times by hanson w baldwin military editor of that newspaper who recently returned from a trip to the southwest pacific including gua dalcanal according to his information excessive ship losses resulted in large part from the adoption of a defensive naval strategy under which our ves sels patrolled fixed positions instead of ranging northward into japanese waters to strike at the enemy or at least to deprive him of the advantage of surprise mr baldwin also comments on the existence of some bitterness between the army air forces and the navy chiefly among the medium and junior regu lar officers friction which has been encouraged by the emphasis of certain theorists on the displacement of se diffic trali of th cana ches whil the he p close of c nigh ping showdown in solomons may shape course of pacific war an addi dam t on chit coal per whi bas fou first hou mo clo n an m4 uld more anti tank of these revealed and ex probably e average r to the victory antee the en jr ar 1 fighters held but een able hich they nnounced halsey shormley th no ex nown to ed states ensive of 1 guadal shipping ig vessels been in irea the ft carrier tober 27 icism has thich cet nd three n august rs which n the aif he mists ave been s in the military returned ing gua excessive adoption our vves ranging e at the antage of existence yrces and or regu raged by ylacement of sea power by air power he indicates some of the dificulties faced by general macarthur in his aus tralian command and criticizes the arbitrary division of the pacific area into two commands with guadal canal and a wide range of islands under admiral chester w nimitz commander of the pacific fleet while new guinea australia and other areas lie in the territory of general macarthur nevertheless he points out that the two leaders have cooperated dosely a fact attested to by the latter’s communiqué of october 26 reporting that in the three previous nights approximately 80,000 tons of japanese ship ping had been destroyed or badly damaged at rabaul an enemy base in new britain while at least 20,000 additional tons were believed more or less seriously damaged the front in china american bombers on october 21 sailed into the northeastern corner of china where they bombed important japanese held coal mines with considerable effect the objective pethaps significantly was not far from manchuria which has been developed into a powerful industrial base by japan during eleven years of occupation four days later united states bombers made their first raid on the hongkong area blasting docks ware houses and shipping this was followed up the next morning by a second attack in which the white cloud airfield in near by canton was included these limited forays are more than overshadowed by serious economic difficulties in china for in the strategically located north central province of honan the chinese are experiencing one of their worst famines as a result of a two year drought spring frosts locust plagues and a brief japanese invasion of some districts a year ago causing the abandon ment of harvests thousands are said to be dying the f.p.a europe russia and the future by g d h cole new york macmillan 1942 2.00 a candid analysis of the problem of post war collabora tion between britain and the soviet union with a strong argument for the socialist reconstruction of europe al though it often suffers from hasty writing this book is an important contribution to a vital question how the jap army fights by paul w thompson harold doud and john scofield new york and washington penguin books and the infantry journal 1942 25 u.s army men discuss the japanese army’s organiza tion training and equipment as well as certain features of the japanese campaigns in china and malaya a brief highly informative account europe in revolt by rené kraus new york macmillan page three each day with millions on the verge of starvation the government at chungking has reduced the honan grain tax and is attempting to move as many people as possible to the northwest unfortunately the poorly developed state of china’s transport sys tem makes either a large scale evacuation of civilians or the shipment of adequate food supplies impos sible through this unexpected situation a new bur den has been placed on china’s already overtaxed economic structure lawrence k rosinger united nations discussion guide a discussion guide on the united nations pub lished by three leading magazines has been prepared by vera micheles dean with the aid of the f.p.a research staff in consultation with the u.s office of education this guide issued in a first edition of 300,000 copies by time readers digest and news week all of which have educational services is being distributed free by the u.s office of education washington d.c to superintendents of schools teachers of english and social sciences college war information centers and leaders of adult education groups others interested in this discussion guide can obtain it through the foreign policy association which is distributing it but only on request as a supplement to its most recent headline book united today for tomorrow by grayson kirk and walter sharp the price of which is 25 cents the discussion guide consists of five parts i who are the united nations ii why did these na tions unite iii what are these nations fighting for iv what are these nations doing to win and v can these nations stay united in peace in addition to text and charts on these five topics the guide contains questions for discussion and reading references bookshelf sufferings and restive attitude of the conquered european countries its documentary value is somewhat diminished by the novelistic form of the narrative but it makes at tractive reading the axis grand strategy blueprints for the total war compiled and edited by ladislas farago new york farrar and rinehart 1942 3.75 numerous extracts from the voluminous nazi and pre nazi literature on various aspects of total war with ap pended commentaries more suitable for reference than for reading the war at sea by gilbert cant new york john day 1942 3.00 the author naval expert for a new york newspaper has assembled remarkably comprehensive data on all the 9 qf 1942 3.50 important naval engagements of the war through the end a good description of various quislings and the life of 1941 foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 2 ocroper 30 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leger secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor ee a a ss ee ee eet washington news letter iio oct 26 the attitude of the united states gov ernment toward vichy’s labor conscription policy was again emphatically set forth by secretary of state cordell hull on october 21 when he issued a state ment praising the french people for their resistance to it and classing pierre laval its author among the followers of hitler mr hull’s considered remarks were apparently designed to serve a two fold purpose in the first place they were doubtless intended to convey a grave warning to laval that if his policy is carried out it would be followed by a break in diplomatic relations between washington and vichy on sep tember 15 the day following promulgation of the labor conscription act mr hull stated that this ac tion if carried out would be of such aid to our enemies as to be wholly inconsistent with france's obligations under international law military circles in washington consider that the sending of 150,000 skilled workers to the reich would be of more ma terial aid to the germans than handing over the french fleet to hitler growing french resistance at the same time mr hull’s statement is calculated to drive still deeper the wedge between laval and the french people the difficulties that the chief of the vichy government is encountering in carrying out his de tested policy are increasing hourly french workers ordered to report for shipment to germany refuse to appear at the railway station at the scheduled time thereby obliging general otto von stuelpnagel nazi commander in paris to issue a warning that unless they comply the authorities of occupation will use force protest strikes in france reached a climax last week when more than 10,000 workers mostly from the railroad industries quit their jobs the pro prietors of the famous michelin tire plant at cler mont ferrand who in the past have been leading financial supporters of the fascist croix de feu re fused to allow government propaganda officials to enter their factories and urge workers to go to the reich on october 6 ten high officials of the vichy labor ministry which is headed by mussolini’s friend hubert lagardelle resigned their posts so great has been growing french resistance to the slave labor policy that the nazis have extended the dead line for their quota by four weeks to the end of november laval’s task is to find roughly 133,000 skilled por victory french workers to toil in german munition plan as he is already reported to have sent some 17 men across the rhine in a broadcast on october laval hinted that unless the french volunteered for this service fritz sauckel nazi labor commissioner would draft them himself the established rate of exchange of three french workers for one french prisoner of war has not enhanced laval’s reputation as a bargainer the nazis themselves are reported to 3 be becoming more and more dissatisfied with laval’s failure to deliver the goods and to be grooming jacques doriot former communist demagogue as his successor in this connection laval’s dismissal of jr yy the notorious pro nazi jacques benoist mechin 55 from his cabinet on september 26 allegedly for plot the ting with doriot to take over the vichy government is significant pictu darlan’s mission to dakar concomi the tant with the french internal crisis tension ovet ti dakar steadily increases admiral francois darlan ofen commander in chief of the french armed forces he p flew to that key french west african port it was announced from vichy on october 22 with a mes have sage from marshal pétain telling the colony to resist jy any attack as it did that of the british and de gaullists pay in september 1940 all reports from vichy suggest ck that am imminent attack on dakar to be deliv 7 ered by an anglo america force is expected shortly ig but a dispatch from berne offers a totally different the theory for the darlan mission it states that the situ plas ation in unoccupied france has become so acute that rus vichy cabinet members were ordered to be prepared dist to leave the french provisional capital on 24 hours jan notice adding that admiral darlan has been sent to sta dakar to study the possibility of using french west po africa as the seat of government if nazi pressure tie to send workmen to germany leads to chaos in jh france that this is not so improbable as it sounds at first is indicated by a dispatch gotten out of vichy ch three days previously stating that marshal pétain tel has persistently refused to deliver a radio speech gis which had been prepared for him appealing for jp skilled workers to go to the reich a denouement such as the departure of the vichy to government to africa would produce an extraordi he nary situation the germans in that event would of certainly occupy the rest of france and a self exiled vichy government would be installed in strategic t dakar john elliott ci fava d buy united states war bonds bd +fat not 32 ved in ttle asti ire lion r of tate of ules vith 559d entered as 2nd glass matter i'rni 4 o tes niw e univers y o yj 4 2 0ii a a ww a igan library ann arbor mich 5 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vol xxi no 2 october 31 1941 soviet resistance hinges on outside aid berlin’s reported occupation of kharkov the great industrial and railway center in the ukraine and with moscow and rostov seriously endangered it has become increasingly evident fhat the greatest threat of the nazi offensive might not be to russia itself but to the british who have been forced to prepare for the possibility of a nazi thrust toward the caucasus while some of the soviet gov ernment departments and the diplomatic corps left moscow on october 16 for kuibyshev samara on the volga stalin remains in moscow and has ordered the organization of new russian armies by mar shals budenny and voroshilov it is still conceiv able that even if the nazis should occupy moscow the russians might succeed in establishing a sec ondary line of defense east of the capital on the i volga the chief obstacle to continued russian resistance in this event will be the loss of important industrial regions in the ukraine including the donets basin with its tremendous coal deposits and metallurgical plants the russians however had been preparing over a period of years for just such a contingency by developing a secondary industrial region in the urals while neither the raw material resources of the urals nor the industrial plant established in that tegion are comparable with those of the ukraine and the donets basin it is not outside the realm of possibility that the russians might succeed in main taining a limited supply of armaments for a re organized red army during the winter months if the soviet german war should continue on any large scale through the winter however the russians will be in desperate need of armaments which only britain and the united states can supply western aid to russia any program of aid to the soviet union is confronted with two major difficulties first britain and the united states are hot yet producing tanks and airplanes in sufficient quantities to offset the enormous losses in material suffered by the russians at a time when they must also supply other fronts in britain itself in africa and in the near and middle east and second the three routes available for the delivery of such sup plies through archangel in northern russia through the persian gulf and across iran in the south and through vladivostok in the far east are all fraught with serious complications archan gel a port used by the allies for this same purpose during the first world war is icebound during the winter months and while it could be kept open part of the winter by powerful icebreakers the route from the east coast ports of the united states to archangel is vulnerable to attack by german sub marines and the principal railway which could carry freight from archangel to central russia might be disrupted by the german advance the route through the persian gulf as has already been pointed out in this bulletin is not only slow but laborious because the railway across iran has not yet been linked with the russian railway in the caucasus and this route too might be menaced by a german thrust eastward the route from the west coast ports of the united states to vladivostok could be threatened by the japanese should tokyo decide to enter the war against russia or the united states or both when the maritime commission through what appears to have been a blunder re vealed on october 22 that shipments to russia but by no means all shipments as was subsequently explained would go after october 28 from the port of boston which had been clamoring for its share of the business it was immediately assumed by many people that the route to vladivostok previ ously used for shipments of oil to russia had been abandoned in deference to protests by japan british demand for invasion as the manifold difficulties of delivering sufficient supplies page two to russia in time to turn the tide of the present important as they may be for the record do not take pjet campaign have become gradually apparent many the place of the armaments needed by those who are with britishers especially in labor circles have demanded resisting the nazi new order in occupied countries jgpan that britain give direct aid to russia by invading some britishers recognizing the value of the aid fi the continent while the bulk of the german forces they might obtain from the peoples of occupied patiot are tied up on the eastern front this demand countries have considered the possibility of open th voiced also in the house of commons has brought ing a bridgehead for operations on the continent not piet from the government the reply that britain is not through the ports of western europe fortified and staffe in a position to risk an invasion of the continent at guarded by the germans but along the more vul cener a moment when it may be forced to take the initia nerable coastline of italy such plans have been io tive on other fronts either in the african theatre formulated on the theory that the italians are pro pa of war where renewed skirmishes on land and sea foundly dissatisfied with the course of the war and secur have been reported or in the near and middle east might revolt against the fascist government if they inter where the british are preparing to collaborate with were assured of british aid while there is no doubt oress the russians in defense of the caucasus whose oil that italy is being subjected to increasing economic a resources are one of the main objectives of the nazis restrictions and that its industries whose leaders fore russian campaign were reshuffled by mussolini on october 25 are exec the british realize that unless they take the ini feeling the strain of a prolonged and so far fruit the 1 tiative against germany the movements of unrest less war it would be difficult for the italians to re gove on the continent greatly strengthened if not actu volt as long as their country is dominated by the a ple ally inspired by russia’s resistance might prove to germans judging by the negotiations conducted last tober have been stillborn the reprisals inflicted by the week in rome by dr funk reich minister of eco were germans in nantes and bordeaux last week demon nomics the nazis are seeking to keep italy satisfied supp strate the inequality of the struggle between un by promising it a rdle of leadership in the mediter enfo armed civilians no matter how heroic and an occu ranean once the war is over from the italian point prob pying power which has at its command not only of view however mediterranean leadership in al surfi an armed force but the services of a secret police europe ruled by germany may prove less satisfactory whic equipped with all the weapons of modern terrorism than the rdle italy played when britain and france wint the denunciations of german executions by presi dominated that area y dent roosevelt and mr churchill on october 25 vera micheles dean thou tojo cabinet mobilizes japan for crisis despite the reported clash between japanese and that tokyo is still marking time may be seen in the soviet patrols on the manchurian border the trend decision to summon an emergency session of the re of events suggests that japan is still marshaling its diet on november 15 while it is possible that the forces before staking its future on a desperate mili diet might be convened to ratify a military fait tary venture russian resistance to the german ar accompli it is more likely that the new cabinet will 5 mies especially on the moscow fronts shows no not undertake drastic action during the period before fice sign of that general collapse which might herald a the diet assembles te japanese drive into siberia the tojo cabinet has j situ thus far proved willing to continue negotiations with ao supine of manent se seel with pee mage geeta te eeldenilp uelloves thatthe sorts ond enance supplies the cotensble rl a te prge ses so for the calling of the extraordi s one threat which it offers in the pacific will enhance the y 4 woeasreg setar pla ey ffect of the curtailment of japan’s foreign trade bargaining power of japanese diplomacy and it may 24p gn coll cd following the anglo american dutch freezing of hope that continuance of the negotiations will neu b ime b ay not tralize american opposition to an invasion of the popentts sets daly bes some pes sem et put es burden on japan’s economic resources this soviet far east sn has also hag increased by th a mo re ar an a e stea 4 special diet session another indication bilization of large forces of additional troops which has quietly proceeded throughout recent months the me africa and the world conflict diet will be asked to vote additional military ge by louis e frechtling penditures to cover the costs of this mobilization hig october 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25c per copy foreign policy reports combine the highest standards of scholarship with the flexibility and timeliness of journalism published on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to fpa members 3 as well as to provide for the possibility of a large scale war taxes will be raised by 600 to 700 mil lion yen bringing total annual revenues to neatly 6 billion yen about 1,400,000,000 expenditures in the current budget exclusive of supplementary page three oe ake diet appropriations already exceed 12 billion yen are with nearly 70 per cent allocated to war purposes f.p.a radio schedule ies japan's national debt is approaching 35 billion yen subject on the latin american front aid a figure well above even the abnormally expanded speaker john i b mcculloch ied national income of recent years date sunday november 2 ex the new goverment immediate appeal to the tie t24zis nm est cs nbc not diet is also motivated by political considerations j ind staffed mainly with bureaucrats and dominated by a 00 aneet gn eel ws ad precedented crisis he outlined japan’s nul general inactive service holding three portfolios the foreign policy in uncompromising terms the world een tojo cabinet rests on a narrow political base it ob environment is changing so quickly he said we 0 viously hopes to strengthen its domestic position by cannot tell what lies in store tor us any minute but and securing advance diet ratification of its national and hey international program and particularly of its ag ubt gressive foreign policy the official announcement mic stated that the government planned to express be lers are the empire stands solemnly on the national policy it has reiterated time and again we must go on to develop in ever expanding progression there is no retreat while these statements are expressed in general terms there can be little doubt that they reflect a growing threat of war in the pacific emboldened by recent german advances in russia japan is swiftly preparing to act on a favorable opportunity tokyo obviously harbors the belief that it may still divide its opponents in the far east by moving against them one by one if its hand is to be stayed the most unequivocal warning that further aggressive fore the diet its firm determination regarding the execution of national policies and further to have uit the nation understand and cooperate with it the fe government through the imperial diet following the a plea for national unity from general tojo on oc tober 26 it was reported that some 300 deputies were preparing to lay before the diet a resolution fied supporting the government and encouraging it to ter enforce japan’s national policy the new cabinet p ts cueunad be ted yey ms moves will meet concerted anglo american soviet 2 ee oe se ae opposition is required ory which were so apparent in the diet session last ppo 4 t a bisson ince winter errata washington tokyo exchanges ail in the argentine trade agreement article in the n though several conferences between japanese and october 24 issue of the bulletin it was erroneously american officials at washington indicate that nego __ stated that all concessions made by the united states tiations are still continuing neither side ventures were subject to cancellation after the war actually the to suggest that prospects of agreement are favorable this country will be able to withdraw concessions the recent statements by leading members of both gov only on those products of which argentina was a the fments on the contrary have tended to empha secondary source of supply before the current war fai size the gravity of the existing crisis the article also errs in including fresh apples among will speaking informally before a group of naval of the products on which the united states will cut fore ficers and ordnance manufacturers in washington its duties s october 24 secretary knox declared that the no other road to freedom by leland stowe new york situation in the far east was extremely strained knopf 1941 3.00 em he continued we are satisfied in our minds that f hy ge account a ct emotion of rea s itions in the conquered countries o urope especially ne the jap mee have no intention of gving up their norway and greece by a correspondent of the chicago 4 plans for expansion if they pursue that course a daily news who was once an isolationist but now urges collision there is inevitable it can occur at very short intervention by the united states i notice writing in the army ana navy journal for hitler cannot conquer russia by maurice hindus new st publication on october 25 the secretary of the navy york duns seen seu eee his likened the ori ca ode the author well known for his penetrating sketches of mo ane e orient to a vast powder eg poten peasant life under the soviets asserts his belief that russia ch tially ready to explode with a roar that will be heard will ultimately defeat hitler with the twin weapons of uc all across the pacific as if in answer to these state guerrilla warfare and revolutionary ideas 7 ments general tojo delivered an equally emphatic oe a get a gees by sven hedin new ork john day 4 ion epeaticn october 26 before wh atin of 200 reminiscences of sven hedin woven into a rather a igh officials in osaka asking for iron solidarity sketchy biography of chiang kai shek mil foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 2 ocrobsr 31 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national arly headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dororhy f lxgt secretary vera micheles dxan edstor be entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year 1 ey s181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor taty f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building oct 27 the drive for revision of the neutrality act took an unexpected turn last week when con gressional leaders reversed their strategy of piece meal amendment and moved for repeal of all re maining provisions of the law which hamper the administration in carrying out its fundamental foreign policy disclosure of the new strategy came on october 25 from the senate foreign relations committee which reported by a vote of 13 to 10 a measure to authorize the arming of merchant ships and permit american vessels to pass through combat zones and deliver war supplies to belligerent ports the tide turns the action of the senate committee followed a series of political develop ments which gave the initiative to a group of re publicans supporting the foreign policy views of wendell l willkie and which promised to bring about a far reaching realignment on capitol hill the story of these developments may be summed up briefly as follows on october 9 president roosevelt followed the cautious advice of congressional leaders when he sent a special message to congress asking for the arming of merchant ships but not requesting im mediate action on other sections of the neutrality act on october 17 the house approved the arming of american merchantmen by the surprising major ity of 259 to 138 thus suggesting that congress might be in the mood to support outright repeal despite this apparent turn in the tide of congres sional opinion the president’s advisers fearing the consequences of a bitter and protracted debate con tinued to recommend caution and urged the white house to avoid a showdown on the larger issue at this stage the active intervention of mr willkie introduced a new element in the congres sional picture on october 21 mr willkie called on republican members of congress to repeal the en tire neutrality act as a hypocritical law which was now helping the axis by obstructing aid to britain the willkie statement signed by 100 lead ing republicans urged the immediate adoption of a forthright direct international policy designed to encompass the destruction of totalitarianism by whatever means necessary in washington this out spoken declaration gave added impetus to a repeal resolution previously introduced in the senate by three willkie supporters senators austin of ver mont bridges of new hampshire and gurney of north dakota believing that the willkie repubj cans had judged the temper of congress more a curately than administration leaders three demo crats senators pepper of florida green of rhod island and lee of oklahoma promptly launche a parallel move to wipe out the war zone restrictions in the present law faced with increasing pressure from both groups administration strategists took a hurried poll of th foreign relations committee and decided to risk decision on the basic issue of repeal the first vote in the committee was 12 to 11 in favor of repeal but when the motion was made to report the amend ed resolution senator white of maine reversed his vote making the final ballot 13 to 10 as reported to the senate the amended resolution called for ref peal of sections 2 3 and 6 of the neutrality ad leaving intact only those provisions which deal with control of the export of arms and ammunition travel by american citizens on belligerent vessels and other minor matters within the discretion of the presi dent in effect therefore the committee action repre sented a complete victory for the advocates of te peal and gave president roosevelt a measure which fulfilled his personal desires more completely than the original measure it would be a mistake to assume that the presi dent will have clear sailing in all future tests with congress mr roosevelt's isolationist critics are continuing their fight on the senate floor charging that the committee resolution is another and pos sibly final step toward war and administration spokesmen admit that the debate may run for at least a week or ten days nevertheless most wash ington observers are convinced that the senate will pass the bill without important changes perhaps by a substantial majority and that the house will then accept the senate version should this forecast be accurate the intervention of the willkie republicans may prove to have been the turning point for if the republicans adopt the formula offered by mr willkie the opposition party in congress will cease to be a deterrent to ac tion and may become the chief critic of executive performance the sharper tone of president roose velt’s navy day speech declaring that the shooting has started may be in part a reflection of this shift of sentiment in congress the ultimate effect of the shift will be shown in the future course of american relations w t stone vol prof beic yet accc of beet botl of i far erst ma ced ocl ro n ally oo vis see +nov6 1942 general library entered as 2nd class matter amiquicaal xvrert university of michiga m can n 4 al libra y rt o of ann arb 5 tt es mi arbor mich an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association 1e french foreign policy association incorporated reputation 22 east 38th street new york n y ported to vou xxii no 3 november 6 1942 th laval’s ee new isolationism hampers global war effort smissal of ge losses this country has suffered in the battle defense to all out offense and not tomorrow of t mechin of the solomons should not be underestimated the next day but right now and second there is y for plot is the effect they may have on the course of the war a danger that if the united nations do not take vernment jut neither should they be allowed to throw the the offensive a deadlock may develop both in picture of global war out of focus it is natural that europe and asia with germany and japan re concomi the american people who after months of waiting maining in command of the strategic positions and 10 over lon the defensive had welcomed the prospect of an resources of the respective continents such a dead s darlan offensive against japan based in the solomons should lock could not be broken in europe by russia alone d forces be not only disappointed but even dismayed by our for while russia continues to display extraordinary rt it was maval losses yet the events of the past week may defensive powers it is not in a position now nor th a mes ihave the beneficial result of making us more tolerant is it likely to be in the spring to launch a counter y to resist ipward the british and force us to realize as we offensive nor does our attempt to defeat japan by a gaullists iaye not yet sufficiently done the grimness of the process of island hopping seem to offer much y suggest biask that confronts us before victory can be achieved prospect of success at the present time direct attacks be deliv 7 argue however as some have done in these on the german fortress of conquered europe and d shortly difficult days that our men could have been spared on the island fortress of japan appear increasingly different the ordeal they are undergoing at guadalcanal if necessary the question that laymen cannot answer t the situ planes and other equipment we have sent to britain with any degree of assurance is to what extent are icute that russia and china had instead been placed at their such direct attacks feasible in the present state of prepared disposal is to revive the concepts of isolationism in preparedness of britain and the united states 24 hours finew form this argument assumes that the united military defeats inevitably bring criticism of mili n sent to tates is fighting this war alone against the axis tary and political leaders providing a natural safety ich west powers primarily japan and has no responsibili valve for popular emotions and as mr willkie pressure fties or obligations except to itself when the fact is said in his broadcast public discussion of war issues chaos im that had it not been for resistance by britain russia which are issues of life and death for all of us it sounds and china this country would not even have had a__is not only permissible but highly desirable such dis of vichy chance to train men and turn out war material in cussion however should not prevent us from remem ul pétain relative security as it is doing today true the re bering that this country’s present leaders long ago speech sistance of britain russia and china was inspired pointed out the dangers of the international situa ling for in large part by motives of self defense just like tion the inadequacies of our military preparations our resistance after pearl harbor but this only goes and the urgent need of perfecting our defenses he vichy to prove that defense by each of the united nations _alll this at a time when millions of americans of both xtraordi has contributed and is contributing to the defense political parties found it difficult to believe that the it would of all situation was as critical as it was described and per if exiled danger of deadlock the significance of sisted in the conviction that this country could ride strategic the present phase of the war and hence its intensely out the storm alone and unaided recrimination to lliott critical character is twofold first there is a rising day by either party is sheer waste of energy which demand well expressed by mr willkie in his could be much more usefully applied to the prose yds broadcast of october 26 for transition from self cution of the war eee need for constructive criticism what would be disastrous for the united states and the other united nations would be to allow per sonal or national ambitions and conflicts to divert our attention from the task of winning the war in the shortest possible time friction is bound to arise among any group of human beings working for a common end it exists among the nazis just as much as among the united nations and becomes all the more dangerous in totalitarian countries for being forced to seethe undercover instead of exploding into public criticism as it does in the democratic coun tries but sacrifice of common ends especially when this is a question of national survival to private ambitions or quarrels is tantamount to criminal ir responsibility such irresponsibility wherever it appears is peculiarly dangerous at this moment page two when germany although not japan may be nearg the point of fatigue than could have been anticipate earlier this year and when nothing would be y helpful to hitler as widening of the rifts both withiy and between the united nations only constag vigilance on our part against any attempt to soy dissension among us can guard us against defey from within such as france suffered before it eyg came to grips with germany but such vigilang should not exclude on the contrary it should ig clude honest and straightforward public discussion of problems that threaten the unity of the unite nations such as india provided these discussion take as their common ground the common desire b win the war and the peace after the war vera micheles dean u.s wins first round in solomons at heavy cost the navy report of november 1 on the great fleet air battle of october 26 between japanese and american forces east of the southern solomons con tains welcome news two enemy battleships two aircraft carriers and three cruisers were hit while 100 planes and probably 50 more were destroyed since some of these vessels were struck time after time it is quite possible that sinkings occurred later when the battle was over at any rate the japanese fleet soon withdrew and the counteroffensive in the solomons which had seemed a bid for a speedy de cision reached the end of its first round not only do american troops retain all the ground they have held on guadalcanal with its precious airfield but on october 30 our surface ships bombarded enemy positions there for over two hours optimism con cerning the final outcome is still not warranted for example the damage as contrasted with sinkings suffered by our vessels on october 26 has not yet been announced but the enemy withdrawal of ships suggests a consideration too often overlooked that the japanese are having troubles of their own and do not find the path of reconquest an easy one japan’s naval losses in recent weeks the japanese fleet has suffered the loss of two destroyers is london more anxious than washington to begin the work necessary to carry into effect the common principles of post war reconstruction read as britain sees the post war world by howard p whidden jr 25c october 15 issue of foreign polticy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 and one heavy cruiser while hits have been scored on other vessels of these categories as well as ait craft carriers and battleships an important part of this destruction has resulted from very effective bombing of the main japanese bases in the south west pacific by aircraft under the command of gen eral macarthur on the night of october 28 for example two and perhaps more enemy vessels in cluding a warship were hit in an attack on rabaul in new britain northwest of the solomons two nights later three raids on buin in the northem solomons produced two hits on a heavy cruiser or battleship probable extensive damage to a light cruiser and aircraft carrier the firing of an unidenti fied vessel and two possible hits on a destroyer before dawn on november 1 in another attack on buin a heavy cruiser was blown up and a light cruiser severely damaged while a merchant vessel received a direct hit that night our planes struck once more in an exceptionally heavy drive these were among the fruits of an air campaiga that began early in october presumably as part of a new offensive strategy adopted in conjunction with the appointment of vice admiral william f halsey jr as commander of the solomons operations dur ing the entire month buin was raided thirteen times rabaul eleven times and buka in the northern solo mons nine times twenty nine enemy ships were sunk or damaged and sixteen more possibly damaged while thirteen aircraft were destroyed and seven others hit the total announced united nations loss was five planes our setbacks at sea there is no doubt however that the united states navy has suffered serious losses especially in the sinking of two ait craft carriers the wasp on september 15 in the solomons and a second the name of which has not r be neare inticipatel uld be 0 oth withiy constany pt to soy nst defeg re it eve vigilane should ig liscussions he united liscussions desire ty s dean en scored ell as air nt part of effective the south d of gen 28 for essels in mn rabaul ons two northern cruiser of a light unidenti destroyer attack on da light ant vessel 1es struck campaign is part of ction with f halsey ons dur een times 1ern solo were sunk damaged nd seven tions loss no doubt s suffered two aif ls in the h has not yet been announced on october 26 in the vicinity of the santa cruz islands to the southeast since the lexington was lost in the battle of the coral sea last may and the yorktown in the battle of midway early in june this as far as information is available leaves the navy with only three regular carriers on the other hand additional carriers are being con structed or converted from tankers and merchant ships japan which has lost most heavily in this category is thought to have two or three regular carriers and three to six converted ones i.e a total of from five to nine but the value of the latter vessels is limited since the japanese are able to concentrate in the pacific while we are obliged by the necessities of global war to use many of our vessels elsewhere one factor of significance is the probable numerical su periority of the enemy fleet in almost all types of ships this disparity in the solomons area is sug gested not only by public information about the two fleets but also by some of our recent naval com muniqués which report an engagement between three united states minesweepers and an equal number of enemy destroyers or the success of an american motor torpedo boat in hitting a japanese destroyer these unequal actions presumably indi page three cate the absence of larger american vessels on the spot at least at the time on the other hand it is clear that throughout the battle of the solomons we have maintained air superiority with significant re sults unfortunately an advantage in the air is not enough since naval craft still play an important role especially in the landing of men and equipment vic tory in the pacific apart from other factors must wait until we have established both naval and air superiority but our planes can serve to hold off the japanese until our ships have been greatly augmented widening of the conflict although the withdrawal of the japanese fleet is generally re garded as only temporary it does not follow that the enemy plans first of all to return to the guadal canal area a blow somewhere else perhaps after a new period of recuperation and preparation is at least equally possible particularly since the conflict has broadened out into a struggle for the whole southwest pacific area attention should therefore be given to the possibility that having been unable to retake the southern solomons by direct attack japan’s next move may be against the sea lanes essential to the maintenance of all our positions in the southwest pacific lawrence k rosinger cabinet changes leave chilean policy obscure the recent reshuffling of the chilean cabinet has done little to clarify a thoroughly embroiled situa tion and santiago remains a question mark on the inter american horizon on october 20 the cabinet ministers resigned en masse this followed directly on the postponement of president juan antonio rios visit to the united states a step which in turn was motivated by the now famous boston speech of sumner welles october 8 charging argentina and chile with tolerating axis espionage on october 22 new cabinet appointments were announced by a much harassed chilean president rios first choice for foreign minister was discarded when german riesco showed reluctance to accept be fore taking elaborate soundings the president's eye then fell on joaquin fernandez y fernandez chile’s ambassador to uruguay who was summoned home from montevideo and recited the oath of office on oc tober 26 on his way through buenos aires fernandez was firmly taken in hand by argentine foreign min ister enrique ruiz guifiazi who shepherded him through a round of ceremonies and presumably urged maintenance of a joint chilean argentine neutrality front observers of the south american scene recalling reports that fernandez as a dele gate to the inter american political defense com mittee in montevideo had shown little enthusiasm for a strong hemispheric anti axis stand kept their fingers crossed time alone will tell whether the new incumbent will represent any improvement at the foreign office over his predecessor ernesto barros jarpa who had opposed a break with the axis powers of the other cabinet appointments the most sig nificant perhaps was the retention of youthful in terior minister rail morales beltrami rios cam paign manager during the last election morales has acted aggressively to curb axis operations in chile pushing proceedings against three german agents whose detection and arrest recently called attention to the existence of a nazi spy ring operating be tween chile and the caribbean when the three agents were released by a magistrate on a technical ity morales promptly had them re arrested by the use of decree power they are to be confined on quiriquina island in the bay of concepcién along with hans borchers ex german consul general in new york city who entered chile illegally some months ago on october 30 morales told ultimas noticias that he was preparing special legislation for the suppression of nazi activities in chile and that this would be submitted to an extraordinary session of congress convening november 15 public disturbed by welles speech public opinion in chile seems to have been confused by the recent cycle of events two emotions have struggled for supremacy first the natural resent ment of a sensitive people at what could only be interpreted as a rebuke from abroad second an ad mission often grudging that welles contention on the subject of espionage was perhaps well founded and that chile could not go on indefinitely running with the hare and hunting with the hounds one of the most outspoken critics of the united states atti tude was ex president arturo alessandri whose tirade against u.s interference was broadcast as far afield as the pages of bogotd’s e tiempo the colombian paper disclaiming any editorial identity with alessandri’s point of view during the last half of october democratic and nationalist demon strators traded blows in the streets of santiago while the united states embassy in that capital was recur rently picketed by indignant youths demanding an apology for the welles affront on october 29 the demonstrations were brought to a close by a torchlight procession of students which ended in front of the moneda palace addressing the partici pants president rios thanked them for their patri otism but was careful to stress his sympathy for the democratic cause incident evokes wide interest in latin america throughout the rest of latin america the dramatic postponement of the rios visit stirred unusual interest such nazi sheets as el pampero of buenos aires gleefully exploited the incident as one more proof of yankee meddling on the other hand e mundo of buenos aires bravely spoke out in washington’s defense arguing that the united states was perfectly entitled to safeguard its interests as it pleased most latin american papers skirted the issue tactfully meanwhile from mexico city rio de janeiro and havana came reports of attempts to mediate between washington and santi ago in caracas where venezuelan president isaias medina was acting as host to his recently installed colombian colleague dynamic alfonso lépez the rumor got about that the two presidents had their heads together over the possibilities of effecting a reconciliation between chile and the united states obviously the issue was one of general concern throughout the americas whether or not the misunderstanding is cleared up and the rios visit materializes on a later occasion the trip seems unlikely in the immediate future wash ington is now concerned with plans for receiving ecuadorean president carlos arroyo del rio who has received permission from his congress to leave page four the country and is expected to arrive in the united states in mid november during the past year ecua dor has played the inter american game loyally swallowing an unpalatable frontier settlement in its dispute with peru and placing strategic areas on its coast and in the galapagos islands at the disposal of u.s forces a step not officially announced until six weeks ago joun i b mccullocu contributions to f.p.a the foreign policy association has no endowment its operating expenses must be met by membership fees subscriptions to publications sale of literature and contributions from foundations and individuals who believe in its research work and its educational program contributions to the f.p.a are deductible in computing income tax gifts bequests and memorial funds insure the progress and permanency of our work the panama canal in peace and war by norman j padelford new york macmillan 1942 3.00 an authoritative study of the history of the panama canal its economic and strategic importance and the operations of the canal administration the author em phasizes the role of the canal in the american defense system jefferson by saul k padover new york harcourt brace 1942 4.00 perhaps not as profound a study of jefferson’s polities or foreign policies as some others but a vivid and charming picture of his personality statistical year book of the league of nations 1940 41 geneva the league economic intelligence service 1941 new york columbia university press interna tional documents service 3.50 at a time when authentic figures are extremely hard to obtain this reliable compilation is more valuable than ever the anchored heart by ida treat new york harcourt brace 1941 2.50 this charmingly written story of a quaint old house on a breton island is a sympathetic interpretation of the underlying spirit that still holds the ideal of french free dom canada today and tomorrow by william henry cham berlin boston little brown 1942 3.00 although extremely thin on the past and the future the author gives an excellent picture of present day canada the physical environment the people the economy and the war effort the cripps mission by r coupland new york oxford university press 1942 75 a brief account from the official british point of view by a member of sir stafford cripps staff an important document persuasively written author stresses that the negotiations broke down primarily over the character of the proposed national government foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 3 november 6 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lert secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ee 181 produced under union conditigns and composed and printed by union labor vol +republi more ag demo of rhok launched striction h groups oll of the to risk first vote o repeal ie amend rersed his reported sd for wl ality act deal with on travel and other he presi on repre es of te ire which tely than he presi ests with ritics are charging and pos nistration in for at st wash nate will srhaps by will then ervention to have ans adopt osition a to ac executive rt roose shooting this shift ct of the a mericaf stone entered as 2nd class matter 2 w o foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vol xxi no 3 november 7 1941 world faces problems unsolved in 1918 im twenty third anniversary of armistice day finds the world in the midst of an even more profound convulsion than that which gripped it just before november 11 1918 the united states is not yet actively engaged in the shooting war which according to president roosevelt's navy day speech of october 27 has already started but it has long been waging economic war on many fronts against both the axis powers and japan with the exception of britain which maintains lines of defense on many far flung fronts all the european countries that had benefited by the first world war as well as several erstwhile neutrals have been conquered by ger many russia knocked out of the war in july 1917 on the eve of the bolshevik revolution which pre ceded the armistice by one year is once more locked in a death struggle with germany on a battle ground made familiar by the headlines of 1914 18 in the far east japan which 23 years ago was an ally of the western powers is seeking to end its 10 year old struggle with china and weighs the ad visability of plunging into the general conflict while in the near east turkey in 1918 an ally of ger many attempts like japan to maintain a wait and see attitude and like japan has indicated that it would be willing to act as a mediator today when the nazis control the entire euro pean continent and dominate its atlantic seaboard while the british still command the high seas the war threatens to develop into a stalemate between land and sea power much as it did in 1917 before the entrance of the united states again as in 1917 the question is whether this stalemate can be termi nated in favor of germany's enemies by long con tinued blockade of the continent or will have to be broken by a military showdown with the reich to this question no one not even the best qualified military experts can give a definite answer since the outcome of the war hinges not only on man power and material resources but also on those re sources of the spirit which can neither be weighed nor measured war raises problems of peace more over as in 1914 1918 the western powers cannot ignore the profound changes in sentiment and out look wrought in europe and elsewhere by the con flict itself when people sometimes say in britain and the united states that it is premature to talk of post war conditions until the war has been won they often forget that the future peace is being al ready forged on the anvil of war much turbulent water has flowed under the bridge since 1918 many leaders who had seemed on the point then of build ing a new world are dead discredited or living in exile many of the institutions that the first world war had still left standing like tree stumps after a forest fire have been swept away by the second conflagration yet the problems that confronted the world in 1918 altered as they may be in form re main in substance the problems of our times we are still groping to discover the procedure by which we could provide free access for all countries to the raw materials and markets of the world on terms of equality we are still studying the possibility of im proving relations between backward and advanced countries which we call imperialism in such a way as to pool the resources of all advanced powers their labor capital and managerial skill in the common task of making backward countries ad vanced and raising the living standards of their peoples we still wonder how in case of nazi de feat we could integrate germany into the european community of nations so that the continent and the world might benefit by the talents of the ger man people without having to fear its militaristic ambitions and its aspirations to the position of master race we are still at a loss to know how to prevent the recurrence of wars some people believ ing that it is enough to create new machinery a re organized league of nations or a federal union of democracies or regional federations linked by an international body and others becoming daily more convinced that what we need is not new machinery but a new philosophy of life which would set in motion whatever machinery seems most practicable at the end of the war while the western world is not yet by any means united in its conception of this new philosophy the belief is gaining ground that the peace settlement of the future must be concerned less with boundaries and political formulas or even markets colonies and raw materials than with human welfare until re cently the forgotten element in the international equation the slogan of making the world safe for democracy which genuinely stirred the emotions of millions of men a quarter of a century ago lost its significance principally because people began to re alize that a world which had not provided a ma jority of its inhabitants with a safe margin of ex istence would not long be safe for political democ racy the emphasis today has been shifted from the task of making the rest of the world safe for the political institutions developed in the western coun tries to the more dynamic and far more exacting task of adapting these institutions both on the na tional and international plane to the altered social and economic conditions of a mass production era the purpose is not so much to teach other people about the machinery of democracy as to find how we can share with other people the benefits of the kind of life that britain the british dominions and page two the united states have been so fortunate as to de fin velop during the past century this objective was plac long ago expressed by the american poet of democ gre racy walt whitman when he said i speak the pass word primeval i give the sign of democrag elim by god i will accept nothing which all cannot have imp their counterpart of on the same terms coll to this task of building for the future the unites 4 states has much to contribute in terms of natural thesé resources technical skills and political experience additi but as this country weighs its next step which may on b well prove the last step before actual warfare one tary 0 preoccupation above all should guide the ultimate for a decision when the united states entered the war guara in 1917 it altered the balance of power in europe in peopl favor of the allies for otherwise germany might autrit have won the war yet two years later in 1919 the stand united states withdrew from europe and again al resou tered the balance of power on the continent this peopl time as it turned out eventually in favor of ger chun many if the american people are not prepared to o assume in time of peace the responsibilities many of them seem ready to assume in time of war then the united states by actively entering the conflict may help germany’s opponents to win the war but it will not have helped them to win the peace its participation under such circumstances would only natio arouse unwarranted illusions on the part of the peoples of occupied europe the subsequent dis aod illusionment would hardly enhance the prestige of democracy in whose name the western world is repres challenging the power of nazism ernme vera micheles dean empl i.l.o studies post war reconstruction only the world wide conference of the international labor organization convened in new york and washington from october 27 to november 6 has focused attention on official international measures under way to cope with post war social and economic problems since the allies can carry out their pro gram only if they win the war a good share of the recent conference’s work was also directed toward strengthening defense production in the pro demo cratic countries by improving the relations of gov ernment industry and labor as one of the few organs of the league of nations for an analysis of the probable effect of removal of u.s duties on major latin american commod ities read toward free trade with latin america by constant southworth october 1 issue of foreign policy reports foreign po.icy reports combine the highest standards of scholarship with the flexibility and timeliness of journalism published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to fpa members 3 25c per copy feren the l attack memt speci which continues to function the i.l.o provides the most active tie with the machinery of international government created in 1919 and its present wartime experience is expected to prove useful to gover ments and statesmen at any peace conference follow ing the conflict certain technical agencies of the th league still operate some in emergency headquar the d ters such as the secretariat's economic intelligence division at princeton university and its opium com 8u mittee now located in washington but only the gibs i.l.o whose central offices were moved from ge cong neva to montreal in august 1940 provides a full pe complement of personnel with wartime training in cide international research administration and confer we ence technique deleg the executive staff of the international labor 4s office submitted for consideration by the general ss conference a far reaching program recommending the i minimum international measures needed for foreic development of the world’s resources headqu migration for e yo yn and settlement entered better facilities for nutrition housing recreation and gp culture as to de tive was f democ peak the mocracy not have e united f natural perience hich may fare one ultimate the war surope in 1y might l919 the again al ent this of ger pared to ies many var then conflict war but reace its uld only t of the uent dis estige of world is dean a minimum and equitable wages for all workers placement and vocational training of workers greater equality of occupational opportunity and im proved conditions of work elimination of unemployment improvement of social insurance collaboration of employers and workers in initiating and applying social measures these official recommendations were augmented by additional suggestions of the conference delegates on behalf of the united states delegation secre tary of labor frances perkins advocated free access for all nations to the raw materials of the world rantees of the civil and democratic rights of all peoples public responsibility in the fields of health sutrition housing and child welfare higher living standards for all peoples and mobilization of world resources to produce a more abundant life for people who have suffered the privations of war from chungking to london composition of the conference last week’s meeting in new york was attended by more than 100 official delegates and over 70 advisers epresenting the governments employers and work lets of 35 nations since germany italy and japan have all formally withdrawn from the league of nations and the i.l.o none of those countries was represented similarly the small pro axis countries and the remaining european neutrals who hesitate to affront germany were conspicuously without representation vichy france sent one official gov ernment delegate but no representatives of french employers or workers of all the allied governments only the u.s.s.r failed to send delegates to the con vides the national wartime govern e follow s of the readquat telligence ium com only the from ge les a full aining in 1 confer al labor e general amending or eation and ference when the soviet union was expelled from the league of nations in december 1940 after its attack on finland it automatically ceased to be a member of the i.l.o and has not re entered by special action the common pro allied sentiments of virtually all the delegates enabled the conference from the out set to serve as a world wide sounding board for arguments favoring extensive aid to britain george gibson vice chairman of the british trades union congress summarized the leading aid to britain speeches with the observation that before we de cide how we are going to live we must first make sure we are going to live the polish workers delegates submitted a formal proposal that the treasury and property of the german reich be as sessed after the war for forced labor imposed by the nazis on citizens of occupied countries page three f.p.a radio schedule subject outlook on armistice day speaker john c dewilde date sunday november 9 time 12 12 15 p.m e.s.t over nbc for station please consult your local newspaper one of the more constructive plans to emerge from the conference along lines suggested on no vember 1 by former belgian premier paul van zee land favors regional collaboration as an initial step toward wider world economic and political coopera tion after the war the delegations of poland czechoslovakia yugoslavia and greece on novem ber 4 signed an agreement for an economic unit com posed of their countries and with provision for the eventual admission of rumania hungary and bul garia to the bloc this regional unit consisting of poland the danubian states and the balkans would form a buffer against german expansion to the east and would help promote economic rehabilitation and prosperity in the war torn area of eastern europe a randle elliott fpa statement of policy in this period of national emergency the foreign policy association reaffirms the primary purposes for which it was organized in 1918 to promote an informed body of american public opinion on for eign affairs the association believes that it can perform constructive and timely public services by continuing to act as an independent source of in formation on international affairs the association has a record extending over the years for unbiased inquiry and freedom of speech these are our best contributions to clear thinking in a period of stress in the discussion of issues of american policy our purpose will not be to thresh over old straw the focus will be on policies in the making or in process of change and on results and performance during the coming year the associa tion will make every effort to maintain the scrupu lous objectivity which has characterized its research and educational work in the past in its publications its program of popular education its radio broad casts and its public meetings throughout the coun try the association will devote its attention to the immediate problems of national defense and of american foreign policy more particularly we shall emphasize the prime importance of the study and discussion of factors entering into the character of the peace and plans for post war reconstruction foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 3 november 7 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 q 181 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association frank ross mccoy president dorotrhy f luger secretary vera micuetes dean eastor 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor incorporated national three dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building nov 4 at a time when the united states is bending every effort to expand defense production to meet its own military needs and the urgent de mands of britain russia and other overseas nations opposing the axis there is a natural tendency to overlook the normal economic requirements of latin america the danger of ignoring the basic supply needs of the twenty american republics however is underlined by recent developments which now threaten to create a serious crisis in our relations with southern neighbors latin america’s defense role the vital importance of latin america is recognized of course by those washington agencies which are di rectly concerned with the problem of economic de fense during the past year the united states has drawn heavily on the raw material resources of the continent to augment its stocks of tin copper tung sten manganese nitrates and many other strategic materials the latin american governments have cooperated with the united states by denying these materials to the axis powers and pledging virtually their entire production to the defense needs of this country they have assisted the united states in en forcing the blacklist of axis agents despite the fact that they are not legally required to recognize our regulations covering individuals and firms acting in the interests of germany and italy all of the latin american republics without exception have adopted some form of export control which strength ens the export control measures applied by wash ington no less than ten countries prohibit the ex port or re export of a articles subject to control in the united states while the rest apply restrictions on the export of many critical defense materials more important these economic controls are actually being enforced by the governments there is no doubt that latin america has benefited from the closer economic ties brought about by the war the tangible results are shown in the rising curve of united states purchases which are now running at the rate of more than a billion dollars a year as compared with 450 million dollars in 1938 and 620 million in 1940 today united states im ports from latin america are almost double the dollar value of continental europe’s normal pre war purchases from that area but this has solved only half of latin america’s economic problem on the other side of the ledger it is important to note that the latin americans have not been able to as much from the united states as we buy frog them during the first eight months of 1941 fm example our imports from the other american re publics exceeded our exports by more than 113 mil lion dollars while this figure may not seem large in relation to total trade it reflects a potential dangerous situation if the united states expects ty hold the cooperation of latin america it must ready to provide the manufactured products and vol machinery which are essential to the economic life of the hemisphere and for which latin america de pends almost exclusively on this country now that other sources of supply have been cut off by war w the priorities crisis the gravity of the crisis is not denied in washington nelson rocke feller coordinator of inter american affairs called in nv attention to some of the consequences in his speech before the foreign policy association forum in new york on october 25 in venezuela the inter shot ruption of supply lines from the united states has gidd held up more than 500 individual construction projects uruguay has complained that its entire cop struction industry will be paralyzed unless the united states can find a way to release 2,800 tons of construction rods this month chile has protested that it is unable to fulfill orders for essential manu factured goods in return for the copper it is sending jead the united states similar complaints are coming from many other latin american countries whos dicti cooperation is essential for hemisphere defense while recognizing the justice of these complaints whic washington officials have been hard pressed to find dem a satisfactory solution the chief difficulty has ap wos parently centered in the priorities system which ha s broken down at many points vital latin american op shipments have been held up for months even afte spol the o.p.m has granted priority ratings and the eco tej nomic defense board has issued the necessary export he licenses one possible solution would be to develop the a system under which supplies essential to heal at 4 sphere defense could be allocated directly to latin wit american countries only last week it was announcet way that o.p.m was working out a plan whereby dis the tribution of steel will be made by direct allocation alt rather than by ineffective priorities there would bt loss complications of course in extending the allocation the plan to cover foreign orders but unless some such drastic remedy is found the present crisis will be yer come even more acute the william t stone of +owment nbership terature lividuals icational ductible sure the orman j 0 panama and the ithor em n defense rt brace s politics charming 1940 41 service interna y hard to than ever harcourt house on yn of the ench free ry cham uture the y canada y and the k oxford t of view important that the aracter of 1 national entered as jan 1 1943 entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vout xxii no 4 november 18 1942 african offensives open side door to germany the war in europe enters its fourth winter the allied offensive in north africa appears on the oint of breaking the deadlock hitler had hoped to create on november 7 while general montgomery was forcing the remnants of rommel’s shattered army toward the libyan border strong american forces suddenly landed at key points along the 1600 mile coastline of french morocco and algeria sup ported by allied naval units american landing par ties under the supreme command of general dwight d eisenhower gained strategic footholds on the north african coast from agadir on the atlantic to algiers on the mediterranean an extension of these positions eastward into tunisia to effect a junc tion with british forces driving westward through libya appears to be developing this allied offensive against french territory was made necessary by the refusal of france’s military leaders in june 1940 to continue the fight against the nazis from their north african bases it was ultimately made possible both by the british decision in july 1940 to strip britain of desperately needed troops to strengthen the defenses of egypt and by hitler's even more fateful decision just a year later to destroy russia’s military power before he had gained control of the whole of north africa and the near east this great amphibious undertaking depended for full success on the victory gained over rommel by brilliant coordination of superior allied air land and sea power under general alexander and general montgomery thus the american offensive carefully timed to coincide with that of the british can be viewed as the second phase of a single allied move aimed at the reconquest of a vital position lost to the anti axis forces by the collapse of france in 1940 but it is clearly more than that it is also part of a grand strategy which envisages the encircling of german europe by control of its most exposed flank all reports from general eisenhower's head quarters suggest that vichy’s resistance in north af rica is not likely to be sustained and that the second phase of the allied offensive may be even more rapidly realized than the first president roosevelt's declaration to the french people that the allies are waging a war of liberation not of conquest will un doubtedly facilitate military operations by increasing support for general giraud who took command of pro allied french forces in north africa on novem ber 9 shortening of supply routes the most obvious advantage to be expected from the success ful conclusion of this pincers attack is the open ing of the mediterranean to allied shipping supply routes to the middle east russia and india would be shortened by from seven to ten thousand miles even if crete were not wrested from the nazis allied air and naval forces operating from bases on the north african coast should be able to keep the mediterranean open its full length even more important prospects are unfolded with respect to both the bombing of strategic objectives in italy and the balkans and the establishment of a land front on the mediterranean coast of europe landings in yugoslavia italy and southern france should not be dismissed from a reckoning of the new situation whether or not any of these developments materi alize in the coming months their very potentiality constitutes a threat which must impose a heavy strain on nazi resources of men and material the pros pect of invasion is bound to heighten tension in italy and may possibly precipitate domestic clashes which would necessitate an increase in german occupation troops french reaction is not yet altogether clear but the nazis may feel compelled to take over the whole of unoccupied france a nazi move into spain also appears possible repercussions from this latest allied move will be felt at the other end of the medi f terranean as well where turkey will be even more de termined to resist axis aggression while there is no reason to contemplate a large scale withdrawal of german troops from the russian front hitler will have to divert considerable air strength and possibly some mechanized forces either from the east or northern france to meet the new threats from the south it would be dangerous to assume that hitler has been caught napping but his threat of novem ber 8 that he would strike a counterblow in answer to the american action can hardly be fulfilled in the mediterranean region without weakening the ger man position on some other front new phase of war opened whatever move hitler may make it seems clear that the pres ent allied offensive taken in conjunction with the fact that the russian armies have now halted the nazis from murmansk to the caucasus marks a new and decisive stage in the war against the western axis partners action in africa can hardly be called the second front but it may well lead to a second page two front in southern rather than western europe popy lar support of a strategy that would force hitler inty a two front war in europe dreaded by germany singe the time of bismarck should not blind us to the pos sibility that the allies in this war may turn to other patterns than simply a frontal attack on germany through western europe taking advantage of the lessons learned at tremendous cost on the wester front in the last war and of the freedom of move ment afforded them by their command of the seas the allies may plan a three front or even a four front war against germany with the russian armies still holding the bulk of german strength in the east an attack on hitler’s exposed southern flank may prove to be but the first of several fronts to be opened in western and northern europe as well as in the mediterranean undue optimism at this point is un warranted but continued russian resistance and further anglo american offensives hold the promise of a gradually unfolding pattern of victory howard p whidden jr stalin’s speech clears international atmosphere british victories in egypt and invasion of french north africa by american forces have been hailed in moscow not as the equivalent of a second front since they do not constitute a direct blow at ger many and therefore offer no immediate relief to the russians but as the harbinger of an allied offensive against the axis in the mediterranean theatre of war for the russians realize that allied command of the mediterranean would as vice president wal lace said to the congress of american soviet friend ship on november 7 open the shortest possible supply route to southern russia and thus link the battle for the atlantic with the battle for the cau casus german threat to caucasus from the russian point of view the most important move that the allies could undertake at this moment would be a diversion of german land forces from the eastern front a diversion the operations in africa cannot provide if only because it would be physically diffi cult for hitler to transport large forces across the for a survey of military strategy in africa and of the natural resources of the african continent read africa and the world conflict by louis e frechtling 25 vol xvii no 13 forreign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 mediterranean at the present juncture for the time being therefore the russians as stalin pointed out in his november 7 address to the moscow soviet on the twenty fifth anniversary of the bolshevik revolution must continue to wrestle with some 200 german divisions a far more formidable force than that put in the field against russia by napoleon or even by kaiser wilhelm nor has the danger threatening russia been avett ed by the stubborn resistance of stalingrad’s defend ers while all eyes have been focused on that key city the germans have made rapid advances in the area of the caucasus the capture of nalchik and alagir brought the germans to the northern end of the ossetian military highway within reach of the georgian military highway the one road across the caucasus that remains open a considerable part of the winter the main object of the germans in this theatre now is to block access by the russians to the oilfields of baku even if the germans themselves should not succeed in making use of russia's oil yet the russians undaunted by over a year of bitter warfare and by the innumerable political and have won three important advantages in spite of serious losses of man power territory and resources they have preserved the cadres of their army whose annihilation has been proclaimed again and again by nazi propagandists since october 1941 they have prevented the germans from reaching astrakhan and have maintained their supply line across the northern caspian and they have forced the nazis to continue the struggle into a second winter without a clear cut decision the question now uppermost is wh gert winte presu owe f st retur sians will erto ain a by m by th by si has 1 recet fron w of 0 he c fron it b than cour struc the stat uni aliti ined clar for tion ens righ as 1 fere teri an cog and stat pre acti aga eve lor economic adjustments that war has made necessary 0 de popu itler into any since the pos to other germany e of the wester of move the seas our front mies stil the east ank may e opened is in the nt is un nce and promise in jr the time nted out w soviet sol shevik ome 200 yrce than apoleon en avert defend that key s in the chik and n end of h of the cross the part of s in this ns to the emselves s oil year of tical and ecessary spite of esources y whose again by rey have trakhan ross the 1e nazis without permost ns is whether the russians can turn the tables on the germans and launch a counteroffensive if not this winter at least next spring when the allies would presumably have succeeded in dislodging the axis powers from the periphery of europe stalin looks to future observers recently returned from the soviet union believe that the rus sians have the men the morale and the indomitable will necessary for a counteroffensive but have hith erto been skeptical of the eventual purposes of brit ain and the united states this skepticism nourished by memories of munich has been dispelled not only by the anglo american offensives in africa but also by stalin’s forthright speech of november 7 which has noticeably cleared the international atmosphere recently clouded by controversies about the second front and the punishment of rudolf hess while stalin minced no words about the necessity of opening another front on the european continent he confidently predicted that there will be a second front sooner or later not only because we need it but above all because our allies need it no less than we do far more important for the future course of the war and the fate of post war recon struction he unreservedly associated the cause of the u.s.s.r with that of britain and the united states contrasting the program of action of the united nations with that of the italo german co alition in contrast to the axis program of racial inequality subjugation and exploitation stalin de dared the anglo soviet american program provides for abolition of racial exclusiveness equality of na tions and integrity of their territories liberation of enslaved nations and restoration of their sovereign tights the right of every nation to arrange its affairs as it wishes economic aid to nations that have suf fered and assistance to them in attaining their ma terial welfare restoration of democratic liberties and the destruction of the hitlerite régime re cognizing the differences that exist in the ideologies and social systems of britain russia and the united states stalin asserted that these differences do not preclude the possibility and expediency of joint action on the part of members of this coalition against the common enemy on the contrary the events of the past year notably molotov’s visits to london and washington and the conclusion of the 20 year anglo soviet alliance indicate growing rap prochement between the three countries and consoli dation of their fighting alliance for victory in this great war of liberation it is noteworthy that in outlining the three prin page three cipal aims of the united nations destruction of the hitlerite state and its inspirers of hitler's army and its leaders and of the hated new order in europe accompanied by punishment of its build ers stalin made no threats of wholesale revenge against the german people on the contrary he clearly stated that it is not our aim to destroy ger many for it is impossible to destroy germany just as it is impossible to destroy russia this realistic statement is perhaps the best answer yet given by united nations leaders to the main point now stressed by nazi propagandists and again by hit ler in his munich speech of november 8 that the germans must continue the struggle to the bitter end because they know the fate that would befall us should the other world be victorious it is essential for a lasting allied victory that the military offensive now being developed in africa should be accom panied by an equally vigorous and imaginative psy chological offensive to drive a wedge between the nazis and the german people and prepare the ger man people for participation in the tasks and re sponsibilities of post war reconstruction vera micheles dean survey of british commonwealth affairs vol ii prob lems of economic policy 1918 1939 part ii by w k hancock london oxford university press 1942 5.00 this volume issued like the preceding ones under the auspices of the royal institute of international affairs concludes professor hancock’s notable survey of common wealth affairs in it the author completes his study of eco nomic policy in the empire with an analysis of south and west africa the lost peace by harold butler new brace 1942 2.75 a personal narrative of the mistakes and misconceptions of the interwar years by a man who was on the inside of the geneva experiment and is now british minister in washington in charge of british information services the author reveals that the peace was lost largely because the collective method of security was never tried and explains in part at least why york harcourt our india by minoo masani new york oxford university press 1942 1.75 fascinating account of the resources geography agri culture and daily life of india as well as the possibilities of improvement although written for children it will prove extremely instructive for adults wings of defense by captain burr w leyson new york dutton 1942 2.50 although its specific facts were beginning to be out moded even before publication this book contains a good popular account of the united states system of aerial warfare with much interesting material on certain types of planes some quarters will disagree with the author’s contention that dive bombing is no longer an effective weapon in land warfare foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 4 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y second class matter december 2 one month for change of address on membership publications november 13 1942 published weekly by the foreign frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leger secretary vera michetes dean editor 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 thre policy national entered as please allow at least association incorporated e dollars a year f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year gb 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter nov 9 the current anglo american offensive in french north africa is subjecting the traditional friendship between the united states and france to the greatest strain in its 164 years of existence for the first time since the undeclared naval war of 1798 american and frenchmen are fighting and killing one another the vichy government that de jure speaks in the name of france broke relations with the united states in consequence on november 8 the battle that the united states has opened by its invasion of north africa is diplomatic as well as military the hearts of the french people must be conquered no less than the ports and airfields of north africa propaganda is as vital in this cam paign as tanks and airplanes the propaganda front this fear is not as idle as it may seem to many americans pierre laval’s opposition to the american enterprise may be discounted but marshal pétain’s prestige in france is still great and he has rejected president roosevelt's explanations with stupor and sadness the germans control the instruments of propaganda in three fifths of france and in the rest of the coun try the tools of publicity are in the hands of the vichy propaganda minister paul marion for months this pro nazi agent has been hammering at the french people by press and radio that the anglo americans are out to despoil france of its empire president roosevelt with his customary flair has grasped the vital importance of the psychological aspect of the north african campaign while the rangers were landing on the coast on november 7 he sent a message to pétain and at the same time broadcast in french to the french people assuring them that the united states had no designs on their colonial possessions and that the ultimate object of the offensive was liberation of france from the nazi yoke assurances were also sent by the president to general francisco franco spanish chief of state and to general antonio carmona president of por tugal that the american operations were not directed against those countries or their colonies and when laval broke relations with the united states president roosevelt after expressing regret for this act added in his message of november 9 we have not broken relations with the french we never will desire to avoid offending the suscepti bilities of the french people by seeming to impose a government on them without their consent is prob ably the reason the united states is not for the time pam yeu lory being as mr hull said on the same day extending diplomatic recognition to general charles de gaulle’s fighting french movement the announcement by general dwight l eisen hower commander of the allied forces in north africa that general henri giraud has arrived ip algeria to organize the french armies again to take up the fight is of the utmost importance in the ef fort to win the support of the french people gen eral giraud who was captured by the germans near sedan in may 1940 is regarded by the french as one of their ablest military leaders and his spectacular escape from the german prison at koenigstein this spring has enhanced his already great popularity end of an experiment the break with vichy marks the end of a policy that the state de partment has tenaciously pursued for more than two years despite its manifest unpopularity thanks to this course the state department has succeeded as mr hull pointed out at his press conference on no vember 8 in keeping the french fleet from falling into the hands of the axis at the same time it was enabled to maintain consular agents in north africa and to receive first hand information as to what was going on in that strategically vital territory the larger purpose of winning over marshal pétain’s government to the side of the united nations how ever was not achieved with the entrance of the united states into the war on december 7 1941 it was evident that sooner or later vichy would have to climb down from the fence on which it was perched waiting to see which side would be the ultimate victor the return of laval to power last april was a clear indication that when it came to a showdown vichy would opt for the axis relations between the united states and vichy steadily deteriorated after that disastrous de velopment until they became only a fiction as mr hull aptly called them rupture of diplomatic ties with the united states may be the beginning of the end for the vichy ré gime if the united nations obtain control of the entire north african littoral an invasion of europe through southern france becomes a military posst bility the nazis will almost certainly be obliged to face this eventuality by fortifying the french medi terranean coast german occupation of all france would probably be followed by liquidation of the pétain government and installation of a nazi puppet régime headed by jacques doriot jouhnn elliott buy united states war bonds +ity of the on rocke irs called his speech forum ig the inter states has struction entire ccon inless the 00 tons of protested tial manu is sending re coming ies whose fense omplaints ed to find ty has ap which has americaa even after d the eco ary export 0 develop to hems y to latin announced ereby dis allocation would be allocation some such is will be stone an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association entered as 2nd class matter w ae swe de t foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vor xxi no 4 november 14 1941 stalin calls for united resistance hen the united states on the eve of the twenty fourth anniversary of the bolshevik revolution pledged 1,000,000,000 worth of lend lease aid to the soviet union and stalin speaking in moscow on november 6 proclaimed that his country was united with britain and america in a war of liberation against hitler the long road that has been traveled by the world since 1917 was suddenly and startlingly illumined the two coun tries which in communist phraseology are the prin cipal capitalist and imperialist powers in the world whose attack in concert with france and germany was long feared by the kremlin have willingly in fact eagerly welcomed the opportunity of collaborating with the u.s.s.r and the soviet leaders who as late as 1939 had denounced both groups of belligerents as equally imperialist now distinguish between the reactionary imperialism of germany on the one hand and the western powers which in the words of stalin possess elementary democratic liberties such as trade unions for workers and employees is russia fighting alone in his speech on the anniversary of the bolshevik revolution stalin spoke with the realistic frankness that has charac terized the views of soviet leaders on foreign affairs he expressed confidence in the eventual defeat of the germans who he added in a subsequent speech at a military review are facing disaster perhaps within a few months or a year he did not in any way minimize however the difficulties confronting the soviet union in its struggle with the reich although he gave astronomical figures of german losses denied by hitler in a speech at munich on the eighteenth anniversary of the beer hall putsch stalin admitted russia’s temporary military re verses these reverses he said were due chiefly to the absence of a second front in europe and the lack of tanks airplanes and various forms of anti tank st equipment if dialectical debate were in order stalin’s complaint about the absence of a second front might be countered by a british complaint that it was he who by signing a non aggression pact with hitler in 1939 originally saved germany from a two front war such an argument which in any case would be academic today would overlook the dis trust that the kremlin rightly or wrongly still felt for the governments of chamberlain and daladier in the summer of 1939 but stalin’s statement that russia is waging a war of liberation alone with nobody’s assistance against the united front of ger mans finns rumanians italians and hungarians hardly seems fair to the british and their allies it is true that the british have been unable to open a second and front in europe and it may be doubted that an invasion of the continent at this time would prove feasible in view of britain’s lack of man power and equipment stalin’s statement however disregards entirely the war that the british have been waging for two years against germany at sea and in the air slow and frequently unspectacular as naval warfare may often seem it cannot be said to be without results if britain and the united states are at all able to supply russia with armaments and raw materials among which stalin hopefully men tioned aluminum lead tin nickel and rubber this is due first of all to the fact that the british have succeeded in keeping sea lanes open all over the world no amount of admiration for the courage of the red army and russian civilians should obscure the achievements of the british navy and of british civilians when subjected to drastic air raids in the past finland's role in the war this does not in any way diminish the need for supplying arma ments to russia as rapidly and as plentifully as the joint efforts of britain and the united states will permit if russia is to maintain effective resistance lord beaverbrook british supply minister referred to this problem when he told a group of workers in manchester that they had been called on to fight on two fronts and urged them to increase produc tion but stalin also had in mind a second military front which he said undoubtedly will appear in the near future in addition he has been urging that the british declare war on finland rumania and hungary the situation with respect to finland is the most pressing because one of the routes over which british and american supplies could be shipped into russia is the murmansk railway at present menaced by finnish forces secretary hull’s warning to finland on novem ber 3 when he urged the finns to accept russia’s offer of a separate peace which he said had been transmitted by the state department to helsinki on august 18 placed finland in a most painful situa tion finnish leaders have repeatedly indicated that they have no desire to link their country’s fate to that of nazi germany that they want to stop fighting once they have assured the security of finland and that they would be willing to leave final disposition of their territorial conflict with russia to a future conference but the harsh fact is that the finns can not pull out of the war without the consent of hitler and it is obviously not in germany's interest to have finland abandon the struggle at this juncture fin land is no more eager than other small countries to be drawn into hitler's new order but neither is it strong enough to resist nazi reprisals unless britain and the united states are ready to give fin land the protection that they proved unable to offer other small countries menaced by nazi expansion mr hull’s warning can only emphasize the plight of small nations without in any way alleviating it the war of liberation meanwhile by declaring that the war in which russia is engaged is not a war of imperialist annexation but a war of liberation stalin has made a direct appeal to all e peoples who have been forced to accept nazi for survey of the netherlands indies in wartime and its significance as a large supplier of war materials and a strategic link in the defense of southeast asia read the netherlands indies at war by t a bisson november 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25c per copy foreign poxicy reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to fpa members 3 page two rule including the germans this appeal whig seems to invite the germans too to overthrow the yoke of hitlerite tyranny may be interpreted bi some as a new bid couched in a form different frog that of 1917 for russian leadership of world or a least european revolution and it would be futile deny that the soviet leaders are offering europe thei concept of a post war order today in collaboratiog with britain and the united states but tomorroy conceivably in competition with them the westen powers will in turn have to formulate and in practi demonstrate their own concept of the democrati order they envisage for the future perhaps the clea est indication of the lines along which this problen is being considered in the west was given by th conference of the international labor organization in new york and washington which closed with an address by president roosevelt on november 6 the president expressed the dominant thoughts of the conference when he said in international a in national affairs economic policy can no longer lx an end unto itself alone it is merely a means fo achieving social objectives there must be no plac in the post war world for special privilege for eithe individuals or nations if the western powers ca implement these words they need not fear the chal lenge of another world revolution stemming from moscow but if these words only remain on paper then moscow may yet have a good deal to say about the shape of things to come vera micheles dean joseph w scott joins fpa staff the foreign policy association takes pleasure in announcing the appointment to the research staff of joseph w scott mr scott received his b.a at the university of texas his m.a at the university of virginia and a certificate in international studies a the university of london he has had wide training and experience in the field of economics and in practical business affairs hands off a history of the monroe doctrine by dexter perkins boston little brown 1941 3.50 a clarification for the general reader of a cardinal pri ciple of american diplomacy professor perkins is the fore most authority on the monroe doctrine about which he has previously written three scholarly monographs dawn watch in china by joy homer boston houghton mifflin 1941 3.00 a sympathetic and vigorous account of china at wal recording the observations of an adventurous year whic carried the author into virtually all sections of the country occupied and unoccupied foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 4 november 14 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nation headquarters 22 east 38th screet new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuhy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year 8 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year 1 whi tow th reted by ent from rid of a futile ty ope thei aboratio omorroy westen n practice emocrati the clea problen m by the anization sed with rember 6 yughts of tional a longer be neans for no place for either wers carl the chal ing from on paper say about dean aff leasure in h staff of a at the versity of studies at le training cs and in by dexter rdinal prin is the fore hich he has houghton ina at wal year whic the country ured nationél dean editor ear the annual meeting of the foreign policy association incorporated will be held at hotel astor new york on thursday december ii 1941 the brief business meeting will be held at 12 15 p.m immediately preceding the luncheon frank ross mccoy president proxy for board of directors the candidates listed below have been nominated to serve on the board of directors of the foreign policy association incorporated as indicated and have expressed their willingness to act if elected the word re election appears after the names of the present members of the board of dirctors who have consented to run again persons other than those nominated by the nominating committee are eligible to election and space is provided on the proxy for naming such other candidates attention is called to the fact that all members of the board of directors shall be members of the association who are so circumstanced that they can attend the meetings of the board regularly constitution article iv paragraph 3 in accordance with the provisions of the constitution the candidates receiving the largest number of votes cast at the annual meeting december 11 1941 will be declared elected please note that proxies cannot be used 1 unless received at national headquarters not later than wednesday december 10 1941 2 unless the proxy returned is signed by the member only members of the association who are citizens of the united states have voting privileges nominating committee eustace seligman chairman brooks emeny mrs junius morgan carlton j.h hayes h harvey pike jr please cut along this line and sign and return the proxy to the office of the foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y eeeceeeesoeese ee psoooosoooosos soo hooooooos oooo ooooh soosooiin proxy put cross x beside names of candidates of your choice vote for one in class of 1942 one in class of 1943 and six in class of 1944 i authorize frank ross mccoy or william t stone to vote for directors of the foreign policy association incorporated as indicated beloy class of 1942 mrs frederic r king class of 1943 dr james phinney baxter class of 1944 william a eldridge herbert l may re election re election mrs learned hand mrs howell moorhead re election re electiun wm w lancaster h alexander smith re election re election err see se ae in a rated esident iation names led on at the icated below trends in latin america nazi methods stir protest the whole sale execution of french hostages by german au thorities has provoked widespread indignation throughout latin america which has always had close cultural ties with france these cold blooded killings have probably done more than volumes of anglo saxon propaganda to raise anti nazi feeling to a new high a dozen latin american republics have already associated themselves with the chilean government in protesting against the executions and in asking berlin to end the slaughter in cuba mexico and uruguay short periods of silence have been observed in tribute to the victims the presi dent of the uruguayan chamber of deputies has cabled the officers of the pan american union sug gesting that all 21 of the american republics unite in a joint protest the uruguayan suggestion has been duly referred to the individual governments for action reports from berlin indicate that nazi leaders are both worried and annoyed by the volume of protest from overseas which further complicates the task of german diplomacy in this hemisphere of late german diplomats have been hard put to it to ex plain away the map of south and central america mentioned in president roosevelt's navy day broad cast of october 27 a map which according to the president’s statement shows fourteen individual latin american countries reduced to five german dominated vassal states in buenos aires santiago and elsewhere german envoys on instructions from berlin have officially called at the foreign offices to deny the existence of any such plans the latin american reaction as gauged by editorial comment in a vast majority of influential papers has been on the whole realistic it was pointed out that whether or not this particular map were authentic and its de tails correct recent events on the european continent had clearly demonstrated that the arbitrary re arrangement of frontiers is an integral part of nazi plans for a new order lull in border fighting statesmen of the american republics are heartened by the absence of fresh incidents on the ecuadorean peruvian bor der where almost constant fighting was in progress during the months of july august and september like the three year chaco war between bolivia and paraguay 1932 35 this latest inter american con flict results from the inability of the contending par ties to solve a century old frontier dispute thus far for more extensive coverage on latin american affairs read pan american news a bi weekly newsletter edited by mr mcculloch write by john i b mcculloch the fighting has gone entirely in favor of the peruvi an forces which more numerous and better equipped successfully invaded a large portion of ecuadorean territory the present lull in hostilities dates from the sign ing of a truce on october 2 in the peruvian town of talara by virtue of this truce a demilitarized zone was established on former ecuadorean terri tory to be policed by ecuadorean civilians a decree of ecuadorean president carlos arroyo del rio issued on november 6 implements the terms of the talara understanding the ecuadorean police con tingents are to be unarmed and are to include no one who has served in the country’s armed forces during the past ten years every effort will be made to avoid clashes with peruvian civil or military authorities the invidious task of putting an end to fighting between the two republics has fallen to argentina brazil and the united states these three powers had already offered their services as mediators in may 1941 although this offer did not suffice to ward off the actual outbreak of hostilities in july all three powers have had official observers on the scene since that time it was under the auspices of the three mediating countries that the talara truce was signed and the ecuadorean police in the demilitarized zone are directly responsible to them on septem ber 18 the government of mexico proposed that the three power mediation be replaced by a joint inter american effort in which all the american republics would participate this suggestion welcomed in ecuador was unfavorably received in peru it is not likely to be adopted unless efforts to reach a solution on the present basis fail completely students of the problem fear that hostilities might be resumed once the present rainy season is over meanwhile bitter ness between the two south american republics is being exploited both in quito and lima by nazi propagandists who ridicule pan american efforts at mediation and ascribe ulterior motives to the medi ators particularly the united states f.p.a radio schedule subject allies bolster near east front speaker louis e frechtling date sunday november 16 time 12 12 15 p.m est over nbc for station please consult your local newspaper to national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y for sample copy i washington news letter washington bureau national press building nov 11 the twenty third anniversary of the armistice finds washington once again a wartime capital although as yet the war is undeclared not since the fateful days of 1918 has washington seen such intense diplomatic activity or been thrust so squarely into the center of the world scene wartime capital during the past fort night the dominant position of the united states in the world balance of power has been emphasized by decisive events at home and abroad it has been rec ognized by congress and the executive branch of the government by the governments of all countries resisting the axis in europe and asia and even by official spokesmen in the capitals of the axis powers on the domestic front recognition of our wartime status was clearly written in the series of legislative and executive steps designed to implement the ad ministration’s fundamental foreign policy these steps included 1 the action of the senate on november 9 re pealing the shipping restrictions of the neutrality act by a vote of 50 to 37 and the decision of con gressional leaders to press for concurrent action by the house this week so as to permit the arming of american merchant vessels and their passage through combat zones into belligerent ports 2 the exchange of letters between president roosevelt and joseph stalin released november 7 in which the american government pledged the so viet government a loan of 1,000,000,000 from lend lease funds to be repaid without interest over a ten year period beginning five years after the end of the war 3 the warning to finland to discontinue offen sive military operations against russia made public by secretary hull on november 3 in a press confer ence statement this warning was rejected by fin land on november 12 in a note stating that the helsinki government could not agree to expose the country to future peril by interrupting military opera tions before its objective was wholly realized 4 the announcement that the united states gov ernment is considering the withdrawal of american marines from china made public by mr roosevelt on november 7 in a manner which suggested a warn ing to japan that this country is prepared for a show down in the far east but washington’s key role in the war has beep recognized even more dramatically in europe and asia the appointment of maxim litvinoff former soviet foreign commissar as ambassador to wash ington has been accepted here as convincing proof that russia intends to continue its resistance to the bitter end european diplomats however interpret the move as a clear indication that stalin regards washington as the most vital diplomatic post in the world at this turning point and the potential center of the coalition against hitler the war of nerves in the far east has brought still further evidence of the strategic importance of the united states in the calculations of both the democ racies and the axis powers the japanese govern ment in dispatching saburo kurusu to washington on a special mission to assist ambassador nomura in a final effort to avoid a clash in the pacific was well aware of the shift in the balance of power and when prime minister winston churchill made his blunt declaration on november 10 that if hostilities should break out between japan and the united states britain would declare war within the hour he was equally aware of the strategic position of this government war and peace aims if the united states is to turn the balance of power in this war as in the last however american statesmanship and ameti sume the responsibilities of world power than they were twenty three years ago confronted with hit vou x c 0 7 the cc envoy kurus enced contin unite dence made who the n ther c i ler’s challenge to all free nations president roose velt has accepted the responsibility of proclaiming the war aims of the united states in terms which leave no doubt as to the ultimate objective we are now committed to the destruction of hitler and the nazi régime we have rejected the thought of com promise and appeasement and are pledged to con tinued pressure upon the nazi system until it collapses but it will not be enough to state our war aims without thought of the peace which eventually must follow if our peace aims are to be realized they must offer tangible hope to the masses of people in all countries including the german people and un less our peace aims hold open this hope we face again the tragic possibility that the sacrifice will have been in vain w t stone di before ister ae can public opinion must be better prepared to as signs ist po his ca eral force erate com event prem utmo war two obstri ond japas threa axis eign fort view to cc asia +7 xtending gaulle’s eisen n north tived in 1 to take 1 the ef le gen ans neat h as one ectacular tein this larity ak with tate de han two ranks to eded as on no 1 falling ie it was h africa vhat was ory the pétain’s ns how into the at sooner from the ee which eturn of tion that 1 opt for ates and trous de as mr ed states vichy ré 1 of the f europe ry possi bliged to ch medi france n of the zi puppet lliott nds eriodical enbral univ nay entered as 2nd class matter ur willian bishop de bightess uichigan ulbrary foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 5 november 20 1942 african campaign raises grave political issues he allied invasion of north africa like a well laid fuse has started a whole train of events throughout the world the repercussions of which cannot yet be clearly foreseen not only has it shed a glaring light on political differences among the french and raised innumerable questions concerning france's future relations with its colonial empire with europe and with the united states but it has already affected the progress of war on the soviet german front the outlook of latin american coun tries and the position of spain meanwhile allied jubilation over the african campaign must be tem pered by the realization that until tunisia was reached american troops had not yet come to grips with the germans that spanish morocco and span ish colonies on the west coast of africa not to speak of the french base at dakar are not in allied hands and could still be used by the axis powers and that by its very success in north africa the united states has assumed grave political responsibilities whose fulfillment or nonfulfillment will deeply influence both the course of the war and the shape of the post war world stalin applauds allies the soviet gov ernment which had reserved judgment on the re sults of the british campaign in egypt regarding it as a relatively minor operation which would not serve to relieve nazi pressure on the russian army promptly acknowledged the far reaching character of the allied expedition to french north africa in a personal statement of november 14 to an american newspaperman in moscow the second such state ment since october 1 stalin declared that the al lied campaign opened the prospect of the disin tegration of the italo german coalition in the near est future not only is this the most buoyant state ment made by a leader of the united nations but its optimism carries all the more weight because of the skepticism with which stalin has until now viewed the military collaboration of the western boson stalin moreover described the allies as first rate organizers and said that a certain relief in pres sure on the soviet union will result in the nearest future not forgetting for a moment his demand for another land front in europe he declared that the african campaign is particularly significant be cause it creates the prerequisites for establishment of a second front in europe nearer to germany's vital centers which will be of decisive importance for or ganizing victory over hitlerite tyranny latin america welcomes u.s move that this is also the view of latin american ob servers is indicated by the cordiality with which the countries of the western hemisphere have wel comed the american expedition to africa it was to be expected that the campaign would be favorably received by brazil which has long feared a german attack by air from french west africa in his state ment of november 8 announcing the landing of american forces president roosevelt specifically said that they had struck to forestall an invasion of africa by germany and italy which if successful would constitute a direct threat to america across the comparatively narrow sea from western africa more significant than the relief experienced in brazil is the extent to which mr roosevelt’s tribute to eternal france and his declaration that americans are fighting for the liberation of the french moved the peoples of latin america who have a deep at tachment to france and to french culture these declarations of the president combined with amer ican military successes in africa had a particularly noticeable effect on the two countries hitherto most reluctant to break their ties with the axis argentina and chile whose governments sent messages of congratulation to the united states the friendly treatment accorded by the wash ington administration to italians in this country has also not passed unnoticed in latin america especi ally in argentina with its large italian population on november 14 at a meeting of the mazzini so ciety in new york under secretary of state adolph a berle went further and stated that the nation hood of italy was guaranteed by the atlantic char ter and that the pledge of the united nations does not contemplate a punitive peace the aim is justice not revenge the future of spain while the united states is thus seeking to win the aid of italians both within and outside italy who oppose fascism and fear german domination over their country a far more difficult problem arises with respect to allied efforts to win the support of spain in a message of november 8 addressed to general franco president roosevelt explained the reasons for the american expedition to french north africa assured him that these moves are in no shape manner or form di rected against the government or people of spain or spanish territory metropolitan or overseas and expressed his belief that the spanish people wish to maintain neutrality and to remain outside the war in a statement released on november 13 gen eral franco accepted president roosevelt's assurances and expressed his intention of avoiding anything which might disturb our relations in any of their aspects this statement leaves unanswered the ques tion of what franco would do should hitler per suade or force him into permitting the nazis to use spanish territory against the allies yet this question is of paramount importance since general franco controls not only spain hinterland of britain’s naval base at gibraltar but also spanish morocco a string of colonies on the west coast of africa north and south of dakar and strategic islands in the atlantic and the mediterranean page two a i britain and the united states naturally hope that franco will not deliver a stab in the back at allied forces now poised for a grim showdown with the axis for control of tunisia and libya yet desirable as franco’s neutrality is today for the allies the question arises whether it is in the long run sound policy to strengthen franco's position against those very elements in spain which have most ardently opposed nazism and fascism in the case of frango even more than in that of admiral darlan the al lies are confronted with the extremely delicate is sue whether in order to win the war they should accept the aid of men who in the past have openly collaborated with the nazis and thus extend their protection to native rulers who without such pro tection would face ruin and death at the hands of their anti nazi countrymen the people of spain and france no less than the people of the united states will understand that undesirable compromises may have to be resorted to in the heat of battle in order not only to win the war but to win it as promptly as possible at the same time it is supremely important for the future influ ence of the united states that such compromises as may seem necessary be accompanied by guarantees that once the war is over the peoples of all liberated countries will be free to elect governments of theit choosing as in fact has been promised in the at lantic charter otherwise the conquered peoples of europe may reach the conclusion that an allied vic tory would merely consolidate the power of men like franco who by word and deed have indicated their hostility to the objectives for which the united nations are fighting and in sheer despair abandon the heroic resistance which today makes it possible for the allies to contemplate the liberation of europe vera micheles dean allies gain new supplies in north africa on november 11 1942 after less than four days of fighting the military commanders of the two main french territories in north africa morocco and algeria ordered cessation of french resistance to the american british occupation thus the first phase of the battle for control of the mediterranean came for a survey of military strategy in africa and of the natural resources of the african continent read africa and the world conflict by louis e frechtling 25c vol xvii no 13 foreicn poticy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 to an end the allies are now in posesssion of a series of airfields and ports strategically located along the coast of north africa which will enable them to expel german and italian troops stationed on the african continent the occupation of french moroc co and algeria by an allied expeditionary force which vichy estimated at 140,000 men changed completely the military situation and profoundly modified the economic picture for the allies not only by shortening shipping routes but by making avail able additional raw materials new source of supplies for allies assuming that the allies hold their present gains and succeed in occupying all of tunisia the valuable mineral output of french north africa will be avail able to the united nations outstanding in this pro duction are iron ore and phosphate rock before world war ii algeria alone produced over 3,000 000 1 and afri need briti pass ures 4,00 met dent quat port relic min 4 3 cons alm oliv less and fur seve equ i afs 194 ton ope that at allied with the desirable lies the nn sound ist those ardently franoo the al licate is y should e openly nd their uch pro hands of than the and that sorted to the wat the same ire influ mises as larantees liberated of their 1 the at oples of llied vic of men indicated e united abandon possible f europe dean f a series long the them to 1 on the hn moroc iry force changed ofoundly not only ng avail allies zains and valuable be avail this pro before sr 3,000 cc 000 tons of iron ore yearly tunisia around 1,000,000 and french morocco nearly 300,000 tons north african production of phosphate rock which is badly needed as a fertilizer by the allies especially in the british isles is one of the greatest in the world sur passing even that of the united states pre war fig ures show that these three possessions produce some 4,000,000 tons of phosphate rock a year strategic metals such as lead zinc antimony cobalt molyb denum and mercury are also mined in significant quantities while both morocco and algeria have im portant deposits of manganese which could help to relieve the acute shortage of this steel hardening mineral in britain and the united states to these valuable minerals must be added the considerable production of wheat and other cereals almonds nuts and gums dates citrus fruits figs olives and wine the large herds of sheep from the less fertile highlands furnish great quantities of meat and hides and the atlas forests cork and cedarwood furthermore if axis contacts with dakar should be severed the peanuts and other products of french equatorial africa will also be available to the allies in the past most of the products of french north africa went to france even during the summer of 1942 nearly a hundred ships totaling some 250,000 tons ferried north african goods to marseilles fighting french sources claim that from 75 to 90 per cent of these supplies went on to germany this trafic has now been severed by the new allied drive thus depriving nazi europe of a source of valuable foodstuffs and war materials it is true that by the same stroke france now entirely occupied by the german army except for the harbor of toulon will in the future be deprived of the small portion of african supplies which it was formerly allowed to consume the food situation in france tragic since the armistice of june 1940 will become even worse a political kaleidoscope politically the various territories which make up north africa west of libya form a rather hybrid group morocco before 1912 was an absolute monarchy ruled by an independent native sultan since that date admin istration of morocco has been in the hands of france and spain with france controlling by far the largest part the sultan is still nominal ruler of both french and spanish morocco residing in the french zone usually at rabat the administration of the two znes however is completely separate in french morocco effective authority is exercised by france through a resident general and in spanish morocco by spain through a high commissioner the small page three international zone of tangiers on the atlantic coast just west of the entrance to the straits of gibraltar established by the 1923 tangiers statute disappeared from the political map during the present war when spain in november 1940 took it over by a coup de force suppressing the international administration this action was interpreted at the time as a german inspired move intended to pave the way for fortifica tion of the hitherto demilitarized zone algeria is neither a colony in the usual sense nor an aggregate of french departments some of its more europeanized sections oran algiers and con stantine are politically assimilated to metropolitan france with their own representatives in the french parliament the rest of the country is governed as a colony with political power in the hands of a french governor general tunisia for the control of which allied and axis troops are now fighting was formerly a king dom acknowledging the sovereignty of turkey in 1881 france sent a military expedition to tunisia and established a protectorate over the country the local king or bey was maintained as nominal ruler but administration of the protectorate is controlled by the french government through a resident gen eral in whose hands all power is concentrated italy with almost as many nationals in the protectorate as france has never relished french occupation of tunisia whose northern coast is only about 100 miles from sicily and sardinia since coming to power in 1922 mussolini has agitated for conquest of tunisia but allied occupation of french north africa makes realization of this dream more remote than ever ernest s hediger turkey by barbara ward new york oxford university press 1942 1.00 a little book crammed with illuminating facts interest ingly presented federalism and freedom by sir george young new york oxford university press 1942 2.50 an essentially constitutional approach to the question of european federation and economic integration the author believes the development of each of the great powers into national federations with their federal states forming constituents of the federation of europe to be pre requisite to the successful solution of europe’s problems india without fable by knopf 1942 2.50 a well written popular discussion of the economic po litical and social background of current indian affairs as well as of the development of the nationalist movement the best single account for the general reader who wants to understand india today kate l mitchell new york foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 5 november 20 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leer secretary vera micheres dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three ome month for change of address on membership publications dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year oe produced under union conditions and composed.and printed by union labor washington news letter nov 16 the riddle of who is entitled to speak in the name of france has become more puzzling than ever as the result of the anglo american invasion of french north africa there are now three govern ing groups general charles de gaulle’s fighting french movement with headquarters in london ad miral frangois darlan’s administration in north africa and marshal pétain’s government at vichy all claiming to be the rightful representatives of the french people nothing can be more paradoxical than the appear ance of admiral darlan erstwhile arch collabora tionist as the leader of the french forces in north africa opposing the axis equally strange is the fact that but a few days ago darlan was directing the resistance to the american landing forces it was only on november 11 that the anglophobe admiral called off the fighting on the ground that further resistance was useless u.s army backs darlan yet in making this sudden reversal of policy which certainly is in line with his reputation as an opportunist darlan claims to be acting in the name of marshal pétain his contention is that pétain directed general au guste nogues governor general of morocco to take over command in north africa because the im pression prevailed in vichy that darlan had been deprived of his freedom according to darlan nogues on arriving in africa on november 13 found that the admiral was free to act and restored to him the powers that had been vested in the governor by pétain darlan contends that nogues action was taken with the full approval of the marshal and inti mates that pétain is now under restraint and is not able to function independently as chief of state this claim is flatly contradicted by vichy the vichy radio quoted pétain on november 16 as saying that darlan had been placed outside the national community and deprived of his military command he is also constitutionally still pétain’s successor as chief of state for violating his instructions as the vichy radio is now controlled by the nazis it is pos sible that this broadcast may have been a fake in announcing on november 13 that he was as suming responsibility for french interests in north africa admiral darlan was acting with the explicit approval of general dwight d eisenhower the american commander in that zone it may be taken for granted that the american military authorities are acting in conformity with the policy enunciated on for victory several occasions by the state department to the ef fect that the united states is prepared to cooperate locally with all de facto french governors who ajg prepared to fight the axis meanwhile admirl darlan has appointed general henri giraud wh came to africa on general eisenhower's invitation to organize french armies to take up the fight again as commander of the french forces in north africa this precludes any conflict between darlag and giraud fighting french indignant the fight ing french for their part are furious about darlan’s appointment to a high command on the side of the allies from general de gaulle’s headquarters ip london on november 16 came a statement disclaim ing any responsibility for the negotiations in north africa and stating that any arrangements which would in effect confirm the vichy régime in north africa could not be accepted the fighting french as one of their spokesmen in washington has said could hardly be expected to accept as their leader a man who a short time ago was a high official of a government engaged in persecuting de gaullists meanwhile the authority of pétain appears more shadowy than ever nazi occupation of the hitherto so called free zone has deprived it of what little semblance of sovereignty it possessed some of the marshal’s most eminent former cabinet colleagues including pierre etienne flandin an ex foreign min ister and pierre pucheu and marcel peyrouton both former ministers of the interior are reported to have fled to north africa while from washington camille chautemps who for a week in 1940 was vice premier in pétain’s first cabinet has cabled general giraud offering to serve as a soldier undet him symptomatic of the growing effervescence in france is the revolt led by general lattré de tassigny commander of the montpellier region a few days before the nazi invasion of the unoccupied zone the fate of vichy’s remaining ace in hand the french fleet remains to be decided however sixty two naval units including the two modern 26,000 ton battle cruisers strasbourg and dunquerque att still at anchor at toulon they have not responded to darlan’s call to repair to north africa but on the other hand they have not capitulated to the axis toulon is the one unoccupied town in all france and the fleet with steam up its crews confined on board and watched by nazi bombers constitutes the last weapon in pétain’s hands john elliott buy united states war bonds +ht still of the democ yovern ington jomura ic was sr and ade his stilities united hour of this states in the ameti to as an they th hit roose aiming which we are und the f com to con intil it ar aims ly must d they ople in ind un ve face ill have tone entered as 2nd class matter dr william bishop de e ft 2 e 7 4 re vmaversity of michigan library ann arbor mich 5 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxi no 5 november 21 1941 showdown approaches in the pacific ohhh aersgay the diet in emergency session at tokyo the tojo cabinet has set the stage for the conversations which saburo kurusu its special envoy has opened at washington while mr kurusu has kept the discreet silence of an experi enced diplomat the cabinet leaders in japan have continued to pitch their demands against the united states on a high level there is little evi dence however that these bargaining tactics have made a serious impression on washington officials who maintain a noncommittal attitude regarding the negotiations and stress the unlikelihood of fur ther compromise with japanese aggression diet session opens the opening statements before the diet by premier tojo and foreign min ister togo have been particularly firm showing few signs that japan is prepared to alter the expansion ist policy it has pursued for ten years speaking in his capacity as war minister on november 16 gen etal tojo stressed the efforts of japan’s military forces to crush the chungking régime to accel erate construction of greater east asia and to complete all necessary preparations to meet any eventualities on the following day speaking as premier he declared that japan was exerting the utmost effort to prevent the spread of the european war into east asia but coupled this statement with two demands first that third powers refrain from obstructing a japanese victory in china and sec ond that they nullify the economic blockade of japan and refrain from presenting a direct military threat to the empire the only reference to the axis alliance was made by shigenori togo the for tign minister who stated that the three power pact fortunately established owing to the similarity of views between japan and the axis had contributed to construction of new orders in europe and east asia and to prevention of the spread of the war these statements by the cabinet leaders at tokyo carry on the war of nerves in the pacific that has become even more intense since the new japanese government entered office they are in part at least a reply to prime minister churchill’s statement on november 10 that britain would declare war with in the hour if japanese american hostilities started and to his significant warning that with a large part of the american navy in action against the common foe britain now felt strong enough to provide powerful naval forces and heavy ships with the necessary auxiliary vessels for service if need be in the indian and pacific oceans they are also an answer to the frank speech by secretary knox at providence on armistice day when he declared that the pacific no less than the atlantic calls for in stant readiness for defense in its dealings with japan knox said the united states had been long suffering and patient to a degree almost unmatched in the history of international relations but a time comes when to go further would mean that our lib erality and forbearance would be misunderstood the emergency diet session has provided the tojo cabinet with an excellent sounding board for its statement of the japanese case after passing necessary financial bills the diet meeting is also expected to demonstrate the iron solidarity of the japanese nation for which premier tojo has called instead of the criticism often voiced by previous diets there will probably be smooth passage and unanimous approval of all measures yet the value of this outward unanimity may be questioned under the present cabinet to a much greater extent than previously the japanese diet has been relegated to the status of the german reichstag the fact that general tojo had to take charge of the home min istry with its powerful levers of control over the police system and local government is a strikin indication of the need felt for a strong hand on the home front this necessity is not so much immedi ate and actual as it is potential reflecting the fears of an international crisis that may lie just ahead preparations for showdown as the conversations beg.n in washington both sides are making every effort to strengthen their military naval positions against the threat of a final showdown in the far east the large scale mobilization of addi tional japanese troops that began this summer is being steadily continued with extensive reinforce ments sent to manchuria and to indo china con centrations in indo china have led to reports that a japanese drive on the burma road is imminent presumably designed to coincide with a collapse of the washington negotiations if such a move were directed through yunnan province where it might well be halted by chinese troops operating in ex tremely mountainous terrain its consequences might not prove much more serious than recent japanese campaigns in china and the action would amount to a face saving device for the tojo cabinet if the invasion swung more to the south through burma or even through thailand there is every possibility that a general conflict would speedily develop in the pacific the gravity of the existing situation is indicated by washington’s decision of november 15 to with draw the american marines stationed at peiping tientsin and shanghai up to the present these forces have greatly helped to protect american in germany faces winter with declining morale with its armies still far from ultimate victory in russia nazi germany is entering the third and worst winter of the war signs are multiplying that the german people are becoming discouraged at the prospect of an indefinite continuation of warfare and the privation it entails the victorious conclu sion which in the past has repeatedly seemed to be within their grasp now appears more remote than ever before government propaganda through press and radio has had to remind the people forcefully of the tragic consequences of defeat and to hold out a vision of future abundance as an incentive for perseverance cheerless prospects life in germany this read labor problems by john c dewilde 25 the fifth in a series of foreign poticy reports on the de fense economy of the united states examines the strike situation and the record of the mediation board september 15 issue of foreign policy reports which are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to fpa members 3 page two t terests in japanese occupied china especially with in the international settlement at shanghai they number barely 1,000 officers and men however and would obviously risk becoming hostages if war broke out their withdrawal at this time emphasizes that the service which they might continue to render jp china is not considered worth the risk much mor significant especially as regards the strategic coop dination of anglo american naval forces was churchill’s statement that britain could provide heavy naval vessels for action in the far east these military naval preparations reflect the im passe that has been reached in the pacific the trade embargo as well as the increasing unity of anglo american soviet policy press japan to take action before it is too late since no easy opening has pre sented itself tokyo hopes that the concessions it may offer will be sufficient to permit renewal of trade but does not give up the chance to take ag gressive action if a favorable opportunity arises later on these terms japan would continue to im mobilize the better part of the american navy 4 hawaii a full soviet army in eastern siberia and considerable british and dutch forces in southeast asia merely staving off japanese action now is therefore not enough the forces immobilized in the pacific are desperately needed in the atlantic and in europe and it is this urgency which must somehow be met if a settlement with japan is to emerge from the washington negotiations t a bisson winter will be drab and dreary there will be slightly less food than last year since the 20 per cent cut in the meat allowance made last may will be com tinued and potatoes the great german staple will be rationed for the first time although rations will remain sufficient to prevent serious malnutrition particularly because vitamin pills will be distributed to school children expectant and nursing mothers and workers who perform heavy labor the german diet will be extremely monotonous provision has been made for the distribution of only two cans of preserved vegetables per person for the entire winter season and one pound of fish twice a month in con trast the british people will enjoy more bountiful christmas dinners this year than last prime mir ister churchill could report to parliament on no vember 12 that minimum food imports into britain would now probably be achieved and even slightly surpassed and that the ministry of food had been able to amass stocks of bulky articles of our diet which amount to double what we had if september 1939 in germany the supply of consumers goods which has never been large is still steadily contract ing g tional s winter tobacco der to which before liquors househ being sig govern indicat lackin many tangib warnit ceased tablish and e terest year a excess tive ti sums into while alt use of stress war i tem econo large 20,00 out ing s ties v tailm weak dustr abilit m is ab longe popu ment edge was das josey forei headan entere ott sos ae we t ly with ver and at broke izes that ender ip ch more 21 coof cs was provide 5t the im he trade 3 anglo action has pre ssions it ewal of take ag y arises e to im navy at tia and outheast now is d in the c and in omehow ge from sisson slightly cent cut be con ple will ions will utrition stributed mothers german sion has cans of e winter in con ountiful ne min on no ts into ind even of food ticles of had in goods contract morale deteriorating is above all anxious about public ania the pro longed campaign in russia which has never been ing german civilians have had to shoulder addi ional sacrifices in order to clothe the army for the winter campaign in russia beginning december 1 tobacco cigars and cigarettes will be rationed in or der to insure sufficient supplies for the armed forces which absorb 40 per cent of the output a month before heavier taxes had been imposed on tobacco liquors and champagne such scant supplies of household articles and semi luxuries as remain are being rapidly depleted signs of inflation although the german government is still in a strong position financially indications of inflation have begun to worry officials lacking confidence in the future of the reichsmark many germans have been purchasing anything of tangible value regardless of cost despite repeated warnings this type of inflationary buying has not ceased to discourage spending the reich has es tablished iron savings accounts on which workers and employees may make deposits and receive in terest provided the accounts remain frozen until a yeat after the end of the war dividend payments in excess of 6 per cent have been subjected to prohibi tive taxation and corporations are expected to put sums ordinarily spent for replacements and repairs into post war investment balances which mean while will be at the disposal of the government although germany has made remarkably efficient use of the limited economic resources at its disposal stresses and strains are constantly evident with the war in russia the burden on the transportation sys tem long one of the weakest links in the nazi wa economy has greatly increased the conquest of a large part of the soviet union has added about 20,000 to the 50,000 miles of german railways with out correspondingly increasing the amount of roll ing stock at the end of october german authori ties were compelled to order a further drastic cur tailment in passenger traffic another source of weakness is the rapid depreciation of german in dustrial equipment owing to constant use and in ability to make essential repairs and replacements the g government popular has added to the widespread discourage ment recently the authorities have frankly acknowl edged that popular confidence in ultimate victory was beginning to wane in an article published in das reich early in november propaganda minister joseph goebbels reiterated that germany could and page three f.p.a radio schedule subject war or peace in the pacific speaker t a bisson date sunday november 23 time 12 12 15 p.m e.s.t over nbc for station please consult your local newspaper would win but only with the gigantic application of the national energies of the entire people as the reward of success he held out the prospect of raw materials freedom nourishment lebensraum the basis for social reform of our state and the op portunity of full development for the axis powers but it is significant that goebbels dwelt much more extensively on the dire fate which defeat would have in store for the german people the complete ex tinction of their national existence this fear of de feat is unquestionably the strongest cohesive force today in germany it can hardly be combated by promising the germans a fair and equitable peace for the nazi government reminds them constantly of the 14 points with which president wilson en snared germany in the last war in the end ger man morale can be broken only by convincing the german people that they cannot win as long as some hope of victory remains germany will stand firm john c pewilde annual meeting date changed the annual meeting of the foreign policy asso ciation has been advanced to monday december 8 at 12 15 p.m at the hotel astor to correspond with the new date of the december luncheon which will take place at 12 45 the same day proxies for the board of directors ballot printed in last week’s bulletin must be returned to national headquarters not later than friday december 5 berlin embassy by william russell dutton company 1941 2.50 a chatty informative account of everyday life in war time berlin written by an immigration clerk in our em bassy who was a keen observer new york e p the dragon stirs by henry f misselwitz new york harbinger house 1941 3.00 a former n w york times correspondent reviews the concluding ph ses of china’s nationalist revolution as seen at first hand in 1927 29 bigland new york macmillan into china by eileen 1940 3.00 personal adventures and misadventures on a trip into china along the burma road told with vigor wit and charm foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 1921 theo 181 raed 5 november 21 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy frank ross mccoy at the post office at new york n y produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor national editor association president dorothy f lggr secretary under the act of march 3 1879 incorporated vera micheles dean three dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter ai ea washington bureau national press buliding nov 17 the military and political consequences of revision of the neutrality act are plainly evident in washington this week as administration leaders prepare to meet the challenge of intensified naval warfare in the atlantic and the test of a major diplomatic showdown with japan involving the issue of war and peace in the pacific the immediate strategic consequences will be no less decisive be cause of the narrow margin of the administration’s victory which was recorded in the historic vote of 212 to 194 by which the house adopted the senate amendments of november 13 for whatever the explanation for the closeness of the final division and there can be no doubt that the vote was influ enced in part by dissatisfaction with the adminis tration’s handling of the domestic labor issue the fact remains that a clear majority of both houses have now rejected the philosophy of passive defense in favor of the president’s bold policy of action strategic consequences the first results are seen in the plans formulated by the navy to im plement the action of congress even before presi dent roosevelt signed the joint resolution on no vember 17 the navy had completed preparations for the arming of american ships at the rate of about 100 ships a month in a statement issued a few hours after the action of congress secretary knox made it clear that the navy had also worked out detailed plans for the coordination of american and british naval operations on the high seas so as to assure more effective delivery of war supplies colonel knox declared that both the ships and the men will be available to deliver defense aid ma terials wherever needed thus for the first time since the beginning of the war american vessels will be able to call at halifax the chief british supply port in canada to proceed directly to ports in the british isles and to pass through the former combat areas to the russian port of archangel on the white sea presumably ameri can crews will be available for british as well as american ships plying the ocean routes but the results of last week’s action will have an even greater effect on allied shipping policy and the projection of a joint american british naval strategy in both the atlantic and the pacific the basis for such a joint strategy has already been established in the working arrangements between the american navy and the british admiralty since president roosevelt's shoot on sight order of september j american warships have been engaged in cog duty in the atlantic up to the present time he ever units of the american fleet have patrolf north atlantic waters only as far as iceland whe they establish contact with british warships whic take the convoys the rest of the way to british ports while this system has enabled the british to cop centrate their naval strength in the area of greates danger it has not proved entirely effective the ney y american base in iceland is well north of the shor est shipping routes to britain and in winter weathe it is difficult for the convoy vessels to make conta without dangerous delays no plan for joint naval command can be cop sidered as long as the united states is not an active belligerent in the near future however it seem probable that the british and american fleets will be employed in accordance with a grand strateg worked out in consultation between the two coun tries such a strategy would necessarily embrace both the atlantic and the pacific in the atlantic ameri can destroyers and other light surface vessels might be assigned to support the british navy in protect ing the western approaches to the united kingdom and the northern route to russia units of the american navy might also be assigned to service in the south atlantic wi with this extension of american naval forces in weys the atlantic britain might be able to release a com siderable number of vessels for duty in the pacific in fact prime minister churchill’s recent statement jin b that the british are in a position to transfer not only battleships but also auxiliary vessels to the far east suggests that some such move may actually be undei way whether or not this is so it is an established a fact that the united states and great britain have 1 between them over 30 capital ships as comparfel with 10 for japan and not more than eight or nie ase for the axis powers the united states navy has on kept secret the present disposition of its forces be 4 tween the two oceans but it is also a known fatt yy that the american battle fleet is still based in the 4 pacific and that the land naval and air defenses of the philippines have been greatly strengthened dur ing the past year thus even a relatively small british fleet based on singapore would fortify the position of the western powers and alter profoundly the naval balance in the entire pacific area navi these are the potential consequences of last week's 4 historic decision william t stone sh he ma vichy yasion betwee the sun a confe versary are all pattern order play ai of bri contin +ide of the uarters in disclaim in north nts which in north ig french has said r leader a ficial of a ullists ears mote e hitherto what little me of the olla reign min uton both ed to have ashington 1940 was ras cabled dier under escence if tassigny few days d zone hand the ver sixty rn 26,000 erque ate responded yut on the the axis rance and on board s the last elliott nds mm prrivuila kuy enekal library umlyy of nov 27 942 entered as 2nd class matter veneral library foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association ncorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vor xxii no 6 november 27 1942 allied position in far east improved by african campaign that the progress of american forces in north africa might be accompanied by defeat in the solomons have proved unwarranted japan must be expected to return to battle but weaker for the loss of one battleship a heavy cruiser or second battleship 8 cruisers 6 destroyers 8 troop transports 4 cargo vessels and from 20 to 40 thousand men in the great naval struggle of november 13 15 with units of the american fleet following these blows to the enemy and early reports of effective land ac tion by our troops on guadalcanal secretary of navy knox declared on november 20 i think it is fair to say that our hold on the island is very secure tables turned in new guinea at the same time australian and recently arrived american ground forces in new guinea are pressing the foe close to his northern coastal base at buna which was the starting point of last summer’s japanese drive through the owen stanley mountains toward port moresby with the battle approaching its climax general macarthur is leading the allied troops in the field in an effort to drive the enemy into the sea on the night of november 19 allied bombers sank a light cruiser and destroyer near gona and three days later another destroyer on november 24 the capture of gona from the japanese was announced these developments lay the ground for consolida tion in the southern solomons and further offensive action among the important japanese bases in the general region are salamaua and lae up the new guinea coast from buna buin on bougainville island in the northern solomons and most signifi cant rabaul on new britain but to move against any of them will not be easy in addition it has been apparent for some time from the regularity of allied air raids that the japanese have been building uy strong positions on the island of timor hundred is of miles west of new guinea and 300 miles from the nearest point on the northwest australian coast this activity constitutes not only a threat to australia and port moresby on southern new guinea but also an effort to protect japan’s military position in the conquered indonesian archipelago which front comes first our successes have for the moment reduced rumors and criticisms relating to the united nations position in the pacific but when new difficulties arise as they inevitably will further protests against placing major empha sis on war in the west may be expected according to these objections which often seem a wartime version of pre war isolationism the japanese are far more dangerous to the united states than the nazis and must therefore be dealt with at once as the chief enemy so that they will have no time to consolidate their gains otherwise japan may take many years to defeat or it is sometimes asserted may win in asia despite a united nations victory in europe it is certainly dangerous to ignore the menace of japan or to believe that destruction of the nazis will automatically end the war in the far east in fact it is necessary for the united nations right now to redouble their efforts to mitigate china’s supply difficulties to take steps toward the settlement of the political problems presented by india and to prepare for the earliest possible counteroffensive in burma so that the burma road may be reopened yet it is also true that the heart of the axis indus trially and psychologically lies in europe and that three of the four major allies can at present deliver their most powerful blows in the west japan on the other hand is separated from us by appallingly long supply lines and any victory over it would be hollow indeed if a major concentration on our prob lems in asia should enable hitler in the meantime to win or at least effectively consolidate his posi v m dear new isolat hampers global war effort foreign vember 6 1 te eee eee tion victories in europe however can be of the greatest value in improving our position in the far east this is clearly indicated by possible far eastern repercussions of the campaign in north africa if the united nations are able once more to send metr chant ships through the mediterranean avoiding the long detour into the south atlantic and around the cape of good hope increased quantities of sup plies will flow to india and other eastern areas at the same time the threat of a german japanese pin cers move against the middle east and india about which so many fears were expressed last summer is vanishing into thin air the danger to india re mains but if the attack comes it will be from only one direction in addition the disintegration of the vichy régime appears to have had beneficial effects among the french in japanese controlled indo china the tokyo radio has remarked on the general at mosphere of tension caused by the american inva sion of north africa and berlin has reported ar rests of de gaullists in the former french colony at a later date when our far eastern land offensive begins the fact that frenchmen are fighting on our side in the west may have important repercussions in this area china applauds african move the psychological effects of the african campaign are by page two a no means negligible on november 6 when action was as yet confined to egypt general ho ying chin china’s war minister telegraphed his congratula tions to the british middle eastern commander ip chief and declared that the victory in egypt would prove the turning point in the strategy of the united nations on november 9 after news of the ameri can landings had been received the chinese press jubilantly hailed the move the leading newspaper ta kung pao expressed the opinion that as a re sult more favorable conditions were developing for the invasion of burma to appreciate these reactions fully it must be te membered that ever since pearl harbor the chinese have felt cruelly disappointed over setbacks suffered by the united nations they have longed for some major anglo american move in conjunction with russian resistance which would indicate that dur ing the many years of their single handed struggle it was not a mistake to think the acquisition of allies would foreshadow the defeat of japan therefore the fact that north africa is thousands of miles from the far eastern front is less important to them than the knowledge that their partners are at last on the offensive they realize that although the path is hard successful drives against tokyo’s european accomplices will be followed by decisive blows at japan lawrence k rosinger bitter struggle ahead in north africa as the allied offensive in french north africa moved into its third week it became clear that the decisive fighting still lay ahead apparently one al lied force had already moved across tunisia to sousse cutting off bizerte and tunis in the north while another column had struck south in the direc tion of tripoli but on november 23 there was no indication that these were decisive moves or that the british 1st army with its american and french contingent had yet made a major attack on the bizerte tunis area where according to the axis radio rommel had taken over command of strong axis forces with allied commanders wisely refusing to divulge their plans by exact announcements of preliminary operations the real military situation in o i f.pa christmas gift suggestions gifts to be read re read and shared as a living record of the world in which we live regular membership ccccccccccscrnsesenenne 5 associate membership ccccccccucnscessenseesees 3 special subscription to headline books 10 issues 2 an attractive christmas card will announce each gift tunisia remained obscure all signs pointed how ever to a longer and harder fight than had been expected the picture in libya was somewhat clearer at last reports the afrika korps had reached el agheila after a three day rear guard battle with advance units of the british 8th army at agedabia it seemed quite certain that the nazis would take advantage of the natural defenses of el agheila before falling back to the even stronger defensive position of tripoli in any case it can be expected that the afrika corps will put up a determined resistance before the battle for tripoli is won by the allies their supply lines have continued to grow shorter while british lines have become so extended that the 8th army is de pending on transport planes for many of its supplies at the same time the fighting french forces re portedly on their way across the sahara from lake chad can hardly play a decisive role in view of the light equipment they must necessarily use in the last analysis a speedy decision in both tripolitania and tunisia will depend more than anything else on the air strength each side can bring to bear especially in the triangle between sicily sardinia and tunisia by using his strategic reserves hitler may be able to concentrate as many as a thousand planes in this area which means that allied air forces even with on action ing chin ngratula ander ip t would e united e amer sse press wspaper as a fe ping for st be re chinese suffered for some on with hat dur struggle of allies herefore of miles to them e at last the path juropean e blows inger d how ad been r at last agheila nce units ied quite e of the ing back ipoli in orps will attle for aly lines ish lines ry is de supplies rces re om lake w of the in the politania z else on specially tunisia e able to in this ven with the use of malta and the newly won bases in north africa may be pressed to the utmost to maintain the air supremacy necessary for quick victory axis counter move expected if hitler intends however to make an all out effort to main tain a position in north africa and not to use axis forces in tunisia and tripolitania merely for a hold ing action it seems clear that he will have to bring about a major diversion of allied strength a giant pincers through turkey in the east and spain in the west would if successful close around the allied pincers now threatening the axis in the middle medi terranean it is extremely doubtful however if hit ler has the strength for such a move at present in the east a russian counteroffensive one wing of which by november 23 had swept westward far be yond the don river has cut the two railways which were supplying the nazi army in stalingrad and now threatens the axis position not only in that city but also in the caucasus a blow through turkey to the middle east at such a time is probably out of the question much more likely is a nazi advance through spain aimed at closing the western gate way of the mediterranean to the allies even if franco decides to oppose such a move and he was reported on november 20 to have said he would accept aid from the other side if either axis or allies attacked it could almost certainly be made at less cost and with the prospect of more rapid and decisive strategic results than any major action at the eastern end of the mediterranean protests about darlan answered while precautions are undoubtedly being taken to counter either or both of these moves the present job of the allies in north africa is to clear axis forces from the whole southern coast of the mediterranean the decision of general eisenhower and his ameri can british staff to use darlan was undoubtedly made in the belief that the rapid conquest of tunisia was essential for fruition of allied plans and that serious french resistance from the rear was likely unless ad miral darlan as well as general giraud could be persuaded to join forces with the allies possibly it was made also with the knowledge that darlan would bring all of french west africa with the in valuable base at dakar over to the allied side al though this decision involved political dangers which were the'cause of such loud protests in britain that press censorship has prevented american correspond ents from reporting their full strength president roosevelt's assurance on november 17 that arrange eee page three ments with darlan are temporary should dispel any fears that the price paid for the french admiral’s sup port will prove too high it should also be a guarantee that the presence in north africa of pierre etienne flandin and pierre pucheu french rightists and nazi sympathizers does not herald the setting up of a pro fascist french government there at the same time the fear that anglo american intervention in spain would bolster fascism in that country is probably unwarranted this fear is based on the assumption that franco is in a position should he so wish to resist the nazis if they invade spain with most of the leaders of his army under nazi influence and serrano sifier on the new national council of the falange party anything more than token resistance to an axis attack seems improbable even if franco should now believe in ultimate allied victory it is possible of course that franco might permit allied resistance to the nazis on spanish soil but whole hearted support for the allies in spain in the event that they are forced to counter an axis move there is much more likely to come from the spanish people than the franco government howaarbd p whidden jr the united states and the far east certain funda mentals of policy by stanley k hornbeck boston world peace foundation 1942 1.00 a very brief purely formal recapitulation of american far eastern policy up to pearl harbor written by a state department official price control the war against inflation by erik t h kjellstrom g a gluck per jacobsson and ivan wright new brunswick n j rutgers university press 1942 2.50 a study of sweden’s experience with price control since 1939 with parallel survey f the british canadian and swiss systems geopolitics the struggle for space and power by robert strausz hupé new york putnam 1942 2.75 a somewhat long winded recapitulation of the conclu sions of the pseudo science used by the nazis to justify their territorial exparsion people under hitler by wallace deuel new york har court brace 1942 3.50 this report on the german home front by a former berlin correspondent of the chicago daily news combines careful observation of the facts and the people with a clear vision of the ruthless war aims of nazi leaders it should greatly help americans to understand nazi germany and its leaders what does gandhi want by t a raman new york oxford university press 1942 1.25 an indian journalist discusses gandhi’s pacifist views through extensive quotations from the nationalist leader’s writings and public statements foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 6 november 27 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y second class matter december 2 one month for change of address on membership publications 1942 published weekly frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lest secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 by the foreign policy association incorporated national three dollars a year please allow at leasr f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year e181 roduced under union conditions and composed and printed by union produced und dit a a washington news letter nov 24 the anglo american invasion of french north africa has focused world attention on spain german troops are reported to be massing along spain’s northern frontier while to the south across the mediterranean spanish morocco is sur rounded by the forces of the united nations spain is thus in a veritable nutcracker and with hitler ob viously planning some counterstroke against the al lies its jealously guarded neutrality is now more jeopardized than at any previous time in this war general francisco franco answered the threat to spain’s neutrality on november 18 by ordering par tial mobilization this action it was stated was a measure of prudence intended to insure our keep ing away from the conflict and to strengthen our de fense our integrity and sovereignty and at the same time to preserve peace in our territories at the same time franco is reported to have informed both the axis and the allies that spain would immedi ately accept aid from the other side if any of its sea and air bases were seized this message came on the heels of a dispatch from ankara stating that the spanish dictator had refused to grant such bases to germany hitler in any case is apparently displeased with franco as indicated by the failure of the nazi foreign minister joachim von ribbentrop to wel come the new spanish ambassador on his arrival in berlin franco pledges neutrality renewed assurances of spain’s intention to maintain absolute neutrality in the war were given by juan francisco de cardenas spanish ambassador in washington to under secretary of state sumner welles on novem ber 19 according to secretary of state hull these assurances were proffered voluntarily by the spanish government and were not in response to an inquiry by the united states they reinforced the pledge of neutrality that general franco had given president roosevelt on november 14 __ in informed quarters in washington franco’s protestations of neutrality are regarded as sincere the spanish leader's sympathies for the axis are notorious but it is pointed out here that if his pro axis leanings did not induce him to launch half starved spain into war in the autumn of 1940 when hitler seemed a certain victor franco is hardly likely to do so now when the fuehret’s prospects are relatively bleak laval rules vichy meanwhile on the other vom vegartory side of the mediterranean in metropolitan france marshal pétain virtually abdicated on november 1g by empowering pierre laval to promulgate laws ang decrees under his own name at the same time the marshal reinstated laval as his constitutional sue cessor in place of darlan pétain’s transference of powers to laval was interpreted here as meaning that this pro nazi politician was now planning to take what was left of the vichy régime lock stock and barrel into the axis camp it was considered likely that a declaration of war by laval on the allies might be preceded by a peace treaty by which germany would promise to leave france territorially intact save for the cessation of alsace and lorraine as a result of laval’s advent to power vichy no longer controls any part of the french empire on november 23 admiral francois darlan broadcast over the algiers radio that governor general pierre boisson had placed himself and the whole of french west africa including the strategic port of dakar under darlan’s orders the same day secretary state cordell hull announced in washington that a political and economic accord had been reached with admiral george robert french high commissioner concerning disposition of the french west indies which include martinique guadeloupe and french guiana an accord so satisfactory that no u ite states occupation of these colonies was necessary mr hull made it clear that the agreement was reached with admiral robert as the ultimate french authority in the caribbean and entirely independent of vichy this accord marks the successful conclusion of tedious negotiations begun last may by admiral john hoover and samuel reber of the state de partment and although full details of the agreement have not been published it is understood to provide among other things for the immobilization of the french warships stationed there and for american supervision of communications to and from the islands the entrance of french west africa into the allied fold places the strategic base of dakar at the disposal of the united nations removes the threat that this base might have been used by the germans and turns over to the allies a number of french submarines and other naval units in the harbor of dakar these developments mean that the french empire except for indo china is now con trolled either by the united nations or by frenchmen cooperating with them john elliott buy united states war bonds it +e contac be con an active it seems ts will be strategy wo coun race both ameti els might 1 protect kingdom s of the service in forces in se a con e pacific statement not only far east be under tablished ain have ompared t or nine navy has orces be own fact d in the fenses of ned dut il british position ndly the st week's stone an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association entered as 2nd class matter ve foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxi no 6 november 28 1941 vichy collaboration precipitates uls action he retirement on november 20 of general maxime weygand delegate general of the vichy government for french africa the british in vasion of libya rumors of all out collaboration between vichy and berlin in the mediterranean and the summoning of some of the occupied countries to aconference in berlin on november 25 fifth anni versary of the signing of the anti comintern pact are all threads which weave into two patterns the pattern of germany's efforts to consolidate its new order in europe before the united states begins to play an active part in the conflict and the pattern of britain’s efforts to break the deadlock on the continent by defeating the axis powers in africa will france help germany general weygand’s departure is explained by his reluctance to accept the rdle of collaborator with the germans in africa which had apparently been demanded of him by those elements in vichy who are pressing for rapprochement between france and germany it is reported that as the price of this rapproche ment france would be expected to grant germany the use of its navy and of its ports in north africa notably bizerta in addition french troops would be charged with passive defense of france’s atlantic coast against the british thus presumably relieving german garrisons for service on the eastern front where the germans resumed their offensive against moscow on november 23 and on november 22 claimed the capture of rostov in return the nazis announced that they had reduced the cost levied against france for the maintenance of german toops of occupation from 400,000,000 to 300,000 000 francs a month retroactive to may 10 and it has been intimated in paris that compliance with nazi demands would bring the release of a million and a half french war prisoners should vice premier darlan a bitter enemy of britain induce marshal pétain to accept hitler’s terms on november 26 when pétain is to meet marshal goering in paris the balance of power in the mediterranean might suddenly shift against britain when the british on november 19 launched their invasion of libya they appeared for the first time during the african campaign to have superiority over the axis powers in tanks and air planes many of them american built and enjoyed the advantage of being able to supply their troops from ships which seemed to have undisputed com mand of most of the mediterranean if the germans now obtain the use of french ships and crews as well as bases in french north african ports they might be able to break out of europe where they have achieved superiority on land onto the high seas where they have hitherto found it difficult to challenge british naval power it is primarily with this aim in view that the germans had been steadily pressing vichy for one concession after another in french north africa and had been sending increas ing numbers of german tourists to that region while general weygand had not been expected to defy marshal pétain it had been hoped in lon don and washington that he would take a firm stand against permitting use of french territory in africa by the germans in their struggle against britain some sources claim that the nazis had demanded weygand’s ouster on the ground that in case of british victory in libya he might oppose retreat by axis troops into french tunisia although the gen eral’s withdrawal is still shrouded in secrecy it ap pears to have been connected with the inspection of france's african empire from which general huntziger french war minister was returning when he was killed in an airplane accident on no vember 12 general huntziger it is reported was bringing back a survey unfavorable in some respects to the policy of collaboration with germany im hsteeneentiianee mediately following the retirement of weygand the vichy colonial secretary rear admiral rené platon who like darlan is regarded as a col laborationist suddenly left for a visit of inspection to the strategic port of dakar in french west africa meanwhile the command of the armed forces in french africa previously held by weygand has been divided between general alphonse juin re leased from a german prison camp earlier this year who becomes commander in chief in north africa and general jean barrau who assumes a similar post in west africa the united states and vichy general weygand’s removal brought relations between the united states and marshal pétain to a critical point it is by no means certain that the united states will want to break off relations with vichy which aside from other considerations represents a useful listening post but some sentiment has been un officially expressed in washington in favor of rec ognizing general de gaulle’s free french move ment already on november 11 president roosevelt had authorized lend lease aid to the free french forces in africa and syria and on november 24 the economic defense board announced that it had revoked all export licenses for french north africa together with all permits for exportation of petroleum products to spain and tangier that vichy’s policy is not a matter of indifference to the united states was indicated on november 4 when it was announced that certain decrees of the pétain government providing the death penalty for com munistic and anarchistic activity dating back as far as ten years and forbidding listening to british or other anti national radio broadcasts would be applied to the french overseas possessions of guade loupe french guiana st pierre and miquelon the first time that the new order of europe has been directly projected into the western hemi sphere fear of nazi inspired action by the vichy government on this side of the atlantic was appar ently the principal reason for washington's decision announced on november 24 to send united states page two of the anti comintern pact was still engaged in ne troops to surinam or dutch guiana whig borders on french and british guiana as well as q brazil this decision was taken under an agreemen reached with brazil and with the netherlands gov ernment in london meanwhile the british invasion of libya whic had apparently caught the axis by surprise and q november 25 had brought the british more thay half way to tobruk is bound to have an influeng on european developments out of all proportion ty its actual importance from berlin it was announced that finland bulgaria croatia rumania slovakis and the japanese sponsored nanking government would sign the anti comintern pact on novembe 25 thus joining the six previous signatories ger many italy japan manchukuo spain and hun gary on the eve of this meeting the germans had put increasing pressure on france and turkey whic were urged to join the new order and thus sig nalize their resistance to world bolshevism represented according to the nazis by russia britain and the united states while france's de cision still hung in the balance turkey apparently impressed by russia's resistance and by british mili tary preparations in the near and middle east and in africa seemed to have rejected nazi demands for coordination of its policy with that of ger many and japan one of the original co signatories gotiations with the united states regarding a pos sible basis of agreement in the pacific the british campaign in africa will not decide the war it may not even relieve the russians hard pressed around moscow except that the germans may have to shift a part of their air force from the eastern front to africa but what the british apparently hope to accomplish by their african campaign is to achieve mastery of the mediterranean to forestall a stab in the back by german forces using french north africa as a base to rally turkey to their side and ultimately to establish in africa a base from which they might attempt an invasion of the european con tinent through italy or the balkans vera micheles dean brazil argentine treaty strengthens hemisphere defense the successful conclusion of argentine brazilian trade talks on november 21 marked an important milestone on the road toward economic and political integration of the western hemisphere the new treaty officially negotiated for the purpose of estab lishing in progressive form a customs union between argentina and brazil stipulates that each of the two signatories will grant duty free entry to goods produced by new industries in the other coun try over a period of ten years both governments moreover promise not to institute new duties on argentine and brazilian goods now produced on 3 small scale and even agree to accord such goods especially favorable treatment which will not be granted to other competitors the two countries also undertake gradually to reduce or eliminate duties on each other’s major non competitive goods so long as such reductions or removals will not harm exist ing production of these goods in either country this treaty is the most far reaching of a series of similar pacts which include the river plate regional agreements among argentina brazil uruguay bo livia an and tk agreem tion by countri regiona convent of regi argent ties to be wor in acce brazil each govern their f each o are in comme courag cent u ernme nation by arg ecc the it her 21 and a by the place extenc amer war prom ica by marke its los state eign argen for a policy b re whig ell a op steement ads ov 1 which and op re than nfluenc tion to nounced slovakia ernment ovember s ger id hun ans had y which hus sig vism russia ice’s de parently ish mili east and jemands of get rnatories d in ne y a pos british tt may around have to rn front hope to achieve stab in north de and n which ean con oean se ed on a 2 goods not be ries also uties on so long m exist ntry eries of regional lay bo via and paraguay concluded on february 6 1941 and the argentine brazilian trade and credits agreements of april 9 1941 a formal recommenda tion by the river plate conference urged the five countries to study the possibility of organizing a regional customs union although several notable conventions and resolutions aimed at the promotion of regional trade the conference also resolved on argentina’s insistence that any specific trade trea ties to expedite commerce across frontiers should be worked out by individual two party conversations in accordance with this provision argentina and brazil on april 9 agreed to facilitate the entry of each other's leading export products while both governments contracted to open special credits in their respective central banks for the purchase of each other’s surplus goods all of these agreements are in full accord with the purpose of united states commercial policy at the present time which en courages the regional interchange of goods the re cent united states trade pact with the argentine gov emment for example exempts from most favored nation treatment concessions which may be granted by argentina to other river plate countries economic and political objectives the immediate economic objective of the novem ber 21 and april 9 treaties was to expand brazilian and argentine exports which have been curtailed by the european war both countries now hope to place their foreign commerce on a sounder basis by extending trade between themselves that is in latin american markets which remain open despite the war in the long run the new treaty is expected to promote the industrial development of south amer ica by creating a large unified brazilian argentine market for manufactured products of both nations its long range political significance was indicated in statements by both the argentine and brazilian for eign ministers dr don enrique ruiz guifiaza of argentina said that the agreement would be the for a discussion of the u.s argentine pact of october 14 see foreign policy bulletin october 24 1941 page three read africa and the world conflict by louis e frechtling 25 a survey of africa’s strategic importance in the world struggle this is the october 15 issue of foreign policy reports which are published on the 1st and 15th of each f.p.a radio schedule subject african war speeds defense of americas speaker a randle elliott date sunday november 30 time 12 12 15 p.m e.s.t over nbc for station please consult your local newspaper foundation of closer friendship and unalterable union between brazil and the argentine brazilian foreign minister oswaldo aranha who officially visited chile just before and uruguay just after con cluding the agreement with argentina stated that the trade treaty was intended to suppress frontiers and bring nations closer together dr aranha’s intense activity in argentina where he visited the ecuadorean and peruvian ambassa dors in an effort to hasten a settlement of the peruvian ecuadorean border conflict as well as in chile and uruguay led to the belief that he was trying to promote an all american front for western hemisphere defense most of the latin american governments have already come out actively in sup port of continental solidarity for defense but up to now argentina’s policy of strict neutrality has kept it aloof from these efforts brazil one of the leading exponents of inter american solidarity is on excellent terms with all of argentina’s immediate neighbors chile bolivia paraguay and uruguay and enjoys sufficient prestige to take the initiative in any new move for the promotion of pan american security its association with united states defense plans was graphically illustrated when american troops moved into surinam on november 24 at that time brazil officially indicated its cooperation by maintaining military vigilance on the brazilian guiana border referring to the agreement reached between brazil the united states and the nether lands dr aranha stated that the mc.e into surinam was essential to safeguard the colony’s vitally impor tant supplies of bauxite source of aluminum and that argentina brazil chile and uruguay are now in complete accord on matters pertaining to hemisphere defense a randle elliott annual meeting the date of the foreign policy association annual meeting is now definitely set for saturday decem ber 13 in order to present a distinguished visitor from abroad we have announced several other dates in accordance with changes in his plans his visit has been postponed and we therefore return to the date month subscription 5 a year to fpa members 3 c originally announced december 13 foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 6 november 28 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th streer new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leer secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 burs 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor three dollars a year f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter ettbesn washington bureau national press bullding nov 24 reports of an impending global settlement between mexico and the united states which have been current since early september were at last corroborated on november 19 with the sign ing in washington of a series of important agree ments by the two governments the united states treasury undertakes to provide mexico with 40 000,000 for the stabilization of the peso presum ably at the rate of 4.85 to the dollar and to pur chase 6,000,000 ounces of mexican silver monthly at 35 cents per ounce to finance mexico’s road building program the export import bank will ex tend credits of 30,000,000 in three equal instal ments mexico for its part will make a second 3,000,000 payment on agrarian and general claims owed united states citizens and will continue payments at a yearly rate of 2,500,000 until a total of 40,000,000 has been paid over finally an under standing has been reached in principle for the nego tiation of a reciprocal trade pact the oil issue the agreement of november 19 does not unfortunately provide a definitive solution of the troubled oil question which has plagued mexican u.s relations since the expropriation by the mexican government of united states and british owned petroleum properties in march 1938 a new method of approach to this problem is how ever outlined in an exchange of notes between sec retary of state hull and mexican ambassador cas tillo najera the mexican government will make an immediate deposit of 9,000,000 as part payment to the expropriated companies each government will then choose an expert appraiser these working to gether will attempt to establish the nature and size of further payments should the experts be unable to agree direct diplomatic negotiations will be re sumed nothing in the agreement is to be interpreted as setting a precedent this latter clause is pre sumably intended as a reply in advance to those who argue that other latin american countries will be encouraged to expropriate united states property in a statement issued shortly after the signing of the agreement secretary hull pointed out that the american interests involved will retain full liberty of action in determining the course they will pursue before during and after valuation proceedings as had been generally foreseen oil company execu tives flatly rejected the arrangement pointing out that they had twice previously refused a settlement along similar lines or october 8 and november 13 oil men argue that the understanding tends validate the original confiscation that it impli payment over a period of years by a government hopelessly in default and that it is vague and am biguous obviously a great deal hinges on the iden tity of the individual chosen as united states expert and on whether or not consideration during a praisal is given to so called sub soil rights and to the exploration and development expenses in curred by the companies the united states government would very na turally have preferred an understanding with mex ico in which the oil firms could have concurred that washington chose at this time to circumvent the oil issue in favor of a broad general agreement reflects the present emphasis on close continental solidarity except for the road building credit part of which is to be used for completion of the pan american highway nothing in the november 19 settlement directly involves defense issues the agreement does however set the stage both econom ically and psychologically for a further inter gearing of u.s and mexican defense preparations the mexican government receives certain very tangible advantages from the present agreement and stands to gain even more if a reciprocal trade treaty with the united states is successfully nego tiated observers are skeptical however that the settlement of november 19 will be immediately followed by the vast influx of north american capi tal which has been steadily predicted ever since the accession of manuel avila camacho to the mexican presidency a year ago two factors must be kept in mind in this connection the existence of a priority system in the united states with the resulting dif ficulty of transferring machinery and equipment and the attitude of north american businessmen on the whole business interests have been heartened by a gradual swing to the right in mexican politics dramatically symbolized early in october by the ele vation to cabinet rank of the president’s conserva tive minded brother general maximino avila camacho the settlement of november 19 repre sents essentially however a victory for that wing of the mexican government which stands closest to former president cardenas it was this element which in the persons of ambassador castillo najera and finance minister sudrez carried the recent negotiations through to a successful conclusion john i b mccuulloch vou xx als esp in for a fé moves critical rapid n indo ct preparit gotiatio renewe novem the ax parleys were pi tary sti might arn last cru to end crisis a new war we carious toky for a by pret ing len on no ment 1 geance atic aff with j said dence minist was t tries fa actual +itorially orraine tichy no ire on roadcast il pierre french dakar etary of nm that a 1ed with issioner t indies 1 french united ecessary ent was e french ependent ynclusion admiral tate de preement provide n of the american rom the rica into yf dakar 1oves the d by the umber of s in the that the now con enchmen lliott nds ss ical roo al 1 1rrary gen entered as 2nd class matter veneral library un dec a 19m sversity of michizan aan arbor nichizan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 7 december 4 1942 allied successes hold out hope to beleaguered europe he rapid unfolding of events precipitated by british and american successes in north africa and by the offensive simultaneously launched in russia has profoundly altered not only the strategic picture of the war but even more important its psychological atmosphere as well for three grueling years the climax to two decades of frustration and depression the smell of death was in the air the seeming death of a civilization today as we enter the fourth year of the second world war the smell in the air is paradoxically that of a new springtime bringing hope however slight as yet that among the dead leaves of the past may be stirring the roots of fresher and sturdier growth churchill looks to post war this note of confidence in the future dominated mr churchill’s broadcast of november 29 when for the first time the british prime minister who has hith erto insisted that the primary task was the winning of the war expressed the hope that we shall be able to make better solutions more far reaching more lasting solutions of the problems in europe at the end of this war than was possible a quarter of a century ago the expectation that effective action for post war reconstruction might become practicable in the not too distant future was reflected also in president roosevelt's announcement on november 21 that governor lehman of new york who sub sequently retired from office on december 3 had been appointed director of foreign relief and rehabilitation even the struggles for the right to represent conquered peoples such as have broken out among the french over admiral darlan and among the austrians over archduke otto of hapsburg indicate the growing belief that the time of recon quest and consequent political readjustment is now in sight this sudden change in atmosphere heartening as it is to the united nations so long inured to a cli mate of defeats should not obscure the fact that the nazis still have a strong army greatly whittled down it is true by the russians but as yet unbeaten by the british and americans and that they must be expected to make even greater use than in the past of submarine warfare to disrupt sea communications which become increasingly important for the allies as they establish new fronts overseas hitler’s european fortress yet it is already clear that contrary to his mein kampf con cept of the strategy that would assure victory for germany hitler is now forced to fight on two fronts and must either weaken his front in russia if he is to reinforce his position in the mediterranean or else sacrifice north africa if he is to hold at least temporarily part of the gains he has made in the east at such heavy sacrifices in men and material it is not outside the realm of possibility that hitler may try to cut his losses in africa and concentrate on consolidation especially in italy and southern france of what the nazi press with increasing emphasis calls the fortress of europe in the hope that the allies will ultimately weary of besieging this fortress as the germans pass to the defensive the allies face the task of relentlessly pressing their present advantages giving hitler no respite to carry out his plans for the reinforcement of europe to use mr churchill's phrase africa is not a halting place but a springboard for coming closer to grips with the axis powers in the unremitting struggle that must be waged before the war can be carried to germany on land as it already has been from the air the allies have the invaluable aid of that silent front in europe on which the conquered peoples have been resisting hitler’s new order under conditions of hardship that our imaginations cannot even encompass if further proof were needed of how the europeans feel about the new order it was furnished with 4 h s aeee page two dramatic heroism by the officers and men of the french fleet at toulon the price of relief but this very resistance unless promptly and effectively sustained by the al lies could spell disaster for the valiant defenders of the conquered countries who with the occupation of unoccupied france are now more exposed than ever to nazi reprisals no one who has shared how ever slightly in the life of pre war europe no one in fact with any feeling of humanity can hear of the mass reprisals reported in recent weeks from poland and czechoslovakia without imagining the even worse disasters that may lie ahead for the very men and women whose courage energy and vision will be most needed for the reconstruction of the continent the measures of relief and rehabilitation promised to the conquered peoples by britain and the united states no matter how generous cannot of course replace lives that have been destroyed or permanently crippled already some questions have been asked in this country as to the cost in dollars and cents and possibly in lowered standards of liv ing that aid to the conquered peoples may involve for the united states after the war what we must bear in mind is that no formal bookkeeping can balance off any amounts of food clothing medicine or money sent to europe against the sufferings ex perienced by the peoples of the continent who i through their stubborn resistance are now facilitat ing the task of britain russia and the united state in storming hitler’s fortress moreover the emphasis on the economic losses that the united states may face is misleading there is no reason to believe that by aiding other peoples to rebuild a shattered and impoverished continent and achieve a minimum standard of living that might prove a safeguard against recurring wars and reyo lutions this country would come out the loser on the contrary practical experience would indicate that policies of freer international exchange of helping to increase the productivity of regions as yet rela tively undeveloped of eliminating trade discrimina tions and so on would open new channels for the trade of the united states aiding this country to increase its productivity and consequently it standard of living sacrifices undoubtedly will have to be made to achieve stability after this war sac rifices whose cost in any case would be infinitesimal when compared with the cost of the war on which we are now engaged and they may at the same time rid us of shortsighted selfish and prejudiced policies which have too often dominated the thought and action of all nations great and small to the detriment of the welfare of their own peoples vera micheles dean what will hitler do about spain occupation of vichy france by the german army on november 11 emphasizes once more spain's strategic importance in the mediterranean war suc cess or failure of the present battle for north africa and ultimately of a second front in the medi terranean depends largely on the capacity of the allied nations to keep open their supply line across the atlantic and through the straits of gibraltar the maintenance of this lifeline depends in turn to a considerable extent on the attitude spain may take in the immediate future if spain remains a non belligerent allied vessels will be able to enter the mediterranean in relative safety on the other hand military necessity may compel the german high command to use strategic points on spanish territory what are the economic difficulties confronting chungking which must be solved before china can make its maximum contribution to victory read china’s war economy by lawrence k rosinger 25c november 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 as bases for a sea and air blockade of the allies since this appears to be the most efficient way for the axis to interrupt the flow of reinforcements to the medi terranean front importance of spanish bases geograph ically spain is in a position to close the straits of gibraltar all important western gateway to the medi terranean to the north the rock is surrounded by spanish territory to the south and only 18 miles away lies spanish morocco a 200 mile long and 50 mile wide stretch of african coast if the straits were blocked by action from either direction the al ready overtaxed railroad which runs from rabat on the atlantic coast of morocco to tunis by passing spanish morocco could not transport all the supplies needed for an allied invasion force in spite of the shipment of a number of american locomotives along with the expeditionary forces should hitler decide to invade spain in order to close the straits an immediate allied countermove would most probably be the occupation of spanish morocco as well as an area of spanish continen tal territory sufficient to protect gibraltar against attack from the rear and to prevent the nazis from using near by territory to prey on allied shipping but even if the nazis should not be able to gai ra facilitat ed states ic losses ig there t peoples continent at might ind revo oser op icate that helping yet rela scrimina s for the untry to ntly its will have vat sac nitesimal on which the same rejudiced thought l to the es dean lies since j i the axis he medi feo graph straits of the medi unded by 18 miles y and 50 1e straits n the al rabat on y passing supplies ite of the ves along order to ntermove ff spanish continen r against azis from shipping e to gaif __ control of the southern tip of the iberian peninsula occupation of the rest of spain by the wehrmacht would clearly offer numerous military advantages to the axis the spanish naval base of cartagena for instance only 125 miles across the sea from allied occupied oran could serve as a starting point for air and submarine operations against the allies farther east spain owns the excellent naval base of mahon on minorca one of the balearic islands located about halfway on a straight line between toulon and algiers and roughly 220 miles from the latter it has long been one of the best fortifications of the mediterranean under german or italian con trol and with the southern coast of france now oc cupied by the german army this stronghold would represent a real danger spot for the north african allied forces a german military invasion of spain might how ever end disastrously for the nazis if they were not able to seize all the spanish keypoints promptly should the allies reply by occupying part of the strategic spanish coast a second con tinental front would automatically be opened in spain moreover even if a successful military opera tion proved impossible on either the allied or the spanish side other disadvantages for the axis such as renewal of the civil war in spain and reinforce ment of the british blockade which would aggravate the already critical food situation of the country could result from an invasion it is conceivable that the risks involved might cause the german high command to decide against a move through spain franco’s position on november 26 gen eralissimo francisco franco ordered mobilization to take place three days later of four classes of the spanish army apparently against a possible inva sion of spanish territory presumably by germany for president roosevelt had promised spain on no vember 8 that the allies would respect spanish ter titory the following day however a new order was issued limiting this partial mobilization to one class only no explanation was given but it can be assumed that the groups without which franco could not rule spain the falange and the representatives of the nazi high command had a hand in this no illusions should be cherished in allied coun tries about franco's potential rdle franco is hardly in a position to decide for himself the fate of spain his whole régime is built on the falange spain’s official fascist party which has gradually eliminated other groups such as the monarchists who sup page three ported franco the falange is ideologically com mitted to the axis the officers of the spanish army are known to be pro axis including the new min ister for foreign affairs general gomez jordana who recently succeeded serrano sifier now a promi nent member of the new falange national council moreover the nazis are firmly entrenched in spain it is reported that about 50,000 axis agents control spain’s vital centers in the rdle of technicians mili tary advisers and gestapo under these conditions there seems little chance that franco would be able to oppose a german invasion effectively even if he were personally inclined to do so for its part the falange realizing that it has but a tenuous hold on the spanish people and that a defeat of the axis would end its power cannot ally itself to the democ racies meanwhile the only thing franco can do is try to obtain as many advantages as possible from the allies by claiming the credit for spain's non belligerency if the german high command finds the invasion of spain advisable however the ger man army would move in with or without the ap proval of franco hitler not franco will decide on the continuation or end of spain’s present neutrality ernest s hediger government by assassination by hugh byas new york knopf 1942 3.00 mr byas on the basis of considerable knowledge of japan analyzes the domination of japanese politics by military terrorists he helps to clarify the position of the emperor a figurehead essentially controlled by circles about him he concludes that japan must suffer complete military defeat but suggests rather lenient peace terms apparently considering it most important to deprive japan of territorial stepping stones to aggression surprisingly korea is not included among these for the healing of the nations by henry p van dusen new york friendship press 1941 paper 60 cents aimed primarily at recording facts about the christian world movement which impressed themselves upon the author during an eight month round the globe journey to the 1988 world missionary conference at madras india special emphasis on asia no retreat by anna rauschning indianapolis bobbs merrill 1942 2.75 the wife of the author of the revolution of nihilism describes with quiet distinction the impact of nazism on her family’s life in danzig their flight to france and finally to the united states the latin american republics a history by d g munro new york appleton century 1942 5.00 out of the author’s varied experiences in latin america and his extensive research has come this excellent bringing together of historic background and present wartime inter american relations foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 7 december 4 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheeles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 one month for change of address on membership publications 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ee 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news s etter nov 30 the highly dramatic self destruction of admiral jean de la borde’s fleet of 62 french war ships at toulon on november 27 to prevent them from falling into nazi hands is likely to stand out as one of the decisive events of the war for it en tails as winston churchill said in his broadcast two days later the extinction for all practical purposes of the sorry farce and fraud of the vichy govern ment and what is perhaps even more important it marks the end of franco german collaboration for the first time since june 1940 the germans have fired on the vichy french the scuttling of the french fleet may prove a turning point in french history from the point of view of the united nations it is of course unfortunate that admiral de la borde did not see fit to respond to admiral francois dar lan’s appeal from algiers to join the allies in africa but the scuttling of the french fleet at toulon is a more serious blow to the axis than it is to the allies the fear that has long haunted the united nations that the french fleet with the two modern 26,000 ton battleships strasbourg and dunkerque would fall into nazi hands is now definitively removed indeed the vichy radio said that the immolation of the french fleet had been carried out in accordance with general instructions dating back to the time of the franco german armistice in june 1940 whereby the commanders of all units of the french navy were ordered to scuttle their ships rather than allow them to be taken over by any foreign power whatever marshal pétain has repeatedly given assurances to the united states government that he would not per mit the french fleet to fall into the clutches of the nazis and the drama of toulon attests to the sin cerity of his word passing of the vichy regime within the past week the last semblance of authority has been stripped from the vichy government the nazi seizure of toulon completes the occupation of france the destruction of the french warships at toulon was quickly followed by hitler's decree ordering demobilization of the small army permitted france by the terms of the armistice all metropolitan france has now been placed under nazi military rule under the command of field marshal karl von runstedt and the notorious line of demarcation which inevitably tended to create divisions among frenchmen has vanished for victory the violation of the armistice by hitler has deal a death blow to the hollow pretense of frangg german collaboration that was officially inaugurated at montoire on october 24 1940 as the vichy gov ernment has been deprived of all means of govern ment it can no longer negotiate and the sham of collaboration has now been replaced by the brutal dictatorship of the sword it is still not clear whether pierre laval will continue to issue laws under his own signature in which case he will unmistakably set himself up as a quisling or whether the vichy régime will simply be replaced by nazi military rule in any case the last pretense of a nazi new order in europe has now vanished hitler must now keep down by force the entire population of metropolitan france at the same time that he has 4 new frontier the french mediterranean to guard against an anglo american invasion threat thes requirements constitute a severe drain on german manpower at a time when nazi troops are beine decimated on the plains of russia wanted a union sacree the elimi nation of the vichy régime as churchill noted in his broadcast is a necessary prelude to that reunion of france without which resurrection is impossible unhappily the prospect of a union of all french men outside france engaged in resisting the axis is still remote the british premier on novem ber 24 suppressed a radio attack that general charles de gaulle was planning to deliver against admiral darlan and the fighting french radio speaker in london last week was so displeased with the north african set up that he suspended his broadcasts to france for the first time since 1940 unconfirmed re ports from london state that general de gaulle is not satisfied with president roosevelt's assurance of november 17 that the arrangement with admiral darlan is only a temporary expedient and is con sidering coming to washington to make a strong personal appeal to the president to abolish darlan’s status as french high commissioner in north africa the united states military authorities there however are highly pleased with the results of the accord with darlan which has enabled them to acquire french north africa as a base for military operations at the cost of relatively few casualties and offers the pros pect of similarly acquiring the use of strategic dakar john elliott buy united states war bonds ol +1a ex ed ent ent tal art an 19 he m ing nit ade the tely api the can t in rity dif 1en ned tics ele rva vila pre r of to ent illo the ion entered as 2nd class matter ure william we bishop de tt university of wichigan library ann arbor mich foreign po licy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxi no 7 december 5 1941 japan makes fateful choice oe vigorous statements from tokyo presag obstruct the construction of the new order ing refusal to accept secretary hull's proposals in view of these reactions from tokyo coupled for a far eastern settlement overt japanese military with the evident finality attaching to the terms pre moves in the south pacific were still delayed as the sented by secretary hull the scope for further nego aitical month of november passed into history the tiations has been narrowed almost to the vanishing spid massing of japanese troops and supplies in point if the negotiations are suspended there is no indo china had given rise to fears that tokyo was certainty that war will follow immediately there preparing further military aggression even while ne can be no doubt however that preparations for that gotiations were being held in washington japan's eventuality have been speeded up on both sides dur renewed adherence to the anti comintern pact on ing the past few weeks november 25 an act reaffirming its close ties with of these moves by far the most significant has the axis dealt another blow to the washington been the dispatch of large japanese reinforcements parleys as american authorities indicated that they to indo china within a period of five days toward were prepared to counter any futther japanese mili the close of november 30,000 additional japanese tary stroke there was some evidence that tokyo troops were estimated to have debarked at saigon might hesitate to force an immediate conflict and other ports in southern indo china at the end of the month a japanese army of from 150,000 to armed truce or war events during the 200,000 men was thought to be occupying the last crucial week of november however had seemed french colony as compared with the 40,000 original to end hopes for:a settlement of the far eastern ly announced as the force of occupation the fact crisis even if negotiations temporarily continued that the bulk of these troops has been concentrated a new situation was forming in which if outright in the south indicates that an invasion of thailand wat were avoided the alternative might be a pre is contemplated although a separate or simultane carious armed truce ous drive northward into yunnan province might tokyo’s rejection of secretary hull’s conditions also threaten the burma road up to the beginning for a settlement was implied in statements made of december the japanese command had restricted by premier tojo and foreign minister togo follow its operations to bombing raids against kunming ing lengthy cabinet sessions the premier declared and the burma road it still hesitated to launch the on november 30 in an extremely belligerent state invasion of thailand or the all out drive against the ment that japan would have to purge with a ven burma road which might precipitate a general con geance american and british interference in asi flict with the british american and dutch forces atic affairs nothing can be permitted to interfere with japan’s co prosperity sphere in east asia he strategic possibilities if japan chooses sid because this sphere was decreed by provi now to take military action it will presumably act dence in similar vein on december 1 foreign on the hope that united resistance will not be of minister togo regretted that the united states fered by the democracies yet the washington state was trying forcibly to apply to east asiatic coun ment on november 30 to the effect that the united tties fantastic principles and rules not adapted to the states britain china and the netherlands indies actual situation in the world and thereby tending to were collaborating fully in preparation for any eventuality left scant grounds to warrant any such japanese hope there is every indication that the western powers through military conversations dur ing the past year have laid the groundwork for a concerted defense against japanese moves in malaya burma the philippines and the east indies last minute preparations including the withdrawal of american marines from china have been made new military units have reached singapore while british naval reinforcements have been sent to the far east according to a statement of november 30 by a v alexander first lord of the admiralty much may depend on how rapidly the british american dutch forces are able to swing into action and how aggressively they are handled if the jap anese army invades thailand and no immediate aid is rendered the thai forces japan may gain a con siderable initial advantage its progress will be much slower if on the contrary british planes from malaya and burma are quickly sent to thailand's defending armies and if british troops and mechani cal equipment follow as soon as possible even more will depend on the general course of the naval and air operations in the southern waters it may be assumed that the combined british american dutch air fleet in southeast asia will be superior in quality and possibly even in numbers to libyan campaign may lead to second front for virtually the first time since the second world war began two substantial offensives against the axis are under way on two different fronts in libya the eighth british army under general sir alan cunningham is beginning the third week of its drive to the west contact with the beleaguered gar rison of tobruk was made on november 27 and two days later british mechanized patrols reached the gulf of sidra below benghazi thereby threaten ing axis communications along the mediterranean coast meanwhile the russian army seemed to have taken the initiative both in the moscow and black sea sectors in the latter area the nazis were forced on november 29 to yield rostov strategic gateway to the caucasus and the lower volga and to retreat westward while the military situation in libya is still con fused there is reason to believe that the british are ao regular membership ccccvccccrsenessmenen associate membership ccccccccccseesesnesnsnnees 3 special subscription to headline books ee ae 2 an attractive christmas card will announce your gift page two the air forces which japan can spare for its southem operations against enemy air superiority japan would hesitate to send its capital ships into this t gion while its lighter vessels might prove unable tp keep the necessary troop and supply transports moy ing into saigon and haiphong if japan’s lines of sea communication with indo china were disrupted by air surface or underwater attack the french oo ony might soon become a beleaguered fortress with the japanese forces holding a position analogous ty the nazi divisions in libya the broader operations which such a conflict might entail can hardly be foreseen but there is little douly as to the ultimate outcome japan would at one begin to draw heavily on its reserve stocks of wa materials more particularly if it were also engaged in war with the mechanized divisions of the sovie far eastern army a two front naval and land war fare of this scope might well exhaust its stocks of oil and munitions within six months shortages of raw materials and of man power would drastically reduce industrial production which has already been declining for upwards of a year bombings of it vulnerable industrial centers would take an addi tional toll considerations of this nature may ye stay japan’s hand as it pauses before a fateful choice t a bisson rapidly exploiting the initial advantage of the break through of november 18 the main battle between powerful highly mobile forces is joined in the hump of northern cyrenaica where the british are trying to push the axis units toward the medi terranean while cutting them up in blitzkrieg fash ion the long thrust to the gulf of sidra if fol lowed by heavy reinforcements can seriously impait axis transport and endanger the rear of german and italian units fighting in the hump allied advantages allied success in the i libyan campaign may be ascribed to several factors since the low point of allied strength in the medi terranean following the battle of crete both men and matériel in huge quantities have been rushed to the principal bases in egypt from the british isles the united states and the british dominions and colonies in the indian ocean although the prob lems of transportation were great the allies have apparently accumulated sufficient supplies to hazari a major offensive first line planes delivered to the middle east in considerable numbers enabled the r.a.f to support ground units protect them agains aerial attack and disrupt the enemy's supply lines by bombing italian ports and libyan docks and roads during the early part of the offensive tht british were virtually undisputed in the air in tht first si the al ynits redres the specta the fi coast suppli with t forces of me paign cent c fore navy man f ties o the ot agere only contre wi libya ston much struct aim 1 medi imprc are al militz actio the e the r secon afric few nazi much n tl euro mate ably italia allie still yuge possi conti cong arout fore headqu entere etn pan te c to 10y of col vith s to ight yubt ynice wat ged viet wat 3 of of ally its ddi yet ice eak 7een the itish edi ash fol pait and the rors edi men d to sles and rob rave zatd the the linst ines and the the frst six days 120 axis planes were destroyed while the allies lost 51 since then however german air ynits have been rushed from the continent to redress the balance the support given by the british navy is less spectacular but at least as effective in the long run the fleet has bombarded axis positions along the coast and guarded the transport ships which carry supplies to the army it has also interfered seriously with the libyan ferry route on which the axis forces in africa depend entirely for reinforcements of men machines and supplies before the cam ign opened the admiralty claimed that 40 per cent of italian shipping was sunk or damaged be fore reaching libyan ports now however the navy must contend with increased numbers of ger man planes and submarines if the manifold activi ties of the navy can be coordinated with those of the other allied fighting and supply services into an aggressive well organized force the british may not only clear the axis from africa but threaten hitler’s control of europe as well widespread results the objective of the libyan offensive according to prime minister win ston churchill’s speech of november 20 is not so much the occupation of territory as it is the de struction of the army of the enemy once that aim is achieved the position of the allies in the mediterranean and throughout the world would be improved in fact reactions favorable to the allies are already perceptible in diplomatic discussions and military movements in widely separated quarters action in africa serves to lift the hearts and stir the efforts of the british people it tends to answer the requests of the russians for the creation of a second front although the new british offensive in africa has led the german high command to move few except air units from the russian front the nazi position in the mediterranean would become much more serious if the allies triumph in libya in that event the entire southern coast of axis europe would be open to allied air attacks and ulti mately to allied landing parties italy would prob ably be singled out for special attention since the italian people are known to be weary of war the allies might attempt to make contact with the serbs still engaged in guerrilla warfare with the axis in yugoslavia and join with the greeks it is not im possible that an allied offensive on the european continent could then be started in any case the conquest of libya would strengthen the allied ring around europe and remove the menace of german page three f.p.a radio schedule subject japan s hour of decision guest speaker robert w barnett date sunday december 7 time 12 12 15 p.m e.s.t over nbc for station please consult your local newspaper moves toward the suez canal or the ports of french west africa developments in the libyan campaign undoubt edly influenced the attitude of marshal pétain when accompanied by admiral jean darlan he met reichs marshal goering on december 1 at saint florentin presumably the nazis are pressing vichy for the use of french north african ports and air fields and perhaps for the employment of the french fleet in order to stem the british advance indica tions of a british victory might prompt the marshal to resist these demands the british successes will also condition the policy of the turkish government which may soon receive renewed german demands for the passage of troops and suppliesby water through the dardanelles and by land across anatolia to attack the caucasus in the rear most important of all a british victory in libya would raise the hopes of millions in the conquered territories as well as in the powers lined up against hitler for a victory in the near fu ture if the offensive fails years may elapse before the allies have a similar opportunity to challenge the nazis hold on europe y oins b frechtling a thousand shall fall by hans habe new york har court brace and company 1941 3.00 a foreign volunteer in the french army gives a graphic and poignant account of his war experiences which throws a revealing light on the reasons for the tragic collapse of french resistance the development of hispanic america by a curtis wil gus new york farrar rinehart 1941 6.50 one of the best general textbooks in latin american his tory with emphasis on the modern period the book is care fully organized and helpfully illustrated the author treats his subject both by topics and by countries and includes useful bibliographical references after each chapter and at the end of the book behind the rising sun by james r young new york doubleday doran 1941 3.00 jimmy young prefaces the story of his 61 day im prisonment in tokyo with a witty and revealing account of japanese ways drawn from thirteen years of business and newspaper experiences in japan pattern of conquest by joseph harsch new york doubleday doran 1941 2.50 valuable analysis of nazi plans for a new order by the former christian science monitor correspondent in berlin foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 7 drcemmber 5 1941 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y entered as second class matter december 2 ss published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micuheres dean editor 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor national f p a membership five dollars a year oe washington news letter washington bureau national press building dec 1 the far eastern negotiations entered a decisive phase this week as president roosevelt re turned to washington from warm springs to deal personally with the critical issue of war or peace in the pacific during the preceding fortnight the talks had passed through two well defined stages the first limited to a preliminary exchange of views between the united states and japan the second involving a wider discussion between the american government and britain australia the netherlands and china first stage nov 17 21 exactly what trans pired during the initial exchanges was still largely a matter of conjecture as complete secrecy shrouded all of the talks between president roosevelt secre tary hull and the two japanese envoys saburo kurusu and ambassador nomura on the basis of subsequent developments however washington ob servers were convinced that no progress had been made toward a permanent settlement and that the two governments were as far apart on fundamental principles as they were when negotiations first began nearly six months ago throughout the talks with the japanese mr hull continued to adhere to the four basic conditions which the united states regards as essential to any lasting settlement of pacific problems these condi tions were understood to include the following points 1 withdrawal of japan from the axis 2 renunciation of further aggression by japan 3 withdrawal of all japanese armed forces from china and indo china and 4 acceptance of the principle of non discrimination in trade and equal commercial opportunity for all nations throughout the pacific area mr kurusu was unable to accept any such broad commitments and apparently added little to what ambassador nomura had already told the state de partment nevertheless it was evident that the japanese negotiators hoped to postpone a final show down by holding out the prospect of further con cessions to the united states as part of a limited settlement the extent of these concessions was not revealed but in some diplomatic quarters it was said that japan was prepared to renounce any military move in southeast asia or siberia and to begin gradual withdrawal of troops from both china and indo china in return for gradual relaxation of american embargoes on oil and other essential ma posals which did not nullify his basic principles when the japanese envoys gave their answer to four basic conditions at a meeting held in the see retary’s hotel apartment on the night of november 20 the prospect for even a limited accord had yjr tually disappeared terials mr hull was willing to listen to any nm second stage nov 22 29 the key to the second stage of negotiations involving britain australia the netherlands and china was the re ceipt of official information that japanese reinforce ments were being sent into indo china for a possible attack on thailand washington correspondents were not informed of this development however until november 27 after the four powers had held several lengthy conversations which revealed an ap parent tendency to consider a last minute truce formula the fact that the chinese ambassador dr hu shih had not been present at the beginning of the first meeting of the other pacific powers strengthened the suspicion that proposals for a lim ited agreement had been revived whether or not this suspicion was justified washington corte spondents interpreted the visit of the chinese am bassador and dr t v soong to the white house on november 26 as a vigorous protest against any settlement detrimental to china and linked this visit with reports that generalissimo chiang kai shek had sent a personal message to president roosevelt the decisive turn in the negotiations followed within a few hours of the chinese ambassador's call at the white house but it also coincided with the release of news describing the japanese troop com centrations in indo china on the afternoon of no vember 26 mr hull handed the japanese ambasse dor a formal document reaffirming the original american position and the following morning president roosevelt called the two japanese envoys to the white house presumably to express the con cern of the united states over the military develop ments in southeast asia while the discussions may continue for a time with the japanese evidently anxious to stave off a final breakdown there is noth ing to warrant the conclusion that washington will retreat from the firm stand it has adopted the state department still holds in reserve a statement for the record which may be shortly published giving the formal details of the conditions submitted to the japanese government william t stone m su gotiat japan tages of th hawa attack wars declar order sued vessel hono appoi evide negot ment its be ti has else effec euro has the was one vessi ousl side of com land in tl wer ane bor +nas dealp fran ugurated ichy gov govern sham of 1e brutal whether inder his istakably he vichy tary rule zi new ler must lation of he has a to guard it these german ire being he elimi noted in t reunion possible french the axis novem il charles admiral peaker in he north idcasts to firmed re gaulle ts urance of admiral nd is con a strong darlan’s th africa however cord with re french ons at the the pros ric dakar slliott nds ann arbor foreign policy bulletin entered as 2nd class matter williag w bishop be bich an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vor xxii no 8 december 11 1942 beveridge report heartens british alarms nazis ig report on social security which sir william beveridge submitted to parliament on decem ber 1 1942 is not only a landmark in the history of social legislation in britain but a significant step in the unfolding of british plans for the post war world a step which has already had political reper cussions in germany as well as in britain the purpose of the report is to establish a national minimum which will rid britain of what beveridge has called the five great evils of modern industrial society poverty squalor ignorance disease and idleness it can hardly be regarded as revolutionary since it builds on the social reforms inaugurated by lloyd george and winston churchill when they were colleagues in a liberal ministry before the last war but if carried into effect it would go far to guarantee a life of decency and security to all people in britain it seeks to accomplish this objective by establishing certain basic principles provision against unemployment provision for a national health service for every man woman and child a unified systefa of workmen’s compensation abolition of the means test for relief provision for the expense of marriage childbirth and death and protection of the family by granting endowments for all chil dren after the first the scheme simplifies the whole administrative machinery putting it under a ministry of social security it is based on the contributory principle worker employer and state each paying a part of the cost the state’s share will be roughly half the total or 350 million compared with a pres ent outlay of 265 million on social security this appears to be within britain’s taxable capacity response in britain the war cabinet's decision on the report will not be known until the new year but the popular reception accorded it has been more favorable than its supporters had antici pated it has been greeted with enthusiasm by the majority of british newspapers it has already been approved by the liberal party and will undoubt edly be supported with zeal by lloyd george al most certainly the labor party and the trades union congress will give it their full support although they will scarcely withdraw their demands for more far reaching changes many conservatives particu larly the young tories have also expressed their approval in part at least because they believe the scheme will forestall efforts to make greater changes in the economic and social structure beyond this it will answer the demand of the armed forces for safe guards against mass unemployment after the war and the demand of the people of britain that some thing tangible come out of the wartime aspirations for a better society in a very real sense the wide spread approval of this measure reflects the degree to which the british after more than three years of war have accepted the necessity for sweeping social and economic reforms opposition however promises to be strong from the insurance companies which have hitherto handled industrial insarance and from conservatives who fear both the additional tax burden which the scheme will involve and its social implications it will be resisted too on the ground that until britain’s post war trade position is known it would be dangerous to assume such a heavy financial responsibility but in spite of opposition it seems clear already that the beveridge report charts broad lines of social change and that the chief dispute will be about the speed and not the ultimate direction of that change nazi reaction the report has already had interesting repercussions outside of british circles the allied governments in london have been stirred to greater activity in their post war planning in australia there has been genuine interest but some criticism in official quarters that the report does not involve a fundamental reorganization of the eco nomic system a reorganization which the labor government in canberra apparently contemplates for australia in the post war period nazi reaction to the report is especially significant more than any allied threats or announcements of allied production it seems to have frightened the nazi propagandists who have long told the people of germany and of the occupied countries that only hitler's new order could give them economic se curity while all the democracies had to offer the common man was unemployment and poverty the nazis have done their best to discredit the beveridge report lest it bring a renewal of faith in the demo cratic way of life this response on the part of the axis should prove to the skeptical that plans for a brave new world are among the most effective weapons of political warfare in this case it is the idealists not the real ists who have alarmed the nazis the same reac tion can be expected in germany when the report on social security in the united states which has just been placed on president roosevelt's desk is sub mitted to the next session of congress and probably page two even more effective will be the announcement to the occupied countries of europe of the plans now be ing devised by ex governor lehman director of foreign relief and rehabilitation once scheme such as these are actually put in operation whethe in the domestic or the international field they wilj prove of even greater value as bulwarks of peace jg the post war period their realization would go far ty make possible the world order which prime ministe mackenzie king of canada described to the pilgrim society in new york on december 2 1942 the new order he said must be based on human rights and not on the rights of property privilege and position in the state and industry control should be broadly representative and not narrowly autocratic in the new order economic freedom will be as important as political freedom this is not call for a state regimented collectivism but for 4 self regulated social democracy in which individual initiative could function within the bounds set by the common welfare it is the best answer to hitler's new order and the best hope of free men howarbd p whidden jr can allies reconcile war policies with war aims as the tide of battle sweeps back and forth in tunisia and russia the peoples of the belligerent countries enter another of the periods in this revolu tionary war when they feel impelled to rethink and redefine the issues at stake such periods are always welcomed by the nazis who continue to hope that in the absence of spectacular allied victories the peoples of the united nations although fortified on the battlefront with new weapons can meanwhile be weakened on the home front by doubts and fears about the future realism versus idealism realization that this war is being fought in terms so to speak of double exposure on the field of battle and in the realm of ideas has permeated the consciousness of those who have urged that the strategy of post war reconstruction should at no time be divorced from the strategy of winning the war today it becomes increasingly clear that the united nations may suc ceed in pooling the men munitions and ships needed is london more anxious than washington to begin the work necessary to carry into effect the common principles of post war reconstruction read as britain sees the post war world by howard p whidden jr 25c october 15 issue of foreign po.licy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 for a military victory over the axis powers yet lose the final round by succumbing to the very doctrines and practices we claim to be combating much has been said and written since the ameti can invasion of north africa about realism in international affairs and those who have questioned certain policies and objectives of the united nations have been dismissed as idealists since realism and idealism cannot be weighed or measured like ma terial things argument on this theme usually proves inconclusive the issue might be clarified by glance ing briefly at the record of both schools of thought for example the realists who refused to see in the spanish civil war a crucial move in the axis struggle for control of europe and the world may be said to have idealized hitler and mussolini while the idealists who recognized the true character of the spanish conflict turned out in that instance to have been realists and the same would hold true of those who were realistic and idealistic respec tively about japan’s expansion in china similarly those who favored isolation for the united states before pearl harbor believing that this county could live unto itself alone regarded themselves a5 hard boiled realists yet they might be described as idealists since they assumed the existence of ai ideal world in which the united states could remaia a sort of permanent shangri la impervious to the breath of time and the envy of less advanced or less fortunate countries but the idealists who preached international peace yet rejected as repugnant the a nt to the now be rector of schemes whether they will peace in go far ty minister e pilgrim 42 the 1 humag privilege 1 control narrowly dom will is nota ut for 4 ndividual is set by hitler's i en jr yet lose doctrines lism in iestioned nations lism and like ma ly proves by glance thought o see if the axis orld may ni while acter of tance to d true of espec similarly ed states countty selves as cribed as e of af d remain is to the od or less preached nant the e ameti possibility of ultimate resort to force in order to as sure peace were equally mistaken since they as sumed that goodwill unsupported by good works would suffice to reform an obviously imperfect world toward a new realism in the perspec tive of history it may appear that the failure of the long armistice was due to both realists and idealists both making assumptions that disregarded the re actions of human beings it might not be amiss for the two schools of thought to learn a few lessons from a section of the world’s population which in the past has found it practically impossible to affect the course of world affairs although forced to en dure the ill effects of their mismanagement and that is women the average woman through force of circum stances finds it necessary to combiné realism and idealism she does not assume that her loved ones are perfect nor does she drive them out of the family circle when they reveal themselves subject to human frailties she takes the good along with the bad never abandoning hope of ultimate improvement and success for the least promising ugly duckling she knows that certain practical needs must be met not once a year or once a century in spectacular fashion but most unspectacularly every single day of her life the needs for food shelter clothing and a modicum of education and recreation these within the limits of her individual abilities she strives to provide nor does she expect financial re ward for her efforts at family tasks such as are ex pected in other occupations accepting the sense of satisfaction which comes from serving those to whom one is attached as the only lasting value in life this blend of realism and idealism if translated into terms of international relations might have more far reaching and at the same time more lasting effects than the world shattering dogmas which much as they transform the conditions of human existence do so at enormous cost in hu man lives if we were inspired by this spirit we would realize that compromises must be made in international affairs just as they are made in the home the local community the business enterprise the labor union or the nation but that in making compromises we must never lose sight of the objec tives for which we are striving this spirit would lead us to see that no problem can be solved with out raising a host of new ones just as the opening of another front in africa so vigorously demanded by the people of the united nations has raised a page three host of political problems with respect to the future of the french nation it would make us understand that final resort to authority and power is essential for the functioning of any group of human beings whether family or international organization and that what is evil is not power but the uses that are so often made of power it would help us to recog nize that if the industrial and financial resources now being rallied by the united nations for wartime needs had been applied to peacetime tasks instead of being misapplied dissipated or only partially utilized the world would have witnessed an era of progress unrivaled in history it would force us to see that no individual and no nation can live in complete isolation much as that might be desired and actually reaches the highest development and derives the greatest satisfaction through participation in community life it would prevent us from shrink ing at the first indication of self interest or evil design among those individuals and nations with whom we are collaborating and remind us that no human being and no national group can be seen in terms of unadulterated black or white above all it would help us while making adjustments necessi tated by the trivial often sordid details of day to day living to keep alive the ideals which have en kindled men throughout history and without which human existence would descend as it has in nazi controlled europe below the level of animals vera micheles dean the senate foreign relations committee by e e denni son stanford university california stanford univer sity press 1942 2.50 timely study of the history and functions of a particu larly important committee strategic materials in hemisphere defense by m s hessel w j murphy and f a hessel new york hastings house 1942 2.50 a book of facts about our war needs in raw materials easier to read and more informative than most similar works published heretofore how many world wars by maurice léon new york dodd mead co 1942 2.00 personal reminiscences of a french american lawyer dealing mostly with political questions concerning post world war i india and freedom by l s amery new york oxford university press 1942 1.25 selected speeches on british policy in india by the sec retary of state for india during the period 1940 42 the war in maps by francis brown and emil herlin new york oxford university press 1942 1.50 a useful and lucid collection of annotated maps covering every phase of the war to autumn 1942 foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 8 december 11 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f legr secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year one month for change of address on membership publications please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year fo 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter dec 7 the debate in the united states senate on legislation to aid panama on december 3 4 had a significance that transcended by far the compara tively unimportant contents of the measure itself concerning a joint resolution authorizing the trans fer of u.s owned lands and facilities in panama to the government of that country under agreements negotiated by the state department the importance of the debate lies in the fact that it marked the first time that the isolationists have lifted their heads since pearl harbor it was the opening skirmish of a battle that seems inevitably fated to be fought at the conclusion of this war between the partisans of active cooperation by the united states in interna tional affairs and those who would have this country avoid any sort of international entanglements the fact that the joint resolution passed the senate by a vote of 40 to 29 will not discourage the iso lationists they count on a repetition of the war weariness and the longing for normalcy that swept over the united states in 1919 to keep this country from assuming the international commitments the administration already has in mind the gist of the minority case against the panama resolution was that the executive branch of the gov ernment was attempting to by pass the senate’s function of ratifying treaties a resolution requires only a simple majority to be adopted whereas a treaty must have a two thirds majority if the treaty of ver sailles had been presented to the senate in the form of a joint resolution in 1919 the united states might have joined the league of nations what the isolationist senators in opposing the resolution were really trying to block was not the turning over of the water and sewer systems of panama city to the panamanian government but the entrance of the united states into some future league of nations fears of the isolationists it is signifi cant that opposition to the resolution was led by such arch isolationists as senators hiram johnson of california himself a veteran of the historic senate fight against the league in 1919 robert taft of ohio gerald p nye of north dakota author of the neutrality legislation of 1935 and bennett champ clark of missouri mr taft in his argument warned that the atlantic charter was no more than a declaration of policy and was not binding on congress and the same was true he said of the united nations agreement on the prosecution of the war although such instru for victory ments were not binding the ohioan contended that they were forming in the aggregate all the factors of a treaty and might leave the senate at the end the war in the position of ratifying or rejecting peace treaty about which it had not been consulted the battle that is shaping up between the adyo cates of international cooperation and the champions of non entanglement also threw its shadow this week on the deliberations of the republican national committee in st louis the man chosen to lead the opposition party harrison e spangler of iowa will have great influence in determining the future atti tude of the g.o.p on this vital issue of foreign pol icy this consideration explains the opposition of re wendell willkie to the candidacy of werner w v schroeder a chicago lawyer who is reputed to 1,00 belong to the colonel mccormick school of iso shipy lationism pre v post war plans meanwhile the adminis pred tration is already laying plans for active united japa states cooperation in the post war settlement the will signing of the canadian american accord on de wea cember 1 pledging both countries to lower their lack tariff barriers after the war the announcement by und president roosevelt on november 24 that he had redu discussed with president carlos arroyo del rio of paci ecuador during the latter’s visit to washington a l plan for pan american economic collaboration aimed only at lifting the living standards of the poorer nations ing without damaging the economy of the larger repub chu lics and the appointment of ex governor lehman as anc director of foreign relief all indicate the admin hov istration’s intention to embark on post war interna tati tional cooperation on a big scale tine president roosevelt obviously anticipates opposi pac tion to his plans for he told his press conference on fro november 24 that he might soon reply in a broad ser cast to the short sighted critics of his rehabilita sup tion schemes pointing out that such measures were giv worth doing not only from humanitarian motives reo but from the point of view of our pocketbooks at and for the purpose of obtaining immunity from future wars the president doubtless had in mind pr men like w p witherow retiring president of the car national association of manufacturers who told a of war congress sponsored by that organization in new as york city on december 2 that he was not fighting ch for a quart of milk for every hottentot or for a of tva on the danube or for governmental handouts ba of free utopia john elliott we buy united states war bonds +rce ble nts ver eld ce dr of ers im not rre use any visit had wed call con no s a inal ing voys con lop may ntly oth will tate the the the le willian p entered as 2nd class matter rl g ty of michigan library ann arbor mich 5 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vo xxi no 8 december 12 1941 japan's surprise attack opens pacific war eg powerfully on december 7 in a surprise offensive cleverly screened by the ne gotiations still being conducted at washington japanese naval and air forces gained initial advan tages of considerable significance in the first stages of the pacific war the bombing raids on the hawaiian islands reminiscent of japan’s previous attacks in the sino japanese and russo japanese wats of 1894 and 1904 preceded tokyo’s formal declaration of war by several hours the original orders for the attack however must have been is sued at least a week earlier in order to give the naval vessels including submarines operating between honolulu and san francisco time to reach their appointed stations in retrospect it mow appears evident that tokyo deliberately utilized not only the negotiations at washington but also the reinforce ments sent into indo china to divert suspicion from its bolder intentions the first blow while the japanese stroke has cemented american national unity as nothing se could have done and will thus exert a profound efect on the eventual outcome of the war both in europe and asia it is equally apparent that japan has gained important strategic benefits by striking the first blow early reports indicate that the attack was driven home with a large measure of success one old battleship was capsized and other vessels probably cruisers and capital ships seri ously hit a destroyer was blown up and a con siderable number of planes destroyed the severity of these losses suggests that the surprise was complete and that the attack caught many planes on landing fields and at least part of the fleet at anchor in the waters of the pearl harbor base dive bombers were apparently launched from one or more jap anese aircraft carriers and large four motored bombers may also have been flown from bases estab lished in the japanese mandated islands while the first and heaviest assault was delivered against hawaii the full scope of the japanese of fensive covered an area ranging from malaya to the waters off the california coast with japanese submarines obviously scattered widely over the pacific it may be expected that the toll of mer chant and army transport vessels will steadily in crease at least until an effective convoy system has been arranged attacks on guam wake and mid way islands have taken place and one or more of these island outposts may be quickly lost in the philippines army and navy posts have been bombed and lubang island 60 miles southwest of manila has apparently been captured american marines in north china numbering approximately 200 were interned while at shanghai a british gunboat was destroyed an american gunboat seized and the in ternational settlement occupied in the western pacific however the japanese forces concentrated their greatest offensive effort against thailand and malaya thailand after brief resistance had permitted the entry of japanese troops which then occupied strategic points on the gulf of siam along the narrow thai peninsula ex tending down to malaya at least two japanese de tachments had effected landings in northern malaya but these forces and their naval escorts according to british reports were being successfully checked both singapore and hongkong had suffered bombing raids and direct attacks on these british strongholds were anticipated the strategic outlook while the dras tic attack on hawaii has necessarily attracted major attention and has raised searching questions re garding the ease with which the american defenses were penetrated and surprised there is little reason to believe that japan can continue to hold the of page two fensive in the mid pacific for any length of time the shock of the initial setback should create an attitude of redoubled watchfulness sufficient to pze vent unpleasant surprises in the future far more significant with respect to the a out come are the engagements that have begu ia 7 ai land and northern malaya here it is evident that the japanese forces are striving with considerable determination to place land based armies n striking distance of singapore the strategic key to southeast asia in this case again their prelim‘nary successes have been considerable as the formidable british land and air units in this area fully engage the japanese forces however it may be expected that the latter’s overland advance will be halted at some point well north of singapore meanwhile the equally crucial struggle for control of the relatively narrow waters of the gulf of siam and the south china sea will be reaching maximum intensity the combined anglo american dutch air strength in this region now buttressed by a british naval force including capital ships should prove able to estab lish superiority in southeast asia unless the jap china and thailand may then find their lines yj 2 supply from the homeland cut off and their military jie i position increasingly untenable on sey should the japanese forces now threatening singa yndert pore be defeated however only the first step toward onor an allied victory would have been taken such 4 contra victory can only be obtained by a combination of aot in factors including an ironclad blockade of japan japane the equipping of chinese armies for a counter sounc offensive establishment of air bases within closer many bombing range of japan and destruction of the jap this c anese fleet before these results can be achieved a offcia strong american fleet will have to enter far easter decide waters joining hands with the considerable anglo subma american dutch naval force already in southeast frst 1 asia should the soviet air land and sea power in both siberia be drawn into the struggle the defeat of germ japan will be made more certain and will come of fr much sooner in many quarters japan’s entrance into many the war has been viewed as a long sought aim of by de hitler's yet a coordinated and powerful allied of 3 fensive in the pacific may lead to a japanese defeat p that could swiftly turn the scales against hitler in anese naval command is willing to risk its ships of europe art the line in this region japan’s land forces in indo t a bisson spond will war in pacific help hitler been the first question that came to the minds of most americans on hearing that japan had attacked british and united states possessions in the pacific was whether this new conflict would aid or hamper the western powers in their struggle against ger many in the new phase of the war that opened on de cember 7 as on many previous occasions during the past two years the factor of ume may assume para mount importance if american aid to britain in the form of tanks airplanes and munitions represents the margin between victery and defeat for the brit ish in africa then in the short run it may well be that this country’s preoccupation with the far east ern conflict will create fresh difficulties for britain but if the british with the equipment they have so far obtained from the united states should be able to hold the germans in africa while the russians maintain their resistance on the eastern front then in the long run japan’s attack which brings the united states into the second world war with a united read america’s naval preparedness u.s defense outposts in the pacific japan’s drive into southeast asia china’s national front the netherlands indies at war 25c each or 5 for 1.00 these five issues of foreign poticy reports will give you the strategic and political facts behind the war in the pacific home front may work against hitler and his adr allies among the many incalculables that may affect the the situation are vichy’s answer to hitler's demand tilly for use of the french navy the action germany may side take in support of its axis partner japan and the decer course russia may follow in europe and the far ad f east may 1 what will vichy do scant informa val tion is as yet available regarding the interview that marshal pétain and vice admiral darlan had with marshal goering at st florentin in occupied france on december 1 it has been reported that pétain y4 had been willing to permit use by the germans of french bases in africa but had opposed use of the gern french fleet the entrance into the war of japan which ranks third in naval power after britain and the united states lends particular significance to y nazi negotiations with vichy so far as is knowa the french navy as of january 1 1941 consisted y_ of one battleship one aircraft carrier stationed at 4 martinique where presumably it is under watch by sep the united states navy 14 cruisers 52 destroyers 45 and 60 submarines it has been recently reported that another battleship the richelieu which had bees gali damaged during the british attack on dakar ip men 1940 has just been reconditioned these vessels if admi spoke placed at hitler’s disposal might prove formidable tore weapons now that britain and the united state headg must divide their fleets between the atlantic and the pacific entere 2 page three soff 2 what will germany do under ar tary tide ii of the axis tripartite pact signed in berlin f.p.a radio schedule on september 27 1940 germany italy and japan ween re ss nga yndertook to assist one another with all political speaker vera micheles dean vatd gonomic and military means when one of the three date sunday december 14 h a wntracting powers is attacked by a power at present time 12 12 15 p.m e.s.t over nbc 1 of not involved in the european war or in the chinese for station please consult your local newspaper pan japanese conflict while the german press has de ater pounced the united states as a warmonger ger oset many by december 9 had taken no action against jap this country and similarly the united states was d aj oficially at war only with japan should berlin tem decide to act against the united states unrestricted glo ubmarine warfare in the atlantic might be its east first move accompanied by all out war in africa t in both these operations would be greatly facilitated if t of germany could make use of the french navy and ome of french bases in north and west africa ger into many’s decision on this score may in turn be affected army in the far east estimated at over a million 1 of by developments on the russian front men as well as an air force and a fleet of submarines of 3 what will russia do while reports said to number between 70 and 100 b.sed on vladi undertook not only to fight the war until complete destruction of the german invaders but to pro mote after the victory a new organization of inter national relations on the basis of unification of the democratic countries in a durable alliance under these circumstances americans must view with as much realism as possible the question of what russia may do in the far east a question that can be frankly discussed now that maxim litvinov soviet ambassador to this country has reached washington the soviet union has an independent feat f red army successes against the germans come vostok at least a portion of the far exstern army im from censored russian communiqués and cannot be however has been diverted to the western front checked against reports of independent corre against germany and now that the germ ns occupy n sondents berlin has not denied that its troops have russia’s principal industrial regions the ukraine been forced to retreat from rostov which the nazis and the donets basin the armies in the w st and his had regarded as the gateway to the oil resources of in the east must both depend on the second y in ffect the caucasus meanwhile turkey which has care dustrial base in the urals for their supplies for the 1anq fully abstained from military commitments to either time being it would seem advisable from the point may side allowed it to be announced in washington on of view of russia and of the abcd powers that the the december 3 that it has been receiving lend lease soviet union should not scatter its forces and should fy aid from the united states since last may this give single handed attention to germany may open the possibility of turkey's collaboration it is of course not out of the question that the with russia and britain in blocking further german nazis having decided to suspend major operations aa attempts at a drive toward the east on the eastern front may now focus their efforts on the hazards of a winter campaign in russia were africa there they might hope if they obtain the with sdmitted on december 8 by a german military collaboration of vichy to deliver a serious blow al spokesman in berlin who declared that the capture at the british empire at the very moment when the of moscow is not expected this year this announce united states must turn from the atlantic to the ment which must have seemed a cruel blow to the pacific this strategy of trying to separate potential german people after the losses of lives and material allies and of defeating each opponent separately pas wuffered on the eastern front was made to coincide has been effectively used by the nazis in the past with news of japanese successes against the united today it is being applied on a world no longer states in such a way as to soften its impact on the merely on a european scale the vast pincer move w german public the russians meanwhile have in ment that is developing from the mediterranean re dicated that they are reorganizing their armed forces african front to the new front in the pacific is di h and their industrial resources east of moscow in rected ultimately against the united states but today preparation for a spring offensive and have cemented the nazis as well as the countries that oppose the ee their collaboration with the polish army which axis must fight on several fronts and the trans bell has been formed on russian soil on december 4 formation of the european war into a world war may stalin and premier sikorski of the polish govern prove as great a test for germany as for its opponents f ment in exile signed a declaration in which they vera micheles dean a lable foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 8 decemmbeer 12 1941 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national tates headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lget secretary vera micheles dgan editor j th entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year swiss produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter washington bureau national press building dec 6 less than 24 hours after the japanese attack on the united states the president and con gress had recognized that a state of war existed be tween the united states and japan a week of intensive negotiation and consultation preceded the final break on december 2 at the re quest of the president japan was asked to explain the increased concentration of japan’s armed forces in french indo china on december 3 secretary hull outlined the course of the united states japanese conversations in a press conference statement which revealeci unsatisfactory progress on december 6 followiig japanese explanations concerning mili tary coacentrations in french indo china president roosevelt dispatched a dramatic appeal to emperor hiroh to in which he termed the situation a keg of dynamite and urged the emperor to give thought in this definite emergency to ways of dis pelling the dark clouds no reply to this personal appeal was received before the first bombs fell over hawaii u.s proposals the american proposals pre sented to the japanese on november 26 and rejected by them at the last moment contained ten specific steps based on general principles of american foreign policy these steps were as follows 1 a multilateral non aggression pact among the british empire china japan the netherlands the soviet union thailand and the united states 2 an agreement to respect the territorial integrity of indo china and to prevent preferential economic relations with that country 3 japanese withdrawal of forces from china and french indo china 4 rec ognition of the chungking government as the na tional government of china 5 an agreement to abandon extraterritorial rights in china in return for these concessions to be made primarily by japan the united states undertook to negotiate a trade agreement with japan based on the most favored nation principle and the reduction of trade barriers by both countries in addition the united states pro posed that both governments take steps to remove freezing restrictions on each other’s funds and to stabilize the dollar yen rate finally both govern ments were to agree that no arrangement with a third power should conflict with the establishmey and preservation of peace in the pacific tokyo replied that its immutable policy was to insure the stability of east asia and that the chinese affair broke out owing to the failure on the part of the chinese to comprehend japan true intentions the note charged that the united states and great britain had resorted to every pos x sible measure to obstruct the settlement of a gen eral peace between japan and china interfering with japan’s constructive endeavors toward the stabilization of east asia after reviewing the as course of the conversations the note concluded that v it is impossible to reach an agreement through fur tlitar ther negotiations on receiving this reply secre ment tary hull stated to the japanese ambassador i have pacific never seen a document that was more crowded with one cc infamous falsehoods and distortions rodu tial bl reaction in latin america within 24 on an hours of the attack on honolulu half a dozen latin have american republics had formally declared war on the l japan and an overwhelming majority of the repub count lics had gone on record as favoring some form of powet collaboration with the united states costa rica was now the first to declare war it was followed by nic they aragua honduras el salvador haiti guatemala have the dominican republic and panama on decem the a ber 9 similar declarations were momentarily ex yel pected from cuba and mexico atlan ain the most important move on the south ameri can continent proper was argentina’s statement on december 8 that it intended to regard japan’s attack as directed against the entire western hemisphere it was expected that argentina would issue a decree declaring the united states would not be considered a belligerent power in its conflict with japan and that therefore the government of buenos aires will not make the customary declaration of neutrality meanwhile the president of uruguay alfredo bal domir urged his people i in a radio address to aban don the fiction of neutrality from bogota it was announced that colombia would put its bases both on the caribbean and the pacific at the disposal of the united states peru which like brazil has 4 ity sizeable japanese population of its own and also has h important japanese commercial contacts is reported n to have offered the united states moral and spiritual solidarity mont carion marir ine vales woul fren a.h j and j 1 b m +rner w uted to of iso a dminis united nt the on de yer their ment by he had 1 rio of ngton a on aimed r nations er repub hman as admin interna 3 oppost a broad ehabilita ires were motives ketbooks ity from in mind nt of the 10 told a n in new fighting or for a handouts lliott nds entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 9 december 18 1942 burma next move n far eastern strategy seahdraabl of the navy knox’s statement of december 8 that we have destroyed between 1,000,000 and 1,500,000 tons of japanese merchant shipping possibly one fourth of the enemy’s entire re war merchant tonnage explains his previous prediction that the time is actually close when the japanese forces in the occupied islands of the pacific will suffer from lack of replacements in manpower weapons ammunition and medical supplies for the lack of ships to transport them these declarations underline the fact that the past year’s operations have reduced japan’s maritime superiority in the western pacific land victories needed yet japan is not only a great sea power but holds land positions rang ing from long established bases in korea and man churia down the china coast to indo china thai land burma and malaya destruction of shipping however successful will be useful chiefly in facili tating future allied army movements on the con tinent of asia for island operations in the southwest pacific are only part of our necessary strategy a land rence on front it is true already exists in china but cannot serve as a base for a major offensive until adequately supplied increasing attention is therefore being given to the feasibility of invading burma both to reopen the burma road and to disrupt japan’s efforts at consolidating its position in southeast asia allied military leaders have been considering this problem for many months but plans for a burma campaign are necessarily subordinate to the needs of the soviet and african fighting fronts as early as last may general stilwell who had commanded chinese troops in burma declared we got run out of burma and it is humiliating as hell if we go back properly proportioned and properly equipped we can throw them out at that time however an allied offensive was a dream of the future and the only practical question was whether the japanese would strike next at australia india or siberia in mid october it was announced that general wavell commander in chief in india had just returned from inspection of the indo burma frontier having entered burma itself where some allied troops re mained a few days later british american and chinese generals conferred in new delhi since then allied planes have been active over burma japanese planes have attacked indian bases and minor con tacts with enemy patrols inside the burma border have been reported burma drive not easy the difficulties of a burma offensive are considerable for the roads from india are poor and coastal invasion requires naval superiority in the bay of bengal the supply problem is also enormous both because of the length of ocean transport routes and the primary emphasis on other areas dictated by united nations military strategy moreover it is impossible to say whether enough shipping has been and would be available for building up and replenishing stocks of equipment and supplies in india particularly crucial is the ques tion of time since torrential monsoon rains in the calcutta rangoon area begin in may making it nec essary to start an invasion some months earlier so that important positions can be seized in burma be fore it becomes necessary to dig in in all calculations political questions must receive careful attention for no offensive can be launched from india unless orderly conditions prevail there last summer and fall a relatively small number of persons apparently the main body of the nationalist movement took no part in the campaign of violence seriously disrupted the already overburdened in dian railway system at the present moment india seems quiet but a bitter residue has been left by the antagonisms of the past eight months and it would be unwise in the absence of an agreement between britain and the indian nationalists to over look the danger of future outbreaks it will be re called also that when the japanese were overrunning burma they received the aid of a small but signifi cant and well organized section of the burmese pop ulation 10 per cent according to the estimate of the british commanding officer it would be desir able before initiating an offensive that the allies develop some program for obtaining greater sup port from the people of burma in order to simplify the problems of the campaign our advantages on the other hand certain circumstances favor an invasion of burma the in dian army including chiefly indian troops but also significant numbers of british soldiers now totals about 1,500,000 men of whom at least several hun dred thousand should be effective fighters despite the rawness of the newer recruits and the dispatch of many seasoned indian soldiers overseas to these must be added small numbers of chinese and american troops as well as the chinese armies in yunnan province which operating on burma's north eastern border could in effect maintain a sec ond front for the forces moving from india fur thermore despite the shortcomings of indian in dustry that country is an important industrial base one which is next door to burma rather than like page two for should they consider it sound strategy they ce japan thousands of miles away while japan's com munications would be shorter than ours for trans porting new tanks planes and oil there are jy numerable lesser items of war which we could mog easily send to the front the answer to the problem of our taking the of fensive in burma lies in the quantities of supplig and equipment we can accumulate in india and jy future military developments on the fronts in the west here it would be unwise to overlook the pos sibility that the japanese may be the first to strike tainly have the strength for an attempt against eag ern india not to mention a further push into yup nan in fact according to a chungking report 6,000 japanese troops assumed the offensive jg yunnan province on december 6 but were sooq obliged to retreat two things are clear however that our position in the india burma area has im proved considerably this past summer and fall and that whether or not the united nations initiate q burma offensive this winter allied strategy in the far east requires such a move at the earliest possible moment provided that our offensives in the europea theater are not endangered lawrence k rosinger turkish neutrality aids united nations the increased control of the nazi party over the german army indicated by the announcement on december 10 that gestapo trained general kurt zeitzler had been appointed chief of staff and by the recent transformation of gauwleiters from mere party leaders into military commissioners seem to be part of hitler's preparations for defensive warfare al though these moves do not exclude the possibility of some spectacular nazi drive into neutral territories bordering on the mediterranean the turkish gov ernment apparently feels more free than hitherto to express its friendship for the cause of the united nations on december 12 dispatches from ankara reported a forthcoming turko soviet nonaggression pact containing a pledge by the united states to in tervene between turkey and russia in the event of their disagreement this accord by removing one for a survey of the resources politics government and economy as well as the strategic role of this little known but enormous territory read alaska last american frontier by beka doherty and arthur hepner 25c december 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are published on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to fpa members 3 of the main causes of friction between turkey and the united nations would thwart the efforts of the german ambassador to ankara franz von pape to keep turkey completely out of the allied camp until now the ankara government has mistrusted moscow s post war ambitions in the balkans and the russians have disapproved of the turks nonaggres sion treaty with germany signed in 1941 on the eve of the russo german war turkey’s attitude toward allies from the point of view of the ankara government there are important reasons why a friendly neutral ity toward the allies is desirable at this time first of all both britain and the united states are now more able than germany to furnish the modern wat equipment needed by the turkish army of approxi mately a million men earlier in the war it was the germans who were able to send more because ot their large production of armaments and their shorter transportation lines more recently however the germans have experienced difficulties in industrial production as well as shortages in rolling stock and inland shipping because of the demands of the rus sian front britain and the united states on the other hand have been increasingly able to spare loco motives destroyers submarines planes trucks and guns for turkey although transportation through the mediterranean remains nearly impossible another route has been developed a route based on the fa mo ma oc anc an’s com for trans re are in duld more 1g the of e suppl lia and jg rts in the k the pos to strike they cer ainst east into yup ort about ensive ip vere soon however a has im fall and initiate ey in the st possible european singer urkey and rts of the on papen ied camp mistrusted is and the lonaggres yn the eve allies vernment y neutral ime first are now odern wat f approxt it was the yecause of eir shorter vever the industrial stock and f the rus 5 on the spare loco rucks and n through le another on the fa mous berlin to bagdad scheme devised by the ger mans before 1914 supplies coming via the indian ocean arrive at basra harbor on the persian gulf and are transferred to the bagdad istanbul railroad which was finally completed in july 1940 lack of shipping space still handicaps the british and ameti cans however and the requirements of turkey greatly outruns available supplies the turks need not only weapons of war but the equally important weapon of food in prewar days turkey exported 100,000 tons of wheat a year but since mobilization in 1939 the army consumes nearly 300,000 tons a year and turkey is now obliged to import wheat for the civilian population shortages have been felt principally by the poorer classes for whom bread is the main staple realizing that wheat is essential to turkey’s welfare prime minister sukru saracoglu made arrangements in 1941 under which britain argentina and the united states sent more than 100,000 tons of cereals during the past year the american government has offered to pro vide far more than this amount if turkey could undertake its own transport but thus far the turks have been able to secure very few grain ships a third reason for turkey’s friendliness toward the united nations is the ankara government's fear of the germans this distrust is due partly to mem ories of the last war and more recently has been increased by the nazis unscrupulous pillaging of europe and the belief that a nazi victory would re sult in turkey's loss of independence germans who have acted against the interests of turkey have been expelled at various times during the past three years and last august the turks refused to accept a contract for krupp armaments because it involved german technicians to service them allies need turkey’s friendship from the point of view of the united nations too friend ship with turkey is an essential factor for success of the allied war in the mediterranean for the past three years armed turkey has barred the german route to the middle east and continues to serve as a bulwark for syria iraq iran and the caucasus turkey has also been an economic asset to the allies the most coveted turkish product is chrome indis pensable for cutting tools and armor plate since 1938 the total output of turkish chrome ore has gone to britain for repayment of the british credits used in building the iron and steel works at karabuk see e s hediger allies and axis struggle for neutrals raw materials foreign policy bulletin october 16 1942 page three on several occasions germany has requested that it be allowed to purchase chrome but the turks have refused because of their previous agreement with britain after january 15 1943 however on ex piration of the agreement with britain half of the an nual output will be sold to the germans provided armaments are delivered in advance but by that date the united nations supply of chrome is expected to be substantially increased by the recently developed mines in montana and california as well as by addi tional supplies from south africa and cuba despite the many reasons for close relations be tween turkey and the united nations there is no basis for the belief that the turks will switch from the neutrality they have consistently maintained since 1939 to active participation in the war military un preparedness economic difficulties and the lack of any territorial ambitions make them anxious to re main at peace if however war should prove neces sary for the maintenance of their independence the turks would undoubtedly fight against any power attempting to invade their territory winifred n hadsel a layman’s guide to naval strategy by bernard brodie princeton princeton university press 1942 2.50 an analysis of the role of naval operations in modern warfare with special emphasis on events since 1939 stressing the importance of all arms for victory the author rejects extreme theories of air power he also dis cusses various aspects of naval theory the composition of modern fleets and the tactics of naval action altogether an indispensable introduction to the subject based on a simple yet scholarly approach the tools of war by james r newman doubleday doran 1942 5.00 non technical description of weapons used in land sea and air warfare with emphasis on their historical de velopment garden city foreign devil by gordon enders new york simon and schuster 1942 2.50 fascinating account of the author’s life in india tibet and china ranging from descriptions of native life to the story of mr enders work as adviser to the panchan lama of tibet one particularly interesting observation t learned the profound truth that the mystery of the east is that there is no mystery these men and women are like ourselves there are rascals in the east as there are in the west there are men of good will every where variations of custom and habit and diet are the only barriers which stand between us and these are super ficial things assignment to berlin by harry w flannery new york alfred a knopf 1942 3.00 despite the disadvantage of taking over shirer’s post mr flannery brings out interestingly many details of an unpleasant stay in germany foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 9 dscember 18 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president orothy f luger secretary vera michetes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under che act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year one month for change of address on membership publications please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year pw 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor w ashington news letter dec 14 the clash between idealism and real ism is exemplified most strikingly in french north africa where those who regard the war as a purely anti fascist crusade are horrified by our collaboration with admiral francois darlan the erstwhile collab orationist in the view of the united states govern ment however military considerations are paramount for as secretary of state cordell hull said on decem ber 2 the american military authorities are too busy winning the war to worry about the politics of the occupied countries winston churchill speaking be fore a secret session of the house of commons on december 10 seems to have taken pretty much the same stand and to have brought emanuel shinwell one of his sharpest laborite critics to remark after wards i do not like the darlan set up but when you are at war you cannot afford to pick and choose your associates many americans think mistakenly that the united states military authorities installed darlan in north africa the truth is that the americans found darlan so firmly entrenched in north africa that they accepted his collaboration to save the lives of thousands of american soldiers which otherwise would have had to be sacrificed in fighting the french army originally general dwight d eisen hower planned to set up general henri giraud as head of the french administration in north africa this scheme had to be quickly scrapped because the americans found that if they desired the coopera tion of the french officials and the french army they had to act through darlan the temporary expedient president roosevelt has described the working arrangement with admiral darlan as a temporary expedient the french have a proverb which says that nothing lasts so long as the provisional this may prove to be the case in the affaire darlan with the axis forces offering stubborn resistance in the tunis triangle the anglo american army is in no position to court more trouble by taking on the french troops as well collaboration with darlan has enabled us to com plete the occupation of morocco and algeria in a few days and to assure the safety of our long lines of communications the french authorities maintain internal order while darlan brings over to the allied side an army of 300,000 men some of whom are already fighting the axis in tunisia while the office of war information is annoyed for victory that its broadcasts to europe are banned by the moroccan radio washington hears that general eisenhower is highly pleased with the results of hig arrangement with admiral darlan in the eyes of the american military authorities the acquisition of dakar as a naval and air base for the united na tions which was announced by general eisenhower on december 7 by itself justifies cooperation with the former vichy vice premier working in agree ment with darlan the americans have been able to effect a bloodless conquest of this important base the advantages of dakar in the hands of the allies are numerous and have been often pointed out but doubtless the most important just now is the immense shortening of our supply lines to the african theatres of war that it makes possible in ad dition the allies acquire the french naval units at dakar including the damaged 35,000 ton battleship richelieu and three 7,600 ton cruisers fears of the fighting french two arguments are usually raised against the darlan arrangement the first was voiced by general georges catroux fighting french leader in his broadcast from london on december 7 when he urged washington to sever all connections with the man who is best compared to the legendary horse of troy the second is the fear of the fighting french that our collaboration with darlan means consolida tion of the vichy régime first in north africa and subsequently in france mr hull however assured adrien tixier and admiral thierry d’argenlieu fighting french commissioners in washington and the pacific respectively on december 8 that the united states would not permit darlan to impose on the french people a post war régime contrary to their wishes john elliott a timely reminder to members that the tax law of the united states exempts from income taxes 15 per cent of each citizen's in come if given to tax exempt philanthropies the foreign policy association is one of these tax exempt organizations it has no endowment and a large pro portion of its operating expenses must be met through contributions from individuals who believe in its re search work and educational program any gift you may wish to make before december 31 will be deeply appreciated buy united states war bonds +entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin failure an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association japan's foreign policy association incorporated united 22 east 38th street new york n y ty pos vou xxi no 9 december 19 1941 u.s and russia assume central roles in global war 1g the as the axis unfolds its grand strategy for global war it becomes increasingly clear that the to ch fur talitarian powers are directing a vast pincer move secre ment toward the western hemisphere from the i have pacific and the atlantic in an effort to disable the d with one country in the world whose potential industrial production can outmatch that of germany the ini tial blows struck during the japanese surprise attacks hin 24 on american and british possessions in the far east n latin have so far been warded off but neither britain nor war on the united states has yet succeeded in inflicting repub counterblows on japan in the pacific the western orm of powers have been put on the defensive and must ica was now drastically revise their strategic plans before yy nic they can assume the offensive damaged vessels will temala have to be repaired or reinforcements brought from decem the atlantic to the pacific ily ex yet any weakening of allied naval forces in the atlantic is bound to create fresh problems for brit ain which must keep its own fleet dispersed over the globe for the protection of widely scattered possessions and the transportation of essential food stuffs and raw materials while british shipping losses in the atlantic during the month of novem dered were the lowest since the fall of france less por than 100,000 tons compared to 180,000 tons a 25 yyll month officially declared lost from july through oc ality tober 1941 the situation there may become pre do bal ous if the germans succeed in renewing sub o ba ke 5 aban matine warfare on a large scale the british press it wa has already pointed out that britain’s naval difficul im bo uh tes would be greatly relieved if bases could be ob tained in eire but on december 14 president de valera declared that eire would maintain its neutral ity even though he warned his people that war might come upon them as a thief in the night the anglo american position in the atlantic would be further impaired if hitler could obtain 3 m french bases in north and west africa notably amett rent on s attack isphere sal of has a ilso has eported piritual dakar as well as use of the french navy while vichy is seeking to maintain an attitude of strict neutrality in the conflict begun last week between the axis and the united states marshal pétain for the first time since the armistice revealed on de cember 12 that his government had protested against nazi measures of reprisal in occupied france whether this protest indicates a change in temper on the part of vichy it is as yet too early to predict but vichy’s decision in turn is bound to be affected by the fortunes of war on the eastern front withdrawal or retreat when ger many invaded russia on june 22 many french mili tary observers had not expected russia to last more than six weeks now that the russians have not only put up successful resistance but have actually taken the initiative in some sectors vichy’s estimate of the future may have to be revised the jubilant news from moscow must of course be weighed against nazi assertions that the german army is withdrawing from russia according to a pre arranged plan it is certainly conceivable that the germans might want to withdraw troops for use on other fronts where the weather is more propitious for a winter campaign the near east or africa but one thing does seem clear the german offensive against leningrad moscow and rostov has failed and the germans have paid a tremendous price in terms of men and material for this frustrated offensive true the losses in turn inflicted by germany on russia have impaired the military and industrial power of the soviet union the cost of russia’s re sistance against an army that had been regarded as invincible explains the reluctance of the soviet lead ers to open a second front at this juncture in the far east even though it is obvious that soviet air and land attacks on the japanese would greatly aid 7 f hi a a the abcd powers as ambassador litvinov pointed out in an interview in washington on december 13 the russians have been keenly aware of britain’s failure to open a second front in europe at a time when russia was particularly hard pressed and do not regard the libyan campaign of decisive im portance moreover the russians realize that what ever aid may have been promised to them by the western powers this aid must now be severely cur tailed since the united states wili need airplanes in the far east and may not be able to spare ships for transporting other equipment to russia via the two routes still open archangel and the persian gulf the soviet government has made it clear that it intends to continue the war against germany to the finish but it is equally clear that moscow does not intend to be diverted from this objective by the far eastern conflict what will be russia’s role in eu rope as the russians press the nazis some people in the western world have begun to wonder whether victory in europe may after all be won by russia which alone has a land front with germany rather than by britain and the united states now active primarily in africa and asia such a develop ment is not outside the bounds of possibility russia’s resistance against the german army has won the respect and even admiration of many people throughout the world who in the past had bitterly opposed the soviet system the soviet leaders have been more deft than either british or american statesmen in preparing the ground for a collapse within germany in their public speeches they have page two distinguished between the nazis on the one hand and german workers and intellectuals on the other in an obvious effort to divide the german people in this way they are seeking to turn the weapon of fifth column tactics against the nazis it would certainly be a gross exaggeration to say at this time that any large number of european would be willing to accept the soviet system even jp profoundly modified form if they could find sony other alternative to the nazi new order fear o bolshevism which the nazis used so effectively t build up their own influence remains an importan factor in world affairs only if the western powey should fail to provide an alternative to nazism would the soviet program have any chance of su cess in western europe although it might win sup port in eastern europe and the balkans where so cial and economic conditions resemble those jy russia but the fact must be faced that the majority of people in europe among them anti nazi ger mans have been profoundly disillusioned by brit ain’s policy toward the continent if an alternative to both nazism and sovietism is to be presented t europe that alternative will have to be formulated by the united states which is regarded by millions on the continent as the champion of a new and for ward looking democracy thus the united states is not only destined to play a central rdle in the total war it entered last week it is also cast for a central rdle in the reconstruction that must follow this wa if we are to justify the sacrifices which the american people together with millions of others throughout the world are firmly resolved to make vera micheles dean rio conference to determine hemispheric war policy during the first week in january the foreign ministers of the twenty one american republics are to meet in rio de janeiro for the third time since the outbreak of the european war this meeting has been called by secretary of state hull at the urgent recommendation of various south american coun tries especially chile it is based directly on a dec laration article xv approved at the havana conference of july 1940 whereby an act of aggres sion against any signatory state was to be followed by a consultation of all of them christmas 1041 you may be interested in following the example of an fpa member who writes us in lieu of a christmas card this year i am dis tributing copies of the timely headline book the struggle for world order as a possible aid toward world wide attainment of happier days by vera micheles dean 25 cents a copy quantity rates on request as foreseen geography has played an important role in determining the reaction of individual latin american republics to the crisis with the single ex ception of mexico all those countries situated north of the south american mainland have followed the united states into hostilities against japan ger many and italy mexico moreover has severed t lations with the axis triumvirate and appears read to cooperate wholeheartedly with the united states in coastal patrol and other essential defense meas ures no such unanimity of response has marked the republics of the south american continent many 0 which lie well outside the assured radius of us military and naval assistance to date no souti american country has gone so far as a war declaté tion although colombia at the northern end 0 the continent has broken off relations with japas in addition axis funds have been frozen in a num ber of south american republics notably in brazil which has also muzzled pro axis elements of th press a pa week h south 4 chile as a be solutiot advant naval limited would peace arc gentin vitally ameri the ur impres marre ramo more instru up pr ing th long s public cently agust eral s ful fis arget side clarin nantl opini dece suddi into who maki hesit hemi the such ame most the on f state wort fore headq entere ee hand a particularly important development of the past e othe week has been a decision by several of the major people 2pon of to say ropean even in id some fear of ively ty 1portant power nazism of suc vin sup here s0 hose in majority zi ger by brit ernative ented ty mulated millions and for states is he total central this war merican oughout dean portant al latin ngle ex 2d north wed the n ger ered f rs ready d states e meas rked the many of of us o south declare end of 1 japan a nuit 1 brazil of thi south american countries including argentina and chile to refrain from considering the united states as a belligerent although obviously a compromise solution this arrangement confers certain practical advantages on the north american republic u.s naval forces for instance will have the same un limited access to south american ports that they would have if the washington government were at peace argentina’s stand the reaction of ar gentina to recent events is of particular interest this vitally important republic was one of the first south american countries to announce that it would regard the united states as a non belligerent the excellent impression created by this move has been somewhat marred by the obvious reluctance of acting president ramén castillo to offend the totalitarian powers more than was absolutely necessary on government instruction police have been methodically breaking up pro u.s and pro democratic demonstrations dur ing the past week the castillo régime has however long since forfeited any title to represent argentine public opinion in international matters a cable re cently sent to president roosevelt by ex president agustin justo is more indicative perhaps of gen eral sentiment in buenos aires justo still a power ful figure behind the scenes expressed the belief that argentina should place itself unreservedly at the side of the united states even to the extent of de claring war possibly in response to the predomi nantly pro united states and anti totalitarian public opinion in argentina sefior castillo indicated on december 15 that he might declare a state of siege to curb pro axis propagandists on balance the response of latin america to the sudden and dramatic entrance of the united states into actual hostilities would go far to justify those who have detected a new hemispheric unity in the making nine latin american states have without hesitation declared war while every republic in the hemisphere has given some measure of support to the united states barring some unforeseen disaster such as a successful axis invasion of the south american continent this measure of support is al most certain to increase rather than diminish for the very security of latin american territory depends on military and naval assistance from the united states and even more perhaps on economic aid it is worth noting that in current chilean argentine plans page three f.p.a radio schedule subject u.s mobilizes economy for war speaker john c dewilde date sunday december 21 time 12 12 15 p.m e.s.t over nbc for station please consult your local newspaper for fortifying the strategic straits of magellan at the very tip end of the south american continent equipment from the united states is expected to play an important part against this background the rio conference should afford an excellent oppor tunity for submerging individual hesitations and mis givings in a common program j i b mcculloch hawaii restless rampart by joseph barber jr new york bobbs merrill 1941 2.75 an excellent analysis of america’s strategic military outpost with significant factual observations on the terri tory’s economic organization alien population and political aspirations war propaganda and the united states by harold lavine and james wechsler new haven yale university press 1940 2.75 a study of pressure groups and propaganda methods with special emphasis on measures designed to influence united states foreign policy during world war ii the new burma by w j grant new york macmillan 1940 2.00 a brief but fascinating sketch written by the former editor of the rangoon times and somewhat colored by offi cial opinion of the cities customs history religion trade and economic and political life of burma europe’s trade by the economic intelligence service league of nations geneva league of nations 1941 2.00 this valuable statistical study surveys the commercial relations of europe with the rest of the world as well as its intra continental trade during the decade preceding the war despite the attempts of some nations to achieve autarchy it is apparent that europe on the eve of the war was dependent on outside sources of foodstuffs and raw material low on the war by david low new york simon schuster 1941 2.00 these cartoons by one of the world’s best known political commentators form a witty incisive history of the first twenty months of the war what mein kampf means to america by francis hackett new york reynal and hitchcock 1941 2.00 in this book length book review mr hackett sketches in the background of mein kampf condenses its 900 rambling pages and describes in american idiom the ger man fiihrer’s principles of faith and action the author believes that hitler’s work is ample proof that the euro pean war is not just another contest between rival powers but a bid for german supremacy over the world foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 9 dgcemmber 19 1941 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lget secretary vera miche.es dean editor national entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year bow 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership including foreign policy bulletin five dollars a year el ee so i barrera ot an ree a es a a ices ei aa pe i ye ry ri en j 4 if a e ta i washington news letter washington bureau national press building dec 15 although washington has recovered to some extent from the stunning effect of the initial japanese blows and has been encouraged by the re sistance of the abcd powers to japanese landing operations there is no disposition here to minimize the seriousness of the pacific crisis secretary knox's statement on december 15 regarding the damage to our fleet and base facilities at pearl harbor revealed smaller losses in ships than had been feared but heavy loss of lives in reality the pacific fleet has been placed strictly on the defensive at least until reinforcements in planes and capital ships can arrive at hawaii thus leaving japan free to concentrate on its immediate objectives in southeast asia problem of reinforcements the im mediate task confronting the government is to rush reinforcements to hawaii and the philippines the danger of another attack on hawaii will probably re main acute until ships can bring enough fighter planes to oahu to compensate for the severe losses inflicted by the japanese the problem of reinforc ing the philippines promises to be formidable ad miral hart’s asiatic fleet includes a considerable number of submarines which together with dutch and british u boats may prove a hazard to japanese operations but basically it is too weak to do more than harass the opposing forces particularly now that britain’s capital ship strength in the far east has been destroyed the philippine army and air force have so far given a good account of them selves but their supplies and equipment may prove inadequate to withstand continuous attacks from near by japanese bases both britain and the united states are severely handicapped by the enormous dis tances over which supplies must move with the japanese mandated islands lying athwart the direct approach to the philippines which are some 6,000 miles from our pacific coast it is likely that rein forcements must be shipped along the safer but more circuitous southern route which would add 3,000 to 4,000 miles to our communication lines russia in the far east the fundamental pessimism about the outlook in washington is en hanced by the disappointment over russia’s failure to enter the far eastern war those who were specu lating about the possibility of another abrupt russian realignment have been reassured by the declarations of pravda and mr litvinov’s interview with the press yet the reluctance of the soviet union to em gage in a war on two fronts indicates that countrys ef weakness in the far east for the time being ang eliminates the possibility of utilizing siberian bases for counterblows against japan officials here do not criticize russia’s decision which it is acknowledged must have been reached after full consideration of soviet resources in fact many observers believe that the soviet union will use its limited strength to the best advantage if it can continue to immobilize most of germany's military man power ama vou xx a production and allocation in his n t third report on lend lease aid submitted to congress clear on december 15 president roosevelt reaffirmed the of its bc necessity of further lend lease assistance to other pearl hi countries despite our own involvement in war to it has prosecute the war effectively on all fronts the whole with th production program is being revised on december until su 10 william s knudsen director of opm revealed the mic that government agencies had drawn up new sched ontest ules calling for a 24 hour day and 7 day week and s an expenditure of about 1,000,000,000 a week this threat means that we shall ultimately be spending at least mand k 50,000,000,000 a year for war purposes an amount where approximately one half of our national income as and m compared with the one quarter we are spending ms today minol cembe meanwhile one of the major problems will be how to allocate this country’s limited war output jap among the existing and potential theatres of war 110 rk since the allies are for the most part still on the defensive they must distribute their forces ovet jan wide areas in readiness to parry any blow from the 5 enemy there is still much speculation in washing lapan ton for instance about germany’s next move some 5 anticipate a german occupation of portugal and bed ni spain which would neutralize gibraltar and pave disrup the way for heavy german reinforcements in north 5 4 africa coupled perhaps with a simultaneous drive yin against turkey and the middle east suppl to meet these manifold difficulties the allies must orces completely coordinate their war efforts in every field deen this means not only the pooling of production facili of rec ties which are undoubtedly vast but also a single malay military and naval command particularly in the far in east as well as unified control and direction of f tope shipping facilities on which the outcome of the wat its fo vitally depends it we john c dewilde diffic +periqdical room genbral library entered as 2nd class matter univ of mich general li br ary dec 28 1942 whaversacy of michigan ann arbor mich ah f foreign policy bulletin general 5 a ts of his es of the ition of an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association ted na foreign policy association incorporated enhower 22 east 38th street new york n y on w n seal vou xxii no 10 dechmber 25 1942 sen able nportant grave political decisions confront allies in europe lal gee the russians press their new offensive pation on terms of equality with the serbs in post war noe _in the region of the don and the outcome in yugoslavia it is also said that instead of using the s to the dunisia continues to hinge on the relative air forces under his command he is saving them to e ina strength the allies and the axis can amass in that build up his own power after the war meanwhile units theatre of war it becomes increasingly evident that british and other sources claim that general mik ttleship the united nations will have to reach some measure hailovitch who has the support of the yugoslav of agreement concerning the political situation in government in london resents the increasing activi ht europe before they can capitalize on their newly ties of another group of guerrilla warriors the gained advantages it is not possible now nor at partisans who are said to be receiving guidance and darlan this stage of the conflict would it be desirable to support from moscow although it is admitted that general formulate the details of the post war settlement in not all the men in their ranks are by any means pro in bie europe what is urgently needed is a consensus communist on the contrary it would ap that when among the united nations as to the ultimate politi among the partisans there are many who find gen with cal objectives they hope to achieve through military eral mikhailovitch not sufficiently aggressive or who horse of victory without such consensus there is the gravest resent his allegedly pro serb views general mik frenaa danger that defeat of germany will merely be hailovitch according to the british is not pro axis ansolidaal the prelude to an indefinite period of civil war but is biding his time until he can give aid to an rica and within the liberated countries of europe and of invading allied force assured clashes between britain russia and the united states ferment of revolution in the absence concerning the future political organization of the of trustworthy information about internal clashes in agate continent yugoslavia it would seem wise to suspend judg that the yugoslavia in turmoil indications of ment about the merits of the claims advanced by the npose of the serious rifts that are developing among the various groups in yugoslavia resistance to the axis y to their peoples of europe at the very time when their ef is superimposed so to speak on two fundamental lliott forts should be concentrated on the task of under trends an internal conflict between serbs and croats mining the nazi system from within multiply day that had existed since the union of the two peoples rs by day the internal crisis that is rending yugo in one state in 1919 and a growing cleavage which slavia is but a portent of what may occur in other may be assuming the scope of revolution between ven’s in ountries conquered by the nazis which before hit peasants and intellectuals many of whom are tra es th ler’s advent to power had not achieved national ditionally pro russian on the one hand and r aya cohesion or having achieved it centuries earlier resentatives of the old feudal system of landlords a had begun to show signs of disintegration reports bureaucracy and monarchy on the other many of shrowll stemming chiefly from moscow assert that whom had been openly anti soviet defeat of hitler hee general mikhailovitch previously acclaimed in would not automatically remedy these conflicts or in its re britain and the united states as leader of the heal these cleavages it is entirely possible that revo gift you chetnik guerrillas has developed pro axis sym lutions similar in character to that which occurred e deeply pathies and accuse him of favoring the forma in russia in 1917 may take place in the backward tion after the war of a greater serbia as opposed primarily agricultural and raw material producing ids to the demands of croats and slovenes for partici countries of eastern europe and the balkans not oeo es s s s a see page tue because of the propaganda of native communists or direction from moscow but because the war brought to a head economic and social conditions that had been ripe for an upheaval dilemma of allies the dilemma that con fronts the united nations is whether they should now make a choice between the conflicting elements in the occupied countries giving their blessing to one group and thus inviting the curses of the others or on the contrary decline to intervene in these internal conflicts and proceed with the task of tnilitary occupation whenever that becomes feasible leaving military commanders in the field free to de cide what individuals should be vested with civil authority until such time as a general settlement can be discussed the democratic formula and the one sanctioned by the atlantic charter is that the peoples of the occupied countries shall freely choose their own governments once they have been liberated from nazi rule but will the peoples of liberated coun tries be in a state of mind to elect their own govern ments or will the defeat of germany merely un leash all the old passions that to some extent at least had been kept in check by the prevailing de sire to resist hitler and when these passions break loose as they already have in yugoslavia will a serious difference of opinion develop between britain the united states and russia as to the general trend that should be encouraged in any given country by the recognition of one type of government in prefer ence to another this is not an academic question but one of im mediate urgency there is a growing danger that britain and the united states may become associate in the minds of europeans with representatives of the old order in europe who having failed to pr vent the catastrophe of war are already squabbling over the spoils of victory it is understandable tha britain and the united states should want to maip tain as much continuity as possible in the politic life of europe but hitler's ruthless conquests ma have made resumption of life at the point where j was interrupted impossible and it may be that the western democracies can make their most effectiye contribution to post war reconstruction by taking their starting point not conditions as they existed ig 1939 but as they exist today perhaps the only way to avoid a series of civil wars and inter allied clashes that would destroy what is left of europe is to play now for military administration of all of liberate europe by the united nations for a specific period during that period it might prove possible to carry out measures of relief and rehabilitation that would prepare the peoples of conquered countries to make a relatively dispassionate choice regarding their fu ture political régimes instead of thrusting this re sponsibility on them when they are not in a state of mind to fulfill it the military representatives of the united nations however must have a general policy to guide their decisions before and after they enter countries now occupied by the nazis if their military operations are not to be jeopardized by politi cal convulsions throughout the continent vera micheles dean the first of four articles by mrs dean on the reorganization of europe is chile nearing break with axis the arrival in washington on december 11 of sefior radl morales beltrani chilean minister of the interior again raises the question of chile’s po sition in the war with the allied successes in north africa and the solomons it seemed that severance of diplomatic relations with the axis might have been expected on the part of chile and argentina the only nations on the continent still maintaining such ties the drive for complete hemisphere solidar ity however moves slowly a year after pearl har what is the role of the governments in exile are they helping the united nations war effort are they in contact with their conquered peoples what are their post war plans read allied governments in london war efforts and peace aims by winifred n hadsel 25c december 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to fpa members 3 bor and at least eleven months after the 19 other american republics broke off relations with get many italy and japan axis diplomats are still free to move about and act in the interest of their gov ernments in two important south american countries chile strikes at axis agents although no fundamental change has yet occurred chile has taken important steps recently to curb axis espionage and sabotage activities on november 5 the chilean government ordered the expulsion of one italian and eleven german agents for spying on the same day a mass demonstration which supported the united nations and called for a break with the axis took place in santiago this happened two days after the inter american emergency committee for political defense of the continent at montevideo had de cided to publish a memorandum presented fout months before on june 30 to the chilean executive by united states ambassador claude g bowers posing the machinations of german spies and sabo teurs in chile the fact that this document was not o_ page three associate made public earlier explains the confusion of chilean visits of their highest representatives to the united itatives of public opinion during preceding months states on november 23 president carlos arroyo ed to pre secret discussions and long debates followed pres del rio of ecuador arrived in washington for a quabbling entation of the united states memorandum which ten day official stay during which he pledged ecua dable that proved conclusively that a well organized group of dor’s support of the united nations war and peace t to main spies sent secret radio messages to germany covering aims ecuador's contribution to the war deserves e politial the arrival and departure of allied ships and indi special mention as announced some weeks ago it uests may cated that the air attaché of the german embassy has agreed to the establishment of american strate t where it at santiago ludwig von bohlen was one of the gic bases not only on the galapagos islands athwart e that the organizers of the group the panama canal’s western approaches but also at t effective in spite of this conclusive evidence for over the westernmost point of the country santa elena taking a four months nothing was done after the document its economic contribution is also valuable an im existed in ad been published the chilean government ar portant producer of cocoa beans and balsa wood only way rested a group of axis agents but took no further ecuador since the outbreak of war has sold most of ied clashes steps at the time concerned chiefly with the fate of its raw materials to the united states it is now ex is to plan jts merchant fleet now doing a record business and panding its rubber production a million and a half liberated the difficulty of defending its long and vulnerable pounds in 1941 as well as its output of manila fic period oast line chile apparently still hesitates to break hemp tapioca and other commodities needed by the to catty definitely with the axis japanese threats expressed united nations hat would as late as november 18 to destroy chilean shipping on december 9 major general fulgencio batista s to make should chile abandon its neutrality may have played president of the cuban republic arrived in wash their fe their part yet application of the rio de janeiro agree ington for a seven day state visit during which he g this f ments which call for severance of diplomatic and assured the leaders and people of the united states in a state itatives of economic relations with the three main axis powers by all american nations cannot be postponed in of cuba’s wholehearted cooperation in resisting ag gression and in strengthening the security of the a genetal definitely sooner or later the last two neutrals in western world he also declared that his country after they america will either have to break off relations or would give complete support to a move against is if thei withdraw from the hemisphere coalition chilean fascist spain he further assured the united na by politi president rios recognized this fact on november 23 tions of cuba’s complete economic collaboration the when he declared that if present methods are in island is a large producer of sugar and tobacco and dean sufficient chile will go so far as to break with the practically all of its 4.2 million ton output of sugar je is sold to the united states defense corporation axis in order to aid the democratic cause following these moves the chilean senate on december 2 began a series of secret meetings to dis cuba is also a source of extremely valuable metallic ores such as manganese copper and chromium with ger still free their gov countries although chile has espionage ie chilean talian and same day ne united axis took after the r political had de nted four executive owers ex and sabo it was not cuss foreign policy no concrete information is avail 19 other able but on december 7 the minister of the interior left for the united states although he is here on what is described as a private visit sefior morales has been canvassing the situation with president roosevelt vice president wallace under secretary of state welles and a score of high officials it is believed by some that he is preparing the way for the visit of president rios to washington which it is hoped will be made at an early date and signify a break with the axis for the time being however the chilean government is still temporizing other latin american visitors mean while other american republics have expressed their solidarity with the united nations cause through see john i b mcculloch cabinet char obsc ur f reign pol y bulletin es leave chilean policy november 6 1942 these visits as well as those which will undoubted ly follow in the near future should greatly contribute to closer strategic and economic collaboration be tween the united states and the latin american es ublics ernest s hediger book service discontinued for duration due to the war situation we regret to announce that we are no longer able to order books at discount for fpa members we hope to resume this service to members at a later date the nazi underground in south america by hugo fer andez artucio new york farrar and rinehart 1942 3.00 a sensational description of a very security of the western hemisphere real danger to the foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 10 december 25 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nationa headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lust secretary vera micugces dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y one month for change of address on membership publications under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a one includes the bulletin five dollars a year ca 181 produced under union condit ons and composed and printed by union labor es washington news letter dec 21 the circumstances that brought about the resignation of price administrator leon hender son bear a disquieting resemblance to political events that contributed so much to the downfall of france in that country it was the predominance of group and class interests over considerations of national welfare that crippled french armaments production and left the nation semi defenseless when war came here in the united states the triumph of the farm bloc last week in finally obtaining the over throw of the man.they were avowedly out to get has endangered the entire price stabilization program lengthened appreciably the shadow of inflation and created a serious menace to the nation’s war effort the reason mr henderson gave for his resigna tion was the state of his general physical condition and a rather bad impairment of his eyesight actu ally as everybody knows it was due to the fact that president roosevelt's anti inflation program was doomed to fail unless mr henderson went for so long as that pugnacious personality remained at the head of the office of price administration the in coming congress would have refused to vote a single penny in appropriations for the opa mr hender son in fact had become such a dangerous political liability that the president against his will had to offer him as a sacrifice to congress unpopularity with congress under a totalitarian form of government it is a relatively simple matter to impose sacrifices on a nation a dr schacht can deprive a nation of butter to get guns without having to worry about losing his job so long as he retains the confidence of his fuehrer but in a democracy it is not sufficient for a high gov ernment official to know his job and to possess the confidence of the chief executive he must also win the good graces of the legislature now even most congressmen are privately willing to admit that mr henderson administered opa well from may 1942 when his maximum price regula tion went into effect until october of this year he held the cost of living to a rise of only 2.6 per cent rents and clothing prices remained virtually sta tionary and even food prices over many items of which he had no control for a long time went up by only 6.5 per cent in those six months but where mr henderson failed notably was to conciliate the body that controls the purse strings when a reporter asked him recently what makes frankly attributed it to his lack of politeness more precisely congress was exasperated by mg henderson’s deliberate refusal to consult its m bers in regard to the appointment of state opa of ficials moreover he antagonized two important groups he made enemies of labor by his insistence on wage stabilization and a longer work week and he angered the farmers by clamping ceilings on the prices of their products the danger to the nation lies in the fact that the vou x farm bloc having tasted blood in getting rid of its arch foe henderson is now planning a new offensive against the price stabilization front this pressure group is ready when the new congress convenes in january to jam through a bill that would force the 7 administration to include all labor costs in the com us putation of farm parity prices such a measure if enacted would obviously send food prices skyrocket doubt ing and wreck the president’s anti inflation program yy call for national self discipline the report that the farm bloc is preparing to put key j through such a bill lends interest to the belief that 1 3 mr roosevelt intends to nominate ex senator pren 1 tiss brown of michigan as mr henderson’s succes 4 sor for it was senator brown who in piloting the 0 president's anti inflation bill through the senate last p autumn almost single handed defeated the farm ae bloc’s attempt at that time to get farm labor costs of a included in the parity formula his fight against this powerful pressure group cost senator brown his seat a in the november elections eo the grave implications of the henderson affair are that the american people do not realize the necessity of accepting sacrifices for the sake of winning the war and still believe in the possibility of carrying on politics as usual this is certainly the opinion of nearly everybody who comes back to the united states from the war zones including capt eddie rickenbacker who on his return to washington de cember 19 asked for more sacrifices from the american public sacrifices that seem so small and insignificant when you've seen what those boys of y guadalcanal haven't got if prentiss brown in tends to rely on voluntary controls instead of his predecessor's regulations to avert inflation it will be incumbent on the american people to impose on themselves the self discipline that french democracy to its own destruction so lamentably failed to display war tend ness othe the pol mil ee congress so mad at you the price administrator john eluiott and for victory buy united states war bonds fact es +dr willian v ll ae oe ee z 2 we 2 way library ee r qa4 dec 3 u 134 entered as 2nd class matter sealed de ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin do ed 7 an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association ec ion of foreign policy association incorporated ve that 22 east 38th street new york n y to the jor xxxi no 10 december 26 1941 most far eastern front requires unified command in his the third week of the pacific war it becomes ngress clear that japan is steadily filling in the outlines ed the of its bold strategic conceptions while the assault on other pearl harbor failed to knock out the pacific fleet ar to jit has barred that fleet from effective interference whole with the more vital operations in southeast asia cember until sufficient planes and capital ships reach hawaii vealeq the mid pacific as close in as midway island will be sched contested by japanese air and sea power by its steady k and seties of attacks on our island outposts and by the k this threat of another blow at hawaii the japanese com t least mand has continued to hold the offensive in a region mount where the american navy has been thought supreme and meanwhile the gains which japan has been reg andi istering in the south china sea stand out much more ominously than might have been expected on de vill be cember 7 output japan’s southward drive the plight of f war hongkong where the british garrison is being swift on the ly overwhelmed illustrates the cardinal feature of over japan’s successful drive into southeast asia from om the formosa to indo china the sea lanes which supply ashing japan’s expeditionary units have been virtually im some pune from attack save possibly by submarines al al and lied naval and air strength has proved insufficient to 1 pave disrupt these vital japanese lines of communication north or to relieve beleagured hongkong a base which if drive maintained could seriously threaten japan’s extended upply routes and help to isolate its expeditionary s must forces farther south the japanese command has thus y field been enabled to concentrate full attention on the task facili of reducing the great bastions of allied strength in single malaya and the philippines he far in these regions japan unlike germany in eu ion of ftope did not possess the great advantage of having he war its forces poised on frontiers contiguous to the enemy it was seemingly confronted everywhere with the ilde difficult tactical problem of a sea borne invasion only in malaya the most crucial section of all did the quick surrender of thailand immediately open an overland invasion route except for the early land ings near kota bharu on the northeast coast there have been no further successful attempts to carry jap anese units into malaya by sea instead japan’s main forces were rushed through thailand from indo china and then rapidly deployed along the whole northern frontier of malaya air bases in southern thailand had apparently been prepared in advance for the reception of japanese planes the overland route moreover permitted the transport of heavy mechanized equipment including tanks in sufficient quantity to transform the japanese divisions into a formidable striking force two weeks after reaching the frontier these divisions had pushed roughly 100 miles down the west coast occupying kedah welles ley province and the island fortress of penang on the east coast an advance of some 45 miles had straightened out the japanese lines on a front stretch ing across northern malaya approximately 300 miles from singapore the energy and determination of this japanese offensive had confronted the british command with a critical situation as it mobilized the full strength of its forces to check the advance and stabilize the front in the philippines japan was forced to cope with the onerous tasks of a sea borne invasion surprise landings on the first day established bridgeheads at vigan and aparri in northern luzon supplemented later by the occupation of legaspi in the south while a fourth invasion force was landed at davao in southern mindanao all these points are sufficiently distant from manila center of the vital philippine defense zone to constitute no immediate threat al though japan’s superior numbers may eventually ex pand even peripheral areas into a threat of general encirclement especially if air bases can be estab lished following destruction of the haruna the jap sa i aoe eer a tener ee eer ss 5 ty st pat au pa tt pa i 4 a bee i i t oh i 5 t a 4 es ______ anese command hesitated to bring its naval vessels into close proximity to the philippine coast lingayen gulf from which the manila defenses can be most easily approached was the scene of an abortive land ing attempt on december 10 but a far larger and more serious effort was being undertaken at this point on december 22 should this second attempt succeed the military position of manila would immediately become critical while netherlands indies territory was still uninvaded japan had made a preliminary approach to the east indian archipelago by occupying the oil producing sections of brunei and sarawak in northern borneo reports indicated that the oil wells and refineries had been destroyed but this region also offered the strategic possibility of reinforcing japan’s air strength in the lower reaches of the south china sea allied defense needs japan's swift suc cesses have faced the american british and dutch forces with acute problems the most urgent need is for reinforcements of all kinds but especially of planes and man power in malaya a large scale battle front has rapidly developed while in the philippines the disparity of forces renders impracticable the de fense of the many threatened points in the archi pelago air power can most easily redress the balance since it can be used equally to repel landing attempts support ground troops and prevent the multiplication of japanese air bases especially in the island regions fighters as well as bombers are needed but while the page two long only in australia and india are planes apd structior men readily available as reinforcements and the americ number of planes which these countries can supply publish is limited naval vessels can be transferred more eas politica ily to the far east but without effective shore based country air support their contribution is apt to prove costly of the establishment of a unified allied command ip united southeast asia where american british chinese and dutch forces are directly participating in the current mee operations is equally urgent staff conversations dur ing the months preceding the war had created a mini vl mum basis of anglo american dutch cooperation al christi ready evident for example in the activities of dutch rie submarines off the malayan coast these conversa raphic tions are now being carried further at singapore 4 abc while british australian and chinese representa pasic ir tives are conferring in chungking the roosevelt coc churchill conferences at washington will have to ad just the pacific front to the requirements of global strategy but unified action on the spot in the far east agairg is first need an over all strategic plan affecting onth both operations and supply is more imperative in 799 00 southeast asia at the present moment than in any month other theatre of the war japan’s preparations for the book current drive have been carefully made and its cam thusias paign is being ruthlessly pressed forward by a single command delay in achieving effective abcd unity of command prolongs japan’s advantage and might out of easily lead to disastrous setbacks at the very outset s a w as a ct latter can be flown to the far east the former must of the pacific conflict i t be carried in convoys over routes some 10,000 miles t a bisson change the wé the fpa in the war a the w with the outbreak of war the task of educating american public opinion on international affairs to which the foreign policy association has been con tributing for twenty three years assumes greater scope and importance than ever before in the present emergency the association is performing a twofold public service it is lending members of its staff to the government on urgent special assignments and it is expanding its services to meet the needs of the armed forces and of adult education groups of all kinds for trustworthy material on international problems three members of the fpa staff have been granted can portugal preserve its economic political and strategic equilibrium between the powers at war read portugal beleaguered neutral by a randle elliott 25 december 15 issue of foreign policy reports which are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to fpa members 3 leaves of absence varying in length to serve the gov new ernment general mccoy is a member of the five the man board appointed by president roosevelt to in 76 vestigate the japanese attack on pearl harbor and is wentur rendering many other services to the administration hope t william t stone has joined the board of economic yi warfare as chief of the british empire division china james frederick green is on the staff of the office of hon coordinator of information during the emergency ae professor william p maddox on leave from the deo political science department of the university of ments pennsylvania and a member of the executive commit tee of the philadelphia branch of the fpa will carty on mr stone’s work in new york and will act as the a uni assistant to general mccoy mrs anne hartwell a johnstone education secretary will serve as acting jgang washington representative of the fpa other addi tures tions to the staff will be announced in the near future working in close cooperation with government a and private agencies the fpa is planning to issue tscereg a series of reports and headline books dealing gp with the problems of the war and of post war recon nes and and the supply ote eas re based costly land ip 1ese and current ons dur a mini ition al dutch onversa igapore resenta osevelt re to ad f global far east iffecting ative in in any for the its cam a single d unity d might y outset isson the gov he five it to in r and is stration conomic division yffice of er gency om the rsity of commit ill carry 1 act as artwell 5 acting er addi future rnment to issue dealing r recon struction which are of immediate concern to the american people the first report in this series to be published on january 1 is a survey of the strategic litical and economic problems confronted by this country which has been jointly prepared by members of the research department under the title the united states at war the weekly bulletin will be devoted to searching analyses of current develop ments presented in the long term perspective of his tory and will carry a larger amount of material on latin america than in the past two headline books germany at war by joseph harsch of the christian science monitor and russia at war by vera micheles dean will answer in brief and raphic form the principal questions every one is ask ing about these two countries another will present basic information about united states territories and possessions overseas the growing importance of the headline books as a channel for popular education on international affairs is indicated by the fact that orders for the months of november and december totaling 220,000 copies topped the record of sales for a two month period since the series was started the latest book the struggle for world order has beer en thusiastically received and fpa members have placed the f.p.a out of the people by j b priestley new york harper 1941 1.50 a well known british novelist now equally well known as a broadcaster gives a warm hearted account of the changes in the temper of the british people wrought by the war and of the effect this may have on post war reconstruction the world’s iron age by william henry chamberlain new york macmillan 1941 3.00 the author of russia’s iron age presents the thesis that since 1914 the world has been experiencing the collapse of the predominantly liberal civilization of the nineteenth century his realistically gloomy analysis closes on the hope that in the midst of the chaos of our times a new civilization may be in the making china fights on translated by frank wilson price vol i hongkong china publishing co 1941 vigorous and effective translations of generalissimo chiang kai shek’s war messages covering the period from october 10 1938 to january 23 1940 these public state ments offer an excellent source of information on many aspects of china’s struggle as well as an illuminating in sight into the mind of china’s national leader the american empire edited by william h haas chicago university of chicago 1940 4.00 an informative survey of the outlying territories and island possessions of the united states their physical fea ures economy history and social characteristics page three f.p.a radio schedule subject keys to the pacific war speaker t a bisson date sunday december 28 time 12 12 15 p.m e.s.t over nbc for station please consult your local newspaper quantities of small orders for extra copies to be given to their friends or distributed to students and adult education groups the fpa is not only planning to continue its work on all fronts but to expand its services as rapidly as possible provided the necessary funds can be se cured for a task which today represents a major pub lic service in its publications as well as in its weekly radio program the fpa will be guided by president roosevelt's statement of december 16 that such forms of censorship as are necessary shall be admin istered effectively and in harmony with the best inter terests of our free institutions it will endeavor in every way to assist in the task of rebuilding world order which according to the president's broadcast of december 9 must be begun by abandoning once and for all the illusion that we can ever again isolate our selves from the rest of humanity bookshelf uncle sam’s pacific islets by david n leff stanford uni versity stanford university press 1940 1.00 a scholarly and extremely useful survey of the small american owned islands in the pacific ocean two way passage by louis adamic new york harper 1941 2.50 a distinguished student of the problems created by the assimilation of european immigrants into american life proposes that the men and women who have settled the new world should in turn contribute to the solution of europe’s conflicts the somewhat exaggerated form in which this proposal is couched does not detract from its stimulating quality boundaries possessions and conflicts in central and north america and the caribbean by gordon ireland cambridge harvard university 1941 4.50 an extremely valuable companion volume to the stand ard work on boundaries possessions and conflicts in south america by the same author the armies march by john cudahy new york scribner 1941 2.75 mr cudahy writes with feeling of his experiences as a diplomat and reporter in war torn europe it is apparent from his book that he became a non interventionist not be cause of any sympathy for hitlerism but because he was convinced that nazi germany could be defeated if at all only in a prolonged and bloody war which would cost the american people far more in his opinion than they were prepared to pay foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 10 december 26 1941 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y beis published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f largt serr tery entered as 3econd class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 national vera micuertes dgan editor three dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union lator f p a membership including foreign policy bulletin five doilars a year lreengepeends rac tects sees fe eaters ame ae pee pone a 6 pale oe ee oe at gee eas fen oe pee ree ree ae ian as pe reon stes ee 2 sens ss se on eed 38 ee washington news letter washington bureau national press building dec 23 with war in the pacific this country must reckon with the possibility that it may be cut off from access to many raw matexials hitherto ob tained in east asia oceania and india from these areas the united states has drawn all or a very large proportion of its supplies of rubber tin jute manila hemp silk kapok mica graphite coconut and palm oil tung oil tea tapioca pepper and nutmegs as well as significant quantities of chromite tungsten manganese sisal wool and tanning agents the list seems imposing but includes many materials which are obviously not of strategic importance and others for which alternative sources of supply may be found rubber about 98 per cent of our crude rubber comes from areas now invaded by japan or in danger of attack although at the beginning of december stocks in this country amounted to about 600,000 tons and shipments of 125,000 tons were under way of which part may be lost total consumption of crude rubber is expected to attain a record of nearly 750,000 tons this year beginning january 4 all rub ber products will be subject to rationing which will reduce civilian consumption of crude rubber from 47,000 to 10,000 tons a month thus effecting an an nual saving of 444,000 tons conservation and rationing will be supplemented by the development of other sources of supply the use of reclaimed rubber which has already risen rap idly during the past year can be further expanded although the amount made available through recla mation must ultimately decline unless new supplies of crude rubber are imported the output of synthetic rubber will probably increase from 12,500 tons in 1941 to 30,000 tons in 1942 and completion of four private and four government plants is expected to raise this annual capacity to 80,000 tons by the end of next year the construction of additional capacity which will take a minimum of 18 months is now contemplated by the rfc the extraction of rubber from guayule shrubs grown in mexico and the south western part of the united states is also feasible but no yield can be expected until the fifth year after planting on december 17 the under secretary of agriculture approved a plan for the planting of 45,000 acres from which however only 5,000 tons of rubber a year can ultimately be derived the de partment of agriculture has also been encouraging the cultivation of rubber in latin america but that region can hardly supply us with more than about 25,000 tons of rubber annually for many years we shall have to rely primarily on drastic rationing tg insure that supplies cover essential defense needs fog three to four years tin at the end of november stocks of tin totaled about 114,000 tons as compared with a record an nual consumption of 100,000 tons on december 1g the government took over control of all supplies which will henceforth be subject to rationing con siderable savings in tin consumption can be effected through the substitution of silver in solder and the use of glass and other containers in an emergency 12,000 tons of tin might be recovered annually from detinning old tin cans although at extremely high cost with the completion of the government smelter in texas in the near future the united states will also be able to rely on bolivian ore for an annual supply of 18,000 tons of refined tin under these circum stances we should be able to dispense with further imports from the far east for a minimum of three t he ing of the confere in mos comma years other materials the far east has been supplying about half of our imports of tungsten which is used primarily for hard tool steels it should prove possible however to rely more heavily on latin american and domestic production and to em ploy molybdenum as a substitute the far east has also contributed about a third of this country’s con sumption of chromite which is needed for refractory bricks in furnace linings and for special armament steels latin america can supply only chromite of re fractory grade stocks in this country are rather large and should last for several years if supplemented by increased domestic production and imports from africa supplies of mica splittings used for insula tion in electrical apparatus are also considerable al though the cessation of imports from british india and madagascar would create serious but not insur mountable difficulties owing to the danger of com plete interruption of trade with the philippines the government has already imposed drastic restrictions on the sale of manila hemp which is essential for marine cordage supplies of silk appear to be sufli cient for essential military uses such as powder bags as far as the remaining materials are concerned cessation of imports would for the most part create no insuperable problems by and large this country need not suffer any serious impairment of its wat effort even if trade with the far east is entirely cut off provided existing stocks are carefully husbanded and every effort is made to develop new sources of supply john c dewilde has set united tiation on dec ures née ler ge comple gressic british views securit allay regard na cow c stalin efforts dissip decisi are pt grad t large still soviet chara th stabil had dece the a reliev in ch +rogram pline to put ief that yr pren succes ting the ate last e farm or costs inst this his seat ffair are recessity ing the carrying opinion united eddie ton de om the nall and oys on own in of his will be pose of nocracy display liott jan 2 7943 periodical rooa general library univ of mich general lipb ary entered as 2nd class matter un fwass yo.versity of michizan 5 as a ann arbor michican an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 11 january 1 19438 moderates in india still seek to end deadlock rhage premier tojo’s statement of de cember 27 that the united nations are preparing counterblows of great importance may be a smoke screen for japan’s own offensive plans but no one can doubt that allied power in the far east is growing very rapidly in new guinea macarthur's australian and american troops have gone a long way toward clearing enemy forces from the buna area rabaul key japanese air and naval base on new britain which has frequently been raided from australia has now been bombed for the first time from guadalcanal in the southern solomons a round trip of more than 1,100 miles at the same time british troops invad ing burma from india are pushing along the difficult coasts of the bay of bengal toward the burmese port of akyab since these are all small scale develop ments action in the pacific war theatre remains epi sodic and on the surface haphazard but the opening of a major allied offensive especially one involving coordinated drives in the southwest pacific and on the continent of asia would clarify the situation india a major sector when this clarifica tion occurs a few areas including the european front will stand out as decisive for the far eastern war one of these is india which americans have tended to forget in recent months either glossing over its continuing political problems with the com forting thought that india is quiet or dismissing the situation in despair as a mess both points of view contain just enough truth to be dangerous for the first overlooks the intense popular bitter ness lying beneath india’s deceptive calm while the other obscures the fact that even now a solution of the involved situation there remains possible india’s political difficulties will inevitably condition all military developments within or across its borders and the policy of ignoring these problems therefore involves considerable future risk ds since last summer the various indian groups have shown a growing tendency to cooperate although the movement has not yet reached fruition in an actual agreement when the congress party adopted its plans for civil disobedience in july and august other sections of indian opinion represented by the moslem league hindu mahasabha non party group and communists disapproved but were un able to influence the situation in time immediately after the arrest of the congress leaders certain out standing individuals notably rajagopalachariar former member of the congress working commit tee mookerjee working president of the mahasab ha and sapru of the non party group took steps to bring about fuller indian cooperation their ob ject was to establish the preliminary conditions neces sary for an agreement between the two chief organ izations the congress party and the moslem league this it was hoped would answer the argument that an agreement between britain and the indian nation alists was impossible because of indian disunity will moslem league cooperate one important problem was the attitude of the moslem league which demanded as the price of cooperation congress recognition of the right of pakistan the name proposed for an independent state to be formed by the predominantly moslem areas of india to meet this difficult problem the participants in the unity discussions began to consider the possibility of recognizing in some way the moslem right of self determination this would not guarantee pakis tan as such but would make the scheme possible if the moslem community so desired here there arose the major question of bringing the congress into the deliberations for any agreement would be worthless if it did not express the views of the most impor tant nationalist group but how was the congress to be approached since the party had been declared illegal and all of its outstanding leaders were be ing confined by the government ae 2 ss seo pe ee rajagopalachariar attempted to cut this knot by conducting preliminary interviews with president jinnah of the moslem league and on this basis petitioning the viceroy for permission to discuss the situation with gandhi when the government's re fusal became known on november 12 rajagopala chariar declared i would not bother the viceroy with a request to see gandhi if i did not think there was a reasonable chance for the meeting to bring a settlement considerable disillusionment then de veloped among the moderate indian groups since the british attitude appeared to be stiffening with the successful unfolding of the north african cam paign the official policy of making no new move toward a settlement was underlined on december 7 when it was announced that the viceroy’s term of office scheduled to expire in april 1943 was to be extended six months beyond that date on de cember 16 after a conference of non congress lead ers sapru long known as a moderate declared that britain’s course showed not merely lack of states manship but lack of efficiency a smoldering crisis it would be well for american opinion to recognize that within the past year british indian antagonism has grown to such proportions that today not one significant popular women a group looks with any hope toward the government although many elements sincerely desire to cooper ate in the war effort increasingly foreign observers report that bitterness is spreading among the peas ants and industrial workers who are disturbed not only by political developments but to an even great er degree by economic difficulties notably ising prices and shortages of rice and wheat yet with the far eastern war approaching a new and supremely important phase the united nations are not coming to grips with the indian crisis it is true that on december 11 william phillips former ambassador to italy was appointed president roosevelt's personal representative in india with ambassadorial rank but it is not clear how this move will affect the indian situation the paralyz ing factor is the fear that frank discussion of india will adversely affect anglo american relations and be of aid to the axis actually it is the unsolved prob lem of india and not its discussion among the allies that benefits the enemy self imposed silence by those who desire a solution for the sake of the war effort would only permit continued deterioration of the situation while giving free rein to axis propa gandists lawrence k rosinger what kind of governments for post war europe the assassination of admiral darlan on decem ber 24 points up the necessity for development of a united nations policy toward the highly complex and explosive problems of post war reconstruction in europe which are so clearly an integral part of the task of winning the war while admiral dar lan’s death removes an obstacle to whole hearted collaboration between britain the united states and the anti vichy french assassination is obviously not a method to be approved of by nations seeking to advance democracy in this respect the basic field manual of military government prepared by the united states war department which must have guided the decisions of general eisenhower in north africa offers a useful starting point for dis cussion of the policy that might conceivably be laid down for the military commanders of the united nations who it must be assumed will have to oc cupy various territories in europe including those of germany and italy before the war is won need for flexibility according to this manual any plan of military government should conform to two basic policies military necessity and the welfare of the governed the first consideration at all times says the manual is the prosecution of the war to a successful termination so long as hos tilities continue the question must be asked with 1 the second of four articles on the reorganization of europe reference to every intended act of the military gov ernment whether it will forward that object or hinder its accomplishment subject to this patra mount necessity military government should be just humane and as mild as practicable and the wel fare of the people governed should always be the aim of every person engaged therein above all a plan for military government must be flexible it must suit the people the country the time and the strategical and tactical situation to which it is applied it must not be drawn up too long in ad vance or in too much detail and must be capable of change without undue inconvenience if and when experience shall show change to be advisable the manual’s emphasis on flexibility could well be taken to heart by political theorists who have 4 tendency to propound rigid perfectionist formulas of international or national organization and when these formulas fail to be realized despair of achieving a modest compromise adjustment no valid approach can be made to the problems of political reconstruction in europe without understanding at the outset that no single formula is applicable to every nation of that continent since all of them are in a sense living in different periods of history be fore the war some notably britain france holland belgium and the scandinavian countries had already emerged into the twentieth century their pioneet ing pp profo from nique whict the t techn than cal t ilizat easte degre nomi brief vulsis more com proc pean agat deav com and mul maje side will of e t obst cou and the of in t as i 1 tnment cooper bservers 1e peas bed not nm great y rising 2 a new nations is it is former resident ia with ow this paralyz of india ons and ed prob e allies by those ar effort of the propa inger ary gov bject or is pata be just he wel be the ove ail flexible me and ich it is y in ad capable id when le well be have a ormulas on and spair of no valid political iding at cable to rem are ory be olland already pioneet ing political economic and social achievements had profoundly affected the countries of the new world from whom in turn they had borrowed new tech niques especially in the industrial field germany which gave the appearance of having emerged into the twentieth century because it utilized the modern techniques of industry and warfare more effectively than britain and france had not shared in the politi cal transformations that have shaped western civ ilization meanwhile russia and its neighbors in eastern europe and the balkans are with varying degrees of rapidity telescoping the social and eco nomic revolutions of the past two centuries into a brief span of years not always without internal con vulsions these convulsions are further complicated by the desperate efforts of national groups some of which have been forced for long periods of time to live under alien rule to achieve at one and the same time national independence and economic progress europe’s search for unity what ev rope needs most is to be roughly equalized so that the various peoples who inhabit it can act out of a more or less common experience for a more or less common purpose the war has speeded up this process of equalization and has united the euro peans at least superficially but united them against the nazi new order not for a joint en deavor of reconstruction even now when the out come of the war remains uncertain signs of friction and division appear and these may be expected to multiply once the axis powers are defeated the major task of the advanced industrial powers on the side of the united nations among them russia will be to encourage the equalization and unification of europe after the war test of new governments the chief obstacle to the formulation of a common policy that could win the support of britain the united states and russia as well as the small states of europe is the difficulty of reaching an agreement as to the kind of government they may respectively find acceptable in the countries now occupied by the nazis as well as in post war germany and italy it is no secret that on the whole the statesmen of many of the united nations including britain and the united states are not favorably disposed to the establishment of communist or semi communist régimes in europe on the other hand it is equally clear that russia and some of the other united nations look with disfavor on any attempt to restore governments of known reactionary views and are particularly op page three posed to plans for restoration under habsburg rule of anything resembling the austro hungarian em pire the very fact that the nations of europe vary so widely in historical development means that it will not be possible to set up the same kind of govern ment everywhere simultaneously nor should it be assumed for a moment that all the countries of eu rope will automatically adopt institutions similar to those of britain and the united states the moment they have thrown off the nazi yoke some of the nazi occupied united nations which have achieved the greatest social progress notably norway and holland are constitutional monarchies others which were just beginning to emerge from semi feudal conditions before the war for example po land had outwardly republican institutions to in sist on restoration of legitimate governments a thesis popularized by the late historian ferrero in countries which are already in the throes of internal revolution would be to swim against the tide of events unless the legitimate governments are will ing to adapt themselves to altered circumstances yet at the same time to bar all restoration would create natural resentment in countries like norway and holland whose peoples might feel relatively satisfied with the conditions they had known before the war the test of any government whether restored or established as a result of war developments should be not the label by which it is designated but the spirit in.which it acts and most important of all its attitude toward human welfare today the peoples of europe are in revolt both against the new totali tarian order of the nazis and against representa tives of the old order who blocked reforms and failed to avert catastrophe the kind of administra tion they might welcome is one that would combine effective power with a sense of responsibility for the use of that power to further the spiritual and material welfare of human beings vera micheles dean the january luncheon will be on saturday the 23rd instead of the 9th members of the canadian institute of international affairs will join us for a group of round tables on topics of mutual concern details will be an nounced later the foreign policy association is inaugurating a series of nation wide saturday broadcasts on the blue network beginning january 9 from 1 15 p.m to 1 45 p.m james g mcdonald will conduct these monthly round table dis cussions on america looks to the future foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 11 january 1 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dororuy f legt secretary vera micheles dran editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year be 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter dec 28 the future of relations between the united states and finland will probably hinge on the report that h f schoenfeld american minister in helsinki is now bringing back with him to wash ington there is no official confirmation for the be lief held in some quarters that mr schoenfeld’s re turn was motivated by the incident alleged to have taken place in the japanese legation in helsinki on december 7 when juho rangell the finnish premier is reported to have drunk a toast to the axis and destruction to the american fleet the finnish legation in washington issued a statement on december 24 in which it admitted that the tea party had been actually held but denied that any member of the finnish government had addressed congratulations to the japanese but washington is anxious to get first hand information concerning the true state of opinion both of the finnish government and of the people toward the war it is one of this war's anomalies that the united states should still be at peace with finland two of our allies russia and britain are at war with that country a finnish army is on russian soil and german forces are using finnish territory as a base from which to attack united nations convoys to russia sympathy for the finns the explana tion of course is that the united states government has until now hoped to detach finland from the axis whether this policy will have to be abandoned as illusory or whether the state department will still continue to work patiently toward that end will be determined in large part by the information mr schoenfeld has to communicate the decision con cerning maintenance of diplomatic relations with helsinki will be based on the answer that can be given in the light of available evidence to the ques tion is the finnish government whole heartedly for the axis or is it in the unhappy position of not be ing able to pry itself loose from hitler’s grip on the country the relatively friendly feelings for finland that still exist in the united states stem from the belief that the finns entered the war only to regain the ter ritory taken from them by the russians nearly three years ago american sympathies in the first soviet finnish war were for the most part on the side of the finns who were regarded here as the victms of unjustified aggression but after heroic resistance the finns were forced to surrender and by the peace treaty of march 12 1940 they ceded to the u.s.sr about a tenth of their territory containing almost an eighth of the country’s 3,650,000 inhabitants the fact that the finnish army is confining its operations to areas adjacent to finland’s borders as they existed before the first soviet finnish war has lent support to the belief that the finns are fighting in self defense for some months this front has been quiet it is also pointed out by finland's friends here that marshal mannerheim’s army has made no seri ous endeavor to capture murmansk the russian port where the allies land most of their supplies for the red army moreover while finland signed the anti comintern pact in november 1941 it has not yet joined the berlin rome tokyo military alliance the finnish position on september 19 hjalmar j procope finnish minister in washing ton issued a statement declaring that finland would be willing to cease fighting as soon as the threat to her existence has been averted and guarantees ob tained for her lasting security but the minister added if at the end of the war finland were occu pied or invaded which great power would be will ing to open hostilities against the invaders to drive them out of finland this is the crux of the whole problem under secretary of state sumner welles suggested to m procope in august 1941 that peace negotiations with the soviet union might be possible he is reported to have intimated that if finland quit fighting the anglo saxon powers would use their influence with russia to try to obtain a revision of the 1940 peace terms but the finns are skeptical about the ability of washington and london to help them once the war is over should russia attempt to acquire bases on finnish territory helsinki’s fears are fostered by nazi propaganda which keeps telling the finns they cannot look for assistance from the united states if germany is defeated since in spite of the atlantic charter moscow will not allow the allies to protect finland's independence the best antidote to this propaganda would doubtless be a promise from the soviet government to restore russia’s pre war frontiers with finland on condition that the finns drop out of the war but the russians who claim they attacked the finns in 1939 to insure themselves strategically against an antici pated war with germany are opposed to washing ton’s maintenance of relations with helsinki john elliott for victory buy united states war bonds vol a ty by th to in ter afric slavic whic of of occu in th gove ter +pe wa ss yuld on em has con tory rent e arge 1 by rom ula al idia sul om the ions for ufh ags ned eate ntry wat cut ded s of jan 19 1949 general librar gpttered 2s 2ad claak aaa nauve 2 te ersity of michigan ain arbor nich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxi no 11 january 2 1942 allies map out unified strategy he churchill roosevelt conversations in wash ington held in collaboration with representatives of the british commonwealth of nations the allied conference in chungking and the eden stalin parley in moscow have all paved the way for the unified command of allied military and economic forces that has seemed imperative since the entrance of the united states into the war the anglo soviet nego tiations according to an official communiqué issued on december 29 were concerned not only with meas ures necessary to encompass the utter defeat of hit ler germany but also with measures to render completely impossible any repetition of german ag gression in the future it was also reported that the british and soviet negotiators had achieved unity of views regarding post war organization of peace and security in europe an announcement intended to allay fears that still exist in some allied quarters regarding the ultimate objectives of the kremlin nazi difficulties in russia at the mos cow conference the british apparently agreed with stalin on the necessity of concentrating russia’s war efforts on the struggle against germany instead of dissipating them on two widely separated fronts this decision seems logical at a moment when the russians are pressing the germans in all sectors from lenin grad to sevastopol and are forcing them to abandon large quantities of war material in what the nazis still describe as an orderly withdrawal but what soviet military leaders and foreign correspondents characterize as a hasty retreat the difficulties experienced by the germans in pets a line of defense for the winter months had already been admitted in goebbels appeal of december 20 for all available warm clothing and by the announcement on december 21 that hitler had telieved field marshal von brauchitsch commander in chief of the german army of his post and had personally assumed charge of military operations the dismissal of von brauchitsch followed by rumors of other oustings among them marshal von bock commander of the central front in russia and colonel general guderian chief of armored warfare continues to be regarded as an indication of funda mental disagreement between the army and the nazi party concerning both the campaign in russia and the military operations to be undertaken during the win ter months so far as outward appearances are con cerned hitler may have proved right in calculating that his personal appeal for loyalty would serve to strengthen german morale he may also convey the impression to the people that his wholesale ouster of military leaders is merely a move to substitute his intuition as a common soldier for the technical opinions of the aristocratic officer class yet the re verses suffered by the germans on the eastern front cannot be indefinitely concealed from the people be hind the lines who are beginning to get an idea of the heavy toll in lives paid for the unsuccessful rus sian offensive these reverses come at a time when the british have inflicted serious losses on axis forces in libya which find it increasingly difficult to obtain supplies and reinforcements because of britain’s naval preponderance in the central mediterranean free french plebiscite that hitler will waste no time in distracting germany’s attention from the eastern front by thrusts in other directions is indi cated by reports of german troop movements at oppo site ends of the continent in bulgaria with turkey presumably the first objective and in occupied france presumably for the purpose of strengthening the axis position in africa as the lines in europe draw tighter and tighter the position of france becomes more de cisive than ever before it is generally believed that marshal pétain whose efforts to collaborate with germany had been premised on the assumption of an bi is a ie is it or a ret s ee 5 err nee es uy ae a as q 5 5 i q i i early german victory has been shaken in this belief by russia’s continued resistance and by the entrance into the war of the united states a slight but al ready noticeable stiffening has already made itself felt in vichy and the united states apparently in tends to do everything in its power to strengthen the marshal’s hand this explains washington’s unfav orable reaction to the occupation by the free french naval unit of vice admiral muselier of the french islands of st pierre and miquelon off the coast of newfoundland on december 24 followed by a pleb iscite on christmas day which resulted in a 90 per cent vote for de gaulle occupation of st pierre and miquelon could not have been wholly displeasing to washington since shortly before that incident the united states and britain had been considering ways and means of con trolling radio stations on the two islands which had been broadcasting weather information regarded as useful to german submarines it came however im mediately after the announcement on december 18 of an accord between rear admiral horne of the united states navy and rear admiral robert high com missioner of the french island of martinique in which the signatories promised to maintain the status quo of french possessions and naval vessels in the carib bean washington's vigorous protest of december 26 against what was described as an arbitrary action ap pears to have been due less to concern for the monroe doctrine than to the desire to avoid any move that might alienate vichy at this critical juncture yet any attempt by the united states to oust the french forces from the islands would have disastrous repercussions on the de gaulle movement and might discourage other french possessions overseas among them the page two se strategic colonies in north and west africa from some opposing the policy of french collaboration with the by poi axis produ the incident of st pierre and miquelon gives japan foretaste of the many delicate and baffling problems especi the united states must face in its relations with by many rope the announcement on december 28 that this the al country and britain had assured states now occupied 1939 by the axis that everything possible would be done unt to restore their full independence at the end of the fective war will doubtless hearten the governments in exile that which to the best of their ability have been aiding the strang british it was indicated in washington however tp that this assurance does not mean mere restoration of the small uneconomic national units set up at the paris peace conference but looks to the development following hitler's defeat of economic and mil itary cooperation on the continent in mapping out such cooperation the british and americans will have to maintain a nice balance be nean tween those who through necessity or preference sow or desire to collaborate with germany remained on o the continent and those who left the occupied coun obtaii tries to form free movements overseas the free a nqu movements if skillfully used could prove a valuable in 19 fifth column for the allies but to prevent future dis lies sension in europe they would have to be used in such jad a way as not to antagonize those of their compatriots who stayed at home and bore the brunt of nazi con quest unpleasant as washington’s attitude toward the st pierre and miquelon incident naturally ap pears to the free french it must be regarded as only by c one small piece in allied world strategy in which it supp is still hoped rightly or wrongly to enlist france and if its colonial empire vera micheles dean factor japan mater stocks japan ficient seriol gern confl can t east tokyo’s successes confront allies with urgent decisions nava as the war in the pacific enters its fourth week japanese forces are pushing forward in many areas although their rate of advance has been slowed up as the allies have recovered from the blows of the sur prise assault on december 7 it is apparent that for forthcoming fpa meetings january 6 st paul inside nazi germany january 10 bethlehem hitler can't win boston the americas in a globa war new york how strong is japan philadelphia japan strikes the first blow providence our army and navy in modern war january 13 columbus strategy for victory st paul our navy in national defense january 14 hartford how strong is japan minneapolis our navy in national detense january 15 elmira the far east worcester searchlight on the far east january 17 springfield the far east january 22 baltimore the americas in a global war january 23 pittsburgh the latin american front january 24 boston all the fighting fronts weeks and possibly months to come the nipponese p will continue to hold the offensive sited the broad outlines of tokyo’s strategy are un hy changed expecting to knock out the philippines f japanese armies are driving from seven bridgeheads e 7 on luzon island toward manila and have overrun 7 most of mindanao second largest island in the archi pelago by compelling the hongkong garrison to capitulate on december 25 the japanese are able to my move supplies safely to the forces operating in the malay jungle now less than 200 miles from sing c apore meanwhile air and sea attacks are continuing roo against the british and american island outposts which guard the main route from hawaii to the east por indies and singapore the direct line from the united states to the philippines is now cut the japanese hav t ing occupied guam on december 11 and wake island on december 24 head enter japan's supplies despite the gravity of the situation in the pacific a tendency is apparent in from 1 the es 4 some allied quarters to discount the japanese menace by pointing to the overwhelming superiority of allied productive power these observers maintain that japan's industrial system is weak and vulnerable page three f.p.a radio schedule subject what are hitler’s choices speaker louis e frechtling lems especially since it has been dependent on imports of date sunday january 4 ew many vital raw materials from sources controlled by braye a ae renga rowbto this the allies about 75 per cent of japan’s imports a or station please consult your local newspaper pied 1939 of which half were raw materials came from ot jone countries outside the yen bloc if the allies can ef london emphasis is placed on the necessity of check the fectively blockade japan it would seem at first sight ing and defeating the principal enemy germany xile that the empire could be defeated by economic and of considering the far east as a secondary theatre the strangulation of war if not a side issue the reactions of two allied second class powers ver iculati se calculations fail gf ayn n of ang fail to take several important in the far east to this line of reasoning is indicative factors into consideration the first is that while the the be of the difficulties which must be overcome if allied japanese do not possess sources of some critical raw oe a nent world planning is to be successful australian and mil materials they have been able to accumulate large stocks and have drastically reduced consumption japan's oil resources for example are considered suf ficient to sustain the war effort for two years in the meantime tokyo will endeavor to secure control of new sources of supply if they succeed in seizing all of malaya and the east indies the japanese would netherlands indies spokesmen have recently ex pressed their apprehension that the major allies are either too complacent about the far eastern situation or have decided to write off singapore and the east indies altogether mr john curtin prime minister of australia stated on december 27 that while his country realizes the danger of dispersing strength on free ee mote heer rquuphey 6 rye barrels many fronts we refuse to accept the dictum that the i able asally gn 905 per eae hase peodaction pacific struggle is a subordinate segment of the gen i dis ary and commer 90 f cont as well as eral conflict batavia officials in requesting replace uch a aa 20 pur cont ste eee 1 4 be nt ments of matériel have voiced similar sentiments q iots ages lp a walleye ppa ype es so added weight is given to these expressions by the serious deficits in many metals and minerals but germany's experiences in the last war and the present conflict have demonstrated that production for war achievements of dutch and australian forces em ploying 500 to 1,000 planes largely american and a navy of 5 cruisers 7 destroyers and 22 submarines es so ns ii f i ali i 0 4p can be maintained under very unfavorable conditions nly by careful use of machinery strict conservation of m6 ule nae supply vena shing ta 1 4 4 i and vebaebrbumeaee ber 25 australian troops have borne a large part of i tows if the japanese defeat the allied forces in south east asia they will also obtain the principal air and naval bases of that area by occupying these strategic points the japanese will greatly increase their defen sive power against the time when the arsenals of de mocracy produce sufficient planes and ships to make an allied offensive in the far east possible the al pees the burden of defending singapore and british islands in the pacific without increased aid from britain and the united states however these and other allied forces in the far east cannot resist indefinitely unless the wash ington conferees find it possible to send this assistance soon the future of peoples in east asia and through x ese ee 3 un 1 s ads lied drive will be much slower and more costly if the british are thrown back to india and the americans out the world will be seriously affected fun 4j 0 hawaii speed and determination to reinforce the louis e frechtling to far eastern garrisons are therefore necessary if this ca cannot be accomplished the war in the pacific might their finest hour edited by allan a michie and walter to oni f apis graebner new york harcourt brace 1941 2.50 the ee first hand accounts of britain’s critical campaigns of ng one of the major decisions to be made during the the summer and fall of 1940 as told by the flyers navy and ing roosevelt churchill discussions and the staff confer army men and civilians who took part in it sts ences which follow them will be to assess the im france my country by jacques maritain new york ast portance of the far east in world strategy and then prgansnentio re kam ee n understanding philosopher’s plea for trust in the red to determine the strength of the forces to be employed people be loves deupie bis ewasenets a guu uae av in the defense of that area both in washington and france because of separation of political and moral aims nd foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 11 january 2 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f let secretary vera michetes dagan editor he entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year 7 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor in f p a membership including foreign policy bulletin five dollars a year a a nee a ian ae washington news letter dec 29 as had been expected virtually no infor mation has been divulged concerning the conferences occasioned by prime minister churchill's visit to washington from december 22 to 28 in his state ment on december 27 president roosevelt revealed only that excellent progress had been made toward the marshaling of all resources military and eco nomic of the world wide front opposing the axis and that the conferences would continue for an in definite period of time the president and prime minister thoroughly canvassed the whole situation and were joined in their discussions during the last two days by canadian premier mackenzie king lord beaverbrook the british minister of supply con ferred at length with officials of the opm spab and the war and navy departments while british army navy and air chiefs mapped out plans with heads of the american fighting services the chinese and rus sian ambassadors and the netherlands minister were included in some of these conferences churchill states the problem the problems uppermost in the discussions which were initiated before churchill’s arrival in washington were adumbrated in the british prime minister's im pressive speech before congress on december 26 he pointed out that although our resources in man pow er and materials are far greater than those of the axis only a portion of your resources are as yet mobilized and developed and we both of us have much to learn in the cruel art of war in the past limitations of man power and matériel had prevented britain from mobilizing adequate strength in all existing and potential theatres of war so that prepa rations for an effective campaign in north africa had made the dispatch of sufficient reinforcements to the far east impossible in the future mr churchill in timated the united states and britain will face sim ilar and difficult problems of allocation until the full marshaling of our latent and total power can be accomplished meanwhile he predicted a time of tribulation in which some ground will be lost which it will be hard and costly to regain and many disappointments and unpleasant surprises await us finally he hoped that the end of 1942 will see us quite definitely in a better position and that the year 1943 will enable us to assume the initiative upon an ample scale against the background of this speech it may be surmised that the following problems occupied the attention of the washington conferences i grand strategy in order to insure a successfy offensive in 1943 it appears essential for britain the united states and their allies to retain control of singapore and most of the netherlands indies in the far east strengthen the british isles against possible invasion establish firm control over north africa check a possible german advance through turkey and keep supplies flowing to the soviet union sing it will probably be impossible to carry out simultane ously all these tasks which involve the movement of men and supplies to widely scattered areas the al lies must decide jointly where their limited strength can be utilized most effectively during the next year decisions on this vital problem will of course not be made public a supreme inter allied war coundl d may ultimately be created to lay down the broad plans o for the distribution of available supplies and forces deno ii military cooperation in his press confer 14 ence on december 23 mr churchill deprecated sug the gestions of an unified military command and frankly sain declared that no man was capable of shouldering such 7 a heavy responsibility it is expected that over all military air and naval plans will be coordinated ae through continuous discussions in specific areas 4 where joint operations are necessary a supreme com feld mand may be established conversations in chung king and singapore during the past week point in this whi direction ae iii coordination of production and trans any portation unified control of all shipping facilities 4 seems especially necessary in view of the dearth of merchant vessels and the tremendous distances sepa ing rating the areas of active war operations from britain 4 and the united states some coordination of produe tion and supply has already been effected through the agency of the lend lease administration the joint p war production committee of canada and the united states has already drawn up a set of principles ay which will guide the pooling of the production facil ott ities and resources of the two countries these prin ait ciples approved by president roosevelt on december de 22 envisage the integration of requirements produc tion and resources joint allocation of scarce materials in order to attain the hightest possible output and removal of all legislative and administrative bat wi riers which prohibit prevent delay or otherwise a impede the free flow of necessary munitions and wat he supplies between the two countries this joint war by production committee might eventually be broad ened to include representatives of all the nations fighting the axis john c dewilpe p +ian port lies for ned the has not alliance nber 19 ashing d would hreat to tees ob minister re occu be will to drive under d to m ons with reported ting the nce with ao peace e ability once the bases on tered by inns they states if atlantic e protect a would vernment nland on but the sin 1939 un antici w ashing ki lliott vds periodical room general liber ary univ of amin general library jnlivve jan 8 1943 entered as 2nd class matter rsity of michigan arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vol xxii no 12 january 8 19438 he task of establishing military government in territories now occupied or that may be occupied by the united nations involves and will continue to involve decisions of the gravest political charac ter as can be seen by the crisis persisting in north africa and the even more complex situation in yugo slavia under the practice of the united states which corresponds in general to the accepted practice of other civilized countries military government in occupied territories is exercised by the commander in the field under the direction of the president as commander in chief once congress has declared or otherwise initiated a state of war the prosecution of hostilities devolves upon the president subject to subsequent criticism or questioning by congress should civilian personnel remain the war department's basic field manual of mili tary government provides as part of a policy of economy of effort that existing civilian personnel in occupied territory should be retained so far as reliance may be placed upon them to do their work loyally and efficiently it is the responsibility of the military commander and his subordinates to select among civilians of the occupied territory persons who appear qualified to exercise civilian authority as governors mayors sheriffs and so on this very se lection may obviously determine the future charac ter of the civilian administration in the given terri tory and is therefore fraught with consequences especially at a time when as today the whole world isin the grip of social and political change possibility of martial law in this connection three major problems loom with respect to terti tories that are occupied or may be occupied by the united nations in some countries for example yugoslavia although a similar situation might con ceivably arise in poland and elsewhere the military 1 this is the third in a series of articles on the reconstruction of europe role of military administration in reconstruction commander may find himself confronted with such a state of internal disorder and conflict between con tenders for power that in addition to establishing military government under which civilian authority would continue to function he may have to proclaim martial law under martial law which corresponds to what is known in europe as a state of siege the exercise of civilian authority may be suspended and various restrictions may be placed by the military government on the rights of individual citizens proclamation of martial law is usually regarded as a last resort when all other efforts to restore law and order have failed this measure could have been adopted in north africa but general eisenhower complying with the procedure outlined in the basie field manual preferred to follow the procedure of establishing military government and entrusted civilian administration to french authorities thus among other things assuring the legal continuation of french rule over algeria morocco and tunisia as a matter of fact the arrangement made in north africa is in the nature of a compromise general eisenhower is the military commander in chief but general giraud and the imperial council he heads exercise both military and civilian authority under his control should the members of the imperial council find it impossible to reach an agreement and fail to give american forces necessary aid in the prosecution of the north african campaign gen eral eisenhower might be confronted with the neces sity of either assuming complete military control or even of proclaiming martial law either of these steps would concentrate all authority in his hands and it is believed might ultimately create complica tions regarding return of north africa to the french whose rule over that territory would thus have been suspended suspension of french rule might open the way both to unrest among arab chieftains which could endanger the rear of the american forces and to demands on the part of natives for some form of self government under the terms of the atlantic charter it is therefore thought that general eisen hower if at all possible will prefer to maintain the present arrangement use of native personnel the second major prob lem that may arise in occupied countries concerns the kind of civilian personnel the military com mander may think it advisable to retain or appoint in germany for example retention of nazi and nazi appointed officials would make the task of united nations military administration hopeless from the start since there is a basic conflict between the united nations and the nazis regarding such matters as civilian administration of law rights of individuals and so on in such a situation it may seem imperative to remove the ranking personnel of the civil service law courts and schools and tem porarily appoint to key positions civilians of the oc cupying power or powers until such time as subordi nate native personnel has been sifted and retrained non german civilian administrators appointed for this purpose would of course be directly responsible to the military commander infinite care would have to be taken that such temporary administrators per form their functions in a manner that would not be regarded by the german people as a form of reprisals selection of native administrators the third problem which may arise both in axis and axis occupied countries concerns the actual selection of the natives to be entrusted with civilian administra american relief program gets the failure as yet of generals de gaulle and giraud to unite not only postpones restoration of french solidarity but complicates the american re lief program in north africa if the united states distributes supplies in cooperation with the present administration it inevitably strengthens the position of that régime if it does not it risks delays that may cause popular dissatisfaction serious enough to endanger our military position in the entire area on january 1 the war department announced that many thousands of tons of food clothing and other essential materials are being rushed to the civilian population in addition some hundreds of are the governments in exile helping the united nations war effort are they in contact with their conquered peoples what are their post war plans read allied governments in london war efforts and peace aims by winifred n hadsel 25c december 15 issue of foreign poticy reports reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to fpa members 3 page two tion the first preoccupation of the military com mander and justifiably so is restoration of order there is therefore apt to be a tendency on the part of military commanders to select for civilian ad ministration those who give evidence of willingness and ability to maintain order the possibility might thus arise that elements who had once enjoyed ay thority and might be regarded as respectable citi zens would be entrusted with power although they may no longer represent the altered sentiments of the people thus immediately creating the danger that the people will be alienated by the military adminis tration this danger might be averted if while the war is in progress the allied governments in london made some attempt to conform closely to the known sentiments of their peoples living under nazi rule no one who has witnessed the havoc human and material wrought by revolutions can fail to hope that the changes impending in europe can be brought to maturity through evolution and adjust ment of conflicting interests rather than by a series of explosions the military governments that the united nations may establish in occupied countries will be in a position either to perpetuate anarchy on the continent or to facilitate europe's transition from an uneasy recent past and a brutal present to what it must be hoped will be a better future to do the latter the military administrators must have a gen eral idea of the lines along which the continent is developing and may be expected to develop on cessa tion of hostilities vera micheles dean under way in north africa thousands of dollars worth of tea sugar and cot ton cloth which were carried by the invasion fleet are being distributed the original purpose behind these shipments was that of barter for it was known that money would not secure local supplies or labor for our expeditionary forces since there were few goods to be bought in an area which the vichy govern ment has drained of almost all movable reserves more recently american supplies have been used in attempts to secure the friendliness of the local popu lation milton s eisenhower associate director of the office of war information returned last week from this theatre of the war with the plea that mort food especially wheat and meat be rushed to that area by february 1 lest serious trouble develop among the impoverished arab masses and dissident frenchmen during the two months since the invé sion there have been signs of lack of enthusiasm fot the cause of the united nations not only among certain former vichy officials but among some of the inhabitants it was with this situation in mind that mr eisenhower insisted that the united states offet concrete evidence of its concern for the welfare of the natives ary ccom o order the part ilian ad llingness ty might oyed au able citi ugh they its of the ger that adminis vhile the 1 london e known lazi rule man and to hope can be d adjust a series that the countries archy on ion from to what o do the e a gen itinent is on cessa dean ica and cot fleet are ind these own that labor for sw goods govern reserves n used in cal popu rector of ast week hat more d to that develop dissident the inva siasm fot y among some of mind that ates offet elfare of effect on europe there have been no of ficial indications as yet that one purpose of american relief for north africa is to influence the peoples of occupied europe but that result must inevitably follow despite strict censorship by the axis the news of a steady stream of supplies for north afri can civilians will assuredly leak through into europe there where hunger has been used as an instrument of nazi control for more than two years this report may help to inspire new hope and encourage fresh resistance to the axis supplies for north africa are merely the begin ning then of world wide use by the united states of food both as a means of securing victory and of building peace during and after world war i the united states was engaged in giving relief to europe for a decade 1914 24 from the time when aid was extended to belgium until supplies were brought into famine ridden russia in world war ii the needs for assistance are many times greater and the demands to be made on us may extend over an even longer period of time it may be well at the outset therefore to consider three questions which are cer tain to arise in connection with this venture ques tions which have already come up in north africa how can we build up surpluses of such required staples as wheat meat wool cotton and medical supplies frugality at home is obviously only part of the answer for it is clearly impossible for the united states alone to furnish all the goods which the stricken areas of the world will presumably need it is essential therefore that arrangements be made for joint action by those nations which may be ex pected to have surpluses on hand now and later and that plans be laid for helping the liberated areas restore their own agriculture in a relatively short time herbert h lehman’s organization for foreign relief and rehabilitation is in fact now studying the food situation in cooperation with the british inter allied committee on post war requirements at the same time the lend lease administration as well as the international wheat pool formed by the united states argentina canada and australia in the spring of 1942 are at hand for relief purposes but no over all international organization has yet been established despite the probability that needs will outrun supplies even if all surpluses are tapped how much shipping space can be found for relief so far as present supplies to north africa are con cerned shipping is limited not only by military re quirements but by sinkings which according to a page three recent estimate amount to approximately one mil lion deadweight tons per month in the future transportation on land may become another major problem the nazis have torn up some railroad lines to repair shortages elsewhere the raf has destroyed engines and freight cars in its raids on german communications and roads and automobile equipment throughout europe are badly in need of repair all of this means that relief workers will first have to install transport facilities in many areas be fore they can carry out their main tasks who shall distribute relief in north africa the already existing rationing system is being used for american supplies and relatively few american ad ministrators are on the spot where goods are actually sold to the population the result is that the present french régime benefits by the distribution of food serious as this political problem is it is only a fore taste of what may be expected in europe for in many continental areas there may be a lack of workable governmental machinery as well as food and cloth ing here therefore large staffs of trained allied personnel will be required to serve as the shock troops of relief until governments can be set up in establishing these new régimes we will probably be embarrassed by a host of contenders all charac terized by their claims to be the true representatives of their people and by their eagerness to establish themselves by distributing food it is therefore only by the fullest cooperation be tween the partners in the war that relief can be suc cessfully secured transported and administered food is a weapon is more than a mere slogan for it can be used either to harm or to preserve democracy and peace winifred n hadsel f.p.a announcements the foreign policy association broadcast over the blue network on saturday january 9 from 1 15 p.m to 1 45 p.m will be on america looks to the future in the far east hugh byas au thor of government by assassination catherine porter author of crisis in the philippines and law rence k rosinger f.p.a research associate will discuss the subject under the chairmanship of james g mcdonald the january 23 luncheon topic in new york will be asia looks to the future members of the canadian institute of international affairs will come to new york for round tables on february 6 instead of january 23 foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 12 january 8 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leger secretary vera micue.es dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one month for change of address on membership publications three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year bx 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor i h t me 4 rp ny ip ry ry vi i h a i y a are e 16 oes so washington news letter sdb ee jan 4 the recall of the chinese military mis sion headed by lieut general hsiung shih fei to report to chiang kai shek which became generally known on december 31 is a direct consequence of the chinese generalissimo’s dissatisfaction with the treatment china is receiving from its allies and especially the united states in the war while gen eral hsiung himself has preserved a diplomatic si lence concerning his recall to china a spokesman for the national military council at chungking said on january 2 that he will return to the united states after making his report dr lin yutang noted chinese author and publicist who is now re siding in this country was more candid in protesting against what he called the shabby treatment of the chinese military mission he declared that the enormous reservoir of goodwill between china and america is being severely drawn upon the chinese are discontented with the decision of the american and british military authorities to fol low a global strategy of concentrating first on ger many and merely attempting to contain japan until the wehrmacht has been smashed chungking believes that this is a dangerous policy to pursue be cause it may enable japan to intrench itself in its conquered territories and mobilize the vast stores of raw materials lying at its disposal there with the result that the task of allied reconquest will be long and costly this fear incidentally seems to be shared to some extent by joseph grew our former ambassa dor in tokyo and by premier john curtin of australia chinese feel slighted the chinese argue that the time element cannot be ignored by the united nations well informed chinese in washington voice the fear that grave internal disorders may occur if their war with japan now in its sixth year is greatly prolonged without effective outside aid ap prehension has even been expressed that some of chiang kai shek’s old enemies whom he has so far been able to control will get out of hand the chi nese also regard it as a slight that general hsiung has been left cooling his heels in washington by the combined chiefs of staff committee as the ameri can and british groups that control allied strategy are called they point out that china is the only one of the united nations with the exception of britain that has maintained a permanent military mission in washington but although general hsiung has been here nine months only once during that time for victory was he called into consultation by the allied high command despite china’s vital interest in the development of the pacific campaign furthermore the chinese do not conceal their dis appointment at the very limited amount of material assistance they are receiving from the united states this is accounted for to a large extent by the fact that since the loss of the burma road last spring china has been cut off from access to supplies from its allies save by the air route as president roosevelt’s report to congress on lend lease operations for the period ending de cember 11 stated since the loss of burma air trans port across the himalayas from india has been the only direct means of bringing lend lease supplies into china cargo planes are plying this dangerous route regularly but the quantities they have been able to carry so far have been small although this report promises that we shall find ways to send more the chinese think that the united nations might do more for them right now by 1 flying more combat planes with pilots into china to cooperate with their struggling armies and 2 by making a determined effort to reconquer burma and so reopen the life line to their country diplomatic relations chinese irritation arises from a belief that the western powers re gard the war as primarily a struggle to preserve anglo saxon imperialism which was noted by wen dell willkie during his stay at chungking chinese fears that the provisions of the atlantic charter do not apply to them may be removed by relinquishment by the anglo saxon powers of their century old extraterritorial rights in china an nouncement was made in washington and london on october 9 that the united states and britain were prepared to give up their special privileges in china ever a source of irritation against them on octo ber 24 secretary of state cordell hull handed a draft treaty to dr wei tao ming the chinese ambassa dor by which the united states would abandon the entire system under which american citizens have enjoyed special rights in china since 1844 and there is good reason to believe that these negotiations will very shortly lead to a successful conclusion john elliott your career in defense by s c davis new york har per 1942 2.00 a practical little guide toward finding a place in the work of the victory program buy united states war bonds +dr william y bishop entered as 2nd class matter a university of wichigas gan library fa aan arbor mich 5 mar 9 1942 il bl foreign policy bulletin ain the av bs ty possible an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association africa foreign policy association incorporated turkey 22 east 38th street new york n y n since nultane vou xxi no 12 january 9 1942 ment of the al rio conference to test good neighbor policy oa s the united states embarks on what seems and often the object of wild speculation construc am al destined to be a long uphill struggle on the tion and transportation are being increasingly ham coum battlefronts of the world its good neighbor policy so pered by the shortage of iron and steel products d plans assiduously pursued in latin america since 1933 paradoxically this situation tends to retard rather forces will be subjected to a supreme test the least common than encourage the development of home industry confi denominator on which all the american republics for virtually all industrial activity in this region is ed suai 2 work together should become fully apparent at dependent on foreign raw materials or machinery frankly the ener og will assemble in the mid at the same time the productive economy of a ng sal oe heat of rio de janeiro on january 15 number of countries is being forced into a lopsided ovesdl the agenda for the conference as adopted by the pattern by war conditions in chile for example the dn oe board of the pan american union are continental european market for such agricultural areas suificiently broad to provide the framework for exports as apples has vanished while the extraction ne call thoroughgoing continental unity in the political of minerals is proceeding at an abnormal pace al chung field measures will be considered to insure the de though developments of this type bring great finan tin thes velopment of certain common objectives and plans cial prosperity to large sectors of the community they which would contribute to the reconstruction of the force painful readjustments upon others meanwhile saa world see ottibe or nee ag fo way for rising price levels for a wide range of articles in i oom eclarations and actions which can receive common use create additional hardships holding catth of wmanimous approval beyond the most general state the economic destiny of many of these countries in ments most south american statesmen are maintain its hands the united states is inevitably saddled britain 28 guarded silence on the concrete possibilities in with responsibility for the increasing stringency de produc this respect the specific point in ge sone veloping on the continent hence it is encouraging ugh the of the conference is a provision for ae 7 to note that seven of the nine advisers to under he jol of methods to curb dangerous alien activities includ secretary of state sumner welles at rio de janeiro nd the 18 the exchange of information regarding the pres are high officials serving in important washington inciples ence in the americas of undesirable foreign agents economic agencies the subjects to be discussed in fae economic problems on agenda on the clude se prin other hand it seems evident that economic arrange 1 control of latin american exports some type of at ecember ments of great importance will be worked out at rio rangement is already in effect in all quarters to prevent the produc de janeiro this is logical enough since the immedi re sale to outsiders of products imported from the united saterials 2t preoccupation of the latin american states is to vay sarc oe grees a ut and ssute the maintenance and development of their ed ae ae 7 pha gts rene we ut a om ave been gradually ex ended in recen mont s ertain ive bar ofei8n commerce to the extent permitted by wartime gaps still remain however although their importance is herwise exizencies in the united states where the degree of minor in view of the difficulty of transportation across the nd wal self sufficiency is great it is not generally realized allied blockade with the cessation of service by the lati at wat how acute is the pinch of inadequate imports or how airline connecting argentina and bensil with italy a step burdensome the weight of export surpluses through accomplished by choking off the supply of aviation gasoline broad wh the last direct regular link between the axis and south nations ut south america even the simplest of metal ar vilde ticles such as wire and nails are extremely scarce america has gone out of existence a steamship service from spain continues with the acquiescence of the british 2 increased production of strategic materials with the interruption of trans pacific shipments of rubber vegetable oils tin and other commodities this matter is now of re doubled importance it has the widest ramifications for it involves the direct intensification of agricultural and mining activities together with the whole range of attendant pro duction problems supplies of labor must be recruited and maintained provision must be made for the manufacture and shipment of heavy mining machinery railroad and port facilities must be enlarged and modernized and technical personnel furnished 3 maintenance of adequate ae om g facilities the exist ing shortage of inter american shipping will doubtless be somewhat intensified during the next few months because of the supply problem on the asiatic front but the strain is being eased to some extent by the increasing use of for eign shipping which took refuge in american ports under a plan worked out by the inter american financial and eco nomic advisory committee and accepted by the british government when all these vessels have been placed in operation about 546,000 gross tons of shipping will have been added to the available hemisphere shipping facilities 4 control of alien financial and commercial activities deemed prejudicial to the welfare of the american republics under this head fall the measures already taken by a number of latin american republics freezing the funds of axis subjects 5 supply of essential imports to the various countries the policy of the united states has been and will in all probability continue to be one of treating the civilian needs of the latin republics on the same basis as the fulfill ment of civilian requirements in this country now that we are actually at war and are dramatically restricting the sale of numerous articles of common use at home many latin americans may accept with better grace the troublesome shortages to which they are being subjected obstacles to collaboration the tangible gains achieved at rio de janeiro will serve as a gauge of the support the united states is to re ceive from its south american neighbors in the try ing months to come whatever the accomplishments of the conference there should be no illusions about the difficulty of the task confronting this country for the remainder of the war essentially there are two grounds on which we can seek the loyal cooperation of the latin states the defense of democi y and page two e ee the defense of these continents it would be wrong to suppose that for the greater part of the governing stratum in south america the anglo american claim to be champions of democratic values has more than an academic appeal dominant groups in the south american republics have historically cherished demo cratic concepts as a theoretically desirable ideal by in recent years the vitality of these concepts has been alarmingly sapped by the dynamic advances of dic tatorial régimes in both hemispheres in contrast to the ineffectiveness of many democracies on the other hand the principle of hemisphere defense commands fairly general acceptance the difficulty is that many individuals cannot perceive any immediate threat by the axis to their security a view no more surpris ing than our own complacency for many months after europe went to war it is evident moreover that north american prestige has suffered a severe blow because of the early course of the war in the pacific which cannot be overcome by calling attention to our vast productive powers and grandiose war plans but only by success on the field of battle in these circumstances north american policy must be directed toward securing the utmost degree of collaboration from the latin countries especially in the economic sphere as a corollary we must go to great lengths to preserve their internal stability for revolutionary turmoil and international disputes in this hemisphere will certainly diminish their pro ductive power and permit axis sources to start troublesome diversion actions in this task the united states has the greatest of assets almost un limited economic and financial power and a legacy of good will these must however be used wisely in some latin american countries there has been a tendency of late to regard the united states as a dispenser of money armament and economic favors for which nothing had to be given in return durable good neighbor relations are impossible except on a foundation of reciprocity davin h popper unified command strengthens allies in far east unification of the allied command in southeast asia announced from the white house on janu ary 3 marks a significant forward move in the most critical sector of the world struggle against the axis japan combination all forces in the region sea land and air will operate under the supreme com the netherlands indies at war by t a bisson november 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25c per copy a survey of the netherlands indies in wartime its sig nificance as a supplier of war materials and as a strategic link in the defense of southeast asia foreign po.icy reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to fpa members 3 mand of general archibald p wavell who con ducted the lightning british sweep into libya a year ago major general george h brett chief of the united states army air corps will be his deputy while admiral thomas c hart commander of the asiatic fleet will control the far eastern naval forces under general wavell’s direction this com prehensive solution of the difficult command prob lem in southeast asia where british american and dutch forces against heavy odds have been seek ing to halt japan’s onslaught should add greatly to the efficiency and drive of future allied operations china's role this picture of strategic coor dination in the far east was rounded out by the an nouncement that generalissimo chiang kai shek will exercise nese war the a sector cc plans at troops countrie ward so strength thailan chiengn bangko forces v japanes ern ind gically if an in indo ch side of had tor 1941 as tacks t possess reserves in this move o positior the wh witt have al japane of hor within british the la ently d so far in the third ti comma yueh visions onstrat sugges the out thi of ma ippine tions exact ameri to hea foreig headquar entered a se isputes if pro start k the ost un legacy wisely been a ss as a favors urable t on a pper 10 con a year of the deputy of the naval is com 1 prob an and n seek atly to 10ns cc coor the an ek will page three exercise supreme land and air command in the chi nese wat theatre including indo china and thailand the allocation of indo china and thailand to the sector commanded by chiang kai shek indicates that plans are being laid for a flank attack by chinese troops on japan’s forces of occupation in these two countries allied preparations are being rushed for ward so that an attack can be undertaken in sufficient strength to offer good hopes of success a drive into thailand from southeastern burma might strike at chiengmai terminus of a railway leading down to bangkok once in the bangkok area the allied forces would present a serious threat to the rear of japanese troops driving toward singapore in north etn indo china at laokay japan possesses a strate gically located air base which must first be mastered if an invasion along the easiest route via the yunnan indo china railway is attempted on the yunnan side of the frontier moreover the chinese forces had torn up a considerable section of the railway in 1941 as a safeguard against threatened japanese at tacks the invading forces on the other hand would possess the advantage of china’s great man power reserves if allied air superiority can be established in this sector there is the prospect of an effective move on a land front which flanks japan’s advance positions in the malayan peninsula and indirectly in the whole of southeast asia within china itself the generalissimo’s armies have already struck two powerful blows against the japanese since december 7 on the mainland back of hongkong a chinese offensive had driven to within 20 miles of the japanese besiegers before the british island fortress succumbed on christmas day the latest japanese drive on changsha was appar ently directed toward containing the chinese armies so far as possible in order to forestall such attacks in the south as occurred near hongkong for the third time however the chinese forces at changsha commanded by the redoubtable general hsueh yueh have inflicted heavy losses on the japanese di visions and broken the offensive the strength dem onstrated by china’s troops in these engagements suggests that they may yet prove a decisive factor in the outcome of the pacific struggle the philippine front accepting the loss of manila on january 2 general macarthur's phil ippine american defense forces took up new posi tions west of the capital where they continue to exact a heavy toll from the japanese invaders the american fortress on corregidor island subjected to heavy bombing attacks still dominates manila f.p.a radio schedule subject what will be done at rio speaker david h popper date sunday january 11 time 12 12 15 p.m e.s.t over nbc for station please consult your local newspaper bay and so long as it holds out will prevent the japanese from making full use of the harbor the strong resistance in the philippines forcing japan's high command to land more troops and equipment on luzon has been of considerable indirect assistance to other fronts in malaya the most vital sector of all the british defenses have gradually stiffened although the invading japanese forces continue to drive closer to singapore should the philippines be effectively occupied additional economic resources of considerable im portance would fall into japan’s hands the chief philippine products are agricultural of which the large quantities of manila hemp lumber copra and sugar would be most useful to japan gold valued at 39,200,000 was produced in 1940 but the pro duction of base metals valued at 6,500,000 is of much greater strategic significance by far the most important base metal is iron ore exports of which mainly to japan totaled nearly 1.2 million tons in 1940 manganese 1940 exports 52,000 metric tons chromite 1940 exports 186,000 metric tons and copper ore have also been mined on an in creasing scale since 1935 and would help to meet japan’s acute deficiency in these metals with the philippines indo china and thailand in its posses sion japan would control half of southeast asia but the poorer half the vital commodities petrole um tin and rubber lie almost entirely within the east indies malaya and burma t a bisson war department uses f.p.a material the increasing importance of f.p.a publications as a channel for adult education is indicated by the fact that the war department has just purchased at cost 190,000 headline books and world affairs pamphlets to be used as supplementary reading for a series of lectures on world events since 1931 which will be provided to nearly all army units beginning january 12 the publications selected to date by the war department are why europe went to war shadow over asia america rearms revised war atlas revised toward a dynamic america the struggle for world order and germany at war foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 12 january 9 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th screet new york n y frame ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary vera micumies dagan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the pest office at new york n y umder the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year s's produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership including foreign policy bulletin five dollars a year washington news letter jan 9 the declaration of solidarity by 26 anti axis states made public on january 2 and the creation of a single command over the far eastern forces of the united nations are the first results of the con ferences in washington to be revealed to the public they indicate that the nations resisting axis aggres sion are making considerable progress toward the coordination of activity and unification of policy which are essential for a successful war effort they also disclose however that there are barriers yet to be surmounted lingering mutual suspicions na tional pride distrust of other peoples and races before a completely unified front is presented to the axis the signatories of the washington declaration undertook to employ their full military or eco nomic resources against the aggressors act in co operation with other united nations and not make a separate peace with the enemy in the pre amble of the document they reaffirmed their adher ence to the principles embodied in the atlantic char ter and stated that they must defeat the axis in order to defend life liberty independence and religious liberty and to preserve human rights and justice in their own lands as well as in other lands it is significant that the signatories were described as united nations instead of allies probably a concession to political expediency there are ele ments in this and other countries who might balk at outright alliance with certain partners in the anti axis front for example russia moreover the 26 nations engaged only to cooperate with others in the war an elastic term which remains to be defined by concrete plans unified command a definite step toward united action was made on january 3 when general wavell was appointed supreme commander of all american british dutch and dominion forces in southeast asia while the unification of commands seems somewhat belated in view of the imminent danger menacing the allied position in the far east the move represents a marked advance over allied practice in the last war not until march 1918 when the german offensive on the somme threatened to separate the british and french armies and drive to the sea did the allied and associated powers agree on the appointment of marshal foch as supreme commander and then only on the western front even so foch had to depend more on influence and persuasion than authority to achieve some form of over all control i was no more than a conductor of an orchestra he said later the experience of other inter allied agencies erating during 1914 18 will be useful in mapping out a program of cooperation in the second world war it took the debacle of caporetto to bring allied statesmen to form a supreme war council at ver sailles in november 1917 composed of premiers of the principal powers and their military advisers the council met periodically to work out plans of strategy the allied commanders who were ex pected to implement them were not bound to ac cept the council’s advice thus its sessions wer employed largely for speech making the allied powers were more successful in co ordinating activities outside the purely military field the allied maritime transport council controlled shipping the world over and is generally credited with performing an intricate and vital task with minimum of waste the allied blockade committe directed the economic war against the central pow ers and supervised the rationing of european neu trals the achievements of other agencies for the coordination of production supply and finance wer somewhat less spectacular but none of these inter allied committees began effective work until decem ber 1917 or after three years of war from the conferences at washington some forn of supreme war council may emerge a single head of all allied forces is not expected as the fields of operations are too widely scattered and the multi plicity of problems too great for one man to direct single commands over other theatres of war may be created in the north atlantic or the middle east for example the establishment of technical boards for joint control of shipping armament and supply production economic warfare and propaganda 5 probable the work of these bodies will succeed only so fa as public opinion in the member nations permits if the distrust which has existed to a greater or lessei extent between nations now joined in a commot cause is not entirely dissipated no machinery of ce ordination however elaborate can produce results the people of the united states as well as of all the united nations must be ready to make materia sacrifices in order that the forces of the other allie may be armed and supplied they must be willing to see american men and american ships placed ot occasion under the orders of commanders of nation alities other than their own louis e frechtling new he pres was ap powers be mars people ment 0 virtuall called 1942 a of abou planes previou which the bes now br 75,000 aircraft 1943 8,000 maritit structic next tw in h reveale outlay 30 19 in the defens billion nation 1942 4 prc dent's as fea obstac tion sc drawii +z allied in the ir dis aterial states e fact pring s from ess on g de trans en the es into route ible to ll find at the it now ts into es and onquer ountry titation ers re reserve y wen tlantic ved by yf their a an london in were china 1 octo a draft mbassa jon the is have id there yns will aott rk har r will sa entered as 2nd class matter dr illia bishop period de ical vers t mas nae general library a ey aichlzan library so of lse x ms sm ann arbor mich 5 foreign policy bu ea san an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vot xxii no 13 january 15 1943 the pattern of europe’s future ssuming that britain russia and the united states have no intention of permanently occu pying any part of reconquered europe except pos sibly such bases as the united nations acting in concert agree should be placed under international control to permit adequate policing of the continent after the war military administration must be re garded as temporary in character britain russia and the united states even working in closest col laboration cannot impose a given pattern on the european continent without arousing some of the resentment that hitler has created by his attempt to establish a new order what allied military ad ministrators can do during the period of temporary occupation is to help the conquered peoples achieve their own liberation and create the conditions in which they may at the earliest possible moment start reweaving the broken threads of their ex jstence the reverse side of such a policy is that the europeans once they have recovered with our aid from the hardships of nazi conquest must accept their share of responsibility for the recon struction of the continent by composing their in ternal and external conflicts and by not transplant ing these conflicts as some of them are doing today to the soil of the united states diversity in unity the recognized need for some form of unification of europe after the war sometimes leads to the assumption that the iden tity of small nations should be obliterated in a fed eration or other type of organization that might be established and maintained by the great powers this assumption is not only quite naturally repugnant to the small nations which are valiantly fighting on the side of the allies but also entirely overlooks the varied and valuable contribution they have made through the centuries to the development of west 1 the last of a series of four articles on the reconstruction of europe ern civilization nationalism when directed into cultural channels has enriched the thought and cte ative expression of mankind it is only when na tionalism distorted by fanaticism takes the form of attempts to achieve hegemony by one nation at the expense of others that it becomes a menace to the peace of the world need for cultural autonomy the unity of europe after the war should not exclude on the contrary it should encourage the free flow ering of national cultures but is there any reason to believe as the peace makers of 1919 deeply in fluenced by the concept of national sovereignty be lieved that national identity can be preserved only within the framework of nation states today we know that some of the states formed after world war i by the process of self determination were so weak in terms of territorial expanse population and resources that they proved unable to withstand the impact of their powerful neighbors instead of re suming the process of self determination at the point where it was interrupted by nazi conquests and creating another string of small states to satisfy new national aspirations for example those of the slovaks ruthenians croats and ukrainians would it not be wise to distinguish between the natural desire of human beings to perpetuate their own cul tural traditions and the unsubstantiated belief that this desire can find expression only by being confined between boundary lines if the experience of the past quarter of a century is any guide the goal toward which the united nations should work is not the further parceling of europe but the formation of a european organ ization in which all national groups no matter how large or small would have an opportunity to en joy their own traditions and customs speak their own language practice their own religious beliefs yet at the same time would be integrated into an s sd te administrative framework within which they might achieve peaceful economic development and protec tion against military and political attack example of u.s.s.r the pattern for such a framework is not that of the united states as advocates of federal union have contended because the problems of europe are vastly different in na ture and scope from those of this country a far more promising pattern is that of the ussr where some 150 races and nationalities enjoy an opportunity for cultural autonomy although not fully in the case of religion but have been united un der a centralized political and economic administra tion this does not mean that a unified europe would have to adopt the totalitarian features of the soviet system which are a direct result of russia's own historical development there is no reason why a system providing for the cultural autonomy of the various national groups of europe could not be established on lines that would correspond to the experience with democratic methods that is part of the heritage of the continent’s western and northern countries the gradual formation of a european organization perhaps beginning with the regional groupings already envisaged in treaties between poland and czechoslovakia and greece and yugoslavia af fords in the long run the most promising way of meeting the danger of renewed german expansion much is being said about the need to weaken ger many by unilaterally disarming the reich or de stroying the german people or dismembering ger many some of these measures will prove impossible in practice while others would require permanent occupation of germany instead of concentrating on plans to weaken germany might it not be more fruitful to think in terms of strengthening the united nations especially germany’s neighbors to the.east whose economic and social backwardness has made them so vulnerable to military and eco nomic pressure by the reich to accomplish this task britain and the united states would have to argentina still far the sudden death on january 10 of general agustin p justo former president of argentina and the most powerful opponent of the isolationist policy of dictator president ramon s castillo represents a serious loss for the progressive forces in south america a strong advocate of outright declaration of war against the axis powers general justo was currently considered the only man who as head of a democratic coalition could successfully oppose president castillo in the 1944 elections for the presi dency of argentina in recent months two of the three chief political parties of the country the page two ee abandon the policy they have followed toward the continent and especially toward eastern europe and the balkans of absentee landlordism alternated by spasmodic interventions once the situation had become desperate at the same time they would have to forswear any attempt after this war to iso late russia from participation in european affairs on the assumption which seems justified that russia for its part will have no desire to isolate itself from the rest of the world effective reconstruction of europe however te quires crystallization not of detailed blueprints which at this stage might hamper rather than help but of what might be called the basic philosophy of life that the united nations hope to act on dur ing and after the war what disheartens many people today is not that this or that compromise is effected to meet certain emergencies that is understood al though not always approved what is disturbing is the seeming lack of guiding principles behind the compromises the fear inevitably arises that the first whiff of victory may be bringing to the fore in britain and the united states the elements who hope that once the war is over the world can be restored to some semblance of what it was before 1939 and who fear change in europe from whatever quarter it may come yet to overlook the changes wrought among the peoples of europe by the sufferings they have endured and the sacrifices they have made would be to misread the meaning of our times just as pitt and his supporters in england at the end of the eighteenth century failed to grasp the perma nent changes that were being wrought in the fabric of europe by the french revolution the conquered peoples have placed their trust and their hopes in the capacity of the united nations and especially the united states to understand the crisis through which we are living and to resolve it if at all pos sible by methods that will permit the further pro gress of democracy to betray this trust and frustrate these hopes would be one of the greatest acts of treason known to history a a from break with axis radical party which is believed to have the backing of some 60 per cent of the voters and the socialist party to which 15 per cent of the electorate in cluding most of the organized workers belong favored the nomination of general justo as a coali tion candidate and political maneuvering to this end had already begun the conservatives who form another large party and are supported by some 20 pet cent of the voters back castillo and his policy dis appearance of ex president justo from the political scene undoubtedly strengthens the position of the present conservative government de ja natio with deter pruc attitu 1942 time this 1 press icy a relat strati in th took show by al ac more the stant merc of n who subst orti coop his a fear all r lucta that page three ard the state of siege renewed a year has cies most of the landed aristocracy anxious to spe and elapsed since the adoption by the conference of maintain its position of wealth and privilege is ernated foreign ministers of the american republics at rio fundamentally anti democratic and supports castillo on had de janeiro of a resolution urging all the american the peons farm laborers of the interior on the would nations to sever diplomatic and economic relations other hand are desperately poor and uneducated to iso with the axis powers but president castillo is still and have no clear idea as to what the war is really ffairg determined to hold fast to argentina’s policy of about they therefore show little interest in who is russia prudent neutrality evidence of this unchanged going to win the tenant farmers in the more fertile lf from attitude is found in the decree of december 14 regions most of them italian immigrants enjoy a 1942 renewing the state of siege proclaimed at the somewhat higher standard of living than the peons ver re time of the rio conference the purpose behind but the great majority refrain from expressing any rints this measure is as much to prevent the argentine _decided political opinion finally the state supported help press from criticizing the government’s foreign pol catholic church is persuaded that any move toward losophy 1 and expressing itself in favor of severance of liberalism would endanger its moral and material on dur tlations with the axis as to prohibit public demon position it is principally from these groups that people strations which do not follow the line of neutrality the castillo government draws its power effected in the present conflict the fact that the government ood al took this step in spite of strong popular opposition q a of ne sees he ene hay a rbing is shows that castillo will defend his present policy may gibrwnentspeulienttdiecsae ere ind the by all available means ties for a change in governmental policy in the near a future despite london’s official condemnation on hat the actually the reasons for this attitude lie much the eve of the new year of castillo’s foreign pol fore in more in internal politics than in fear of reprisals by icy thereby blasting the argument of axis sym ho hope the axis although the argentine government con pathizers that even britain favored the government's restored stantly stresses the dangers that would beset its neutral position there seems to be little hope for a 39 and merchant fleet of some two dozen ships if the policy reversal of the present situation in argentina of neutrality were abandoned president castillo _e a who came to power as a result of the illness and 188 ai subsequent death of liberal president roberto m tall ortiz is mainly concerned with avoiding too close a arena a ta a ictory is not enough the strategy for asting peace the a cooperation with the democracies for fear of losing by egon raushofen wertheimer new york merten pean his absolute control over the country moreover the 1942 3.00 by fabric fear of russia and communism which is shared by a earempeed league of motions oficial nua by 7 presents one o e most stimulating and realistic analyses nquered all members of the government increases their re of post war problems published to date baal manne luctance to throw in their lot with the democracies gestions for the future not on theory but on knowledge of 1opes in 4 specially close working collaboration with the united nations a pene a psychology a ita3 interesting suggestions he oilers 1s a proposal for a gene through would inevitably strengthen opposition to the castillo freeaing of conditions as they may exist in basses ae all pos régime and endanger its existence the end of the war to give time for political stabilization d i habilitation her pro elements supporting castillo it frustrate would be an oversimplification of the argentine state acts of of affairs however to believe that while the present why have the nazis respected swiss neutrality i how many refugees and children does switzerland government is anti democratic the people in their dean as a harbor today what steps have the swiss taken i entirety are pro united nation the situation is much with regard to rationing political restrictions ul more complex it is true that at least 80 per cent imports and exports agriculture read qi of the more articulate population composed primar h backing ily of the middle class and the intelligentsia of switzerland in wartime i socialist buenos aires and other coastal cities is sincerely by ernest s hediger rate im in favor of a victory of the united nations over the 2 5 ol 4 elong axis but the picture is altered by the indifference january 1 issue of foreign policy reports 5 a coali that prevails in the rural areas there one finds reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month ri this end little support for a war of survival of the democra subscription 3 a year to fpa members 3 i ho form 1 20 pe foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 13 january 15 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national licy dis headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lest secretary vera micheles dran editor entered as litical second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least pe th one month for change of address on membership publications n oo f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor qo 181 pe w ashington news letter jan 11 president roosevelt in his annual mes sage to the new congress on january 7 intimated that this legislative assembly might be called upon to play a great part in molding the peace i tell you that it is within the realm of possibility that this 78th congress may have the historic privilege of helping greatly to save the world from future fear he said in his message the president listed as post war goals the permanent disarmament of germany japan and italy the continuance of the united na tions as a coalition to guarantee the prevention of another global war and cooperation to assure world economic stability the policy of the roosevelt administration is in effect to make this conflict what the last world war was supposed to be a war to end wars it aims to prevent the tragedy of the nineteen twenties when wilsonian idealism was followed by a futile effort to revert to what president harding called normalcy specifically two major policies carried out by the united states after versailles contributed to a great degree to the outbreak of the present war 1 the isolationism and aloofness from active par ticipation in international affairs symbolized con cretely by our refusal to have anything to do with the league of nations 2 the adoption of a pol icy of exaggerated tariff protection which reaching its culmination in the smoot hawley tariff of 1930 effectively prevented our debtor nations from pay ing us as under secretary of state sumner welles put it in his address of may 30 last in becoming in volved in the greatest war mankind has known we are reaping the bitter fruit of our own folly and our own lack of vision hull’s trade pacts threatened vice president henry a wallace whose speeches during the past year have attracted nation wide attention and who is thought by some to be favored by mr roosevelt as his successor urged the united nations in a radio interview on december 31 to set up a post war council to preserve the peace with an interna tional air force as its chief instrument of force he went on to say however that force without justice would sooner or later make us into the image of that which we have hated in the nazis and he urged equality of opportunity for all nations in in ternational trade for this reason he demanded re newal of the administration’s authority to negotiate reciprocal trade agreements predicting that the fight for victory on this issue would be the first round in the battle for a just peace in fact a bill to terminate all reciprocal trade agreements concluded with foreign nations by sec retary of state cordell hull was introduced in cop gress by representative harold knutson republi can of minnesota and referred to the house ways and means committee on the very day the president delivered his message the authority under which such treaties have already been entered into with 25 nations was first granted by congress in 1934 for a 3 year period and was extended for additional 3 year periods in 1937 and 1940 the latest of such pacts was signed with mexico on december 23 and agreements with bolivia iceland and iran are now in process of negotiation the warrant of authority expires on june 12 1943 g.o.p s strategic position the struggle on this issue will certainly be intense and may be the first big parliamentary battle to be waged in the new congress as the republicans in the new house have about equal strength with the democrats 208 members against 222 fear has been expressed in political quarters here that the minority party may be able with the aid of some dissident democrats to block any further extension the fallacy in this argument lies in assuming that all republicans are opponents of international cooperation obviously this is not the case when the titular head of the party wendell willkie has been an outstanding ad vocate of cooperation with the united nations while another republican governor harold stassen of minnesota jumped into the limelight on janv ary 7 with a speech advocating the realization of alfred tennyson’s dream of a world parliament it might also be pointed out that charles l mcnary of oregon present minority leader in the senate produced in 1919 a compromise proposal for settle ment of the league of nations controversy which if accepted would have resulted in the entrance of the united states into that organization but it is clear that if such an evenly divided body as the 78th congress is to be effective in helping to establish a lasting peace it behooves the republican minority to rise above party politics in matters of foreign policy and it is up to the president to con tinue to avoid woodrow wilson’s fatal error of assuming an attitude of uncompromising and int placable hostility toward the opposition john elliott buy united states war bonds +in co y field trolled redited with 4 mittee 1 pow nn neu or the were inter decem e forn e head elds of multi direct may be e east boards supply nda 0 far ermits r lesser ymmon of co results of all aterial allies willing ced of nation ling wi e u de c tes tavorsity opi aan arbor toch 5 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vout xxi no 13 january 16 1942 new war program calls for unified direction and planning he war production program outlined by the president in his message to congress on january 6 was apparently designed both to impress the axis wers with the great strength that may ultimately be marshaled against them and to urge the american people to mobilize all their resources for the achieve ment of goals which have hitherto been considered virtually impossible of attainment the president called for the manufacture of 60,000 aircraft in 1942 as compared with the present production rate of about 30,000 a year and a total output of 125,000 planes in 1943 a figure 75,000 in excess of the previously fixed maximum the production of tanks which was scheduled to reach only 800 a month at the beginning and 2,800 at the end of 1942 must now be raised to 45,000 in the present year and 75,000 in 1943 new goals for the output of anti aircraft guns are 20,000 and 35,000 for 1942 and 1943 and for the merchant shipbuilding program 8,000,000 and 10,000,000 tons respectively the maritime commission itself had envisaged the con struction of only 13,000,000 tons of shipping in the next two years in his budget message of january 7 the president revealed that this gigantic war effort will entail an outlay of nearly 53 billion in the year ending june 30 1943 as against a total of only about 24 billion in the current fiscal year it will necessitate raising defense expenditure from the total of almost 2 billion a month in december 1941 20 per cent of national income to over 5 billion a month during 1942 43 50 per cent of anticipated national income production planning while the presi dent’s new objectives have been universally acclaimed as feasible the nation must frankly understand the obstacles to their attainment the revised produc tion schedules which defense officials have been busily drawi ing up since early december did not envisage the goals now set by mr roosevelt a fresh start must be made the first prerequisite is a drastic shake up in the organization and direction of the war pro duction program responsibility for the control and planning of production must be centralized in a single agency hitherto the whole program has been hand icapped by lack of clear cut demarcation in the jurisdiction and authority of spab opm rfc the maritime commission and the war and navy de partments the first three are supposed to allocate the nation’s resources plan procurement and produc tion and finance the construction of new plants and the acquisition of raw materials relations between the spab and opm are obscure however and the rfc which ought to be definitely under the juris diction of opm or spab is a completely indepen dent organization the maritime commission and the army and navy conclude all defense contracts and may or may not follow the directives laid down by opm in the procurement of war supplies it seems essential to create a single department of supply which will definitely coordinate production planning and contracting and can negotiate on questions of joint supply with britain and the other allies one of the most constructive plans for industrial mobilization has been advanced in a report pub lished on december 19 by a congressional committee under the chairmanship of representative john h tolan it called for the organization of a single civilian board which would examine he schedules of military requirements submitted by the army navy maritime commission and lend lease authori ties draw up the necessary production programs and let the contracts maintain a technical division to keep a complete inventory of industrial facilities raw ma terials and labor supply and check the progress of war work and set up regional offices to carry out the board’s policies and insure full participation of small concerns in war production full utilization of industry the second prerequisite for the achievement of the presi dent’s program is bold action in converting the coun try’s civilian industries to the manufacture of munitions until a few months ago defense officials were relying primarily on new plants to produce war material today we can no longer afford to wait until additional factories are built we must adapt the equipment of industries which have been turn ing out durable consumers goods to the production of planes tanks artillery and their component parts in a desire to maintain business as usual many manufacturers have undoubtedly underestimated the extent to which their machinery can be utilized for this purpose while spokesmen for the automobile industry have steadfastly asserted that only about 15 per cent of its facilities could be used for war production many independent engineers and such union officials as walter p reuther have claimed that as much as 50 to 80 per cent could be employed now that passenger car production must cease completely plans for large scale conversion of the automobile industry are finally going ahead follow ing a conference with management and labor in washington last week opm announced on january 11 the appointment of a committee representing organized labor and manufacturers which will assist in developing plans for the utilization of plant machinery and labor previously employed in the making of cars the opm has so far ignored proposals of the cio which envisage pooling the the dutch east indies under fire based on the excellent harbor facilities of davao in southern mindanao japanese military naval and air forces have begun the second month of the war with their first large scale invasion of netherlands indies territory at tarakan important island oil producing center on the northeast coast of dutch borneo japanese forces pushed ashore from trans ports supported by a naval flotilla which included at least one cruiser in northern celebes three landings partly aided by parachute troops were effected at the tip of the narrow minahassa arm of the island four japanese transports and two cruisers suffered direct hits from allied bombers but the landings were apparently completed in all cases and these new positions will undoubtedly be consolidated for a con the united states at war january 1 issue of foreign policy reports 25c per copy a survey of the strategic political and economic problems confronting the u.s jointly prepared by members of the research staff which weighs the effect that this country’s participation may have on the outcome of the war foreign po.icy reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to fpa members 3 page two es production facilities of each industry under the direg refining f tion of joint labor management councils manage will shar ment has rejected all such suggestions as involving troleun socialization yet if industry wide pooling of tain jap tools machinery labor and managerial skill can a to make celerate the war effort the mere desire to retain yp secondary trammeled private management and ownership trol and should not be allowed to stand in the way the polj become cies of both management and labor must be judged strates today only on the basis of their contribution toward than the a greater war effort of japan conversion of existing factories must in many cases full pos be supplemented by construction of new machinery japanese and plants for example the scheduled output of directly aluminum which has been geared to that of aircraft indian d will now again have to be enormously expanded the dutch n same is true of many other raw materials the strain operatio on the supply of some scarce materials could how western ever be eased provided the armed services revise in on si their specifications germany for instance has dem strategy onstrated that it could attain a large output of muni the incr tions with supplies of non ferrous metals which have sected a been far smaller than ours the president's arms pro and sin gram will also require more efficient utilization of the the labor supply involving a rapid extension of train gouthea ing and possibly the institution of priorities for pase of skilled workmen the country can meet mr roose vital art velt’s goals but only if it insists on thorough reorgani ments zation of the agencies directing the program and is troops prepared to accept drastic changes in habits of pro approxi duction and consumption joun c pewilde force serving the was tinued drive south toward the vital centers of the 20,000 east indies against such a drive the netherlands gumbet indies at the outset of the war mustered an army of combat 125,000 trained troops with an air force of possibly stricted 750 planes as allied naval and air forces are in creasingly concentrated in this area however it may be expected that the local dutch defenses will be wit strongly reinforced before the japanese drive assumes russiat full momentum the so at leas aims of new drive occupation of tarakan for a c has placed a second large oil producing center of red a borneo under japanese control on the west coast sectors sarawak and brunei were seized in december while sevast balikpapan the third major borneo oil region lies portio at the middle of macassar strait directly in the path the ce of the new drive these three borneo areas produced lyudis nearly 20,000,000 barrels of crude oil in 1940 of tured somewhat less than a third of the total east indian prize production of 68,000,000 barrels which is derived lose 2 mainly from sumatra and java plants at balikpapan freed with a daily capacity of 35,000 barrels deliver about forcer one fourth of the refining output of all installa equal tions in the east indies destruction of oil wells and of the page th age tree vi direc refining plants which is apparently being carried out near east or unless part of the home defense army j anage will sharply reduce the amount of crude and refined totaling 250,000 men enlisted for home service can h olving troleum which the japanese will immediately ob be sent overseas g of tain japan's oil reserve however is sufficiently large the australian munitions industry has become a ga an ac to make the rapid acquisition of new supplies a far more important factor in the present struggle than s in up secondary consideration for the present although con it was in 1914 18 since may 1940 australia’s muni i ership trol and exploitation of the east indian wells would tions workers have increased from 5,000 to 200,000 4 e polj become an imperative necessity in a long war and the output of both heavy and light munitions has i udged strategic considerations obviously bulk far larger vastly expanded within three years australia has i oward than the economic so far as the immediate objectives developed a rapidly growing airplane industry which of japan's drive into the east indies are concerned has already turned out more than 1,000 planes cur y cases full possession of borneo and celebes would carry rent production of about 100 planes a moxth includ hinery japanese forces to the narrow waters of the java sea ing trainers and bombers will probably be doubled sut of directly opposite java itself vital center of the east in another year a considerable shipbuilding program rcraft indian defense system it would threaten the main embracing cruisers destroyers and merchant ships is 1 the dutch naval base at surabaya and limit allied fleet being completed and australian factories have un strain opetations in the java sea thus strengthening the dertaken to equip a whole armored division at a cost how western arm of the japanese pincers which is closing of 100,000,000 revise in on singapore in the larger picture of far eastern with the outbreak of war in the pacific moreover dem strategy an even more significant result would be australia has become a key area on the american muni the increased japanese pressure which could be di supply route to southeast asia while the naval and 1 have rected against the american supply route to batavia air base of port darwin on the northern tip of 1s pro and singapore via australia and the south pacific australia is not capable of handling battleships it ion of the australian base in the struggle for s a strategically located link in the chain of south train southeast asia australia constitutes an important pacific communications a rail and road route through es fot base of supply both for men and munitions and a the heart of australia joins port darwin with sydney roose vital artery of communications for allied reinforce melbourne and adelaide on the opposite side of rgani ments the australian imperial force comprising the continent american supply vessels passing south and is troops which have enlisted for overseas service totals through samoa and the fiji islands can approach f pro approximately 170,000 virtually the whole of this port darwin along the australian coast protected by ilde force except for a few units in malaya was already the great barrier reef and then move westward via serving in european and near eastern sectors when the chain of east indian islands to batavia and the the war began in the pacific naval personnel totals south china sea the last link in this chain from of the 20,000 and there are 60,000 in the air force the port darwin to batavia will be increasingly threat tlands pumber of australian troops available for immediate ened should the japanese forces succeed in establish my of combat service in southeast asia is therefore re ing control over the southern portions of borneo and ossibly stricted unless some divisions are returned from the the celebes t a bisson are in it may europe restive as germany falters vill be with the nazi armies still unable to halt the is germany weakening these military ssumes russians on a defensive line the heavy pressure of events coincide with a constant stream of reports from the soviet winter offensive against the reich seems many points in europe indicating that the reich is at least temporarily to have dislocated hitler’s plans undergoing a serious internal crisis rumors of addi arakan fora german dominated europe in recent weeks the tional changes in the german military command have ter of red army's principal gains have taken place in two now been added to previous advices of great priva coast sectors in the first the crimean front the siege of tion and ebbing morale as news from the russian while sevastopol has now been lifted and the southern front filters back into the country nazi news organs mn lies portion of the peninsula reconquered in the second themselves are stressing the seriousness of the military e path the central war zone west of moscow the town of situation and official sources have gone to great oduced lyudinovo on the rzhev bryansk railway was recap lengths to deny tales of incipient internal revolution 40 of tured on january 11 the railroad is a most valuable to many obsérvers these developments seem in the indian prize with interruption of its traffic the germans mass suspiciously like a clever attempt to lull the lerived lose and the russians may be about to gain relative allies into a state of complacency while the germans papan freedom of north south movement for lateral rein slowly yielding in the east prepare for spring offen about forcement of the long russian front a freedom un sives on as yet undisclosed fronts astalla equalled anywhere east of the dnieper far to the rear among the neutral and subjugated peoples of lls and of the german lines at the present time europe however there are signs of greater restive ness than at any time since the fall of france indi cations of german difficulties appear with increasing frequency in the last issue of the magazine das reich for example nazi propaganda minister joseph goeb bels has written a threatening denunciation of sweden and switzerland because of their neutrality and al leged pro bolshevik political tendency to ascribe such a tendency to these states is obviously nothing more than to trump up a pretext for browbeating them since the governments of both have been gen erally motivated by fear of the soviet union and its ideology for over twenty years a press campaign of this type shows either that the reich is increasing its demands on the neutrals or that they are begin ning to assume a more independent position in the case of sweden dr goebbels displeasure may have been caused by widespread rumors that stockholm has assumed the role of mediator between finland and the soviet union while the finns are still officially allies of germany with german troops using their territory as a base of operations against russia a strong group of social democratic and trade union leaders is openly urging the conclusion of an armistice from one point of view there are most compelling reasons for finland’s withdrawal from the war the food situation is desperate a portion of the population is literally on the verge of starvation the russian successes to the south moreover have paved the way for offensive action against the finnish troops in fact the berlin radio announced on january 10 that the red army had initiated a counter attack on the extreme northern murmansk front since field marshal mannerheim announced on november 29 that finland’s strategic goal would soon be reached and since finnish troops have not been especially active in recent weeks it should be possible to establish a temporary line of demarcation such a line might be based on present military positions or the border as it was before the russian attack of november 30 1939 leaving the u.s.s.r in control of the murmansk railway assuming that the german forces in finland were withdrawn or neutralized a truce or a peace settle ment would be of benefit to the soviet military who would be free to shift their units to the leningrad front the finnish leaders however are confronted with a serious dilemma if they continue the war they do so over the opposition of a large section of their public not to speak of the twenty six united nations on the other hand so great is their legacy of distrust for the sdviet union that they fear either page four __ f.p.a radio schedule subject china’s role in the far eastern war speaker robert w barnett date sunday january 18 time 12 12 15 p.m e.s.t over blue network for station please consult your local newspaper a soviet occupation or the establishment of a puppet pro russian government if the finns lay down their arms for some of them german domination is stil preferable to this eventuality nor do they believe that in view of present transportation difficulties any power but germany will be in a position to supply the country with foodstuffs with british and ameri can assistance it might be possible to offer the finns suitable guarantees on both points vou xx a a sense of disquiet and impending crisis is also an evident in france where the new year's message of rc marshal henri pétain released a flood of anti vichy invective in the german controlled paris press in a e pathetic appeal for unity at home and magnanimit rio de j from the nazis the marshal described as deserter hate de all those who in the press as well as on the air abroad as well as in france resort to abject tasks apparent which ly the blow struck home paris condemned opponents the ad of collaboration and blamed the influence of united m8 states ambassador william d leahy for the ney 8t crisis meanwhile a recrudescence of sporadic vie isphere lence was highlighted in the night of january 4 5 u 8 by the murder of yves paringaux a high official is y4 y the vichy ministry of the interior responsible for the 849st suppression of anti german activities in berlin it wa the intimated that relations with vichy were more tense panied than ever the pétain régime like other europeaa lustrati governments may be expected to adopt a much mor tegic s positive attitude if the reports of german weaknes mexicz are substantiated nounce davip h popper srante new member of research staff wi the foreign policy association is pleased to an dan nounce the appointment to its research staff of miss 5 ja margaret la foy a.b new jersey college fot 20.00 women a.m and ph.d bryn mawr miss la foy public attended the graduate institute of international highw studies in geneva during 1938 39 and after com pleting her ph.d acted as field consultant on inter po national affairs for the national federation of bust o a ness and professional women for the past few only a months she has been engaged in special research fot 1 the foreign news department of time magazine fense foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 13 january 16 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nation to the headquarters 22 east 38th street new york nm y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lagt secretary vera michetss dean editor consul entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year the sees produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year fepub +resident which with 25 1934 for dditional of such 23 and are now authority struggle may be vaged in the new emocrats xpressed arty may mocrats y in this icans are bviously d of the iding ad nations d stassen on janu zation of rliament mcnary e senate or settle sy which trance of ded body elping to epublican atters of it to con error of and im lliott vds enty of mich igal room al library jan 22 1942 entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vor xxii no 14 january 22 1943 japan is not stronger than germany t a time when the soviet and north african offensives have simplified the european mili tary picture by heightening the possibility of a two front war against continental germany this year confusion still exists over problems of far eastern strategy there was reason to expect that the launch ing of the anglo american drive would end the dispute as to the primacy of the struggle in the west yet partly because of misunderstanding and partly because of continuing isolationist propaganda in this country which now takes the form of de ploring our concentration against germany regret is still expressed that we are not trying to lick japan first this attitude is naturally promoted by the fact that our men have so far done most of their fighting in the pacific and by our apparent neglect of the china front the united nations will not fight with the greatest effectiveness and singleness of purpose until it is clearly understood in the united states and china as it already is in britain and the u.s.s.r that the european front is decisive for the entire struggle against the axis including japan this conclusion is not the result of an arbitrary decision on our part or of self interested pressure by our european part ners but is determined by the geographical location of the main strength of the axis and the allies two criteria dictate our choice between japan and ger many which is mow the more dangerous against which can we exert the greatest pressure in the short est time here it is worth noting that in a recent public opinion poll taken by mail in a leading chinese city almost one third of the merchants students civil servants and military men who replied held that the united nations should use their entire strength to settle with germany first a remark see allied position in far east improved by african campaign for tign policy bulletin november 27 1942 ably high percentage in a country which has fought the japanese for five and a half years in the united states although a majority favors the germany first policy there is apprehension concerning what japan may do if she is allowed to consolidate on the west coast in particular it is feared that the japanese would like to invade the continental united states no doubt they would but surely invasion is also one of germany’s desires our choice is not between the motives of the two countries both of which are bent on our destruction but between their respective powers to carry through their inten tions it must therefore also be asked what might happen if by concentrating on japan we gave ger many time to consolidate which has more steel the comparative strength of germany and japan may be measured by a simple standard industrial development perhaps the most important single factor in a prolonged war on a world scale here the nazis are clearly superior to their japanese allies in electric power capacity transport facilities technical skill and the production of steel a figure of 10 million metric tons almost certainly represents the maximum steel making capacity of japan and the empire today and the actual total may be below this but in 1938 ile before the conquest of europe german steel pro duction was already over 23 million metric tons an nually today the steel available to germany is probably not far from 40 million metric tons this difference naturally finds expression in the ability to produce airplanes tanks heavy guns and industrial machinery fields in which germany's advantages over japan are unquestioned no one would main tain that japan possesses the power to support any thing approaching the magnitude of the german front against the soviet union great emphasis is placed on the raw materials controlled by japan as a result of the conquest of een be oe ls a se 2s see 3 ro pee a mi ms 1 i we a pn op aa ooo et oe ie a _aa a nbnnnmpo scowwpuree two southeast asia with its rubber tin and oil but these supplies are valuable only to the extent that they can be processed japan’s industrial machine with its limited possibilities of expansion is incapable of making full use of the captured riches a condition which is aggravated by shipping difficulties ger many on the other hand while lacking japan's pres ent abundance of raw materials not only commands a large output of synthetic oil and rubber but be cause the industry of all europe lies at its disposal is able to make better use of its resources this does not mean that japan is not powerful but simply that it is less formidable than germany is japan’s morale exceptional there have been many stories of the unbreakable morale of the japanese armed forces of the unwillingness of troops to surrender when in a hopeless position of their selfless concentration on the destruction of their opponents without question the japanese are loyal to the régime and fight hard but there is no indication that they fight better than the chinese whom they have not knocked out of the war in five and a half years or the russians who defeated them twice in large scale border conflicts in 1938 and 1939 or the british who are coming into con tact with them in burma or the americans who are beating them back in the southwest pacific the japanese performance on the buna beach head in new guinea is no more striking than the resistance of the entrapped germans in stalingrad such dif ferences as may exist between the japanese and the are the french moving toward unity the stalemate before tunis chief objective of the entire north african campaign continues to be a source of disappointment to civilians in allied coun tries who had become unduly optimistic last no vember that the axis powers would soon be ejected from the southern shore of the mediterranean even though the delay is by no means serious and is ap parently as much the result of torrential rains which normally last until march as of any man controlled factors the sense of frustration persists and tends to encourage a large crop of rumors and a a 3 a aes re so ae 7 for the strategic and political facts behind the war in the pacific and the outlook for reconstruction in the far east read these foreign policy reports 1 curna’s war economy 2 asia in a new wortp orper 3 npia’s role in the worip conruict 4 tue u.s.s.r and japan 5 replacement of stra tegic mareriats lost in asia 25c each or 5 for 1.00 reports are published on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to fpa members 3 much to prevent it from consolidating its gains a sen soldiers of the other major fighting nations are minor and can have no decisive influence on the outcome of the war moreover it is not surprising that japanese morale is strong since japan has g9 far been highly victorious the real test of japan's internal strength will come when it suffers continu ing and large scale setbacks not only in the pacific but also on the continent of asia many fears about japan result from failure to recognize that the united nations are already doing especially through the destruction of shipping this activity was referred to by president roosevelt in his message to congress on january 7 when he also declared significantly that the period of our de fensive attrition in the pacific is drawing to a close it will be possible to fight the far eastern war most effectively by recognizing openly that the european war comes first on that basis we can move toward a continental land offensive against germany with the utmost vigor send to the far east as much as can be spared from the primary front the quantity is not so small as some are inclined to think and concentrate on developing the internal economic and military power of such countries as china india and australia the path of military victory would then lead to the most favorable conditions for far eastern reconstruction after the war lawrence k rosinger the first of four articles by mr rosinger on war and reconstruction in the far east criticism of north african politics in britain and the united states meanwhile strict censorship in north africa fosters irresponsible statements since it is impossible under present circumstances to con firm or deny the many conflicting stories concerning that theatre of war of the many bewildering reports the most im portant concerns the long imminent meeting be tween de gaulle fighting french leader and giraud who seems to occupy a middle of the road position between the ex collaborationists and the fighting french among the various factors explain ing the delay of the conference is the objection of tre the fighting french to giraud’s cooperation with vichyites whose continued allegiance to fascist ideas in the opinion of de gaullists is indicated by their equivocal statements concerning the allies de gaulle feels that unless the anti vichy french are given political as well as military recognition force hea polit alth in unit lon tact selvi no true french interest will be represented on the hea side of the allies during the war or in the post wat period eradication of all vichy influence on the allied side is therefore a question of principle ons are on the prising 1 has 59 japan's continu pacific ilure to ly doing s gains ig this evelt in he also our de a close yar most uropean toward ny with much as quantity nk and mic and a india y would for far inger and ain and rship ia ts since to con ncerning nost im ting be ler and the road and the explain ction of ion with ist ideas cated by allies y french ognition 1 on the post wat on the principle ss ss with the fighting french who apparently oppose any compromise on this matter anglo american action some observers in great britain and the united states are calling for firm anglo american action to oust the vichy ites and unite the french such a course however needs some qualification for it overlooks two im portant considerations frequently forgotten in the present atmosphere of disappointment and impa tience first of all it has been no simple matter to dispose of vichy supporters since the invasion of north africa for in 1940 the pétain government replaced many members of the colonial administra tion who were opposed to collaboration with his own adherents to be sure there are specially trained administrators among the fighting french but even if experienced men were available in sufficient num bers the immediate replacement of personnel prob ably was not possible without creating serious un rest thus causing further complications for allied forces however according to a report from allied headquarters in north africa on january 15 a political house cleaning is now actually going on although it will apparently take considerable time in the second place the task of securing french unity while it can be encouraged by what the london times has called allied advice and allied tact must rest in large part with the french them selves as british minister of information brendan the f.p.a the flying tigers by russell whelan new york viking 1942 2.50 fascinating story of the american volunteer group which from bases in china and burma rolled up an amaz ing score of victories over japan’s air force from december 1941 to july 1942 report from tokyo a message to the american people by joseph c grew new york simon and schuster 1942 1.00 america’s ambassador to tokyo until pearl harbor hammers home the importance of not underestimating the japanese military menace emphasizes that japan’s war machine caste and system must be destroyed completely if the rest of the world is to live in safety the unknown country canada and her people by bruce hutchison new york coward mccann 1942 3.50 an introduction to our northern neighbor done in a series of vignettes of canadian scenes nova scotia mon treal quebec winnipeg etc what this presentation loses in coherence and unity it gains perhaps in readability an appraisal of the protocols of zion by john s curtiss new york columbia university press 1942 1.00 the story of one of the most widespread and damaging forgeries ever perpetrated page three bracken declared on january 14 neither the united states nor great britain is backing any particular candidate for leadership of the french meanwhile among frenchmen in london and in the underground movement at home there is grow ing evidence that the french themselves have taken up the task of cementing national solidarity which was so badly lacking in france not only before the war but even in june 1940 the arrival in london on january 14 of fernand grenier former communist leader marked the formal linking of the extreme left with the right and the middle of the road par ties which already were represented in the fighting french national committee the communists have been a leading element in the french underground movement since they were able to maintain their party intact when all others crumbled in 1940 but they had not given any explicit support to de gaulle’s organization and had instead conducted their oppo sition to the nazis as a separate movement now that grenier has fallen into line with the de gaulle forces there no longer remains either abroad or under ground any important anti fascist french group that is not represented on the national committee at the moment therefore the principal step that re mains to be taken in achieving anti axis french unity is that which would harmonize the interests of the political organizations headed by de gaulle and giraud whinifred n hadsel bookshelf america organizes to win the war a handbook on the american war effort new york harcourt brace 1942 2.00 twenty articles by an impressive group of authorities on the nature of the conflict the organization of our armed forces the character of our economic mobilization various morale factors and war objectives simply and clearly written a democratic manifesto by emery reves new york random house 1942 1.50 a sober plea for a new international integration based on the general acceptance of democratic principles lack of sufficient attention to social and economic problems how ever reduces the value of an otherwise able piece of work the background of our war from lectures prepared by the orientation course war department bureau of public relations new york farrar and rinehart 1942 2.00 a simplified survey of axis aggression and the military march 15 1942 well pre the services government of the arg republic by austin f mac donald new york cr ll 1942 3.75 a political science text which ably meets the long felt need for an exhaustive work on the subject campaigns of the war prior to sented for the instruction of foreign policy bulletin vol xxii 14 january 22 1943 published weekly by the foreign p association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lert secretary vera micheles dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ss 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news etter jan 18 the german submarine has come to be regatded by responsible naval authorities in wash ington as the most deadly weapon in the hands of the axis sinkings by u boats continued at a high level throughout 1942 with more than 500 cargo ships sent to the bottom in the western at lantic alone an internationally known shipping expert informed the writer that the total of 11,189 000 gross tons of allied and neutral shipping sunk in the four years of world war i had been consid erably exceeded in the first three years of the present conflict the need to conceal our losses from the enemy has kept the american people from appreciating the full gravity of this peril their justified satisfaction over the magnificent achievement of our shipyards in producing 8 million tons of shipping last year would be sadly diminished if it were generally re alized that axis destruction of united nations ship ping exceeded total united states launchings in 1942 only indirectly and occasionally does the pub lic gain an inkling of our terrific shipping losses when as happened recently rationing of gasoline and fuel oil was suddenly tightened as a conse quence of the torpedoing of many tankers carrying supplies to north africa it is no exaggeration to say that the u boat menace is approaching the grave turn it took in the spring of 1917 when one ship out of every four that left the british isles never returned admiral harold r stark commander of united states naval forces in europe was guilty of no overstatement when he declared in an interview in washington on janu ary 8 that our greatest enemy is the submarine adding that our losses are something to be very uncomfortable about why u boat menace is so grave one reason for the uneasiness here is that the germans are admittedly building submarines faster than we can sink them the nazis are believed to have a force of 300 fast long range u boats with never less than 100 at sea at one time their losses are be ing replaced at a rate of 17 to 25 a month american and british bombers from time to time make raids on german submarine bases but the effectiveness of these attacks is dubious german bases bristle for victory with anti aircraft guns a recent raid on the sub marine base at lorient cost us six flying fortresses and the enemy has built massive concrete bomb shel ters to protect theit underwater craft in port other factors that explain why the current u boat campaign is more destructive than anything known in world war i are 1 the superior armor pro tection of german submarines making them much more difficult to sink than the egg shells of the last war 2 the use of light diesel engines which en ables them to operate upwards of 15,000 miles with out refuelling 3 the adoption of better tactics in attacking convoys notably the use of the pack system in place of hit and run raids by lone u boats and clever coordination of submarine and airplane and 4 the inadequacy of allied escort protection resulting from the strain on our naval and aif strength in the first world war the american and british navies were aided not only by french and italian destroyers but were able to concentrate their forces in the atlantic in this war japan our former ally is an enemy compelling us to divert half our naval strength to the pacific an unsolved riddle in 1917 when ad miral jellicoe warned that we are heading straight for disaster the u boat menace was overcome in the nick of time only because lloyd george forced the convoy system on a reluctant admiralty but the answer to hitler’s submarine challenge has yet to be found and because of this failure nazi submarines today are hampering military operations of the anglo american forces in north africa by seriously cut tailing their supplies if sinkings in 1943 continue at their present rate the movement of american troops and supplies overseas will be gravely re stricted and jeopardized while the atlantic seaboard will get no relief from the existing oil shortage even fulfillment of president roosevelt's gigantic schedule of 16 million tons of new shipping in 194 will not of itself provide the solution although the allies have been fighting the nazi submarine with convoys patrol planes blimps mines and the bomb ing of yards and bases all these measures despite certain successes have not provided the reply to the u boat unless an answer to the riddle is discovered hitler may yet force a stalemate in this war john elliott buy united states war bonds unit ditio came succe chu com liftir the italy the and men liber was forn pren fron oper of t stru stag and with ber the new man the outs a su +j il heir still eve ply efi also e of ichy p in 4 nity oad ent ents ited nev vi0 lin the nse al nore ness entered as 2nd class matter an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxi no 14 january 238 1942 fter an initial public meeting on january 15 at which the position of the united states was em hatically expressed by under secretary of state sum ner welles the conference of foreign ministers at rio de janeiro has begun private discussions to nego tiate definitive resolutions for adoption at the final session about januerv 26 the war atmosphere in which the conference is proceeding was evident in the addresses delivered on the opening day the wel coming speech of president getulio vargas of brazil contained a strong pledge of cooperation in hem isphere defense and the remarks of the chilean uruguayan and mexican foreign ministers all reflected in varying degree the theme of continental solidarity against outside agression the first phases of the conference were accom panied by an obbligato of military arrangements il lustrating the united states progress in gaining stra tegic security in the south the formation of a joint mexican american defense commission was an for nounced on january 12 a day later uruguay was granted lend iease war materials unofficially valued at 17,000,000 to 20,000,000 and 550,000 more was later allocated to costa rica one of the first mis american nations to join the united states in the war on january 16 moreover washington approved a 20,000,000 loan to the five central american re 4 publics to enable them to complete the pan american call highway as far south as the panama canal iter susi few for zine ations editor position of the u:s.a in view of the record of axis aggression mr welles stated at rio the only assured safety which this continent possesses lies in full cooperation between us all in the common de fense as equal and sovereign partners alluding to the extensive operations of axis diplomatic and consular representatives in the americas he asserted the pre eminent issue presented is solely that those tepublics engaged in war shall not be dealt a deadly argentina questions hemisphere solidarity program thrust by the agents of the axis ensconced upon the soil and enjoying the hospitality of the american re publics the under secretary of state stressed the uselessness of classic neutrality in the present circum stances and set forth the broad program advocated by the united states at the conference severance of diplomatic financial and economic relations between the american states and the axis cooperation in de fense measures suppression of subversive activities increased production of strategic materials mainte nance of adequate shipping facilities and alleviation of disturbances to the domestic economy of the latin american nations as a concrete step in this direction mr welles announced specific allocations of twenty six important export commodities for delivery to latin america in the first three months of 1942 despite the lack of official information prelim inary reports from rio de janeiro suggest that when the more than 100 resolutions presented by the twen ty one republics have been pared down the bulk of the north american suggestions will have been adopted in their entirety they represent an emerging system of collective security in this hemisphere in essence the united states is demanding that the latin american nations collaborate in preventing any threat to the hemisphere’s strategic security and in producing a maximum quantity of materials vital to the war effort in return it is offering not only a mil itary guarantee of the territorial integrity of the americas but economic assistance during both the war and post war periods the focal point for inauguration of the broad inter american plan is the draft resolution for breaking relations with the axis sponsored by mexico co lombia and venezuela which have already taken this step the resolution presented on january 16 by the colombian delegation not only provides for complete rupture but calls for consultation among the repub lics before relations are resumed thus the american oo nations would in effect apply collective sanctions against the axis there have been intimations that should any american republic refuse to collaborate in this stand the united states might use its tre mendous power over inter american commerce and transportation to exclude the noncooperative member from the benefits of the new american system the argentine stand since normally the political economic cultural and racial ties of many south american countries are predominantly with europe it is not expected that the united states proposition will receive unanimous and unre served approval foremost among the opposition forces stands the argentine government in public statements both acting president ramon s castillo and foreign minister enrique ruiz guifiazi had in sisted that argentina would preserve its neutrality and reject any proffered military alliance or any pro posed status of pre belligerency under pressure from other delegations however the argentine posi tion appears to be shifting on january 16 castillo remarked that there were no insoluble issues between argentina and the other american nations and hint ed that internal considerations such as the large popu lation of italian stock in the country made extreme action difficult the next day he stated that argentina was prepared to impose restrictions on axis nationals who might sabotage the allied war effort and eigh teen germans accused of fraudulently using german welfare society funds for nazi propaganda subsidies detained last august but subsequently released were arrested for the second time the evidence in dicates that the argentines are prepared to agree to some modified formula on the question of a break in relations in return for sizeable economic concessions in seeking an explanation for argentina’s role at rio it is always necessary to remember that the state of internal politics is often a determining factor in national policy in argentina for example the cas libyan campaign stiffens allies mediterranean front stalled after two months of heavy fighting the british and axis forces in north africa are racing to bring supplies into the battle front before major ac tion is resumed in recent weeks the imperial troops harassed by sand storms and by german planes ap parently withdrawn from the russian front have page two 3 fpa discussion packets for teachers study groups and club meetings on 1 the pacific war 2 our defense effort 3 the future peace 25c each tillo régime made up of a small conservative by by no means fascist clique has adopted severe tp pressive measures to preserve its grip on power the opposition in argentina consists of two groups th numerically slight but militant army nationalist forges of the right with ideas akin to those of the europea totalitarians and a mass of pro allied pro demo cratic argentines whose principal outlets for poli tical expression are the great buenos aires press and the opposition radical party spokesmen the second group it is believed comprises a clea majority of all politically conscious argentines by has hitherto lacked honest and forceful leaders nevertheless in recent months vice presiden castillo has been compelled to take increasingly harsh steps to prevent an upsurge of hostile activity from this quarter among these have been a pol icy of electoral fraud under which the conserva tive party carried the buenos aires provincial elec tions on december 7 last the rumored intervention of the federal government in several of the remaining radical provinces to prevent them from returning majority of radical deputies in the congressiona election of march 1942 and most severely felt proclamation of a state of siege giving broad police powers to castillo’s government as a consequence the press and radio have been severely muzzled in argentina while the right of public assembly is dras tically restricted to some extent these prohibitions may be motivated by pro fascist sentiment among government officials certainly the forced neutrality of opinion which the argentine administration is at tempting to impose tends to play into the hands of the axis which would like nothing better than to see latin america remain impartial but by all indica tions castillo’s policy is determined not so much by desire to aid the aggressors as to keep his government in power by suppressing pro allied manifestations which in almost every case are also manifestations against him and his associates pdavip h popper made little headway against the rear guard axi units in agedabia on the gulf of sidra meanwhile general erwin rommel in need of immediate rein forcements had to withdraw to el agheila 47 miles from the axis base of tripoli both british and axis troops have attempted to straighten the kinks in their supply lines on january 17 the imperial army wiped out a possible threat to its rear and considerably shortened its 450 mile supply line by forcing the surrender of halfaya pass the last axis held position in egypt the fall of this rocky stronghold makes it possible for the british t0 use the coastal libyan highway to rush fresh south african and free french troops to advanced units near el agheila the british supply route by sea 538 ngly ivvity pol rva elec ition ning ng i ona lt lice nice d in dras tions nonng ality is at is of d see dica nent ns tions er a miles from alexandria to benghazi is more vulner able to aerial attack by axis planes based in crete attacks on malta in a determined effort to speed supplies to general rommel by shortening the libya ferry the german and italian air forces have launched an intensive attack against malta the british island fortress midway between gibraltar and the suez canal only 60 miles from sicily and 198 miles from tripoli malta has long been a thorn in the side of the axis the chief axis shipping lane extending 550 miles from naples to tripoli carefully detours to the west of sicily the two more direct lanes through the straits of messina to the east of sicily and past the heel of the italian boot have been exposed to effective british naval action guided by r.a.f planes based at malta the british claim that in december 75 per cent of the italian ships taking the direct route to libya were damaged or sunk but this proportion has probably been reduced by the activity of new luftwaffe units in the med iterranean when italy entered the war britain’s chances of holding malta were considered slim only 17 miles long and hardly bigger than staten island malta seemed unable to withstand a heavy naval and air assault from near by axis bases yet the island fort ress the most frequently bombed point in the world has undergone more than 1,200 air raid alarms its 240,000 inhabitants may sleep in comfortable under ground shelters deep in the natural rock the island’s three airfields accommodating several hundred planes are equipped with underground hangars in valletta harbor on the northeast coast of malta are drydocks repair shops munition and fuel stores the rock sheltered harbor bristles with long range coastal artillery and anti aircraft guns although exposed to air attack warships can still slip into the harbor for fuel and supplies air defense of the island has been strikingly effective the final issue of the battle for libya may depend more and more on malta’s ability to withstand con axis vhile rein 475 d to uaty hreat mile pass this sh to south units 538 tinual air bombardment it is clear that the germans aim to knock out the r.a.f perhaps in preparation for an air and sea invasion similar to that of crete evidence that such a plan had been temporarily scotched was revealed in december when the r.a.f destroyed 30 junker troop transports of the type used in crete in an 8 hour raid on castelvetrano airfield in sicily set in the center of crisscrossing life lines malta if it fell would give the axis a strategic base from which to operate against the british navy an uncontested route to tripoli would make it far sim page three f.p.a radio schedule subject what is our main war front speaker vera micheles dean date sunday january 25 time 12 00 12 15 p.m e.s.t over blue network for station please consult your local newspaper pler to send heavy reinforcements to general rommel held by the british malta would prove a valuable advance base for an invasion of italy turkey’s position while malta remains the mediterranean danger spot and the germans con tinue to retreat in russia turkey an uneasy non belligerent may breathe more freely russian suc cesses in the crimea have made a german attack on turkey less likely since the soviet navy can again operate freely in the black sea meanwhile the turk ish attitude toward germany has recently stiffened although a trade agreement between the two coun tries was signed on october 10 it is reported that ankara refused to send germany any chrome before 1943 and then only on condition that german war materials were first delivered to turkey the gov ernment has admitted receiving lend lease material from the united states and has turned a deaf ear to nazi charges that this was unneutral in contrast to other balkan countries turkey has not been overrun by german technicians and tourists an illustration of the government’s independent spirit was its cool reception to the german press mission which ar rived in november finding it impossible to gain any control of the press and radio the mission left the country abruptly after two days in an effort to alienate turkey from the allies berlin recently charged that anthony eden had ceded the dardanelles to russia and arranged for british russian partition of iran to counter these reports sir hughe knatchbull hugessen british am bassador to turkey had attended the discussions in moscow and reported them fully to foreign minister shukru saracoglu he denied the german charges and emphasized that leaders of the u.s.s.r were confident that turkey would resist aggression for the present turkey appears not to be threat ened with attack due to the german reverses in rus sia and libya the importance of this respite cannot be overestimated a successful german drive against the well trained but not heavily mechanized turkish army of about 750,000 would nullify the british vic tories in libya threaten the suez canal and open the way to the oil of iran andiraqg marcaret la foy foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 14 january 23 1942 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y published weekly by the foreign policy association frank ross mccoy president dorotruy f lust secretary vera micueres dean editor incorporated national entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year lr 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year ee una sh i a a er tess inom ca ee washington news letter jan 19 in the second month of global war washington is still under the effects of the shock in duced by the country’s sudden readjustment from preparations for defense to full dress war conditions people are but slowly beginning to grasp the manifold implications of a struggle which has thrust on the united states not only the task of defending its bas tions in the pacific but also that of serving as the principal source of supplies for the united nations even those who for years had been anticipating the present emergency find their powers of imagination strained by the magnitude of the effort on which the united states is engaged and by the seismic changes that the war is daily effecting in the international as well as the domestic landscape which front comes first next to the question of actual war production which after much controversy has been placed under the single direc tion of donald m nelson chairman of the new war production board the question that stands out in pub lic discussions is that of the allotment of material al ready produced among widely scattered fronts this question was sharply raised during the past week by the protests of spokesmen in chungking as well as of chinese organizations in the united states against recent statements of secretary of the navy knox and first lord of the admiralty a v alexander both of whom indicated that hitler is the principal enemy and that priority should be accorded to the war against germany this view has disturbed not only china but also the dutch east indies and australia which fear that the allies by concentrating on eu rope and africa may permit tokyo to seize strategic positions from which it would later be extremely difficult if not impossible to dislodge the japanese in their opinion japan’s expansionist program while linked for reasons of convenience to hitler’s struggle for a new order is an independent venture which would be continued even after the downfall of the nazis yet discouraging as the present prospect may seem in the far east it must be borne in mind that what happened at pearl harbor and may happen at sing apore has been due not so much to failure of human courage as to the initial difficulty of arousing the western powers from complacency about their own potential strength as compared with that of japan similar complacency regarding germany in the early stages of the second world war has been pretty well dispelled although even now there are people in britain and the united states who cherish ho of a german collapse from within if today the west ern powers tend to consider germany as enemy no it is not because they are indifferent to the fate of the far east but because they believe that concentration of their available resources of man power and ma terial which are still admittedly inadequate on the russian and mediterranean fronts may hasten hit ler’s downfall and thus release them for a large scale offensive against japan russia’s war needs the anglo american view about priorities of fronts is shared by the rus sians who have so far carefully avoided every pos sibility of a clash with japan the russians believe that the war in the far east will be a long war and that the struggle against hitler which they hope may prove of shorter duration should therefore take pre cedence at the same time they have no illusions about the future they doubt that the nazis in spite of many rumors to that effect will stage an offensive either through spain or turkey what they do antici pate is a fresh offensive against russia in the spring and to meet this offensive or under the most favor able circumstances to drive the germans out of rus sia the kremlin needs additional war material which it hopes to obtain from britain and the united states in the allocation of war materials to many fronts washington has been anxious to fulfill russia’s needs as adequately and promptly as possible the chief difficulty is lack of shipping and the renewed ger man submarine campaign in the atlantic may serious __ vol ican menc with unity slow of th agres prov ence face no d state the that pres this repr ly interfere with such shipments as the united states can send to russia via murmansk and archangel the two ports closest to the eastern front britain which has shorter and more direct communications with these ports than the united states has apparently been better able than this country to ship war ma terial and foodstuffs to russia but british exports in turn are made possible largely because britain can replace the goods it sends to russia by imports from the united states this makes it more essential than ever for the western powers to keep the atlantic sea lanes open to their ships so while washington would agree with chungking and canberra regard ing the vital importance of holding singapore it is felt here that as the united states tunes up for all out war production we must send material where it seems most urgently needed and can be most effec tively used vera micheles dean natu deci into sam to t ing gua lics axi sibl flat bre ern lar par has +r tactics pack u boats irplane otection and ait ican and mch and ate their r former half our then ad straight rcome in ze forced but the yet to be bmarines ne anglo yusly cur continue american avely fe seaboard ortage s gigantic g in 194 nough the irine with the bomb s despite ly to the s velll r elliott nds periodical room general library gniy of mich feb 2 1943 entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 15 january 29 1943 casablanca conference forecasts major effort in 1943 he history making ten day conference held in casablanca by president roosevelt and prime minister churchill to map the 1943 strategy of the united nations in such a way as to achieve uncon ditional surrender of germany italy and japan came as a climax to a period of mounting allied successes in europe and africa the roosevelt churchill negotiations begun on january 14 and completed on january 24 were punctuated by the lifting of the siege of leningrad on january 18 and the fall on january 21 of tripoli last bastion of italy's african empire they were accompanied by the long awaited meeting between general de gaulle and general giraud who agreed that free french men everywhere should work together for the liberation of france although no announcement was made as had been anticipated regarding the formation of a united nations military council premier stalin and generalissimo chiang kai shek were informed at every point regarding the course of the roosevelt churchill conversations and britain and the united states pledged themselves to give maximum material aid to russia and china is germany near collapse the casa blanca meeting epitomizes the far reaching shift from defensive to offensive which now marks allied operations against the axis and the determination of the united nations to retain the initiative in a struggle which appears to be reaching a decisive stage yet great as are the allied victories in russia and north africa both actually and as compared with the military situation existing before novem ber 1942 they do not yet appear sufficient to explain the atmosphere of impending catastrophe reflected in news stories and broadcasts emanating from ger many unless demoralization in the reich and on the russian front has gone much further than the outside world had been permitted to realize while a sudden collapse of germany cannot be excluded from allied calculations it would seem wise not to place too much hope in the prospect of rapid disin tegration within the reich at the same time allied strategy must include plans for dealing with condi tions of chaos and anarchy that the breakdown of german military power might leave in its wake both in the reich and in nazi dominated countries the russian advances which are no longer local operations but parts of a closely meshed plan cov ering all sectors of the russo german front open up the possibility of a russian thrust in the north against finland conceivably linked with a british landing in norway and of a preventive german blow at sweden to which the swedish foreign min ister per albin hansson apparently referred in his speech of january 18 warning that sweden might have to defend itself without warning russia’s vic tories also create a difficult situation for germany's satellites notably hungary and rumania whose troops fighting reluctantly at the side of the ger mans are reported to have suffered heavy losses on the russian front while at home their governments are confronted with mounting opposition to contin ued collaboration with the reich the success of the red army in dislodging the germans from fortified positions where they had expected to weather another winter is primarily the result of well planned and well timed operations carried out with the aid of fresh reserves who had been undergoing training in the interior of the coun try during the past year considerable aid however has been given both by the opening of an allied front in french north africa which forced the ger mans to divert part of their air force from russia to the mediterranean and by increased shipments of war material from britain and the united states these two countries together according to the re port made public on january 20 by edward r stet tinius jr lend lease administrator up to 1943 had nae 1 sips age aes nn es a oe sey ten ass 2 28 tes ana sssssh eee px two shipped russia 4,600 planes and 5,800 tanks in ad dition to other war material and foodstuffs toward a united nations council out of this growing coordination of military and supply strategy on the two major fronts from which the assault on the fortress of europe is being di rected may gradually emerge the as yet officially undefined pattern of a united nations council that would seek to coordinate both war and peace aims the need for such coordination was revealed the mo ment allied forces entered french north africa which immediately became a proving ground of united nations intentions and practices the de asia’s problems challenge spirit the specific decisions reached at casablanca will become known only gradually but it is clear that despite the increasing likelihood of new action in the far east the major military emphasis this year will quite properly be placed on operations in the european theatre under these circumstances the prep aration of the peoples of eastern asia for a later all out drive against japan becomes a problem of major importance it would be a serious error to believe that a fuller mobilization of the emotional economic and political resources of countries like china and india can wait because at some future date it may be possible to flood the far east with tanks planes and men from the united states and britain a pol icy of neglecting to develop asia from within will simply prolong the war in that theatre and lead to an unnecessarily stormy period of reconstruction are we acting too slowly in asia it would be false to suggest that the leaders of the united nations are not aware of these facts the recent renunciation of extraterritoriality for ex ample constitutes an important step toward winning the war and assuring china’s full equality after the fighting is over yet with history moving at an ex traordinarily rapid pace governmental policies some times lag unnecessarily behind the times forward looking actions that could have enormous influence in asia naturally fail to arouse the expected enthusi asm when they are surrounded by protocol and de what americans think about post war reconstruction on the pacific coast by chester h rowell in upstate new york by paul b williams the rocky mountain region by ben m cherrington 25c january 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are published on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to fpa members 3 y gaulle giraud agreement reached under the auspices of britain and the united states which are trying not to impose on the french people in advance a government they had not had the opportunity to choose seems a hopeful portent of the methods that might be used in other countries liberated from axis rule while the casablanca meeting itself gives evi dence that the united nations statesmen are thinking in terms of a major effort in 1943 which by shorten ing the war would make it possible to save what is left of europe before it is too late vera micheles dean of initiative in west and east liberation instead of being carried through with dispatch this was true of the treaties on extratet ritoriality which were not concluded until more than three months after the united states and britain first announced their intention to give up special rights in china if these treaties had been accompanied by the retrocession to china of the british lease at kowloon by american moves to place chinese immigration on a quota basis or by discussions for the return of the british owned but chinese inhabited territory of hongkong no one could have mistaken the signif cance of what was happening similarly had the cripps proposals been made before the war with japan rather than at a moment when allied fortunes in the far east were at their lowest ebb the reaction in india very likely would have been quite different we cannot expect the people of asia to be grateful for concessions that appear to be offered grudgingly and at the last moment the path to liberation delays in taking the steps necessary to arouse asia to the fullest en thusiasm for the united nations cause can only en courage the widespread view that the peoples of the orient will be liberated during the war and the period of reconstruction by the military might and financial generosity of outside governments certainly in order to destroy japanese aggression asia needs all the help it can get and it will also require material aid after the reestablishment of peace but the be lief that the future of the east depends simply on actions abroad is in essence a new more streamlined version of the white man’s burden despite mod ern trimmings the emphasis remains on the infer ority of the native populations and the superiority of their foreign partners liberation is however largely an internal process and those on the outside can only hope to help create conditions under which the most constructive most democratic tendencies of unfree or half free people will find their ows expression ___ auspices e trying lvance a unity to ods that om axis ives eyj thinking shorten what is dean st gh with extratet til more d britain special by the owloon ration on rn of the itory of e signifi had the war with fortunes reaction different grateful udgingly in taking ullest en only en les of the he period financial ainly im needs all material it the be imply on eamlined pite mod he infer uperiority howevel 1e outside der which rendencies their owl es asia also has responsibilities some times it is true the leaders and peoples of asia themselves do not fully appreciate the importance of their initiative in helping to defeat the enemy and in planning for reconstruction emphasizing genuine shortcomings on the part of the major allies they may underestimate their own power to improve difficult situations in india for ex ample the nationalist leaders unwisely allowed prac tical difficulties and bitter emotions to deflect them from the easiest course to freedom participation in the war against the axis as a result of this policy and of britain’s refusal to reopen discussions after the return of sir stafford cripps to london india is farther from independence today than it was a year ago while the final achievement of freedom may prove a far more turbulent process than if agreement had been reached similarly in china justified complaints about the shortsightedness of western policy sometimes con ceal chungking’s failure to take all measures open to it it is well known for example that the shortage of supplies from abroad is an important factor in china’s serious inflation but it is unfortunately also true that bureaucratic circles in the government have the f.p.a how to win the peace by c j hambro philadelphia lippincott 1942 3.00 an unusually forthright discussion of post war prob lems and procedures by the president of the norwegian parliament and the league of nations assembly drawing on his practical experience of international affairs mr hambro opposes any attempt by the great powers to re duce the role of small nations after the war and urges the creation of a peace patrol that would be on the alert for the first indications of aggressive spirit on the part of any nation the netherlands indies and the united states by rupert emerson boston world peace foundation 1942 cloth 50 cents paper 25 cents an american student of southeast asia describes suc cinctly our interest in the indies and concludes that we cannot afford to see them controlled by a hostile power he suggests post war international supervision of the indies with special dutch weight in the administration di rected toward earliest possible independence for the islands radio goes to war by charles j rolo new york put nam’s 1942 2.75 the first book length study of the use of radio as an in strument of political warfare the author analyses the well planned german radio propaganda attack which be gan long before the actual conflict and indicates how the allies are gradually perfecting their counter offensive on the air page three impeded the development of the chinese industrial cooperatives thereby preventing china from realiz ing certain possibilities of greater domestic produc tion if prices are high partly because the burma road is no longer open it must be recognized that the failure of the government to use its full power against hoarders and speculators is at least equally important clearly it is necessary that both the western powers and the eastern peoples make their maxi mum contribution in war and peace by dealing with the problems that lie within their respective spheres this means first of all since the major immedi ate responsibility rests on those with greater strength and experience that the west must help create a greater spirit of confidence in asia by removing the various remaining discriminations political eco nomic and racial on the other hand within their power and experience the peoples of the east can not shirk their obligations or avoid taking steps to solve problems which in the long run will be solved either by themselves or not at all lawrence k rosinger the second of four articles on war and reconstruction in the far east bookshelf ambassadors in white by charles morrow wilson new york henry holt 1942 3.50 this book is a series of biographies of the men who have worked so untiringly to rid the american tropics of disease and death it makes stirring reading fiscal planning for total war by w l crum j f fen nelly and l h seltzer new york national bureau of economic research 1942 3.00 a comprehensive and well balanced treatise on war fi nances with special emphasis on the implications of total warfare ireland past and present by tom ireland new york putnam’s 1942 5.00 a convenient chronological history of ireland with special emphasis on the recent period the author believes that ireland despite the risk involved should grant the united states and britain the use of its western ports the unguarded frontier by edgar w mcinnes new york doubleday doran 1942 3.00 a valuable contribution to the literature of american canadian relations in a book scholarly enough for the professional historian and readable enough for the serious layman professor mcinnes traces the course of canada’s relations with the united states from the franco british struggle for supremacy in america to the hyde park agreement of 1941 foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 15 january 29 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lest secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year one month for change of address on membership publications please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year sp 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washin gton news letter jan 25 seldom in the age long history of wars has there been such an imposing example of hemi spheric solidarity against a common enemy as is now presented by the new world after chile’s action in breaking off relations with the axis on january 20 of the 21 american republics 12 are now at war with the axis 8 others have severed relations with the fascist bloc and only one argentina still con tinues to harbor agents of germany japan and italy on its territory chile’s rupture with the axis marks the successful conclusion of a bitter political battle between friends and foes of this step lasting nearly a year it was on february 1 1942 that juan antonio rios was elected president in a campaign waged chiefly on an anti axis platform in his inaugural address on april 2 he promised that chile would faithfully carry out her duties of continental solidarity but it was not until more than nine months later that the chilean senate by a vote of 30 to 10 gave effect to the reso lution of the rio de janeiro conference of january 1942 calling on all the american republics to sever relations with the axis this decision seems to have been well received in chile the rumored split in the cabinet has not yet materialized and even the newspapers that opposed a break now urge coopera tion with the government axis threats the santiago government's ac tion in finally crossing the rubicon conjures up the immediate danger that the flow of supplies from chile to the united states especially copper more than half our copper imports come from chile may be interrupted by enemy action this might happen either as a result of sabotage within the coun try or as a result of attacks by japanese submarines internal sabotage might be caused by the 20,000 german nationals in chile who live chiefly in the southern agricultural region the 12,000 italians who are spread out all over the country and the 700 japanese who live mostly in the strategic ports and mining centers of the north but chilean authorities immediately after the break took measures to sup press axis espionage and sabotage and it is believed that under energetic rail morales beltrami pro democratic minister of the interior all fifth column activities will be sternly suppressed a threat to chile’s maritime communications was delivered by tomokazu hori japan’s radio spokes man who in a broadcast on january 22 said that for victory the santiago cabinet could no longer reckon with considerate treatment of its shipping by the axis chilean power stations situated on the coast are also open to attack by enemy submarines but more than thirteen months have elapsed since pearl har bor and the balance of naval strength in the pacific has since shifted so decisively in favor of the united states that it is doubtful whether tokyo could now make good its boast argentina holds aloof in any case washington considers complete liquidation of the axis espionage ring in chile so important that it is willing to risk even the temporary suspension of im ports in order to achieve that end the memorandum submitted by the united states to the emergency advisory committee for political defense of the continent in montevideo on january 22 shows how dangerous nazi spy activities are the memorandum disclosed that buenos aires was the headquarters of the german espionage and sabotage services which collected and transmitted to berlin informa tion about movements of allied merchantmen and warships u.s armament production troop move ments from the united states to overseas theatres of war and so on many ship sinkings can be directly ascribed to this nazi espionage service it is a great aid to the cause of the united nations that this organization can no longer function in chile under the aegis of the german embassy it seems probable however that nazi agents will be able to continue their activities in argentina the argentine government’s intention to adhere to a policy of rigid neutrality difficult though that has become now that chile has deserted it was affirmed by president ram6én castillo on january 21 when he told newspapermen categorically that argentina's international position will not change while the policies of chile and argentina have until now been parallel they have never been identi cal the neutrality of chile was a matter of tem porary expediency while that of the argentine gov ernment is a matter of policy traditional jealousy of yankee leadership in south america a role to which argentina itself aspires and fear of repercus sions of a democratic victory on a society based on the domination of a semi feudal landowning caste which the government represents are the principal reasons why the argentine cabinet continues a policy of isolation john elliott buy united states war bonds vol +ican aus dos ieve and me pre ions pite sive tici vor rus rial ited ants eeds hief ger ious tates the hich with ently ma rts 1 can from than antic gton vard it is r all re it offec an dr william university of michigan library ann arbor mich 2 el5u0d t de entered as 2nd class matter feb 12 1942 foreign _policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxi no 15 january 30 1942 rio conference achieves limited american unity he compromise formula adopted on january 26 by the foreign ministers of the twenty one amer ican republics assembled at rio de janeiro recom mending but not requiring a diplomatic rupture with the axis indicates not that inter american unity is impossible but that it can only be achieved slowly and with tremendous effort the intransigence of the argentine government which had tentatively agreed to the stronger form only to repudiate it later proved in the end the decisive factor at the confer ence the developments causing the argentine about face have not yet been disclosed there seems to be no doubt however that it was facilitated by a rash statement of senator tom connally chairman of the senate foreign relations committee suggesting that the people of argentina might change their president if he did not change his policies unity won at a price confronted by this disappointing situation the north american tepresentatives were forced to choose between a de natured resolution unanimously adopted and a more decided stand which would split the hemisphere into two blocs they chose formal unity at the same time a number of countries began individually to take the action recommended by the rio meet ing by january 27 peru uruguay bolivia and para guay had joined the thirteen other american repub lics which had severed diplomatic relations with the axis it was believed that brazil ecuador and pos sibly chile would shortly thereafter follow suit for his part acting president ramon s castillo flatly stated on january 24 that argentina would not break off relations nevertheless the argentine gov ernment is adopting a series of less drastic but simi lar measures probably in order to assure argentine participation in the economic benefits of hemisphere cooperation the argentine ambassador to berlin has been recalled to buenos aires to report to his government while edmund von thermann ger man ambassador in the argentine capital is about to leave the country for what it is understood will be a permanent absence restrictions have been placed on the movements of all funds to non american countries a symbolic campaign has been initiated against local german leaders and the na tive fascist newspaper e pampero and the govern ment has expressed willingness to supervise the ac tivities of economic enterprises directly controlled by axis subjects whether these limited moves are more than superficial gestures cannot yet be deter mined before argentina is permitted to share the full benefits of hemisphere economic interchange however they should be carefully scrutinized and guarantees of their extension secured with the overwhelming majority of the latin american re publics cooperating to the utmost in the common defense argentina should not be allowed to run with the hare and hunt with the hounds progress on economic front the ac rimony engendered by political differences at the rio de janeiro conference ought not to obscure the real advances in collaboration made on other fronts aside from certain military arrangements and com mitments to control subversive axis activities in which agreement is not necessarily synonymous with execution the most important resolutions deal with vital economic questions one recommends the sev erance of all commercial and financial intercourse with the aggressor nations with provision for super vising or seizing axis controlled commercial enter prises another declaration calls for cooperation to increase the production of strategic materials still another provides for the coordination of inter american shipping services including sanction for the immediate utilization of the many axis mer chantmen hitherto immobilized in various ports of e e the hemisphere a plan has also been prepared for determining and filling the civilian import require ments of the latin american republics at reason able prices by allocating united states materials on a proportionate basis with civilian supply here these resolutions when put into effect by specific arrangements will serve as the vital sinews of pan american cooperation as long as hostilities continue that they are no mere pious hopes was indicated by the disclosure on january 25 of agreements be tween the united states and sixteen latin american republics all except ecuador and the abc powers whose adhesion was expected later for mutual sus pension of all tariff and trade barriers which might impede a maximum productive effort for the dura tion of the war it is perhaps significant that the non signatory states are those still maintaining rela tions with the axis a similar arrangement between canada and the united states recommended by the joint war production committee of the two coun tries had received the approval of president roose velt and the canadian war cabinet in december 1941 the latin american agreements are only a segment of a comprehensive program worked out in washington to integrate and expand hemisphere production other provisions include measures to eliminate foreign exchange difficulties as betweea all anti axis countries pool all resources in a com mon stockpile of war materials nationalize ail air lines and utilize american capital and s i led labor for developing hemisphere production this economic plan if carried out on a he 1ui sphere scale could hardly be summarily discontin ued at the close of the war instead it would repre sent a long step toward construction of a perma nent inter american collective system especially if the states refusing to collaborate in measures against aggressor nations were barred from its benefits since all latin american republics preserve a lively page two i recollection of the crude economic imperialism of the united states in earlier years it is not to be ey pected that the project will win complete and in mediate acceptance it is far more likely to com into existence gradually under the stress of the war time emergency importance of nonintervention the view of some commentators the failure to reach accord on the full united states program at rio janeiro is a natural consequence of our past refus to strengthen democratic pro allied forces in th latin american countries themselves it is true tha this country has in recent years dealt with whateye governments were in power in the states of the hemisphere no matter what their composition this policy cannot however be condemned out of han as pernicious appeasement it must be remem bered that in large areas of south america pro democratic forces are still in a rudimentary stage with little mass support where that is the case nothing but turmoil would be produced by a shoy of favoritism on our part in an emergency period when latin america is most valuable to the wa effort as a source of supply turmoil could be fatal any suspicion of a north american attempt ti force a change in a latin american government moreover would destroy at once the hard won bene fits of nine years of our non intervention polig throughout the americas with the help of axi propaganda agents such interference would k fanned into a blazing fear of united states imperial ism that might dwarf all concern for the conflict is europe undoubtedly latin american states whic do not cooperate with the allies should be excluded from the advantages of inter american wartime agreements but as senator connally’s unfortunate statement proves the utmost delicacy must be em ployed to avoid political interference with their do mestic affairs davin h popper japan’s two pronged drive threatens burma australia as the japanese campaign moves into its eighth week japan’s offensive operations have now been extended to cover an arc 5,000 miles in length stretching from burma to new guinea at some points on this arc the japanese supply lines are your men in the army and navy will value f.p.a publications take advantage of special rates for service men send them the foreign policy bulletin and headline books 3.00 a year or the foreign policy bulletin 2.00 a year send your subscriptions to the foreign policy association 22 east 38th street new york n y 3,000 miles long the two main japanese drives the western one pushing toward the indian ocean the eastern toward australasia are designed 1 prevent allied reinforcements from reaching not onl the indies but also malaya and australia meat while the japanese hope to reduce the philippine and above all singapore the bolt which fastens th back door to the british empire invasion of burma symbolic of this move ment is the campaign against burma this britis colony separated from india in 1937 is an impo tant producer of tungsten silver lead and petrolt um from its northern extremity the burma roat china’s life line stretches 726 miles to kunminj in september 1941 when the burmese governmet mm of e ex 1 im ccome n in reach 10 de 1 the thai tever hand mem pto stage case show riod wat fatal pt ty ment bene lig axi 1 bh erial ict if vhich uded rtime anatt r do i er ves cean d only aeas pine isthe nove ritisl npor trole road nin meni ee abolished a one per cent ad valorem duty levied against supplies transported on the road it appeared to recognize the importance of full cooperation with the chinese war effort the prime minister of burma u saw then paid a visit to london to ob tain a promise of dominion status for his country of 15,000,000 people when mr leopold s amery secretary of state for india and burma assured him only that britain would help burma advance as speedily as possible toward this status u saw de scribed his visit as unsatisfactory and hinted that other powers might have more to offer after the japanese and thai troops launched their attack against burma the british announced that u saw probably in cairo en route to his home had been arrested for conspiring with the japanese since burma had unexpectedly become a key point in the struggle for the far east the british authorities did not dare risk his return in a swift attack on january 19 the japanese and thai troops began their burma campaign by seiz ing tavoy an air base about 350 miles southeast of rangoon a second attack 170 miles to the north was directed at moulmein an important seaport the invaders were temporarily checked at the daw na mountains but soon succeeded in reaching the salween river which flows southward to moulmein the threat to the burma road only 200 miles to the north is so great that chinese troops have marched 1,000 miles to reinforce the british in burma and perhaps to open another front on the thai northern frontier rangoon strengthened by imperial troops during the past two months has frequently been raided without great success here the japanese bombers have met their match in the american tomahawks curtiss p 40 s and buffalo fighter planes r.a.f pilots and american volunteers destroyed 36 enemy aircraft in two days although outnumbered four to one this is an impressive record and indicates what the united nations could achieve with air superior ity the japanese purpose is to cut off the burma road seize the supplies of oil forestall a british offensive to relieve singapore and open a route to india arsenal of middle asia australia endangered at the other end of the malayan dutch east indies front australians fought to keep an invader from the mainland for the first time in history japanese landings at rabaul former capital of the mandated territory of new guinea and at kieta threatened the united states page three f.p.a radio schedule subject the fruits of good neighborliness speaker james g mcdonald former f.p.a chairman date sunday february 1 time 12 12 15 p.m e.s.t over blue network for station please consult your local newspaper supply route through torres strait north of aus tralia and presaged an invasion of the continent itself australian dissatisfaction with the conduct of the war which had been simmering for some months flared into the open as the japanese drove deeper into the south pacific bitterly disappointed by british unpreparedness in the malayan campaign prime minister john curtin bluntly announced in december that his government would look to amer ica free from any pangs about traditional links of friendship to britain believing that its own po sition is threatened partly because of its all out ef fort to aid britain australia issued two appeals for more planes and ships the government demanded the creation of a pacific council and an imperial war cabinet prime minister curtin observed that crea tion of such a cabinet would mean the dominions would no longer be without a voice in the determina tion of defense and diplomatic problems on janu ary 27 winston churchill stated to the house of commons that australia and the other dominions would be granted representation in the british war cabinet and that president roosevelt would propose the formation of a pacific council if the japanese should invade australia ameri can ships might be forced to make a 5,000 mile de tour south of australia to java if however the promised reinforcements for the navy air force and home defense army of 250,000 reach australia in time the united nations may be able to make a de termined stand to hold this vital base margaret la foy general mccoy returns the foreign policy association is pleased to an nounce that its president major general frank ross mccoy has successfully completed his work with the roberts commission at pearl harbor and has returned to active duty with the association volcanic isle by wilfred fleisher garden city doubleday doran 1941 3.00 facts and opinions on japan from a journalist and news paper editor with a quarter century’s experience of its people and its politics a readable and stimulating treat ment of recent developments in japanese history and politics foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 15 january 30 1942 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y secretary vera micheles dean editor davin h poppsr associate editor n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year 181 published weekly by the foreign policy association frank ross mccoy president wii 1am p mappox assistant to the president dornotuy f lager entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york incorporated national produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter jan 26 repercussions of the report presented by the pearl harbor investigating commission pub lished on january 25 are likely to extend well be yond the disciplinary measures which may be taken with res to admiral kimmel and lieutenant general short upon whom the commission pinned primary responsibility whatever may have been the mistakes and shortcomings of the past it is clear that they cannot be undone attention is therefore now centered on the question of what lessons may be learned from the disaster to prevent its repetition and at the same time to maximize the efficiency of america’s war effort unified or joint defense commands the committee’s disclosures illustrate very clearly the deficiencies of joint control by two separate army and navy commands with equal responsibility as against a system in which responsibility and di rection are unified a comprehensive joint coastal frontier defense plan for meeting an emergency or war situation had been worked out by the army and navy staffs in hawaii long before december 7 but application of the measures depended on the issu ance of the necessary orders for the alerts al though admiral kimmel and general short had re ceived on november 24 and 27 respectively an official warning from washington that hostilities on the part of japan were momentarily possible they did not confer together with reference to what ac tion this warning might require each assumed that the other was taking precautionary measures the assumptions proved to be false it is certain that prompt consideration should now be given to the question of continuing divided responsibility not only in hawaii but at defense outposts in other overseas possessions as well as along the continental coasts whether the same principle of unified con trol should be extended to washington by the crea tion of a single headed department of national de fense or a united military and naval command to comprise the existing war and navy departments is a more difficult question which in time of peace has always been met with a storm of opposition in both armed services the pearl harbor report touch ing on the question in a more limited manner and the firm conviction that the magnitude of the task ahead must not be hampered by bureaucratic tradi tionalism present the issue to washington official dom and to the public at large in a new and urgent form the plague of complacency the tragic shortcomings at pearl harbor cannot relieye the country and the government of their own share in the responsibility despite the admonitions voiced occasionally by those who understood the full im port of axis techniques it was too widely assumed that no enemy would ever dare to attack us directly the conviction held by the responsible commanders and their subordinates in oahu as attested by the roberts report that japan neither could nor would undertake a surprise air raid on the island base js therefore not so surprising when viewed in the large context of american apathy more important now is the fact that despite the shock of pearl harbor and the instantaneous gen eration of a nationally unified will to fight the mood of complacency has by no means disappeared wash ington circles are disturbed by this situation and fear that months of fruitless sky watching may develop a lack of alertness on the part of armed forces and the public alike or that axis setbacks in russia or in the pacific may dull appreciation of the magnitude of the all out offensive which may be expected from the axis this spring and summer to prepare now to meet that offensive is as vitally part of the war effort as to plan our own offensive at the appropriate time revival of old feuds one reaction in congressional circles to the pearl harbor report which is causing some concern is indicated in a statement issued to the press by senator david walsh of massachusetts who before december 7 was frequently referred to as an isolationist in his statement senator walsh implied that the in adequacy of the defense forces in the pacific might have been due to concentrations in the atlantic area the senator doubtless had reference to the convoy and patrol work which american naval and aerial units were performing to insure the shipment of lend lease materials to britain a statement issued on january 26 by senator wayland brooks repub lican of illinois raised the question even more ex plicitly since the outbreak of war the bitter feud between the aid the allies camp and the america first supporters has almost vanished but these and other signs indicate that it may yet revive in a some what different form there are also intimations that republicans in congress might raise the general issue of efficiency in the conduct of the war william p mappox vol as times dema mala and of wn gern conti like confi stabi ye trenc ary 3 althc russ the to hi unit enen with n cult une the wou strik join bod jam chu of of mit sep fro and had +i entered as 2nd class matter a feb 6 1943 za fpenmigdical roum sity of wr hican sneral library uniyy of mig ann ar or michican es a a foreign policy bulletin arl har an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association od pacific foreign policy association incorporated united 22 east 38th street new york n y uld now vout xxii no 16 fesruary 5 1943 ny case of the hitler again proclaims crusade against bolshevism ey es proclamation to the german people on and that is the absence as yet of complete confidence orandum january 30 tenth anniversary of his appoint between britain and the united states on the one nergency ment by president von hindenburg as chancellor hand and russia on the other there are many rea ral the of the reich confirmed the impression created by sons for this lack of confidence among them ob sws how previous reports from germany that the fuehrer viously fear in western countries of communist orandum once more intends to use fear of russia in his psy propaganda against capitalism matched in russia iquarters chological warfare against the united nations the by fear of capitalist hostility to the soviet system it services nazi thesis that germany is engaged in a crusade cannot be denied moreover that there are elements informa against bolshevism in which it claims to have the in every country of europe and the new world for men and support of the major part of europe was again whom the prospect of a russian victory that might pp move restated by hitler in wagnerian terms when he bring in its wake the spread of soviet doctrines and eatres of said today there are only two alternatives either practices looms as dark or even darker than the directly germany and her allies win or the central asiatic prospect of nazi victory flood from the east will surge over the oldest civilized need for priorities on worries by nations continent all other events pale before the grandeur raising once more a hue and cry about the triumph xction in of this gigantic struggle of bolshevism hitler hopes to worry and divide bassy it while the continuance of russian military suc the coalition that opposes him this makes it all the s will be cesses especially at stalingrad undoubtedly disturbs more important for the peoples of the united na ina the getmany’s leaders and must cast a dark shadow on tions to establish priorities on worries if a defeat of ere to a the german people who are only gradually being germany and it is germany which today dominates that has informed of losses suffered on the russian front it and oppresses the countries of europe is our first affirmed siill seems that the nazis are making a disproportion objective as the casablanca conference would indi 21 when ate propaganda effort to emphasize even exaggerate cate then this objective must be undeviatingly pur rgentina’s the magnitude of their defeats it is difficult to escape sued irrespective of differences that may exist today the conclusion that the object of this drive is not between the political and economic systems of the tina have 80 much to cement zero hour unity at home as to various united nations hesitation on our part can en identi undermine the war effort of the united nations nor only strengthen the impression still latent in mos of tem 18 it without significance that this new psychological cow that britain and the united states are for tine gov mpaign designed to confront europe and the russia war weather friends only and have no in alousy of world with a choice between german and russian tention of permitting the u.s.s.r to share in the a role to victory is accompanied by intensification of sub peace as it has in the war the argument sometimes repercus marine warfare under the direction of grand ad advanced that russia in turn is but a part time ally based on mitral karl doenitz u boat expert who took com since it refuses to become involved in war with ing caste mand of the german navy on january 31 japan may sound logical but is actually irrelevant principal _would russia’s victory threaten if russia today were engaged in a major struggle sa policy world the emphasis placed by hitler on the with japan it would be unable to defeat the ger lliotr possibility and danger of a russian victory points to mans from the point of view of britain and the nds what the nazis at least consider one of the prin cipal chinks in the armor of the united nations united states unable as yet to deliver telling blows at germany directly it is essential that russia should sisse __ s s_ page two continue to direct the full force of its war effort against the reich on sober reckoning it would appear that while the russian army has killed thousands of germans and destroyed great quantities of war material it has not yet inflicted a decisive defeat on the reich such a defeat cannot be assured unless britain and the united states succeed in striking at germany in some other sector of its far flung front nor is it by any means a foregone conclusion that the russians if they do succeed in carrying out stalin’s order of the day on january 26 to hurl the invaders over the boundaries of our motherland would necessarily carry the war to german soil it is conceivable that the russians might stop at the russo german fron tier as it existed in june 1941 when it embraced the baltic states and eastern poland and leave the rest of the task to the other united nations those in britain and the united states who fear that russia may win the war single handed might seek an antidote to their worries by doubling and re doubling our own war effort similarities in outlook of u.s and u.s.s.r what is true of the prosecution of the war also applies to post war reconstruction just as the western powers must match russia’s military suc cesses if they are to share in victory over germany so they will have to match the influence russia is gaining over men’s minds if they are to share in the making of the peace russia’s newly won influence is due primarily not to the communist propaganda which has been relatively ineffective in the countries of the western world but to the fact that the rus nn se sians have demonstrated they have the courage the ingenuity and the stamina to withstand the most powerful industrial and military nation in europe most of the conquered peoples have no desire to adopt the russian way of life if they can work out their salvation in terms of democratic procedures if they should finally turn to russia for assistance and guidance it will be due not solely to russia's suc cess it will be due chiefly to default on the part of the western powers at the same time there is no reason to believe that an ineradicable conflict exists between the aims of britain russia and the united states or between their aims and those of the conquered nations of europe on the contrary the opportunity exists for a sort of honorable competition in which the united nations might vie with each other in formulating and presenting plans and policies for post war te construction in such a competition the united states and russia have three advantages in common the peoples of both countries perhaps because of the vastness of their homelands perhaps because of their varied racial composition are used to thinking and acting in terms of large horizons and once liberated from historical tendencies to isolation may prove peculiarly well adapted for twentieth century inter nationalism the russians like the americans have unbounded faith in material progress enhanced by their relatively recent experience with the modem machine and like the americans the russians combine this faith in material progress with a sin cere desire to advance human welfare vera micheles dean war with japan is not a racial conflict current american interest in the establishment of a four power strategy council which would include the soviet union and china as well as britain and the united states indicates increasing awareness of the need for strengthening allied solidarity by this time it is widely appreciated that the manipulation of prejudices among the united nations is the main psychological weapon in the armory of fascism but it is not so generally known that axis propaganda directed at the united states holds up not only the russians and the british but also the chinese as objects of fear anti chinese doctrines often center russia at war 20 key questions and answers by vera micheles dean 25c headline book no 34 order from fpa 22 east 38th st new york about the view that the war in the pacific or the war as a whole is a racial conflict a struggle which is variously described as taking place between the white and yellow races east and west or orient and occident view not widespread but danger ous so crude a conception naturally carries little weight in well informed circles but its sinister pos sibilities should not be underestimated recently participant in a nation wide radio discussion of global strategy declared that the white man’s type of civilization is at stake in the pacific when questioned concerning the application of this idea to our chinese allies he emphasized that he had used the phrase type of civilization and that in his view the chinese as well as ourselves are fight ing for this actually this is not true and no amount of juggling with words can make it so the chinese do not grant for a moment that their type of civilization is inferior to any other nor would they admit that they have found it necessary to fight five and a half rage the he most europe desire to work out dures if ance and sia's suc part of ieve that aims of between itions of xists for e united mulating t war re ed states 10n the e of the of their king and liberated ay prove iry inter uns have anced by modern russians th a sin dean or the struggle between vest of a nger ries little ister pos cently a ssion of an’s type c when this idea t he had 1 that in are fight nount of hinese do vilization dmit that nd a half a years at enormous cost in order to win the right to accept somebody else’s culture and way of life they are fighting first of all to save themselves from a rapacious aggressor who would subject them to the axis system of exploitation the most methodical and callous imperialism known to the modern world secondly they are seeking an opportunity to deal freely with the many problems that beset them prob lems that they intend to meet in ways appropriate to chinese conditions although they are interested in utilizing foreign experience along similar lines certainly it is a devastating refutation of all racial theories that to achieve these ends the chinese have been obliged to fight to the death against the jap anese a people allied to them racially and in many respects culturally britain the soviet union the united states and other nations are likewise struggling to bring about the unconditional surrender of white germany and italy together with japan effects of the racial theory the fact is that the war cuts sharply across all racial lines and any attempts to reduce it to a color pattern are not only worthless intellectually but represent a danger to victory let us imagine the possible out come if the united states were really to accept the idea of a war of races first of all we would lose the chinese as allies for we would no longer have any interest in them in effect we would be en couraging them to join the japanese or at the least to make peace it would then be a simple matter for japan to win the support of the nationalist movements of southeast asia and india since the appeal of anti white propaganda throughout the far east would become well nigh irresistible secondly there would be grave danger of military collapse in the far east because japan for the first time since 1937 would not have to maintain a front in china inevitably our war effort in europe would be ham pered by the necessity of diverting part of our strength to asia and voices would be heard de manding peace with hitler so that we might con centrate on the yellow menace a more clever variation if this out come appears fantastic it is only because the racial view of the war has made so little headway but it is sensible to recognize small dangers in order to draw useful conclusions from them and prevent them from growing larger here it will do no harm to glance at a subtler counterpart of the theory just described according to at least one american ex ponent of geopolitics there is grave danger that page three e ee after victory china will prove as serious a threat to the united states as japan is today it may there fore become necessary so we are told to build up japan in the future as a bulwark against china this verbal dagger thrust at the united nations has been dealt with effectively by generalissimo chiang kai shek in a statement of november 17 1942 to the new york herald tribune forum on current problems the chinese leader declared china has no desire to replace western imperialism in asia with an oriental imperialism or isolationism of its own or of any one else we hold that we must advance from the narrow idea of exclusive alliances and regional blocs which in the end make for big ger and better wars to effective organization of world unity unless real world cooperation replaces both isolationism and imperialism of whatever form in the new inter dependent world of free nations there will be no lasting security for you or for us it would be false to say that americans who adopt a racial view of the war do so out of sympathy for the axis on the contrary their attitude is generally a product of misunderstanding but regardless of intentions the theories they advocate would drive our allies away from us and force us closer to our enemies similarly it is dangerous for some liberals overlooking the political economic and military de terminants of policy to hint that anglo american shortcomings in asia arise from racial attitudes nor is it wise for them to develop a benevolent in version of the racial theory by suggesting that every thing done in the far east depends solely on the west and that to cite one example the govern ment and people of china have no obligations with regard to their own future if we are to have victory in peace as well as in war constant emphasis must be placed on the interest and responsibility of all peoples colored and white in the destruction of the axis a struggle not confined to any nation or group lawrence k rosinger this is the third of three articles on war and reconstruction in the far east f.p.a radio round table on saturday february 13 the foreign policy association will broadcast its second round table discussion over the blue network from 1 15 to 1 45 p.m the subject will be russia’s role in the post war world and the speakers will include vera micheles dean with james g mcdonald as chairman foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 16 fesruary 5 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lust secretary vera michetes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ero 81 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter fes 1 the attempt of the united states and britain to compose the differences of general charles de gaulle leader of the fighting french and gen eral henri honoré giraud high commissioner for french north africa has at least for the time being brought no tangible results the meeting between the rival french chiefs from which so much had been hoped took place at casablanca on the margin of the roosevelt churchill talks of january 14 24 and re sulted in a deadlock the communiqué published on january 27 registered a vague agreement on the end to be achieved which is the liberation of france but revealed an absence of any accord for the political union of frenchmen living outside their country quite apart from the personal element involved in the clash of the two french military leaders both of whom are politically inexperienced negotia tions appear to have broken down over two issues according to an interview by general giraud on february 1 the chief bone of contention was his de mand that the de gaullist fighting forces in africa which he estimated at between 15,000 and 20,000 men should be amalgamated with his own command giraud defends vichyites the second subject of dispute concerned general de gaulle’s insistence on repudiation of the vichy men in high places in north africa general giraud de clared flatly on january 30 that he felt the criticism of the former followers of marshal pétain in his administration to be unwarranted he referred as an example to pierre boisson governor general of french west africa who general giraud said al though holding office under vichy had never al lowed a boche in dakar he added that it was not likely that he was going to throw out men like that men who are capable and patriotic the chief target of de gaullist criticism has been marcel peyrouton who on january 19 succeeded yves chatel as governor general of algiers pey routon as minister of interior in marshal pétair’s cabinet was opposed to pierre laval but suppressed all democratic movements while he was in office peyrouton was summoned to algiers from argen tina not by u.s minister in north africa robert murphy but by general dwight d eisenhower allied commander in that theatre of war acting on the request of general giraud the french general wanted peyrouton to take charge of algiers because of his record as a skilled administrator in view of the extremely disturbed internal situation prevailing in for victory that province where the arabs are in a state of unrest largely because of deterioration in economic conditions criticism of american authorities for accepting the collaboration of vichyites like darlan and peyrouton is considered unjustified here since even the fight ing french admit their following in french north africa is small according to an ap dispatch from allied headquarters there dated january 27 de gaulle’s partisans in that area are relatively few moreover many men in the french army with its traditional respect for constituted authority regard general de gaulle as a rebel for his defiance of mar shal pétain any attempt on the part of general eisenhower to impose de gaullists on the french au thorities in north africa it is believed here would have been followed by serious internal troubles the fighting french however point out that democratic administrators who are not de gaullists could have been found and appointed instead of vichyites their main objection to the present political situation in north africa is that consciously or unconsciously the american authorities appear to sponsor a régime that has an anti democratic background despite their disagreement both general de gaulle and general giraud have publicly stated their belief that the future government of liberated france must be decided by its 40,000,000 inhabitants and not by any régime existing now outside its fron tiers general giraud has repudiated any desire to impose a vichy minded administration on north africa and has proclaimed the gradual relaxation of the anti jewish laws in that region it is hoped in washington that the military and economic missions the french leaders have agreed to exchange may pave the way for gradual political collaboration the casablanca meeting while failing to produce an agreement between the two french leaders does appear to have resulted in an accord between the americans and british as to the policy to be pursued in french north africa although the british in the past have consistently stood behind general de gaulle prime minister winston churchill concurred with president roosevelt in approving general eisen hower’s measures if washington and london can avoid the temptation to play off de gaulle against giraud for temporary particular advantages theit joint influence can help enormously in facilitating eventual union of the two french movements of liberation john elliott buy united states war bonds +tally 2 1sive at tion in report d in a avid nber 7 st in the in might ic area convoy aerial rent of issued repub ore x ar feud lmerica se and 4 some ns that general ydox ann arbor mich pé ntered as 2nd class matter gre 12 0m foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vol xxi no 16 february 6 1942 united war effort calls for democratic action as the war spreads across all continents and oceans in ever widening circles it seems at times to lose definite shape and tangible lines of demarcation while the british withdraw from malaya into the stronghold of singapore american and dutch forces attack japanese ships in the strait of macassar and japanese islands in the pacific german advances in libya are counterbalanced by continuing russian gains on the eastern front un like the trench warfare of 1914 1918 the present conflict sways back and forth with few points of stability at which it can be fixed yet in spite of this apparent fluidity certain main trends become discernible in his speech of janu ary 30 hitler admitted germany’s setbacks in russia although he attributed them to the effects of the russian winter rather than to the military might of the red army hitler no longer held out the hope to his people of a victory in 1942 and told them the united states had now become germany’s principal enemy linking president roosevelt across the years with president wilson no room for complacency but diffi cult as germany's position has been made by the unexpected hardships of the russian campaign and the entrance of the united states into the war it would be dangerously complacent to minimize the striking power the axis holds in reserve plans for joint utilization of this striking power were em bodied in a military convention signed in berlin on january 18 by germany japan and italy mr churchill in his speech of january 27 to the house of commons on which he received a 464 to 1 vote of confidence two days later did not hesitate to ad mit the narrowness of the margin that has hitherto separated britain and its allies from defeat far from taking a complacent view of setbacks in libya and malaya the prime minister who for years had been demanding rearmament frankly declared that the british empire had not at any time been prepared to fight the axis powers simultaneously on all fronts he stressed once more the problem that looms paramount in the strategy of the united na tions the problem of where available resources of men and matériel can be most effectively used much of the criticism directed against both mr churchill and mr roosevelt must be read not in the context of events since dunkirk or pearl harbor which revolutionized the thinking of millions in britain and the united states but in the context of the preceding quarter of a century during that quar ter of a century a majority of the british and ameri can peoples as well as millions of others through out the world opposed war and preparations for war they wanted peace and were reluctant to de vote the economic and financial resources of their countries to armaments insisting that these resources should be spent instead on improvement of standards of living and expansion of the amenities of life this would have been a legitimate and in deed a praiseworthy objective provided the rest of the world had been satisfied with the then exist ing situation that did not turn out to be the case if undreamed of sacrifices must now be made by britain the united states and the other united nations it is because at an earlier date these na tions failed to make the lesser sacrifices which at best might have served to maintain peace or at worst have permitted the anti axis powers to take the offensive ends and means today as these sacrifices are faced it is essential constantly to keep in mind not only the means by which this war is being won but also the ends for which it is being fought it is realized by china australia the dutch east in dies as well as by the conquered peoples of europe that from now on until the axis has been defeated the bulk of the financial and military contributions to the joint cause will have to come from the british empire the united states and russia which com mand the industrial resources needed for modern warfare if a choice is to be made between the lead ership of the nazis in their new order and the leadership of germany's principal opponents the anti axis peoples would unhesitatingly choose the latter but this does not mean for a moment that britain and the united states can neglect the wishes or aspirations of the peoples of europe and asia who until now have borne the brunt of the second world war australia has already indicated its con cern regarding the exclusion of the dominions from a vote in the british war cabinet at a time when australian troops are playing an important part in the defense of libya and malaya china has found cause for anxiety in the apparent concentration of anglo american attention on the task of defeating hitler first similarly norway and holland whose ships and in the case of holland colonial empire are such important assets in the global war would feel concerned if they are to be long excluded from the anglo american committees for the pooling of shipping raw materials and munitions whose es tablishment was announced in washington on jan uaty 27 in a struggle dedicated not only to the defense but also to the expansion of the democratic way of life it is essential that all the nations con tributing to this struggle should receive democratic treatment with due regard totheneed forspeedy mili tary action otherwise nazi propaganda to the ef fect that britain and the united states offer the world only another version of imperialism would page two receive gratuitous encouragement in the same way britain and the united state must be constantly on guard against becoming asso ciated during the war with any reactionary leadex who might want to resume their rule over countries now dominated by hitler such as king carol of rumania a favorite theme of nazi propaganda js that britain and the united states represent the forces of reaction as opposed to the forces of the new revolution allegedly represented by hitler and his puppet régimes such propaganda has had little effect among europeans who can see for themselves what nazi rule means in practice and few are deceived by the efforts of the nazis to bolster up quisling in norway or the nazi dominated régime in czechoslovakia by giving them the semblance of permanence but it remains none the less essential for britain and the united states to be constantly in touch not only with the governments in exile which may not always reflect the changing temper of their own peoples but also directly with those peoples themselves who will be called on to reconstruct europe when war is over the appointment on jan uary 12 of general draga mihailovich who leads his country’s guerrilla warriors against germany to the post of yugoslav minister of war indicates the way in which it might be possible to forge liv ing links between the united nations which on the periphery of europe and asia are striving for mili tary defeat of the axis and the conquered peoples who in various ways and at great personal risk are also making a valuable contribution to the anti axis cause vera micheles dean eire’s neutrality subjected to increasing strain the arrival of american troops in northern ire land on january 26 has again brought the irish prob lem into the foreground although northern ire land is in fact a part of the united kingdom eamon de valera premier of eire protested that he had not been consulted about the expedition he charged that the united states by sending troops to north ern ireland had recognized a quisling govern ment and had taken a lease on irish soil which seriously threatened the neutrality of eire partition the partition of ireland dates from 1920 22 when two governments were established in u.s shipping and the war january 15 issue of foreign policy reports 25c per copy an examination of the maritime position of the united states its condition at the beginning of the war what has been done thus far and what may yet be achieved foreign po.icy reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to fpa members 3 the island the irish free state was separated from great britain and given the status of a dominion while northern ireland comprising six counties of ulster was left in the united kingdom norther ireland although subject to the british government possesses a government and parliament which exer cise jurisdiction over matters of local concern two thirds of the people of northern ireland are protes tants who favor union with england the catholic minority however demands union with eire the stationing of american troops in norther ireland gave premier de valera an opportunity to voice once again his government's deep seated oppo sition to partition in the constitution of 1937 which he introduced the national territory of eire ire land in english was defined to include the whole of the island according to de valera the mainte nance of british and american troops in the north has made it impossible for eire to exercise juris diction over territory it regards as part of its own neutrality impaired premier eamon de valera h in this the leas cobh an america fire in territory and the friendly bases in proteste without the t atlantic planes menace needed valera northe upon h con the go in nor duced i tested of the a coun insistec six col the re the m the c north reoper there that c sistanc the the l febru forces impli partie debat that but h quest tions eral righ been supp conse trem socia s states 12 asso leaders untries arol of anda js nt the of the ler and id little mselves ew are ster up régime ance of ssential intly in which f their peoples nstruct on jan oo leads many dicates ge liv on the or mili peoples isk are 1ti axis mean d fron ninion ities of orthern nment h exer two protes atholic orthern nity to 1 oppo which e ire whole mainte north juris s own non de v7 valera has emphasized that eire will remain neutral in this conflict at all cost in particular he opposes the leasing of irish ports to britain berehaven cobh and lough swilly used by the british and the americans during the last war were turned over to fire in 1938 in return eire promised not to let its territory be used as a base of attack against britain and the chamberlain government believed that a friendly ireland would prove more valuable than bases in a hostile country only winston churchill protested at that time against the cession of the ports without some arrangement for common defense the use of the irish ports would shorten the north atlantic supply lines by at least 200 miles and planes based in ireland could reduce the submarine menace now that ships and planes are greatly needed by the united nations in the global war de valera fears that american soldiers were sent to northern ireland in a move to increase the pressure upon his government to cede the ports conscription this is not the first time that the government of eire has protested against events in northern ireland when conscription was intro duced in england in 1939 the irish government pro tested bluntly that the large nationalist minority of the six counties should not be forced to fight for a country to which they did not belong de valera insisted that the conscription of irishmen in the six counties would be an act of aggression and the roman catholic bishops of ulster denounced the measure as a violation of nationalists rights the chamberlain government therefore exempted northern ireland from the draft winston churchill reopened the issue however two years later again there were protests and the nationalists warned that conscription was unjust and would cause re sistance the british prime minister reconsidered page three and announced on may 27 that conscription in northern ireland would cause more trouble than it was worth according to estimates only 100,000 men would have been drafted supplies eire has meanwhile discovered that the role of a neutral is not an easy one because of its lack of shipping the problem of supplies is seri ous nine ships of irish registry were sunk during the first year and a half of the war and it became impossible to replace them ireland is therefore de pendent on the limited space available in british and american merchant ships for its imports sup plies of wheat oil coal tea and coffee have been drastically curtailed the shortage of raw materials has caused many factories to close down thereby in creasing the already serious unemployment defense when britain withdrew all of its military forces from eire by ceding the south and west ports in 1938 the government at dublin as sumed full responsibility for the defense of the country the transition was difficult however for the irish showed little concern over the march of events on the continent of europe and voted defense ap propriations grudgingly at present ireland has an army of about 250,000 men perhaps 50,000 of whom are equipped its navy numbers nine armed trawlers and nine small boats of other types its air force a few planes but not of the latest design although a.r.p services have been organized eire does not as yet have the anti aircraft defenses neces sary to withstand bombing raids strong american and some british garrisons‘on the frontier of north ern ireland stand ready to assist eire in the event of a german invasion it is doubtful however whether eire will voluntarily respond to allied pressure and abandon its rigid neutrality margaret la foy chilean election favors allied cause the triumph of juan antonio rios candidate of the left center parties in the chilean election of february 1 represents a victory for the anti axis forces in south america the victory however is implicit in the success of the strongest pro allied parties in chile not in any clear cut electoral issue debated by the two candidates both had asserted that they would cooperate with the united states but had refrained from commitments on the crucial question whether or not to sever diplomatic rela tions with the axis powers nevertheless if gen eral carlos ibafiez del campo the candidate of the right had been elected he would undoubtedly ha been swayed to some extent by the counsel of his supporters these included not only the landed conservative elements of the country who are ex tremely anti communist and even suspicious of the social doctrines of the new deal but also the pop ular socialist vanguard chile’s fascist party left wing program sustained the real significance of the election rests in the clear de cision of the voters to uphold the social doctrines of the left for decades the living standards of the chilean masses have been extremely low largely because according to liberals wealthy landowners and foreign corporations have skimmed the cream of the chilean economy in 1938 the radical so cialist and communist parties together with smaller left wing factions united in a precariously knit popular front and presented don pedro aguirre cerda as their candidate for president the cam paign was bitter but aguirre cerda managed to win by 2,111 votes out of a total of over 443,000 cast in large part his victory was due to an abor tive revolt by the popular socialist vanguard in which ibafiez who had headed a rightist dictator ship from 1927 to 1931 was indirectly implicated the legislative record of the intervening years has been rather mediocre the bulk of the social security measures for which chile is famous owe their inception not to the popular front but to the efforts of former president arturo alessandri palma in 1925 the aguirre cerda régime has made little if any progress in dealing with the problem of land ownership and the conditions of the rural worker probably because many large landowners belong to the radical party the biggest and most conservative of the coalition groups on the other hand the personnel of mines and industry has been assisted by a drive under government patronage to organ ize labor in trade unions and by laws requiring sharp increases in wages and social security benefits but the government has been unable to control the financial consequences of its own actions while the index of daily wages paid out rose from 200 in 1938 to 377 in september 1941 the production of minerals textiles and manufactures has shown only relatively slight increases and the number of acres sown to cereals has declined appreciably the result has been sharp inflationary pressure on all prices the cost of living in santiago rose 39 per cent between august 1939 and september 1941 with food prices advancing 51 per cent in the same period although people living on fixed incomes have been hit severely it is generally admitted that labor is on the whole still better off than it was in 1938 the inflationary cycle is continuing however with ominous implications for the future despite a constant drumfire of criticism from the right the country elected a congress on march 2 1941 with a small working majority of popular front members assuming that the coalition re mained solid in fact however it was rent by a struggle between socialists and communists over international policy and by the reluctance of many radicals to sanction the more extreme proposals and purposes of both the other parties instead of slow ly disintegrating the left wing alliance was gal vanized anew by the death of president aguirre cerda on november 25 1941 in the ensuing cam paign the right centered its fire on the allegedly communist tendencies of the popular front its challenge to authority and discipline and its admin istrative inefficiency admitting the inadequate na ture of their accomplishments the left wing groups asserted that the reconstruction effort after the great earthquake of january 1939 and the effect of the page four f.p.a radio schedule subject navy steppingstones to asia speaker william p maddox date sunday february 8 time 12 12 15 p.m e.s.t over blue network for station please consult your local newspaper war on chile’s economy had prevented single minded concentration on the country’s pressing 9 cial problems they pointed out that the country di not possess the financial resources to carry out thoroughgoing popular front program until its ecop omy had been fundamentally altered a pause for consolidation after con siderable jockeying for position all the more pro gressive political elements united behind dr juap antonio rios in a democratic anti fascist front this union tacitly supported by the communist whose backing rios had refused warned th voters that ibafiez would restore the dictatorship be had formerly exercised this time with a definit fascist orientation dr rios himself is one of the most conservative of radicals and is reputed to bh personally friendly with ibafiez his speeches o domestic policy have not differed markedly from those of the general yet his election by a majority of over 55,000 indicates that chileans are being in creasingly impressed by the need for social reform in the immediate future a period of pause con solidation and readjustment is to be expected under the leadership of dr rios the campaign and it outcome are in many ways reminiscent of the mexi can election of august 1940 at that time president cardenas the left wing reformer stepped aside ané permitted his party to elect the far more conserva tive manuel avila camacho whose adversary had relied heavily on reactionary and fascist backers in both chile and mexico latin american voters are repeating the normal pendulum movements of de mocracy from progress to consolidation and again onward by ballots rather than by force and with a decided repudiation of leaders whose democratic faith appears doubtful davin h popper the reconstruction of europe by guglielmo ferrero new york putnam 1941 3.50 the story of the congress of vienna of 1815 told by an italian historian who believes that the problems of re building europe after napoleon offer some striking par allels to the problems of our times one sided in its ex altation of talleyrand and louis xviii but contains many interesting comparisons between these two periods foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 16 fesruary 6 1942 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y secretary vera micueres dean editor daviw h poppsr associate editor n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year b81 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frank ross mccoy president witttiam p mappox assistant to the president dorotuy f last entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year national ti carious served numer and re inate unitec might and re power cavite ambo izatior sequet only 1 and sc suffere austr archi nauti melb coast +nocratic ld have s their ation in sciously régime eral de y stated iberated abitants its fron lesire to n north axation 10ped in missions ge may ition produce rs does yveen the pursued sh in the eral de oncurred al eisen don can against es their cilitating nents of liott ids periuvvical room aneral libr general library ghiv of mice university sf mt mps 53 entered as 2nd class matter policy bulletin foreign an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vol xxii no 17 february 12 1943 public opinion must be heard on post war policy a italian cabinet shake up of february 6 one of whose results was the appointment of count ciano mussolini’s son in law and foreign minister to the presumably far safer post of italian ambassador to the vatican not only indicates pos sible rifts within the ruling fascist group but also raises the question of who in italy might be avail able to deal with the allies in case of mussolini's political demise reports from switzerland hint that count ciano hopes with the aid of the vatican to put out feelers for peace negotiations with the allies while he and other fascists dropped in the cabinet shake up may think that their eleventh hour with drawal entitles them to a hearing in allied circles it would seem incredible that the united nations should even consider negotiations with a man who has been so intimately connected with the fascist régime whom could we deal with in italy the political situation in italy however is bound to create for the allies many of the problems which have confronted britain and the united states in north africa should the allies deal with king victor emmanuel on whose personal invitation mus solini assumed power in 1922 or with italian army leaders who willingly or unwillingly accepted fascist leadership or with the industrialists many of whom welcomed some of mussolini’s measures such as the outlawing of strikes in the hope that they would crush communism only to discover eventually that their own freedom was more and more circumscribed by the demands of italian war economy or will new elements held in leash by fascist police measures come to the surface once mussolini and the germans have left the scene elements bent on effecting a thoroughgoing revolu tion that would sweep out king army and_indus trialists along with the fascists would such new elements look for leadership to italian.exiles now living abroad or would they in the years of trial and hardship have found their own leaders whose names are as yet unknown to us and is it in the interest of the united nations to insist on the prin ciple of legitimacy so eloquently urged by the italian anti fascist historian ferrero irrespective of who might be regarded as legitimate or is it more im portant that those who gain authority after the war in europe should be substantially in accord with the fundamental ideas for which the united nations believe they are fighting whether or not they have any claim to legitimacy in the legal sense evolution in north africa events in north africa have amply demonstrated both the importance of agreement among the allies regard ing the general lines of the policy they intend to pursue in countries reconquered from the axis and at the same time the difficulties raised by drawing up rigid blueprints in advance which might not make sufficient allowance for the variability and instability of human nature public criticism of the policy followed by the united states in north africa although sometimes irresponsible has had the good effect of emphasizing the disturbing long range im plications of the darlan giraud régime and has helped to speed up changes in that régime which may gradually bring it into closer conformity with the popular impression of united nations war aims such measures as the release of 27 communist depu ties imprisoned in north africa the liberation of 900 out of 5,000 political prisoners and the partial relaxation of anti semitic and anti masonic restric tions have elicited commendation although by no means entire satisfaction in fighting french circles it is not yet clear whether the transformation of the imperial council into a war committee announced on february 5 with a change in general giraud’s title from high commissioner to civil and military commander in chief will open the way to partici sr a so page two pation by de gaullists in french north africa a economic system they hope will emerge from the war basic divergence persists between general giraud it becomes more and more apparent that we need who believes that the weaknesses of the third re _to clarify our own views on the character of the war public synonymous in his opinion with democ and its aftermath before we can advise others what facy were responsible for france’s military col to do or not to do but of equal importance is the lapse and many of the fighting french who insist procedure by which the public opinion of the united on return to democratic principles after the war al nations once clarified can be brought to bear op though they are far from being of one mind as to the their political leaders and on the government agen form the post war institutions of france should take cies which act on their behalf few things seem s need for clarifying allied opinion essentially undemocratic in democratic countries as it would be impossible it would in fact be un the conduct of foreign affairs which is seldom sub fortunate for britain and the united states to jected to direct scrutiny by the people and remains prejudge the kind of government that the french or for the most part in the hands of foreign offices any other people in europe may want once they are and state departments which are not directly te free to make a choice the fact remains however sponsible or responsive to the public this makes that by dealing with one individual or group and it more essential than ever that the president who in not with others or with a number of them but on the united states is the principal official concerned different levels of cordiality britain and the united with foreign policy also responsible to the people states weight the balance in favor of this or that should be in a position to communicate as closely trend of opinion which may still be in the process and as continuously with the people as churchill of crystallization the crucial difficulty and one that must be faced frankly is that the same ambiguity which has appeared to mark american policy in north africa also characterizes public opinion in britain and the united states as well as the views of the allied governments in london the united nations are united in their struggle against germany for example is able to do through his frequent te ports to members of parliament otherwise there is always a danger that as happened in 1919 a divorce will occur between the government and the people on crucial issues of foreign policy a war proclaimed as a war to make the world better for the common and so are giraud and de gaulle but the united ee ao seen me come ne nations are no more clearly united than the two a 3 french generals regarding the kind of political and vera micheles dean if what kind of reconstruction for the far east lie since americans until recently have given little construction in the west yet from another point of if thought to the problems of the post war far east dis view ignorance of the far east renders study of that hi cussion of the future of this area containing half the region all the more important while the possibility hat human race still lags far behind consideration of that a longer time will be available for reflection and ne the european shape of things to come in a sense debate represents an opportunity not to be lost this neglect is natural for americans know much asia’s problems as thorny as eu fy less about asia than about europe moreover the rope’s the statement is sometimes made that the military strategy of concentrating on germany the future of the far east will be easier to settle than heart of the axis makes it likely that the united nations will face their first tasks of peace and re 2 meee oer that of europe advocates of this theory argue that because asia has not been torn by hundreds of years eee ae ee of national antagonism the slate is cleaner so to can decisive victory be achieved should germany speak and less of a terrible past will have to be be dismembered disarmed de prived of territories erased in order to write the future unfortunately in europe should allies establish military atae this is an illusion it is true that the nationalism of istration will russia share in administration asia’s colonies and semi colonies is forward looking should allies countenance german revolution are 1 in character reminiscent of the movement that germans capable of revolt what kind of peace seal tallied ff ee mazzini with non nazi germany read raised the hopes of europe in the days of mazzini 4 and kossuth and that except for japan far east if what future for germany ern patriotism has not assumed the form of chauvit me by vera micheles dean ism yet it must be recognized that there are certain it y counterbalancing problems in the east which are ie 5 likely to provide as serious a test of statesmanship 4s mi february 1 of agensgid pe benes was ever furnished by the balkans es reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month aline wl ee sultecription 5 to fpa members 3 not only will there be the difficulty of dealing with i a defeated japan but from manchuria to java and 4 page three the war from indo china to india there is an agrarian crisis the united nations must preserve and extend their we need that must be met in adequate fashion if the political wartime cooperation the war and economic modernization of the orient is to take on this basis it is possible to arrive at certain ets what place the complexity of this situation involving minimum principles of a more or less broad charac ce is the the antagonism of landlords and peasants and of ter failing which there will be nothing that can e united divergent political groups is indicated by the fact properly be described as orderly reconstruction bear on that in five and a half years of war the government these minima include measures to prevent japan ent agen of fighting china has hardly touched the fringes of from waging future wars complete chinese sover seem so its own rural question nor is it wise to forget that eignty over all chinese territory the independence ntries as the difficulties of loosening the grip of foreign con of india and a sincere well planned effort to es jom sub trol over the peoples of asia are at least as great as tablish self government in the various colonial areas remains those to be faced in developing a constructive na _at the earliest practicable moment n offices tionalism among the nations of europe and america applying the principles while it is easy rectly re order in europe vital to far east to give verbal expression to principles application is makes the work of asiatic reconstruction cannot be car in practice is quite another matter a fact which is t who in ried forward in isolation but will be related most keenly appreciated among the peoples of asia will oncerned intimately to developments in the rest of the world china for example receive complete control over people in fact just as the military defeat of japan will be manchuria and formosa or will successful argu s closely come possible only on the defeat of germany so the ments be heard for international i.e not chinese churchill orderly solution of eastern questions will depend administration of formosa and for the maintenance quent te first of all on the establishment of peaceful demo of a special japanese position in manchuria as a there jg tatic conditions in the west if europe is divided means of making japan a bulwark against china a divorce by widespread prolonged civil war after the defeat and the u.s.s.r in dealing with a defeated japan e people of germany if the partnership of the united states will an agreement be made with some of the danger oclaimed britain and the soviet union is not maintained and _gyg elements that were responsible for war against common strengthened there will be no basis for an interna us or will the united nations do everything in their common onal approach to conditions in asia power to encourage the rise of a new nonmilitaristic this does not mean that there will then be no japan will the independence of india be granted reconstruction in the orient but it will be recon as soon as hostilities cease or will internal problems dean struction of the traditional type with each power characteristic of all nations in the process of de holding its own as much as possible and with each velopment be used to justify delay and will the point of oar 4 se ge pie a desperate struggle previous rulers of colonies seized by japan insist ly of that mus tree nat pas ordship all the acute on the outright return of these areas to their own sossibilialk internationa tiction characteristic re outright bal sovereignty or where independence does not appear ction ai ted igbe politics in view of the past history immediately feasible will they agree to some form ae of human progress it would be unwise to say that of international control during the minimum period nothing good could emerge from such a situation necessary for self government as eu but it would be a minimum of good paid for with these questions cannot be answered at present that the a maximum of blood it would not be the intelligent but by their actions now the major powers can in ttle type of growth inherent in the concept of the united dicate their intention to choose the forward looking gue thas nations instead of the backward path if the united states of ya some crucial assumptions about should take steps to repeal the chinese exclusion er so t0 asia since no one can foretell accurately the con act and place chinese immigration on a quota basis ive to be ditions that will prevail in the world at large or the britain should move to resume discussions with ctunatelyy fat east in particular after the defeat of the axis the indian nationalists if the netherlands should nalism of suggestions about reconstruction necessarily rest on declare their willingness to join in international prep ahs certain assumptions concerning the future in east aration of the indies for self government then the hent that asia there would appear to be three prerequisites for omens for the future of asia would be favorable mazzini peaceful progressive development first of all indeed far east japan as well as germany must be utterly defeated lawrence k rosinger chauvitk secondly china must continue its resistance until 5 as re certain victory and must remain united in peace finally ie a a an y an peace ally far east vhich are anship as foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 17 fepruary 12 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lert secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least uling with java and one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor bis washington news sl etter fes 8 in his radio address of december 9 1941 two days after pearl harbor president roose velt promised the american people that we are going to win the war and we are going to win the peace that follows as current military develop ments show that the united nations are passing from defense to offense on all fronts congress is almost as keenly interested in the future peace settle ment as in the war itself although the state department has been very quiet about it it is known that it has held from time to time a sort of seminar for the benefit of influ ential senators and representatives on the peace that is to conclude the present war and on the economic rehabilitation of the world of tomorrow at these meetings experts who are studying various phases of the situation have appeared to answer the ques tions of congressmen in a frank and informal man ner to keep them abreast of the progress made in working out suggestions for a permanent peace sumner welles has presided at some of these seminars which have been attended by such promi nent congressmen as senators tom connally of texas chairman of the senate foreign relations committee walter f george of georgia a former chairman of that body senator warren r austin of vermont minority member of the committee and representative sol bloom of new york chairman of the house foreign affairs committee another sign of the times is a resolution that has been introduced in the house by representative karl mundt republican of south dakota a strong pre war isolationist and critic of president roose velt's foreign policies his resolution calls for the creation of a 32 man bi partisan commission to study peace plans as representative mundt’s resolution completely ignores president roosevelt and provides that the peace planning commission be appointed by secretary of state cordell hull and former president hoover it has but small chance of passing senator gillette's proposal much more significant politically was the resolution spon sored by senator guy m gillette democrat of iowa on february 4 his resolution would put the senate on record as approving the basic principles of the atlantic charter and advises president roose velt to negotiate immediately a post war peace charter with the other united nations according to senator gillette the atlantic charter is simply an agreement between two heads of government it is for victory not an instrument of national policy since it has not been formally endorsed by congress or by the repre sentative bodies of any of the other signatory states the atlantic charter has come to fill in this con flict the role played by woodrow wilson's fourteen points in world war i a program of principles for the allies the other united nations subscribed to the program embodied in the atlantic charter in the joint declaration signed by them at washington on january 1 1942 brazil is the latest country to adhere to the declaration having signed it on feb ruary 6 1942 ebb of isolationism senator gillette said that if a treaty were signed it would thwart jap anese propaganda that the atlantic charter declara tion extended only to the atlantic and not the pacific area recently for instance japanese propaganda has made much of the fact that britain’s decision to abandon its extraterritorial rights in china was not accompanied by any action on hongkong and the nazis have been busy telling the finns that their territorial integrity will not be respected by the russians when the war ends despite the fact that in article i of the atlantic charter britain and the united states declared that they are not seeking ter ritorial aggrandizement senator gillette’s resolution if carried out would give the atlantic charter what wilson’s fourteen points never had the endorsement of the united states senate it would serve as a clear and unmis takable notification to foreign countries that the full authority of the united states government includ ing both its executive and legislative branches stood behind the atlantic charter this might avoid repetition of the tragedy of the treaty of versailles which received the signature of an american presi dent but failed to obtain the ratification of the united states senate these developments in congress indicate how much isolationist sentiment has ebbed since pearl harbor they reflect a growing realization through out the country of what under secretary of state sumner welles in his address to the graduating class of the university of maryland on february 4 called the basic fact that in the world of today not even a hemisphere can live in peace and enjoy its liberty much less achieve prosperity if the rest of the world is going up in flames john elliott buy united states war bonds soil ma +ji it 4 com dio ont lists the he nite be on rom rity in orm con nder 1 its exi dent and va had 3 in are de gain with ratic new yy an f re par 3 ex tains jods ational lest york dr willian ww p entered as 2nd class matter pho de univ ity a an i ary ity of chiga brary ann arbor mich 5 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vor xxi no 17 february 18 1942 japanese advance imperils allied supply routes elemetatpen efforts on the part of british aus tralian and indian troops to maintain a pre carious last ditch position in singapore have only served to emphasize the extent to which japanese numerical superiority in men and equipment boldly and resourcefully employed has been able to dom inate or immobilize the main strongholds of the united nations naval power in the far east the mighty naval base at singapore has been evacuated and rendered useless as a center for british striking power following closely on the loss of hongkong cavite in the philippines balikpapan in borneo and amboina in the dutch moluccas the virtual neutral ization of singapore is a blow which has critical con sequences for the first stage of the pacific war the only remaining allied naval bases in the far east and south pacific area are surabaya java which has suffered a series of heavy bombardments and the australian harbors port darwin dangerously ex posed in the north and sydney and melbourne in the southeast airports are still available at a number of points but ships bearing crates have to be docked and equipment and supplies assembled in localities not subject to harassing japanese air and sea raids counter offensive from australia all signs point to the probability that australia will become a major base from which to direct allied operations in the drive to hold remaining positions in the dutch east indies and to strike hard at japanese supply lines and points of military naval and air concentrations centers of australian industry and military preparations are located along the populous southeastern fringe of the continent brisbane well up the eastern coast is about 1,500 miles by sea from the nearest japanese held position in the bismarck archipelago sydney and melbourne lie 515 and 1,110 nautical miles respectively south of brisbane from melbourne a railroad runs to perth on the southwest coast another joins a highway railroad link to port darwin in the north if the seas and straits lying be tween australia and the east indies become too dan gerous for shipping as a result of japanese successes in amboina and celebes american reinforcements of men fighter planes and supplies might have to be routed to the sydney melbourne area and then moved across the australian continent distances and vaty ing railroad gauges make the transportation problem exceedingly difficult pacific passage supply lines from san fran cisco to melbourne are nearly 7,000 nautical miles in length beyond honolulu the route traverses a region studded with american british and free french islands a number of these such as johnston pal myra canton samoa and fiji are capable of offering naval and aerial protection to ships in passage flank ing this route on the northwest however is a series of japanese outposts at jaluit and wotje in the man dated marshall islands at makin in the british gil bert islands and at rabaul new britain in the aus tralian mandate the forward thrust of the jap anese offensive into the south pacific archipelagos has temporarily slackened but if it should develop new momentum american australian shipping lanes might be in danger of even more direct exposure to attack than they are at present a long circuitous southern sea lane would then have to be followed and precious time consumed thereby also if heavy bombers are to be flown in numbers to australia al ternative routes would have to be prepared from a purely geographical point of view it is conceivable that such transit lines might be developed by way of uninhabited clipperton island about 800 miles off the mexican coast and the marquesas under the free french or westward from lima peru through easter and pitcairn islands no aerial hop along either of these routes would exceed appreciably that between san francisco and honolulu since japan’s communication lines are already lengthy however further advances into the south pacific and australian regions may become less feas ible fighting is now in progress on a dozen fronts over an immense area reaching from moulmein and singapore in the west to new guinea and new brit ain in the east the lines of communication which converge toward japan from these points like the sides of an isosceles triangle toward its tip are al ready 3,000 miles and more in length constant streams of supplies must be maintained to these places and to many others in between japan’s ship ping facilities as well as war equipment are not indefinitely expansible by way of capetown since the mikado’s warriors have reached the eastern shores of the in dian ocean in burma and malaya and have now at tained sea and aerial supremacy in the singapore sumatra area the indian ocean may become another crucial zone of conflict if in their anticipated spring offensive the nazis stage an all out drive for suez and the near and middle east they might have among other objectives the establishment of direct page two from britain and the united states to eritrea as year i sembly depot for suez and libya iran and iraq ocent move across the atlantic around capetown and joybte through the indian ocean these lines must be held try by to serve the present fronts in addition they are es pyssei sential for building up an offensive force in india was fc and ceylon to be directed against the japanese in the 9 nal east here again the question of bases assumes tran i the scendent importance on the british imperial side kew headquarters of the royal indian navy are main ympa tained at bombay closer to the far eastern battle explice zone is trincomalee on the east coast of ceylon of the where dockyards armament depots and a naval base ing op are maintained colombo on the west coast is a de therm fended port but does not possess repair or dockyard tional facilities farther south lie naval stations on the egypt islands of seychelles and mauritius and a base at in cai simonstown in south africa a non british base in the now indian ocean is at diego suarez on the northern tip arges of french madagascar once more the course of thrust vichy’s policies may carry compelling weight in cal nal contact with their far eastern partners across the ey rerernene seen sale ae sy hich indian ocean at present the main supply routes william p maddox ities axis offensive again threatens suez the axis counter offensive in libya launched from by tanks and superiority in numbers and fire power of am the swampy ground around el agheila on january 22 these desert ships is a decisive factor above all suc has reached within 60 miles of tobruk and threatens _cess in attack depends on the preservation and exten al to continue eastward to the borders of egypt com sion of lines of supply to the advanced fighting units north ing at a time when allied shipping to the near east is endangered by a marked increase in nazi sub marine warfare in the atlantic and when most of the available forces of the united nations are being rushed to southeast asia the recent nazi successes in north africa must be viewed as a serious menace to the allied position in the near east desert war the bewildering speed with which british armies have twice swept halfway across libya only to retreat at an even faster pace may be explained by the peculiar nature of combat in the north africa theater which is roughly comparable to sea warfare since the land is barren and provides little food or water it is useless merely to occupy and impossible to hold territory as long as the enemy's forces are intact in the zone beyond there are few fixed points which can be utilized as strong defensive positions the weight of the battle is carried largely new edition war atlas 42 maps bd 25c strategic distances in pacific philippines malay peninsula netherlands indies hawaii panama canal russian and libyan fronts strategy in the mediterranean etc etc order from fpa 22 east 38th st new york from bases far in the rear minis when the british eighth army struck westward 4 j from egypt in november it enjoyed at the outset the ste advantages of local superiority in tanks and planes therel and short transportation lines on land supplemented sult by shipping on the mediterranean moreover the com front bined action of the r.a.f and royal navy in the the a waters between italy and africa substantially reduced the volume of axis supplies reaching field marshal less rommel by the libyan ferry route recently how trol 0 ever additional luftwaffe units and german sub p pé marines have been transferred to the mediterranean medi where they have not only lowered the british toll of axis shipping but inflicted damaging blows on brit ish naval and merchant vessels and desert supply con th voys the shifting tide of battle then is determined by developments occurring in many instances far be hind the actual front the allies apparently lacked po the planes and ships required to safeguard their com 4 munications and had to retreat often without actually joining battle with the nazis 4 publi rommel’s forces moreover appear to have fe ceived critical supplies from france and tunisia caf pope ried in french ships this development threatens t0 headqu break the tenuous ties still existing between the vichy 7 government and the united states egypt restive the british position in the as near east has become more precarious as a result of faq recent internal developments in egypt which un ind joubtedly reflect the apprehension felt in that coun eld try by the new german drive on february 2 premier s hussein sirry pasha known as a friend of britain dia yas forced to resign and was succeeded by mustafa the on nahas pasha british sources attribute the change an io the influence of king farouk who is considered de jykewarm to the allied cause if not an active axis lin sympathizer farouk’s choice of nahas pasha is in ttle explicable on any other ground for nahas as head on lof the proletarian wafd party has been the outstand ase ing opponent of the king and the palace clique fur de thermore his party represents the more militantly na ard tionalistic and therefore anti british elements in the egypt when wartime coalition cabinets were formed at in cairo the wafd steadily refused to participate the now its leaders generally admitted to have the tip largest popular following in egypt are suddenly of thrust into seats of power a nahas has declared his intention to carry out the terms of the anglo egyptian alliance of 1936 by which egypt is pledged to provide all available facil ities to the british army in time of war the new premier added however that he will endeavor to spare egypt the horrors of war a phrase which may have wide interpretations allies in danger the allied set backs in north africa are extremely discouraging as prime minister winston churchill stated on december 26 ard and january 27 the british strengthened their near the eastern forces in late 1941 to the limit of their ability nes thereby weakening their far eastern defenses the re ted sult now appears to be defeat not on one but two ym fronts after expending precious lives and matériel the the allies are in no better strategic position than they ced were at the start of the november offensive and un hal less reinforcements are rushed to egypt allied con ow tol of the vital suez artery will be threatened thereby ub preparing the ground for major axis moves in the ean mediterranean north africa and the middle east 5 x r of suc ten nits of louis e frechtling rit f.p.a announcements on ned lhe foreign policy association takes pleasure in be atnouncing that john i b mcculloch has been ap ked pointed acting director of the washington office aint pan american news an f.p.a publication formerly ally edited by mr mcculloch is to be incorporated in a new illustrated monthly magazine which he will il publish the first issue will appear in april page three david h popper research associate who has just returned from an eight months study of latin amer ica has been appointed associate editor of research publications william p maddox newly appointed assistant to the president of the f.p.a will edit headline books allenby a study in greatness by general sir archibald wavell new york oxford university press 1941 3.00 a biography of the prominent british soldier who saw service in the boer war commanded an army in france in 1914 17 and directed the successful palestinian campaign against the turks in 1917 18 the author now commander in chief in southeast asia gives special attention to allenby’s desert warfare strategy which has influenced recent campaigns in the near east latin america a descriptive survey by william lytle schurz new york dutton 1941 3.75 an amazingly successful tour de force this volume pre sents a wealth of accurate material on latin america the land the people and their social political and economic organization it is a valuable and readable handbook for the student of latin american affairs introducing australia by c hartley grattan new york john day 1942 3.00 a thoughtful pertinent and readable survey of con temporary australia with emphasis on its social structure and its place in the far eastern conflict japan strikes south by andrew roth 25 cents philippine emergency by catherine porter 15 cents showdown at singapore by w w lockwood and michael greenberg 15 cents new york american council institute of pacific rela tions 1941 these three valuable pamphlets cover the situation which existed in indo china the philippines and malaya on the eve of the outbreak of war in the pacific both in fact and interpretation they point a revealing background to the startling events now occurring in southeast asia i paid hitler by fritz thyssen new york farrar and rinehart 1941 2.75 the deluded industrialist’s penitent explanation does much to clarify the characteristics which have made the nazi stranglehold on germany so terribly complete conversational spanish for army air forces of the united states by solomon lipp and h v basso of the air corps spanish project works progress adminis tration new york hastings house 1941 75 cents just as useful for laymen is this practical handbook enlivened by amusing cartoons f.p.a radio schedule subject war on the economic front speaker louis e frechtling date sunday february 15 time 12 12 15 p.m e.w.t over blue network for station please consult your local newspaper caf foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 17 fesruary 13 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national to headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president wittiam p mappox assistant to the president dorotuy f lust ch secretary vera micheles dean editor davin h poppgr associate editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york y n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year swiss produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor the f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter fes 9 members of the american delegation to the meeting of foreign ministers at rio de janeiro have returned to this city generally pleased with the work of the conference they are inclined to be criti cal of those who maintain that because the maximum objective of a unanimous rupture of relations with the axis powers was not achieved the meeting was a failure on the contrary they were impressed with the underlying spirit of unity exhibited by the vast majority of the delegates although it was necessary to weaken the phraseology of the resolution on politi cal relations with the axis in order to secure unani mous approval nothing would have been gained by forcing chile and argentina into open opposition to the nineteen other countries represented as matters stand the executive branches of both governments are bound to some degree by the declarations approved by their foreign ministers officials in washington are hopeful that argentina as well as chile will break off relations within the next six months in any case our record two months after the out break of war is already better than it was in the first world war when seven american republics re mained technically neutral throughout the conflict the plans to implement the rio resolutions more over go far beyond anything conceived at that time already brazil’s finance minister a de souza costa is in washington to negotiate the details of eco nomic collaboration and visits from other latin american leaders will follow the argentine attitude during the con ference argentine observers at rio de janeiro took great pains to point out that their country’s attitude was not one of opposition to the united states in 1917 they recalled argentina preserved its neutral ity despite considerable german provocation but nevertheless aided the allies by granting loans to britain and france for the purchase of argentine cereals and other products today the argentine gov ernment has gone much further it is treating the united states as a non belligerent subjecting to gov ernment license all remittances of funds to non american countries and related domestic financial transactions of non american enterprises and taking some steps to control subversive axis activities within its territory argentines maintain that the enforce ment of these measures by their well developed ad ministrative system will prove more effective than the incompletely executed though theoretically drastic regulations of many other latin american countries this view is sufficiently appreciated in washington to have prevented open retaliation against argenti for its failure to sever diplomatic relations with axis but if the argentine position is not modi within the next few months gradually increasj pressure will doubtless be applied to the casa rosada particularly in the economic sphere dispatches from chile indicate that this policy may already be in operation there for at least one chileay importer has complained that brazilian needs have re ceived priority in the united states over those of chile if this is so it probably reflects the irritation of a number of countries because of the chilean tac tics at rio de janeiro although chile’s foreign min ister initiated the call for convocation of the confer fc ence he vacillated on the question of breaking rela tions while it is true that the country’s pacific coast line is exposed to japanese raids it is not believed that chile’s danger will be materially increased by taking this step in conjunction with the other amer ican states boundary dispute settled one notable success gained at the meeting was the settlement of the boundary dispute between peru and ecuador which had been endemic for 120 years the basis of settlement appears to have been the status of 1936 a date when peruvian outposts had already been pushed i a some distance into territory ecuador had long re garded as its own as a result peruvian sources clai that with final demarcation of the border they wi have added 7,700 square miles to what had formerly been considered indubitably their own territory ecua doreans assert that they are making a great sacrifice for pan american unity and students at quito have demonstrated against the settlement in fact however the peruvian army which is incomparably stronger than its opponent but which has been ravaged by hardships and disease in the occupied territory is st being withdrawn from its advanced positions singa two salient points may be noted in connection with brest the dispute in the first place the real stakes were chara not the coastal areas occupied by the peruvians but cemb the headwater regions of the amazon to the east germ where oil gold and other minerals may be plentiful p this area is divided by the border points fixed at rio had de janeiro second the solution of this problem has becor removed the only immediate threat to stable pacific u inter american relations stability is necessary if 4s peru's japanese minority is to be controlled and if latin america is to devote itself wholeheartedly to evide the production of strategic materials aot ef pacific americ sible p countn litical of ide comm ameri tied b until davip h popper ti +has not e repre y states his con fourteen inciples bscribed arter in hington untry to on feb tte said art jap declara not the nda has ision to was not ig and ons that d by the t that in and the king ter it would fourteen e united d unmis t the full includ branches sht avoid tersailles an presi 1 of the ate how ice pearl through of state lan j 7 ai bl orary foreign policy bulletin tiversity of wichigan ann arbor michigan feb 19 1943 entered as 2nd class matter t i an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vor xxii no 18 february 19 19438 eet roosevelt’s report to the nation on february 12 and prime minister churchill's speech to the house of commons the previous day reveal a new unity of purpose and planning in the united nations prosecution of the war although a supreme war council representing the united states britain russia and china was not established at casablanca there is good ground for confidence that the coming allied offensives in both europe and asia will be based on increasingly close military col laboration and political understanding military unity the appointment of gen eral dwight d eisenhower to supreme command of allied operations in north africa highlights this development it indicates a degree of military col laboration between american british and french s forces which should assure not only victory in the north african theatre but continued unity of com mand in the invasions of the continent which have been promised for 1943 it suggests further that if american and british armies ever operate on the same front with russian forces for example in the balkans a unified command should also be possible there equally reassuring is the fact that the casablanca discussions have been carried forward in chungking by general arnold head of the united states army air force and field marshal dill british member of the combined chiefs of staff the nature of the discussions with chiang kai shek is revealed both by prime minister churchill’s emphasis on the open ting class 4 called not even ts liberty the world lliott nds ing of the burma road and by president roosevelt's assurance that the united states does not contem plate inching forward from island to island in the southwest pacific but is preparing rather for action in the skies over china and japan as part of decisive operations which will drive the japanese from the soil of china the prospective meeting of general macarthur and field marshal wavell will un allied political unity lags behind military collaboration doubtedly involve plans for realization of these ob jectives that russia too may soon be taking part in the discussions begun at casablanca is suggested by unconfirmed reports that soviet military and naval chiefs are on their way to washington while these developments may not lead to the establishment of a supreme war council on the model of world war i or even to the inclusion of russia and china in the combined chiefs of staff plan set up early in 1942 for military collaboration be tween the united states and britain they do mark a great step forward in giving unity of direction to the united nations war effort those who urge still closer collaboration should remember that effective cooperation by a war coalition has never been achieved quickly or easily and that it was not until april 1918 when foch was put in supreme command of allied forces on the western front to prevent final disaster that a step comparable with eisen hower’s appointment was taken in the first world war political unity needed if less progress has been made in bringing about allied political unity the american president and the british prime minister have made it clear that axis efforts to divide russia from the other united nations will be unavailing they not only emphasized that the united nations are one in the prosecution of the war to complete victory but brought anglo ameri can policy closer into line with stalin's insistence that this war is against hitlerite germany not the german nation while reiterating their aim of un conditional surrender and their demand that guilty axis leaders be brought to trial both called atten tion to the fact that this does not mean that the people of the axis nations will be made to suffer for their leaders crimes the threat to allied unity growing out of political decisions in north africa has also been lessened by president roosevelt’s statement on the future of france and his clarification of article 3 of the at lantic charter reaffirming the principle that from the people and the people alone flows the authority of government he declared that once the enemy had been driven from france the people would be represented by a government of their own popular choice and to those who feared that the allies might support quislings and lavals in post war europe he gave assurance that such a policy would not be tolerated indeed he denied in effect that nazi fascist or japanese warlord forms of government could ever be legitimate and asserted that the right of self determination included in the atlantic char ter did not carry with it the right of any government to enslave either its own people or the peoples of other nations but encouraging as the casablanca reports of president roosevelt and prime minister churchill page two are much still remains to be done if unity is to be maintained and an enduring peace established mijj tary collaboration however close will not be enough speeches in washington london moscow and chungking will not reconcile the conflicting interests which are beginning to disturb good relations be tween the united nations and are already being exaggerated by irresponsible american politicians these differences can be reconciled only if the peoples of the united nations and particularly the united states and britain are prepared to view them with enlightened good will and if the govern ments are prepared to advance even further in their collaboration by the conclusion of definite political agreements looking to the post war world it is to be hoped that the support given by under secretary of state sumner welles on february 12 to such agree ments is a move in this direction howarpd p whidden jr fair labor conditions in latin america required for war effort disquieting signs of unrest have recently appeared among the industrial workers of latin america in bolivia tin ore production was for a time hard hit by a strike in the mines and mexican workers en gaged in the mining of various strategic minerals have threatened to strike in order to gain higher wages fortunately these moves so far have not had any detrimental effect on the war effort of the united nations their possible resurgence repre sents a threat to the output of indispensable raw materials however and maintenance of peaceful relations between management and workers is as im portant for the war program in latin american countries as in the united states labor’s plight in latin america the heating in the bitter cold nights of the high andes they work 12 hours a day for wages that correspond to about 10 cents in american money unable to buy enough food for a decent diet they chew coca leaves containing a narcotic to keep themselves going dur ing their long working hours these low standards are by no means restricted to miners the workers employed in other bolivian trades are not much better off as figures taken from the official statistics recently published by the confederation of latin american workers indicate according to these al culations the average purchasing power of workers in twelve standard trades represents only one twenty fifth of that of workers in comparable trade in the united states as a case in point a bolivian by th livin befo the cline in cc still work by th unic dusti whet com unre itabl man in dc whil boon be e privi patel cond as a was guad f i iie reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month careful estimates however have fixed the over d subscription 5.00 to f.p.a members 3.00 3 situation of latin american industrial workers worker is able to buy only 14 of bread with do me as a group is in no way comparable to that of the money pe te ree 7 a ona ise workers in the united states generally speaking responding united states worker can buy 18 poum there e their level of existence is not much higher than that the situation in bolivia of course does not serve strug io of peons or landless agricultural laborers few are as an exact yardstick for the measurement of condi t's organized along modern lines and the great major tions throughout latin america in several countrit eyjti ae ity live on a mere subsistence level most of the the standard of living especially of white workers i ie bolivian miners are indians who dwell in mud huts is decidedly better moreover there are in all thes p ry without any kind of sanitation and without any countries small numbers of highly skilled industria 4 f employees who receive relatively good pay but by twen for a description of the machinery set up in 1917 and large the income of the great majority of latia oe i 18 an appraisal of its value and an analysis of american workers and landless farm laborers 4 powe ay with the coming of the armistice group which may represent three fourths of the tottl be d he population of our sister republics is too low to pet al wed why allied unity failed in 1918 19 mit them to buy anything but the bare necessiti et by howard p whidden jr of life fore 25 no entirely reliable study of the total incomes os i h eitiiiciie leithins 06 henman peete devers the 130 million latin americans has yet been madt oe m 1 figure at some 15 billion a year this represent ae is to be ed mili enough yw and interests tions be ly being liticians y if the larly the to view govern in their political t is to be secretary ch agree en jr fort h andes respond le to buy ca leaves oing dur standards workers ot much statistics of latin these cal workers nly one le trades bolivian read with ile a cor 3 pounds not serve of condé countriés workers all these industrial y but bf of latif borers f the totl ww to per necessitié income een made e over all represens including the wealthy only slightly over 100 per person by way of comparison the present national income of the united states is estimated at well over 100 billion for approximately the same number of ple even if war expenditures are eliminated and only civilian united states consumption estimated by the national resources planning board at 55 billion a year is taken into account the difference remains staggering increase in cost of living the cost of living which was already growing in latin america before the war has risen at a much higher pace since the outbreak of hostilities and the subsequent de dine due mostly to shipping difficulties of trade in commodities for civilian use wages however still lag behind thus aggravating the plight of the working classes figures published in january 1943 by the mexican miners and metallurgical workers union for instance show that wages in their in dustries have risen but 29 per cent since 1935 whereas the cost of living has risen 89 per cent should compensating increases in wages fail to be granted unrest among latin american workers will inev itably increase suspicion is already widespread that many industrial concerns are reaping a large harvest in dollars due to the demand for strategic materials while the workers are not benefiting from the war boom whether justified or not this impression can be eradicated only by fair treatment of the under privileged workers in these countries the recent dis patch of a united states commission to study labor conditions in bolivia is to be welcomed therefore as a step in the right direction on february 14 it was announced from la paz that the commission the f.p.a guadalcanal diary by richard tregaskis new york ran dom house 1948 2.50 an american reporter who landed on guadalcanal on august 7 with the first group of marines and remained there until late september tells the story of the early struggle with the japanese the author’s style is simple and direct and there is a minimum of emphasis on him self the picture of american fighting spirit and of diffi culties that had to be faced is impressive what about germany by louis p lochner new york dodd mead 1942 3.00 a distinguished american newspaper man who lived for twenty one years in germany fourteen of which he served as chief of the associated press in berlin makes no at tempt to underestimate the carefully prepared striking power of nazism at home and abroad at the same time he does not surrender the hope that the german people can be ultimately reintegrated into the community of nations page three had already obtained promises from corporation representatives to cooperate in the improvement of conditions of workers and from labor leaders not to interrupt the production of tin ore time for a constructive labor pol icy it is obvious that the time is ripe for the adop tion of a clear cut policy of protection for latin american labor working on united states orders the hundreds of millions of dollars of united states gov ernment money poured into the industrial deveélop ment of the western hemisphere in recent years must not contribute to widening the gap between the upper and lower classes in latin america on the contrary this money should be used to make pay ment of a living wage to the workers possible or even compulsory the need for establishing a sound labor policy now in conjunction with the wartime development of latin american industries whose products are needed by the war effort has been re peatedly stressed not only by labor representatives like vicente lombardo toledano head of the con federation of latin american workers but also by responsible statesmen of south america on janu ary 27 for instance dr eduardo santos former president of the republic of colombia declared that the exploitation of our wealth is not desirable in deed is not even admissible except so far as it in sures the benefit of the men and women of the whole of america effective support by the united states of the efforts of latin americans to improve their economic status will be of the greatest value in promoting hemisphere solidarity ernest s hediger bookshelf the consumer goes to war a guide to victory on the home front by caroline f ware new york funk and wagnalls 1942 2.00 distraught purchasers trying to stretch the inelastic dollar find valuable suggestions on how to spend to their advantage while furthering the war effort american agencies interested in international affairs compiled by ruth savord new york council on foreign relations 1942 2.00 a timesaver for all who have spent hours hunting data in scattered sources the of discontinued and dor nant groups is especially helpful negroes in brazil by donald pierson chicago university of chicago press 1942 4.50 a carefully documented and attractively written scien tific study of the negroes in brazil their life superstitions and relations with other races written by a professor of sociology foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 18 fesruary 19 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lest secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 one month for change of address on membership publications 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year e181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news l ettet fes 15 when the united states entered world war i woodrow wilson in his message to congress of april 2 1917 proudly proclaimed that this coun try desired no conquest no dominion and in 1919 we offered one of the rare examples in history a nation emerging victorious from a great war without having been enriched by the acquisition of a single inch of territory it was the japanese who under a mandate from the league of nations ob tained the highly strategic caroline marianas and marshall islands from germany and later converted these pacific islands into powerful naval bases con trary to their pledge not to fortify them it is already abundantly clear that at the end of this war there will be no repetition on our part of the wilsonian spirit of self abnegation testifying before the house foreign affairs committee on feb ruary 9 secretary of navy frank knox recom mended that the united states start negotiations im mediately for complete post war control of island aerial and naval bases in the pacific we are not avid for more territory but we will be wise to in sist on complete control of a sufficient number of bases in the pacific to prevent another war of ag gression in the near future lend lease as lever mr knox declared that extension of the lend lease program on behalf of which he was testifying would be of material aid in obtaining such air and naval bases and urged that the subject be taken up with our allies now while we still have something to offer the sec retary did not specify what territories he had in mind but it is easy to surmise that he was thinking of the island bloc in the pacific consisting of the caroline marianas and marshall islands which stretching roughly 3,000 miles east and west by 1,000 north and south has become a veritable japanese gibral tar bristling with bases from which enemy naval and air squadrons sally forth to harass our far flung lines of communication it is also probable that mr knox has his eyes on the bonin group which lies about midway between japan and the mandated islands situated less than 600 miles south of tokyo and yokohama the bonin islands would provide an ad mirable jumping off place from which to bomb the japanese into submission in the event they tried to evade disarmament clauses of the future peace settle ment but it is not only of pacific bases that men in for victory washington are thinking these days two days after mr knox spoke senator millard e tydings of maryland rose in the senate to declare that britain as a token of gratitude for lend lease aid should transfer to the united states in fee simple the island bases in the western hemisphere built by this country on a 99 year lease basis in return for 50 over age destroyers under an agreement concluded early in september 1940 altough senator tyding’s speech was probably a trial balloon and was not immediately followed by legislative action more will certainly come of his proposal especially as hearty agreement with this democratic suggestion was expressed by republican leader senator charles l mcnary of oregon who said that now was the accepted time to approach our allies on the subject it is also worth noting that during this debate sena tor robert r reynolds of north carolina urged that the administration open negotiations for acqui sition of wrangel island from soviet russia whose claim to that arctic island officially raised in 1926 has never been recognized by our government to keep the war won president roose velt has more than once emphasized the point that when we have won the war we must keep it won this means that the victors must retain strategic naval and air bases all over the world if they are to see that there is to be no recrudescence of fascist ag gression the global character of this war has dem onstrated the vital importance to the security of the united states no less than britain of british con trol of such key points as suez gibraltar malta and singapore as well as the supreme need for our maintaining possession of the panama canal and the hawaiian islands some of these strategic points for example cet tain of the pacific islands and the west indies might be held in common by two or more of the united nations one port that seems destined to be governed by such a condominium is french ruled dakar on the hump of africa such a solution was suggested in the joint declaration issued by president roosevelt and president getulio vargas of brazil at their meeting at natal on january 28 when the two statesmen affirmed their determination to make sure that the coast of west africa and dakar shall never again under any circumstances be allowed to become a blockade or invasion threat against the two americas john elliott buy united states war bonds od a4 +se ee entered as 2nd class matter mars 1942 foreign policy bulletin ave ger by vith ere but ast ful rio has ific if 1 if r t0 an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y you xxi no 18 february 20 1942 united states must face stern realities each day’s headlines bring news of disasters for the united nations in the atlantic and the pacific it becomes more necessary than ever for the american people to see events in the broadest pos sible perspective if one can judge the temper of the country by editorial opinion by the speeches of po litical industrial and labor leaders and by exchange of ideas in schools colleges shops factories and community forums then it can be said that the american people are confused and profoundly wor ried but by no means discouraged it is obvious that until the united nations command adequate man power and war material they will be unable to de fend all points at which the axis might strike each day soul searching decisions have to be made re garding the strategy best calculated to avoid further disasters what we need most of all are not plati tudes about ultimate victory or recriminations re gatding the administration but hard facts concern ing the character of the war the main objectives of the united nations and the military and industrial means that are or may soon become available to teach these objectives struggle for the high seas the fall of singapore and the escape of german warships from brest emphasize anew the profound changes in the character of the war that have occurred since de cember 7 up to that time the victories won by germany in europe and by japan in asia had been primarily won on land important as these victories had been germany and japan were in danger of becoming prisoners on the continents they had con quered unless they could break out onto the high seas only the countries that control the high seas can hope to exercise world power and it has been evident for many years that the present struggle is hot a struggle for domination of this or that con tinent but for redistribution of world power the significance of pearl harbor was that the axis countries succeeded there in striking their first major blow against the naval power of britain and the united states on the high seas that is why all the narrow seas the suez canal the english chan nel the panama canal the strait of macassar the straits of gibraltar as well as key bases like singa pore surabaya dakaé and many others have as sumed such crucial importance for the outcome of the war either the axis powers will force the gate ways to the high seas at all or some of these points as they have already done at singapore or else the united nations will succeed in defending the gate ways that remain in their hands in preparation for recapture of those they have surrendered if the axis powers succeed they will be in a position to sweep allied shipping from the sea lanes of the world they could thus in wartime cut off sea borne supplies to continental countries like russia and china which are continuing the struggle on land and when the war is over could prevent britain and the united states from reaching overseas markets and raw materials no time for recrimination the british and american people had not been prepared either in a military or a psychological sense for a struggle of this magnitude which will determine the survival of the united nations the responsibility for this unpreparedness it must be repeated cannot be placed exclusively on any single british or ameri can statesman now in power it rests in varying measure on all of us and is due to our comfortable certainty that the condition of things existing before 1939 could be indefinitely perpetuated without un due effort or sacrifice on our part this dangerous illusion must now be shattered once and for all if the strenuous efforts demanded by the realization of possible catastrophe are to be exerted much has been said in this country concerning the futility of sending to other nations war material that may be needed by the united states many com plaints can be heard regarding the sacrifices now required for continuance of the conflict the impli cation being that the united states should perhaps cut its losses in the far east and make the best deal it can with the axis powers in the hope of preserv ing its economy more or less intact such arguments cannot be dismissed as the expression of a cliveden set they deserve both scrutiny and answer if one thing is clear today it is that the united states gained what mr nelson called golden hours for speeding up its own war production by selling or lease lending such war material as it did to britain russia china and other peoples who under stress of much greater hardships than any yet experienced by americans have been fighting in the front lines of the world struggle that the united states did not utilize these golden hours for all out effort before and even after pearl harbor is not the fault of the british russians dutch chi nese and others but again of all of us who refused to recognize the urgency of the situation and tried to carry on business as usual nothing could be more futile now than to bemoan the past or criticize our allies who up to now have borne the brunt of the struggle what we need to do is to stop re criminating and concentrate this country’s vast resources of energy courage ingenuity and bold imagination on the tasks ahead india assumes crucial importance in allied strategy as the japanese entrench themselves in singapore attack sumatra and drive nearer to rangoon india assumes a key position in the struggle for the orient while it stood as the only major naval and air base of the united nations in the entire far east singapore guarded the eastern entrance to the indian ocean its loss the gravity of which can scarcely be exaggerated will make it possible for the japanese to prey upon vital allied supply routes in the indian ocean and to attack burma and india acutely aware of the japanese threat to the burma road and to india generalissimo chiang kai shek with his staff officers arrived in new delhi about february 9 for consultation with brit ish and indian officials for the generalissimo it was the first trip outside his country since the outbreak page two allied strategy in the near east by louis e frechtling 25 a survey of turkey north africa and the middle east where major axis moves may be in preparation february 1 issue of foreign po.icy reports issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to fpa members 3 no escape from sacrifice if there is lesson above all we must learn from the bitter perience of europe it is that money and exertig withheld from the war effort now will be of avail if the axis powers meanwhile win the wa we may save ships and planes today in the hoy that we can then use them for protection of oy own coasts and thus not only lose the pacific 4 japan but what is ultimately more dangerous log the support that china india and other countrial opposed to japanese domination can give the allie cause we may from fear of communism or cop cern for our own safety hold back from russi the weapons it needs for continuance of its i sistance against germany and thus not only log europe to the nazis but also give russia cause i become our enemy the nations of europe hope to preserve their historic monuments and their eco nomic resources by surrendering to the nazis onl to discover that they could not eat stones and tha no amount of gold or diamonds can buy freedom once it is lost or save children from starvation even if this country did abandon the struggle now it would not regain unrestricted use of tires an sugar or whittle down taxes in the kind of world i would have to face by clinging to our presen luxuries we risk the loss not only of our materia resources but also of all the non material value that make life worth living vera micheles dean of the sino japanese hostilities in 1931 he has hele long discussions with jawaharlal nehru who suc ceeded gandhi as leader of the congress party ot january 15 and with the marquess of linlithgow british viceroy the indian people have given hin an enthusiastic reception for they have always ex pressed sympathy for the chinese in their struggle new chinese life line without mud question the generalissimo’s first object is to dis cuss details for a new burma road the chinese disillusioned by the showing of the united nations in southeast asia are preparing for the worst the fall of singapore will release an estimated 200,00 experienced japanese troops for operations not onl in sumatra and java but also in burma reinforce ments will strengthen the japanese troops alread driving toward rangoon along the coastal railroad despite the outstanding aerial defense of the burm capital by the r.a.f and american volunteer pilots it appears unlikely that the port will be held thi chinese soldiers in the north are guarding the burm road proper in the hope that if south burma fal and along with it the railroad to rangoon a net connecting link west to the bay of bengal might developed still another route might utilize the rai as an natic bers eleve a gua will withc ment of do mean preli in vi by th tion nortl as the j gani non of man brit depe drev in on be r cou tion imp a the larg for head secre n page three road extending from calcutta almost to the chinese border on completion of a highway from chung f.p.a radio schedule king to northern assam it is reported that work on subject has america awakened nq the road has begun but construction will require at speaker vera micheles dean ay mem year ens pee nae over blue network op political deadlock in india chiang for station please consult your local news paper 7 kai shek’s visit brings to the fore the dilemma which 1 sty opposes japanese aggression on the other of asia it is the seat of the eastern group supply ne it is pledged to a struggle against british rule the pgp en yh ger ed ee preto gon lit party's attitude is epitomized by its boycott of jap rs se ee ee ee con ds in force since 1938 but hardly adequate 5 endent be for military ews and s ee ee lies india itself is producing rifles machine sst a serious deadlock between the british government ae ll _p ita and the congress party arose on september 3 1939 ditt ys ery parycodengy q pemsagrsg 4 lox when the viceroy announced that india was au armored vehicles and planes tn se ee tl tomatically a belligerent in this war refusing to y ste india has sent a ae age 600,000 pe cooperate in the war effort unless india was regarded oe aa ee esens nf se ai the sco as an equal rather than as a british possession the a 7 fe a an eee onl nationalists one month later withdrew their mem ey wets naoned a pape thal bers from ministries which controlled eight of the yiagoesoss v ee abe vane i watts we doa eleven provinces of british india congress demands oe ee ee ane od s os bis we a guarantee that at the conclusion of the war indians two bottlenecks shortages in machine will be free to set up their own form of government c00 86 ce q the aalk tae without british interference the british govern 8 ape liste py tage 4 d i er dit ment however refuses to promise more than a grant ng we sie 5 aoe art os x th set of dominion status at an indefinite date insisting that ees on od 2 ee 1 tit meanwhile the hindus and moslems come to some united p aia a vigil ney se a preliminary agreement this is almost impossible waile a n co ry eer cme sesame fan in view of the moslem league’s threat to resist rule a 0 h ee 0 aan a pete ae by the hindu majority and its demand for the crea mie rae b she fp ey ye tion of an independent moslem state pakistan in ndian production has deen sipped up sa a wietivwestern indie outbreak of war but its real strength is largely po uy as the japanese reach out to the indian ocean wom phere pers a vey an ets war for ir freedom as well as for others pro y the political deadlock may yet be broken mohandas ptm of poten would exceed any por a ps gandhi an unflinching believer in the technique of envisaged and the army of almost one million could é non violent resistance resigned from the leadership gradually be expanded to many millions although role of congress on december 30 1941 finding that nehru on february 12 reiterated his position that many of his colleagues favored cooperation with indians would fight only as free men much dis 7 britain in the war effort a ang 8g trust of the british government would probably van dependence at the close of the war gandhi with ish if india were in effect treated as a dominion nese so that the party could make its own decision meanwhile japan may break the deadlock by forc ing the indians to fight what they regard as the greater of two evils tion in an unexpected gesture of compromise britain tht on february 12 extended an invitation to india to m laf 000 be represented in the war cabinet and the pacific ae onl council though hardly sufficient to meet the na as to lamas orce tionalist demands it is a step in recognition of india’s india today by w e duffett a r hicks g r parkin ead j ance in this wi published under the auspices of the canadian institute importance in this war of international affairs toronto the ryerson press road be a oie my arsenal of asia despite its hesitancy on ee per the political front india a sub continent half as a very useful handbook which briefly presents the es tots sential facts needed to understand the political problems the large as the united states is becoming the arsenal of india includes a chapter on india in the war rm ef 1 foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 18 fesruary 20 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national fall headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president writtt1am p mappox assistant to the president dorotuy f lest nev secretary vera micheles dgan editor davip h poppsr associate editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york by n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year t be 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor fall fr p a membership five dollars a year ie ro a eee ve washington news letter fes 16 in the public debate which has de veloped over the efficiency of government wartime operations the department of state has had its share both of critics and defenders the critics found voice again this past week when an incidental but unfortunate chapter was added to the story of st pierre and miquelon this issue which officials in the department would gladly consign to oblivion has a way of bobbing up with annoying regularity ever since the sudden free french occupation of these vichy held islands on christmas eve state department officials have made decisions and is sued statements under a cloud of ill fortune the latest episode was an apparent disagreement between under secretary welles and secretary hull as to whether the newly proclaimed act of havana cov ering the transfer of a european held colony in this hemisphere to another non american state applied to st pierre and miquelon it was finally cleared by the announcement on february 14 that there had been a press conference misunderstanding in defense of hull in another connection the secretary of state has found a vigorous cham pion in the person of wendell l willkie who in the course of a lincoln’s day speech indicting other washington officials declared that the country irrespective of party has confidence in mr hull the republican leader charged that the de partment of state our most respected department of government was gradually being destroyed by a process of nibbling at the authority of the admin istrator he referred indirectly to recently estab lished agencies such as the board of economic war fare and the office of the coordinator of informa tion each of which has been assigned certain func tions relating to the conduct of foreign relations hitherto regarded as the prerogative of the state department it may be said in passing that poten tially serious clashes of jurisdiction and activity among these agencies are being reduced through periodic adjustments and interdepartmental liaison the impression in washington is that creation of these new agencies was due in part to the fact that the state department had been slow in adapt ing itself to the emergency operating under the cloak of an organizational conservatism character istic of foreign offices the world over the depart ment had not been quick to open up new and ex tensive areas of activity within its customary field it may well be that a jolt was necessary to overcome traditional lethargy current expansion whatever the reasog the state department in its own fashion has gradu ally been reshaping its organization to meet the pressing requirements of a nation involved in 4 global war the department's personnel numbered 1,720 in mid 1941 and is being expanded so rap idly that estimates call for a staff totaling 2,590 by june 30 1942 thus in a year’s time the size of the state department will have increased by 50 per cent and expectations are that this trend will continue through the next fiscal year burdened with an endless array of technical prob lems which war conditions create or aggravate in the regulation of foreign trade financing shipping domiciled aliens citizenship and the like the lead ing staff officers must still find time to fight the war on a world wide diplomatic front information gath ered from diplomatic and consular posts all over the world must be sifted and interpreted as a back ground for development of a strategy designed to block axis efforts at domination of remaining new tral areas in latin america europe and the near east and to maintain the united nations solidarity the substantial success of the recent conference at rio de janeiro testifies to the effectiveness of the work which the staff of cordell hull is doing in at least one area in the foreign field despite the suspen sion of diplomatic and consular activity in many countries as a result of the war the foreign service eyes and ears of the state department abroad has been assigned new and enlarged tasks con nected with the war effort fully one hundred of ficials are employing their specialized knowledge in washington additional assignments have been vou x t h as and tl pl peed defea been 23 2 again sprea of ho isolat tion fensir create distas war jectiv and f or prem victo made to the key listening posts of berne and stock holm and new consular offices have been opened since pearl harbor in such far scattered places as asmara eritrea darwin australia accra on the african gold coast basra iraq and st lucia and aruba in the west indies staff work is still handi capped by the fact that a total of nearly 600 of ficials including clerical staffs and their depend ents are immobilized in europe and in the far east awaiting the completion of arrangements for an ex change with axis diplomats in the united states in contrast to the sometimes amateurish quality of foreign representation which the united states had available in world war i the foreign service today can be depended on to carry its weight in its own field william p mappox to sé dutie plan dene chur min +acqui russia ised in nment roose nt that t won rategic are to cist ag s dem of the sh con malta for our al and le cer ndies of the d to be h ruled on was resident brazil hen the o make ar shall ywed to inst the liott ds univers ty of wm ch feb 27 1943 entered as 2nd class matter yeneral library ean ann arbor michizan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 19 february 26 1948 russia and china press for accelerated war ef forts on the part of britain and the united states whose forces meanwhile face a german offen sive in north africa discussions about the post war world enter a new phase stalin’s order of the day of february 22 on the twenty fifth anniversary of the red army in which he declared that russia is bear ing the whole weight of the war raises anew the question whether russia will claim a share in the post war settlement commensurate to its share in the wag ing of the war while the kremlin defines its terri torial expectations in europe the possibility looms that this country and britain in the absence of any of ficially formulated program of cooperation with rus sia may stake out their own territorial claims in such a way that should no international organization backed by a police force come into being at the close of the war they will have at least taken steps to achieve national security a glimpse of this policy was given by secretary of the navy knox on february 9 when in the course of testimony before the house foreign affairs com mittee he said that the united states must start im mediate negotiations for complete post war control of sufficient island air and naval bases in the pacific ocean to prevent japan from entering on another war of aggression in the future a similar view had been expressed earlier by senator tydings who con tended that the united states should assume full own ership of the bases in the atlantic which britain granted in 1940 on a 99 year lease in return for the transfer of 50 american over age destroyers the face is on once more between the possibility of achieving some form of international collaboration and the centuries old urge of national groups to seek the greatest possible measure of security for them selves irrespective of the needs and desires of others russia’s claims in eastern europe speculation in london and washington as to the struggle for national security threatens allied harmony kind of territorial settlement moscow might contem plate after the war was answered bluntly by a pravda editorial of february 5 whose author stated that russia has a legal claim to bessarabia and the baltic states estonia latvia and lithuania this claim rests in part on the historical ground that the four areas mentioned in the editorial had been for varying periods of time part of the tsarist em pire in 1918 however the soviet government sur rendered the baltic states as well as finland and russian poland under the treaty of brest litovsk imposed on russia by germany while bessarabia was seized by rumania one of the allied and asso ciated powers the legal basis of the soviet claim is that bes sarabia occupied by russian forces in 1940 over ru mania’s protest and the baltic states occupied by russian forces in 1940 on the ground that they were not complying satisfactorily with the terms of treaties under which they had agreed to let the soviet union use their air and naval bases voted in the course of plebiscites to enter the u.s.s.r estonia latvia and lithuania entered as soviet socialist republics while the major part of bessarabia was united with soviet moldavia into the moldavian s s.r a somewhat similar procedure was followed in 1939 with respect to eastern poland which the russians had occupied following poland’s conquest by germany when po lish white russia was incorporated into the white russian s.s.r and polish ukraine was incorporated into the ukrainian s.s.r the pravda editorial makes no reference to eastern poland but that the poles have no illusions on this score was indicated by polish premier sikorski’s protest of february 21 against russia’s attempts to extend its influence over german occupied polish territory it is not yet clear whether once the finns declare themselves ready for peace negotiations the kremlin will again present demands for strategic bases a ee se aro a re sn ee ce eal es 7a re an ee oe ns oer mecemmemenams __ in finland demands which in 1939 led to the out break of the first russo finnish war what the soviet government has made clear is that when it speaks of ejecting the german invaders from russian soil that soil includes bessarabia estonia latvia and lithuania in other words the fate of these terri tories according to the soviet psint of view has al ready been settled and is not subject to discussion at a peace conference regardless of the fact that brit ain and the united states refused to recognize their incorporation into the soviet union and in the at lantic charter pledged themselves to restore self government to peoples deprived of it by force should britain and u.s challenge russia’s claims the position taken by the so viet government places britain and the united states in a difficult predicament it cannot be argued that the entire population of the areas occupied by the russians in 1939 40 welcomed incorporation into the u.s.s.r although a considerable proportion of workers and peasants did before holding pleb iscites the kremlin arrested or put into concentra tion camps many of those who for one reason or another were opposed either to the soviet system or to russian domination or both the long and the short of it is that the baltic peoples like the poles the finns the czechs and other national groups in europe have no desire to live under the control of any foreign state and want to achieve or maintain national independence their nationalism is in no whit diminished by the internal conflicts that do exist and will continue to exist among them conflicts of which in the past both germany and russia have tried to take advantage the crucial question is not whether these peoples prefer russia to germany or vice versa but how they can be assured independence in a world rent by recurring clashes between the great powers in whose path they happen to lie the only way their independence as national groups can even begin to be assured is through page two gtadual development of an international organiza tion which would have international police force a its command and could undertake to provide 4 modicum of political and military security as well as economic stability for all states large and small as long as such an international organization remains on paper all countries will have recourse to self help even though it has been abundantly proved that no nation no matter how powerful not even britain or russia or the united states can protect itself unaided against the industrial and military might of an aggressive country like germany 0 japan the scramble for strategic positions which now threatens to develop promises to become the more fierce the less hope there is of collaboration among the united nations in the post war period that mil itary force must be maintained by the united na tions is now generally agreed but will it be military force at the disposal and under the control of na tional states each seeking to assure its own security or will it be at the disposal and under the control of an international organization of which a political council formed today by the united nations could be the nucleus the only way in which britain and the united states can challenge russia's territorial claims is to indicate by concrete measures right now in the midst of war that they are willing to make adjustments necessary for the establishment of an international organization within whose framework national territorial and strategic interests could be subordinated to the need to assure security for all since the british and american governments how ever cannot act in a dictatorial manner and must consult public opinion on foreign policy it is essen tial that the public in britain and the united states through parliament and congress make known their views concerning adjustments they are willing to have their countries make once the war is overt vera micheles dean madame chiang arouses new concern over aid to china although allied military prospects have improved considerably in recent months chiefly because of the soviet winter offensive there still seems to be a lack of integration in fighting the war as a truly global struggle decisions reached at casablanca may greatly alter this situation but there are continuing problems of military and political cooperation that will apparently remain to plague the united na tions not least of all in the far east this is indi cated by the cautious and rather unenthusiastic re action of the chinese press to casablanca and by the statements of madame chiang kai shek in washington what does china want in her talks to the senate and house of representatives on febru ary 18 and her joint press conference with president roosevelt on the following day mme chiang men tioned several aspects of china’s dissatisfaction with the position assigned to it in the war effort of the united nations she asked for more supplies she expressed disapproval because the prevailing opit ion seems to consider the defeat of the japanese 4s of relative unimportance and that hitler is our first concern she spoke of her belief and faith that devotion to common principles eliminates differences in race and that identity of ideals is the strongest possible solvent of racial dissimilarities and she emphasized the necessity of taking concrete action to implement idealistic pronouncements there is some evidence that the quantity of sup organiza e force at provide a as well as small as nn remains to self ly proved not even an protect 1 military tmany or hich now the more on among that mil nited na e military rol of na n secutity he control a political s could be in and the territorial right now to make ent of an ramework could be ty for all ents how and must it is essen ted states 10wn their willing to over 5s dean na president jang men ction with ort of the plies she ling opin apanese as is our first faith that differences strongest and she rete action ity of sup lies flown into china has recently increased and that the lease lend administration is planning a greater effort to speed the flow the president has also promised that we will get more help to chung king as quickly as possible and that in the long run china will be the most important base of united nations operations against japan yet at present china is still receiving little and the problem re mains a serious one not only for military reasons but also because of its political repercussions within that country in this respect it is clear to all americans that more must be done to bolster the chinese front at the same time the chinese themselves must fight against internal weaknesses that have a debilitating effect on their war effort what else can we do mme chiang’s suggestion that japan is the major enemy is a criti csm of the fundamental strategy of the united states great britain and the soviet union prime minister churchill and president roosevelt both committed themselves to a policy of placing major emphasis on the defeat of the nazis when they con ferred in washington at the end of 1941 soon after pearl harbor since casablanca they have reiterated this view and it is plain that the discussions in north africa resulted in plans first of all to crush the axis in europe not only is it highly unlikely that this fundamental policy will be abandoned especially after all the decisions that have been made but such a change does not appear to be in the interest of the united nations including china concentration of force against germany is neither the result of chance nor of narrow anglo american soviet self interest but represents the shortest road to victory every where it is necessary however that while stressing the defeat of germany at this stage of the conflict we and the british follow a policy of prosecuting the far eastern war as vigorously as possible and of preparing that area politically and militarily for the time when japan will be the primary front for a description of the machinery set up in 1917 18 an appraisal of its value and an analysis of its breakdown with the coming of the armistice read why alllied unity failed in 1918 19 by howard p whidden jr 25c february 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5.00 to f.p.a members 3.00 page three 4 political issues today conditions seem especially appropriate for ending the long period of discrimination against chinese wishing to immigrate to the united states not only is the existing inequal ity completely out of harmony with china's position as a major ally but the whole policy of treating the chinese as inferiors under our laws of entry and citizenship has done us incalculable harm through cut the orient as well as in china itself in a war which is being fought both for survival and for a better world chinese exclusion simply casts doubt upon all our good intentions and furnishes grist for the japanese propaganda mill it is therefore encouraging to learn that represen tative martin j kennedy of new york has intro duced in the house of representatives a bill to re peal these discriminations and to place the chinese under the same quota and citizenship regulations as other foreigners entering this country although military questions are of great importance to the chinese especially in view of current japanese ef forts to cross the salween river in yunnan province we must never forget that there are other issues that touch them closely america could hardly pay a greater tribute to its chinese allies and to their rep resentative mme chiang than to follow up the retrocession of extraterritorial rights by the termina tion of exclusion lawrence k rosinger the twilight of france 1933 1940 by alexander werth new york harper 1942 3.50 a british reporter’s contemporary political record of the last years of the third republic the vichy régime is shown to be no accident of fate but the triumph of ideas and politicians present long before 1940 a good deal of fresh information dispassionately handled the ageless indies by raymond kennedy new york john day 1942 2.00 a fascinating account of the life of the 70 million in habitants of the netherlands east indies the author be lieves that after the defeat of japan there must be a rapid extension of self government in the islands while regretting that the war in the indies was fought by the dutch and the japanese over the indonesians not by the dutch and the indonesians against the japanese he holds that the dutch should play the major part in directing this post war reorganization glimpses of world history by jawaharlal nehru new york john day 1942 4.00 a survey of world history from primitive times until the present day written by the indian nationalist leader during three years in prison 1930 33 consisting of letters written to his young daughter this book sheds considerable light on the mind and philosophy of nehru as 3 es jess ss foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y second class matter december 2 ome month for change of address on membership publications 19 february 26 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lest secretary verna micheles dgan editor 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 thr association national entered as please allow at least incorporated ee dollars a year f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year qs produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor pp oe soe we oe 2 see sf ee an eee see es go ges 4 washington news letter fes 23 not since papa joffre came to wash ington as a member of the french military mission in april 1917 has the emissary of any foreign gov ernment pleading for aid for his country obtained such a popular triumph as mme chiang kai shek received here last week her gracious and winning person ality conquered congress secured from president roosevelt a pledge that the united states would rush aid to china in 1943 as fast as the lord will let us and brought home to the american people as never before the significance of china’s role in this war it was probably not just a mere coincidence that while the wife of the chinese generalissimo was making her eloquent appeal in washington the japanese were opening what spokesmen in chung king said was an important military offensive large scale japanese attacks were started in four strategic areas in central southern and southwestern china and were coupled with the occupation of the french leased territory of kwangchowwan with its fine har bor in the southern part of the country these moves are perhaps aimed at preventing the use of china as a base for an aerial offensive against japan air offensive planned a decision to undertake such an offensive was apparently reached at the casablanca conference the president gave a hint of it in his speech to white house cor respondents on february 12 when he said that great and decisive actions would be taken to drive the invaders from the soil of china he added that important actions are going to be taken in the skies over china and over the skies of japan itself the action of the combined chiefs of staff in sending lieut general henry h arnold chief of the united states air forces to chungking immediately after the casablanca talks as the american member of an allied delegation to confer with generalissimo chiang kai shek on february 5 7 is regarded here as circumstantial confirmation of the belief that china will shortly become the base for offensive air opera tions against the japanese whether the allies are also in a position to under take a campaign to reopen the burma road now as the chinese are urging is more questionable the lack of adequate road communications and transports complicates the military problem and the advent in may of a heavy 7 month rainy season probably does not leave enough time to mount an offensive in burma before next autumn for victory buy united states war bonds importance of the burma road nevertheless the reconquest of the burma road jg as vital to the allies in this war as the establishment of communications with russia by opening up the dardanelles was to britain and france in world war i ever since the closing of this highway nearly a year ago china has been cut off from virtually all effective aid from its western allies as edward r stettinius jr lend lease administrator said in his report to congress on january 25 following the loss of burma shipments to china were reduced to a trickle carried principally by cargo planes from india of a total of 8,253,000,000 of lend lease aid given by the united states to our allies from march 1941 through december 1942 china received assistance only to the value of 156,738,000 partly owing to lack of foreign supplies inflation in that country is now increasing at a fantastic rate but while mme chiang kai shek’s appeal for in creased aid for her country is likely to receive a quick response she will probably be less successful in her challenge to the prevailing opinion of the anglo american high command which as she put it in her address to the house of representatives on feb ruary 18 considers the defeat of the japanese as of relative unimportance and regards hitler as the first concern her impressive warning about the danger of leaving japan in undisputed possession of th vast natural resources it has conquered during the past year to be a waiting sword of damocles ready to descend on the head of the united nations gives new emphasis to fears that have been voiced by joseph c grew our former ambassador to tokyo and by leading australians but the anglo american military leaders are acting on the sound military principle of concentrating on one foe at a time and the decision reached at casablanca to defeat hitles first is not one likely to be reversed even by mme chiang kai shek’s graceful eloquence john elliott fpa appears in march of time as an fpa member you will be interested to know that the latest issue of the march of time the new canada contains a sequence of brooke claxton’s speech made at the fpa luncheon discussion in new york on february 6 in connection with the canadian american institute arranged by the association the march of time also if cludes a shot of one of the institute’s round tables +dr william bisho entered as 2nd class matter jn de am pin 3 gan 7 ann fe ah 5 ee reason gradi foreign policy bulletin 30 fap an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association 7 by foreign policy association incorporated of the 22 east 38th street new york n y er cent ontinue vou xxi no 19 february 27 1942 ie aggressive tactics needed for military victory ate in ipping g he month of february 1942 will be remembered is the tide turning one of the most val e lead as one of the darkest in the history of britain uable features of president roosevelt's address was he war and the united states but also as one in which both that it placed in proper perspective the setbacks suf n gath peoples girded themselves anew for the long struggle fered by the allies while the reverses in the south ver the ahead in this country an incipient tendency toward west pacific area are disheartening there are some 1 back defeatism and pointless criticism of our allies has signs that the tide might be beginning to turn it is rned to been halted by the president’s address on february true that the japanese under an umbrella of su 1g neu 23 mr roosevelt's speech dealt effective blows perior air strength had not halted after the fall of e near against those who are playing into axis hands by singapore but at once began a great enveloping idarity spreading fantastic rumors or demanding a policy movement against java their forces landed on ence at of home defense exclusively a policy which would bali and sumatra islands close to the east and west of the isolate us from our allies and permit their destruc extremities of the dutch citadel and they hampered gz in at tion one by one it pledged this country to an of the arrival of reinforcements by two damaging air fensive strategy as soon as sufficient forces can be raids on port darwin australia and by the occupa suspen teated and transported over the immense maritime tion of the portuguese section of the island of timor 1 many distances to the battlefields all the evidence of this yet provided these reinforcements can pierce the service war indicates that only by maintaining such an ob japanese screen and reach their destination in a con abroad jective can a nation avoid psychological collapse tinual stream the prospects for holding the allied ks con and military defeat fortress are not entirely unfavorable although red of on its side britain too has prepared for the su seriously hampered by weakness in the air dutch edge in preme effort to stem the enemy tide as a prelude to british imperial and american forces are prepared e been victory on february 19 the war cabinet was reduced for a stubborn defense of the mountainous territory 1 stock to seven men three of them free of departmental of the island which has many concealed airports opened duties and hence able to assume some of the broad and other centers of resistance scattered along its aces as planning and executive functions of the overbur 600 mile length the concentrated allied fleets of on p dened prime minister four days later mr the far east under command of admiral helfrich cia and churchill dropped from the government five senior are seriously damaging japanese transports and the _handi ministers who had been criticized as hold overs from naval escort guarding the invasion forces in the 600 of the chamberlain period or as men unsuited for their long run the fate of the island will doubtless be depend posts there was some disappointment however determined by the number of fighter planes at the ar east because of the retention of lieut col leopold s disposal of the defenders and by the extent of ef an ex amery an old style british imperialist in the indian fective coordination which is possible between the states office despite chiang kai shek’s plea for indian land sea and air arms of different nations ality of self government on february 24 viscount cran should java fall japanese forces could turn west tes had borne newly appointed colonial secretary did state ward in an effort to effect a junction with the nazis e today that the british government was in favor of india’s at some point in the middle east then more than its own political freedom but left it to the indian leaders ever the cohesion of the allies would rest on re ppox who are torn by dissension to devise a scheme satis tention of superior sea power and acquisition of factory to all superiority at critical points in the air in recent weeks britain and the united states have been seriously challenged on the high seas german naval forces are massed in home harbors ready for forays against the north atlantic supply lines to the soviet union and the british isles or for support to an invasion of britain a powerful french flotilla headed by the battleship dunkerque is now sta tioned at toulon where it may some day sally forth to assist the axis in the mediterranean the sub marine weapon is being skillfully used by the enemy to harass allied maritime communications the at tacks against united states and brazilian vessels in the western atlantic and the caribbean have had a perceptible effect on morale in latin america still more important the toll in tanker tonnage the shell ing of refineries in aruba and california and the capture of those situated in the netherlands east indies could have a crippling effect on the whole allied war effort for the first time the united nations are facing the prospect not only of seeing their own blockade become ineffective but also of having their sea lanes and lines of supply under direct attack time for offensive tactics neither this eventuality nor the possibility of a new german of page two aeneeeemmeed a y fensive in the spring is fatal to the allied cause the united nations margin of sea superiority still ists although it is dangerously small in relation t the extended battle area and the margin of poten tial superiority in other aspects is immense what jj most essential now is aggressive unified military and political leadership fully alert to the signif cance of modern weapons in which the civilian po ulations may repose their confidence they cannot be given a blueprint of military operations to come but they must be made to feel that everything pos sible is being done to harry the enemy during the period of preparation this involves defensive strategy coupled with offensive tactics the policy of carefully planned risks now to avoid greater peril in the future as one example american submarines which would no doubt be useful in future flee operations might be thrown against japan’s se communications just as axis submarines are launched against our own naval and air raids are valuable for psychological as well as military pur poses they would help to erase the discouragement over the defeats at pearl harbor and singapore an to inculcate a fighting spirit essential for victory davip h popper washington queries vichy’s actions recent action by the state department suggests that the united states policy toward the vichy gov ernment which has been maintained with little modification since july 1940 is under review and may be radically revised on february 19 mr sum ner welles acting secretary of state announced that a second and more pointed inquiry had been addressed to vichy concerning reports that france was collaborating actively with the axis he re ferred to british charges that the french were furnishing supplies to the axis forces in north africa and turning over merchant and naval vessels in indo chinese ports to the japanese the ameri can government viewed these developments with in creasing apprehension on february 13 mr welles indirectly indicated american dissatisfaction with vichy by noting that the act of havana would not be evoked to eject the free french from st pierre and miquelon although the department had previously more than 20 vessels have been torpedoed in american waters how does this affect our ship ping problem read u s shipping and the war by joseph w scott 25 january 15 issue of foreign policy reports issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to fpa members 3 denounced the de gaullist occupation in strong terms bases of our vichy policy when france was forced to sue for an armistice in june 1940 and its government devolved on marshal pétain the united states continued to maintain a diplomatic representative in vichy the state department ap parently hoped to demonstrate to the french that this country would not abandon them in their dark est hour but there was also a more practical pur pose by supporting those elements in vichy which opposed the openly pro axis group of admiral jean darlan washington hoped to strengthen french january 2 of food a as fur the gove this count bean isla stead an geutraliza cember li has not 1 governme and miqu nounced the agree resui policy are fo use al indo chi africa t charged 5,000 tor well as ported tr rommel don repc french months 1938 ce to 250,0 from fre directly released of the f pied fra suppo tend tha more mz had not yet been resistance to german demands for collaboration the armistice of compiégne did not require the vichy french to give active aid against their erst while allies or to permit their territories to be used by the axis as bases for attack it was especially im portant in the state department's opinion to pre vent germany from taking control of french north and west africa with its strategically located naval bases in the mediterranean and the atlantic ocean fearing that unrest in africa resulting from food shortages would give the germans an excuse to if tervene and restore order in that strategic area the united states opened limited trade with frenc moroccan ports in june 1941 in november afte vichy had removed general maxime weygan from his post as delegate general in french nort africa the trade was stopped it was resumed 0 bases pl advanta allied v time sit special adheren the ment w trials v appear former public i foreign headquarte secretary n y un qs terms france 10 and n the omatic mt ap h that dark il pur which l jean french ration re the r efst e used lly im 0 pre north naval ocean 1 food to if area french after eygand north 1ed on ynuaty 27 1942 when a french ship with a cargo of food and other essentials sailed from new york as further evidence of good will toward vichy the government has resisted popular demands in this country for the occupation of the french carib tat bean islands of martinique and guadeloupe in stead an agreement providing for trade with and neutralization of the islands was announced on de cember 18 1941 at the same time the department has not recognized the free french as a de facto government when the de gaullists seized st pierre and miquelon secretary of state hull promptly de nounced the act as an arbitrary action contrary to the agreement of all parties concerned results of u.s policy the results of this policy are debatable vichy allowed german planes to use airfields in syria and virtually turned over indo china to the japanese with respect to north africa the british minister of economic warfare charged on february 10 and 11 that france had sent 5,000 tons of motor fuel 4,000 tons of wheat as well as wine and olive oil to libya and had trans ported trucks in french flag ships to marshal erwin rommel’s forces five days earlier lloyds of lon don reported that imports of foodstuffs received in french mediterranean ports during the first eight months of 1941 were appreciably higher than in 1938 cereal imports for example rose from 175,000 to 250,000 tons presumably these products came from french africa and if they were not received directly from the united states they may have been teleased because of the american shipments part of the foodstuffs at least passed through unoccu pied france to german held territories supporters of the state department's policy con tend that unoccupied france might have given even more material aid to the axis if american assistance had not been forthcoming the french fleet has not yet been turned over to the nazis nor the african bases placed at their disposal it is argued that this advantage although negative is of value to the allied war strategy it may however be lost at any time since vichy’s attitude is not motivated by any special friendship for the united nations or by adherence to democratic ideals the nature and ideology of the pétain govern ment will be revealed in the conduct of the riom tials which opened on february 19 these trials appear to be an attempt to discredit the leaders of former popular front cabinets and the third re public itself perhaps the principal factor which has page three f.p.a radio schedule subject allied strategy for victory speaker david h popper date sunday march 1 time 12 12 15 p.m e.w.t over blue network for station please consult your local newspaper thus far caused hitler to refrain from occupying the rest of france is the attitude of the french people on both sides of the demarcation line who have demonstrated by sabotage attacks on german soldiers and acts of defiance that they do not wish to become slaves in the new order the united states should encourage the resistance of the french people rather than placate the men of vichy a somewhat more favorable attitude toward the free french who are giving active aid to the allied cause on many fronts might have a tonic effect on france itself but it must be borne in mind that many elements supporting pétain are not necessarily pro nazi even though their attitude has helped hitler cards held by vichy american diplomats are playing for high stakes in vichy for the strategic value of the territories and materials of war still held by the pétain régime has risen ap preciably in the last few months beside the bases in north and west africa the naval station at diego suarez on madagascar island assumes im portance as the belligerents struggle for control of the indian ocean in the midst of the axis drive for control of the seas utilization of the french navy which includes three battleships afloat if not ready for combat 10 cruisers about 50 destroyers and an equal number of submarines would create serious difficulties for the united nations if the french ships in indo china are transferred to the japanese tokyo’s southward drive will be facilitated de cisions reached in vichy during the next few weeks may have a vital effect on the course of the world conflict louis e frechtling the fight for the pacific by mark j gayn new york william morrow 1941 3.00 a discussion of far eastern politics centering on japan’s clash with the older empires by a first hand ob server who has lived long in the orient written early in 1941 the author sees the outlines of the conflict which broke out on december 7 foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 19 fepruary 27 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy frank ross mccoy president wirtiam p mappox assistant to the president dorotuy f largr association incorporated national secretary vera micheles dean editor davin h popper associate editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year bw is produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year nie 2 peel as mt loe aah da as me washington news letter fes 24 after two and a half months of war in which the united states and its allies have been dealt a series of staggering blows the mood of washington is a mixture of grim determination and uncertainty as to the most effective way of rally ing the american people for all out war in his broadcast of february 23 president roosevelt gave a lucid analysis of the strategic and production prob lems confronting the united nations but he did not communicate to the country the spark needed to enkindle national enthusiasm need for new spirit yet it is increasingly evident that such a spirit similar to that of russia china the werlands and the british isles at the height of the air raids is essential to give the united states courage to endure the dark days ahead the difficulty of arousing this spirit is partly due to the failure so far of government agencies such as the office of facts and figures to establish a creative partnership between the government and the people in part it is due to the remoteness of the conflict from our daily experience and to the uneasy feeling throughout the country that at a moment when sacrifices are expected from the man in the street many special interests in government labor farming and industrial circles give no indica tion of abandoning business as usual one cannot escape the conclusion however that what is needed above all to fire the enthusiasm of americans and their allies is unification of allied wart aims the question what are we fighting for cannot be dismissed as the agitation of a cliveden set whose members remain unidentified the blunt fact is that so long as some of the united nations continue their former policies in the far east a fatal discrepancy will persist between their avowed belief in the four freedoms everywhere and their actual practice it is recog nized in washington that no matter what may be the outcome of the war in the pacific the days of western domination over backward oriental coun tries are definitely over the issue at stake is not whether the western powers by defeating japan can re establish their influence and prestige in the far east but whether by giving effective aid now to anti japanese asiatic peoples they can assure the ascendancy of china and india which at the end of the war might be ready to cooperate on an equal basis with britain and the united states in the peace ful development of asia twilight of imperialism many non american observers believe general macarthugy success in the philippines is due in part at least the fact that he is fighting with the active cooper tion not merely the passive acquiescence of the filipinos whose attitude is influenced by the prom ise of complete independence in 1946 given to the philippine commonwealth by the united states jp 1935 had similar assurances been given in time by britain to the peoples of india and malaya it js argued the story of singapore and rangoon migh have proved different in many respects it is with this thought in mind that dr van kleffens dutch foreign minister announced in washington op february 23 that after the war the netherlands wil give the dutch east indies a status similar to that promised for the philippines with the qualification that it will continue to control the islands foreign relations and military affairs to the extent that the united nations publicize their war aims and implement them in the midst of war to that extent they will deprive nazi propa ganda of one of its favorite themes the nazis are doing everything in their power to split the united nations at a moment when germany is establish ing an empire where the peoples of europe are sub jected to discriminations and cruelties that surpass the worst excesses of colonial imperialism the nazis seek to win india china and the arab world by assailing the colonial record of the westem powers this only makes it all the more urgent to give the peoples of the near and far east the con viction that by fighting at the side of britain and the united states they are fighting for their own ultimate liberation from all western domination f vou xx io by ti on the first thereby of their remote the ques at the shek af power that pas point in london predicte that a presu masses both le belief tl a transi obs pressing in the v stalin’s war diplomacy in this connec tion britain and the united states might do wel to study the war aims diplomacy of the soviet union again and again the kremlin has distinguished be tween imperialist wars of expansion and wars of national liberation justifying china’s war against japan for example as falling in the latter category stalin in his speech on the 24th anniversary of the red army indicated also that russia distinguishes between the nazis and the german people thus leaving open the possibility that the germans them selves might join the struggle for world liberation from totalitarian rule the slogan of liberation for all peoples embodied in the atlantic charter and particularly stressed by president roosevelt thi week remains to be translated into concrete terms by all the united nations vera micheles dean politica of a sol india a is divic dia anc native third o the poy are tec the bri existens religion with 2 80 mil inces and the +entered as 2nd class t general library 1943 mar 8 univers tah aiversity of michizan ann arbor michiczan 45abi foreign policy bulletin up the world pay pine be an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association rally al foreign policy association incorporated ward r 22 east 38th street new york n y id in his yor xxii no 20 marcu 5 1943 r the loss ed to territorial controversies play into hands of nazis m ond lease he strong german resistance encountered by the wide publicity and already threaten to create rifts ies from russians in the donetz area gives more reality between the us.s.r and its neighbors russia’s claims received than could volumes of interpretation to stalin’s order to the allegiance of the inhabitants of eastern poland 0 partly of the day of february 22 to the red army which and reports from sources not officially indentified that 1 in that has provoked so much discussion on the question poland has designs on soviet ukraine after the war whether or not the russians would stop at the russo brought a categorical protest on both counts from the il for in german border of 1941 or march on into german polish government in exile on february 25 in a e a quick territory the blunt fact is that the soviet union is statement issued on that date the polish government ul in her sttaining every ounce of manpower and economic declared that it maintains unchangeable the attitude e anglo fesources to accomplish the primary task set by stalin that so far as the questions of frontiers between po put it in and that is to eject the german invader from rus land and soviet russia is concerned the status quo s on feb sian soil important as is the aid sent to russia by previous to september 1 1939 that is before the ese as of britain and the united states in the form of tanks occupation of poland by germany and russia is in s the first airplanes guns and other armaments as well as force and considers that any attempt to undermine e danger some foodstuffs it cannot begin to replace the losses this attitude which conforms with the atlantic char n of the of industrial production food and raw materials suf ter is detrimental to the unity of the allied nations uring the fered by the u.s.s.r as a result of german invasion in reply the soviet official news agency tass charged es ready nor can these losses be rapidly made good even in on march 2 that poland had imperialist aims and ions gives territories re occupied by the russians where the ger was misusing the atlantic charter to prevent the re voiced by mans have systematically destroyed human and ma union of white russians and ukrainians inhabiting to tokyo terial resources poland with their blood brothers in the u.s.s.r american second front demand revived the dr benes program friction between po 1 military difficulties that confront the russians also give added land and russia has had the result of making czecho time and emphasis to stalin’s continued pressure for the open slovakia reluctant to proceed with consideration of its eat hitler ing of another front on the continent while the afri previous plans for federation with poland the by mme can campaign has caused the germans to divert a czechoslovak premier dr benes regards soviet col part of their airforce from the russian front it has laboration with the allies as the cornerstone of post not appreciably relieved the pressure of german land war europe and does not want russia to be alienated meas forces since marshal rommel appears to be operat by controversies over territorial questions the soviet ime ing in tunisia with a relatively small number of men government for its part has stated that it recognizes erested to and tanks and as in the past the necessity for an czechoslovakia’s pre munich frontiers thus putting or time other front is dictated not merely by russia’s de an end to reports that once the war is over it might uence of mands but by the needs common to all the united claim ruthenia a section of pre 1939 czechoslovakia luncheon nations of delivering a decisive blow at germany whose population is predominantly ukrainian in connection t the earliest possible moment origin ranged by also in nd tables nds it seems doubly unfortunate that at this critical juncture some of the united nations statesmen should find themselves preoccupied with questions of territorial settlement in europe which have received dr benes himself apparently believes that the post war settlement should be concerned primarily neither with the readjustment of territorial boun daries nor with the immediate formation of a euro ee e z_z z i aw pean federation his program as expressed in a state ment to the press on february 18 includes re estab lishment of the independent nations of central and eastern europe an agreement on their provisional frontiers to be reached by the united nations in ad vance of an armistice recognition of the need for a two or three year armistice period during which the final form of things can be arranged by ultimate settlement at the peace conference and wholesale ex changes of minority populations to end permanently the problem which proved so powerful a weapon in hitler's propaganda armory only after these ar rangements have been agreed upon and carried out does dr benes favor the establishment of central and eastern european federations or common wealths of homogeneous states the exchange of minority populations advocated by dr benes has as a matter of fact been already tried out in the most brutal possible form by the nazis while it is conceivable that wholesale trans fers of populations could be carried out after the war in a relatively humane way with safeguards for the protection of individual rights and property such ex changes threaten to perpetuate the chaos and misery that today overshadow the continent nor do they offer any clue as to how the transplanted minorities are expected to make a living in the country to which they are sent back perhaps after centuries of absence a ee ee a resurgence of nationalism the argy ments presented by poland and czechoslovakia indj cate that nationalist sentiment far from having been diminished by the need for international unity against hitler has been exacerbated at least so far as the governments in exile are concerned this is not sur prising since the very survival of the nations con quered by hitler depends in large measure on the preservation of their national identity under nazi rule there is no disguising the fact however that it plays directly into the hands of nazi propagan dists who are trying to create a split between rus sia and its western allies in the hope of effecting a separate peace with one or other group of anti nazi powers this makes it all the more neces sary that the united nations should without fur ther loss of time study and formulate their post war aims as suggested by under secretary of state sumner welles in his toronto address on febru ary 26 otherwise as mr welles pointed out there is danger that divergent views and policies may become crystallized to the detriment of the com mon war effort and to the detriment of efforts to bring about a peace that will be more than a brief and uneasy interlude before another even more hor rible and more destructive war devastates and de lates th id es we vera micheles dean lend lease renewal clears first hurdle in congress with a glowing tribute to the lend lease program as a vital factor in the inevitable victory of the united states and the united nations the house committee on foreign affairs unanimously recom mended on february 27 that congress give a one year extension to the present act which expires on june 30 lend lease has therefore cleared the first hurdle in the way of its renewal and although it is expected that some opposition will arise when the bill comes up for discussion in congress this week its passage is almost certain record of brilliant effectiveness in investigating the achievements of lend lease the house committee found that brilliant effectiveness had characterized its efforts to provide supplies to the allies although aid to china lagged seriously behind what kind of peace with non nazi germany should allies establish military administration will russia share in administration should germany be dismembered read what future for germany by vera micheles dean 25 february 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3.00 that to britain and the u.s.s.r during the last three months of 1942 alone the goods and services sent by lend lease to the 43 nations whose defense the pres ident has found vital to the united states had a mon etary value of 2,482,000,000 twice the total for all of 1941 and in the 22 months to december 31 1942 more than 8,253,000,000 worth of transfers have been arranged approximately one eighth of the total united states war expenditures during that period lend lease has therefore become a recog nized part of our mechanism for waging war another reason the congressional committee en dorsed lend lease with enthusiasm is that it is a re ciprocal arrangement whereby our allies have sup plied united states armed forces with great quai tities of food medical supplies equipment and ser vices on a lend lease basis and without payment of cash already this aid on the world’s various battle fronts has saved the united states millions of dollars in administration costs and even more important it has lessened the strain on precious shipping space closely related to new united nations offensives is the possible role of lend lease in carrying on relief work it is essential that the armies of the allies be ready to bring in their wake food and other basic supplies to the territories they occupy for the value of a quiet countryside to effective military action 1e argu kia indi ns con on the er nazi rer that opagan en rus effecting of anti e neces out fur it post of state febru ed out policies the com fforts to a brief ore hor and de dean ast three sent by he pres 1 a mon 1 for all 1 1942 ers have of the ing that a recog var ittee en is a re ave sup at quafi and set ment of is battle f dollars ortant it y space fffensives on relief allies be her basic he value ry action has been demonstrated in north africa in the period after hostilities cease too lend lease could be used jn arranging for the financing of relief supplies in this way avoiding the unfortunate experience of inter allied debts in world war i moreover as axis satellites drop out of the war it may prove necessary tocome to their aid if finland for example should seek a separate peace with the u.s.s.r its people will need grain from the united states and other united nations to replace supplies that germany is now furnishing threats to lend lease although the con tinuance of lend lease is virtually assured until mid 1944 the program may be seriously crippled before then and after that date its very existence may be threatened how precarious it may become has in fact been indicated by three trends that have ap peared during the past several weeks 1 the revolt in congress against administration measures threatens to hamper lend lease although as long as the war is in a critical stage opponents will probably confine themselves to introducing amendments that will curb rather than halt the pro gram one such anticipated amendment provides that congress should be given a voice in the settlement of lend lease accounts presumably in order to prevent the british for example from gaining advantage over us after the war in the field of commercial avia tion by means of our lend lease planes that such a restriction has as its object not the protection of fun damental american interests but a weakening of the act is indicated by the fact that the master lend lease agreements already provide for the return to the united states after the war of any cargo planes tanks ships and other equipment the president deems to be of use to the united states of america 2 as rationing in the united states becomes more severe in the months ahead public opposition may develop to the shipment of food under lend lease actually however most of our shortages are due to the needs of our armed forces and to the greatly increased purchasing power of the millions of workers in war industries by comparison lend lease las been responsible for but a small part of the drain m our foodstuffs only one per cent of canned vege tibles less than two per cent of canned fruits less than one per cent of butter and only a tenth of one per cent of coffee have been sent as lend lease sup plies foods shipped have been those which bulk small terms of shipping space and large in terms of pro tins and vitamins cheese lard dried milk and page three eggs and concentrated canned goods opposition to lend lease for relief may also arise if too much em phasis is placed on the necessity for the united states to feed the world after the war since such an under taking will require joint efforts on the part of the united nations and pooling of supplies from all over the world it is misleading to stress the food sacri fices that will be expected from the united states such statements threaten to endanger the life of an essential program 3 although government officials have repeatedly pointed out that the efforts of other united nations to bring about the defeat of the axis cannot be measured in dollars and cents many of our people still hope and believe that money will ultimately be paid for lend lease supplies as the amount of these transfers rises and it becomes increasingly apparent that cash returns will not be forthcoming it is pos sible that a disillusioned public may demand reduc tion of lend lease particularly when lend lease is assigned not to the task of destroying the axis but to the more prosaic task of affording relief to europe and asia to counteract these threats to the continu ance of lend lease it is essential that the real nature of its program as a weapon of war and peacetime re construction be given wider publicity whinifred n hadsel fpa to broadcast on march 13 on saturday march 13 the foreign policy asso ciation will broadcast its third round table discussion over the blue network from 1 15 to 1 45 p.m the subject will be latin america’s role in post war reconstruction and the speak ers will include vera micheles dean with james g mcdonald as chairman all we are and all we have by generalissimo chiang kai shek new york chinese news service 1942 25 cents speeches and messages of china’s leader from pearl harbor until mid november 1942 the riddle of the state department by robert bendiner new york farrar rinehart 1942 2.00 valuable and reasonably objective on organization and personnel of the department the early chapters on policy are rather thin and add little that is new brazil under vargas by karl loewenstein new york macmillan 1942 2.75 a comprehensive and outspoken account of government and politics in present day brazil foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 20 headquarters 22 marcu 5 1943 second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 me month for change of address on membership publications east 38th street new york n y franx ross mccoy president dorotuy f lest secretary vera published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national oye dean editor entered as three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year bis produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news le ettec mar 1 in world war i it was the capitulation of a small country bulgaria on september 29 1918 that first heralded the collapse of the mighty german reich six weeks later it would be too much of course to expect that the defection of finland from its alliance with the axis would be followed by any comparable result now nevertheless the repercus sions of finland’s withdrawal from the war would certainly be considerable it might well lead to sim ilar action on the part of hungary and rumania and would greatly add to the discouragement of the ger man and italian peoples by giving them a clear real ization of their own impending and inevitable defeat the united states government has never aban doned the hope of eventually detaching the finns from their alignment with berlin through the lever of the traditional friendship between this country and finland consequently washington has never fol lowed london’s example in breaking diplomatic re lations with helsinki in maintaining this attitude the administration has had the support of a large part of the american people who consider it one of the most poignant tragedies of the war that a liberty loving nation like finland should be ranged on the side of the axis hopes entertained here of detaching finland from the axis were considerably dampened by the declaration of president risto ryti of finland on his inauguration of a second term on march 1 that we cannot see any signs of an end to the war he repeated the official finnish thesis that the goal of finland does not go beyond security emphasizing that the finns do not want to take part in the conflict between the great powers any further than the achievement of this security makes necessary finns seek way out in the first pronounce ment by a united states official since the finnish pres idential election under secretary of state sumner welles voiced the hope on february 23 that the hel sinki government would cease giving effective mili tary aid to the mortal enemies of the united states and to the mortal enemies of exactly the kind of de mocracy and human liberty that the people of fin land have believed in and stood for this statement was made in answer to a question by a reporter ask ing whether this was an appropriate time for fin land to take some definite action to dissociate itself from the axis mr welles reply suggests a belief that the finnish people have been more anxious for peace than their government and that it is up to the new finnish cabinet to act more in harmony with for victory their aspirations there is plenty of evidence to show that the fings are already war weary and have become convinced by the recent series of russian victories that they haye backed the wrong horse in linking their fortunes with germany thus the finnish social democrats the largest political party in the country issued a mani festo immediately after the election urging that fin land should maintain friendly relations with the united states and meanwhile be ready to withdraw from the war whenever its independence was assured although there is a substantial amount of truth in the finns contention that they have been fighting a separate war the task that confronts finland in ex tricating itself from the conflict is fraught with diff culties the two outstanding obstacles to finland's withdrawal from the war are the presence in northem finland of an estimated total of 100,000 german soldiers and the fact that finland is now dependent upon germany for its grain and other food supplies russian hostility unabated recent russian declarations do not encourage much hope of an early peace settlement in his order of the day of february 22 to the red army premier josef stalin listed karelia as one of the territories which russia must recover by force of arms the russians more over do not share the prevailing american view of president ryti’s liberalism in a broadcast on february 19 the moscow radio denounced the fin nish president as a staunch champion of the chauw vinistic plans of a so called greater finland and an advocate of close alliance with the germans the atlantic charter to which the soviet govern ment subscribed on january 1 1942 expressly en joins its signatories from seeking territorial aggran dizement or from effecting territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned the downfall of nazi pow er would remove moscow’s need for strategic s curity in the gulf of finland by which the krem lin justified its demands for viipuri and hango in 1939 provided and that is an important considera tion that britain and the united states are willing to collaborate with russia in a reconstruction of europe that would prevent the resurgence of germany the case of finland is thus a striking example of the urgent necessity for the united nations to find com mon denominators now as mr welles said in his toronto speech of february 26 john elliott buy united states war bonds forn sits +tth ast ty opera of the prom to the ates ip ime by 1 it is might is with dutch on on ds will to that fication foreign ublicize ridst of propa azis ate united tablish are sub surpass m the world western gent to dr william w bishop university of ann aarhor wich entered as 2nd class matter de foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxi no 20 marcu 6 1942 y their air attacks on the andaman islands on february 24 and 26 the japanese have for the first time struck directly at indian territory thereby bringing this vast country within the range of their conquests the military threat considered remote only three months ago raises in acute form the question of india’s cooperation in the war effort at the close of his recent visit to india chiang kai shek appealed to britain to grant real political power to the indian people so they would realize that participation in the war would be the turning point in their struggle for their own freedom in london the new lord privy seal sir stafford cripps predicted in the house of commons on february 25 that a decision on india would soon be announced presumably while there was still time to enlist the masses of that country in an all out war effort in both london and washington there was a growing belief that drift and indecision should be ended and the con a transitional agreement promptly reached ain and eir own ination connec do well t union shed be wars of against ategory y of the nguishes le thus is them beration tion for ter and elt this te terms es dean obstacles to simple solution the pressing need for india’s wholehearted participation in the war points up the geographical religious and political factors which have so far stood in the way of a solution of the problem of indian independence india as large as continental europe without russia is divided into the eleven provinces of british in dia and 562 semi independent indian states the native princes of these states govern about one third of the sub continent and about one quarter of the population of almost 400 million the princes are technically subordinate to the paramount power the british crown which helps to maintain their existence the indian people are also divided on teligious lines the two leading sects are the hindus with 240 million people and the moslems with 80 million the moslems predominate in the prov inces of bengal in the east and in the punjab sind and the northwest frontier in the west in the other deadlock in india seven provinces they are a relatively small propor tion of the population during the last war india contributed about 500 000,000 to the allied war machine and 1,300,000 indians rendered military service in europe and the near east in recognition of india’s efforts the british government announced in august 1917 that it favored the gradual development of self govern ing institutions with a view to progressive realiza tion of responsible government in india as an in tegral part of the british empire the constitutions of 1919 and 1935 were steps in this direction al though provincial self government was to a large extent established in 1937 and the leading political parties assumed office a projected federation of british india and the native states was rejected as unsatisfactory by the indian groups the moslems protested against the power given to the hindus while the congress party objected to the prerogatives left with the princes and above all to those retained by the british crown hence the viceroy with an advisory council continues to govern in delhi conflict between political parties the two leading political parties in india the con gress party and the moslem league have shown impatience at the delay in granting dominion status after failing to obtain this limited status from the british government the congress party largest and best organized political group in india pro claimed independence as its goal in 1930 the demands of the moslem league have also grown more extreme under the leadership of m a jin nah the league has insisted that it will not submit to majority rule by the largely hindu congress party despite any special safeguards which might be es tablished to dramatize the absolute refusal of the league to cooperate with the hindus in a national government mr jinnah in 1938 proposed the cre ation of an independent moslem state of pakistan comprising the northwestern provinces of india while this plan was doubtless advanced as a bar gaining measure it is now enthusiastically supported by thousands of moslems congress charges that the strong obstructionist line taken by the moslem league is fostered by the british whom it accuses of pursuing a divide and rule policy although a few of the old guard british civil servants in india look with satisfaction on the inability of the mos lems and hindus to agree the british government opposes creation of an independent pakistan effect of the war the political situation already precarious grew rapidly worse when the viceroy lord linlithgow announced on septem ber 3 1939 that india was automatically at war before taking any action the congress party issued a statement of policy on september 15 in which it requested the british government to announce its war aims with special reference to india one month later the british government published a white paper reiterating its intention of granting dominion status but deferring until after the war any steps in the direction of self government as an interim measure the viceroy proposed the formation of a u.s british pact foreshadows post war cooperation urging the american public not to fall prey to nazi propaganda which seeks to create ill feeling between the united states and great britain lord halifax british ambassador reminded a philadel phia audience on february 26 that suspicion and mistrust between peoples of the united nations could seriously hamper their war effort a danger of even greater magnitude he stated was that britain and america would lose the peace after the war unless they stopped pulling one another apart a hopeful step in that direction was taken three days earlier in washington when an anglo american economic agreement was signed outlining the broad principles which will govern economic relations between the two powers after the conflict causes of disunity lord halifax declared that the american and british people share in com mon a cast of mind due to puritan influences in the past which leads individuals to be more conscious of defects in others than in themselves it is also s__a e___ page two ___ to what extent has the impact of war affected economic relations between the united states and latin america read wartime economic cooperation in the americas by john c dewilde 25 february 15 issue of foreign po.icy reports issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to fpa members 3 national defense advisory council composed of representatives of the political parties the natiye princes and the government the congress party termed the viceroy’s offer wholly unsatisfactory and called upon its ministries which controlled eigh of the eleven provinces of british india to resign the moslem league was equally disturbed by th policy of the british government and announced i refusal to cooperate in the war effort unless mos lems were granted an independent state although the british government has relaxed jt rigid policy to the extent of expanding the viceroy executive council to include a majority of nop official indians and setting up the defense coup cil the deadlock continues the congress party de mands assurance that its members will be fightin for the freedom of indians as well as others the moslem league insists upon the creation of pakis tan and the british government repeats that the hindus and moslems must come to some agreement before it can act now that the japanese have al ready raided indian territory the deadlock must be broken so that the indians will wholeheartedly resis japan s expansion marcaret la foy apparent that mutual criticism has been fanned by the succession of defeats sustained by the unite nations which have led allied peoples to look everywhere for scapegoats american criticism nov appears to center on britain’s alleged preference foi keeping intact the defenses of the british isles rather than taking the offensive in western europe or the near east the british maintain that since the islands remain in danger of imminent attack by nazi forces just a few miles across the channel as contrasted with america’s relative immunity t0 direct assault they cannot afford to weaken thei defending forces by dispersion or hazard them ai this time by opening up new fronts a suggestion made by soviet ambassador litvinov at the over seas press club on february 26 since britain has long been in danger and grate ful for outside aid british criticism of the uae states has not perhaps been as vocal resentment has been voiced in some circles however conceft ing the unwillingness of the united states to par ticipate actively in the war before december 7 it failure to organize immediately for total war ané the slowness with which american war matériel i reaching the fighting fronts public criticism of government in a democracy is n0 in itself open to objection even in wartime democrat ic states maintain a large measure of freedom of pression within their borders believing that it promote efficiency in the prosecution of the war and insutt reserve of forel ynjustif motivat plays di fax ind calls no policies to deve nation each of agr the ai quary rather t 8 represes of a be vides tl over to for lea shall te formati tions may in inform in the benefit repaym comme mote n tween nomic are to other sion measu change materi all pec the presid both f cance remov albert etnme princi eratior profes many pathie concre ments the u sed of native nust be ly resist foy ined by united to look sm now ence for h isles europe it since ttack by channel unity to en thei them at g gestion e over id grate united entment concefi to pat er 7 it var and tériel ii icy is no emocrat m of e promote 1 insures ee reservation of the democratic system but criticism of foreign governments as well as of one’s own is unjustified when it is captious unconstructive or motivated by narrow nationalism such criticism lays directly into the enemy’s hands as lord hali fax indicated the successful conduct of the war calls not for continued attempts to find flaws in the policies of the other united nations but for efforts to develop areas of agreement between the united nations and to strengthen the military power of each of them agreement looks to post war era the anglo american economic agreement of feb quaty 23 is concerned with future contingencies rather than the present situation and in that sense it represents a notable contribution to the building of a better world order once the war is won it pro vides that in determining the benefits to be made over to the united states by great britain in return for lease lend materials the american government shall take cognizance of all property services in formation facilities or other benefits or considera tions furnished by britain this broad category may include such intangible assistance as military information or the cooperation of the british navy in the battle of the atlantic which is of direct benefit to this country moreover the conditions of repayment by britain shall be such as not to burden commerce between the two countries but to pro mote mutually advantageous economic relations be tween them and the betterment of world wide eco nomic relations the terms of the final settlement ate to provide for action by the two countries and other states of like mind directed to the expan sion by appropriate international and domestic measures of production employment and the ex change and consumption of goods which are the material foundations of the liberty and welfare of all peoples to the elimination of all forms of dis page three criminatory treatment in international commerce and to the reduction of tariffs and other trade bar riers and in general to the attainment of all the economic objectives set forth in the atlantic charter the document has been criticized in some quar ters because it deals only in generalities and pro vides no specific plan for the settlement of mutual obligations at the close of the conflict it would be difficult however to frame a more detailed agree ment until the war is over and the lease lend transac tions concluded the purpose of the present docu ment appears to be to impress the american public and the peoples of the world with the necessity of approaching economic questions in a different spirit than that which prevailed after the last war the peace treaties and the debt settlements of that era were dominated by the ideas of economic national ism as expressed in tariff barriers and other methods of trade discrimination the manipulation of foreign exchange for national ends and the development within national boundaries of industrial systems de signed to make states economically independent characteristic of that period was the attempt by the creditor nations to collect war debts and reparations while refusing to accept in trade the goods and services of the debtor countries this reversion by the people of all nations and particularly the united states to economic nationalism was characterized by mr wendell willkie on february 24 as one of the primary causes of the present war the anglo american agreement is a signpost pointing the way to a saner international order be fore it becomes truly effective however its prin ciples must be communicated to the peoples of the respective nations in such terms that they can ap preciate the practical value of abandoning certain purely national advantages in favor of international economic cooperation louis e frechtling crisis in uruguay affects allied cause the dissolution of the uruguayan congress by president alfredo baldomir on february 21 has both foreign and domestic ramifications its signifi cance for the united states lies in the fact that it removes all trace of the influence of senator luis alberto de herrera and his supporters from the gov emment the herreristas had long constituted the ptincipal source of opposition to a policy of coop eration with washington and although their leaders professed to be neither anti british nor pro nazi many of them were suspected of totalitarian sym pathies president baldomir is now freer to put into concrete form the stanch pro democratic senti ments undoubtedly cherished by a large majority of the uruguayan people uruguay and the united states are already coop erating closely in the construction of uruguayan aviation bases and the enlargement of the uru guayan navy in july 1941 montevideo had pro posed to the other american republics that an amer ican state engaged in hostilities should be considered a non belligerent when war broke out in the pa cific the baldomir government like those of ar gentina and chile at once placed this policy into effect as regards the united states on january 24 diplomatic relations with the axis powers were severed and on february 5 britain was also granted the privileges of a non belligerent thus allied ves sels may make free use of uruguay's harbors an important privilege in view of the country’s strate my ey a li ea at ong bs rt raa ie it i ye x ihe ah 44 ve i vl ar bhd ay 0 dg a eas me nd eo ee ger a se se bsf a en n ses sipigh bi igs gic position at the mouth of the river plate and in a region where axis influence tends to be strong domestic implications within uruguay itself the dissolution of congress and the indefinite postponement of presidential elections scheduled for march 29 are viewed in a different perspective the roots of the internal crisis may be found in a compromise arrangement embodied in the constitu tion adopted in 1934 in which the strongest minor ity party was granted three seats in the cabinet as against the majority’s six while the two groups shared equally the thirty seats in the senate given this foothold in the government the herreristas formed an obstructionist bloc which continually hampered the government in 1941 president baldo mir managed to dismiss the three opposition cab inet ministers but reconstruction of the senate on a more representative basis was prevented by the difficulty of amending the constitution under its terms approval by a majority of all the registered voters was necessary for any changes and since many voters fail to go to the polls amendment in this instance was considered virtually impossible president baldomir therefore proposed that the con stitution be altered by a majority of the votes actu ally cast and that a plebiscite on the composition of the senate take place simultaneously with the forthcoming presidential election the intransigent opposition of the herreristas to this proposal pre cipitated baldomir’s seizure of full powers the president's action although apparently mo tivated by a desire for more representative institu tions is none the less an illegal coup d’état it is especially resented by a number of uruguayan po litical groups because they had hoped that the shadow of dictatorship which has hung over the country since gabriel terra seized power on march 31 1933 would be removed in the pending electoral contest terra’s government was incompetent rather than ruthless in 1938 when its authority reached a low ebb it permitted an election in which both presidential candidates were relatives of the dic tator despite mass abstentions by important politi cal factions baldomir the more liberal of the two contestants was chosen for the presidency is baldomir a dictator from the first however his opponents have suspected that he too had dictatorial aims and that he might in some manner circumvent the provision of the constitution forbidding a president to succeed himself hence it is not surprising that only three of the country’s page four f.p.a radio schedule subject imperialism in transition speaker william p maddox date sunday march 8 time 12 12 15 p.m e.w.t over blue network for station please consult your local newspaper seven leading political groups have consented accept representation on the council of state whid baldomir is organizing to replace congress the others have protested against the coup and are de manding a free election and the herreristas ep joying broad support in the rural districts seem prepared to operate underground as an opposition which might be useful to the nazis they hold that baldomir by acting illegally has forfeited the pres dency to dr césar charlone the vice president whose democratic loyalties are not above suspicion in the long run therefore the result of the coup may prove to be unsettlement of uruguayan politics which would hinder rather than help the policy of cooperation with the united states and the supply of strategic materials important to the allied war effort this complex situation with its confusing possibilities is a typical one in a country where many advanced social institutions have been intro duced by a long succession of enlightened leaders but where mass political education is still somewhat retarded davip h popper new member of research staff the foreign policy association is pleased to an nounce the appointment to its research staff of mr ernest s hediger a genevese by birth mr hediger is a licencié és sciences économiques of the uni versity of geneva after five years in diplomatic service mr hediger joined the staff of the interna tional labor office in 1927 serving for thirteen years last year he spent over six months in mexico studying the possibilities of industrial development since his return from mexico he has been on the staff of the international labor conference held at columbia university in october november 1941 the philippines a study in national development by joseph ralston hayden new york macmillan 1942 9.00 this superb volume will long remain a definitive work for all political scientists with an interest in the philip pine islands especially during the commonwealth period prior to outbreak of war in the southwestern pacific foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 20 marcu 6 1942 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y secretary vera micheles dan editor davin h poppsr associate editor n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year gbw 81 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frank ross mccoy president witttam p mappox assistant to the president dorotuy f last entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year national vou xx s tl tic axioms indelib in eurc unsupp against nomic power play th goals s powers in 194 of init americ that g positio seized but europe outcon merely measu social pact o ing mi ed in facade tinue situati the ex native wrest +o the finns onvinced they have unes with crats the 1 a mani that fin with the withdraw s assured of truth n fighting and in ex with diff finland's 1 northern german dependent 1 supplies recent uch hope of the day osef stalin ich russia ans more n view of adcast on d the fin the chau nd and an is et govern pressly en al aggran anges that wishes of nazi pow rategic se the krem hango if considera willing to of europe many the ple of the find com said in his elliott inds emiany at rory io general librar mar 12 1943 entered as 2nd class matter bf t a hl university of michigan ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 21 marcu 12 1943 china most likely front if japan plans major offensive ig the battle of the bismarck sea during march 2 4 had been simply a contest of opposing aircraft in which a numerically inferior american force lost only 4 planes while putting 102 japanese machines out of action the result could be considered an im pressive instance of the weakening of enemy air power the additional fact that 3 enemy cruisers 7 destroyers 12 merchant ships and some 17,000 troops and personnel were sent to the bottom trans forms the event into a major blow to japanese strategic plans and clearly contributes to the safety of australia the immediate objective of the ill fated japanese convoy was the reinforcement of lae northern new guinea base threatened by advancing united nations troops if successful the move would also have helped to protect rabaul key point on new britain which still remains beyond our grasp in addition it may have been intended as one step in the direction of australia will japan take the offensive pre dictions as to whether japan’s fundamental inten tions are offensive or defensive have been noticeably lacking in dispatches from australia and other far fastern areas since the beginning of the month gen eral macarthur's communiqué of march 1 which warned of the growing reinforcement in all cate gories of enemy strength in the island perimeter enveloping the upper half of australia concluded in ambiguous fashion that japan was taking up a position in readiness beyond this all that is known publicly is that since the battle of midway early last june the japanese have made no major offensive move although they sought to retake guadalcanal and have made efforts to advance on new guinea and in china it has therefore been generally as sumed that their chief purpose is to consolidate as thoroughly as possible the vast territories they won 80 peed in the months following pearl harbor a policy of consolidation is feasible as long as the united nations are limited to a war of mod erate attrition in the east but can the japanese con tinue their policy if in the next six or nine months the instruments of attrition airplanes ships sub marines are greatly augmented we are it is true quite properly concentrating our major force against germany but it is also more than likely that air transport into china will soon increase considerably and more warplanes will be made available for the chinese fighting front moreover with the end of the monsoon next fall a large scale invasion of burma may begin it would seem that if japan gen uinely expects such actions to take place it can hardly avoid planning anticipatory countermoves this spring or summer certainly it would be an illusion to think that japan has lost its offensive power the japanese ground forces may be stronger than before pearl harbor since their natural expansion should more than compensate for slight sacrifices of men and equipment during the past year the air force with out doubt has suffered much and is apparently seeking to avoid combat but this may indicate an intention to concentrate on a single strategic objec tive rather than to expend men and machines in dis persed contests as for the japanese navy despite serious setbacks it undoubtedly remains a powerful fleet capable of striking heavy blows these facts do not mean that japan necessarily has any intention of making a major move now but they suggest that some time before we are ready to take the offensive in asia the enemy may attempt a strong counterstroke on what front in view of the japanese defeat at midway and the resulting shortage of air craft carriers a drive against our positions in the central pacific seems unlikely if this is so a feint in the aleutian area can probably be discounted since such a move would have most meaning as the second arm of a pincers whose first arm was reach o ooo page two ing toward hawaii an attack in the aleutians might nevertheless be useful if japan were planning to strike at siberia but conditions for a campaign in northern asia appear definitely unfavorable in the south pacific the australian front seems reasonably safe especially since an enormous naval force would be required to hit at it directly while japan would probably hesitate to risk its fleet even though the air and sea forces ranged against it were numerically inferior offensive defensive blows in the south pacific cannot be ruled out there also remain as possible objectives india and china the latcer being the primary united nations front in asia since it alone apart from siberia can bring us into contact with the mass of the japanese army and give us land bases close to the japanese homeland not only would japanese action on the mainland be far easier than a cam paign in the waters of the south pacific but a drive against eastern india would if successful cut off allied air aid to china and destroy for a long time all possibility of a large scale reinvasion of burma designed to reopen the burma road yet the strength of india’s defenses has increased markedly in the past year despite the difficulties of the politi cal situation and the beginning of the monsoon season in may will create conditions unfavorable for an offensive on either side moreover in view of the present isolation of the china front the objec tives of a campaign in india in so far as an effect on chungking is sought can perhaps be achieved more cheaply by action in china itself the danger to china if as seems quite likely japan expects that it may ultimately have to s withdraw from important island bases in the south pacific no compensatory move could be of greater value than an effort to deprive the united nations of the china front although it is true that at the moment the japanese appear to have been pushed back in their effort to cross the salween river jp yunnan province the danger to china remains grave it is no secret that the chinese military front has deteriorated considerably in recent years so that japan now maintains less than half a million troops there and not all of these may be indispensable as compared with perhaps a million in the earlier years of the far eastern conflict the decline is also indicated by political tension within china as well as by the weakened physical condition of many chinese troops some of the causes are well known the cutting off of china from sources of foreign supplies plus the erosive effects of five and a half years of japanese invasion it must also be admitted that certain shortcomings of chinese political and economic policy have had serious results nor is it by any means clear despite the genuine difficulties faced by chungking that in one or another sector the equipment present might not permit a more aggressive military program what is required is an increasingly vigorous effort on the part of the united nations to help china combined with chinese determination to surmount many heartbreaking obstacles and to strengthen their front from within a double effort of this type can thwart possible japanese plans to destroy chinese resistance in a period when the promise of outside aid is growing brighter lawrence k rosinger vast rehabilitation tasks will confront united nations as new air blows are inflicted on the nerve centers of europe in preparation for invasion there is in creasing need for the allies to adopt practical plans for future relief and reconstruction in the liberated countries at the end of this war starving popula tions will have to be fed millions of men and women driven from their homes will want to return indus what is the trend of public opinion in canada on post war problems do canadians think inter national political collaboration essential do they understand the economic issues at stake are they ready to join the pan american union do they want to break their tie with britain read what canadians think about post war reconstruction by 5 prominent canadian editors march 1 issue of forreign polticy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 tries will have to be rebuilt or reorganized for peace production and the output of field and factories will have to be expanded to absorb the millions of re leased soldiers and war workers before the final victory of the democracies some of these problems will emerge on a smaller scale in territories gradu ally liberated from the nazi yoke the united na tions cannot therefore afford delay in drawing up plans for post war economic reconstruction for it is largely on their shoulders that this colossal burden will rest moreover establishment of a well planned large scale relief action may be one of the most ei fective ways of easing the transition from war to post war economy relief measures the first job facing the vic tors on every front and especially in europe will be that of providing the peoples of the liberated terti tories with sufficient food to insure their progressive physical recuperation after years of inadequate diet the fulfillment of this task is so urgent that it will hav first tary pro cial off tion of a p staf don ing esta the ros and uni mat stat hop age con staf star inte fon the may fre he south e greater nations at at the 1 pushed river in remains ary front 3 so that yn troops nsable ie earlier 1 tension physical of the o china e erosive invasion tcomings have had r despite y that in nt might program yus effort lp china surmount trengthen this type y chinese yf outside singer ons for peace tories will ys of re the final problems ies gradu nited na awing up 1 for it 1s al burden planned e most ef m war to ng the vic pe will be ated terti rogressive quate diet hat it will cond class matter december 2 have to precede all political reorganization and at first will have to be dispensed by the advancing mili tary units themselves then in the second stage this rogram should be administered by an agency espe cially equipped for large scale service such as the office of foreign relief and rehabilitation opera tions set up in the united states in november 1942 or a future united nations relief council preparations for carrying out this job competently started many months ago in washington and lon don an inter allied relief committee represent ing great britain and the governments in exile was established in the british capital in september 1941 the head of this committee sir frederick leith ross spent some time in washington last summer and presumably laid the foundations for an over all united nations relief organization director leh man has stressed the fact that the present united states relief agency is only the nucleus of what is hoped will soon be a full fledged united nations agency with representatives from all the nations concerned on its governing body and administrative staff negotiations to this end have already been started through the state department with the interested allied powers an unofficial washing ton dispatch of march 4 1943 further suggests that the contemplated united nations relief council may be headed by ex governor lehman with sir frederick as its first technical officer meanwhile comprehensive studies of the probable needs of the countries now under axis domination are being made and special supplies of food and medicines are being stored at convenient points in the old as well as the new world in preparation for the day when they can be used in a zone under allied military control in these future operations the practical ex perience the allies have gained in aiding foreign populations in north africa during the past few months will stand them in good stead toward a post war economic coun cil when the war is won the next logical step would be development of this inter allied relief or ganization into a central world food pool in which all nations victor and vanquished would participate it would be a mistake to believe that the united states alone assuming even the best will on the part of the american people could feed all the undernourished peoples of the world food produc tion cannot be accelerated at the same rate as that of industrial goods and although the united states page three at best feed only a small part of the world’s popu lation of over two billion if international relief is to work at all it will require the participa tion of all the other large food producing united nations plus the pooling of the food output of the liberated countries such a world system might well be based on principles similar to those adopted for wartime lend lease even after the immediate problem of relief is met the need for preventing starvation in some parts of the world while there are huge surpluses in others will require world wide control of food that the establishment of such a plan is under way was indicated by president roosevelt's announcement on february 23 that a preparatory united nations conference on post war world food problems would be held in the near future on march 1 acting secretary of state sumner welles elaborated on the president’s statement by declaring that the meeting would propose a program for discussions among the allied countries with a view to the creation of a permanent international agency no specific state ments have yet been released regarding the agenda of the conference it can be assumed however that preparations are already well under way and that this meeting may represent the first public step to ward the establishment of a joint united nations economic council the existence of such a central agency might well pave the way when the time comes for the permanent and binding world wide economic cooperation which the versailles peace settlement neglected to provide ernest s hediger the first of a series of four articles on post war economic reconstruction political handbook of the world edited by walter h mal lory new york harpers for the council on foreign relations 1942 2.50 valuable guide to governments parties leaders and press of all countries this revision includes such details as texts of vichy constitutional acts and a list of ger many’s territorial accessions slaves need no leaders by walter m kotschnig new york oxford university press 1943 2.75 after surveying education in europe between the two world wars and analyzing the impact of nazism on ger man institutions of learning dr kotschnig professor of comparative education at smith college urges the im mediate adoption of plans for post war education on demo cratic lines he advocates the establishment of an interna tional educational agency one of whose tasks would be to assist the efforts of german teachers to re educate their own people but opposes any attempt by the united na p t tions to direct or supervise german education after the is one of the richest agricultural countries it could war foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 21 march 12 1943 published weckly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leer secretary vera micheres dean editor entered as one month for change of address on membership publications 1921 at the post office atc new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year deis produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter march 9 the disclosure by carlton j h hayes u.s ambassador to madrid in a speech at barce lona on february 26 that this country has been ex porting oil cotton food and other products in con siderable quantities to spain certainly fluttered the congressional dovecotes senator robert r rey nolds of north carolina chairman of the senate military affairs committee called it a damned out rage and there was talk for a while of a congres sional inquiry into the matter it is unfortunate that the government is at a dis advantage as compared with its critics in that in the midst of the war it cannot show its hand without giving away the game one thing however can be confidently affirmed the so called appeasement policy toward spain is not a plot on the part of a handful of reactionary pro fascist functionaries in the state department to prop up a tottering franco régime it is a policy which has been approved by the joint chiefs of staff as well as president roose velt and has in addition the support of the british government it is dictated by economic military and political considerations alike why we play ball with franco act ing secretary of state sumner welles pointed out in a statement to the press on march 1 that commerce with spain is a two way trade and that there are certain spanish commodities which are needed in our war effort they include such goods as cork wolfram zinc iron pyrites woolen goods and dried fruits while the british are in the market for high grade bilboa iron ore some of these products we want for ourselves and others just to keep them from falling into german hands last winter when exports of petroleum products from the united states were cut off and spanish ships had ceased calling at american ports our trade relations with spain nearly reached the vanishing point but in the past year thanks largely to the efforts of the board of eco nomic warfare a considerable exchange of goods beneficial to both countries has developed the military argument for the government’s span ish policy was pithily put by senator lister hill of alabama democratic whip who declared if we can save the lives of american boys by the shipment of goods to spain i'm for shipping the goods trade with spain is designed to strengthen franco’s attitude of neutrality by providing him with com modities spain desperately needs such as oil ma chinery and railway equipment which would be for victory automatically cut off if his country became involved in the war left to himself franco it is believed here will re main neutral nobody in washington of course is under any illusion as to where el caudillo’s sym pathies lie his ideological affinities with the axis have often been proclaimed and are indeed implicit in the nature of his régime these factors nevertheless were not powerful enough to induce franco to go to war in the av tumn of 1940 when hitler seemed an almost certain victor they are hardly likely to prevail now when it is clear even to the germans that the best their fuehrer can hope to get out of this war is a stale mate the experience of mussolini in plunging his country into war in the expectation that he was getting on the winning bandwagon will certainly serve as a caution to the spanish dictator the iberian pact the belief that the span ish government intends to keep out of war was con firmed last december when general de jordana who succeeded serrano sufier as foreign minister in sep tember concluded his iberian neutrality pact with premier oliveira salazar of portugal the spanish foreign minister stressed the fact that the purpose of the diplomatic adjournment was the strengthening of iberian neutrality this statement was taken at its face value in washington where elmer davis who as head of the office of war information is probably the best informed man on the subject here declared on december 23 that all the evidence indicates that the spanish government is quite sincere in its desire to remain neutral and collaborate with portugal in an iberian bloc outside the war whether franco would put up even a token re sistance if hitler were to order his nazi panzer divisions now massed on spain’s northern frontier to enter that country is a different matter it is here that the political aspect of the united states gov ernment’s policy of sending supplies to spain enters it is hoped that the food and fuel we are sending will win the good will of the spanish people so that if and when american armies are obliged to enter spain to resist nazi troops they will have the sup port and cooperation of the spaniards this policy is frankly a gamble but washington considers the quantities of food and fuel involved a small risk com pared with the immense stakes at issue john elliott buy united states war bonds +a i be b88 er an mr iger jni atic rma teen xico ent the d at by 942 work rilip riod tional last york dr willian bisho class matter univare a versity of nichican libr idrary ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxi no 21 march 18 1942 belligerents gird for spring offensives s the tide of war engulfed java the united na tions were once more obliged to learn the axioms which it would seem should have been indelibly graven on their minds by hitler’s successes in europe these axioms are that human courage unsupported by adequate armaments is unavailing against a superior enemy and that a nation’s eco nomic potential is very different from actual military power while this country which is only beginning to play the rdle of arsenal of democracy seeks to achieve goals set for the end of 1942 at the earliest the axis powers are fighting today with weapons accumulated in 1941 and many preceding years it is this margin of initial preparedness which will be narrowed as american industry swings into all out production that gives japan the opportunity to seize strategic positions in the pacific as germany had previously seized strategic positions in europe but the defeats suffered by the united nations in europe and the far east have not yet determined the outcome of the war the present conflict is not merely a struggle for material possessions to be measured in terms of territorial conquests but a social revolution to be measured in terms of its im pact on human beings in spite of their overwhelm ing military superiority the nazis have not succeed ed in pacifying the conquered nations behind the facade of their new order the conquered con tinue to undermine the nazi system but can this situation be duplicated in the far east where with the exception of the chinese and the filipinos the native populations may feel that they are only ex changing one foreign master for another even if they should find japanese rule less humane than that of the western powers can these populations be expected to offer to japan the kind of silent but effective resistance that hitler faces in europe or will each island occupied by the japanese have to be wrested from them by sheer military force the crucial fronts the answers to these questions are important because the united nations will obviously be unable during this year of decision to send men and armaments to all fronts in equal measure and will have to concentrate on those fronts which offer the greatest promise of immediate success australia poor in internal transportation facilities and lacking adequate harbors may eventu ally provide a base for an offensive against japan but this would require time and time is at the mo ment running in favor of japan india too especial ly if it could be closely linked with operations from china might prove a base for reconquest of terri tories seized by japan but india’s unresolved poli tical dilemma makes military utilization of that coun try beyond the point already reached somewhat prob lematical although defensive operations in the far east must be stubborn there are four strategic areas which seem crucial at this time on the eve of hitler’s anticipated spring offensive these are russia the russian far east the near and middle east and western europe 1 russia with hitler reported to have established his headquarters in kiev ready to throw fresh divisions into the fray the russian front assumes decisive importance berlin admits that germany lost 1,500,000 men dead wounded and missing in the russian campaign these losses have had to be made up by the transfer to the rus sian front of german troops garrisoning conquered coun tries by additional conscription in germany and by the recruitment of troops from germany's allies hungary italy and rumania bulgarian forces which had refused to fight against russia are being used to replace the germans in yugoslavia and simultaneously to threaten turkey russia probably has trained man power equal to that of germany and its allies but russian industry which has not yet recovered the raw materials of the ukraine and the donetz basin may not be in a position to match the produc tion of german factories plus that of factories operated by the germans in pamemnatt 5 countries that is why russia is demanding additional war material from britain and the united states which it is difficult to send in large quan see oe ena py a si a eee a4 a sa args se eer tities owing to lack of shipping and is also urging the creation of a second land front in europe 2 the russian far east at this critical juncture russia is even more reluctant than it was last december to be come involved in war on a second front against japan the russian far east with its valuable naval and air oe at vladivostok will probably become a theatre of war only if japan attacks russia it is entirely within the bounds of possibility that hitler may urge a japanese thrust against the russian far east while he launches his spring offensive from the west but chinese and american demands that russia should take the offensive against japan are justified only if the united nations can send an glegmne number of planes to vladi vostok for attack on tokyo and other japanese cities otherwise a united nations attempt to use vladivostok would merely precipitate a japanese attack on the russian far east without relieving russia in the west the argu ment often heard here that if russia wants a second front in europe it should itself open a second front in the far east is not entirely valid the russians believe that ger many could be more promptly defeated than japan and urge the allies to concentrate on europe for a knock out blow 3 the near and middle east control by the united nations of the near and middle east is essential to pre vent a junction of japanese and german forces through the indian ocean and to avert access by germany to the oil resources of iran and or the caucasus if a choice has to be made between defense of india on the one hand and the near east on the other strong arguments could be made ooooaam a a _ll s p th eeocc khenaoo a eeeeok_ me found effect on the whole moslem world and may decide was ex the fate of africa a 4 western europe it is in western europe that the prelim second land front urgently demanded by the russiang afe bet might be opened this spring rumors from many sources the pp indicate that the germans either expect or are trying to asa me create the s that they expect a british invasion of west 7 norway and that german troops are being concentrated along the baltic especially in denmark increased precay militar tions in sweden show that the swedish government als sepaf fears a thrust toward scandinavia either by germany or by the fo the united nations structi british bombing of the renault factory which had shelve been manufacturing war material for germany was board a partial answer to moscow’s demand for a second structi front shocking as this bombing was to all friends of sev of france it must be realized that to open a front to fat in europe the united nations will have to inflict joint hardship and death on their own supporters because febru germany has skillfully used the conquered countries way as a shield against attack on its own industries and 4 rout railways the tragic paradox is that to liberate eu bia w rope the united nations may first have to wreak the ch destruction upon it yet the kindest thing that they weste can do right now is to shorten the war as much as of mo possible and thus shorten the sufferings to which attack i i canac for building up a base in the near east and holding it at a saee ee pl all costs events in the near east are bound to have a pro vera micheles dean 1 ence canadians face conscription issue wl a growing realization in canada that the pacific war may soon require direct offensive or defensive operations within the boundaries of canada itself is profoundly affecting conceptions of war strategy and the vigor of war effort in the dominion except for a brief period following dunkerque when there was genuine alarm that canada’s security in the north atlantic zone might be immediately endangered many canadians like their neighbors to the south had continued until recently to think of the war as something which could not touch their own soil canada’s function it was thought would be to serve britain and its european allies as an arsenal and a larder an air training ground and a source of vol untarily recruited man power on each of these counts the canadian effort and contributions have been considerable shipments of food and muni tions to the united kingdom in 1941 amounted to for a survey of the keystone of the allied defense structure read allied strategy in the near east by louis e frechtling 25 february 1 issue of foreign poticy reports issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to fpa members 3 658,000,000 canadian more than 100,000 men the i have been trained or are in training in the royal plebis canadian air force and 150,000 canadian soldiers early sailors and airmen are now serving outside canada the o although these phases of the canadian war ef t fort are still being pushed vigorously the shift to had global war is now compelling more extensive action for o in other directions in the first place the strong pos be re sibility that alaska may have to be defended against japanese attacks and that it may also be used as a base for operations against japan increases both the vulnerability as well as the world strategic impor oe tance of western and northern canada a glance ata site globe also reveals the crucial position which canada of b occupies across the lines of aerial communication be a tween the united states and the far east the soviet 7 union and northwestern europe highway to alaska reports from ottawa situa within the past few weeks indicate that plans for affe military and aerial concentrations are being rapidly a revised to meet this new situation detailed spect tesy fications are of course a closely guarded sectet of prime minister mackenzie king announced on imp march 6 however that an agreement had bee jan reached with the united states for the immediate stat construction of the long projected alaskan highway ficia across canada a corps of american army engineets mat ces to 1 of ited also nad was ond nds ont flict use ries and eu 1 ag rich nen yal ers ada ef t to tion pos inst as a the por at a ada be viet awa for vidly peci cret on been jiate way eer was expected in northern alberta this week to start reliminary work on the project funds for which are being provided by the united states government the plan for a road originally proposed in 1930 asa means to attract tourists to alaska and the north west was revived in 1938 because of its potential military value investigations were conducted by separate american and canadian commissions and the former issued a report last may in favor of con struction the project was apparently temporarily shelved by the canadian american permanent joint board of defense and priority was given to con struction by the canadian government of a chain of seven air fields leading from edmonton alberta to fairbanks alaska it is now revealed that the joint defense board meeting in new york on february 26 unanimously recommended that high way construction should proceed without delay along aroute northward from fort st john british colum bia which would link up existing roads and follow the chain of airports previous proposals for a more westerly route were apparently abandoned because of mountain weather hazards vulnerability to coastal attack and inaccessibility to the central regions of canada and the united states plebiscite on conscription further evi dence that canadian political leaders are convinced that global war may require reconsideration of canada’s war strategy was given on march 3 when the house of commons voted to hold a national plebiscite tentatively scheduled for late april or eatly may on the touchy conscription issue before the outbreak of war in 1939 prime minister king out of deference to the wishes of french canadians had gone on record in opposition to a national draft for overseas service the government now seeks to be released from this pledge and the plebiscite issue although hampered by the initial defeats suffered by the united nations in the far east the united states continues to press forward with its program of hemisphere organization for victory significant advances on this front were made last week in brazil and ecuador but disturbing developments in argen tina and chile emphasized anew that the nations situated farthest from us are the ones most strongly affected by the allies reverses overseas agreements with brazil far reaching fesults may ultimately be expected from the series of accords concluded with brazil on march 3 to implement the principles affirmed at the rio de janeiro conference it was agreed that the united states and brazil will cooperate on mutually bene ficial terms in stimulating the production of strategic materials now sorely needed for the american war page three has been phrased to this end technically a vote of approval would not mean endorsement of con scription but simply authorization for the govern ment to use its best judgment members of the con servative opposition have long favored a conscrip tion act and during the commons debate just con cluded some of them sought vainly to get a forth right vote on the issue it was evident however that mr king was not ready to see the question voted on directly in this form although there is little doubt of the government’s ultimate intention anti con scription demonstrations it is reported occurred in montreal on february 14 a small group of parlia mentary members from quebec still openly oppose a draft for overseas service and views have been ex pressed which indicate that awareness of the stra tegic need for offense rather than defense is not yet universally prevalent at the same time cana dians no less than americans are going through a mental shake up given governmental leadership canadian unity and determination for offensive op erations in all fields may develop into a living reality with regard to the conscription issue it should be noted that canadians have long been drafted for home defense which mr king has now interpreted to include the united states and alaska about 150,000 have been called under this system some for part time training and some for the duration of the war in addition nearly 400,000 men have voluntarily enlisted for service anywhere since the population of the united states is eleven times greater than that of canada the number of men in canadian forces would be equivalent to an american volunteer army and navy of nearly 4,400,000 until the united states can duplicate this performance we should be slow to criticize canada on its failure to adopt unrestricted conscription wiiltiam p mappox u.s presses hemisphere solidarity program effort at the same time the brazilian government is to receive increased lend lease aid which will un doubtedly be utilized for the further development of military installations along brazil’s northeastern coast the two countries will collaborate to expand raw rubber production in and near the amazon valley they will develop the itabira iron mine prop erties source of some of the highest grade ores in the world presumably to replace the swedish ores once used particularly in britain for special pur pose steels both feeder railways and port facilities must be improved to make the iron enterprise prac ticable washington is providing the capital needed for the rubber and iron ore projects in addition the export import bank has allotted 100,000,000 for mobilization of the varied productive resources of brazil which can contribute to the allied cause despite the sweeping terms of the agreements a considerable period must elapse before their effects begin to be felt unless the war continues for many years there will be no time to increase appreciably the yield of new world plantation rubber while the far less efficient process of tapping wild trees in the jungle involves difficult problems of labor supply acting secretary of state sumner welles may there fore have been somewhat optimistic in his assump tion that wild rubber production will be increased to 60,000 or 70,000 tons a year as a result of the agree ments plans to expand brazil's output of minerals may be upset moreover because of the difficulty of obtaining and shipping machinery and equipment if the accords present an encouraging blueprint for progress they also challenge the ingenuity of north american and brazilian technicians a base in ecuador on the pacific front this country has likewise won ground in its efforts to guard the approaches to the panama canal on march 2 government spokesmen in ecuador re vealed that a naval base is being constructed by the united states at salinas on the santa elena penin sula bordering the gulf of guayaquil and that north american naval and air forces are to patrol ecuador's coast the new naval station is situated only 800 miles from the canal zone while it is de nied that any concession has been made regarding ecuador’s galapagos islands located 860 miles southwest of the canal it may be assumed that no enemy could easily set foot upon them in washing ton the bases program is being thinly camouflaged as defense sanitation under a plan of large scale sanitary works the cost of which will in most cases be shared with this country by the latin american nations concerned such projects have not been ap proved not only for ecuador but also for venezuela peru colombia brazil and uruguay far less satisfactory are developments in argen tina and chile whose determination not to sever diplomatic relations with the axis has been strength ened in recent weeks as a result of elections for al most half the seats in the argentine chamber of deputies held on march 1 acting president ramén s castillo appears to have gained control of the one remaining refractory branch of the buenos aires government and the center of popular opposition to fascism although the final election returns are not yet known the conservative party which supported castillo’s prudent neutrality swept many impor tant provinces with the aid of the state of siege im page four f.p.a radio schedule subject is a free germany possible speaker dr george n shuster president hunter college member fpa board of directors date sunday march 15 time 12 12 15 p.m e.w.t over blue network for station please consult your local news paper posed by the federal authorities even in the city 9 buenos aires where elections are relatively honest the radicals spearhead of the opposition haye lost their plurality to the socialists the goverp ment’s victory reflects not so much an affinity fox the axis as an understandable isolationist desire to k out of war which has been enhanced by the military debacle in the far east similarly in chile the indefinite postponement of any action by congress on the final act of the rig de janeiro conference suggests that president eleq juan antonio rios will not break with the ag gressors in this he is now supported by the entire santiago press with the sole exception of the com munist organ both argentina and chile have eveq right to pursue their own course in foreign policy but unless they assume their share of the risks of hemisphere defense it certainly seems inadvisable that they should receive military equipment from the united states or enjoy any of the special economi benefits of inter american solidarity as they wouli apparently like to do davip h popper defense will not win the war by lieut col w f kernan boston little brown 1942 1.50 one of the most stimulating and timely books of th year colonel kernan is on sound ground in warning usd the fatal consequences of defensive military policy but not entirely convincing in his demand that we concentra our efforts against germany rather than japan or in hi exposition of a hypothetical offensive against italy thailand the new siam by virginia thompson nev york macmillan 1941 5.00 a monumental study of japan’s first conquest of the nef pacific war treating of thailand’s geography peoples hit tory politics foreign relations administration economit and social life education and the press the book also coh tains an extensive bibliography and is an indispensable reference work for all students of the new siam the dutch east indies by amry vandenbosch berkeley university of california press 1941 4.00 considerable additions and revisions have been made i this basic study of the politics government and social nomic problems of the netherlands indies one of the american treatments of the subject foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 21 marcu 13 1942 n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year eo published weekly by the fre headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president witttam p maor secretary vera micueles dean editor davip h poppgr associate editor entered as second class matte policy association incorporated nationt istant to the president dorotruy f lat mber 2 1921 at the post office at new york produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year +implicit dowerful the au st certain ww when est their a stale iging his he was certainly the span was con ana who r in sep act with spanish urpose of hening of ren at its vis who probably declared cates that its desire ortugal in token re zi panzer 1 frontier it is here tates gov ain enters e sending le so that 1 to enter e the sup his policy isiders the risk com elliott nds ona eat veneras agai ary ente r jad tues satter iin soe niver 346 ji mlccnhigan ann arbor uichiganpbriguical kuve foreign pol general librar univ of mich icy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y volt xxii no 22 march 19 1943 plain talk essential to he efforts of the united nations to find what mr welles in his toronto speech called com mon denominators have been given new emphasis by mr eden’s arrival in washington on march 12 which coincided with somewhat conflicting state ments of american officials regarding russia and with general giraud’s algiers speech of march 14 as the war drags on in europe and asia the allies begin to realize with increasing clarity that political strategy is not only as necessary to victory as mili tary strategy but also requires infinitely greater skill in the adjustment of conflicting interests in north africa as in the vaster and more complex battle ground of the european continent the united na tions are learning that reconciliation of divergent interests through negotiation is far more difficult than the imposition of a given set of conditions by force but potentially far more lasting conflicts bound to occur the point too often neglected by those who like to indulge in the pleasant pastime of spinning world utopias is that nations which after all are nothing but ag glomerations of human beings do conflict and will continue to conflict with each other on many issues whether these issues are real or figments of the imagination is irrelevant since the ideas one nation forms of another are sometimes just as potent in creating trouble as actual grievances to maintain peace it is mot necessary to avoid conflicts that would in any case be humanly impossible what is necessary is to find ways of adjusting these conflicts so far as possible by peaceful means instead of by resort to force or threat of force such adjustment however usually depends on achieving workable compromise between divergent points of view yet unless we succeed in developing in relations between nations the democratic process of give and take the united states will have no choice except armed isolationism or armed imperialism which inter allied understanding as a matter of fact represent two sides of the same policy the policy of playing a lone hand in one respect such a course is admittedly easier to follow than the path of collaboration it spares this coun try the need to cope with the innumerable difficul ties misunderstandings and frustrations that are part and parcel of any attempt to work with other people but the cost of such a course in terms of lives ma terial and money is demonstrated all too clearly by a wat which the united states had hoped to avoid through independent action and which it now finds it can win only through cooperation with other nations frank discussion required a working compromise on the issues that divide the united na tions however can come only as the result of frank and sincere discussion of their respective points of view such discussion so far as russia is concerned was started by vice president wallace’s speech of march 8 in delaware ohio and admiral standley’s astringent remarks in moscow on the same day regarding the alleged failure of the soviet govern ment to inform the russian people of the scope and character of american aid to the u.s.s.r while in both instances the official spokesmen aroused con siderable criticism in this country their statements appear to have cleared the way for realistic appraisal of the problems that have beset or may beset soviet american relations while admiral standley exaggerated perhaps pur posely the silence of the soviet government on war material received from the united states the krem lin which definitely prefers blunt language to diplo matic verbiage lost no time in rectifying the omis sions noted by the american ambassador at the same time it cannot be stressed too often that sub stantial as is the number of american tanks planes and trucks delivered to the soviet battlefronts it cannot be balanced off in any bookkeeping fashion against russia’s tremendous losses in manpower _____________ esee _nsa e _e_ e_nenecene e e _a pave tur it is true that russia has suffered these losses not because of any initial determination on its part to aid the united states which was not yet at war when russia was invaded but because of the im perative need to defend its own territory and na tional existence but neither did the united states enter the war to save britain and russia all of the united nations are fighting out of self interest to achieve national survival there is nothing discred itable about that in fact the most promising way to go about preparing for post war reconstruction is to build on the self interest which we must hope will prove enlightened of all the nations concerned we must never forget that the first impulse for the creation of the state sprang from the need of indi viduals to achieve greater protection for their lives than they could obtain through their own unaided efforts fear of anti soviet bloc but much as the washington administration may have been troubled by stalin’s insistence that russia alone is bearing the brunt of the war the soviet govern ment in turn has been troubled by the suspicion that the united states is keeping a weather eye on the possibility of some post war settlement that would leave russia isolated from europe to put the matter as frankly as possible the impression has arisen and needs to be dispelled if it is incorrect that religious and political groups in the united states while completely united with the rest of the country in their desire for a defeat of germany at the same time fear the consequences of a russian victory some fear the spread of the soviet political and eco nomic system others the effect that russia’s victory tae ae would have on the future of organized religion for example since many catholics in europe and in the western hemisphere have in the past particularly opposed the anti religious crusade of the kremlin the current hostility toward russia is traced in part rightly or wrongly to some catholic elements this suspicion has seemed to have been strengthened ip recent weeks by the activities of american diplo mats and churchmen in madrid and rome by the favor shown in this country to german catholic leaders and to the hapsburgs and by the belief that the vatican might play an important part in anticipated peace moves for elimination of italy from the war these misapprehensions to which mr wallace may have been alluding when he spoke at a method ist conference of double crossing russia cannot be effectively met either by official blanket denials or by wholesale denunciation of the catholic church it would be wholly unrealistic for the united states which has millions of catholics among its own pop ulation to disregard or minimize the influence ex erted by the vatican in latin america as well as in many countries of europe notably france bel gium germany spain portugal and italy one of the reasons why we are fighting this war is that we prefer to live not in a totalitarian world but in a world whose very multiplicity of interests beliefs and origins constantly enriches human civilization it would be just as unrealistic even if it were prac tically possible to isolate the vatican from world affairs in order to reassure russia as it would be to isolate russia in order to reassure the vatican vera micheles dean nazi economic penetration poses complex problems the distribution of immediate relief to the lib erated countries will be only one of the tasks await ing the allies when war ends another even more difficult to tackle will be untangling the snarls in the financial industrial and business life of continental europe caused by three years of nazi occupation from france to the ukraine the nazis for a study of the problems which will confront any united nations relief council and six essential principles of relief planning for an effective re habilitation policy in the countries freed from axis control read u.s relief for europe in world war i by winifred n hadsel 25 march 15 issue of foreign polticy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 have seized europe’s industrial and financial ma chine adapting it to their own needs and running it to their sole advantage it is no exaggeration to say that today in all the occupied countries there is hardly a single important enterprise which is not in some way tied to german war production technique of nazi penetration only in a few cases have the nazis taken over foreign business interests through straight expropriation al though confiscation was widely applied in the prt marily agricultural countries of eastern europe notably poland this was not the general rule im the industrially more advanced nations of northern and western europe there economic assets such as factories utilities banks and business houses have not as a rule been openly commandeered but quietly bought up with funds extorted from the collaborationist governments the system usually adopted is simple the conquerors saddle the van guished countries with a levy supposedly correspond ion for d in the ticularly remlin in part its this ened in n diplo by the catholic e belief part in aly from wallace method cannot denials church d states wn pop ence ex well as nce bel one of that we but in a beliefs ilization ere prac m world ild be to an dean cial ma running ration to there is is not in yn only r foreign ation al the pri europe 1 rule in northern sets such s houses eered but from the m usually the van yrrespond ing to the cost of maintaining the nazi army of oc cupation in practice these occupation costs have been fixed far above the actual expenditures of the occupying army as a case in point france the big gest single contributor to the nazi war chest has id so far 300 million french francs a day while the actual cost of occupation to germany is reliably evaluated at less than a third of that amount a simi lar situation prevails in other countries occupied by germany the substantial difference between actual and imposed costs is used by the nazis to purchase forcibly all kinds of goods services and securities while these operations respect the outward forms of legality they have the great advantage of not costing germany anything the necessary funds are provided in national currency by the puppet governments at the expense of their own people besides draining the occupied countries of their commodities the nazis with the same funds bought their way into every important european industry either by acquiring shares or subscribing to addi tional issues forced on the non german enterprises the creation of this web of financial control has been accompanied by a tremendous extension of activities on the part of the main german banks new branches have sprung up all over europe and thousands of german authorized agents have been placed in the firms to assure their integration into nazi war production as a result of these developments the industrial fabric of europe is now thickly interwoven with german interests original stocks and securities have been watered by new issues bought and sold signed over and revalued and corporations have been di vided merged or transferred under german compul sion to such an extent that any attempt to restore the pre war state of affairs seems hopeless although the governments in exile are working hard to follow these transfers of ownership they know that at best they can keep only a partial record can german influence be eradi cated at this stage it is not yet clear what means the allies will employ to eradicate german influ ence from the economic life of liberated europe except for the january 5 declaration of sixteen allied governments warning the neutral countries that transfers of dispossessed property will be de dared invalid no definite working plan has yet been made public by the united nations in a mall number of clear cut cases it might be pos sible to restore property to pre war owners but page three in most cases the question of bona fide ownership will be much too complex for quick settlement and disputes between successive possessors will call for court decisions in any case as the london economist declares things have reached such a state that to try to dissolve these economic marriages would not represent a wise solution however great the duress under which some of the parties consented at the root of this problem is the fact that the monetary compensation received willingly or not by former titleholders was provided at the expense of the nation as a whole in the last analysis it is the people of each invaded country who have paid by their privations and sufferings for german pur chases and industrial investments it would there fore appear that the fairest solution would be to give the disputed enterprises in trusteeship to public agencies at least temporarily to be run for the common good moreover industrial equipment in occupied countries previously used to produce war goods for germany may have to be dismantled or transformed for peacetime output under united na tions supervision and german heavy industry per manently controlled or internationalized in order to prevent its use for war purposes it has also been suggested that after victory all nazi property for cibly acquired inside as well as outside germany notably the acquisitions of huge corporations such as the herman goering werke i g farben and kon tinentale oel a g be turned over to the united nations to solve any or all of these problems some kind of united nations economic authority will have to be set up such an agency may ultimately emerge from the discussions on economic problems now in progress in washington between high representatives of the united nations ernest s hediger the second of a series of four articles on post war economic reconstruction make this the last war by michael straight new york harcourt brace 1943 3.00 a demand that the united nations strike as a militant liberal force against the danger of bringing only victory out of the war a book devoted to basic principles rather than specific blueprints for peace italy from within by richard g massock new york macmillan 1943 3.00 former chief of the ap’s rome bureau describes italy under german control vivid and anecdotal conversation in london by stephen laird and walter graebner new york william morrow 1942 1.50 an enlightened little book comparing conditions in war time britain and germany presented as a dialogue be tween two correspondents of time magazine poreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 22 marcu 19 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lert secretary vera micugtes dean editor entered as scond class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year om month for change of address on membership publications please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ss produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter mar 15 the movement for increased coopera tion among the united nations in planning the post war world took definite shape last saturday with the arrival of anthony eden british foreign sec retary in washington it was perhaps not wholly fortuitous that it coincided over the weekend with the disclosure that a group of senators were sponsor ing a nonpartisan resolution urging that the united states take the initiative in calling a conference of the united nations not only to set up machinery for the settlement of international disputes but also to create a world police force against aggression but the first step to be taken to attain allied unity of purpose and action must be the elimination of the mutual distrust now existing among the united nations no man is better qualified for such a task than the present british foreign secretary whose past record as a statesman has made his name a symbol for the policy of collective security hitler’s game premier neville chamber lain’s dismissal of eden as foreign secretary on feb ruaty 20 1938 heralded the ascendancy of the policy of appeasement which found its culmination seven months later at munich when britain and france sacrificed czechoslovakia to hitler to avert war most disastrously of all the seeds of distrust were sowed between the western democracies and russia when russia the military ally of france was deliberately ignored in the munich settlement the consequence was that the soviet government lost faith in the league and the policy of collective security its counterpart to the dropping of eden was the replacement of maxim litvinov by molotov as soviet foreign minister in may 1939 as munich was the sequel to the first event so the russo german non aggression pact of august 1939 which precipi tated world war ii was the result of the second hitler's old game of conquering by dividing his ene mies which he had so often and so successfully em ployed against his domestic foes now brilliantly worked in the international field today the fuehrer’s only hope of winning the war still lies in the growth of dissension among the allies it was feared by some in washington that the outburst of admiral william h standley our ambassador in moscow on march 8 against the so viet government's policy of keeping news of ameri can aid from the russian people might have an ad verse effect on the prospects of the bill to prolong the life of lend lease by one year but this vital leg islation was adopted by the house on march 9 a vote of 407 to 6 by the senate the following day by 82 to 0 and was signed by the president the same day the second anniversary of the passage of the original lend lease act much more serious were the implications in the warning given by vice president henry a wallace in his speech at delaware ohio on march 8 against the united states trying to double cross russia the lesson of 1919 mr wallace did not amplify his remarks but one way of double cross ing russia would be for the united states to evade its responsibility for the maintenance of world peace as it did after the last war when the senate refused to ratify the treaty of versailles the french cer tainly felt they had been duped when they gave up the substance of the occupation of the left bank of the rhine for the hope that proved vain of an ameti can guarantee against future german attack many senators looking to the future are devising plans to prevent a repetition of the conflict between the executive and the legislature that wrecked woodrow wilson’s peace settlement in 1919 sena tor alexander wiley of wisconsin has offered 3 resolution to set up a foreign relations council con sisting of the secretary of state the chairmen and ranking minority members of the senate and house committees on foreign affairs and such additional senators as the president may designate to act asa permanent liaison body between the two branches of the government sunday a group of six democratic and republi can senators conferred with president roosevelt or a resolution they propose to introduce which woull put the senate on record in support of detailed plans of cooperation including american participation in an international army to suppress a future attempt at military aggression by any nation while the president favors the general principle of interns tional cooperation after the war he is understood to have been lukewarm to the idea of provoking a bit ter fight in the senate just now with the isolationists but even if they do not lead to immediate concrete results both the eden conversations in washington and the senatorial discussions if constructive should go a long way toward converting the united nations from a mere label into a political reality indispensable guaranty not only for military victot over the axis but for the winning of the peat john elliott for victory buy united states war bonds +berkeley made it ocial f the nations ry f lm new york a4 entered as 2nd class matter sila de 7 2 rary foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxi no 22 marcxh 20 1942 sweden between two fires n his memorial day address of march 15 chancel lor hitler expressed the belief that the german army would defeat russia next summer with com plete destruction of the bolshevist hordes a defeat which he claimed had been prevented only by the premature arrival of the russian winter this pre 4 diction focused attention anew on preparations for a german spring offensive on the eastern front which has been widely rumored from stockholm to ankara with their usual ability at waging the war of nerves on several fronts at once the nazis have created the impression that sweden is in imminent danger of being attacked by the allies through nor way while at the same time they have increased their pressure on turkey by feverish preparations for land and naval warfare in bulgaria and greece to this war of nerves sweden one of the few temaining islands in a sea of german conquests has responded by staging on february 26 the most extensive army maneuvers in its history held in the province of jamtland close to the norwegian bor der and by rejecting fresh german demands for the transit of troops across sweden to norway the swedes have been disturbed by references in the quisling controlled press to norway's need for lebensraum at sweden’s expense references which are regarded as a prelude to german invasion of sweden mounting criticism of the nazi new order in the swedish press has brought sharp re monstrances from berlin and last week the gov etmment suppressed ten newspapers accused of being unfriendly to germany including a provincial organ known as the mouthpiece of gustaf andersson min ister of communications official restraint however has not prevented swedish bishops from protesting against the dismissal by quisling of the right rev erend berggrav bishop of oslo which was followed by the resignation of six norwegian bishops nor did it prevent the students of lund university from ousting the editorial staff of their student newspaper on the ground that the newspaper had been far too mild in its comment regarding the treatment meted out by the quisling régime to dr seip 60 year old former president of oslo university who was sen tenced to solitary confinement in a concentration camp because of continued resistance to the occu pying authority nazis increase pressure on sweden recent developments in the european war explain this suddenly increased tension over sweden several swedish newspapers have suggested that sweden should take the initiative in effecting peace between finland and russia and do everything in its power to take both finland and norway out of the war a suggestion which provoked the ire of the nazis who have put strong pressure on the finns to con tinue their struggle against moscow moreover if the allies should decide to take the offensive in western europe an invasion of norway would ap pear to offer chances of success first because the norwegians themselves are stubbornly resisting the nazis and second because a junction might thus be effected in the north between allied and russian forces this possibility would be obviously undesir able for the nazis not only because it might remove finland from the war but because it would facili tate shipment of allied supplies to the russian front through the ports of murmansk and archangel the transfer of the german warships gwneisenau scharnhorst tirpitz and others to northern ports is not unconnected with preparations for war in the scandinavian theatre the encounter on march 11 between the térpitz and british planes in dicates that german warships are lying in wait for the allied fleet either to prevent invasion of norway or to attack convoys bound for russia or both to meet the danger of german invasion sweden has an army of over 600,000 men which is now being reorganized in accordance with a five year plan pro viding for increased mechanization and expansion of aviation an air force reported to total 500 planes and a navy which includes 3 cruisers 20 destroyers and 28 submarines the war has cut sweden off from its overseas markets which took about 70 per cent of its exports and supplied an even higher per centage of its imports thus making swedish trade dependent almost entirely on germany and ger man controlled countries through careful husband ing of stocks accumulated before the outbreak of war the swedes have managed to maintain a stand ard of living which although much lower than that of pre war times is still higher than that of coun tries conquered by germany moreover sweden has the advantage of possessing on its own territory china’s role in the pacific war with the capture of rangoon on march 9 japan has accomplished one of the major objectives of its southward thrust it has severed the only existing line of communication between the united states and china our most powerful ally in the war against japan yet with the loss of southeast asia china has assumed crucial importance in the military and political strategy of the united nations this has been recognized in the 500,000,000 american oan to china sanctioned by law on february 13 the dispatch of general joseph w stilwell to strength en military liaison between china and the united states the arrangements made by chiang kai shek in india for the opening of new transport routes to china and the belated appointment of wellington koo as representative to the pacific war council in london announced on february 26 a chinese counteroffensive china provides a base for launching a counteroffensive by land against japan’s right flank and by air against its communications and home territory its army of some three million regular troops and four or five million irregulars and partisans all seasoned fight ers outnumbers japan’s by three or four to one it has an exceptionally able corps of officers whose strategic and tactical methods have been tested in successful combat finally china has the uncon querable will to win of a people who have had first hand experience of japanese conquest moreover for nearly a billion asiatics chinese resistance is a symbol negating japan’s claim to be fighting the battle of the oriental against the white man the large chinese communities throughout southeast asia organized too late for effective home defenses now form a tough core of passive or ac tive resistance to the japanese forces of occupation chiang kai shek’s visit to india laid the founda tions for a new partnership between china and in dia directed against japanese aggression the estab page two factories capable of producing armaments such rifles machine guns and anti aircraft guns as we as high grade iron ore to feed these factories the terrible choice that has faced every peace loving country since 1933 a choice between resis ing the axis powers even though there be no hop of victory or surrendering for fear of destructigy is about to confront sweden which like so many other countries had hoped to find refuge from wa in a policy of carefully balanced neutrality thi choice is made particularly painful by the fact that until now sweden has feared russia even more thap germany and might still be reluctant to cast its g on the side of the united nations as long as russiz is in their ranks vera micheles dean lishment of diplomatic relations with iran and irag is another sign of china’s emerging leadership in ag asia whose restless nationalism must be enlisted op the side of the united nations military cooperation between china and the other allies in the first phase of the pacific war was ham pered by lack of liaison and advance planning for which china was not responsible hongkong and rangoon might conceivably be in british hands to day had advantage been taken earlier of chines offers of assistance made before december 7 since that date china’s contribution to the common strug gle has been far from negligible its armies are im mobilizing at least half a million japanese troops stationed in china in countless local engagements notably the battle of changsha chinese regular and guerrilla troops are constantly waging their slow but deadly war of attrition the exploits of the american volunteer group in the defense of burma and the brilliant but isolated air raid on hanoi on january 22 have demonstrated the possibilities of sino american cooperation in aerial warfare china’s supply problem at present upper burma including lashio terminus of the burma road is like australia a crucial area in the far eastern war chinese troops must bear the brunt of the defense of this area which is of vital importance for the development of new supply routes to china from the railhead of sadiya in assam goods may will war needs expedite the growth of latin amer ican industry read economic projects for hemisphere development by john c dewilde 25 march 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 be mov burma existing highwa structio plete china burma for equ to keep liance f mated as mucl road 7 the un and the shou cupatio the ove landed china to lan feasibl and tc from last c russia chung discont was rey that sc it is festing to coo soviet to lar japane the targets on m motor taids a new dustri northe nature plants airpla frenc unit undis such 4 as weil peace 1 resist 10 hope ructiog many om war y this ct that re than t its lot russig yean nd iraq ip in an sted on 1e other as ham ing for ng and inds to chinese 7 since n strug are im troops rements ilar and ir slow of the burma anoi on lities of it upper burma the far runt of portance china ods may amer here wilde month be moved to china in three ways 1 by road to burma a road as yet unbuilt and thence over the existing burma road 2 by the assam sikang highway behind the burma road now under con struction but requiring a year and a half to com plete or 3 by air transport either directly into china or by air into burma and thence by the burma road the highway routes are important for equipping a future large scale chinese offensive to keep essential supplies moving now the main re liance must be placed upon air transport it is esti mated that a hundred transport planes could carry as much pay tonnage as was ever borne by the burma road the planes of course must come largely from the united states and in all probability both they and their bases will need fighter protection should these routes be disrupted by japanese oc cupation or bombardment china must fall back on the overland route from russia american supplies landed on the persian gulf can be shipped into china via the turksib railway and the truck route to lanchow actually however it may be more feasible for russia to send supplies directly to china and to be compensated by additional shipments from america via the shorter route to archangel last october when the german offensive against russia was at its height the soviet embassy in chungking announced that russia would have to discontinue sending military supplies to china it was reported from chungking in february however that soviet supplies were still coming in it is not surprising to discover that china is mani festing a renewed interest in russia china is eager to cooperate in an offensive against japan and the soviet union seems to be the only power now able to launch such an offensive an early russo japanese clash is being freely predicted in chung page three king this sounds rather like wishful thinking at present but when and if such a clash occurs china’s armies fortified by even a modicum of air support can render invaluable assistance by thrusting against the japanese flank can china hold out if foreign aid is sharply curtailed it can itself produce the essential minima of food clothing and shelter and it has considerable stocks of munitions its new industries in the west can furnish its armies with small arms and ammuni tion and can assemble airplanes from imported parts it needs medical supplies and machinery for further industrial development and for offensive operations it needs of course mechanized equipment and particularly airplanes china has been sharply disappointed and disil lusioned by the poor showing which its more power ful allies have so far made against japan but despite the psychological strain and physical hard ships of nearly five years of war intensified by in adequate transport and by acute monetary inflation its will to resist is still strong internal divisions ex ist of course but it may be questioned whether political factionalism is a more serious drag on the war effort in china today than it is in the united states some sort of peace overtures by japan are quite probable there is no reason to think however that they would be any more successful now than they have in the past the united nations badly need the help that china can give they can use it effectively only by coordinating their strategy with china’s and by put ting arms in the hands of its soldiers the difficulties of doing this are admittedly tremendous but there is no easy way to win the war miriam s farley institute of pacific relations europe’s industrial resources serve nazi war machine the repeated raf bombing attacks on industrial targets in occupied france which were inaugurated on march 3 with a damaging raid on the renault motor vehicle shops just outside paris followed by faids on the krupp works at essen appear to herald anew and wider offensive against the german in dustrial machine ever since the nazis took over northern france in 1940 they have counted on the natural hesitation of the british to bomb french plants and have utilized these plants to construct airplane engines army trucks and munitions the french factories have constituted a sort of shielded unit where war production could go on practically undisturbed occupied lands work for reich the part played by occupied countries in helping ger many to feed its military machine is often under éstimated especially in the case of iron ore and steel products germany could not possibly produce enough iron for its war needs today if it were un able to draw on the resources of the conquered coun tries the german iron ore deposits consist mainly of low grade ore with a large content of foreign matter which makes it expensive to process hence the nazi leaders prepared from the outset for a gradual conquest of neighboring countries rich in iron and other ores the annexation of austria opened the rich iron ore deposits of styria to german exploitation it is claimed that the austrian iron deposits contain around 200 million metric tons of ore with a metal content of 30 to 45 per cent as contrasted with the content of the german ore which is usually lower than 30 per cent in 1937 the austrian iron ore pro duction was 1.9 million metric tons today according to recent german sources it totals around 3.5 million oe earn wee metric tons a year control of austria also gives the nazis access to huge supplies of magnesite mag nesium ore magnesium lighter than aluminum is an admirable material for airplane parts and powder for incendiary bombs soon after the conclusion of the munich agree ment another source of iron ore was added to ger man resources by the conquest of czechoslovakia the czech mine of nuchice southwest of prague with its yearly output of 750,000 metric tons of ex cellent ore was incorporated into the german eco nomic sphere as well as other workings moreover the iron ore of poland norway belgium luxem burg and france has found its way to germany or has been processed on the spot for the benefit of the ger man military machine the invasion of norway iso lated sweden from the non german world and gave germany control of the valuable swedish as well as norwegian iron mines sweden produces some of the highest grade iron ore in the world the northern swedish deposits are estimated to contain more than two billion metric tons of first class ore easy to mine and with an iron content of around 65 per cent or twice as much as the french and ger man ore in 1938 the production of swedish ore passed the 14 million ton mark more than two thirds of this went to germany the rest was shipped to great britain belgium the united states and other countries since the occupation of norway practically the whole swedish production has gone to germany either in the form of ore ingots or fin ished goods among the ore deposits of western europe con quered by the nazis those of france are doubtless the most valuable for a long time france has been the greatest producer of iron ore in europe in 1938 its production surpassed 32 million tons by con trast the iron ore production of the united states for the same year was only 28.3 million tons but this country’s iron and steel industry was then working at less than 40 per cent of capacity the whole of france's iron ore output is now earmarked for nazi germany steel and munitions besides gaining ex clusive access to the richest iron ore deposits of europe the nazis have also obtained control of a number of large smelters steel mills and munitions factories the two most important of which are the skoda works in czechoslovakia and the schneider creusot works in france the czech steel works are said to have a potential output of some three mil page four a ee f.p.a radio schedule subject brazil clashes with axis speaker john i b mcculloch acting director p.a washington office editor inter american monthly date sunday march 22 time 12 12 15 p.m e.w.t over blue network for station please consult your local newspaper lion metric tons of steel ingots a year the frengy steel ingot production probably totals some six mil lion metric tons a year belgium can produce anny ally about 2.5 and luxemburg about 1.5 million tons of steel in all the production of steel ingots under the control of nazi germany which amounte to about 24 million metric tons in the pre blitzkrieg phase of the war may well have grown today to 4 total of about 43 million metric tons sabotage may somewhat reduce this top figure not all of this production however can be de voted to military purposes in exchange for indis pensable raw materials and foodstuffs germany must supply steel to various european countries notably italy and the balkan states in fact from time to time the german war economy board has found it difficult to supply the iron works with the quantities of ore or scrap needed for the production of mechanized weapons on the desired scale when the difficulties became intense the german authori ties did not hesitate to cut civilian supplies to minimum and to requisition all iron gates fences balconies and the like poland after the conquest was stripped of every pound of iron not considered essential in spite of such extreme measures the increased production will probably not suffice for a long war against the combined resources of the united nations the total capacity of the united states alone is estimated at 83 million tons of sted ingots and castings as against a probable top figure of 43 million tons for germany and german con trolled europe it could be considerably increased in a relatively short time the war against russia has necessarily raised to unprecedented heights the consumption of steel and iron for german army needs these needs can be met only by working all of europe’s iron mines especially those of france in view of this fact the destruction of iron and steel works as well as au tomobile factories working for germany wherevet they may be located becomes an absolute necessit for a speedy allied victory ernest s hediger foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 22 marcu 20 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president wirttamm p mappox assistant to the president dorotuy f lam secretary vera micue es dean editor davin h poppgr associate editor n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year bo 181 entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year hi mz mande in aus offensi of ray unitec people a com tion discare ters ir the with ficient fronts looms has a terial that i quite states positi at equal woul well the p this evatt +lian rch 9 by ving dent the ssage of is in the wallace 3 against russia did not ble cross to evade tld peace e refused ench cer j gave up t bank of an ameti ck e devising t between wrecked 19 sena offered a incil con rmen and ind house additional o act asa ranches of 1 republi osevelt on 1ich would ailed plans cipation in re attempt while the of interna derstood to king a bit solationists ate concrete w ashington istructive the united ical reality itary victory the peact elliott ynds periovical room genfral library a a of mich mar 26 1943 entered as 2nd class matter general library university of michigan ann arbor michican foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 23 march 26 1943 public opinion ready for adoption of post war principles he ball burton hill hatch resolution taken to gether with mr eden’s visit to the united states and mr churchill’s radio address of march 21 have raised the question of the extent to which it is ad visable to define post war plans while the outcome of the war remains in the balance british spokesmen appear to agree with american officials that it would be both impossible and undesirable to postpone consideration of the post war settlement until the war has been won where there appears to be dif ference of opinion among both the british and the americans is as to the scope that discussions should be encouraged to take at this particular time generalities or details it is of course true that to formulate all details of a post war settle ment in advance when we have no clear idea of the kind of world we shall face after the war is not only premature but might actually jeopardize the prosecution of the war at the same time it is also te that people throughout the world are weary unto death of platitudes about international collab oration and long to know more concretely what specific measures can or should be taken to avoid the recurrence of catastrophic conflicts and especially how post war developments will affect their own lives and those of their children can a middle course be found between empty generalities which because of their very vagueness arouse neither opposition nor support and a bill of particulars which would arouse untimely controversy perhaps a beginning might be made by seeking agreement on a few major principles which will be needed as underpinning for any effective interna tional organization whatever the exact form it may take once the war is over some of these principles are gradually emerging from the speeches of united nations officials and from public discussions in coun ities which still enjoy freedom of expression among them the following are the most important need for regional as well as world organization the belief is gaining ground that valuable as the experience of the league of nations undoubtedly is mere restoration of the league would not serve to stabilize the world in stead people are thinking in terms of regional or conti nental federations for europe asia and the western hemisphere which would be both ready and able to act on matters affecting the given region or continent but would be linked together into a world organization endowed with authority to act on matters affecting the world as a whole for example a major conflict in any region such a system it is believed would be more flexible than the league of nations and at the same time would encourage a stronger sense of responsibility on the part of the various nations concerned rights of small nations must be respected such re gional or continental federations however should not be come a screen for attempts by any one of the big four china russia britain or the united states to dominate the areas over which they might have a special influence after the war or to create a new intercontinental balance of power mr churchill strongly emphasized the point some times overlooked in the united states that the small na tions of europe must play an important part in post war reconstruction no nation can expect utopia while the rights of all nations large and small should be respected no nation as mr churchill pointed out can expect complete fulfill ment of all its hopes and aspirations this point must par ticularly be borne in mind by the new national states formed in europe after 1919 which as a result of their belated uni fication and their centuries long efforts to resist the en croachments of powerful neighbors have tended at times to be more intransigent than older and more stabilized nations no territorial aggrandizement for any one if the united nations are agreed as would be indicated by their adherence to the atlantic charter that they have no de sire for territorial aggrandizement then no exception should be made to this principle no matter how convincing a case can be presented by any one of the united nations on its own behalf the controversy precipitated by the london times editorial of march 10 concerns the possibility that britain might be willing to let russia have a free hand to asure its territorial security in eastern europe such a move would merely open the floodgates for similar territorial de mands by others among the united nations the answer to all demands for territorial security should be made not by satisfying piecemeal the particular claims of each nation but by intensifying efforts to achieve international security through collaboration between nations it might be recalled that it was only after the breakdown of collective security at munich that russia demanded the baltic states as the ye of any assistance it might have given poland against y international organization mast have force at its dis posal there is overwhelming agreement today that no inter national organization will prove effective unless it has force at its disposal the exact details of how an international force might be formed and used need not be settled in ad vance but acceptance of this principle would give substance to any blueprint of world organization relief no substitute for reconstruction there is a tend ency in the united states to believe that it will prove enough to ship food should food be available at the end of the war or to sign checks in order to effect the rehabilitation of europe and asia that obviously would be the easi est way out but an unconstructive way that would con tribute little to world stabilization money given to relief agencies no matter how generously cannot bring the dead back to life or assure a normal future to undernourished children or erase from the mind of europe's surviving memories of the horrors and brutalities they ave witnessed a much harder but far more constructive page two approach to post war planning is not to concentrate merely on relief of the victims of war but to prevent recurrence of wars in the future most of the ideas discussed above find expression in the resolution drawn up by senators ball burton hill and hatch by crystallizing the feelings of the american people on the major issues of international relations the four senators have provided a basis op which the united states in partnership with the other united nations could subsequently proceed from the general to the particular while some per sons in the administration may fear that senate dis cussion of this resolution at the present time might do more harm than good a public debate on the subject would at least have the good effect of clear ing the atmosphere it might also turn out to justify the views of those who after observing public opin ion throughout the country believe that in this in stance the american people are ready to go much further in the direction of international collaboration than they are sometimes given credit for in new york and washington vera micheles dean can depression after the war be avoided reconstruction tasks infinitely greater than those arising from previous conflicts will confront the united nations at the close of the war even now with victory still a long way off damage by daily bombings and other military operations far surpasses the total devastation wrought by world war i accompanying this material destruction are wide spread starvation and complete collapse of the na tional economies of a score of formerly independent countries now under enemy occupation when the fighting ceases reconstruction on an unheard of scale will be imperative if anything approaching normal life is to be restored in countries destroyed by war transition from war to peace outstanding among the measures to be taken will be reconversion of industrial plants to peace time production rebuilding of devastated regions and repatriation or permanent settlement of refugees and other displaced human beings all of these steps america's battlefronts where our fighting forces are 25c the atest headline book for every one who has a husband brother son or friend in the armed forces it tells you the things you want to know about the many countries where our men are stationed from iceland to the caribbean from the southwest pacific to north africa order from foreign policy association 22 east 38th street new york will present difficult problems none however im possible of solution given the huge technical facili ties of an age in which mass production methods improved by wartime exigencies are at the disposal of mankind all have a common denominator they will necessitate large scale public funds and force the continuation of governmental deficit financing for some time after the last battles have been won in all probability this time there will not be 3 clear demarcation line between war and peace peace making will not be a single event but a long drawn out process in certain parts of the world as prime minister churchill implied in his speech of march 21 fighting will come to an end and material re construction will commence while battles are stil raging elsewhere it is therefore likely that wat controls of production rationing and high taxation will not be relinquished immediately for it is only by maintaining at least some of these controls after the peace that indispensable large scale reconstruc tion can be achieved given an orderly and gradual demobilization maintenance of the necessary controls and a populat will to carry over into peacetime some of the m terial sacrifices accepted for the sake of victory the economic reconstruction of a war torn world maj prove easier than it seems at first the vast trans portation facilities of all kinds now mustered fo war will be available for repatriation of soldies and civilians while the huge industrial plants former ly producing war goods will be able to turn oll myriads of prefabricated houses household furnish ey ll ate merely recurrence xpression burton gs of the rational basis on with the proceed some per enate dis me might te on the of clear to justify blic opin in this in go much laboration in new s dean vever im ical facili methods e disposal ator they and force financing been won not be a ace peace ng drawn as prime of march aterial re s are still that wat th taxation it is only trols after reconstruc obilization 1 a populat of the me victory the world may vast trans ustered fot of soldies nts former o turn ou ld furnish page three ings foodstuffs clothing etc thus permitting mil lions of people to return to normal life in spite of its paramount importance however reconstruction will not be the foremost economic problem of the post war period lasting prosperity can result neither from temporary measures nor from permanent unemployment subsidies which do not create goods the decisive moment in our eco nomic life will come when transitional measures have been taken and the demand for abandonment of wartime controls and government financing of production grows stronger will it be possible then to revert to a large measure of free enterprise and yet maintain full employment will it be possible to avert in the future the depressions and mass un employment of the past the way out economic expansion the answer can be in the affirmative but only if the united nations undertake a bold expansion of their industrial and agricultural output from the technical point of view full employment is as feasible in peace as in war in practice it can be brought about either by the concerted efforts of capital and labor through self imposed discipline or by the gov ernment through control over production it must be achieved in one way or another if wars and revo lutions are to be prevented economic expansion can be fostered in various ways nationally and interna tionally the good neighbor policies lowering of tariffs under a world wide system of reciprocal trade agreements free access to raw materials elimination of such practices as monopolistic control of produc tion restrictive patents narrow trade union rules etc all designed to keep prices high by organizing scarcity through artificial limitation of output would represent a stride forward but the greatest stimulus to full employment will be the sizeable increase of consumption in each and every country even in the industrially most ad vanced nations millions of people are normally un able to increase their consumption of goods because they lack purchasing power to bring buying power up to the level necessary to reach full employment will be the primary task of the future industry can accomplish it to its own advantage by a production and employment policy directed primarily toward maximum consumption the state can achieve it by compulsory production schemes each country will choose the method it prefers but in most cases a combination of the two will probably have to be adopted freedom from want cannot be attained so long as both private industry and the state vie for exclusive power over the means of production of a nation only their continuous sincere collaboration in the drive for permanent full employment after the war can widen the road to economic democracy ernest s hediger this is the third in a series of four articles on post war economic reconstruction the f.p.a bookshelf patents for hitler by guenter reimann new york van guard press 1942 2.50 a most interestingly written study of pre war business agreements between various american and nazi corpora tions with emphasis on their detrimental effect on the war production of the united nations latin american backgrounds by winifred hulbert 1935 paper 60 cents cloth 1.00 rim of the caribbean by carol mcafee morgan 1942 1.00 on this foundation the evangelical witness in latin america by w stanley rycroft 1942 1.00 these three books published by the friendship press new york are written from the viewpoint of the evan gelical church with emphasis on the advantages which missions are offering the poorer classes miss hulbert provides an excellent geographical and historical back ground for an understanding of present day problems mrs morgan gives a colorful account of a recent tour of the west indies enlivened by human touches which reveal the soul of the caribbean peoples the third book written by a former vice principal of the anglo peruvian college at lima peru stresses the spiritual values and work of the evangelical church and paints a picture of a diversi fied latin america the road we are travelling 1914 1942 by stuart chase new york twentieth century fund 1942 1.00 the first of a series of six short books dealing with post war problems in which mr chase explores the great eco nomic trends of our age with his usual skill and clarity the abc of latin america by frank henius philadel phia david mckay co 1942 1.50 a reference manual of facts country by country too brief to serve its purpose fully it is in spots inaccurate as well the educational philosophy of national socialism by george f kneller new haven yale university press 1941 3.50 probably the most scholarly analysis of the ideological basis and content of nazi education based on a thorough examination of all the available source material america in world affairs by allan nevins new york oxford university press 1942 1.00 concise and workmanlike introduction to american for eign policy written originally for british readers the assembly of the league of nations by margaret e burton chicago university of chicago press 1941 4.50 a useful historical study foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 23 marcu 26 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nationa headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leger secretary vera micueres dean editor entered as scond class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one month for change of address on membership publications three dollars a year please allow at leas f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter mar 22 the nonpartisan resolution sponsored by senators ball burton hill and hatch may prove as important a landmark in american political his tory as the lend lease act adopted in march 1941 the sponsors of this proposal have pondered well the lessons of 1919 they have noted the two factors chiefly responsible for senate rejection of woodrow wilson’s league 1 that it was permitted to be come the football of party politics 2 that it was the victim of the yearning for normalcy and the aversion to all international commitments which swept the country after the wave of wilsonian idealism had spent itself promoters of the ball resolution intend to avoid the first of these fatal errors by keeping their scheme on a nonpartisan basis two of the senators initiat ing it ball and burton are republicans and their resolution has received the indorsement of wendell willkie and the whole hearted support of 26 freshmen republican members of the house not too soon the need to proceed now with the building of the future league is one of the points stressed by the four senators to those who argue that it is too early senator hill for instance replies that now is the very time to strike while the iron is hot and before the inevitable wave of post war wear iness and disillusionment overtakes the american people it will be recalled in this connection how men like the late senator henry cabot lodge shouted from the housetops in 1916 for a league to enforce peace only to turn savagely on the practical embodi ment of this blueprint three years later it is probable that the ball resolution will be con siderably watered down in the committee room sena tor connally chairman of the senate foreign rela tions committee has expressed opposition to the holding of an immediate conference by representa tives of the united nations as called for in the reso lution on the ground that such a meeting would hamper prosecution of the war sow seeds of dis sension among the allies and precipitate a bitter controversy on the floor of the senate a somewhat similar view seems to be entertained by anthony eden british foreign secretary who is reported to have told congressmen on march 18 that it was too early at this stage of the war for the united nations to plan in detail for the post war period what is likely to emerge from the committee stage therefore is a simple declaration promising ameti can participation in an international organization rom victory armed with an international military force to pre vent future wars of aggression a manifesto of this character would probably have president roosevelt's blessing judging by his statement at a press confer ence on march 19 that a senate pronouncement de claring the united states is ready to help maintain future peace would help the world situation but even such a comparatively modest result would mark a big advance over the rival gillette resolution which would merely commit the senate to the vague gener alities of the atlantic charter to tell the world where we stand the supreme merit of the ball resolution is that it would commit the senate in principle to united states participation in a league to enforce peace as things stand at present many nations recalling the bitter experience of 1919 when the senate re fused to honor a promissory note signed by the president of the united states hesitate not with out justification to seek their security in a future world organization in preference to assuring it by the expedient of territorial aggrandizement at the expense of their neighbors senate adoption of the ball resolution now would have precisely the reverse repercussions of the historic round robin signed by 39 senators in january 1919 which first warned europe that no treaty was binding on the united states until it had been ratified by the senate the ball resolution would also have a beneficial psychological effect on the always critical relations between the executive and legislative branches of the united states government it would associate the senate ever jealous of its prerogatives with the for eign policy of the president and the state depart ment many a treaty negotiated by the executive branch of the government has been wrecked on the shoal of the senate’s power of confirmation through a two thirds majority it has been pointed out that in the two wars fought by the united states in the past 50 years the peace treaty with spain secured ratification by a margin of one vote while the treaty of versailles was rejected so crippling is the sen ate’s veto power on the conduct of american foreign policy that senator pepper has just introduced 4 proposal requiring only a simple majority vote if both houses of congress to ratify a treaty if this method had prevailed in 1919 the united states would have entered the league of nations and world war ii conceivably might have been averted john elliott buy united states war bonds +nnu lion 2ots nte rieg toa may de ndis nany ries rom 1 the ction 7hen hori to 4 nnces uest lered the for f the nited igure con ed in od to and in be 1ines t the all revel essit ser national leet w york dr william w bishop entered as 2nd class matter university of michigan library aan arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxi no 23 marcu 27 1942 u.s and australia forge machinery of collaboration he announcement on march 17 that general macarthur had been appointed supreme com mander in the southwest pacific with headquarters in australia is important not only as a promise of offensive action against japan but also as a symbol of rapidly increasing collaboration between the united states and the british commonwealth the people of this country and of australia who share a common heritage of pioneering and experimenta tion have been more prompt than the british in discarding time honored customs and nationalistic fetishes that might hamper the war effort the pool ing of men ships and armaments and now of mili tary leadership is a necessary prelude to unified command in the southwest pacific it is also a pre view of the many forms international collaboration might take in post war years australia’s demand for equality the growing desire of australia for closer ties with the united states need not as feared by some quar ters in london create a rift in the british empire the australians realize that the united kingdom with a population of 46 million cannot deploy suf ficient military and industrial power to man all fronts especially when a german spring offensive looms in libya and the near east australia itself has actively helped the british with men and ma terial notably in africa greece and malaya now that it in turn is exposed to mortal danger it has quite understandably sought help from the united states which is in a better geographic and industrial position than britain to send aid at the same time australian leaders demand an equal voice in a pacific war council which they would like to see established in washington as well as in the existing anglo american boards for the pooling of ships raw materials and munitions is view was forcefully expressed by herbert v evatt australian minister for external affairs on his arrival in washington on march 20 australia’s orientation toward the united states can be inter preted and has been so interpreted by axis propa gandists as an attempt by this country to extend its influence over the british commonwealth while britain is engaged in a life and death struggle but it need not cause concern in london unless the british themselves should fail to understand the changes that the war is making in the position both of the dominions and of territories like india which have not yet achieved dominion status in spite of the contributions made by canada australia and other dominions to the war effort of the british empire no dominion representatives have yet been invited to sit as equals in an imperial war cabinet in london the appointment on march 19 of richard g casey australian minister in washing ton as minister of state in the middle east and member of the british war cabinet may pre sage a new policy although this step does not in itself set up a commonwealth executive but this appointment has been received with mixed feelin in the dominion where it is felt that mr casey should not be removed from his washington post at so crucial a moment in united states australian relations in india too the problem of representation in the councils directing the war effort has reached a critical stage on march 23 sir stafford cripps ar rived in india to present specific proposals of the british war cabinet for a settlement of the politi cal deadlock sir stafford believes that an ac ceptable line of practical action can be worked out for the introduction of self government so that full collaboration to resist aggression may be achieved representatives of the indian national congress the moslem league the chamber of princes and the hindu mahasabha are all eager to discuss the still undisclosed british proposals with sir stafford with ss the japanese already claiming control of the fate of india it is possible that the british envoy will suc ceed in negotiating a provisional agreement if the british should take a realistic view of the revolutionary changes wrought by war in the fabric of the empire they might have an unrivaled op portunity to unite the commonwealth at this junc ture by creating new channels however informal for political collaboration between london and the dominions in the long run united states wartime participation in the defense of australia and india should strengthen the empire instead of weakening it such participation would intermingle the inter ests of the united states with those of the com monwealth as a whole it would also bring home to americans the varied problems faced by the british in their relations with far flung and widely diversi fied territories mutual comprehension would near east astir as nazi offensive looms with the advent of spring in russia germany is believed to be planning large scale offensive actions to gain the key positions and valuable economic re sources needed for an axis victory the course of the major offensive will probably be dictated by hitler’s estimate of the relative power of the soviet union if he believes that the red army is sufficient ly weakened by past campaigns and that russia’s industrial strength has been depleted by german conquests in the ukraine he may attempt a second direct attack to the east with the caucasus and ural regions as the principal objectives if however the nazi high command decides that the russians striking power is insufficient to permit them to as sume the offensive it may leave a holding force on the eastern front and move southeastward toward the suez canal and the persian gulf by obtaining control over those strategic positions the germans could open up direct communication with the jap anese through the indian ocean and cut off china and india from the other united nations balkans restive recent military and diplo matic developments in the balkan region suggest that berlin is preparing actively for a spring cam paign special measures have been taken to improve communications and prevent sabotage of railways in greece and yugoslavia german troops are re ported moving into bulgaria and rumanian ports on the black sea and onto the axis dominated islands of the aegean where barges are being as sembled presumably for an assault on turkey meanwhile it is reported that both the hungarian and rumanian governments have been requested to place 300,000 additional troops at germany’s dis posal on march 22 king boris left sofia on his way to berlin where it is expected that he will dis cuss the terms on which bulgaria will contribute its page two broaden the outlook of the united states while jp jecting new ideas and practices into britain's rely tions with the empire is this union now it would be a mix take however to jump to the conclusion that operation between this country and the british commonwealth of nations could stop at the estab lishment of union now with britain or the brit ish empire it is impossible even if it should seem desirable to exclude from the union that is in the making those nations notably russia and china which have greatly contributed to the allied wa effort the machinery of collaboration now bein forged in washington london moscow chung king and canberra will be the more effective in wa and peace the more it aims at inclusiveness instead of exclusiveness prom mach ment reach now depai with sugg thra the of g has 1 cann 4 mate vera micheles dean share of the man power now needed by the nazis despite the fact that all three balkan nations joined the axis more or less willingly berlin is experienc ing great difficulty in enlisting them in the war ef fort the contingents sent from hungary and rw mania to fight in the anti communist crusade have suffered serious losses greatly diminishing whatever popular approval may have existed for the campaign against russia moreover a recent exchange of recriminations be tween budapest and bucharest over the disputed border province of transylvania demonstrates that even hitler’s new order has failed to solve the territorial questions which have long troubled balkan politics when the germans on august 30 1940 requested rumania to cede some 16,000 square miles of territory in transylvania to hungary king carol’s government had to accede but in recent weeks the undertone of dissent in rumania has swelled into a roar of protest on march 22 michael antonescu brother of the rumanian prime minister bitterly attacked hungary saying that the truce between the two nations would be broken if buda pest persisted in mistreating the large rumanian population in the ceded territory although berlin is obviously embarrassed by this quarrel between two axis partners it appears to be veering toward support of rumania perhaps in return for a definite enlarged war maps set of 12 1.00 19 x 24 reproductions from revised war atlas showing combat areas supply lines economic and political line up etc discussion guide also included order from fpa 22 east 38th st new york deliv urge ingtc that shipt may the from the the allie the east with driv offer forc fall nific viev jap sent frot hoy pro this teri wit cee in abl sho the 4 ined ienc r ef ru ade hing for s be uted that bled t 30 juare king ecent has chael ister uce 5uda nian erlin ween ward finite ing up oo mise of additional troops to bolster the wehr macht’s striking power turkey under fire the nazi diplomatic campaign to cajole or intimidate the turkish govern ment has been carried on ever since the german tide reached turkey's borders in the spring of 1941 now it appears to be entering a new phase with the departure from ankara on march 19 of the ger man ambassador franz von papen for consultation with the fuhrer comments in the german press suggest that hitler will offer the turks territories in thrace syria and iraq which formerly belonged to the ottoman empire in return for the free passage of german forces through turkey while ankara has not hitherto yielded to nazi blandishments it cannot resist nazi pressure indefinitely unless war material and supplies promised by the allies are delivered in greater volume than heretofore the urgency of turkey’s needs was recognized in wash ington by sumner welles who declared on march 18 that everything possible was being done to expedite shipments of lend lease aid to turkey instead of driving through anatolia the axis may decide to by pass turkey entirely and strike at the british island of cyprus and thence at syria from bases on crete and the italian dodecanese the british bombardment on march 15 of rhodes the principal port in the dodecanese coupled with the rapid fortification of cyprus indicate that the allied high command is aware of this menace at the same time the british have built up a near eastern force of 750,000 men fairly well supplied with modern arms and airplanes to meet a german drive on syria or a possible resumption of the nazi offensive in libya the requirements of the allied forces in southeast asia and the shipping shortage page three have probably prevented any significant reinforce ments in recent months for some time to come therefore the cairo headquarters will probably be compelled to remain on the defensive the near east undecided behind the battle fronts british diplomats are keeping close watch on the state of public opinion among the native populations of the region among the factors influencing them the relative strength of the op posing powers is of great importance the incon clusive british offensives in libya and the recent reverses of the allies in the pacific have undoubt edly led the arabs to veer toward the axis the problem of jewish and arab rivalry in palestine continues to exacerbate arab opinion the zionists have recently strengthened their demands for a sep arate jewish army an increase of jewish immigra tion into palestine and the pledge of a jewish com monwealth after the war but london has refused to alter the status quo in palestine in deference to arab sentiment throughout the near and middle east beside the 15,000 jews serving in british units in the near east the allies receive military assistance only from a small arab legion in palestine and from senussi tribesmen in libya while it can scarcely be hoped that many near eastern inhabi tants will take up arms in the allied cause it is important that the populations of the area should not embarrass the united nations war effort if the war comes closer to the near east claims for con cessions from the western powers will undoubtedly be raised as was the case in india the allies must be prepared either to recognize these claims or to display sufficient military strength to overawe the dissident elements an intermediate policy will lead to serious difficulties louis e frechtling madagascar in indian ocean strategy the situation created in the indian ocean by the fall of singapore has considerably increased the sig nificance of madagascar from a strategic point of view if this french island were used as a base for japanese submarines and bombers it would repre sent a severe threat to the all important supply route from europe and america around the cape of good hope to egypt india iran soviet russia and china provided that the united nations want to keep this route open for the shipment of troops and ma terial they cannot let japan occupy madagascar with or without the consent of vichy japan suc ceeded in 1940 in occupying french indo china in doing so it gained a base from which it was able to launch the attack on singapore if japan should repeat this procedure in madagascar it would obtain a new foothold from which to assail the cape town route of american and british con voys and eventually to invade africa the first indication that japan had asked the vichy government for bases on madagascar reached the united states on february 10 1942 from free french quarters in london during the following weeks dispatches from various sources purported to show that a japanese military naval and air mission had been making surveys for naval and air bases on madagascar according to one of these sources the japanese newspaper yomiuri quoted jacques benoist mechin vichy’s vice minister of state as having said that if necessary france might consent to a landing of japanese troops at madagascar vichy’s reaction to these reports has been a strenuous denial that a japanese mission has arrived on the island the pétain government's dis claimer was confirmed by a report of the american consul in madagascar published on march 21 that there are only two japanese nationals there infor mation from other sources suggests that within re cent months many german have been sent to madagascar to cooperate with the french authori ties no official denial of the presence of german technicians has yet been made madagascar a defenseless prize ex cept for a small naval base at diego suarez mada gascar is practically undefended on february 18 however the french ambassador at washington m henry haye declared that france had decided to protect the island against any incursions and on march 10 unconfirmed information coming from turkey disclosed that six light naval units of the vichy french fleet had been dispatched from dakar to madagascar but there is little that vichy france can do to oppose an invasion madagascar’s only army is a garrison of native soldiers amounting to about 10,000 men under the command of a handful of french officers to transport either personnel or supplies to the island would be extremely difficult with an area of 241,000 square miles madagas car is the fourth largest island in the world it lies only 250 miles from the east african coast the population is estimated at about 3,621,000 of whom some 18,000 are french largely sympathetic to general de gaulle and the remainder of mela nesian and polynesian stock the island has three good harbors which have been modernized in the last ten years diego suarez the best in the north tamatave on the east coast and tuléar on the west a japanese fleet well protected in these har page four f.p.a radio schedule subject spotlight on australia speaker william p maddox date sunday march 29 time 12 12 15 p.m e.w.t over blue network for station please consult your local newspaper bors could block the mozambique channel anf harass the eastern sea route to india madagascy might also serve as a base for the occupation of portuguese mozambique and its important port of beira which controls the export of the precioy copper and chrome ore of british rhodesia ik seizure would permit the japanese to bomb th coastal cities of south africa from durban to cape town as well as the main port of british kenya mombassa further to the north the immediate ecg nomic potentialities of the island are small by coffee and other tropical foodstuffs as well as som minerals notably graphite are exported since france can hardly defend this vitally im rtant position alone a preventive occupation by allied forces may become necessary in a sense madagascar plays in the indian ocean the part thal iceland plays in the north atlantic the strategi requirements of the allies may demand an occupa tion by free french forces temporarily supported south african troops the lesson learned in the cas of indo china gives the united nations a vitd interest in forestalling any possible incursion by the japanese vol w detail prese close right ment settin cific cessa chose maki tation will ernest s hediger to h the f.p.a bookshelf popu turkey by emil lengyel new york random house 1941 3.75 a popular history of the turks from their early be ginnings on the plains of central asia to the testing of the turkish republic in the second world war while the book is not always accurate or profound the reader will gain a general knowledge of an interesting people athene palace by r g waldeck new york mcbride 1942 2.75 cleverly written tale of what a shrewd observer in bucharest’s famed hotel found out about nazi infiltration in rumania economic warfare 1939 1940 by paul einzig new york maemillan 1941 1.75 a popular writer on economic subjects demonstrates that the economic warfare waged by both britain and germany fell far short of the anticipated objectives honorable enemy by ernest o hauser new york duell sloan and pearce 1941 2.50 an interesting analysis of the japanese people chiefly from a psychological point of view by a keen observer of the difference between eastern and western ways of life the potsdam fiihrer by robert ergang new york cg britis lumbia university press 1941 3.00 impl an excellent biography of king frederick william f pdj the founder of prussian militarism of timely interest be cause the nazis draw much of their inspiration from thi potsdam fihrer as well as his son frederick the great from the land of silent people by robert st john net york doubleday 1942 3.00 an extraordinarily gripping and vivid account of a co respondent’s experiences during the axis conquest yugoslavia greece and crete using unadorned narration as his tool mr st john sharply etches the horror aml pathos of a blitz campaign against unprepared peoplé and armies and highlights the insufficiency of the allie defense a history of ukraine by michael hrushevsky nef haven yale university press 1941 4.00 a scholarly work by the leading ukrainian historiat an advocate of ukrainian independence although it ené with the year 1918 a chapter covering recent deve ments up to the fall of 1940 has been added by prof 0 frederiksen ince cons form seco treat cove fer treat and restr decic ber a crip of i foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 23 marcu 27 1942 spor published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national reso headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president wiitiam p mappox assistant to the president dorotuy f lam secretary vera micue.es dean editor davy h poppur associate editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new yor indi n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year be 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year staff be a +s ce to pre of this osevelt’s confer nent de naintain ion but ild mark n which le gener stand is that it united fe peace recalling enate re 1 by the 10t with a future ing it by nt at the yn of the 1e reverse signed st warned 1e united ate beneficial relations hes of the ociate the h the for e depart executive ed on the n through 1 out that ites in the in secured the treaty s the sen an foreign troduced 4 ty vote if ity if this ited states tions and en averted elliott nds pbrivvuiva kuupm m neral liszary wiv of mich foreign apr 2 1943 rary entered as 2nd class matter policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y you xxii no 24 april 2 1943 y taking the world for his canvas rather than europe as mr churchill had done five days earlier anthony eden in his address before the maryland general assembly on march 26 was able to dispel certain doubts with respect to britain’s at titude toward china and to paint a clearer over all picture of british foreign policy than that of the prime minister indeed if this address is taken in conjunction with mr churchill’s with earlier oficial and unofficial statements in britain and with feports emanating from washington regarding dis cussions between mr eden president roosevelt mr hull and mr welles it is possible to discern several basic principles which are likely to guide british policy in the post war world whether these principles can be realized will de pend of course on the fortunes of war and the policies adopted by the other united nations particu larly the united states and the soviet union it will depend too on the ability of british statesmen and the british people to share the heavy burden of world leadership at a time when the island king dom’s relative power is declining but that the brit ih are preparing to face the task and intend to be ready to shoulder the burden can hardly be questioned some basic policies 1 as a result of the change in their position among world powers the british may be expected to show a keener interest than any other great nation in encouraging and per petuating the mixing up process which has been aking place in the affairs of the united nations during the war they appear fully prepared to par litipate in international action designed to rid the world of both fear and want the former by some kind of international police force the latter by international economic machinery as mr churchill suggested on march 21 the framework within which these objectives might be realized would consist of eden helps clarify principles of british foreign policy regional councils for europe and asia and doubt less the british would not be averse to a council for the western hemisphere and to the linking of all three into a broad world organization 2 recognizing the necessary limits to this in tegration and the fact that for many years at least the great powers will retain a large measure of in dividuality and sovereignty the british consider it essential to put their relations with the united states the soviet union and china on a sound basis britain thinks of the future neither in anglo american nor anglo russian terms mr churchill’s activities since he became prime minister in 1940 as well as mr eden’s present visit point to the importance britain attaches to anglo american understanding while the anglo soviet treaty of alliance is evidence of an entirely new policy toward russia relinquishment of extraterritorial rights in china and the assurances given to that country publicly and reputedly in ptivate by mr eden attest to british interest in the improvement of chinese british relations 3 the british accept the impact of changing condi tions on their geographic position and see them selves now more than ever as a european power with new and heavy responsibilities and an obligation to work out lasting relationships with the peoples of europe in this task they view the participation of both russia and the united states as essential but look also to the revival of a strong france and the development of federations among the small euro pean states as for germany the reich is to be elim inated as a military power while the german people are to be given an opportunity to rebuild their eco nomic life and participate in the affairs of a europe more unified than it was in 1939 4 the british recognize that twentieth century conditions call for a new type of association between the advanced and the less advanced peoples of the world and that they as the greatest colonial power have a special responsibility in working out that relationship they see the task not in terms of sur render of any colonial territory held in 1939 or in the establishment of an international colonial ad ministration but in an improved british administra tion concentrating on economic as well as political progress and possibly in conjunction with interna tional cooperation involving a colonial charter for all dependent areas and some form of general joint supervision britain seeks no extension of its boundaries or increase of its possessions as mr eden made clear it contemplates the future of the colonies as well as india within the commonwealth rather than in complete severance of connections with the british crown 5 acknowledging the relative decline of their economic power in the world the british regard with greater approval than ever before interna tional agreements on trade and monetary policies to prevent economic warfare in which both they and the rest of the world would suffer while there is some support in britain for the renewal and even extension of bilateral trading as a solution for the page two british export problem the government is com mitted along with the united states and a growing number of the united nations to the pursuit of g policy of economic collaboration designed to promote the freer exchange of goods british insularity destroyed in con clusion it may be said that british insularity which in its way was as profound as american isolation in the inter war years has suffered a blow from which it is not likely to recover mr eden described the two fundamental aspects of this shift very clearly if there is one lesson we should have learned from the distresses of those years it is surely this that we cannot shut our windows and draw our curtains and be careless of what is happening next door o on the other side of the street no nation can close its frontiers and hope to live secure nor he con tinued can we have prosperity in one country and misery in its neighbor peace in one hemisphere and war in the other thus mr eden indicated freedom from fear and from want must be guaranteed to all peoples and britain is now ready to support measures that would assure both how arp p whidden jr economic security basic in post war reconstruction changes in ways of life and work resulting from the machine age have created a condition of eco nomic insecurity unparalleled in former times the industrial revolution of the past century has caused periodic economic depressions which have disrupted the existence of millions of human beings by sud denly depriving them of their means of livelihood ever since the beginning of these crises and more particularly since the world wide depression of the early thirties many persons have gradually come to consider security of employment more important than high wages or even political freedom trend toward economic security legislative measures designed to offer at least some protection in case of loss of income have been passed in various countries since the latter part of the nineteenth century in europe especially com pulsory insurance schemes were enacted which gave have the reciprocal agreements aided u.s trade what effect has war had on the trade program what is congress prepared to do regarding re newal of this act and to help along post war eco nomic reconstruction read reciprocal trade program and post war reconstruction by howard p whidden jr 25 april 1 issue of foreign po.icy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 material benefits to certain categories of workers or their dependents in case of sickness childbirth old age death and more recently unemployment simi lar measures were introduced in the united states by the roosevelt administration as a rule how ever the benefits provided by such social legisla tion have been too limited in time and population coverage to insure real freedom from want in world war ii the urge to define social war aims has prompted allied leaders to make general declarations of principle the most explicit of which is the fifth point of the atlantic charter urging implementation of improved labor standards eco nomic adjustment and social security for all in preparation for enforcement of these principles various governments have sponsored the drafting of national social security programs outstanding among these are the beveridge plan submitted to the british government by a royal commission on social insurance in december 1942 and the post war plan and program prepared by the national resources planning board and transmitted by president roosevelt to congress on march 10 1943 blueprints of economic security both the beveridge and the american plan seek the same general result elimination of economic ins curity in the future each however attacks the prob lem from a different angle the beveridge plan is a complete national com pulsory insurance scheme purporting to cover all classes in all cases from the cradle to the grave is com growing suit of 4 promote in con ty which lation in mm which ribed the y clearly ned from that we curtains door or can close he con intry and yhere and freedom 2ed to all measutes dden jr q orkers or birth old ent simi ed states ile how 1 legisla pulation ocial wat e general of which rf urging ards eco or all in principles rafting of itstanding submitted mmission and the d by the ansmitted march 10 curity n seek the omic inse the prob ional com cover all he grave jt fixes in monetary terms the insurance benefits which every person or his or her dependents will receive in case of sickness unemployment child birth old age or death it is a positive actuarial lan with dues and benefits clearly defined as such it will satisfy those who ask for concrete measurable proposals but it has a vulnerable flank for it rests on the assumption that employment will be normal in peactime should the post war period witness mass unemployment its operation would be seri ously endangered while the beveridge plan does not deal with the means for creating sufficient em ployment after the war this side of the problem was discussed in general terms by prime minister churchill in his speech of march 21 and evidently will be worked out more specifically in a later stage the american plan for social security attacks the problem from precisely the opposite angle it is not primarily a measure for wider social insurance al though it proposes to extend the present social se curity system to groups now excluded it does not therefore attempt to specify benefits in dollars and cents or to compile tables indicating how the costs of social security will be distributed instead it is essentially a program tending to guarantee work and decent living conditions to every one in the future as such it deals mainly with problems of demobilization post war employment public works post war rehabilitation and the expansion of indus try and agriculture it paves the way for solution of the basic economic problem of our time how to assure steady employment and decent living condi tions for all after the war it assumes that if this the e.p.a political handbook of the world 1943 edited by walter h mallory new york harper for the council on for eign relations 1943 2.50 the sixteenth issue of this invaluable annual brings up to date developments in governments of axis controlled countries describes both the giraud administration in north africa and the fighting french government in london and lists the cabinets of the governments in exile and those of the belligerent countries nazi conquest of danzig by hans l leonhardt chicago university of chicago press 1942 3.50 a well documented though somewhat legalistic account of the gradual nazification of the free state of danzig from 1933 to 1939 and the way the league of nations council side stepped the protection of the democratic con stitution of danzig against nazi encroachments greenland by vilhjalmur stefansson new york double day doran 1942 3.50 a leading arctic scholar’s story of the world’s largest island which dominates the middle of the north atlantic and harbors allied ships and planes page three fundamental difficulty is solved the introduction of a general system of social insurance will be an easy matter if on the other hand it is not over come even the best planned insurance scheme will be condemned to failure for a sane economy must be based on the production and consumption of goods and services and cannot survive on the dis tribution of subsidies for the time being the beveridge plan and the american plan are still in the form of proposals drafted by experts and submitted to competent bodies for action a long time may pass before they are fully acted upon but it is only by their implemen tation in one form or another that we will approach lasting economic prosperity and social peace in the meantime their authors have mapped a road through the jungle of economic instability which separates man from one of his oldest goals freedom from want it is now up to the democracies to decide if when and how they want to build that road ernest s hediger this is the last in a series of four articles on post war economic reconstruction fpa to broadcast on april 3 on saturday april 3 the foreign policy associa tion will broadcast its fourth round table discussion over the blue network from 1 15 to 1 45 p.m the subject will be renewal of the reciprocal trade trea ties and the speakers will include vera micheles dean howard p whidden jr of the associa tion’s research staff and dr j b condliffe james g mcdonald will act as chairman bookshelf how japan plans to win by kinoaki matsuo translated from the japanese by kilsoo k haan boston little brown 1942 2.50 translation of the three power alliance and a u.s japanese war published in japan in october 1940 inter esting chiefly as an instance of the psychology of japanese militarists guam and its people by laura thompson new york institute of pacific relations 1941 2.50 a social anthropologist presents an absorbing analysis of the problems of education in a colonial area essentially the story of life and change in guam before pearl harbor under the impact of foreign influence men behind the war by johannes steel new york sheri dan house 1942 3.50 sketches by a well known radio commentator and cor respondent of the public and private lives of more than 70 european and asiatic leaders who have influenced the history of our time special emphasis on the way hitler has affected their careers foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 24 aprit 2 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lugt secretary vera micumizs dean editer entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year bp isi produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor pa 8 ra t 1 if i at i k washington news letter mar 29 winston churchill’s failure in his broadcast of march 21 to include france among the powers to be charged with maintaining peace in europe after the war has caused some chagrin in french circles here since france fell while fighting in a common cause the united states and britain have a moral obligation not only to reestablish the territorial frontiers of france as they existed in 1939 but also to restore france to its position as one of the great powers of europe so far as it lies within their ability it was prime minister stanley baldwin who in 1934 proclaimed that britain’s frontier was on the rhine and president roosevelt is credited with having made a similar remark to a group of congressmen in the spring of 1939 re garding america’s frontiers but despite this lip service to what is now generally admitted to be a truism neither anglo saxon power was in a posi tion to adequately defend its own outer bastion when the nazi assault on france occurred in 1940 sentinel of liberty not only a sense of fair play but expediency demands that france should be enabled to fill again its historic role which woodrow wilson once defined as that of the sentinel of liberty on the rhine any attempt to treat france as a negligible factor in the post war settlement would almost inevitably result in a treaty of rapallo between that country and germany with the nationalist elements in both countries conspiring to upset the status quo france however cannot resume its position as the first continental power of western europe merely by the good wishes of the united states and britain the first condition of its revival is restoration of national unity internal dissension was one of the primary causes of france’s collapse and this is to day fully as much as nazi occupation of its terri tory a main barrier to its recovery it is this fact that lends such importance to the negotiations that general georges catroux de gaulle’s representative is now conducting in north africa with general henri honoré giraud head of the french administration for a merger between his forces and those of the fighting french for if frenchmen engaged in the common task of fighting germany cannot agree it is difficult to see how french national unity is going to be restored within the lifetime of the present generation it is particu larly important that such an accord should be reached for victory before the allies undertake the invasion of europe so that such an attack would have the whole hearted cooperation of the french people since the casablanca meeting in january much has been accomplished by general giraud to make possible such an agreement on march 17 he te pealed all vichy decrees issued since the armistice nine days later he severed ties with vichy by re moving from circulation stamps bearing pétain’s picture and having all posters pictures and slogans of the marshal taken down from the buildings in north africa two of the chief pro vichy figures in the french administration general jean ber geret deputy civil commander in chief and jean rigaud former cagoulard who was secretary of political affairs saw the signs of the times and quit on march 17 general giraud formally restored the laws of the third republic in addition many political prisoners have been liberated and the ban on the de gaullist movement lifted show need for unity in the meantime two recent incidents have sharply stressed the need for the unity of all anti axis frenchmen the first was the desertion to the fighting french movement of sailors from the battleship richelieu now sta tioned in the new york navy yard undergoing re pairs on such a scale as to threaten immobilization of this 35,000 ton battleship the other is the ques tion of the status of french guiana which has se ceded from the rule of pro vichy admiral georges robert governor of martinique and to which both generals de gaulle and giraud have assigned pro consuls french unity will never be realized so long as frenchmen continue to be dominated by a spirit of narrow partisanship it is necessary too that french men abandon that pharisaical attitude recently condemned by randolph churchill son of the brit ish prime minister in a letter to a london news paper which as he said tends to assume that any frenchman who had occupied an official posi tion under the vichy government must be a traitor or possessed of a fascist mentality unity can only be attained when frenchmen are inspired by the slo gan of valmy the underground newspaper pub lished in metropolitan france only one enemy the invader john elliott buy united states war bonds +vr william w bis ar waa versity of wi ann arbor mich an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y sia ih mb thy vou xxi no 24 april 8 1942 to cape kenya will india accept cripps proposal a ith the japanese at the gates of india the on the pacific war council which was formed in ll bal british government on march 29 revealed washington on march 30 s somme details of the proposal which sir stafford cripps has from the british point of view the proposal rep presented to indian leaders it offers india at the resents a long step forward before sir stafford en lly mm close of the war full dominion status with the tered the war cabinet the british government re tion right of secession although earlier british state fused to make an unequivocal declaration that it sensi ments promised india dominion status without would grant india full self government at a definite art setting a definite date the present proposal is spe date its declarations promising dominion status trategid cific it recommends that immediately upon the were so hedged with qualifications that indians occuél cessation of hostilities the lower houses of the newly doubted the sincerity of british intentions in the orton chosen provincial legislatures elect a constitution past the british government has insisted that it could the a making body on the basis of proportional represen not take any action until the leading political parties a tation indian states governed by native princes in india first came to some agreement it has now 1 by th will have the opportunity to appoint representatives assumed the initiative and responsibility for future diger to this body in the same proportion to their total developments at this critical time rests with india population as the provinces of british india the the proposal goes far to meet the demands of zork go british government agrees in advance to accept and the moslem league the league which claims to implement whatever constitution is framed by the represent the 80 million moslems in india has de illiam if indians subject to two reservations first any prov manded the creation of a separate state pakistan ince of british india may refuse to accept the new constitution and retain either its existing status or form a new union with other dissident provinces second the british government will negotiate a treaty with the constitution making body which will cover all matters arising out of the complete trans fer of power from british to indian hands the treaty will provide for the protection of religious and racial minorities but it will not impose any festriction on the power of the indian union to decide in the future its relationship to other mem ber states of the british commonwealth according to the proposal brought by sir stafford cripps the british government will retain control of india’s defense for the duration of the war re sponsibility for organizing the military and moral fesources of india will rest with the government of india in cooperation with the indian people sir stafford suggests that a representative indian should be appointed to serve in the british war cabinet and with sections in the northwest and northeast where the moslem population forms a majority it has in sisted that this state should be independent of the rest of india but a dominion in the british com monwealth other prominent moslems such as sir sikander hyat khan prime minister of the punjab oppose the pakistan scheme and favor an all india federation the british proposal designed to re assure the moslems that if they do not like the new constitution they may remain outside of the indian union may result in the balkanization of india however it is probable that a majority if not all of the moslem provinces would prefer to remain a part of a united india provided that cultural and re ligious rights are safeguarded the indian national congress largest and best organized party in india has no doubt been disap pointed by the proposals it has demanded acknowl edgment of indian independence not dominion status to be effected at a fixed date and a post war se constitution for a united india to be drafted by a constituent assembly as a provisional measure it has stated that it would cooperate in the formation of a national indian government responsible to the elected members of the existing central legisla ture but not to the british government the british proposal falls far short of these demands but con cedes india’s right to determine its own international status in the post war world the congress party thus faces a serious dilemma if it accepts the proposals it will be forced to with nazis seek to isolate russia in north when lord beaverbrook on his arrival from britain at miami beach on march 29 declared that if the russian armies were scattered beyond the urals all our hopes would be scattered too and urged that all possible supplies should be sent to this most critical battlefront in the history of civ ilization he expressed the views of those in the united nations who believe that the european theatre of war may prove decisive in 1942 few are so omniscient as to predict in advance whether the nazis come spring will strike first at sweden in the hope of cutting the allied supply line to russia or toward the near east in the hope of obtaining oil but it is obvious to all that the only country capable of inflicting a military defeat on germany this year is russia the russians themselves have no illusions regard ing the difficulties they may face when the germans gather their forces for a fresh thrust at the soviet union according to reports from moscow the german high command has transferred 38 divi sions or possibly 500,000 men to various sectors of the soviet front from all parts of europe since january 1 and has brought large air reinforcements some apparently from africa with these new forces the germans have launched local counterattacks at several points after weeks of what berlin admitted to have been defensive operations effective as russia’s resistance has been especially since the start of its counteroffensive in early december the russians have not yet recaptured the principal cen ters occupied by the germans nor have they recov ered the ukraine and the donetz basin which con tain some of russia’s principal industrial raw ma terials and factories russia’s two fold plea under these circumstances the russians continue to make a two fold plea they demand the opening of a second front in western europe without waiting until the last button is sewn on the uniform of the last soldier and they demand an increase in allied sup plies to russia the first demand vigorously voiced page two draw some of the fundamental objections it hg previously made if it rejects the proposals it rug the risk of alienating public support among th united nations it is reported from new delhi thy a majority of the members of the executive com mittee of the congress party consider the britis offer inadequate in its present form since the mos lem league is expected to accept the cripps plan the big question mark remains the attitude of th congress party margaret la foy by stalin in his speech of february 23 on the ann versary of the red army and since then reiterated by ambassador litvinov in new york on march 1 and by ambassador maisky in london on march 25 has been only partially answered by the stepping w of british air raids on armament factories in ger many and german occupied territory in analyzing this demand it should be borne in mind that if the united nations were to undertake an invasion of the european continent they might be even leg able than they are today to deliver war supplies to russia on a large scale it must also be pointed out that russia being a land power does not give sufficient weight to the fact that the british have kept a second front open ever since the outbreak of war a second front on the high seas if it had not been for the british navy which only after pearl harbor began to receive shooting aid from united states naval units in the atlantic it would be extremely difficult for the united nations to maintain supply routes open to far flung fronts among them the russian front war aid to russia moreover the russians themselves admit that britain to a far greater de gree than the united states has fulfilled its prom ises of war aid to the soviet union this is due partly to the greater proximity of the british isles to russia's white sea ports and partly to britain expectation that it will be able to replenish the sup plies it sends russia by imports from the united states it is this country not britain which has 9 far failed to carry out the promises of aid it made jast aut us.s.r here of the ru in some should east p this sc high g of wa ment c howeve such hi increas recent show t import un strides in imy united other tion be the fee are no tions and pa since the fa of ru defeat the post w with tl in the this v createc autum for useful signposts indicating the way anti naz europeans are thinking about the future read european agreements for post war reconstruction by vera m dean 25 march 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 the g ceivec for th and butyl ber indus a pri russians ater de s prom is due ish isles britains the sup united 1 has 0 it made i page three jast autumn when an american mission visited the us.s.r our failure has not been due to shortages here of the war materials most urgently needed by the russians it has been due in part to the feeling insome washington quarters that available supplies should be rushed to other fronts notably the far east president roosevelt indicated his concern on this score on march 26 when he directed several high government officials including the secretaries of war and navy to remove all barriers to ship ment of supplies to russia the chief bottleneck however has been and remains shipping even with such handicaps the united states is beginning to increase the flow of shipments to the u.s.s.r and recent german air and naval activities in the north show that the nazis are fully aware of the growing importance of the allied life line to murmansk unanswered questions while great strides have been made during the past few months in improving relations between britain and the united states on the one hand and russia on the other two obstacles still block unreserved collabora tion between the three powers the first of these is the feeling on the part of soviet leaders that they are not receiving all out aid from the western na tions although some of them realize that britain and particularly the united states have been forced since pearl harbor to divert men and material to the far east the other is the unresolved problem of russia's future role in europe in case it does defeat germany the russians feel that speculation about the post war period should not be allowed to interfere with the tireless prosecution of the war effort which in their opinion might bring a decision in europe this very year at the same time the impression created by mr eden’s negotiations with stalin last autumn that russia would demand strategically cartel agreements hamper u.s war effort the charges against the standard oil company of new jersey made by assistant attorney general thurman arnold on march 26 while testifying be fore the truman committee of the senate empha size again the difficulties experienced by private enterprises in a peaceful democracy which try to do business with hitler standard oil is accused of having entered into a cartel arrangement whereby the giant german trust i g farbenindustrie re ceived technical information on american processes for the production of aviation gasoline lubricating oil and other petroleum products including standard’s butyl patents for the manufacture of artificial rub ber whatever case may be made for an american industry entering into such a cartel agreement with 4 private industry in another capitalist democracy defendable frontiers in europe including control of the baltic states finland and possibly eastern poland has not been dispelled and remains a source of growing concern to britain and the united states which in the atlantic charter pledged them selves to restore the independence of european coun tries this divergence in views which has been kept under cover for fear of creating a rift between the united nations would benefit by a public airing it must be recognized that the countries of eastern europe and the balkans before 1939 enjoyed in dependence in name only as long as they remained subject to pressure from their two powerful neigh bors germany and russia it is entirely under standable that they do not want to be controlled by either one of these great powers if some alternative can be found but neither can germany or russia be expected to tolerate a situation in which small and unfortunately vulnerable countries are either used or allow themselves to be used as bases for attack by one of these great powers against the other the only hope for the small countries or eastern europe and the balkans lies in some form of re gional or european federation which would have to be sufficiently strong to protect them against politi cal and economic encroachments from all quarters those people in britain and the united states who prematurely worry about a russian victory which is by no means a foregone conclusion on the ground that russia would expand territorially and seek to extend the soviet system beyond its borders must learn one thing the only way to avoid what they fear is for the united nations to offer a con structive program for reorganization of europe which could enlist the cooperation of the soviet union and at the same time reassure the small coun tries from the baltic to the aegean which have served as one of europe’s historic battlegrounds vera micheles dean it does not apply where totalitarian régimes are concerned for in the nazi state such an arrange ment served the purpose of war and not business this is the latest case in which an american com pany has presumably without deliberate intent weakened our industrial potential by dealing with german cartels there was for example the case of magnesium production since magnesium is lighter than aluminum it is valuable for the construction of aircraft while nazi germany was expanding magnesium production notably in austria it at tempted to prevent a similar development in the united states by encouraging the i g farbenindus trie trust which also handles magnesium to enter into a patent agreement with the aluminum com pany of america the germans calculated that alcoa with its enormous investment in aluminum would do what it could to restrict the manufacture of the lighter metal an earlier agreement between alcoa and the i g farbenindustrie signed in 1931 was used by the nazis to prevent for a time the pro duction of american magnesium on a large scale this contract provided that in no event could pro duction of magnesium in america exceed 4,000 tons without the consent of the german firm in the following years germany expanded its magnesium output at top speed until it reached 100 million tons in 1941 while efforts toward the creation of a large american magnesium industry were effectively blocked until 1939 similar german american agreements relating to optical goods tungsten carbide beryllium pharma ceutical products and the like have tended to in crease germany's war and economic potential and to lower that of the united states the american corporations involved operating within an economic system characterized by freedom of enterprise were motivated principally by the profit motive which in our economy as organized before the war was considered entirely legitimate it was to their finan cial advantage to make such patent agreements al though the net effect was at times detrimental to the united states industrial potential in time of war the german corporations on the other hand were agents of the nazi régime and their activities were directed by that régime in accordance with its con ception of germany's military needs these american corporations were not alone in the mistaken idea that business could be conducted with totalitarian countries on a basis of equality the united states continued to sell strategic materials such as scrap iron oil and rare metals to its po page four f.p.a radio schedule subject russia’s spring prospects speaker vera micheles dean date sunday april 5 time 12 12 15 p.m e.w.t over blue network for station please consult your local newspaper tential enemies even when relations with them be came strained almost until pearl harbor there was an impression that the united states could avoid war by continuing business as usual so far as possible patent reforms it now appears that a com prehensive reform of private international patent arrangements is under way the findings of the truman committee have attracted the attention of the american public to activities of cartels and other groups which may hamper the war effort jealously held patents and processes for the manufacture of critical materials have already been put at the dis posal of american firms in december 1941 the government reached an agreement under which all parties agreed to pool patents on the buna process of making synthetic rubber the standard oil com pany which before the recent revelations by mr arnold had not included patents of the butyl process in the common pool may be obliged to do so under a decree entered in the federal court of newark on march 25 this decree releases for the duration of the war and six months thereafter scores of patents controlled hitherto by the german i g farben industrie trust and its american license holders measures like these will undoubtedly expedite the all out war program ernest s hediger the f.d.a bookshelf flight to arras by antoine de saint exupéry new york reynal and hitchcock 1942 2.75 an introspective often lyrical account of the author’s reflections on duty and defeat as they occurred to him on a hazardous reconnaissance flight during the battle of france total victory preparation for a total peace by stephen king hall new york harcourt brace 1942 2.00 stimulating in that it urges full use of psychological as well as material factors to create a more lasting peace the political economy of war by a c pigou new york macmillan 1941 1.50 a new and revised edition of a book first published in 1921 which provides a lucid analysis of wartime economic problems mr churchill by philip guedalla new york reynal and hitchcock 1942 3.00 a delightfully written although not profound account of the british prime minister’s colorful career china rediscovers her west edited by yi fang wu and frank w price new york friendship press 1940 1.00 a symposium which treats many aspects government social educational religious of the changes which china has undergone as its center of gravity shifted to the west ern provinces of the interior versailles twenty years after by paul birdsall new york reynal and hitchcock 1941 3.00 interesting analysis of the good and bad points of the versailles settlement by an american historian who thinks president wilson’s ideas offer a good start for the future foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 24 aprit 3 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nation l headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president wittiam p mappox assistant to the president dorotuy f lam secretary vera micueces daan editor davin h poppmn associate editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year ae 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year countri part as theatre cated t premie shal pé ment ai hitler ment 1 lence o sion 0 relucta terms influen eral de democ londo referer directe +restored n many the ban eantime the need the first ovement now sta roing fe rilization he ques 1 has se georges ich both ned pro long as spirit of t french recently the brit on news ume that cial posi a traitor can only y the slo per pub enemy illiott nds foreign apr 9 as entered as 2nd class matter policy bubbezin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y you xxii no 25 april 9 1943 soviet japanese peace aids united nations he renewal on march 25 of the soviet japanese treaty regulating japanese fishing in siberian waters has caused little concern in the united states the new york times for example calls the action a matter of annual routine declaring that it does not denote appeasement of japan and neither the russians nor the japanese will so construe it al though tokyo has held these fishing rights since tsarist days the u.s.s.r has in recent years re duced the number of areas open to japanese fisher men and has raised the rents but any effort to ex clude japan completely would almost certainly be a prelude to war should the u.s.s.r fight japan criti cism is occasionally heard concerning soviet policy on the ground that neutrality toward japan does not ft in with the general position of the united na tions sometimes the point is made that if russia wants a second front in europe she should be will ing to open one in asia or that in return for lend lease supplies moscow should go to war with tokyo such appeals to emotion overlook two of the chief strategic realities of the struggle against the axis that britain and the united states long ago decided to concentrate on defeating germany first and that the soviet union is at present the main force wearing the nazis down clearly if the u.s.s.r had been fighting japan the great soviet winter offensive against the german armies could not have been launched the north african campaign would probably have been im practicable and the present opportunities for in vading the continent of europe would hardly exist at the same time it is an illusion to think that the amount of soviet strength available in the far east fan tip the scales against japan a soviet japanese war while germany is still fighting could result only in an unfortunate dispersal of united nations military power sometimes it is true the suggestion is made that the u.s.s.r should simply allow amer ican planes to use siberian bases against japan but under present circumstances this would plainly re sult in a soviet japanese war nor is there reason to think that enough planes are available to make such a move effective japan’s independent policy but why does japan avoid attacking in the north if such a move would aid germany and impede the united nations the answer seems to be that japan un like italy acts first of all on the basis of its own interests and is not a mere satellite of the nazis despite the general harmony of interests between hitler and the japanese military there are issues on which the latter would be unwilling to follow ger many’s leadership especially since the two coun tries through geographical circumstances are obliged to wage somewhat separate wars this is indicated by the fact that for some time japan has permitted soviet vessels to carry quan tities of lend lease supplies from the pacific coast of the united states to siberian ports it is also rumored that japan has sold valuable raw materials such as rubber and wolfram to the soviet union such developments far from constituting a cause for allied suspicion of the u.s.s.r point to a gap in axis unity that it is not in our interest to close these differences within the axis even if only tem porary permit the strengthening of the soviet front against germany and thereby indirectly aid the fight against japan itself tokyo of course is aware of this last point but at least at present considers it less important than keeping out of war in the north u.s.s.r influences far east the ex istence of peace with japan does not mean that the far eastern military situation is not being influenced by the soviet union on the contrary japan is known to maintain a number of its finest divisions in man churia and korea as a counterweight to the soviet __ army air force and submarine fleet in the far east soviet supplies although reduced in quantity since the war with germany have also played a consider able part in bolstering chinese resistance moreover there is reason to think that increased aid whether of soviet or american origin is already or will soon be reaching china over the northwest highway from the u.s.s.r late in march for example san fran cisco newspapers quoted the chief of canada’s pa cific command as saying that supplies are going via alaska to china and russia even if flown direct planes going to china would have to cross sss page two a soviet territory but a glance at the map will sug gest the possibility of such supplies being landed ig the u.s.s.r and carried in from there this would certainly tie in with the considerable development of china’s northwestern areas in the past half year it is impossible to say whether japan will long permit the united nations to reap the benefits of soviet japanese neutrality but while this situa tion continues it should be recognized as represent ing a genuine disadvantage for the axis of which we must make maximum use lawrence k rosinger renewal of trade agreements first post war requirement speaking before the chamber of commerce of the state of new york on april 1 sumner welles said that the acid test of our willingness to share in the tasks of post war reconstruction would be whether congress renewed the reciprocal trade agreements act of 1934 before it expires on june 12 our allies he suggested will see in this decision a clear indication of our future intentions and until it is made they will have grave doubts about ameri can policy this frank declaration by the under secretary of state gave a clue it was felt in canada to the caution with which anthony eden spoke of future collaboration among the united nations when he addressed the canadian parliament the same day several canadian papers pointed out that until con gress makes it clear it will back the administration in its post war objectives the other united nations can only wonder if the united states will follow the same course as in 1919 assurance against trade war the trade agreements act was passed largely through the influence of secretary of state cordell hull at a time when american policy and that of other countries consisted of cut throat trade warfare each country seeking to benefit itself at the expense of others this trade anarchy was a part of the general anarchy in international affairs out of which devel oped the second world war the hull program authorizing the president to negotiate reciprocal agreements reducing tariffs and other trade barriers global war in maps set of 12 maps 1.00 reproductions 19 x24 from recent headline books covering all theatres of war and both americas included are maps of the united nations allied and axis supply lines alaska the u.s.s.r japan and the pacific australia and new zealand india africa near and middle east central and south america order from foreign policy association 22 east 38th street new york represented the one real effort to check these de structive tendencies in trade and to put the world back on a sane basis of multilateral trade based on equality of treatment if renewed it will provide a large measure of assurance against repetition of the widespread policies which after the last war led to economic war rather than economic cooperation more than this the principles of the trade agree ments program have already become an integral part of commitments made by the united states and a growing number of the united nations in article vii of the master mutual aid lend lease agree ment of february 23 1942 the united states and the united kingdom agreed to seek joint action di rected to the elimination of all forms of discrimina tory treatment in international commerce and to the reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and in general to the attainment of all the economic ob jectives set forth in the atlantic charter to dis card the hull program would be to discard these principles which were embodied in the lend lease agreements on the intiative of the united states and leave our allies in doubt as to whether any of our brave words about the post war world will ever be translated into deeds renewal in national interest by congressional renewal of the trade agreements act before june 12 of this year the united states would be enabled to pursue a policy not only in accordance with its commitments but also in harmony with its own best interests from 1934 to march 1943 agreements have been concluded with 26 foreign countries in latin america in continental europe and in the brit ish commonwealth normally commerce with these nations amounts to two thirds of total united states foreign trade the trade agreements with them meat that we have given economic substance to our gool neighbor policy and that we have broken through the trade barriers surrounding many european cout tries and the british empire since 1934 there hus been a marked advance in united states foreign trade notably in exports and this can be traced in pati at least to the operation of the hull program it write __ rill sug nded in would lopment alf year ill long efits of situa present thich we inger int hese de ie world yased on rovide.a nm of the war led peration le agree gral part es and a n article agree rates and uction di scrimina nd to the s and if omic ob to dis ard these lend lease states er any of orld will lest by ments act would be lance with h its own greements intries i n the brit with these ited states hem meaf our good n through pean cout there has reign trade ced in pat gram it is ee particularly significant that our exports to trade ygreement countries have increased much faster than our exports to non agreement countries this was twe before the war broke out in europe in 1939 and has been even more true since the trade pro gam undoubtedly constitutes a solid foundation for sesumption of mutually beneficial trade when victory jswon at that time many of our agricultural and industrial producers will need foreign markets while american producers and consumers will need raw materials and other products from abroad the continuance of wartime restrictions on trade in the transition period immediately following the end of hostilities may well limit the area in which trade agreements can be effective and necessitate in fenational action of a more dynamic character to bring about the expansion of world trade relief and thabilitation at this time will probably have to be on the basis of lend lease moreover as a result of the war profound changes will take place in the economies of all nations a highly industrialized untry like britain which has long imported the greater part of its foodstuffs may feel it wise to maintain a war expanded agriculture while a coun the f.p.a a study of war by quincy wright chicago university of chicago press 1942 2 vols 15.00 a 1300 page encyclopedia on war by a well known expert om international relations volume i measures the impact of war on human society from earliest times to the present volume ii discusses the causes of war and its control in the future a book for considered reading and reflection germany’s master plan the story of industrial offen sive by joseph borkin and charles a welsh new york duell sloan pearce 1948 2.75 a fascinating account by two experts of how german tartels armed by patents launched a world industrial ifensive which until pearl harbor gave them control over the production of artificial rubber light metals plastics synthetic quinine and other war materials documented but not technical in language the silent war by jon b jansen and stefan weyl phila delphia lippincott 1943 2.75 two german social democrats who must necessarily write under pseudonyms give a gripping account of the battlefield inside germany on which anti nazis have been struggling for a decade against hitler and indicate the shape revolution might take in the reich the future of industrial man by peter f drucker new york john day 1942 2.50 a counterpart of mr drucker’s previous book on eco tomic totalitarianism under war conditions the end of economic man this new and stimulating study of the in dustrial society of today especially in the united states develops original approaches to a free society when peace tomes the author urges that we decide now on what principles that society shall be based page three es try like china which in the past has exported primary products in return for manufactures may be expected to expand the consumer goods industries which now supply many of its needs but in spite of these developments it seems clear that the long run task of reconstruction can be achieved only on the basis of two way trade and that the reciprocal trade program could play a large part in promoting a revival of the world’s commerce as mr welles said in his new york speech there is no question whatsoever that both in the interest of american prosperity and living standards and in the interest of creating conditions conducive to peace we must foster trade with other countries the trade agreements program is a minimum fe quirement if we are to achieve these objectives its abandonment at the present time or the adoption of crippling amendments might well mark rever sion to the extreme protection which did so much to aggravate the depression of 1929 32 and prevent achievement after the war of the economic objectives of the atlantic charter the united nations declara tion and the lend lease agreements howard p whidden jr bookshelf let the people know by norman angell new york viking press 1942 2.50 answers the average busy citizen’s questions about the causes of the war and the kind of peace we are fighting for a persuasive brief for collective security war words by w cabell greet new york columbia uni versity press for columbia broadcasting system 1943 1.50 in these days of war when unfamiliar names must trip from the tongues of even casual speakers this simplified dictionary is invaluable japan rides the tiger by willard price new york john day 1942 2.50 a popularly written survey of the japanese people and empire with the accent on japan’s preparations for ag gression in various parts of asia the author believes that one of japan’s chief difficulties is the absence of true mod ernization with the sixteenth century background still dominating twentieth century affairs into the valley a skirmish of the marines by john hersey new york knopf 1943 2.00 a vivid eye witness account of a small segment of the fighting on guadalcanal told by a writer who spent two weeks on the island gives a strong sense of the reality of war prelude to victory by james b reston new york alfred a knopf 1942 2.00 trenchant exposition of facts about the war and their implications for america which too many of us have not really grasped even now one of the ablest correspondents speaks his mind foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 25 aprit 9 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dororuy f lust secretary vara micueuxs dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year one month for change of address on membership publications please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ge produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter sith pred bengy apr 5 the two international conferences which as announced here last week will be held in the united states this month mark a modest begin ning in the process of converting the united nations from a literary expression into a political reality on april 1 secretary of the treasury morgenthau re vealed that representatives of the allied nations have been asked to come to washington for dis cussions on post war currency stabilization the fol lowing day secretary of state hull said that 38 nations had been invited to attend a meeting to be devoted to post war food problems this food con ference which is to open april 27 and at which russia and china have already announced their intention of being represented will be the first general gath ering of the united nations at the food conference the delegates will take up the least controversial of all the problems now fac ing the allies it should not unduly tax the resources of statesmanship to reach agreement on some scheme for feeding the liberated populations after the military power of the axis has been broken but washington hopes that if an accord is arrived at on this comparatively simple subject it will open the door to the settlement of thornier issues in his speech at toronto on february 26 under secretary of state welles in proposing a joint study by the united nations of pzoblems under the general head ing of freedom from want suggested that this work might lead to the finding of common denominators two question marks at present the two chief obstacles to attainment of this result appear to be uncertainty 1 in the united states regarding the future intentions of the u.s.s.r and 2 in the other united nations regarding the future inten tions of the united states it is difficult to say just how far the recent visit of anthony eden british foreign secretary succeeded in dissipating suspicions rampant in some quarters in washington that the soviet government intends to gobble up so much territory in eastern europe after the war as to nullify the principles of the atlantic charter it is noteworthy however that adolf a berle jr assistant secretary of state who is popu larly supposed to be the head of an anti soviet bloc in the state department declared in a speech at reading pa on april 4 that the great structure of a reorganized and peaceful world must inevitably rest on four powers namely the united states britain russia and china he said that in his judg for victory ment the soviet government would not become the victim of any urge to seize great additions to her already huge empire president roosevelt at his press conference op march 30 commenting on the eden visit declared that the united nations had achieved 95 per cent of complete unity he did not specify what points were included in the other 5 per cent but presum ably the question of russia’s future european fron tiers bulked large in the agenda of disagreement probably the best way to settle this matter would be through direct contact between the president and premier stalin it was significant that at this same meeting with newspapermen mr roosevelt intimated that he still hoped for an opportunity to meet stalin thus indirectly renewing an invitation originally ex tended just before the casablanca meeting with mr churchill in january the acid test but if russia is an enigma wrapped in mystery our own ultimate attitude to ward post war international cooperation has the other united nations guessing mr welles forcibly called attention to this fact in his address in new york on april 1 concerning renewal of the recipro cal trade agreements act the question of renewal of this act under which mr hull has negotiated trade treaties with some 26 nations in the past nine years is next on the cal endar of the house despite the fact that this act was one of the few sane measures taken during the decade of international madness that preceded the outbreak of the present war its fate is now hanging in the balance as a large group of republicans and western democrats are known to be lined up against it since deeds speak louder than words the vote of congress on the trade agreements act even more than the adoption of a purely academic resolution by the senate on our readiness to participate in a post war international organization will be regarded by our allies as indicative of our future course of action if congress refuses to accept such a small measure of economic cooperation as this act represents the other united nations will have good reason to sus pect that the ultra nationalist forces in this country will once more pull the united states back to a po sition of political isolationism after this war as they did in 1919 and once this suspicion takes root in the minds of our allies it is scarcely an exaggera tion to say that we will have lost the peace before we have even won the war john elliott buy united states war bonds +tk m be re was avoid far as a com patent of the ion of other lously ure of 1 dis 11 the ich all tocess com yy mr rocess under ark on ion of patents arben olders ite the iger nal and account wu and 3 1940 rnment n china ie west ll new of the thinks future national f last jew york william w pres entered as 2nd class matter de 5 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxi no 25 aprit 10 1942 nationalist sentiment obstructs hitler's new order eames both the axis powers and the united nations stepped up the pace of air warfare in furope and asia growing activity was reported from the silent front of europe’s conquered countries which may play an increasingly important part as german forces are drawn off to the russian theatre of war news from berne on april 3 indi cated that the efforts of m laval former vice premier and foreign minister in the cabinet of mar shal pétain to regain a post in the vichy govern ment and resume his policy of collaboration with hitler had ended in failure m laval’s own state ment issued on april 2 in the face of complete si lence on the part of the marshal gave the impres sion of bitterness and frustration the marshal's teluctance to comply with his former minister's terms has been attributed by laval supporters to the influence of the united states which only ten days before announced that it had reached an agree ment with vichy on outstanding questions and had resumed shipments to north africa the hope of the state department that by main taining relations with vichy it would prevent all out nazi domination of france is about to be subjected to a decisive test the decision has been hastened not only by fresh tension in france itself but also by the activities of general de gaulle leader of the free french movement on april 1 at a luncheon of the british national defense committee gen eral de gaulle demanded recognition by the united democracies that the real france is the france of london and not of vichy he made no specific teference to any country but his speech was clearly directed at the united states since britain has rec ognized de gaulle’s national committee and has no diplomatic relations with marshal pétain u.s recognizes french in africa the united states which maintains relations with vichy france has at the same time adopted the policy of recognizing local free french authorities which display manifest effectiveness in protecting their territories from domination and control by the common enemy acting on this policy washington on march 2 recognized the free french as being in effective control of france’s island colonies in the pacific notably new caledonia and french forces in these colonies have been placed under the com mand of general macarthur on april 4 the united states similarly recognized free french control over the cameroons and french equatorial africa and announced that an american consulate general would be established at brazzaville capital of french equatorial africa to make confusion worse con founded while britain recognizes de gaulle’s na tional committee canada a british dominion with a large population of french origin recognizes the vichy government and receives an envoy from mar shal pétain all these tergiversations have aroused the indignation of the free french who demand clarification of their status as an ally of britain and the united states their demands assume all the greater importance because meanwhile the passage of time and the cooling of war emotions have also clarified the atti tude of many people in vichy france the riom trials originally designed to relieve the french na tion of responsibility for the war by fixing war guilt on daladier blum and other leaders of the popu lar front were unexpectedly transformed into an absorbing discussion between the judges and the defendants as to why france was not adequately prepared for war with the reich enough has now been revealed to indicate that the obsolete methods of the french high command the non cooperation of french industrialists and the pacifist preachings of some french intellectuals were at least as re sponsible for france’s military unpreparedness as the popular front leaders tug of war in balkans the situation in france reveals one of hitler’s basic difficulties in dealing with conquered countries from the begin ning the nazis appear to have been primarily con cerned with the economic exploitation of these coun tries for the benefit of the german war machine in each of the occupied territories they had hoped they would find men who for one reason or another would be ready for a policy of collaboration and that the transition to the new order would thus be effected with a minimum of economic disturb ance so far this has not by any means proved to be the case ven in countries that stand to benefit by german victory notably hungary and bulgaria the centuries old territorial conflicts between hun gary and rumania on the one hand rumania and bulgaria on the other have recently been envenomed by mutual denunciations which the nazis have not yet succeeded in suppressing and berlin’s demands for additional troops from hungary rumania and bulgaria for the russian front have been countered in all three countries by territorial claims at one an other's expense following reports that dr ladislaus de bardossy hungarian premier had attempted suicide rather than yield to hitler’s demands for troops nicholas von kallay former minister of agriculture formed a new cabinet on march 10 this change however did not improve hungary's relations with berlin on april 2 in a message to the hungarian army re gent nicholas horthy who in the near future is to be succeeded by his son painted a dark picture of russia’s guerrilla warfare and hungary's unpre american foreign policy and international patent agreements the controversy between assistant attorney gen eral arnold and the standard oil company of new jersey centering on the corporation’s pre war col laboration with the nazi controlled super trust i g farbenindustrie has entered a new phase the original charge made by mr arnold before the truman committee of the senate was that an illegal conspiracy aiming at the suppression of independent experimentation production and dis tribution of synthetic rubber had existed between the standard oil company and the german trust this charge was denied on april 1 by w s farish president of standard oil who declared that his company had given extensive information on its butyl process to the army and navy munitions board as early as january 1939 according to mr farish the administration refused in 1940 a com pany offer to build synthetic rubber factories with government financial assistance a new issue was injected into the controversy on april 3 when two high government officials de page two paredness to fight russia in terms of both men apj material some observers believe that even if hyp gary did have larger forces at its disposal it woulj prefer to keep them at home for possible use againg rumania where anti hungarian sentiment is in th ascendant rumania’s military dictator general antonesq had hoped that by sending king carol into exile jy 1940 and admitting members of the pro fascist anti semitic nationalist iron guard into his cabinet he would prevent the establishment of a german pro tectorate over rumania and possibly recover som of the territory that carol had been forced to sup render to hungary and bulgaria the report lay week end that rumania on march 10 had cop cluded an agreement with slovakia and croatia with the blessing of the chetnik guerrilla warriors of yugoslavia against hungarian expansion may ip dicate that general antonescu has lost hope of nazj aid for his plans earlier it had been reported tha bulgaria and hungary in defiance of hitlet’s wishes had signed an agreement on march 23 pledging themselves not to yield the territories they had te covered from rumania in 1940 meanwhile german pressure on king boris of bulgaria to declare war on russia has created serious tension in that country many of whose people are pro russian following boris’s return from a visit to berchtesgaden the sofia parliament was adjourned until october like othe conquerors in europe’s history hitler is discovering that it is easier to win military victories than to pacify conquered peoples who retain national aspira tions and ambitions vera micheles dean clared before the truman committee that standard had refused to halt sales of aviation gasoline to two axis controlled air lines operating in south ameria until the state department threatened to blacklist the brazilian subsidiary of standard oil which solé the gasoline to the axis lines standard oil's sponse was a press statement by mr farish to the effect that no deliveries had been made except in conformity with the policy of the state depart ment standard oil its president asserted had a will japan’s conquests in asia solve her raw ma terials problem or will the scorched earth policy and guerrilla warfare prevent this solution read japan as an economic power by lawrence k rosinger 25c april 1 issue of foreign poticy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 tually v by the break it 0 as sc dile ing of mittee h more cl ratio terest can foll strength enter in consent on the sult w and ev think o remune sibilitie conside their de be pro 20 cent though agreem ducers seemed the ma hesitate a prodt placed plants japa cate th the dri throwi1 and th taches has be recent malay islands connec states by gain cc and so industt order their t the pe territo depriv en and f hun would a gaing in the onescy xile ip st anti net he in pro r some to sur rt last d con a with iors of lay in yf nazi od that wishes edging rad te serman war on ountry lowing 1e sofia e other overing han to aspita yean ents andard to two merica lacklist ch sold il’s re to the except depart had ac me olicy read r nth tually wished to be placed under some compulsion by the state department in order to be able to break its relations with the axis companies it did so as soon as the government issued its threat dilemma of u.s corporations the air ing of mr arnold’s charges in the truman com mittee has helped the american people to understand more clearly the difficulties confronting private cor rations in matters that involve broad national in terest nazi controlied trusts like the i g farben can follow only one course they are compelled to strengthen germany’s military power they cannot enter into any international agreement without the consent of their government american corporations on the other hand are not legally obliged to con sult washington about their foreign arrangements and even if they feel inclined to do so they cannot think only in terms of war but must also consider remunerative prices and post war production pos sibilities in the last analysis purely commercial considerations must play a paramount part in their decisions synthetic rubber for instance could be produced in large quantities at a cost of 20 cents a pound or less but natural rubber al though sold recently at about 15 cents due to agreements between the dutch and british pro ducers could be sold for 5 cents a pound if it seemed desirable to drive artificial rubber out of the market naturally therefore private companies hesitate to invest large sums in the manufacture of a product which after the war might easily be dis placed by competition the government controlled plants of the axis working exclusively for war page three l needs are not confronted with such decisions questions of competition and prices might also have been at the core of the problem of magnesium production mentioned in last week’s bulletin due to an unfortunate mistake in that issue the esti mated present german production of magnesium was given as 100 million instead of 100 thousand tons the dow chemical company which first de veloped production of magnesium in the united states originally had difficulty in finding a market for this product because of the reluctance of army and navy men to use the lighter metal this reluc tance however might have been due in part to the high price fixed by the group which had pooled the fabricating patents the aluminum company of america dow and i g farben last year an in dependent government financed plant was estab lished in california to produce cheaper magnesium the real issue it is evident that the truman committee study will be of real service to the na tion the basic issue which emerges from the mass of testimony may be stated in these terms is it possible for private groups in the united states op erating quite legitimately on the profit motive to enter into agreements with corresponding industries in totalitarian states without endangering the inter ests of this country if the answer to this question is in the negative steps must be taken to bring the foreign policy of all american corporations into harmony with that of the nation as the investiga tion demonstrates such steps can be effective only if they include government registration and approval of international patent agreements e s hediger u.s faces new raw material problems japanese moves in southeast asia appear to indi cate that tokyo has abandoned at least temporarily the drive on australia from the east indies and is throwing its main forces into the battle for burma and the bay of bengal particular significance at taches to the activities of the japanese navy which has begun harassing the eastern coast of india from recently acquired bases at singapore and penang in malaya rangoon in burma and the andaman islands it may also interrupt the main supply routes connecting india with australia and the united states by driving farther westward in asia the japanese gain control over additional sources of raw materials and some production facilities to bolster the empire’s industrial resources they gain converts for the new order in asia especially among the burmese and their threats of future advances cause unrest among the peoples of asia still living in british controlled territories moreover they are quietly but effectively depriving the united nations of sources of materials vital for their own war effort a nation like the united states rich in most of the minerals and agricultural products needed to sustain a large industrial system finds it difficult to understand the significance of a blockade by now however it should be apparent that the axis has to some extent turned the tables on the allies and is applying an economic blockade against us the have not countries are becoming the haves asia’s raw materials in this light the latest japanese moves have a direct bearing on the world wide struggle for raw materials by pushing north into burma tokyo expects to sever the routes to free china thereby not only cutting off the sup ply of arms to the chinese but also depriving the united states of commodities designated by the army and navy munitions board as strategic or critical in nature as late as 1940 the united states received 950 tons of tungsten ore metal content or over 33 per cent of its total imports from china tungsten is an essential element in the manufacture of high speed tool steels armor plate and armor piercing projectiles in the same year china sent us 14.5 per cent of our silk imports except for japan the only important source of the fiber which is used in making parachutes and powder bags for heavy guns almost 95 per cent of our imports of tung oil a fast drying constituent of paints came from china fortunately substitutes are available although at a higher price interruption of shipping from the far east has caused serious dislocations in some of our war in dustries especially in products imported from india that country is the source of 90 per cent of our supply of high grade mica films and splittings which are vital for the manufacture of electrical equipment including motors radio tubes and con densers and spark plugs there are few sources of fine mica other than india and outside that country there are very limited numbers of skilled workmen who can process the raw mica as it comes from the earth india provided the united states with 7.4 per cent of its manganese imports and 5.5 per cent of its chrome ore imports in 1940 the shortage of both of these steel alloying minerals is causing seri ous concern in washington for as consumption in steel making rises the sources of supply have be come fewer and more distant steps have recently been taken to exploit low grade ores in the western part of this country and in other parts of the west ern hemisphere but since substantial tities of the minerals will not become available for some time we are still dependent on foreign supplies in the f.p.a mission to moscow by joseph e davies new york simon and schuster 1942 3.00 the united states ambassador to the u.s.s.r from 1936 to 1938 who remains a firm believer in the system of private enterprise gives a sympathetic portrayal of rus sia with special emphasis on its industrial development and military preparations the value of the book is en hanced by the inclusion of many of mr davies confidential dispatches to the state department which under ordinary circumstances would not have been published for a number of years nazi europe and world trade by cleona lewis assisted by j c mcclelland washington brookings 1941 2.00 through a careful statistical study of international trade in the pre war years the authors conclude that al though the nazis now dominate most of continental eu rope excluding russia in the calculations they still lack many essential raw materials and foodstuffs a faith to fight for by john strachey new york ran dom house 1941 1.75 a noted leftist discovers the need for a passionate be lief of sorts if england is really to defeat nazism page four f.p.a radio schedule subject what india means to the allies speaker david h popper date sunday april 12 time 12 12 15 p.m e.w.t over blue network for station please consult your local news paper the field of vegetable fibers the united states already lost its principal source of manila hemp j the philippines india has produced some hemp anj about 98 per cent of the world’s output of jute used in strong bags and other wrappings curtailment of our imports of jute would cause further difficultie in the war effort offensive required if the axis were tp succeed in cutting off the traffic between india ané the united states after having caused serio shortages in rubber tin and other products formerly obtained from the east indies and malaya the could hamper the rapid expansion of our industrig producing essential machines and supplies of war even if the axis does not obtain immediate contrd over the resources of india and china they ca seriously embarrass the united nations shipping position by making our vessels already overtaxed travel over longer and more devious routes there is thus an additional reason for the allies to take the offensive as soon as possible in order to proted their remaining resources and at least hold shipping lanes to their present lengths louts e frechtling bookshelf charles de gaulle by phillipe barrés new york double day doran 1941 2.00 the best account yet to appear of de gaulle and th free french movement free yugoslavia calling by svetislav sveta petroviteh translated and edited by j c peters new york grey stone 1941 3.00 an interpretative review of nazi oppression and the spirit of revolt in czechoslovakia poland and yugoslavia european colonial expansion since 1871 by mary townsend with the collaboration of cyrus h peake philadelphia lippincott 1941 4.00 designed as a college text this is a very useful one volume survey of european imperialism in africa aml asia from 1871 to the present war it is packed with it formation and illustrated with many maps the kremlin and the people by walter duranty ne york reynal and hitchcock 1941 2.00 a well known reporter tries to clarify the russia enigma and expresses confidence in russia’s power resist foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 25 aprit 10 1942 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frank ross mccoy president witutam p mappox assistant to the president dorotuy f lam national secretary vera micuheres dean editor davw h poppsgr associate editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year ago 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year www re delhi the péta the vas the brit by obse ment di middle ward th driving the taining springb tensity by light man mi crete nazi of fast it of the most a telative proceed dec develop the nec the us after p that th éspecia the pac country tors co sympat chines strategi trolled of hay +sieing ence on declared per cent it points presum an fron reement would be lent and his same ntimated et stalin nally ex ing with n enigma titude to has the s forcibly in new recipro ler which ith some n the cal this act uring the ceded the y hanging icans and ip against 1e vote of ven more olution by in a post garded by of action 1 measure sents the on to sus is country k to a po ar as they es root if exaggeta ace before elliott nds si viwe sien uusa qeneral library niv of mich neral library apr 19 1943 entered as 2nd class matter university of michigan aan arbor michican foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 26 aprin 16 1943 u.s and britain plan currency stabilization to aid world trade g he publication on april 6 and 7 of the united states and british post war currency proposals marks the first step in a concerted endeavor on the part of washington and london to prevent monetary chaos after wartime economic controls are relaxed both plans aim at opening avenues for trade and capital movements by stabilizing currencies and granting nations easier access to foreign exchange both recognize that an increased flow of goods and capital between nations is a prerequisite to world prosperity and are designed to promote this end washington proposes stabilization fund the american plan prepared by harry d white of the u.s treasury proposes a united na tions stabilization fund which would give far greater stability to exchange rates than existed in the inter war years by making available to countries the for eign exchange necessary for settlement of their trade balances states adhering to this plan would agree on exchange rates for their currencies and bind themselves not to alter this rate except by a four fifths vote of the managing board of the stabiliza tion fund each member would contribute a quota based on its holdings of gold and foreign exchange its trade balance and its national income member states would have voting power according to con ttibution but no country could possess more than 25 per cent of the total votes the aggregate of all quotas would be roughly 5,000,000,000 although the fund would start with 2,500,000,000 each member depositing half its quota in return members would receive credits with the fund in terms of a new international currency the unitas defined as equivalent to 10 in gold the fund would try to prevent violent fluctuations in exchange rates and acute shortages of any particular currency to achieve this it would sell member nations either gold or the currency of other countries taking local currencies in exchange for short run discrepancies in the balance of in ternational payments the american plan might work somewhat as follows if over a period of time the united states sold abroad more goods than it bought the claims of american sellers against foreign buy ers would exceed the claims of foreign sellers on american buyers without some kind of regula tion attempts of foreign buyers to get dollar ex change to make payments would force up the dollar in terms of foreign currencies but under the pro posed plan the stabilization fund would take part of the dollar balance contributed by the united states and sell dollars to the debtor countries in this way foreign buyers could reimburse american ex porters without paying a premium for dollar ex change in the case of chronic unbalances between exports and imports the problem would be more difficult but the plan suggests ways to prevent countries from piling up export balances year after year and others from accumulating large import bak ances the fund could refuse to sell foreign exchange to debtor countries until they cut down imports by domestic adjustments and could ask creditor coun tries either to reduce exports or increase imports of course if a major creditor nation refused to coop erate the whole plan would fall apart but it may be assumed that the countries which adhered would accept its provisions london advocates clearinghouse the british plan designed by lord keynes adviser to the treasury proposes an international clearing house without capital assets members of this mul tilateral clearing system would receive foreign ex change where necessary up to a quota limit based on each nation’s foreign trade during the three year period from 1936 to 1938 the governing board of the clearinghouse would be limited to twelve or page two fifteen members nations with the larger quotas ap pointing one member each and those with smaller quotas naming a member for convenient political or geographical groups by this arrangement the major nations would have the greatest voice but not a definite veto as under the american plan to facilitate what would amount to transfer of foreign exchange from creditor to debtor countries keynes proposes an international currency to be known as bancor this currency unit would apparently be tied in part to gold but to a much lesser extent than the american znitas if a participating country incurred an unfavorable balance of international payments it could for a time finance the difference by means of an overdraft on the bancor assigned to it but if this limit was exceeded the country would at once be called upon by the clearinghouse to ad just its position on penalty of losing the right to draw on its account by surrendering gold checking outward capital movements or devaluing its currency compromise should be possible while both washington and london have stated that their who will teach whom after the war the statement reported to have been made on april 7 by dr ralph turner representing the di vision of cultural relations of the state depart ment at the institute of educational reconstruction in new york to the effect that the united states is planning to educate europe taken in conjunc tion with the new york times revelations of al leged failures on the part of american teachers to convey a rudimentary knowledge of history to their students raises some interesting long range ques tions the facile assumption made by some people in this country that the most effective method of preventing the recurrence of wars is through the re education of citizens of the axis powers and that such re education can be best accomplished by class room inculcation of certain ideas or principles al ready threatens to lead to misapprehension and hence to ultimate disillusionment is more education europe’s need if those who urge re education of europe by the united pros and cons of the reciprocal trade program 10c brief history arguments for and against discussion questions and reading suggestions quantity rates on request order from foreign policy association 22 east 38th street new york a os plans are tentative and that neither government js in any way committed to its proposals it is clear that each has designed a plan with its own prob lems and traditions primarily in mind although no return to the gold standard is possible the united states naturally wishes to take advantage of its gold reserves of over 22,000,000,000 the british op the other hand are apparently reluctant to tie ster ling to gold and favor a system which would give some assurance that their pre war position as the world’s greatest trading nation would not be seri ously jeopardized by lack of gold or foreign ex change since both the united states and britain are in agreement on the necessity of an international organization to stabilize currency and exchange on the multilateral principle and since both are prepared to initiate measures for dealing with the causes of unbalance in international trade a compromise should be possible either before or during the united nations monetary conference to be held in the near future howarp p whidden jr states mean classroom instruction at various levels then the underlying belief that americans are better educated than the french dutch norwegians or for that matter the germans will come as a sur prise to the peoples of europe who to take only one much publicized subject have probably absorbed more knowledge of their own history by living among monuments inherited from the past than the average american has learned through classroom study when it comes to revering the achievements of vanished civilizations the europeans have much to teach the people of the united states even though it must be admitted that their reverence for the past sometimes fans conflicts and prejudices in the present does mere knowledge guarantee i democracy but if it is true that large sections of europe’s populations need not american te education but the opportunity with allied aid to overthrow hitler’s rule and resume and expand thei own educational practices why did not education in europe prove an obstacle to war the answer is that mere knowledge is not enough to prevent 4 given course of action or to guarantee its opposite what is needed is willingness among people to pul their knowledge to work to use it for constructive instead of destructive purposes this is where the great alarm stirred by the new york times survey of the knowledge of americat history among high school and college student appears to be disproportionate especially amonf college educators who if they were not alread aware of these lapses must themselves be held t spo on t fact are tl v ally effe leas of non bor com cati par tenc nat eve cati tens ser pro the n st le fnment is t is clear wn prob hough no 1e united f its gold fitish on tie ster ould give ym as the t be serj reign ex d britain ernational hange on prepared he causes mpromise he united the near en jr us levels are better egians or as a sut take only r absorbed by living t than the classroom ievements ave much ites even erence for judices in rantee ye sections erican fe ed aid to pand their education answer is prevent a opposite ple to pul structive y the new americat e studenti ly amon ot alread ye held rf nsible for negligence the alarm is voiced largely on the ground that students who do not know certain facts of american history must be ipso facto unpre ed for the responsibilities of democratic society js this a sound assumption what is essence of democracy actu ally the american public schools have handled effectively the infinitely difficult task of giving at least rudimentary classroom instruction to millions of children of the most diverse racial religious eco nomic and educational backgrounds many of them born in families of illiterate immigrants who had come here from all corners of the world that edu cation under these circumstances which had no allel in the countries of western europe often tended to be reduced to the lowest common denomi nator is understandable even if regrettable that every effort should be bent in the future to make edu cation at the primary and secondary level not only ex tensive as it is today but intensive should by now be obvious what is often forgotten by critics is that while american education may produce relatively fewer scholars than corresponding education did in pre war europe it has proved tar more successful in acquainting children with the practices of demo cratic living and it is this the spirit of give and page three a i intcereeeeeet take of sportsmanlike respect for the achievements of others of fairness toward opponents that amer icans could successfully contribute to the rehabilita tion of post war europe but the real essence of democracy cannot be con veyed merely through classroom lectures or refer ence books its possession cannot be adequately tested by even the best devised questionnaires nor is it always most strikingly displayed by those who be lieve themselves to be highly educated in the schol astic sense indeed it is often found in its purest form among men and women the world over who have not had to study books in order to learn how to respect the rights and integrity of fellow beings the most promising kind of re education we can undertake in europe after the war is not through propaganda extolling this country’s achievements or through condescending attempts to remake the europeans who are justly proud of their contribu tion to world civilization into what margaret mead has called pale and distorted images of ourselves but by practicing in our relations with other na tions the methods of democracy we have so effec tively in spite of many blunders learned to practice at home vera micheles dean the f.p.a bookshelf the peace we fight for by hiram motherwell new york harper 1943 3.00 this small loosely written book by a former european correspondent of the chicago daily news contains more solid common sense on problems of post war reconstruction than most tomes on the subject the author is quite vague when it comes to political questions but performs a real service by bracing american readers to meet the knotty problems of relief and rehabilitation the red army by michel berchin and eliahu ben horin new york w w norton 1942 3.00 a sketchy but useful account of the composition and organization of the red army and of the campaigning in which it has participated since 1938 with brief descrip tions of russia’s principal military leaders joint production committees in great britain montreal international labor office 1943 50 cents a valuable study describing the british system of joint production committees in individual factories mines ship yards etc that has developed in order to secure full labor management cooperation in war production an outline of political geography by j f horrabin new york knopf 1942 1.50 in a very readable new book which contains 46 maps and is a development of his earlier outline of economic geography this famous english map maker and econo mist has written a condensed economic history of the world centering on the effect of geographical factors in the devel opment of society ramparts of the pacific by hallett abend new york doubleday doran 1942 3.50 description of a trip through the far east shortly be fore pearl harbor by a former new york times far eastern correspondent wilson’s ideals edited by saul k padover washington american council on public affairs 1942 2.00 the author of one of the most interesting biographies of jefferson presents selections from wilson’s written and spoken words to show his vision of a truly democratic peace the mediterranean by emil ludwig new york whittle sey house 1942 3.75 the author calls his book a sort of tapestry and that it is a colorful interweaving of history with many de tails which make come alive those who have fought lived and ruled on its shores deadline the behind the scenes story of the last decade in france by pierre lazareff new york random house 1942 3.00 stories of the last decade in france written by the former editor of paris soir centering on the venality of the french press the foe we face by pierre j huss garden city new york doubleday doran 1942 3.00 a vivid picture of nazi germany drawing for the most part pen portraits of its rulers by the former head of the berlin office of the international news service foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 26 aprit 16 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lugr secretary vera micunies dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at leas one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year c produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news ll etter apr 12 the strategic question underlying the tunisian campaign has never been whether the allies could drive the axis from north africa but how long it would take them the axis high command’s objective in sacrificing a quarter million soldiers by sending them to tunis has been to upset the anglo american timetable and compel the allies to consume so many previous weeks in overcoming remnants of german italian resistance in africa that there would be no time left to undertake an in vasion of europe this summer the rapid advance of montgomery's 8th army however indicates that the end of the tunisian battle is already in sight definite plans for one or more invasions of eu rope in 1943 were undoubtedly mapped out at the casablanca meeting in january and anglo ameri can conquest of north africa will open up strategic possibilities that were not on hand last year then only an invasion of northern europe was practicable now a series of coordinated attacks from various points is possible thus while the vast force of highly trained british and american troops quar tered in england and northern ireland strike at norway or the channel coast of france it will b possible for a second invasion army to attack the axis from africa say in sicily or the balkans the axis is alarmed while the high com mands on both sides seek to shroud their plans in utmost secrecy surface indications tell the laymen that both the allies and the axis expect an invasion of the continent to materialize this summer re cently for instance extensive coastal zones along the southern and eastern shores of england were de clared restricted areas for use as bases for offensive operations against the enemy the axis too is making counterpreparations mussolini and hitler concluded on april 11 a four day crisis conference presumably devoted largely to discussion of the defense of italy for it is ob vious that that highly vulnerable country is destined to become a target for concentrated anglo ameri can air attacks as soon as the conquest of tunisia has been completed hitler also conferred with king boris of bulgaria and following their meeting dmitri vassileff bulgarian minister of public works broadcast on april 7 that if the allies at tempted landings in greece albania or yugo slavia bulgaria would actively enter the war it is by no means certain however that the allies will be able to carry out their invasion threats in for victory 1943 the obstacle that prevented anglo american forces from landing in force on the continent in 1942 exists in am even more aggravated form this year this obstacle is the shipping bottleneck caused by the intensified u boat warfare the nazis are now waging it was currently said a year ago that 1942 was hitler’s last opportunity to win the war this year it can be said with equal assurance will give the fuehrer his final chance to stave off defeat his most powerful shield is neither the siegfried line nor the chain of fortifications he is erecting along the european coast but the submarine packs that are now swarming in the mid atlantic hitler’s last card a clear warning that the nazis would make a desperate effort to cut the flow of war supplies to england and africa this year was given on january 30 when hitler elevated admiral karl doenitz germany's submarine fleet commander to supreme head of the german navy in place of admiral erich raeder secretary of the navy knox disclosed on april 6 that the u boat situ ation was tough and hinted that doenitz whose fertile mind devised the wolf pack submarine tactics has elaborated a new and more deadly form of attack against our convoys it is unfortunate that the need to conceal shipping losses from the enemy has kept the american people from realizing that the battle of the atlantic is easily the most critical campaign of the whole war how many americans know that our shipping losses from u boats in march were among the highest for a single month since the war began in 1939 allied counterattacks against the submarine have taken three principal forms 1 a new type of war ship the so called destroyer escort as protection for convoys the first of these vessels was put into service only last february but by july the navy expects to have a large number of these warships 2 construc tion of escort aircraft carriers which are not suit able for action with the fleet but are expected to add enormously to the efficiency of anti submarine patrols especially in the mid atlantic 3 air attacks on nazi submarine bases and construction yards the effectiveness of these attacks has been questioned by many naval authorities but the report that united states bombers severely damaged seven out of fifteen submarines on construction slips in the daylight raid on vegesack on march 18 shows what may be ac complished by such methods john elliott buy united states war bonds +uble i the riteh sey the javia eake one h it ssial er t jationsl york oo ies apr 2 1942 entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y you xxi no 26 aprit 17 1942 lei the fall of bataan on april 9 india’s rejection of the proposal brought to new delhi by sir stafford cripps and laval’s return to the pétain cabinet on april 14 the war has entered a the vast encircling movement against russia and the british empire which has long been predicted by observers familiar with nazi strategy a move ment designed to effect a junction in the near or middle east between german forces driving east ward through the mediterranean and japanese forces driving westward through the indian ocean the tenacity displayed by the germans in main taining their positions in the crimea possible springboard for an attack on the caucasus the in tensity of german air raids on malta accompanied by lighter raids on alexandria reports of vast ger man military concentrations in bulgaria greece and crete all point to preparation for the anticipated nazi offensive in the mediterranean and the near fast it is entirely conceivable that the central sector of the soviet german front where fighting has been most active during the past winter might be left telatively quiescent by the germans while hitler proceeds with an all out offensive in southern russia decisive action in europe these new developments confront the united nations with the necessity for immediate and crucial decisions the unity achieved by american public opinion after pearl harbor was due first of all to the fact that the united states had been attacked but tspecially to the fact that it had been attacked in the pacific where many americans believe that this country has a paramount interest a number of fac tors combine to create this belief long standing ympathy notably in missionary circles for the chinese people the desire to recover access to strategic materials like rubber and tin now con trolled by japan natural concern for the defenses of hawaii and of this country’s pacific coast yet laval’s return heralds nazi spring drive it is becoming increasingly clear that of the two d main theatres of war in which the united states is engaged europe may be of more pressing impor tance not that germany is anywhere near the point i of exhaustion to believe this would be to cherish a most dangerous illusion but the problem which faces the united nations is how to use a still lim ited supply of men and material most effectively right now without waiting for war material to be assembled by 1943 the decision as to which of many fronts should receive priority is of necessity painful and fraught with danger since no man or group of men can claim omniscience in this mael strom of war and revolution united nations still on defensive the visit to london of general marshall chief of staff of the united states army and mr hopkins chairman of the british american munitions assign ment board indicates that washington is fully aware of the importance of the european front and of the immediate necessity to replenish russia’s depleted reserves of war material through the two available routes of supply russia’s white sea ports in the north and iran in the south no one in the united states would advocate reduction of american aid to australia china and india all of which are ex posed to japanese attack but at the same time the view is gaining ground that britain must be used as a base for any invasion of europe and that mean while russia’s resistance is the principal bulwark against an all out nazi assault on britain the average citizen is disturbed to learn from negotiations in washington london moscow chungking and canberra that the united nations have apparently not yet reached an agreement as to the course they should follow and this at a moment when the axis powers are carrying out a carefully planned program of encirclement this is an in evitable result of fighting a defensive war since the i 44 a eee page two defenders cannot always foresee just where and when they may be called upon to resist attack the recent demand in britain and the united states for an offensive shows a realization of the issues at stake but an offensive can be launched only when the necessary weapons are available of these the most important in the present phase of the war are ships tanks fighter planes and long range bombers it is therefore encouraging to learn from speaker ray burn’s statement of april 9 that our production of airplanes has reached 3,300 a month although by no means all of them are combat planes laval’s return to vichy the very fact that russia in the east and britain and the united states in the west are straining every effort to meet the german onslaught this spring may have caused hitler to take matters into his own hands in vichy france the return to power of m laval france's no 1 collaborationist and the suspension of the riom trials which contrary to the wishes of both marshal pétain and hitler had turned out to be a vindication of popular front leaders can only be viewed as a final move by the nazis to harness india rejects cripps plan prepares for defense rejection of the british plan for a post war indian union enjoying dominion status announced on april 11 leaves the indian subcontinent facing an imminent japanese invasion without the full coop eration of all parties in the difficult task of defense to american observers far from the scene of action and often not fully aware of the passionate convic tions involved it seems almost inconceivable that the indian leaders could have refused their adher ence when enemy bombs had already fallen on their soil their thinking influenced by a long and bitter struggle the indians have not however been able to accept the british plan as the practical compromise it appears to be the indian reactions are colored by distrust and skepticism they reflect resentment at being placed in the unenviable position of having to make a last minute yes or no choice under the pressure of events at the same time the tendency of the habitual opposition to demand nothing less than complete satisfaction is visible in the statements explaining the reasons for the indians position the indian objections thus the all india congress party with which sir stafford cripps the british emissary carried on most of his negotia tions declared that only full independence could light the flame which would illuminate millions of hearts in the struggle against japan according to the congress the cripps proposals by reserving wartime control of defense to britain and providing only vaguely for indian participation in government during the conflict reduced indian responsibility to france with its available resources of labor apj naval power to the needs of the german war m chine it is also a move by french advocates of gg laboration with hitler to dissociate france from thy united states whose ambassador admiral leahy is accused of having influenced vichy’s recent polig in a note of april 12 answering vichy’s prote against establishment of a united states consulat general at brazzaville in french equatorial afrig the washington government made a bid for the sy port of all frenchmen this note stated that th policy of the united states is to aid frenchmen 4 maintain or regain control of their own territoy and to deal with either the de gaulle governmey or with vichy whichever has particular control of given territory so long as there was any hope keeping vichy out of the nazi orbit the state dy partment was justified in employing every effort i that direction now that marshal pétain has cepted the policy of all out collaboration with hit ler s new order the united states may find tha its policy calls for recognition of general de gaulk vera micheles dean a farce and postponed self determination to an us certain future moreover congress regarded th arrangement which would have permitted the pr dominantly moslem provinces of british india 4 remain outside the new dominion as destructive indian unity since the moslem league on tk contrary holds that the right of non accession largely illusory under the procedure suggested fy sir stafford cripps it may be concluded that least in this instance the british had worked out fair compromise in a farewell broadcast to the indian people si stafford revealed some impatience with the crit cal and unconstructive attitude he had encounterel while attempting to reach an accord under cont tions of emergency from the british point of viey he stated it was at this time wholly impracticabl to put defense of the subcontinent into indian hand or to turn political control over to a national got ernment of indians who would necessarily hol will japan’s conquests in asia solve her raw ma terials problem or will the scorched earth policy and guerrilla warfare prevent this solution read japan as an economic power by lawrence k rosinger 25c april 1 issue of forreign policy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 irresf the mean much brita dian colur thou the i tiona has posit out numl witl ence the cond is ur a as m on 1 ing posit score indi in v japa sea in t erty a su be it on sprseratfse s a of y ut 4 se crit tered ond view cable and gor hold xo icy ad irresponsible power since no legislature yet exists the failure of the cripps negotiations does not mean that the mission itself has not accomplished much that is good by convincing many indians that britain seriously intends to foster the cause of in dian freedom it has undoubtedly hampered the fifth column preparations being made by japan al though to what degree is still uncertain in view of the intensity of anti british feeling among the na tionalists it should be noted that the congress party has long been anti fascist and in token of its op position to japanese aggression in china carried out an effective boycott of japanese textiles for a number of years scorched earth or non violence within the party however there is an open differ ence of opinion regarding the methods by which the struggle for india’s national security is to be conducted on the one hand mohandas k gandhi is urging non violent resistance and non cooperation a policy which is unlikely to cause the japanese as much difficulty as it did the more humane british on the other hand pandit jawaharlal nehru rank ing congress party leader has called for active op position to the invaders even to the extent of scorched earth tactics but wants it carried out by indians without participation in britain’s war effort in view of the great areas exposed to attack by the japanese who will probably enjoy supremacy at sea and in the air widespread popular participation in the defense effort through destruction of prop erty and guerrilla warfare is probably necessary for a successful campaign but such participation must be integrated with the activities of the armed forces most of the burden therefore will inevitably fall on the armed forces of india by volunteer enlist page three ments indian military personnel has now been built up to over 1,000,000 about one third of whom however are serving on other battlefronts of the british empire recruiting is said to be proceeding at the rate of 50,000 per month with lack of equip ment the great barrier to more rapid expansion india’s munitions industry has proved an important source of supply for britain's asiatic forces but is deficient in the production of engines and bodies for military vehicles and airplanes to some extent american resources are filling the gap a squadron of flying fortress bombers has already been reported in action from indian bases yet the lines of supply to india are so long and so precarious that fully adequate reinforcements from britain and the united states are not to be ex pected in the near future general sir archibald wavell who exercises supreme command is there fore confronted with a formidable task he must recast the military organization and face it to the east where it must meet an amphibious attack by an enemy possessing superiority in armament the strategy which is called for includes a mobile de fense able to engage landing parties at any point along the indian coasts before they have fully con solidated their positions this will undoubtedly be supplemented by withdrawal tactics designed to force the aggressor to spread his forces thinly across the great territory he seeks to conquer by such methods both the russians and the chinese have taken advantage of distance a great asset in the struggle against mechanized total war it remains to be seen whether conditions in india are such as to permit the success of similar strategy davip h popper belgian and free french colonies aid allies losses by the united nations of sources of raw materials and strategic positions in the far east in directly increase the significance of the african ter titories held by the free french and belgian gov ernments the followers of general de gaulle have been in effective control of french equatorial africa and the french mandated territory of the cameroons for at least 18 months therefore the state department’s recognition of free french ad ministrative control over those areas on april 4 should be read as an acknowledgement not of any political change in that part of the world but of the growing importance of central africa in allied global strategy washington has recognized the congo and the mandated territory of ruanda urundi lying south and east of the free french areas as subject to the belgian government in exile ever since it moved to london in may 1940 interruption of normal lines of communication between the western powers and the near eastern front led to the establishment in mid 1940 of an air route from british and french ports on the western coast of africa across the equatorial region to the sudan and egypt more recently this route has been used to send planes to russia and the indian front strategically the french colonies have been valu able as a center of allied strength on the desert flanks of italian libya and vichy’s west african possessions both the french and the belgian terri tories have furnished contingents of native troops for the campaigns in north and east africa mineral resources as the mineral re sources and the climatic conditions of central africa resemble those of southeast asia the french and belgian colonies may help in some degree to redress the losses suffered by the allies at the hands of the japanese in pre war years the rich katanga region in the southern congo exported increasing so er ae a es a quantities of essential minerals in 1938 the congo produced 124,000 tons of copper and 10,200 tons of tin both of which are in great demand in the united states and great britain the congo in the same year accounted for 1,500 tons or a third of the world’s output of cobalt and was the major source of american supplies cobalt is used in mak ing cutting tools dies and valve steels and as a catalyst in chemical processes radium is also mined in appreciable quantities the congo produced 7,205,000 carats of diamonds in 1938 60 per cent of the world output largely of the industrial type utilized in drilling and shaping such hard substances as high grade steels intensive efforts have been made in recent months to increase the output of min erals and copper production is now reported to have reached an annual rate of over 173,000 tons smal quantities of agricultural products particu larly wood cotton and peanuts are grown in the french and belgian territories in 1938 combined exports of palm and palm kernel oil amounted to 148,000 tons or 18 per cent of world shipments since the allied nations are now cut off from the main sources of vegetable oils in the pacific islands african production will help to close the gap through the operation of commercial agreements between the united kingdom and the belgian and free french governments and the inclusion of the african territories in the sterling area most of the colonies exports have been flowing to british terri tories at the same time however these territories are developing close trade relations with the united states belgian congo exports to this country have taken a phenomenal jump from 1,114,578 for the first nine months of 1939 to 25,333,057 for the same period in 1941 expansion difficult following the fall of malaya and the netherlands indies projects for the growing of rubber quinine and vegetable fibers in central africa were discussed while conditions of soil and climate required for these crops are pres ent any appreciable expansion or diversification of agricultural production will prove difficult to achieve beside the handicaps of inadequate trans portation facilities and insufficient machinery which most of the allied countries are facing african ad ministrators must grapple with the problem of labor shortage belgian and free french africa with an area two thirds the size of the united states have a population of under 20 million who must be pro tected from the ravages of disease and actively en page four f.p.a radio schedule subject war tests pan americanism speaker john i b mcculloch date sunday april 19 time 12 12 15 p.m e.w.t over blue network for station please consult your.local newspaper couraged to work in mines and plantations or op their farms while the allied powers are desperately in need of raw materials responsible belgian and free french officials must also consider the welfare of the natives and encourage only those projects which are consonant with the well being of the inhabi tants french equatorial africa under the third republic had the doubtful distinction of being one of the most backward parts of the empire de gaulle’s intention of improving the status of the natives is indicated by his appointment of a west indian negro m eboué as governor general of the colony in both french and belgian terti tories the pre war policy of encouraging produc tion of materials which were complementary to the industries of the mother country has been revised under the pressure of war and diversification is now urged if progressive economic changes can be made simultaneously with political reforms the al lied governments will have a powerful weapon to use in the campaign for the support and loyalty of africa’s 160,000,000 people louis e frechtling british strategy military and economic by admiral sir herbert richmond new york macmillan 1941 1.25 a leading british naval historian traces the main lines of strategy in the nine major wars which britain has fought in its long history and then draws some contem porary lessons norway neutral and invaded by halvdan koht new york macmillan 1941 2.50 the former norwegian foreign minister has set down a scholarly and readable inside story of germany’s con quest and efforts to rule in norway dependent areas in the post war world by arthur n holeombe boston world peace foundation 1941 paper 25 cents cloth 50 cents no 4 in the america looks ahead series professor holcombe has skillfully compressed into a hundred pages the essence of the colonial problem one of the difficult questions which must be solved in the next peace looking for trouble by virginia cowles new york har per brothers 1941 3.00 these memoirs of a woman reporter who had a roving commission in europe are packed with excitement and written with discernment and brilliance foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 26 aprit 17 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th sereet new york n y frank ross mccoy president wirttam p mappox assistant to the president dorotuy f lgst secretary vera micueres dean editor davo h poppgr associate editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year ou produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year vol aii n of ernm fren pres follo prest destr fran in h hear feat gert sive inte him eign it h fret fo a fra fret fol rep on tins nor aitr anc ing of der cor liv me cot +ng that cut the his year levated ne fleet n navy r of the oat situ whose tactics f attack hipping 1 people intic is ole war ig losses hest for ine have of war tion for o service pects to sonstruc not suit d to add patrols attacks n yards 1estioned it united f fifteen ight raid ry be ac lliott vds perivdical qrngral lipkary univ of mia general library university of mi ann arhonr apr 27 1943 entered as 2nd class matter colzan mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vout xxii no 27 apri 28 1948 architects of world order differ on ground plans ap th the approach of three united nations conferences on food on monetary problems and on relief and rehabilitation all to be held in this country during the coming months two ques tions have begun to perplex the american public first is the task of international collaboration most effectively approached through a series of conferences on various technical questions or should it be pre ceded by the establishment of a world organization and second should the architects of a world society begin their blueprints with the ground floor by form ing regional federations or start with the rooftop by forming a world association of nations will the parts form a whole those who advocate the immediate formation of a united nations political council which would serve as a nucleus of the world organization of the future among them notably wendell l willkie and gov ernor stassen of minnesota as well as members of the commission for the organization of peace be lieve that the way to start a world organization is to start it and that the best time for such a move is right now when peoples everywhere may prove more malleable than they are apt to be once the pressure of war has been relaxed they also contend that a series of technical conferences no matter how suc cessful will not coalesce into a world organization and that the world will thus be left just where it was in 1939 when the league of nations with many achievements in technical fields to its credit had failed to become a fulcrum for the political military and economic power of its member states these arguments carry a great deal of conviction and there is real danger that successive conferences may go off at tangents unless they can be firmly geared into the framework of an international organization function ing on the basis of a more or less coherent policy on the other hand it can be argued with equal force that in this period of great flux it may be im pfactical to set up a rigid framework which might fail to make sufficient allowance for the diverse needs and problems of widely varying areas of the globe the creators of the league of nations started by establishing an organization which had no roots in the experience of mankind and left human beings to gain this experience haltingly and painfully with in the institutions set up at geneva the method now apparently favored by president roosevelt and mr churchill is to use the practice of international col laboration acquired both by the league and by the united nations during this war as building material for a future world order this does not mean that an international organization is not the ultimate goal of the president and mr churchill where they differ from those who advocate immediate formation of a world association of nations is that they take that objective as their point of arrival whereas their critics take it as their point of departure on this subject there can and will continue to be legitimate differ ence of opinion since the divergent views expressed are affected not so much by historical precedents which can be cited in favor of either course but by each individual’s judgment concerning the most prac tical way of developing political institutions regardless of the procedure adopted the question still remains whether it is better to concentrate atten tion on the formation of regional federations to be subsequently linked into a world organization or whether the creation of a world society should pre cede regional groupings in his broadcast of march 21 churchill indicated that he favored the formation of a council of europe and a council of asia as segments of a world body in practice the responsibil ities of the united states cannot be limited to the western hemisphere since as under secretary of state sumner welles said at a meeting of the new york rotary club on april 15 the new world can never attain complete security and well being except in collaboration with the other states and regions of the world neither the world nor the regional ap proach excludes the other the two should be com plementary just as local and state responsibilities in this country do not exclude on the contrary they often serve to promote a sense of responsibility for the nation as a whole common interests the real test from a realistic point of view it must be admitted that the four great powers among the united nations britain russia china and the united states will emerge from the war with a major share of the world’s military force in their control if they can work together and can succeed in enlisting on their side in the post war period the small nations includ ing those which either lack military force altogether or have been shorn of it by the axis countries their cooperation could become the foundation stone of world organization under unfavorable circum stances their war coalition could in time of peace disintegrate into an intercontinental balance of power whose instability would hold a new threat of war but machinery alone no matter how elaborately blue printed on paper will not suffice to hold the united nations together if they meanwhile develop diver gent interests president roosevelt apparently believes that common interests can be most effectively devel oped now through conferences dealing with problems bermuda conference holds the anglo american refugee conference opened in hamilton bermuda on april 19 to the accom paniment of pessimistic predictions in the united states some of the newspapers lack of enthusiasm for the conference which is expected to last from ten days to three weeks may have been due to chagrin at being excluded from the meetings and restricted to prepared news releases but interested organizations also believe that the delegates will accomplish little and richard k law head of the british delegation warned against false or premature hopes instead of studying the broad problems of what should be done to help the hundreds of thousands of victims of nazi persecution in occupied europe the confer ence is concerning itself only with aiding some of those who have escaped to neutral countries if any just published a timely analysis of the united nations position in the pacific area read strategy of the war in asia by lawrence k rosinger 25c april 15 issue of fore1ign poticy reports repports ate issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 page two which are a matter of life and death for all of the united nations such as food and relief in fact if the united nations should find it impossible to co operate on these problems little can be expected of world organization to start with modest expectations is at least to avoid the danger that peoples everywhere might be disillusioned by the failure of grandiose undertak ings but modest beginnings like a seed should hold within them the elements of future growth the criticism that can be made of president roosevelt's views if they are correctly presented by forrest davis in the saturday evening post is not that they are modest this might be regarded as a mark of statesmanship their weakness is that they seem to skirt the major problems that will have to be faced in any kind of organization regional or universal general or particular which the united nations may decide to form such as limitations on nationa soy ereignty the need for establishing some form of in ternational control over the world’s armed forces if they are to be used to quarantine the aggressor and so on desirable as it unquestionably is to present international organization to the american public in the most attractive possible light the question te mains whether the easiest way out is necessarily over the long haul the most constructive vera micheles dean out little hope for refugees attention is given to the larger subject it will be as foreign secretary anthony eden told the house of commons on april 7 purely exploratory public opinion demanded action the calling of the conference is clearly the result of vigorous demands that have recently been made by jewish and christian groups in england and the united states in response to this public pressure ambassador halifax and secretary of state hull agreed to have their governments study the plight of the refugees but suggested that accommodations for them should be found as near as possible to theif i present location and that they should be supported in neutral countries in so far as transportation facil ities makes this possible the major question under discussion at bermuda is the very narrow one of what can be done now for the 20,000 refugees mostly french in spain and portugal and the 12,000 who are in switzerland for these three neutral countries the refugees constitute a serious problem in international law because most of them lack passports more important however is the pressure these uninvited immigrants exert on al ready overtaxed food supplies the united states and britain have recognized the inability of spain impoverished by civil war to care for the heavy migration that occurred over the pyrenees after the who stacl ment ties wart both and t easil coul hitle sons state dete base 7 nna of the fact if to co cted of least to ight be idertak ld hold th the ysevelt’s forrest hat they nark of seem to ye faced niversal ons may nal sovy mn of in forces if sor and present bublic in stion re ily over dean es ill be as jouse of ction result of made by and the pressure ate hull plight of itions for to their upported ion facil bermuda now for pain and land fort stitute a e most of ver is the tt on al ted states of spain the heavy after the germans occupied all of france last november and their ambassadors have been giving money and sup plies to thousands of needy refugees more recently general giraud has joined their efforts by shipping food to spain from north african ports and by help ing some refugees to enter french morocco and algeria these piecemeal efforts have not been enough however and ways must now be found of supporting these refugees for the duration of the war in addition to those in spain portugal and switz etland the problem of the 30,000 bulgarian jews whom king boris government is reported willing to release may be studied with a view to finding them atemporary settlement while awaiting transportation to palestine ideals vs practical considerations in bermuda a conflict is being waged between ideals and practical considerations the british and americans recognize the obligation to aid those who are fighting the common enemy but many ob stacles undeniably block the path leading to fulfill ment of that obligation chief among these difficul ties is the acute shipping shortage the submarine warfare and the needs of the allied fronts hinder both the supplying of refugees in neutral countries and their removal to places where they would be more easily cared for assuming however that shipping could be found there is the very real possibility that hitler will not permit jews and other persecuted per sons to leave german controlled territory the united states recently received an indication that hitler is determined to carry out his policy of annihilating the the f.p.a the politics of this war by ray f harvey and others new york harper 1943 2.50 twelve journalists shrewdly analyze the influence on us war effort of important pressure groups farmers big and small business labor and the armed services covering the mexican front by betty kirk norman oklahoma university press 1942 3.00 a vigorous book on mexico’s political front by an amer kan newspaperwoman full of dynamite sometimes un fair but never dull strategy at singapore by eugene h macmillan 1942 2.50 brief study of the background of the singapore naval base especially the reasons for building it and the nature of the debate in england before and during its construction miller new york the war third year by edgar mcinnis new york ox ford university press 1942 2.00 an addition to a valuable series which covers the essen oe bare bones of chronology with interestingly presented t a page three jewish race in europe when the nazi controlled régime at vichy rescinded permission in november 1942 for 5,000 children to leave france even though preliminary preparations had been made for sending them to the united states even if the first two difficulties are overcome the problem of finding places of settlement remains seri ous because of rigid legislative and administrative regulations on immigration now prevailing in most countries owing to the scarcity of food it may prove impracticable for the united kingdom to tre ceive additional refugees but some british territories could accept many more especially africa 21,000 poles for example fled via russia and iran to british east africa in 1942 also if the united states annual immigration quota of 153,774 were filled thousands more could be admitted to this country during the war years 1939 42 the state department issued only 228,964 of the 461,322 visas allowed by law although many persons undoubtedly were grant ed visas who then found it impossible to reach the united states severe administrative restrictions were chiefly responsible for the gaps between the possible and the actual the latin american countries and canada also have stringent regulations on immigra tion that might conceivably be modified in view of the fact that many of these nations could find room for thousands of europe’s refugees but whatever temporary measures are devised at bermuda it is clear that only a united nations victory can make a permanent solution possible whinifred n hadsel bookshelf london calling edited by storm jameson new york har per 1942 2.50 the compilation a sort of thank offering to america by noted english authors will delight even those with a distaste for anthologies the guilt of the german army by hans ernest fried new york macmillan 1942 3.50 the militarist roots of national socialism are traced by an austrian scholar who points out that the military caste circumvented allied attempts to disarm germany after world war i and cleared the way for hitler’s rise to power the author advocates the uprooting of the ger man high command after the war and the creation of a democratically officered people’s army postwar economic problems by seymour e harris edi tor new york mcgraw hill 1943 3.50 twenty three well known economists discuss the national debt full employment social security agriculture price control and international trade after the war their thesis is that an orderly program of demobilization can prevent the u.s from taking economic defeat after the military victory is won foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 27 april 23 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lugr secretary vera micheles dean editer entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars 2 year please allow at least ome month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ses produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news etter sttsas april 19 world war i strategists were divided between partisans of the western front who thought the allies should concentrate on beating the ger mans in france and the eastern front school who held that the road to victory lay through the balkans in the current global conflict a somewhat analagous division of opinion has developed between those who think we should devote our major efforts to defeat ing germany first and the military experts who argue that if we do not soon tackle the job of conquering the japanese it will be too late rightly or wrongly president roosevelt and winston churchill have opted for the first policy the decision to give priority to the european war was taken during the meeting of the two statesmen in washington in december 1941 and reaffirmed at casablanca last january the japanese menace from the beginning many military and political leaders in united nations councils have questioned the wisdom of this course it was only to be expected that numerous u.s navy officers would be chagrined at the failure to go for the japanese first so were the australians to whom the yellow peril is more imminent than it is to the people of the united states the pacific war school has argued that if the tokyo government is permitted to exploit the rich supplies of raw materials it con quered in 1942 the task of vanquishing japan will be terribly long and costly if not impossible the past week has witnessed the most formidable challenge yet given to the roosevelt churchill stra tegy a well orchestrated campaign by high amer ican and australian officials demanded that more men and matériel be immediately sent to the southwest pacific to halt what they said was an imminent jap anese invasion threat something in the nature of a public debate was staged between general douglas macarthur and secretary of the navy knox both as to the seriousness of this menace and the preemi nence of air power over sea power at the same time dr herbert v evatt australian minister for ex ternal affairs now on a mission to this country warned that it would be suicidal to give japan time to consolidate its gains general blamey commander of allied ground forces in the southwest pacific de clared that the japanese have massed 200,000 men to the north of australia four heavy japanese air attacks within a week on port moresby and oro bay seemed to give point to the cry of distress from premier curtin of australia that these raids were only a prelude to fresh japanese assaults washington is not alarmed but for victory buy united states washington has refused to become jittery secretary of war stimson while promising an increasing flow of planes to australia pointed out that similar urgent pleas for reinforcements are constantly and with equal reason coming from other theatres of war and when senator chandler asserted in the senate that china cannot last another year without more air power and that the japanese in the aleu tians are a growing menace to the american west coast senator barkley majority leader quietly re joined that the war was not to be won by strategy developed in the halls of congress mr stimson was too diplomatic to point out that some of the other battle zones do not have commanders with the pres tige of a macarthur to press their claims or prime ministers and ambassadors to indorse their pleas it may be only a coincidence but washington has noted that the appeals for reinforcements for aus tralia follow the return to that country of general george c kenney commander of allied air forces in the southwest pacific who was told when he came here last month to make this plea that the war against germany had first priority such a decision was bound to disappoint a prominent military leader like general macarthur who a year ago left baatan for australia in the expectation that he would head an expeditionary force for immediate reconquest of the philippines and has since been obliged to remain largely on the defensive for lack of men and material a japanese invasion of australia this year is con sidered in washington as being a possibility but not a probability it is known that the japanese have been constructing a tremendous number of new ait fields in the long string of islands reaching from japan across the east indies toward australia but it is thought here that the japanese ring of air bases in the southwest pacific is primarily defensive being designed to protect their key base of rabaul in new britain these japanese preparations do not unduly perturb military authorities here for when the time comes to launch a major offensive against japan it is not likely to be by way of australia only history will be able to determine whether the decision to beat hitler first was correct but it is an elementary maxim of military strategy to concentrate on one foe at a time and the decision to win the european war first having been made washington intends to adhere unswervingly to it regardless of alarums from the southwest pacific nothing short of a debacle in that area will budge it from its course john elliott war bonds +n need 1 free are of which inhabi third being empire itus of t of a peneral 1 terri produc to the revised tion is can be the al ipon to ralty of ling 1iral sir 1.25 ain lines fain has contem ht new down a ly’s con thur n 1 1941 rofessor sd pages difficult rk har a roving ent and national y f lest new york general library university of nichigan avn arhor mitch entered as 2nd class matter a p24 tae foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxi no 27 apri 24 1942 laval seeks to impose hitler's new order on france a his radio address of april 20 pierre laval who on april 14 had been commissioned to form a gov ernment upon new foundations tried to assure the french people that there are no alternatives in the present conflict other than a complete nazi victory followed by socialization of europe his speech presumably heralds a new propaganda offensive to destroy the democratic sentiments still alive in france and to pave the way for france’s inclusion in hitler’s new order the capitulation of marshal pétain to a man he heartily dislikes not only represents a personal de feat but opens a new phase in france’s relations with germany the appointment was the result of inten sive negotiations started on march 27 when in an interview with marshal pétain m laval informed him that in the opinion of germany france's for eign relations were worsening daily not only was the vichy government leaning on washington but it had refused to carry out a german demand for french workers which would have been equivalent to a virtual mobilization oi industrial man power in france and would have placed half a million more french skilled workers in german war industries following this refusal the german government was teported to have sent a strongly worded note to vichy on april 10 asking for the right to draw large con tingents of workmen from both the occupied and the non occupied zones a reshuffle of the vichy cabinet aiming at a more realistic policy toward germany and a readjustment in vichy’s attitude toward wash ington the note apparently contained no indication of the consequences of refusal to comply with these demands but on april 12 the german members of a commission meeting in paris to arrange for the de livery of 100,000 tons of wheat to the vichy govern ment were abruptly recalled to berlin the new setup even before m laval had completed the list of his new cabinet it was an nounced that marshal pétain would retain only the title of chief of state admiral darlan who had occupied the posts of vice president of the council of ministers minister of national defense secre tary of state for foreign affairs and performed other responsible functions is not a member of the new cabinet however he will remain commander of the french armed forces and is directly respon sible to the marshal in this capacity it has been offi cially announced that he will continue to be the marshal’s successor in the cabinet finally announced on april 18 m laval assumes the key posts of chief of government and minister of foreign affairs interior and infor mation of the other five ministers only two were in the previous cabinet contrary to what may have been expected the new cabinet members have not been chosen from the most outspoken defenders of all out collaboration with germany neither marcel déat nor jacques doriot has been included among laval’s official collaborators this may be interpreted either as a move by laval to concentrate all power in his own hands and at the same time conceal the pro axis character of his cabinet or as a maneuver to leave the way open for maintenance of relations with the united states the announcement that m laval had taken over the reins of government has had immediate reper cussions in france where m laval is thoroughly unpopular signs of revolt against the nazis flared up both in the occupied and unoccupied zones acts of sabotage ranging from hand grenade throwing to derailment of a german troop train were reported from various sources an attempt was made to as sassinate m doriot a general uprising of the french people seems improbable however as long as the new government refrains from open terrorism what next while it appears certain that the laval government in no way represents the people ee page oo oe of france there is little indication of the moves it may make in the immediate future as far as internal policy is concerned it may increase the severity of police control and censorship and mobilize more french man power for the german war industries according to a recent report of the office of facts and figures the berlin radio declared that 150,000 french civilian workers were already in germany and boasted that four special trains leave france weekly with french volunteers for the reich fur thermore it is believed that at least half of the present industrial output of france is for german account the nazis may possibly attempt to make the laval régime more palatable to the french people by per mitting repatriation of some of the 1,500,000 french prisoners of war in germany or by delivering to up occupied france a fraction of the foodstuffs produced in the occupied zone but the gravest decision of the new government will concern the french fleet y laval faces three possible alternatives to leave the fleet idle in french ports as provided by the armis tice to use it for reconquest of french equatorial africa syria or other french possessions now in the hands of free french authorities or to employ the fleet to support a possible axis drive in the medi terranean any move by laval to give military aid to hitler would bring france into open conflict with the united nations ernest s hediger mexican oil pact clears way for fuller cooperation one of the few remaining obstacles to mexico's full collaboration in the task of hemisphere defense was removed by the announcement on april 18 that experts appointed by the governments of the united states and mexico had fixed 23,995,991 as the value of this country’s oil properties expropriated by mex ico in 1938 the agreement on this troublesome prob lem is an outgrowth of a general settlement of the issues outstanding between the two countries reached on november 19 1941 because of the tense inter national situation both were at that time determined to employ methods to remove the irritating effects of the deadlock between the united states oil com panies of which the standard oil of new jersey had by far the largest investments and the mexican régime over the compensation to be paid two ex perts one from each country were therefore charged with determining the amount due the companies the oil companies dilemma while the united states firms need not accept the payment now offered which represents but a small fraction of their claims refusal to do so will leave them with out government support in pressing their demands from their point of view acquiescence would mean that implicitly at least they had abandoned their in sistence on compensation for subsoil rights which they contended represented the bulk of their prop erty in mexico if the companies were to adopt the position taken by the united states government that what was actually accomplished at rio to what extent was hemisphere solidarity strengthened read the rio de janeiro conference of 1942 by david h popper 25c april 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 such rights even though once legally held were to be ignored in settlements of this type an important precedent would be set for indemnification of foreign minerals enterprises taken over by latin american nations moreover the tendency toward expropriation might be encouraged in this hemisphere with far reaching consequences for such enterprises on the other hand acceptance of the new valua tion will wipe the slate clean of an immense accumv lation of dispute and rancor it will pave the way for return of the united states companies as technical experts to collaborate with the mexican government on a royalty basis in operation of the wells at peak efficiency directly or indirectly the proceeds of oil exports to the united states and other countries would then be used by mexico to settle its debt to the companies such a program would greatly strengthen the trend toward development of latin america’s natural resources by united states capital and managerial skill working together with local capital and labor in joint enterprises in which the governments themselves play a prominent part go operation of this kind may serve to moderate the fears of many latin americans who still suspect that the war emergency may be used to rivet united states economic imperialism on their national life compacts for economic develop ment as far as mexico is concerned economic cooperation with this country has progressed by leaps and bounds since the accords of november 1941 on april 4 the two governments formally announced their intention to negotiate a trade agreement three days later dr ezequiel padilla mexico’s foreign minister then on a visit to washington joined with acting secretary of state sumner welles in announce ing important new arrangements designed to increas mexico’s productive capacity especially in cases where the output would contribute to the united states war effort through cooperation between pti vate investors in this country mexican government agencies and the export import bank basic indus tries su establis for eqt chased prograt ward u diate st railway ng cap two col constru been aj be built be spar the tween when 1 betwee before vised b diminis califor to stre lend le teenth doubte livery and the jews in by i other distir nomics sciences semitis current the volu pierre 2.50 an it phasis 1914 an has kno dakar new a col present entirely importa strateg brazil 1942 ente foreig headquar secretary n y u were to portant foreign merican priation ith far y valua 1ccumu he way chnical rmment at peak s of oil untries its debt greatly f latin capital h_ local rich the art co ate the ect that d states 7elop onomic y leaps 41 on ounced three foreign ed with nnoune increase n cases united een pti rnment indus tries such as a:steel and tin plate rolling mill may be established with the aid of favorable priority ratings for equipment and materials which must be pur chased here in addition to a highway construction rogram of great strategic value already going for ward under export import bank credits an imme diate survey is to be made of the needs of mexico's railway transportation system to improve its carry ing capacity for vital war materials experts of the two countries will also investigate the possibility of constructing small cargo vessels in mexico it has been agreed that a high octane gasoline plant shall be built there as soon as the necessary equipment can be spared by the united states the full significance of the economic compacts be tween washington and mexico city emerges only when it is realized that direct military cooperation between the two nations has reached a point never before equalled in their history war measures super vised by a joint defense board have done much to diminish the danger of enemy use of barren lower california as a base and preparations are under way to strengthen mexico's caribbean installations a lend lease agreement signed on march 27 the fif teenth now completed with american republics un doubtedly assures the mexican government of the de livery of additional armaments both the government and the powerful labor movement are wholehearted the f.p.a jews in a gentile world the problem of anti semitism by isacque graeber steuart henderson britt and others new york macmillan 1942 4.00 distinguished scholars in sociology psychology eco nomics political science anthropology and other social sciences contribute their analyses of the problem of anti semitism to an enlightening symposium in view of re current waves of interest in this baffling social phenomenon the volume should serve as a guide of permanent value pierre laval by henry torrés new york oxford 1941 2.50 an intimate and critical biography with special em phasis on laval’s ventures in french public life between 1914 and 1936 the author a prominent french attorney has known laval for more than 30 years dakar outpost of two hemispheres by emil lengyel new york random house 1941 2.00 a colorful popularly written account of the history and present condition of dakar and french west africa based entirely on published sources the author emphasizes the importance of the area in terms of atlantic and world strategy and includes useful maps brazil in capitals by vera kelsey new york harper 1942 2.50 entertainingly written guide to brazilian cities page three f.p.a radio schedule subject france’s role in nazi europe speaker vera micheles dean date sunday april 26 time 12 12 15 p.m e.w.t over blue network for station please consult your local newspaper ly in favor of strong action to perfect the defenses of the hemisphere so that the allies can strike firmly against anti democratic forces in other theaters of war while some elements within the govern ment and outside it still have many reservations re garding such close collaboration with the united states the sharp contrast between the mexican atti tude in 1917 and 1942 affords striking proof of the success of the good neighbor policy in recent years davip h popper f.p.a branch conference on friday may 8 the foreign policy association will hold a conference of representatives of f.p.a branches and affiliates at national headquarters new york for an exchange of experience and in formation which we hope will prove mutually advan tageous the conference will discuss the educational objectives of the f.p.a during the war period and the methods by which the organization can increase the scope and usefulness of its work bookshelf this is england today by allan nevins new york scrib ner’s 1941 1.25 the political economic and social changes that are tak ing place in britain as a result of the war are examined by a distinguished american historian the totalitarian war and after by carlo sforza chi cago university of chicago press 1941 1.25 a brief and lucid analysis of the world crisis by an italian statesman who has consistently opposed fascism and appeasement good neighbors by hubert herring new haven yale university press 1941 3.00 an unusually frank survey of social and economic forces at work in argentina brazil and chile with short notes on the other 17 latin american republics the author who has had long experience in the field of inter american affairs devotes about two thirds of his book to the large abc countries post war worlds by p e corbett new york farrar and rinehart 1942 2.00 a broad historical discussion of the various proposals for post war organization issued as a volume of the inquiry series of the institute of pacific relations this study also grapples with the concrete readjustments that will have to be considered in the regions of europe the pacific and the western hemisphere foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 27 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y april 24 1942 secretary vera micheles dean editor daviy h poppgr associate editor n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year qe published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frank ross mccoy president wituttam p mappox assistant to the president dorotuy f leer entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york national produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter april 20 despite heartening reports that amer ican planes were bombing tokyo and other japanese cities attention in washington remained focused on the crisis in europe precipitated by the return to pow er of pierre laval critics of the state department's policy toward vichy adopted an i told you so at titude when marshal pétain surrendered political power to a man he had personally ousted from his cabinet last november the administration itself lost no time in indicating its disapproval of the vichy coup d’état by recalling admiral leahy on april 17 for consultation at his april 17 press con ference mr welles stated that there might be further announcements even before admiral leahy reaches washington in a matter so highly controversial as the policy of the united states toward unoccupied france there is naturally room for a wide difference of opinion it should be said in all fairness that the state de partment had no illusions regarding the degree of independence enjoyed by marshal pétain while the marshal had won the confidence of the administra tion it was obvious that any assurances he might give regarding france’s future course would be deter mined in the final result by the degree of pressure to which he would be subjected on the part of the nazis what has astonished those most familiar with the complex situation in vichy is not that the marshal surrendered so much to the nazis but that he sur rendered so little during the difficult months follow ing the armistice the detention of over a million and a half frenchmen in german prison camps who were thus lost to france’s economic and intellectual life is in itself a terrible weapon in hitler’s hands more over until britain and the united states are in a posi tion to open a front in western europe and raise their blockade of french territory france remains at the mercy of the nazis for most of its supplies es pecially food the impression in washington is that as a last resort hitler used the threat of starvation to obtain all out collaboration from pétain and it must be recalled that americans who have been most critical of united states policy toward vichy were also most opposed to the shipment of food to unoccupied france on the ground that it would prove of aid to the nazis pros and cons of u.s vichy policy it would be easy to argue that instead of maintain ing diplomatic relations with vichy washington should either have left marshal pétain strictly alone or should have occupied strategic french territories outside france notably dakar madagascar and map tinique a purely negative policy of noncommunig tion with marshal pétain however would have had the effect of throwing france back on germany ang this at a time when the french people under the firs impact of defeat had been reduced to a state of dap gerous apathy an active policy of occupying french territory desirable as it seemed would first of al have required the entrance of the united states int the war this course was clearly not supported by q majority of american public opinion at the time of france’s collapse in 1940 it would also have called for a display of military force which was not avail able at that time and in the case of dakar and mad agascar at tremendous distances moreover amer ican occupation of french soil would have been im mediately interpreted by the nazis and their paris sympathizers as an attempt to rob a prostrate france of its hard won patrimony faced by this cruel dilemma the most that the administration hoped to accomplish was to prevent the french fleet from falling under german control to bar the germans from strategic bases in africa and to resist any action by vichy which seemed to exceed the terms of the armistice on all three counts the state department believes that it fought a sue cessful delaying action that this action was purely defensive is readily admitted but since a militay offensive has hitherto proved impossible washing ton regarded its policy as the best alternative it gave the french people time to recover to some extent from their dangerous state of apathy and to re examine their situation with a certain degree of de tachment the very fact that the nazis had to tum once more to laval the most discredited man in france is in itself an indication of the reluctance of most frenchmen to collaborate openly with hitler washington fully recognizes the dangers of laval return to power it expects that the nazis will do everything they can to use french industry french labor the french fleet and possibly even a reorgat ized french army and air force against the united nations meanwhile adopting a policy of ruthles terrorism toward all dissenters for the united states to maintain unaltered relations with vichy undet these circumstances would be to condone a man fe jected by the french people which was not true itt the case of marshal pétain who enjoyed the respec of many of his countrymen instead laval’s 1 emergence may prove the signal for increasing french resistance to nazi domination vera micheles dean vou x2 ept re adolf must f new pl rapidly the ye success asia h period duce a ment 1 ultima quent of 194 analys signs severa first ai as signifi britais allied media as pre is any cause alone enemy an ad brook ingtor in the many it we bridg shoul sin of a +ae sing flow t similar intly and eatres of d in the without the aleu an west uietly re 7 strategy nson was the other the pres or prime r pleas ngton has for aus f general air forces n he came ar against ision was ty leader ft baatan ould head mquest of to remain 1 material ear is con ty but not nese have f new ait hing from tralia but f air bases sive being ul in new 10t unduly n the time japan it is yhether the sut it is an concentrate to win the vashington vardless of thing short 1 its course elliott nds apr 39 1943 entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 28 april 80 1948 soviet polish break compels allies to clarify war aims he spring campaign of the fourth year of war in europe opened over the easter week end it opened as so many times in the past with a nazi offensive not on the military but on the psychologi cal battlefront the efforts of the united states to detach finland from germany and thus breach hitler's fortress of europe have not only been de feated but outmatched by nazi efforts to break the united nations ring around europe through further ing a conflict between the soviet union and the polish government in london in this first round of diplomatic and propaganda warfare the nazis have won an outstanding victory they have won this victory not because either finland or poland wants to be dominated by germany but because neither feels any assurance that in case of a united nations victory their fate would necessarily be better than if they submit to nazi rule where allied diplomacy has failed is in providing a concrete and convincing alternative to hitler's new order in europe in view of the strict censorship imposed for weeks on news about the soviet polish rift it would be premature at this moment to try to assess blame among the participants in the crisis first revealed to the world by foreign commissar molotov’s note of april 26 to the polish ambassador in moscow but to understand the situation which now threatens the unity of the anti axis coalition laboriously formed over the past three and a half years by countries vic tims of either german or japanese aggression it is essential to bear in mind three things first the small countries of europe or for that matter of any other continent have been and continue to be objects not subjects of international diplomacy lacking suffi cient economic resources and adequate armaments they have no independence in any real sense of the word whatever political fictions may be woven around the concept of national sovereignty so far as the countries of eastern europe and the balkans are concerned they have today as for centuries a cruel choice between subjection either to the ger mans or to the russians as long as there is no other alternative some will lean toward germany others toward russia depending on historical tradition ge ogtaphical proximity and the degree of hostility felt in the past toward either of their great neigh bors this does not mean that if they had a free choice they would not prefer to move in the orbit of britain and the united states but to put the mat ter quite bluntly the experience of finland and po land to mention only the countries now in the news has been that the anglo saxon powers do not match their professions of sympathy with practical aid in time of dire need this experience unfor tunate as it may seem at this moment is definitely on the debit side of the allied ledger civil strife serves nazis second and even more important for the future the struggle now being waged for the allegiance of european peoples is not being waged on strictly national lines as between national states but also on civil war lines as between various groups of the population the nazis are bidding as they have since their rise to power for the support of the upper classes diplomats military men industrialists landowners who in poland and finland for example have been traditionally not only anti communist but long be fore 1917 when finland and part of poland had been included in the russian empire anti russian as well the russians on the other hand are bid ding for the support of those elements in every neighboring country who might be considered sym pathetic to both russia and the soviet system workers peasants intellectuals this inner struggle which was already so clearly defined during the spanish civil war has been consistently underesti mated by british and american statesmen it now emerges with stark nakedness in poland and yugo page two slavia and exists in latent form in finland hitler for his part has always been highly skillful in utiliz ing the twin forces of nationalism and fear of revo lution to divide and confuse his enemies the extent to which he has succeeded in this instance offers overwhelming proof that the weapon of propaganda has by no means been blunted but the third thing that the british and ameri cans must realize is that nazi propaganda alone could never have done the trick either in the case of finland or poland true some of the men who claim to speak for the finnish and polish peoples may feel that they have more to lose personally or as a group by a russian victory than a german defeat and trim their course accordingly the loss of these men would be on balance a gain for the allies the crisis goes deeper than that however it would be both unjust and untrue to jump to the conclusion that finland and poland or even considerable sections of finns and poles desire a nazi victory to make such an as sumption in the case of poland invaded in 1939 by both german and russian troops its leaders scattered its intellectuals decimated its workers and peasants subjected to forced labor for the german conquerors would be a gross perversion of the existing situation el what we must remember is that in the last analysis many finns and poles are swayed by uncertainty as to just what britain and the united states propose to do about europe in case of victory whether they intend to give russia a free hand in the region from the baltic to the black sea or plan to throw their full political military and economic weight into the task of effecting a reconstruction of europe on lines that would afford at least a minimum degree of security to the small nations no one expects precise blueprints but neither can hitler's new propaganda of promising the conquered peoples security and pros perity under the aegis of the german master race be effectively met by continued hesitation on the part of britain and especially the united states concern ing the responsibilities they are ready to assume for the post war reconstruction of europe if the allies can seize the occasion created by the soviet polish break to clarify their own aims in europe they will be in a better position to rally to their side those ele ments in europe who want neither nazism nor the soviet system but are left floundering by lack of leadership from the western democracies vera micheles dean mexico’s economy changing greatly under war conditions by ernest s hediger mr hediger bas just returned from a month's stay in mexico where he delivered a series of lectures at the national university on international economic relations in wartime the historic meeting on april 20 of presidents franklin d roosevelt and manuel avila camacho in monterey mexico and their joint visit the fol lowing day to corpus christi texas gave added emphasis to the close collaboration that characterizes the relations of the two countries during this war the speeches of both heads of state reflected the profound desire of their nations to remain strongly united and do all in their power to win the war against the axis a full fledged ally in relation to its wealth and population mexico’s contribution to the war effort of the united nations is far from neg ligible although being essentially non military it can hardly be spectacular mexico’s principal role in east and west of suez 25 the latest headline book which tells the story of the modern near east egypt turkey syria palestine arabia iraq and iran and its strategic importance to both the axis and the united nations order from foreign policy association 22 east 38th street new york the war is as a producer of strategic minerals in response to the war needs of the united nations principally the united states it has developed its output of copper zinc lead mercury tungsten anti mony and other urgently necessary minerals for some of these its exports have increased up to 50 per cent but this is only the more obvious part of mexi co’s war collaboration even if mexico had remained neutral it would undoubtedly have increased its pro duction of minerals and shipped them to us at the same time however it would most probably have been in a position to dictate the prices of these products and moreover would have requested in exchange definite quantities of other goods and raw materials instead being a full fledged ally mexico places these products at the disposal of the democ racies accepting the prices the latter established without asking in exchange the machinery and other manufactured goods it badly needs for maintenance of its own economic life during 1942 exports to the united states surpassed imports from this country by 50,000,000 as it happens this increase in exports of minerals and other mexican goods such as agricultural prod ucts cotton cloth shoes and straw hats is accom panied by a drastically reduced importation of for eign goods its foreign trade practically cut off by war and lack of transportation mexico must rely solely on the united states which finds itself um able to provide what mexico needs most tractots le ll analysis tainty as propose her they on from ow their into the on lines egree of s precise paganda ind pros ter race the part concern sume for 1e allies et polish they will hose ele nor the lack of dean ons erals in lations loped its fen anti tals for to 50 per of mexi remained d its pro s at the bly have of these 1ested in and raw mexico e democ rablished ind other intenance rts to the ountry by minerals ral prod is accom n of for ut off by must rely itself un tractofs ts trucks electrical appliances machine parts chemi cals etc according to declarations made on april 6 1943 by eduardo villasefior director of mexico's bank of issue the finished products made in the united states from copper zinc and lead which mexico needs and cannot obtain represent only 2 per cent of mexican exports of such minerals as a consequence of this primarily one way trade mexico’s economy is undergoing significant changes while the position of the wage earners is being im paired by the increase in the cost of living that of businessmen and landowners is being improved by the wartime boom falling off of imports due to ameri can government control over exports from the united states and abundance of idle money have created strong incentives to mexican production and given tise to a boom in farming mining and industry in 1942 alone over one hundred important new indus trial corporations with initial capital investments totaling some 11,000,000 were registered not in duding 124 new mining properties opened during the first nine months of the same year industrial shares have soared to unprecedented heights monetary consequences the obvious result of the impossibility of importing goods in an amount even distantly approaching the quantities exported from mexico is that the country is increas ingly acquiring credits in american dollars or their page t bree equivalent in mexican pesos owing to this influx of capital mexico’s currency circulation increased in 1942 by over 250 million or more than 10 per cent of its 1929 national income officially estimated at 2,402 million pesos and has continued to rise steadily ever since moreover this already high flood is swelled by the millions of dollars constantly be ing sent to mexico by united states corporations and individuals seeking either to obtain higher returns or escape from war taxation as there is scant possibility of using this capital for creative investment because of the lack of necessary ma chinery most of it remains idle or is used to buy up existing mexican property and goods such trans fers of property may give rise to resentment among the mexicans and create future political problems the considerable increase in available currency and decrease in imported goods have inevitably led to a substantial rise in prices with unrestricted compe tition among buyers in the absence of any rationing system prices have increased proportionately more than in the united states in spite of various govern ment efforts to establish price ceilings food index prices for instance rose from 149 1929100 in january 1942 to 175 in december of the same year the constant rise in prices besides breeding social unrest brings with it great financial difficulties for the government and might compel reduction of its program of public works and services victories in tunisia increase need for french unity fourteen weeks have passed since general giraud and general de gaulle met at casablanca announced their agreement on fundamental principles and promised to work out plans for effecting a complete union in the ensuing period the gap between the two french groups has been narrowed but efforts to close it completely have suffered so many disappoint ments that some observers in washington and lon don now believe its attainment more remote than ever at the same time the need for speedy rap prochement becomes more pressing as extremely heavy fighting on the tip of tunisia heralds the end of that crucial campaign in the north african theatre of war the soldiers of de gaulle and giraud ignore their differences and are giving an excellent account of themselves as they fight side by side and in close cooperation with the british and americans this harmony is in sharp contrast to the conflicting loyalties that have existed in the french navy a number of sailors have de setted giraud’s ships which are under repair in the united states to enlist in de gaulle’s fleet and others it is reported have been detained by fighting french authorities in scotland because they wanted f0 sign up with giraud so confused did the situa tion become that the united states intervened on april 23 and took the transfer procedure out of the hands of the ship commanders and their leaders entrusting it to a board on which there are repre sentatives not only of giraud and de gaulle but also of the u.s navy seriousness of disunity as the possibil ity of invading europe draws closer it becomes evi dent that french disunity may cause a serious situa tion at the moment when the united nations will need close cooperation between french and allied armies in north africa and the underground move ment in france close two way contacts have been maintained since 1940 between de gaulle and the organizations of resistance on french soil and al though the underground press lauds giraud as a gallant and able military hero it continues to con sider de gaulle its leader if the underground fol lows one general until the hour of invasion while the bulk of the french army in north africa follows another the stage might be set at best for the loss to the united nations of concerted french action against the axis and at worst for civil war in france frenchmen who have recently escaped to britain and the united states warn that revolution may become endemic in france as it did in spain after the napoleonic occupation if the war intensi page four oe ee fied antagonisms between groups are not held in france so far as the army is concerned giraud and check by the existence of a widely recognized and his advisers mostly military men have indicated unified source of authority that they believe france’s collapse in 1940 was due leaders differ over personnel dur to politicians rather than soldiers and conclude that ing the first weeks of the deadlock it was not certain the military must have a hand in the making of what factors were preventing successful fusion the new france de gaulle’s underground organiza when however general catroux de gaulle’s special tions made up chiefly of civilians are for the most representative brought giraud’s proposals for unity part leftist groups who fear that the army might to london on april 11 it was clear that more than be used against them different attitudes toward the catroux’s diplomacy was needed to bring the two empire are equally marked giraud’s use of im groups together a comparison of giraud’s sugges perial officials in his proposed council apparently tions with the countersuggestions of de gaulle on rests on the assumption that the traditionally close april 21 reveals that there are now two main points bonds between metropolitan france and the empire of divergence between the french leaders first there will continue unchanged de gaulle on the other is the matter of the former collaborationists who hand has been working out a system of decentraliza vou continue to hold important north african adminis tion in the approximately one third of the empire trative posts despite a number of political house which acknowledges his control this little publicized he a a 90 et a a re ee cere cleanings giraud still retains several men whom the change in the free french empire is due partly to fighting french refuse to accept into any organiza the necessities of war and partly to de gaulle’s con s tion in which they would participate giraud defends viction that the empire must become increasingly the retention of these administrators in the name independent brea of efficiency and maintains that they are doing dif should deadlock between giraud’s and de gaulle ficult and essential jobs in this period of military views persist it seems impossible that the allies will crisis since only a handful of officials are involved be able to stand aside regardless of their desire to in the controversy this point should not present in interfere as little as possible in the affairs of a orde superable difficulties friendly nation both britain and the united states disagree on transition period the will have to take a hand in speeding the union not ultin other more serious reason for divergence arises in only because of military necessity but because pet connection with the two generals plans for the pro they have helped to build up the two competing os visional organization they want to establish to rep movements ww nh resent france among the united nations to which inifred n fladsel the it does not now belong and to govern france dur thus ing the transition period that will follow the end of round trip to russia by walter graebner new york hostilities and precede the restoration of the repub lippincott 1943 3.00 as v in this small unpretentious book a correspondent of the lic giraud wants a council made up of colonial time life and fortune has given an unusually balanced governors and commissions working in close con vivid and understanding picture of the russian people and with tact with the army to speak for france while de their attitude toward the war the soviet government and 1 gaulle insists on an organization that will give rep a a a resentation to the underground and be superior to we can win this war by col w f kernan boston utu all military and imperial authorities during the littl beown 2088 1.50 plait the author of defense will not win the war argues sian for an offensive strategy involving early invasion of the transition period the giraud plan would presumably spell a period of military control until after the re european continent in decisive fashion ye uss patriation of french workers and petsoners now im the mountains wait by theodor broch saint paul webb 4 germany while de gaulle’s would provide for book publishing co 1942 3.00 b civilian government after the first emergencies are they came as friends by tor myklebost new york 0 past and before elections are held a ser see ps the fight of the norwegian church against nazism by r there is no casy possibility of merging these pro bjarne hiéye and trygve m ager new york macmil 4 posais for they are based not only on the different lan 1943 1.75 pol interests of the groups represented but on different both vivid and factual these books describe norwegias a conceptio sate ae resistance to the nazis mr broch who was mayor of su‘v th v a se the role two ape rtant institutions narvik also includes a first hand account of the germal cow e army and the empire will play in post war invasion ee foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 28 aprit 30 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nation in tl headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered to t second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at leat d one month for change of address on membership publications ern f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ae produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor a +all into by a e of illed vail aad mer im paris ance vent trol rica unts suc urely itary ring gave xtent te f de in in ce of itler vals l gate nited hless tates indet n fe ue if spect s fe asing an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association entered as 2nd class matter 2 1942 foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxi no 28 may 1 1942 is allied strategy approaching offensive stage eports of restrained optimism in washington regarding the progress of the war coupled with adolf hitler’s admission that germany’s armies must face another winter of battle indicate that a new phase in the conflict may be approaching more rapidly than had been expected at the beginning of the year after the attack on pearl harbor japan's success in opening up new fronts in southeastern asia had seemed to condemn the allies to a long period of defensive combat until they could pro duce and transport the trained man power and equip ment needed to stabilize the lines and unleash the ultimate counter offensive official sources fre quently spoke of 1942 as a year of preparation and of 1943 as the year of victorious decision while this analysis has hitherto proved valid there are many signs that allied counter offense will develop on several fronts long before this country observes the first anniversary of its involvement in the war a second front in europe particularly significant is the obvious preoccupation in both britain and the united states with tne untolding of allied strategy in europe during the months im mediately ahead if the european sector is regarded as predominant at this time it is not because there is any disposition to write off the far east it is be cause of all the united nations the soviet union alone has an army in being engaged against the enemy and ready for decisive conflict in 1942 in an address in new york on april 23 lord beaver brook now british lend lease coordinator in wash ington called on britain to establish a second front in the west in order to divide the german armies many observers agree with his thesis that even if it were reckless for britain to establish a continental bridgehead which might be wiped out this maneuver should still be undertaken to aid the u.s.s.r since most of the military data on which the issue of a western european front depends must re main secret it is impossible to judge the practicabil ity of lord beaverbrook’s suggestion reports from british sources close to the war office however suggest that a more cautious view prevails there that shipping and supplies are too scarce and the wastage of man power reserves too dangerous to make the establishment of a second front advisable now an attempt however is already being made to provide a substitute for a second front by diver sionary r.a.f and commando raids the appointment of marshal karl von rundstedt as commander of german troops in western europe and nazi reports of new fortifications and mobile defenses along the coasts suggest that the british efforts are meeting with some success it must be remembered however that the german moves may have been caused by fear of an all out british of fensive and increasing unrest in the conquered ter ritories rather than by what the british have actu ally done so far in any event it wou d appear that hitler's war of nerves technique is now being turned against him by the flood of conjecture on the sub ject german uncertainty must be heightened by such developments as the visit of general george c marshall united states army chief of staff to the british isles where he remarked that the time for action is near that american troops would in evitably join the commandos in their raids and that american air forces would be based in britain japanese gain in burma meanwhile in the far eastern military theatre of war the japanese have been consolidating their gains while the allies fight a delaying action and await the necessarily slow arrival of men and material resistance at corregidor on panay cebu and mindanao in the philippines and in timor and other areas is prov ing troublesome to the invaders instead of striking still farther afield at india as had been expected the japanese have been pushing back outnumbered mee ee eee sa ss page two and weary british and chinese troops in burma japan’s operations on these battlefronts has given a breathing spell to the united nations con tingents under command of general douglas mac arthur while the military installations of northern australia are being improved and manned allied air forces have been harassing the japanese advance positions on new guinea and new britain in a series of punishing raids the defense of port moresby in southern new guinea has become the key to the security of australia while protection of new caledonia where according to a state department announcement of april 25 american troops are now stationed serves to maintain the maritime route to australia and new zealand problems of united command the problems confronted by the allies on the war fronts are not merely military but also political joint op erations by the forces of more than one sovereign nation inevitably raise questions of precedence and subordination which cannot always be solved without friction one example of these difficulties is the long delay between general macarthur's ar rival in australia on march 17 and his formal as sumption of the southwest pacific command on april 19 for weeks military leaders and statesmen had debated such matters as the composition of macarthur's staff the mechanism of command for forces of mixed nationality the claims for priori ties for the southwest pacific front as compared with other war sectors and the territories to be placed under the general’s control on the last of these points it may be noted that new zealand despite british define aspirations for post war order declaring that more socialism and more gov ernment planning in britain would be necessary when the war is over captain oliver lyttelton min ister of production told a british audience on april 26 that the state will have to take the initia tive and responsibility on whatever scale is necessary in improving capital assets common services and amenities of our country his statement reflecting the views of the young conservatives echoes in broad outline many statements on the shape of britain’s post war structure recently made by repre sentatives of the government labor the tory group and the church war shapes british future today pro f.p.a branch conference national headquarters friday may 8 1942 at this conference branch representatives and officials of the national organization will discuss ways and means of furthering f.p.a activities ee ae the publicly expressed preference of its premier has been placed under a separate south pacific naval command headed by vice admiral robert ghormley u.s.n as a result of decisions made jp washington perhaps by the pacific war coungijl such inter allied conflicts of view inevitable 4s they are place the united nations at a certain dis advantage in comparison with their opponents ip some cases particularly where the soviet union jg involved effective machinery for composing them has not yet been devised at the other pole stands the structure of anglo american collaboration now functioning more smoothly than ever before evep here however much remains to be done despite the existence of organisms for joint military planning and for coordination of shipping munitions assign ments and raw materials it has been intimated that new committees will have to be formed to supervise industrial production and the use of foodstuffs to a greater degree nor are the existing controls completely efficacious although establishment of the joint anglo american shipping committee was announced on january 27 harry l hopkins noted on april 20 that real pooling of merchant ships must be achieved it will probably be necessary moreover to reallocate some allied naval forces to meet the submarine menace which has developed off the coast of the united states thus new crises make new demands on the heads of the united nations who must modify old methods of na tional procedure and develop instruments of in ternational cooperation if the war is to be brought to the swiftest possible conclusion davm h popper posals for political and social changes which would have been considered revolutionary two years ago are accepted as almost commonplace by britons who have already seen their society undergo radical re organization under the impact of total war in a few short months the luftwaffe raids and the threat of imminent invasion wrought changes in the nations outlook which otherwise might have taken years to achieve americans who have recently been in britain agree that the class consciousness of the british people is rapidly disappearing as persons from all ranks of society work closely together sharing the dangers and the sacrifices of the war heavy taxa tion is leveling out the differences of wealth and is redistributing the nationai income in a way that our fathers would have thought inconceivable lord halifax british ambassador told the st george's society of new york on april 23 fiscal policies in wartime britain have lowered the standard of living of the rich while the work ing class families have experienced an increase i income sir kingsley wood in introducing the budget per cen the pay of peo 2,00 ome imposi cent the inc of 50 on the the sat throug dustry efficier briton some vantag major sion pp suranc comm day m gram war pt la party in the annua gresst natio prelin be no in wl exper of br for c gern tion statet the dicta past had gene auth espe tenc goe hitl chic prer jud oi 2 eb as fees mew ips ry ded ses ted na ght per uld ag0 vho re few y's to tain tish all the 1xa and that le st red ork in the budget for 1942 43 on april 14 revealed that 85 scent of the country’s net purchasing power after the payment of income taxes would be in the heads of people with gross incomes of less than 400 2,000 a year the chancellor of the exchequer proposed raising the taxes on beer and tobacco and imposing a levy on luxury articles of 66 2 3 per cent of their value he made no increase in the income tax which now stands at a basic rate of 50 per cent rising to 97.5 in the highest brackets on the ground that such taxes have already reached the saturation point the socialization of britain has been advanced through government controls established over in dustry trade and transportation to promote the most dficient use of the nation’s productive facilities britons are beginning to ask themselves whether sme of these controls would not have their ad vantages in peacetime as well in the midst of a major struggle the government has liberalized pen sion provisions and unemployment and health in surance benefits the establishment of government communal restaurants health centers and public day nurseries indicates that the social security pro gram will probably have a wider scope in the post war period labor party program since the labor party showed indications of indecision and debility in the pre war years it is significant that the party’s annual congress on may 25 28 will discuss an ag gressive program for reconstruction of britain the national executive of the party has submitted a preliminary report which states that there must be no return to the unplanned competitive world in which a privileged few were maintained at the expense of the common good instead the basis of british democracy must be planned production for community good in which the workers must page three be given the opportunity to develop their capacities and to share in the making of rules under which they work it asks for the extension of social services and full educational opportunities for all al though these objectives might suggest the use of radical methods the laborites make it plain that they intend to operate within the framework of the british constitution excluding no person from the full enjoyment of civil rights and seeking no acqui sition of property without just compensation other groups in britain give general approval to the principle of a better social order but are less precise in their statements lord halifax who repre sents the enlightened tory group stated in his new york speech that in the britain we mean to build we shall be determined to do everything we can to give full and equal opportunity to all our citizens this may be compared with the statement given by the newly installed archbishop of canter bury dr william temple who told the association of christian communities on april 26 that in the ideal economy goods should be produced for use and not for the sake of additional gains in wages and dividends the future alone can tell whether the british people can organize a productive system with a large measure of state control and supervision and at the same time preserve the vital and traditional english political freedoms their success thus far in mobil izing for war and the apparent resolution of most responsible leaders to build a progressive democracy when peace comes are strong indications that they can succeed the british politico economic system which will emerge after the war is bound to have a marked influence not only on other anglo saxon countries but also on the reconstruction of europe louts e frechtling hitler’s speech reveals internal strains the core of hitler’s review of the war before the german reichstag on april 26 was not reitera tion of his version of world history but his frank statement that to meet the hardships of warfare on the eastern front he had to obtain even greater dictatorial powers than those he has exercised in the past in an announcement of december 21 hitler had already taken authority out of the hands of his generals in his speech of april 26 he similarly took authority out of the hands of civilian officials and specially judges whom he reproved for mild sen tences the statement presented by field marshal goering and adopted by the reichstag proclaimed hitler as fuehrer of the nation commander in chief of the army chief of the government su preme holder of the executive power supreme judge and leader of the party and granted him the power without recourse to the legislature to compel every german to fulfill his duty and in case of neglect of duty to punish him with out regard to so called duly acquired rights this further whetting of hitler’s weapons against his own people coincided with reports of drastic pun ishment meted out to german industrialists accused of not fulfilling production quotas or violating ra tioning regulations it is also believed that hitler may use his new powers against the army in favor of the secret police while outlining a program for a three pronged offensive air reprisals against the british isles ia creased submarine warfare against the united states and fresh efforts to destroy the bolshevist colossus hitler once more presented the main themes of nazi propaganda designed to disturb dishearten or disunite germany’s opponents he appealed to sur vivors of appeasement in britain to fears of russia in britain and the united states to anti semitism everywhere he gave the impression that a melting pot of european peoples is aiding the germans in their struggle against russia although spain hungary and france have reluctantly sent a few thousand men to the eastern front while italians and rumanians have for the most part gone only under duress he implied that germany had nothing against the united states and that this coun try had become involved in war only through its clash with japan thus seeking to dissociate the war in europe from that in asia this is not without sig nificance for the former isolationist press in the united states while rallying behind the war in the far east has been inclined to regard the conflict in europe as not being our war hitler's speech taken in conjunction with several other straws in the wind might presage the peace offensive against which archibald macleish di rector of the office of facts and figures warned at the annual luncheon of the associated press on april 21 such an offensive would be logical at this time when hitler is seeking to consolidate his gains on the european continent and to prove as in the case of laval that europe has reconciled itself to his new order willkie stresses u.s responsibility the success of such a drive appears less probable today than it might have been a few months ago when americans knew about total war largely by hearsay our familiarization with the realities of war has brought a new desire for service and sac rifice and a new sense of responsibility responsibil ity not only for one’s family or community or nation but for human society as a whole this changed attitude toward life was reflected in the speech made by wendell willkie at the university of rochester on april 22 when he said that while the world needs the united states equally the united states if it is to preserve freedom needs the world and that if we are to have freedom we must share freedom mr willkie did not draw up blueprints of a post war utopia but indicated that the way to reconstruction would be a hard way through education in international affairs and through work with other peoples for a common end on a basis of real equality between races this feeling of responsibility was also expressed in the resolution adopted by the republican na page four f.p.a radio schedule subject what are we fighting for speaker william p maddox date sunday may 3 time 12 12 15 p.m e.w.t over blue network for station please consult your local newspaper tional committee in chicago on april 20 on the basis of a draft submitted by mr willkie the com mittee’s action came after the chicago tribune leading isolationist organ had declared that mr willkie had no influence in the republican party and had predicted defeat of his resolution in the resolution the committee stated its belief that after the war the responsibility of the nation will not be circumscribed within the territorial limits of the united states and that our nation has ap obligation to assist in the bringing about of an up derstanding comity and cooperation among the na tions of the world in order that our own liberty may be preserved the new platform of the republican national committee does not mean that isolationist sentiment is dead in the united states but it does show the emergence of a group of political leaders who irrespective of party labels recognize that the great industrial and military power of the united states has as its corollary responsibility for the use of that power in time of peace vera micheles dean the setting sun of japan by carl randau and leane zug smith new york random house 1942 3.00 just before the beginning of the war in the pacific the authors returned from a long trip to japan china and the whole of the abda area their description of these territories on the verge of the struggle is enormously enlightening and unfailingly interesting planning for america by george b galloway and asso ciates new york henry holt 1941 3.00 a series of provocative essays by advocates of planning in the spheres of natural resources investment public health welfare defense etc the authors look forward to 4 steady and permanent increase in government control over the machinery of investment and credit the management of basic industries the distribution of labor and the diree tion of foreign trade they tend to ignore however the political obstacles to efficient functioning of government planning inside latin america by john gunther new york har pers 1941 3.50 mr gunther has again demonstrated his ability as 4 topnotch reporter he has managed to pack in a single volume an extraordinary amount of pertinent information about latin america its statesmen and politicians though marred by a few errors his panoramic survey of our neighbors to the south is one of the best foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 28 may 1 1942 n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year s's published weekly by the foreign policy association headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president witttam p mappox assistant to the president dorotuy f lagt secretary vera micuuces dean editor daviy h poppzr associate editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york national incorporated produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year +empire iblicized artly to le’s con easingly gaulle’s lies will lesire to rs of a d states nion not because mipeting adsel ew york yndent of balanced eople and ment and n boston ar argues ion of the aul webb lew york lazism by k macmil norwegian mayor of ne germal aa ed nationa or encered allow at leas may 10 1943 entered as 2nd class matter univers tu av wes 4versity of nichizan ann arbor wr ichizgan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vot xxii no 29 may 7 1948 allies gain by frank discussion of joint problems fears as may have been aroused among the united nations that the soviet government after breaking off relations with the poles in london would retire in high dudgeon to renewed isolation or even consider a separate peace with germany were effectively dispelled by stalin in his may ist order of the day this order breathes the calm assur ance in russia’s own strength and the confidence in ultimate victory which according to observers re cently back from the soviet union characterize the attitude of the russian people toward the war but it also strikes a new note for the first time since the german invasion of russia stalin paid an en thusiastic tribute to the war effort of the allies in no uncertain terms he dismissed on their behalf as well as russia’s any possibility of peace with the imperialist fascists who have flooded europe with blood and covered her with gallows demand ing with mr roosevelt and mr churchill hitler's unconditional surrender whatever may be the future of polish soviet relations one thing is already plain the historic friction between poles and rus sians which the nazis had tried to fan in the hope of dividing the united nations has not alienated russia from its allies in the west on the contrary the polish soviet rift has served to clarify relations between the three great powers which are now forg ing an iron ring around hitler’s european fortress russia welcomes frankness this favor able result is due in part to the self restraint of the polish premier general sikorski who has genuinely striven for two years to reach an accord with mos cow but has been balked again and again by ex tremist nationalists among the polish émigrés both in this country and in britain in part it is also due to the frankness with which apparently both lon don and washington have talked to the soviet gov ernment regarding the two problems at issue the polish soviet frontier and the status of the polish government in exile which soviet spokesmen have denounced as fascist in character neither britain nor the united states so far as can be determined is prepared at this time to concede eastern poland to russia whatever may be the eventual settlement of this centuries old conflict nor are they ready to force general sikorski to abdicate in favor of a polish group that might enjoy the support of the kremlin desirable as changes in the polish govern ment might seem these changes should come accord ing to london and washington as the result of free decision on the part of the poles themselves not through surrender to russian demands this point was emphasized by mr churchill in his message to the poles on may 2 their national day when he said that the sacrifices the poles had made would be crowned by the restoration to which we all look forward of a great and independent poland frank discussion of these problems had been sorely needed to clear the international atmosphere over charged during the past few months by polish soviet suspicion and mutual recrimination it is unrealistic to contend as some people in britain and the united states do that russia should always be coddled by other nations and that none of its wishes should be crossed for fear of offending stalin as a matter of fact the russians who never hesitate to say what they think expect and respect similar bluntness from others what does arouse their suspicions is any attempt by the western powers to veil motives or policies in polite but ambiguous diplomatic verbiage there is no reason to believe that a common ground cannot be found between the views of po land and russia provided both can be assured that in post war europe their security will be bulwarked by the concerted support of all the united nations such assurance will come the more readily if the territoriah issues of the continent are not settled ih st by yi is ae oe 2 s ee ee iawn eo esse es oe a piecemeal to placate this or that power great or small but are considered within the general frame work of european and world reconstruction seen in that larger framework many of the territorial problems that loom important to individual nations become dwarfed in comparison with the crying need for collective action to win the war alleviate the disasters left in its wake and make a fresh start u.s must chart middle course to lay undue stress today on the issues that do or may separate the various united nations not only plays into the hands of nazi propagandists what is even more dangerous it fosters the latent desire of some americans for return to isolationism by making in ternational collaboration appear far more difficult than it is or needs to be the problems of europe are unquestionably far more complicated than wish ful thinking reformers would have us believe but they are not beyond the power of human beings to adjust nor is the united states expected to adjust them single handed it would certainly be the height of irony if in turning our back on isolationism we dissolution of commonwealth not anticipated by dominions speaking in ottawa during the last week of april joseph m tucker director of a canadian section of the united states war production board recognized that canada does not contemplate any change in its status as an autonomous nation within the british commonwealth although he referred enthusiasti cally to the benefits which have accrued to both canada and the united states as a result of wartime collaboration mr tucker also pointed out that close cooperation had been achieved without impair ing the sovereignty of either country and envisaged future relations between them not as all states in one republic not as all parts of one empire but just as we are independent and inter dependent sovereign nations and friends canadian links with britain us this statement should be taken to heart by people in this country who anticipate the disintegration of the british commonwealth and in particular the loosen ing of ties between canada and britain if not can page two for a survey of the league’s extremely useful con tribution to international collaboration and an analysis of the accomplishments of league agencies now functioning read geneva institutions in wartime by ernest s hediger 25c may f issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to fpa members 3 tl should go to the other extreme and jump to the conclusion that it is our manifest destiny to cure al ills throughout the world and settle all conflicts this is not what the peoples of europe or asia o latin america want they hope that the united states will not remain aloof from the rest of the world after the war but they have no desire to see the united states alone shoulder the task of post war reconstruction in this task they want to play their part and to play their part neither as humble recipients of american handouts nor as sideline admirers of the american cep tury but as equal partners of the united states what we have to learn is how to work with other people without either neglecting them altogether or smothering them with exaggerated concern ip international affairs as in all human affairs there js a middle course a golden mean the american people could make no greater contribution to post war reconstruction than by discovering and practicing this golden mean between isolationism on the one hand and imperialism on the other vera micheles dean ada’s actual inclusion in the united states this war like the last has fostered canada’s progress toward complete independence the canadian government deliberately delayed its declaration of war against germany until september 10 1939 a week after the british to establish before the world the right of the canadian parliament to make war without regard to any action of the british government but the great majority of canadians did not consider this a blow at either britain or the commonwealth they felt then as they do now that their independent existence is best guaranteed within the common wealth some canadians indeed believe there is greater freedom in the time tested ties with britain than in a dependence on the united states which might ultimately transform canada into an append age of its mighty neighbor moreover many feel that the aspirations of small nations to play 4 part in the post war world are given more sympa thetic attention in london than in washington but the majority of canadians and they are represented both by prime minister mackenzie king and oppo sition leader john bracken see no inconsistency in the maintenance of existing bonds with britain and the commonwealth while closer political and economic relations are forged with the united states economic ties bind dominions apatt from traditional ties the most important element if the attitude not only of canada but of the othet see what canadians ae about post war reconstruction foreigh policy report march 1 1943 tt to the cure all onflicts asia or united t of the e to see of post want to neither andouts an cen d states ith other together icern in there js american to post racticing the one dean vions his war ss toward vernment r against eek after the right without nent but consider onwealth lependent common there is th britain tes which 1 append or many to play a re sympa igton but presented nd oppo onsistency th britain litical and ie united ns apaitt element if the othet ction foreigt dominions toward the commonwealth is economic before 1939 britain was the world’s greatest single market for foodstuffs and raw materials and the prosperity of the dominions as exporters of primary products largely depended on exchange of these products for british manufactures although the dominions wartime industrialization will make them less dependent on british industry and seri ously undermine the ottawa agreements it will hardly reduce their need for the british market there is certainly no sign that the united states will want to replace britain in this respect and in the case of canada its new position as a creditor with respect to britain will quite possibly serve to increase rather than decrease imports from britain the problem of commonwealth security also sug gests that old ties will not be broken even if new ones are added with air power almost certain to supplement sea power in guarding british trade routes the strategic unity of the commonwealth is more likely to be tightened than loosened the pos sible implications of the commonwealth air train ing scheme now under way in canada should not be overlooked in this connection nor should the fact that the british government's policy in the field of commercial air transport is being discussed with the dominions before negotiations are opened with other united nations in the southwest pacific it is true australia and the f.p.a history of the english speaking peoples by r b mowat and preston slosson new york oxford university press 1943 4.00 an interesting and on the whole successful attempt by an american and a british historian to write a one volume history of the english speaking nations britain the em pire commonwealth and the united states the purpose has not been to give the details of national history but rather to emphasize the development of institutions and traditions and to show historically that the bond of unity between the american and british peoples is not racial but in part one of language and even more of common institu tions and ideals british rule in eastern asia by lennox a milles minne apolis university of minnesota 1942 5.00 a detailed comparative study of political and economic conditions in hongkong and british malaya before pearl harbor mexican oil by harlow s person new york harper 1942 1.50 a matter of fact description of the origin and settlement of the mexican oil dispute with a useful chapter on mex ito’s historical background by a member of the staff of the 1942 u.s mexican oil commission page three new zealand will probably look more and more to the united states for their security but this does not mean that either will wish to sever connections with britain canada has long recognized that in the last resort its security depended on the united states rather than britain but this has not reduced its de sire to remain within the commonwealth it may be similarly expected that the australasian domin ions and also the union of south africa will want to add american support to british not to replace britain by the united states in the dominions as well as in britain it is expected that the effect of closer economic and military ties with the united states will not be to loosen the bonds of the com monwealth but rather to draw the commonwealth as a whole closer to the united states but the dominions apparently do not contem plate a common foreign policy with britain what they undoubtedly hope is that the issues of war and peace will be settled through a genuine international body with responsibilities divided regionally while they themselves determine other aspects of their external affairs in harmony so far as possible with both britain and the united states in an age when large political and economic units will almost certainly form the prevailing pattern this concept of democratic association appears to be a realistic ap proach to the problems of world organization howard p whidden jr bookshelf admiral sims the modern american navy by elting e morison boston houghton mifflin 1942 5.00 a good biography of sims early career and his influence on modernizing the navy a bit disappointing on his war service in britain and makes him a greater prophet than he was or claimed to be lifelines of victory by murray harris new york put nam 1942 2.00 a british squadron leader discusses the problems of war strategy with especial stress on the importance of secure and adequate transport facilities for successful offensive action a diplomatic history of the american people by thomas a bailey 2nd edition new york crofts 1942 6.00 first revision of an excellent and readable volume two new chapters have been added on the united states and the present war sharply revealing the degree to which the war had involved us before we realized it i remember i remember by andré maurois new york harper 1942 3.00 through this fascinating story of a rich life runs a bright thread of philosophy that represents france at its best foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 29 may 7 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lest secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 one month for change of address on membership publications 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year sis produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor ei yi a gn a se washington news letter t may 3 president roosevelt's handling of the present coal crisis will go a long way toward supply ing an affirmative answer to the moot question of whether a democracy is capable of waging a suc cessful war for it must be remembered that world war ii is an ideological as well as a military con flict and the decision of john l lewis to order the miners back to work for two weeks means that the president has won the first round but it is not yet clear whether this is a tactical maneuver on mr lewis part or whether it signifies that he is trying to save face realizing that he cannot successfully defy the government of his country in time of war but mr roosevelt in his radio address indicated that he intends to yield nothing to mr lewis threats and if the president adheres unflinchingly to this line he will have furnished a vindication of our democratic institutions nazis ridicule democracy the rise of fascism was due in part to the belief that only a strongly authoritarian government could conduct a victorious war in germany especially a careful study had been made of the political and military mistakes committed by the reich in the war of 1914 18 nazi leaders were persuaded that strikes in the german munition plants in the last years of that conflict as well as the pacifist outlook of many german labor leaders had contributed gteatly to the downfall of the kaiser's govern ment not only by reducing the output of war ma tériel but by lowering morale on the home front it is not surprising therefore that one of hitlet’s first steps on becoming master of the reich in 1933 was to abolish all trade unions and replace them by a government controlled agency workers and employ ers alike were subjected to government supervision and strikes and lock outs were forbidden the same policy with a somewhat different technique had previously been carried out in italy in two other powers that have subsequently become belligerent nations the u.s.s.r and japan the authority of the state is also supreme and in neither of these coun tries are industrial conflicts tolerated the present war has provided a searching prag matic test for the political institutions of three great democracies britain france and the united states under the strain of battle the third republic failed utterly and its rapid and unexpected collapse seemed to confirm the prophecies of men like dr joseph goebbels as to the inadequacies of the democratic form of government in the modern world the sad truth of course was that the french re public was in no shape to face such a test the out break of hostilities found france on the brink of 4 civil war the bitter struggles between labor and capital which reached a climax in the advent to power of the popular front in 1936 and the crop of sit down strikes of that year had split the french people asunder as they had never been divided since the revolution although the daladier cabinet with a display of unwonted energy had quickly suppressed an attempt at a general strike in december 1938 the many ephemeral french ministries had never been able to regulate satisfactorily relations between work ers and management vichy had doubts the weaknesses of the third republic led marshal pétain and his collab orators in the vichy government to ascribe the fall of france to its democratic institutions they sought to establish an authoritarian régime and doubted the ability of the united states either to save england or secure the liberation of france the epidemic of strikes that occurred in the united states in 1941 strengthened vichy in the belief that president roose velt would be unable to deliver the goods in time in striking contrast to france british political in stitutions have withstood the ordeal of war unlike french labor british labor was not seriously af fected by the communist dogma of 1939 that this was an imperialist war and had enough patriotism and sense of responsibility to prevent war production from being impeded by strikes after the entrance of the united states in the war outstanding labor lead ers of this country too such as president william green of the a f of l president philip murray of the cio and john lewis of the united mine workers solemnly promised that they would call no strikes for the duration mr lewis breach of his pledge threatened nol only to jeopardize production of vital war goods and open the door to inflation in the event his move proved successful but also to discredit the future of democracy in europe for whether this form of gov ernment will be revived on the continent after the war depends in large part on how it functions if the united states and britain it will not be enough for the western democracies to win the war thej must show that in doing so they know how to com bine liberty with authority john elliott for victory buy united states war bonds +on the he com ribune hat mr n patty in the ef that ion will il limits 1 has an ff an un the na erty may publican lationist t it does leaders that the united the use dean eane zug acific the hina and 1 of these normously and asso lanning in lic health ard to 4 ntrol over nagement the diree vever the yvernment ork har ility as a 1 a single formation yoliticians survey of 4 tapid advance of the japanese coupled with refer d national hy f laer at new york entered as 2nd class matter da may 12 1982 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxi no 29 may 8 1942 attack on madagascar hampers axis plans ae landing on madagascar by british forces of ficially reported to the vichy government's am bassador at washington by the state department on may 4 indicates that the allies will strain every nerve to forestall enemy moves in the western in dian ocean the methods used by the united na tions give evidence to adroit planning the disem barkation was carried out as a temporary war measure just after japanese admirals had been ostentatiously entertained at vichy it was accomplished by british rather than free french or american personnel evi dently to prevent unnecessary embarrassment of the already strained relations between washington and the government of pierre laval at the same time the state department openly threatened to regard any resistance by vichy as an attack on the united nations as a whole the madagascar campaign does not minimize the importance of setbacks recently suffered on other fronts japan’s conquest of burma has inflicted a double blow at china by depriving it of access to the burmese oil fields and closing the burma road over which supplies from britain and the united states had been reaching chungking it also opened the way for a two pronged japanese invasion westward into india and northeastward into china nor was the situation in the orient improved by the announce ment on may 2 that the all india congress party had decided to meet japanese aggression by a policy of non violent non cooperation this announce ment threatened to split still further india’s already disunited political groups axis prepares for all out drive the ences in the german and italian press to an im pending campaign in the mediterranean once more emphasizes the crucial importance of russia and of the near and middle east which still bar the junc tion of axis forces at their meeting in salzburg on april 29 30 hitler and mussolini according to the official communiqué discussed plans for an all out offensive presumably on the russian front for which the fihrer asked additional italian troops and in the mediterranean while the communiqué scrupulously refrained from mentioning japan it seems obvious that a new japanese offensive would be timed to coincide with an axis drive the salzburg conference followed closely on re ports of anxiety in italy concerning the gloomy tone of hitler’s reichstag speech and his reference to preparations for another winter of war it seems en tirely credible that the italians are weary of war and weary above ail of having to contribute so large a share of their industrial and agricultural production to germany's war machine while receiving so little in return it would be dangerous however to place too much weight on axis sponsored reports of strains and stresses within germany and italy which may be merely bait for a peace offensive or to believe that the italians are in a position to throw off the nazi yoke on the contrary it was announced im mediately after the salzburg conference that addi tional contingents of the german gestapo had been sent to italy to maintain order similar measures ap pear to be under consideration in france where the nazi authorities are said to have demanded control by the gestapo over the police communications and transportation in occupied france on the eve of far reaching campaigns in europe and asia the allies felt encouraged not only by re ports of unrest in conquered europe but also by news from the russian and mediterranean theatres of war in his may day speech stalin urged the russians to sharpen their weapons and techniques for victory against germany in 1942 he also contributed to the diplomatic strategy of the united nations by de claring that russia has no aim of seizing foreign territory or conquering foreign peoples although sss s dbddohodp89mss ssssss p22 tw he described the peoples of the baltic states mol davia and karelia as brothers at the same time he praised britain and the united states for increasing aid to russia according to washington sources ma terial destined for the russian front is being accorded top priorities ships taken from the south american run are rushing supplies to murmansk in the teeth of german raiders and by june first it is expected that american commitments to russia will be ful filled 100 per cent men and lend lease material are also being sent from the united states to iran and iraq as well as to north africa and on april 28 in his broadcast to the nation president roosevelt revealed that american warships are now operating in the mediterranean should r.a.f raid historic cities further relief is being given to russia by widening british air raids on german ports and industrial centers among them hamburg luebeck rostock and cologne as well as on strategic points in oc cupied countries notably trondheim in norway in this port the british claim to have inflicted further blows on the german cruiser prinz eugen which was being repaired after its flight from brest in febru ary in addition the british believe that the battle ships scharnhorst and gneisenau laid up at kiel and gdynia respectively had been so badly battered in the same flight that they will be out of action for a considerable time should these reports prove well founded germany’s strength in battleships and heavy cruisers will have been materially cut both in britain and the united states regret has been expressed that the r.a.f in the course of raids on luebeck and rostock should have destroyed his toric monuments of great sentimental significance ty the german people desirable as it would be to spate historic monuments it is difficult to see how air war fare if it is to be prosecuted at all and both british and americans have been demanding a second front in europe can be prosecuted in such a way as to pre serve historic landmarks which happen to be situated near military or naval bases or ports of departure for war supplies the germans have made no effort to spare the monuments of london or other cities they have attacked in britain concern over the preservation of sticks and stones no matter how hallowed by history seems out of proportion with the lack of concern felt for human lives it would be disastrous for the future of the united nations to indulge blindly in ruthless reprisals against the germans and japanese which would ultimately mold our thoughts and actions to the very pattern we reject in axis countries but it would also be entirely un realistic to believe that total war can be fought ina limited way the most valuable contribution that could be made by those who deplore the effects of ait raids is to bend every effort to the task of assuring in the future the establishment of a world order which might reduce the occasions for war to 4 mininum vera micheles dean canada’s conscription vote reveals internal strains as the final returns were tabulated in the national plebiscite of april 27 releasing the canadian gov ernment from its pledges against compulsory military service overseas the dominion anxiously awaited a statement from prime minister w l mackenzie king on the course he would now choose to follow the results of the referendum did not vary greatly from advance predictions with well over 4,000,000 persons participating some 63 per cent voted to re store freedom of action to the government the rela tively small majority in the country as a whole is due to strong anti conscription sentiment in quebec where 72 per cent of the votes were in the negative for a survey of india’s complex and delicate problems which bear directly on its war effort and on post war reconstruction read india’s role in the world conflict by margaret la foy 25 may 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 in the rest of canada more than four out of five persons favored mr mackenzie king’s proposal the threat to canada's unity the clash between french canada and the remainder of the dominion has once more laid bare the deep seated differences between their populations which underlie so many issues in canadian politics today as in 1917 the french catholic community of que bec and adjacent areas stands spiritually and to some extent economically self contained while the eng lish speaking elements of the country have over whelmingly supported all out aid to britain many if habitants of quebec remain isolationist affirming their determination to defend canadian territory at all costs but not to serve overseas on a compulsory basis at the present time only a handful of national ist extremists has ever claimed that religious and linguistic differences justified secession but the prov ince has jealously guarded its right under canada federal system to a conservative pattern of goveti ment marked by strong clerical influence when military conscription was adopted in canadé twenty five years ago there were riots and distuth ances in the province it was said that evasion of tht tions f troops ticipati the go tempte scriptic daring establi simply given to ach serious wh should unimp domir try o waitin invasic nent navy a about come for ov availal ca econot experi the ne ington chasin with 2 create prices ample 3 bil quarte thoug about shorta of liv 115 b cembe calcul foreig pret has of raids ed his cance to to spare aif war 1 british aid front ss to pre situated eparture 10 effort er cities ver the ter how on with t would nations inst the ly mold ve reject rely un ght ina ion that ts of air ssuring d order ar to a ean of five posal y the inder of e deep s which today of que to some he eng re over nany if firming itory at 1pulsory ational us and he prov canada goveri canadé disturb n of the eee jaw ran as high as 40 per cent to avoid a recurrence of such conditions which would endanger national unity mr mackenzie king has proceeded with great caution under the national mobilization act of june 1940 compulsory military service was instituted for home defense without major disagreement from any quarter when the united states entered the war however and abolished all territorial restric tions formerly governing the service of conscripted troops the canadian groups in favor of fuller par ticipation in the war effort began a campaign to force the government to follow suit the premier at tempted to steer a middle course between the con scriptionist forces and the quebec opposition by de daring with little success that the issue was not establishment of compulsory overseas service but simply whether or not the government should be given a free hand he must now seek some formula to achieve the desired purpose without provoking serious unrest in french canada whatever the outcome of these difficulties it should not be imagined that canada’s war effort is unimpressive through voluntary recruitment the dominion has 150,000 men serving outside the coun try over 100,000 of these troops are in britain waiting it is believed to act as the spearhead of an invasion force to be landed on the european conti nent the total number of canadians in the army navy and air force both at home and abroad is now about 400,000 up to the present volunteers have come forward in numbers sufficient to fill the quotas for overseas service quotas limited in size by the availability of shipping and equipment canadian price control in the field of economic stabilization on the home front canadian experience has to some extent served as a guide for the new scheme of price control announced in wash ington on april 28 in both countries increased pur chasing power in the hands of the public coupled with a diminishing supply of consumers goods had created the conditions for an inflationary spiral of prices and costs in the present fiscal year for ex ample canada’s war expenditures will be about 3 billion canadian or the equivalent of three quarters of the entire national output in 1937 even though canada has expanded total production by about 50 per cent since the beginning of the war shortages of many goods and services drove the cost of living index based on august 1939 from 107 to 115 between march and october 1941 effective de cember 1 1941 therefore an over all price ceiling calculated on september 15 october 11 prices was page three on sunday may 10 from 12 to 12 15 p.m david h popper associate editor of the fpa will speak over the blue network subject how can democracies wage total war we hope you will listen in and let us have your reactions afterwards imposed on the dominion and has been administered by a wartime prices and trade board during the period of price control the cost of living has varied by only a fraction of one per cent the magnitude and complexity of the united states problems preclude the adoption of an identi cal policy in this country although the general sim ilarity of the two price control schemes is readily apparent outstanding among the differences is the fact that wages as well as prices have been frozen in canada except as they may be adjusted by a cost of living bonus to meet increased charges thus the pressure of increased purchasing power on prices is in part neutralized the canadian system more over regulates retail prices only while under the american plan manufacturers and wholesalers charges are frozen as well where rising production costs tend to diminish the margin left for the cana dian retailer attempts are made to eliminate market ing and production wastes by standardization or sim plification of products and other methods in acute cases especially when imported raw materials have risen markedly in price subsidies are paid to produ cers a mechanism whose adoption was announced by the office of price administration on may 3 finally the canadian board is not restricted by the necessity to maintain the prices of certain farm prod ucts at 110 per cent of parity while the initial accomplishments under the cana dian plan are encouraging the regulatory mechan isms in both countries will not face their sternest trials until the scarcity of consumers goods becomes much more pronounced than it now is when that moment arrives the tendency to evade or violate price controls will become intense today in all of non russian europe and even in britain the existence of an illegal black market is acknowledged in spite of severe punishment for breaking price and ration regulations unless canada and the united states can create and maintain a sense of individual and so cial obligation in connection with their economic con trols similar policing will be necessary here hence in the broadest sense the war is testing the efficacy of democratic institutions as they have never been tested before davip h poppeer foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 29 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y secretary vera micheles dean editer daviv h poppgr associate editor n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year eis may 8 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy frank ross mccoy president wiriiam p mappox assistant to the president dorotuy f lurrt entered as second class matter december association incorporated national 2 1921 at the post office at new york produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter stbbes peed bingy s may 4 the curve of national war expenditure took another sharp upturn last week when president roosevelt signed the sixth supplemental war ap propriation act of 1942 providing for new outlays of more than 19 billion since the fall of france in june 1940 the total funds set aside by the united states gov ernment for defense and war purposes now amount to 162,416,000,000 which includes 6 billion au thorized for naval expenditures in the fiscal year 1943 before the week is over according to current reports president roosevelt will ask congress for a seventh major appropriation which may be higher than any of those yet placed before the national leg islature in the year and a half which elapsed between mid 1940 and the attack on pearl harbor congress au thorized an outlay of 64 billion five months of war have therefore added approximately 98 billion to the total these figures of course include vast sums which are as yet unspent even at the current rate of expenditure which runs to about 100 million a day and which may be doubled before the year is out it may be 1944 before all the authorized funds have been paid out down to the end of the present fiscal year july 1 it is anticipated that only 34 billion or about one fifth of the total authorized within the past two years will have been expended in the next fiscal year it is estimated that 70 billion will be spent for war purposes plane expenditures in lead some light is thrown on the general character of american military strategy when it is noted that the largest single item of authorized expenditure has been for the construction of airplanes engines and parts less than a fourth or 35.5 billion of the sums authorized since mid 1940 have been allocated for this purpose in the latest appropriation act the pro portion set aside for airplanes was much higher than the long term average exceeding 45 per cent other important channels of expenditure are indicated by the funds made available during the past two years for ordnance 32 billion and naval construc tion 15 billion pay subsistence and travel for the armed forces so far seem relatively trivial amounting to less than 5 billion it is impossible to find an adequate basis of com parison for the cost of america’s present military preparations all other figures pale into insignificance beside it in 1933 the entire world spent only two and a half billion dollars for armaments and even in 1936 the new arms race then getting into full swing accounted for only 11 billion turning bag to expenditures during world war i the recog shows that in 1918 many months after the unite states had entered the war we expended just 6 bi lion the heaviest expenditure in any single year came after the armistice in 1919 when the figure rose ty 11 billion the total outlay made by the united states government from the outbreak of war to the signing of the peace treaty with germany in 192 came to a little over 27 billion somewhat less than the amount which will have been expended in the current fiscal year to july 1 and during nearly half of that year the united states was at peace paying for the war facing the stupend ous task of paying for these war costs the country is being called upon to make its current contributiog in two ways 1 by paying the heaviest tax bill in its history and 2 by sharply reducing the con sumption of non essentials thereby releasing addi tional funds for the purchase of war savings bonds as for the first the revised estimates of net tax re ceipts as announced by the budget bureau on april 24 indicate that current levies will bring in during the fiscal year beginning july 1 nearly 17 billion or approximately one fourth of the anticipated war expenditure if congress should follow the presi dent’s suggestion set forth in his budget message in january and raise the tax bill the next fiscal year by an additional 7 billion the receipts would then pro vide for 31 per cent of the outlay the second requirement is one of the conditions making necessary the extensive and elaborate price control system which is now being put into operation a rigid control of the production of consumers goods and service would not only contribute to the effort to speed the flow of materials and labor into wat channels but might particularly if it were accom panied by consumer rationing limit the amount of individual income being absorbed in current expendi tures thereby more funds might become available for the purchase of war bonds although it is com ceivable that the time may come when some form of compulsory war savings will be necessary no sub stantial support has yet developed for changing the present voluntary system wutt1am p mappox arms and the aftermath by perrin stryker boston houghton mifflin 1942 1.75 mr stryker furnishes a lucid explanation of the tech nical problems involved in gearing american industry war production and puts some baffling questions about post war problems without attempting to answer them his book can be heartily recommended to the layman rim pec sion to finds tl optimi spring conditi full a and p many minist britair defeat bei able t purpo count mr tor a of em candi truce camp gove inder for t cized holde but 1 polit an a fort +ench the ink of z bor and dvent to crop of e french jed since inet with ippressed 1938 the ver been en work es of the is collab e the fall ey sought ubted the england idemic of in 1941 nt roose in time dlitical in ar unlike iously af that this patriotism production ntrance of labor lead t william ip murray ited mine would call atened not goods and his move e future of rm of gov t after the unctions if be enough war the ow to com elliott inds briodical rova g enbral library univ of migm fore 4ign poli may j 4 1943 entered as 2nd class matter general library university of michigan ann arbor wich cy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 30 __ may 14 1943 north african victory pattern for ultimate axis defeat brilliant allied victory in tunisia which reached its climax on may 7 with the occupation of bizerte and tunis is obviously one of the de cisive events of world war ii just as hitler’s in yasion of the low countries in may 1940 started a chain of developments which led to the conquest of europe so this allied victory three years later is bound to bring military and political repercussions of similar magnitude german collapse unexpected a col lapse as sudden and complete as that of the axis forces in tunisia is almost unknown in german mili tary history it shows perhaps even more clearly than stalingrad that the nazis cannot resist allied arms when these are brought to bear in sufficient strength skillful use of concentrated air pounding massed artillery fire and infantry and tank attacks was apparently responsible in large part for the tapid allied advance but the germans also seem to have made strategic and tactical blunders in their defense of tunisia they not only attempted to hold lines that were too long for their reserves but per sisted in basing on hills and crags major positions which appeared strong but actually exposed them to assaults against which they had extremely limited fields of fire with their supply and replacement sys tems inadequate the morale of axis forces seems to have broken when these strong points were cracked by persistent allied attacks coming from many points at once where will allies strike now the western allies can probably be expected to strike their next blow at sicily and sardinia and at the small axis held bases in the sicilian straits control of these islands would clear the central mediter fanean for our supplies and profoundly affect the whole global war picture it would provide a short supply route not only to the southern front in russia but also to india and china this would give the allies for the first times thesimeans of the unity of strategic reserve which is always essential to unified comimand moreover it would permit the oil and gasoline needed in french north africa to be shipped by barge from the near and middle east rather than by tanker across the sub marine infested atlantic from the united states with the central mediterranean cleared the way would be open for the allies to mount an offensive from africa and the mediterranean islands against italy or southern france and if crete too were oceu pied against the balkans at the same time an early diversion from britain against norway or even a major offensive across the english channel must not be left out of the reckoning since the allies possess superior air and sea power and german strategic reserves are well back from the european coastal defenses it seems reasonably clear that a bridgehead can be effected wherever the allies wish to strike the great task will be to convert that bridgehead into a large scale of fensive but here the allies holding outside dines have an opportunity to draw off german reserves by a feint from one direction while making the real attack from another until fighter and bomber strength which must have been withdrawn from britain for the tunisian campaign can be replaced however a decisive thrust based on the british isles can hardly be expected reaction to tunisian victory politi cal repercussions of the allied victory ini north af rica are now being felt throughout the world grow ing restlessness among the occupied peoples of eu rope is causing the nazis great concern in holland the nazis have resorted to martial law in turkey and among the arabs of the middle east belief in an allied victory is rapidly gaining ground while in northern europe sweden is showing increased in dependence in spain too there was recognition of oe ag ao 5 ee a ee as rg abs ae a soe ona ae ae allied power for on may 9 general franco declared that the war had now reached a stalemate which made immediate peace the only sensible course for all belligerents among the united nations the effect of tunisia has been equally significant china is heartened by this show of anglo american striking force and hopes that it heralds a strengthening of allied power in the far east as well as in europe the soviet union evinces real appreciation of the efforts of its western allies and will undoubtedly meet any spring or summer offensive which hitler may launch against the russian armies with even greater confidence page two the allied victory too should smooth the path to french unity with all that will mean both for the future of france and the further success of allied forces finally it is clear that the political and eco nomic cooperation forged over many months betweeg britain and the united states has now developed under general eisenhower's leadership into effec tive military collaboration as president roosevelt said in his message to general eisenhower the unprecedented degree of allied cooperation makes a pattern for the ultimate defeat of the axis howard p whidden jr polish problem tests relations of great and small powers the soviet polish controversy which for a few days had shown signs of abating flared up anew on may 7 when soviet vice foreign commissar an drey y vishinsky made a statement to the british and american press accusing members of the polish embassy in russia of espionage and pro german activities this statement issued two days after stalin’s letter to the new york times correspondent in moscow in which the soviet premier declared that the u.s.s.r unquestionably wants a strong and independent poland following the defeat of germany has added to the prevailing confusion in this country concerning soviet aims and policies it might be useful under the circumstances to review the main issues raised by the soviet polish contro versy the first thing that must be borne in mind is that no american layman without official knowledge of soviet polish relations since the german invasion of russia in 1941 which reversed russia’s attitude to ward poland can reach anything resembling a well founded judgment about the activities of poles de ported or evacuated to russia after poland’s collapse in 1939 if past experience is a guide there are prob ably rights and wrongs on both sides russia wants friendly poland but whatever may be the merits of the controversy over the activities of these poles there is no reason to doubt that stalin was sincere when he said on may 5 that the u.s.s.r wants a relationship based for a survey of the league’s contribution to inter national collaboration and an analysis of the accomplishments of league agencies now function ing and the international red cross read geneva institutions in wartime by ernest s hediger 25c may 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to fpa members 3 upon solid good neighborly relations and mutual respect with a strong and independent poland or if the polish people so desired an alliance pro viding for mutual assistance against the germans as the chief enemies of the soviet union and poland for years before 1939 the soviet government had regarded with suspicion the activities of the polish government of colonels and especially of its for eign minister colonel beck believing that this group inspired by anti russian and anti communist sentiments was ready to play ball with hitler against the u.s.s.r these suspicions were sharpened by the realiza tion in moscow that poland whose industrial and agricultural backwardness made it highly vulnerable to german pressure would prove unable to resist an attack by germany which would place german armed forces directly on the soviet border russia's worst expectations on that score were realized when germany invaded poland on september 1 1939 the subsequent occupation by russia of polish ukraine and polish white russia and their incor poration on november 29 1939 into the ukrainian s.s.r and the white russian s.s.r respectively was justified from the russian point of view by con siderations of self defense but justifiable as these measures may appear from the russian point of view this does not mean that they become automatically acceptable to poles whose concept of a strong and independent poland does not include surrender of territory to russia now po land’s ally among the united nations nor is it easy for americans who have consistently opposed en croachments by this country on the territory of weaker nations in the western hemisphere to defend similar encroachments by russia on the territory of adjoining countries a convincing case can always be made by a great power which believes that its security or economic position is threatened by the policies of weaker neighbors the admittedly difficult equation between great and small nations may be ince pfo rmans as poland rent had 1e polish f its for that this mmunist against realiza trial and ulnerable resist an german russia's zed when 1 1939 polish eir incor jkrainian pectively w by con ear from nean that les whose ind does now po is it easy s0ssed en ritory of to defend rritory of in always s that its sd by the ly difficult s may be 7_ resolved either by the complete or partial subjugation of the small nations a policy hitherto denounced by the soviet government as imperialism or by an attempt to develop relations of equality within the larger framework of a regional or world organiza tion it must be hoped that the united nations in duding russia and the united states will follow the latter policy during and after the war and that the small nations in turn will show a spirit of co operation and not of nationalist intransigeance polish people must decide the fact that for a quarter of a century russia has been separated from the western world by mutual suspicion and hostility serves to obscure today on both sides the urgent need for building collaboration between them on new and not on outworn foundations the sec ond mission to moscow of former ambassador jo h e davies who is to deliver to stalin a mes sage from president roosevelt presumably urging a personal meeting between them may help to dis sipate moscow’s recurring suspicions about the aims of britain and the united states even more effective in this respect are the victories of allied forces in the f.p.a modern world politics by thorsten v kalijarvi new york crowell 1942 5.00 eighteen experts on international relations analyze fun damental factors governing the world struggle for power intended primarily as a college text but chapters on geo politics and total espionage will attract wider audience china after five years of war new york chinese news service 1942 1.00 informative essays on chinese government military af fairs economic conditions and education written for the most part by staff members of the ministry of informa tion in chungking voices of history great speeches and papers of the year 1941 by franklin watts ed with an introduction by charles a beard new york franklin watts inc 1942 3.50 out of a mass of material covering the world wide war here is a selection of representative pronouncements chosen 80 as to point up critical and important events and deci sions its chronological arrangement and excellent index make it a most workable reference tool as well as of his torical value this is the first of a planned series documents on american foreign relations july 1941 june 1942 edited by leland m goodrich with the collabora tion of s shepard jones and denys myers.boston world peace foundation 1942 2.75 fourth volume in a useful series fiji little india of the pacific by john wesley coulter chicago university of chicago press 1942 2.00 _a discussion of life in the fiji islands particularly the mpact of large scale immigration from india on native page three north africa which bring closer the moment when the opening of a second front in europe may relieve german pressure on russia but indiscriminate american apologia for soviet policy do not offer a sound basis for russo american collaboration in winning the war and the peace after the war stalin in his controversy with the polish government in london takes the view that that government con tains elements who had been hostile to russia before 1939 and does not represent the polish people this issue which is the real crux of the soviet polish con flict cannot be settled by russia alone or by the other great powers unreservedly backing russia it must be settled by the polish people to whom stalin is directing his appeal what the united nations can and should do is to create the conditions for a free expression of opinion on the part of the polish people this can be done only by the defeat of ger many which holds poland in thrall any attempt to divert attention from this first objective can only prolong the agony of both the poles and the rus sians now living under the nazi yoke vera micheles dean bookshelf society throws light on the nature of the south pacific islands the self betrayed glory and doom of the german gen erals by curt riess new york putnam 1942 3.00 this tale of the rise and fall of german generals gives a good insight into the mentality of the junker class which expected to rule germany through hitler in spite of frequent unverifiable statements the book is useful latin america its place in world life by samuel guy inman new york harcourt brace 1942 rev ed 3.75 a new edition of this classic on latin america brought up to date and considerably enriched mr inman’s book is undoubtedly one of the few excellent treatments of the subject year of the wild boar by helen mears new york lip pincott 1942 2.75 a revealing description of the daily life of japan with constant emphasis on the real japan of rigid customs and non western ways that lie behind a modern facade the author’s fascinating account forms a valuable accom paniment to works on japan’s international relations and internal political and economic conditions basis for peace in the far east by nathaniel peffer new york harper 1942 2.50 highly instructive and provocative analysis of the prob lems of peace in the orient the author’s proposals in volve crushing japan but giving it a just peace liberat ing china promoting self government in southeast asia and ending all preferred political positions and economic monopolies in the far east one weakness is the inade quate discussion of the soviet position in this region poreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 30 may 14 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f luger secretary vera micuees dean editor envered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one month for change of address on membership publications three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year bp isi produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter may 10 general enrique pefiaranda de castillo 50 year old president of bolivia who is at present the guest of the united states richly merited the warm reception he received in washington last week on april 7 president pefiaranda climaxed his series of amicable acts toward this country by leading bo livia into war on the side of the united nations with the notable exception of brazil bolivia is the only south american country so far to have declared war on the axis before general pefiaranda became president of bolivia in 1940 relations between his country and the united states were far from harmonious ameti can influence in that country was slight as exempli fied by the fact that la paz was the only western hemisphere capital without an american bank loans for this south american republic were floated in wall street at what bolivians thought exorbitant terms and were defaulted for the simple reason that that poverty stricken country was in no position to meet either principal or interest on the bonds in 1937 bolivia confiscated a 17,000,000 investment of the standard oil co of new jersey which is the only case on record outside of mexico of latin american expropriation of oil property this action however was amicably adjusted in april 1942 by an agreement between standard oil and bolivia german influence was strong mean while german penetration in bolivia had developed alarmingly with nearly 8,000 germans in the re public german influence was always strong and it may be recalled that the bolivian army was trained by the late ernst roehn hitler's intimate friend and ultimate victim the country’s aviation was a monop oly in the hands of the german lloyd aereo com pany which not only served every town and com munity in bolivia but maintained a weekly air service to berlin by way of brazil since pefiaranda’s advent to power the united states concluded in 1940 a five year agreement with bolivia whereby we undertook to purchase 18,000 tons of tin per year half the nation’s total produc tion and in 1941 washington contracted to buy bo livia’s total output of tungsten another critical war material for three years today after the capture of malaya by the japanese bolivia has become the united nations most important source of tin fur thermore the pefiaranda government expropriated the nazi air lines and immediately arranged with for victory the pan american grace company panagra to op erate them it is not surprising that the nazis plotted a coup d’état to overthrow pefiaranda but their con spiracy was discovered by the interception of a letter from major elias belmonte bolivian military at taché in berlin to the german minister in la paz triumph of good neighbor policy president pefiaranda said in washington last week that nazi agents were still working in bolivia and this was demonstrated in december 1942 when they tried to exploit labor troubles in the tin mines as an example of yankee imperialism the pefiaranda government frustrated this campaign by inviting u.s experts to collaborate with bolivians in studying and reporting on the labor situation workers in the patifio owned catavi mines pro ducing for the british asked for a 100 per cent wage increase and when the operators offered them 30 per cent they went on strike just before the strike the bolivian congress had passed an advanced labor code u.s ambassador pierre boal asked the la paz government how the new labor laws would effect costs of production of tin antimony lead and other products being bought by this country in some circles this action was interpreted as an effort to head off badly needed labor legislation in bolivia on april 20 the joint commission issued a report recommending among other things that the bolivian government raise the minimum legal wage and re move the restrictive provisions against free associa tion particularly labor meetings it also pointed out that education housing sanitation and health condi tions must be improved if living standards are to be raised the remarkable change in united states bolivian relations within the span of a few years is signal testimony to the success of the good neighbor pol icy the era of dollar diplomacy is definitely gone as president roosevelt indicated on may 7 when he revealed that he had apologized to president pefia randa for the act of certain united states financiers 15 years ago in making a loan to the bolivian govern ment at excessive rates probably what the president has in mind is that the era of private banking loans to foreign governments is ended and that such finan cial operations will be conducted in the future by government agencies like the reconstruction finance corporation john elliott buy united states war bonds +ng dé lecce ae u te q 6 hil ar came lose to united r to the in 192 ss than in the rly half tupend untry is ributiog bill in he con z addi bonds tax re n april during billion ted war e presi ssage in year by 1 n pro nditions price eration s goods e effort 1to wat accom ount of xpendi vailable is con 1e form no sub ring the ddox boston the tech lustry to ns about er them man entered as 2nd class matter yiny 16 1942 dichigan library rt mic ch 5 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxi no 30 may 15 1942 churchill speech reflects growing allied confidence rime minister winston churchill's report to his people on the second anniversary of his acces sion to office broadcast to the world on may 10 finds the united nations in a frame of mind more optimistic than any they have enjoyed since the spring of 1940 confining himself principally to conditions in europe mr churchill reflected to the full a sense of increased confidence in the strength and prospects of the allies in sharp contrast to many of his earlier utterances the british prime minister's address had as its keynote the theme that britain was moving through many reverses and defeats to complete and final victory behind churchill’s speech it is prob able that the speech was delivered with a variety of purposes in view at home it has to some degree counteracted an undertone of dissatisfaction with mr churchill as a political leader and administra tor as distinct from a national chieftain in moments of emergency in recent months several independent candidates in parliamentary by elections defying the truce in effect since the outbreak of the war have campaigned with marked success against the nationa government’s coalition choices while most of the independents have affirmed their personal support for the prime minister many have severely criti cized his insistence in retaining in high posts office holders who it is charged are of mediocre calibre but who have close connections with the dominant political machine other candidates have demanded an additional tightening of britain’s production ef fort as well as more severe controls and restrictions on the home front to wipe out inequalities harmful to the nation’s morale mr churchill has in effect tesponded to such criticism by demonstrating that the tide of war has turned as a result of the govern ment's present policies but the address was directed to a foreign audience as well for the russians it contained warm praise and encouragement for the german régime a bitter contemptuous and sometimes threatening tone the prime minister's grim picture of the prospects for the reich was obviously designed to weaken german faith in the nazi leaders the german people he noted had to face another russian cam paign and another russian winter they had to look forward to an expanding air offensive by the r.a.f and the united states army air corps if the ger man army used poison gas against the soviet forces thus ending the tacit self imposed abstention from gas warfare in europe britain was prepared to re taliate on the largest possible scale by dropping gas bombs on military objectives in the reich danger of overconfidence while the difficulties of the axis in europe have been in evi dence this spring it would be unfortunate if the people of the united nations should disregard the enormous hazards which still lie ahead despite unrest in all the conquered territories there is every indication that the nazis are using terrorism and the threat of starvation to force more workers both industrial and agricultural into production for ger many’s benefit than ever before thereby releasing new contingents of germans for service in the armed forces during the long pause since cessa tion of the german advance in russia last decem ber the nazi strategy of stabilizing the russian front by holding a number of strongly fortified cities has permitted accumulation of a new reserve of war material within the reich although western ger many has suffered severely from r.a.f raids the eastern areas to which many war industries have been moved not to speak of the czechoslovakian industrial base have thus far escaped with rela tively slight damage taken as a whole these fac tors foreshadow a new offensive in the east which may enjoy a considerable measure of success a large scale german attack on the southern russian front reported on may 12th may mark the onset of the new campaign the outcome of a great battle in russia might be affected by the direct invasion of the continent of europe vehemently demanded by a large section of the british public as it did in the case of mada gascar the attack on which took three months to prepare the british government is maintaining strict silence on its future course at the same time it is applying hitler's own war of nerves technique against the nazis on may 8 both sir archibald sinclair secretary for air and foreign secretary anthony eden indicated that the air raids against germany were a prelude to an eventual landing in force on the continent but no responsible source has discussed the timing of such a move to be fully effective it should obviously come not later than the climax of a nazi campaign in the east so that hitler for the first time might be compelled to split his first line troops into two contingents each battling desperately for survival the dangers still confronting the allies were ef fectively outlined by vice president henry wallace in an address at new york on may 8 warning that the enemy would make his supreme effort in the summer and fall of 1942 before his production was completely outstripped by that of the allies after a strikingly liberal survey of the political and social objectives of the united nations the vice presi dent predicted a german japanese move against the americas in which the nazis would shuttle u.s bars laval’s collaboration policy from new world the united states demand that admiral georges robert vichy high commissioner of french carib bean possessions provide satisfactory assurances against their use by axis forces has precipitated a solution of the problems raised by the existence of vichy controlled territory not far from the panama canal this demand was made on may 9 when rear admiral john h hoover spokesman for the navy and mr samuel reber of the state depart ment interviewed the high commissioner to work out effective guarantees against the use of french caribbean possessions by the axis arising out of the __ aa s page two for a survey of india’s complex and delicate problems which bear directly on its war effort and on post war reconstruction read india’s role in the world conflict by margaret la foy 25 may 1 issue of foreign poticy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 their transport planes across from dakar to gy port uprisings of german minorities and fifth columns in latin america while the japanese gy tacked alaska or our northwest coast whether not this is an accurate forecast it is clear that allie leaders recognize the enormous importance of qj viding the enemy forces while avoiding as far a possible a similar division of our own in prepara tion for the ultimate all out offensive this objective has been furthered by the success ful repulse on may 4 9 of the japanese nayal task force which was attempting to engage or isolate the american and australian units under general macarthur's command it has been aided by the overextension of the japanese troops which rushed northward through burma into china only to temporarily cut off by the tenacious chinese vic tories on this scale although not in themselves de cisive give the allies time in which to prepare for the shocks to come assuming that a nazi offensive is forthcoming in russia the general situation may soon be somewhat similar to that of march 1918 when gérman troops in france launched a smashing offensive whid brought them within an ace of victory only to fall back in exhaustion and defeat before allied counter blows until the end if germany is approaching this condition in europe a decision there and afterwards in asia may not be so distant as is sometimes believed davip h popper collaboration policy of m laval previously as an nounced on december 18 1941 the united states had concluded an arrangement designed to neutral ize the islands as long as marshal henri philippe pétain remained in control of vichy france the state department apparently regarded his assurances if this connection as sufficient despite disagreement in some quarters in this country now that the marshal has been forced by the nazis to place pierre laval in control as chief of government the security provided by this agree ment is believed by the united states government to be illusory what is equally important the united nations could not allow the french aircraft carries béarn the cruisers emile bertin and jeanne d att and the 100 american made fighter planes sold to france before its defeat to be delivered to the axis on orders from laval even though these ships and planes may have deteriorated many tankers anchored at fort de france might be put into use the new agreement sought by the united states would permit france to retain sovereignty over martinique as well as the near by island of guadeloupe and the colony of french guiana af the san try to ss these a ment i is reco caribb these c ad can ac portan arrang sider follow subser states shoulx difiicu frenct surren a last states even 1 other propo and it is propo under sessio under under woulc at th sultin lately comr wi amer won laval in re said issue there nati too point ti crisis step syria forei headq secreta im f to su id fifth nese af ether oy at allied e of di s far a5 prepara success fe naval r isolate general by the 1 rushed ly to be se vic elves de pare for ming in mewhat in troops e whic y to fall counter hing this erwards believed opper ld ly as at d states neutral philippe the state ances if ement if 1 by the chief of is agree vernment e united ft carrier 1e d att sold to the axis sse ships r tankers put into united vereignty sland of liana at as the same time it would presumably allow this coun try to station protecting forces or at least observers in these areas the unusual aspect of the new arrange ment is the fact that admiral robert and not vichy is recognized as the ultimate authority of french caribbean possessions thus entirely cutting off these colonies from control by_laval admiral robert’s dilemma the ameri can action forces admiral robert to make an im portant decision if he refuses to accept the proposed arrangement the united nations are likely to con sider this refusal a clear sign that he intends to follow instructions he may receive from laval such subservience could not be tolerated by the united states and would necessitate further moves by it should matters reach a deadlock it would not be dificult to overcome robert’s resistance since the french caribbean islands could be compelled to surrender if their food shipments were cut off as a last resort the overwhelmingly superior united states forces stationed on neighboring islands might even undertake occupation of the territories on the other hand if admiral robert accepts the american proposals he will probably be disavowed by lava and lose his position as vichy high commissioner it is understood however that the united states proposals provide that he would be left in charge under allied protection moreover the french pos sessions in the caribbean would remain technically under french sovereignty and would not be placed under free french administration such a solution would save admiral robert's personal prestige and at the same time avoid possible complications re sulting from internal political conflicts which have lately developed in and around the free french committee whether or not admiral robert accepts the american proposals the united states will have won a diplomatic and strategic victory unless m laval wishes to use the occasion for a complete break in relations with the united states a step he has said he would never initiate vichy can do little but issue a verbal protest during the first half of may therefore at madagascar and martinique the united nations will have taken the initiative before it was too late and successfully acted to obtain control of points of vital importance in their war effort the dwindling french empire the crisis over the french possessions marks another step in the disintegration of the french empire syria was occupied by british and free french forces page three f.p.a radio schedule subject military versus political strategy speaker bruce bliven editor the new republic member fpa board of directors date sunday may 17 time 12 12 15 p.m e.w.t over blue network for station please consult your local newspaper in may 1941 and subsequently declared independ ent the small possessions in india have been taken over by the free french indo china is under total japanese control french somaliland while still nominally under vichy france is closely watched by the british equatorial africa is in the hands of the de gaulle forces madagascar and its all important naval base of diego suarez were taken over last week by a british expeditionary force after a two day resistance the entry of the royal navy into the harbor of diego suarez on may 7 has thus elim inated the danger of possible axis bases on the united nations supply line to the near east réunion and other small french islands in the indian ocean are undefended and cut off from vichy new caledonia northeast of the australian mainland has been occupied by american troops and placed under united states protection for the duration of the war and the rest of french oceanic possessions are in the hands of the free french as are st pierre and miquelon thus only two areas of the once mighty french empire will remain under vichy control north and west africa ernest s hediger america and world mastery by john maccormac new york duell sloan and pearce 1942 2.75 a stimulating discussion of the role the united states might play in rebuilding the world with the cooperation of the british empire mr maccormac canadian born and author of canada america’s problem is a member of the washington bureau of the new york times the voice of fighting russia edited by lucien zacharoff new york alliance book corporation 1942 3.00 a collection of material most of it from the pen of soviet war correspondents which in spite of hasty writ ing gives a vivid picture of the war in russia both on the battlefront and behind the lines is tomorrow hitler’s by h r knickerbocker new york reynal and hitchcock 1941 2.50 the veteran foreign correspondent answers 200 of the most pertinent questions concerning the warring powers in europe and america’s relationship to the conflict the answers are sometimes factual sometimes only personal opinions but almost always illuminating foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 30 may 15 1942 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y secretary vera micheles dean editor davin h popper associate editor n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year spo 81 produced unde published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frank ross mccoy president witttam p mappox assistant to the president dorotuy f lert entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york nationa r union conditions and composed and printed by union lal f p a membership five dollars a year washington news l etter may 15 while the organization of the nation’s fighting services and of the war production system is considered in most circles to be satisfactory some major difficuli 2s are evident in the administration of two other aspects of the war effort economic and political warfare recent allied successes in europe and the far east have brought a measure of re strained optimism here but it is apparent that vic tory will not be assured unless all branches of the government operate with maximum effectiveness economic warfare at issue a major element in economic warfare is the procurement in foreign countries of raw materials needed by our war industries related to this is a second objective the purchase of strategic commodities in exposed neutral countries to prevent them reaching the axis powers at least three agencies in washington have exercised authority in this field the board of eco nomic warfare holding that the present emergency demands energetic action tends to be aggressive in its steps to procure strategic and critical materials by purchase or by more direct means such as ameri can control of rubber production in latin america its operations have at times brought it into conflict with the state department which charged with the responsibility of conducting foreign relations looks with disfavor on the intrusion of another agency in this field an executive order of april 14 appeared at first sight to clarify the matter by giving the bew unqualified authority in foreign procurement activities but in a subsequent oral statement the president indicated that the state department will still handle negotiations with foreign states although the bew may initiate proposals for commercial agreements send agents abroad and supervise plan tations and mines if necessary the executive order also entrusts the bew with the disposition of the funds allocated to the recon struction finance corporation for the procurement of strategic materials difficulty had been experi enced by both the bew and state department in persuading the rfc and its subsidiaries to conclude contracts for the purchase of rubber tin etc when the purchases did not appear to be financially profitable political warfare for several weeks the capital has expected a presidential order reorganiz ing and regrouping at least three governmental agencies in the field of information the office of the coordinator of information col w j dono van summarizes and analyzes current material ob tained at home and abroad for the benefit of ernment officials and the fighting services its f eign section advises and coordinates the work private short wave stations broadcasting to forej and enemy countries news for the home front js provided by a multiplicity of press bureaus in the various government departments the office of facts and figures was established to coordinate the material issued by these bureaus to keep a finger on the public pulse and to give over all directives tp press relations officers a third body the office of government reports was founded before the war to maintain liaison between the various government agencies between the government and the people and between the federal and state governments there is inevitably much overlapping between these organizations and it is generally agreed that some plan of consolidation is desirable before the american government's informational agencies can become really effective and surpass the axis powers in waging political warfare major lines of policy must be clearly drawn this is more than a matter of administrative organization and involves decisions made in the highest circles of the ameti can and other united nations governments should the government itself engage in active propaganda on behalf of the war effort with paid newspaper ad vertisements and sponsored radio programs or do the newspapers and radio stations adequately im press upon the nation the critical situation we face in foreign broadcasts should american short wave stations give a more definite pro allied slant to the news than they are now doing would our for eign broadcasts be more effective if the stations were operated by public rather than private ager cies above all leaders of the united nations must soon decide whether a statement of peact aims more explicit than the atlantic charter might not be an important political weapon in the nex stages of the war in the last conflict widespreat distribution of wilson’s fourteen points definitel hastened germany's end but only after the kaiser armies had been defeated in the field heretofore allied leaders have delayed outlining a peace settle ment because of the controversies which might aris within the ranks over the terms of the settlement yet some form of basic agreement cannot be post poned indefinitely and the time may soon be upot us when genuine promises of a better world afte the war will be used to weaken the grip of tht totalitarian régimes louis e frechtling ge pel the st a pow on m observ victo nazis terials ties if 750,01 leaflet man casual 1,100 their of m alrea war +nes pfo nt wage n 30 pet rike the d labor la paz ld effect nd other e circles head off a report bolivian and re associa inted out th condi are to be bolivian is signal nbor pol ely gone when he ant pefia inciers 15 1 govern president ing loans uch finan future by n finance illiott nds perigdical room general lisrary uniy of mich jalversity of mic aan arhor may 2 2 1943 entered as 2nd class matter veneral library higan wi chican foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 31 may 21 19438 he invasion of rocky fog shrouded attu island in the north pacific on may 11 is the first new american land action launched against japanese troops this year widely interpreted as a harbinger of offensives to come this move has led to heightened speculation over the possibility that far eastern prob lems may be an important theme in the current roosevelt churchill discussions the fact that the british leader has been accompanied by field mar shal wavell commander in chief in india as well as by other high military men from that theater lends point to conjecture especially since american gen erals stilwell and chennault had previously arrived home from the far east europe still comes first the meager in formation as yet available does not warrant the con clusion that asia is the major topic of conversation it is worth noting that the churchill mission is com posed of leaders in all spheres of war activity not merely the orient even less reason exists for think ing that any change in the strategy of concentrating on the defeat of germany is contemplated with the axis crushed in north africa the russians driving on novorossiisk and the conquered peoples of eu fope stirring as never before this does not appear to be the time for a breathing spell in the west in order to undertake major operations in asia it is tue however that by opening up the mediter fanean and thereby greatly simplifying the problem of sending supplies to india the african campaign has created new possibilities of action against japan as far as the orient is concerned the washing ton conversations should be regarded as a continua tion perhaps an acceleration of plans already de vised at casablanca last january the communiqué issued after that meeting referred to measures that would be undertaken to assist china this was fol lowed by the visit of two high british and american military leaders to india and china and their an allies plan offensive in east without halting in west nouncement of complete accord in coordination of offensive plans in asia on february 12 presi dent roosevelt spoke of great and decisive actions that would be taken against japan especially in the air in march representatives of the joint chiefs of staff and of top american commanders in the pa cific held important conferences on pacific strategy in washington most recently of all it was an nounced on may 13 that general macarthur and admiral william f halsey jr had engaged in dis cussions all of these parleys especially when viewed in the context of australian and chinese pressure for greater action in the far east add up to careful discussion of ways of meeting possible jap anese attacks and of launching drives of our own problems in asia difficult in the en thusiasm generated by the tunisian victory it should not be forgotten that the far eastern military pic ture remains overcast it is not simply that the jap anese still have considerable offensive power while we have hardly rounded first base in efforts to drive them from their new empire these matters are im portant but perhaps to be expected in view of the necessity of concentrating on europe what is more serious is the steady deterioration of the economic litical and military situation in china which even now holds down more japanese troops than any other fighting front in asia at present tokyo is continuing its quiet inconclusive but very dangerous strategy of attrition by operations against guerrilla forces in north china and a campaign into a major rice producing region south of the yangtze when these drives are taken in conjunction with the serious famine conditions existing in certain parts of the country it is obvious that the maintenance of china's resistance is an outstanding problem of far eastern strategy one well worth the attention of the high est leaders of britain and the united states it has been customary to speak of a campaign in burma as a solution of many of china’s problems and a means of making china a major offensive land front against japan unfortunately the troops which entered burma from india last december in a lim ited tentative drive have been forced back almost to the indian border and there is no prospect of a further allied offensive in the region until after the monsoon rains end next october moreover the recon quest of burma and even the reopening of the burma road both of which would inevitably take some time might not of themselves be enough to alter decisively the fighting power of the chinese army yet these developments would be of genuine value in guaranteeing the continuance of chungking in the war and in opening up to allied arms the path into thailand malaya and indo china which are all at present in japanese hands where does attu fit in the american landing on attu has been welcomed in chungking page two es and the american press has itself speculated that this might be the first step toward some combined move with the soviet union against the northerp most section of the japanese islands especially the naval base of paramushiru some 630 miles from attu but almost directly off soviet kamchatka whatever may occur in the future it would seem wise at this moment particularly in view of difficul ties of weather and distance in the north pacific to view our move in the aleutians in terms of im mediate results the invasion of attu will pave the way for the re seizure of kiska island to the east depriving japan of air and submarine bases that might be used against alaska and the west coast of north america at the same time both the lend lease air route from the united states to the u.s.s.r and the north pacific lend lease sea route will become safer lawrence k rosinger europe’s peoples must be free to plan their own future the quickening tempo of allied activities on the periphery of europe brings a greater sense of urgency concerning the political decisions that must precede and accompany military operations it has long been apparent that it will not be enough for the united nations to batter down the walls of hitler's euro pean fortress they will have to enter that fortress with some agreement as to the fate of the liberated peoples if the end of war is not to be the prelude to widespread civil conflict what agreement is emerging from negotiations so far carried on among the leaders of the united na tions britain the united states and russia have recognized the allied governments in london although russia has suspended relations with the polish government and has frequently been at odds with the government of yugoslavia in the still disputed case of france russia has recognized the french national committee headed by de gaulle the british support de gaulle and cooperate with giraud while the united states having declared that it did not want to prejudge the decision has worked closely with general giraud in north africa the fact that at the food conference which opened at for a picture of present day sweden and an analysis of the many problems confronting this nation in its attempt to maintain a policy of neu trality read sweden the dilemma of a neutral by naboth hedin 25c may 15 issue of foreign po.icy reports reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5.00 to f.p.a members 3.00 hot springs virginia on may 18 de gaulle and giraud are both represented by m alphand former official in the ministry of commerce may indicate the possibility of cooperation in international affairs between the two french leaders communists not the only element fighting nazis meanwhile behind the facade of diplomatic transactions russia has made no se cret that it is hoping to find in neighboring states poland yugoslavia bulgaria elements sympathetic to the soviet union and willing to risk much to un dermine the nazi new order that some although by no means all of these elements are drawn from communist ranks is not due solely to russian in fluence it is due first of all to the fact that the coun tries of eastern europe and the balkans face today economic and social conditions similar to those of russia in 1917 and experience in lesser or greater degree a ferment that might result in thoroughgoing revolution once nazi rule has been broken in these conditions of violent flux two cardinal principles might serve as points of departure for the united nations first it would be unwise as it would be unfair for russia to assume that the com munists alone have consistently and courageously opposed nazi rule it is true that owing to theif efficient organization and political experience the communists have been particularly successful in europe’s underground movements but many people on the continent have not forgotten that between september 1939 and the invasion of russia in june 1941 the communists following the policy set by moscow opposed the allied war effort declaring there was no real distinction between nazi germany and its opponents if the political complexion of the french national committee is representative of the state coun wom back mon shou the duty agalt comi hope wal d ism wha euro eurc tole com whe lutic at th shar ably revo the spri wh is if con with take n prot beir rus play oby ed that mbined ortherp ally the es from nchatka ld seem difficul pacific 5 of im dave the the east ses that coast of nd lease s.r and become inger re ulle and former indicate al affairs ement e facade le no se states npathetic ch to un although wn from ssian if the coun ice today those of greater ughgoing cardinal e for the ise as it the com rageously to theit ence the essful in ny people between a in june icy set by declaring germany ion of the ive of the ns state of mind in france as well as in other occupied countries it would be true to say that men and women of all shades of political opinion economic background and religious beliefs have found a com mon basis of action in their opposition to nazism should this condition prove to exist in europe once the fortress has been breached it will become the duty of the united nations instead of setting party against party class against class to build on this common foundation among all anti nazis in the hope that it may also offer a foundation for post war reconstruction democracies must not fear radical ism it is essential however that in dealing with what might be described as conservative groups in europe britain and the united states should not for amoment give the impression that they are seeking to create some kind of a bloc hostile to the soviet union fear of such a bloc has long dominated mos cow and has not yet been completely dispelled to dispel it britain and the united states and others among the united nations must adopt a second cardinal principle and that is not to fear radical ism whatever its form just because it seems to break with the known traditions of any given european country fundamental internal transformations may have to take place in a number of countries on the continent among them obviously germany if europe is to start on post war reconstruction with a tolerably clean slate these transformations may come in some countries through reform in others where reforms are not forthcoming through revo lution britain the united states and russia which at the end of the war will together control the major share of military power in europe could conceiv ably use this power to urge reforms or instigate revolutions but to be lasting to be truly rooted in the native soil these reforms and revolutions must spring from the actions of the peoples themselves where the great powers will face critical decisions is in not cutting such changes short through fear of consequences and above all in not coming to blows with each other as to the course these changes should take no single yardstick is available to measure such problems no litmus paper can be applied to human beings to reveal whether they are trustworthy or un trustworthy common sense will necessarily have to play a large part in any policy that may be adopted obviously the nazis and fascists and their declared page three supporters in axis held countries must be outside the pale but what of the rest of the people of europe both conquerors and conquered in theory the method favored by russia in the case of poland the we or they method sounds simple and con vincing many people feel that the crisis of our times is too acute to permit distinctions among several shades of gray and that the world must be judged merely in terms of black and white but is it in practice feasible to so divide human beings especially when as in europe they have been sub jected to such agonizing dilemmas such soul shat tering alternatives and would not such an approach imply the necessity of eliminating through execu tion or imprisonment or exile all those who hap pened not to come up 100 per cent to whatever standards may be set by the united nations are the united nations in effect so thoroughly agreed on common standards that they can with any sense of integrity demand the extermination or removal of all those who have deviated from them in the past is not one of the main objects of the united nations on the contrary to create conditions in europe which will permit a variety of human experience a range of choice for the individual conscience and not to set a single pattern no matter how consonant that pattern might be with american or british or ae russian ideas vera micheles dean america in the new pacific by george e taylor new york macmillan 1942 1.75 penetrating discussion of the issues of the far eastern war the author calls for american leadership in enlist ing the fullest possible support of the peoples of asia in the struggle against the axis action in the east o d gallagher new york double day doran 1942 3.00 a south african journalist who was on the spot angrily describes the blunders and shortcomings that contributed to the loss of malaya and burma the anglo american trade agreement by carl kreider princeton princeton university press 1948 3.50 an able analysis of american and british commercial policy in the years 1934 1939 with special emphasis on the impact of the trade agreement which became effective january 1 1939 white man’s folly by vanya oakes boston houghton mifflin 1948 3.00 interesting story of the experiences of an american woman journalist during ten years in the far east especially china the author stresses the failure of the west to develop policies based on a true and sympathetic comprehension of the peoples of asia and their aspirations foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 31 may 21 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lggt secretary vera micueies dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one month for change of address on membership publications three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year qs produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter quebdtng may 17 not even the presence of winston churchill could cause political observers in wash ington last week to overlook the significance of dr edouard benes arrival the head of the czech gov ernment in exile came here to discuss with president roosevelt the heretofore unsolved problem of the organization of central europe the fact that dr benes intends to visit moscow this summer lends added importance to his trip to the united states dr benes is firmly convinced that the future peace of europe depends on the success or failure of efforts put forth during the war to achieve friendly coopera tion between the western powers and the soviet union this is for him no new or belated discovery he has always been a foremost champion both of the league of nations and the principle of collective security it was he who presided over the league assembly that in the autumn of 1935 proclaimed economic sanctions against italy for its invasion of ethiopia benes remembers munich dr benes wel comed the advent of the u.s.s.r into the league in 1934 as a powerful reinforcement of the geneva organization and under his leadership czechoslo vakia entered into military alliances with both france and the soviet union the tragic experience of munich when his own country was sacrificed to give europe a momentary respite from the inevitable war strengthened his belief in the imperative need for collaboration with moscow during that ap peasement interlude both britain and france barred russia from the councils of europe and made a compromise with hitler which at least some of their leaders hoped would divert nazi expansion to the east when instead the british and french became involved in war with the third reich the following year stalin reciprocated by leaving the western democracies to fight it out alone with the fuehrer nothing could be further from the truth than the nazi propaganda claim used by hitler so effectively in 1938 that benes is stalin’s stooge the czech president however is realistic enough to appreci ate the fact that without the good will of russia czechoslovakia cannot hope to survive as an inde pendent state dr benes policy toward russia offers an interesting and instructive contrast to that of the poles both before and during the present conflict the warsaw government under the leadership of pilsudski and his successors failed to agree on a for victory buy united territorial settlement with either the germans or the russians and thereby alienated both of their pows erful neighbors even on the brink of war wheq hitler was demanding danzig and the corridor the poles could not make up their mind to em brace a russian alliance the direct result of this vacillation was the fourth partition of their country in september 1939 dr benes on the contrary has never had any hesitation in choosing russia rather than germany as a result he believes he could have counted on soviet support if a european war had broken out over the sudetenland in 1938 today while moscow claims the eastern part of poland the soviet list of territorial claims presented by pravda on february 8 does not include carpathian ruthenia a province of czchoslovakia inhabited mostly by ukrainians it has also announced that it does not recognize the frontiers imposed on czechoslovakia at munich no bloc against the u.s.s.r this past winter dr benes gave striking evidence of the im portance he attaches to soviet friendship when he extricated czechoslovakia from the czech polish agreement of 1941 which provided for a federation of the two countries after the war moscow saw in this pact the nucleus of a bloc which might one day be used by the western powers to establish another cordon sanitaire against the soviet union and dr benes had no desire to alienate the soviet govern ment it is axiomatic that as long as benes remains head of the czech government his country will join no bloc that may be regarded as anti soviet the sine qua non of any entente between czechoslovakia and poland therefore must be composition by the latter of its conflict with the u.s.s.r like general sikorski the polish premier dr benes is considered by some of his compatriots if exile as too pro russian stefan osusky the chicago educated former czech minister in paris heads a movement in london in opposition to dr benes and another of his political foes is former premier milan hodza now in this country but dr benes prestige is so great and his relations with washington lon don and moscow so excellent that he is likely to continue to be recognized as head of the czech gov ernment until the czech people themselves are in 4 position to confirm or reject his leadership john elliott states war bonds +nate the inger on ctives to dffice of the war rernment people tnments en these rat some mational rpass the ajor lines ore than involves e ameti s should paganda paper ad s or do ately im we face 10rt wave slant to our for stations ate aget nations of peace ter might the next idespread definitelt e kaiser eretofore ace settle ight afist ettlement t be post be upon orld after ip of the htling way 29 1942 wey entered as 2nd class matter de an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxi no 31 may 22 1942 axis strains resources for victory in 1942 he attack launched by the nazis in the crimean eninsula on may 8 with the caucasus across the strait of kerch as its objective countered by a powerful russian drive toward kharkov begun on may 12 heralded the beginning of what most observers regard as a supreme axis effort to achieve victory at any price in 1942 for this effort the nazis have rallied all resources of men and ma terials available both in the reich and in the coun tries they have conquered since 1939 american correspondents interned in germany and italy after december 7 who reached lisbon last week to be exchanged for axis nationals repatriated from the western hemisphere believe that the ger mans have massed 210 of their 300 army divisions on the russian front and estimate german casual ties in the east up to date at 2,500,000 of whom 750,000 are dead in special german language leaflets prepared for distribution by plane over ger man lines the soviet authorities estimate german casualties between december 1 and april 30 at 1,100,000 comprising 800,000 killed and 300,000 wounded frostbitten and captured these losses in military man power which in recent months have taken a particularly heavy toll of youths be tween 17 and 21 cannot be satisfactorily replen ished from collaborationist countries like spain hungary rumania or finland and are impos ing a heavy strain on the axis home front by draining men from fields and factories the nazis according to reports from lisbon have increased their fighting services to about 12 million of whom nearly 8 million are in the army a million and a half in the air force and the navy and 3 million in auxiliary services including the labor corps axis man power problem the diversion of men from production to the fighting fronts has already affected the output of some categories of wat materials notably planes returning american correspondents estimate that germany’s monthly plane production is somewhere between 1,100 and 2,500 and that the nazis now have 35,000 planes in all many of which however are outmoded in their german language leaflets the soviet authorities claim that the germans lost 16,000 planes and 38,000 aviators in the first nine months of the soviet german war german efforts to develop war pro duction in italy less exposed to british bombings than the reich have apparently not been particu larly successful due partly to germany's failure to supply promised annual shipments of 1,000,000 tons of coal accompanied by shortages of oil and other raw materials and partly to the deterioration of working capacity resulting from longer hours of work reduced rations and passive resistance to make up for the transfer of german workets to the front hitler has also mobilized over 2 million war prisoners and 2,500,000 foreigners to work in in dustry and agriculture in germany and the con quered countries and it is believed that the number of foreign workers including women and even chil dren will have to be raised to 4 million by autumn no easy victory in sight but great as are the losses of germany and italy in terms both of human lives at the front and of human comforts at home it would be most dangerous for the allies to underestimate the striking power still left in the axis or to anticipate an easy victory through the internal collapse of either country returning ameri can correspondents agree that the italian people are war weary and disillusioned by the course of the war which has transformed italy into a vassal of ger many they regard mussolini as a dupe of hitler and wait for a chance to throw off the yoke imposed on their country by the nazi party and gestapo but it is agreed that the italians will not get this chance until germany has suffered a resounding military defeat a similar view is taken of the situa tion in germany there too the people are tired of war and above all worried by the losses at the eastern front and the increasing remoteness of peace with victory hitler's declaration of war on the united states whose industrial power is recognized by the germans came as a shock to the german people but in germany too it is believed that the people will not disavow hitler unless the reich suffers a complete military defeat because they have become convinced that to yield now would be to invite a fate worse than that of 1918 a war of liberation these reports which confirm the impressions formed by objective students of international affairs in the united states are par ticularly valuable as a guidepost for the future it is clear that the allies cannot rely on the resistance no matter how courageous or stubborn of the con quered peoples or on the war weariness of the ger mans and italians togencompass the downfall of the axis leaders they will have to make a supreme effort themselves in military and industrial terms to outmatch hitler's supreme effort but it is equally clear that if they are going to win more than a mili tary victory they must offer the german and italian people an alternative to the nazis new order british and american statesmen have on the whole been cautious in their discussion of post war reconstruction apparently on the assumption that there was little use in talking about the peace when we had not even begun to win the war the first critical shipping situation forces u.s rationing the inauguration of gasoline rationing in seven teen eastern states on may 15 following closely on nationwide sugar rationing has brought home to millions of americans the seriousness of the ship ping problem facing the united nations more than any other factor the lack of merchant vessels is restricting the allies war effort and will continue to limit its effectiveness for months to come the tremendous burden of transporting men and ma tériel from the united states and the british isles to the near and far eastern fronts and military equipment to russia via murmansk or the persian gulf has been placed on the overworked ships of the allies merchant navies in addition huge quan since pearl harbor it is announced 191 united nations ships have been sunk in american waters can we conduct an overseas offensive in the face of such losses read u s shipping and the war by joseph w scott vol xvii no 21 of foreign poricy reports issued the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to fpa members 3 page two major speech devoted primarily to this subject dg livered by vice president henry a wallace at th free world association dinner on may 8 receiyej strikingly little publicity at first this is all the mog unfortunate because mr wallace’s speech embodie that vision of the future which is necessary to arous the enthusiasm of anti fascist elements in ger and italy who have become completely cynical aboy the struggle for power of their own fascist leaders but do not yet trust the good intentions of britajy and the united states mr wallace spoke in term which can seem revolutionary only to those wh still refuse to realize that desirable as it might be it will be impossible to restore the world of 1939 at the close of the war he proclaimed the twentieth century as the century of the common man ig which no nation will have the god given right tp exploit other nations most important of all he declared that the peace must mean a better stand ard of living for the common man not merely ip the united states and england but also in india russia china and latin america not merely ip the united nations but also in germany and italy and japan he proclaimed this war to be not merely a war of survival for the western powers whid would be a negative cause to fight for but a war of liberation for all peoples making them free t build a new world order a cause that can enlist the support of all those who reject totalitarianism vera micheles dean tities of raw materials to feed american and british factories must be brought from the americas and sufficient bottoms must be allocated to carry essential requirements of manufactured goods to central and south american countries shipping demands be come progressively greater as the axis achieves fur ther conquests japanese domination of the oil fields of the east indies and burma for example has forced india australia and new zealand to tum to iran or the still more distant united states for supplies of essential petroleum products ship construction vs losses the in tensive german u boat campaign in western hemi sphere waters has further accentuated the shipping crisis apparently abandoning the well guarded north atlantic convoy routes the nazi undersea craft some of which are reported to have a 15,000 mile cruising range are concentrating on the rela tively unprotected coastal lanes in the western at lantic and the caribbean a daring submarine com mander penetrated the gulf of mexico and sank two ships on may 6 six days later an americat vessel was torpedoed off the mouth of the missis sippi river in another lightning stroke on may 1 a naz gulf ant parent planes efs afi reache losses betwet 45at annou into a ship drawn optim circles pacific tion f liverie the 8.000 vessel son opera delay of al theret ing al has f agree natio trovet amer settle agree the m ga lem c of tw enter prod texa lantic norm form more the recer supp less railre pore headqu secreta n y wentieth nan ip right tp f all he er stand nerely ig in india erely in and italy ot merely ss which it a wat 1 free to enlist the sm dean d british icas and essential itral and ands be eves fur oil fields ple has to tuff tates for the im rn hemt shipping guarded undersea 1 15,000 the rela stern at ine com ind sank a merical e missis may 11 a nazi u boat sent two ships to the bottom in the gulf of st lawrence anti submarine activity in coastal waters has ap parently been delegated by the navy largely to air planes blimps and small patrol vessels as destroy ers are needed in the eastern atlantic and the far reaches of the pacific unofficial estimates place the losses of united nations vessels in american waters between mid january and mid may at 180 or about 45 a month in view of the maritime commission’s announcement on may 4 that 36 ships were delivered into actual service during april it is obvious that ship for ship american production has not yet drawn abreast of sinkings in near by seas despite optimistic statements made in some washington circles as the year progresses and the gulf and pacific coast shipyards using revolutionary construc tion methods come into full production ship de liveries are expected by autumn to reach three a day the commission’s goal is 750 vessels totaling 8,000,000 tons by the end of this year and 2,300 vessels 23,000,000 tons by the end of 1943 some improvements have also been made in the operation of merchant vessels after considerable delay the war shipping administration took control of all essential ocean going ships on april 18 thereby assuring centralized control over the load ing and routing of all american vessels the wsa has not yet however achieved a thoroughgoing agreement for pooling bottoms with the other united nations and friendly neutral countries the con troversies over wages and working conditions of american seamen and officers have apparently been settled through the signing of a comprehensive agreement between the wsa and representatives of the maritime trade unions on may 14 gasoline and sugar the pressing prob lem of allied shipping is indicated in the shortages of two commodities gasoline and sugar which enter into general consumption the united states produces ample supplies of petroleum largely in texas and california whence shipments to the at lantic seaboard and the pacific northwest are normally made by sea a number of the tankers formerly in these services have been diverted to more essential foreign runs and others have been the prey of submarines the eastern coast which received 98 per cent of its 1,400,000 barrel daily supply 1940 by sea has recently been obtaining less than 400,000 barrels from tankers while the failroads are now bringing in 600,000 barrels daily page three on sunday may 24 from 12 to 12 15 p.m e.w.t vera micheles dean research director of the fpa will speak over the blue network subject will nazis get the caucasus we hope you will listen in and let us have your re actions afterwards in tank cars the reserves in atlantic coast ports have been steadily dropping leading to curtailment of non essential consumption of gasoline through the ration system a similar situation exists with respect to our sugar supply although the country's average annual con sumption of 7,000,000 tons has been increased by the use of cane sugar for industrial alcohol and the united nations which formerly secured sugar from the east indies must be supplied from the western hemisphere there are still abundant quantities of sugar available in cuba puerto rico hawaii and peru to meet our import requirements however ships are lacking to carry these imports even from our neighbor cuba the difficulties which have made rationing neces sary are not insurmountable the eastern states could be provided with normal gasoline supplies by con structing new pipelines from texas to the atlantic coast plans have already been advanced for digging up and relaying pipe now in use but this would be only a partial solution of the problem the produc tion of new pipe which could perhaps within a year provide the east with pre war quantities of oil would necessitate the diversion of steel from tank factories and shipyards by sending fewer cargoes to general macarthur’s forces or to the russians we could bring in ample quantities of sugar but this would seriously hamper our war effort by accepting rationing as a vital part of the war program and by reducing consumption of scarce commodities to the lowest possible levels american consumers can make a significant contribution to the winning of the conflict louis e frechtling time runs out by henry j taylor new york double day doran 1942 3.00 a modern richard harding davis who visited england germany and the neutral capitals of europe just before america entered the conflict presents some interesting sidelights on the continent at war he shows marked sym pathy for the strong leaders like pétain and salazar and believes that the failure of parliamentary democracy to safeguard the liberties and lives of the peoples of the continental countries has dissipated all hope in the demo cratic idea foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 31 may 22 1942 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national frank ross mccoy president wiruiam p mappox assistant to the president dororuy f last secretary vera micheles dean editor davin h popper associate editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year q's produced u nder union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter stbben may 18 despite the protests and veiled warn ings issued on may 16 by pierre laval chief of government at vichy the state and navy depart ments have made plain their determination to con tinue direct negotiations with admiral georges robert french high commissioner in the west indies the united states is seeking to obtain ful fillment of certain military and economic conditions laid down on may 9 in regard to the island of mar tinique so far these negotiations have resulted in an agreement with robert in which laval appar ently acquiesced whereby the three french war ships stationed at martinique will be rendered unfit for naval action according to the version of the american note given out in vichy the united states government insists that the measures of demobiliza tion be carried out under american supervision whether this stipulation has been accepted by ad miral robert has not been made known meanwhile negotiations are continuing about an other condition considered of great importance to this country that the 150,000 tons of french mer chant vessels and tankers now laid up at martinique should be made available to the united states against equitable compensation to the owners in his may 16 statement laval indicated that such a step would violate the terms of the french armistice with germany which forbade the transfer of french ships to any state fighting the nazis and implied that the ships might be scuttled if necessary to keep them out of american control a possible solution might be to hand the ships over to one or more friendly nonbelligerent latin american states say mexico or brazil laval’s position while the situation at martinique remains full of uncertainty the state department is giving little evidence of concern over the obvious discomfiture of laval as to laval’s real intentions opinions differ in washington one group of observers holds that his every move is dictated by a desire to please his masters in berlin others are inclined to feel that laval’s personal vanity and thirst for power as well as his aptitude for political maneuvering do not mark him out for the role of gauleiter which would seem equivalent to political extinction except as a last resort this school of thought holds that he might in fact wel come heavy pressure from the united states such as results indirectly from the martinique affair to counterbalance nazi pressure knowing the weight of american influence with the french people laval could plead with the nazis his inability to do m than protest verbally against american deman against this the germans are apparently threatey ing to replace him with jacques doriot french ee communist and leading pro nazi in paris but doriot as chief of government would probably be even less palatable to pétain and the french public than laval in any event washington is unlikely to modify the course of its present negotiations with admiral robert in martinique free french participation if robert either on his own authority or that of vichy should reject the remaining american conditions or pro long negotiations unduly the united states might be compelled for its own security to take direc action similar to that employed by the british with our blessing at diego suarez in madagascar under the havana convention of 1940 the islands could then be administered by the united states alone or by the american republics jointly but the question would arise as to whether we should also enlist the cooperation of the free french na tional committee in setting up such military and administrative controls as the british government announced on may 13 it was doing in regard to madagascar so far the state department has com pletely by passed general de gaulle as well as vichy in the martinique negotiations on the ground that it was maintaining an established policy of dealing with french officials on the spot even if the martinique situation should be funda mentally changed however there is some doubt that the united states government would follow the british example in madagascar the impression pre vails that the state department is not going out of its way to give encouragement to the de gaulle movement at least in its political phase free french leaders in this country are much disturbed by this evident frigidity on the part of the state de partment they claim that general de gaulle is the symbol of a large and growing french opposition to the nazis that he has no political ambitions for himself and that he is concerned simply with mo bilizing french support at home in the colonies and abroad for the purpose of destroying nazi tyranny over france they regard the cause of the united nations as their own it would seem that the united states government might accept their support and enlist their services in those enterprises where it would be appropriate such an occasion may pos sibly arise in martinique wutt1am p mappox off loss of embark liminat against pro al strugg sharp wheth defianc mexic whi mobili mexic mexic in the sense the m wh to imz sarily on the assum lent te and f for di gotter tively the r the plaza is mo ly of count policy eratic grouy to th +et list of bruary 8 wince of ns it has frontiers this past f the im when he ch polish ederation w saw if t one day 1 another and dr t govern remains will join viet the oslovakia on by the mier dr atriots in chicago heads a 3enes and vier milan s prestige zton lon likely to zech gov ss are ina elliott nds periodical room ral libra univ of micn may 28 1943 neots entered as 2nd class matter i ral library tr e viliy sa 70 pats 4ity of mich 58 an ai arbor nich an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 32 may 28 1943 he decision of the presidium of the executive committee of the communist international feached on may 15 and announced on may 22 to propose its own dissolution to its sections in vari ous countries marks a turning point not only in the war but also in the turbulent history of our times one of hitler's strongest propaganda weapons has been the prevailing fear of communism against which he offered nazism as a bulwark by dissolv ing the ties that bound communist parties through gut the world into an international organization the comintern removes itself from the arena of the world shaking ideological debate that has raged ever since its formation by lenin in 1919 its disappear ace at the same time is the culmination of pro found changes that have been taking place in soviet foreign policy during the past quarter of a century permanent revolution long over when the bolsheviks came to power in 1917 they were faced with bitter opposition both within russia ind abroad on the home front they crushed their opponents first by victory in the civil war of 1918 21 and subsequently by successive purges of hostile ele ments of both right and left on the foreign front they waged an equally stubborn struggle first against tapitalist encirclement then after hitler's emer gence on the scene against fascist aggression in this struggle the communist international played an important part great as were the efforts of the soviet government to dissociate itself officially from its activi lies not only were its headquarters in moscow where it was inevitably subject to russian influence but the communist parties that composed it sought in every possible way to conform to the party line as formulated by the russian communists irrespec lve of the national interests or aspirations of their own countries in the early days of soviet rule the party line was determined first and foremost by the expecta end of comintern clarifies russia’s policy tion that the russian revolution would be the har binger of similar uprisings all over the world it was with this expectation in mind that trotzky advocated a policy of permanent revolution which would have made of russia the standard bearer of a world wide revolutionary movement this policy met with a series of setbacks between 1921 and 1927 when in the wake of the return to normalcy after the war fascist or conservative tendencies instead of leftist uprisings gained the upper hand in countries that were experiencing social turmoil notably italy hungary and china and later of course germany following lenin’s death in 1924 stalin who op posed permanent revolution challenged trotzky’s leadership and in this fateful duel for power won a lasting victory first ejecting trotzky from party ranks in 1927 then exiling him from the soviet union it is significant that the last annual meeting of the communist international was held in 1922 and that thereafter the organization assembled only on three occasions in 1924 1928 and 1935 the years that followed trotzky’s defeat years of grim struggle to industrialize russia collectivize its agri culture and forge its relatively backward and in choate masses of people into a great military power were marked by the ascendancy of stalin’s own views which he summed up as the building of social ism in one country stalin’s essentially nationalist policy as contrasted with the internationalism of lenin and trotzky was cemented by the german invasion of the u.s.s.r in 1941 which aroused in the russians a sense of national unity in defense of their fatherland against the nazis will russia abandon intervention in its decision of may 15 the communist interna tional recognizes that the stubborn resistance of the united nations like that of russia is due not solely to the activities of communists in their midst but to the staying power of national unity and under sssssss page two takes not to weaken this resistance which is of di rect aid to russia by the perpetuation of dissension between communists and non communists many people while welcoming this move have already raised the question whether this is not mere scene shifting to be followed by the resumption of inter ventionist activities formerly attributed to the com munist international but this time openly on behalf of russia’s national interests only practical experi ence can answer this question but one thing already is clear russia will continue to take a lively interest in the policies and actions of its neighbors and will insist that such policies and actions should not as sume an anti russian character in this russia would not be acting differently from other great powers each of which tries at one time or another to use its influence to produce in neigh boring countries reactions favorable to its cause as the united states for example has done again and again in latin america to assume that no such in tervention will take place after the war is to nurture a dangerous illusion the real question at stake is not whether the great powers will intervene in smaller countries this can be taken for granted but whether in the future they will use their influ ence with some sense of responsibility toward these countries if russia’s relations with its weaker neigh bors should be guided in the future by concern for their welfare and that of the world community as well as the welfare of the u.s.s.r then it can greatly help post war reconstruction as the dissolution of the comintern indicates it wants to do and there js little doubt that the degree of responsibility it exe cises will in turn depend on that shown by britaip and the united states and on the mutual confidence that can be developed between the three great powers nor should we expect that the dissolution of the communist international will necessarily end the possibility of revolutions in europe or elsewhere such revolutions as may occur however will not be the result primarily of propaganda from moscoy whether nationalist or communist in origin they will spring first from maladjustments within the countries where they take place but they will be affected as stalin anticipated in the early twenties by the example russia has set of building socialism in one country russia will unquestionably exercise great influence during and after the war not because of its propaganda which has been relatively ineffec tive in the advanced industrial countries of the west but because it has had the courage and resourceful ness and has developed the technical ability to re sist the greatest military and industrial power of our times this influence cannot be effectively combated by witch hunting of american communists or by at tempts to isolate russia it can be met squarely and honorably only by demonstrating as the british and americans are doing today that a democratic so ciety can display similar qualities of courage and resourcefulness while at the same time preserving or even perfecting its own political institutions vera micheles dean food parley practical test of post war ideals the first sessions of the united nations food conference which opened at hot springs virginia on may 18 for the purpose of discussing post war freedom from want were beset by difficulties which tended to obscure the delegates fundamental ob jectives some of these difficulties such as exclusion of the press resulted from special wartime circum stances and need for secrecy others arose from con fusion over whether wartime production and relief as well as long term agricultural policies were to be discussed by the beginning of the second week of meetings however these handicaps had been largely for a study of the problems which will confront any united nations relief council and six essential principles of planning for an effective rehabilita tion policy in countries freed from the axis read u s relief for europe in world war i by winifred n hadsel 25c march 15 issue of forgeign po.icy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5.00 to f.p.a members 3.00 overcome through relaxing the restrictions on cor respondents and making it clear that a separate con ference on relief problems will be held later record will be important it is of the greatest importance that the ground should be thus cleared for action for the delegates from the 4 countries represented have open to them a two fold opportunity that may not present itself as clearly again first they have within their grasp the pos sibility of restoring public confidence in the ability of international discussions to serve as a means of securing understandings and workable bases for ef fective action between 1932 and 1939 the tech nique of conferences fell into widespread disreputt because of its repeated failure to secure agreements or to culminate in any definite proposals if aftet victory the roundtable method of controlling im ternational relations the alternative to the use of force is to be restored as a dependable means of retaining unity among the united nations a cot ference on a subject of such universal and vital im portance as food offers a chance to establish that fact the major objective of the conference is the formu lation of constructive plans for adjusting post wal ss d there is y it exer y britain onfidence it powers on of the end the lsewhere ill not be moscow zin they rithin the y will be twenties socialism y exercise t because ly ineffec the west sourceful ity to re rer of our combated or by at arely and ritish and cratic 0 rage and reserving ons dean s on cof arate con r is of the d be thus n the 45 two fold as clearly the pos he ability means of es for ef the tech disreputt preements if aftet olling if he use of means of 1s a com vital im that fact he formu post wal agriculture to secure better nutrition for all people the war has succeeded in making the world con scious of the importance of good nutrition for more than a generation before 1939 reformers and liberals preached the duty of governments to improve the diets of underprivileged citizens but even where this responsibility was assumed it was usually considered chatity rather than good economics and politics when nations became armed camps however the relation between adequate food good morale and ability to do the work that war demanded was made painfully clear and the food front became only a little less important than the fighting front now as these nations at war look toward the post war period they realize that their obligations to feed their people properly will not cease with termination of the conflict but must continue if a stable and peaceful world is to be established long vista of problems as the british delegation stated in its declaration of principles on may 23 the present conference can provide a val uable introduction to the consideration of those eco nomic problems to which the united nations will have to devote their urgent attention in the near future included in this list is the need for improv ing the education of consumers to encourage them to adopt more healthy patterns of nutrition this is not to say of course that every one in every part of the world should have exactly the same diet for the much discussed hottentot may find that a pint of milk per day is not in accord with his tastes and habits furthermore local climates and soils must obviously be determining factors in arranging an area's basic diet another subject that discussions of post war agri culture will raise is the future of current wartime controls used to encourage production a too hasty return to normalcy would greatly penalize countries like new zealand which have expanded farm pro duction for export and would lead to an agricul tural slump similar to the one which followed world war i moreover a country like england which under pressure of war has reversed its century long tradition of importing most of its food and now produces approximately 60 per cent does not want to lose the social values of this return to the land as prime minister churchill noted in his speech to parliament of march 21 in which he outlined britain’s post war domestic aims a vigorous re vival of healthy village life is one of britain's desired goals at the same time however the british page three realize they will have to resume purchasing abroad if they expect to sell in foreign markets and believe that they can simultaneously maintain their re stored agricultural life only by raising the level of consumption also involved in the discussion of food will be the matter of improving agricultural equipment con cretely this means that countries such as the united kingdom and the united states will have to pro vide better farm buildings new equipment for dairy farms and new homes and community buildings in order to encourage farmers to remain on the soil instead of flocking to cities in less advanced coun tries like china or mexico where necessary equip ment must be secured from abroad if more food is to be produced this expansion of agriculture means that additional industrial goods will have to be imported international financial and monetaty agreements would also be necessary in carrying on this campaign against human want for long term credits would have to be extended to many countries to enable them to carry through a policy of increased production bolivia for example has already indi cated through its delegate that it could not make the capital investments needed for increasing pro duction without more credit than has been available in the past thus the adoption of a food policy based on human needs once it has been implemented by the united nations could serve as a self starter for an entire cycle of increased industrial production and expanded world trade whinifred n hadsel japan’s dream of world empire the tanaka memorial edited with an introduction by carl crow new york harper 1942 1.25 t text of the much discussed memorial on world conquest supposedly submitted to the emperor on july 25 1927 by premier tanaka accompanied by notes and a brief intro duction and conclusion fire in the pacific by simon harcourt smith new york knopf 1942 2.00 a former british official in the far east briefly surveys the history of japanese aggression convinced that the people of japan are seventy five million madmen all pre pared to commit any crime at the behest of the state the author is sharply critical of pre war appeasement policies and believes that steps must be taken at once to enlist the peoples of the colonial east in our cause hitler man of strife by ludwig wagner new york nor ton 1942 3.50 an up to date biography of hitler packed with his torical facts dates and events and written in a light imaginative vein foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 32 may 28 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f legt secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matrer december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year sb 81 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter may 24 congress last week witnessed the rare spectacle of a british prime minister replying to a united states senator on the floor of the house of representatives but it would be a profound mistake to assume that senator chandler of kentucky who in a three hour speech in the senate on may 17 raised the question of whether it was sound policy for the united nations to concentrate on germany first spoke merely for himself senator chandler is an influential member of the senate military affairs committee and therefore has access to the private views of high ranking com manders in the u.s fighting services in his speech he was probably reflecting the opinions of some of the military and naval men in the country his was an inspired talk timed for delivery while vital de cisions concerning the future conduct of the war were still in the making in the current roosevelt churchill conferences with the combined chiefs of staff a popular demand in making himself the public champion of the beat japan first school of thought senator chandler has brought into the open a topic that has long been the subject of much hush hush discussion in washington the navy in par ticular which professionally regarded japan as the hereditary enemy from the beginning has been itching to carry the fight to the far eastern foe first the navy has been supported by a number of high u.s army officers now operating in australia india and china who consider that washington grossly un derestimates the japanese peril it will be recalled that in april this group warned that japanese invasion of australia was imminent it should be noted however that senator chandler went beyond mere debate of the military strategy of the united nations he also raised doubts about the intentions of russia and cast aspersions on the present far eastern achieve ments as well as the future plans of britain in this respect he voiced an isolationist point of view and was joined through the process of yielding on the request of other senators by former outspoken isolationists such as wheeler shipstead vandenberg and clark of missouri why germany comes first mr chur chill in his speech to congress on may 19 indicated that the decision taken by him and mr roosevelt at their washington meeting in january 1942 to concentrate against the european end of the axis until germany and italy are defeated leaving the for victory eee eee struggle against japan until later still stands ag this meeting he said it was evident that while defeat of japan would not mean the defeat of ger many the defeat of germany would infallibly mean the defeat of japan this strategy he made clear is essential for the security of both britain and the united states moreover he declared it will be nec essary in the immediate future to balance off in other parts of europe the contribution russia is mak ing to the united nations cause by holding at least 190 nazi divisions plus 28 divisions of germany's satellites nailed down on the eastern front as com pared with an equivalent of 15 divisions which the axis lost in tunisia while senator chandler based his case on the premise that the nazis were hence forth doomed to remain on the defensive mr churchill told congress that there was little doubt that hitler is reserving his supreme gambler’s throw for a third attempt to break the heart and spirit of the red army he stated that the united states and britain must do everything in their power that is sensible and practicable to take more of the weight off russia in 1943 mr churchill was able to a great extent to dispel the fear voiced by senator chandler that after ger many had been defeated britain would relax its efforts and leave the united states to subdue japan the prime minister re emphasized previous pledges to fight japan to the death with all his country’s ability and resources side by side with you while there is a breath in our bodies and blood flows in our veins he pointed out that britain has as great material interests to retrieve in the far east as the united states besides having what he called the largest military disaster in british history to avenge naturally the prime minister was not in a position to say what aid if any russia would give us in the war against japan after hitler is beaten but it is significant that churchill emphasized the hope he and mr roosevelt have of meeting stalin at no distant date in washington some observers believe the british and americans will press the russian premier to grant american airmen the use of bases in siberia from which to bomb japan it is perhaps not a coincidence that on the very day mr churchill addressed congress the tokyo radio cautioned russia against placing bases at the disposal of the allies warning that such action would lead to a japanese blitzkrieg against the red army john elliott buy united states war bonds f eee a you xxii expani in a canc war eff director of burg sout iribute to ments duri world w united sta lit did durt ifewer cast britain an incomparal of propert preciative ponder thi he also de war and fringes of the home front are allies ame time much cont sonal pow fagton as hroughou plished ar duction dbjectives of the fi lacular a ata time 7 the clock the 100,0 program on may 2 and brit axis an it is a +bert ould pro night lirect with scar lands 4 states but ould na and ment com ll as ound y of inda that pre ut of aulle free irbed s the yn to for mo and anny nited nited and re it pos xx arene arte ae sishop enieed 6s 2a niver t4 wn sity of ichigan library ann arbor an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vout xxi no 32 may 29 1942 mexico moves towards war by the.sinking of two of its tankers off the florida coast on may 13 and 21 with a loss of twenty four lives the mexican government embarked this week on the parliamentary steps pre liminary to a formal declaration of a state of war against the axis powers mexico’s sudden shift from pro allied nonbelligerency to participation in the struggle was caused by the german reaction to its sharp note of protest over the first torpedoing whether through diplomatic ineptness or calculated defiance the nazis not only refused to reply to the mexican communication but sank the second vessel which like the first had been an italian ship im mobilized in a mexican port and taken over by the mexican government on the very day set by the mexicans as a time limit for the german response in the face of this evident insult mexico’s pride and sense of dignity apparently demanded adoption of the most vigorous measures why mexico fights it would be a mistake to imagine that the mexican war declaration neces sarily represents universal insistence by the masses on the need for hostilities to do so would be to assume that mexican political processes are equiva lent to our own and that the widespread suspicion and fear of the united states which have been felt for decades below the rio grande have been for gotten in a few months on the contrary the rela tively small attendance and lack of enthusiasm at the mass meeting arranged by the official party of the mexican revolution in mexico city’s central plaza on may 24 indicate that the administration is moving ahead of and to some degree independent ly of public sentiment as is often the case in that country the principal unofficial advocates of a war policy appear to be the mexican workers confed eration c.t.m and the left wing political gtoups which have called for the strongest support to the allies since the nazis attacked the soviet union as well as some democratic elements of the center the opponents may be found among the extreme conservatives quasi fascist groups and the naturally isolationist agricultural population but although the government may be moving more swiftly than some circles in mexico may have desired it is undoubtedly expressing the general distaste for nazi methods current in the americas and implicit in the resolutions of the rio de janeiro conference its attitude is influenced too by the close economic ties with the united states which partially offset the loss of overseas trade cut off by the blockade thus over 90 per cent of mexico's foreign commerce is now with this country mexi can economic stability is becoming increasingly de pendent on the flow of united states funds to the south for the purchase of silver strategic minerals and other products and for construction of roads railways public works and industrial enterprises once mexico is committed irrevocably to the allied cause there is reason to believe that this relationship may become even more intimate because of the state of public opinion the mexi can government has taken pains to indicate that its direct military participation in the war effort will be limited to defense of its own territory as a re sult the war declaration will alter mexico's policy of continental solidarity more in degree than in kind that policy formulated by president manuel avila camacho and members of his cabinet is one of self protection and cooperation in the produc tion of vital materials as the country’s principal con tribution to hemisphere security to implement it the government has called for national unity and a general internal political truce hence the mili tary effect of mexico's belligerency should be first to improve the still imperfect collaboration with united states forces in territorial defense second foreign policy bulletin april 24 1942 back owes pres os to accelerate the re equipment of mexico’s army of some 60,000 men with a roughly equal number of reservists with modern weapons from this country and third to utilize mexico’s small navy of three 2,000 ton gunboats and 11 coastal patrol vessels as well as its air force of about 100 planes in com bating axis submarines now marauding in the gulf of mexico within the country itself moreover there is room for a marked increase in the scope and effectiveness of measures taken against axis na tionals sympathizers and economic interests con gress may soon authorize the seizure of all axis properties challenge to latin america in a sense the mexican action will serve as a challenge to other nonbelligerent latin american countries which while hesitating to declare war have co operated extensively to curb fascist activities in their territory and strengthen hemisphere defense brazil venezuela and uruguay have lost merchantmen to axis submarines and brazil in particular has aroused the wrath of the nazi propaganda machine because of its leading role at the rio de janeiro meeting and the stern measures subsequently taken against axis nationals and properties on may 31 the brazilian government is putting into effect a decree under which axis subjects and enterprises including unfortunately refugees from axis coun tries must turn over up to 30 per cent of their as sets to guarantee compensation for submarine at page two tacks on brazilian vessels while brazil may easily follow the mexican example berlin no doubt hopes that its strong policy will induce argentina anj chile the two american republics which have ng yet severed diplomatic relations with the axis avoid new commitments to the allies so as not to my the risk of involvement meanwhile the wartime economic bonds uniting the nations of the hemisphere are being drawn eve tighter by a series of accords between them among the most significant is an agreement with peru ap nounced on april 23 under which united stata funds are to be used to stimulate the production of peruvian wild rubber to assist in the constructigg of public works and agricultural mining and indus trial projects and to purchase peru’s surplus cotton usually exported to brite for the duration of the war on may 7 moreover the two countris signed a trade agreement embodying tariff reduc tions on peruvian sugar and long staple cotton at the same time peru has pledged full cooperation ig the suppression of axis activities of all types withia its territory to signalize the excellent state of t lations with the united states president manud prado of peru visited the united states amid a unusual demonstration of reciprocal good will thus an enlightened economic policy designed for the war emergency may prepare the ground for lasting improvement in inter american affairs davip h popper allies face severe test on all fronts while the russians on may 23 admitted the surrender of kerch in the crimean peninsula to the germans the confused battleline in the kharkov area continued to sway back and forth with both sides claiming the initiative it is as yet too early to estimate the effect that the battle of kharkov still regarded by well informed observers as a local en gagement rather than the harbinger of an all out offensive will have on the course of the soviet german struggle it already seems clear however that the principal objective of the russian high command is not merely to gain territory but to envelop and destroy german forces in various sec tors of the 2,000 mile front this too has been the for teachers study groups and club meetings introduction to pan america a discussion packet based on the three headline books good neighbors challenge to the americas and look at latin america outline contains geography and history lessons together with supplementary reading materials just out 25 cents primary objective of the nazis with respect to rus sian forces ever since their invasion of russia near a year ago for the moment what is important to note is that the germans have succeeded in ousting the russian from the crimea which could serve as a spring board for a drive toward the oil of the caucasus it has long been predicted that this summer the nazis would begin to feel the need for additional oil in order to utilize to the full the industry and agriculture of the conquered countries and woul attempt to reach either the oilfields of the caucasus or those of iraq and iran for many weeks the ger mans have been massing troops and planes in bul garia greece and crete for a thrust toward the nea east possibly by passing turkey in that case the brunt of defending the near east would have to be borne by british and indian troops stationed in syria and iraq which are being supplied in patt from new american bases established on the per sian gulf and also in the former italian colony of eritrea on the red sea caucasus a rich prize but if the germans should attempt an invasion of the caucasus ares across the narrow strait of kerch then it would be the f impac near attack by th lands pecter overl range princ coast end 1 rostc they fighti th nazi crude was 75 pe 17 p fields day every need refin mans woul tion finer belie woul norn sea it pecte the they creas a si by a rene 1861 who clain the eral the afri last itali to t strat fron rece indi to ing ver ong ates us arly that lans ing sus the ynal and yuld sus set bul jear the be in part per y of rans rea 1 be the russians who would have to stand the first impact of german attack with british forces in the near east as a second line of defense a frontal attack on transcaucasia from the crimea is blocked by the loftiest mountain peaks and highest table lands in all europe the nazis however are ex ted to invade transcaucasia by the less direct overland route skirting the caucasian mountain range down the coast of the caspian sea to baku rincipal oil center of the soviet union on the west coast of the caspian it is significant that last week end the nazis intensified their efforts to recapture rostov on the don gateway to the caucasus which they surrendered to the russians during the winter fighting the caucasus would offer a rich prize to the nazis russia is the second largest producer of crude oil in the world and its total output in 1940 was estimated at 220 million barrels of this amount 75 per cent comes from the fields around baku and 17 per cent more from the grozny and maikop fields on the northern slopes of the caucasus to day in the midst of war the russians are making every effort to increase the output of high octane gas needed for airplanes by installing additional oil refineries oil experts believe that even if the ger mans should obtain control of the caucasus they would be handicapped in their plans for exploita tion of the oilfields by destruction of existing re fineries under the scorched earth policy which it is believed russia would adopt even more serious would be destruction of the three pipelines that normally carry oil across the caucasus to the black sea italy’s demand for tunisia it is ex pected that in spite of the hazards of summer heat the germans will attempt to synchronize any drive they may launch toward the near east with in creased pressure against the british in north africa a significant move in that direction was forecast by a report from berne on may 24 that italy was renewing its claims against france for tunisia since 1861 a french protectorate a large minority of whose population is italian in origin these italian claims had been relegated to the background after the collapse of france in 1940 in spite of the gen eral belief that mussolini had attacked france at the eleventh hour primarily to obtain its north african colonies at that time however and until last week the nazis appeared to have subordinated italian claims against france in the mediterranean to the larger ends of axis political and military strategy since mussolini’s policy is now dictated from berlin the fact that his claims have suddenly teceived the backing of the german press would indicate either that hitler is using them as a weapon to coerce laval who has not proved as collabora page three on sunday may 31 from 12 to 12 15 p.m e.w.t david h popper associate editor of the fpa will speak over the blue network subject why mexico goes to war we hope you will listen in and let us have your re actions afterwards tionist as had been expected or else to pave the way for axis occupation of tunisia which would serve as an entering wedge for conquest of other french colonies in africa with dakar as the ulti mate goal similarly far flung developments are under way in the far east where japan contrary to general expectations has concentrated on a many pronged offensive in china instead of immediately follow ing up its conquest of burma with invasions of either india or australia concerted japanese drives toward the interior of china from the burma border and from the coast have created serious new prob lems for generalissimo chiang kai shek whose spokesmen in chungking appealed last week for planes and more planes these attacks come at a moment when with the fall of burma china has lost its principal route of supplies from the united nations and must increasingly depend for arma ments on its own relatively meager industrial pro duction except for such war material as may be flown into china from india in large transport planes to assure the effectiveness of air borne sup plies it would be necessary for the united nations to maintain sufficient air strength in northeast india and to prevent chinese airfields from falling into japanese hands tokyo's attempt to consolidate its control of the chinese coast is thought to have as its primary objective the elimination of bases which might conceivably be used by american bombers for raids on japan the principal danger of japan's efforts to crush china is that it may strengthen the appeasement elements in chungking thus while the united nations are unquestion ably making strides in military training and indus trial production they are still handicapped in tak ing the offensive by the great initial successes of both germany and japan and by their own shortage of shipping the axis powers although unquestion ably subjected to increasing strain by the need to meet the challengé of growing american industrial power still retain the initiative in all theatres of war under the circumstances americans are well advised to take heed of president roosevelt's warn ing of may 23 against undue optimism regarding isolated glimmers of hope in a global situation that remains dark and arduous vera micheles dean ities satin casino ae oe eee eee k z _e ___ page four ee canada seeks to avoid new conscription crisis canada’s debate on unrestricted conscription sus pended last week during the united nations air training conference at ottawa may reach a criti cal stage again in the dominion house of commons this week the controversy was aggravated rather than settled by the 63 per cent majority given prime minister king’s bid for freedom of action in the april 27 plebiscite however the government is seeking to translate the public’s mandate into legis lative action by repealing that section of the na tional resources mobilization act which forbids compulsory overseas service the bill for repeal has been given its first reading and is now ready for the debate stage which accompanies the second reading adoption of repeal will simply remove the last legislative bar to general conscription there is still no indication that the government intends to ex ercise the freedom it may receive indeed many moderate english speaking canadians who person ally favor an all out draft are inclined to support the prime minister in his present disposition to avoid a showdown with french canada which voted over whelmingly no in the plebiscite few issues in recent canadian political history have involved more complex and delicate considera tions and been more potentially disruptive of na tional unity than that which divides english and french canada on conscription for overseas service conscription itself however has now become a sym bol rather than the chief issue for it has been merged in the much larger area of latent controversy which has long made it difficult for the two great cultures to achieve national integration unfortu nately the divisive elements have not been confined to language and religion but have been complicated by social cultural and economic differences at bottom french canada suffers from a sense of hav ing been treated as an inferior by english canada on the other hand english canada feels that the french have not done as much as they might in keeping pace with social and educational progress despite these traditional resentments leading ele ments in both groups have striven with great pa tience and perseverance for better inter sectional un derstanding and until recently had achieved con siderable success king’s policy debated canadian friends of the prime minister say that he has earnestly sought to avoid opening old wounds within canada so as not to impede the national war effort the farming of quebec and more important its alumj num airplane and munitions plants have made great contributions to canada’s war production prow gram and it is essential that these should be tained also with existing exemptions only 30 to 40,000 men in quebec might be called under national conscription act and this number it is held is too insignificant to risk a disruption of national unity and therefore of over all war effort on the other hand critics of mr king complain that his government has spent more time in explain ing quebec's position to the country than in educat ing the people of quebec to the extreme urgencies of the war they charge that the campaign for a favorable french vote in the plebiscite went largely by default that no effective attempt was made to counter the activities of french speaking politicians seeking to capitalize on the popular antipathy to conscription should section 3 of the national resources mo bilization act be repealed the following alternatives would seem to offer themselves 1 adopt conscrip tion thereby possibly risking even bloodshed 2 adopt conscription but expressly exclude quebec which voted no in the plebiscite 3 postpone action for some months and meanwhile plan an intensive campaign of political education by gov ernment leaders to explain the critical nature of the war emergency to the french people and 4 aban don all conscription attempts but relieve the tension by diverting public attention to a demand for some other form of national sacrifice in the war so far prime minister king has given no clear public indi cation of the course that he intends to follow william p mappox dawn of victory by louis fischer sloan and pearce 1942 2.75 one of our most experienced foreign correspondents looks on wartime britain and finds it good then speculates on the role of russia and the united states and on the nature of the peace to come south america with mexico and central america by j.b trend new york oxford university press 1942 1.00 this brief summary ranks with the best available de scriptions of latin american life culture and problems a short history of canada for americans by alfred leroy burt minneapolis university of minnesota press 1942 3.00 sympathetic entertaining and authoritative present tion of background material new york duell foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 32 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y may 29 1942 n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year ae 81 published weekly by the foreign policy association frank ross mccoy president secretary vera micueres dean editor davi h poppsr associate editor incorporated national wituiam p mappox assistant to the president dorotuy f lam entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year vol 3 juncti gover tion givin war f part amer are b tr that exora peop accou whicl decla agair agair that atone spon forw whi dete was coun reve after n tion get acco face med this the tion cede +pbrig wn general lit jun 9 4949 neral linn entered as 2nd class matter an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 33 june 4 1943 3 a candid and balanced report of this country’s wat effort james f byrnes newly appointed director of war mobilization speaking at spartan burg south carolina on memorial day paid high ttibute to our military and war production achieve ments during a year and a half of participation in world war ii as mr byrnes pointed out the united states has already fought almost as long as it did during world war i suffering as yet far fewer casualties those americans who feel that britain and china and russia which have suffered incomparably more than we in terms of loss of lives of property or both are not always sufficiently ap preciative of our contribution to the war may well ponder this part of mr byrnes’s recapitulation but he also declared that this will be a much tougher war and that thus far we are only on the outer fringes of this war so far as personal deprivation on the home front and the loss of blood on the battle front are concerned allies catching up with axis at the ame time mr byrnes left no doubt that in spite of much confusion overlapping and struggle for per sonal power among government officials in wash ington as well as among industry labor and farmers throughout the country the united states has accom plished an outstanding job in meeting the war pro duction objectives set by president roosevelt objectives which at the time appeared fantastic of the figures cited by mr byrnes the most spec licular and the one most fraught with significance ata time when the allies are concentrating on round he clock bombing of germany and italy is that the 100,000th airplane manufactured since the war pfogram was launched came off the assembly line on may 31 the united states together with russia and britain have at length caught up with the axis and are forging rapidly ahead it is against the background of actual achieve expanding power creates new responsibilities for united states ments and potential dangers which must yet be faced before the united nations can hope for vic tory that current discussions about the future of the world must be projected there is on the one hand a tendency on the part of some americans to over estimate the contribution made by this country to the winning of the war and to insist in consequence that the united states should claim a major share in the making of the peace on the other hand there is an equally dangerous tendency to view this global conflict as of concern to the united states only in the asiatic theatre of war and to decry or oppose aid to other sectors yet it would seem that no one could fail to understand today first that the war in asia is intimately and irrevocably linked to the war in europe and africa and second that if it had not been for years of stubborn and at times desperate resistance on the part of britain russia china and the conquered peoples of europe the united states would have found it impossible to catch up as it has so successfully done on its lack of military prepara tions in an atmosphere of relative calm and security u.s policy needs clarification these considerations might help us to define the course that the united states could or should follow once the war is over just as this country was not able to escape through nonintervention or to win the war alone once it had been attacked so it will be unable to win the peace alone or to carry out a world wide relief and rehabilitation program through its own unaided efforts we shall need other countries in time of peace as we have needed them in time of war and while the other united nations are hop ing that we shall not turn to isolationism as we did in 1919 neither do they want us to embark on a policy of imperialism on the plea of reforming or re educating or rehabilitating the world all that is being asked of us and all that was asked of us during the inter war years is that we should play a part in world affairs commensurate with our re sources and should henceforth assume responsibil ity for the use of our power which at the end of the war will be enhanced manifold by our vast war production effort but until we ourselves have defined the role we want the united states to play it is difficult in some cases impossible for other nations to define their policy this was clearly indicated in the series of speeches that dr benes president of czechoslovakia delivered during the past two weeks in chicago and new york dr benes anticipates the defeat of get many in the not too distant future and believes that the final disaster of the axis powers will be of a much greater scope than that of 1918 at the same time he believes that the situation of the world when this disaster does take place will be far more difficult than it was in november 1918 he recog nizes that the small nations of europe sometimes carried nationalist intransigence beyond the bounds of reason and that returning to normal does not mean returning to the exact state of affairs that existed in europe before hitler’s rise to power but he remains firmly opposed to any attempt by the great page two oan powers to obliterate the identity of small nation dr benes looks to post war collaboration betweq britain and the soviet union envisaged in the anglo soviet treaty of may 26 1942 as the foundation stone of european reconstruction without the sovig union he believes that it will be impossible fo europe to prevent a new german drang nach ostey he hopes that the united states will participate jy the task of world reconstruction but his hope js tempered to a noticeable degree by the experience of 1919 those of us who may wonder why the spokes men of the united nations are not always as precise in their concepts of the future as we would like them to be must remember that hitherto the foreign pol icy of the united states has had less precision and proved more unpredictable than that of its present allies the greater our power becomes with the rapid expansion of our industrial production the more important it is that this power should be used not irresponsibly or haphazardly but with a coherent idea of the commitments we are ready not merely to advocate but actually to fulfill vera micheles dean china faces most acute crisis in six years of war the routing on june 1 of five japanese divisions which were directing a many pronged attack at chungking and the significant increase in chinese and american air power have raised the spirits of the chinese people but despite this success there is no doubt that generalissimo chiang kai shek’s gov ernment is threatened by a situation of unparalleled seriousness enemy forces have seized substantial por tions of rich rice producing territory in hunan and hupei provinces at a time when the country can ill afford to lose any part of the year’s crop this means that free china which for many months has been un able to cope with a disastrous famine situation in honan province must now expect even more difficult food conditions one symptom of the dangerous state of affairs is the rapid upward movement of rice prices in chungking during the past month japan is wearing china down ameri cans on the whole understand that japan is waging available at reduced rate bound volume xviii foreign policy reports 24 issues of foreign policy reports march 1942 march 1943 with cross index 4.00 a volume order from foreign policy association 22 east 38th street new york a war of attrition against the chinese but there is still a marked tendency to measure tokyo's success in terms of the capture of important centers rather than the deterioration of china’s powers of resistance a campaign for chungking would of course rep resent a supreme test of china’s endurance while a fourth japanese attempt on changsha key trans portation point would imperil the economic founds tions of the régime yet if such drives do not take place there will be no reason for complacency since japanese efforts on a smaller scale may have catas trophic effects on china after the wear and tear of six years of war in fact although japan has seized no prominent objectives in the current fighting free china is al ready feeling new pressure simply because important routes for the smuggling of commodities from jap anese occupied areas have thereby been closed for some years china’s most significant foreign souttes of supply has been its own territory under enemy control and this has been particularly true since the cutting of the burma road early in 1942 now it flation has reached a point at which it is not unusual for commodity prices to be 60 or 70 times the pit war levels of 1937 in some places rice is reportel to have risen more than a hundred fold in the pas six years and it is said that because of the scarcity of cotton only the very wealthy can afford to buy clothes western visitors to hard pressed china tel the same story of growing weariness and there 4 much speculation as to whether the government cal hold out for one year two or more japan one impc anese poli entourage en its po morale in its iron fi tojo visit anniversa its conces to the pu been exte anese con policy to althou cannot al pied chit chungkir flation tl governm it is harc shek wl cooperati ened dur even jap have seri wha reason t was an churchil given to nese ur out in c time it united plied in race is u tokyo t being ol pacific nothing to retait this lig in the the mos althoug the airplane anese f number second foreign headquart second clas one month re is ccess ather ance rep while 7 japan revises policy toward puppets one important political threat is the modified jap anese policy toward wang ching wei and his puppet entourage at nanking in a clever effort to strength en its position in occupied china and to weaken morale in chungking tokyo has recently concealed its iron fist with a velvet glove in march premier tojo visited nanking and on march 30 the third anniversary of wang’s régime tokyo relinquished its concessions and extraterritorial rights in china to the puppet administration financial aid has also been extended to wang and it is reported that jap anese commanders have been told to adopt an easier licy toward the chinese population although these temporary bribes and gestures cannot alter the real nature of japanese rule in occu pied china they may have some effect on morale in chungking where under the pressure of severe in flation there has been a sharp trend to the right in a government that has at all times been conservative it is hardly a secret that the position of chiang kai shek who is pledged to a policy of resistance in cooperation with the united nations has been weak ened during the past year under the circumstances even japan’s pretenses of a more liberal policy could have serious results what can be done there now seems little reason to doubt that chungking’s critical condition was an important topic in the recent roosevelt churchill discussions and that much thought was given to ways of lessening the pressure on the chi nese unfortunately japan is in a position to strike out in china on a large or small scale at almost any time it desires while the offensive power of the united nations although growing is not easily ap plied in that theatre of operations in a sense a great race is under way between japan and the allies with tokyo trying to force china out of the war before being obliged to deal with major offensives in the pacific area the military stakes are high they are nothing less than the capacity of the united nations to retain their primary land base in asia viewed in this light the welcome reconquest of attu island in the aleutians can have little immediate effect on the most critical aspects of our far eastern position although it may prove beneficial to chinese morale the first requirement of the chinese front is more airplanes with which to attack the advancing jap anese forces and these is reason to hope that the number of available aircraft will continue to increase secondly any action in the pacific area that diverts page three an important sector of the japanese air force will be very helpful thirdly china needs a large scale land operation such as the reinvasion of burma to pin down japanese troops and supplies we will know this fall when the heavy burma rains are over whether plans for such a move were laid in wash ington by the american and british military staffs political action important the united natians could also aid chungking in its efforts to combat japan’s policy of undermining china’s spirit of resistance one significant step in this direction was the abandonment of extraterri toriality by the united states and britain through treaties signed with china early this year it is also likely that the dissolution of the comintern has weakened wang ching wei’s propaganda since the bogy of communism has been one of his main weapons in the struggle to win support in chung king a third step that might have considerable effect would be the early repeal by the united states con gress of all measures for chinese exclusion and the placing of chinese immigration on a quota basis although this would result in the entrance of no more than 100 chinese in any one year the psycho logical effect of equal treatment would be very great in china and throughout the far east it would con stitute a most effective answer to japan’s propaganda that china is regarded as a racially inferior member of the anti axis coalition and might do much to lessen the anti foreign sentiment that has been grow ing in chungking since pearl harbor not least im portant it could play a political role in stimulating china’s defense against japan’s latest military moves lawrence k rosinger i flew for china by royal leonard new york double day doran 1942 2.50 experiences in china of an american aviator who served first as a personal pilot of chang hsueh liang and later of chiang kai shek the author’s understanding of chinese affairs is superficial but he gives an interesting picture of what he saw as well as a foreigner’s growing respect for china and its people foreign capital in southeast asia by helmut g callis new york institute of pacific relations 1942 1.25 a careful study of foreign investments in government bonds and business enterprises before pearl harbor the territories dealt with include the philippines netherlands east indies formosa malaya thailand indo china and burma kwangsi land of the black banners by rev joseph cuenot st louis b herder 1942 2.75 translation from the french of en account of catholic missionary work in south china during the early 1920 s foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 33 june 4 1943 one month for change of address on membership publications published weekly by the foreign policy headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leger secretary second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 association incorporated national vera micue.es dean editor entered as three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year bz 81 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor i ad an port washington news letter june 2 the sudden resignation on june 1 of m peyrouton as governor general of algeria has unex pectedly clouded the prospects for agreement between general charles de gaulle leader of the fighting french and general henri honoré giraud head of the french administration in north africa yet the formation on may 30 of a council of seven to govern the empire and represent the people of metropolitan france marked an important stage in the restoration of france's position as a belligerent power and of its influence in the councils of the united nations the objective that american and british diplomacy has been striving for ever since the invasion of french north africa last november seemed on the point of realization de gaulle giraud unity under the terms of the preliminary agreement proposed by gen eral giraud in his note of may 17 and accepted by the french national committee in london on may 24 he and general de gaulle each named two other vonferees and these six designated one other by majority vote on may 31 this commission to which two other members may be appointed later is to administer french affairs within its sphere of control until all the departments of france have been liberated whereupon the law of february 15 1872 generally referred to as the tréveneuc law will be applied this law came into being during the unsettled period after the franco prussian war and provided that whenever the legal powers of the french government and the national assembly ceased to exist the conseils généraux would take action these bodies were empowered to elect the senate under the french system of indirect suffrage and to appoint delegates who would then take those urgent measures required for the maintenance of order and in particular those which have as their ob ject the restoration to the national assembly of its full independence and exercise of its right both french leaders had made sacrifices to ar rive at a compromise the de gaullists had ob tained the exclusion from the actual governing body of resident governors like marcel peyrouton of al geria charles nogués of morocco and pierre boisson of french west africa for all of whom they have a deep aversion on the other hand general de gaulle had dropped his demand for immediate creation of a provisional french government this concession represented a notable success for the united states which has taken the stand throughout that the future government of france shall be left to for victory the free choice of the french people once their terri tory has been liberated from german occupation washington’s objection to recognizing either gen eral de gaulle or general giraud as the head of a french government is that neither has a legal man date to act in this capacity such as that possessed by other governments in exile general de gaulle who appears to enjoy a greater popular following than general giraud has by force of circumstance been recognized as head of the anti collaborationists by the leftist groups in france although his move ment includes several notable rightist figures while general giraud represents preponderantly the con servative and military elements in french north africa the united states has taken the point of view that it should not meddle in french politics by rec ognizing either or both of these movements jointly as incarnating french national sovereignty the tréveneuc law by providing a procedure for the return of power to the french people as soon as they can freely govern themselves suggests a method that may possibly be adopted in other occupied countries of europe after they have been freed of the nazi yoke consequences of union developments in algeria have demonstrated again the difficulties in the path of arriving at such unification both de gaulle and giraud are extremely ambitious and in flexible men and their followers are not yet by any means reconciled much progress however has been made since the casablanca meeting in january when the two french leaders only with great difficulty could be brought to shake hands and to concur in a vague statement that they had the common goal of beating germany it is to be hoped however that the union of gen erals giraud and de gaulle will be finally achieved despite all momentary hitches for such an agreement would be bound to have a stimulating effect on the iste c people of metropolitan france who have been con fused and perturbed by the quarrels of frenchmen abroad it is of the utmost importance that any dis cord be eliminated before allied invasion of europe so that the entire french population may rise with undivided loyalty to fight on the side of their lib erators the prospects of successful conclusion of ne gotiations between the two french leaders was doubt less a factor in inducing admiral rené emile godfroy to place at the disposal of the allies the french wat ships which have been mobilized at alexandria since the fall of france john elliott buy united states war bonds he m on jur dent ran democrat ment has to reveal and aims for tw the resigr m ortiz republic dictatoria directly f bor his 1 ous for tl can repu rio de j lution pr axis thy influence permittin hemisph moreove curb axi tion to mitted h and ma mental were bit tines es the char the unie cal part some kit coming septemh arg coup +fo ves rip 2 bec one an ov an sion me far ndi uell lents lates 1 the j.b 1.00 e de ifred tess enta ational leet york vr william w bishop entered as dnd class matter university of wichigan library ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin a an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vot xxi no 33 june 5 1942 u.s takes initiative in post war planning al speech delivered on memorial day by under secretary of state sumner welles taken in con junction with other recent addresses indicates that government officials far from postponing considera tion of peace aims until the war has been won are giving continuous thought to the strategy of post war reconstruction which has become an inextricable part of the strategy of war from these official american statements emerge certain key ideas which are beginning to rally public support in this country treatment of axis peoples mr welles indicated that once the war is over justice will be done in exorably and swiftly to those individuals groups or peoples as the case may be that can truly be held accountable for the stupendous catastrophe into which they have plunged the human race this declaration which would seem to pledge retribution against the germans and the japanese as well as against their leaders was qualified by the statement that no element in any nation shall be forced to atone vicariously for crimes for which it is not re sponsible and that no people shall be forced to look forward to endless years of want and of starvation while mr welles suggested no method for determining degrees of responsibility his speech was at least intended to assure the peoples of axis countries that they will not be subjected to wholesale revenge and exclusion from the society of nations after they have been defeated no return to normalcy once the united na tions have won the war there should be no rush to get back to normalcy as in 1919 on the contrary according to mr welles we should be prepared to face a period of social and economic chaos im mediately following cessation of military hostilities this transition period will have to be bridged by the initial and gigantic task of relief of reconstruc tion and of rehabilitation which will have to pre cede the negotiation of peace in anticipation of this eventuality a selected group of american army officers is being specially trained for tasks of rehabilitation at the university of vir ginia a similar course for civilians as well as mem bers of the armed forces is being opened at colum bia university the united nations are also con certing measures in london and washington to rush food and medical supplies into europe as soon as nazi control has been broken these supplies could be distributed not only to the peoples of the con quered countries but to germans and italians as well from united nations to w orld organization mtr welles suggested that the united nations might become the nucleus of a world organization of the future to determine the final terms of a just an honest and durable peace to be negotiated at the close of the transition period in other words the machinery of collaboration being developed by the united nations to meet wartime requirements would be adapted to the needs of post war reconstruction instead of trying to create ad hoc a new interna tional organization having no roots in practical ex perience maintenance of international police the united nations may also be called upon to undertake the maintenance of an international police power to insure freedom from fear to peace loving peoples until there is established that permanent system of general security promised by the atlantic charter freedom from want just as vice president wallace proclaimed the twentieth century as the century of the common man so mr welles de clared that this war is a people’s war which cannot be regarded as won until the fundamental rights of the peoples of the earth are secured among these rights he included the right of peoples to demand higher social and economic standards page two unhampered by the policies of self seeking minori gle yet many leaders in britain and the united oratin ties of special privilege states who welcome the support of anti nazis ig fuel international economic collaboration mr welles europe still fear the explosive forces released by the jyamp predicted that the principal economic problem after war and think in terms of restoring political and perts the war will not be primarily one of production but economic institutions in europe once war 1s over other of distribution and purchasing power the united such restoration desirable as it may seem to some the d states has already obtained the collaboration of the of the governments in exile would be rejected w united nations in planning for this great task which the conquered peoples just as vigorously as they noy this c he said in every sense of the term is a new frontier reject hitler's new order the i a frontier of limitless expanse the frontier of it is not a question whether we like or dislike the cana human welfare the ease lend agreement con revolutions that are in the making in each of the ing cluded by the united states with britain and simi conquered countries as well as in germany and 74 lar agreements offered last week to russia and china italy it is a question of ascertaining as realistically tion look toward post war economic collaboration be as we can the elements in europe with which we 4 0 tween the united nations shall have to work in the future instead of seeking heen words are not enough while the state to perpetuate obsolete conditions the forces off j otic ments of american officials are beginning to put doubt and discontent that unquestionably exist in j 9 j content into the vague promises of the atlantic europe cannot be conjured away by formulas the gene charter they have not yet come to grips with the ust be alleviated by genuine reform force grim realities of the profoundly altered situation in nor is it clear how the leaders of the united na até europe and asia it is true that there will be a de ons expect to reform the economic system so as to the mand for an international police force after the place purchasing power in the hands of peoples it pecte war but the great powers which command the backward areas unless these areas are either first world’s principal industrial and therefore military industrialized or offered better terms for their prod resources will have to exercise the utmost wisdom and restraint in the use of their power if they are not to arouse suspicion among the peoples of asia and latin america that a united nations victory may develop into a new form of imperialism it is also generally acknowledged that the war crystallized the demand long in the making of the common man for a more equitable share in economic as well as political life the phrases the common man and people’s war express acceptance in the united states of the fact that the struggle against hitler ucts than in the past possibly at the expense of liy higl ing standards in industrial countries in this respect y our wartime policy toward latin america may se an important precedent as pointed out by under secretary of commerce wayne taylor on may 18 r in brief it is essential for the people of the united yu states to understand that peace may be just as hari with to win as war but that at least sacrifices for peact and can be made to reap a rich harvest in terms of im thei proved human relations provided we couple ou 8 great power with an equally great sense of respon tt alon in europe is at the same time a revolutionary strug bility vera micheles dean ues libyan reverses lessen axis influence in france cla launching the sixth offensive in libya after three tobruk another cut through the mine fields near the p é months of inactivity on the african front german sea within five days however the british eighth and italian forces under field marshall erwin army which included contingents of the free french the rommel unleashed simultaneous attacks on may 27 forces had pounded heavily the advancing units in against the british defensive zone extending from at least one major tank battle and compelled them po the coastal village of el gazala some 40 miles south to retreat b east into the desert as one column swung around in marked contrast to earlier mediterranean cam the british southern flank and then drove toward paigns the allies now appear to possess air su periority over the axis and raf planes contributed what are the wartime relations of the u.s and the substantially to the favorable outcome by disrupting latin american countries what steps have been communications behind the german lines as far 1 taken to implement hemisphere defense read benghazi again the decisive factor in the campaign of hemisphere solidarity in the war crisis appeared to be the maintenance of supplies an pre by david h popper army operating in the desert wastes of northem tec africa must receive a continuous flow of watet ax 25c food ammunition and replacements if it is to capr at may 15 issue of foreign po.icy reports talize on an initial break through of the enemys to reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month defenses the raf’s reported destruction of 600 jar sutpeniption 5 s year to f p a members 9 axis vehicles must have crippled the tank forces op nt is to s if rod liv r set der 18 ited hard eace our pon r the ghth ench ts in them catt r sue uted pting ar a aign ao them vater capi omy s op erating in the forward sectors by depriving them of fuel and shells the axis forces may also have been hampered by the desert heat although military ex now believe that recently developed tanks and other equipment permit operations in summer after the dust storms have passed what can rommel have hoped to accomplish by this offensive the strategic advantages of crushing the british and driving to the banks of the suez canal are obviously great allied supplies now mov ing to russia would then have to be redirected turkey's situation would be weakened and a junc tion with the japanese in the indian ocean would become possible but conceding that rommel had been able to reinforce his afrika korps which was believed to include only three german and seven italian divisions during the winter the british were generally considered to have built up a seasoned force in the near east equipped with much new matériel from the united states it is possible that the german commander hoped to strike an unex pected blow and destroy the allied advance forces or he may have sprung an offensive to forestall an imminent british attack in any case the allied high command is reminded if it needs reminding that tanks and planes must continue to reach egypt along the long route around and across africa reactions elsewhere a defeat in libya would not strengthen the axis in its negotiations with vichy regarding the western mediterranean and africa by encouraging the italians to renew their demands for nice savoy and tunisia and by urging the spanish to present claims for portions of french morocco hitler is apparently trying to wring concessions from pierre laval chief of government at vichy in return for possible support against these daims berlin wants french collaboration in ship ping munitions and troops across the mediter tanean sea to libya hitler also desires control of the french navy to protect the movement of cargo vessels from italy to north africa unconfirmed re ports indicate that german sailors are to be trained in french naval yards in preparation for service aboard units of the still powerful vichy fleet ger man claims may also be raised for use of french castillo’s repressive policies the action of the mexican congress both houses of which on may 29 30 unanimously approved president manuel avila camacho’s request that they fecognize the existence of a state of war with the axis has had a profound effect in all latin ameri an countries in nations already cooperating fully to carry out the recommendations of the rio de janeiro conference for hemisphere defense mexico's entry into the ranks of the belligerents has strength page three f.p.a radio schedule subject planning peace in wartime speaker william p maddox date sunday june 7 time 12 12 15 p.m e.w.t over blue network for station please consult your local newspaper atlantic ports in west africa vichy is reported to have fortified strongly the strategic base at dakar presumably with german approval and to have or dered a close air patrol of its frontiers on may 20 the pétain government announced that two british planes had been forced down along the coast of the gulf of guinea in the area where american bombers pass on the ferry route to the middle east if these developments are indicative of an intention on the part of vichy to retaliate for the allied occu pation of madagascar and other french possessions the british colonies in west africa would probably be placed in a dangerous position for they have long land frontiers with french territories and are but lightly defended laval and his supporters in vichy have not yet however made any important concession to the nazis not because they may not believe that france's salvation lies in accepting hitler's new order but because french popular opinion on both sides of the demarcation line has become more em phatically anti axis if not pro ally even an authori tarian ruler like laval cannot maintain his position in the face of overwhelming public disapproval moreover the tide of war in its present european phase appears to be turning against the nazis as in dicated in the mass bombings of cologne on may 30 and essen on june 1 in both of which more than a thousand british planes were employed recent al lied successes controvert one of laval’s most potent arguments that france should make the best pos sible terms with germany as the ultimate victor it seems that only an important military triumph by the germans in libya in russia or against britain can swing france into the conflict on the axis side louts e frechtling bolster argentine neutrality ened the trend toward open involvement in the conflict thus in brazil both brazilian and united states bomber crews with considerable initial suc cess have been attacking axis submarines operating off that country’s coasts while the government has pressed its drive against axis agents and their means of communication with europe on the other hand in countries with more evenly divided sympathies it is pointed out that mexico’s defiance led only to kaana99ananan e l pgeee ei sssl l se ess aa_an mnmamm_le_ involvement in the struggle a contingency these tionary channels if it is not to be reduced to complete states desire to avoid impotence argentina’s gag rule extended meanwhile the asanetin government has te from this point of view the most ominous events peatedly emphasized its determination to maintaiy have occurred in neutral argentina where acting what its foreign minister enrique ruiz guiii president ramén s castillo is gradually throttling calls its cold and prudent neutrality address the organs of political opposition to his administra ing a spanish commercial mission now in buenos tion and moving toward the establishment of a full aires to negotiate an agreement which may benefit fledged dictatorship on december 16 1941 acting the axis powers the foreign minister on may 27 on dubious constitutional grounds the government pledged his country to maintain communications proclaimed a state of siege which the chief execu with spain at any cost this inflexible position tive indicated was directed against axis propaganda has facilitated formation of a chilean argentine and activities with the aid of his extraordinary bloc designed to enable the two western hemi powers dr castillo then proceeded to establish a sphere countries which still maintain relations with strict censorship of press radio and public assembly the axis to avoid complete isolation the two states 7 so administered that the great liberal argentine have arranged certain barter and transportation newspapers were precluded from expressing any transactions but these are strictly limited in scope opinion on argentine foreign policy and the war they have however strengthened the chilean goy although e pampero the nazi organ has indulged ernment in its refusal to align itself with the other it in scurrilous condemnation of the democratic system american republics s and the united states gaps in hemisphere alignment on state during the campaign prior to the congressional the whole the latin american scene exhibits 4 great elections of march 1 discussion of the acting presi tendency toward closer collaboration in many fields f la dent’s foreign policy was prohibited when despite among the nineteen american republics which are coms fraud and duress at the ballot boxes the radical implementing the rio de janeiro resolutions while muct and socialist party opposition managed to maintain argentina and chile tend to draw together in their paci a scant voting majority his followers unsuccessfully opposition stand at the rio de janeiro meeting pear attempted to obstruct the organization of the new where these differences were already apparent they nav chamber of deputies dr castillo then failed to were submerged in an attempt to preserve a super supe summon congress into session on may 1 the date ficial hemisphere unity as the war continues this is ply i indicated in the constitution he did inaugurate it becoming increasingly difficult it may become ad j on may 28 but on the next day he effectually de visable to abandon the efforts for unanimity if that the stroyed much of its value as a sounding board for is unattainable and differentiate between latin jp national opinion by forbidding the local press to american countries on the basis of their support for japa print or comment on any speech delivered in con hemisphere solidarity no definite policy of this dom gress on international questions on the state of type can be adopted until the axis submarine menace mitt siege or on its application on may 30 a form of in the atlantic and the caribbean is sufficiently tine censorship on outgoing news was established by an mastered to permit us to supply at least our friends eyid order forbidding foreign news agencies to transmit with the materials they need for economic stability ly details of congressional debates on foreign policy yet it is difficult to see how pressure against re first these measures must be regarded as almost the final calcitrants can ultimately be avoided if pan ameti seq stages in the neutralization of all liberal opposition anism is to pass completely from the plane of words onl to the castillo régime the acting president had to that of deeds davip h popper aus already resorted increasingly to decree rule not only stret to renew prior appropriations despite the cham america’s strategy in world politics by nicholas john ized ber’s refusal to approve the executive budget but spykman new york harcourt brace 1942 3.76 har also to carry out other administration plans with drawing extensively upon geopolitical conceptions the higt s author propounds two theses that hemispheric self sufi even its negative or obstructive powers whittled ciency is an illusion and that the united states should v down by executive encroachment the numerically ha gece so ete verge aa cote at ss asia ver superior but hitherto ill organized pro democratic a galteael tr en critics he tousring mene for opposition to castillo may be forced into revolu tors and for rejection of the tenets of collective security and way foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 33 junee 5 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national an headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frannkx ross mccoy president wittiaam p mappox assistant to the president dorotuy f let ha secretary vera miche tks dean editor davin h poppgn associate editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year ern ae produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor stat f p a membership five dollars a year for +pbrigdical rove enbral library univ of mich foreign policy b an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y general 1 jun 11 1943 vibrary entered as 2nd clean aaa univa ntered as 2n rsity of vichigan n arbor nich ulletin vou xxii no 34 june 11 1948 ere military revolt that broke out in argentina on june 4 compelling seventy two year old presi dent ramon s castillo head of the conservative democratic party to abandon the reins of govern ment has provoked such widely varyir reactions as to reveal profound uncertainty regarding its character and aims for two years first as acting president and after the resignation of the late liberal president roberto m ortiz in june 1942 as president of the argentine republic ramén castillo governed the country in dictatorial fashion maintaining a neutrality policy directly favorable to axis interests after pearl har bor his isolationist bent became increasingly danger ous for the united nations although all the ameri can republics including argentina adopted at the rio de janeiro conference of january 1942 a reso lution providing for a break of relations with the axis the argentine government under castillo’s influence never implemented this resolution thus permitting axis spies and diplomats i in the western hemisphere to continue their activities unhindered moreover in a move that was ostensibly made to curb axis espionage but in reality to crush opposi tion to his policies president castillo had declared 4 state of siege throughout the country which per mitted him among other things to muzzle the press and make electoral propaganda for non govern mental candidates extremely difficult such actions were bitterly resented by the liberty loving argen tines especially by the liberal bloc which controls the chamber of deputies this bloc is composed of the unidn civica radical argentina’s largest politi cal party and the socialist party a showdown of some kind was expected before or during the forth coming presidential election campaign scheduled for september 1943 argentine revolution a military coup although president castillo’s dictatorial new argentine leaders uphold castillo’s policy ways were opposed most of all by the liberal ele ments the one day revolution of june 4 was es sentially a military coup and not a political upris ing it was planned and carried out by a group of senior officers of the army and air force led by chief of cavalry general arturo rawson and castillo’s own minister of war general pedro ramirez political motives notably strife within castillo’s own conservative party have played a réle in the revolt but other considerations such as the desire of army leaders to obtain from the united states planes and other military equipment denied argentina by reason of castillo’s isolationist policy as well as growing conviction that the axis is losing the war seem to have been even more important in bringing it to the fore except for a brief clash with the garrison of the navy mechanical school there does not seem to have been any serious opposition to the revolting generals in spite of castillo’s order to fight the re bellious troops both the rest of the armed forces and the buenos aires police stood aloof moreover highly respected public figures such as carlos saavedra lamas nobel prize winner and diplomat and senator alberto palacios on the very first day offered their services to the insurgents in an unsuc cessful attempt to convince president castillo to re sign immediately instead he preferred to take refuge on the uruguayan bank of the plate river only to return the following day and surrender finally re signing from the presidency political implications if militarily speaking the generals coup was a complete success politically the situation appears far from settled castillo’s successors have not yet been able to estab lish a truly representative government at first it seemed that the disappearance from the political scene of isolationist president castillo would in itself represent a gain for the cause of the democracies subsequent events however have shown that this was not necessarily true the popular demonstrations in favor of the democracies which broke out im mediately after the ousting of castillo were appar ently quickly stopped and martial law was intro duced the new men chosen for public office have no special pro democratic record and one of their first public political moves was the dissolution of the congress and suppression of the communist news paper la hora while the pro nazi papers e pam pero and cabildo were unmolested on june 7 after unsuccessful attempts to form a cabinet general rawson resigned turning the new provisional gov ernment over to general ramirez the latter finally succeeded in constituting a cabinet of seven military and naval officers and one civilian the finance min food conference sets example for united nations cooperation while the visits to north africa of prime minister churchill foreign minister eden and general mar shall were offering fresh indications of imminent allied military action in europe the first united nations conference on post war problems came to an end on june 3 the food parley which began at hot springs virginia on may 18 brought together representatives from 45 governments for the purpose of discussing ways and means of achieving freedom from want for their people after the war war restricts post war planning the attempt of the food conference to set up post war objectives at a time when the participating nations are concentrating their main effort on winning the war was beset by inevitable difficulties chief among these obstacles was the cautiously exploratory agenda that steered discussion away from subjects which might possibly interfere with present plans or machinery for waging the war when the russians for example wanted to consider immediate rather than future needs for food chairman jones referred their plea to the lend lease administration which controls the united states wartime distribution of food to the allies moreover the ban on journalists interviews with delegates and reports of sessions which was particularly rigid at the outset prevented the conference from getting the wide publicity and for a comprehensive analysis of new zealand’s economic mobilization for war its new relation ship to the united states and the special post war problems it will face read new zealand’s role in the pacific by david r jenkins 25c june 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports afe issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5.00 to f.p.a members 3.00 page two ister dr jorge santamarina a former director of the central bank of argentina the new cabinet promised loyal cooperation with the other nations of america but at the same time declared that it would for the present stick to castillo’s policy of neutrality jg the war the news filtering through the strict argentine military censorship is too scant and biased to give at the present time a clear picture of the internal politi cal situation the developments of the next few weeks will indicate however if the revolt of the generals is to remain essentially a palace revolution with only a change of heads not of principles or if the wish of most argentines to see their country abandon its isolationist stand and join the american anti axis bloc is to be realized ernest s hediger would ha tion of it and pregt ments eve ulatios shor wot ing new a productior at the cor fields of report's s largement others wo wartime lunches to popular understanding that the meeting warranted not only because of the important issues with which it dealt but also because of its attempt to inaugurate united nations collaboration for peace such restric tions much as they may have curbed constructive suggestions and popular interest were understand able however at a time when the allies are straining every effort to gain the victory without which all united nations plans would be made in vain another hindrance that wartime conditions im posed on the conference was the great uncertainty concerning many of the factors that will affect the future food situation social and economic planning notoriously difficult even in a fairly static situation becomes even more hazardous in a world at war the renewal of the united states reciprocal trade program on june 2 however is an example of the kind of authoritative political expressions favoring future collaboration that will help dispel post war uncertainties action to come later the final report presented by the food conference on june 2 was 4 2,600 word long summary of the social and economic philosophy which will underlie an international pro gram of increased production and consumption of food the fundamental fact on which the confer ence agreed was that the peoples of the world need more and better food than they are now getting starting with this conclusion the report went on 0 urge that the governments represented acknowledgt their responsibility for securing improved nutrition for their citizens instead of leaving it to chance of to the unrestricted working of economic laws uf der a system of aissez faire if the united nations assume the obligation fot ending both the war created food shortages and long term dietary deficiencies two main lines of actiot will be essential according to the conference one course depends on individual national effort and the other on international cooperation each nation among the unite particular vestments certed ins tions wou nomic as méxico le mexico pesos 2 el nuevo hediger 11 1943 these tv previous f of hubert of two fo 1942 by cupied eur tion hands gether wit us forei lippman lantic m through same conc tion he px ceeded if daries of fe ofa nucle the basis o and order pacific ch new yo a popul and post v personal e the world york ci these ac the main tt foreign px headquarters seond class n one month fo bb is sr be il a ledge ition ce of n for long ction one and ation ul te ee would have responsibility for improving the educa tion of its consumers providing at least children and pregnant women with minimum food require ments even if this meant sacrifices for the rest of the population giving assurances to farmers that their labor would earn an adequate livelihood develop ing new agricultural areas and encouraging efficient production most of the governments represented at the conference have already entered some of these fields of social welfare but implementation of the report's suggestions would mean a considerable én largement of such services in many states and in others would entail the permanent adoption of some wartime measures such as great britain’s free lunches to school children among the steps which the conference declared the united nations should take in concert those particularly stressed were in the field of foreign in vestments trade and currency regulations a con certed instead of a bilateral approach to these ques tions would mean that the allies recognize that eco nomic as well as political security is indivisible the f.p.a méxico la formacién de una nacién by hubert herring mexico city ediciones minerva av hidalgo 11 1943 pesos 2.50 50 el nuevo imperialismo econémico aleman by ernest s hediger mexico city ediciones minerva av hidalgo 11 1943 pesos 2.50 50 these two booklets are authorized spanish editions of previous foreign policy association publications the first of hubert herring’s headline book on mexico the second of two foreign policy reports june 1 and august 15 1942 by ernest s hediger on nazi exploitation of oc cupied europe the translation is excellent the presenta tion handsome and the booklets can profitably be used to gether with the original texts for advanced spanish study us foreign policy shield of the republic by walter lippmann boston little brown company an at lantic monthly press book 1943 1.50 through careful reasoning mr lippmann reaches the same conclusion arrived at by mr willkie through emo tion he points out that the united states has never suc teeded ih staying out of wars that overflowed the boun daries of europe and urges the formation by this country fa nuclear alliance with britain russia and china as the basis of a world organization that might maintain law and order after the war pacific charter our destiny in asia by hallett abend new york doubleday doran 1943 2.50 a popular survey of the problems of freedom in war and post war asia combined with some of the author’s personal experiences with japanese diplomacy the world of the four freedoms by sumner welles new york columbia university press 1943 1.75 these addresses of the under secretary of state present the main objectives of america’s foreign policy page three their present military cooperation could then ulti mately be succeeded by economic collaboration for peace in order to emphasize the importance of this point the conference recommended that a permanent organization be set up in the field of food and agri culture to serve as a kind of clearing house of infor mation and advice on both agriculture and nutrition although the conference’s report was admittedly a statement of theories rather than a list of specific measures the attainment of general agreement on some of the basic requirements of such a program should not be under estimated furthermore the en dorsement of the conference’s suggestions by the u.s.s.r offers a new indication in addition to the dissolution of the comintern that stalin wants to cooperate with the allies after the war with such as surances as these the united nations should be able to proceed to their next step that of drawing up practical plans for achieving their post war goals then will come the real test of the ability of the united nations to work together on peacetime problems winifred n hadsel bookshelf america russia and the communist party in the postwar world by john l childs and george s counts new york john day 1943 1.25 this small book prepared under the auspices of the commission on education and the postwar world of the american federation of teachers comes to the conclusion that post war cooperation between the united states and the u.s.s.r is not only desirable but practicahle pro vided that the american communist party is dissolved and the u.s.s.r repudiates the communist international while the united states for its part assumes a responsible role in world affairs and corrects domestic conditions that have served the propaganda purposes of american com munists peace plans and american choices by arthur c mills paugh washington brookings 1943 1.00 the pros and cons of various peace plans ranging from the concept of the american century to participation by the united states in various forms of international organization are succinctly presented but without any attempt to analyze specific plans and proposals the great offensive the strategy of coalition warfare by max werner new york viking 1942 3.00 a military expert whose reputation has stood the test of prediction presents a brilliant analysis of the german soviet war the war in the atlantic and pacific and the strategy of united nations coalition one world by wendell l willkie new york simon and schuster 1943 2.00 the former republican presidential candidate discovers the oneness of the modern world with all the freshness and enthusiasm of a new experience and succeeds in viv idly communicating his conviction that the united states must participate as a partner with other nations in the srand adventure of post war reconstruction foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 34 june 11 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dororuy f lest secretary vera michetes dean editor entered as cond class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one month for change of address on membership publications three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year bw iss produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter june 11 the cause of international collabora tion won a notable triumph in the senate on june 2 when that body adopted the bill to renew the re ciprocal trade agreements act for a period of two years by a vote of 59 to 23 failing any action as yet on the ball resolution or any of the other proposals now pending before the senate foreign relations committee which would commit that chamber to favoring international collaboration by the united states the vote on the trade agreements act is the nearest approach the senate has made to expressing its views on post war foreign policy the house had already passed the bill on may 13 by the even more overwhelming vote of 342 to 65 so the measure went to president roosevelt for his signature exactly ten days before the act would have expired and was signed by the president on june 7 a roosevelt innovation the reciprocal trade agreements act represents the contribution of the roosevelt administration to the tariff history of the united states in the past it had been cus tomary for a new administration on coming to power to repeal the existing tariff law and replace it with a new one drafted according to its own views thus the democratic administrations of grover cleveland in 1890 and woodrow wilson in 1913 proceeded to enact so called tariffs for revenue only in place of the high protective schedules of their republican predecessors but precedent was not observed in this as in other respects when the roosevelt administration took office in 1933 the existing smoot hawley tariff law was permitted to remain on the statute books despite the fact that this high water mark of pro tectionism was generally regarded by economists as a major impediment to recovery from the financial and economic collapse that shook the world between 1929 and 1932 the power to alter tariff schedules however was delegated by congress to the presi dent who was authorized to cut existing rates as much as 50 per cent in return for concessions by foreign governments under this unique method of making tariffs agreements with twenty seven nations have been con cluded in the nine years of the program’s existence while opinions differ as to the economic benefits the united states has derived from the measure it is significant that the renewal of the act was advo cated before congressional committees by spokes men both of the u.s chamber of commerce and or ganized labor the new legislation has also elim for victory inated the log rolling scandals of congressio tariff making and more than one republican sena during the debate openly admitted that he ho never to see the return of those bad old days a victory for mr hull originally adopt ed in 1934 for a period of three years the present act has since been renewed in 1937 and 1940 for a similar length of time on these previous occa sions it had been opposed almost unanimously by the republicans it was consequently feared that when the bill came up for renewal this year in the 78th congress it would either fail of passage or be so emasculated as to become worthless these predictions were not realized the bill a it emerged from congress was changed in only one important respect and that not a particularly dam aging one namely the reduction of the renewal period from three years to two but all amendments that the administration regarded as crippling such as the proposal to require congressional ap proval for all trade agreements concluded under the act were rejected the hardest fight centered on an amendment offered by senator danaher whic would have authorized congress to terminate any agreement six months after the cessation of the wat this amendment was actually accepted by the senate finance committee by an 11 to 10 vote but was subsequently thrown out in the senate by the decisive vote of 51 to 33 it is a hopeful augury that on the final vote ia both houses a majority of the republicans rallied to the support of the bill in the senate the republi cans voted 18 to 14 for it and in the house the party went 145 to 52 in its favor the final passage of the bill represented a great personal victory for mr hull consistent proponent of the reciprocal trade program even opponents of the bill like sena tor taft openly admitted that under his direction it has been wisely administered from the moment the fight in congress to obtain the prolongation of the act began last april mr hull has insisted that the attitude congress took concerning this measure would determine whether the united states was ready t cooperate for peace and security in the post wat world the decisive votes by which the act has beet renewed by both houses of congress should givt some reassurance to our allies who wonder whethet this country will revert to a policy of isolation afte the war as it so disastrously attempted to do afte 1919 john elliott buy united states war bonds you xxii allies the clos where inxiously t from the c temper of t whose aid vasion in qwaits the to be far n future of t coming na it has le md strain emper of y changed has it chan dominant n or of rev ind practic wutbreak of did not pre disapp while no where so tal trends midst of si ben endur mntinent force of those who they had is flons have mere fact c those who atquiescenc fellow citiz for the ben proletarian munists co +a uu ites ion pe ov her on a elds are hile heit ing hey pet is is ad that atin for this nace ntly onds lity 1eri ords ar john the suffi ould a sia igor fac rity ational le t york ann arbor mich yr willian w bisho entered as 2nd clag gnatter university of wichizan library foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxi no 34 june 12 1942 u.s naval air victories reflect new tactics he important but not decisive naval success scored near midway island on june 4 6 by united states forces is bound to have consequences of the greatest import in the strategy of the pacific war if later reports confirm the accuracy of the american communiqués it may be assumed the battle has done much to diminish japan’s naval supremacy in the pacific gained as a consequence of the attack on pearl harbor and the dispersion of the united states navy in other areas behind the screen of its sea superiority japan had been able to transport and sup ply its forces in southeast asia with little danger japan’s strategic plan thwarted the midway island action and the subsequent clash in the aleutian zone must be viewed as portions of japan’s over all strategic plan designed to obtain domination over all the western pacific before com mitting the full weight of its land forces on the con tinent or in australia the japanese high command evidently believed it necessary to strike at the rapid ly growing american naval threat in its rear the first major blow delivered in the battle of the coral sea on may 4 9 now appears to have been aimed not only at interruption of the american supply route to australia but also at diversion of american naval strength to the southern pacific the second signal ized by bombing and reconnaissance raids on dutch harbor on june 3 was correctly regarded by our high command as a feint to draw off our air and naval forces to the north had this elaborate maneu ver achieved success the way would have been clear for the japanese task force including battleships and troop transports to capture our outpost at mid way island and thus obtain a jumping off point for an attack on the citadel of american power in hawaii from the press statement issued by admiral ernest j king commander in chief of the united states fleet on june 7 it is evident that the american forces were too scattered to prevent a complete united states triumph in the midway engagement but by admirable intelligence work scouting and combat tactics the japanese plan of campaign has been thwarted and the americans have gained a sig nificant defensive victory in this battle as in most of the previous naval en gagements in the pacific since december 7 the primary role appears to have been played by the car rier bas2d air power of the navy operating in con junction with land based army and marine corps planes thus even in the largest ocean where the pre war blue water fleets were expected to go into action beyond the range of air forces operating from the shore the aerial weapon has assumed predom inant importance the midway encounter indicates that the american navy has made the adjustment to a revolution in naval tactics every bit as drastic as the tactical changes embodied by the blitzkrieg of air and mechanized forces on land today the capital ship has lost its once unsurpassed hitting power and invulnerability its greatest assets to newer combat types and must therefore assume a subsidiary posi tion in maritime warfare the bomber and the tor pedo craft submarine destroyer torpedo bombing plane and motor torpedo boat are now the offensive core of the modern fleet for they strike with the greatest speed stealth and range either above or be low the strong over water belt of side armor which protects the older naval vessel vulnerable though it is the aircraft carrier together with cruisers and destroyers now forms the carrier striking force which is delivering the modern naval attack our new carrier navy in the six months since the assault on pearl harbor when our capital ship force was partially crippled by japanese air power much progress has been made in reshaping the american navy to meet these new war condi tions the navy department's extreme reluctance to reveal its own losses which many observers believe is carried to excessive lengths precludes any attempt to estimate accurately the size and com sition of our forces today it is possible however tu forecast the nature of the fleet now under construction under the two ocean naval appropriations and subsequent authorizations the building of capital ships no longer enjoys top priority except for those units al ready in an advanced stage the greatest energy is now being devoted to the completion of an expanded aircraft carrier program on december 7 1941 seven carriers were in service and eleven under construc tion and numbers of uncompleted merchant ships and cruisers have been or are being converted into carriers on june 3 moreover the house of repre sentatives received from its naval affairs committee a bill to authorize the construction of 1,900,000 addi tional tons of combat ships 500,000 tons of which would be aircraft carriers a figure representing about 25 vessels of the size hitherto favored by our naval officials meanwhile congress is also acting on other pro posals to meet the navy’s pressing needs about 120 submarines are to be built at high speed to supple ment those already with the fleet or on the ways in an obvious effort to increase the effectiveness of our undersea operations against japanese maritime com munications in the western pacific the navy will also be given appropriations to build buy or convert 500,000 tons of auxiliary ships to be used in con nection with the submarine program undoubtedly as servicing craft for long range submarines the 1,900,000 ton authorization act mentioned above also provides for 500,000 tons of cruisers and 900,000 page two tons of destroyers and escort vessels but no battle ships this bill which alone should add 500 fighting ships to the fleet is not to be confused with the pre war two ocean program whose first destroyers and submarines will be commissioned in about six months and which it is now hoped will be completed ip all categories in 1944 in addition 800 small coastal vessels are to be built under pending legislation fo defense against enemy submarines by a construction program unparalleled in histoy the navy is therefore preparing not only to modern ize its forces but to expand them to a point where they may be able simultaneously to engage a number of enemies on several distant fronts signs are mul tiplying however that the navy's most pressing problem at the moment continues to be the axis sub marine campaign in american waters despite a num ber of reassuring statements from washington while submarine operations close to our eastern sea board have for the time being ceased they are still effective in the gulf and caribbean region and the toll of sinkings reported since january 14 has réached 261 without fuller information than is now avail able it is impossible to verify charges that inflexible adherence to routine methods has prevented greater success in the defense against this critical danger ye the adjustment in planning combat and construction which is slowly but surely being made in our broader naval strategy must be duplicated in our submarine defense system unless this is done we may find that attacks on our inadequately guarded sea communica tions will rob us of the fruits of our preparation for victorious warfare overseas davin h popper u.s weighs its policy toward finland as the nazis increased their pressure at both ends of the soviet german front in the leningrad mur mansk region in the north and at sevastopol in the crimea the informational fog that had settled down over the eastern battlefront was momentarily lifted while the nazis have not yet made the direct attack on russia’s southern defenses long anticipated by military observers they appear determined to disrupt russia’s supply line through murmansk and arch angel plans for such an operation which would have to be based on finnish karelia were highlighted by for an analysis of the nazi drain on occupied europe computed at 4 2 billion dollars a year re nazi exploitation of occupied europe by ernest s hediger 25c june 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 the visit hitler paid the finnish field marshal von mannerheim on june 5 on the occasion of the mart shal’s seventy fifth birthday apparently in an effort to enlist all out aid by finland in the nazi cam paign against russia u.s policy toward finland hitlers visit severely tested the policy this country has hither to followed toward finland the united states showed great sympathy unaccompanied by concrett aid for the finns during the soviet finnish wat of 1939 40 when russia seemed aligned with get many against the western powers this attitude changed materially when finland resumed war with russia in 1941 following invasion of the ussr now many americans feel that finland has definitely thrown in its lot with germany and should be treated as hitler's ally on the same basis as hungary ru mania and bulgaria against all three of which the united states declared war on june 5 until recently however the state department ha acted on the assumption that finland was fighting russia not in order to aid germany but merely a recov treaty war t force since to cot to ma influe mean non e the f from face s prefe unite ment helsi prise june tain gree tions the gern of th atten contr pred fatec confl majo russ ment tsar merl achie befo final dom for finn cipit finr cont of v lin base justi lanc mar tion in r ng re ind tal for on th ere ul ing ub ea till hed ail ble ater hat 1ca for von ar fort am er's het ates rete wal 5et ude vith sr tely ated ru the ting y recover the territory it had lost under the moscow treaty of 1940 which brought the first soviet finnish war to a close washington has been reluctant to force finland into an alliance with hitler especially since it is known that many finns notably the social democrats and the trade union groups are opposed to continuance of war with russia and would like to make peace if they could only shake off german influence finland’s dependence on germany has meanwhile been increased by its isolation from the non european world which makes it necessary for the finns to obtain essential supplies notably wheat from areas of europe under nazi control or else face starvation the elements in finland who would prefer peace with russia need concrete aid from the united nations not merely warnings to the govern ment if they are to resist hitler confronted by intensification of nazi pressure on helsinki which apparently took many finns by sur prise secretary of state hull warned the finns on june 6 that this country is watching closely to ascer tain whether hitler’s visit will lead to a greater de gree of finnish cooperation against the united na tions this visit mr hull declared in a statement to the press is a deliberate ruse on the part of the germans to compromise finland further in the eyes of the anti axis world and a cover for the desperate attempt of hitler to induce finland to make further contributions to axis military campaigns finland between two fires finland’s predicament reveals the difficulties of small nations fated by their geographic position to live between conflicting great powers there is little doubt that the majority of finns have resented russian rule and russian influence not merely since the establish ment of the soviet government but since 1809 when tsarist russia obtained control over finland for metly a province of sweden when the finns achieved their independence in the spring of 1917 before the bolshevik revolution in russia they were finally determined to uproot every vestige of russian domination once and for all under the circumstances russia's demands in 1939 for rectification of frontiers and cession of bases on finnish territory whose rejection by helsinki pre cipitated the soviet finnish war appeared to the finns as a fresh attempt by russia to establish its control over their country yet from the russian point of view these demands seemed legitimate the krem lin feared that germany would seek to use finnish bases for an attack on the soviet union a suspicion justified by subsequent events but the fact that fin land fears russia does not mean that it likes ger many or wants to exchange former russian domina tion for that of the reich the finns dilemma is that in resisting the encroachments of one of their neigh page three f.p.a radio schedule subject religion and the coming peace speaker dr george n shuster president hunter college member fpa board of directors date sunday june 14 time 12 12 15 p.m e.w.t over blue network for station please consult your local news paper bors they frequently find it necessary to accept aid unwelcome as it may be from the other russia’s territorial claims during the negotiations conducted for the past few weeks by soviet representatives in london and washington regarding post war settlements moscow is reported to have indicated that after the war it would seek control in some form or other of the baltic states estonia latvia and lithuania and would want to obtain from finland certain strategic bases and islands regarded as essential for the defense of len ingrad these demands raise baffling problems for the united states and britain which in the atlantic charter pledged themselves to restore the indepen dence of conquered countries will they while de manding restoration of an independent poland and czechoslovakia acquiesce in the occupation by rus sia of the baltic states and of key points in finland irrespective of the wishes of the populations or will internal revolutions meanwhile have altered the views of the inhabitants of these territories so far washington has taken the view that the united nations do not seek territorial aggrandize ment and that adjustment of disputed territorial questions should be postponed until after the war thus seeking to avoid the kind of wartime com mitments that the allies made in the secret treaties of 1914 18 at the same time it is already clear that if russia does succeed in defeating germany it will be in a position to decide the fate of eastern europe with or without the acquiescence of britain and the united states would russia in the event of victory wish to preserve the goodwill of the western powers and exercise self restraint in its territorial claims the answer to this question will depend in large part on the extent of responsibility that the united states may be ready to assume after the war for the policing and reconstruction of europe for only if the european continent through federation or other form of political and economic reorganiza tion is assured some measure of stability and secur ity would it be possible for both germany and rus sia eventually to lay aside their mutual fears and suspicions and thus in turn alleviate the anxieties of the small states that lie between them these small states for their part would have to learn that they can best contribute to the stability and security of the continent by curbing their sometimes excessive na tionalism developed as a reaction against the cen turies old efforts of their neighbors to germanize british bombings demonstrate growing allied air strength the recent british bombing raids on western ger many unprecedented in their intensity and the rela tively weak defense presented by the nazis have been interpreted by some observers especially in the united states as a definite turning point in the war while it is patently dangerous to assume that the germans have lost much of their vaunted and proven striking power the r.a.f has demonstrated that allied air strength is now great enough to take the offensive on a major scale effect of raids on six nights between may 30 and june 6 the british sent more than 7,000 planes over nazi europe and dropped 3,000 tons of bombs on cologne 1,000 tons on the ruhr valley and smaller amounts on german port cities and in stallations in the occupied zones eight square miles or about one twelfth of the metropolitan area of cologne was laid in ruins and damage inflicted on railway yards docks and factories producing chem icals synthetic rubber and aircraft and submarine engines less specific claims have been made regard ing the effect of the raids on the crowded ruhr in dustrial region 40 miles long and 15 miles wide which before the war accounted for 65 percent of germany's coal production and 75 per cent of its iron steel and munitions in these raids the british employed on a larger scale the bombing pattern tried on luebeck and ros tov until the end of 1941 the r.a.f attempted to hit specific targets of high military importance air craft factories aluminum works synthetic oil plants and rail centers experience proved that such attacks by precision bombing were ineffectual leading the british to shift to area bombing which calls for the intensive pounding of a specified sector in the ex pectation that at least some of the missiles will de stroy communications disrupt industrial operations and hit important plants whether the r.a.f will be able to continue strik ing at germany city by city as prime minister winston churchill has promised depends on several factors one is the continued delivery of bombing planes from the united states as a result of the visit of captain oliver lyttelton british minister of pro duction to washington this country’s plane industry was assigned under a combined production planning scheme announced on june 7 to concentrate on bombing craft these planes must have a long range page four es or russify the non german and non russian popula tions of eastern europe vera micheles dean if the air offensive is to succeed for besides the ip dustrial centers in the rhine ruhr area the nag possess considerable arms production facilities jg bavaria czechoslovakia and silesia apparently th have moved some plants from the west to these mo sheltered sites since the war began from british aig bases it is 250 to 350 miles to cologne and the ruhr but two or three times farther to the eastern objec tives the germans with bases only 25 miles from britain still enjoy the advantage of proximity nor should it be assumed that the german indus trial machine is surpassed by the allies according to an american estimate of may 1942 war produc tion in the reich continues at an annual level of 45 billion although it does not seem to be increasing vou with the 10 billion contribution of the satellite betwe states in europe the axis enjoys a distinct superiority states over britain with 20 billion output and the soviet union with perhaps 15 billion as the united states arms output passes the yearly rate of 36 billion it is able to send increasing quantities of matériel to the european war fronts it should be remembered how ever that we are still using a considerable part of our energy in building plants to make arms and ships to transport them and that we must provision the far eastern forces as well as britain and russia strategically the british raids constitute at least a partial reply to the russians demands for a west ern front they reduce the quantity of matériel which might be employed in the ukraine or crimea and they may compel the nazis to rush squadrons of de fensive aircraft from the russian battlelines the aerial attacks may also be considered as part of the preliminary process of softening up the enemy’s de fenses in western europe in preparation for an in vasion of the continent the debarkation of a large american army contingent in northern ireland in mid may was interpreted in some quarters as a move to free britain's home forces for action presumably across the english channel while general george c marshall chief of staff of the united states army suggested in an address at west point on may 29 that our troops would join in an assault on naz held europe while these plans may be unfulfilled for weeks or months they bolster allied morale and give new hope to the peoples of the occupied countries louis e frechtling foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 34 june 12 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y 1942 secretary vera micueres dean editor davin h popper associate editor n y under the act of march 3 1879 a three dollars a year published weekly by the foreign policy association frank ross mccoy president witttam p mappox assistant to the president dorotuy f lest entered as second class matter december 2 incorporated national 2 1921 at the post office at new york produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year sent é both comp of pr purel it be main agret sumr al treat eign mol objer total two the and on t ance atte the nuc wort c tion aff sup clat bee tun of tea urs 19 fur +jun 22 1943 entered as 2nd class matter euerai lid ary 4 renionie brak jnive t cow cane y of michie ann arbo michto secolean at oat mm foreign policy budbe opt sent an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association for foreign policy association incorporated by 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y hat you xxii no 35 june 18 1948 the tbe allies must reckon with profound changes in europe’s temper la the closer the allies come to making a dent some so short a time property as a source of power may one where in the fortress of europe the more have become extinct in the conquered countries lam suxiously they scan every scrap of news that comes although not of course for the nazi conquerors wal ftom the continent in the hope of discovering the just as the possession of ancient titles became extinct ents temper of the men and women in occupied countries as a source of power in france after the revolution ng whose aid is essential for the success of allied in of 1789 the ravages of nazi occupation threaten to ap jwasion in a very profound sense the moral test that wipe out the middle class from top to bottom as the awaits the allies upon landing in europe promises the french revolution laid low the monarchy and n an be far more searching and more decisive for the aristocracy under these circumstances some form hich future of the world than the military test of over of collective economy whatever may be its political any coming nazi resistance label appears far more likely in europe after the war war it has long been surmised that under the stress than the immediate restoration of private property natejind strain of war and prolonged occupation the and may in fact offer the only alternative to sheer was temper of europe’s conquered peoples has profound anarchy isive y changed from that of 1939 but to what extent intangibles gain new weight but has it changed and in what direction is the pre while the importance of material possessions has te in dominant mood that of revolt against the nazi yoke thus gone down sharply in the scales with which lied or of revolt at the same time against the ideas europeans measure life today the importance of ubli jind practices of the world we had known before the intangible qualities loyalty integrity courage has thé utbreak of the war and which fostered or at least been going up the liberated peoples who have been ssage did not prevent international conflict subjected to terrible privations of mind and body y for disappearance of private property will not welcome restoration of political influence rocal sena on it it the f the it the vould dy to st wal beet give af ott 2s while no one can hazard a trustworthy opinion where so little direct information is available sev tal trends may already be detected in europe in the midst of suffering and terror such as have seldom len endured in history by the population of a whole ntinent values that were familiar and accepted by force of habit before 1939 have been revalued those who at one time exercised influence because hey had inherited or accumulated material posses sions have been shorn of this influence through the mere fact of being dispossessed by the nazis while acquiescence have become necessarily suspect to their ttllow citizens by looting the conquered countries for the benefit of the nazi war machine hitler has ptoletarianized europe in a way in which the com munists could not have dreamed to be possible in teh who did retain their possessions through nazi aftet based solely on possession of property but neither will they tolerate a naked steuggle for personal power among those of their leaders who through the accident of fate or their own choice are now living outside europe this was the meaning of the manifesto issued in algiers on june 13 by the twenty six communist deputies escaped from france who deprecated the continued controversies between de gaulle and giraud voiced opposition to attempts by any one man to play the role of military dictator and stressed the spirit of sacrifice that animates those frenchmen who valiantly continue their unequal struggle at home against the nazi conquerors the europeans so far as can be discovered have no de sire to go back to the parliamentary bickerings and governmental vacillations of the pre war period but neither do they want to replace hitler’s dictatorship by that of a native dictator no matter how patriotic his motives the moral crisis through which we are all passing or about to pass in varying degrees inevitably raises the question of why again and again so wide a gap occurs between popular intuition and aspiration and the actual ormance of political leaders it is understandable that all human beings who assume political responsibility should falter at one time or another through lack of vision or lack of courage or merely through fatigue but while such falter ings may be unimportant or even hardly noticeable in time of peace in critical periods like this they constitute a betrayal of the pitiful the heartrending trust that people tend to place in those who claim the privilege of leading them in a totalitarian state the leader can be arbitrary changeable violent utterly indifferent to human misery and survive because he brooks no opposition in a democratic society those who want to exercise political power can do so only at the risk of being constantly checked and scrutinized today all peoples torn between hope united nations relief agreement stresses common effort the proposed establishment announced on june 10 of a central agency to be known as the united nations relief and rehabilitation administration unrra marks a positive step toward the creation of the first joint organization of all the united nations and their associated powers this should be an answer to people who have long complained that positive joint action was not forth coming and that the title united nations re mained merely a phrase at the same time this ac tion is in line with the policy of gradualness known to be favored by president roosevelt a policy of solving specific problems according to existing needs rather than launching at once a political organization of the united nations the draft agreement establishing unrra drawn up through consultation between the united states britain russia and china is now being circulated to all the united nations and associated powers it will form the basis for discussion by an international con ference which is expected to be held in the united states later this summer america's foreign policies past and present 25 this latest headline book tells the fascinating story of america’s growth and traces the historical conflict between cooperation and isolation which has waxed and waned throughout our history order from foreign policy association 22 east 38th st new york 16 n.y and cynicism are more than ever on the watch fy possible betrayal of high professions by democraj statesmen now that every move made by the united natiog leaders is a matter of life and death not only for thy armies assembling on the periphery of europe by even more so for those within europe we are face by the supreme test of fulfilling the hopes placg in us by the conquered peoples it is historically try as pope pius xii declared on june 13 to an aujj ence of 25,000 workers assembled in rome from qj parts of italy that social revolution does not bring in its immediate wake at least salvation and justice but the progressive and prudent evolution urged by the pope as the alternative will require the high est quality of statesmanship on the part of the unite nations and a continent steeped in blood and suffering may not have the patience necessary fj evolution unless the allied leaders can give peoples implicit faith in the future vera micheles dean all the nations that become members of unrr4 are to be represented on the policy making coundl between sessions of the council a central committe composed of the united states britain russia ani china is to carry on the work upon the motion of the central committee the council is to select director general the director general and his staf aided by a standing committee on supply will hav the task of dealing with the practical problems 0 food clothing and shelter as well as public healt and repatriation which are already worse than criti cal and will demand prompt remedy as more and more territory is reclaimed from the axis size of the problem the telief crisis in volving as it does all europe and asia far exceets that which confronted the american relief admin istration headed by mr hoover at the end of world war i nothing comparable to the present resettle ment problem existed in 1919 and by the time world war ii is over the period of general malnv trition will have been more prolonged than in 1914 1918 a delay of several months such as then ut avoidably ensued for want of sufficient advantt planning before effective aid was given to europt would be disastrous at this juncture the fact tha people can be neither patient reasonable nor pe litically effective without the minimum decencies life needs no emphasis unless immediate and w9 ible support on the part of the victors is forthcomisy on the morrow of liberation one can expect wide spread breakdown in the form of political ape open antagonism and even renewed strife not ofl locally but throughout the old world morec to begin famine reconqueé be ours therefore of relief structed time wh tion is u mut tant to rf europe expected santa c hoped tt coming gram en internati tration specifica each of their los the wor fleets of expect t and to lease py for a co moscow hough straig vineing ciated p obtainins the issue africa the last lated genne this s anything men and selves ar cordell city the re been ste cording plans fo john 1943 in the presenta jects is foreign headquarte second clas one month a 1 fa tati mutter ia and ion of lect staff l have ms oi health n crit re and sis if xceeds dmin world esettle e time malnu 1 1914 en ut dvanct burope ct that 10f pe cies ol nd wi coming t wid apathy ot oni ee moreover we cannot wait for the end of the war to begin the work of relief the stark reality of famine and privation must be met step by step as reconquest proceeds the fate of italy’s people may be ours to decide in a few weeks or months it is therefore a hopeful sign that the necessary machinery of relief and rehabilitation is being seasonably con structed so that the united nations may learn in time what to do before the full crisis of reconstruc tion is upon us mutual aid not charity it is impor tant to realize particularly in the united states that europe is not asking for.charity this country is not expected as some would have us believe to play santa claus to a hungry world indeed while it is hoped that this country will have a major part in the coming reconstruction the very essence of the pro gtam envisaged in the draft agreement is that it is international in character the expenses of adminis tration and the burden of dispensing relief are specifically to be shared according to the ability of each of the participating nations the dutch despite their losses are still among the wealthy nations of the world they and the norwegians still control fleets of merchant ships they and other nations expect to pay in money or goods for what they get and to contribute what they can as with the lend lease program a project has been created calling for a common effort in the interest of all the f.p.a moscow dateline 1941 1943 by henry c cassidy boston houghton mifflin 1943 3.00 straightforward and for that reason particularly con vincing account of the war years in russia by the asso ciated press correspondent in moscow who succeeded in obtaining personal letters from stalin stating his views on the issue of the second front and on the campaign in north africa gives a vivid picture of life in wartime moscow the last days of sevastopol by boris voyetekhov trans lated from the russian by ralph parker and v m genne new york knopf 1943 2.50 this small grippingly written book conveys better than anything yet published the temper of russia’s fighting men and women and the quality of their faith in them selves and in their own country cordell hull a biography by harold b hinton garden city doubleday 1942 3.00 the record of an american secretary of state who has been steadfast rather than showy acting constantly ac cording to his reasoned belief in democratic decencies plans for world peace through six centuries by sylvester john hemleben chicago university of chicago press 1943 2.50 in the present search for durable peace this succinct presentation of the history of pre league of nations pro jects is of interest page three nor is the program of relief and rehabilitation expected to last indefinitely no plan for the perma nent sustenance of one part of mankind at the ex pense of the rest could possibly be carried through the purpose of the present agreement is to create machinery by which unrra could help devastated countries to help themselves so as to restore normal living and normal trade as soon as possible to make this feasible is the responsibility of the people who still have resources at their command in a world where so many have been reduced to a neat starva tion level no infringement of sovereignty the relief and rehabilitation organization does not constitute a super government the draft agreement expressly provides that where military operations still continue or where military necessity may tfe quire its activities will be subject to military control the precise relationship of unrra to the govern ments of the nations in need of relief once these governments have administrative authority over their territories will have to be determined in each case through negotiations with tact and statesmanship according to the local situation and the temper of the people if this pattern of joint enterprise is tried out and found workable it may well set a standard for later and more extensive cooperation among the united nations sherman s hayden bookshelf this is the enemy by frederick oechsner with joseph w grigg jack m fleischer glen m stadler clinton b conger boston little brown 1942 3.00 examples of the vivid writing good journalists do under stress denny in prison camps seeing every cruelty yet picking out certain decencies in the enemy beattie freely passing through gay and bitter days of war’s beginning never missing news values lear in south america to check nazi activity passenger on a plane forced down in the desert making an unforgettable story out of the fight against thirst and fatigue oechsner and his fellow internees in germany after america went into the war carefully analyzing the nazi régime out of their accumu lated experiences these correspondents give the kind of information the public wants to read mother russia by maurice hindus new york doubleday doran 1948 3.50 rambling and overlong account of russia in the throes of war the best parts of which as might be expected from the author of broken earth and humanity uprooted are the sketches of individuals especially peasants he en countered during his trip last winter the philippines calling by louis c cornish philadelphia dorrance 1942 2.00 description of the history and work of the independent church a protestant body in the philippines foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 35 junge 18 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y franxk ross mccoy president dorotuy f lust secretary vera micugtes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one month for change of address on membership publications three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor mn washington news letter june 18 the news of the fall of pantelleria outer bastion of the kingdom of italy in the medi terranean was used by president roosevelt on june 11 as an occasion to summon the italian people to overthrow mussolini and the fascist party the president said that the acts of the fascist régime did not actually represent the italian people and prom ised the italians that once german domination had ended and the fascist régime had been thrown out of office it was the intention of the united nations to see to it that italy resumed its place as a respected member of the european family of nations in making this statement president roosevelt was following the policy of woodrow wilson in world war i of going over the head of an enemy govern ment and appealing directly to its people that the american and british governments have agreed on a common policy with regard to italy is indicated by the fact that mr roosevelt's bid for a revolt of the italians against their black shirted masters consti tuted an emphatic endorsement of a similar plea made by churchill at the white house on may 25 no immediate italian uprising fore seen it is not likely however that this campaign of psychological warfare now being waged by the americans and the british will be crowned with im mediate success it is of course true that the italian people do not have their heart in this war they were led into it by mussolini in june 1940 when it seemed that italy to use mr churchill’s phrase could pick up an empire on the cheap since then the italians have been sadly disillu sioned their african empire has been completely liquidated their war casualties according to official italian estimates are placed at 633,251 their cities are now being destroyed by allied air armadas their navy has been reduced in size by about 50 per cent and what little military prestige italy enjoyed has been entirely dissipated nevertheless few in washington believe that there is much possibility of a spontaneous popular uprising in italy against mussolini twenty years of fascist rule and propaganda have virtually eliminated all opposition and the dreaded secret police ovra sees to it that the italian masses remain in a state of political passivity there is little doubt that the italians would like to get out of the war but they do not know how to extricate themselves from their plight this is what archbishop spellman is reported to have told the exiled governments in london when for victory he arrived there in may after his visit to vatican city the italians would probably be ready to surrender unconditionally to the americans and british but they claim to be afraid of what the russians the yugoslays and greeks will do to them if they lay down their arms back in february virginio gayda mussolini's journalistic mouthpiece intimated in giornale d'italia that italy could under certain circumstances consider making a separate peace with britain or the united states but never with russia two schools of thought on italy in washington opinion is sharply divided as to the advisability of getting italy out of the war an influential school of thought in the state depart ment and the army advocates leaving italy to stew in her own juice members of this group argue that italy is both a military and an economic liability to germany which must supply its ally with 12,000,000 tons of coal a year sent across the brenner pass in trains that the badly bombed transportation system of the reich can ill spare it is pointed out that if italy yielded the allies would be faced with the obligation of sending food and coal to the peninsula and that these shipments would place an additional strain on the limited shipping facilities of the united nations thereby hampering future invasion opera tions against the continent moreover it is contended that italy is useless as a base for military operations against the reich because the alps are an almost insuperable barrier between germany and italy the other school of thought retorts that occupa tion of italy would open immense strategic possi bilities to the allies its members stress the fact that the adriatic ports offer a gateway to the balkans and that northern italy would provide excellent bases from which to bomb the industrial cities of southern germany which can be reached now only with difficulty by british and american bombers but the psychological consequences of italy's capit ulation would far exceed the military gains great as these are according t this school it argues that the defection of italy would mark the first break in the axis front and would therefore produce an effect comparable to the surrender of bulgaria in world war i the hoisting of the white flag by the nation in which fascism was born would deal a ter rific blow to nazi morale and would be regarded by the germans and their satellite states as the har binger of their own impending doom john elliott buy united states war bonds sir at general lithgow n military a ain's top governme tice that t considerat templates uation uf been succ new the new in octobe india’s w his succes direct res against j arate eas announce ment is m bined op british ar units wi the in will be tc october f wrest con and for which wi the rang these las and salw n0 possib british tri last two tunisia ltranean +dus ling duc 45 llite rity v1et ates it is the ow t of hips the ssia least est hich and de the the de 1 in arge d in nove ably orge tates may jazi 1 for give ties 1g el ational lest york ur willian y entered as 2nd class matter bishop univers ao de vy nichtcay libra aa awd r ann arbor hes y ae 2 ch e 0 an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vo xxi no 35 june 19 1942 russian pacts set stage for post war collaboration washington june 15 the understandings between britain and russia and between the united states and russia announced on june 11 repre sent a far reaching step on the road toward winning both the war and the peace to follow with the completion of these understandings the discussion of post war reconstruction hitherto regarded as a purely academic pursuit is placed squarely where it belongs in the realm of practical politics the main features of the anglo soviet and u.s soviet agreements concerned solely with europe may be summarized as follows anglo soviet alliance the twenty year treaty signed on may 26 in london by british for eign secretary eden and soviet foreign commissar molotov is a full fledged alliance having two major objectives common prosecution of the war until total victory is achieved and collaboration of the two countries with one another as well as with the other united nations at the peace settlement and during the ensuing period of reconstruction on the basis of the atlantic charter while this alli ance can be criticized on the ground that it merely attempts to establish a preponderance of power on the continent against germany it does create a nucleus around which the shattered political frame work of europe might be rebuilt collaboration in war to promote the prosecu tion of the war the two countries undertake to afford one another military and other assistance and support of all kinds against germany and its asso ciates in europe britain like the united states has been sending war material to russia since the au tumn of 1941 in addition mr eden told the house of commons on june 11 a full understanding was teached between the two parties with regard to the urgent tasks of creating a second front in europe in 1942 discussions also took place on the question of further improving the supplies of airplanes tanks and other war material to be sent from great britain to the soviet union the two countries moreover agree not to enter into any negotiations with the nazi government or any other government in germany that does not clearly renounce all aggres sive intentions collaboration in peace the two countries also proclaim their desire to unite with other like minded states in adopting proposals for common action to preserve peace and resist aggression in the post war period pending adoption of such pro sals britain and russia declare that after termina tion of hostilities they will take all measures in their power to render impossible the repetition of aggression and violation of peace by germany and its associates and will give each other all military and other support and assistance in case of german attack on either of them this pledge of mutual assistance is to remain in force until it has been su perseded by proposals for common action to preserve peace in default of the adoption of such proposals the pledge shall remain in force for twenty years and thereafter until terminated by either party principles of post war reconstruction looking ahead to post war reconstruction britain and russia agree to work together in close and friendly col laboration after re establishment of peace for the organization of security and economic prosperity in europe in performing this task they will take into account the interests of the united nations in these objects and will act in accordance with the two principles set forth in the atlantic charter of not seeking territorial aggrandizement for them selves and of non interference in the affairs of other nations they also undertake to render each other all possible economic assistance after the war and not to conclude any alliance or take part in any coalition directed against the other no territorial commitments the reference in the anglo soviet treaty to the principles of the at lantic charter represents a statesmanlike compromise between the views of russia on the one hand britain and the united states on the other russia's demand for recognition during the war of its claims to territorial adjustments at the expense of the baltic states finland and rumania presented by stalin to eden last autumn had created a difficult problem for britain and the united states while the british hard pressed on many fronts and sorely in need of russia's aid had thought that it might prove politi cally necessary to acquiesce in moscow’s demands president roosevelt was adamant in adhering to the principles of the atlantic charter the possibil ity of a clash on this issue was averted during the london negotiations in which mr winant ameri can ambassador to britain fresh from consultations with president roosevelt participated as a result the territorial issue was not specifically treated in london and was not even raised during the wash ington negotiations which were concerned primar ily with the military problems of opening a second front in europe and speeding deliveries of war ma terial to the soviet union u.s aid to russia while the united states by june 1 had fulfilled its 1941 commitments of war material for russia it has now taken two steps to expand such aid in the future first the united states on june 11 concluded a master lend lease agreement with russia patterned on agreements previously signed with great britain and the re public of china and ten other countries an important point in this agreement as in other similar compacts is that in the final determina tion of benefits to be provided to the united states by the u.s.s.r ful cognizance shall be taken of all property services information facili ties or other benefits or considerations that the u.s.s.r may furnish under this heading could be included any information the soviet government may find it possible to give regarding its own military operations and war material as well as regarding certain of its industrial processes such as the pro vera micheles dean u.s weighs its policy toward finland foreign policy bulletin june 12 1942 pacific battles alter naval balance as details were published last week on the great naval actions of midway island and the coral sea it became apparent that japanese fleet attacks to the south and east had been completely repulsed while japan’s gains were confined to the occupation of a foothold at the western tip of the aleutian island chain information on the scope and significance of this landing operation is exceedingly meager but united states naval officers have minimized its im portance the way for the japanese maneuver in _pap ssss page two duction of rubber from dandelions another impo tant point is that the u.s soviet lend lease agree ment like that with britain and other countries looks to the expansion of international trade afte the war and its emancipation from pre war restric tions thus clearing the way to far reaching economic collaboration on the part of russia with the united states and other united nations despite existing ideological differences have groun depot dimet force bomb w japat undis the second step which will affect deliveries of wa wort material to russia is the joint victory production program announced on june 7 which had beep elaborated in the course of negotiations in wash ington between donald nelson chairman of the war production board and oliver lyttelton brit ready in th the i news mid ish minister of production under this program occu britain is to concentrate on output of war material requiring detailed craftsmanlike operations for which its industry is peculiarly well adapted such as fighter planes and naval vessels while the united states will devote its efforts primarily to the manu facture of war material requiring mass production such as long range bombers and cargo ships this division of labor in war production opens up inter esting vistas for similar cooperation in time of peace perhaps the most important lesson of the many sided negotiations in london and washington is that only in an atmosphere of mutual trust and re sponsibility is it possible to expect major adjust ments of national interests for the common welfare this atmosphere was created in the case of russia by britain's acceptance of a twenty year alliance in war and peace and by the sympathetic response of both britain and the united states to russia's de mand for a second front in europe and increased deliveries of war material if this feeling of security engendered by willingness to accept international responsibilities can be maintained after the war it might be possible with time to reduce the impor tance of territorial boundaries and whittle down claims advanced in the name of national sovereignty it is also becoming increasingly apparent that any thing the united states can do to promote such 4 feeling of security is a matter not of sentiment but of hard headed self interest vera micheles dean the aleutians was presumably cleared by the light air attacks on our advanced naval air base at dutch harbor on june 3 this coupled with the extreme ly bad weather characteristic of the whole region may have prevented immediate discovery of the small japanese forces which had reached the shores of the almost uninhabited aleutian outposts a land ing has been made at attu 800 miles west of dutch harbor and ships have been observed at kiska in the rat group 200 miles nearer alaska both islands ably ame plan to ol tians japa they statu the kod anc the wes this b not tow att tack stat sucl out on fro strc un par fro wa ma ass are ree ties after tric mic ited ting wat tion ash the brit tam erial for ited anu tion this nter pace any nis 1 re just fare issia e in e of de ased urity onal ir it por lown gnty any ch a but ean light utch eme on the ores and hutch a in ands have rocky bays and inlets and attu may have level ground suitable for a landing field but docks depots and other installations for a base of sizeable dimensions are lacking japan’s supporting naval forces have been pounded by army and navy bombers war in the north pacific although japan's purpose in moving toward the north remains undisclosed a number of possible objectives are worthy of consideration tokyo propaganda has al ready magnified the rather small scale victory in the aleutians perhaps in order to counterbalance the impression produced on the japanese public by news of the loss of two large aircraft carriers off midway island it seems unlikely however that the occupation of attu and kiska will of itself measur ably assist in the invasion of alaska or the north american west coast should such be the japanese plan while the short great circle route from japan to our northwestern states passes close to the aleu tians considerable distances must be covered by the japanese within the fortified american zone before they can approach this country dutch harbor 2,345 statute miles from san francisco must be reduced the resistance of the alaskan naval air stations at kodiak and sitka and the army aviation bases at anchorage and fairbanks must be overcome and the whole range of our air and sea power on the west coast must be pierced if an invasion attempt by this route is to succeed by the same token the united states is apparently not yet prepared to move in the opposite direction toward japan's home territory and the landing on attu may be designed to help forestall such an at tack from our outpost at dutch harbor it is 2,835 statute miles to tokyo it is difficult to imagine how such an american thrust could be carried out with out the use of an intermediate base at petropavlovsk on the russian kamchatka peninsula 1,400 miles from dutch harbor provided that this site were strongly garrisoned it might be possible for the united states forces to strike at the japanese base of paramushiro on the kurile islands a scant 244 miles from petropavlovsk and then to work southwest ward down the kuriles to the main islands of japan thus the key to control of the northern pacific may be in kamchatka and it is a not unreasonable assumption that japan’s operations in the aleutians are designed to screen a subsequent japanese cam page three how important are our territorial possessions in this war how well have we carried out our re sponsibilities toward their peoples in the past what remains to be done overseas america headline book just out 25c paign against the eastern siberian centers of rus sian strength in the far east for japan which has every cause to fear that american bombers may some day appear in petropavlovsk or vladivostok probably has sufficient land forces and shipping available to launch an attack in siberia this summer while soviet forces are still locked in a death grip with the nazis in europe any delay however would undoubtedly redound to the advantage of the allies the measures now being taken by the united states to build up its ma jor installations in alaska which date back only to 1939 are military secrets but they are evidently being pushed on a large scale communications with the united states have been improved by a chain of landing fields which permit fighter planes to be fer ried over canada to the territory and work is pro ceeding with great speed on the new alaskan high way now being constructed under the supervision of united states army engineers it would not be sur prising if one consequence of the rapprochement between the united states and the soviet union were a detailed survey of possible air transport routes from nome alaska across the bering strait to siberian territory the military implications of these developments are plain shift in naval ratios japanese strategists must also consider the changing naval balance in the pacific as a result of the losses suffered in the coral sea and midway engagements it is believed that of the eleven aircraft carriers japan may have had in service on december 7 1941 the six largest and newest units have been destroyed or seriously dam aged while united states naval authorities have admitted the sinking of only one the lexington and damage to one other out of a total of seven known to be in commission thus japan’s original superiority in the modern navy’s most powerful cate gory of ships has presumably been whittled away as a result its large scale maritime operations are increasingly limited to the range of its shore based aircraft while this country’s fleet movements may be correspondingly extended the problem which now confronts american naval strategists is to ac quire positions from which american land planes may operate in conjunction with aircraft carriers and other naval vessels to penetrate the successive rings of japan’s defenses so that american armed forces may engage the enemy on his own territory the distances the difficulties of supply and the initial losses suffered by this country are so great that several years may elapse before the game of geographical chess in the pacific is concluded but if the record of naval triumphs can be sustained the superior productive capacity and man power of the united states should ultimately lead to victory davip h popper page four the plight of the baltic countries one of the most promising clauses of the anglo soviet treaty of may 26 1942 is article v in which britain and russia recognize the two principles of not seeking territorial aggrandizement for them selves and of non interference with the affairs of other states acceptance of this clause represents a real concession on the part of the soviet union until the conclusion of the treaty it was considered highly improbable that moscow would agree to apply these principles where they might run counter to the establishment of strategically needed frontiers mr eden moreover assured the house of commons on june 11 that there are no secret engagements or commitments of any kind whatsoever accompanying the treaty practical application of the above principles may create a number of problems when the conquered countries are liberated from nazi rule for example each of the three baltic republics is now represented in different united nations capitals by opposed governments in exile in washington and london principally by diplomatic officers selected under the private capitalistic régimes in existence before russia occupied these states in 1940 and in moscow by representatives of the socialist governments set up in the baltic states after the russian occupation the older diplomats residing in the western coun tries do not consider the elections held under the soviet régime as valid this problem will have to be solved in some way or other in the future but it should not be permitted to become a real obstacle to the realization of the allied peace aims in fact it would be desirable that the people of the baltic states after their liberation from german rule and preferably under some kind of international supervision be permitted to express their preference for one or another political status such a plebiscite would not exclude the possibility of a russian pro tectorate over the baltic states or of russian military bases on their territory baltic peoples under hitler mean while lithuanians latvians and estonians seem ingly forgotten by the rest of the world are suffering under nazi domination in spite of repeated nazi declarations about the liberation of their countries from the red terror their plight is now infinitely more tragic than ever before their homesteads have been taken over by the conquerors and their coun tries have been incorporated together with parts of poland and the soviet union into the still unde fined new german territory called ostland like the poles in the government general the peoples of the baltic states are now completely under the command of the nazis all national organizations have suppressed and stockpiles of raw materials haye been confiscated and shipped to germany or to the russian front indifferent to the ancient civilizations of these countries the lithuanian and latviag languages are directly derived from the sanskrit the nazis have declared that most of the baltic peoples will eventually be resettled farther east german colonizers have been granted the privilege of extraterritorial jurisdiction with separate courts for germans and natives the hope formerly held by a fraction of the native population that the occupation of their countries by germany would restore private ownership of land which was suppressed under the soviet régime has collapsed after the occupation the germans de clared that private property having been abolished before they came no private rights existed and established the german reich as the successor to the soviet régime thus recognizing the expropriation they had once violently criticized in their anti russian propaganda under this principle the former owners of farms houses etc who have been allowed to remain on their own property must now pay rent to the german authorities as in poland the nazis have peremptorily declared that the farms will never be restored to their former owners but will be given to german officials and war veterans under the cir cumstances even the small groups of lithuanian latvian and estonian patriots who believed that the german occupation would be the lesser evil have changed their minds and all factions now ardently hope for a military defeat of the nazis this defeat in fact offers the only hope for restoration of politi cal and cultural independence of their countries with in the framework of an economically integrated new europe ernest s hediger f.p.a radio schedule subject russia’s hour of crisis speaker david h popper date sunday june 21 time 12 12 15 p.m e.w.t over blue network please consult your local newspaper for station foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 35 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y june 19 1942 secretary vera micheres dean editor davin h popper associate editor n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year ie published weekly by the foreign policy association frank ross mccoy president wirtiamm p mappox assistant to the president dorotuy f last entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york incorporated national produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year vol +fal las eae par ich venera fey nivears if 4 vy jun 26 1943 ulbrary entered as 2nd class mai a a1 michigan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxii no 36 june 25 1943 india’s military needs given priority in wavell appointment he appointment on june 18 of field marshal sir archibald wavell as viceroy and governor general of india to succeed the marquess of lin lithgow must be regarded as important in both its military and political implications by placing brit ain’s top ranking soldier at the head of the indian government prime minister churchill has given no tice that the british government still believes military considerations to be paramount in india and con templates no fundamental change in the political sit uation until the allied offensive against japan has been successfully completed new east asia command created the new viceroy who is expected to assume office in october will be assisted in his task of guiding india’s war effort by general sir claude auchinleck his successor as commander in chief in india but direct responsibility for the conduct of operations against japan will be placed in the hands of a sep uate east india command whose leader is to be announced in the near future when this appoint ment is made it can be expected that plans for com bined operations against burma involving indian british and chinese ground forces and american air units will be rushed to completion the initial task of the new east asia command will be to use the monsoon season which lasts until october for gathering sufficient air and sea power to wrest control of the bay of bengal from the japanese and for preparing the huge amphibious operation which will be necessary to effect major landings in the rangoon area of burma until preparations for hese landings and the drive up the irrawaddy and salween valleys are complete there will be no possibility of using the large force of indian and british troops built up by wavell in india during the last two years whether or not the allied victory in tunisia and the prospective clearing of the medi letranean will release the shipping needed for the invasion of burma is not yet apparent but it seems likely that every effort will be made by the allied high command to launch this offensive next autumn political deadlock continues ai though wavell who as commander in chief sat on the viceroy’s executive council is reported to have been willing to go further than his predecessor in meeting the demands of the indian nationalists it seems unlikely that the present deadlock between the indian government and the congress party will be broken by any move on the part of the new viceroy present indications are that mohandas k ghandi and the other congress leaders will be kept in con finement until they are ready to repudiate the policy embodied in the party’s resolution of august 1942 and to give what the government considers appropri ate assurances for the future this means that the executive council which is composed of 4 british members 4 hindus 4 moslems and one member each for the sikhs and the depressed classes but represents neither the congress party nor the moslem league will continue to carry on the government of india during the past year the moslem league appears to have gained considerable ground in the struggle for political power of the ministries now function ing in six of india’s eleven provinces five are pre dominantly moslem at the meetings of the moslem league the last week of april ali jinnah was more intransigent than ever in his demands for pakistan an independent state to be composed of the pre dominantly moslem regions of india and made it clear that his demand for the partition of india is an absolute condition of the league’s participation in the indian government congress on the other hand has not yet regained the influence it lost as a result of its defeat in the contest of strength with the british raj and is no more disposed than it has ever been to accept pakistan under these circum oo i l l page two stances the british government rightly or wrongly appears to believe that it would be unwise to reopen the discussions undertaken during the cripps mis sion of april 1942 and that the implementation of its pledge to india will have to await the end of the war regardless of the price which may have to be paid in terms of nationalist hostility india’s war production increasing notwithstanding the continued deadlock india’s war effort has increased at a rapid pace during the past year india’s defenses about which there was so much concern a year ago may now be considered secure although serious food shortages are reported in certain areas particularly bengal and war pro duction has been impeded by the political difficulties india’s contribution to the war effort of the united political straws in the wind while the eyes of the world are focused on the complex groupings and regroupings of armies navies and air forces in europe and asia preparatory to some kind of a showdown this summer political changes on the margins of the battlefronts bear watching in argentina the military government of president pedro ramirez has not justified the initial hope that it might eventually depart from castillo’s policy of strict neutrality or prepare the way for democratic elections the banning on june 10 of radio coded messages through which axis diplomats in buenos aires had been communicating with their govern ments to the detriment of the united nations ap peared to herald a change in argentine policy the ban however was then temporarily lifted thus al lowing the axis representatives to make new arrange ments by radio for future methods of communication on june 18 moreover president ramirez after hav ing declared that when the military revolution had cleaned and restored politics it would hand the country back to its politicians in the purest sense of the word announced the postponement of national elections two days later the pro nazi buenos aires newspaper e pam pero in an editorial passed by the argentine censor declared that general ramirez had organized a national revolution whose aim is to free argentina from the dictation of international the economic life of mexico has undergone far reaching changes during world war ii for an analysis of their effect on relations between mexico and the united states read impact of war on mexico’s economy by ernest s hediger 25c june 15 issue of foreign poticy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to fpa members 3 nations has been of great importance indian py duction provides 90 per cent of the needs of th indian army at home a force of approximate 1,500,000 a report issued by the united states offig of war information on june 7 revealed the extey to which war supplies from india guns steel sheey for anti tank mines and camouflage nets in par ticular aided in the allied victory in north africa an answer to india’s complex political econom and social problems still remains to be found but the moment the situation appears to be much more pp pitious for the launching of a large scale offensiyg from the indian base of operations than at any time since the fall of singapore howard p whidden jr bankers and foreign embassies this and other ey dence would seem to indicate that the revolution of june 4 was chiefly an attempt by the military to re assert argentina’s claim to primacy in south amer ica now challenged by the growing military powe of brazil which receives considerable lend lease aid from the united states as well as of chile and other countries of that continent which are collaborat ing with the united nations the united state recognized the ramirez government on june 11 fol lowing the lead taken by the principal countries 0 south america but it is not expected in washing ton that lend lease aid will be forthcoming for ar gentina until its foreign policy has been furthe clarified the most unfortunate aspect of the arges tine situation is that the practice of military dictator ships established by military coups which seemed tt be on the wane in latin america has again taken the place of elections by the people in argentina on june 22 eire’s 1,800,000 voters cast ballots the first wartime elections for the country’s parlie ment the dail eireann prime minister eamon valera was expected to remain in power with the government he had headed since 1932 although the opposition leader william t cosgrave advocate the substitution of a coalition régime in the lat elections held in 1938 de valera’s fianna ful party won seventy seven seats in the dail as agains forty five for mr cosgrave’s fine gael party tit labor party led by william norton encouraged bj recent successes in local elections has put up a larg slate of candidates although it won only nine seat in the dail in 1938 it is not anticipated that elections will alter eire’s policy of neutrality whi is supported by all parties james m dillon young independent member being the only candida advocating intervention in the war at the side of united nations some six weeks ago on may 1 captain sir bad ee brooke v ireland signed ul concernit sir basil stimulati ulster’s 18,000 his form duction by incluc ley and moore cortey introduct in this r the unit bitterly senting a 000 whi land an neutralit want cor land ha endanget as an im can force the nea univers the arab versity the fir of the gr short hist with emp war disc lippinc alaska u millan two re alaska fr most imp the terri as its mili soviet r dallin a clear pact witl author e isolation alone as within th ern natio eee eee foreign i headquarters second class one month f page three pro brooke was appointed prime minister of northern meanwhile on june 17 prime minister slobodan f the ireland replacing john m andrews who had re yovanovitch head of the yugoslav government in lately signed under criticism from his own unionist party london tendered the resignation of his cabinet to fig concerning his government’s unemployment policy king peter an effort is being made to form a cab xten sit basil considers that his two main tasks are the inet that would reflect as closely as possible popular heey stimulation of war production and the reduction of sentiment within yugoslavia where it is believed pat ulster’s high wartime unemployment figure of that the partisans backed by russia have effected fricg 18,000 in addition to the premiership he retains a reconciliation with general mikhailovitch’s chet 10mix his former post as minister of commerce and pro nik guerrillas and would give fair representation ut at duction he has broadened the basis of his cabinet to the views of serbs croats and slovenes such epro by including a representative of labor harry midg advance realignments of governments in exile with snsive ley and two presbyterian ministers the rev mr rapidly changing conditions in their homelands if time moore an expert on agriculture and the rev mr successful would be of good augury for the time cortey an expert on education sir basil favors the when the continent can be liberated from nazi rule introduction of compulsory military service which vera micheles dean jk in this respect would align northern ireland with the united kingdom this measure however is twenty fifth anniversary of f.p.a bitterly opposed by the nationalist minority repre the foreign policy association organized in 1918 e ev senting about a third of ulster’s population of 1,250 shortly before the armistice will celebrate its twenty on ot 900 which wants a union of north and south ire fifth anniversary on october 16 when it will re tot land and is sympathetic to de valera’s policy of double its efforts to aid in the understanding and ame neutrality the british government much as it might constructive development of american foreign pol pows want compulsory military service for northern ire icy especially with respect to post war reconstruc s aid land has no desire to inflame any issues that might tion we urge all members to save this date for in and endanger the stability of that area which now serves teresting meetings now being planned and to con borat as an important military and naval base for ameri sider ways and means of increasing the usefulness of can forces in the european theatre of war the f.p.a in this anniversary year 1 0b ies of the f.p.a bookshelf shing the near east by philip w ireland editor chicago behind both lines by harold denny new york viking or ar university of chicago press 1942 2.50 press 1942 2.50 urthe the arabs by philip k hitti princeton princeton uni freely to pass by edward w beattie jr new york rgen versity press 1943 2.00 ae tga de crowell 1942 3.00 ctator the first volume discusses the present and future role ned tt of the great powers in this vital area the second is a forgotten front by john lear new york dutton 1943 short history of the dominant native people of the region 2.50 en the with emphasis on their era of conquests i this is the enemy by frederick oechsner with joseph lots war discovers alaska by joseph driscoll philadelphia w grigg jack m fleischer glen m stadler clinton ot lippincott 1943 3.00 42 00 patlit slaska under a a etnes sicak i b conger boston little brown 1942 3 ca naer atms dy ean otcver ew or ac ene examples of the vivid writing good journalists do under on dé millan 1942 2.00 th tht two reporters accounts of the way the war is changing wress denny prison compe seeing every yet hh the alaska from a neglected outlying region into one of the picking out certain decencies in the enemy beattie freely b most important crossroads of the world both emphasize passing through gay and bitter days of war’s beginning jocates the territory’s political and economic problems as well never missing news values lear in south america to 1 las 8 its military preparations check nazi activity passenger on a plane forced down in a ea soviet russia’s foreign policy 1939 1942 by david j the desert making unforgettable story out of the fight igains dallin new haven yale university press 1942 3.75 against thirst and fatigue oechsner and his fellow y th a clear statement of russia’s foreign policy from the internees in germany after america went into the war ged by pact with germany to the battle of stalingrad the carefully analyzing the nazi régime out of their accumu das author emphasizes _the influence that two decades of lated experiences these correspondents give the kind of isolation have had in encouraging the u.s.s.r to stand information the public wants to read e sea alone as a third power and to wage a separate war vat within the framework of the military alliance with west owing to a typographical error only a part of this book will ern nations careful and scholarly note was published in the bulletin of june 18 i lon foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 36 jung 25 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national rdida headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dororuy f lest secretary vera michg.es dean editor entered as of second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications d f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year rb sw is produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor q i te mm mi th i i my if hi 8 washington news letter june 25 the most constructive recent step to wards placing congress on record in favor of par ticipation by the united states in an international organization for the preservation of peace after the war was taken by the house foreign affairs com mittee on june 15 when it unanimously approved a declaration of principle in this sense by representa tive j william fulbright the resolution submitted by this 38 year old freshman congressman from arkansas a former rhodes scholar and one time president of the university of arkansas declares with admirable simplicity and directness that the congress hereby expresses itself as favoring the crea tion of appropriate international machinery with power adequate to establish and maintain a just and lasting peace and as favoring participation by the united states therein mr fulbright frankly admits that the purpose of his resolution is to needle the dilatory senate for eign relations committee into taking action more than eleven weeks have now passed since that body created a special committee to study and report on a number of pending resolutions relating to the part to be played by the united states in the post war world the senate subcommittee held its first meet ing on march 31 when senator connally of texas its chairman promised that all the motions before it would receive the very closest and best considera tion since that time the committee so far as is known has done nothing about these resolutions rival post war resolutions at least eight resolutions concerning a congressional declara tion of policy on the responsibilities to be assumed by the united states when the war is over now lie before the senate foreign relations committee the first proposal offered by senator gillette of iowa on february 4 merely called for putting the senate on record as endorsing the principles of the atlantic charter the most ambitious resolution of course is the one submitted in the names of senators ball burton hill and hatch which was introduced in the senate on march 16 it proposes that the united states should at once call a meeting of united na tions delegates at which an organization of specific and limited authority would be formed with the objectives of a setting up temporary administra tions for axis controlled areas as these are taken over b giving economic aid and other relief to these areas c establishing permanent machinery for the peaceable settlement of international dis putes and d providing a permanent united ng tions armed force to keep the peace but the very fact that the ball resolution is so tailed is its chief disadvantage the administration j loathe to precipitate a bitter debate on the floor of the senate by asking that body to endorse the ball resolution the fulbright declaration has the virtue of achiev ing the fundamental purpose of putting congress op record in favor of post war international cooperation without provoking factional battles this is indicated by the imposing volume of nonpartisan support it has already secured all 11 republican members of the house committee voted for it and among its earliest advocates in the house itself were repre sentatives hamilton fish of new york and john m vorys of ohio both extreme pre pearl harbor iso lationists in striking contrast however to the im pressive nonpartisan support for the fulbright reso lution an associated press poll conducted in april showed that 32 senators were definitely opposed to committing the united states to post war participa tion in an international police force at the present time while 24 favored it and the others were still undecided a congressional declaration need ed a simple declaration of policy such as the ful bright resolution if adopted by both branches of congress with the support of both parties would serve the vital purpose of helping assure our allies that the united states will not as in 1919 revert to isolationism after intervening in a war to decide the fate of the world it is important that at this time our potential partners in any post war collective se curity system britain russia france and china should know exactly where the united states stands such an assurance is particularly necessary in the case of the u.s.s.r if the latter is to be persuaded to seek its security in some international institution to maintain the peace instead of the old fashioned method of annexing neighboring strategic territories the passage of the fulbright resolution by a de cisive majority in the house would probably force the senate foreign relations committee to take a tion on the post war policy resolutions now before it senator connally who has called the fulbright motion cryptic predicts that in the end his com mittee would drop all the resolutions in favor of one that it would draft itself john elliott 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 vou xxii hc cur governt experience fation wi not exactly the same it wage price pansion of price frst eightec a period o in spite of limited use index pri in non sub inevitable this rise ment decic amuch gre ucts accou which wa index wel bacon fish theese egs 0 british output th resulting f ticularly tl labor on tt took the fe ministry of thippers to added to taken the cent while 000,000 ir 1943 rou e xpenditur subsidie +2 unde ike the of the nmmand to zations latvian krit baltic t east ivilege courts native ries by f land ne has ns de olished 1 and to the riation lussian owners ved to rent to nazis never given the cir lanian hat the 1 have rdently defeat politi with grated iger national f foreign policy bulletin bishc pentered as 2nd class matter de e rary wn 26 1942 5 y’oor tes ss gega 4 an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxi no 36 june 26 1942 libyan setback highlights allied supply problem inston churchill’s second war visit to the united states comes at a time when the axis 1942 drives are approaching a peak of vigor and effectiveness while surprise moves in new sec tors may possibly be launched it appears that at present the enemy forces are heavily committed in a few well defined areas where their strategic pur poses have long been clear the successes thus far won are not crucial but are sufficiently important to dissipate false optimism in the united states and stimulate the american public to intensification of its war effort the german drive for oil in recent weeks the anticipated german offensive toward the caucasus iraq and iran the most accessible new sources of petroleum in the east has been gradu ally strengthened until it threatens the hold of brit ain and the allies on these vital middle eastern territories the most spectacular nazi gains have been scored in north africa where a campaign which had begun on may 26 under rather unfavor able auspices for the nazis has now been converted into an axis triumph signalized by the unexpectedly tapid fall of tobruk on june 21 although the cairo communiqué of june 19 stated that the british were holding strong fortified positions on the libyan frontier and in the tobruk area the city situated on the best harbor in libya fell after a struggle of a few brief hours in an effort to restore flagging italian morale italian officers were allowed to re ceive the british surrender and axis sources claimed the capture of 28,000 prisoners much valuable equipment has been seized and is already being used by the german forces the news that the british eighth army had been forced back into egypt has provoked widespread speculation concerning the causes of britain’s in ability to meet field marshal erwin rommel’s troops on even terms from early incomplete reports of the battle it is difficult to draw definite answers to questions of strategy and tactics it seems evident nevertheless that the german command proved su perior to british generalship especially in the co ordination of planes tanks and guns on the battle field with few exceptions moreover the germans have retained a technical mastery in equipment for desert warfare thus the british despite their claim of continued air superiority until the closing phases of the fighting in libya suffered from their failure to produce a dive bomber a type unrivalled in ac tion against desert land forces on the ground german mark iv medium tanks seem to have domi nated the field while the german 88 millimeter gun destroyed many british armored vehicles especially in a deadly ambush of tanks on june 13 the medium american tanks known as the general grant and mounting a 75 millimeter gun have given good service during the campaign but could not be re placed as rapidly as they were used up the most effective asset of the nazis in fact seems to have been the organization of supply and transport indeed there is reason to believe that the success of the axis in neutralizing malta by intensive air attack so that supplies could be ferried across to marshal rommel while british mediterranean con voys were badly mauled may be the key to the whole british debacle in libya russia’s dogged resistance german progress has been much slower in russia where the center of attention has shifted from the kharkov area scene of inconclusive offensives by both sides to the besieged crimean city of sevastopol appar ently the nazis have penetrated the outer defenses of the port at terrific cost to themselves and are attempting to wipe out this last focus of resistance to a drive against the russian caucasus the russian contention expressed by soviet president mikhail kalinin on june 21 is that the long campaign against k ___ page two the red army has enfeebled the opposing german forces both physically and morally so that attacks will be limited in scope and power whatever the truth of this view the months to come will determine whether the nazis are to reach the oil necessary to sustain the dash and maneuver ability of their motorized and armored forces they will reveal too whether the supreme effort in this direction will be made across the egyptian sands in summer desert weather across the straits of kerch and caucasian territory or by air invasion of the levant from crete where there are signs of a great concentration of nazi aviation if any or all of these routes are followed with full success the nazis may be able to push onward to the persian gulf wiping out the allies middle eastern defensive bastions and threatening india itself with the prospect of being caught in a german japanese vise in their countermoves against these threats the allies are handicapped not only by the multiplicity of possible battlefronts in and near asia minor but also by the need for containing the japanese forces thrusting in several directions to strengthen japan's hold on eastern asia a recurrence of rather heavy air attacks on port moresby and port darwin has aroused new apprehensions regarding the security of australasia while the slow strengthening of jap anese positions at attu and kiska in the aleutians apparently masks japanese designs in the north meanwhile japan’s principal effort is now being made in kiangsi province where the chinese are still clinging tenaciously to a short stretch of the hangchow nanchang railway full control of the railway would give the japanese an important link in their projected overland route to malaya whose completion would greatly ease the strain on the japanese merchant marine the situation of the chungking government cut off from all but a trickle of allied assistance is growing more precarious not so much because of immediate danger to the capital as because of growing war weariness and ap peasement sentiment in a nation which has lost its most important cities and communications arteries the task for 1942 what these axis gains prove is that our foes can still utilize the advantage of interior lines of communication whereas the allies are grappling with the unprecedented prob lems of supply in a global war the disparity be tween the manpower and resources of the contestants is undoubtedly diminishing as the full weight of the united states is thrown into the struggle yet the long continued toll of allied shipping taken by axis submarines has so far prevented the anti axis forces from concentrating an overwhelming volume of men and equipment in any major theatre of land warfare hence there is no doubt that priority must ee still be given to the campaign to safeguard the se lanes especially in the atlantic where losses are the greatest among the most encouraging steps takep in this direction are the greatly augmented nay patrol craft program and the introduction of atlan tic coastal convoys the agreement announced op june 19 for the use of cuban facilities in the a tempt to clear the entrance to the gulf of mexiq and the caribbean of enemy craft and the assistang of british trawlers and personnel on this side of the atlantic axis submarines which have been sowin mines as well as launching torpedoes and which have shelled shore targets on vancouver island and in the pacific northwest will long continue to be menace but there is no intrinsic reason why that menace should not be reduced to manageable pro portions as it was around the british isles until this task is well on the way to success the outcome of a major anglo american offensive or second front in europe will be highly problematical to be sure landings may be made on the wester european coast in 1942 but the transportation diff culties are such that the objective of the attack seem likely to be diversionary rather than truly offensive in this event that portion of the allied public whic has most vociferously demanded the second front must not be dismayed if it is quickly wiped out fo the success of the maneuver would depend not on the territory held but on the relief accorded the russian or middle eastern imperial forces at a ctw cial moment by division of the german army the fateful responsibility weighing upon prim minister churchill and president roosevelt in thei conversations here has been to decide how much of the military strength now held inactive in britain shal be thrown against the enemy and when and wher the effort shall be made in all probability this wil be our primary military task in 1942 it will be sup plemented of course by the dispatch of american air power and equipment to fronts still more widely separated than those on which they have alread appeared but essentially the allies are still endeay oring to keep the enemy within restricted bound pending the day when having solved their problem of supply they can launch an offensive great enough to bring about a decision in the interim it is to be expected that military defeats will have political reverberations in the united nations mr churchill position has undoubtedly been weakened by the re verses in libya and by his reluctance to lend his sanction to plans for an immediate attack in west ern europe it would be unfortunate if at this crite cal moment political conflict in britain or russiat dissatisfaction with the british effort were to intet fere with active prosecution of the war davip h popper the chief most o french was hi compa tories shevis capabl since power dispen tion 0 the t workn stroye the f1 be pe to exp to the of fr and 1 worke emplc agree fiv tain peal admit labor feebl many the se s are the ds takep d naval f atlan nced op the at mexico ssistance le of the sowing d whic and and to bea vhy that ble pro cess the ive of 4 ematical western ion diff ck seems ff ensive ic which 1d front out for 1 not on ded the at a ctu y n prime in thei ch of the ain shall id where this will be sup merican e widel already endeay bounds roblems t enough is to be political vurchill’s y the re lend his in west his critét russia to inter opper page three laval urges total collaboration with germany the speech delivered on june 22 by pierre laval chief of the vichy government is undoubtedly the most outspoken pro german plea yet delivered by a french statesman beside declaring outright that he was hoping for a german victory laval urged his compatriots to go en masse to work in german fac tories to produce weapons for victory over bol shevism and depicted such a policy as the only one capable of saving france he stressed the fact that since germany is at war against the soviets the labor power of the french war prisoners has become in dispensable to it and declared that general libera tion of the prisoners could not be expected but only the transformation of their lot into that of free workmen in doing so the french premier de stroyed the hopes held for more than two years that the french prisoners still captive in germany would be permitted to return home he further proceeded to explain the generous offer made by adolf hitler to the french people to free an undefined number of french farmers now prisoners in germany if and when large contingents of french industrial workers reach that country and appealed to the un employed french workers to help free these men by agreeing to go to germany five days before on june 17 marshal henri pé tain speaking on the second anniversary of his ap peal to germany for an armistice was forced to admit that his pleas to the french people for col laboration with the germans had met with only a feeble response french men and women do not ap pear to be supporting the pro german policy of vichy resistance to the conqueror’s plans is especial ly apparent in the reluctance of french laborers despite all promises pressure and propaganda to work in germany labor is adamant this incapacity of the vichy government to recruit large numbers of french workers for germany has given rise to nu merous threats and protests from the nazis but to no avail so far only one hundred to two hundred thousand french laborers have agreed to go to ger many this total is far below the numbers needed to overcome the dangerous labor shortage existing in many of our vital raw materials rubber tin man ganese mica and quinine have fallen under axis domination for an analysis of our position read replacement of strategic materials lost in asia by l e frechtling 25c june 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 germany since the opening of the russian front even taking into account the 1,250,000 french pris oners still in that country most of whom are work ing in agriculture or industry hence on june 17 the germans called a labor conference in paris at which a special representative of the fiihrer de manded an enormous effort from french labor in support of german economy as proof of unstinted collaboration following this demand the vichy government is reputed to have consented to the open ing of german labor recruiting offices in the princi pal towns of unoccupied france it remains doubt ful however that large numbers of french workers even though unemployed will leave the country of their own accord and more rigorous measures may soon have to be introduced such as possibly with drawal of the ration cards of workmen who refuse jobs in germany laborers recruited for german factories are re luctant to leave their families behind at present however many workers of western europe agree to go to germany and live with the utmost economy so as to be able to send their families a substantial part of their wages in the hope of staving off starva tion the german authorities have a direct interest in making the amount sent home as large as pos sible because actually the money sent by french workers to their kin is an outright gift from france to germany the workers families receive french currency which is simply deducted from the large credits france has been forced to grant germany coordination of industry the policy of collaboration with germany has found greater response among the french employers than among the workers a number of french industrialists re garded the nazis as the only force that could save them and soon decided to work for germany there was it is true not much choice the industrial ists had either to close the factories for lack of raw materials or else work for the invaders very soon moreover many french industrialists found them selves under german financial control and no longer had freedom of action in directing their en terprises using the colossal sums put at their dis posal by the capitulating french government under the guise of occupation costs 300 million francs a day german interests bought their way into all important french corporations this infiltration was made easy since special german commissioners had been appointed in each french bank to make all important decisions gradually all french industries important to the germans were coordinated with corresponding german corporations the french kuhlmann chemical trust for in stance which for some time refused to accept ger man interference was soon required by the german commissioner of the banque de paris et des pays bas from which the trust had received a large long term loan to repay this debt instantly or else agree to an increase of capital sufficient to give a controlling interest in the firm to the german chemical trust i g farbenindustrie the french concern had to yield the new shares were paid out of the occu pation levy today the french dyestuff industry re organized in a new trust called francolor is for all practical purposes merely a branch of the power ful german trust the same type of procedure has taken place in all industries which nazi germany considers useful to its war effort the french automobile and aviation plants have been merged into one trust and are now working for the german luftwaffe a special bank the aérobanque connected with the bank der deutschen luftfahrt which finances all airplane pro duction in germany has been established in paris to coordinate the production of tanks trucks air plane engines and parts for the german forces it works with funds put at the disposal of germany by the french government as occupation costs profound changes have also taken place in the textile industry the famous silk weavers of lyons now make parachute cloth for germany and the twenty principal french textile firms have been the f.p.a ten years by dwight lee boston houghton mifflin 1942 3.75 subtitled the world on the way to war 1930 1940 this is a remarkably comprehensive and well balanced ac count of europe’s descent into the abyss the author pre sents the salient events of the decade against the back ground of resurgent political and economic nationalism in germany and italy and the ill planned shortsighted quest of the democracies for prosperity and security design for power by frederick l schuman new york knopf 1942 3.00 the story of the breakdown of peace in which the in iquities of the axis powers and the delinquencies of the democracies are set forth in a style that is incisive and exciting brilliant as a document its interpretations are nevertheless colored by the author’s own values and prejudices france on berlin time by thomas kernan philadelphia j b lippincott 1941 2.75 an american publishing executive who witnessed the first seven months of the german occupation of france describes the incredibly well planned efficient and subtle manner in which the nazis are systematically exploiting and ruining france page four a ee f.p.a radio schedule subject shadow over the near east speaker william p maddox date sunday june 28 time 12 12 15 p.m e.w.t over blue network for station please consult your local newspaper grouped in one large organization called france rayonne this group is under close control of the german artificial silk and cellulose cartels that are supplying the french mills with materials and fore ing them to work to german specifications by their total control over the distribution of coal cellulose and other raw materials as well as over rail and road transportation the nazis are able to force most french industries to work for them those indus tries which the germans do not consider useful are slowly throttled by lack of supplies or are invited to adapt themselves to german needs such a te organization of french industry which has al ready necessitated the closing of 1,300 french fac tories is doubtless part of a long range plan to make german industry dominant in europe today prob ably more than 75 per cent of french industrial pro duction in both the so called free zone and occupied france is destined for the german war effort ernest s hediger bookshelf meet the south americans by carl crow new york harper 1941 3.00 the author who has lived many years in the far east attempts an interpretation of the latin americans after a whirlwind tour the results make interesting reading but are neither accurate nor profound war in the air by david garnett new york doubleday doran 1941 3.50 a very revealing analysis by a british air ministry off cial of aerial warfare during the first 20 months of the conflict with interesting commentaries on air strategy and the relation of the air arm to the other fighting forces world economic survey ninth year 1939 41 by the economic intelligence service of the league of na tions princeton princeton university press 1941 2.50 this survey the ninth of a series sustains a well deserved reputation for general excellence in a succinct and clear cut manner it analyzes the impact of war on economic conditions throughout the world i can’t forget by r j casey indianapolis ind bobbs merrill 1941 3.00 the title itself might well be the reader’s comment on this newspaper correspondent’s story of the early days of the war in europe a sprightly style and good bit of humor do not conceal his penetrating observations foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y 36 june 26 1942 secretary vera micueres dean editor daviw h popper associate editor n y under the act of march 3 1879 bee three dollars a year published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national frank ross mccoy president witttamm p mappox assistant to the president dorotuy f l8st entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year church mate r nation to curb germa latter p june 2 as com theatre genera whi united sificati inforce to har especia in red but by taken are to menta of the ness oo britis sible i not til th reckle turn to ex provi by ot +roop sgreral libre wuty of 98 7,74 entered as 2nd class matter ve ep _e aa ry foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y you xxii no 37 a july 2 1943 he current controversy in the united states over government subsidies has drawn attention to the experience of britain and canada in preventing in fation while conditions in the three countries are got exactly comparable the basic problem has been the same in each namely to prevent an inflationary wage price spiral without checking the necessary ex pansion of production price control in britain during the first eighteen months of the war britain went through a period of rising prices comparable with our own in spite of price fixing rationing high taxes and a limited use of subsidies the general cost of living index primarily under the stimulus of rising prices in non subsidized foods rose 28 per cent and the inevitable demand for higher wages accompanied his rise but at this point the british govern ment decided to hold the cost of living index by amuch greater use of subsidies the following prod acts accounting for 97 per cent of the food index whic h was 60 per cent of the general cost of living index were now under the subsidy program meat bacon fish flour bread tea sugar milk butter theese eggs and potatoes the level of prices paid 0 british farmers was set high enough to stimulate output they were assured against any financial loss fesulting from increases in cost of production par ticularly the higher farm wages designed to keep hbor on the farms in the case of imports subsidies ttok the form of absorption of trading losses by the ministry of food in addition subsidies were paid to shippers to prevent higher transportation costs being added to food prices since these measures were ttken the cost of living index has risen only 1 per tnt while subsidy payments increased from 78 000,000 in 1940 to an estimated 600,000,000 in 1 43 roughly 3 per cent of total british budgetary expenditures subsidies however could hardly have checked the how subsidies have operated in britain and canada inflationary tendencies in britain without increasing ly rigid rationing and extremely high taxes while the major objectives of rationing were to provide an even flow of supplies over a period of time and to assure equitable distribution rationing was also in tended to reduce consumption by restricting effec tive demand and implement price control both in come taxes and sales taxes on non essential goods have also done much to reduce the pressure on prices surtaxes on high incomes involve a maximum rate of 9744 per cent while lowered deductions and al lowances mean that the maximum tax free income for a single person in britain is 440 at the same time the sales tax rates run from 16 per cent to 100 per cent with the large scale diversion of cur rent savings to war bonds and certificates by march 1943 456 per capita compared with 133 in the united states british fiscal policy has thus been able to ease the task of price control by supplement ing rationing and subsidy arrangements canada’s experience from august 1939 to december 1941 when the price ceiling was estab lished in canada prices rose by about 15 per cent up to april 1943 they had increased only 1.8 per cent above that point as in britain high taxes and rationing have played their part in holding this level but subsidies have also been an important factor while they have been used to alleviate the squeeze due to prices being out of balance in the period on which the price ceiling was based and to stimulate output as in the case of cheese milk and butter probably their most important function has been in helping to prevent a wage price spiral with wage increases tied to the cost of living index consumer prices had to be held in line or a cost of living bonus to wage earners would have been neces sary this could only have increased business costs and the vicious inflationary spiral would have been in full swing subsidies were used therefore to hy ait oe iy i on yy wy th i we if i vi a ee ee ee se ae ee ee se on ______ ___ page two stabilize or reduce retail prices on tea coffee butter and milk domestic subsidies were used also to main tain prices on such items as fresh fruits canned goods beef footwear and fuel while subsidies on imports were paid when the goods were regarded as essential and the increase in cost was a result of a rise in price in the country of origin holding prices in line by use of subsidies protected the entire popu lation against a rise in living costs not simply the wage earner in achieving this result canada spent 65,161,500 on domestic and import subsidies be tween september 3 1939 and march 31 1943 while the situation in the united states differs in some respects from that in canada and britain particularly the latter where substantial lend lease basis for french unity slowly emerges in algeria a point of equilibrium was reached in the french political situation on june 26 when the french committee of national liberation agreed to retain general giraud in command of the forces in north and west africa and general de gaulle as the com mander of all other forces in the empire thanks to this compromise settlement the immediate break down of french unity so painfully achieved and precariously maintained has been averted at least for the moment however the crucial issue of army reform has by no means been settled and meanwhile the serious possibility exists that the spirit of the french forces may be undermined by uncertainty as to their allegiance de gaulle in line with his con sistent opposition to all those who have actively co operated with vichy or were directly responsible for the defeat in 1940 continues to insist that many of the officers in the present french army in north africa should be ousted at once giraud on the other hand defends most of these men who now command his troops on the basis of the records they have more recently established and opposes any immediate dismissals furthermore giraud feels under personal obligations to these officers for many of them are old friends who were his comrades in arms in world war i and served under him in tunisia where the french army made its remarkable comeback anglo american intervention under normal conditions disagreement between french the economic life of mexico has undergone far reaching changes during world war ii for an analysis of their effect on relations between mexico and the united states read impact of war on mexico’s economy by ernest s hediger 25c june 15 issue of foreign poticy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to fpa members 3 a a en enema me food imports make it easier to finance subsidies it is none the less true that the basic problem yy face is the same with our cost of living index 28 per cent we have reached the same stage afte roughly the same period of participation in the war as britain had in april 1941 and it seems quit possible that subsidies especially for food woul now be useful both in checking any further price rig and in stimulating production if effectively admiy istered and accompanied by stricter rationing an taxes high enough to siphon off more of the surply spending power of the nation they might conceiy ably work as successfully as they have in britain and canada howarp p whidden jr men over the question of army reform would be strictly french affair now however that north africa has been an active base for combined allied operations the british and americans feel that the are justified in insisting that the french army be kepi as it is rather than risk a possible decline in efficieng by a change in officers especially since the new ap pointees might be unfamiliar with local condition and with the men they would be called upon to lead moreover since american and british troops foughi under giraud with success in tunisia general eisen hower apparently believes that the future safety of his forces depends upon maintaining the french mili tary command intact accordingly the united ne tions high command has thrown its support t giraud by informing the french committee tha sweeping military reforms could not be allowed at the present time and by inviting giraud to come to the united states within the next fortnight for militay conversations since the new settlement was brought about partly by strong allied pressure it deepened the line of cleavage not only between the two french generals but between britain and the united states on the one hand and the de gaullists on the other some of de gaulle’s followers reject the allied plea of milt tary security as justification for intervention and it sist that the issue of who is to lead the french fore into battle is a purely national question in line wit this emphasis on french sovereignty the june issue of combat the organ of the de gaullists in giers sought to carry an editorial which was prompt censored criticizing the french committee for fail ing to assett french interests in the face of alli wishes in fact it seems that de gaulle’s pollitia strength in north africa which has been growil rapidly since his arrival in algiers on may 30 increasing as a result of this latest rebuke by allie diplomacy in other words resurgent nationaliss among the french who are beginning to recover frog their nat ularity ai to the su it is no what th gaulle h ing betw britain role the hope present looked i ports no blood ay fromn operat the k author st papers p the cruel the con new a bro states ar by a wo theodore by go versity this f on nava bernard of sound derstand battle fi ton mw vivid during correspo war an pacific a pre ence on nations decembe to curre cordell city the re been ste reasonec mitchell new the f prophet struggle in the orn foreign headquart second cla one month es their nation’s collapse has increased de gaulle’s pop 1 we ularity and at the same time has aroused opposition kk up to the support given giraud by the allies although afte it is no secret that many de gaullists deeply wee wat what they regard as anglo american meddling d quite gaulle himself attempted on june 27 to allay ill feel ould ing between his followers and the allies by praising fig britain the united states and the u.s.s.r for the min ole they are playing in the liberation of france and hope that french unity will be preserved in this rplus present crisis rests on several facts which are over iceiv jlooked in many of the sensational and conflicting re 1 and ports now coming out of algiers first de gaulle and jr the e p.a blood and banquets a berlin social diary by bella fromm new york harper in collaboration with co be a operation publishing company 1942 3.50 north the keen observation and sharp pen which made the author such a good politico social reporter for the ullstein allied papers prick inflated nazi egos giving a vivid picture of they the cruel mad life in berlin before the war kept the coming age of world control by nicholas doman ieng new york harper 1942 3.00 w ap a broad historical discussion of the failure of nation itis states and the logical likelihood of their being supplanted lead by a world society regardless of the war’s outcome 10a theodore roosevelt and the rise of the modern navy ought by gordon carpenter o’gara princeton princeton uni eisen versity press 1943 1.50 ty of this follows the more comprehensive princeton books mil on naval power by harold and margaret sprout and in bernard brodie it is in the nature of a period piece full 6of sound and interesting information pertinent to an un rt 1 derstanding of present day naval and foreign affairs thit battle for the solomons by ira wolfert boston hough at the ton mifflin 1943 2.00 to the vivid descriptions of the fighting about guadalcanal ilitay during october november 1942 written by a very capable correspondent war and peace in the pacific new york institute of partly pacific relations 1943 1.25 ne of a preliminary report of the institute’s eighth confer erals ence on wartime and post war cooperation of the united ny nations in the pacific and the far east held in canada 1 00 december 4 14 1942 will serve as a useful introduction me of to current and future problems in east asia mil cordell hull a biography by harold b hinton garden nd it city doubleday 1942 3.00 forces the record of an american secretary of state who has with been steadfast rather than showy living according to his 5 x reasoned belief in democratic decencies ne mitchell pioneer of air power by isaac don levine in al new york duell sloan pearce 1943 3.50 mpl the first biography of the outstanding united states r fait prophet of victory through air power his unsuccessful struggle for a new concept of war is an important chapter in the history of our disarmament years page three giraud are in fundamental agreement that the lib eration of france takes priority over all other con siderations second both french leaders are basically in accord with the united states not only because of traditional franco american friendship but also be cause the united states supplies almost all the ment of the restored french army in north africa finally general eisenhower enjoys the confidence of both de gaulle and giraud and is trusted to safe guard the best interests of all the allies in an im portant theatre of military operations winifred n hadsel bookshelf australian frontier by ernestine hill new york double day doran 1942 3.50 vivid description of the less well known fringes of the island continent from bird cage to battle plane the history of the raf by ralph michaelis new york thomas y crowell co 1943 a thorough anecdotal account of the history and current activities of the raf both amusing and informing some prior knowledge and interest in the field of military avia tion are desirable however for full enjoyment america at war a geographical analysis edited by samuel van valkenburg new york prentice hall 1943 2.50 specialists show the importance of geographical influ ences on the united states during the conflict and the approach to peace hitler’s speeches 1922 1939 edited by norman h baynes new york oxford university press under the auspices of the royal institute of international affairs 1942 15.00 this vast interpretative compilation is so arranged as to give a definite picture of the mind and methods the allies are fighting its use is facilitated by extensive bibliographic notes and an exhaustive index far eastern war 1987 1941 by harold s quigley bos ton world peace foundation 1942 2.50 a very valuable scholarly yet simple account of the first four and a half years of the far eastern conflict the author covers events in china and japan as well as devel opments in international relations easy malay words and phrases by marius a mendlesen new york john day 1943 1.00 a simple introduction to every day malay spoken from malaya to new guinea my appeal to the british by mahatma gandhi edited by anand t hingorani new york john day 1942 1.00 the full text of various articles and statements by gandhi during the months preceding his arrest indispen sable to the understanding of indian conditions and of the efforts of a pacifist to lead a non pacifist political move ment foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 37 juty 2 1943 one month for change of address on membership publications ee is headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dororuy f lugr secretary vera michees dean eéiter second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office ac new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national entered as three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter juty 2 eamon de valera who by virtue of having been prime minister of eire since 1932 has been head of a parliamentary government for a longer period than any european statesman now in office is likely to continue to enjoy that distinction for the remainder of the war in spite of losses suf fered in the general election held on june 22 it is true that his party fianna fail lost the independent majority it possessed in the previous dail eireann under the system of proportional representation that prevails in eire fianna fail emerged with 66 seats against the 73 that it held in the out going parlia ment fine gael the party of ex premier william t cosgrove won 32 seats as compared with 40 labor 17 as against 10 and the farmers who had no seats before won 14 but although mr de valera has lost seven seats and his majority he will probably succeed in mak ing a deal with one or more of the other parties that will enable him to hold office he is still the fore most statesman in eire indeed considering the length of time he has been in office and the eco nomic strain to which his country has been subjected during the war the outcome of the election may be regarded as a personal triumph for the prime min ister this interpretation is confirmed by the fact that mr cosgrove his principal opponent who made the need for setting up a coalition national govern ment the chief issue in the campaign lost eight seats the chief surprise was the rise of the farmer party which starting from scratch gained 14 seats the success at the polls of the labor and farmer parties indicate growing concern on the part of the voters with the country’s labor and food problems foreign policy no issue certainly there appears to have been no dissatisfaction with de valera’s policy of rigid neutrality all parties and nearly all candidates endorsed the course that the dublin government has followed throughout the war barring an act of aggression by the axis eire may be expected to remain aloof from the conflict the fact that eire can be neutral is proof of the reality of the independence that it obtained by the anglo irish treaty of 1921 when world war ii broke out in 1939 eire was the only member of the british commonwealth of nations which refused to declare war on germany today it is the only english speaking community in the world that is not at war with the axis the allies have scrupulously respected eire’s neutrality despite the grave strategic disadvantages it has entailed for them the consequences of eire’s neutrality became especially serious for the british in the summer of 1940 when following the fall of france the nazis obtained submarine and air bases on the atlantic coast at that time the southerg irish bases of cobh queenstown bere haven and lough swilly which had been handed over to eire by the cabinet of neville chamberlain under the agreement of april 25 1938 would have been of inestimable value to the british navy in fighting the nazi u boat menace even president roose velt’s friendly overtures failed to persuade de valera to grant the british the use of these important bases eire’s neutrality has also proved harmful to the cause of the united nations in other ways since dublin maintains diplomatic relations with the axis nazi agents can and do collect information in the irish capital on the movements of allied shipping convoys and on american troop movements in north ern ireland transmitting it to berlin nor is eire’s neutrality benevolent to the cause of the allies as was washington’s neutrality before pearl harbor it is so rigid that even the heroic exploits of irish men fighting in the allied armies are not permitted by the censorship to be mentioned in the press position of northern ireland but while recognizing eire’s right to remain neutral britain and the united states have consistently re fused to accept dublin’s objections to their use of northern ireland as a base for military operations the united states completely ignored the sharp pro test made by de valera on january 27 1942 on the occasion of the arrival of the first contingent of american troops in the six counties when he con tended that this action constituted tacit recognition by washington of the partition of ireland from the long range point of view of achieving the unity of ireland a goal desirable in itself it may be questioned whether eire’s decision to remain outside a conflict that will determine the life or death of the english speaking world was a wise de cision if the de valera government had linked its fate with the rest of the british empire in 1939 it would to a great extent have cut the ground from under the feet of supporters of britain in northern ireland as it is the cleavage between the two sec tions of the irish people has been deepened a large part of the sympathy that de valera and his party enjoyed in the united states has been forfeited and partition if not made permanent may have been indefinitely extended john elliott 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 solom a new a although the week announce front fro the enem air than allied fo of import on the fr the real t effort is munda o of signif diffe rent oper the cond guadalca fensive it defend o last year united shortenin the victo americat become secretary shortage of a uni in conne dence c drive thi the solo supervisi the i operatio for the 4 +frances of the hat are id fore sy their llulose ail and ce most indus ful are invited a re has al ich fac oo make y prob ial pro ccupied t diger w york ar east ns after ding but ubleday istry offi is of the egy and orces by the of na 41 2.50 a well succinet war on 1 bobbs iment on r days of id bit of s national y f lest new york pica kuum l library uwety of mica entered as 2nd class matter 1942 sse foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxi no 37 july 3 1942 allied reverses again raise problem of war aims al communiqué issued on june 27 in washing ton and london by president roosevelt and mr churchill who with other leaders share the ulti mate responsibility for the strategy of the united nations indicated agreement on action to be taken to curb submarine warfare aid china and divert german strength from the attack on russia the latter point was given emphasis by the designation on june 25 of major general dwight d eisenhower as commander of american forces in the european theatre of operations and the announcement that the general was already in london whatever course may now be followed by the united nations invasion of western europe inten sification of the air offensive against the reich re inforcement of british troops in egypt or added aid to hard pressed china involves serious difficulties especially until the united nations have succeeded in reducing the submarine menace in the atlantic but by now it is painfully obvious that risks must be taken if nazi and japanese advances in many sectors we to be checked in fact perhaps the most funda penal difference between nazi tactics and the tactics of the united nations lies in the far greater readi ness of the nazis to make daring decisions and then carry them ruthlessly to fulfillment irrespective of the cost in men and materials this daredevil spirit which so far has been matched only by the russians is due in part to the nazis disregard for human life a disregard which britain has not displayed the british policy of economizing on lives as far as pos sible is entirely understandable in human terms and is not open to criticism on the part of americans un til this country has shown itself willing to make reckless sacrifices otherwise the united states in turn would be open to the criticism that it is ready to expend money and industrial productive power provided the actual fighting and dying are done by others far from our shores do british lack dynamism but if the dynamism of the nazis is due in part to their very ruthlessness which the united nations would not want to imitate it is also due to the belief prevalent even among non nazi germans that they are fight ing for a better place in the sun and that defeat would be tantamount to annihilation of the german nation this belief reinforced by the superiority in both armaments and strategy hitherto enjoyed by the german army has inspired in the germans a fight ing mood that has been noticeably lacking among the british in all theatres of war except that of the british isles by contrast the british and americans have not yet sufficiently felt the fear of defeat to be come passionately intent on victory it is perhaps not without significance that ob servers in libya and the far east are unanimous in praising the courage and morale of british soldiers but note at the same time the passivity and com placency of superior officers and the absence in the ranks of enthusiasm about the war and even of a clear understanding concerning the issues at stake in the conflict is this accidental or may this lack of spirit be due to a more or less conscious feeling that in fighting for burma or malaya or egypt the brit ish are fighting for something extraneous to their homeland for regions where they have lived as aliens and are still regarded as aliens by many of the natives in their defense of the british isles the british have displayed a quiet and stubborn heroism on a par with that of the russians and chinese who are also fighting for preservation of their homelands or of polish and czech and other exiles who are fight ing for recovery of theirs need to clarify british war aims since it is generally recognized that civilian and mili tary morale are as essential to the winning of the war as the quantity and quality of war material it may be proper to ask whether british soldiers might not be j i m a by a ti t nr i h hi a i perenne fired with greater determination in theatres of war outside the british isles if they had a clearer idea of what they are fighting for it is again not without significance that the most notable and most stirring statements about international post war reconstruc tion have come from washington moscow and chungking and not from london although much thought has been given in britain to problems of reconstruction in the british isles references by some britishers to reconquest of burma and malaya unaccompanied by any indication that these british ers have grasped the revolutionary changes wrought by war in the structure of western imperialism must sound hollow to those among the younger generation in britain who have long been aware of maladjust ments and inadequacies in the british colonial system it is true that if the far reaching character of these revolutionary changes were completely appreciated in britain the people most favorable to colonial rule might be the first to lose interest in continuance of the far eastern conflict since they would feel that a united nations victory in that area would not result in recovery of material possessions or special privilege for the western powers yet is it not time for the british as well as amer page two icans to clarify this very point to show not mere ly by words but by deeds that what we are fightin for in the far east and other so called backwar areas is not restoration of the status quo or perpetu ation of extraterritorial rights exclusion laws an racial discrimination but liberation of all peoples not merely from the ruthless new imperialism of the axis nations but also from the old more mellow imperialism of the western powers purely as a call ter of self interest the western powers will sooner o later have to recognize that their only opportunity after the war to participate in the economic develop ment of the far east depends on two things military defeat of japan and acknowledgement in practice of the rights of asiatic peoples including the jap anese to share the benefits of progress in asia op terms of equality with britain and the united states to underestimate the striking force of the arma ments and ideas of our opponents as we are still doing borders on criminal frivolity but it would be equally mistaken to underestimate our own ability to forge new ideas and new relationships capable of inspiring potential allies everywhere to join the united nations in a war of liberation vera micheles dean rommel’s drive precipitates allied military crisis with the german invasion of egypt and the in creasingly dangerous situation of the british eighth army east of matruh the position of the united na tions in the near east seems more critical than at any time since the war began the british withdrawal from matruh on june 28 proved a grievous blow to allied hopes the decisive battle for control of the nile valley and the suez canal has begun in the relatively narrow gap between the coast and the qattara de pression in an area roughly 125 miles west of alex andria german penetration of british defense lines here would open the way to further axis gains which might well extend the war indefinitely unless the british can maneuver the remnants of the eighth army for a defense south of el daba rommel with a force estimated at not more than 100,000 may soon be sweeping toward alexandria without serious opposition except from the air his troops have utilized british lines of communication especially the coastal railway and highway paralleling his line of advance to the east furthermore german new edition revised june 1942 war atlas 44 maps 25c our alaskan outpost strategy in the mediterranean russian front strategic distances in pacific panama canal hawaii china’s supply lines australia and new zealand etc etc order from fpa 22 east 38th st new york supplies already reaching tobruk from crete can now come to matruh by sea thus rommel's supply problem has been less serious than had been antici pated while the movement of german air strength from europe to north africa may cut down allied air superiority should egypt fall its resources including cotton wheat and the newly discovered iron and chrome de posits near the assuan dam would pass into axis hands and the road would be open to the middle east moreover it is only necessary to imagine the destruction of american supply depots in eritrea and at basra severance of the southern route to russia through iran and a junction of the german and jap anese in the persian gulf or in india to appreciate the gravity of the battle for egypt politics in the nile valley the politi cal situation in egypt has thus taken on new impor tance technically an independent constitutional monarchy egypt is bound to britain by the 1936 treaty of alliance which in effect has made it a pas sive ally in accordance with the treaty british forces use egyptian territory ports and airdromes as bases of operation but the egyptian government has to date failed to declare war on the axis although its territory has now been invaded for the third time and its cities bombed by axis planes as late as june 24 after rommel had taken tobruk and crossed the egyptian frontier the prime minister nahas pasha told his people egypt had never been asked to pat ticipat thi dange factor what britist color tians offer the fe follow in s tion oo tion the gt two y shorta tende paren whet germ ited vi of as broad egypt shou so de of he to saf it is ff the bi over t th lies is grouy well ing cl ge atlar war acerb the i man paigr auth subm zone ern and entre hows mad insid ot mere ackward perpetu aws and coples nn of the mellow is a mat ooner of ortunity develop military practice the jap asia on d states 1e arma are still vould be n ability pable of join the dean ete can s supply n antici strength n allied cotton ome de ito axis middle gine the trea a russia and jap ypreciate i politi y impor itutional ne 1936 it a pas h forces as bases has to ough its ime and june 24 ssed_ the s pasha to pat ticipate in the war or send troops to the frontier this nonbelligerency in the face of such acute danger can be understood only in the light of two factors most important perhaps is the attitude of the great majority of egypt’s population of 16,000 000 although sympathy for britain has grown some what in the past two years the deep rooted anti british feeling engendered by many years of british colonial rule has not beeen erased for most egyp tians dislike of british influence is so strong as to offer fertile soil for axis propaganda and obscure the fear of inevitable nazi despoliation which would follow if the british are defeated in spite of egypt's refusal to turn from the cultiva tion of cotton to wheat in order to feed its popula tion the british have bought up and stored by far the greater part of egypt's cotton crop over the past two years and have endeavored to alleviate the food shortage by diverting to the egyptian people food in tended for their army but these measures have ap parently done little to moderate dissatisfaction whether the picture will change if and when the germans move eastward from the virtually uninhab ited western desert which the egyptians do not think of as their homeland it is difficult to say in a radio broadcast last december mahmoud hassan bey egyptian minister to washington stated that should there be an attack on the valley of the nile so dear to us egypt will rise like one man in defense of her sacred homeland and face the foe resolutely to safeguard her dearly won liberties nevertheless it is probably true that the most to be expected from the bulk of the egyptian people if the conflict sweeps over them is a passive neutrality the second factor impeding egypt's aid to the al lies is dissension on foreign policy among influential groups in the country fifth column activity might well be fomented by some of the 70,000 italians liv ing chiefly in the cities and by the palace clique one page three f.p.a radio schedule subject united nations zero hour speaker vera micheles dean date sunday july 5 time 12 12 15 p.m e.w.t over blue network for station please consult your local newspaper faction of which has long encouraged king farouk’s italian sympathies a struggle is almost certainly going on between the pro axis element long culti vated by both germany and italy and its opponents who until recently were none too well pleased with british policy in egypt some encouragement can be found however in the fact that nahas pasha who commands an overwhelming wafd nationalist ma jority in the assembly and enjoys widespread popular support for his record of vigorous nationalism and his recent new deal policy has changed from his earlier anti british position to support of the british cause although he will hesitate to ask his people to take up arms he has made it clear that in his capa city as military governor as well as prime minister he will not tolerate fifth columnists the result of the battle of egypt however may in the end depend less on the egyptian attitude than on the relative strength in equipment supply and above all leadership of the forces now facing each other in the western desert unless general auchin leck now in command of the british armies can stop rommel before he reaches the valley of the nile neither a rising of the egyptian people to defend their homes nor widespread sabotage of the british defense is likely to prove decisive the outlook is dark but it can be expected that the british will spare no effort to repair the disasters which have befallen them if they fail in this attempt the position of the allied nations in the near and middle east is in deed grim howarp p whidden jr nazi submarine warfare arouses latin americans germany's submarine campaign on this side of the atlantic still the achilles heel of the united states war effort has now become the principal factor ex acerbating the already strained relations between the latin american countries and the axis if ger man radio broadcasts are to be believed the cam paign entered a new phase on june 26 when nazi authorities put into effect a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare against any ships entering a vast zone stretching from the coast of france and north ern european waters to the eastern shores of canada and the united states as far south as the northern entrances to the caribbean sea the facts indicate however that ruthless u boat attacks have been made on neutral and belligerent shipping alike both inside the zone and out regardless of proclamations emanating from berlin on june 22 before the new blockade was to become effective the rio tercero an argentine vessel was torpedoed about 120 miles from new york in broad daylight with a loss of five lives on the same day a small colombian schooner traveling between two of that country’s ports was sunk by gunfire and six of its crew killed mean while the toll of vessels of the united nations and the other american republics destroyed in western atlantic waters has risen to 324 with many of the sinkings occurring in the caribbean and the south atlantic argentine opinion aroused unusual anti german demonstrations broke out in buenos aires after the attack on the rio tercero the third argentine vessel sunk by the axis since the beginning of the war popular irritation was especially intense because long delayed negotiations over the torpedo ing of the new argentine tanker victoria sent to the bottom on april 17 had been concluded only on june 16 in the settlement the german government acknowledged responsibility for the attack expressed lively regret for the error and offered to pay com pensation presumably after the end of the conflict since both governments desire to maintain friendly relations the rio tercero incident will undoubtedly be liquidated in the same fashion the significant fact about the sinkings is that they have affected the na tion’s delicate sense of pride and have thus given the strong liberal opposition to the régime of president castillo an opportunity to agitate against his pru dent neutrality policy establishment of the new german submarine war fare zone must also present the government with an embarrassing dilemma if argentina makes an agree ment with the reich exempting its ships from attack it will lay itself open to the reproach that it has brok en away from the pan american front and may suffer commensurate economic reprisals by the united na tions if argentine ships sail into the demarcated area and are destroyed popular pressure to break re lations with the axis will become a serious factor in internal politics finally if argentine vessels are re routed to united states ports in the gulf of mex ico outside the zone as has been done in at least one case the régime will be charged with pusillanimity it may moreover find it impossible to acquire the vital coal supplies it has been transporting from our atlantic coast cities these unpalatable alternatives coupled with in creasing shortages of certain basic commodities in argentina serve in small part to offset the great loss to the democratic cause as a result of the re tirement from office of president roberto m ortiz ever since dr ortiz temporarily relinquished his post in july 1940 because of failing eyesight and poor health the hopes of the liberals have been buoyed by the expectation that some day he might return to continue his campaign for electoral honesty and support for the democracies after long consul tations between his physicians and a new york specialist nowever dr ortiz formally submitted his resignation which was accepted by a joint session of congress on june 27 inasmuch as dr castillo and his conservative following had already acquired al most complete control of the central government the formal accession of castillo as president should cause page four no immediate change in national policy but the con servative machine which employs electoral fraud without scruple should now be able to win the pres idential contest of 1943 barring unforeseen devel opments other reactions in other latin americag countries the threatened or actual destruction of mer chant vessels has had somewhat more serious rever berations chilean government sources have intimat ed that chile would regard as a hostile act the de struction of any american vessel off the south amer ican pacific coast as well as any axis attack on that coast or on the panama canal chile has also issued explicit warning of grave consequences if any of its own ships are sunk along the united states coast pending events of this type however the chilean régime is loath to abandon its policy of maintaining diplomatic relations with the axis with the support of all but the small communist element the chilean senate on june 25 approved the government's pres ent course in colombia on the other hand the nazi submarine attack has paved the way for a much more stringent system of control of axis funds and na tionals than had previously existed the gradually hardening attitude of the latin american countries is facilitating additional measures to lessen enemy influence in the western hemis phere after july 2 over all control of united states imports to be administered by the war production board will insure that all vessels entering our ports whatever their nationality carry cargoes of the ma terials most needed in the war effort on june 28 moreover it was disclosed that the movements of the entire brazilian ocean going merchant marine con sisting of about 300,000 tons of ships would be placed under the jurisdiction of the allied shipping control board with indications that convoys would be instituted between the united states and brazil last but not least the conference of latin american central bank representatives which met at washing ton on june 30 will coordinate financial measures for the control of enemy enterprises thus little by little the hemisphere is being mobilized for more efficient support to the cause it has recognized as right davip h popper mediterranean front by alan moorehead new york whittlesey house 1942 2.75 the personal experiences of a british newspaperman during the two british offensives in libya the east afri can and syrian campaigns and the courageous effort of the allied forces to hold greece and crete foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 37 jury 3 1942 popper associate editor three dollars a year bw published weekly by the foreign policy association headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheles deaan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 national davip h 3 1879 incorporated at the post office at new york n y under the act of march produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year f vou xx ive resi struggle revolut the surr did not of an e focused tation nationa importz the mo of inter japanes wa china of inte year of methoc econon tal at scorche ization of the space was lo and a faced test by sistanc ing up yunna ing ne munic outsid dur nation chief tries r +aia jul 14 194 entered as 2nd class matter general library university of michigan ann arbor wichican foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxii no 38 july 9 19438 future drives in pacific call for improved political strategy he naval battle of kula gulf in the central solomons on july 5 6 has apparently resulted in a new american victory over the japanese fleet although not without losses on our own part in the week since general macarthur's headquarters announced united nations operations on a 700 mile front from new guinea to the solomon islands the enemy has offered more resistance by sea and air than on land but this means little for the allied forces have confined themselves to the seizure of important but unoccupied islands and to landings on the fringes of well protected japanese positions the real test of enemy reactions will not come until an effort is made to take salamaua on new guinea munda on new georgia island or some other point of significance in japan’s chain of outer defenses differences from guadalcanal cur rent operations represent a considerable change from the conditions that characterized the fighting for guadalcanal today we are definitely on the of fensive in the pacific and are not simply seeking to defend ourselves by attacking first as was the case last year as a result of the improvement of the united nations position on the european front the shortening of the supply route to the east through the victory in north africa and the great rise in american production more naval and air power has become available for the pacific in the words of secretary of the navy knox on july 2 the day of shortages is nearing an end moreover the absence of a united command that drew so much criticism in connection with guadalcanal is no longer in evi dence general macarthur is in charge of the entire drive this year although the forward movement in the solomons is quite properly under the immediate supervision of admiral halsey the present campaign may resemble last year’s operations in one respect the length of time required for the achievement of objectives it will not be easy to seize the air bases of the central and northern solomons or to take salamaua and lae and months of combat may be expected before rabaul the key japanese air naval and submarine base on new britain island can be reached and subdued these actions may in fact merge into other drives this fall especially if burma is invaded when the rains are over and if china becomes a more important center of air and land activity everything depends however upon the nature of the japanese reaction and how much tokyo is willing to sacrifice to hold its island outposts politics and the war with japan in the excitement created by new moves of our armed forces it would be unwise to forget the military im portance of our political relations with asia since the conclusion of british and american treaties end ing extraterritorial rights in china last january there has been an almost complete absence of united nations political action in the pacific although statements have been made little or nothing has been done to resolve the doubts of the far eastern peoples especially in china and india about the future of allied policy in the colonial world in the house of representatives whose members applauded mme chiang kai shek so vigorously some months ago it has been impossible to persuade a majority of the committee on immigration and naturaliza tion to approve a bill for the repeal of chinese ex clusion and the placing of chinese immigration on a quota basis one bill along these lines has already been killed and it is doubtful whether action on an other can be secured before the summer recess meanwhile the japanese have not been idle in recent months they have not only used the short comings of western policy in their propaganda among the peoples of asia but they have initiated a new course of their own in occupied china they have sought to give the impression that the days of f i f i p i a wate es 2 page two ea harshness and cruelty toward the local population are over and they have buttressed this policy by handing over to the puppet government at nanking various foreign rights and properties in southeast asia they have promised independence within a year to the philippine islands and burma and on july 5 they announced that thailand because of its co operative attitude had been ceded territories for merly part of malaya and burma although our major far eastern allies the chinese will hardly be deceived by these moves it would be a mistake to think that other peoples in asia will be entirely immune to the japanese appeal puppets in southeast asia because of developments in europe americans may have the impression that just as germany is able to secure the cooperation only of corrupt and traitorous ele ments in the occupied countries so japan’s native support will be limited to outright quislings there is an important difference however between the two situations in europe the conquered countries have known what independence means and have had an opportunity to operate their own political institu tions in ce they cannot easily be fooled by the invader the people of the indies malaya burma and even the philippine islands have not yet known true national independence and in many cases are just in the process of awakening to the problems of the modern world having never jp ceived self rule from their old masters with why can they compare the present japanese rule especially if japan cleverly simulates concern for native wel fare this danger is reinforced by the color issue which is absent from the european situation by operates against us in asia these conditions make it all the more importap that the united nations take decisive forward look ing measures in the territories that are still unde their control and make promises of a substantid character to the nations of occupied asia there j a danger that we will fall into the error of think ing that all the conquered eastern peoples are like the native tribal groups we are meeting in the south pacific communities without national consciousness that can be dealt with entirely on the basis of treat ing them properly after we land in their territory but peoples gripped by nationalist feeling will de mand more than satisfactory personal behavior on the part of our troops and their leaders they wil want to know what their political and economic status is to be when the japanese are driven out and their attitude toward our military operations may be strongly influenced by the nature of our reply o lack of it lawrence k rosinger war tests resiliency of democratic institutions the war in europe has entered a critical phase whose outcome will be decided not only by sheer weight of armed force but also by the political wis dom and home front cohesion of the united nations nazi propaganda is doing everything in its power to divide the allies and pit them against each other in the hope of distracting them from the main ob jective of defeating the axis all news is grist to its mill from the death of general sikorski premier of the polish government in london in an airplane crash on july 6 to the wave of internal conflicts that is sweeping the united states the allied peoples will have to draw more than ever before on their resources of judgment and patience to meet this new propaganda barrage building democracy internation ally but in the field of political warfare as in military operations it is not enough to remain on the defensive the alarm expressed by the small nations of europe through their representatives in london and washington concerning the draft agreement establishing a united nations relief and rehabilitation administration on the ground that this draft envisages a great power directorate for the post war period must be squarely faced as a portent of difficulties ahead similarly the emphasis laid by general de gaulle on the national sovereign ty of france and his opposition to allied interven tion in french affairs foreshadow the attitude tha the liberated countries may be expected to take one they are free to decide their own fate if all that britain the united states and russia each in it own way or jointly are planning to do in europe is to substitute their dictation for that of hitler they will be confronted after the war with the same kind of resistance that has prevented fortunatel for the allied cause consolidation of hitler's new order the task that continues to face the great powers is how to combine efficiency in military ani economic operations with the greatest possible tt spect for the wishes and aspirations of small nation which admittedly are not strong enough to regail for a discussion of the problems that face the united nations in the far east read strategy of the war in asia by lawrence k rosinger 25c foreign policy report vol xix no 3 reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 or main this is tk multicol of deme is de people velopme wonder not yet cratic a particip national both pre that the extraorc surely work of econom work un united britain no grou trials al lution nor americ proved britain played ment e are an gether triumph states i immigr tured in of these gether a and cor of man growth tem traveled year car of the f the sell played of our ing is t and con power foreign headquarte second clas one month g's pi or maintain their independence unaided in essence this is the never ending task of weaving together the multicolored and many textured threads of the fabric of democratic society is democracy threatened here some people in this country disheartened by recent de yelopments on the home front are beginning to wonder how the united states which they feel has not yet successfully solved the problem of demo cratic administration within its own borders can participate in the far more complex tasks of inter national administration yet such discouragement is both premature and unjustified it was to be expected that the fabric of our society would be subjected to extraordinary strains and stresses as a result of war surely there is little virtue in making democracy work only under conditions of political stability and economic prosperity the real test is whether it can work under unfavorable circumstances and while the united states has not yet been tried in the sense that britain or russia or china have been tried there is no ground for assuming that it will not meet the trials ahead with at least equal courage and reso lution nor is it entirely fair to say as have some american and british critics that this country has proved less capable of bearing the brunt of war than britain it is true that the british people have dis played remarkable courage and capacity for adjust ment but it must not be forgotten that the british are an unusually homogeneous people bound to gether by a long rich history of trials endured and triumphs achieved in common while the united states is still a relatively new country built up by immigrants from many lands of many tongues nur tured in many different traditions the achievement of these immigrants over the years in welding to gether a nation in spite of many threatening divisions and conflicts ranks as high in the turbulent history of mankind’s search for the good society as the growth of democratic institutions in britain temper of the country no one who has traveled up and down this country during the past year can feel anything but admiration for the temper of the people as a whole and humility in the face of the selflessness thoughtfulness and stamina dis played by the men and women who make the wheels of our democratic society go round what is disturb ing is that in the midst of so much intrinsic devotion and concrete accomplishment a struggle for personal power and prestige should still be going on among page three those who represent the people in congress or are appointed by elected officials yet here again it must be borne in mind that part of this struggle at least is due to sincere be lief on the part of some of the contenders that they could do a more effective job for the country could save lives and shorten the war if only they could exercise greater authority in carrying out the respon sibilities assigned to them such struggles take place in totalitarian régimes as well but there they are punctuated not by publicity but by bullets as those who fail to win the argument are disposed of by their opponents the vast effort to make a democratic society function with some degree of discipline in time of war inevitably generates friction creates a spirit of frustration induces fatigue it could doubt less be carried out with less conflict fewer delays a greater spirit of give and take but in all the heat and dust of the debates being waged in this coun try over fundamental political and economic issues the people as well as their representatives are at least learning the manifold difficulties of democratic processes the lessons learned in these days of crisis should make us more tolerant of other countries subjected to similar strains under far more critical circumstances notably france and more understand ing in our approach to the problems of post war reconstruction vera micheles dean short cut to tokyo the battle for the aleutians by corey ford new york scribner’s 1943 1.75 a brief popular account of fighting in the aleutians with special emphasis on the role of the army air forces the command of the air by giulio douhet translated by dino ferrari new york coward mccann 1942 4.00 the first complete english translation of a classic of military aviation the economic development of the netherlands indies by jan o m broek new york institute of pacific rela tions 1942 2.00 useful short survey of this valuable area now under japanese control the author discusses the historical back ground the islands and their people commcdity produc tion and sales abroad changes in indies economic policy industrial development foreign trade and post war pros pects the air offensive against germany by alan a michie new york henry holt 19438 2.00 from a close study of results achieved by the raf the author concludes that 1,000 plane raids on germany’s 50 key cities would bring about nazi defeat in 1948 but he warns that such raids will not be possible unless the american air force adopts night bombing and closer cooperation with the raf foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 38 juty 9 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lzzr secretary vera micue.es dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one month for change of address on membership publications three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter july 5 on july 12 the united states will have been engaged in this war for a length of time equal to the entire period of our participation in world war i but instead of being able to celebrate a victorious armistice at the end of one year seven months and five days of war as we did a quarter of a century ago we have only just set our feet on the road to victory this contrast between the situation then and now gives some idea of the magnitude of the present conflict as compared with the last war to be sure the military position of the united nations has improved out of all recognition in re lation to the picture as it was just a year ago then the japanese were still on the offensive in the south west pacific after having overrun in succession thailand malaya the dutch east indies the philip pines and burma the germans were pushing ahead in the caucasus and ple were wondering whether russia would be able to last through the summer rommel had captured tobruk driven the british out of libya and was threatening the suez canal allies on offensive now today it is the allies who are everywhere on the offensive ameri can troops have retaken attu in the aleutian islands and in the southwest pacific have begun an attack in the solomons and in new guinea with the key japanese base of rabaul as their objective anglo american forces have driven the axis out of north africa and are now threatening sicily and sardinia the german u boat campaign appears to have col lapsed with sinkings of allied shipping the lowest in months while the allies for the first time are destroying enemy submarines faster than the nazis can build them hitler’s expected offensive on the eastern front however has begun although later than had been generally anticipated judging by goebbels radio propaganda the prin cipal hope of the nazis now is based on the belief that american internal economy may collapse under the strain of war recent developments within the united states have undoubtedly afforded comfort to berlin and justified the alarming statement in the senate’s kilgore report published on june 21 that the home front is sagging the remoteness of the united states from actual war zones has fostered the dangerous belief that not only business but politics can be carried on as usual in this country the most striking illustration of this illusion was the recent coal strike in which john l lewis in violation of his pledge to order no strikes for the duration called out the miners from the pits and thereby jeopardized production of munitions for the armed services but congress too is an offender in this respect its revolt against the government's pro posal to use subsidies as a means for rolling back food prices revealed that many congressmen retain the illusion that the old laissez faire economic sys tem can continue to operate in time of war the race riots in detroit too were a disturbing symptom of disunity played up by axis propaganda evils of divided authority nor has president roosevelt yet solved the problem of cen tralizing authority and responsibility on the home front the resignation of chester davis as food administrator once more called attention both to the division of authority and the duplication of effort by various war agencies it is this state of affairs that provokes constant bickerings among high policy making officials of the government the ac cusations and recriminations exchanged last week between vice president henry a wallace in his capacity as chairman of the board of economic war fare and jesse jones head of the reconstruction finance corporation is only the latest episode in a long series of such quarrels the origin of this dispute goes back to april 13 1942 when president roosevelt vested in the bew complete control of all public purchase import op erations which had formerly been conducted by mr jones this directive was issued because under mr jones the program of building up stockpiles of critical materials had failed dismally although con gress had authorized the policy nearly 18 months before pearl harbor but although the president had conferred on the bew power to purchase mr jones retained the power to sign checks without which the bew could not continue its program of procuring the necessary materials the way in whic the rfc held up the vital quinine program illustrates the evils both of the prevailing system of divided authority and the business as usual mentality hitler’s sole hope of winning this war now is to protract the struggle and play for time in the hope that war weariness among the united nations di visions among the allies and above all a collapse of the american home front may compel his ad versaries to accept a compromise peace which would in effect leave him the victor john elliott 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 we vou xxii gir he la ish an ident rox beginnins and anxit allied in would be ings in t axis but phase of kind of continen the west man citie fortress and in st hope proble contact w doubts peoples when the closer eu respective concern their ret states an could no has been poignant would o1 must be problems faised an ington o united s the cc passion has been +e con fraud pres devel erican f met rever timate ne de amer n that issued of its coast hilean aining ipport hilean pres nazi more id na latin asures lemis states uction ports e ma ne 28 of the con ild be ipping would brazil erican shing res for little ficient ht per york perman t afri fort of national davip h 3 1879 a udivers ity of nich ure a lf ant sishep entered as 2nd class matter be we 4507 wy pe ms an ann arbor wich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxi no 38 july 10 1942 five years of chinese resistance le years ago on july 7 china began its national resistance to japanese aggression undertaking a struggle which may well rank with the american revolution in significance as well as duration in the summer and autumn of 1937 the world at large did not understand that it was witnessing the end of an era in chinese history for attention was still focused on china’s weaknesses in industry transpor tation rural economy education political unity and national development time has shown the greater importance of other less easily observable factors the movement toward modernization the decrease of internal dissension and above all the rising anti japanese national spirit of the chinese people war tests unity this spirit has enabled china to meet an unending series of problems both of internal and foreign origin in 1937 38 the first year of war the question was whether and by what methods to continue resistance after the loss of the economic capital at shanghai and the political capi tal at nanking the answer was found in the sorched earth policy guerrilla warfare the reorgan ization of the central armies and the development of the military and political strategy of trading space for time in 1938 39 the capital at hankow was lost wang ching wei deserted to the enemy and a period of stalemate and attrition set in china faced a most severe test of its purpose it met this test by constructing a great base for further re sistance in the hitherto backward southwest build ing up the economies of the provinces of szechwan yunnan sikang kwangsi and kweichow establish ing new highways railways and radio and air com munications and linking the whole area with the outside world by completion of the burma road during the first two years of war china’s inter national relations were relatively simple since the thief problem was to appeal for aid to foreign coun tries not themselves involved in active warfare in 1939 40 however the soviet union and germany signed a nonaggression pact britain and germany became involved in war and the united states adopted a policy of anti axis neutrality china now faced the problem of securing support from coun tries that were seemingly following sharply divergent policies in order to maintain satisfactory relations with germany and italy and at the same time pro mote anti japanese collaboration among the non axis powers chungking avoided taking sides in the european war while indicating clearly its desire for a world wide anti axis bloc pacific war adds to problems the year 1940 41 began under very difficult circum stances the fall of france had already cut the rail way link with the outside world via indo china soon great britain closed the burma road to es sential supplies for a three month period the politi cal situation in china gradually deteriorated reach ing its lowest point in the winter of 1941 when the chungking government sought to disband the guer rilla new fourth army in the yangtze valley al though an open break was avoided relations be tween the government and the communists have remained tense meanwhile japan extended its power in indo china and concluded a neutrality pact with the u.s.s.r the german invasion of the soviet union in 1941 had the effect of bringing together once more the three nations which china hoped to secure as allies against japan moreover the united states the british empire and the netherlands took long awaited steps toward severing trade relations with japan but the outbreak of the pacific war was fol lowed by a series of japanese victories in southeast asia which deprived china of its burma road supply route and the financial contributions of the overseas chinese and exposed it to new japanese at tacks internally the economic situation grew in creasingly serious prices which had risen consider ably in previous years skyrocketed in the absence of effective controls and hoarding became more and more common china's spirit in the perspective of five years it appears that the decision to continue resistance has at each critical point made it possible for the country to surmount the various obstacles of the time without forgetting for a moment the impor tance of material achievements for the prosecution of the war china’s spirit may be regarded as its chief asset in the course of resistance it is this un broken spirit that has made possible the adoption of a successful defensive strategy the internal eco nomic reconstruction of the western provinces the development toward democracy within the guerrilla areas and the emergence of many of the charac teristics of a true national state despite all weak nesses the chungking government is the strongest administration the republic has seen it represents the greatest political unity and centralization china has known in the last generation and perhaps in all its history beyond this it has developed an ac tive foreign policy has established china as one of the big four of the anti axis world and has in page two et es dicated its awareness of the world wide significance of china’s development toward full independence by engaging an important part of japan’s armed forces china has made a contribution to the freedom of other nations not yet equalled by the aid it has received it is only natural that in recent months the chinese people and government have exhibited q growing national consciousness and an increased de termination to judge critically the actions of the other united nations particularly where china itself is affected they look with concern at the un solved political problems of india and follow most carefully every statement of the indian nationalist leaders as well as every british action such as the enlargement on july 3 of the viceroy’s executive council and the appointment of an indian defense minister and two indian members of the war cab inet they are disturbed by new difficulties in obtain ing supplies as a result of japan’s success in cuttin china off from the rest of the world they are also anxious to be treated with complete equality in the councils of the united nations yet more important than any of these problems is their resolution to con tinue the struggle for the chinese realize that this is the only road to their own freedom lawrence k rosinger nazi drive imperils southern russia as the germans intensify their drive into south ern russia and continue to threaten the suez canal the united nations are fast approaching the zero hour long predicted for this summer the fall of sevastopol admitted by the russians on july 5 de prived the u.s.s.r of its principal remaining naval base in the black sea and gave the germans com mand of the crimea springboard for an attack on the caucasus the germans have lost no time in pressing their advantage in russia on july 7 the germans reported capture of voronezh on the moscow rostov railway here as in the crimea the main objective of the germans is the oil of the caucasus should russia lose its supply of oil the highly mechanized russian armies would be placed in a perilous position and so would russia’s mechanized collective farms the nazis hope to an nihilate russia’s offensive power or at least immo with the vast international machinery now being forged can we achieve a workable union for an appraisal from the point of view of post war re construction read machinery of collaboration between the united nations by payson s wild jr 25c july 1 issue of foreicn poticy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 bilize the russians and thus at one stroke avoid another winter campaign in russia and release troops for operations in western europe the ger mans still enjoy superiority in war material on the russian front where they are making large scale use of their air force whose exact location during the past few weeks had mystified allied observers the russians may be expected to continue thei stubborn and courageous resistance but american public opinion should be prepared for russian te treats into the interior of the country unless britain and the united states succeed in diverting german forces to western europe the russians claim that german losses on the eastern front killed wound ed and captured total several million responsible observers in this country place the number of dead at over a million as compared with the figure of 337,342 officially announced by the germans last week the german figure includes only dead and missing and does not mention men wounded of captured british strike back in egypt the suc cess or failure of nazi plans will depend not only on events in russia but on other fronts as_ well especially in egypt hard pressed british soldiers who lost 50,000 killed wounded or captured in the present campaign with great loss of war material temporarily turned the tide of battle last weekend at el alamein 70 miles from the british naval base at alex crews from th army h as suftic shou wrest c they w over th this the cussion has bee were ac over if alexan this ha pierre laborat not av vichy men at for use na perhar cesses have threate regard tually navy lacks naval the br down as that te with cessful attem mans medit the in line f persia and off fre mome the oi mr the l july page three ficance at alexandria reinforced by american planes and dence crews and by fresh contingents of troops rushed in f.p.a radio schedule armed from the near and middle east the british eighth subject new moves on far east front eedom army held off the germans but was not regarded y acag nrg ois it has as sufficiently strong to drive them back into libya ai ae i e.w.t over blue network ths the should the germans capture alexandria and we regret to announce that because of a rearrange ited a wrest control of the suez canal from the british ment in the blue network's programs the fpa’s amer sed de y they would be in a position to establish domination yo teage jars tee be temporarily discontinued of the over the eastern mediterranean british defeat in china this theatre of war might also have disastrous reper the un j cussions among the arabs and in turkey which ww most has been acting on the assumption that british forces ionalist were adequate to meet the german onslaught more as the over if the british fleet should be withdrawn from ecutive alexandria german sources claimed last week that defense this had already been done general franco and ir cab pierre laval would feel more free than ever to col obtain laborate with hitler while specific information is cutting not available on this point it is reported that the ite also vichy government aided the nazis by transporting in the men and equipment across france to french tunisia portant for use in libya and egypt concern about what are regarded s disastrous mis takes in leadership in the united states where opin ion tends to swing from extreme optimism to ex treme pessimism british setbacks aroused even more outspoken comment the real weakness of the brit ish is not lack of courage among soldiers or civilians who have successfully withstood many grueling tests but the consistent tendency of british military and political leaders to underestimate the strength and determination of the axis powers all the stric tures made against british officials however apply with equal force to the united states the united nations or rather certain of their leaders have yet to con nazi attempts to cut supply lines to learn that they are confronted by desperate ene t this is perhaps the most far reaching result of nazi suc mies who will not stop at any sacrifice in terms of cesses in africa is that germany whose victories men and material to achieve their ends the striking nger j have hitherto been won primarily on land now thing is that the people of britain and the united threatens to outmaneuver the british in what was states have sensed this more clearly than some of oil regarded as britain’s element the sea without ac their leaders their growing desire to make all out rele tually entering into major clashes with the british sacrifices to win the war and the peace after the 1 gal navy in the mediterranean for which the axis still war must be harnessed to the war effort before the yee a lacks sufficient strength in view of italy's heavy united nations can find the road to victory 7e scll naval losses the nazis are systematically depriving vera micheles dean dus wm and bases and are whittling fpa president heads military commission 1 down their lines o general frank r mccoy president of the foreign a similar effort to break down the supply lines tent os a e their aye policy association will be absent temporarily in r that tenuously connect britain and the united states eb a merican washington due to his appointment by president with other united nations has already been suc i fi sian fe 9 roosevelt as head of the military commission to try cessfully made by japan in china and is now being 2 britain peake the eight recently captured nazi saboteurs serman tempted by germany in russia should the ger mm that a s succeed in establishing control over the eastern new research staff members woul mediterranean and penetrate into the red sea and the association announces with pleasure the ap sonsifill the indian ocean they could sever the new supply pointment to the research department of howard of dell line from the united states to russia through the p whidden jr research associate on the british cure i persian gulf served by american bases in the near empire and lawrence k rosinger far eastern as a and middle east the russians might thus be cut specialist mr whidden has studied in canada and anis le i od a off from the united nations in this area at the very in london and received his ph.d from harvard ded or moment when they face a crucial test for defense of university where he taught from 1940 to 1942 mr 1c the oil of the caucasus rosinger the author of many articles on the far east he aa mr churchill survived sharp british criticism of has done extensive work with the institute of pacific only a the libyan disaster winning a vote of confidence on relations and has been on the staff of the india gov july 2 although the british press reflected growing ernment trade commissioner’s office new york soldiers 1 the foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 38 juty 10 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy qd in headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lest secretar naterial popper associate editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 three dollars a year veekend suis val base association incorporated national vera micheles dean editor davi h at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter julty 6 the british reverses in libya have com pletely dissipated the earlier feeling of easy com placency observable in washington that the war would be won this year without undue effort on our part it is now generally recognized that the conflict will be long and grim and that the united nations will be doing exceedingly well if at the end of the year they have succeeded in holding the axis powers on approximately their present positions this senti ment was voiced by senator josh lee of oklahoma who said in the course of a debate in the senate on the fall of tobruk that we have been too optimistic all along and that we might just as well face the facts that the united states must lay plans for a war of a minimum duration of five years and for the raising of an army of 10,000,000 men to one who lived in paris during the winter of 1939 40 there is a striking similarity between the facile optimism that prevailed in the french capital during the first months of the war and the com placency that was so evident in washington this spring life went on much as usual in paris during the first year of the war the blackout was a joke rationing was scarcely applied at all and during the winter people danced at the night clubs of mont martre and montparnasse just as in peacetime the fashionable hotels of washington reflect the same atmosphere of gaiety now and the war seems as re mote to washington today as it did to paris in the autumn of 1939 in those days paul reynaud the french finance minister had the walls of paris plastered with posters showing in red the huge areas of the world’s surface controlled by the allies and in black the tiny patch in central europe that germany occupied below was the encouraging caption we will win because we are the stronger those placards seemed to frenchmen a masterpiece of irony when the nazi troops poured into paris the following june but in the days of what was then known as the phoney war the parisians had unthinking con fidence that superiority in raw materials would win the war for them just as many washingtonians believed that the mere voting of huge appropria tions by congress and the turning out of vast quan tities of war supplies by the nation’s factories would be sufficient in themselves to beat hitler frenchmen had the same blind faith in the invulnerability of their maginot line that a great many americans still have in the protection of the two oceans hitler de liberately refrained from bombing paris during the first eight months of the war because he did not want to arouse the french from their apathy and make them war conscious it is a striking fact that until now the cities of the atlantic seaboard haye not been submitted to the ordeal of air raids al though military experts admit that the nazis could bomb washington and new york if they desired to do so the fall of tobruk had in washington the effect to borrow thomas jefferson's simile of a fire alarm bell at midnight its lessons were obvious field marshal erwin rommel had triumphed despite ad mitted british superiority in numbers of men and guns because of abler leadership and the better quality of his tanks the battle of libya provided convincing evidence that men and quality of equip ment not money win battles coupled with the dan gerous rise in shipping losses recently inflicted by axis submarines off the american coast and the occu pation of the outer fringes of the aleutian islands by the japanese the german invasion of egypt has had the effect of arousing washington from its dream of false security and making it realize that the war can be lost unless the nation is prepared as the french obviously were not to wage total war john elliott john elliott who will contribute a w ashing ton news letter every two weeks is a member of the washington bureau of the new york herald tribune he has served with the london bureau of the herald tribune 1923 24 as its berlin corre spondent 1926 35 as its paris correspondent and european editorial manager 1935 40 and as its cor respondent in vichy through 1941 ed behind the urals an american worker in russia’s city of steel by john scott boston houghton mifflin co 1942 2.75 the story of an american worker who witnessed the painful and costly construction of magnitogorsk and other heavy industrial centers in the rich territory east of the ural mountains the book discloses much interesting in formation on the new soviet industries and bears the stamp of honest and objective reporting democracy’s battle by francis williams new york vik ing press 1941 2.75 a stimulating discussion of why democracy failed im central europe its weaknesses in britain and its future written by a rising progressive british thinker our enemy japan by wilfred fleisher new york double day doran 1942 2.00 a distinguished and experienced tokyo journalist who also covered the nomura hull negotiations in washington presents fresh and illuminating material on japan its politics policies and personalities vou x in flercen as to nazis sible t in the divisic up to winter to spe ond f1 ority 1 some ruma their na obvior more borde tories conqu germ chine contr indus russi been been polic tweet the i temp russ base signe mies and 1 long +periodical general lig rane univ op mig entered as 2nd class matter aris jul 19 1946 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxii no 39 july 16 1943 giraud visit shows need for revised u.s policy on france he landings effected in sicily by american brit ish and canadian forces on july 10 which pres ident roosevelt described on the same day as the beginning of the end brought to a focus the hopes and anxieties aroused throughout the world by the allied invasion of north africa last november it would be obviously exaggerated to regard these land ings in themselves as a prelude to victory over the axis but and this is most important in the current phase of the war they are at least a token of the kind of action the allies are preparing for on the continent and the first direct encouragement from the western powers other than bombings of ger man cities for the millions of people within the fortress of europe who have been waiting so long and in such agony for the hour of liberation hope of liberation creates fresh problems paradoxical as it may seem this first contact with european soil is bound to accentuate the doubts fears and expectations that the conquered peoples have about the almost incredible moment when they will no longer be subject to nazi rule the closer europe’s leaders now in exile draw to their respective homelands the more acute becomes their concern both as to the situation they may find upon their return and the role that britain the united states and russia without whose aid the continent could not be liberated intend to play once victory has been achieved this complex of profound and poignant emotions on the eve of a liberation that would once more make free political action possible must be borne in mind in considering the manifold problems of this country’s relations with the french taised anew in difficult form by the arrival in wash ington of general giraud on the invitation of the united states government the controversy about france has raged with such passion in london washington and north africa try and goes so deep to the roots of the moral crisis of our times that by now many people find it difficult to view it with detachment it would be presumptuous to review once more the main features of this debate yet it may be useful to define the principal areas of conflict as they appeared on the eve of the landings in sicily what washington says on france the most crucial issue at stake in this war is whether a military victory of the united nations will also mean a victory over nazi ideas and practices or will leave untouched in liberated europe the seed lings of nazism for fear that the process of destroy ing them would open the way to revolution this issue has been squarely raised in the case of france the official washington view as expressed on many occasions by government spokesmen is that the united states must not recognize in advance of france's liberation any individual or group as rep resentatives of the french people since there is no accurate way of determining the state of opinion among the conquered french the united states ac cording to this view is ready and eager to cooperate with the french armed forces in the task of liberating france and to furnish them with arms for this pur pose as it is already doing provided it has assur ance that these forces are led by military men who have demonstrated their trustworthiness in collaborat ing with the allies this general giraud is held to have done throughout the north african campaign although it is admitted that similar coopetation was given by the much smaller force of de gaullist troops commanded by brig gen jacques le clerc who made a long and hazardous trek northward from the lake chad region to fight side by side with the brit ish and americans in north africa the negotiations now being conducted with giraud in washington according to government spokesmen deal solely with has been so heatedly discussed throughout our coun the further arming and use of the 300,000 french troops now in north africa which very clearly is the principal springboard for an invasion of southern europe as long as military operations continue it is essential it is argued that political controversies should be held in abeyance once victory has been achieved and the danger that politics as usual may jeopardize the lives not only of the french but of their allies is at an end it will be for the french to decide what kind of government they want and under what leadership what the de gaullists reply to this thesis expounded most recently by president roose velt at a press conference on july 9 when he said that 95 per cent of the french people are still under the german heel and there is no france now french de gaullists and their american and british supporters give many cogent and persuasive answers they recognize the paramount nature of military mat ters but contend that political strategy is fully as important as military strategy in winning the battle of europe the united states they believe made an initial and they fear fatal mistake by accepting as its collaborators in north africa not the men who like de gaulle hold out in their opinion the promise of a new post war régime for france but those who were known to have opposed the third republic and others who had actually collaborated with the nazis while it is acknowledged by de gaullists that giraud is a patriotic frenchman and wants to rid his country of german rule it is argued by them that de gaulle is not only anti german but also anti fascist and thus holds the key to france’s post war resurgence and reconstruction having failed to bring de gaulle in at the start the washington administration it is said now re fuses to correct its initial error and multiplies it by snubbing de gaulle at every opportunity most re cently by inviting not him but giraud to the united states for the administration’s reluctance to deal with de gaulle many reasons are ascribed the least sinister being his admittedly difficult disposition the most sinister being the suspicion that some amer ican government officials are fearful of the support he receives from the communists and desire the triumph of reaction in europe after the war as a safe guard against social revolution this reputed policy is regarded as all the more dangerous for the future since it is believed that in france de gaulle has become the rallying point for the underground move ment and has already shown he enjoys popular sup port in north africa while giraud has no such fol lowing either in north africa or in the homeland among many other arguments introduced into this controversy on both sides several should be dis missed as irrelevant those who oppose de gaulle accuse him of seeking personal power this fault a et ene page two ey could be attributed with equal justice to any ambj tious man active on the political scene if de gaulk does have dictatorial aspirations the french of aj people can be counted on to oppose usurpation of power by him or any one else who claims to lead them and do not need us to intervene in this matte some of those who support de gaulle on the othe hand feel that he is justified in his strictures qm allied interference with french sovereignty and that the united states intends to substitute its rule fq that of the french in north africa if such a desire exists it should certainly be combated by america public opinion but reasonable frenchmen doubtles realize that if an invasion of europe were being up dertaken from some other area say for example norway certain temporary infringements on loa sovereignty would occur there too at the same time the contention of some americans that the french should be grateful to the united states for helping to liberate them and should therefore raise no ques tions and make no criticisms is also irrelevant sinc this country is obviously fighting not merely to lib erate france but to assure its own survival that the resurgence of a defeated country is apt to take the form of extreme nationalism another accusation brought against de gaulle should by now be well known to a generation that has witnessed the cal of a nationalist germany but it may be doubted that without going back to the wellsprings of their his tory the french would recover the spirit of self respect and independence which is essential to allied victory in europe and to eradication within frane itself of the pro fascist trends so shrewdly utilized by hitler out of this welter of conflicting views two things emerge with increasing clarity now that the frend after many tergiversations have chosen a committet of liberation which represents a wide range of views this committee is entitled to recognition by the othe united nations not as an instrument of either giraud or de gaulle but as a trustee for the interest of the french people until such time as the people can freely decide their own destiny second britait and the united states should make it clear that they in turn have been acting in north africa neither a conquerors nor as liberators but as trustees for tht french empire until it has recovered the freedom to assert its authority it should be specified howevet that this authority for the duration of the war mus be exercised in such a way as to promote and nd hinder the allied cause which is also that of th french people by helping to bring about as soo as possible the defeat of germany and thus clearif the way for the restoration to france of some patt at least of the influence on the spirits of men whid it has so effectively exercised for many centuries vera micheles dean at the the foret was elec ralph s h harv succeed continue the boat phases of activities mr l ceived pa graduati law sch york cit the law signed tc tion a p relations nected w tinued at of conta eign pol the law of his we many fr russia a board of poration tions ar nationa mrs the unit mawr c college twelve y tor at 1 the wor for a ization transi owner ne repp ee foreign headquarter second class one month b81 beskeretbeoerre il tless page three f.p.a board elects new chairman and vice chairmen at the june meeting of the board of directors of the foreign policy association mr w w lancaster was elected chairman of the board to succeed mr ralph s rounds and mrs learned hand and mr h harvey pike jr were elected vice chairmen to succeed mrs henry goddard leach this election continues the f.p.a tradition of selecting officers of the board from among those interested in various phases of international affairs as well as in community activities mr lancaster was born in augusta maine and re ceived part of his early education in switzerland after graduation from harvard college and the harvard law school he entered the practice of law in new york city about 1907 when he was associated with the law firm of alexander and green he was as signed to advise the international banking corpora tion a pioneer in the international field through this relationship he became interested in problems con nected with international affairs and has since con tinued and intensified his interest through many years of contact with questions related to american for eign policy for many years he has been a partner in the law firm of shearman and sterling in the course of his work he has often gone abroad and has formed many friendships in foreign countries especially in russia and latin america he is a member of the board of directors of the international banking cor poration a member of the council on foreign rela tions and a member of the law committee of the national foreign trade council mrs learned hand the wife of judge hand of the united states circuit court is a graduate of bryn mawr college since graduation she has served her college first as one of the alumnae directors for twelve years and for the past thirteen years as direc tor at large included in her many civic interests is the women’s city club of which she was president for a survey of post war air routes international ization of the world’s airways commercial air transit allocation of routes private or government ownership and plane production read new horizons in international air transport by howard p whidden jr 25c july 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 for a term she has traveled widely abroad she is now actively engaged in relief work for the citizens of many european countries who have sought refuge here mr pike is a graduate of williams college and in world war i served in france in the field artil lery he is vice president of h h pike co inc a new york corporation engaged in foreign trade also vice president of h h pike trading co inc a cuban merchant corporation with head office in havana from 1931 to 1933 he was president of the new york coffee and sugar exchange inc and is now a member of the national foreign trade coun cil of the committee on foreign commerce and rev enue laws of the chamber of commerce of the state of new york and of the council on foreign rela tions he is treasurer of st george's church in 1940 he served on the administrative committee sponsor ing the passage of the selective compulsory military training and service act and is chairman of advis ory board local draft board 50 in new york city upon the resignation of mr rounds and mrs leach as chairman and vice chairman of the board the following resolution was passed resolved that the foreign policy association wishes to express its keen regret that mr ralph s rounds and mrs henry goddard leach are resigning as chairman and vice chairman of the association they have served on the board since 1918 and 1919 and have guided the association from its first steps and original policy through the many changes during these twenty five years of crises in foreign affairs we appreci ate their long and valuable service to the association which has been enhanced by their wide range of interests in the community and in the national efforts in relation to our position in the world we are grateful that they will continue to serve on the board and thereby to give the association the benefit of their long experience and of their counsel not only in regard to our own affairs but also in relation to our contribution to world affairs we were free by constantin joffé new york smith durrell 1948 2.75 moving story of one of the french war prisoners in germany especially revealing is the account of the mis treatment meted out to the prisoners by german civilians the coming battle for germany by william b ziff new york duell sloan and pearce 1942 2.50 this appeal for the destruction of germany from the air is of great interest in view of recent devastating raids on the reich banking and finance in china by frank m tamagna new york institute of pacific relations 1942 4.00 an authoritative and extremely valuable analysis of chinese financial institutions essential for the under standing of pre war and wartime china foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 39 jury 16 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dororhy f luger secretary vara michetes dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 one month for change of address on membership publications 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year bes produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter july 12 foreign affairs played a minor role in the first session of the 78th congress which con cluded on july 8 when that body took its first ex tended vacation since the outbreak of the war in september 1939 but the record of the new congress in the field of foreign policy was marked on the whole by an effort to approach current problems in a constructive way the three major issues of foreign policy dealt with in the session just ended were 1 renewal of lend lease 2 renewal of the reciprocal trade agree ments act and 3 the post war policy of the united states the first two subjects were disposed of by congress but the third was left as unfinished business for the national legislature to take up when it re assembles in september a change in public opinion the change in attitude of the american people with regard to foreign problems as reflected by congressional votes was impressively revealed when lend lease came up for renewal after two years of experimenting with this new procedure while the senate took eighteen days of bitter debate to pass it by a vote of 60 to 31 in 1941 it agreed to its continuance by an 82 to 0 vote on march 11 the day before the house had carried the bill by the overwhelming vote of 407 to 6 compared with the vote of 260 to 165 by which it ac cepted the original bill two years ago much more controversial was the reciprocal trade agreements act which also came up for renewal this year in fact so evenly divided were the parties in the new congress that at the beginning of the year some doubt had been expressed whether the bill to extend this act could possibly get through the importance the administration attached to it was shown by sec retary of state cordell hull’s declaration before the house ways and means committee on april 12 that the attitude congress took toward the bill would be a signpost indicating to our allies whether this country was prepared to assume its full share of re sponsibility for maintaining peace in the post war world the house passed the bill in virtually the form it had been introduced the only important amendment accepted was that reducing the renewal period from three to two years on may 13 by a vote of 342 to 65 and the senate followed suit on june 2 by passing it 59 to 23 but the most important foreign policy subject to be brought before the past session of congress was the course to be pursued by the united states in the post war world and on this vital issue congress has 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 still to act a determined effort is being made by g number of influential senators to avert a repetition of the tragedy of 1919 when a clash between the ex ecutive and legislature wrecked the peace settle ment by putting the senate on record now as favor ing participation by the united states in an interna tional organization to preserve peace after the present conflict is ended thirty six resolutions to this effect are now pending before congress senators demand action the senate foreign relations committee had taken no action on any of these resolutions by the time congress tre cessed the four senators who have sponsored the ball burton hill hatch resolution however gave no tice on july 2 of their intention to insist on pfompt action when congress reconvenes on the same day two republican senators vandenberg of michigan and white of maine introduced still another resolu tion which favored american cooperation in post war efforts to prevent any recurrence of military ag gression pending too as congress quit washington was the motion introduced by representative j wil liam fulbright of arkansas and adopted unanimous ly by the house foreign affairs committee which would put congress on record by concurrent resolu tion as indorsing american participation in appro priate international machinery to maintain peace in view of these many resolutions on the subject and the determination of a number of congressmen to press for action on them it is difficult to see how even the procrastinating senate foreign relations com mittee of which senator connally of texas is chait man can continue to side step them much longer one of the most heartening features of the last session of congress was the tendency of some of its members to reach agreement on questions of foreign policy no matter how divided they were on domestit politics a majority of republicans in both houses for example supported the administration sponsored legislation to renew the life of the reciprocal trade agreements two republican and two democratit senators have collaborated in drafting the most f tailed of all the resolutions on post war planning tt be introduced in congress true this tendency maj have been due to recognition on their part that publit opinion is united in support of the administration foreign policy when it is recalled however that party politics were largely responsible for the failurt of the united states to join the league of nations in 1919 this is nonetheless an encouraging sign john elliott vou xx 1 u resil to ab deprive tl functions of rfc s new offic of leo t two imp first the ing impr putes ab the adm represent nating a policy it they hav agencies nomic office of the dep commer of fore most im sta tor i the batt foreign victor is had ser creation by an not mai instruct the stat of econ pointin as head nomic inghou +ind tter jed lip an by cu s by had 1 of can nch ng r of rald 1 of yrre and cor city co the ther f the y in the vik din ture uble who gton its anh arbor nich foreign policy bulletin entered as 2nd class matter dr william yw univers bishop b aa ty of nichigan tee med vrary an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxi no 39 july 17 1942 new nazi drive tests russia’s will to resist he german offensive in southern russia now in its third week is being conducted with such fierceness and such lavish use of men and materials as to indicate an urgent desire on the part of the nazis to crack russia’s resistance in the shortest pos sible time soviet reports estimate that the germans in their drive in the don region have been using 50 divisions of infantry 10 to 12 armored divisions and up to 3,000 planes as the russians had feared all winter when they were urging the western powers to speed deliveries of armaments and to open a sec ond front in europe the germans command superi ority in tanks and planes and even of man power in some sectors where they have marshaled hungarian rumanian italian and other troops in addition to their own nazis advantage the germans have the obvious advantage that they have not only preserved more or less intact their industrial plant within the borders of the reich but can also utilize the fac tories of occupied countries as well as the labor of conquered peoples of whorn 2,500,000 according to german figures are working for the nazi war ma chine in industry or agriculture the germans by contrast have deprived russia of one of its principal industrial areas the donetz basin as well as others russian industries in the occupied areas have either been moved to the urals and siberia or else have been subjected by the russians to the scorched earth policy and the russians have had to evacuate be tween 10 and 20 million workers and peasants into the interior of the country with inevitable even if temporary dislocation of their production today russia must depend for war material on its secondary base in the ural siberia region which had been de signed primarily to serve the needs of the russian ar mies in the far east and on supplies from britain and the united states which must be brought in over long sea routes vulnerable to german submarine and surface ship attack via the arctic in the north and the persian gulf in the south russia’s assets like china russia has two important assets which may have a decisive effect on the course of the war its enormous space and the newly emerging national spirit of its people forged by the common burdens and hardships of the war into a national unity never previously known the centralization of political and economic power in moscow had led many foreign observers to believe that russia might disintegrate if some of its prin cipal centers were occupied or menaced but the russian people throughout their history have been ruled from a distant capital moscow in the days of the earlier tsars st petersburg after peter the great had established his new capital on the northern periphery of the country to sustain life they have perforce had to develop a whole network of local and communal relationships paradoxical though it may seem the soviet system strengthened these local relationships after the early period of civil strife by forcing the peasants to pool their efforts in collec tive farms and establishing a much closer link than had existed in the past between the workers and their factories as well as between the local soviets and the populations within their jurisdiction the defense of cities like leningrad odessa sevastopol in which for lack of communications with the rest of the country the local population had to assume a predominant part and the guerrilla warfare waged in the countryside by bands of partisans reveal the extent to which this war for the russians is not merely stalin’s war but a people's war russian will to resist it also provides an answer to those who in the case of russia as in the case of china have been asking themselves whether defeatism might not set in in moscow or chung king and create the atmosphere for a separate peace it is entirely possible and the russians have never nurtured any illusions on this score that the ger mans may advance much farther into the interior of the country than they did in 1941 like the japanese in china the germans are finding that they cannot conquer space and are concentrating on the limited objective of depriving russia of supplies needed for continuance of the war by seeking to cut off its armies and collective farms from the oil of the cau casus and by menacing russia’s supply routes through murmansk and the persian gulf but per ilous as russia’s position may become within the next few weeks the russians have been made aware by the actions of the germans themselves that de feat would spell their obliteration as a nation and destruction of the way of life they had been labori ously constructing during the past quarter of a cen tury at enormous cost in men and resources it seems far less credible than it might have in 1941 before the russians had experienced the full impact of total war that they could accept any other outcome than victory over the germans no matter how long it takes to achieve or what it may cost here the germans have encountered a determination and a capacity for sacrifice at least equal to their own but in the case of russia as in the case of china britain and the united states cannot assume that because the russian and chinese people will con tinue to resist until they have defeated their enemies the western powers can waver for a moment in the fulfillment of their own pledges of aid to their allies in europe and asia the russians like the chinese are realists they admit that britain has kept faith with moscow in delivering supplies over the arctic route at great risk to its ships and sea men and that the united states once it recovered from the initial shock of pearl harbor has also en deavored to meet russia’s wants often at the ex page two i pense of other fronts notably china they also up.j derstand that in order to open a second front jg europe the allies might have to divert ships ang war material now being used to supply russia tp the need of servicing the second front but the russians realistic as they are have themselves transcended many practical difficulties and have a complished not only what seemed practicable but what seemed impossible they expect no less from britain and the united states they find it difficult to understand that people in this country and to a much lesser extent in britain should still be cop cerned with the preservation of a semblance of civil ian life should still want to obtain consumers goods when every ounce of labor and every scrap of raw material should in their opinion be going into the war effort having lived for twenty five years in ap atmosphere where the most vital consumers needs were consciously sacrificed to the need of building an industrial plant that could produce armaments for de fense of what was in 1917 a primarily backward ag p ricultural country whose resources were coveted by advanced industrial states the russians find it in credible that the united states with its vastly su perior industrial resources should not harness them immediately and irrevocably to the common war ma chine they do not realize the dislocation that a sudden curtailment of industries producing consum ers goods would create in this country but like the chinese and the peoples of conquered europe they are convinced that an axis victory would make the enjoyment of consumers goods and even of the minimum necessities of life impossible for the de feated countries hence their urgency in pressing fot all out war now in 1942 when they believe victory is not impossible while defeat would be tantamount to slavery vera micheles dean thei of f rus tion com nazi economic plans thwarted in russia as the german army advances deeper into russia the nazis find themselves increasingly concerned with the problem of reorganizing the vast russian territories they have conquered these regions the most important of which are white russia and the ukraine cover more than 800,000 square miles or a little over one quarter of european russia and with the vast international machinery now being forged can we achieve a workable union for an appraisal from the point of view of post war re construction read machinery of collaboration between the united nations by payson s wild jr 25c july 1 issue of forzign poticy reports reports afe issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 sheltered before the invasion about 48 million people or 40 per cent of the european population of the u.s.s.r this area is the source of some 60 pet cent of the total coal and iron ore production of the whole u.s.s.r and of 36 per cent of the cereal crops grown in european russia fruits of conquest small in one te spect however the invaded section of russia differs from the other countries occupied by germany while incorporation of the latter into the german war economy has already been substantially com pleted russians still stubbornly refuse their coopera tion germany holds cities such as smolensk kiev kharkov odessa and now sevastopol scattered in an area which normally produce from 30 to 45 pef cent of russia’s industrial output but is still unable to obtain from these regions the large supplies att ticipated since extensive military operations continue qua to loss of of wa sug is the sia ai yes wa su th be t in and a to the ives ac but rom cult to a con ivil ods raw the 1 an eeds g an t de llion yn of per f the rops re iffers any rman com pera kiev d in per rable s all tinue ss in russia in contradistinction to the other occupied countries the germans cannot use the railways the only effective means of transportation in these practically roadless areas for other than purely war poses moreover the scorched earth policy has been applied to a much greater extent in russia than in any other theatre of war a policy which has undoubtedly been facilitated by the fact that the industrial wealth was state property so that there was no possibility of opposition by private in terests to complete destruction the russians however have not been able to de stroy everything the coal mines of the donetz basin for instance may still be in working order and im rtant plants stockpiles and water power resources must have fallen to the invaders yet in view of the extent of destruction and the unsettled conditions in the occupied areas the new german managers of conquered soviet mines and factories are facing a truly herculean task in their attempts to reorganize production in russia while the fighting goes on in fact the negotiations conducted by nazi officials swith german corporations with a view to their tak ing over russian enterprises have so far progressed vety slowly the party representatives complain that most of the plants behind the german lines are still inactive and that the leaders of german industry and finance prefer to concentrate on securing ad vantageous positions in other occupied countries where conditions are more stable agriculture disorganized to a lesser extent the russians have also been able to apply their scorched earth policy to agriculture the stocks of foodstuffs found by fhe invading troops in white russia and the ukraine have been far below expecta tions the cereal harvest in the ukraine was almost completed before the invasion of 1941 and large quantities of grain were shipped in the nick of time to moscow and the east the principal agricultural loss was probably that of the sugar beet crop most of which rotted in the ground almost nine tenths of the total sugar beet production of the u.s.s.r was grown in the occupied region virtually the only sugar russia will have this year will be that which is at present being sent by the united states under the lend lease agreement the evacuation of a substantial part of the rus sian population at the time of the invasion makes japan’s campaign in eastern china has raised new difficulties for the chungking government for five years japan has tried to advance along china's rail ways rivers and highways in order to blockade the surrounding countryside and force it to yield the theory has been that if the unoccupied areas could be throttled economically through the loss of mar page three it most difficult for.the germans to sow tend and harvest crops according to a hungarian report the harvest in the german occupied ukraine was even smaller this year than in 1942 reaching only 40 per cent of the 1941 yield hoping to obtain the collab oration of those who remained the german military authorities at first announced their intention of abol ishing the collective system introduced by the krem lin nothing however has yet been done to transfer the land to the peasants on the contrary the reichs minister for the occupied territories of the east al fred rosenberg issued a decree on february 27 1942 purporting to establish a new agricultural system for all the territories within the 1939 frontiers of the soviet union including eastern poland and the baltic states according to this decree the sovkhozes state farms will be placed under the administra tion of german experts without any change and the lands of the ko khozes collective farms will be rebaptized landbaugenossenschaften land culti vation cooperatives these will also be cultivated under the control of german experts the acute shortage of agricultural workers com bined with the stubborn resistance of the russian people against collaboration with the enemy is compelling the nazis to seek elsewhere the hands they need for cultivation of the fields of conquered russia to solve this difficulty they are trying to draft surplus farmers from the thickly populated countries of western europe in the netherlands especially great efforts are being made toward this end according to nazi plans holland is to be permanently isolated from great britain the west ern hemisphere and its overseas empire and there fore will not be able to sustain its present rural and urban population with the financial assistance of the bank of the netherlands headed by a dutch nazi rost van tonningen a new corporation called the netherlands east company has recently been set up to establish an agricultural colony of some three million dutchmen over one third of the total population of the country in russia such plans however involve great difficulties and may easily be upset by future military developments as long as active fighting persists on the russian front the economic contribution of the russian hinterland to the german war machine cannot be of primary importance ernest s hediger campaign in china foreshadows new japanese front kets and sources of supply in the occupied zones the morale and political stability of free china could be undermined it is well known that this objective has remained unrealized and that japan does not control the full communications system of eastern china or the provinces further west many villages for example have remained under chinese admin istration although close to japanese held centers this has been the case in the eastern provinces of chekiang and kiangsi which have recently been the scene of heavy fighting chekiang an important producer of salt is a coastal area not far below oc cupied shanghai yet its economic and political life has been very closely linked to that of free china similarly except for the area about nanchang in the north the neighboring interior province of kiangsi a source of tungsten has been entirely in chinese hands these two provinces are bound to gether by a railway running southwest from hang chow to nanchang before the present campaign this line except for the terminals was under chinese control and served china’s economic political and military purposes in the same way kiangsi is also linked with the neighboring western province of hunan standing at the gateway of china’s south west the backbone of the country’s economic power immediately after general doolittle’s sweep over tokyo on april 18 the japanese launched systematic reconnaissance and bombing of various cities and air fields in eastern china especially in chekiang and kiangsi a month later japanese troops began to march down the railway from hangchow and other forces soon pushed eastward from nanchang in a pincers movement to date japan has taken various airfields such as those at chuhsien and lishui in chekiang the temporary chekiang capital at kin hua and the entire railway they claim the fall of wenchow a south chekiang city which is described as an important secret chinese supply base japan's strategic objective what are japan's objectives in this campaign which has now been under way for two months one commonly mentioned motive is the desire to seize various air fields that might be used to bomb japanese cities a second is a plan to establish through railway com munications from shanghai to singapore a track distance of approximately 4,000 miles such a route would reduce the number of ships exposed to attack on the long sea voyage from japan to southeast asia this is important because japanese losses in sending supplies to the newly conquered southern areas and in bringing back raw materials have been large in relation to japan’s shipbuilding capacity while the japanese undoubtedly bear these factors in mind the evidence indicates that they must have a more immediate motive for the campaign their op erations are on a larger scale than the mere seizure of airfields requires while the shanghai singapore page four ts a plan would demand considerable time for execution the japanese probably hope to strike a sharp blow at china’s power of resistance ever since 1937 and especially during the past two years the chinese have been beset by economic difficulties prices haye ascended at bewildering speed and many commodity shortages have developed through actual scarcity of hoarding if the provinces of chekiang and kiangsj and perhaps other areas can be torn from the economic structure of free china new problems will be created for chiang kai shek furthermore the two provinces are the scene of much of the smuggling that has occurred between occupied and unoccupied china often through the judicious dis tribution of bribes among japanese officers it would be a blow to china’s economic and political position if the japanese were now to stop this flow of com modities this is not to say that the japanese intend to make china their main objective this summer it took them over a month to seize the chekiang kiangsi railway in the face of chinese resistance and it would probably be more difficult to capture lines deeper in the interior japan can hardly afford to consume what may well be the decisive summer of the global war in new operations on the chinese front but japan would benefit greatly if by certain limited moves such as the ones already described chinese opposition could be greatly weakened this would permit the release of many troops for other new fronts perhaps against the soviet far east in all these developments the united states will play a very important part the recent arrival of a small number of american bombers in china to supplement fighter planes already there has pro duced dividends in the form of raids on hankovw canton and other japanese held centers if we send additional bombers that can be spared from the primary european front the chinese may be able to retard japan’s advance and make its efforts um profitable china’s minister of communications has also made the welcome announcement that large quantities of supplies are at last being delivered from india by transport plane this indicates that vari ous flying problems as well as the difficulties of the monsoon season have been surmounted at least in part it is certainly of the utmost importance that china be helped to maintain an active front s0 that japan will have no peace on its vulnerable flank if it strikes in other directions lawrence k rosinger foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 39 jury 17 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera miiccheles dean editor davo h popper associate editor three dollars a year is entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 187 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year fog vis fie wo ere pr fir pol +pd a fg pbrigdical ruv general libra univ of mich jue 26 1943 ae entered as 2nd class matter veaeral library y university of uichigan ann arbor nichtean foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vor xxii no 40 july 28 1943 u.s streamlines conduct of economic policy abroad resident roosevelt’s decision on july 15 to abolish the board of economic warfare and deprive the reconstruction finance corporation of its functions abroad and the merging of the bew and of rfc subsidiaries financing foreign purchases in a new office of economic warfare under the leadership of leo t crowley alien property custodian have two important aspects in the field of foreign affairs first these measures are intended to dispel the alarm ing impression created abroad by public airing of dis putes about major policies between top officials of the administration second and most important they fepresent one more step in the direction of coordi nating all government activities touching on foreign policy instead of permitting them to be dispersed as they have been in recent years among nearly a dozen agencies the state department the board of eco nomic warfare the lend lease administration the office of the coordinator of inter american affairs the department of agriculture the department of commerce the treasury and most recently the office of foreign relief and rehabilitation to name the most important state department emerges as vic tor in the struggle for power that has been labeled the battle of washington the agency concerned with foreign policy which appears to be emerging as the victor is the one whose alleged faults and deficiencies had served for several years as justification for the creation of many new offices the state department by an executive order of june 3 1943 which was not made public until july 18 president roosevelt instructed secretary of state hull to set up within the state department an office for the coordination of economic policy which mr hull has done ap pointing assistant secretary of state dean acheson as head of the newly formed office of foreign eco nomic coordination this office is to serve as a clear inghouse for the activities of all other agencies re lated to economic affairs in liberated areas as the war progresses and to coordinate the foreign policy aspects of wartime controls and operations it is rec ognized in the president's order that the state de partment cannot act as an operating unit for the per formance of functions entrusted to these other agen cies but it is intended that their operations abroad should be fitted into the framework of an over all foreign policy as carried out by the department pri marily charged with the conduct of this country’s foreign affairs coordination needed the coordination urged by the president has aroused fear and misap prehension among those who believe that the state department by reason of tr adition selection of staff and personal views of some of its chief executives is ill prepared to handle with sufficient imagination and flexibility the vast and challenging tasks that are bound to confront the united states in the post war period yet those who have been working in the field for the various agencies concerned notably in north africa believe irrespective of their political opinions that some kind of coordination is absolute ly essential if the united states is to have anything like a coherent policy during and after the war their reports indicate that under the system as it has exist ed up to now meetings of american representatives of the various agencies in north africa were a miniature tower of babel with bew lend lease treasury state department and other officials each speaking their own language and trying to develop their own idea of this country’s policy the criticisms lavished on the state department in recent years sometimes tend to disregard the fact that the american foreign service is composed of many hard working modest intelligent men who have served the country devotedly often under very trying circumstances and during the pre war years presented for the most part as accurate a picture of an oe eee a ed ae 8 een 8 cee se oe see we wg mre eet seat ea eh a ee ee hae t es o38 a 1 i ee ee ane a te ee 4 y the events that led to the present conflict as any re ceived by the foreign offices of non totalitarian coun tries that the information they furnished was not always put to better use was by no means primarily the fault of the state department it was in far great er measure the fault of some members of congress who even on the eve of the invasion of poland per sisted in their disbelief that war was in the making that the state department has many organiza tional weaknesses and could be greatly strengthened by the inclusion in its ranks of personnel drawn from all walks of life would be admitted by some of its best friends but if it is agreed that the state de partment needs to be reorganized then the best thing would seem to be to reorganize it instead of hedging it about by new agencies in the vague hope a hope shattered by the developments of the past few weeks that these agencies will somehow painlessly emas culate the state department meanwhile it must be admitted that the creation of these new agencies with personnel recruited from circles that the state department had not tapped has roused the latter to take fresh initiatives and to seek advice in hitherto unexplored quarters the role of amgot the task of improv ing and rejuvenating the administration of our for eign policy assumes increasing importance as amer ican forces side by side with the british canadians and french establish their first contact with euro pean territory a contact which is bound to create countless new problems in terms of relief adminis tration of occupied areas finance relationships with new political groups and so on while all these prob lems must and should be handled by technical ex perts as they are being handled by the british in italy’s african colonies they must not be dealt with in such a way as to encourage divergences among the american agencies engaged in the task thus con fusing our allies and encouraging our enemies initial measures in liberated areas as arranged in advance are being taken by the allied military gov ernment of occupied territory known as amgot which in sicily is under the direction of general alexander appointed by the allies as military gov ernor of sicily and adjoining islands this military government exercised jointly for the present by brit martinique shake up severs on july 14 bastille day admiral georges robert vichy high commissioner for french possessions in the western hemisphere resigned from his post and was replaced by an appointee of the french com mittee for national liberation mr henri etienne hoppenot with this transfer of martinique and guadeloupe from allegiance to the german con trolled vichy régime to a pro allied french authority the prolonged negotiations between admiral robert page two ain and the united states is designed to restore and maintain order in occupied territories in collabora tion with local authorities until such time as the mil itary commander in the field decides that administra tion can be entrusted to bodies freely elected by the people on the efficacy and common sense of such government in the areas first occupied by the allies will depend not only the length of the war but also the success of post war reconstruction the responsibility of amgot is all the more im portant because of the emphasis laid by axis propa ganda on what defeat will mean to germany and italy most recently by carlo scorza secretary of the fascist party who on july 18 answered the appeal of mr churchill and president roosevelt for a revolt of the italian people against fascism by painting in the darkest colors the future reserved for italy by the united nations it is not by words but by deeds that the allies can demonstrate to the peoples of liberated countries whether friends or enemies that they are bringing not another form of oppression but an op portunity for the free expression of popular choice one point in scorza’s speech however deserves special consideration he touched on a very sensitive point when he told the italians that the allies in case of victory would relegate them to the role of waiters in tourist hotels and purveyors of cheap art and amusement to anglo saxon travelers no one familiar with italy can forget that the thing many italians resented most was not that the western de mocracies were powerful but that they paid no at tention to the achievements or desire for achieve ments of modern italy it is not enough to urge the italians to revolt against fascism and at the same time hold them up to contempt for alleged lack of courage as some commentators have done it is with a sense of true humility with an appreciation of the matchless heritage bequeathed by the old world to the new and of gratitude for the courage of those within europe who held the fort until we could get ready that the military and civilian administrators of the allies should approach the task of reconstructing stability in the post war world vera micheles dean last western link with vichy and the united states have come to an end the last of the french possessions in the western hemisphere still subservient to the nazi new order has now been brought under united nations control admiral robert’s resignation after nearly a yeaf of negotiation seems to have been due at least as much to the increasing discontent and spirit of fe bellion of the population of martinique and gua deloupe against his régime as to the economic pres sure exer had susp islands s many hu the allie plight a missioner state of time var last mont by a capt just outs surrender signed the tv world i land and canada vichy so when the replaced ber 1941 debarked iestored stra tinique square canal ai strategic suggest mainly t two deer to its ext 15 mile s edly spac to prev machine craft as the war warships on the is ment jus a continent whose recovery is essential to our own recen suggest are still matter n the criti continen teasonak greatly in an of into bu lessens t to suppc cording ves itive s in e of art one nany 1 de 0 at ieve the same k of with f the id to hose 1 get rs of cting own ln sure exerted on him by the united nations which had suspended all shipments of foodstuffs to the islands since november 1942 in recent months many hundreds of the inhabitants had fled to jc’n the allied forces or to escape from their unbearable plight after his arrival in martinique the new com missioner disclosed that the population had been in a state of active revolt against the admiral for some time various civil demonstrations had occurred and last month a group of several hundred soldiers led by a captain had taken possession of an army camp just outside the capital fort de france refusing to surrender their position unless admiral robert re signed the two other french possessions in the western world french guiana on the south american main land and the islands of st pierre and miquelon off canada had already severed their allegiance to vichy some time before the former in march 1943 when the pro vichy administration was ousted to be replaced by a pro allied régime the latter in decem ber 1941 when former free french admiral muselier debarked by surprise and organized a plebiscite which iestored the rule of the french republic strategic importance of island mar tinique a small mountainous island of only 385 square miles 1,200 miles by air from the panama canal and 1,600 miles from florida possesses a strategic significance far greater than its size would suggest its importance in the present war is due mainly to its extremely favorable location between two deep sea lanes leading to the panama canal and to its excellent natural facilities such as a first class 15 mile square inner harbor at fort de france reput edly spacious enough to accommodate a whole fleet to prevent enemy use of this harbor with its large machine shops for the repair of sea and undersea craft as well as escape to nazi controlled france of the warships and airplanes stationed there allied warships and naval aircraft have been keeping watch on the island since the latter part of 1940 the agree ment just concluded between the united states and is india ripe for new recent first hand reports on the situation in india suggest that political and economic conditions there are still far from satisfactory at first glance the matter may not seem serious since as compared with the critical days of the summer of 1942 this sub continent of almost four hundred million people is feasonably quiet and the danger of invasion has been greatly reduced in fact india is now viewed chiefly in an offensive spirit as a base for an allied drive into burma yet this change in outlook in no way lessens the importance of r allying the indian populace to support of the war effort there is little doubt ac cording to reliable observers that indians by and page three the new administration provides that the ships which have been lying idle for three years and are badly in need of repair will be immediately sent to this coun try for reconditioning preparatory to their inclusion in the allied armada political and economic implica tions the installation of the new commissioner will no doubt be the starting point for the restoration of republican government in the french antilles as a first measure toward this goal mr hoppenot on the day following his arrival abrogated the anti democratic laws set up by the previous administra tion before the vichy administration the islands enjoyed a far more democratic régime than that of most other european possessions in the carribean local legislative assemblies were elected by universal male suffrage as in france and the islands were rep resented in paris both in the chamber of deputies and the senate admiral robert suspended all elec tions dismissed the pro allied officials and interned any one who openly embraced the cause of the de mocracies economic rehabilitation is another task awaiting the new régime as in the case of most countries of the caribbean area martinique and guadeloupe suf fer from a single crop economy in this case sugar and its by products especially rum which were ex tensively exported to france before the war large amounts of foodstuffs even coffee and fish had to be imported after the semi starvation brought about by the recent allied ban on food shipments the relief action now undertaken by the united states lend lease supplies are reported already at hand in the har bor of fort de france will reduce the sufferings of the population to achieve permanent improvement of living standards however a vast program of re habilitation including greater diversification of local crops will have to be undertaken some of the 250 000,000 worth of gold brought to martinique by the emile bertin before the surrender of france might well be used in this task of economic reconstruction ernest s hediger british overtures large do not regard their country as being in the war despite india’s military production and the growth of the indian army this situation it is said is likely to continue until the country receives a more definite stake in the outcome of the conflict at the present time anti british sentiment and the desire for inde pendence are of a most widespread character affect ing even uneducated persons who in many cases are not aware of political developments but are discon tented over economic conditions shortages of food the part played by economic difficulties in molding indian popular opin ion can hardly be overestimated our newspapers have given us the impression that india’s unsettled state arises primarily from arguments over political or re ligious questions but shortages of food and essential civilian goods are perhaps equally compelling factors in the situation it is worth noting that last summer and fall when american attention was riveted on na tionalist plans for civil disobedience and the arrests of gandhi nehru and other leaders large numbers of indians especially in the cities were standing in line for hours on end in an effort to buy the necessities of life since then matters have deteriorated further as indicated by an associated press dispatch of july 2 from new delhi reporting widespread appeals for food and almost daily lootings of grain stores such a situation cannot be remedied through any one meas ure but to execute even the best planned policy it is necessary to enlist the support of the general popula tion especially the peasants political agreement remains possi ble few actions could be better calculated to lay the basis for an effective economic program than the formation of some type of provisional coalition gov ernment for the duration of the war a new admin istration which would include the leading indian groups especially the indian national congress and the moslem league all purely military matters would be left in british hands and the problem of independence could be handled through a clear cut pledge of post war freedom perhaps by the king of england who is also emperor of india these sug gestions it is true bear a general resemblance to the unsuccessful cripps proposals but a great deal of water has passed under the bridge since that time and the indian groups might reconsider their posi tion if a new formula were presented moreover the cripps suggestions contained many items of detail that were unsatisfactory to one or another group the omission of all vexatious points concerning the post war period except the single platform of indepen dence might facilitate an indian british working agreement under a provisional indian government page four just published relief and rehabilitation by herbert h lehman director office of foreign relief and rehabilitation operations 25c july 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 ls empowered to deal with important aspects of the country’s internal situation and participation in the war effort india could be expected to make a larger contribution to victory the objection most commonly raised to the ideg of an indian coalition administration is that the mog lems will have nothing to do with it or at any rate that mohammed ali jinnah proponent of pakistag and leader of the influential moslem league is ip transigent on the subject of cooperation with other groups particularly congress those who know mr jinnah are convinced that this is a mistaken picture of his views they are convinced that he would be willing to compromise on pakistan in favor of a coalition government if this could be arranged the chief difficulty it would appear arises not from the moslem league or any other indian organization but from the fact that the leaders of the indian na tional congress the most important nationalist body are in prison and therefore cannot take part in any discussions for unity among indian groups if the viceroy were to advance new proposals for settle ment and at the same time release the congress lead ers it is considered likely that agreement could be reached america’s interest the united states is in terested in the indian situation first of all because of the importance of having a sound base for a cam paign in burma whatever the reasons for the failure of last winter's drive toward akyab may have been the united nations cannot afford to repeat that set back on a larger scale this fall moreover the pres ence of american troops in india often in out of the way places connected with the coastal cities by rather tenuous lines of communication creates spe cial concern over internal developments that might produce disorder not least important american prestige in asia is involved this prestige described by mr willkie as a leaking reservoir of good will has been impaired by our failure to playa more active role in connection with difficulties in india last summer and at the time of gandhi's fast early this year the united states has naturally been anxious to avoid any action that might injure the american british partnership but the question arises whether after the lapse of a year london might not be willing to consider making a fresh approach it india certainly such a move would be welcomed hete and would cement rather than weaken the close fe lationship established on the field of battle in north africa and sicily lawrence k rosinger foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 40 jury 23 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leer secretary vera micheles dean editor entered second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year a produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f vou xxii un he do dictatc not only brings to allies rel victor en would cot new pren by its obli that with process of shortages struggle a what surrender whom wi abdicatior for twent collaborat ly in the trance int bolster ur assumptic of all shz crisis w by badog fascist pa opian cat found it by italia italian in der pressi back fron two deca horrence new lead have beer the risk c amg c +we sy ure witlign w cis bptered as 2nd class mateet a ty ei y valvevsity of michigan librars j gan library a wn low n ay hor wich 3 foreign policy bulletin ore an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the pereign policy association the foreign policy association incorporated and 22 east 38th street new york n y dis yuld vol xxi no 40 juty 24 1942 tion finland's cas illustrates operation of geopolitics in a note delivered in helsinki on july 16 and in october 14 1920 concluded by an independent fin ake j 4 statement issued on the same day in washing land with the soviet government gave finland an tool ton the united states announced that it had closed outlet to the arctic ocean through the port of petsa nss't its consular offices in finland and had requested mo but did not grant its demand for eastern karelia d it finland to terminate its consular activities in this subsequently eastern karelia was transformed by the ings country by august 1 technical reasons were given soviet government which had promised it au 7 by the state department for its action but it is ob tonomy by the treaty of dorpat into an autono tt off vious that larger issues determined this change in our mous republic member of the constituent republic n policy toward finland of the r.s.f.s.r in its refusal to concede finland's il the soviet government has long been pressing for demand the soviet government was affected less by this rupture of washington's relations with finland as ethnic considerations russian sources claim that the ther well as with hungary rumania and bulgaria al population of eastern karelia is one third finnish though the united states on july 18 officially pro and two thirds russian than by the strategic fact claimed a state of war against the latter three coun that the railway linking murmansk with lenin will tries it has stopped short even now of an outright grad runs through eastern karelia the very of a break with finland this differentiation between fact that the murmansk railway is an essential sup countries all of which are fighting on the side of ply line for russia explains why the nazis are prom pte germany against russia voluntarily or otherwise ising eastern karelia to finland as its share of the kow has been justified on the ground that there are strong post war settlement in the hope that the finns will send elements in finland who whatever their grievances now feel they have a stake in continuing the war the against moscow have no desire to be identified with reconstruction and geopolitics no le o the nazi cause and are anxious to end the war with impartial observer can fail to sympathize with the ua the ussr desire of the finns for independence which is no s has less natural than that of poles czechs and other large the question of eastern karelia from lhe state department believes that opposition to 7 ante en se ee eon ies continuance of the war still prevails among a major es ee es eee a look finland’s fear that a victorious russia would ity of the finnish people on july 14 however the ie pbeneiel i t finnish least axis periodical berlin rome tokyo published a en pase os he pac ig statement purportedly made by finnish field mar e case of eastern karelia however 6 gimme bee mannerheim who on jone 28 hed paid a return illustration of the many difficult problems confronted at sof by those who would redraw the map of europe since dank visit to hitler according to this statement the pearl harb age hy d political field marshal is said to have declared that finland we 98 me wa pes onal pr gx oe would not abandon the struggle until it had recov wehees 2s couety oe ee er ered eastern karelia which he added had been premarin so on pantie de vation promised to it by the f hrer it will be recalled that b 0p randy wa peperpai sees reconstruction of europe and other continents in wv h finland long a part of sweden was annexed by ane comin th tsarist russia in 1809 the treaty of dorpat of ee eee oe ae awe maps have one thing in common that is complete se tees ee ee ee ee eee ee disregard for the wishes or interests of the human be ahi ings inhabiting the areas under discussion which gives them a peculiar affinity unconscious though it may be with the basic assumptions of nazism but aside from considerations of humanity which some so called scientists dismiss as irrelevant the geopoliticians seem to confuse means with ends to point out the necessity of studying geography not only in its purely technical aspects but in the effect it has on political economic social and other factors that shape international relations is plain common sense actually there is nothing new and least of all nothing rabbit out of the hat about the study of political and economic geography the information necessary for an understanding of geography has been accumulated over many years by universities and research organizations in this country as well as by a number of government bureaus notably the bureau of foreign and domestic commerce the question is not how to get hold of this easily avail able knowledge but what to do with it once it is obtained knowledge of geography is a tool like any other it is entirely conceivable for example that it could be used by british and american fascists for exactly the same ends in reverse as those to which hitler has applied the geopolitical theories of professor haushofer the re mapping of coun tries and continents is not an end in itself unless it can achieve the objectives for which presum ably the united nations are fighting and that is improvement of human welfare without resort to tyranny and arbitrary violence to assume that by consolidating europe into nine states or asia and the pacific into eight zones we shall thereby con page two jure away the centuries old problems of the peoples inhabiting these areas is not merely naive it is also unscientific it is just as if a physician having dis covered the properties of a given drug should be gq impressed with his discovery as to assume that jt could be indiscriminately applied to all maladies without reference to the needs desires or physical peculiarities of individual patients it is of course true that the political and economic atomization of europe was conducive to war rather than peace but so was the existence before 1914 of the large empires german austro hungarian and russian that made solid spots of color on pre first world war maps which for some reason are usually omitted by geopoliticians it would be un fair to assume that all advocates of geopolitics are necessarily conscious or unconscious adherents of nazi theories but it may not be sheer coincidence that some of them have been educated in german patterns of thought and have apparently despaired of international collaboration on a volun tary basis which has never been given a fair trial as to take refuge in a program based on the old concepts of alliances and balance of power dressed up to look like something new by pseudo scientific references to geopolitics periodical reshuffling of boundaries will not assure the security of small and vulnerable countries which have no desire to become vassals of one great state or another but could enjoy cultural autonomy within an intercontinental or inter national political and economic framework vera micheles dean new crisis impends between britain and india since the failure of the cripps mission relations between britain and the indian nationalist move ment have rapidly deteriorated on the surface a stalemate has existed with the british unwilling to make a new offer and the indians standing by previ ous demands actually important political changes have occurred within the indian national congress whose leaders fearful of continued passivity are seeking ways of breaking the deadlock a friendly yet genuine struggle is going on between gandhi's pacifist followers and those who are desperately a russo japanese clash in siberia this summer can not be excluded from the united nations strategy for a survey of the resources of the soviet far east and possible u.s supply routes by air read the u.s.s.r and japan by vera micheles dean july 15 issue of foreign policy reports reporrts are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 anxious to participate in the war against the axis on terms of equality for india americans frequently assume that the indian na tional congress and gandhi are identical not re alizing that although the latter is venerated by al most all nationalists as a symbol his views on non violence are rejected by many recent congress his tory indicates that gandhi’s power to shape decisions has been in the ascendant only when the prospect of cooperation between india and britain has been at its nadir when the indians have been more hopeful of agreement they have turned to other leaders by the middle of july gandhi had persuaded the working committee of the congress to vote for 4 new civil disobedience campaign designed to force britain to quit india i.e to grant india immediate independence this resolution is to be submitted to the all india congress committee for ratification at its meeting early in august although independ ence has long been a congress objective the leaders are far from unanimous in their attitude toward mass non cooperation the working committee appat ently terms prom ment the age j there th fused cent of th leave such if the tradic for c his o wind be n repre temp ye resig from the need sents their their azac ters unle their the b attit brit effor of ably ably poss caus and sinc no ind can asm side by t for head secon 5 on na re al 100 his 10ns t of n at eful the or a orce liate tted tion end ders nass par ently had considerable difficulty in agreeing on the terms of its resolution which was reportedly a com romise among differing points of view the state ment that the nationalists did not wish to impede the war effort of the united nations or to encour age japanese aggression against china or india was therefore much more than a remark for the record this complicated situation has been further con fused by the many inconsistencies in gandhi's re cent declarations especially his abrupt abandonment of the demand that british and american troops leave india immediately in favor of the position that such troops are acceptable for the defense of india if they depart with the end of the crisis these con tradictions arise largely from political circumstances for gandhi is a politician of great skill who seeks his objectives by constantly trimming his sails to the winds of public and congress opinion it should also be noted that many of his utterances far from representing congress decisions are actually at tempts to commit the congress to new policies yet the congress remains united despite the resignation of the madras leader rajagopalachariar from the working committee over policy toward the moslem league aware that strong discipline is needed to keep together a movement which repre sents many facets of indian life the leaders value their unity above almost everything else whatever their differences with gandhi men like nehru and azad would consider it suicidal to discuss these mat ters in public or to refuse to compromise in private unless they received a british proposal which in their opinion would really arouse the enthusiasm of the people of india britain holds the initiative their attitude emphasizes the need for a new initiative by britain to reopen negotiations and make a further effort to reach agreement should london’s policy of drift continue passive resistance will prob ably begin with resulting violence and presum ably suppression by the government it is im possible to calculate the damage that this would cause the united nations in both a military and political sense yet in the three months since the cripps mission ended london has taken no action except to elevate to new positions certain indians long associated with the administration this can hardly be expected to arouse popular enthusi asm at the same time there exists in britain a con siderable body of responsible opinion represented by the new statesman and nation and various mem page three bers of parliament that favors a reopening of dis cussions with the indian nationalists stake of u.s and china recent indian developments have aroused great interest in china as well as the united states although from different points of view american public opinion which has long been sympathetic to indian nationalism changed somewhat following the rejection of the cripps proposals the feeling developed that under prevailing conditions the indian demands were un reasonable much attention was paid to the existence of a large moslem minority in india as an obstacle to independence it must be pointed out that the difficulties caused by so called moslem intransigence have been greatly exaggerated in the united states since the moslem league although important rep resents only one section of moslems while there are many mohammedan leaders of national standing who reject the league’s views on separation from the rest of india in china the government and press have mani fested much concern over india ever since chiang kai shek visited that country in february and urged that britain grant india real political power the chinese are worried because with the cutting of the burma road india has become their most important foreign supply base they also have considerable sympathy for the indian nationalists in view of their own struggle for independence the chinese have therefore followed a twofold policy suggest ing that the indian leaders be moderate and press ing britain to offer more there is no doubt that the conclusion of an agreement in india is essential to the cause of the united nations the present situ ation in that country plays directly into the hands of the axis which is busily engaged in spreading propa ganda throughout asia it is to be hoped that britain will propose the resumption of negotiations before new developments make conditions even more difficult lawrence k rosinger norway and the war edited by monica curtis new york oxford university press 1941 3.00 a collection of official notes communiqués and broad casts relating to norway’s neutrality the german inva sion and the fate of the country under nazi occupation it is issued under the auspices of the royal institute of international affairs london prisoners of hope by howard l brooks new york l b fischer 1942 2.75 a graphic report of life in unoccupied france by a member of a church relief mission and one of the few out siders to inspect vichy’s concentration camps he found that the french people distrusted pétain and many favored de gaulle foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 40 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y second class matter december bes jury 24 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 incorporated national three dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year ao so 7 2 anes ia hes washington news letter ne i july 24 the precarious relations between the united states and the vichy government so often strained to the breaking point in the past now seem nearer than ever to rupture should field marshal rommel succeed in capturing alexandria the sev erance of diplomatic ties with marshal petain’s gov ernment is likely to be consummated the latest crisis is due to the rejection by pierre laval vichy premier of two successive proposals made by president roosevelt on july 3 and 9 for in ternment in a port of the western hemisphere of nine french warships now immobilized in alexan dria with a guarantee of their return to france after the war following vichy’s rejection of the american notes mr roosevelt warned that the united states would approve the destruction of the warships in the event that alexandria were occupied by the nazis who it is feared would seize the ships for their own use laval in turn declared on july 13 that the president by refusing the french the right to recall these warships to france has assumed a responsibility the extreme gravity of which the french government again desires to stress it will be recalled that the bombardment of the french fleet at mers el kebir by the british in july 1940 shortly after the armistice was the occasion for the rupture of anglo french diplomatic relations by the vichy government the vichy government has also been disturbed by the appointment announced on july 9 of admiral harold r stark chief of the european naval forces of the united states and brig gen charles l bolte chief of staff of the united states army european headquarters to represent the united states in consultations with general de gaulle’s free french national committee in london why washington maintained rela tions a break with vichy would mark the defini tive failure of the dogged and persistent attempt by the state department to wean marshal pétain’s government away from the policy of franco german collaboration the octogenarian marshal accepted this policy at his meeting with hitler at montoire in october 1940 not because of any love for the nazis but because of his belief that hitler would win the war and that france if it were to survive as a nation had to make the best possible terms it could with the prospective victor admiral william d leahy was sent as american ambassador to vichy by president roosevelt toward the end of 1940 to convince marshal pétain that his belief in a nazi victory was based on a fallacy and to impress him with the fact that the united state was committed to seeing britain through to ulf mate triumph that admiral leahy won a considep able measure of success is best attested by the furioy blasts of the nazi controlled paris newspapers whic accused the american ambassador of being the arch saboteur of franco german collaboration up to the present moment vichy’s collaboration with the nazis has been confined primarily to the economic field although its military policy with regard tp indo china madagascar syria and north africa has also directly aided the axis as yet however neither the french fleet nor the french air and naval bases yyp in french north africa which are the principal ob f jects of our concern have been turned over to the a 19s axis pierre laval returns to power but if the state department cherished any illusions about ultimately persuading marshal pétain to abandon his neutrality and move his capital to north africa need with a view to renewing the war from there these 5 illusions were rudely shattered by the sudden retur jpji to power of pierre laval the immediate recall of admiral leahy to washington testified to the state department's distrust of the new vichy set up up to now laval has not perpetrated any of the worst thej things that were feared when he assumed office he has not precipitated a clash between the french and can british fleets or attacked the fighting french col onies in africa or even inaugurated a peace offensive for the benefit of the axis nevertheless the mere bri presence at the head of the vichy government of a the man who publicly proclaims his desire for a german hac victory and who is now attempting to arrange for i sid wholesale transfer of french workers to the reich bor for work in german munitions factories inevitably in makes the links still connecting washington and vichy extremely tenuous barring an overt act of hostility on vichy’s part m however the state department is not likely to pre 4 cipitate the break the united states has certain 4 distinct advantages to be gained by maintaining fe lations with vichy such as the first hand informa ly tion it can gain by keeping consulates in unoccupied france and french north africa the way to dis 4 credit pierre laval is not to break off relations with vichy but to win a resounding united nations vic 1 tory over the axis such a victory would cut the ground from under lavalism which is based first and foremost on the theory of the inevitability of a 1 german victory john elliott +aug 3 1948 be genera library entered as 2nd class matter i pgriodical room the general library university of mien he univ of mich sschigan ger ann arbor nichican foreign policy bulletin ai an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association be foreign policy association incorporated f 4 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y the th vou xxii no 41 july 30 1943 e united nations face crucial decisions as axis weakens ody ie downfall of mussolini whose twenty one year these questions the proclamation issued on july 18 dictatorship ends in ruin and disaster for italy by general alexander military governor of sicily the not only opens a new military phase of the war but brings to a head the many complex problems of the allies relations with the axis powers while king victor emmanuel proclaimed on july 25 that italy would continue the war and marshal badoglio his new premier mentioned italy’s resolution to abide by its obligations to germany it is difficult to believe that with the administrative structure of fascism in process of disintegration italy already suffering from shortages of war material can long continue the sttuggle against superior force what next in italy but if unconditional surrender should be sought by the italians with whom will the allies deal will they demand the abdication of victor emmanuel on the ground that for twenty one years the king has been mussolini's collaborator and acquiesced willingly or unwilling ly in the series of acts that finally led to italy's en trance into the war on june 10 1940 or will they bolster up the position of the house of savoy on the assumption that it is a symbol around which italians of all shades of opinion could rally in the hour of crisis will they deal with the army as represented by badoglio who although then not a member of the fascist party served mussolini well during the ethi opian campaign and was ousted only because he in found it impossible to retrieve the disasters suffered by italians in greece will they negotiate with italian industrialists who collaborated freely or un der pressure with the fascist régime will they call back from exile those who left italy during the past two decades by compulsion or because of their ab hotrence of fascism or will they seek within italy new leaders who unknown to the outside world may have been agitating against fascism underground at the risk of their lives amgot develops policies to some of and the subsequent activities of amgot in that area furnish certain clues the allies have indicated in sicily their determination to oust all fascist lead ers while maintaining local authorities in office un der amgot’s rule the position of the roman cath olic church will be respected freedom of religious worship will be upheld and anti semitic measures will be annulled no law discriminating on the basis of race creed or color will be tolerated fascist militia and fascist youth organizations will be abolished but there will be no negotiations with exiles or refugees presumably as has been the case in sicily the allies will accept unconditional surrender from italian com manders in the field not from political authorities the restriction on negotiations with exiles or refu gees has already created considerable concern abroad particularly among italians in the united states who fear that the allies are planning to make a deal with some italian darlan yet it must be recognized that until far more is known than at present about existing conditions in italy it is difficult to predict how refu gees especially those long out of touch with their country would be greeted on their return the very fact that some of the exiles were once associated with a régime which proved unable to prevent the rise of fascism may prove an obstacle to their participation in the reconstruction of italy the allies have given no indication that they will not deal with anti fascist elements they may find within italy itself and in italy as in other liberated countries those who have borne the brunt of war and alien occupation will ex pect to have a voice in deciding the nation’s future there is undoubtedly a danger that some of the amgot leaders especially those who have had offi cial connections in italy may tend to deal only with the people they once knew or the social groups with which they were formerly associated this criticism has already been brought in britain against the ap a of lord rennell of rodd whose father ad been british ambassador to rome as chief civil affairs officer of amgot in sicily is russia at odds with allies it is on this issue the issue of defining who are the nice or respectable people with whom the united na tions can deal once nazism and fascism have been overthrown that a cleavage threatens to develop between russia on the one hand and the western powers on the other the establishment on july 21 of an anti nazi german national committee in moscow composed of german exiles and war pris oners which is urging the germans by radio and leaf lets to revolt and destroy nazism has aroused suspi cions latent in this country concerning russia’s plans for the future of europe some commentators jumped to the conclusion that russia was offering to negotiate a separate peace with germany at the expense of the allies in disregard of the formula of unconditional surrender laid down by mr churchill and president roosevelt and to set up a communist régime in the heart of europe misunderstandings between the allies on this basic issue bode ill for post war reconstruction if they are not promptly dispelled the moot question whether the soviet government did or did not inform britain and the united states of its plans for the establish ment of a german anti nazi committee might be more cogently answered if we knew whether britain and the united states had informed russia in ad vance about the establishment of amgot in sicily anglo american governments of occupation on euro pean soil may be as disturbing to russia as pro russian committees of poles and germans are to some people in britain and the united states yet actually there is little fundamental divergence in the aims of the three great powers russia’s main purpose is to shorten the war as much as possible that sure ly is also the purpose of the allies if revolution in germany can help to shorten the war in germany just as the downfall of mussolini may help to shorten the war in italy there is no reason to believe that such revolution would not be welcome to the allies it would be preferable from the british and american page two point of view if such a revolution were in the direc tion of ending totalitarianism and creating condi tions favorable to the growth of democratic inst tutions but if that is the kind of change we want in germany then we ought to encourage it by every propaganda device at our disposal instead of merely criticizing russia's appeals to the germans the strength of russia’s appeals lies in the policy enunciated by stalin who has repeatedly stated that russia seeks not the destruction of ie german people but the downfall of hitler the collapse of his new order in europe and the end of nazi mil itary power are these aims radically different from those of britain and the united states no realistic observer in western countries can believe that the un conditional surrender of germany is synonymous with destruction of the german people to take and publicize such a view would be to guarantee prolon gation of the war since the germans might under standably prefer destruction through war to the bitter end to slow strangulation in peacetime where the russians have shown a better grasp of german psy chology than the british and americans is by hold ing out the hope to the germans that if they now overthrow their government they can look not for mercy the russians have far fewer illusions than the western powers about the brutality of the germans but the possibility of redeeming themselves by the es tablishment of a régime described in the german manifesto from moscow as democratic russia has no more interest than britain and the united states in the survival of a strong germany militarily cap able of resuming expansion to the east what the russians are interested in is in having a change of the german social and economic structure profound enough to destroy the roots of nazism the immedi ate issue is whether that is also our first concern or whether for fear of revolution in europe we might encourage the perpetuation in power of those elements in germany and italy which fostered of tolerated the ideas and practices that have wreaked untold suffering on millions of human beings throughout the world vera micheles dean how long will it take to beat japan recently two answers have been given to this ques tion one by an american admiral and the other by the head of the chinese government on july 7 the sixth anniversary of china’s war of resistance generalissimo chiang kai shek declared that the ag gressor had lost the initiative both in europe and asia and expressed the opinion that the time limit of his utter defeat cannot exceed two years but less than two weeks later on july 20 vice admiral fred erick j horne vice chief of naval operations told a washington press conference that the us navy is planning for a war against japan that will last at least until 1949 he pointed out in this connec tion that we have tremendous distances to go in the pacific and we have to build bases from the ground up as we advance the navy may mean it the idea of the war's lasting until 1949 is so completely at variance with the expectations of the american people that there may be a tendency to overlook the serious aspects of suggested ly in order of the str cesses it 1 at the rect vital prod uted in pz war 1s_ if tion apar stiffen the tegic outl the na lie behind but it is 1 generalis within tw if the un many fac continent rapidly ir followed chinese the chine developec united n tionist s cautiousn striking might plz we cannc miral ho and his e lect of th ally chin wat agai objective restoratic well as 1 china’s 1 spects bi with lan links wit to secure cult if n ly in asi in 1949 to f i c i aspects of admiral horne’s statement it has been suggested that he exaggerated the situation knowing ly in order to impress the public with the magnitude of the struggle that lies ahead despite current suc cesses it is true of course that officials are alarmed at the recent failure of american factories to meet vital production schedules a failure which is attrib uted in part to a growing popular feeling that the war is in the bag yet admiral horne’s declara tion apart from being a propaganda statement to stiffen the home front may also represent the stra tegic outlook of some naval circles the navy has not stated in detail what calculations lie behind the expectation of six more years of war but it is not difficult to imagine upon what actions generalissimo chiang based his prediction of victory within two years such a victory can be achieved only if the united states and britain shortly bring ger many face to face with a second land front on the continent if allied blows against the japanese grow rapidly in power and if the defeat of germany is followed by a swift development of anglo american chinese offensives in the far east in other words the chinese hope can be realized only through a fully developed strategy of coalition warfare among the united nations the opposite would be an isola tionist strategy under which possibly out of over cautiousness we might let slip the opportunity for striking decisive blows at germany this year and might plan to defeat japan more or less by ourselves we cannot say whether such a view lies behind ad mital horne’s words but both the date he has given and his emphasis on bases in the pacific suggest neg lect of the chinese front i.e of our chief far eastern ally china in 1949 admittedly the naval aspects of wat against japan are extremely important but the objectives of eo at sea ought to include the festoration and strengthening of china’s armies as well as the seizure of islands in six years of war china’s military power has deteriorated in many re spects but fleet movements appropriately combined with land and air actions could reestablish china’s links with the outside world and enable chungking to secure needed supplies it is however very diffi cult if not impossible to incorporate china adequate ly in asiatic war strategy if our purpose is victory in 1949 even though it is common to refer to to f.p.a members please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications page three china’s protracted resistance as a miracle mo one should count on china’s being present as an ally at the finish if 1943 is to be considered only the half way mark in its struggle against the japanese but if china were to fall by the wayside depriving us of a continental base against japan unless soviet siberia becomes a fighting front what would happen to our war strategy then indeed the problems of the pacific would be serious and 1949 might even prove a rather conservative date japan without germany the fight be fore us is certain to be hard but if we do not under estimate our own possibilities of action a tough wat need not be synonymous with a long war we are still in the habit of thinking of japan’s position after the war in europe as if germany would still be in the battle we find it difficult to realize that once ger many is defeated japan will stand completely alone face to face with the combined forces of the united states britain china and other pacific allies pro vided that the united nations remain united and that we do not take so long to beat germany that china will have dropped out of the war the prospect of an insular japan trying to protect its overseas empire and home territory against combined enemy fleets and air and land forces is indeed an awesome one for the japanese exactly how they would react no one can say but that they could stand it for long is doubt ful since they would be outnumbered in every war category men planes ships artillery and tanks perhaps it was this as well as forthcoming plans for offensives in the pacific that lay behind the declara tion of australian minister for external affairs evatt on june 17 that the defeat of japan might follow very quickly on the downfall of germany good and bad propaganda it is doubt ful whether admiral horne’s statement will have a beneficial effect on american war attitudes but there is no question whatever as to its unfortunate effects in asia the date 1949 can be used by the tokyo radio to create despondency and defeatism in china and to tell the chinese that when their generalissimo makes a statement on the length of the war he really does not know what his allies are thinking and what can we anticipate in southeast asia where we hope that native populations will not cooperate with japan despite past dissatisfactions with western rule it is unwise to expect the people of burma and the philip pines or the dutch and indonesian residents of the indies to wait four five or six years for us to come to their aid it would be desirable for the government to correct the false impression created by this situa tion and to indicate that although the war will re quire many sacrifices of the american people we ex pect to secure victory without fighting japan in definitely lawrence k rosinger q i br am 4 4 ef i page four the f.p.a bookshelf goodbye japan by joseph newman new york fischer 1942 2.50 japan before pearl harbor as observed by a former tokyo correspondent he concludes it is difficult to see how there ever can be a genuine basis for peace in the pacific as long as the japanese are ruled by an unholy trinity of a divine emperor a fanatical group of militarists and an equally dangerous number of business clans which are prepared to furnish them with the weapons to engage in their divine mission of conquest postmortem on malaya by virginia thompson new york macmillan 1943 3.00 useful analysis of pre war malaya designed to explain why this important far eastern colony containing the singapore naval base fell so quickiy to the advancing japanese journey among warriors by eve curie new york doubleday 1943 3.50 an able correspondent’s intimate picture of men and women on the civilian and military fronts in libya the middle east russia india and china especially close attention is given to the living conditions and attitudes of ordinary citizens a nation rebuilds the story of the chinese industrial cooperatives new york indusco inc 425 fourth avenue 1943 10 cents an interesting useful pamphlet which will introduce the reader to china’s cooperative movement as well as to that country’s wartime economic problems dynamite cargo by fred herman new york vanguard press 1943 2.00 a merchant seaman’s dramatic tale of the courage of those who sail the murmansk route raymond poincaré and the french presidency by gordon wright stanford university california stanford uni versity press 1942 3.50 a careful evaluation of poincaré’s work in an office with peculiar limitations the war and the jew by vladimir jabotinsky new york dial press 1942 2.50 a leading jewish nationalist’s case for the establish ment of a jewish army and state that would join the ranks of the allied nations half a hemisphere the story of latin america by delia goetz new york harcourt brace 1948 2.50 vividly lucid writing makes latin america’s rich back ground and busy present very real black and white drawings add interest to the text relief deliveries and relief loans 1919 1928 by the economic financial and transit department of the league of nations geneva the league 1943 1.00 this brief study of relief after the first world war 1914 1918 should be useful to those planning for post war times marco polo’s precursors by leonardo olschki baltimore the johns hopkins press 1943 1.50 this rather delightful little book attempts to describe the intellectual conquest of asia by thirteenth century missionaries and merchants diplomatic documents relating to italy’s aggression against greece the greek white book issued in e operation with the greek office of information wag ington d c american council on public affairs 1943 2.00 paper 1.50 this official publication describes the forcing of upon a nation which has stood bravely through uns able suffering id modern japan and shinto nationalism a study of present day trends in japanese religions by d holtom chicago university of chicago press 1943 2.00 a scholarly discussion of the japanese government's shrewd policy of identifying ancient religious attitudes and practices with the doctrines of aggressive nationalism throws considerable light on one aspect of tokyo’s in ternal propaganda for war the author concludes that a cultural reformation not to say a political revolution is long overdue in japan in peace japan breeds war by gustav eckstein new york harper 1943 2.50 a series of sketches of japanese history and present day life designed to help explain that country’s politics from perry to pearl harbor the struggle for supremacy in the pacific by edwin a falk new york doubleday doran 19438 3.00 a popular account of japanese american relations in terms of the naval power and activities of both countries i’ve come a long way by helena kuo new york appleton century 1942 3.00 personal history of a chinese woman journalist and her experiences at home and abroad squadron 303 by arkady fiedler new york roy pub lishers 1943 2.00 the story of the polish squadron’s gallant aid to the r.a.f in the dark days of 1940 out of debt out of danger proposals for war finance and tomorrow’s money by jerry voorhis new york devin adair 1943 3.00 the representative from california advances the view that a solution of our debt problem is essential for win ning the peace last man off wake island by lt col walter l j bayler and cecil carnes indianapolis bobbs merrill 194 2.75 with the help of a good collaborator a fighting marine tells the dramatic story of his eleven months as communti cations officer and radio expert during the hellish bom bardment of wake midway and guadalcanal german psychological warfare edited by ladislas farago new york putnam 1942 3.00 this volume answers 97 questions relating to the mobil ization by the nazis of scientific and popular psychology for total war not only propaganda but also the psychol ogy of military life an interesting appendix gives the de tails of examinations for commissions in the reichsweht foreign policy bulletin vo xxii no 41 jury 30 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leger secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ee 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor s vou xxii cated that surrender of the spc cupation the adria problems tary posit italian pe make fur hitler's presumab marshal italy's we prepared are they r should a a positio italy are with this made it c the unite erate ital will tance of out of h the unit dicated i common broadcas ated fas from ge the allie on th misunde acceptan al surret badoglic +m return recall of the state p up to 1e worst ffice he snch and ich col offensive he mere ent of a german ge fora 1 reich 1evitably ton and y's part y to pre certain ining fe informa occupied to dis ons with ions vic cut the sed first lity of a liott university of ann arbor mich llba bishop entered as 2nd class matter asides de mia 4 mais re 3 peep o tee we y foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vor xxi no 41 july 31 1942 would second front jeopardize supplies to russia ierce fighting in the region of the lower don and german success in gaining strong positions across that key river bring into sharp focus the im portance of allied supply lines to russia lack of sufficient equipment to meet the nazi armies on equal terms undoubtedly accounts in large measure for the russian withdrawals and emphasizes the need for increased help to the soviet war machine figures on the supplies reaching russia from the united states britain india and australia are na turally a military secret but it is possible to piece together a picture which indicates the magnitude of the help being sent the embattled russians by their allies raw materials including aluminum copper tin lead wool and jute as well as ameri can and british planes tanks trucks and _artil lery are flowing into soviet ports in increasing quantities for some months half of the current british tank production has been sent to russia and the vichy radio recently reported that british tanks had been in action on the kharkov sector in con siderable numbers american made douglas attack bombers are playing an increasingly important part in the battles now raging along the don the northern route allied supplies reach russia by three routes the northern route to mur mansk and archangel the southern route through the persian gulf to iran and the arctic route across the top of the world to the siberian port of dik son the first of these covering a distance of rough ly 1,500 miles from britain has been the most im portant to date the ports of murmansk and archangel in conjunction with several smaller ports on the white sea are reported capable of handling 15,000 tons daily from these ports supplies can teach the central front by several routes from mur mansk by rail to soroka and then via plesetsk to moscow from archangel by rail to moscow via vologda or by the northern dvina river to kotlas and then by rail to moscow via kirov the northern supply line however is seriously threatened by german control of norway and finland from petsamo murmansk has been subjected to devastat ing bombing and from narvik tromsé and ham merfest constant attacks are launched on allied convoys making the perilous passage through ice and fog or under the midnight sun to russian ports recent reports indicate that heavy losses have been sustained in this area by american and british vessels persian gulf route the second route around the cape of good hope to the persian gulf a sea voyage of roughly 11,000 miles from brit ain and 12,000 from new york is open to sub marine attacks in the south atlantic and the indian ocean it seems likely however that at least 3,000 tons of supplies are being unloaded daily in the persian gulf ports of bandar shahpur bushire and basra the british russian condominium over iranian transportation has permitted a rapid expan sion of both port facilities and rail and road com munications the key line in this new system is the trans iranian railway a marvel of engineering skill completed by the iranian government in 1938 which links bandar shahpur via teheran with bandar shah a port some 900 miles away on the southeastern corner of the caspian sea to relieve the strain on port facilities at bandar shahpur the port of bushire on the eastern shore of the persian gulf has been joined to teheran by motor road over which trucks loaded with war supplies leave daily for russia the gap in the rail line from te heran to julfa has in all probability been closed by now thus rail communication albeit of different gauges would be provided through to the southern caucasus less important is the route from basra by rail through iraq to erbil and thence by road to tabriz near the russian border fears that the cas page two pian merchant fleet might not be able to handle the mighty yenisei river up which supplies can be 20,00 flow of goods seem to have been unwarranted but shipped to the trans siberian railway at krag and vv falling water levels in the caspian are causing noyarsk there to be transshipped either east g serbia trouble in loading the supplies which leave bandar west dikson is about 3,000 miles from scotland dw shah for baku krasnovodsk astrakhan and and 5,000 miles from seattle and offers a port safe countt guriev from which ports they can be taken respec from air attack to which goods could be shipped ig chetn tively to the middle caucasus to russian turkes increasing quantities from britain as well as amer have tan to the lower volga and to the urals of some ica should the ports of murmansk and archangel these importance too is the supply line opened up from be destroyed by enemy bombs if this route were to the g india via baluchistan to russian turkestan from be supplemented by a warplane ferry service from traffic zahidan terminus of the baluchistan railway which alaska and a new burma road connecting ed neces runs from karachi a first class port on the indian monton canada with the railhead at irkutsk jp their ocean a motor road runs north in eastern iran to siberia by motor road and ferry supplies might most meshed and thence into russian turkestan where reach the soviet armies of siberia as well as the stroye it joins the railway running from krasnovodsk to armies of the urals and bokhara and on eastward this route might become but perhaps the greatest problem in connection stage of great importance if the lines to the caucasus and with sending supplies to russia is raised by the ex and the caspian communications should both be cut off pected opening of a second front in western europe recen by german advances can america and britain spare the military equip saraje the arctic route russia’s extensive arctic ment and the shipping now being used to help russia wipe shoreline provides the third and safest supply line if they are to open a second front undoubtedly dred to the soviet armies long considered closed to the russians will want supplies as well as a second pa winter traffic this route is apparently now kept open front and if both can be made available so much querc the year round by powerful russian icebreakers the better if not the timing of any diminution the s since july 1941 it is reported to have carried half as of shipments to russia will be of crucial importance or many supplies as the southern supply line through the military strategists in washington and london the h iran and it is rapidly being expanded the key port are doubtless seeking a solution to this double in northern siberia is dikson at the mouth of the barreled problem howarpb p whidden jr to it yugoslav guerrillas urgently need allied aid one of the most striking passages in the radio president roosevelt the official joint statement daln address delivered by secretary of state hull on published on that occasion stressed the special friend mon july 23 is that in which he declared that all nations ship of the american people for yugoslavia and princ must win political freedom economic betterment referred to the spontaneous and unselfish will to has and social justice by their own efforts it is impos victory shown by general mikhailovich and his rulec sible he said for any nation or group of nations guerrilla warriors pave to prescribe the methods or provide the means by the chetniks after the nazis had conquered ety which any other nation can accomplish or maintain yugoslavia between 80,000 and 100,000 yugoslay war its own political and economic independence be soldiers retreated to the mountains of serbia bosnia emp strong prosper and attain high spiritual goals but montenegro and herzegovina to continue the strug slav he added it is possible for all nations to give and gle for the independence of their country for over play to receive help fifteen months these patriots known as chetniks croz a good example of what mr hull had in mind have fought the axis despite physical isolation and is the master lend lease agreement signed by the great inferiority in numbers and armaments from utz united states with yugoslavia on july 24 shortly the forests and mountains where they have taken have before young king peter ii paid a farewell visit to refuge the chetniks have constantly harassed the p axis forces striking at garrisons supply depots and lines of communication forcing germany and italy announcing to divert troops and matériel they badly need on the slav ee ee russian and african fronts these guerrilla opera the tions have proved so successful that the german com tary 1942 43 season mand has had to transfer several divisions to yugo take october 3 january 16 slavia the leader of the chetniks the almost as october 31 february 6 legendary general draja mikhailovitch has beet j 4 cuties 33 march 13 appointed minister of war to the yugoslav gow on december 12 april 10 ernment in exile at london in january 1942 it was a p reported that his forces had regained control of some can be at krag east of scotland ort safe upped in is amer tchangel were to ice from ting ed kutsk ip s_ might 1 as the nnection y the ex europe y equip lp russia loubtedly a second so much minution portance london double an jr tatement il friend ivia and 1 will to and his onquered y ugoslay bosnia he strug for ovef hetniks ition and from ve taken issed the pots and and italy d on the la opera nan com to yugo almost has been lav gov i2 it was of some ee 20,000 square miles of yugoslav mountain territory and were even issuing passports for unoccupied serbia during recent weeks reports have reached this country of several important attacks launched by the chetniks in which the axis troops are believed to have suffered many thousands of casualties one of these occurred on the shores of the danube where the guerrillas sought to disrupt vital german oil trafic the germans were said to have found necessary to send hungarian gunboats to rescue their forces other battles were fought along the mostar sarajevo railway where the guerrillas de stroyed several bridges in the kozara mountains and on the sava river the chetniks have also staged destructive hit and run raids as far as zara and trieste on the coast of italian dalmatia and recently ambushed an italian military column near sarajevo in reprisal italian bombers have virtually wiped out a group of villages killing several hun dred men women and children partitioning of yugoslavia the con uerors meanwhile have divided the kingdom of the south slavs serbs croats and slovenes into several sections the real control however rests in the hands of the germans the most northern area slovenia has gone in part to germany and in part to italy the latter also received the dalmatian coast on the adriatic sea and the territory around the strategic bay of kotor at the southern end of dalmatia croatia itself was set up as a hereditary monarchy under italian protection with an italian prince the duke of spoleto as its king the duke has never set foot in his realm the new state is tuled by a puppet government headed by ante pavelitch chief of the u stasha a croat terrorist so ciety supported by italy and hungary before world war i croatia was a part of the austro hungarian empire since its inclusion in the new state of yugo slavia by the peace treaties its population had played the part of the enfant terrible in the serbo croat slovene family after the confinement of their extremely popular leader dr matchek by the new ustasha government however the croat peasants have made peace with the other slav groups and are reported to be leaving their villages in increasing numbers to join the serbian guerrilla fighters meanwhile hungary occupied northeastern yugo slavia and once bulgaria had taken part of serbia the rest of that area was placed under a german mil itary governor it is there that the fiercest resistance takes place montenegro also has been set up as a page three midget independent state administered by a pup pet government in spite of their courage and endurance it is evi dent that the isolated chetniks cannot continue their struggle endlessly against the fifteen axis divisions which are reported to have been sent to crush them their casualties are high and they need supplies of all kinds with the conclusion of the new lend lease agreement the yugoslav government in exile will probably be able to obtain supplies for the chetniks but there is practically no method of shipment except by plane from africa or the near east unless the united nations can find a way of supplying this active anti axis front yugoslav guerrilla warfare may soon be ended by starvation or total destruction ernest s hediger china builds for democracy by nym wales new york modern age books 1941 2.50 an inspiring account of the chinese industrial coopera tives which have created a new life for thousands of china’s workers and produced an increasing supply of munitions and equipment for the nation’s armed forces economic shanghai by robert w barnett 2.00 legal problems in the far eastern conflict by quincy wright h lauterpacht edwin m borchard and phoebe morrison 2.00 french interests and policies in the far east by roger levy guy lacam and andrew roth 2.00 italy’s interests and policies in the far east by frank m tamagna 1.00 new york inquiry series institute of pacific relations 1941 these additions to the indispensable inquiry series throw light on further aspects of the far eastern question robert w barnett has prepared a thorough discussion of the economic disabilities suffered by shanghai since 1937 covering labor industry currency and finance and com merce and shipping his discussion concludes with a sug gestion as to the possibilities which lie before the city in the longer future students of international law will find in the second of these studies a careful analysis of the principal legal problems raised by china the sino japanese war and the non recognition issue the last two studies present the detailed facts and an analytical interpretation of the french and italian positions in the far east hostage to politics war and diplomacy in eastern asia by claude a buss new york macmillan 1941 5.00 a comprehensive review of the economic interests and diplomatic policies of the major and minor powers in the far east with an analysis of the collapse of the collective security system in the pacific our hawaii by erna fergusson new york knopf 1942 3.50 tropic landfall the port of honolulu by clifford gessler new york doubleday doran 1942 3.50 both books about the mid pacific isles of beauty have much history and understanding of the native people mingled with interesting descriptions of present day life foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 41 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y second class matter december beis jury 31 1942 frank ross mccoy president 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national dorotny f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news letter juty 27 the belief that a second front will have to be opened this year perceptibly gained ground in washington during the past week it is generally recognized that something must be done to keep russia in the field as an effective military force nor did it require the visit of maxim litvinov soviet ambassador in washington to the white house on july 21 to call attention to the precarious position of marshal semyon timoshenko’s armies the present nazi offensive in the don basin threat ens to cut the bulk of the red armies off from the caucasus whence they are estimated to draw any where from 75 to 90 per cent of their oil supplies if the germans succeed in achieving this objective they will have eliminated russia as a serious mili tary factor and isolated the angio american bloc from its most powerful ally even if this did not necessarily mean that hitler had won it is generally agreed that it would result in prolongation of the war by years and in an increased toll of hundreds of thousands of american and british lives the shipping bottleneck but although most people admit the desirability of opening a second front even expert military opinion is seri ously divided as to its feasibility the big question mark of course is the shipping problem the ger mans are believed to have between twenty and thirty divisions on garrison duty in western eu rope these divisions are composed of older men but are nevertheless of good quality and well trained a second front operation if it is to attain its pur pose of relieving pressure on the russians by di verting a considerable proportion of nazi troops from the eastern front to the west must succeed in making one or more large bridgeheads on the eu ropean continent and in holding them for a con siderable time military experts believe that an invasion army of at least 500,000 men will be needed to attain the desired results allowing ten tons of shipping for every soldier landed together with his equipment and supplies some 5,000,000 tons of shipping will be required for this task alone this is an enormous amount of tonnage in view not only of the toll now being taken of shipping by axis submarines in the atlantic and along the murmansk route but also considering the shipping losses the allies must ex pect to sustain from the formidable luftwaffe in the course of such a major operation of course it is conceivable that anglo american military lead ers might dispense with traditional landing opera tions and rely largely on an air invasion by means of gliders and air transports the nazi conquest of crete revealed what possibilities lie in the exploita tion of modern methods of warfare admiral leahy’s new job to be success ful a sea borne invasion of the continent generally admitted to be the most difficult of all military op erations requires the closest coordination of land sea and air power for this reason the unprecedented appointment of admiral william d leahy on july 21 by president roosevelt as chief of staff to the commander in chief of the army and navy js regarded as unusually significant admiral leahy’s new job does not establish the unified command be tween the two services which has been so crying a need ever since pearl harbor but it is hailed ip official circles as the first step in that direction speculation on the nature of admiral leahy post has run all the way from that of mere adviser to the president to that of the holder of real com mand as coordinator of the army chief of staff and the navy chief of naval operations the army and navy journal authoritative organ of the fighting services states editorially that the latter view substantially correct and remarks that the vey title chief of staff taken in the sense in which tt applies to the army’s ranking officer connotes real command admiral leahy is peculiarly qualified for his ney duties not only because he enjoys the confidence of the president generally believed himself to be 4 strong partisan of the second front idea but because he also possesses the confidence and esteem of both the army and the navy a former chief of naval op erations from 1937 to 1939 admiral leahy ren dered invaluable services to his country last yeat when as american ambassador in vichy he succeed ed in preventing marshal pétain from adopting all out collaboration with hitler having lived in unoccupied france for eighteen months admiral leahy has had the opportunity of acquiring first hand knowledge of the french v column that is expected to rise the moment anglo american forces land on the continent it may bt recalled that shortly after he returned to the united states from france early in june an unnamed ate thority was quoted as saying that the damndest fifth column the world has ever seen was impatient ly waiting in france for this hour to strike john elliott britis not s tion mate will tion of w that winte mitte to su tériel allie russi cal a britis on m of so attitu whicl roos w situat sia ai +ork view ayler 1943 arine auni pserigdigal rog bneral library niv of mich unity entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxii no 42 aucust 6 1948 end of fascism enhances prestige of democracy he resumption of allied air raids on italian cities on august 2 after marshal badoglio had indi cated that far from contemplating unconditional surrender he would try to preserve for italy some of the spoils of war and would permit german oc cupation of northern italy and of italian ports on the adriatic throws into sharp focus the political problems created by deterioration of the axis mili tary position there seems to be no doubt that the italian people are weary of war and unwilling to make further sacrifices for the sake of defending hitler's fortress of europe but badoglio and presumably king victor emmanuel to whom the marshal is personally devoted while recognizing italy's weakness as against the allies are not yet prepared to face the consequences of defeat nor are they ready to break with germany it is true that should a break be made the germans would be in a position to wreak havoc on italy the rulers of italy are thus faced with a choice between evils with this qualification that while the germans have made it clear they cannot or will not save italy from the united nations the allies are promising to lib erate italy with honor from the germans will badoglio surrender the reluc tance of the new italian government to wrench italy out of hitler’s grasp is being taken by britain and the united states as the test of its intentions as in dicated in mr churchill’s speech to the house of commons on july 26 and president roosevelt's broadcast on july 28 any government that repudi ated fascism preserved order and dissociated itself from germany would have received a hearing from the allied military chief in that theatre of operations on this point there appears to have been some misunderstanding in this country and in britain the acceptance by general eisenhower of uncondition al surrender on the part of the king or marshal badoglio would not necessarily have had the effect s ee a or carried the intent of recognizing either of these men as the future government of italy in fact there is much to be said psychologically for having the king and badoglio accept publicly the onus of sur render instead of insisting as some observers have done that eisenhower should deal only with an antt fascist régime one of the arguments used by hitler against the weimar republic was that it was re publican representatives who signed the shameful treaty of versailles let us not make the mistake this time of saddling surrender on the very people who opposed fascism and the war it would have been better if mussolini himself had had to sue for peace but now that he has been deposed those who were with him responsible actively or pas sively for italy’s entrance into the war and not mussolini’s opponents should be the ones to ask for unconditional surrender at the time this is done however the allies should make it perfectly clear that the italian people will have an opportunity to elect a government of their own choice within a specified period after surrender and decide for them selves whether they want to perpetuate the monarchy establish a republic or devise some other form of administration democracy cannot be imposed mean while the allies could make no greater mistake than to assume that the moment fascist institutions have been abolished the italian people will adopt a demo cratic pattern similar to that of britain western europe and the united states the italians have demonstrated again and again their love of liberty but when they think of liberty it is more in terms of the individual’s life than of freedom achieved through mutual accommodation within a close knit political and economic community civilian courage in opposing encroachments on individual liberty is essential for the successful functioning of demo cratic institutions the germans and to a lesser degree the italians have shown themselves lacking in this quality defeat alone however will not produce civilian courage overnight the most the allies can do is to create within italy conditions under which the italians can develop democratic practices of their own and for this amgot is in a position to set a valuable example by the use of fair methods in the treatment of the population and in its readaptation to peacetime living the limits of intervention but allied assistance to the italians and this will be even more true when the time comes for liberating the con quered peoples of europe cannot take the form of intervention in internal affairs such intervention no matter how benevolent in intent or beneficent in effect would eventually provoke an anti foreign re action among the liberated peoples and first of all among anti fascists who now urge anglo american intervention on their behalf the extent to which intervention is a matter of subjective judgment or rather emotion has been strikingly demonstrated by events in north africa and italy some americans who in the past had vigorously opposed interven tion by the united states in nicaragua and haiti on the ground that it constituted infringement on the liberties of those countries seem to find nothing para doxical in demanding that london and washington intervene in the affairs of european countries and dictate the kind of government or economic system they should have after the war this demand is based on the assumption that it will be good for these countries to adopt democratic institutions which might be true but in countries where the soil has not been fertilized by history for the growth of such institutions it is worse than foolish to insist that they should be planted forthwith for without battle of the tropics helps allied war effort the months that have passed since the japanese attack on pearl harbor have witnessed a series of significant changes in the economic life of the west ern hemisphere america’s tropical lands hitherto practically neglected by man have become the scene of a number of new and far reaching activities from the forests of southeastern mexico to the jungles of the vast amazon basin men are now battling their way forward building roads fighting tropical dis eases developing river traffic to secure access to the wealth of these previously untapped regions pioneering on a new frontier this new activity is for the most part directly a result of the japanese conquest of southeastern asia which suddenly deprived the allies of their main and sometimes only source of certain tropical prod ucts indispensable for war to make up for this loss the allies have had to introduce or intensify by all means available the production of these or similar page two proper nourishment they will wither away thys merely creating fresh doubts about the vigor of de mocracy yet this is the very moment when there should be least room for such doubts the most importan aspect of mussolini's downfall is not that italy has begun to yield to superior military force lout that il duce and his followers recogiized the defeat of fascism before italy itself had been overrun it js essential for sound post war reconstruction not only that the united nations should achieve milita victory over the axis but that the axis leaders should confess their own failure future german and italian historians could still argue that the allies won be cause of the superior force at their command but it would be difficult for them to deny that it was faith in a cause combined with force which finally sealed allied victory why did small isolated malta sub jected to thousands of air raids refuse to give up while sicily staggered at the first blow peoples of the same origin inhabit both places yet the people who were free preferred death to loss of freedom while those who were unfree considered loss of life too high a price to pay for servitude this is a lesson worth pondering in the united states as political controversies and race riots tend to obscure the chal lenge to democratic statesmanship we are meeting on the battlefronts we are all bearing common burdens sharing a common tragedy our capacity to see the world struggle as a task we have in common with each other and with other peoples around the globe will determine our capacity to preserve and ad vance human freedom whose indestructible value is being vindicated by the self destruction of fascism vera micheles dean products in the lands of the western hemisphere where natural conditions most closely duplicate those of the territories temporarily lost to the enemy quite naturally the united states took the lead in this pioneering work with the approval and active cooperation of the governments of all latin ameti can countries concerned it sent scores of specialists to tropical america developed new botanical varie ties introduced drastic sanitary measures and shipped food and other supplies often by air t0 create bearable living conditions in hitherto inhos pitable regions this gigantic effort is considered by many as a second if minor campaign fought along side the main conflict a war of man and scienct against nature this campaign is currently changing the economic pattern of many parts of the westeti hemisphere quest for rubber blazes trail fits in importance among the tropical products lost the allie eastern a tically all represe came frot indies trol the cessible t where th in order rubber sc to south tically ov trees gro of the as the ta in hot t lowlands ever no culties of the bra times as 450,000 sanitatiot fore pro rendered the thou latex mu the gi the ame 1942 w headed washing rived in authoriti wild rub since bee taries by it is exp chain of health ce the se is also v may reac or the ez all surrc lands he just repo thus de the allies with the japanese conquest of south eastern asia is rubber before pearl harbor prac tically all the natural rubber used in the united states representing a value of some 3,000,000 a year came from british malaya and the netherlands east indies with these territories now under enemy con trol the largest source of natural rubber still ac cessible to the united nations is the amazon basin where the rubber gathering industry first originated in order to make up for the sudden loss of asiatic rubber sources the united states decided to revert to south american production and to resume prac tically overnight tapping of the millions of rubber trees growing wild in the amazon and in other parts of the american tropics the tapping of wild rubber trees growing sparsely in hot tropical areas of dense forests and flooded lowlands infected with dangerous diseases is how ever no mean problem aside from all other diffi culties of opening up previously unsettled territories the brazilian state of amazonas for instance three times as big as texas has a population of only 450,000 two indispensable and gigantic tasks sanitation and settlement must be accomplished be fore production can begin the new areas must be rendered as safe as possible for the human race and the thousands of men needed to collect the precious latex must be found and transported to the spot the greatest battle so far waged by science against the american tropics had its start in the spring of 1942 when a north american health mission headed by dr george m saunders member of the washington institute of inter american affairs ar tived in the amazon to collaborate with brazilian authorities in the opening of the world’s greatest wild rubber region some twenty medical posts have since been opened along the amazon and its tribu taries by dr saunders and his health mission and it is expected that by the end of 1943 a complete chain of hospitals floating dispensaries and other health centers will be in operation there the second part of this huge colonization program is also well under way an army of workers which may reach some 100,000 men toward the end of 1943 or the early part of next year is being recruited from all surrounding regions transported to the rubber lands housed in newly built cities and fed and cared just published can europe’s refugees find new homes by winifred n hadsel 25c august 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 page three cara for through the cooperative effort of united states and brazilian authorities the amazon jungle is be ing slowly mastered and from 1944 on it is ex pected that it will yield some 70,000 tons of natural rubber annually this quantity although represent ing only about 10 per cent of the needs of the united states is considered vital principally for war uses in which synthetic rubber alone is not satisfactory the program developed for brazil is comple mented by many similar smaller scale projects now under way in all tropical countries of america wild rubber trees are being tapped wherever they can be reached plantations of abaca the source of manila hemp and of similar fiber plants are being set up in the caribbean islands derris and other roots con taining rotenone one of the most powerful insec ticides are being grown on experimental farms from costa rica to brazil and cinchona trees are being planted in the highlands of central america for the extraction of quinine to mention only a few devel opments some of these new projects will probably be aban doned when the war is over but the pioneering work undertaken to meet war needs will not have been in vain since scores of valuable tropical products from hardwoods to drugs and insecticides will for the first time have been made accessible to man in the americas ernest s hediger south africa supports smuts the decisive 107 to 43 victory of field marshal jan christian smuts in the south african general elections reported in london on july 30 has been welcomed in britain and the whole allied world it represents a parliamentary majority of 64 in support of the war today compared with the narrow margin of 13 when the union of south africa declared war in september 1939 fears that dr d f malan’s opposition party might be able to obtain enough seats to impede the south african war effort or even to take the dominion out of the war and break its commonwealth ties have been definitely dispelled moreover it seems clear that field marshal smuts will now have a much freer land not only to plan a reconstruction program for his own country but also to share in the formulation of allied plans for the post war world this victory for an outstanding dem ocratic statesman coinciding as it did with musso lini’s downfall has strikingly demonstrated that de mocracy is rapidly gaining strength as the war proceeds h p w pittsburgh branch to broadcast on saturday august 7 members of the pittsburgh branch of the fpa will participate in a 30 minute radio program the editors round table broadcast over station kqv from 10 15 to 10 45 p.m the subject will be winning the peace sss page for the f.p.a bookshelf the guilt of the german army by hans ernest fried why a jewish state by leon i feuer new york richard new york macmillan 1942 3.50 r smith 1942 1.00 a well documented book on german militarism and the a clear presentation of the zionist view that only q un part played by the imperial officers caste in the develop jewish state with complete control over the immigration ment of national socialism and land policies of palestine can solve europe’s jewish 7 problem inter american statistical yearbook 1942 by raul c migone ed el atenco buenos aires and macmillan new york 10.00 the making of modern britain by j b brebner anj_ allan nevins new york w w norton 1943 2.59 7 this 1,000 page book of statistical tables on latin amer a vigorous description and interpretation for american ica with explanatory text in four languages is a unique readers of the moving forces and outstanding leaders ip compilation of data touching a large number of economic british history from the roman conquest to the outbreak and social factors most of the tables are complete up to of world war ii 1940 and sometimes to 1941 men in motion by henry j taylor new york doubleday the transition from war to peace economy league of 1943 3.00 nations geneva and princeton 1943 paper 1.00 a plea for limited post war commitments by the united cloth 1.50 states based on the thesis that europeans will not help vou xxii this report of the league of nations committee on eco themselves if the united states makes it easy for them to nomic depression is the first detailed study on the subject turn to us the author despairs of europe a pauperized by an official international body it examines the effects of and congested appendage of asia unless large scale war economy and the domestic and national problems of emigration takes place but the u.s he contends must not transition from war to peace open its doors he fi marke the wind that swept mexico the history of the mexican the struggle for airways in latin america by w a m isis in tk revolution 1910 1942 by anita brenner new york burden new york council on foreign relations 1943 harper 1943 3.75 5.00 in russia the first part of this book is a short and vivid story of a valuable survey of the whole latin american air pic but impen mexican politics from the reign of diaz to our days the ture with an interesting account of the break up of ger crop of second a unique collection of 148 historical photographs man and italian air lines during 1940 41 the maps charts ryo both very sympathetically portray the aspirations of the illustrations and tables add greatly to the usefulness of qu4y sis mexican people and the highlights of the mexican revolu this attractive volume alliei a tary sphe england’s road to social security by karl de schweinitz and belgo the chilean popular front by john reese stevenson philadelphia university of pennsylvania press 1943 philadelphia university of pennsylvania press 1942 3.00 against th 1.50 a timely study of england’s efforts during six centuries kharkov a good study of chile’s significant political development from the statute of laborers in 1349 to the beveridge and serve from 1920 to date preceded by a short outline of chilean report of 1942 to provide social security for its people qwh44 wy history down to 1920 don’t blame the generals by alan moorehead new york pture of ecuador by albert franklin new york doubleday harper 1943 3.50 flanking doran 1943 3.50 a vivid story by an australian newspaperman of the american in this informative and entertaining book mr franklin north african theatre from august 1941 to august 1942 ginrice a vividly describes the topography people local customs although moorehead’s account covers the middle east and p politics and personalities of one of the least known south even reaches india the fall of tobruk and the final des the north american countries perate defense of egypt are the highlights of this book sicilian c the english title a year of battle however is mop german japan and the opium menace by frederick t merrill descriptive of the contents of the book than the american bl new york published jointly by the institute of pacific 6 relations and the foreign policy association 1942 international air transport and national policy by oliver allies ma 1.50 j lissitzyn new york council on foreign relations fore launx interesting authoritative account of the opium problem 1942 5.00 italy or sc with special emphasis on japan’s encouragement of opium this book is a notable contribution to the history of air the ris production and addiction in chinese territory transport up to pearl harbor particularly in its political sing aspects although now out of date in certain reaps is should the the government of french north africa by herbert j indispensable to a knowledge of the complex problem plementec liebesny phibetsiohin guten of ences facing the united nations as they plan the air transport weste press 1943 1.50 policies of the future this first of a series of african handbooks edited by 2 oe conf h a wieschhoff summarizes the complex legal and ad war without inflation by george katona new york military 1 ministrative organization of the french possessions it columbia university press 1942 2.50 polit helps one to understand some of the political problems of a timely study of inflation price fixing rationing tp po 4 the american and british invading forces ation and saving in wartime i quickly fe foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 42 aucust 6 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national cat perl headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dororuy f leet secretary vera micueies dgan editor entered as august 5 second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least g one month for change of address on membership publications ermany f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year materials oa 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor way to or +crying a ailed in 10n leahy’s adviser eal com staff and irmy and fighting view is he very which ff otes real his new dence of to be 4 t because 1 of both naval op ahy ret last yeat succeed adopting eighteen tunity of nch v it anglo may be 1e united imed alt damndest mpatient lliott is entered as 2nd class matter seneral library unive 4 ut ars 4 orsity of mu 4a 7 p mev ii gan au tag inn arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxi no 42 aucust 7 1942 second front discussions reveal need for unified command a a desperate determination to prevent a german break through to the oil of the caucasus the rus sians over the weekend of august 1 began to slow down the nazi advance in the south until then the russian retreat although executed in good order appeared to imperil the one land front where the germans have had to fight a major war at a moment when a second front so far as the general public could determine was still in the stage of discussion russia’s lack of war material while the rapidity of the german advance toward the cau casus may be due in part to the fanatic determina tion of the nazis to achieve victory at all costs russia's shortage of certain war materials notably tanks is also an important factor the efforts of british and american industry and shipping have not sufficed to offset germany's industrial produc tion plus the loss of russia’s factories and raw materials in the donetz basin and the ukraine william l batt vice chairman of the war produc tion board thoroughly familiar with production of war material for russia declared on august 3 that the soviet union will still be fighting next winter but added in cold truth it must be ad mitted that try as we might we have been unable to supply russia with an adequate amount of ma tériel many reasons explain this situation lack of allied shipping the length of supply routes to russia the necessity of servicing other equally criti cal and distant fronts successful nazi attacks on british and american convoys to murmansk and on murmansk itself and at least in the early stage of soviet american military collaboration a negative attitude toward russia on the part of some officials which brought personal interference by president roosevelt whatever the reasons the grim fact is that the situation has altered in many respects both for rus sia and the western powers since the german in vasion of the u.s.s.r in 1941 at that time britain still recovering from the disaster of dunkirk was not in a position single handed to undertake the o ing of a second front in that phase of the russo german war the most effective way in which britain and the united states could help russia was by de livering war materials as rapidly as possible today if the russians had to make a choice between de liveries of war materials at the rate at which they have been coming during the past year or the open ing of a second front there seems little doubt that they would choose the second front during the past week russia’s demand for military operations in europe has been rapidly growing and was probably expressed with utmost frankness by soviet ambassa dor maisky on july 30 at a closed meeting of the british house of commons second front risks cut both ways while it is obvious that no layman can have at his disposal sufficient information to pass judgment on conflicting reports about a second front certain fac tors stand out the british and american people are becoming daily more restive about the relative state of inactivity on all fronts inactivity which still leaves the initiative in the hands of the germans and japanese they may not fully realize the great sacri fices in men and material that the opening of a sec ond front even under the best of circumstances would entail but they sense that sacrifices made today no matter how burdensome may save the united nations from much greater sacrifices and even possible defeat later on assuming at worst that russia loses its striking power thus permitting the nazis to concentrate their major strength against the british isles it has also become increasingly clear that mere talk of a second front even if it be regarded as a way of confusing the nazis by a war of nerves in reverse could have the opposite effect of fraying the nerves point of undermining public confidence this possi bility was bluntly stated on july 27 by andré philip member of the chamber of deputies from lyons who has recently arrived in britain to join the forces of general de gaulle too much talk and too little action is the weakness of democracy warned m philip at the same time he said that an unsuccess ful invasion would result in a terrible slaughter by the germans the united nations have thus been placed in the terrible dilemma of either striking before they may feel they are ready and in case of failure jeopardiz ing not only their own war effort but also the lives of their supporters in conquered countries or else passing up the opportunity for a second front created by the diversion of german troops to the east and thus disappointing both the russians and those among the conquered peoples who had hoped for action this year the argument advanced by some americans and britishers that mass air raids on ger many and german occupied territory may prove a substitute for the opening of a second land front has been discounted by the russians who want relief on land not merely in the air the great allied air armada which british air marshal harris warned the german people on july 28 would scourge them unless they revolt against hitler would need in rus page two of the etme peoples and our own to the cam sia’s view to be supported by sufficient land forces to create a real diversion of german troops from the eastern front for the launching of land operations in westerg europe the united nations will need a more closely unified command and much greater coordination of war production and shipping than has yet beep achieved in london and washington to be really successful the unified command and the coordinat ing staff should not be exclusively anglo american they should also include representatives of other allied countries which have already made great sacti fices in this war notably russia china norway holland and the fighting french and it should be in the interest of the russians themselves to con tribute to the pool of military intelligence needed for the opening of a second front all possible infor mation regarding their own situation coordina tion would also require subordination of per sonal and national ambitions and vanities to the need of winning the war drastic curtailment of all activities not essential to the actual prosecution of the conflict which continue even in britain not to speak of the united states and a determination that neither material sacrifices nor political or economic prejudice of any kind can be allowed to stand in the way of the war effort vera micheles dean first inside news from japan since pearl harbor the public received its first information about re cent conditions in japan near the end of july with the arrival in portuguese east africa of two boat loads of westerners chiefly americans released by tokyo under an exchange agreement with the united states at the small town of lourengo marques news papermen filed their stories attempting to construct as broad a picture as possible from such bits of in formation as they had picked up during internment imprisonment or surveillance in japan or its pos sessions they described the extreme hardships of the japanese people the difficulty of securing food the rapid spread of tuberculosis and dietary ailments the rise in taxes and living costs and the necessity of standing in queues to purchase ordinary commodi ties in mid june they said japan’s shortages of rice and sugar were more acute than before pearl harbor a russo japanese clash in siberia this summer can not be excluded from the united nations strategy for a survey of the resources of the soviet far east and possible u.s supply routes by air read the u.s.s.r and japan by vera micheles dean july 15 issue of foreign policy reports reporrts are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 despite the conquest of burma and java in this con nection they stressed tokyo's stringent shipping situation resulting in part from losses inflicted by allied airplanes surface craft and submarines brutal treatment of some ameri cans correspondents confirmed earlier items about the brutal treatment of some americans and other foreigners newspapermen teachers and mission aries in a number of instances were charged with espionage imprisoned and subjected to various in dignities the efforts of a few japanese to intervene were of little avail one well known correspondent was forced to sit with heels against hips in japanese fashion until wounds opened on his legs the pub lisher of a shanghai weekly magazine that had been openly anti japanese before the war lost part of both feet from beri beri and gangrene contracted through inadequate food exposure to cold and lack of medi cal care an american missionary in korea was given the water cure and beaten on the soles of his feet and across his back with a rubber hose the condi tions of the british were even worse some captured british officers and men in hong kong were killed and a number of british nationals in japan com mitted suicide in prison it is apparent that although the chief problem of many enemy foreigners was to adjust themselves to a japanese standard of living 4 conside yolved eve most si tics bef that in life of and tl konoys war tk as a p premie states tremist was pl militar ganiza round add an peace army grew at pea that at ex arr withot grew in the decen it v wheth portat rect c cutior gerate playes gers stress and peace bludg wish vince migh edly other from haw sive place part it t orces to om the v estern closely ition of tt been really ordinat nerican f other at sacti norway should to con needed e infor ordina of per to the t of all n of the speak on that conomic d in the ean his con shipping icted by 1 s a meri ns about id other mission ed with rious in ntervene pondent japanese he pub iad been of both through of medi as given his feet e condi captured e killed an com ilthough s was to living 4 considerable amount of outright brutality was in yolved in their treatment events leading to pearl harbor the most significant dispatches dealt with japanese poli tics before pearl harbor one correspondent declared that in august 1941 two attempts were made on the life of baron hiranuma minister without portfolio and that the entire cabinet including premier konoye was threatened had the emperor opposed war the terrorists planned to confine him at kyoto as a powerless figurehead even general tojo the premier who led japan into war with the united states and britain was swept off his feet by the ex tremists the correspondent concluded that japan was plunged into the war because a virtual revolt of military extremists and nazified ultranationalist or ganizations had swept out civilian control to ound out the implications of this story one must add another statement that president roosevelt's final peace appeal to hirohito was held up by japanese army advisers making it impossible for ambassador grew to see the emperor before the die had been cast at pearl harbor nor can one overlook the report that at lourenco marques on his way back to japan ex ambassador nomura sought informally but without success to arrange an interview with mr grew supposedly to clear himself of complicity in the events leading to the japanese attack last december it will not be possible for a long time to know whether all these statements are true but it is im portant at the moment not to draw from them incor fect conclusions that may interfere with the prose tution of the war before pearl harbor an exag gerated emphasis on internal differences in japan played an important part in blinding us to the dan gets of attack american correspondents constantly stressed the struggle between the so called liberals and extremists the conflict between the allegedly peaceful navy and the bellicose army and the bludgeoning of the emperor into actions he did not wish to take in short every effort was made to con vince us that if only we were conciliatory japan might yet turn out to be a peaceful nation undoubt edly some japanese leaders were more cautious than others but the outstanding fact during the ten years from the invasion of manchuria to the attack at hawaii was the increasing predominance of aggres sive circles the blackjacking of dissenters in high places was not an occasional aberration but a normal part of the process of japanese government it is therefore an illusion to believe that the page three events leading to pearl harbor were accidental or that full consideration of the president’s message by the emperor could have made any significant differ ence in the outcome war with japan resulted in evitably from the ambitions of the militarists the personal feelings of this or that official are funda mentally of no importance the first step toward lasting peace with japan is to crush japanese mili tarism and destroy the governmental structure on which it rests lawrence k rosinger the making of tomorrow by raoul de roussy de sales new york reynal hitchcock 1942 3.00 the former correspondent of paris soir in this country contemplates in mature and mellow fashion the role of the united states in a world being rapidly reshaped by the forces of nationalism and collectivism conditions of peace by edward h carr new york ox ford university press 1942 2.50 professor carr who teaches international politics in the university college of wales gives an unusually realistic analysis of britain’s relation to a post war world pro jected against a background study of mistakes committed during the long armistice between 1919 and 1939 toward international organization by howard robinson and others new york harper 1942 2.00 a lecture series somewhat uneven but stimulating which examines the causes of war and sketches the broad outlines of the future organization of the world’s political economic social and cultural order the contributors in clude max lerner jacob viner and quincy wright the balance sheet of the future by ernest bevin new york robert mcbride 1941 2.75 extracts from speeches of the british labor leader and war cabinet minister so chosen as to show his approach to what must be done to gain the objective of a better post war world a great experiment by viscount cecil lord robert cecil new york oxford university press 1941 3.50 a history of the league of nations and an evaluation of its work by one of its leading british advocates who continues to believe in the league idea survey of international affairs 1938 vol i by arnold j toynbee assisted by v m boulter new york oxford university press 1941 9.00 continuing its widely known series the royal institute of international affairs has issued the first of two volumes covering the last pre war year the principal topics in clude the intensification of economic nationalism the growing shadow of germany in europe the closing chap ters of the spanish conflict the course of the china incident and the reactions produced in the americas by europe’s drift toward war strategy for victory by hanson w baldwin new york norton 1942 1.75 a brief and sober survey by the widely known military correspondent of the new york times of the manifold problems involved in fighting the war to a successful con clusion with trenchant suggestions as to the methods which may be used in their solution foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 42 aucust 7 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leger secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 swiss three dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f p a membership five dollars a year washington news y etter aug 1 the brutal attack on waldo frank american writer and lecturer in buenos aires on august 1 was the latest in a series of incidents which have marked the progressive deterioration of rela tions between the united states and argentina since the rio de janeiro conference in january at that pan american gathering argentina and chile disrupted the solidarity of the republics of the western hemisphere by refusing to break off diplo matic relations with the axis but while the action of the chilean government was motivated largely by fear of its inability to defend its highly vulnerable 2,600 mile long pacific coast line against japanese reprisal attacks the attitude of the argentine dele gation was inspired to a high degree by jealousy and suspicion of the united states the hope expressed by undersecretary of state sumner welles on february 6 that argentina and chile would shortly follow the example of the other 19 american republics in severing all ties with the axis has not been fulfilled in the intervening months ruiz guinazu’s outburst before cor tes official irritation against this country found vent in an oratorical outburst by enrique ruiz guinazu the argentine foreign minister in a secret session of the cortes in buenos aires on july 15 the argentine embassy in mexico city has denied that sefior ruiz guinazu used the language attributed to him but even if the foreign minister did not employ such phrases as that yankee imperialism was more to be feared in south america than nazism or that the united states had rounded up the latin amer ican republics like a herd of beasts the evidence is overwhelming that his speech was extremely un friendly to this country sefior ruiz guinazu’s chief grievance seems to be that the argentine military mission which was in the united states last winter went back home in the middle of march empty handed the united states government he complained announced that argen tina could buy no armaments in this country unless it undertook to convoy shipping at least part way from its ports to north america this stand he con sidered to be a plot on the part of the united states government to involve his country in war with the axis by provoking a series of maritime incidents be tween argentina and germany the reason why the united states refused to grant arms to the buenos aires government was clearly set forth in an authoritative statement issued in washington on march 31 according to this state ment the high argentine army and naval officers who came to this country asked for very large ag sistance both in respect of money value and in quam tity of goods particularly for the mechanization of their army and the modernization of their navy ad mittedly the best of any south american nation the argentine military mission returned to buenos aires empty handed this authority stated because its goy ernment was not contributing in an effective way to the defense of the western hemisphere washington’s revised policy to ward latin america the united states laid down the principle that it would give preference in the shipment of war materials to those south american countries which had placed themselves ig peril from the axis by cooperating in the defense of the americas unless and until argentina was willing to cooperate it was declared the united states would not be able to send it war supplies that are now being shipped to other latin american coun tries it was frankly admitted that this policy was a reversal of that pursued prior to the rio conference when the united states treated all south american states on a basis of equality the new american policy was a blow to the cas tillo government which saw argentina’s jealously guarded military supremacy in south america jeop ardized by the military supplies that the united states is now pouring into brazil and other neighboring republics the decision taken by buenos aires on july 7 to recognize the german blockade of the north american coast by refusing to allow argen tine ships to enter united states atlantic ports was undoubtedly inspired by pique at this development but despite strained political ties it must not be forgotten that argentina is supplying the united states today with large quantities of vital strategic materials this country has arranged to buy arget tina’s entire output of tungsten and is also getting most of its supplies of such valuable materials a mica and beryl argentina exports to this county hides to shoe united states soldiers wool to clothe them and canned beef to feed them in return the state department's ban on the export of military supplies to argentina does not apply to civilian goods which are being shipped there in large quantities moreover although argentina is still harboring german diplomats and nazi subversive agents on its soil it should be remembered that by declaring the united states a non belligerent after pearl harbor it is permitting united states warships to go freely in and out of its ports and harbors a privilege that is denied to the axis john elliott n t in the ar on au mittee a turt to su of eve can n tions lo policy cripp seque meeti ist act presei that the ti till a cong ur o comb der tl they gopa great heal alizir +prbriodical ruum general 1urary univ of mich general library entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxii no 43 avucust 18 1943 axis difficulties sharpen problems of allied unity ane first ten days of august appear to have marked the beginning of a period of growing ctisis in the european theatre of war allied victories in russia and sicily highlighted this development but impending political developments suggested by acrop of reports and rumors from europe may be ually significant allied advances continue in the mili tary sphere the smashing soviet victories at orel and belgorod opening the way for a double offensive against the german strongholds of bryansk and kharkov constitute the most important achievement and serve to remind us that the major land front of world war ii is still in russia at the same time the capture of catania by the british eighth army the flanking of the german position at mt etna by american and british canadian advances and the surprise american landing behind the axis lines in the north augur well for a rapid conclusion of the sicilian campaign although on the eastern front german strength has so far shown no signs of crumbling and in the mediterranean the western allies may have to occupy sardinia and corsica be fore launching a major assault on the mainland of italy or southern france these victories demonstrate the rising offensive power of the united nations should the russian and mediterranean fronts be sup plemented soon by the opening of_a second front in western europe we could look forward even more confidently to the steady disintegration of nazi military might political repercussions widespread the repercussions of allied military pressure were quickly felt throughout the continent most signifi cant perhaps was the cancellation by sweden on august 5 of a three year old transit agreement with germany which permitted german troops and war materials to pass through swedish territory on their way to or from norway and finland this assertion of independence on the part of the stockholm gov ernment received popular acclaim and is a clear indication of both government and public opinion on the course of the war in the occupied countries notably holland and france opposition to german rule reached a high pitch from helsinki came renewed rumors of moves intended to take finland out of the war while gov ernments of the axis satellites in the balkans were reported to be restive also and fearful of the fate that befell the fascist régime in italy hungary in particular appears to have been perturbed by recent developments in rome and king boris of bulgaria faces uneasily the prospect of an allied invasion of the balkans in italy where german foreign minister joachim von ribbentrop was reportedly engaged during the week end of august 7 8 in trying to strengthen nazi ties with the badoglio government peace riots con tinued and the socialist party appealed to all work ers farmers and intellectuals to join in a general strike to force italy out of the war although latest reports from switzerland indicate that the italian government will not sue for peace at least until peace terms more lenient than unconditional sur render are offered by the allies it seems doubtful that badoglio will be able to maintain his position when the full weight of allied power is brought to bear on the mainland of italy has hitler been ousted germany too has felt the effects of the russian victories in the east the relentless air bombardment from the west and the threat to italy in the south the madrid re port that hitler's real power has been taken over by a triumvirate composed of reich marshal her mann goering field marshal general wilhelm keitel chief of the high command and grand admiral karl doenitz commander in chief of the navy should be treated as definitely suspect but it may well be a preview of things to come in ger many should an army dictatorship take over control from the nazis in order to bolster the german war machine it would probably indicate both weak ness and strength weakness in that the hitler spell had been broken but a certain strength in that the military leaders considered it still possible to save germany from unconditional surrender greater allied unity needed as we en ter one of the major crises of the war a meeting of pres ident roosevelt prime minister churchill and premier stalin seems extremely urgent calculations that the war in europe will be over by christmas would be exceedingly dangerous of course but failure on the part of allied leaders to have ready a common plan in case of the sudden collapse of the german govern explosive conditions in china worry united nations admiral ernest j king’s statement of august 7 that china must be kept in the war implying the danger of a collapse of resistance to japan deserves more than perfunctory notice although the com mander in chief of the united states fleet did not elaborate the point he presumably had in mind the deterioration of chungking’s military efforts and the gathering political storms in the chinese capital both of which threaten the country’s war effort washington is as yet saying nothing publicly about the situation but some details of this growing crisis became known on the previous day through the publication in moscow of an article by vladimir rogov a writer recently back in the u.s.s.r after a long stay in china danger of civil war according to the soviet journalist's report civil war and possible military disaster face china unless high placed de featists are removed from their positions of power he charges that these circles are attempting to break the united front between the kuomintang the of ficial party and the chinese communists and that large numbers of central government troops have already been dispatched to the areas in which the communist led eighth route and new fourth ar mies are located a move may soon be made he suggests to disarm the latter forces and destroy their political organization thereby plunging china anew into the maelstrom of civil strife from which it emerged in 1937 to resist japan he also asserts that the elements responsible for the crisis have evolved a theory of an honorable peace with japan or the futility of further fighting although not daring to advocate open capitulation while these remarks are more specific than any that have yet appeared in the american press they are in agreement with the general implications of reports reaching this country they are likewise in line with the growing tendency of american writers page two ment or to be prepared to reject in unison any peace bid from a german military clique for terms less than unconditional surrender would be even more dangerous and yet there seems to be a not wholly unwarranted fear in the united states and britain that while both the political and military strength of the axis in europe is declining our own military plans are not matched in the political realm it is to be hoped therefore that a meeting of the allied leaders can be arranged in the near future and that as events in europe move toward the ulti mate collapse of german power the united nations will have reached agreement on the basic problems which will face them in a europe freed from nazi tyranny howarb p whidden jr to abandon many conceptions of chinese resistance dating from the early years of the far eastern con flict and to adopt a more realistic view of china's internal problems and war effort a significant in dication of this new attitude was the publication of a warning about china an article by pearl buck in life magazine for may 10 1943 accord ing to this well known author the great liberal forces of the recent past in china are growing silent there is now no real freedom of the press in china no real freedom of speech the official implement of repression is an organization far more severe than the secret service of a democracy ought to be the division between the eighth route army and the national army still continues in spite of the fact that all accept the generalissimo as their leader there are forces around the generalissimo which keep apart these two great bodies of the people who ought not now to be kept apart this statement is all the more significant because miss buck has been and remains a leading critic of the tions state tion war harbor had its 07 own terri character tions o1 china tt ever the scriptive other de actualitie distinctio the st aroused a still sh by hans new yof ation pv mr bald ning in anese ww only twe policing muniqué engagem able to d field th wishful the re not be g provokec july 30 t gatd suc principle ing an permit shortcomings of the united states and britain in aiding and cooperating with china other american opinions at about the same time creighton lacy member of a missionaty family declared in a brief volume is china a de mocracy that some of the factions within the kuomintang are of much concern to true demo crats in china although his book was on the whole highly laudatory of chungking’s efforts he asserted that there are at least two groups which have warranted the epithet semi fascist because they are more antagonistic to chinese communism and possibly to constitutional democracy than they are to the japanese the tragedy is that their mem bership includes some of the most prominent cabinet ministers generals and diplomats some two months later in the far eastern survey of july 14 1943 t a bisson of the institute of pacific rela or other cape the governm what shoul will v i repor foreign headquarters second class one month f sb 181 i tions stated in an article on china’s part in a coali tion war that as long ago as a year before pearl harbor two chinas had definitely emerged each had its own government its own military forces its own territories more significant each had its own characteristic set of political and economic institu tions one is now generally called kuomintang china the other is called communist china how ever these are only party labels to be more de sctiptive the one might be called feudal china the other democratic china these terms express the actualities as they exist today the real institutional distinctions between the two chinas the statements by miss buck and mr bisson aroused considerable discussion in chungking but a still sharper reaction was produced by two articles by hanson w baldwin military writer for the new york times in a review of the chinese situ ation published by that newspaper on july 20 1943 mr baldwin asserted that japan not china is win ning in a military economic sense the sino jap anese war he declared that japan is maintaining only twenty odd divisions in china principally as policing and occupying forces that chinese com muniqués often exaggerate the importance of minor engagements and that the japanese in china are able to do pretty much as they please in the military feld this was followed by an article too much wishful thinking about china in the august issue page three e ttt of reader’s digest in which among other state ments he presented various criticisms of the chinese army his views were attacked sharply by chung king representatives notably the chinese military spokesman and the minister of information a united nations problem space is lacking to consider these problems but in subsequent articles the subject will be discussed in detail mean while it is clear that the chinese situation is causing apprehension in informed united nations circles not only are american writers asking questions but it is no secret that many agencies in washington have been disturbed by the functioning of chungking bodies with which they have been in contact the soviet attitude is also plain since the report referred to at the beginning of this article appeared in an of ficial publication british sources it is true have had little to say on the subject but this may be attributed to a desire not to worsen already tense british chinese relations and to the fact that among the western powers the united states is playing the leading role in the far eastern war but it may be significant that chinese foreign minister t v soong in a london press conference of august 4 was questioned about chungking’s policy on sup plying weapons to the chinese communist troops lawrence k rosinger this is the first of a series of articles on the present political military and economic crisis in china punishment of axis leaders will test statesmanship the recent warning to neutrals that asylum must not be granted to fugitive axis leaders has already provoked a reply president roosevelt announced on july 30 that the united states government would re gard such neutral action as inconsistent with the principles for which the united nations are fight ing and hoped that no neutral government would permit its territory to be used as a place of refuge or otherwise assist such persons in any effort to es cape their just deserts the british and russian governments were prompt to associate themselves what kind of peace with non nazi germany should allies establish military administration will russia share.in administration read what future for germany by vera micheles dean 25c foreign policy reports vol xviii no 22 reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 with this point of view but the swiss government now declares that switzerland will obviously exer cise the right in a manner fully to assure the sovereignty and highest interests of the country according to reports turkey may soon take a simi lar line while sweden has for the present declined to commit itself one need not interpret this declaration as a final answer to the allied warning as the war approaches a victorious conclusion the remaining neutrals may well exhibit an increasing compliance with the will of the united nations and the duce and other lead ers of the axis may be denied admittance to neutral countries but suppose they are not the right of asylum nothing is clearer than the right of a nation to offer sanctuary to fugi tives from abroad extradition treaties whereby na tions agree to surrender such persons on demand invariably relate to definite and listed crimes of a civil nature and have no application to the present case on the contrary unsuccessful revolutionaries foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 43 august 13 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lest secretary vera micuheies dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year one month for change of address on membership publications e181 please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor a i pe oe oooo page four and other leaders of lost causes have repeatedly sought safety in foreign countries and have gener ally obtained it except where the country of asy lum overawed by the power of the other side has yielded up the fugitive switzerland like the nether lands takes pride in a long tradition of such hos pitality and the united states has consistently main tained the principle that political refugees will not be surrendered nor their extradition suffered inevitably the case of the late kaiser will come to mind article 227 of the versailles treaty publicly charged william ii with a supreme offense against international morality and the sanctity of treaties the exact nature of this supreme offense however was not defined and the charge therefore remained essentially political the kaiser having fled to hol land the dutch boldly and quite properly refused to give him up and the promptness with which the matter was dropped suggests that the allies may never have expected to go through with the trial today it is felt that the axis leaders are guilty of offenses far graver than the kaiser’s and an effort has been made to formulate the charge in more definite terms the united nations propose to mete out just and sure punishment to the ringleaders responsible for the organized murder of thousands of innocent persons and the commission of atroci ties presumably the accused will be tried for specific violations of the known laws of war as em bodied in the hague convention and elsewhere but even so nothing in the accepted law of nations con fers on the victorious powers any right to compel the surrender of the presumptive criminals by the state of i asylum and to obtain such surrender without dam age to those high principles for which the united nations profess to stand will require a nice degree of tact for if the swiss maintain their present atti tude against all persuasion nothing remains but to abandon the whole project or resort to threats and even force the whole problem well illustrates the inadequacy of international law in the face of crime or immorality on the part of national leaders trial of the accused even should the nazi rulers be brought to justice the trials will have to be conducted with extreme delicacy that govern ments realize this is evident from their intention to have the accused tried by military tribunals for of fenses cognizable by military law on the one hand they must avoid the danger that a full and fair trial of all the issues may provide a platform whence the fallen leader addressing his followers as it were for the last time may by a well worded defense pro vide for his own canonization in some future re vival of his doctrines napoleon bonaparte who was summarily banished to st helena without the for mality of a trial nevertheless by his memoirs writ ten in exile succeeded eventually in rehabilitating himself in the eyes of much of the world on the other hand a trial which does not give fair oppor tunity for defense is hardly to be considered and this means that the issue on which the accused is tried must be carefully defined it should be clear in the light of these facts that the problem of dealing with the ringleaders referred to is not an easy one if high and strict standards of international conduct are to be observed throughout sierman s hayden the f.p.a bookshelf tokyo record by otto tolischus new york reynal hitchcock 1943 3.00 a newspaperman’s valuable story of a year and a half in japan including a number of months in prison after pearl harbor his account of day by day developments throws much light on the operation of japanese politics japan’s military masters by hillis lory new york vik ing 1943 2.50 an interesting discussion of the japanese army and its role in japanese life islands of the pacific by hawthorne daniel new york putnam’s 1943 2.50 a welcome factual account of the geography history people customs and products of an area that will play an increasingly important role in the news organized for reference use behind the japanese mask by jesse f steiner new york macmillan 1943 2.00 a useful analysis of japanese customs and attitudes al though psychological factors are overstressed as in the statement that the japanese sought to overcome their feel ings of inferiority by a spectacular drive for power which has culminated in the present war the world since 1914 by walter consuelo langsam new york macmillan 1943 4.00 the fifth edition of an extremely useful reference text south of the congo by selwyn james new york random house 1943 3.00 a first hand report by a british correspondent of south ern africa from cape town to the congo although jour nalistic rather than scholarly there is much valuable ma terial in this book for the student of south african prob lems especially on relations between negroes and whites balkan firebrand by kosta todorov chicago alliance book ziff davis 1943 3.50 this exciting autobiography is an illuminating picture of balkan history the english people by d w brogan new york knopf 1943 3.00 a penetrating analysis of england and its people writ ten for american readers by a cambridge university pro fessor a candid and interesting book which gains mueh from the fact that the author approaches his subject from an irish and scottish background and with a wide experi ence in the united states the british commonwealth at war edited by william yandell elliott and h duncan hall new york knopf 1943 5.00 this symposium is an important contribution to the his tory of both world war ii and the british commonwealth although it may not always hold the interest of the aver age reader it should prove extremely useful to students of economics history and political science 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 vou xx queeb iven ing week w comes a by many conferet ley rep united the larg ignored are actu allied tary occ been re the day the ord years ol come w poli one qu allied of adm german the war they w during their re recently toward states f morrow ambigu allied isa ne known military gram tumors in liber +be 2 nse ited that is 4 nce ican cas usly cop ates ring on pen rent rt be rited tegit en ls ag intry othe the itary ities ring yn its g the rbot reely that 5 ae 8 loi dr william w g sho entered as 2nd class matter t university of wichigan trp we ie ary inn arbor mich 5 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxi no 43 aucust 14 1942 united nations suffer serious setback in india jn the cities and villages of india a major battle in the people’s war is in danger of being lost for the arrest of gandhi nehru azad and other leaders on august 9 a day after the all india congress com mittee adopted a civil disobedience resolution marks ja turning point from peaceful political controversy fo suppression and rioting whatever the course of events in weeks to come one thing is clear india can never become a true partner of the united na tions until peaceful discussion is resumed looking backward one can now see that british policy toward india was settled at the time of the cripps mission last march and that london’s sub sequent actions have been directed chiefly toward meeting the week to week development of national ist activity and american opinion when sir stafford presented his proposals he declared significantly that if they were rejected there would be neither the time nor the opportunity to reconsider this matter till after the war with his return to london the congress party leaders amid doubts and differences vf opinion began a desperate search for a policy combining realism and immediate self rule but un der the leadership of the unrealistic pacifist gandhi they met with no success the madras leader raja gopalachariar thought the way out lay in making great concessions to the moslem league in order to heal one of the main sore spots in indian politics re ilizing that this would be rejected by the congress working committee he resigned from that body but the great majority of important congressmen in the absence of a new british offer considered the preservation of their own unity a primary concern on july 3 when it was already clear that gandhi was leading the congress toward a new civil dis dbedience campaign britain enlarged the viceroy s executive council named an indian civil servant defense minister and appointed another civil servant and the head of the indian princes to membership in the london war cabinet in mid july the con gress working committee finally reached agreement on a resolution demanding immediate independence and warning that civil disobedience would otherwise result on july 26 in a broadcast to the united states cripps attacked gandhi very sharply and hinted at the possible use of force against the con gress on august 4 the indian government charg ing in effect that the working committee consisted of appeasers published the text of a draft resolution submitted by gandhi to that body toward the end of april in this document seized in a raid on congress headquarters in allahabad gandhi had said if india were freed her first step would probably be to negotiate with japan the working committee had however rejected gandhi’s statement in favor of a resolution drawn by nehru along different lines after the british move the working committee on august 5 substituted for its resolution of mid july a new declaration asking the withdrawal of british hower so as to enable india to become an ally of the united nations if granted independence india would wholeheartedly and unreservedly declare itself on the side of the united nations agreeing to meet the japanese or any other aggressor with armed resistance this pledge to which gandhi presumably assented was in effect a disavowal of pacifism in international affairs two days later the all india congress committee convened in bombay and heard gandhi present a lengthy survey of the situation on august 8 this body passed the work ing committee’s substitute resolution of august 5 which like the statement it replaced called for civil disobedience if independence were not granted gandhi had however announced that he would send a letter of appeal to the viceroy and it was antici pated that this would permit further discussion of relations between the congress and britain the sud sar d sart sree os ag oooooo den arrest of the indian leaders ended this hope at least for the moment division within congress one of the striking aspects of these events is the literalness with which indian political pronouncements including the demand for immediate independence have been understood in london and the american press there has been hardly a suggestion that indian politicians like theif fellows in other countries might be will ing to accept less than they demand in the heat of battle this is the more surprising in view of the obvious disagreement within the congress over gandhi's dangerous and unrealistic policy a dis agreement which it must be repeated never emerged clearly into the open because in the absence of british willingness to negotiate further the moderate group did not feel that it had any program to offer as an alternative to that of gandhi during the first week of august the following significant events occurred a labor member of the all india congress committee gave notice of his intention to oppose the civil disobedience resolu tion the bengal branch committee of the indian federation of labor likewise expressed its dissent b r ambedkar leader of the depressed classes and a recent appointee to the viceroy’s executive coun nazi propaganda seeks to capitalize on russian setbacks while the united nations took the initiative in the solomon islands the german army pressed hard in the wake of the retreating russians by august 10 the germans had reached the foothills of the cauca sus mountains where the russians were firing the oil wells of maikop estimated to produce 7 per cent of the country’s total oil output reports from lon don placed russian losses in killed wounded and captured since june 1941 at more than 5 million and russian territory seized by the nazis at 600,000 square miles with a pre war population of 50 million the german drive toward transcaucasia contain ing russia's principal oil resources estimated at 85 per cent of total production shifted the focus of the struggle from the european continent to the bridge head of the near and middle east connecting europe with india itself a seething theatre of conflict and egypt it coincided with a period of inactivity on page two for a survey of the intricate and difficult problems that lie behind the present crisis in india read india’s role in the world conflict by margaret la foy 25c may 1 issue of foreign polticy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 cil asked that gandhi call a conference of alf sections of indian opinion sir t b sapru ag important non congress moderate also suggested such a meeting and gandhi was reported willing to attend the chief whip of congress in the central assembly was said to favor postponement of ratifi cation of the civil disobedience resolution until after the election of a new all india congress committee in october yet all these efforts and desperate suggestions failed in the face of congress intransigence and the absence of a sympathetic official policy designed to help the indians find a way out of the impasse of civil disobedience rather than to penalize them for their mistakes had a helping hand been ex tended it is quite possible that the indian majority would have been able to bridge the gap of distrust that separates it from the objective it undoubtedly seeks full and equal cooperation with the united nations against japanese and german aggression this is also the goal of the united nations it must be hoped that with the help of the united states and china as well as the other allies britain and india will again enter the stage of discussion and reach a working agreement lawrence k rosinger the african front where neither field marshal rommel nor general auchincleck appears to have sufficient men or material for offensive ac tion on this front the germans are reported to be using their familiar tactics of divide and conquer by creating the impression that they admire the brit ish to the detriment of americans or australians and new zealanders to the detriment of the brit ish while casting aspersions on their own italian allies in similar vein german propagandists have s been taunting the russians with queries regarding the whereabouts of british and american troops which were supposed to have opened a second front in europe will u.s open second front a partial answer to these queries was given by major general mark wayne clark commander of united states ground forces in the european theatre of war who declared in an interview on august 9 that american troops in britain are there for the express purpose of opening a second front many of those who have been calling for a second front probably do not re alize the amount of industrial production and metic lous military preparation required for the success of such an operation yet the belief is steadily gain ing ground both in britain and the united states that no matter how hazardous the opening of 4 second front might be at the present time the hazard would be multiplied manyfold if russia were al ff d d f all 4 an ested ng to ntral ratifi after nittee stions d the ed to se of them nn ex jority strust tedly inited ssion must states 1 and 1 and ser 5 irshal s to e ac to be yuer brit alians brit talian have rding loops front artial neral states who erican pose have ot re eticu access gain states of a azard re al jowed to be knocked out of the war and seasoned german troops were then transferred to western europe meanwhile there are a number of signs indicating that the nazis hope to take advantage of any pause that may ensue between russian setbacks in the caucasus and the opening of a second front to press for a peace settlement which would leave all of furope including occupied russia under their con trol various nazi feelers in neutral countries are intended to convey the impression that second front operations are in any case hopeless that europe has acquiesced in hitler's new order and that ger many might now be willing to divide control of the world but not of europe with other master faces presumably the british and americans an attempt would thus be made by the nazis to use all of europe as a bargaining point in a deal of some kind among the great powers much as in earlier centuries the great powers attempted again and again to reach settlements among themselves at the expense of so called backward areas in asia and africa britain’s repudiation of munich this line of nazi propaganda if left unanswered by britain and the united states might eventually eate disaffection among the small nations of eu fope and other continents which are valiantly con tributing to the war effort of the united nations in reply to such nazi propaganda the british government on august 5 announced an exchange of notes be tween anthony eden british foreign secretary and the czechoslovak foreign minister jan masaryk as the nazi troops move closer and closer to the caucasus the world is wondering how the german army is still able to obtain the man power and mili tary supplies necessary for such a gigantic effort up to 1941 germany was able to conduct the war as a series of short blitz campaigns interspersed with periods of economic recuperation during these periods its industries could create new stocks of weapons fuel and ammunition for use during the next thrust and transform the booty collected in the invaded countries into implements of war but this phase of the war is over sporadic fighting has evolved into continuous warfare which offers few opportunities for economic recuperation the nazi economy must now be prepared to meet not only continued russian resistance but also in ever in creasing proportion the impact of american arms and the probable opening of a second front in west ern europe and yet the industrial plant of the reich cannot have been greatly extended in recent months moreover many german workers have had to leave page three e declaring as invalid the munich agreement of 1938 under which the czechs had been forced to cede sudetenland to germany in its note the british government stated that at the final settlement of czechoslovak frontiers to be reached at the end of the war it will not be influenced by any re effected in and since 1938 this announcement is in harmony with the policy of the united states which has steadfastly re fused to make any commitments in advance about post war boundaries the washington administra tion as indicated in repeated official pronounce ments believes that the close of military hostili ties will be followed by a period of transition when the first task will not be adjustment of con troversial boundaries but rehabilitation of occupied territories during that period it may prove neces sary for the united nations and not merely for britain and the united states to exercise a form of trusteeship on behalf of liberated countries un til they have regained a degree of political and eco nomic stability which will permit them to consider the long term problems of reconstruction in an at mosphere of relative calmness it is essential for britain and the united states to demonstrate not merely by words but also by deeds that they do not intend to replace the rule of the nazi master race by any master race domination of their own only thus can they concretely answer nazi propa gandists who still try to advertise their new order as an alternative to the kind of order that the united nations may establish in case of victory vera micheles dean german war needs compel economic overhauling their factories for the army due to the heavy toll of last winter's russian campaign under the pressure of these new needs the german war economy had to be reorganized in order to increase output on the one hand and save man power on the other industrial rationalization the fun damental setup of the nazi economic system con trol of all industrial production by the party with the collaboration of the army and big business has been retained the production of armaments how ever has been centralized in the person of the re cently appointed minister of armaments and mu nitions albert speer who took over this difficult job after the death of fritz todt germany's top engineer and builder of the siegfried line speer es tablished a new armament council whose main task seems to be the coordination of the production of weapons in germany and in the various euro countries occupied by the germans all the informa tion seeping through from these countries shows that their industrial plants are rapidly being adapted a td ae to work for the german war machine a large scale system of extensive subcontracting and spreading out of orders has been effected under official supervision regional german procurement offices have been established in almost all important cities of the oc cupied countries these offices organize special ex hibitions of parts and goods needed by german firms and even small manufacturers are invited to visit them since work on nazi orders is often the only way to obtain raw materials and keep plants run ning many european factories even in countries as distant as estonia and greece are working for germany thus the war contribution exacted from non german countries is far from negligible the hunt for man power at the same time the nazi leaders are doing their utmost to free german laborers from the production process in order to transfer them to the armed forces this object they hope to attain in two principal ways in creased efficiency in production and further use of foreign labor in all activities connected with civilian production new rules to this effect have been drafted as the production of civilian goods long ago reached its minimum level further curtailment is not possible nazi economists are therefore turn ing to increased efficiency and concentration of in dustry in order to free workers without reducing the output special committees of technical experts have been commissioned to study each branch of industry in order to prepare for the elimination of the less efficient individual producers the manufacture of cigarettes to give just one example is to be concen trated in the future in a few highly efficient fac tories while the others will be closed such a scheme the nazi experts have calculated will free for other purposes nearly one fourth of the twelve thousand or so workers employed in this activity the same procedure is to be applied to all industries where further concentration is still possible on the other hand the nazis are exerting stronger pressure than ever on the puppet governments of the occupied countries as well as on vichy france to obtain the transfer of large contingents of work ers from these countries to german farms and fac tories already some three million aliens not count ing two and one half million prisoners of war are working in germany the nazis hope that this num ber will greatly increase in the near future they will not hesitate to resort to compulsory drafting of un employed man power all over occupied europe should the local authorities fail to induce sufficient contingents of workers to leave for germany page four in spite of the tremendous strain on german ip dustry brought about by the new production drive the system does not seem to be cracking moreover the nazis will probably obtain some additional resources in the territories recently conquered russia unless therefore the united nations achieve wholesale destruction of factories and m of communication by repeated mass bombings nazi production machine now extending over the whole of continental europe may be expected to con tinue to deliver the goods needed by the reichswehr ernest s hediger return to the future by sigrid undset new york knopf vo 1942 2.50 with deep love and understanding the skilled noveli writes of germany’s invasion of norway in so doing s shows clever judgment of the gernien character her re actions to what she saw in russia and japan while route to the united states are bound to arouse criticis in many quarters but her concern for human freedom is genuine c pr underground europe by curt riess nw york diss press 1942 3.00 ia the sixth column by jan masaryk and others new york 4 alliance book corporation 1942 2.50 m the two books describe the nazis inhuman treatmeni th of the defeated but unconquered peoples of europe an j the varied ways in which the oppressed are fighting back b mr riess’s volume is more readable and dramatic while the 13 authorities who contribute to the sixth columnjy present a detailed and documented record cf the germat 5 invasions and their aftermath action on all fronts by ralph ingerso'l new york harper 1942 3.50 penetrating observations made during a r und the world trip in mid 1941 in the course of which th editor of pm inspected all the major war fronts t ti fe the heart of europe by denis de rouge ont and char lotte muret new york duell sloan a pearce 1941 t 2.50 welt it a many sided first hand study of tk swiss people analyzing the qualities that have enabled em so far 1 weather europe’s recurring crises sea power in conflict by paul schubert new york cow ard mccann 1942 2.50 t by including air operations over water in his definition of the new sea power the author of this non technical survey of modern naval organization and history implicit ly defends the conservative viewpoint on naval strength and functions today will germany crack by paul hagen new york harper’s 1942 2.75 a survey of the german home front in wartime by an austrian anti nazi with underground connections within the reich he urges the allies to enlist the support of progressive elements in germany by a clearer statement of post war intentions foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 43 august 14 1942 e's published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor +bebstaa8 il liance yicture knopf writ y pro mu t from xperi jilliam knopf he his vealth aver ents of 43 entered as 2nd class matter university of michigen aug 24 1943 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxii no 44 avucust 20 1943 quebec meeting faces decision on policy for liberated europe he sixth major anglo american wartime meet ing which is scheduled to reach its climax this week when roosevelt and churchill meet in quebec comes at a time when the united nations are beset by many pressing problems in europe although the conference is officially advertised as a military par ley representatives from britain canada and the united states must also inevitably turn to some of the larger political issues which can no longer be ignored or postponed now that their armed forces are actually on european soil as a result of the allied victory in sicily questions concerning mili tary occupation and ultimate peace settlements have been removed from the realm of the academic the day for general theoretical pronouncements on the order of the atlantic charter which was two years old on august 14 is past and the moment has come when more precise plans are needed policy toward liberated countries one question that requires a more clearly defined allied answer is who is slated to take over the job of administering axis occupied nations after the germans and italians are forced out throughout the war the governments in exile have assumed that they would receive a large share of responsibility during the period of transition from war to peace in their respective countries but some confusion has recently arisen over the anglo american attitude toward them doubts about british and united states policy toward the liberated countries on the morrow of axis defeat have been fostered by the ambiguity that attaches to amgot because the allied military government of occupied territories is a new organization about which very little is known outside the councils of the british and u:s military men who are directly in charge of its pro tam there has been abundant opportunity for tumors and suspicions concerning its prescribed role in liberated countries as long as allied policy on this subject remains vague or only tacitly under stood the training of british and american officers and enlisted men in the language laws and local traditions of poland yugoslavia norway and so on may be interpreted as identical with prepara tions for military occupation of enemy territory since however it might prove not only impractical for amgot to assume such large scale duties but also politically unfortunate it is to be hoped that the quebec conference will produce a policy of active cooperation with representatives of the liberated nations by granting the long delayed anglo american recognition to the french national committee in algiers the quebec meeting could give a concrete demonstration of allied solidarity with those groups in the axis conquered countries which have con sistently aided the united nations now that de gaulle and giraud have at last proved the ex istence of their fundamental unity the way is open to the united states and britain to help frenchmen restore peace to france by extending recognition to the french committee increased confidence would also be given to other statesmen in exile who have served their countries and the united nations well during the war despite the lack of an official pre war mandate from their people before hastily la belling such leaders unrepresentative it must be recalled that wartime conditions made it impossible for the exiled governments to maintain their pre war régimes completely intact and that some changes effected without benefit of popular vote on the eve of axis invasion or afterwards eliminated appeasement or pro nazi elements having organ ized their nations support of the war despite crush ing defeats these leaders in london deserve an opportunity to aid their countries in recovering from enemy occupation this does not mean however that exiled ministers should be given allied props ee 3 st a ee en 6s nh oe a z ss oe at oe r 2 bde we oe ee ews as cee ee deo seee s sese pegs two on which to lean in case they find it impossible to stand unaided in their own countries because once the orderly processes of government are restored the people themselves must be free to choose whom they please in every underground movement today there is undoubtedly a large reservoir of new leader ship and opportunities must exist for tapping it soon future of enemy nations another diffi cult question that will come up in quebec is the future of italy and germany the italian press reit erates the hope that the unconditional surrender decree handed down at casablanca will be revised in canada but there is no indication that this will be done the problem of defeating germany de cisively is however more complicated for in order to make sure that the germans will not threaten the peace of the world again the united states britain and the u.s.s.r must reach a far more perfect un derstanding than now seems to exist not only on basic military questions but on equally important political policies it is vital to the goal of uncondi tional surrender that the intentions of the three pri cipal united nations coincide since if the anglo american bloc goes one way and the soviet union another germany stands an excellent chance of escaping the worst consequences of defeat and of being able to revive its military power within 4 comparatively few years the nazis seem to be well aware that their last hope of escaping true defeat lies in the possibility of playing the united nations of against each other for their press emphasizes the fact that russia is not participating in the queber conference and is again criticizing the united states and britain for their failure to attack germany in western europe by land as well as air it is well to remember however that stalin will undoubtedly be kept informed of developments at quebec further more formulation at the conference of more precise plans for the postwar disposition of germany can do much to increase russia's confidence in the possibility of future security through cooperation with britain and the united states winirred n hapsee what is the truth about china’s armies reports that the current anglo american discus sions in quebec may lead to significant decisions on pacific war strategy bring to the forefront the ques tion of the strength of the chinese armies for the united nations will be greatly interested in the type of diversionary operations that can be expected from china when large scale ground campaigns begin in burma or the east indies and if advanced chinese bases are some day to serve as a means of conducting extensive bombings of japan manchuria and coastal china the ability of chinese troops to prevent the japanese from seizing these fields will be of consid erable importance the problem in a nutshell is whether in the future chungking’s armies can be expected only to hold on at a minimum level or whether despite all difficulties they can develop a new striking power by using their existing resources more effectively in combination with larger quanti ties of foreign supplies decline of the china front it should be understood at the outset that in view of the re markable contributions made by china to the war against japan and the many shortcomings of united states policy in asia before and after pearl harbor americans have no special moral right to reproach chungking the right is of a practical nature the necessity of one ally’s considering the activities of another in order to make suggestions about possible improvements for there is little doubt that in the past year and a half except for a few significant but restricted japanese campaigns the china front has seen engagements of only a minor character it is true that mobile warfare involves many small ac tions that may bulk large in the aggregate but this does not explain the marked decline in the num ber of japanese troops in china or chungking’s ad mission that the scale of the fighting has lessened according to an official statement published in march of this year some 53,000 japanese troops were killed in 1942 as compared with 148,000 in 1938 136,000 in 1939 114,000 in 1940 and 105,000 in 1941 figures for japanese wounded show a similar downward trend there is no occasion fot surprise at the drop from the first war years when major battles went on for a number of centers but the decline by approximately one half from 1941 to 1942 cannot be accounted for in this way more over according to chinese calculations there are about thirty japanese divisions of less than 20,000 men each in china at the most something under 600,000 men while thirty nine of the best divisions are stationed in manchuria and korea where there is at present no actual front but only a potential one against russia some estimates for china are consid erably lower but in any event the number of jap anese troops has been reduced in striking fashion even though china continues to be the major area of fighting in asia can china do more the decreased effec tiveness of chinese resistance is unquestionably closely related to the cutting off of major sources of foreign supplies yet although china is thereby prevented from conducting large scale ground ac tions it is doubtful whether this alone can explain the low level of military operations especially since every observer of chinese affairs is aware of spec ylation b make civ with the structive i group warfare 1 more tha it establi tors repc speculatic there ment in t ous short tions on nese mir to these uniforms brought no sand the soldi ration is order mx units or but this the office their me issue the within tk in a j they wet and prir tremely allied b and july boats we six mon u boat months russ comm will i politic the u thi ref _____ foreign headquarter second class one month bo 181 but num s ad ed ad in roops 00 in 5,000 yw a n for when but 41 to more e are 0,000 ander isions ere is one ynsid jap shion ea of effec nably yurces ereby d ac plain since spec page three ylation hoarding and other conditions that not only make civilian life difficult but inevitably interfere with the functioning of the armed forces it is in structive in this connection to note that the eighteenth group army engaged in mobile and guerrilla warfare in north and northwest china claims to have more than maintained the level of enemy casualties it established earlier in the war many foreign visi tors report that in this war theatre inflation and speculation are at a minimum there appears to be much room for improve ment in the organization of the chinese army vari ous shortcomings are indicated in the new regula tions on treatment of recruits published by the chi nese ministry of war on june 11 1943 according to these provisions officers who confiscate blankets uniforms shoes mosquito netting and other articles brought by the recruits are to be severely punished no sand or other foreign matter is to be added to the soldier's daily rice allotment and the size of the ration is fixed at 24 ounces officers are permitted to order men to perform labor service for their own units or for the localities in which they are stationed but this must not interfere with training nor may the officers accept compensation for work done by their men the fact that it was found necessary to issue these regulations is suggestive of conditions within the army it is even more significant that after sareea six years of war the chinese conscription law has still not been carried out fully the causes of the conditions described can hardly be found in the difficulty of securing supplies from abroad basically the explanation appears to lie in po litical social and economic circumstances in chinese life the important position held by speculators the weakness of popular influence in the formulation and execution of policy and the fact that some army citcles are motivated by points of view dating from the days of civil war and provincial warlordism it does not follow that the advances made by the chi nese since 1937 are negligible or that their nation hood is to be questioned nor was it to be expected that the national government could quickly rid itself of imperfections stemming from past condi tions it is a question rather of the direction in which the country is moving whether it will return to the unifying progressive policies that marked the open ing period of the war in order to fight effectively against conditions that are sapping its military strength or whether it is headed for deepening internal difficulties and consequently a less important position in the united nations war effort lawrence k rosinger series of this is th é na ina is the sec four articles on the pre omi crisis in china charter of u.s ships raises post war problem in a joint statement issued on august 14 while they were meeting at hyde park president roosevelt and prime minister churchill made known the ex tremely favorable progress being achieved in the allied battle against the u boat during may june and july the statement revealed a total of 90 u boats were sent to the bottom moreover in the first sx months of 1943 the number of ships sunk by u boat operations was only half that in the last six months of 1942 and only a quarter that in the first russia what are its frontiers will it spread communism will it try to dominate germany will it change its economic system will it undergo political change what is the future of religion in the u.s.s.r read the u.s.s.r and post war europe by vera micheles dean 25c august 15 issue of foreign poticy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 half of 1942 as a result of this decline in u boat effectiveness new ships completed by the allies in 1943 exceeded all sinkings from all causes by more than 3,000,000 tons although the allied leaders warned that the battle against the u boat would have to be still further intensified this vastly improved shipping picture will undoubtedly give greater freedom of action to the allied army navy and air chiefs now meeting in quebec than they have enjoyed at any previous conference charter of american ships but as ship ping becomes less crucial in the planning of military victory it seems to become more important in dis cussions of the post war world indeed it promises to be one of the major problems which will face the united nations particularly the united states and britain when victory over the axis is won this is indicated not only by the concern felt in britain over the tremendous wartime expansion of the unitec states merchant marine now larger than the brit ish but by the reported reaction in american ship ping circles when admiral land announced on july foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 44 aucust 20 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leg secretary vera micue.es dean editor envered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year one month for change of address on membership publications please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year bw 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor i wie ot sipe os ge poa oo 27 that some 200 american built ships were being chartered for the duration of the war to great britain and several other united nations eight ships he said had already been chartered to norway three to the netherlands two to greece and five to brit ain the latter to get in addition fifteen or twenty a month for ten months although title to these ships is to remain in the united states government it is apparently feared that the ships may stay in the hands of the recipients and threaten the predominant position which the united states is winning in mer chant shipping as a result of war construction the reasons for this arrangement intended to in sure the fullest utilization of united nations re sources were explained briefly by admiral land in his july 27 statement and more fully in a letter from president roosevelt which prime minister churchill read to the house of commons on august 3 it was de signed 1 to give effect to an agreement between the president and the prime minister made shortly after pearl harbor which provided that britain would concentrate on the construction of war vessels while the united states became the merchant ship builder for the two nations and 2 as a result of this division of war tasks to insure full use of the surplus of british merchant seamen and apparently norwegian dutch and greek as well at a time when american construction of ships is running ahead of our ability to man them no threat to u.s shipping even assum ing that in the interests of post war allied unity it will prove unwise for the united states to ask for re turn of these ships it is difficult to find any real basis for concern about their disposition the great ma jority of ships now being built in this country are liberty ships vessels which are generally consid ered too slow and inefficient for post war competi tion the faster victory ships will not be delivered until early in 1944 and then only in limited num bers this means that at most only a small propor ee a tion of the number chartered to britain during the next ten months will be victory ships for the united states to attempt to gain a head start in the post war shipping race simply by an over whelming superiority in slow going liberty ships would not be sound policy from either an economic or political point of view members of the united nations which have suffered great shipping losses and to which the carrying trade is of vital importang britain norway and greece for example would soon overcome this american advantage with the aid of lower construction and operation costs unles the united states embarked on a heavy subsidy pro gram not only would the cost of such a program be staggering but it might bring retaliation in such fields as commercial aviation where the united states can compete on an economic basis moreover it would almost certainly result in a revival and ex tension of pre war trade barriers and excessive eco nomic nationalism the growing interest in the future of american shipping was indicated on august 7 when it was an nounced that the maritime commission and the war shipping administration had formed a_post wat planning commission and the state department an international shipping committee the former it is reported will study ways and means of gaining the maximum share of the world’s shipping while the latter looks toward an international understanding which would form part of the whole post war settle ment it is to be hoped that these two aims can be reconciled so that the united states will avoid on the one hand the danger of again being without a merchant marine sufficient to guarantee its secutity even if this demands the use of subsidies and on the other the temptation to gain artificial domina tion of the world’s waterways in shipping as in many other fields both political and economic n2 tional self interest appears to lie in the direction of international cooperation howarp p whidden jr the f.p.a bookshelf chile a geographic extravaganza by benjamin suber caseaux new york macmillan 1943 3.00 a chilean deftly conducts the stranger through his many sided country not ignoring its problems or dark aspects but nevertheless giving an inviting picture chile by erna fergusson new york knopf 1943 3.50 sympathetic and informed survey of the country by an american visitor leaves somewhat the same impression of chile as subercaseaux’s book although lacking his touch of native familiarity wrath of the eagles by frederick heydenau new york dutton 1943 2.50 mihailovich and the chetnik campaigns presented in the form of a novel interesting and sounds authentic war eagles by j s childers new york appleton 1943 3.75 this is the story of the famous eagle squadron of the raf with the aid of records of the british air ministry and countless interviews with the pilots themselves the author a colonel in the u.s army air forces has writte a thrilling account of aerial warfare the spanish labyrinth by gerald brenan new york macmillan 1943 3.50 an excellent and remarkably full study of the little known spanish nation in the half century before the civi war only a chapter or so is devoted to the war itself but the whole book supplies a much needed background to this complex and tragic event 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 prec and sicil peoples as europe rtunity and devel ference ca reassuring hear ing event august 2 soong w far easte velt chur merely in this step are being china’s w as a parti china has the fact th cussing th stance to tinue full and china this ce tions was when it v ans and 15 thus o and naval kiska w for heavy of param shorter di flew on a found trip also inclu +ag 4 ae entered as 2nd class matter ops hittio n wg german ip eee ea s ction drive ee os ee brdpy m he nn arbor mi a additional nquered j nations reichswebll hediger york knopf yor illed novelist so doing s eter her re an while use criticis n freedom ig york dial 3 new york in treatmeni europe an ghting back matic while ath column the germa new york nd the world ditor of pm t and char earce 1941 wiss people n so far to york cow iis definition on technical ory implicit val strength k harper’s time by an tions within support of r statement ited national itor entered as american military an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y xxi no 44 aucgust 21 1942 churchill’s moscow visit highlights charter anniversary o more dramatic news could have been provided to highlight the anniversary of the atlantic charter than the announcement on august 17 that prime minister churchill along with british and and economic advisers had been nferring with stalin in moscow at the very mo ment when the nazis were making a dangerous thrust toward the caucasus a year ago when pres hent roosevelt and mr churchill set their signa tures to the atlantic charter russia had but recent ly entered the war as a result of the german invasion ind the united states was not yet an active partici vant in the intervening twelve months the united nations haveisuffered major setbacks in practically all theatres of war germany has established its domina ition over mc_t of europe and a large sector of eu topean russ 1 while japan has overrun the prin cipal coloni possessions of the western powers on the asiatic n nland and in the pacific ocean yet ithe striking ag is that in spite of all these set backs the u ted nations have been strengthened father than ikened in their détermination to con tinue the war the bitter end opposition to german domination on the european continent is rising in stead of declining and the few remaining non bel ligerents in europe and latin america instead of tushing to the camp of the ostensible victors appear to act on the assumption that the final outcome will be determined by the united nations the power of ideas this seemingly para doxical development emphasizes the extent to which this war like all wars throughout the centuries is fought not only with tangible military weapons but also with the intangible weapons of ideas and sentiments it is not the military and industrial su periority of the united nations much of which still temains at the stage of potential that has attract ed the support of previously doubting peoples or testrained them from joining the axis ranks it is the power of the ideas for which the united nations in all their great diversity of political and economic development now stand ideas which are being re fined every day in the fire of the fight for survival how atlantic charter looks to day of the eight points of the atlantic charter some have been subjected to searching and justifi able criticism during the past year and others have already been put to the test of practical politics the belief is gaining ground that the enjoyment by all states of access on equal terms to the trade and raw materials of the world needed for their economic prosperity cannot be achieved without sacrifice of certain trade tariff and immigration policies on the part of the united nations notably the advanced industrial powers similarly it is becoming apparent that the restoration of sovereign rights and self government to those who have been forcibly de prived of them cannot be carried into effect without some qualifications unless the world is to plunge back into a state of anarchy in which sovereign na tions large and small disregard with impunity the interests of the international community as a whole meanwhile in the negotiations of britain and the united states with the soviet union the results of which were embodied in the anglo soviet alliance of may 26 1942 and the soviet american agreement of june 11 1942 the three powers decided for the time being at least not to discuss russia’s demands for some form of control over the baltic states and portions of poland finland and rumania these de mands will have to be weighed in the light of the provision in the atlantic charter that there should be no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned and that the signatories seek no aggrandizement territorial or otherwise increasingly strong emphasis has been placed dur ing the past year on the desire expressed in the at lantic charter to secure improved labor standards economic advancement and social security for all an objective strikingly set forth by vice president henry a wallace on may 8 1942 when he said that the century on which we are entering the cen tury which will come of this war can be and must be the century of the common man and that the peace must mean a better standard of living for the common man while the atlantic charter made no reference to asia or africa it is generally believed that its prin ciples should apply to the pacific area and it must be recalled that among the twenty eight united na tions which have subscribed to its principles are india china and the philippines under secretary sumner welles commented on this point in his memorial day address on may 30 1942 when he said the age of imperialism is ended the principles of the atlantic charter must be guaran teed to the world as a whole in all oceans and in all continents the expansion of the ideas of the united nations from the concept of democracy at home to the larger page two ee concept of democratic co existence of all nations js opening up vistas of a new world order which can capture the imagination and win the support of all those for whom axis domination is a dead end this drift away from the apparent military victors has not been lost on germany and japan it explains in part the rising tempo of german and japanese brutal ities as exemplified by the execution of dutch hos tages and the cruelties inflicted on citizens of west ern powers in asia as well as on their asiatic well wishers these brutatities in turn merely steel the peoples of conquered countries in their determination to overthrow axis rule the united nations have it within their grasp to expand the bare outlines of the atlantic charter into a working comradeship of all nations opposed to tyranny and to establish a rela tionship of equality in which the only advantage en joyed by so called advanced countries will be the honorable responsibility of acting as helpful and sympathetic trustees for so called backward areas until they too assume their share of international obligations vera micheles dean our first gains in pacific hold hope for wider offensive the battle of the solomon islands is still partially veiled in the secrecy of uncompleted operations what we know is that united states marines with strong naval and air support effected surprise landings beginning august 7 and in the face of considerable enemy resistance have consolidated their shore posi tions this is the first american offensive in the war against the axis for even the coral sea and midway naval victories represented the frustration of jap anese plans rather than the execution of our own yet our action is only a limited offensive a fact that is not surprising in view of the length of the supply route to australia our problems on other fronts and japan’s geographical advantages in far eastern waters the solomons moreover are on the fringes of japanese conquest 3300 miles from tokyo and there is no reason for thinking that victory here would lead to a roll back through the philippines although it is very encouraging for the american public to learn of our unsuspected striking power in the southwest pacific exaggerations of this power can for an analysis of political and economic condi tions in vichy france based on first hand material read vichy france under hitler by david h popper 25 c aucust 1 issue of foreign po.icy reports reporrts are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 only lead to a new misunderstanding of our war posi tion similar to the illusion that prevailed before rommel’s drive into egypt and the german summer campaign in south russia japan's striking power what is the im portance of our limited offensive in the solomons in a negative sense a successful action would reduce the japanese threat to our vital supply routes to the far east it would also interfere with any japanese plans for a drive against australia although not necessarily making such a move impossible this question is very important for in late july japan seized gona and buna in papua south of existing japanese bases at lae and salamaua new guinea as well as the kei aru and tanimbar islands north of australia from their papuan positions the jap anese then pushed overland toward port moresby reaching kokoda where fighting is still going on although the high owen stanley mountains lie be tween the invaders and their possible objective fav orable geographical features cannot be relied on as a sufficient defense in addition japanese control of the island groups referred to above is a threat to northwestern new guinea and northern australia it is therefore conceivable that when our marines struck at tulagi the japanese were themselves on the point of taking some offensive action in the south west pacific in a positive sense victory in the solomons would expose japanese bases in new ireland new britain and new guinea to air and sea attacks actual in vasion as at tulagi would probably require consid f mp ove bo lea am su ne of da as as to te sl ci st al h ts lt nations is which can ort of all end this rs has not 1s in part se brutal yutch hos of west iatic well steel the rmination ns have it gable preparation and depend on the extent to which we had reduced japan's naval superiority in far fastern waters the island to island method of con quest is extremely costly against a well entrenched enemy far more so than an offensive on land this brings out anew the importance of the continent of asia as a base from which to defeat japan through the ultimate launching of a counter offensive cen tered in china and flanked by supporting actions from india and if events permit siberia on such a front the offensive would be cheapest and japan could be made to pay the most in men and equipment nes of the hip of all ish a rela anta ge en ill be the ipful and yard areas ernational dean ive war posi ed before n summer is the im olomons ild reduce ites to the japanese ough not ible this uly japan f existing guinea nds north s the jap moresby going on ins lie be ctive fav ed on asa ontrol of threat to australia r marines ves on the the south possible political gains the political importance of success in the solomons must not be overlooked for it would have an excellent effect on morale in the united states australia and new zealand and in particular improve our position among the peoples of asia the populations of in dia burma and other areas have undoubtedly been impressed by the speed of japanese conquest if we hold and extend our newly won positions a favor able basis will exist for a political offensive to strengthen the prestige of the united nations throughout asia this is particularly true of india where a new effort to reach a political settlement might derive some strength from the offensive opera page three ee tions in the solomons even though the islands are thousands of miles from calcutta the cripps mis sion it must be remembered occurred in late march and early april of this year after an unbroken suc cession of rapid japanese victories a new initiative in india might meet with more success especially if the united nations should take the offensive in europe the limited action at tulagi can have significant consequences but sensational results must not be expected it would be foolish to ignore the fact that japan possesses considerable offensive power in a number of directions or to imagine that the opera tion in the solomons can by itself deter japan from an attack on siberia or india if either move has been decided upon but undoubtedly our blow in this re gion combined with the counter action in the aleu tians and the success of the united states air forces in harassing the japanese in china and protecting the people of chungking can be used to good political advantage if we play our cards well this in turn may help lighten our military tasks in the far east by permitting us at a later date to initiate a land of fensive against the japanese with the support of the native peoples lawrence k rosinger can a second front be opened in north africa the desperate passage of the malta convoy adds weight to suggestions that for a time at least the second front against the nazis will be in north africa rather than in western europe the present stalemate at el alamein is more apparent than real both sides are rushing heavy reinforcements of men and material to the desert front and the battle of supplies which is now being waged indicates that neither the allies nor the axis look on this theatre of war as a sideshow battle of supplies in doubt for three days last week strong british naval forces fought off axis attacks on a convoy which the germans report as the largest to enter the mediterranean during the war the climax of the fighting during the 1,000 mile trip from gibraltar to malta was reached in the sicilian channel between the southwestern tip of sicily and the north african bulge axis submarines torpedo boats and bombers took part in the attack the e boats apparently effecting the most damage german claims that fifteen vessels totaling 180,000 ltons had been sunk and that the british fleet pro tecting the convoy had been shattered are clearly suspect but the announcement of the british ad miralty indicates that serious losses beyond the air ns would w britain actual in re consid craft carrier eagle and the cruiser manchester were sustained in driving.the shipment of fighter planes and military stores through to besieged malta only high stakes would warrant the risk of precious naval units merchant ships and supplies the maintenance of malta lying athwart rommel’s supply route from italy is such a stake while the great convoy battle was in progress american and british air and naval forces were ac tive in the eastern mediterranean on august 11 a large formation of american heavy bombers struck at four italian cruisers lying in the harbor of pylos navarino greece three cruisers were left badly damaged one probably in a sinking condition two days later the guns of british warships poured tons of high’explosives into rhodes axis stronghold in the dodecanese islands and likely jumping off point for an attack on cyprus or syria of more immediate importance perhaps has been the persistent bomb ing of rommel’s supply lines in recent weeks ben gazi tobruk salum and matruh have felt the weight of allied bombs from both british and amer ican planes supplies from crete too have been under constant attack while motor driven barges operating along the north african coast and trans port columns in the desert have been blasted regu larly the success of all these operations however has not prevented large scale reinforcements of men and material from reaching the afrika corps and it is reported that in the last few days rommel has concentrated his air strength to cover troop move ments possibly this is a sign that the nazi field mar shal plans to be the one to break the deadlock s 9 ag ak ae pd sen 6 ov u.s british cooperation grows the extent of reinforcements reaching auchinleck since he sect ber 3 rommel at el alamein cannot be ascer ut it seems clear that substantial numbers of british and american tanks and planes have reached egypt in the past few weeks improved general grants have certainly arrived while the latest american fighter planes and four motored british halifax bombers are now operating in the skies over egypt equally significant is the presence in egypt of an appreciable number of american tank crews and fighter pilots the latter already in action trained for desert fighting in collaboration with the british these men can be expected to play an impor tant part in the approaching showdown behind the desert front a truck assembly plant is operating at top speed while repair services are reported ready to rival rommel’s best efforts to the southeast de velopment of the american supply base in eritrea has been accented by the salvaging of an italian drydock capable of handling naval vessels up to 10,000 tons sunk when the italians left massawa this drydock was recently brought to the surface by the genius of an american naval engineer the com bination of british experience and american drive may herald a change of fortunes on the burning sands of the egyptian battlefield although one recent report has it that the allies the f.p.a a syllabus of the history of chinese civilization and culture by l c goodrich and h c fenn new york the china society 1941 75 cents the third edition of a sound and comprehensive guide to the study of important aspects of china’s historical de velopment with many additions to topics and reference materials the china of chiang k’ai shek by paul m a linebarger boston world peace foundation 1941 2.50 a technical description of the government institutions and party groups in china during the last decade and a half especially valuable for the student of comparative government a history of the far east in modern times by harold m vinacke new york f s crofts 1941 6.00 fourth revised edition of the best textbook on the mod ern international relations of the far east with detailed treatment of the rise of present day japan and china de velopments are covered down to the early months of 1941 modern burma by john l christian berkeley california university of california press 1942 issued under the auspices of the international secretariat institute o pacific relations 3.00 since there has been no recent study of burma this page four bookshelf es are neglecting this front there are many signs that allied strategy calls for a great concentration of strength both in egypt and the middle east even at the expense of a landing in western europe if this should be true egypt might well become the starti point of an offensive aimed not only at driving ro mel out of north africa but also at gaining grea freedom of action in the mediterranean this coul in turn open the way for an invasion of italy 9 more promising a junction of forces with general mikhailovitch’s guerrillas in yugoslavia added to british american collaboration with russia in the caucasus region so strongly suggested by last week’s moscow talks this strategy would do much to relieve the overwhelming pressure on the russian armies howard p whidden jr new assistant to president we take pleasure in announcing the appointment of mr sherman s hayden to the position of assis tant to the president replacing mr william p maddox who has left us for government service mr hayden is a graduate of harvard college and harvard law school and received his ph.d in inter national law and relations from columbia univer sity where he has been for some years a member of the department of government westward the course the new world of oceania by paul mcguire new york william morrow 1942 3.75 a well written account of an australian journalist’s trip to the pacific islands and the east indies in 1940 the au thor finds that the impact of western imperialism on the peoples of oceania despite its mistakes has been bene ficial victory in the pacific how we must defeat japan by alexander kiralfy new york john day 1942 2.75 laboriously written analysis of the reasons for japan’s success the elements of pacific strategy and the road to victory in the far east which according to the author lies in an attack on japan from the north with russian assistance russia and japan by maurice hindus garden city doubleday doran 1942 2.00 the author regards war between russia and japan as inevitable and paints an optimistic picture of the power of soviet resistance even in a two front conflict against the germans and the japanese cross winds of empire by woodburn e york john day 1941 3.00 an interesting descriptive narrative exposition of life remington new vol the the unit a re wor b lowe just decl no s slacl the ship by alre aug lent unp stat mat pop as nati was ing fort lard authoritative picture of all aspects of the country is of and peoples around the south china sea with prophetieftac much interest and value hints of the storm to come that broke in december 1941 jon cay foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 44 august 21 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national 1 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lest secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as ic second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year lan f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor is +pbrigudical rou brbral libra only of mich foreign por y ary entered as 2nd class matter aug 28 1949 bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research siaff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxii no 45 avucust 27 1943 quebec and moscow throw spotlight on allied relations an air of tense expectancy reminiscent of that preceding the allied invasions of north africa and sicily hangs over the british and american peoples as they await the launching of fresh attacks on europe as usual at such a moment there is an op rtunity to take inventory of inter allied relations and developments connected with the quebec con ference call for the entry of several new items some feassuring and others disturbing heartening factors among the hearten ing events was the arrival at the quebec parley on august 22 of china’s foreign minister dr t v soong whose presence marked the first time our far eastern ally has been represented at the roose velt churchill wartime meetings instead of being merely informed of decisions after they were made this step indicates that new thrusts against japan are being planned that will tie in directly with china’s war effort and is also undoubtedly intended as a partial answer to the many americans who feel china has been neglected in the past furthermore the fact that churchill has spent so much time in dis cussing the war in the pacific gives additional sub stance to his frequent assertion that britain will con tinue full military cooperation with the united states and china until japan is defeated this cementing of british american chinese rela tions was accompanied by welcome military news when it was announced on august 21 that canadi ans and americans had occupied kiska on august 15 thus opening up additional possibilities of aerial and naval assaults on japan from the airfield on kiska which unlike that on attu is large enough for heavy bombers the outlying enemy stronghold of paramushiru is 938 miles away a considerably shorter distance than that which american liberators few on august 13 when they made their 2500 mile found trip from africa to an austrian aircraft center also included among kiska’s assets is the best deep water harbor in the aleutians from which allied ships may operate in such a way as to oblige japan to withdraw some of its naval strength from the south pacific and engage in fighting on two fronts another indication of inter allied unity appeared at quebec on august 22 when it was informally stated that president roosevelt and prime minister mackenzie king had created a joint u.s canadian war committee to study problems arising out of their lend lease and mutual aid programs in view of the increased industrial output of canadian war plants it was natural that steps should be taken toward giv ing recognition to canada as an important ally disturbing developments these favor able portents however have been counterbalanced by the doubts that arose on august 21 over the state of anglo american russian relations when announce ment was made in moscow that maxim litvinov had been relieved of his post as ambassador to the united states since litvinov’s removal came soon after the recall of ambassador ivan maisky from lon don this move was probably intended to register soviet displeasure with the british and united states war record and plans for future action it cannot be as sumed that the u.s.s.r would take a step as im portant as the withdrawal of an ambassador who has become a symbol in both russia and the united states of soviet american friendship and collective security for light and trivial reasons neither can it be taken for granted that as some observers com placently suggest stalin was merely securing for himself the services of the best possible reporter on american attitudes litvinov has been in russia since may and certainly could have continued to be available for consultations without being removed from his foreign post the russian move must be interpreted therefore as a warning that anglo american relations with the u.s.s.r on which the future of the war and the peace so largely depend need immediate attention the chief differences between the soviet union and its british and american allies continue to lie in the degree of urgency each feels for a speedy end to the war and the method by which victory can be achieved the red army’s ever increasing losses and its difficulties in pushing the germans beyond the dnieper before fall rains begin emphasize the fact that while the anglo american peoples are spared the miseries of actual invasion and naturally wish to hold their casualties to a minimum the russians feel there must be an early end to the war in addition to this main obstacle in the way of good inter allied relations there remain of course the divergences of opinion over post war european boundary questions and régimes for liberated europe the time is ripe for realistic appraisal of the situation by the three nations concerned in order shall the senate modify its treaty making power senator vandenberg’s statement of august 18 that he looks for a series of interim agreements subject to ratification by a majority of both houses of congress to speed the establishment of a just peace coming as it does from a long time supporter of isolationism has raised hopes that a new relation between president and senate in foreign affairs may be in the making the senator was speaking with reference to an appropriation now likely to be passed implementing a revised united nations re lief and rehabilitation convention such action would naturally signify support of the principle embodied in the convention congress has been cautious how ever about giving any impression that such indirect and piecemeal ratification of the administration’s de veloping plans for the peace will grow into a substi tute for two thirds concurrence in a full dress treaty required by the american constitution indeed sena tor vandenberg was careful to point out that no such thing was contemplated at least by him the two thirds rule under the articles of confederation the negotiation of treaties was a function of congress alone adoption of the present rule in 1789 therefore represented a step in the di rection of increased executive power the senate at that time was not intended to be a popular check on the executive for it was not a popular body rather the fathers presumed that the senators would act as an enlightened advisory council to the president this plan never worked out however and in practice the senate has come to represent popular control of professional treaty makers with the growing complexity of affairs especially since theodore roosevelt's time the making of ex ecutive agreements or international understandings less solemn and far reaching than formal treaties has grown up and spread into many fields just how far the president and his advisers may go without page two to be more clearly understood the soviet uniog britain and the united states must state their posi tions directly rather than by implication since they recognize that their fundamental goal is the same it behooves them to end the ambiguities that breed dangerous rumors at the slightest provocation one of the disturbing things about the dismissal of lit vinov in fact is the crop of suspicions to which it immediately gave rise in the united states indicat ing that much of the friendship generated since 1941 when soviet fortunes were pooled with ours in a common cause was superficial and capable of being easily dispelled a great deal remains to be done therefore before an understanding essential to speedy victory is achieved and even more before a bond strong enough to outlast the present conflict is formed winirrep n hanser taking the senate into partnership is uncertain but although james madison proposed in 1787 that peace treaties be exempted from the requirement of con gressional concurrence no responsible person today would seriously suggest carrying this principle far any attempt to build the next peace by exea tive agreements alone or to by pass congress in the making of a general settlement may be dismissed a politically inconceivable it is proposed however that the part played by congress be made simpler by constitutional amend ment one widely favored proposal would make an ordinary majority in both houses sufficient to sustain a treaty obviously it is feared that as in 1919 2 supposedly self seeking minority may defeat the will of the presumptive majority a sense of guilt over the consequences of that disastrous failure outweighs in the minds of many the fact that in only six other cases in all our history has the two thirds rule wrecked a treaty where a majority of the senate favored it four of these were commercial treati s and two dealt with arbitration of claims prospects for amendment probably few would argue that retention of the present rule is vital but the possible hazards in the way of formal amendment must not be underestimated despite its hundred and fifty odd years of growth and develop ment the constitution has been so amended onl eleven times if we except the bill of rights one should not too readily assume that the american senate a body conspicuously jealous of its privileges will approve a change especially since two thirds of its members must concur in any proposed amend ment with a most critical election year drawin close few events could be more lamentable than 4 partisan controversy over constitutional reform which might raise and exaggerate the very issues it supporters seek to avoid it wou such a c even one a treaty support c of irreco mustered if the co it is no against t in althor increasec may beg own eco in east vigor fi nomic a capable economy united responsi the japz military pressing enable t they are ditional low now rea times or less dan where i country but tl fect for trial pre year to prices what for a preoc today th foreign headquarte second class one month ee 181 erican ileges irds of mend ra wing than 4 eform ues its it would be more to the point to inquire whether such a change is really necessary is it likely that even one third of the senate would dare to obstruct a treaty which had the genuine and unmistakable support of the american people could any little band of irreconcilables no matter how resourceful have mustered 35 votes against any kind of treaty in 1919 if the country had been strongly opposed to them it is noteworthy that no general popular outcry against the senate minority followed rejection of the page three versailles treaty it may be that the public of those days or even of these was regrettably ignorant of its duty to the world but one may fairly argue that the cure for such ignorance either in or out of congress lies less in overhauling the mechanism of government than in educating the governors to the extent that we have improved on our predecessors those who dread a repetition of 1919 are fighting ghosts sherman s hayden inflation undermines liberal groups in chinese politics although air shipments into china have recently increased and operations to reopen the burma road may begin later this year it is apparent that china's own economic effort must be stepped up if the war in east asia is to be prosecuted with the umost vigor free china it is true has made significant eco nomic advances during the past six years but it is capable of supporting a far more powerful war economy with the resources at its disposal the united states and britain of course bear major responsibility for initiating new offensives against the japanese and supplying chungking with heavy military equipment yet the adjustment of china's pressing economic problems from within would enable the chinese to intensify the kind of warfare they are already conducting and to prepare for ad ditional campaigns low industrial output inflation has now reached a point at which prices are a hundred times or more above their pre war level this is much less dangerous than it would be in the united states where impulses are quickly transmitted from the country’s nerve centers to all parts of the economy but the situation is serious enough it has the ef fect for example of gravely interfering with indus trial production which despite small increases from year to year remains very low the excessive rise in ptices has been accompanied and accelerated by what role will russia play in post war europe for a survey of some of the basic questions that preoccupy public opinion in the united states today read the u.s.s.r and post war europe by vera micheles dean 25c august 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 large scale commodity speculation hoarding of goods the net result is to increase the obstacles facing the chinese manufacturer by raising his cost of pro duction and making it h azardous to plan future out put at the same time since profits from hoarding and speculation are often much higher than returns from industry the latter is starved for capital a few months ago china’s leading newspaper the ta kung pao summed up conditions by remarking that landlords frequently invest in commercial enter prises and merchants often put their money into land but that neither group is interested in investing capital in industry under the circumstances it is not surprising that in 1942 free china produced only 10,000 tons of steel and that even this was more than users of steel were in a position to buy political effects of inflation the repercussions of high prices are of considerable im a in the political field among those hardest hit by the rising cost of living are the intellectuals largely composed of government and business em ployees who receive fixed salaries the wife of a bank clerk may find that a new dress will cost an entire month’s wages or that a suit for her husband will be equally expensive more significant is the problem of securing food lodging and the bare necessities of existence many large institutions such as banks have dormitories for their employees to live in and the government sells rice salt coal and other essentials at nominal prices to its per sonnel but the effect of such measures is to make life possible rather than to produce any fundamental im provement of economic conditions as a result the intellectuals are losing their po litical influence a fact of some importance to the united states in view of the general sympathy for western ideas exhibited by members of this group there is a danger that other circles less friendly to the democracies and to democratic ideas will come involving the foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 45 aucust 27 1943 second class matter december 2 one month for change of address on membership publications published weekly by the foreign p headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lust secretary 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 olicy association incorporated national vera micheles dean editor entered as three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ee 181 pre duced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor oo page four to the fore such elements are represented for ex ample by various bodies of economic police which play a significant role in chinese politics although they have been little heard of in the united states one such force was estimated a year ago to include more than 150,000 men its supposed function was to aid in carrying through various economic measures but it has also had the by no means incidental effect of helping to silence liberal persons and groups in chinese life democracy and economic problems so far the government has combined two methods in dealing with hoarding and speculation the occa sional arrest and punishment of guilty individuals and the issuance of various price and production regulations similar in form to the wartime laws of highly industrialized countries the former policy is more important for its effects on popular feeling than for any permanent results while it is highly doubt ful whether the latter method can work in a country that is so lacking in the technical facilities for cen tralized administration if centrally directed price con trol is a difficult matter in the united states where the mecessary modern requirements are present one can imagine the situation in china with its insufficiency of business machines communications transport lines and trained personnel it is probable that this is what wendell willkie had in mind when he remarked in one world that one of the chief features of a chinese program against inflation must be a loosening of the tight controls over chinese economic life he de clared that a greater degree of decentralization of financial control and a more widespread ownership of the land would help in organizing and financing increased production and he indicated that while the government will inevitably play an important part in any plans along these lines it seemed to me it might be wise to cut the people in on it to a larger extent these suggestions imply that since the ef fort to control chinese economic life from the center has not been markedly successful it might be more appropriate to consider what can be done by the people acting in their communities undoubtedly the local population which is better acquainted with the facts of village existence than any visiting administrator can hope to be is capable of serving as an extremely valuable instrument of central economic policy if the chungking govern ment could enlist effective aid from the countryside as the guerrilla administrations have in north china hoarding and speculation might decline in strik ing fashion thus creating more favorable conditions for expanding production there is of course no simple solution of the country’s economic difficulties e which are bound to remain great as long as china continues under what is essentially a blockade but any amelioration will be helpful in the war effort this is likely to be all the more true if improvement occurs as a result of increased popular participation in the nation’s affairs lawrence k rosinger this is the third in a series of four articles on the present crisis in china curtin wins australian election latest returns from the general election of av gust 21 assure the labor government of prime min ister john curtin a clear cut majority in the australian house of representatives although service men’s votes are not yet in it seems certain that labor will have at least 50 of the 74 seats in the new house where previously it had 36 the opposition 36 and independents 2 this victory in conjunction with that won in the senate must be considered a de cisive rebuff to opposition efforts to create a na tional government and a vote of censure on the dis unity among opposition leaders more important it indicates wide popular support of the government's war administration the basic issue before the elec torate and of the government’s plans for post war reconstruction which include a program of large scale public works but whatever the post war im plications of this election the most decisive labor victory in australian history both government and people are now concentrating all attention on win ning the war h.p.w herbert hoover to broadcast for fpa on friday september 3 the address of the hon orable herbert hoover at a joint meeting of the minneapolis and st paul branches of the fpa and the university of minnesota will be broadcast over the columbia broadcasting system at 9 30 p.m cen tral war time mr hoover's subject will be a new approach to the making of a lasting peace amphibious warfare and combined operations by lord keyes new york macmillan 1943 1.50 contending that such coordinating of attack under single command is not new in the present war lord keyes traces its history for two centuries and tells interestingly of his part in such operations in the first world war and this one the armistices of 1918 by sir frederick maurice new york oxford university press 1943 2.00 an able discussion of the 1918 armistices with bulgaria and turkey and with austria and germany dispels some erroneous notions about the mistreatment of germany and adds a number of allied documents not previously brought together 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 aa a yo xxii na mol the end furopean mer ofte american the germ in bul gas ties hitle defensive new bellion scuttled to swede tion of cent anti tage acc led to t premier internme control of terror int have pla serves n on the p ities is u prestige the d garla o balkans boris we ept hit by one german cure b atch’s di and a p from the garia mi be disco +es signs that eane itration of ann arbor entered as 2nd class matter auc oo nay genera library tr alversity of mich 8 an mich policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y aucust 28 1942 ast even at ype if thi he starting ving rog ing great his co e italy th gener added to sia in the last week’s 1 to relieve 1 armies vou xxi no 45 den jr nt ar reached the last untouched continent when ypointment brazil entered the world conflict on august 22 1 of assig the only south american nation to take part in villiam phe first world war becomes the first to join the nt service united nations in the second its entrance compels ollege andja re examination of south america’s position in in intersfworld affairs ia univer brazil’s action unexpected when it came fol nember offlowed a week or more of mounting tension it had oceania by 942 3.75 nalist’s trip 40 the au lism on the been bene eat japan 1942 2.75 for japan’s the road to the author ith russian irden city d japan as he power of against the ngton new tion of life h prophetic nber 1941 ted national tor entered as just become known that sinkings off our coast had declined during july and that for a number of days no sinkings had been reported coincident with this slackening however came a wave of sinkings in the south atlantic within a few days six brazilian thips went down close to home waters increasing by over fourteen thousand tons the sixty thousand already lost by that nominally neutral country on august 18 president vargas announced to a turbu lent crowd that these acts of piracy would not go unpunished brazilian airmen aided by united states flyers soon reported attacks on seven sub marines and the sinking of at least two amid a popular outcry for war steps were taken to seize as compensation the ships and property of axis nationals not already taken over brazilian shipping was ordered held in port and axis subjects prepar ing to return home were detained as hostages a formal note was sent to germany and the final dec laration soon followed no action could have been more clearly compelled by german aggression why did hitler create this new enemy in the south the risk of a flank at tack from brazilian soil may have seemed a minor one compared to the growing need of crippling the cape route to india and the near east which clearly dictated the accelerated campaign in the south at lantic or perhaps germany may actually want to involve south america which as a continent is mili tarily weak in order to force still further diversion brazil's war declaration stirs latin america of north american power already dangerously scat tered over the world at least germany's action indicates that hitler is finding it hard to enlist our neighbors in the new order an end to uncertainty brazil’s declara tion of war gives final direction to a policy which for a long time looked like skillful fence riding president vargas who came to power by coup d'etat and in 1937 briefly startled the democracies by proclaiming brazil a corporate state was slow to antagonize the european dictators this was natural brazil has little democratic tradition as we under stand it the country is huge and hard to defend a compact and ill assimilated german population numbering some hundreds of thousands inhabits substantial districts in the south german propa ganda and espionage had made good headway and german airways had spread a transport net through out the country on the other hand ties with the united states traditionally a friend of brazil and economically vital to that country had long been cultivated presi dent roosevelt was cordially welcomed on his visit to rio in 1936 and tangible bonds were gradually forged in january 1941 a military and air mission went to brazil to cooperate in building up the na tion’s forces in october the united states lent brazil a hundred million dollars far the largest sum extended to a good neighbor lately brazilian policy has inclined more and more clearly toward the united states in the program laid down at havana brazil has loyally cooperated at every point it was in rio de janeiro that the ministers of all the american republics moved last january to break with the axis and brazil’s supporting action came promptly in the past few weeks president vargas has quietly taken steps to eliminate pro axis ele ments within the government and to strengthen his own position hitler victorious in the field can gain no allies save by intimidation the united nations despite a want of visible success continue to attract the support of the world effect on the american front the entrance of brazil into the war undoubtedly in creases our responsibilities brazil has a trained army in being of about 100,000 with reserves of perhaps 300,000 a tiny air force and a navy that counts two capital ships it is obvious that its defense must fall heavily on its allies and especially on the united states but there are compensating advan tages brazil is only 1800 miles from africa and commands the narrowest crossing of the atlantic american flyers are already using airports in brazil and the well known bulge may easily become in time a takeoff point for an offensive by way of west africa even now we should be in a far better posi tion than the enemy to exploit this geographic fact formal entry of the largest latin american re russia’s danger calls for utmost effort by allies as russia’s peril grows with every german ad vance in the caucasus and in the direction of stalin grad the united nations re enforced by brazil’s entrance into the war face increasingly grim deci sions on all fronts the visit of prime minister churchill to moscow undoubtedly had a good psychological effect both because it constituted tangible recognition of russia’s rank among the big four of the anti axis powers and because it brought to a head plans to link the russian front in the caucasus with the british front in egypt and the middle east but the russians faced with mortal danger to their armies and resources are understand ably skeptical about all promises of aid until they see them realized they would agree with napoleon who is said to have remarked that battles are won not by those who make the plans but by those who take the responsibility for carrying them out and do carry them out caucasus linked with middle east even if the german threat to russia were not in stark reality so great it would still be wise policy for stalin to drive home the point that the war can not be won merely by letting the germans push how are the nazis using europe’s resources to build an economic empire for an analysis based on german and other european resources read nazi economic imperialism by ernest s hediger 25c august 15 issue of foreign pouicy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 page two public may herald considerable changes in the politi cal attitude of the whole continent three days be fore the declaration chile which still retains nop mal relations with the axis expressed complete unity with brazil against germany's barbarous ag gression six nations argentina bolivia chile paraguay peru and uruguay have granted brazil the right to use their facilities as though it were not at war it is especially notable that argentina hith erto so neutral as sometimes to resemble an an tagonist seems to be reconsidering its position the american front forged at havana and rig will be more active still and it is quite likely that a number of latin american countries thus far guarded in their behavior may become formal allies in the struggle that is theirs as well as ours the proposition that our responsibilities in the western hemisphere ought to stop at the panama canal al ready seems singularly remote and out of date sherman s hayden further and further into russian space depriving russian armies of essential resources to quibble now and argue that when a second front in europe might have helped france and britain in 1939 40 russia failed to open it would not answer russia's urgent demand today for help from the western powers such help although presumably limited in numbers of men and quantity of material might be offered from the middle east and it is significant that general wavell together with british middle east air force chiefs participated in the churchill stalin conference the appointment of sir henry maitland wilson a veteran of earlier campaigns of world war ii as commander in chief of an inde pendent army in iran and iraq announced on au gust 24 followed closely on the replacement of general auchinleck by sir harold r l g alexan der as commander in chief of the middle east there has been talk in the british press regarding the possibility of opening a second front in the middle east especially if the germans succeed in breaking through russian mountain defenses in the caucasus which in these days of parachutists and dive bombers can no longer be regarded as impreg nable developments in that theatre of war are 4 strange echo of 1812 when napoleon as he at int tio pr g u fi th tacked russia dreamt among other things of us ing russian auxiliaries to strike at the british empire in india and the russians preferred to fight to the‘bitter end on their own soil rather thai die in india in the service of the corsican the lessons of dieppe but the russians are looking not only east for help they still hope that aid may come from the west and come promptly the obstacles to aid from that direction were fe r h tl tl f h se the politi e days be tains nop complete barous ag via chile ited brazil t were not itina hith le an an position and rio uite likely s thus far rmal allies ours the e western canal al date hayden depriving o quibble in europe 1 1939 40 er russia's e westem limited in might be significant sh middle churchill sir henry npaigns of yf an inde ed on au cement of 5 alexat ddle east regarding ont in the succeed in ises in the wutists and as impreg war are 4 as he at igs of us he british eferred to ather than e russians still hope promptly 1 were f ee vealed by the commando raid on dieppe on au gust 19 some of the lessons of that raid hold out hope notably the mastery of the air established by british and american planes and the coordination achieved between land naval and air forces partici pating in the attack others are less comforting at dieppe although possibly not in equal degree at every point of europe’s atlantic coastline the germans were well prepared for a surprise raid except in the air and may be expected to be even more on the alert from now on german casualties were heavy but so were those of the allies and the problem of how to carry the attack any distance into enemy controlled territory once landings have been effected remains to be solved by subsequent expeditions yet it is only through experimental raids of this character that the forces of the united na tions can become acquainted with german defense preparations and acquire the skill and toughness re quired for any attempt at invasion british civilians carry on as the brit ish isles assume more and more the appearance of a series of airdromes and training camps garrisoned by soldiers and civilians it seems increasingly im portant for americans to learn just how the british manage to carry on in the midst of privations that make our average standard of living appear the height of luxury the british have shown a more than normal tendency to understatement with re gard to difficulties they consider part of their com mon lot and american correspondents in britain are more occupied with the sensational news of commando raids and bomber operations than with the details of the daily life of the average british man woman and child yet it is from these details that americans still so far removed from actual contact with war might piece together a picture of what the british who in turn are infinitely better off than the russians the chinese or the conquered peoples are con fronted with and it is out of such seemingly harsh things as rationing and an increasing equalization of sacrifice that the british themselves are building a way of life that combines individual liberty with communal responsibility perhaps the first glimmer of the wide gap that separates the united states from other united nations came with reports of the differences in pay rations and opportunities for recreation between american soldiers on the one hand and british soldiers on the other not that the britishers grumble about these differences on the contrary they are reported to be pathetically page three eager to entertain the american forces to the extent of their very meager food resources but in the long run both for the winning of the war and the win ning of the peace would it not be advisable to strive for greater equalization in the standard of living of the united states and the other united nations is there not a danger that this country a late comer in the war might emerge from it the least affected by war hardships and consequently the least prepared to make post war sacrifices and readjust ments many american lives will be lost many privations will have to be undergone by american forces before victory is in sight it might be better for the moral fibre of this country in time of war as in the post war period if civilians here share as much as possible the hardships of american sol diers and american soldiers in turn share the life of the peoples who have been bearing the brunt of war for one or more yearts ywera micheles dean fpa staff in government service david h popper associate editor of research publications has been granted leave of absence and is now a volunteer officer candidate in the united states army with mr popper's departure the fpa has contributed seven members of its execu tive and research staff to government service wil liam t stone vice president of the fpa is on leave to serve as assistant director in charge of the office of economic warfare analysis in the board of economic warfare t a bisson john c dewilde and louis e frechtling are also working in the board of economic warfare in the far east ern european and near eastern fields respectively lames frederick green is on the staff of the state department william p maddox former assistant to general mccoy is on a government mission in london our latin american neighbors by p l green new york iiastings house 1941 2.00 a concise general study of racial geographic and eco nomic factors influencing political social and cultural activity in latin america the south american handbook 1941 edited by howell davies new york wilson 1941 1.00 one of the best sources of general information on all the latin american republics this new edition will be particularly welcome to commercial travelers the panama canal in peace and war by norman j padelford new york macmillan 1942 3.00 an authoritative study of the history of the panama canal its economic and strategic importance and the operations of the canal administration the author em phasizes the role of the canal in the american defense system foreign policy bulletin vol xxi headquarters 22 east 38th street new york second class matter december 2 no 45 n august 28 frank ross 1942 published weekly by mccoy president dorothy f lest secretary 1921 at the post office ac new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 thr the foreign policy association incorporated national vera micheles dean editor entered as ee dollars a year f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ee 18 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter aug 28 the significance of both the solomon islands operations and the dieppe raid lies in the fact that they mark the transition of the united nations after nearly three years of war from the de fense to the offense hitherto save for the british attacks in libya and abyssinia and last winter's campaign in russia the initiative has been held by the axis unlike the invasion of the solomon islands by the united states marines the dieppe raid on au gust 19 contained no strategical element it was no real effort to open up a second front in europe as the bbc expressly warned the french civilian popu lation but on the other hand the dieppe landing was by no means a mere hit and run commande raid it was a far more ambitious undertaking than any thing of the kind previously attempted a laboratory experiment for the first time tanks were employed in such an operation more than 1,000 airplanes covered the landing and in the air battle that followed the greatest since the battle of britain nearly 200 german machines are believed to have been destroyed against a loss of 98 allied planes according to a london esti mate about a third of germany’s fighter air strength in western europe was wiped out in addition a german six gun battery an ammunition dump a radio location station and an anti aircraft battery were smashed by the assailants the chief value of the raid however must not be assessed in terms of the damage inflicted on german personnel or installations at dieppe but in terms of the practical experience it afforded the united na tions in the matter of opening up a second front in western europe the dieppe operation was primar ily a laboratory experiment considered from this point of view the result is generally regarded here as discouraging for the second front school and as confirming the opinion of aviation experts like major alexander p de seversky who hold that only by an intensive aerial offensive can the united nations hope to crush ger many for even if the german claim to have cap tured 2,095 prisoners is exaggerated the losses of the invaders were very heavy as the casualty lists now being published in canada prove the ger mans were not taken by surprise they made skillful use of the terrain and their strong fortifications and enfilading fire mowed down the allies as they dashed ashore and deprived the offense of much of its impetus at the very start flying fortresses make good while the outcome of the dieppe raid apparently empha sized the dangers of attempting sea borne invasions along conventional military tactics of past wars the fine performance of the american flying fortresses over europe in the past week has opened up new perspectives of successful offensives against the reich in the air in days to come the splendid show ing of the american bombers is cheering news in washington in view of the comparative failure of our fighters despite the lengthy defense of ameri can military airplanes made by lieutenant general h h arnold chief of the united states army air force in a prepared statement issued on august 15 it appears that american fighters are not good e fiaugh to be used to any appreciable extent over western europe great hopes are entertained for the republic p 47 a pursuit ship which performs best at altitudes between 25,000 and 30,000 feet and which is just beginning to come into large scale pro duction but the curtiss p 40 hitherto our main fighter has been clearly inferior to the british spit fire the german messerschmitt and the japanese zero plane in its ability to attain height and in maneuverability but the heavy american bomber seems to be mak ing good with a vengeance in the past british critics have looked down on the flying fortresses as inferior to their own lancasters halifaxes and stirlings on the ground that the american machines could not carry such heavy bomb loads and besides were more vulnerable to attacks by german fighters these fears have been disproved by the magnifi cent achievements during the past week of the newer flying fortresses led by brig general ira c eaker chief of the american bomber command in europe first they made three successful daylight raids over german occupied french cities bombing rouen on monday abbeville on wednesday and amiens on thursday and dropping their bombs squarely on their targets with the aid of the secret norden bomb sight they showed that they could achieve a greater degree of accuracy from altitudes above 20,000 feet than any other bomber british or german they capped these performances on fri day by making their first unescorted operational flight over the continent in the course of which they encountered 25 focke wulf 190 s germany's latest and best fighters in an air battle over the north sea six of the nazi planes were destroyed or damaged while not a single one of the fortresses was lost john elliott la tion the hov on eur cal crea his on of 1 ence fate the of the asi kar to s stat civi tilit ep to v trie +lord single races of his and new garia some y and ought 43 sep 3 1943 entered as 2nd class matter general library university tee j ws as ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxii no 46 september 8 1943 as the fourth year of world war ii came to an end new signs of weakness appeared in hitler's furopean fortress the success of the russian sum mer offensive the devastation wrought by anglo american bombing nazi efforts to bolster morale on the german home front and dramatic developments in bulgaria and denmark all attested to the difficul ties hitler must contend with now that he is on the defensive new order in trouble the open re bellion of the danes on august 29 when they suttled some units of their fleet and moved others to sweden was both the answer to the nazi imposi tion of martial law and the culmination of re ent anti german demonstrations strikes and sabo tage according to stockholm reports it has already led to the resignation and arrest of the danish premier erik scavenius and his cabinet and to the internment of king christian x but in assuming wntrol of the government and inaugurating a reign of terror intended to discipline the danes the nazis have placed an added strain on their military re serves moreover this outburst of popular hostility on the part of the best treated of the occupied coun ities is undoubtedly a fatal blow to whatever moral prestige the new order still possesses in europe the death on august 28 of king boris of bul gatia one of the leading axis henchmen in the balkans may have even wider significance whether boris was poisoned by the nazis for refusing to ac pt hitler’s demands at a recent meeting was shot ty one of his own bodyguard because of his pro german policy or died of heart attack is still ob sure but whatever its cause the bulgarian mon ach’s death quickly led to anti nazi riots in sofia and a popular demand that the country withdraw ftom the axis rumors that continued unrest in bul garia might lead to turkey's entry into the war may be discounted but the united nations can count the mounting nazi difficulties do not herald early collapse removal of boris from the balkan scene as a distinct blow to nazi power in that region meanwhile the problem of maintaining morale on the german home front in the face of the de struction of hamburg and nazi reverses on the russian front was highlighted on august 24 by the appointment of heinrich himmler gestapo leader as minister of the interior and chief of reich ad ministration in making the hated himmler master of the home front with the exception of labor which was put under hitler's personal direction and raising him to no 3 man in the nazi hierarchy the fuehrer seems to have played one of his last trumps the move will probably prove successful at least in the short run for no matter how widely the appointment may be resented by the german people or how much they dislike the increased coercion which propaganda minister goebbels promised them on august 25 there will be even less opportunity for opposition to the sacrifices which a total war has now brought to their doorstep moreover it should not be forgotten that the assumption of control over air raid defenses by the nazi party last winter led to increased efficiency and at that time added to the prestige of the party but if himmler fails to check the wave of defeatism which will inevitably gain momentum in germany it is difficult to see where hitler can turn nazi efforts to bolster morale by the himmler ap pointment and by constant repetition of the warn ing that the whole of germany will be devastated if the united nations are victorious have been met by the western allies with both reassurances and threats in his quarterly lend lease report of august 25 president roosevelt made it clear that the allied unconditional surrender policy did not mean that axis peoples must trade axis despotism for ruin under the united nations the goal of the united nations is to pérmit liberated peoples to create a free political life of their own choosing and to attain economic security on august 29 the united states and britain also reaffirmed their promise that the instigators and perpetrators of crimes in the occupied countries would be brought to justice thus drawing more clearly the distinction made in washington and london between the leaders and the peoples of the axis nations need for western front still acute but such political warfare can hardly be expected to bring decisive results until the military pressure against germany has reached greater proportions the softening up of italy is already in progress and may be followed any day by allied landings on the mainland allied bombing raids on key cities and production centers especially if they are on the scale of the hamburg and berlin attacks will undoubtedly continue to reduce the reich’s war potential and weaken civilian morale the soviet summer offensive which forced the germans to withdraw from tagan rog on august 30 thus threatening their whole posi kuomintang communist friction hampers china’s resistance the creation of a southeast asia command under lord louis mountbatten hitherto britain’s chief of combined operations undoubtedly points to am phibious actions in the indian ocean area even though major drives may not soon be forthcoming this new step toward an all out offensive in asia announced from quebec on august 25 will encour age china in its determination to continue resistance in the face of difficult war conditions and japanese efforts to divide the united nations in fact two weeks before on august 11 dispatches from chung king had already reported the rejection of three separate japanese peace feelers within two months one of these offers allegedly promised a return to the status quo of july 7 1937 when china began its national resistance to japanese aggression resistance hinges on internal peace significantly it was asserted at the same time that chungking contemplated no forcible action to dis solve the chinese communists with whom its rela tions have been tense for several years it had been rumored earlier that the central government might initiate a military campaign against the communist region in the northwest these rumors were linked with suggestions that discussions for a settlement between the parties had broken down and that the central armies regularly stationed as blockade troops on the border of the communist area had been rein forced by new divisions the denial that hostili ties impend is all the more important because the outbreak of large scale civil war could only result in a condition of peace with the foreign enemy whether or not china and japan concluded a formal agree ment the absence of civil conflict is therefore the best indicator of continued chinese resistance pagetwo t tion in the donets basin may soon drive them back jj pect of the dnieper line but too much importance should the prev not be attached to evidence of german wea shadow nesses in spite of the tremendous russian pressure seached the nazis are putting up stubborn resistance and t troops ir date have shown no signs of anything approaching commur a rout as russian supply lines are lengthened and since th german lines shortened the progress of stalin's mate armies can be expected to slow down at the same time german fighter planes are taking an increasing ly heavy toll of british and american bombers jg the air war over the reich while weather condition probably prohibit any significant stepping up of the tempo of allied raids and finally however rapid and complete an invasion of italy might prove it could scarcely be more than a diversionary campaign not a direct blow at the heart of german power until a major land front is opened in western ey rope and makes successful headway it seems unlikely that the nazi régime will be broken either at home or in the occupied countries h p whidden jr many governin time act filla soc wen tho perhaps s the fe stablish war chi ang ch heir ow ment t impossil jures are relations between chungking and the communists military are highly complicated but the salient facts appear to uggest be these in 1935 the communists who a short time ia the r before had been forced out of south central china 2 les by the national armies established a soviet gover istituts ment on the borders of the northwest provinces of particip shensi kansu and ninghsia in september 1937 even frc after the outbreak of resistance to japan a formal 4 yyp rapprochement between the communists and the cen 5 4 tral government was announced the communist it is apy abandoned the soviet form of organization and re nounced the policies of overthrowing the kuomintang rec and confiscating land previously the central av by gi thorities with communist approval had renamed the x70 chinese red army the eighth route army later changed to eighteenth group army and had tec ognized its commander and vice commander by for mally appointing them to their existing posts these tbjectiv troops were also promised aid in the form of sup p 4 plies and money the communists in turn declared states a restorin that the eighth route army would be under thf f control of the national military council he p sources of friction no other terms wert announced but foreign observers generally assumed that the northwest border region would gradually be incorporated in the national territory andj that the communists would be recognized as a leg political party during the first two years of wit rep kuomintang communist relations were correct and the eighth route army received central governmenj __ aid in waging guerrilla warfare behind the japanetj lines after the fighting with japan reached a deatpiesdquarce lock free china’s internal economic problems be a came more serious and friction began to develop under the stress of critical conditions and the pfo gms isi _j sack tp pect of prolonged war differences stemming from should the previous period of civil conflict began to over weak shadow the more recent unity the low point was essure reached at the beginning of 1941 when central and ty troops in the yangtze valley sought to break up the aching communist led new fourth army a guerrilla force sd andj since then there has been an uneasy political stale stalin's mate same easing ders in ditions of the rapid ove it many groups within the kuomintang and the government distrust the communists and their war lime activities this is in part the result of the guer filla social program which is a far reaching one wen though it is based on private property and profit perhaps more disturbing to the central authorities an gthe fear that during the war the communists will stablish the basis for a powerful position in post war china the most frequently advanced kuomin fe ng charge is that the communists in effect have ho heir own army currency taxes and system of govern ment this it is said makes cooperation with them impossible the communists reply that their meas ures are essential to mobilization of the people for nunists military activities against the japanese it is also pear to suggested that the full incorporation of their area rt time in the rest of china depends upon their recognition china a legal group and the development of national govemn institutions in which all parts of the country can nces of participate the seriousness of the impasse is obvious 1937 even from this brief statement of differences formal america’s interest the solution of china's t internal problems is basically a chinese affair yet pe itis apparent that the united states is watching the nintang i by granting recognition to the french committee we of national liberation on august 26 the united oa states and britain have taken another step toward by for testoring france to the position it lost with the de y feat of 1940 but to the committee whose major pagethree situation with concern the continued unity of our far eastern ally is clearly essential not only to vic tory over japan but also to the development of a stable post war china that can make its full con tribution to peace in the pacific this was indicated almost a year ago on october 12 1942 in a state ment by sumner welles then under secretary of state according to mr welles it was the view of the united states that the chinese government should try to maintain peace by processes of concilia tion between and among ali groups and factions in china this government desires chinese unity and deprecates civil strife in china although the under secretary of state is currently reported to have resigned from his post it does not appear that anything has occurred to make his state ment less representative of america’s interests today than at the time it was first uttered it is encouraging to note that similar views are apparently held in some chungking quarters according to a report by brooks atkinson in the new york times of august 17 1943 some members of the kuomintang and of the government think the differences can be resolved by a series of compromises since it would be to everyone’s advantage to remove this flaw in national unity they believe in compromises without violence before long the people’s political council china’s national advisory body will hold another session it will be interesting to see whether steps are taken at that time to ease the internal situation lawrence k rosinger this is the last in a series of four articles on the present crisis in china recognition leaves french committee’s post war status uncertain the united nations the anglo american action was somewhat disappointing and it may be expected that the french in algiers will make fresh attempts to improve their position questions left unanswered instead of recognizing the committee as in charge of the ad ministration and defense of a french interests in accordance with de gaulle’s and giraud’s request the british and american governments insisted on several restrictions and left unanswered important questions concerning the future of the organization in the military field the statement that the french must continue to be subject to the requirements of the allied commanders can have been no surprise to de gaulle or giraud for it has been the consistent policy of both britain and the united states to give general eisenhower as free a hand as possible in the thesei tbjective since its formation by de gaulle and of supp ac m ae iraud on june 3 has been securing recognition by eclared der the a ve aah aa for an analysis of the united nations position in i the pacific area read is w me ssumil strategy of the war in asia adually by lawrence k rosinger y ss 25c a egal foreign po.icy reports vol xix no 3 of wal reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month ct and subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 rnment est apas foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 46 septempeer 3 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national a deat headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lager secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as ms be cond class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications 1 pros 181 produc é a f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor p0700 oo north african theatre less expected in all proba bility were the limitations prime minister churchill and president roosevelt imposed when they specifi cally recognized the committee only until french soil is freed from its invaders and as administer ing those french overseas territories which acknowl edge its authority both governments thereby failed to indicate acceptance of the committee as spokes man for the underground or the attitude they expect to take toward the committee after the nazis have been forced out of france and before a republic is established although de gaulle and giraud have constantly maintained that they do not aspire to establish a government and that the people must elect their own representatives as soon as possible after libera tion both men are eager to have their committee and its anti vichy supporters at home play an im portant role during those months when the economic and social structure of the restored republic is be ing formed as the london economist has observed the crisis through which the french have passed makes it possible for them to strike out on a new road unhappily it gives them no guarantee that the road will be the right one the french committee feels this challenge is one it can and should meet lest france fall into the hands of local fascists as invasion of europe approaches the british and americans will be obliged to decide on the merits of the committee’s case and it is to be hoped that their forthcoming discussions will be facilitated by the improved status of the french body u.s.s.r takes different view the anglo american notes different only in tone the american stressings its reservations more bluntly but so viet recognition accorded on august 26 was much broader than that of the western powers in the words of foreign commissar molotov the french committee is the representative of the state inter ests of the french republic and leader of all french patriots fighting against the hitlerite tyranny by accepting the committee on these terms the u.s.s.r emphasized its close relations with the french who have had political and military missions in moscow and a normandie aviation squadron on the eastern front for more than a year additional notes of recog nition have been sent to algiers by the governments in exile during the past three months although the representatives in london of these occupied coun tries unlike the french committee have constitu tional ties with elected pre war régimes and the full recognition of britain and the united states some of them apparently tend to judge their own future treatment by that accorded the french in algiers a new colonial policy since the united ll states britain the u.s.s.r and the 11 other united nations which have recognized the french commit tee all agree in accepting it as the administrator of those large sections of the empire which recognize its control it may be worth while to point out some of the reforms which have characterized de gaulle’s colonial policy instead of subscribing to the old ideal of a highly centralized administration with real power resting entirely in the hands of the min ister of colonies de gaulle has favored giving more responsibility to native chiefs and local administrators and referring only questions of over all policy to the central authority the new program has been carried out most com pletely in french equatorial africa where the gov ernor general is an outstanding negro administrator who was influential in 1940 in preventing the region vou xxi from accepting the armistice with germany as north africa did in this area which is nearly four times as large as texas and has a population of ap proximately 3,500,000 governor eboué has given unprecedented encouragement to tribal self rule and the authority of native chiefs partly because he be lieves it impossible to make africans into french men and also because he has been faced with the practical necessity of making decisions under condi tions of war imposed isolation in addition to the principle of decentralization in relations between colonal administration and native populations much larger local autonomy in financial matters has been granted whereas the old system permitted expendi tures only for specific items listed in the budget the new practice allows the governor of a territory to exercise judgment concerning the best use of the money allotted him after three years of this kind of emphasis on the personal initiative of local ad ministrators and the shaping of regulations to fit a particular area’s needs it seems unlikely that the pattern of the pre war french empire can or will be restored by the new republic wy pean n hadsel change in title of f.p.a publication with the august issue the changing far east by william c johnstone the title of the f.p.a publication formerly called headline books has been changed to headline series falange by allan chase new york putnam 1943 3.00 exposé of the nazi inspired falangist underground in the americas probably a valuable source of information but marred by oversureness and an emotional approach the fighting french by raoul aglion new york henry holt 1943 3.00 the new york representative of the french national committee presents the first book length account of the fighting french from 1940 to the casablanca conference contains important information on the colonies de gaulle and the underground 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 a sl at taly for invasion the first rope t found re but also closer tt future o by varic post wat ain the recently as to th the wart ang sentia the trail clared i 31 that dent ro their fc urgent on sept united of polit effective prime suggesti more ri of nati to fore collabo he said try an dewey mackin anglo ernors +general library ann arbor michtcan entered as 2nd class matter university of michigan sep 4 194g foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association 22 east 38th street new york n y september 4 1942 three years of nazi conquest fail to quell europe workers to other parts of the continent by closing their factories and by appropriating their financial and raw material resources for the benefit of the nazi war machine growing tide of resistance yet at the very moment when hitler is seeking to consolidate his conquests it becomes increasingly evident that the one thing he cannot achieve today while there is still hope he may be defeated is the pacification of europe if the nazis had been as clever as they be lieved themselves to be they would have sought from the start to win prostrate europe with prom ises of a better world for all for the conquered peoples as well as for the victorious germans in stead in three years of war they have given a fore taste of the treatment they plan to inflict on europe and on other parts of the world if they emerge as final victors most americans with no first hand experience of nazi terrorism find it difficult to un derstand what superhuman qualities of courage and faith in ultimate liberation must be summoned forth by the conquered peoples to resist nazi rule am bassador grew’s recital on august 30 of some of the tortures inflicted by the japanese on american citizens is but a small example of what has been suffered in certain cases for years by those subject to nazi domination including german dissenters yet information from occupied territories indicates growing resistance both among the peoples whom the germans had hoped to exterminate notably the poles and czechs and among those they had hoped to win to the new order notably the dutch and norwegians will hate block reconstruction this resistance most understandably is generating a hatred against the germans which the americans and even the british may find it difficult to compre hend fully any weakening of nazi rule would be a aa a nile ha ons the ses ew the foreign policy association incorporated ow of vol xxi no 46 eri eral air as world war ii enters its fourth year the out 1d come of the global conflict remains undecided 00d with the balance inclining slightly and as yet for the ver i most part in terms of intangibles in favor of the for united nations using conquered europe as a spring fms board the nazis are hammering relentlessly at rus ao sia which three years ago had hoped to divert nazi ps lightning to the west and the western powers are hain now experimenting with ways and means to divert spit nazi forces from the east back to the western front nese while the lessons of dieppe are being sifted for such d in tues as they may yield regarding the organization of large scale invasion of the european coast british and mak american air forces are blasting at german produc itish tion and railroad centers aided from the east by ss s j the russian air force it still remains to be proved and however that air raids alone unsupported by action nes ton land can succeed in breaking the nazis hold on m europe snif hitler's plans for europe at this criti ewer cal juncture hitler would like nothing better than to 1 reate the impression that europe has acquiesced in id in his plans for a new order and has turned its back light the atlantic world to give these plans an air bing of reality he intends to summon a european confer and ence in three weeks when the nazis claim russia's ombs fate will have been sealed the principal object of secret the conference would be to ratify the reorganization could of europe whose easternmost border would be set at tudes the volga river thus throwing russia back into sh or asia in accordance with the famous tenets of mein fri kampf following this conference hitler is expected ional to seek a compromise with britain and the united they states possibly using the danger of japan to white latest civilization as an inducement for suspension of hos 1 sea ome against germany meanwhile the nazis are aged deploying every effort of propaganda and coercion jost 0 weaken the national economies of conquered coun yrr_ tries by shuttling their industrial and agricultural signal for revenge not only against the germans but tn ey pe ls iss es ee a ee fs ae gt eo ane pee eee eeeeeeen eet ees oo also against those among the conquered who for one reason or another have acquiesced in collabora tion fear of revenge in turn strengthens the de termination of the nazis and of collaborationists like laval and quisling to uproot all potential op position out of these elements of resistance and hatred held down by the nazis at the point of a gun how can stability be brought to europe the late italian historian guglielmo ferrero advanced the thesis that the french revolution precipitated a series of great panics in which governments that did not enjoy legitimate authority from napoleon to hitler mussolini and their satellites repressed the people for fear that the people might otherwise challenge or destroy their authority and that this vicious circle could be broken only with restoration of some form of legitimacy if by legitimacy is meant the restora tion of political and economic conditions that existed in europe or elsewhere before 1939 then the pos caution required in judging far eastern developments __ recent events in the solomon islands and china emphasize the need for careful judgment if the american public is not to make the mistake of re garding battles as wars or superficial aspects of a problem as the problem itself we need to appreciate fully the enemy's strength without minimizing our own and to understand the present role of the far east in the world wide strategy of the united na tions after thorough consideration of the issues washington and‘london decided some months ago that the european front is primary in this stage of the war it is clear therefore that at the present time we cannot expect to do more than hold our positions in asia and bring about certain improvements of a limited character naturally the situation may change if japan becomes involved in difficulties on a new front or if a successful united nations offen sive in the west permits a subsequent diversion of men and supplies to the far east how then are we to judge the battle of the solomons our forces distinguishing themselves for courage and determination have seized a number of important islands beaten off a japanese reconnais sance in force and damaged or destroyed a num just published asia in a new world order by owen lattimore political adviser to chiang kai shek since 1941 and director of the walter hines page school of inter national relations at johns hopkins university 25 c september 1 issue of foreign po.icy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 page two sibility of stabilization would indeed appear remote for the nazis have swept into the discard not only p 7 the men but frequently the institutions that ruled asp europe and the conquered peoples may have to c begin from scratch once the war is over sa but legitimacy can be interpreted in the more pro obj found sense of reaffirmation of certain accepted val tha ues of human conduct what ferrero calls honesty which might gradually alleviate the destructive lack of confidence and lack of integrity among both individuals and nations that has been so character of istic a phenomenon of our times from the furnace pot of war in which so many familiar objects and beliefs have been charred beyond recognition are emerging jec certain values that the nazis have not succeeded in 4 destroying in the final balance these intangible val y ues may yet prove more weighty than the hatreds 4 hitler has created and prove europe’s most valuable pre contribution to post war reconstruction r vera micheles dean wit fur pai ane fai ber of japanese planes and ships at the same time sur the trap prepared for the enemy in the related sector op at milne bay on the swampy southeastern tip of sir new guinea is a tribute to the foresight of the re sponsible military leaders yet the action in the south west pacific remains a limited offensive restricted so th far to the southern islands in the solomon group no decisive engagement with the japanese fleet has taken place here and japan’s formidable striking power has not really been thrown against us not only may japan return to battle in the southern solomons but further thrusts against vital points protecting aus tralia are quite possible and even though japanese efforts to drive toward port moresby on the southern coast of new guinea whether by way of the coral sea milne bay or kokoda have been thwarted the threat to this important base is not over dor japanese withdrawal in china while our advances in the solomons have been carried through against the will of the japanese a some what different situation exists in china since july 18 our chinese allies have retaken most of the towns ar seized by japan in its offensive of late spring and early summer as well as the greater part of the 49 chekiang kiangsi railway which the enemy forces es held during the first two and a half weeks of july p although these gains are welcome they are appar ently due more to a planned japanese withdrawal than to the strength of the chinese troops or the aid of the small united states air squadron all through the war the chinese plagued by jack of artillery have found it extremely difficult to recapture walled h cities only a deliberate japanese evacuation based on a sharp reduction of the japanese armies in east central china can explain the retaking of so many lote only uled e to pro val esty ctive both icter nace sliefs ging d in val treds iable ln time ector p of e re yuth d so no aken ower may but aus nese hern oral the hile rried ome july ywns and the rces july par awal aid en rotected and unprotected towns in such a short time these developments therefore have a threatening aspect they suggest three possibilities not neces sarily mutually exclusive that the japanese troops were urgently required elsewhere that the essential objectives of the campaign had been achieved or that in the view of the japanese military nothing further could be gained by continuance of the cam paign the first possibility would point toward jap anese action on a new major front perhaps siberia or india for no single current sector in asia is im portant enough to necessitate the withdrawal from chekiang and kiangsi or japan’s immediate ob jective may be to strengthen its present positions by striking on many existing fronts for example yunnan the southwest pacific north china and the aleutians but this would presumably be simply a relude to action elsewhere the two other alternatives mentioned above deal with the objectives of the east central china cam paign clearly the plan for a shanghai singapore railway which was given great prominence early this summer was far beyond the scope of the japanese operations likewise although japan probably de sired to prevent bombings of its cities from such ex the f.p.a the south seas in the modern world by felix m keesing new york john day 1941 3.50 an invaluable source of information on the pacific isles war as a social institution the historian’s perspective edited for the american historical association by jesse d clarkson and thomas c cochran new york colum bia university press 1941 3.50 not only historians but geographers anthropologists and military experts contribute essays to a rather uneven ly balanced book japan’s continental adventure by ching chun wang new york macmillan 1941 2.00 beginning with the invasion of manchuria and coming down to the middle of 1940 the author discusses various phases of japan’s program of aggression in a series of in teresting and informative essays central america challenge and opportunity by charles morrow wilson new york henry holt 1941 3.00 a sympathetic but highly informative study of middle america a term the author applies to the caribbean countries of central america colombia cuba and the island of jamaica history economics and the man of middle america are all considered from the human inter est point of view barriers to world trade by margaret s gordon new york macmillan 1941 4.00 a sound survey and description of devices employed by nations in the last pre war decade to restrict and direct international payments and trade page three tt cellently located airfields as chuhsien and lishui the campaign exceeded the requirements of this goal it must be noted moreover that even though these bases have been given up the japanese suc ceeded in keeping them out of use during the im portant summer months which may have been all they were looking for china the chief objective it still seems true that the main objectives of the japanese was to weaken china economically and politically by striking at the links between two important eastern provinces and the heart of the interior this as sumption is strengthened by the fact that the jap anese withdrawal began immediately after the har vest in chekiang and kiangsi or while it was still going on as much as possible of the crop was prob ably seized and this section of free china will doubt less face a very difficult winter on the other hand comfort can be derived from the consideration that if the japanese hoped to produce immediate fissures in china’s political structure and spirit of resistance they failed to achieve their objective lawrence k rosinger l k rosinger campaign in china foreshadows new japanese front foreign policy bulletin july 17 1942 bookshelf the founding of the t’ang dynasty by woodbridge bing ham baltimore waverly press 1941 3.50 a scholarly monograph on the period when the sui dynasty collapsed and the t’ang dynasty took its place in the early seventh century with new light on the life of the great second t’ang emperor li shih min who laid the foundation of the dynasty’s greatness chile land of progress by earl parker hanson new york reynal and hitchcock 1941 1.75 a very pleasantly written but somewhat sugar coated description of the country with chapters on its land and people history culture industries social progress and political policies documents on foreign relations july 1940 june 1941 edited ky s shepard jones and denys p myers boston world peace foundation 1941 3.75 third volume in a valuable compilation series transportation and national defense by joseph l white philadelphia university of pennsylvania press 1941 1.50 a disappointing study which fails to come to grips with the question whether our transportation facilities are adequate in the present emergency new directions in our trade policy by william diebold jr new york council on foreign relations 1941 2.00 an intelligent discussion of the hull trade program and the impact of the war on commercial policy the author comes to the conclusion that liberal trade policies are un likely to be restored after the war foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 46 seprember 4 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f legr secretary vena micneltes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 pe 181 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter rie sete aug 31 on the third anniversary of world war ii the outlook for the united nations seems more hopeful than observers in washington dared anticipate two months ago when the germans were launching their offensive in the ukraine and marshal erwin rommel was racing madly for alexandria when 1942 opened it was generally considered that this year would be the fuehrer’s last chance to win the war athough his armies continue to gain vic tories these are on a lesser scale than his earlier triumphs and it now seems certain that the nazis are not going to put russia out of the war this year the bright spot in the war picture as seen in the capital is the capture of six of the strategic solomon islands by the united states marines over the week end the conservative navy department issued a summary of the operations stating that the marines had consolidated their hold on the guadalcanal tulagi area and were now engaged in mopping up the remnants of japanese opposition america’s first offensive victory the solomon islands fighting is a milestone since it constitutes the first offensive victory won by the united states in world war ii tulagi harbor and the guadalcanal airfields are the first bits of territory wrested back from the japanese by american troops they have considerable strategic value for the solomon islands in japanese hands were a menace to our line of communication with australia while guadalcanal is a useful base from which u.s bomb ers can attack the japanese in new guinea but more important perhaps than even the stra tegic significance of the solomon islands victory is its psychological value its moral effect is comparable to some extent to the tonic effect of the capture of fort henry and fort donelson by the federal armies in the spring of 1862 on public opinion in the north during the civil war many serious reverses and grave disappointments lay ahead for the unionist cause but these brilliant successes were auguries of ultimate triumph other encouraging developments recently have been brazil’s entrance into the war the sharp reduc tion in ship sinkings by axis submarines in the at lantic during july and the fine performances of the flying fortresses not one of which has yet been shot down in the now almost daily raids over europe the outstanding military surprise of the year how ever has undoubtedly been the showing of the chi nese armies when the burma road was cut last spring and the japanese launched an offensive four months ago to gain complete control of the hang chow nanchang railway grave fears were enter tained that china would shortly be forced to capitu late on the contrary the amazing chinese by their unexpected counter attack have retaken 200 miles of the railway and by regaining the airfields at chuhsien and lishui have put the flimsy industrial cities of japan within range of american bombers even if it be true as some military critics are inclined to think that the chinese successes are due in part to withdrawal of japanese troops for use in another y theatre of war possibly india or siberia chiang kai shek’s armies cannot be denied the glory of having won the outstanding victories of the war to yp date against the japanese p dark spots the dark spots on the war hori j of zon are russia and egypt the nazi threat to gain othe control of the caucasus oil wells remains grave and gro stalingrad threatened as moscow was last year can tion not look for relief to an approaching winter as the bef russian capital could in 1941 but whatever the out whc come of this super verdun battle it is now certain the as it was not last spring that russia will not be the knocked out of the war as an effective fighting force stre this year dr joseph goebbels has already predicted fj a second winter campaign in russia and the nazi tary authorities are appealing to the civilian population ro for warm clothing for the troops all more threatening is the position in egypt soil where marshal rommel on august 31 launched aj major thrust at alexandria 70 miles away despite exp losses inflicted on german and italiai convoys in of the mediterranean by american and british bombers par and by british warships the nazi leader is known fep to have obtained considerable reinforcements in men ay and supplies of late a nazi conquest of alexandria par which by assuring the axis complete domination the of the middle east would jeopardize the united na gy tions supply line to russia from the south and seri wa ously menace india from the west would repre w sent hitler’s greatest succéss since the fall of france still as the summer of 1942 slips into autumn m the conviction grows in washington that the tide is y surely even if almost imperceptibly turning in favor m of the allies as ambassador joseph c grew just j gi returned from his post at tokyo broadcast on jp august 30 the japanese will not be easy to beat but 4 given determination on the part of the american 44 people to pay the price and see the war through it can be done and what mr grew said of the jap th anese applies with equal force to the germans u john elliott +sep 14 1943 entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxii no 47 september 10 1948 agreement on europe made urgent by italy’s surrender ees unconditional surrender on september 8 four years and one week after germany's invasion of poland that opened world war ii is the first major breach in hitler's fortress of eu rope this surrender which cannot but cause pro found relief not only among the united nations but also among the italian people brings the allies closer than ever to fateful decisions regarding the future of europe and the world much has been said by various commentators regarding the need for post war collaboration between the big four brit ain the united states russia and china but until recently few concrete proposals had been advanced as to the form such collaboration should take once the wartime need for mutual aid has come to an end anglo american collaboration es sential it remained for mr churchill to blaze the trail when within the space of one week he de clared in no uncertain terms in quebec on august 31 that pending a meeting between himself presi dent roosevelt and marshal stalin a conference of their foreign ministers was most necessary and urgent and in his address at harvard university on september 6 proposed that britain and the united states maintain after the war the machinery of political economic and military cooperation so effectively developed in time of war the british prime minister expanded the scope of the latter suggestion by stating that stronger more efficient more rigorous world institutions than the league of nations must be created to preserve peace and to forestall the causes of future wars post war collaboration between britain and the united states he said will not be a party question in his coun try and as if corroborating his thoughts governor dewey declared at the republican conference on mackinac island on september 5 that he favors an anglo american alliance while a group of gov etnors headed by governor baldwin of connecticut urged the conference to adopt a nonpartisan con structive program on foreign affairs only a step toward world order at an earlier stage of the war any proposal for an anglo american post war alliance would have seemed to be an attempt by anglo saxons to domi nate the world it may still be so regarded by many people especially in view of preparations for the administration of axis and possibly other terri tories by british and americans associated in amg the activities of this organization have alarmed some of the conquered countries of europe which are looking forward not to becoming wards of the allies but to recovering their own freedom of action at the same time even those who are most suspi cious of ulterior motives on the part of the atlantic powers would admit that the only hope of escaping anarchy following the defeat of germany and japan is to lay right now the cornerstone of post war col laboration between the countries that command suf ficient force to prevent future disturbances of the peace anglo american collaboration however is but part of this cornerstone and will prove no bul wark against renewed expansion by germany in europe or by japan in asia unless it is comple mented by similar understandings between britain the united states and russia on the one hand and britain the united states russia and china on the other but if these understandings are to be some thing more than a four power condominium laying down the pattern of world order for smaller coun tries poor in armed power but rich in the contribu tion they have made and will once more make to civilization they must be so devised as not even to suggest that the big four intend to absorb their neighbors in the fair name of collective security what to do about germany it is on the crucial question of what britain the united states and russia respectively plan to do with the t t 4 ny bj y 1 fruits of victory in europe that a misunderstanding had threatened to develop between the three coun tries whose concerted action is essential both for the winning of the war and of the peace after the war all three have the same basic aims defeat of the german army the downfall of hitler and his as sociates and destruction of the nazi order in europe no one familiar with the anger aroused in russia by wanton german brutalities can doubt that the soviet union will fight until these aims have been achieved the two points on which britain the united states and russia differ are how to end the war most speedily and what to do with a de feated germany the russians believe rightly or wrongly that an immediate invasion of western eu rope synchronized with their victories in the east could bring the war to a close this year and end the heavy loss of lives and resources they have suffered during the past two years their demand for the opening of a western front by the allies belies the argument that the russians want to exclude britain and the united states from the continent the allies apparently believe that operations in other sectors will prove more practicable at this time and only the future course of the war can prove the correct ness of the various assumptions made in moscow london and washington meanwhile however the russians are doing everything in their power to hasten the end of the war by driving the nazi armies back and by urging the germans through the leaflets and radio broad casts of the free german committee to revolt against nazism and thereby earn a tolerable peace the peace sketched out in the free german mani festo envisages retention of part of the german army formation of a democratic régime and main tenance of private property the latter two points coincide with allied war aims but the fact that the manifesto does not provide for germany's disarma ment has been taken to mean that the russians may offer the germans a soft peace as contrasted with the hard peace presumably envisaged by allied insistance on unconditional surrender the latter term however requires definition if it is to mean something concrete not only to the germans but also to others in europe do the allies visualize the demolition of german industry the shooting of pagetwo every tenth gerrnan the dismemberment of th reich the reduction of the german people to status of slavery or do they mean more or less wha the russians say that is that once germany's milj tary power has been broken and an internal y heaval has destroyed the power of the junkers the industrialists and the nazi party they hope to se the resumption in germany of something resembling normal existence even though it be under the cop trol and supervision of a united nations adminis tration in which russia would participate thos who are alarmed by the thought that moscow might negotiate with some non nazi government appear to have forgotten article ii of the anglo soviet allj ance of may 26 1942 in which britain and the u.s.s.r undertook not to enter into any negotia tions with the hitlerite government or any other government in germany that does not clearly te nounce all aggressive intentions thus apparently leaving the way open for negotiations with a gov ernment that would renounce all aggressive inten tions provided however as specified further in article ii that the negotiations for an armistice or peace treaty with germany are undertaken by mu tual consent of the contracting parties joint commissions offer answer it will of course be supremely difficult for the united nations to formulate and carry out a program which on the one hand would satisfy the natural demand for revenge of those who have been victims of nazi terror and prevent recurrence of such brutalities in the future and on the other hand create in europe the conditions for return to more or less civilized existence among both victors and vanquished the difficulties ahead however will be immeasurably eased if britain the united states and the soviet union can establish a basis for common action through joint commissions such as the anglo american soviet mediterranean commission whose formation was announced on september 4 each of the three countries not to speak of the nations now awaiting liberation has its own point of view molded by centuries of tradition experience good fortune and bad the task of statesmanship is not to make one of these points of view prevail over all others but to reconcile them and weld them into a workable common policy vera micheles dean retention of wartime machinery advocated by churchill prime minister churchill’s suggestion in his har vard address of september 6 that the anglo ameri can combined chiefs of staff committee be con tinued after the war is the clearest indication the allied peoples have had that the broad concept of peacemaking today is in sharp contrast with that of 1918 19 two principles seem to underlie mr churchill’s proposal first that the new world order must grow out of the war coalition and make ust of the machinery of collaboration built up during the war second that peace must be based for some time at least on the possession of overwhelming force by the victorious nations neither of these principles was generally accepted after the last wat collaboration in 1917 18 toward the close of world war i the allied and associated powers tion in supreme of brita novemb egy wi represet tasker over the its appc mander field in th effective the ecor governt allied do the and lo the adm the tra gram were g council bre chine field w existen there v france tinued anglo howeve wished machin the tim to solv particu cies ha certain will em pi it pa tion re i foreign headquart second cla one mont be gov inten er in ice of y mu r it jnited vhich mand nazi ies in urope rilized the urably soviet action nglo whose ach of now view good is not ver all into a dean pe ke use during r some ol ming these st wat rd the yciated en powers had created effective machinery of collabora tion in both the military and economic fields a supreme war council composed of the premiers of britain france and italy was established in november 1917 to coordinate allied military strat egy with the assistance of a committee of military representatives on which the american general tasker h bliss sat regularly the council watched over the general conduct of the war in march 1918 its appointment of general foch as allied com mander in chief brought unity of command in the field in the economic sphere meanwhile even more effective machinery had been developed to mobilize the economic resources of the allied and associated governments the pivot of this machinery was the allied maritime transport council consisting as do the joint boards now functioning in washington and london of national ministers responsible for the administration of executive departments around the transport council grew up a number of pro gram committees the most important of which were grouped under an inter allied munitions council and an inter allied food council breakdown of world war i ma chinery in neither the military nor the economic field was collaboration as effective as that now in existence but a great deal had been achieved and there was a strong feeling in both britain and france that the wartime machinery should be con tinued at least during the reconstruction period anglo french proposals to this effect were vetoed however by the united states government which wished to disentangle itself from the inter allied machinery as soon as possible by february 1919 at the time the supreme economic council was set up to solve the economic difficulties of europe and ia particular the problem of relief most of the agen cies had been disbanded with the exception of certain individuals there was no continuity between pagethree will japan crack in defeat should japan lose its empire should its industry be destroyed should it pay reparation should there be military occupa tion will japan have a revolution read what future for japan by lawrence k rosinger 25c september 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 the wartime agencies and the economic bodies set up as part of the league of nations at the same time the supreme war council be came a meeting of heads of states not a unified body with a single aim except in the case of germany there was no common military policy to meet the chaos in central and eastern europe while political questions were reconciled with the greatest difficulty by the big four wilson lloyd george clemen ceau and orlando not until the covenant of the league of nations was embodied in the versailles treaty and defensive treaties designed to prevent german aggression were concluded between france britain and the united states did it seem that a basis had been laid for continued collaboration but this hope vanished soon afterward when the united states senate refused to ratify the defensive treaties and rejecting the treaty of versailles on november 19 1919 decided that this country should not enter the league of nations when american representa tives were also withdrawn from continuation bod ies like the reparations commission the rhine land high commission and the inter allied mili tary and naval commissions of control wartime unity was completely destroyed changing concepts of peace this country’s withdrawal from both economic and politi cal collaboration was not simply the result of a gen eral desire of americans to disentangle themselves from europe on the part of league supporters at least it was based also on a desire to build a new order on new foundations the inevitable continuity between war and peace was not recognized and the use of wartime machinery for peacetime purposes was rejected more important perhaps was the feel ing that the terrible price of war would prevent the outbreak of hostilities in the foreseeable future par ticularly with an organization such as the league to supervise the relations of states the failure of the united states to enter the league actually had little to do with the weakness of the league’s mili tary sanctions or with the general feeling through out the world that force could no longer be consid ered a pillar of peace when mr churchill declared at harvard that the league of nations had failed because it was aban doned and betrayed abandoned by the united states and betrayed by the futile pacifism of britain and france he gave further emphasis to the need for post war unity and the maintenance of force to keep the peace his proposal to continue the foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 47 september 10 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lust secretary vera miccheles drann editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one month for change of address on membership publications three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year bw 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor 0 oo ett joint chiefs of staff committee embodies both ideas but it seems clear that he envisaged this body as only the nucleus of post war collaboration among the united nations and it may be assumed that he would favor also the continuance of wartime agencies such as the combined raw materials board and the combined food board to provide for the economic as well as the security needs of the post war world united nations collaboration could then become the prelude to a genuine world order howarpd p whidden jr will united states pressure bring changes in argentine policy the arrest in buenos aires on september 4 of several british and united states executives of the american and foreign power company increased the tension that has long existed between argentina and the allies since this action was more extreme than that taken july 26 when the argentine govern ment investigated the books and stocks of eight foreign commercial firms fears have arisen that re strictions on the operation of foreign owned prop erty may be in the offing imposition of checks on american and british companies would however undoubtedly encounter stiff resistance for capital from the united states and britain has been heavily invested in telephone and radio communications power plants transportation facilities the meat packing industry banking and insurance argentine inventory when the seizure of british and united states citizens is added to the record of general ramirez régime since it came to power by a military coup on june 7 argentina’s unsympathetic attitude toward the allies becomes increasingly apparent in addition to maintaining diplomatic relations with berlin rome and tokyo the new government has inaugurated several policies that may hinder united nations efforts to crush the axis on august 31 argentina replied to the re quest of the british canadian and united states governments that it refuse refuge to fascist or nazi leaders by declaring that it would not deny asylum to any particular group of persons but would con sider each individual case on its own merits in case any fleeing fascist or nazi leaders should seek sanc tuary in argentina therefore their expulsion would be by no means automatic the argentine govern ment moreover allows the publication and sale of el pampero nazi news sheet and the anti allied magazine clarinada which in its august issue ad vocated the seizure and destruction of democratic liberal books and the expulsion of all jews from argentina in domestic policy too repressive meas ures similar to those employed by fascists and nazis have been adopted with the current anti red drive resulting in wholesale arrests throughout the coun try and the closing of labor unions this repression of all persons even vaguely suspected of comimunist affiliations not only silences critics of the govern ment’s internal policies but also suppresses many sup porters of the united nations such as raul damonte taborda whose arrest was ordered on september 6 on the positive side of the allied argentine ledger it should be recorded that axis radio meg sages by code have been barred although they still proceed if not coded some action has been taken against presumed german espionage agents and the government has declared that it intends to strengthen western hemisphere solidarity super ficially considered the decision the argentine goy ernment took early in august to end its recognition cone r of the german u boat zone in the north atlantic appeared to foreshadow a break with the reich but in all prcbability this was merely an effort to take advantage of the waning danger from sub marines in order to increase the country’s foreign trade at the peace table meanwhile the decline of axis military fortunes is making general ramirez policy increasingly untenable for if argentina wants lend lease materials its course must change secre tary hull in a letter made public on september 7 sternly rebuked the argentine foreign minister vice admiral segundo storni for requesting armaments and machinery for his country’s oil industry while its armed forces fail to contribute to hemisphere security equally important however in alter ing argentina’s attitude toward the allies may be the feeling that general arturo rawson co leader of the june revolution and newly appointed minis ter to brazil expressed on august 21 when he stated that argentina cannot absent herself from the peace table the main reason for argentina’s eagerness to have a hand in making the peace is undoubtedly the nation’s need for the early post war disposal of agricultural surpluses chiefly wheat the ramirez government by turning its back on previous agti cultural restrictions despite the already existing sup ply of millions of tons of wheat is encouraging pfo duction on a scale that will make argentina the world’s biggest granary part of this produce is now being sent to other american republics and to spain with which a barter agreement was signed in sep tember 1942 requiring argentina to furnish a mil lion tons of wheat and 3,500 tons of tobacco in fe turn for two tankers and a destroyer argentina must look to the reconstruction of undernourished europe and the far east however for the disposal of most of its surpluses whinifred n hadsel 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 vou xx canadia man fot their ov to acqu world o flict tt this cov last wer lican pi express united retary ber 12 1 laborati nor dic church ward w betweer did not the hos at an e2 wo goal more ir still fe whethe whethe may tu ganizat mation aside have dc the un quo of asia n points first +re enter to capitu by their 00 miles rfields at industrial bn bombers inclined in part to 1 another chiang gy glory of ie war to war hori t to gain rave and year can er as the r the out certain ll not be ing force predicted the nazi opulation 1 egypt unched a despite mvoys in bombers is known fs in men lexandria mination rited na and seri ld repre f france autumn ne tide is in favor trew just dcast on beat but american rough it the jap 1ans lliott entered as 2nd class matter mee wii foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxi no 47 september 11 1942 allied leaders foresee offensive in europe peranaghl roosevelt’s labor day radio address and mr churchill’s report to the house of commons delivered within a few hours of each other struck a common note of confidence in the growing power of the united nations and of cau tion concerning the sacrifices that must be endured before victory is in sight at a time when stalingrad whose surrender has been repeatedly prophesied by the nazis continued to withstand german assaults the president and the british prime minister both stressed the quality of russian resistance and hitler’s failure to destroy russia’s armies in spite of mili tary setbacks and territorial losses russia said mr roosevelt will hold out and with the help of her allies will ultimately drive every nazi from her soil offensive spirit on rise both spokesmen expressed guarded hopefulness about the outcome of the struggle in egypt where the allies have ap parently blunted the spearhead of a large scale of fensive launched by field marshal rommel on august 30 with command of the eastern mediter tanean as its goal regarding the pacific area where the japanese threaten allied footholds in new guinea and the solomon islands mr roosevelt warned that japan still possesses great strength and will make every effort to retain the initiative but both president roosevelt and mr churchill paid major attention to the european theatre of war where the president declared the power of ger many must be broken preparations for an offen sive said mr roosevelt are being made here and in britain and mr churchill after mentioning the influx of american troops into the british isles added there is no reason to suppose that we have not the means of victory in our hands providing that the utmost in human power is done here and in the united states that the british alone could not have attempted an invasion of the european continent as has often been urged by armchair strategists becomes daily more evident of the four million men mobilized by britain out of a population of 47 million over two million are serving in land forces on many scattered fronts among them egypt and the middle east in the british navy which guards lines of communi cation on the seven seas and in the r.a.f which until this summer fought off the german air force in western europe almost single handed while the number of american soldiers dispatched overseas is a military secret the president indicated on labor day that it is three times that sent during the first nine months of world war i which might be roughly about 500,000 of these only a portion are in northern ireland and england the rest being scattered like the british on many fronts from iceland to australia from west africa to india this dispersal of men as well as of war material notably airplanes has been criticized both in britain and the united states yet as president roosevelt remarked on september 7 no one suggests that any of the four theatres of war he discussed should be surrendered certainly he said it could not be seriously urged that we abandon aid to russia or surrender all of the pacific to japan or the medi terranean and middle east to germany or give up an offensive against germany indirectly replying to those of their critics who have demanded a uni fied command and closer coordination of united nations forces both the president and the british prime minister indicated that there is complete agreement between britain and the united states on policy in waging global war this agreement ac cording to mr churchill’s speech and to an announce ment of september 8 from the white house was reached at a conference of british and american military and political leaders in london in july when the necessary decisions regarding military operations were made the british american agreement was presumably reenforced through the conversations held in moscow in august between stalin churchill and other united nations officials necessity for speed the necessity for ut most speed in weakening the german war machine is emphasized not only by russia’s plight but also by the mounting tide of nazi brutality against con quered peoples this brutality may be expected to increase as the nazis become less certain of victory and more hard pressed to obtain the raw materials foodstuffs and man power needed for continuance of the war against russia which it is now frankly admitted in berlin will go on through another winter every day that nazi control over europe is prolonged is not only lost for the united nations in a military sense but spells the doom of men and women in europe whose courage and devotion will be needed in the post war world the very brutality of the nazis is provoking a deep seated revulsion among the conquered peoples reports from unoccupied france reveal that vichy orders issued on nazi directions for the rounding up of jews of foreign origin who had taken refuge there have provoked a minor civil war against the french collaborationist authorities many police men have refused to carry out these orders thus courting dismissal while peasants and workers in spontaneous revolt have armed themselves with scythes and sticks to defend the refugees the strik ing thing in a world that hitler had thought com mitted to selfishness and corruption is that these page two ll n peasants and workers are risking punishment not because they themselves are directly menaced but because they have apparently found it impossible to remain passive onlookers of nazi cruelty the cour ageous protests of the catholic church from the pope and leading french archbishops notably arch bishop saliége of toulouse to the village priests of france as well as protestant condemnations have strengthened this revulsion of the french people who have shaken off the apathy induced by their own suffering to help other sufferers catholic opposition which comes at a moment when the laval govern ment has announced the dissolution of all labor or ganizations including the christian workers unions and the establishment of a single labor union challenges marshal petain’s repeated claim that his national revolution is built on a catholic basis outwardly the nazis have succeeded in crushing liberty destroying justice and traducing democracy yet the greatest paradox of our times is that seldom in human history have so many people varying so widely in historical development political traditions and economic practices been so stubbornly deter mined to preserve achieve or recover liberty justice and democracy it is on these three principles said bishop de andrea of buenos aires at a dinner of the inter american seminar in chicago on septem ber 2 that post war reconstruction must be based thus adding the weight of catholic opinion in latin america to convictions expressed and practiced by many catholic leaders in conquered europe vera micheles dean chile’s foreign policy in the balance the forthcoming visit of chilean president juan antonio rios to the united states now scheduled for october may conceivably serve as the prelude to an open break with the axis powers a move which would have important repercussions throughout the americas at present chile and argentina are the only two countries in the western hemisphere which maintain diplomatic ties with the aggressor nations should chile sever its relations following the rios trip it is by no means certain that buenos aires would follow the example undoubtedly however such a move would enormously strengthen for an analysis of political and economic condi tions in vichy france based on first hand material read vichy france under hitler by david h popper 25c aucust 1 issue of forgeign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 elements within argentina which are urging aban donment of president castillo’s policy of prudent neutrality what is more a chilean break with the axis would reduce the importance of santiago as a focus of axis espionage and propaganda the nazi ambassador in chile baron von schoen is a skilled diplomat of long experience in the united states mexico and south america who has cleverly ex ploited his wide personal contacts among various strata of chilean society and his departure from the scene would represent a distinct gain for the pro democratic forces sentiment vs realism a vast majority of chileans estimated at anywhere from 75 to 90 per cent are emotionally sympathetic to the cause of the democracies in the present conflict when it comes however to an actual break in relations with the axis the percentage is considerably less chileans are inclined to stress the length some 2,800 miles of their virtually unprotected south pacific coast line and to emphasize the importance of maintain ing an uninterrupted flow of merchandise over the north the 7 ciden chile to a braz read in th over tralit tinct cut izati com mun mex expe naz part of 1 have brat on osc inet rem dent is b mat part tena opp pro not a of t heac secor 1 nt not ced but ssible to he cour rom the sly arch riests of ns have people heir own position govern labor or s unions r union that his ic basis crushing mocracy t seldom rying so raditions ly deter y justice les said inner of septem e based in latin icticed pe dean 1g aban prudent with the ago as a he nazi a skilled d states retly ex various ire from for the jority of 5 to 90 he cause when it ons with chileans miles fic coast naintain over the north south routes on march 13 a chilean vessel the tolten was sunk by an axis submarine the in cident has not been repeated however and many chileans fear that an open axis break would lead to a wave of wholesale sinkings as in the case of brazil they point out that the united states is al ready getting powerful economic help from chile in the form of copper and nitrate shipments more over chilean policy they assert is not one of neu trality but rather of non belligerency this dis tinction has been consistently maintained since the rio conference in january and was stressed anew by the chilean ambassador in washington rodolfo michels on his recent return from a trip to santiago war debate cuts across party lines the debate over foreign policy in chile has already cut across party lines the first of the major organ izations to come out definitely for a break was the communist party as in the case of other com munist groups in latin america the cuban and the mexican for example the chilean communists experienced a sudden change of heart following the nazi attack on russia in june 1941 since then the party organ e siglo has been a vigorous champion of the united nations cause chilean socialists have also taken their stand for a break in a cele brated address in the teatro caupolican in santiago on june 4 minister of fomento development oscar schnake foremost socialist in the rios cab inet argued that chile could not and should not remain neutral the radical party to which presi dent rios and a majority of cabinet ministers belong is badly split over the severance issue in mid july marcial mora resigned as president of the radical party after other party leaders had voted for main tenance of the status guo even among the chief opposition parties the liberals and conservatives prominent voices have been heard urging a break notably that of the highly respected physician and politician eduardo cruz coke who baldly asserted a few weeks ago that hitler’s new order was a the f.p.a a history of chile by luis galdames translated and ed ited by isaac joslin cox chapel hill n c university of north carolina press 1941 5.00 one of the valuable inter american historical series on individual countries of south america the battle of south america by albert e carter new york bobbs merrill 1941 2.75 a sprightly and generally well balanced political survey of the south american countries page three new order of slavery on the extreme right of the chilean political spectrum are various organizations with open pfo fascist leanings such as that headed by the notori ous jorge gonzdlez von marées who has acted as spokesman of the chilean national socialist party and at a later date of the so called vanguardia popular socialista such groups may be expected to wage a last ditch fight against any anti axis moves since they claim to be first and foremost chilean nationalists they are likely to exert a more effec tive and insidious influence over national policy than the transplanted germans who are concentrated in many districts of the chilean south in the last analysis a decision on the vital issue of chilean foreign policy will rest in the hands of the executive that is to say president rios and his immediate advisers foreign minister ernesto barros jarpa despite his previous experience as head of the chilean united states cultural institute is re ported to have been reluctant to assume responsibil ity for advocating an axis break a less negative attitude has been taken by youthful interior min ister raul morales beltrami who will have tem porary charge of the government during his chief's absence as for president rios himself who was installed in office april 2 to fill out the unexpired term of the late pedro aguirre cerda he is by tem perament and training a cautious man ever since his inauguration rios has declared that he would modify the lines of chilean foreign policy only when he received a clear popular mandate for doing so both mexico’s entrance into the war at the end of may and brazil’s war declaration of au gust 22 have enormously stirred opinion in chile and it would not be at all surprising if president rios following his washington visit should de cide that the time had at last come to bring chilean policy more closely into line with that of nineteen other american republics john i b mcculloch bookshelf they called me cassandra by geneviéve tabouis new york scribner 1942 3.00 interesting memoirs of a brilliant journalist whose in sight into european politics was keen and often prophetic enough to justify her title total espionage by curt riess new york putnam’s 1941 2.75 illuminating story of the meticulous care with which the nazis built up their world spy system foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 47 september 11 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lest secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ses produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter sept 8 two major changes in the cabinets of spain and japan last week involving the downfall of their foreign ministers were regarded in wash ington as likely to have a distinct bearing upon the course of the war the retirement of the pro axis ramon serrano sufier as spanish foreign minister although apparently due to internal causes is ex pected to strengthen the influences in spain working to keep that country out of the war while the resig nation of shigenori togo japanese foreign minister is generally interpreted here as presaging a coming japanese attack on siberia the dropping of serrano stier outspoken cham pion of collaboration with the axis by his brother in law generalissimo francisco franco on septem ber 3 was part of the biggest ministerial shake up that the spanish dictator has made since he became undisputed ruler of the country in the spring of 1939 the significance of the change is underlined by the fact that franco himself replaces serrano sijfier as head of the falange the only political party permitted in spain while general francisco gomez jordana known for his monarchist leanings returns to power as foreign minister a post he once held in franco’s cabinet triumph for state department gen eral franco’s following from the beginning of the civil war in 1936 has been composed of two dis tinct elements 1 the falangists the fascist group which has wanted to turn spain into a totalitarian state modeled on mussolini's italy and 2 the traditionalists composed largely of the big land owners the army and the clericals who have favored restoration of the monarchy the original falangists founded by a son of an earlier spanish dictator primo de rivera have wanted spain to enter the war on the side of the axis while the conservatives have wanted their country to keep out of it shortly after the beginning of the civil war gen eral franco amalgamated the two groups in one party called the falange but behind a facade of unity the old cleavage remained the fact that franco who has always opposed granting the nazis a passage way through spain to attack gibraltar has now personally taken over the leadership of the party is regarded as a setback for the axis it was doubtless only a coincidence that the shake up in the spanish government took place just a few days after president roosevelt's proposal on au gust 28 that the american republics should jointly contribute financial assistance for the repair of cathe drals and other works of art damaged during the civil war as well as cooperate in a plan of assistance for building up spain’s tourist traffic once world war ii is over nevertheless the removal of serrano sifier is considered here as distinctly a feather in the cap of the state department which has adhered to its course of cultivating good relations with madrid a japanese threat to siberia the fall of shigenori togo as japanese foreign minister on september 1 is the first important change to be made in the japanese cabinet since pearl harbor he is replaced by general hideki tojo the premier who by concentrating in his hands the war foreign affairs and home portfolios now becomes the jap anese dictator unlike premier tojo who has the reputation of being very bellicose towards russia togo as am bassador in moscow from 1938 to 1940 is credited with having prepared the way for the signing of the russo japanese neutrality pact in april 1941 the retirement of this diplomat who was reported to have been opposed to a siberian adventure is the latest link in a chain of evidence that suggests a forthcoming japanese attack on russia forrest davis and ernest lindley have stated in their book how war came that hitler’s bargain with japan included a pledge to move on siberia when the nazis reached the volga in their advance on stalingrad the germans now claim to have at tained this river the japanese occupation of the outer fringes of the aleutian islands was regarded by military experts in washington as primarily a move to cut american supply lines with siberia lieut general joseph w stilwell commander of the american forces in india stated at new delhi on september 1 that a japanese attack on russia was indicated by the defensive attitude they are now taking in china recent chinese victories in chekiang and kiangsi provinces have been attributed partly to the withdrawal of japanese troops to other theatres of operation it is true that most experts had expected a japanese move against siberia in august when weather con ditions were most favorable but it is pointed out that the japanese invasion of manchuria in 1931 began in september reports of the massing of jap anese troops along the siberian frontier to a total of 750,000 suggest that premier tojo is on the point of acting to fulfill his long cherished dream of occupy ing the siberian maritime provinces john elliott vol forc men tanc ver not dur fror surf the in t pinc agal wh logi mili fling sista vv tirel not teri ler time ern that four terr the rept by t as we mer uni rus mat ent +pbricdk 1 nita rmbral like cmy of micr sep 1 4 is4s bi giifdied as 2nd class matfng dr william n library foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxii no 48 september 17 1943 post war order to be rooted in war experience re by the grim realization that italy's surrender has thrown the british americans and canadians into a life and death struggle with ger man forces now consciously fighting for defense of their own country allied statesmen are beginning to acquaint their peoples with the outlines of the world order they expect to see emerge from the con flict the degree of unanimity already achieved in this country on the surface at least was revealed last week following the statement of the repub lican post war advisory council on september 7 expressing support for post war participation by the united states in an international organization sec tetary of state hull in his broadcast of septem ber 12 urged nonpartisan discussion of american col laboration with other free nations after the war nor did the almost simultaneous suggestion by mr churchill and governor dewey that a first step to ward world order is the continuance of collaboration between britain and the united states mr dewey did not hesitate to use the word alliance evoke the hostile reaction that might have been anticipated at an earlier stage of the war world organization the ultimate goal yet many people in this country and many more in asia latin america and conquered europe still fear that an anglo american understanding whether formalized into an alliance or not and whether or not expanded to include russia and china may turn out to be a substitute for international or ganization or even an attempt to circumvent its for mation this apprehension cannot be lightly brushed aside but before jumping to the conclusion as some have done that an understanding between britain and the united states would merely underwrite the status quo of 1939 and thus freeze british interests in asia notably india it may be useful to consider two points first what mr churchill proposed in his harvard address was the maintenance in the post war period of the machinery of collaboration de veloped by britain and the united states during the war machinery in many phases of which russia china and others of the united nations have par ticipated whatever views one may hold regarding the merits or demerits of an anglo american alli ance it would seem suicidal especially in the light of our experience after world war i to dismantle the complex arrangements that have enabled the allies to pool men munitions raw materials food shipping the talents of their military and political leaders and the skills and loyalties of their soldiers and technicians instead of adapting these arrange ments so far as possible to peacetime needs the in terests of the united nations to borrow an earlier churchillian phrase have become pretty thoroughly mixed up during the war to unmix them the moment the war is over would be willfully to dissi pate the only positive advantage that civilized peoples may be said to have gained from this gruel ing ordeal for surely acquisition of strategic bases or new sources of raw materials or even thorough destruction of enemy wealth and power will prove fruitless unless the united nations acquire during the war a new know how in the bafflingly diffi cult art of getting along with each other and retain it after the cessation of hostilities the only point that might arouse concern is mr churchill’s statement at harvard that the machinery of anglo american collaboration should be kept in running order after the war not only till we have set up some world arrangement to keep the peace but until we know that it is an arrangement which will really give us that protection we must have from dan ger and aggression however those who fear that an anglo american understanding might thus be perpetuated for an indefinite period possibly to the detriment of a world organization should find in s s qqa z aa prt mr churchill’s statement an incentive to create a world organization as soon as possible and make it sufficiently effective so that the need for the pro tective scaffolding of more limited engagements be tween nations may soon disappear interim measures the second point to stress is that mr churchill's harvard address and his t's foreign policy indicate he regards any bilateral arrangements merely as a steppingstone toward an international organization stronger and more effective than the league of nations this is shown by the anglo soviet treaty of alliance of may 26 1942 in article iii of which the two coun tries declare their desire to unite with other like minded states in adopting proposals for common action to preserve peace and resist aggression in the post war world but pending the adoption of such proposals pledge themselves after the termination of hostilities to take all the measures in their power to render impossible a repetition of aggression and violation of the peace by germany or any of the states associated with her in acts of aggression in europe what this treaty makes clear is that coun tries which have suffered from the aggression of germany or japan and at the same time have now accumulated sufficient force to resist it will insist upon retaining the use of force after the war this force may either take the form of an interna tional organization or should that prove unattain able in the immediate future the form of bilateral or other arrangements for self protection regarded as necessary interim measures to assume as some observers have done that there is one way and one way only to achieve inter national collaboration and that is by the immedi ate formation of an organization of fifty or more nations may prove as dogmatic as the opposite assumption that no world organization can ever be created the growth of political institutions is e tremely slow when measured by the life span of any one generation if and admittedly this is a most important if agreements among the united na tions which today command the force to carry out their decisions can pave the way to international organization this approach should not be rejected out of hand merely because it is not perfect nor js there anything sinister in the belief known to be held by president roosevelt among others that post war reconstruction may be more effectively advanced by gradual fusion of the interests of the united na tions on such matters as food relief and so on rather than by full dress conferences such as that of paris in 1919 where the possibility of workable if modest adjustments was sacrificed to all embracing plans that remained unimplemented conflicts between nations as we should certainly have learned from the experience of two wars are due not to any one single cause such as the iniquity of munition makers or the existence of cartels but to a multiplicity of crisscrossing emotions and aspira tions some good some evil which cannot be satis fied or alleviated merely by signing a peace treaty or establishing a world organization the very fact however that allied statesmen now incline more and more to shaping peace in the midst of war bya series of concrete decisions in specific cases makes it more imperative than ever that these piecemeal ad justments should be inspired by a long range vision representing the interests not only of the great pow ers but of all human beings who struggle suffer and die in this war often in complete ignorance of what the statesmen who seek to shape their destiny have in mind vera micheles dean the first of a series on the outlook for the future in europe grim fighting marks assault on nazi fortress although allied setbacks at salerno on septem ber 13 have shattered hopes for a speedy occupation of italy the broad military picture on the mediter ranean and russian fronts remains encouraging with allied acquisition of the greater part of the italian fleet the establishment of a bridgehead at salerno and control of the heel as well as the toe of the peninsula the allies seem assured of ultimate victory in italy while the continued success of the massive russian offensive has not only driven the germans from the donbas but threatens the dnieper line itself italian surrender great allied gain conquest of italy promises to be a difhi cult task the germans are estimated to have eighteen to twenty divisions in the peninsula and they apparently have effective military control of the country from naples to the alps their supply lines are short compared with those of the allies and south of the brenner pass are largely based on road transport and therefore independent of italian rail roads the seventeen italian divisions reportedly in the peninsula when the armistice was announced can probably be counted out as far as opposition to the nazis is concerned and some units may actually continue to support the germans as a few have done in the balkans but the italian surrender has greatly improved the allied position in the mediterranean the presence at malta of 5 italian battleships 6 cruisers 12 destroyers 1 seaplane carrier and 18 submarines clinches the allied hold on the mediterranean and there as well as in other theatres assures much greater freedom of action the conquest of southern italy alone if it includes the airfields of foggia will enable the allies to begin an aif offensive munich in ruma 0 the i cr into yus occupied these op bility tha tainly co would be where th designate assaults probably forth eve transferr russ man hig to weak roughly possibly months offensive front fr soviet f 13 in t closing 1 sector while in ga japan with ita has caus ber 13 tl to the f become as a pot have mc assumpt what for a opinia thi rep offensive from the south against such centers as munich vienna budapest and the ploesti oilfields in rumania all within 600 air miles it will also open the way to operations against greece and al bania conquests further north will provide routes into yugoslavia and if sardinia and corsica are occupied into southern france even if none of these operations should be undertaken the possi bility that they might take place would almost cer tainly compel the nazis to divide their forces this would be particularly important in western europe where the germans would have to split the armies designated for the defense of france to prepare for assaults from both britain and the mediterranean probably this very fact will lead the germans to put forth every effort to defend italy even if it involves transferring some strength from the russian front russians force nazis back but the ger man high command is hardly in a position seriously to weaken its lines in the east where it has had roughly 230 german and satellite divisions facing possibly 300 divisions of the red army after two months of tremendous gains by the soviet summer offensive the nazis are in difficulty all along the front from smolensk to melitopol in the north soviet forces had captured bryansk by september 13 in the center units driving toward kiev were dosing in from the north and east in the kharkov sector the russians pushed on toward poltava while in the south they had reached a point half way page three ee between stalino and the dnieper it is doubtful if the red army can break through the remaining german defenses to the east of the dnieper before the autumn rains set in unless the nazis follow a deliberate policy of withdrawing from these posi tions in order to reinforce their armies in italy the balkans and western europe but regardless of their strategy it seems likely that before many weeks the nazis will be forced back to the dnieper and that they will face tremendous difficulties in defending this position during the winter months germans still strong the efficiency with which the nazis took over the greater part of italy as witnessed by the opposition they are putting up at salerno and the tenacity with which they are meeting the russian onslaught in the east do not warrant any optimistic conclusions about early ger man collapse nor do reports reaching london re garding civilian morale in germany where the people are apparently reacting to allied raids in much the same way that the people of warsaw and london reacted to axis bombs much grim fighting lies ahead in italy and russia increasingly heavy air raids must be carried out over germany and nazi held territory but in addition one or more new allied invasions in the balkans southern france northern france and the lowlands or norway will probably be necessary before final victory can be achieved howarpd p whidden jr gains in europe set stage for growing pacific offensive japan’s war operations have had no direct link with italy but the splitting of the european axis has caused tremors in tokyo the report on septem ber 13 that britain will move naval units and troops to the far east points to important actions that have become possible with the removal of the italian fleet as a potential threat in the west but the japanese have more than this to worry about for the basic assumption behind their entrance into the war in what role will russia play in post war europe for a survey of the questions preoccupying public opinion in the united states today read the u.s.s.r and post war europe by vera micheles dean 25c august 15 issue of foreign policy reporrts reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 december 1941 is being undermined compared to this grim fact any specific problem is likely to appear insignificant japan cannot stand alone when the japanese struck at pearl harbor they probably be lieved that by throwing their weight into the balance they would assure the ultimate victory of the axis or at least bring about a stalemate settlement from which they would emerge greatly enriched certain ly they did not expect to win the war by themselves especially since their geographic position prevents them from striking at the main centers of the united states britain and the soviet union consequently loss of italy as a partner and the weakening of ger many on the soviet and mediterranean fronts spells their ultimate doom even though they are very far from the scene of the events and retain considerable strength japan is in the position of a man chained to a railroad track who cannot expect outside help in freeing himself even though the train may be foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 48 september 17 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nationa headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lust secretary vera micue.es dean editor entered as scond class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least me month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year sw 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor a thousand miles away at the moment he is hardly likely to be in good spirits that tokyo has been gravely disturbed for some time is clear from a series of meetings recently held between the emperor and individual industrial lead ers japan’s ruling circles are clearly concerned about the low level of japanese production in comparison with the vast output of the united nations par ticularly the united states the japanese people have been warned again and again in recent months to expect not only increasing difficulties on the periphery of the empire but air raids on the home islands as well since it is usually japan’s policy to keep the truth from the public at all costs there seems to be only one explanation for this frank ness that the public is so close to learning the facts for itself as a result of united nations action that the government considers it wise to cushion the shock a gathering offensive there can be no doubt that even though it is still of small propor tions an offensive in asia is already under way and will probably gather increasing force as the months pass this is indicated by recent action in all the atres of the pacific war on the new guinea front it was announced on september 14 that australian troops had taken salamaua two days before this followed the descent of american and australian paratroopers near lae not far north of salamaua on september 5 as a result of these actions and of an allied landing on the coast east of lae reported on the same day the japanese in the lae salamaua area are being bottled up more and more without any apparent means of escape their complete defeat which is probably not far off will clear the portion of new guinea closest to the adjoining island of new britain the latter contains the important japanese base of rabaul the main objective of the operations on new guinea and in the solomons at the same time far eastern air activity has in creased it was announced on september 8 that in the raid exactly a week before on marcus island less than 1200 miles from tokyo carrier based air craft destroyed an estimated 80 per cent of the island’s installations at a cost of three planes in this attack grumman f6f hellcat fighters were used for the first time on september 3 liberator bombers operating at the other end of the pacific war struck at one of the nicobar islands in the bay of bengal on a 2,000 mile round trip from a base in india or ceylon many observers believe that seizure of this island group together with the andamans to the north is a necessary prelude to amphibious opera tions against burma over burma itself allied air craft have been striking out at ships bridges rail page four __ road facilities and oil installations as a result of supply difficulties the china theatre to the north has perhaps been more quiet than the others mep tioned but the united states fourteenth air force has been attacking japanese positions on an ar from the upper yangtze river port of ichang hongkong on the southeast coast on september a communiqué from china referred for the first ti to the use of p 38 lightning planes on that fr japan first issue dead these devel opments indicate that the desire of the american public for action in the pacific is on its way toward being satisfied and not through neglect of the european war but through its vigorous prosecution concentration against the western end of the axis as the advocates of a germany first policy al ways insisted has strengthened our position in the far east instead of weakening it this suggests ap important corollary for the future the more the allies speed up the european war making full use of the present situation to add new fronts to the italian and soviet theatres the more hope will there be of stepping up the pacific offensive to the maxi mum only when our hands are completely free in the west as a result of germany's defeat will the united nations be able to concentrate in east asia the power necessary to destroy tokyo's military ateengs lawrence k rosinger annual forum and 25th anniversary on saturday october 16 the annual forum of the association will be held at the waldorf astoria to discuss today's war tomorrow’s world there will be morning luncheon and afternoon ses sions with speakers representing our own govefi ment and the governments of foreign countries the luncheon will also serve as the twenty fifth anni versary celebration of the association names of speakers will be announced within the next ten days please save this date and notify your friends of these important meetings what to do with italy by gaetano salvemini and george la piana new york duell sloan pearce 1943 2.75 a bitter warning from two historians that the com bined efforts of the vatican the monarchy the british foreign office and the state department of the united states may make fascism without mussolini prevail in post war italy the modern democratic state by a d lindsay new york oxford university press 1943 vol i 3.75 an interesting study of the growth of the democratit ideal and the foundation of the democratic state including a restatement of the principles of democracy as they apply to 20th century conditions this book will be of particular interest to students of political theory 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 vou xxii probl iscus chin on septerr of import internal post war events is 1 they have beginning mittee si the kuon adopted a stitutiona relations meeting named p succeed tl washingt china’s f making chungkin chinese t manchuri scious pr t0 tokyo i king k sponded peace by large por look position sufficient the forei faces chi have beer officials 1 foresee th period w wat is o7 +ign of a m ited the the 1 to the ts a 1 in pain eria ance at dical rug general library wmty of mic general li library entered as 2nd class matter mivers ity of michigan sep 17 1049 ann arbor michizan t foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vol xxi no 48 september 18 1942 will united nations launch psychological offensive a the german siege of stalingrad entered its fourth week the russian defenders rein forced with fresh reserves of men war equip ment and planes continued their stubborn resis tance which has been compared to the miracle of verdun as at verdun the miracle has been due not to supernatural causes but to the remarkable en durance of soldiers and civilians who have excluded from their consciousness all thought of retreat or surrender this spirit similar to that displayed by the british in the battle of britain by the chinese in their defense of china by americans and fili pinos at bataan has proved even more effective against the nazis than war material for the nazis who have placed such great emphasis on psycho logical warfare as prelude and accompaniment to military warfare find it far more difficult and baf fling to overcome psychological than material re sistance why russians are concerned it is en tirely understandable that the russians who have not hesitated to sacrifice lives weapons and ma terial resources in their all out struggle against hit ler should find it difficult to comprehend the some times seemingly half hearted war effort of the west ern powers their astonishment is no greater than that of the american defenders of bataan who found the complacency of civilians at home more terrifying than the hardships of their struggle against the japanese it would be a mistake to exaggerate reports from moscow that stalin was disappointed by the results of his talks with mr churchill as far as the immediate opening of a second front in western europe was concerned this disappoint ment is shared by the people of britain and the united states who when they see the blows the russians have succeeded in delivering at the ger mans experience a sense of frustration at their pres ent inability to fight on european soil it is also true as mr churchill pointed out in his statement to the house of commons on september 7 that the russians find it difficult to grasp the com plexities of transporting war supplies over long sea routes but that too is not surprising since russia is an inland country whose population has had little first hand experience of seafaring moreover impa tience with delays in the delivery of war materials to far flung fronts no matter how explicable by prac tical circumstances is certainly not limited to the russians what is really important about criticisms stem ming from moscow is that the russians during the past quarter of a century have developed rightly or wrongly a profound distrust of britain and the united states a distrust that only time and the most candid and wholehearted cooperation on the part of the western powers can alleviate this distrust in evitably wells up to the surface whenever the rus sians who throughout their history have been suspi cious of foreigners begin to feel that russia is not being treated as an equal in the councils of the united nations whatever may have been the reason for the omission the fact that russian representa tives did not participate in the anglo american dis cussions held in london in july concerning a second front has apparently created uneasiness in moscow here again the western powers are perhaps not sufficiently aware of the importance of psychological factors not only as weapons to defeat the axis but also as tools to forge closer bonds between the allies undue pessimism a danger the british and americans have much to learn from the rus sians not merely about military strategy but also about the spirit in which to meet the german on slaught one of hitler’s most telling arguments has been that germany is invincible and that all its opponents might just as well resign themselves to collaboration with the reich if they are to escape de oo ae se eee et james lenser perc a fi iat struction from the moment that the germans in vaded the soviet union russia’s refusal to admit the possibility of defeat began to deflate this nazi myth of invincibility today the nazis would like nothing better than to persuade remaining doubters in europe and in the western hemisphere that russia is doomed and that with the collapse of russia the world might just as well reconcile itself to nazi domination from the psychological point of view and on this front the united nations still have a great deal to learn it would be just as much of a mistake today to over estimate germany's power as it was once a tragic mistake to underestimate it the germans are far from defeated they command the resources of eu rope they have the advantage of operating on in terior lines of communication they can use the man power of occupied countries as slave labor as proved once more by the vichy labor decree of sep tember 13 but at the height of what seemed their triumph in the summer of 1941 their setbacks in russia began to have an increasingly disturbing ef fect on the german people and a commensurately heartening effect on the peoples they are trying to subjugate the chink made by russia in germany’s morale page two a armor must be utilized by the western powers this cannot be done by preaching hate and revenge which would leave the germans with the alternative of either fighting to the bitter end or submitting to allied reprisals an intelligent effort to give at least some of the germans a stake in a victory of the united nations should be made right now in the midst of war not for the sake of the german people but for the sake of the soldiers and civilians of the united nations our chief purpose is not merely to win the war but to win it without the unnecessary loss of a single day or a single hour the basis on which this appeal should be made is neither blind revenge nor blind sentimental ity it should be made in such a way as to place on the germans themselves the responsibility for ending the war and clearing the ground for post war reconstruction from which whatever may be our feelings now the germans cannot be in definitely excluded the united nations are antici pating a peace offensive by hitler this autumn are we going to wait for hitler to launch this offensive as we have done in the case of previous military offensives or are we going this time to take the initiative vera micheles dean india’s political crisis continues to smolder mr churchill’s statement of september 10 in the house of commons has inflamed rather than alle viated india’s political problems during six weeks of civil disobedience violence has flared up in most of the eleven provinces and in at least two indian states by mid august arrests were reported running into the thousands while after a month according to churchill the number of persons killed ap proached five hundred nonviolence has taken the form of strikes in important industrial establish ments and of hartals or shut downs of shops and businesses by their owners violent action on the other hand was directed especially against transport and communications outbreaks have occurred chief ly in towns and cities but a spread to the countryside is indicated by the imposition of collective fines for sabotage on a number of villages search for a solution few details are for a survey of india’s complex and delicate prob lems which bear directly on its war effort and on post war reconstruction read india’s role in the world conflict by margaret la foy 25c vol xviii no 4 of foreicn poricy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 2 year to f.p.a members 3 available concerning the efforts of various indian leaders and groups to find a way out through con sultations with government officials visitors to new delhi have included representatives of indian mod erates the moslem league and the mahasabha a hindu group as well as several persons close to the congress on august 20 the moslem league working committee voted to consider any proposals for a provisional government if the right of pakis tan division of india into separate moslem and hindu areas was conceded this statement despite the difficulties it posed implied willingness to com promise but since the churchill declaration mr jinnah has adopted a most intransigent position the mahasabha which has in the past criticized the congress for allegedly yielding to moslem pres sure called on august 31 for an indian national gov ernment composed of the principal political groups in order to fight the axis it was suggested that a committee establish contact with jinnah gandhi and others on september 9 dr mookerjee of the mahasabha conferred with the viceroy for four hours presumably in connection with a statement that was being sent to mr churchill this declaration which was said also to have the backing of various sikh and moslem leaders was based on the august 31 pro posals churchill's statement to commons the recommendations were on their way to the brit sh px parlia ing it ynese would by th decla may leade woice dose its ef mem lives arth be su the viole quicl no re ed o1 ain unit unit facts dg cont ing rath vade hold is al diffe ener back forc the beca enet cult peo gray wou sum fo s tow beer for head secon ian ecw d to rue als c1s nd ite m ar rit sh prime minister while he was speaking on india in arliament sharply attacking the congress and call ng its campaign a failure he suggested that pro jap ese fifth columnists might be supporting its activi ies most important he stated that the government yould not go beyond the settled policy represented ly the broad principles of the cripps proposals this declaration was reported to have caused much dis may and bitterness in india where many moderate leaders who had continued to work for a settlement yoiced the fear that the path to conciliation had been dosed nevertheless the mahasabha is continuing its efforts toward a settlement in britain also regret was expressed by certain lnembers of parliament including labor representa tives such as lord strabolgi lord winster and mr greenwood if british opinion on india can be summed up in a sentence it appears to be that the government cannot back down in the face of violence yet must seek a peaceful solution as quickly as possible the churchill statement made n0 reference to this second aspect it should be point ed out in this connection that many persons in brit ain would welcome intercession in india by the united states alone or in combination with other united nations urgency of indian situation two facts about india are not commonly appreciated in udging the seriousness of the japanese threat and of continued indian discontent first nationalist feel ing must be measured in terms of noncooperation rather than of violence as long as india is not in vaded the government will presumably be able to hold forceful outbreaks within limits but if india is attacked and the mass of the people remain in different or many even sympathetic toward the enemy will the defending troops be able to hold back the highly trained well equipped japanese forces indian unrest is dangerous not because of the immediate military damage it may produce but because the country which is far inferior to the enemy in economic development will be very diffi cult to defend without the support of the indian people china’s very different experience offers a graphic lesson in this respect the second point is that an invasion of india would not as so many commentators seem to as sume require japan to occupy the whole country or to strike in the north across several thousand miles toward the frontier of iran so much attention has been paid to the sensational possibility of a german page three japanese juncture that there has been a tendency to ignore the important question what is the cheapest kind of campaign that japan can wage in india and still achieve major military objectives such a cam paign could include a drive for the airfields of assam and the industry of bengal lying within a relatively small area right across the border from japanese con trolled burma if the assam airfields were seized china would be cut off once more from essential foreign supplies while loss of the calcutta factory area and the great steel center of jamshedpur next door in bihar province would deprive india of the major part of its modern industry a japanese cam paign might not actually be confined to these limited objectives and would not necessarily prove success ful but these threatening possibilities reveal india’s great vulnerability as well as the extreme importance of every political consideration that affects the coun try’s defense lawrence k rosinger f.p.a forum the foreign policy association will again open its new york luncheon season with an all day forum on saturday october 3 at the waldorf astoria this forum will serve as a report to the na tion on the position of the united states and its re lations with the united nations viscount halifax the british ambassador to washington senator warren r austin and mr elmer davis director of the office of war information are among the speak ers who have accepted additional speakers for the three sessions will be announced in next week's bulletin we hope that many members and their friends will attend last train from berlin by howard k smith new york knopf 1942 2.75 absorbingly interesting and outspoken account of changes wrought in germany by the invasion of russia the author a successor of william shirer as cbs com mentator in berlin believes that german setbacks in russia in 1941 were the starting point of a decline in nazi power war has seven faces by frank gervasi garden city doubleday doran 1942 2.50 the well known colliers foreign correspondent tells how his pre pearl harbor assignments in many war areas made him shed his isolationist sentiments and acquire an all out war mentality agent in italy by s k garden city doubleday doran 1942 3.00 the engrossing story of an anti nazi espionage agent who left italy late in 1941 before his departure he had gathered information from many italian and german sources for transmission to the allies while some of the detailed facts he reports are open to question he presents a convincing picture of the collapse of italian morale and nazi domination in rome foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 48 september 18 1942 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y second class matter december 2 a published weekly by the foreign policy association frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lert secretary vera micheles dgan editor entered as 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor incorporated national ss eee sspepeetasss washington news letter sept 14 appeals by both indian leaders and british laborites that president roosevelt should mediate between mohandas k gandhi and the british government have been received with sym pathetic interest in washington where the situation in india is considered as being potentially most dan gerous for the united nations prominent among indians supporting the sugges tion that mr roosevelt should intervene diplomatic ally was dr shyamaprasad mookerjee deputy pres ident of hindu mahasabha who obtained the agree ment of that minority party and the moslem and sikh minority groups in a campaign for indepen dence now and settlement of internal controversies after the war others reported to be taking the same line included two important members of the legislative assembly and a provincial premier in britain lord strabolgi left wing labor leader in an address at basingstoke on september 12 declared we should swallow our pride and invite the pres ident of the united states to arbitrate on india the situation in india has quieted down somewhat after the epidemic of riots that followed the arrest of gandhi on august 9 but although prime minister winston churchill informed the house of commons on september 10 that the course of events in that country has been improving and is on the whole re assuring dispatches to the american press from india indicated that the position was not better and might soon become radically worse arguments for american interven tion the case for american intervention rests on two grounds military and moral some military ob servers anticipate that the japanese will invade in dia soon after the monsoon ends which is usu ally about this season those who want mr roosevelt to mediate point to the assistance that was given the japanese by disaffected natives in burma and malaya in case of japanese invasion fifth column activity would probably be repeated on a much larger scale in india if the country is still in a condition of incipient civil war only gandhi who is at heart anti axis can so his ad mirers claim rally the indian masses to the side of the united nations otherwise with india in a seething state of revolt its defense against japanese invaders they argue will be difficult perhaps im possible the moral argument for american interven tion is that in the eyes of neutral countries a for victory peaceable solution of the indian problem is the acid test of the sincerity of the pledges of freedom that president roosevelt and mr churchill gave the world when they signed the atlantic charter at seq on august 14 1941 this was the point made by dr mookerjee who said if we are told this is not ap american affair during the war although this war is supposedly a matter of life and death to your na tion how can you expect us indians to believe that you will take a hand in a settlement of affairs along the lines of the atlantic charter after the war when india won't matter to you the position of the united states government in the indian crisis is exceedingly delicate although there is reason to believe that washington would like to see negotiations for a peaceful settlement of the indian dispute resumed it is anxious to avoid doin anything which could be regarded by whitehall as interference with the internal affairs of the british empire hence the announcement of the state de partment on august 12 that american troops were in india only to fight the axis and the instructions to them to hold aloof from internal affairs churchill closes the door the possi bility of american intervention has been rendered more difficult by mr churchill’s no compromise speech in the house of commons the prime min ister declared flatly that the sole basis for any further negotiations with the indian nationalists is the plan for dominion status which sir stafford cripps took to india last spring and which was rejected by the con gress mr churchill denied that gandhi represented the majority of the indian people or even of the hindu masses declared that the congress was a party machine sustained by certain manufacturing and financial interests and asserted that the nonvio lence campaign had the intention or at any rate the effect of hampering the defense of india against the japanese invader only in a legalistic sense is the indian prob lem purely a british affair a peaceful solution of the question is of supreme importance both to the united states and china any friendly intercession on the part of president roosevelt could certainly count on the warm support of the chungking government for it is from india that the united nations must one day undertake the reconquest of burma preparatory to an offensive to drive the japanese out of china john elliott buy united states war bonds eg +perienics roc win si library wm icy foreign university of michigan entered as 2nd class matter general library sep 27 was ann arbor michigan policy bulle ee in 1 the asia litary er ry m of storia veld 1 ses vern the a nni os of days these an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxii no 49 september 24 1943 in the people’s political council china’s national advisory body which convened on september 15 are now taking place after a series of important developments affecting chungking’s internal organization international relations and post war position the kaleidoscopic nature of these events is indicated by the bewildering order in which they have occurred during a period of eight days beginning september 6 the central executive com mittee supreme organ of the official political party the kuomintang gathered in plenary session and adopted a number of resolutions dealing with con stitutional government industrial reconstruction and relations with the chinese communists at the final meeting on september 13 chiang kai shek was named president of the national government to succeed the late lin sen in a press conference in washington on the following day t v soong china’s foreign minister declared that japan was making increasingly liberal peace proposals to chungking and had offered to withdraw from all chinese territory on the continent of asia except manchuria he added that he did not think any con scious political group was in favor of responding t0 tokyo’s overtures on september 15 in chung eorge 2.75 com ritish jnited ail in king k c wu the vice foreign minister re sponded to inquiries concerning the question of peace by saying that dr soong has made public a large portion of that situation looking into future this striking juxta position of post war plans and of peace sentiment sufficiently significant to be hinted at in public by the foreign minister is symbolic of the dilemma that faces chungking today the problems of the war have been and continue to be most serious but some ticials who peer into the future in an effort to foresee the problems of the peace may wonder which petiod will turn out to be more difficult when the wat is over china will be faced by many baffling problems of victory cast shadow over chungking discussions issues the return to a non inflationary economy the reincorporation into a national framework of terti tories that have not been under central control for many years the physical reconstruction of devastated areas and the maintenance of internal stability these and other momentous questions will have to be dealt with at a time when china is no longer subject to the unifying pressure generated by re sistance to foreign aggression certainly a very high order of chinese statesmanship and unity will be required for success there is little doubt that men like the generalis simo and dr soong although well aware of the complexity of the future do not shrink from facing the post war period especially if china is assured of the whole hearted aid of the other united na tions but important individuals fearing their in ability to control the conditions arising after victory may hope to find a way out in peace with a weak ened japan yet despite this tendency it appears improbable that china will end hostilities short of victory in view of the progress of the united na tions in europe and the accelerated pace of opera tions in the pacific on the other hand the situation is potentially dangerous in that while tokyo's ulti mate defeat appears certain it may still be a long way off if for example the invasion of burma on a major scale should be postponed until the autumn of 1944 further time would be given for the opera tion of defeatist influences in china’s national life post war decisions in the midst of this complex situation the central executive committee of the kuomintang turned its attention if the pub lished resolutions are indicative of its discussions to problems of the post war era it voted for the con vocation of a national assembly to adopt a perma nent constitution within one year following the conclusion of the war thus fixing a time limit for the establishment of representative government the 2 ete eerie ade aot generalissimo also stated very definitely in his open ing address that with the inauguration of a consti tutional régime the kuomintang would have no special privileges and all parties would be equal to it in rights and freedoms a detailed resolution was also passed concerning post war industrial recon struction at the same time that certain pre war re strictions on the participation of foreign capital in chinese enterprises were removed while these decisions are to be welcomed it must be recognized that their effectiveness depends on whether during the remainder of the war china achieves a partial solution of three key problems inflation the raising of the country’s military effec tiveness to a higher level and the adjustment of kuomintang communist relations in the absence of improvements along these lines elements working for capitulation are likely to grow stronger and even if they are unsuccessful china will face the peace in weakened condition return to normalcy no solution of europe’s crisis the need for a long range view of international developments which could serve as both guidepost and yardstick for essential day to day piecemeal ad justments has been emphasized anew with allied landings in italy it was utopian to assume that the italians merely because they long to free themselves from nazi domination would necessarily be enthu siastic about helping the allies to whom they had unconditionally surrendered on the other hand the assumption that the allies would encounter noth ing but apathy among the italian people owing to war weariness and various flaws in our previous po litical strategy has proved overpessimistic as indi cated by italian operations in sardinia and badoglio’s appeal of september 16 to the people of italy to take up arms against germany the truth lies somewhere halfway between the two extremes allied experience in italy only confirms the impres sion that has prevailed since the outbreak of war four grueling years ago that the people of europe would reject hitler's new order but that at the same time they have no desire merely to restore pre fascist or pre war régimes with or without the col laboration of the great powers restoration versus change it is on the issue of restoration versus change whether or not change takes the form of thoroughgoing revo lution that the future of europe and of its rela tions with britain russia and the united states will turn there is a natural tendency as president sey mour of yale has recently noted for war weary peoples to look back with a certain degree of nostal gia to the period when they were not actively in con flict as was done at the congress of vienna in 1815 and at the paris peace conference in 1919 pagetwo reforms needed now reports on the gq sions of the central executive committee fail indicate that any fundamental changes are planned j connection with these matters the generalissim himself declared that while china’s economic sj uation is by no means without difficulties then is absolutely no danger to speak of but if econom questions are not dealt with vigorously it is not to see how the chinese front can be galvanized inp new activity in view of the injurious effects of th food problem on the army as for the communig situation while chiang kai shek in speaking to th committee emphasized that the issue was purely political and should be solved by political means this concept was not incorporated into the resolution that was actually passed it would therefore seem that chungking still needs to strengthen its eco nomic political and military policies in order to face victory with genuine confidence lawrence k rosinger we inevitably tend to contrast present disasters with a less disastrous past the disorder of war with relative peacetime order destruction with construc tion impoverishment with the opportunity if not always the achievement of prosperity and to won der whether by restoring certain conditions and re lationships that existed when war was not yet i stark reality we may not recapture something of the then existing stability today there is far less cause for such backward looking nostalgia than in 1815 or 1919 the decade that preceded world war ii was neither a period of stability under long accepted institutions such a the pre 1789 era nor a golden period of tett torial and commercial expansion such as that whic laid the fuse for world war i the years of de pression and frustration that followed the unbridled materialistic splurge of the twenties left few illv sions in their wake and perhaps the most shocking aspect of our times is that war for many people actually offered an escape from the problems and vicissitudes of the long armistice order is not enough yet in spite of this lack of illusions about the past the impression per sists that order almost any kind of order is pref erable to changes that might merely add to the dis order already generated by war this was indicated by mr churchill's speech on july 27 after the fall of mussolini and in judging allied policy towatd italy it may well be asked whether italy’s future orderliness might not have been better preserved bj some other policy than that of dealing with be doglio to the exclusion of all other other anti fascist elements as it is we have not succeeded if avoiding the very prospect mr churchill feared a a that of r and ana burden try ne tiating f but wi anti fasc selves tc nazis a cause tl out hav invited the com one and the of the i but it scribed in a ser invited opposec represe actual allies who m their sic proved in his 2 while nee the te axis against enliste united right the so see bulletin for erat pert reso of s ri s with with nstruc if not won ind te yet 2 of the kwatd decade period uch as tert which of de oridled w illu ocking deople ns and of this on pet s pref he dis dicated he fall toward future ved by th be r anti ded i ared that of reducing italian life to a condition of chaos and anarchy and of laying upon our armies the burden of occupying mile by mile the entire coun try no one can question the advisability of nego tiating for unconditional surrender with badoglio but while these negotiations proceeded italian anti fascists counting on allied aid exposed them selves to subsequent retribution on the part of the nazis and may have been needlessly sacrificed in a cause they had defended for twenty years with out having even the ultimate satisfaction of being invited by the allies to become active partners in the common task of destroying fascism one can understand the determination of britain and the united states not to prejudice the decision of the italian people regarding their political future but in an attempt to maintain what might be de sctibed as neutrality on this score the allies have in a sense acted unneutrally they have not openly invited the collaboration of all elements in italy opposed to mussolini but only of those elements represented by badoglio which at that time had actual control of power yet meanwhile the allies had hoped that all italians not only those who might approve of badoglio would fight on their side against germany this unresolved paradox proved a windfall however temporary for hitler in his attempt to scatter and dishearten anti fascists while rallying old line fascists behind mussolini need for common anti nazi front the test of any political group in liberated countries axis ruled or axis conquered is whether it is against fascism and nazism if it is it should be enlisted as a matter of course in the ranks of the united nations no matter whether it belongs to right left or center that in actuality is what the soviet government has done by dissolving the see end of fascism enhances prestige of democracy foreign policy bulletin august 6 1943 for a survey of inter american agricultural coop eration from the point of view of 1 gradual permanent development of western hemisphere resources and 2 accelerated wartime exploitation of strategic materials and commodities read agricultural cooperation in the americas by ernest s hediger 25c september 15 issue of foreign poticy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 page three communist international and urging all anti nazi elements including the communists to join in the war effort of each nation against germany that too is the tenor of the free german manifesto is sued in moscow which does not exclude even ad herents of hitler from future participation in post war germany provided they repudiate their leader in time to say that this is merely propaganda is not to answer the main question we are all engaged in propaganda designed to complement military strategy with political strategy the only question is whether we are engaged in propaganda that we in tend to implement by future action or whether we are shooting a lot of verbal ammunition without definite knowledge of the targets we are attempting to hit or of our ultimate objectives the fact that president roosevelt in his message of september 17 to congress said that when hitler and the nazis go out the prussian military clique must go with them may indicate that the western powers are beginning to realize that it is not enough to over throw hitler the system which encouraged and abetted the growth of nazism must go too toward the end of world war i lenin who showed an extraordinary grasp of the temper of our times shook the consciousness of millions of people throughout the world by declaring that what many believed to be a war between nations in defense of democracy against autocracy was in reality a war between rival imperialisms this concept did not pre vent peoples of many races colors and traditions including the russians from taking up arms in this war in a joint effort to check aggression by one or more of the axis powers but the suspicion that what lenin said may still be true affects the think ing of millions about the future and is bound to influence their attitude toward the formation of an anglo american alliance unless britain and the united states can prove by positive deeds not mere ly by words that this alliance will not be used to freeze the pre 1939 status quo in europe and asia from the outset this war has been waged on two ideological fronts against the encroachments and brutalities of the axis powers and against the politi cal economic and social conditions that bred war mere restoration of pre fascist or pre war conditions even if it were possible is not enough but in what direction will change come and what form shall it take if it is not to prove even more destructive than war vera micheles dean the second in a series on the outlook for the future in europe foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 49 september 24 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lugr secretary vera micue tes daan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one month for change of address on membership publications three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year aebfoo 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor ns a 4 4 3 i f a 4 it 2 nr nent lig ee o page four mesc holds promise for future of middle east in the past eleven months since the british eighth army launched its attack at el alamein the middle east has changed from an area of last ditch defense for the united nations to a potential base for offensive operations against the european con tinent allied occupation of cos one of the key bases in the dodecanese was reported on septem ber 21 and may be expected to lead to increased bombing of nazi defenses in greece rumors in tur key about the imminence of an invasion of the bal kans should be treated with reserve however since the british ninth and tenth armies under general sir henry maitland wilson middle east com mander in chief are not large and the bulk of allied shipping and landing craft are now engaged in the italian campaign but if and when such an invasion takes place an important part will be played by the middle east supply center on which james m landis formerly chief of civilian defense has become the chief amer ican representative appointed on september 10 as american director of economic operations in the middle east with the personal rank of minister mr landis will be the american counterpart of r g casey british minister in the middle east his appointment is a recognition by washington not only of the importance of regional economic plan ning but of the vital role being played by the mesc mesc plans imports the middle east sup ply center was set up in april 1941 to handle all major supplies for eastern mediterranean countries originally a british agency it has been a joint anglo american body since the united states became a co member in march 1942 today the mesc covers an area larger than europe and serves a population of some eighty million it includes egypt palestine syria lebanon transjordan iraq iran saudi arabia sudan eritrea ethiopia british somaliland and for trade ontside the mediterranean turkey with headquarters in cairo and branches in bag dad ankara teheran and beyrouth the mesc controls and directs a large part of the economic life of this whole area the center was established primarily to achieve two objectives first to provide the essential sea borne import requirements of the area and to set up an effective system of import controls second to satisfy the essential civilian requirements with the utmost economy of shipping space by developing local production of civilian and military commodi ties in handling imports the agency has maintained as much private trade as the shipping shortage per mitted but such basic commodities as cereals sugar fertilizers tea oil seeds and quinine have been given top priority and minimum requirements are handled by a pool under the control of the mesc which then allocates them to the various states in the area according to need aids middle east production to re duce imports and save shipping agricultural and industrial production has been encouraged on a wide scale in egypt a major shift from cotton to food production has taken place in iran and ira large scale agricultural development and irrigation schemes are under way or planned in syria and other states the distribution of fertilizers and trac tors has been planned with a view to maximum output in the entire region industrial ventures as well have been made possible by the mesc a plant for crushing oil seeds in iraq canning plants in egypt superphosphates in palestine and egypt a cotton mill in iran paper production in egypt as a result of these activities the middle east supply center is undoubtedly making important con tributions to the war effort and many observers especially in britain feel that it can make equally vital contributions at the conclusion of hostilities as the london economist points out if freedom from want becomes the goal of international collabora tion and the lessons of wartime administration are learnt the mesc and its dependent committees fit into the pattern of world wide economic collabora tion foreshadowed by lend lease and the com bined boards at present of course the center's hold over the economic life of the middle east rests on shortages shortages of both shipping and sup plies when these conditions are relaxed in the post war period much of the work of the mesc will probably lapse it is suggested however that enough of the organization could be maintained to integrate the economic life of the whole region not only through unified control of supplies and transport but through the continued encouragement and di rection of agricultural and industrial development on a regional pattern howarp p whidden jr 25th anniversary of the f.p.a mrs henry goddard leach member of the f.p.a board of directors is the chairman of the 25th anniversary celebration of the association to be held on october 16th the legacy of nazism by frank munk new york mac millan 1943 2.50 stern warning that there can be no return to pre nazi conditions and that bold departures from europe’s tradi tional economy will be needed to preserve the forthcoming peace 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 i f vou xx hum he und quered indicate are ger war pe silone h these c reshuffli adminis they re of the 1 war can hun is essen planner bodied thing i ptesum ery fun peace n feelings underta tional very lit pation situatio made tl to shap yet has no try’s pe in cour plexed in the world the ur simple to victc +the acid lom that fave the or at seq le by dr s not an this war your na ieve that irs along ar when iment in lthough ould like it of the id doing tehall as e british tate de ps were tructions he possi rendered promise me min y further the plan s took to the con resented n of the was 4 facturing nnonvio rate the ainst the an prob on of the e united 1 on the count on nent for nust one paratory china lliott nds pbrigdical room 1 nbral library tinty of mich foreign entered as 2nd class matter wichigawep 25 1949 policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vol xxi no 49 september 25 1942 war pacts open new chapter in u.s mexican relations is now nearly four months since mexico aroused by the sinking of two of its tankers by german submarines declared war on may 30 1942 on ger many and its axis partners during that period our southern neighbor has taken various measures to in crease its contribution to the war effort of the united nations its chief contribution is and will remain economic in character mexico will continue to supply the war industries of the united states with badly needed raw materials especially metallic ores and concentrates but belligerent mexico is now also offering other economic and military advantages to its allies military preparations from the military point of view the main advantage of mexico’s entry into the war is that the land sea and air defense of the vulnerable mexican pacific coast can be under taken jointly by the united states and mexico in this way the april 3 1941 agreement for the recipro cal use of air bases is conveniently enlarged to pre pare this defense as well as to meet any menace to the country or its southern neighbor guatemala president manuel avila camacho on august 18 signed a decree introducing compulsory military service for men from 18 to 45 years of age although the number of men called will necessarily be small at the beginning because of lack of equipment the new decree nevertheless provides the necessary basis for gradual development of a modern mexican army it is supplemented by the acquisition in the united states under lend lease agreements of war matériel including several bomber planes the building of military barracks near mexico city and in cuer navaca and the appropriation announced on sep tember 11 of seven million pesos or some 1,440 000 for the purchase of 150 torpedo boats of the mosquito type indicating a sizable increase in sea defenses before its entry into the war mexico's navy was reported to have three 2,000 ton gunboats and eleven patrol vessels finally the appointment on september 1 of former president lazaro cardenas to the post of minister of national defense will as sure popular support to future war measures that may be taken by the mexican government financial cooperation one of the latest steps in the development of mexican united states financial relations is the agreement of august 13 prohibiting the circulation within mexico of all american paper currency except 2 bills this agree ment has stopped the use of mexico as a clearing house for american currency confiscated by the axis in europe and sold back to the united states other steps of an economic character include the allocation of various united states loans for the development of such war activities as expansion of mining out put construction of steel mills earmarking of the total guayule rubber output for the united states through 1946 extension of the pan american aigh way from mexico city to the guatemalan border and improvement of the mexican railroad network this latter is overloaded because of increased ship ments of goods due to a decrease in seaborne traffic through the submarine infested gulf of mexico supplying of man power another valu able economic contribution by mexico to the produc tive capacity of the united nations is the agreement concluded with the united states in august in which mexico undertook to send several thousand agri cultural workers into our harvest fields this pact is especially interesting because it may open the way for a new kind of international labor exchange as vice president henry a wallace stressed in the speech he delivered in spanish at los angeles on september 18 in ceremonies marking mexico’s in dependence day the mexican workers will be brought into the united states not on the basis of low wage competition as in the past but with the wholehearted assistance and protection of the two ae governments the new agreement provides a mini mum wage of 30 cents an hour for the mexican laborers a figure somewhat above the average paid to farmhands in the southwestern states where most of the mexican workers will be sent this provision is expected to eliminate employers whose only aim is exploitation of cheap labor the agreement also covers transportation and re patriation costs and indicates that the workers are to be furnished with living quarters and board in addition it stipulates that they shall benefit from ac cident insurance provides for medical care schools and freedom from military service this last point is particularly important in view of the nazi word of mouth propaganda still strong in mexico which tries to obstruct this form of collaboration by spread ing rumors that mexican workers going to the united states will be drafted into the american army never to come back the mexican government for its part appears anxious to make this experiment in planned sea sonal migration a success of permanent benefit for the nation with this end in view it is studying a system whereby the temporarily expatriated agricul tural workers would be able to save a substantial per centage of their earnings and invest it in farm im plements purchased in the united states on their return home the mexican government would supply these landless workers with land on which they could use their new farm machinery and start an in dependent life it is too soon as yet to judge the results of this page two ee plan only a short time has elapsed since the agree ment was signed and there has been no rush to employ mexican workers although for several months california and texas growers have been calling for mexican farmhands the new agreement might well mark the starting point of a new era in united states latin american relations an era in which the welfare of the people in the countries in volved will come ahead of the vested interests of economic groups if it succeeds even on a small scale it could do more to create sympathy for the united states in latin america than anything else in coun tries where the largest part of the rural population does not read concrete deeds are a far more effective means of propaganda than printed material ernest s hediger mr hediger has just returned from a month's visit to mexico during his stay there he delivered three lectures in spanish at the national university of mexico on the special invitation of the rector of the university two of these lectures were on nazi exploitation of occupied europe a subject covered by mr hediger in foreign poticy re ports for june 1 and august 15 1942 and one on stra tegical raw materials and the war the lectures were at tended by a large audience composed of high military offi cials representatives of various government departments bankers professors at the school of economics and stu dents iol were broadcast over the university radio station throughout mexico and latin america in response to the interest aroused by these lectures the university of mexico is publishing them in pamphlet form in addition the full spanish text of mr hediger’s two forgeign poticy re ports will be published in book form by ediciones minerva of mexico city second front issue unresolved as 1942 wanes while the gigantic struggle for control of the ruins of stalingrad waxed and waned allied censorship permitted the partial unveiling of another struggle that waged by britain and the united states on the one hand and the soviet union on the other concerning the opening of a second front in west ern europe stripped of diplomatic language the issue is not whether a second front is desirable washington and london in identical statements issued on june 12 agreed as to the urgent tasks of creating a second front in europe in 1942 but whether at this time it is feasible the russians just published mexico the making of a nation by hubert herring headline book no 36 25 c brief history of mexico analysis of land problems dis pute over oil conflict with the church and impact of the war by a man who knows the country intimately order from fpa 22 east 38th st new york fighting against desperate odds believe that the al lies who have hitherto expended a far smaller num ber of lives have enough men for a land attack on the germans in this moscow tends to minimize or overlook the difficulties with which they are unfamiliar of transporting men and material over an expanse of water by contrast the british who at this juncture would have to bear the brunt of an as sault on nazi controlled europe believe that the practical possibility of invasion should be carefully weighed before committing the united nations to what might prove a common disaster canada’s report on dieppe the cau tiousness of the british which it is believed has the approval of canadian and american military leaders in the british isles finds support in the of ficial report issued by canada’s defense minister j l ralston on september 18 this report reveals that the canadian contingent the major component of the allied raiding force suffered a 67 per cent loss in dead wounded and missing that the atlantic coast has been heavily fortified by the germans and that the element of surprise essential for the succes on th feasib cation mains enous outlo an ol its su conce who will state to bi reni as se stater on se an in of tk a page three agree jsuccess of invasion is extremely difficult to achieve in the meantime finland which is in the am rush to on the credit side however the report indicates the biguous position of being at war with britain and several feasibility of a concerted attack on german fortifi the soviet union while maintaining diplomatic re e been jcations by land sea and air provided and this re lations with the united states was once more thrust eement mains the principal qualification the allies have into the limelight on september 19 when the fin era in jenough specially trained men at their disposal the nish minister to washington hjalmar j procope era in joutlook for an invasion of europe is thus to quote issued a statement outlining the terms on which his tries in jan old austrian saying serious but not hopeless country might conceivably cease fighting in this rests of its success will depend first and foremost on the statement m procope declared that no peace pro ll scale concentration in the british isles of additional men posal has been made to finland still less any prom united who can be trained in commando tactics men who ise of restitution of territories belonging to her and n coun will have to come from canada and the united least of all any guarantee of lasting security he ulation states the continued flow of troops and equipment denied that finland is threatened with a food short fective to britain depends in turn on allied success in age or lacks financial resources to continue the war keeping the atlantic free of german submarines the aim of the finnish nation he said is to keep ane as secretary of navy frank knox pointed out in a her land in her own hands until a lasting peace is statement to the american legion in kansas city built upon real guarantees on the assumption that visit to on september 19 in the final analysis the success of __if finland were occupied or invaded no great power ctures in jan invasion of europe will hinge on the willingness would be willing to reopen hostilities against the e special of the people of britain canada and the united invaders to drive them out of finnish territory ronal states to endorse heavy sacrifices in terms of lives the phrase about finland’s desire to keep her icy re 2 potential western front in the hope of thus land does not make clear whether the finns merely on stra materially shortening the war claim the territory they controlled in 1939 at the were ps rising barometer as the debate over a sec outset of the russo finnish war or also eastern tary off ttments 00d front continues countries in europe which are karelia russian control over which was recognized and stu still in one sense or another on the fringes of the by the treaty of dorpat of 1920 but which is now o station jconflict have become an important barometer of demanded by finnish nationalists while reports 7 to the changes in the international atmosphere in ankara from helsinki deny that finland is seeking a sep ee where german ambassador von papen has labored arate peace m procope’s statement appears to be ice re unceasingly to win turkish support for germany trial balloon to sound out american public opinion minerva wendell l willkie president roosevelt’s personal which on the whole has remained friendly to the representative was accorded a warm reception and finns and possibly indicates a latent doubt regard was assured that turkey would fight if attacked ing a final nazi victory although the british fear that ankara may soon be vera micheles dean the al confronted with german demands for transit privi ee leges the use of airdromes in asia minor in spain latin america by preston e james boston lothrop lee franco’s changing of the guard has as yet produced and shepard 1942 6.00 unimiz 1 no outwardly visible results but it is understood that a distinguished geographer so approaches his subject hey ar the new foreign minister general jordana will insist that a mass of facts in no way obscures his understanding a on more scrupulous adherence to neutrality in the portrayal of the latin american nations who countrywide municipal elections held in sweden on f an as pattern of mexico by clifford gessler and e h suydam aon september 20 the swedish nazis lost their only 5 new york appleton century 1941 5.00 hat the hag arefully seats and the communists won 39 a gain of 17 a most attractively illustrated descriptive work on mex ti yns to while the dominant social democratic party lost 34 ico highly suitable as background for tourists seats but still maintained its overwhelming major the problems of lasting peace by herbert hoover and ity with a total of 829 the communist gains made ge he cau f hugh gibson new york doubleday doran 1942 2.00 in the face of a propaganda campaign from berlin to ved has a a former president of the united states and a former 2 the effect that sweden had become a hotbed of com eatin military ela buted oe efacti american diplomat jointly analyze the forces that in their the off munism were attribute to growing dissatisfaction opinion are shaping the modern world and outline a post inister with the number of concessions made by the govern war order which would combine international cooperation ment to the germans with restoration of free enterprise reveals nponent foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 49 september 25 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national per cent headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary vera micheles dgan editor entered as a i second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office ac new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year tlantic ermans f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year for the go 18 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter sept 21 relations between the united states and vichy which have been steadily deteriorating since pierre laval returned to power on april 15 dropped to a new low on september 15 when secre tary of state cordell hull bluntly denounced the pro nazi politician’s decree for the conscription of french labor to work in german war factories as wholly inconsistent with france’s obligations under interna tional law the sternness of mr hull’s admonition made it clear that any attempt by vichy to draft hundreds of thousands of skilled french workers for service in nazi munition plants would be considered by the united states government as an overt act of hostility and would be followed by severance of diplomatic ties shortage of nazi man power which becomes stead ily more acute as hitler keeps throwing germans into the holocaust in russia is one of the vital factors on which the united nations are counting to break the german war machine a move by laval to re lieve the drainage on german man power by sending french slave labor into the reich would be consid ered in washington as much of an act of deliberate hostility as the handing over of the french fleet to the nazis in fact the quasi official army and navy journal declares that the peril from the fleet is secondary to that which would result from the gen eral use of french labor in axis factories third republic heard again fear of the political consequences of laval’s latest collabora tion project probably lay behind the grave warning addressed to marshal pétain and pierre laval by jules jeanneney president of the french senate and edouard herriot president of the chamber of depu ties in this communication published in the ameri can press on september 10 the two eminent political leaders of the defunct third republic told pétain that if without authorization of the parliament he were to try to draw france into war against our allies which you yourself declared honor forbids we by this letter protest in advance in the name of national sovereignty it is characteristic of the anomalous relations now existing between washington and vichy that on sep tember 11 secretary hull publicly extolled the rare courage of the two french parliamentarians who in the same letter had taxed pétain with assuming un authorized dictatorial powers other recent develop ments reflecting the growing tension between the for victory administration and the vichy government were mr hull’s scathing denunciation on september 15 of the mass expulsion of jewish refugees from unoccupied france the state department’s endorsement on sep tember 10 of the british move to occupy all of madagascar and washington’s curt rejection on sep tember 8 of laval’s protest against american bomb ing raids over france will u.s act on dakar if the break with vichy really should occur this time it may well arise over dakar whose strategic importance has been greatly enhanced by brazil’s entrance into the war united states military authorities are pressing for the occupation of this french west african port and their organ the army and navy journal hinted in this week’s issue that events may compel us to co operate with the british in seizing that base because it might serve as a jumping off place for planes op erating against our south american ally the army has little patience with the appease ment policies of the state department according to information available in diplomatic circles in washington there are no german troops in dakar following a visit of pierre boisson governor gen eral of french west africa to vichy the pétain laval government on september 1 formally denied that germany had asked for bases in dakar the french collaborationist press however has been pre paring french opinion for a clash over dakar by references to the anglo american menace to our african empire the united states army and navy do not want to take any chances they are weary of the inter minable negotiations that the state department has been conducting since may 9 with admiral georges robert vichy high commissioner for the guaran teeing of the neutrality of france’s caribbean pos sessions the army asserts too that the british got nowhere when from may to september they sought to negotiate a settlement with the vichy authorities in madagascar to prevent that island from being used as a base for nazi submarines meanwhile british action in madagascar of which the french national committee in london was noti fied in advance has had the indirect effect of lessen ing the tension that had developed between general de gaulle and british authorities in the levant over the situation in the french mandate of syria john elliott buy united states war bonds 4 q dica l acca vol sistan sistar civil the also the o and eign many meth pup with reso of u dow ploy wag opp thei prof frat the ber frer wou trov seer inet me hea crul ben jan acti +ll s ne mene periodical kuts gemeral lebrar wrsty of alu entered as 2nd class matter general library oli 2 1g43 university of michigan ann arbor th scoizgan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxii no 50 ocropmr 1 1943 human welfare must be first concern of post war planners he wave of strikes in britain the news about underground movements that filters in from con quered countries and many other straws in the wind indicate that below the surface of the war changes are germinating that are bound to affect the post war period what the anti fascist writer ignazio silone has described as the seed beneath the snow these changes are not primarily concerned with the reshuffling of frontiers the reorganization of colonial administration or the redistribution of raw materials they reach far deeper into the inner hopes and fears of the men and women without whose support the war cannot be won and the peace can be lost human factor in peace planning it is essential to understand this because most post war planners have a disturbing way of concocting disem bodied schemes in which nothing or hardly any thing is said about the human beings who would presumably be needed to make blueprinted machin ery function throughout the centuries war and peace makers have shown a striking disregard for the feelings and needs of the people whose destiny they undertake to settle at national rallies and interna tional gatherings much is said about mankind but very little about man nor does the current preoccu pation with the common man markedly alter this situation since the assumption is almost invariably made that it will be for the few uncommon leaders to shape his fate yet it is because the so called common man who has no political or economic influence over his coun tty's policy except such as he can exercise by his vote in countries where votes are counted is deeply per plexed about the future that the feeling of change is in the air if all that were necessary to stabilize the world were a decisive military victory on the part of the united nations the task would be relatively simple but it is already clear that the closer we draw to victory the greater will be the problems of adjust ment we shall face within nations as well as between nations little evidence of communism there is no indication as yet that these adjustments are motivated in britain or the conquered countries by a pronounced predilection for revolution or by wide spread attachment to communist ideas on the con trary there is considerable evidence that renascent nationalism tends to mute political differences rally ing all groups including communists in a national effort for liberation and recovery if an upheaval inspired by extreme radicals were impending it would be natural if not necessarily desirable for the allies to be on guard against far reaching changes that might cap war devastation with post war anarchy but the more the allies display under standing and sympathy for the desire for moderate change that is burgeoning on the continent the more likely it is that the kind of revolution they fear may be avoided this however is only the negative aspect of the picture the positive aspect is that the allies for their own self protection after the war must nurture those forces in europe which seek to improve and strengthen institutions that proved inadequate to meet the nazi onslaught for the conditions we shall find in the conquered countries once they are liber ated may shock us far more than the outbreak of war we shall find with increasing horror that it was by trying to break the spirit of man by trying to destroy the inner values that make the individual something more than mere flesh and blood that the nazis hoped to conquer europe and the world it is only by re storing the unassailability of the human spirit by reaffirming the worth and integrity of the individual that the united nations can win ultimate victory in a war which has assumed the proportions of a legendary struggle between good and evil and this time the peacemakers have an unrivaled oppor rw page lwo tunity to demonstrate that the individual who found no security against terrorism and death within the national state may find it in fact will have to find it if he is to survive in nations integrated into the larger framework of international society but the security of the individual cannot be meas ured only in terms of freedom to practice religious beliefs or to cast a vote at given intervals it must aiso be measured in terms of the opportunity he has tc exist with some degree of self respect by working at a useful task for which he receives enough to main tain a decent livelihood for himself and his family or as the british call it the four decencies of housing food clothing and education the nazis broke the spirit of many of their victims by terrorism and deprivation of political and religious liberties but unemployment and such palliatives as the dole have also broken the spirit of men and women who felt that they had no place in human society it is the fear that another period of economic de pression and personal frustration may succeed the a war that casts its shadow over britain and othe countries heroically resisting the axis powers and makes them wonder whether the fine promises of post war planners may not evaporate like mist at dawn when hostilities are over to say as some are already saying that the readjustments necessary to dis pel this fear may prove unduly costly or technically impossible is no longer an adequate answer now that we have seen the miracles of economic and jp dustrial adjustment that can be accomplished in time of war men and women who have found themselves urgently wanted to save their countries from aggres sion will not easily accept the prospect of being un wanted in a peacetime world at this point if it is reached a revolt may take place but it will be a re volt that could have been avoided and a revolt for not against the kind of post war order for which the united nations aver they are fighting vera micheles dean the third in a series on the outlook for the future in europe british cabinet shuffle maintains conservative labor balance important cabinet changes and the ebbing of a threatening tide of strikes provided the chief home front news in the united kingdom as the nation pre pared last week to celebrate on september 26 the third anniversary of the battle of britain except for criticism from the left wing of the labor party prime minister churchill's reshuffle of the cabinet seems to have caused little political commotion while the averting of a strike in a vital aircraft fac tory and the possibility of an early settlement of the dispute in the northumberland coal mines were wel comed in all quarters government policy unchanged the cabinet changes announced on september 24 in volved several significant appointments that of sir john anderson as chancellor of the exchequer to replace the late sir kingsley wood whose sudden death on september 20 led to the reshuffle of lord beaverbrook as lord privy seal of major clement r attlee to succeed sir john anderson as lord presi dent of the council of viscount cranborne former lord privy seal as secretary of state for dominion affairs and of richard k law formerly parlia what role will russia play in post war europe for a survey of the questions preoccupying public opinion in the united states today read the u.s.s.r and post war europe by vera micheles dean 25c august 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 mentary under secretary of state for foreign affairs to the new post of minister of state in the foreign office these appointments do not suggest any marked change in the policy of the churchill government certainly there has been no shift to the left such as that anticipated when it was thought herbert morti son might get the exchequer post indeed the same balance of conservatives and laborites and of con servative and liberal tendencies seems to have been maintained sir john anderson’s appointment in itself will appear to some as a tightening of con servative control sir john who now holds a post ordinarily second only to that of prime minister and will unlike his predecessor sit in the war cabinet is an independent conservative with strong backing from london financial interests as permanent un der secretary of the home office 1922 32 and gor ernor of bengal 1932 37 he built up a reputation as one of britain’s ablest administrators and has been frequently used in recent months by mr churchill as a trouble shooter in interdepartmental tangles his cautious presentation of the government's posi tion in the february debate on the beveridge report aroused a good deal of resentment in liberal and labor circles but it may well be that the prime min ister has picked sir john as the best man to make palatable the financial adjustments involved in the achievement of his four year plan for domestic reconstruction lord beaverbrook’s return to the cabinet was ap parently unexpected in london although a personal friend of the prime minister he has recently led 4 vigorous second front campaign against mr churc ill throu latest ré to mosc secretar soviet a appointt british dominic with his of lord in brita with ar 1938 ai past twc the lead party opponer be seen g h f mentary identify rection reas troubles britain three vil mining output british this age christi harcot a wor for its curate in social in port 1942 the a nificant troductio summary while the and adm realizatic the was vaugh 1943 a revi times m the fig rando an in arthur’s in the se ea ill through the pages of his powerful daily express latest reports suggest that he is slated for a mission to moscow where he will add his weight to foreign secretary eden’s in seeking an anglo american soviet agreement if this proves to be the case his appointment will be welcomed by the majority of the british people lord cranborne’s resumption of the dominions office which he will hold in conjunction with his position as government leader in the house of lords will undoubtedly be widely approved both in britain and the dominions his resignation along with anthony eden over britain’s italian policy in 1938 and his post war pronouncements during the past two years have given him a reputation as one of the leaders of the liberal wing of the conservative patty the promotion of richard k law also an opponent of chamberlain's appeasement policy will be seen in the same light while the appointment of g h hall as law’s successor in the post of parlia mentary under secretary for foreign affairs will identify the labor party more closely with the di rection of british foreign policy reasons for labor unrest the labor troubles which have caused so much concern in britain during the past few weeks have centered in three vital industries aircraft shipbuilding and coal mining with the undiminished need for maximum output of planes and ships and the new demands on british coal production as a result of the italian sur pagethree render strikes in these industries have caused concern in parliament and among labor leaders they have come just at the time when ernest bevin minister of labor and national service is trying to mobilize every ounce of manpower by registering women up to the age of 50 and boys and girls of 16 and 17 years of age for direction into war work whenever the need arises this government pressure on the working population which has steadily in creased over the last four years is undoubtedly one of the causes of labor unrest but in addition it seems probable that two other influences are at work first removal of the danger of invasion without the compensating stimulus of a second front in western europe and second the lack of positive assurance that when the war is ended measures will be taken to prevent unemployment and poverty howarpd p whidden jr to f.p.a members you have helped the for eign policy association to reach its quarter century milestone this year and we are grateful for your loyal support may we enlist your further cooperation by asking each member to secure at least one new mem ber in the next six weeks your help will greatly strengthen the organization at a time when its edu cational work is vitally needed the f.p.a bookshelf this age of conflict 1914 1943 by frank p chambers christina p grant and charles c bayley new york harcourt brace 1948 5.50 a world history of the past thirty years that is notable for its comprehensiveness sound interpretations and ac curate information social insurance and allied services the beveridge re port by sir william beveridge new york macmillan 1942 1.00 the american edition of what is probably the most sig nificant document to come out of wartime britain the in troduction contains sir william’s basic principles and a summary of his scheme for freedom from want in britain while the remaining chapters include in detail the financial and administrative measures he considers necessary for the realization of social security the war in maps by francis brown emil herlin and vaughn gray new york oxford university press 1948 2.00 a revised and enlarged edition of an atlas of new york times maps accompanied by running commentary the fight for new guinea by pat robinson new york random house 1943 2.00 an interesting journalistic account of general mac arthur’s first offensive in new guinea which culminated inthe seizure of gona and buna the new world guides to the latin american republics vol ii edited by earl parker hanson new york duell sloan and pearce 1943 2.50 not profound or scholarly but an extremely usable pot pourri compiled under the sponsorship of the office of the coordinator of inter american affairs the story of the americas by leland dewitt baldwin new york simon schuster 1943 3.50 a notable attempt to embrace the whole history of two continents in a single volume the result is both readable and sympathetic though somewhat superficial and at vari ous points inaccurate india a bird’s eye view by sir frederick whyte new york oxford university press 1943 1.00 a brief survey of the indian situation from the official british point of view discusses the history of british rule the cripps mission and its aftermath the indian states and the role of india in the war rio grande to cape horn by carleton beals boston houghton mifflin 19438 3.50 well known advocate of the good neighbor policy re alistically appraises the rivalries of the latin american nations which make it difficult for the united states to be friend all the republics simultaneously foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 50 ocroper 1 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lust secretary vera micuuies dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least oe month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year s81 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor gigas so washington news letter stttar pred betay oct 1 an administrative order issued by sec retary of state hull on august 27 in accordance with a presidential decree of june 3 threatened to end herbert h lehman’s career in washington and to jeopardize the progress he had made toward an inter national plan for relief in the war devastated areas that order subordinated governor lehman’s office of foreign relief and rehabilitation operations to a newly formed state department bureau the office of foreign economic coordination ofec two de velopments during the past week saved former gov ernor lehman although it is not yet certain that they will assure adoption of a practical relief program of a size and character that will satisfy the basic needs of the lands conquered and starved by the axis world relief planning first on sep tember 23 secretary hull disclosed that a new draft agreement for a united nations relief and rehabili tation administration had been approved by the united states great britain the soviet union and china and had been submitted to the 29 other united nations the 10 associated governments and the french committee of national liberation the original draft agreement had been submitted on june 10 and on june 28 the dutch government handed to the state department a note protesting features of the proposed administration which in the netherlands view gave too much power to the big four the united states britain russia china and left the other governments out of policy making the revised draft represents an attempt to meet some of these objections shared by other allied governments in london the second development was president roose velt’s announcement on september 25 that he had appointed lehman his special assistant for the pur pose of perfecting plans for the meeting of represen tatives of the united nations on november 9 when the united nations relief and rehabilitation ad ministration unrra is to come into being relief after this war is to be distributed through the efforts of all the united nations and not by the united states alone this white house post for lehman was the most unexpected corollary of mr roosevelt's order of sep tember 25 establishing the office of foreign eco nomic administration with leo crowley at its head ofea is an amalgam of four agencies office of lend lease administration office of economic war fare office of foreign economic coordination and 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 office of foreign relief and rehabilitation opera tions ofrro and lehman thus part company but the president has advocated lehman for the post of director general of unrra so his functions age on the point of being expanded into the international sphere president roosevelt set up ofrro in the state department on december 4 1942 and at the same time made lehman its director almost immediately lehman's plans were scoffed at by some critics as globaloney neither the picture of human misery on a continental scale nor the thought that the united states would prosper little in a world of undernour ished nations moved these critics within the state department lehman was irked by what he felt were restrictions upon his freedom of action imposed despite his understanding that he was to be prac tically autonomous mr hull’s august 27 order caused lehman apprehension lest his relief planning be junked altogether his resignation at any moment during the past month would not have astonished the capital prospects uncertain even now questions arise about the future of relief planning will crow ley’s ofea support whatever lehman advocates as the united states share in the work of the united nations relief administration will the state de partment support crowley if he supports lehman mr roosevelt's order creating the new crowley agency and taking ofrro and ofec out of the state department says that the office of foreign economic administration must function in com formity with the foreign policy of the united states as defined by the secretary of state what that policy is the secretary of state has not made clear the president’s appointment of lend lease admin istrator edward r stettinius jr as under secretary of state to succeed sumner welles may mean that the state department will develop a foreign policy characterized by economic liberalism which would implement the lehman planning in the past how ever stettinius has given no indication of originality and has closely followed the course set by the statt department blair bolles blair bolles will contribute a weekly washington news letter to the foreign policy bulletin replacing our former washington correspondent john elliott now a major in the army of the united states mr bolles has served with the washington star since 1935 specializing in foreign and diplomatic news and recently returned from three month visit to sweden at the invitation of the swedish government portugal and england f vou xx three s th eig states d that its the post to raise which tl importa it is bou the thre of both divi a dange an iden moscov it woulx sion tha the tas of plat the ess reconcil such the diff in euro of euro urged needed econom with ei soviet on beh eration termin reorgat brita interest close tc if it ca might +are ere mr 5 of the ccupied on sep r all of on sep 2 bon ak with ell arise as been he war ing for ort and inted in s to co because ines op ippease cording rcles in dakar or gen pétain denied ar the pen pre akar by to our ot want e inter ent has seorges guaran an pos tish got sought horities 1 being f which as noti _lessen seneral nt over aott a entered as 2nd class matter de i a ses snes e bi shica tiwee wea ves sa hy oa mc ul zan wiorary foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign polity association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vol xxi no 50 ocroser 2 1942 crisis foreseen in occupied europe this winter rowing unrest in france and the british raid on oslo marked last week the increase of re sistance in the german occupied countries this re sistance is inspired not only by the suppression of civil liberties the seizure of vital food supplies and the drafting of men into the german armies but also by recent german efforts to use laborers from the occupied areas in local nazi controlled industries and german factories approximately 4,000,000 for eign laborers are now employed in germany and many more are to join them this winter various methods have been devised by the germans and their puppet governments to supply german factories with manpower besides brute force the nazis have resorted to more subtle means such as the creation of unemployment in the home country by closing down factories special food rations for persons em ployed in war factories payment of seemingly high wages to volunteers and subjection of those who do not volunteer to unfavorable working conditions at home french labor situation acute french opposition to the labor policy of the germans and their french collaborators is assuming growing proportions increased violence in the south of france was reported to represent a protest against the labor laws of the vichy government on septem ber 26 premier pierre laval announced that 20,000 french specialists were already in germany and more would be sent within the next few months con troversy over the labor situation however did not seem to be the cause of last weekend’s french cab inet crisis in which laval ousted jacques benoist mechin from his positions of secretary of state and head of the tri color legion which has been re cruiting men for the german army in russia benoist mechin who had been in the cabinet since january 1941 and has been known as one of the most active collaborators in the vichy régime seems to have been dismissed because of his ambition to usurp laval’s place in the government both of benoist mechin’s former posts have been assumed by laval need for aid to occupied areas with the german labor recruiting system in full swing and the advent of the fourth winter of the war threat ening additional privations the allies must give definite encouragement to anti nazis in the occupied areas if they are to retain their aid in defeating the axis otherwise desperate need for food and em ployment may force increasing numbers of people in the conquered countries into cooperation with the nazis at least to the extent of working for the ger man war machine the occupied countries more over may need to be bolstered against a new propa ganda attack from germany in an obvious effort to win european support german propaganda minis ter goebbels wrote in das reich recently that no body in germany has ever proclaimed as a war aim the utter destruction or economic liquidation of a conquered enemy germans never forget that euro pean nations after the war will have to live together in a newly arranged sphere of interest allied policy of encouragement that the allies are acutely conscious of the crisis in the occupied countries is indicated by recent attempts to give special encouragement to the forces of re sistance the most spectacular of these was the r.a.f s daylight raid on oslo on september 26 the raid was timed as a rude interruption of prep arations for a meeting of the nasjonal samling premier vidkun quisling’s nazi party with care ful precision the bombers aimed at the party’s meet ing place and at the building which houses the archives of the gestapo the latter move being clearly intended to disrupt the german system of espionage in norway the attack on the norwegian capital was reported by persons in london who are in contact with the homeland to have sent a thrill of joy through the population another effort to encourage resistance in the occupied countries was made by the earl of selborne british minister of economic warfare speaking for the government over the b.b.c on september 26 he urged the peoples under the control of the axis to slow down transportation by millions of minor delays this request seemed to mark a reversal in allied policy for in the past spontaneous actions have been definitely discouraged because of the great losses of life that they entailed continued bombing of the continent by allied aircraft is also an attempt to give fresh hope of victory to the conquered peoples france the neth erlands the balkans and germany are being sys tematically attacked by air and british spokesmen pointed out that the longer nights of the fall and winter would enable them to increase their already large scale attacks in a further attempt to raise the morale of occupied europe renewed promises of food medicines fuel and clothing immediately after the war ends are being made by various allied leaders this is undoubtedly a reference to the work that is being done by the british committee page two e headed by sir frederick leith ross which has been working since last january on plans for the repro visioning of europe as soon as the war is over hopes that this day of relief is not far off have not been specifically encouraged but british broadcasts advertising the imminence of a new offensive by the united nations have been continued the french be ing told they would be advised in time to give their full assistance occupied front and second front although the allies are giving the occupied countries various forms of encouragement to continue and inten sify their resistance the most effective means of accom plishing this end would be the establishment of a successful front on the continent a definite military success would be concrete proof to the long suffering peoples of europe that the allies are winning and that all possible sacrifices in behalf of their victory are worth while the realization that in the last analysis only this kind of action is going to enlist the all out cooperation of the occupied areas spurs the allies to prepare for the opening of a second front as soon as that is militarily possible winifred nelson new supplies for china via india and russia a brief chungking report that two substitute routes for the closed burma road are in full readi ness suggests that although the fighting in east central china filled last summer's headlines events of considerable significance occurred elsewhere the meager supplies transported by plane from india into china's southwest are it is said to be aug mented and even exceeded by a flow of american goods by way of iran and the caspian sea or india and afghanistan to soviet railways which will car ry them to the northwest highway for a trip of more than 2,000 miles to china since these are very long routes involving the rail sea and road services of several countries china’s supply problem will re main a serious one even if certain short cuts are de veloped yet the new links especially via northwest india have the great merit of lying beyond the pres ent effective range of axis bombers on the other hand their full use requires at least expansion of the as a guidepost for public discussion read these official pronouncements u.s declarations on post war reconstruction with an introduction by vera micheles dean 25c september 15 issue of foreign poticy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 already overcrowded indian railway system this was recommended by the american technical mis sion to india last spring and above all develop ment of the chinese northwest itself particularly the soviet chinese highway plans discussed in early summer this is probably the most important single reason for the unusual activity of high chinese officials economic experts and military men in the north west ever since last july on july 16 it was an nounced in washington at a time when grave con cern was being expressed about the danger to china that lauchlin currie president roosevelt's admin istrative assistant on far eastern matters had ar rived in the chinese capital on the next day chungking reported that its minister of economic affairs had inspected the northwest highway and that supplies were flowing in by that route only a few days later the pacific war council in washing ton discussed the chinese position emerging from this meeting new zealand minister nash declared that the question of supplies for china had been settled we know how to get the stuff in how much and when and we're going to get it in far from being mere coincidences all these events ap pear to have been part of a general picture whose outlines only now begin to be perceived at the same time chungking took steps toward the further economic development and political subordination of the northwest consisting of the spaces of irri cultura of the author constr provin able s the cl confer messa that tl resour after t on sey a mor po on th opmet had a affairs vast a lion two a estim peop nomi to cl appez chun been cerns milit bord shen indic tion and t withi relax war ent of di or the 1 its econ fore headq second is been repro over ive not adcasts by the ich be e their ont untries inten accom t of a ulitary ffering g and victory 1e last enlist spurs second son this il mis velop cularly mer reason ficials north as an fe con china dmin ad af ct day nomic ry and only a ishing r from clared 1 been 1 how far its ap whose toward olitical of the a page three five provinces of shensi kansu ninghsia sinkiang and chinghai which in varying degrees have been on the periphery of the centrally controlled areas economically this sparsely populated region of vast spaces is among the most backward in china for lack of irrigation and trees long ago led to a serious agri cultural decline in many sections in the course of the war moreover the attention of the central authorities has so far been concentrated on the re construction of the southwest especially the capital rovince of szechwan it is therefore of consider able significance that in the first week of august the chinese institute of engineers held its annual conference in lanchow the capital of kansu a message from the generalissimo told the engineers that their next great assignment was to develop the resources of the northwest it was apparently shortly after this that chiang himself visited the region for on september 16 his return to chungking following a month’s trip was announced political control of northwest on the next day the political aspect of these devel opments was emphasized in the news that chungking had appointed a special commissioner for foreign affairs to reside at tihwa capital of sinkiang that vast area of approximately three quarters of a mil lion square miles with a population of less than two and a half millions of whom 90 per cent are estimated to belong to the non chinese speaking peoples of central asia has long been closer eco nomically and politically to the soviet union than to china at the same time a slight improvement appears to have taken place in relations between chungking and the chinese communists which have been very strained for the past two years this con cerns the northwest because the main communist military political and economic base lies in the border area consisting of a number of districts in shensi kansu and ninghsia fragmentary reports indicate that the chinese press is paying less atten tion to friction with the communists than previously and that the unofficial central blockade against areas within which the communists are active has been relaxed at least to the extent of allowing foreign war relief funds through there is no sign at pres ent however that a more thoroughgoing settlement of differences is likely one thing is clear the increased importance of the northwest for transport purposes is bringing in its wake new steps toward the extension of the economic and political power of the central govern ment and the official party the kuomintang the obstacles that stand in the way must not be mini mized in view of china’s economic weaknesses for example the lack of machinery and railroad building equipment but it would be equally short sighted not to note that the semi modernization which has already taken place in the southwest is now being extended to a new region lawrence k rosinger new research staff member the association announces with pleasure the ap pointment to the research department on septem ber 1 of miss winifred nelson miss nelson received her a.b and m.a at nebraska university all day forum october 3rd additional speakers at the fpa’s all day forum united today for tomorrow on saturday octo ber 3 at the waldorf astoria will be dr victor hoo former chinese minister plenipotentiary to switzerland dr luis quintanilla minister pleni potentiary and counselor of embassy from mexico joseph clark baldwin new york member of the house of representatives oscar s cox assistant solicitor general attached to the office of lend lease administration arthur s flemming of the war manpower commission and jack g scott of the office of defense transportation as previously announced in the bulletin viscount halifax sena tor warren r austin and mr elmer davis have also accepted invitations to speak they were expendable by w l white new york har court brace 1942 2.00 an eloquent report from the lips of four naval officers of pitiful unpreparedness and unstinted heroism in the battle for the philippines should fill every american with a passionate desire to make good the expenditure of lives that a deeper understanding of world affairs and a greater readiness to sacrifice in time of peace might have rendered unnecessary oil blood and sand by robert l baker new york ap pleton century 1942 2.50 especially valuable analysis of axis moves in the mid dle east and what the united nations have accomplished to keep the region’s invaluable oil out of germany’s hands the japanese enemy by hugh byas new york knopf 1942 1.25 a journalist long resident in tokyo presents observa tions on the japanese mind political system and military strength warning us not to underrate the enemy the disarmament illusion by merze tate new york mac millan 1942 4.00 valuable as a critical study of armament limitation pro rosals up to 1907 foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 50 ocroner 2 1942 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y second class matter december published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lert secretary vera micuries dean editor entered as 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 national three dollars a year f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year te produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor is 4h i it iv it a oye eee i oho 1 ih i washington news d ettet sibbes sept 28 the question of opening a second front this year which washington thought had been answered in the negative was challengingly resur rected by wendell l willkie on september 26 president roosevelt’s emissary declared in moscow that we best can help our heroic russian allies by establishing a second front and added that we must not fail them because next summer may be too late this statement was issued three days after mr willkie had had a two hour conference with joseph stalin and presumably reflected the views of the soviet premier coming from a man of mr willkie’s eminence who is not only the titular leader of the republican party but also the personal representative of the president such a plea is bound to strengthen public demand for the immediate opening of a second front it certainly struck a responsive chord in washington where as in the rest of the country there is great admiration for the heroic defenders of stalingrad nevertheless the prevailing view in responsible quar ters in the capital appeared to be that a question of this character should be decided not on grounds of sentiment but of strict military expediency no moral obligation moscow press as sertions that a moral commitment rests on the united states or britain to undertake an invasion of the european continent are vigorously denied here the official communiqué issued in london and wash ington on june 12 following the visit of vyacheslav molotov soviet commissar for foreign affairs to those capitals that a full understanding was reached in regard to the urgent tasks of creating a second front in 1942 was perhaps unfortunately worded since it aroused unfounded expectations among the russian people as well as in britain and the united states that a major anglo american military effort would certainly be made in the west this year it was then pointed out in washington that this state ment was not an unconditional pledge to open a second front under any and all circumstances early this summer it was reported that president roosevelt favored an invasion of europe but that he was not in a position to overcome british objections since american troops were not present in sufficient numbers in britain and ireland to contribute anything like an equal share to the offensive british opposi tion to invasion at this time was doubtless reinforced by the outcome of the dieppe raid many american and british military experts are frankly skeptical about the possibilities of a land invasion of europe at present to furnish much hel to the russians it is estimated that the attackin force would have to number some 500,000 men it is doubted that the huge merchant fleet which would be required to transport and supply such a mass of men is available at a time when the united nations need of shipping to send troops and munitions to all parts of the world is considered so great and when the rate of ship sinkings is still high military expediency the test on the other hand it is recognized that an anglo american invasion of the continent even if it should result in a bloody repulse would be justified if it were the only means of keeping the red army in the field as an effective fighting force admittedly there is much validity to the russian argument that if it is a tough task for the anglo saxons to open a second front now it would be a lot harder next year if the soviet union were to be forced out of the war some who favor a policy of realistic self interest point out that the soviet union has not found it expedient to place air bases in siberia at the disposal of american bombers for the purpose of straffing japanese industrial centers a course that would in volve it in war with japan mr willkie’s argyument however is that the opening of a second front is necessary not merely to help russia but to help russia’s western allies and is thus a matter of self interest and expediency for britain and the united states he contends that despite the heroic efforts of the russians at stalingrad the red army may be deprived of offensive power if the military situation deteriorates further hitler would then be free to divert his strength westward for an attack on the british isles mr willkie’s challenge was promptly answered by clement r attlee british deputy prime minister in ottawa on september 28 who said our plans are carefully laid and do not need any public prodding by contrast the london times often a mouthpiece of the government in an editorial published on september 29 criticized the optimism of many britishers regarding russia contended that time is running against the united nations and urged the opening of a second front without specify ing its exact location on the same day mr churchill in the house of commons emphatically disapproved of all speculation on the time and place of a second front john elliott for victory buy united states war bonds vol by u ina stalir to fc front say a mate viet tive unio the 1 whic aid on ti rl men rally sista of tl the keen mos stric mili agai sens and tiviz due host +retary eaeze lol j 90 a be poo entered as 2nd class matter general library univer oct 12 1943 si hy t s ty of michigan ann arbar mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vout xxii no 51 ocroser 8 1943 three power meeting seeks alternative to balance of power as the three power conference between the for eign ministers of britain russia and the united states draws near it becomes increasingly evident that its success or failure will determine the shape of the post war world not only is the conference bound to raise a host of territorial and economic questions which the war had submerged but what is far more important for the future of europe and the world it is bound to reveal the extent of agreement among the three great powers concerning the political fate of both axis and conquered europe divergences not hopeless it would be a dangerous illusion to assume that there exists today an identity of views in washington london and moscow regarding war and post war problems but it would be equally dangerous to jump to the conclu sion that there is no basis for agreement among them the task of the conferees is to look below the surface of platitudes about international collaboration for the essence of the issues that divide them and to reconcile their divergent points of view such divergences as are known to exist result from the different degree of interest of the three powers in european affairs russia is geographically a part of europe and cannot as some nazi ideologists had urged be thrust back into asia one thing that is needed is that russia should become politically and economically as well as geographically knit together with europe and every move recently made by the soviet government such as its repeated intervention on behalf of the french committee of national lib eration indicates that it is in fact moscow’s de termination to take an active part in the post war teorganization of the continent britain by contrast has throughout its history been interested in europe primarily because a continent so close to its shores might become a threat to its safety if it came to be dominated by a single power that might try to unite the continent against the british as france under napoleon and germany under hit ler unsuccessfully tried to do it has been britain's policy to intervene in the affairs of europe when ever one nation seemed on the point of achieving hegemony on such occasions britain tipped the scales against the potential victor by joining a coali tion of its opponents balance of power ruled out resump tion of this policy as the british realize will no longer prove feasible after the war for two major reasons first now that the airplane has become a deadly weapon britain can no longer count on the possibility of withdrawing into splendid isolation once its intervention has been crowned with success as it has tried to do on previous occasions with con stantly diminishing returns second the whole politi cal map of europe has been altered by the emergence of russia as a great power which could hardly be counterbalanced immediately after the war by any anglo german coalition especially since one of britain's avowed purposes is to make it impossible for the reich to become a strong military power in the future today britain is not in a position to estab lish a new balance of power on the continent the alternatives it faces are either a bilateral agreement with russia dividing the continent into respective spheres of influence and accepting the idea that east ern europe and the balkans fall within moscow's sphere or what it would prefer a_ three power agreement between britain russia and the united states which would have as its principal objective the establishment of a world organization with suf ficient military and economic power at its disposal to assure the reconstruction of europe in contrast to both britain and russia the united states has no direct territorial or strategic interest in europe but like the two other great powers it is concerned to prevent the recurrence of conflicts that would precipitate a general war from which as our sc yl sss experience in 1917 and 1939 incontrovertibly proves we could not hope to remain aloof in that sense any post war reorganization of the continent that can alleviate the causes of war should have the active support of the united states while the british in the short run at least might find a division into spheres of influence satisfactory such an arrange ment would be repugnant to public opinion in this country especially if it involves acquiescence in ab sorption by russia of small countries which had en joyed independence before 1939 on the other hand a european federation which might offer the small countries an alternative to becoming satellites of russia or britain and would be welcomed in the united states has been hitherto viewed with sus picion by moscow which sees in any such proposal the makings of an anti soviet coalition similar diversity of views exists on the crucial problem of the political complexion the conquered countries might take following liberation it is im possible to expect that any of the three great powers will advocate abroad what it opposes at home that britain and the united states will advo cate communism in europe or russia capitalism the majority of americans and britishers would not welcome communist inspired revolutions on the con tinent on the other hand the soviet government would oppose the re establishment of governments known to hold reactionary and especially anti soviet views but is a choice of these alternatives inescapa ble as a matter of fact such information as can be gleaned from underground sources would indicate that most of the peoples of europe while determined balkan differences test anti axis unity in europe as british and american forces in southern italy outflank nazi defenses in the balkans the stage appears to be set for increased allied collaboration with the yugoslav guerrillas who now occupy most of italian slovenia and the dalmatian coast under these circumstances the long deferred and perplexing problems concerning the future of yugoslavia and greece and the relations between britain the united states and the ussr in those countries call for prompt answers based on a frank recognition of former mistakes and present obstacles relations with partisans for the past two years the soviet union and its two western allies have followed distinctly different balkan poli cies and little effort has been made by either side to achieve a compromise from moscow the yugoslavs and greeks have been constantly advised to take im mediate military action against the enemy whenever and wherever possible and at any price in order to relieve german pressure on the eastern front and to hasten the end of the war in line with these instruc tions the yugoslav partisans under their commun not to return to the pre war state of things are no by any means committed to acceptance of a system patterned on that of the sovjet union here a dis tinction must be drawn between the countries of western and northern europe and those of eastem europe and the balkans whose political economi and social conditions in 1939 resembled those of russia in 1917 and might produce similar upheavals once the pressure of war has been lifted britain and the united states will have to recognize the neces sity for fundamental changes in this area and not oppose them in the hope that if they are unopposed they may be effected through adjustments between clashing groups rather than by bloody revolution that does not mean that russia alone should haye a free hand in that area the soviet government for its part might bear in mind that such anti democratic movements as had developed in the in dustrialized and politically advanced countries of western europe had tended to take the form of fascism rather than communism and not revive this trend by open hostility to democratic institu tions the strong support given by moscow to the french committee of liberation whose accent is on nationalism not on communism shows that the soviet government may be closer to understanding the forces at work in europe than britain and the united states and despite all divergences the three great powers agree on one thing the need for se curity against future aggression the main question is by what methods can security be most effectively achieved vera micheles dean the fourth in a series on the outlook for the future of europe ist military leader tito whose real name is josip brozovich have forced the nazis out of large sec tions of the country and greek guerrilla forces have also carried on almost constant warfare and wrested important areas from their axis conquerors in contrast to the partisans the greek and yugo slav governments in exile have warned against hasty action and urged their countrymen to await the at rival of the allies before risking armed opposition to the enemy mikhailovich the yugoslav minister to shift th lish milit vich to is known partisans recently l who disturbin anglo as of post v pre war posed of cal and s washing many inc tatorial 1 represen ernment out afte george similar t in the f ism mi his since of the g in yi been do between because the yt over the and the try's na on any unity t ernmen leading were ci have a in 0 ani of war and leader of the official chetniks is ap parently in accord with his government on this point for he is reported to have remained inactive against the nazis since october 1941 meanwhile the yugo slav cabinet has either ignored the partisans or de manded that they seek unity with the chetniks and although king peter on september 30 gave tito his belated approval there is as yet no indication that the members of the cabinet now in cairo agree with the monarch the inability of the yugoslav government to come to terms with as valuable 4 military force as the partisans has caused the british sition nister is ap point painst y ugo yr de and to his that agree roslav ble a sritish to shift their attitude toward yugoslavia and estab lish military liaison with tito as well as mikhailo yich to date however the united states as far as js known has taken no step toward recognizing the partisans and the reputation of the chetniks has only recently been subjected to scrutiny in our press who represents the people even more disturbing differences between the russian and anglo american balkan policies appear in the realm of post war questions the ussr has urged that the pre war fascists in yugoslavia and greece be dis sed of before liberation and that important politi cal and social changes be effected now london and washington on the other hand continue to consider many individuals who were associated with the dic tatorial régimes in these countries as the legitimate representatives of their people and through the gov ernments in exile propose that all changes be carried out after the war ends however inasmuch as king george returned to the throne in 1935 on a platform similar to the one he now submits only to discover in the following year that the threat of commun ism made it necessary to establish a dictatorship his sincerity has been questioned by representatives of the greek partisans in yugoslavia king peter’s intentions have also been doubted not only because of past connections between the royal house and dictatorships but also because of the nature of the present government the yugoslav officials in exile have been at odds over the type of social order the nation should have and the relations that should exist among the coun try's nationalities and are therefore unable to agree on any program of reforms in an effort to secure unity the king formed the present non party gov etnment on august 10 but in actual fact most of its leading members including prime minister puritch were connected with the pre war dictatorship and have a strong serbian bias in opposition to the greek and yugoslav govern announcing teamwork in the americas by delia goetz this new fpa publication is a simple lively narrative for young readers 12 to 16 describing past and present cooperation among the americas illustrated in color by aline appel order from foreign policy association 22 east 38 st new york 16 page three nanuaeaeam ments in exile with their vague promises of reform and unpopular members there are committees in both countries which have set forth democratic post war programs and include well known citizens these organizations according to their critics are mere creatures of the kremlin's foreign policy embryos of the national governments the ussr wants to set up as protective satellites after the wat in case effective world organization is not created al though some of the members of these groups are communists and the prestige of the victorious red army is enormous in the balkans there is evidence that these organizations are not dominated by mos cow the yugoslav people’s liberation movement which was organized in 1942 draws its 65 members from various occupations all national groups and pre war political parties and according to a state ment made last february wants to establish truly democratic rights and liberties for all peoples of yugoslavia and to maintain private property with full opportunity for initiative in industry and the economic field in greece the partisan political or ganization follows the same general pattern and its willingness to cooperate with the western powers is attested by the presence in london of a special emissary what is at stake because of the wide gulf that obviously exists between the régimes recognized by britain and the united states and large numbers of yugoslavs and greeks london and washington need to reconsider their political policy toward south eastern europe before invasion begins lest the peo ple they come to liberate fight their returning gov ernments finally when the time for military inva sion comes it will be essential that britain the united states and the ussr have a common balkan policy winifred n hadsel annual forum and 25th anniversary on saturday october 16 the annual forum of the association will be held at the waldorf astoria to discuss today’s war tomorrow’s world at the luncheon session there will be a message from the president of the united states among the speakers at the forum will be the honorable sumner welles at luncheon the honorable henry cabot lodge jr admiral thomas c hart and dr harry gideonse at the morning session and the honorable harold b butler and mr james y c yen representing britain and china at the afternoon session as well as a speaker on russia foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 51 ocroser 8 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f luger secretary vera micheles dean editor envered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year one month for change of address on membership publications please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year gb 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter oct 8 by creating the mediterranean commis sion the leading western powers among the united nations have taken the first real step toward setting up a political machinery of alliance lack of machin ery in the past has contributed to misunderstandings between russia and its allies and has inhibited con certed action on the problems that arise every time victorious allied armies free new territory if the commission takes full advantage of its opportuni ties it can lay the foundation for a workable system of collective security in the post war world the commission which is to sit at algiers is to be composed of representatives of the united states great britain the soviet union and the french com mittee of national liberation as announced by mr churchill in the house of commons on september 20 except for the combined chiefs of staff com mittee which is a monopoly of the united states and britain the united nations have so far had few permanent bodies dealing with high policy this is also the first time that russia will sit on an allied committee russian membership in the mediter ranean commission gives the soviet government a channel for obtaining regular information concern ing the views of its partners in the war and regular expression of its own views russia gains voice for france french representation on the commission reflects russian influence it was on the request of the soviet gov ernment that the french were invited to participate the french however have yet to choose their repre sentative the british have named harold macmil lan minister to north africa and the russians andrei y vishinsky envoy to the french liberation committee and former vice commissar for foreign affairs the mediterranean is of special interest to the russians because of their concern for the future of the balkans and the prospect that once the ger mans have been ejected from greece and bulgaria russia may receive supplies from the allies through the dardanelles and the black sea president roosevelt last week designated edwin c wilson now u.s ambassador to panama formerly counselor of embassy in paris in 1935 39 as this country’s rep resentative the exact nature and scope of the commission's work are yet to be fixed the task defined for it at this time is to serve as a clearinghouse for the military and political views of the four powers concerning mediterranean territory occupied by the allies italy obviously offers the most pressing immediate proh lem for lack of machinery of alliance of some cem tral continuing organization for the exchange of views the future of italy has caused differences be tween moscow and the west which the forthcoming three power conference of foreign ministers is in tended to bridge a particular point at issue has been the operation of amg on september 2 the moscow organ war and the working class attacked the british american plan to use amg for governing italy during the transition between its status as 4 conquered enemy country and its eventual restoration to the italian people and contended that amg was undemocratic crucial mediterranean problems italy is but one mediterranean question the com mission will in time have to face the problem of yugoslavia which is divided internally by hatred of serb for croat and by rivalry between partisan and chetnik will greece and albania want to welcome back their exiled kings king george and king zog what of the dodecanese those strategically valuable islands which italy obtained from the turks in 1912 a suggestion was reported from washing ton on september 4 that strategic islands taken from the enemy be placed under the control of joint inter national governing bodies if this suggestion should develop into a policy the unilateral mandate system established under the league covenant which helped to strengthen japan for its present war in the pacific by giving it a hold on strategic islands may be discarded the mediterranean commission is not designed to make decisions of its own it can only report views to the member governments but its existence is im portant it stresses the understanding in washington london and moscow that the allied powers have equal interest in the politics of a great area wheft their economic stake is unequal for centuries the mediterranean has provided a setting for political rivalries now an attempt is being made to substitute joint action for rivalry the pattern of concerted action in that area can point the way to concerted action in other regions the mediterranean commis sion could grow into a european commission and then into a world commission its establishment reflects the desire of the united nations for unity and stability in world affairs blair bolles 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 f vou xx joint dn conferen same get war once united the inte statesme cuse frz must pr out arm the frui and don the ind dubitabl the unit of safet alone o other r possible can a trie sought the past joining incorpo tiers o1 sphere tic state joint ax example quite tices ar nations and the ties it s the secr mere e protecti +the ican t in the 1 as uch ugh ront viet rest d it osal hing in ent it 1s nelp self ited orts y be tion e to the ptly rime aid any mes rial lism that and cify hill ved cond t s entered as 2nd class matter ur william www bishop ha pel sity of michigan libr wich ann rhbor foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vol xxi no 51 ocroser 9 1942 stalin calls for fulfillment of allies obligations s talin’s statement of october 4 has given new urgency to the issue of a second front in europe in a letter to an american correspondent in moscow stalin usually noted for his non communicativeness to foreigners said that the possibility of a second front occupies a very important place one might say a place of first rate importance in soviet esti mates of the current situation allied aid to the so viet union he added has so far been little effec tive as compared with the aid which the soviet union is giving to the allies by drawing upon itself the main force of the germans the only way in which the allies can amplify and improve their aid he said is to fulfill their obligations fully and on time russian people urge aid stalin’s state ment coming at a moment when the russians are rallying their forces for a supreme effort to link re sistance at stalingrad with operations in other sectors of their far flung front reflects public sentiment in the soviet union of which wendell willkie became keenly aware during his visit to kuibyshev and moscow while the soviet government exercises strict control over public expression on political and military questions it has shown itself again and again since 1917 highly if sometimes belatedly sensitive to currents of feeling among the people and sharp changes in policy for example on collec tivization of agriculture have often been directly due to the necessity of meeting popular resistance or hostility to administrative decisions when the germans first invaded the soviet union on june 22 1941 some of russia’s political and military leaders hoped the u.s.s.r might resist the german assault more or less single handed and little emphasis was placed at that time on allied military aid since then the growing need for relief from the incessant pounding of german armies who have occupied some of russia’s most important industrial and agricultural areas has profoundly altered mos cow’s relationship with the two united nations best equipped to render military aid britain and the united states it is difficult for russian soldiers and civilians to feel that the amount of war material received from the allies no matter how hazardous its transportation by sea is in any way commen surate with the heavy losses in terms of lives and resources already suffered by the soviet union to argue as some do in britain and the united states that these sacrifices have been made by russia for its own sake and not for the sake of the united na tions is irrelevant since it is obvious to the merest layman that russia’s success in holding the bulk of the german land forces on the eastern front has at the same time been of invaluable aid to the west ern powers what the common man wants when wendell willkie made his much disputed appeal in moscow for the opening of a second front he may have been voicing the views of president roosevelt as contrasted with those of british and american military leaders or he may merely have expressed what he believes to be the overwhelming desire of the common man in all continents for action now as he put it in his statement at chung king on october 3 to feel the need for action is not the same thing of course as knowing whether this or that kind of action is feasible or what kind of action is best calculated at any given time to as sure ultimate victory for the united nations this is a technical problem on which experts must pass judgment the common man however especially in countries that seek to practice democracy has both the right and the duty to make his views known as to the general policy that experts then can at tempt to translate into terms of practical action when president roosevelt on october 1 expressed satisfaction with the high morale of the american s r ea ree ee ee ae oe 5 ms i jl y see se rae cet ne oe a saat ve sy es people and described them as very alive to the war spirit he must have had in mind the same mood of action now to which mr willkie referred without such a mood any offensive plans that mili tary experts may work out no matter how skillful might prove a fiasco limelight on africa the opening of an other front that might relieve german pressure on the russians need not be limited geographically to the european continent in an effort to forestall and discredit in advance any action the allies may take elsewhere the vichy government inspired by the nazis has sought to create the impression that an anglo american attack on dakar is imminent and has echoed the nazi argument that the french must defend their empire against encroachments by britain and the united states the extent to which m laval is already cooperating with nazi strategy in africa brought a protest early in september from mm herriot and jeanneney presidents respectively of the french chamber of deputies and the french senate the subsequent detention of m herriot indicates the importance that laval attaches to this protest and to the influence that france’s two elder states men exercise over public opinion under the cir cumstances the justification for continuance of wash argentines clash over break with axis lines of battle were sharply drawn in argentina as september came to a stormy close the chamber of deputies by a vote of 67 to 64 adopted on september 29 a motion calling for an immediate break in relations with germany italy and japan at the same session the rio conference resolution recommending a break in relations with the axis powers was approved by a vote of 71 to 59 un fortunately for argentina's democrats these meas ures must come before the senate where an over whelming majority of members support the prudent neutrality policy of president ramén s castillo the government has made it clear that it considers itself in no way bound by the chamber votes argentine congressmen have also locked horns on a closely related issue continuance of the state page twe what americans think about post war reconstruction in new england by walter k schwinn in the south by virginius dabney in the middle west by william h hessler in the northwest by herbert lewis 25c october 1 issue of foreign poticy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 ll ington’s diplomatic relations with vichy which had grown more and more tenuous after the return to power of laval who has openly expressed his desire for a german victory appears to be nearing the vanishing point the balance of conflicting hopes fears and de sires on the european continent is so delicately poised that any act by britain and the united states wheth er of commission or omission will have unpre dictably far reaching consequences should the rus sians with no increase in allied aid succeed in blocking further advance by the germans even without actually defeating them their influence on the conquered peoples of europe may assume grow ing importance this will be due not to communist propaganda which even in the midst of general poverty and despair has as yet made little headway in western europe but to the courage determina tion and effectiveness of the russians any move that britain and the united states now make against germany must be judged not only as an opportunity to participate in the defeat of the nazis but as an opportunity to win the right of participating along with russia and the conquered countries in the post war reconstruction of europe vera micheles dean of siege instituted on december 16 1941 this measure was designed to prevent newspaper discus sion of foreign policy a practice which the gov ernment contended would dangerously inflame public opinion it has since been pointed out that maintenance of the state of siege permits castillo to silence opponents in his campaign for re election to the presidency in 1943 the state of siege long a target of liberals was challenged afresh in late september by the buenos aires press club whose president ex deputy adolfo lanius is author of campo minado or minefield an attack on the gov ernment’s indulgent attitude toward totalitarian propaganda the press club manifesto pointed out that castillo’s muzzling of the press had been ap plied to many matters not directly related to foreign policy such as strikes and provincial politics on september 29 the chamber voted 77 to 56 for im mediate suspension of the state of siege here again the efforts of the lower house are hampered by the known opposition of the president and the sen ate moreover congress is now winding up its session and will not meet again until may 1943 reactions to brazil’s entry in war brazil's entrance into the war on august 22 caused conflicting emotions among the argentine people since uruguay immediately moved to coordinate its defense set up with that of brazil the conflict was in effect brought to within a hundred miles of the seer in t iscit sink was sign on to b of a and of y t witl bor p had arr den flev cei wh ind obs to for car ob the ass ele de go cle in gr ca ha on ad to ire he je ed th re us in ven on yw nist ral vay na ove inst nity an ong ost this cus gov ame that tillo tion long late hose r of gov irian out ap reign on r im gain d by sen p its 43 7 ar 1used ople linate yn flict es of page three the argentine capital for the more timorous this seemed an inducement to retreat more deeply with in their ostrich holes the so called peace pleb iscite which had disappeared after a submarine sinking of the argentine vessel rio tercero in june was revived and fourteen volumes of pro neutrality signatures were ceremoniously presented to castillo on september 5 on the other side of the ledger are to be noted the vociferously pro brazilian reactions of a great majority of students labor organizations and citizens at large including an imposing roster of argentina’s leading statesmen past and present the most conspicuous single gesture of solidarity with argentina’s great portuguese speaking neigh bor came from former president 1932 38 agustin p justo during his presidency of argentina justo had been made an honorary general in the brazilian army he now offered his sword to brazilian presi dent getulio vargas and on september 6 he actually flew to rio de janeiro where he was warmly re ceived by foreign minister oswaldo aranha and where the following day he reviewed brazil’s independence day parade at vargas side impartial observers while not doubting justo’s genuine loyalty to the united nations cause felt that this astute and forceful executive had played a trump card in his campaign to recapture the presidency in 1943 in an obvious counter move castillo on october 5 deposed the provincial government and appointed a political associate as federal interventor in corrientes justo’s electoral stronghold castillo tries to mend his fences despite the stubbornness with which the castillo government has clung to its foreign policy it is clearly alarmed by argentina’s increasing isolation in a warring world where neutrals are being pro gressively squeezed out at present twelve ameri can republics are at war with the axis seven others have broken relations in the western hemisphere only chile shares argentina's neutral status and the chilean position which officials of that country prefer to describe as non belligerency may con ceivably be altered in drastic degree after president rios trip to washington and other american capi tals the latter part of october if the united states has not imposed sanctions on argentina for its un cooperative attitude in the pan american program at least buenos aires is receiving no special favors and its leaders see brazil and other countries being armed as fast as washington can arm them indicative of this uneasiness in argentina are ef forts of the government to improve relations with neighboring republics in mid september castillo conferred with president enrique pefiaranda of bo livia in the little bolivian frontier town of yacuiba the announced purpose of the visit was to drive the first spike into a railway line for which argentina will foot the bill linking northern argentina with the bolivian oil fields foreign ministers and chiefs of staff were included however in the official en tourages this meeting followed a visit of argentine war minister juan n tonazzi to paraguay it pre ceded by a few days the visit of an argentine mili tary mission to peru a further sign of government insecurity is the occasional sop thrown to zealous pro democrats on september 14 for example the german federation of cultural and welfare societies regarded as suc cessor to the proscribed nazi party was dissolved by decree of the ministry of interior vigilance against nazi propaganda continues to fall mainly on the chamber’s special investigating committee formerly headed by the dashing young radical raul damonte taborda and now presided over by the highly respected socialist juan solari recently this committee dispatched one of its members to the northern territory of misiones to study nazi propa ganda among the german settlements there and to check on infiltration of nazi elements from brazil since the latter’s declaration of war joun i b mcculloch bombing of germany facilitates second front in a speech on october 4 reich marshal hermann goering revealed the close relationship between the strength of the russian resistance on the eastern front and the success of the allied air offensive in the west he explained that the luftwaffe is so busy in the east that it cannot get around immediately to meeting the british challenge in the air his report would have been more complete if to his admission that the german food shortage is a result of the strain on communications before stalingrad he had added that british bombing had increased this strain and thus hampered the offensive against the u.s.s.r without secret information it is impossible to estimate the damage already done by allied air attacks on germany and occupied europe but major general ira eaker chief of the united states bomber command in britain was not speaking with out knowledge of what had already been accom plished when he declared on september 21 i be lieve that it is possible to destroy the enemy ger many from the air nor was he describing simply what he envisioned for the future when he said that by destroying the enemy's communications and mu nitions plants its army could be brought to a halt by destroying aircraft factories its air force could be wiped out and by destroying shipyards its sub marine production could be disrupted for these particular objectives have been for many months et as lol i le ry et py os se rt es re et ee ee ee iiop a sar cs ee se y tem se reg ere a precisely the goals of the lancaster sterling and halifax bombers of the r.a.f in area bombing by night and recently of the american flying fortresses and liberators in target bombing by day from the beginning of the war to august 1942 approximately 30 per cent of british air attacks have been concentrated on german railways and communications these have included the demoli tion of locomotive works in the thousand plane raids on cologne and essen and the lighter but still devastating raid on karlsruhe the attacks on river communications of the ruhr region at duisburg and the dortmund ems canal and the blasting of the railway yards at hamm key to rail communications in the ruhr rhine area more recently american bombers have attacked the rail center at rouen in northern france in view of the german shortage of rolling stock especially locomotives and of the fact that the nazis after a year of war in russia had fewer locomotives than when they started their russian venture although thousands had been plundered from the occupied countries these may well be considered the most important raids and of the most immediate aid to the russian armies closely related has been the bombing of german oil refineries and synthetic oil plants the production of which is needed for transportation as well as for the luftwaffe and the german armies these raids on oil plants nearly 15 per cent of the total have included targets in hanover frankfort and stettin most destructive of the attacks on german war production in general have been the powerful raids on cologne and essen and the lesser raids on diis seldorf mainz and saarbriicken while aircraft pro duction in particular has been affected by the raids on kassel and rostock to these should be added the american attack of september 6 on a german page four ae aircraft factory in meaulte in northern france the four concentrated attacks on rostock last april however probably afforded the most direct aid to the russian ally for here the heinkel factories pro ducing planes for the eastern front were destroyed all british raids on aircraft and munitions plants up to august 1942 amounted to roughly another 30 per cent of the total the bombing of the docks at rostock and liibeck was also of aid to russia since these baltic ports have been used as bases supplying german armies on the northern sector of the russian front but more important in the over all picture of attacks on german ports and shipyards have been the continued raids on bremen hamburg and wilhelmshaven symbolic too of the determination to destroy the submarine menace at its source was the 1,000 mile raid on augsburg in april 1942 designed to wipe out factories which are said to have supplied 50 per cent of the diesel engines used in german u boats of all raids those intended primarily to weaken german strength at sea have been about 25 per cent since most of these bombing attacks can have little effect on the military fronts for several months and the really heavy concentration of bombers over germany began only late in may 1942 it is not surprising that the soviet government has considered the bombing of germany no substitute for a second front its long run effect however should not be minimized and it is possible to see in the british american air offensive not only a means of relieving the pressure on russia but also a necessary prepara tion for a land front in the west there is no reason to believe that an air offensive is intended to take the place of a military invasion but there is reason to believe that it will greatly facilitate such an op eration howard p whidden jr statement of the ownership management circulation etc required by the acts of congress of august 24 1912 and march 3 1933 of foreign policy bulletin published weekly at new york n y for october 1 1942 state of new york county of new york ss before me a notary public in and for the state and county aforesaid personally appeared vera micheles dean who havi duly sworn ac cena aw d and says that she is the tor of the foreign policy bulletin and that the following is to the best of her knowledge and belief a true statement of the ownership management etc of the afore said publication for the date shown in the above caption required by the act of a 24 1912 as amended by the act of march 3 1933 em bodied in ion 537 postal laws and regulations printed on the re verse of this form to wit 1 that the names and addresses of the publisher editor managing edi tor and business managers are publishers foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y editor vera micheles dean 22 east 38th street new york n y managing editor none business managers none 2 that che owner is foreign policy association incorporated the principal officers of which are frank ross mccoy president doroth 22 east 38th street new york n y and 70 broadway new york n y 3 that the known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 per cent or more of total amount of bonds mortgages or other securities are none 4 that the two paragraphs next above giving the names of the owners stockholders and security holders if any contain not only the list of stock holders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the company but also in cases where the stockholder or security holder pone upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting is given also that the said two paragraphs contain statements embracing afhant’s ful knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under which stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the company as trustees hold stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner and this affiant has no reason to believe that any other person association or corporation has any interest direct or indirect in the said stock bonds or other securities than as so stated by her foreign policy association incorporated by vera micheles dean editor sworn to and subscribed before me this 23rd day of september 1942 seal carolyn martin notary public new york county new york county clerk’s no 339 new york county reg no 3m284 my commission expires march 30 1943 f leet secretary both of illiam a eldridge treasurer foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 51 ocroser 9 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leer secretary vera michetes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor 8 +beet o nj fq was ems com n of ad of and come king ically turks hing from inter hould ystem which in the may igned views is im igton have where os the litical stitute certed certed mmis 1 and hment les msh itd ari wits grnbral lisr4 unity oaly of mice awe ye ony qo entered as 2nd class matter 18 1943 p we us ichigan oct ann arbor michizan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxii no 52 ocroszr 15 1943 joint responsibility of united nations key to post war security d iverse as are the specific items that could be included in the agenda of the three power conference in moscow they will all fall under the same general heading the search for security against war once the present conflict is over today few in the united nations would dispute the french thesis of the inter war years whose reiteration by french statesmen caused the british and americans to ac cuse france of unbridled militarism that security must precede disarmament few believe that with out armaments the united nations could preserve the fruits of victory but when all has been said and done the question still remains of how to use the industrial and military power that will in dubitably be at the command of britain russia and the united states in such a way as to give assurance of safety not only to each of the three great powers alone or to the three combined but also to all the other nations whose efforts will make victory possible can expansion give security one way a tried and tested way in which nations have sought to protect themselves against aggression in the past has been to establish control over the ad joining territories of weaker neighbors either by incorporating them outright within their own fron tiers or by claiming that they come within their sphere of influence russia’s occupation of the bal tic states in 1939 is an example of the first practice joint anglo russian occupation of iran in 1941 is an example of the second quite aside from the question whether such prac tices are compatible with the lip service all united nations governments have been paying to democracy and the rights of small nations and national minori ties it still remains to be proved that they can assure the security even of the great powers the idea that mere extension of territory is in itself a form of protection against aggression dates back to the period ee ee when wars between nations were waged primarily on land and it seemed advisable to place as much land space as possible between oneself and one’s potential opponent but the development of the air plane as a weapon is invalidating this concept and will invalidate it even more in the future hitler achieved tremendous expansion of german territory but his land fortress is exposed to bombing from the air and so will the territories of any other great powers who seek security in expansion mere acquisition of land or spheres of influence is an other version of the maginot line it creates the il lusion of security without coming to grips with the reasons why nations go to war threat of territorial free for all should britain and the united states through a de sire to placate russia or to express their appreciation of the part the russians are playing in the war agree to the acquisition by the u.s.s.r of territories along its borders without any guarantee of the rights of individuals in these areas that would be the signal for a free for all territorial scramble then britain could with equal justification claim that protec tion of its lifeline through the mediterranean neces sitates retention of the italian colonies it has occu pied in africa and even acquisition of bases in sicily sardinia and greece then too there would be nothing to prevent the united states from in sisting that we must control all the islands.in the pacific and possibly other areas in asia to guard this country against future aggression by japan the race for territorial spoils would be on with only one predictable outcome another and even more deadly war between the victors in the present conflict need for joint responsibility at the same time it is clear that britain and the united states cannot merely reject russia’s demand for se curity through control of adjoining territories they must propose a workable alternative which they in tend to support with all the power at their disposal an alternative which is gradually taking shape in the form of concrete measures of allied coopera tion has been described as joint responsibility for europe this is another phrase for international col laboration with proper emphasis on the responsi bility that rests on the great powers for making international machinery work not only for their own benefit but for the benefit of all such collaboration to be effective must rest on gecognition by the great powers that they will be unable single handed to achieve their own protec tion in the future even if their peoples were willing to forego indefinitely any improvement in living standards and any advance in human welfare for the sake of maintaining after the war national military establishments commensurate with their wartime needs the great powers must also face the fact that their own security will increase in direct ratio to the sense of security and stability they can give to the small nations whose fears and discontents would otherwise be a constant source of concern to the great powers themselves and a potential danger to world stability but neither must the small nations again seek to play the role of irresponsibles or seek illusory refuge in neutrality or allow them selves to become pawns of one or other of their more powerful neighbors no one would claim that this alternative to an other balance of power through spheres of influ ence system can be easily or promptly worked out mutual suspicions and recriminations are bound to the mass starvation now occurring throughout bengal province including its capital at calcutta will inevitably have repercussions on british indian relations as well as on india’s effectiveness in the war bengal containing an important part of the country’s modern industry as well as some 60 mil lion people stands next door to burma and is un doubtedly slated to play a significant role in the recovery of that territory from the japanese con sequently more than humanitarian interest attaches to the british broadcasting company’s statement of september 18 that there is not a village in the prov ince in which the inhabitants are receiving as many as two meals a day with regard to calcutta india’s largest center with a population of more than 2,000,000 the provincial food minister estimated a week later that 50 persons were dying of starva tion every day and on september 29 alone 197 persons in that city were reported dead from lack of food an indication of the growing seriousness of the famine cholera was also said to have broken out in a number of places what are the reasons many factors are mentioned in discussions of the food crisis shortage in os os tee be ce aaa pagetwo eee famine in india weakens base for burma invasion persist and every step forward may be followed by backsliding but the important thing is that at the moscow conference the three great powers should make a clear choice between the alternatives should set their course in one direction instead of the other then many of the doubts and anxieties tha hang like a pall over the battlefields could be dis pelled giving us all a clearer vision of the future then too the key problem of what to do about germany would assume new meaning for we might begin to see as the russians already appear to see that to make europe safe from renewed german aggression we should strive not so much to weaken germany this could not be done permanently but to strengthen the continent and the world through post war mutual political economic and military aid among the united nations such aid which in war time can bring the defeat of germany could i peacetime literally neutralize its resurgence as well as the expansionist intentions of any other potential aggressor no one who knows or is capable of imagining the physical and moral havoc wrought in europe by four years of conflict no one who has experienced of witnessed the agony of war partings and war losses can believe that any stone will be left unturned at the moscow conference in trying to prevent the recur rence of such havoc and such agony vera micheles dean this is the last in a series of articles on the outlook for the future in europe of transport facilities hoarding of food grains loss of india’s normal import of 1,500,000 tons of rice from burma unwillingness on the part of provinces with surplus grain to make supplies available for bengal and other deficit areas the decline in ben gal’s rice crop last winter from 9,000,000 to 000,000 tons as a result of cyclones floods and fears of japanese invasion the use of food from india to feed the armed forces at home and abroad as well as refugees from burma and maladministration of the part of the indian government clearly there is no shortage of explanations but it would appear that the main question now being asked both in britain and india is why the central administration headed by the viceroy did not long ago adopt measutes adequate to meet a situation that was obviously ap proaching the chief defense offered by the government is that the central authorities in new delhi have been unable to act effectively because of the selfish oppo sition of certain indian provincial officials and that in any case the bengal administration is responsible for food distribution in its territory but according to a new york times dispatch from london of october british famine re men whc with pos or domi ing in b uation a analysis if as th for self disavow properly japa least imy which it radio leader w has beer rice to b territory shrewd indian predictir depende the indi when bengal can be supplies eign cou sense a and prc could be country bulks la stateme1 requir published w state of before m personally 4 cording to said publica act of aug bodied in verse of thi 1 that tor and bu publisher new york editor v managing business 2 that foreign foreign headquarter second class one month sis 10 7 fears dia to well on on ere is ir that sritain eaded asures ly ap ent is been oppo that nsible ording on of october 8 this explanation is not accepted by the british public which is deeply shocked at the famine reports one may surmise that many english men who have looked forward to friendly relations with post war india on the basis of independence or dominion status are afraid that what is happen ing in bengal will bring new bitterness into a sit uation already filled with antagonism the official analysis moreover is rejected on the ground that if as the government maintains india is not ripe for self rule during the war then britain cannot disavow responsibility for running the country properly japanese propaganda is busy not the least important aspect of the situation is the use to which it is being put by the japanese short wave radio subhas chandra bose former nationalist leader who went over to the axis several years ago has been broadcasting an offer of 100,000 tons of tice to be delivered to india from japanese occupied territory as soon as britain is ready to accept this shrewd suggestion is said to be having some effect indian propagandists working for tokyo are also predicting that the japanese organized indian in dependence army will shortly go into the field on the india burma frontier when a situation has become as bad as that in bengal there is no simple solution the best that can be done for the starving is to bring in larger supplies of food from neighboring areas and for eign countries as rapidly as possible in a long term sense action is needed against hoarding landlords and profiteering merchants popular participation could be very helpful in this connection for in a country where a decentralized village economy still bulks large the local peasant will be better informed page three than any outside administrator about those who are responsible for raising prices and withholding stocks from the market such popular support however can be mobilized only under nationalist leadership i.e as the result of a settlement between the government and the main indian groups this is one reason why new british indian discussions are necessary if india is to furnish a sound war base and play its full part in the struggle with japan lawrence k rosinger food and farming in post war europe by p lamartine yates and d warriner new york oxford university press 1948 1.25 excellent short survey of europe’s farming conditions and outline of a program for rehabilitating the peasantry among the proposals are water power development on a regional basis abolition of the strip system creation of new industries and long term credits from abroad reflections on the revolution of our time by harold laski new york viking 1943 3.50 prominent english socialist analyzes trends since world war i and concludes that either political democracy must be the master of economic monopoly or economic monopoly will be the master of political democracy he insists that the drift of american experience has been in much the same direction as europe’s requiring the united states to establish a planned democracy the united states navy by carroll storrs alden and allan westcott new york lippincott 1943 5.50 america’s navy in world war ii by gilbert cant new york john day 1943 3.75 the navy reader by lt william harrison fetridge new york bobbs merrill 1943 3.75 three interesting books on the navy the first is a com prehensive history by professors at annapolis the second a correspondent’s account of important battles after pearl harbor and the third an anthology designed to acquaint the reader with all aspects of the u.s navy today statement of the ownership management circulation etc required by the acts of congress of august 24 1912 and march 3 1933 of foreign policy bulletin published weekly at new york n y for october 1 1943 state of new york county of new york ss before me a notary public in and for the state and county aforesaid personally appeared vera micheles dean who having been duly sworn ac cording to law deposes and says that she is the editor of the foreign policy bulletin and that the following is to the best of her knowledge and belief a true statement of the ownership management etc of the afore said publication for the date shown in the above caption required by the act of august 24 1912 as amended by the act of march 3 1933 em ied in section 537 postal laws and regulations printed on the re verse of this form to wit 1 that the names and addresses of the publisher editor managing edi tor and business managers are _publishers foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n editor vera micheles dean 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y managing editor none business managers none 2 that the owner is foreign policy association incorporated the principal officers of which are frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary both of 22 east 38th street ew york 16 n y and william a eldridge treasurer 70 broadway new york n y 3 that the known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 per cent or more of total amount of bonds mortgages securities are one 4 that the two paragraphs next above giving the names of the owners stockholders and security holders if any contain not only the list of stock holders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the company but also in cases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting is given also that the said two paragraphs contain statements embracing afnant’s full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under which stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the company as trustees hold stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner and this affiant has no reason to believe that any other person association or corporation has any interest direct or indirect im the said stock bonds or other securities than as so stated by her foreign policy association incorporated by vera micheles dean editor sworn to and subscribed before me this 27th day of september 1943 seal carolyn martin notary public new york county new york county clerk’s no 87 new york county reg no 164 m 5 my commission expires march 30 1945 foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 52 ocropsr 15 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f luger secretary vera micheces dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year be 81 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor 4 a al ut ui t es fae ae z washington news letter sad oct 15 since the united states senate is ex handed on lend lease supplies to third countries with pected to influence the nature of the peace that out disclosing that the material came from the united follows this war the world listens closely to the states 3 british news agencies monopolize batt comments of the five senators who recently com credits for british forces 4 united states pleted a two month 43,000 mile trip around the globe ganda abroad is misleading and ineffective 5 united to allied fighting fronts outside russia they have states diplomacy is inferior to the british 6 the made statements critical of this country’s allies united states suffers from lack of a positive foreign great britain and russia and of this country’s policy diplomacy coming almost on the eve of the con lodge said that russia could change the a ference among the u.s secretary of state the british character of the war in the pacific and save a million foreign secretary and the soviet foreign commissar american lives by letting the united states use their criticisms raise questions in united nations re berian coastal bases against japan but the other fout lations which will disturb the ministers meeting travelers objected to this remark the senate also is certain to consider their criti in sum the five senators exhibited marked ne cisms when it acts on a foreign policy resolution tionalistic tendencies in their attitude toward forej but time may weaken the effect of the comments affairs they advocated that the united states travelers carefully chosen the five steps to retain rights after the war in airfields builf senators left washington amid doubts of their col by this government around the world during the leagues that they would accomplish anything use war and to obtain rights to strategic bases far from ful senator clark of missouri recalled that the uf continental shores they reported that the united house naval affairs committee visited france in states was overgenerous in lend lease help 1917 and learned little about the warfare in europe plainly believe the united states should play a world senator lucas of illinois announced he would not role after the war but they apparently believe it vote to appropriate a dime for the trip majority should play the role alone their published com leader barkley chose the five after discussing the ment nowhere indicates a wish for a close post war matter with secretary of war stimson general partnership arrangement among the united nations george c marshall army chief of staff and sen the sense of international aloofness was give ate minority leader mcnary barkley disclosed his further expression by chairman connally of the list on june 30 henry cabot lodge of massachu senate foreign relations committee during tht setts and albert b chandler of kentucky of the october 8 secret session of the senate he defended military affairs committee james m mead of new his committee's delay in reporting a foreign policy york and ralph o brewster of maine of the tru resolution despite the five senators complaint that man committee and as chairman richard b absence of a policy was harming us vis a vis the russell of georgia of the appropriations commit british a day later the associated press reported tee chandler mead and russell are democrats that one result of the five senators reports was to brewster and lodge republicans chandler how strengthen opposition to a foreign policy declara ever sometimes votes against the administration tion in advance of a statement of post war inter the war department financed the trip and sup tions by britain and russia blaam bolles plied the plane in which the men traveled the five reached england gn july 31 they subsequently vis ited africa india china and the southwest pacific just published p criticize british the travelers made known what future for italy their findings through press conferences on septem by c grove haines professor of history and ber 29 and 30 and through executive sessions of the director of area and language studies of the armed senate on october 7 and 8 aside from purely mili service program syracuse uimtwerany tary observations they had six principal criticisms 2 5c bs she british have been stingy using ogee maa october 1 issue of foreign poticy reports at a oe grae dee ts reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month a aw subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 middle east fields and refineries 2 the british have 1 nee ec 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 9 sot ss sr ee s seer ewrorese gs 6 serves ce tst ore one ir set e b par se on bae ares ee bee suese s spr ess pph nn +th of asurer olders gages wners stock npany on the mame 1 also s ful which of the that of other in the ated editor public county ational ered as pbriwdilal kuum bnbral library wply of mict oct 17 1942 entered as 2nd class matter org cmo hig e 516 joe ty an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vol xxi no 52 october 16 1942 pemaningpld roosevelt’s columbus day ref erence to plans for offensives against germany and japan has given official point to wendell willkie’s statement of october 7 in chung king that the time has come for an all out armed offensive everywhere by all the united nations similarly mr willkie’s declaration that no foot of chinese soil should be or can be ruled from now on except by the people who live in it appears not to have been a purely personal opinion for it was followed on october 9 by american and british statements that negotiations with china for the re linquishment of extraterritorial and related rights and privileges would be undertaken in the near fu ture this represents a significant change from the earlier anglo american position that this step would be taken only after the war extraterritoriality the right of foreigners to be tried in special courts and not under the courts and laws of china is a principal feature of the un equal treaties imposed by the western powers in the nineteenth century and long regarded by the chinese as a symbol of their semi dependent status the first breach in the treaty system occurred at the end of world war i when the soviet government relinquished russia's special rights and the defeated european countries were deprived of theirs as a result of the japanese invasion of manchuria in 1931 and the seizure of the principal chinese cities since 1937 these rights have lost almost all practi cal meaning for the united states and britain yet the formal move toward renunciation is of consid erable political significance for it indicates to the chinese that after the defeat of japan the most im portant legal barrier to full chinese independence will no longer exist frank speaking on asia the entire state ment issued by mr willkie in chungking deserves careful reading for he spoke with extraordinary new united nations assume political offensive in pacific directness on issues that are of great moment in winning the war he declared flatly that in the coun tries he visited the common people hope for a united nations victory but that they all doubt in vary ing degrees the readiness of the leading democracies of the world to stand up and be counted upon for the freedom of others after the war is over this doubt he warned kills their enthusiastic partici pation on our side in a reference which clearly included not only china but india and the colonial territories of south east asia as well he stated that steps must be taken at once to secure the active support of the billion people of asia who are determined no longer to live under foreign control without their help he said it will be enormously difficult to win the war and nearly impossible to win the peace nor can we any longer appeal to them on the ground that japanese rule would be even worse than west ern imperialism most important of all these issues cannot be hushed up until victory is won for sin cere efforts to find progressive solutions now will bring strength to our cause china’s views expressed mr willkie’s words and actions were significant not simply as a message from america the extent of official sanc tion of his views is not entirely clear but because they arose from the very atmosphere of chungking in expressing liberal american thought on the sub ject he also stated what every politically conscious chinese was longing to hear a responsible american say this apart from the fact that he is the most important foreigner to visit china during the war is why he was applauded so tumultuously by the chungking press at the same time fortified by the effects of his friendly attitude he was in a position to make certain public suggestions to the chinese concerning their own war effort it is reported that his criticism of persons responsible for hoarding and one ie 2 te er es gan arrest stent sitet geste ee r or ecegerstee tc ene 2k os eee athena a reeenr teeinemennen tren rameeareden mueeer aaeaaieate a profiteering although phrased in general terms had encouraging effects on forward looking circles in chungking the war in the pacific meanwhile the military position in the pacific has registered notice able changes as prime minister churchill stated in edinburgh on october 12 the new guinea situa tion has taken a turn for the better after infiltrating allied lines in the difficult owen stanley mountain area and coming within almost 30 miles of port moresby the japanese began to withdraw in late september and now appear to be in the region of the gap that leads through the range this is the result of constant united nations air attacks on japanese supply lines and bases for so tenuous are the links between front and rear that the bombing of a single crossing the wairopi bridge near kokoda appar ently had critical repercussions especially in con junction with attacks on the northern coastal base at buna gains have also been made in the aleutians at the end of august according to an announcement of october 3 american troops occupied positions in the andreanof section of the island chain somewhere in this group which stretches to within 125 miles of kiska at the nearest point bases were established for the operation of bombers and fighter craft attacks are now made almost daily on kiska but the jap anese appear to have vacated attu and agattu islands to the west perhaps to simplify their supply problems page two in anticipation of intensified american attacks of perhaps as a prelude to final withdrawal the major fighting in pacific waters is taking place in the solomons where the japanese have directed their energies toward recapture of the airfield op guadalcanal night after night in the past month they have landed small forces on this island these operations have been combined with constant air activity during the day american communiqués of october 13 however announced that the marines had extended their positions on guadalcanal while a united states task force on october 11 12 had sunk one heavy japanese cruiser four destroyers and a transport at a cost of one of our destroyers and minor to moderate damage to other ships the japanese are reported to have lost 260 planes so far in the battle of the solomons and to have had 4g ships sunk or damaged on the other hand it became known on october 12 that three american cruisers went down in the opening phase of the operations last august on october 9 the largest concentration of allied heavy bombers yet assembled in one raid in the southwest pacific dropped 60 tons of explosives and incendiaries on the japanese base at rabaul new britain north of the solomons and followed this up with 40 tons more the next day although these actions are encouraging they should be regarded as symptoms of the continuing struggle in the pacific rather than as developments of a decisive character lawrence k rosinger allies and axis struggle for neutrals raw materials as the war goes on and reserves of raw materials stocked for war purposes dwindle rapidly the need of acquiring all available strategic materials becomes more urgent for the belligerents economic warfare under such conditions plays a role of ever increasing importance as the allies and the axis powers vie with each other to secure the valuable resources of neutral countries turkish chrome a typical example of the economic struggle for neutral products is furnished by the efforts of both the united nations and ger many to secure the turkish output of chromite an what americans think about post war reconstruction in new england by walter k schwinn in the south by virginius dabney in the middle west by william h hessler in the northwest by herbert lewis 25c october 1 issue of foreign poticy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 ore which is the source of an important strategic metal chrome this metal is used in many steel alloys and is therefore in great demand now that the steel industries of both sides are working at top capacity to produce guns tanks and other war ma terial turkey after the u.ss.r is the largest chrome producer in the world turning out some 200,000 metric tons of ore each year unlike russia which uses most of its production turkey sells prac tically all its chromite to foreign countries fortu nately for the united nations the entire output of turkish chromite goes at present to britain in ac cordance with an anglo turkish pre war agreement it is earmarked for repayment of a 10 million brit ish loan granted in 1938 for the erection of various industrial plants notably the iron and steel works of karabuk in northern anatolia since the conclusion of this agreement the turks have faithfully kept their promise in spite of re peated and at times frantic pressure on the part of german emissaries to obtain turkish chrome ore in october 1941 on the conclusion of a new turco german trade agreement the nazis finally per suaded turkey to promise that after the expiration of the anglo turkish agreement on january 8 1943 it w ore tu por the val mu of caf pel wa abi dif sul ap wa wl on tu se to ow we of of lace cted on onth hese air ss of rines ile a sunk id a and the far d 48 ame asels tions ation id in sives new this these das acific icter er tegic steel it the top ma rgest some ssia prac ortu ut of n ac ment brit rious 7 orks lurks rf re irt of ore urco per ation 1943 page three it would supply germany with 90,000 tons of chrome ore in 1943 and the same quantity in 1944 the turks however have prudently made a very im portant reservation in the pact germany before the end of 1942 must deliver war matériel to the value of 18 million turkish pounds moreover turkish chrome deliveries during 1943 and 1944 must be balanced by equivalent german deliveries of war matériel germany's prospects of receiving turkish chrome will therefore depend on its own capacity to deliver the goods in view of past ex perience the dispatch of turkish goods to the reich was once before suspended owing to germany's in ability to effect deliveries and of the increasingly difficult position of german war industries as a re sult of prolonged fighting on the russian front it appears doubtful that hitler will be able to send war matériel to turkey next year portuguese tungsten another ore for which the united nations and germany are vying on neutral soil is wolframite one of the sources of tungsten this rare steel hardening metal is an es sential element in the manufacture of metal cutting tools cores in armor piercing bullets armor plates and gun breeches before the japanese attack in de cember 1941 the largest supplier of tungsten to the united nations was china with burma second since burma has been occupied by japanese troops and the burma road closed to the united nations the lat ter must depend for their supply of this metal on the production of the united states complemented by that of latin america australia and portugal the portuguese output therefore has become increas ingly important in economic warfare from 2,810 metric tons of concentrates in 1938 portugal’s out put of tungsten rose to 4,858 tons in 1940 and has been rising ever since until recently most of the portuguese tungsten ore has gone to germany but negotiations are now under way for a trade agree ment between portugal the united states and brit ain which would assure the allies a fair share of the portuguese output the success of these negotiations will depend to a large extent however on the ability of the allies to supply portugal with products it needs such as oil coal steel fertilizer and chemicals blockade running the conquest of the dutch east indies malaya and burma has put at the disposal of japan vast quantities of rubber tin tungsten and other rare minerals which are badly needed by german war industries these resources however are of no use to the axis powers in europe as long as they cannot be shipped from occupied asia to germany or italy with russia barring land pas sage there is now no possibility of transportation over land routes it was to be expected therefore that the axis powers would try to use the only road open to them the long relatively little patrolled southern sea lanes and run the blockade imposed by the united nations on german controlled europe there is reason to believe that the axis has achieved a certain amount of success in eluding allied con trol certain quantities of raw materials badly needed by german industries have reached north africa and germany apparently through the vast spaces of the south pacific around cape horn and up the south atlantic to vichy controlled french west africa patrolling such enormous stretches of water is exceedingly difficult for the united nations whose fleets are badly needed on other sea lanes more vital to their war operations on the other hand although the japanese have requisitioned a fairly large num ber of foreign ships in the far east their lines of supply have now been so extended the distance by sea from tokyo to singapore for instance is about equal to that of new york to lisbon that they can hardly afford to divert a large number of ships to the blockade running trade ernest s hediger economic survey of the pacific area part i population and land distribution by karl j pelzer 1941 2.00 part ii transportation and foreign trade by katrine r c greene and joseph d phillips 1942 2.00 part iii industrialization of the western pacific by kate l mitchell 1942 2.50 these three volumes published by the institute of pacific relations of new york essential for any library on the far east present a well rounded economic survey of developments in the various pacific countries the first two parts are chiefly of reference use but miss mitchell’s work on industrialization is a well written penetrating discussion designed for the general reader american unity and asia by pearl s buck new york john day 1942 1.25 a collection of vigorously written speeches and articles on the necessity of winning the colored peoples of the world to the side of the united nations although some times overemphasizing the purely racial aspects of the problem the author correctly indicates that the fight against inequality both at home and in our dealings with the colored nations of asia is an essential part of our war effort strategic materials and national strength by harry n holmes new york macmillan 1942 1.75 a handy easy to read primer in which the president of the american chemical society shows what raw materials are really essential to the material strength of the united states and how substitutes can be found to fill present de ficiencies foreign policy bulletin vol xxi no 52 ocrosber 16 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lest secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor a aeeempgtaghetipteri apart ttt ea 29 rae cre oe iat ae iee poe te a ae eee i ee i ss se ee washington news etter peed benny oct 13 the decision of president juan antonio rios on october 12 to cancel his projected visit to the united states this month as a consequence of the stab in the back speech by acting secretary of state sumner welles in boston on october 8 constitutes the severest diplomatic defeat that the united states has sustained in latin america since our entrance into the war for this latest development in the re lations between the two countries now makes it vir tually certain that chile will not.in the near future give effect to the recommendations of the rio de janeiro conference in january to which its own dele gates subscribed by severing diplomatic ties with the axis the hope of pan american unity in the present world crisis seems to have vanished chile and argentina now more than ever committed to a policy of neutrality are out of step with the other nineteen american republics when in his boston speech the usually tight lipped mr welles deliberately taxed chile and argentina without naming them with permitting their ter titory to be used as a center of axis propaganda espionage and sabotage he was intent on clearing up once and for all the widespread belief that ex isted in chile that the united states was satisfied with chile’s present policies the immediate occa sion for mr welles explosion in fact was the prom inent featuring in the chilean newspapers of an ob scure paragraph in a u.s department of commerce bulletin stating that this country was continuing to draw valuable supplies particularly copper from chile this fact of course was true but the chilean press was seeking to create the impression that the united states was not anxious for chile to break relations with the axis lest it lead to an interference with the flow of supplies sinister role of senor barros to what extent this misapprehension on the part of the chil eans was sincere and to what extent it was used as an excuse for deferring action is difficult to say when nelson a rockefeller coordinator of inter ameri can affairs visited santiago last month he was sur prised to find that president rios was under the mis taken impression that the united states was perfectly content with chile’s attitude mr rockefeller also discovered that the most mis chievous personality in the government was ernesto barros jarpa a talented lawyer who is now chile's foreign minister he appears to be greatly under the influence of his cousin the chilean minister to for victory berlin who was described by high authority in wash ington as being more nazi than the nazis sefior barros not only has been making it difficulf for claude bowers u.s ambassador in santiago to see president rios but he has a way of toning down and emasculating in the spanish translations tha are sent to the chilean president the strong notes of secretary of state cordell hull expressing the anxiety of the united states over the presence of axis agents on chilean soil on one occasion when mr bowers was striving to make president rios realize the importance of breaking relations with the axi before he visited washington in order that there would be no suspicion that he was acting under north american pressure sefior barros injected him self into the conversation by quoting some remarks that mr hull had made at a press conference ex pressing pleasure over the chilean president's com ing visit as proof that the ambassador was misin terpreting the real stand of his own government sefior barros has not had it all his own way in the chilean cabinet a rival group led by the ambitious minister of the interior leonardo guzman cortés 4 who is strongly pro united states has consistently urged a break with the axis but in the last few weeks the pro axis barros wing of the rios cabinet has clearly held the upper hand a disappointment to washington chile’s defection comes as a great disappointment to7 the state department which has always made a dis tinction between the position of chile and that of argentina it was believed that while argentina in refusing to fulfill its rio de janeiro obligations was motivated largely by suspicion of yankee imperial ism and jealousy of united states influence in south america chile was only holding back because of worry over its 2,600 mile long coast so vulnerable to attacks from axis submarines then too it was noted that while the argentine cabinet of president ramon castillo was solidly united in favor of a pol icy of neutrality chile’s ministry was divided but probably the most telling argument against a7 break with the axis is still chile's long coast line this fear is cleverly exploited by the axis radio which frequently reminds chile that it will make itself liable to attack if it severs diplomatic ties axis broadcasts also constantly harp on the theme that the united states is trying to reduce the south american republics to the status of colonies john elliott buy united states war bonds +entered as 2nd class matter he o1520p de a university o mwinhiagor 2 chigan library ann arbor mich 5 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 1 october 23 1942 would wartime punishment of nazis aid united nations at a moment when the american press draws some optimistic conclusions from the mere fact that the germans and japanese have failed during recent weeks to make significant territorial gains nazi propaganda is straining every effort not with out success to divide the united nations and force them to take actions that might steel the german people for continuance of the war to the bitter end the allies who have been as slow to learn the art of psychological warfare as they had previously been to utilize the techniques of modern fighting are in danger of diverting their fire from germany and japan to snipe at each other punishment of nazi leaders the dis cussion aroused by president roosevelt's statement of october 7 that the united states would insist on punishment after the war of war criminals guilty of barbarism against the civilian populations of con quered countries has already revealed some di vergences among the allies the president by setting axis ringleaders apart from their nations was wisely attempting to assure the peoples of germany italy and japan that they would not be held respon sible in wholesale fashion for crimes from which they have been the first to suffer meanwhile the allied governments in london acting on a similar principle had for months been compiling lists of nazis and native quislings who in their opinion bear the major responsibility for the cold blooded executions in conquered countries that have been rap idly increasing in numbers and brutality as the ger mans have found themselves stalemated at stalingrad in a belated answer of october 15 to a statement on this subject issued by the allied governments in london on january 13 soviet foreign commissar molotov not only subscribed to the plans of con quered countries for bringing nazi leaders to justice bilter the war he also demanded immediate punish ment of any who have fallen into the hands of the united nations notably rudolf hess who has been held in custody by the british since his dramatic flight to england in may 1941 shortly before the german invasion of russia at that time it was believed that hess hoped to prevent what he considered a suicidal campaign against russia by effecting some kind of.a settlement between britain and germany or al ternatively enlisting britain on germany’s side in a crusade against bolshevism the soviet reference to hess was further empha sized by the pravda editorial of october 19 which declared that it must be finally established who hess is now a criminal subject to trial and punishment or a plenipotentiary representative in england of the hitler government who enjoys inviolability the kremlin’s insistence on immediate punishment of hess seems to reflect the latent suspicion in moscow that certain circles in britain and the united states still are more afraid of russia than of germany and given certain circumstances such as the surrender of power by hitler and his associates might come to terms with representatives of the german army and industry who in the opinion of the russians bear equal responsibility for the european holocaust should allies resort to revenge the british for their part feel that any attempt to punish nazi leaders who may be held by the united nations would merely bring german retaliation against the thousands of united nations prisoners now held by the germans a risk it should be noted that the russians who have a vast number of prisoners in german hands are apparently pre pared to take it may be doubted that nazi leaders in germany would be deterred for a moment by any punishment visited on hess yet the issue raised by molotov may prove important in the psychological warfare now raging between the belligerents for it may come to constitute a test of allied intentions not only to the russians but also to non nazi germans ean who fear that their rulers like the kaiser in 1919 may ultimately escape retribution at the hands of the allies leaving the german people to pay the penalty britain and the united states moreover must bear in mind the understandable desire of the conquered peoples of europe to see vengeance wreaked as soon as possible on those whom president roosevelt has described as war criminals very different is the problem of allied retalia tion for brutal treatment of allied war prisoners in germany such as shackling the very fact that the nazis are now resorting in the case of british pris oners to practices they had previously reserved for the so called inferior peoples of eastern europe and the balkans would indicate that they have despaired of coming to terms with the british a fact which might serve well to dispel moscow’s suspicions about hess the shackling of british and canadian pris oners answered in kind by the british and canadians may prove only the first chapter of a terrible ordeal the russians for example are reported to be tak ing few german prisoners and the nazis have threatened that they will mete out to all allied prisoners the treatment accorded to german captives by any one of the united nations another inhuman page two ts ee method of sowing dissension among the allies yet even more disastrous for the allies than the sufferings of their prisoners would be any attemp to answer the germans in kind brutality in cold blood is alien to the temper and traditions of the western peoples the practice of brutality in which the nazis would in any case prove more adepy than the allies would not prevent hitler from continuing on his bloody course nor would it re lieve the plight of united nations prisoners and meanwhile it would tend to reduce the civilian pop ulations of the united nations to the same level of brutalization as that preached and practiced by axis leaders the terrifying thing might then happe that while losing the war on the battlefield to the united nations the axis powers would have defeated them by infecting them with the poison of inhumanity the best way both to punish the nazis and to relieve allied prisoners is to win the war a decisively and rapidly as possible to permit the diversion at this crucial moment of our thoughts and energies to the mistreatment of axis prisoner instead of applying them to the winning of the war would be to serve the axis cause vera micheles dean stage set for new military action in africa the close coordination of strategy in north and west africa with that in europe is at present the ob ject of several moves by the axis and the united nations the most recent of the axis efforts is the meeting forecast by reports from switzerland be tween hitler and mussolini at which they would presumably discuss italy's role in safeguarding axis transportation lines to africa as well as the low morale in italy the possibility that the nazis may soon take over trieste and fiume the two key adri atic ports as a result of a recommendation that gestapo chief heinrich himmler is believed to have made following his trip to italy on october 10 12 is related to the attempt to improve their military position in the mediterranean axis strategy in africa the attempts of the axis powers to safeguard their lines to africa for an analysis of british plans for a new britain a new world a new europe and a new empire read as britain sees the post war world by howard p whidden jr 25c october 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 have led to a renewal of the blitz against malta britain’s unsinkable aircraft carrier in the medi terranean if malta were knocked out of the war or taken by the axis the germans would find the prob lem of protecting their flank in north africa simpli fied they would then be more free to carry out the policy of defensive warfare that goering hitler and goebbels have recently hinted at in a series of speeches despite heavy and costly attacks how ever malta is still holding out and a british com muniqué of october 18 reported that the enemy's offensive had eased considerably the hopes of the nazis that conquered europe can be transformed into a mighty fortress capable of re sisting a bitter siege depend not only on their success against malta but to some extent on their ability to keep vichy french west africa and senegal under control in the nazi defensive strategy dakar holds the key position just as it would if it were to serve as the bridgehead for a move against the western hemisphere the harbor at dakar lies at one of the world’s foremost oceanic crossroads and is capable of being used as a naval base against united nations supply lines running to egypt the middle east and india by way of central africa if the axis powers could cut off access to the trans african air transpor tation routes they would oblige the allies to ship all men and materials from britain and the united states around the cape thus putting a still greater rr oo so wo ww wo 6 it re and pop rel of axis ippea id to have on of nazis rar as t the ughts oners 2 wat an aalta medi yar of prob impli it the rand es of how com emy de can of re ucccess lity to under holds serve estern of the apable ations t and owers ns hip all united preater strain on allied shipping but dakar is more than a naval base it is also the atlantic terminal for the trans saharan railroad that is connected by dirt road and branch lines with the french mediterranean port of oran in algeria and for the desert trail that runs south from casablanca six or eight excellent airfields further increase dakar’s strategic importance a fact which reminds americans that the city is only 1,800 air miles from brazil’s easternmost point it should also be noted that admiral darlan well known for his hostility to the british is reported to be in algeria the berlin madrid and paris radio stations have persisted in predicting an imminent allied attack on dakar and on october 16 the nazi radio reported that fighting activities have started on dakar as evidence they pointed to the alleged death of a vichy airman while on a reconnaissance flight over british gambia at the hands of an opponent they subse quently identified as a united states pursuit plane whether this announcement was intended merely to encourage further collaboration from vichy or was a means of preparing the ground for an all out oc cupation by the axis in order to prevent a major allied offensive is still not clear it is known how ever that german military experts are in dakar that vichy has ordered the evacuation of women and children from that area and that planes a limited number of tanks and the last of the french motor ized troops are based there furthermore according page three to a fighting french report of october 18 a concen tration of vichy’s modern warships are in dakar possible allied moves meanwhile the united nations continue to mass their forces in areas bordering vichy’s african empire on the south and southwest an american expeditionary force which landed at monrovia liberia last week is the most recent of the arrivals and marks the americans closest approach to dakar although no official ex planation of their presence has been given it is likely that their assignment is not only to prevent liberia from falling into axis hands but also to use the area as an air and naval base against the submarine wolf packs that have shifted their operations from the united states coast to that of west africa and the south atlantic with bases at dakar and cape palmas in eastern liberia british naval circles warned recently that the initial successes of the nazi submarines might be considerable in conjunction with united nations forces in gibraltar gambia sierra leone the belgian congo and fighting french equatorial africa the ameri cans in liberia might be used in an offensive against the axis in dakar such a move could open the way for a strong allied attack on the whole of vichy africa and would constitute a serious threat to marshal rommel’s forces in egypt whinifred nelson the f.p.a bookshelf moscow war diary by alexander werth new york knopf 1942 3.00 vivid sympathetic impressions of moscow during the first winter of the russo german war by the reuter and london sunday times correspondent who had spent his childhood in tsarist russia agenda for a postwar world by j b condliffe new york norton 1942 2.50 brief but comprehensive and well stated analysis of the major assumptions on which the united nations must act to establish economic stability after the war the submarine at war by a m low new york sheri dan house 1942 3.00 a history of submarine warfare and a sober non tech nical analysis of its current successes and its future po tentialities behemoth the structure and practice of national social ism by franz l neumann new york oxford univer sity press 1942 4.00 this rather legalistic but extensive and detailed survey of the development and functioning of nazism reaches the conclusion that hitler and his subordinates have destroyed the legal foundations of the german state and set up an instrument of arbitrary rule uncensored france an eyewitness account of france under the occupation by roy p porter new york the dial press 1942 2.75 a former associated press correspondent in paris and vichy narrates his experiences with both germans and french in france the author is sympathetic to pétain but draws on his own interviews with laval to portray the latter as a supremely unattractive opportunist in everything but his dislike for the british which seems constant the new order in poland by simon segal new york knopf 1942 3.00 a careful dispassionate yet revealing account of the nazis attempt to destroy utterly the polish nation and create a colony in central europe the author concludes with a penetrating examination of polish politics in exile economic history of europe by ernest l bogart new york longmans green 1942 4.50 valuable text which traces developments in economic institutions and the resultant changes in economic activity and in society all out on the road to smolensk by erskine caldwell new york duell sloan and pearce 1942 2.50 the experiences of an author turned foreign correspond ent in moscow and at the front during the german ad vance to the east in 1941 foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 1 ocroser 23 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lugr secretary vara micheles dran editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor fp 181 washington news letter oct 19 it is an old saying that no chain is stronger than its weakest link and italy is obviously the weak link in the axis it fills approximately the position that austria held in the central powers bloc of world war i and just as the allies of that day endeavored to wean franz josef’s ramshackle empire away from berlin so the united nations today are seeking to separate fascist italy from its more powerful totalitarian partners one of the mightiest blows struck in this cause was delivered by attorney general francis biddle in his columbus day address in new york city mr biddle on that occasion announced that 600,000 unnaturalized italians living in the united states would be freed from the stigma of being classed as alien enemies beginning october 19 he revealed that this new policy was being adopted because of the loyalty displayed by these italians toward the country of their adoption in the ten months that the united states has been at war he said it had been necessary to intern only 228 italians or fewer than one twentieth of one per cent psychological warfare two days later mr biddle frankly admitted to the house immigra tion committee that his speech was part of this na tion’s psychological warfare and predicted that the action would have a tremendous effect as part of the campaign mr biddle’s speech was carried on all the short wave radio stations now under government control and the british broadcasting corporation moscow also relayed extracts from the speech to conquered nations the attorney general declared further that the speech in italian was being distrib uted in italy presumably by airplane the rome radio affected to belittle the biddle gesture it said that we will only oppose these buffoon measures with our contempt a spokesman of the italian foreign office commented that the an nouncement had no meaning since only a military order could countermand the restrictions placed on enemy aliens in the united states the implications of the united states government's policy toward italy were doubtless outlined to pope piux xii by myron c taylor personal representa tive of president roosevelt in his two interviews with the pope on september 20 and 22 although there is no reason to suppose that mr taylor who re ported to the president on october 16 discussed the matter of a separate peace with italy it is believed he pointed out to the pope that italy would enjoy for victory more freedom in the event of a united nations vice tory than it could expect under joint mussolini nagj domination italian discontent the united states ig intensifying its psychological warfare against the fascist régime at a time when despite the vigorous censorship an increasing volume of evidence is ac cumulating to show that conditions in italy are go ing from bad to worse and that the italian people are heartily sick of a conflict needlessly thrust upon them symptomatic of the unrest in italy is the peasant uprising in the village of monteleone near naples last month against government grain requisi tions when according to a london dispatch of oc tober 13 special police and troops had to be called out the next day a message from berne switzer land stated that heinrich himmler chief of the nazi gestapo had just concluded a three day visit to italy during which he saw premier benito mussolini and foreign minister count ciano the reported meeting in the near future of the two axis leaders is thought to be due to german discontent with italy's failure to cope with the in creasing disturbances in yugoslavia where general draja mikhailovitch is vigorously pursuing his guer rilla war against the axis invaders the nazis are credited with planning to abolish croatia as an in dependent state pushing the italians out of it to extend german control over the dalmatian coast and to organize a base at trieste which formerly belonged to austria hungary with a view to con ducting from there axis naval operations throughout the mediterranean it is difficult to check these reports but it becomes increasingly clear that the italians have not got their hearts in this war mussolini plunged his country into the conflict on june 10 1940 at a moment when hitler seemed certain of victory but his calculations went astray for italy the war has been a succession of military reverses in greece ethiopia and libya only where the germans have intervened as they did in the balkans and in north africa have the italians been saved from total defeat nobody in washington expects an immediate collapse of the fascist régime or a withdrawal of italy from the war now the fascist ruling clique knows that its own fate is staked on a nazi victory nevertheless a timely blow from the outside may one day snap the weak italian link in the axis chain john ellioti buy united states war bonds vor +20 eople upon ss the neat quisi f oc called yitzer f the isit to solini f the rman 1e in neral guer is are 1 in it to coast merly con ghout comes their y into when ations ssion libya ey did alians ngton gime the taked from ink in ti s al room rmeral library waly of mic universit ann arbor general library ty of michigan entered as 2nd class matter mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y you xxii no 2 ocrtober 80 1942 african offensive creates new interest in allied weapons bn october 23 four days after field marshal smuts of south africa had declared that the defensive phase of the allied war effort had come to an end the allies seized the offensive on the egyptian front reports from cairo indicate that under cover of a sustained air attack and artillery barrage british forces have penetrated rommel’s first and second defense lines but that until the main tank forces clash the decision will remain in doubt with the action in north africa apparently marking the beginning of a general allied offensive in the african and ultimately the european theatre of war it is important to take stock of the aircraft and heavy mechanized equipment with which united nations forces go into battle although president roosevelt revealed on october 23 that attainment of his goal of 60,000 planes in 1942 had been sacri iced for the sake of higher quality there is no rea son to doubt the assurance which oliver lyttelton british minister of production gave the same day in london when he declared that the united nations had surpassed the total axis output of aircraft while no such statement has been made regarding allied tank production and president roosevelt's goal of 45,000 tanks in 1942 has also been sacrificed largely as a result of the conversion from the m 3 medium tank to the m 4 it seems safe to assume that the united states alone is now producing well over germany's estimated 1,600 a month if british tank production has lagged behind expectations it is prob ably sufficient to counterbalance that of the occupied countries in europe planes and tanks compared in qual ity the allied position with respect to aircraft is clear ut the outstanding fact in the office of war in formation’s report of october 19 is that the united states and britain between them have planes in every type which are equal or superior to the best the nazis have to offer in the high altitude heavy bomber field the american boeing b 17f and the consolidated b 24d with their speed and unmatched armament are in a class by themselves and there is no evidence as yet that germany’s new high altitude bomber the junkers 86 p can compare with either of these american planes let alone with the consol idated b 32 and the boeing b 29 now under con struction in middle altitude heavy bombers the brit ish have the lancaster sterling and halifax planes which can out carry any other bomber now in use allied supremacy in the medium bomber class is probably not as decisive since the martin b 26 and the north american b 25 are rivalled by germany's dornier do 17 among light bombers the new brit ish mosquito appears to be in the front rank to gether with the douglas a 20 attack bomber in the fighter class the british spitfire has filled in the gap left by the failure of the united states to produce a fighter capable of meeting the newest messerschmitt 109 and the new focke wulf 190 at high altitudes over britain recent models of the curtiss p 40 and the bell p 39 have none the less given an excellent account of themselves alongside british hurricanes on the african front against an array of german tanks which includes the pzkw iv a medium tank of 22 tons carrying a 75 mm gun now in use by rommel’s forces in egypt and the pzkw vii a super heavy tank of possibly 90 tons carrying a 105 mm and two 47 mm guns the mainstay of allied tank armies seems to be the american m 4 general lee a 30 ton medium tank carrying a 75 mm gun and several heavy ma chine guns but in addition to the m 4 the united states is also building the t 6 a heavy tank of 60 tons whose armament is at present secret but prob ably includes a gun of at least 105 mm the heaviest british tank now in use appears to be the 28 ton waltzing matilda called the churchill at dieppe carrying a 2 pounder gun and a besa machine gun armament which has proved too light for the gun power of the german pzkw iv the british also use the 16 ton valentine and the 18 ton crusader the latter with a speed of over 30 miles an hour but the same light armament while it seems certain that the m 4 will stand up to the best the germans have in medium tanks it is not so clear that the british and americans have as yet anything in the field to compare with the ger man self propelled 88 mm dual purpose gun the british have made good use of their 25 pounder but unless a change has been made very recently it still does not move under its own power when the new page two ee american m 5 a 105 mm gun mounted on an m4 tank chassis goes into use however it should moge than make up for this deficiency in allied anti tank weapons the relative merits of some of these weapons will undoubtedly be more clearly revealed by the action on the north african desert and ex perience may well call for improvements probably the most that can be expected is that on the average we should have tanks and guns superior to the enemy's given this and a stronger will to victory our greater productive capacity should guarantee the ultimate defeat of the axis howard p whidden jr showdown in solomons may shape course of pacific war after weeks of cautious preparation for a counter offensive japanese troops using tanks and artillery and supported by planes and ships have launched a drive to retake the american held airfield on guadal canal island the battle of the solomons which began in early august as a limited offensive has broadened out into a slugging match that will have important effects on the balance of power in the whole far eastern theatre of war thrust and parry in south solo mons a minor enemy push against the western flank of our troops on guadalcanal on october 20 was followed during the night of october 23 24 by four more attempts to penetrate the american lines these were repulsed as was an additional early morning attack on october 25 but the all out jap anese drive soon began during previous days united states bombers had twice attacked units of the japanese fleet several hundred miles north of the island damaging one light cruiser and one destroyer and hitting several other vessels on the morn ing of october 25 japanese transports landed fresh troops at the northwestern end of guadalcanal later american dive bombers made three attacks on enemy cruisers and destroyers north of near by florida island inflicting damage on japanese vessels the following day in an exchange of aerial blows the u.s destroyer porter was sunk one aircraft carrier severely damaged and lesser injuries suffered by other american vessels while hits were scored on is london more anxious than washington to begin the work necessary to carry into effect the common principles of post war reconstruction read as britain sees the post war world by howard p whidden jr 25c october 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports afe issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 two enemy carriers japanese bombers and fighters have been attacking the guadalcanal airfield but with far greater losses than they have been able to mete out to the american planes with which they have clashed in the midst of these operations it was announced on october 24 that vice admiral william f halsey jr had relieved vice admiral robert l ghormley of command in the south pacific although no ex planation was given dissatisfaction was known to exist over the high cost paid by the united states navy during the period after the initial offensive of august 7 had brought the marines ashore on guadal canal and other islands united nations shipping losses in the immediate waters not including vessels damaged greatly exceed those said to have been in flicted on the japanese navy in the same area the sinking of the 14,700 ton american aircraft carrier wasp on september 15 made public on october 27 is the latest setback so far announced criticism has arisen because of the circumstances under which cer tain vessels were sunk one australian and three american cruisers for example were lost on august 9 in a hit and run raid by japanese destroyers which had been sighted some time previously from the ait clarifying the campaign the mists surrounding the fighting in the solomons have been dispelled somewhat by a series of articles in the new york times by hanson w baldwin military editor of that newspaper who recently returned from a trip to the southwest pacific including gua dalcanal according to his information excessive ship losses resulted in large part from the adoption of a defensive naval strategy under which our ves sels patrolled fixed positions instead of ranging northward into japanese waters to strike at the enemy or at least to deprive him of the advantage of surprise mr baldwin also comments on the existence of some bitterness between the army air forces and the navy chiefly among the medium and junior regu lar officers friction which has been encouraged by the emphasis of certain theorists on the displacement ee ee ee ee ee ae 1 m4 more 1 tank vealed id ex bably erage o the ictory ee the jr r ghters 1 but 1 able h they yunced lalsey rmley no ex wn to states sive of uadal ipping vessels sen if i the carrier er 27 im has ch cer three august which he ait mists e been in the uilitary turned x gua cessive loption ur ves anging at the tage of istence es and ir regu ged by cement of sea power by air power he indicates some of the difficulties faced by general macarthur in his aus tralian command and criticizes the arbitrary division of the pacific area into two commands with guadal canal and a wide range of islands under admiral chester w nimitz commander of the pacific fleet while new guinea australia and other areas lie in the territory of general macarthur nevertheless he points out that the two leaders have cooperated dosely a fact attested to by the latter's communiqué of october 26 reporting that in the three previous nights approximately 80,000 tons of japanese ship ping had been destroyed or badly damaged at rabaul an enemy base in new britain while at least 20,000 additional tons were believed more or less seriously damaged the front in china american bombers on october 21 sailed into the northeastern corner of china where they bombed important japanese held coal mines with considerable effect the objective pethaps significantly was not far from manchuria which has been developed into a powerful industrial base by japan during eleven years of occupation four days later united states bombers made their first raid on the hongkong area blasting docks ware houses and shipping this was followed up the next morning by a second attack in which the white cloud airfield in near by canton was included these limited forays are more than overshadowed by serious economic difficulties in china for in the strategically located north central province of honan the chinese are experiencing one of their worst famines as a result of a two year drought spring frosts locust plagues and a brief japanese invasion of some districts a year ago causing the abandon ment of harvests thousands are said to be dying the f.p.a europe russia and the future by g d h cole new york macmillan 1942 2.00 a candid analysis of the problem of post war collabora tion between britain and the soviet union with a strong argument for the socialist reconstruction of europe al though it often suffers from hasty writing this book is an important contribution to a vital question how the jap army fights by paul w thompson harold doud and john scofield new york and washington penguin books and the infantry journal 1942 25 u.s army men discuss the japanese army’s organiza tion training and equipment as well as certain features of the japanese campaigns in china and malaya a brief highly informative account europe in revolt by rené kirraus new york macmillan 1942 3.50 a good description of various quislings and the life page three each day with millions on the verge of starvation the government at chungking has reduced the honan grain tax and is attempting to move as many people as possible to the northwest unfortunately the poorly developed state of china’s transport sys tem makes either a large scale evacuation of civilians or the shipment of adequate food supplies impos sible through this unexpected situation a new bur den has been placed on china’s already overtaxed economic structure lawrence k rosinger united nations discussion guide a discussion guide on the united nations pub lished by three leading magazines has been prepared by vera micheles dean with the aid of the f.p.a research staff in consultation with the u.s office of education this guide issued in a first edition of 300,000 copies by time readers digest and news week all of which have educational services is being distributed free by the u.s office of education washington d.c to superintendents of schools teachers of english and social sciences college war information centers and leaders of adult education groups others interested in this discussion guide can obtain it through the foreign policy association which is distributing it but only on request as a supplement to its most recent headline book united today for tomorrow by grayson kirk and walter sharp the price of which is 25 cents the discussion guide consists of five parts i who are the united nations ii why did these na tions unite iii what are these nations fighting for iv what are these nations doing to win and v can these nations stay united in peace in addition to text and charts on these five topics the guide contains questions for discussion and reading references bookshelf sufferings and restive attitude of the conquered european countries its documentary value is somewhat diminished by the novelistic form of the narrative but it makes at tractive reading the axis grand strategy blueprints for the total war compiled and edited by ladislas farago new york farrar and rinehart 1942 3.75 numerous extracts from the voluminous nazi and pre nazi literature on various aspects of total war with ap pended commentaries more suitable for reference than for reading the war at sea by gilbert cant new york john day 1942 3.00 the author naval expert for a new york newspaper has assembled remarkably comprehensive data on all the important naval engagements of the war through the end of 1941 foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 2 ocroper 30 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lest secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor e181 national washington news letter oct 26 the attitude of the united states gov ernment toward vichy’s labor conscription policy was again emphatically set forth by secretary of state cordell hull on october 21 when he issued a state ment praising the french people for their resistance to it and classing pierre laval its author among the followers of hitler 7 mr hull’s considered remarks were apparently designed to serve a two fold purpose in the first place they were doubtless intended to convey a grave warning to laval that if his policy is carried out it would be followed by a break in diplomatic relations between washington and vichy on sep tember 15 the day following promulgation of the labor conscription act mr hull stated that this ac tion if carried out would be of such aid to our enemies as to be wholly inconsistent with france's obligations under international law military circles in washington consider that the sending of 150,000 skilled workers to the reich would be of more ma terial aid to the germans than handing over the french fleet to hitler growing french resistance at the same time mr hull’s statement is calculated to drive still deeper the wedge between laval and the french people the difficulties that the chief of the vichy government is encountering in carrying out his de tested policy are increasing hourly french workers ordered to report for shipment to germany refuse to appear at the railway station at the scheduled time thereby obliging general otto von stuelpnagel nazi commander in paris to issue a warning that unless they comply the authorities of occupation will use force protest strikes in france reached a climax last week when more than 10,000 workers mostly from the railroad industries quit their jobs the pro prietors of the famous michelin tire plant at cler mont ferrand who in the past have been leading financial supporters of the fascist croix de feu re fused to allow government propaganda officials to enter their factories and urge workers to go to the reich on october 6 ten high officials of the vichy labor ministry which is headed by mussolini's friend hubert lagardelle resigned their posts so great has been growing french resistance to the slave labor policy that the nazis have extended the dead line for their quota by four weeks to the end of november laval’s task is to find roughly 133,000 skilled for victory buy united states war bonds french workers to toil in german munition plan as he is already reported to have sent some 17 men across the rhine in a broadcast on october laval hinted that unless the french volunteered f this service fritz sauckel nazi labor commissioner would draft them himself the established rate of exchange of three french workers for one french prisoner of war has not enhanced laval’s reputation as a bargainer the nazis themselves are reported to on be becoming more and more dissatisfied with laval’s failure to deliver the goods and to be grooming jacques doriot former communist demagogue as his successor in this connection laval’s dismissal of the notorious pro nazi jacques benoist mechin t from his cabinet on september 26 allegedly for plot ting with doriot to take over the vichy government is significant pic darlan’s mission to dakar concomt i tant with the french internal crisis tension ovet oq dakar steadily increases admiral francois darlan of commander in chief of the french armed forces p flew to that key french west african port it was announced from vichy on october 22 with a mes p sage from marshal pétain telling the colony to resist any attack as it did that of the british and de gaullists in september 1940 all reports from vichy suggest i that am imminent attack on dakar to be deliv ered by an anglo america force is expected shortly 4 but a dispatch from berne offers a totally different 4 theory for the darlan mission it states that the situ p ation in unoccupied france has become so acute that q vichy cabinet members were ordered to be prepared to leave the french provisional capital on 24 hours notice adding that admiral darlan has been sent to dakar to study the possibility of using french west africa as the seat of government if nazi pressure to send workmen to germany leads to chaos in france that this is not so improbable as it sounds at first is indicated by a dispatch gotten out of vichy three days previously stating that marshal pétain has persistently refused to deliver a radio speech which had been prepared for him appealing for skilled workers to go to the reich a denouement such as the departure of the vichy government to africa would produce an extraordi nary situation the germans in that event would certainly occupy the rest of france and a self exiled vichy government would be installed in strategic dakar john elliott +plant 17,0 ober red f sioner rate of french utation rted to laval’s oming sue as ssal of fechin rt plot iment ncomi 1 over arlan forces it was 1 mes resist ullists ig gest deliv ortly ferent situ e that pared nours ent to west ssure os in bunds vichy étain peech for vichy ordi ould xiled ite gic tt s q parignicall kve ade srral libr 7 ea or mt general library 7 nov6 19h entered as 2nd class matter university of michigan ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y yo xxii no 3 november 6 1942 new isolationism hampers global war effort wn losses this country has suffered in the battle of the solomons should not be underestimated in the effect they may have on the course of the war but neither should they be allowed to throw the picture of global war out of focus it is natural that the american people who after months of waiting on the defensive had welcomed the prospect of an offensive against japan based in the solomons should be not only disappointed but even dismayed by our naval losses yet the events of the past week may have the beneficial result of making us more tolerant toward the british and force us to realize as we have not yet sufficiently done the grimness of the task that confronts us before victory can be achieved to argue however as some have done in these dificult days that our men could have been spared the ordeal they are undergoing at guadalcanal if planes and other equipment we have sent to britain russia and china had instead been placed at their disposal is to revive the concepts of isolationism in inew form this argument assumes that the united states is fighting this war alone against the axis powers primarily japan and has no responsibili ties or obligations except to itself when the fact is that had it not been for resistance by britain russia and china this country would not even have had a chance to train men and turn out war material in telative security as it is doing today true the re sistance of britain russia and china was inspired in large part by motives of self defense just like our resistance after pearl harbor but this only goes to prove that defense by each of the united nations has contributed and is contributing to the defense of all danger of deadlock the significance of the present phase of the war and hence its intensely critical character is twofold first there is a rising demand well expressed by mr willkie in his broadcast of october 26 for transition from self defense to all out offense and not tomorrow ofr the next day but right now and second there is a danger that if the united nations do not take the offensive a deadlock may develop both in europe and asia with germany and japan re maining in command of the strategic positions and resources of the respective continents such a dead lock could not be broken in europe by russia alone for while russia continues to display extraordinary defensive powers it is not in a position now nor is it likely to be in the spring to launch a counter offensive nor does our attempt to defeat japan by a process of island hopping seem to offer much prospect of success at the present time direct attacks on the german fortress of conquered europe and on the island fortress of japan appear increasingly necessary the question that laymen cannot answer with any degree of assurance is to what extent are such direct attacks feasible in the present state of preparedness of britain and the united states military defeats inevitably bring criticism of mili tary and political leaders providing a natural safety valve for popular emotions and as mr willkie said in his broadcast public discussion of war issues which are issues of life and death for all of us is not only permissible but highly desirable such dis cussion however should not prevent us from remem bering that this country’s present leaders long ago pointed out the dangers of the international situa tion the inadequacies of our military preparations and the urgent need of perfecting our defenses all this at a time when millions of americans of both political parties found it difficult to believe that the situation was as critical as it was described and per sisted in the conviction that this country could ride out the storm alone and unaided recrimination to day by either party is sheer waste of energy which could be much more usefully applied to the prose cution of the war saiaieaiiatiadads need for constructive criticism what would be disastrous for the united states and the other united nations would be to allow per sonal or national ambitions and conflicts to divert our attention from the task of winning the war in the shortest possible time friction is bound to arise among any group of human beings working for a common end it exists among the nazis just as much as among the united nations and becomes all the more dangerous in totalitarian countries for being forced to seethe undercover instead of exploding into public criticism as it does in the democratic coun tries but sacrifice of common ends especially when this is a question of national survival to private ambitions or quarrels is tantamount to criminal ir responsibility such irresponsibility wherever it appears is peculiarly dangerous at this moment u.s wins first round in solomons at heavy cost the navy report of november 1 on the great fleet air battle of october 26 between japanese and american forces east of the southern solomons con tains welcome news two enemy battleships two aircraft carriers and three cruisers were hit while 100 planes and probably 50 more were destroyed since some of these vessels were struck time after time it is quite possible that sinkings occurred later when the battle was over at any rate the japanese fleet soon withdrew and the counteroffensive in the solomons which had seemed a bid for a speedy de cision reached the end of its first round not only do american troops retain all the ground they have held on guadalcanal with its precious airfield but on october 30 our surface ships bombarded enemy positions there for over two hours optimism con cerning the final outcome is still not warranted for example the damage as contrasted with sinkings suffered by our vessels on october 26 has not yet been announced but the enemy withdrawal of ships suggests a consideration too often overlooked that the japanese are having troubles of their own and do not find the path of reconquest an easy one japan's naval losses in recent weeks the japanese fleet has suffered the loss of two destroyers is london more anxious than washington to begin the work necessary to carry into effect the common principles of post war reconstruction read as britain sees the post war world by howard p whidden jr 25c october 15 issue of forreign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p_a members 3 page two when germany although not japan may be nearg the point of fatigue than could have been anticipate earlier this year and when nothing would be y helpful to hitler as widening of the rifts both withiy and between the united nations only constag vigilance on our part against any attempt to soy dissension among us can guard us against defey from within such as france suffered before it eve came to grips with germany but such vigilang should not exclude on the contrary it should jp clude honest and straightforward public discussion of problems that threaten the unity of the unite nations such as india provided these discussion take as their common ground the common desire ty win the war and the peace after the war vera micheles dean and one heavy cruiser while hits have been scored on other vessels of these categories as well as air craft carriers and battleships an important part of this destruction has resulted from very effective bombing of the main japanese bases in the south west pacific by aircraft under the command of gen eral macarthur on the night of october 28 for example two and perhaps more enemy vessels in cluding a warship were hit in an attack on rabaul in new britain northwest of the solomons two nights later three raids on buin in the northem solomons produced two hits on a heavy cruiser ot battleship probable extensive damage to a light cruiser and aircraft carrier the firing of an unieaa fied vessel and two possible hits on a destroyer before dawn on november 1 in another attack on buin a heavy cruiser was blown up and a light cruiser severely damaged while a merchant vessel received a direct hit that night our planes struck once more in an exceptionally heavy drive these were among the fruits of an air campaign that began early in october presumably as part of a new offensive strategy adopted in conjunction with the appointment of vice admiral william f halsey jr as commander of the solomons operations dur ing the entire month buin was raided thirteen times rabaul eleven times and buka in the northern solo mons nine times twenty nine enemy ships were sunk or damaged and sixteen more possibly damaged while thirteen aircraft were destroyed and seven others hit the total announced united nations loss was five planes our setbacks at sea there is no doubt however that the united states navy has suffered serious losses especially in the sinking of two aif craft carriers the wasp on september 15 in the solomons and a second the name of which has not awd frio dd ie fro nearer ipatel be within nstant d sow defea t eve rilanc id in issions jnited sions ife th scored 1s aif art of ective south gen 8 for ls in abaul two rthern ser of light denti royer ck on light vessel struck paign art of with alsey dut times solo sunk aged seven s loss loubt ffered o aif n the as not yet been announced on october 26 in the vicinity of the santa cruz islands to the southeast since the lexington was lost in the battle of the coral sea last may and the yorktown in the battle of midway early in june this as far as information is available leaves the navy with only three regular carriers on the other hand additional carriers are being con structed or converted from tankers and merchant ships japan which has lost most heavily in this category is thought to have two or three regular carriers and three to six converted ones i.e a total of from five to nine but the value of the latter vessels is limited since the japanese are able to concentrate in the pacific while we are obliged by the necessities of global war to use many of our vessels elsewhere one factor of significance is the probable numerical su periority of the enemy fleet in almost all types of ships this disparity in the solomons area is sug gested not only by public information about the two fleets but also by some of our recent naval com muniqués which report an engagement between three united states minesweepers and an equal number of enemy destroyers or the success of an american motor torpedo boat in hitting a japanese destroyer these unequal actions presumably indi page three cate the absence of larger american vessels on the spot at least at the time on the other hand it is clear that throughout the battle of the solomons we have maintained air superiority with significant re sults unfortunately an advantage in the air is not enough since naval craft still play an important role especially in the landing of men and equipment vic tory in the pacific apart from other factors must wait until we have established both naval and air superiority but our planes can serve to hold off the japanese until our ships have been greatly augmented widening of the conflict although the withdrawal of the japanese fleet is generally re garded as only temporary it does not follow that the enemy plans first of all to return to the guadal canal area a blow somewhere else perhaps after a new period of recuperation and preparation is at least equally possible particularly since the conflict has broadened out into a struggle for the whole southwest pacific area attention should therefore be given to the possibility that having been unable to retake the southern solomons by direct attack japan’s next move may be against the sea lanes essential to the maintenance of all our positions in the southwest pacific lawrence k rosinger cabinet changes leave chilean policy obscure the recent reshuffling of the chilean cabinet has done little to clarify a thoroughly embroiled situa tion and santiago remains a question mark on the inter american horizon on october 20 the cabinet ministers resigned en masse this followed directly on the postponement of president juan antonio rios visit to the united states a step which in turn was motivated by the now famous boston speech of sumner welles october 8 charging argentina and chile with tolerating axis espionage on october 22 new cabinet appointments were announced by a much harassed chilean president rios first choice for foreign minister was discarded when german riesco showed reluctance to accept be fore taking elaborate soundings the president's eye then fell on joaquin fernandez y fernandez chile's ambassador to uruguay who was summoned home from montevideo and recited the oath of office on oc tober 26 on his way through buenos aires fernandez was firmly taken in hand by argentine foreign min ister enrique ruiz guifiazi who shepherded him through a round of ceremonies and presumably urged maintenance of a joint chilean argentine neutrality front observers of the south american scene recalling reports that fernandez as a dele gate to the inter american political defense com mittee in montevideo had shown little enthusiasm for a strong hemispheric anti axis stand kept their fingers crossed time alone will tell whether the new incumbent will represent any improvement at the foreign office over his predecessor ernesto barros jarpa who had opposed a break with the axis powers of the other cabinet appointments the most sig nificant perhaps was the retention of youthful in terior minister rail morales beltrami rios cam paign manager during the last election morales has acted aggressively to curb axis operations in chile pushing proceedings against three german agents whose detection and arrest recently called attention to the existence of a nazi spy ring operating be tween chile and the caribbean when the three agents were released by a magistrate on a technical ity morales promptly had them re arrested by the use of decree power they are to be confined on quiriquina island in the bay of concepcién along with hans borchers ex german consul general in new york city who entered chile illegally some months ago on october 30 morales told ultimas noticias that he was preparing special legislation for the suppression of nazi activities in chile and that this would be submitted to an extraordinary session of congress convening november 15 public disturbed by welles speech public opinion in chile seems to have been confused by the recent cycle of events two emotions have struggled for supremacy first the natural resent ment of a sensitive people at what could only be interpreted as a rebuke from abroad second an ad mission often grudging that welles contention on the subject of espionage was perhaps well founded and that chile could not go on indefinitely running with the hare and hunting with the hounds one of the most outspoken critics of the united states atti tude was ex president arturo alessandri whose tirade against u.s interference was broadcast as far afield as the pages of bogota’s e tiempo the colombian paper disclaiming any editorial identity with alessandri’s point of view during the last half of october democratic and nationalist demon strators traded blows in the streets of santiago while the united states embassy in that capital was recur rently picketed by indignant youths demanding an apology for the welles affront on october 29 the demonstrations were brought to a close by a torchlight procession of students which ended in front of the moneda palace addressing the pattici pants president rios thanked them for their patri otism but was careful to stress his sympathy for the democratic cause incident evokes wide interest in latin america throughout the rest of latin america the dramatic postponement of the rios visit stirred unusual interest such nazi sheets as el pampero of buenos aires gleefully exploited the incident as one more proof of yankee meddling on the other hand e mundo of buenos aires bravely spoke out in washington’s defense arguing that the united states was perfectly entitled to safeguard its interests as it pleased most latin american papers skirted the issue tactfully meanwhile from mexico city rio de janeiro and havana came reports of attempts to mediate between washington and santi ago in caracas where venezuelan president isaias medina was acting as host to his recently installed colombian colleague dynamic alfonso lépez the rumor got about that the two presidents had their heads together over the possibilities of effecting a reconciliation between chile and the united states obviously the issue was one of general concern throughout the americas whether or not the misunderstanding is cleared up and the rios visit materializes on a later occasion the trip seems unlikely in the immediate future wash ington is now concerned with plans for receiving ecuadorean president carlos arroyo del rio who has received permission from his congress to leave page four a a the country and is expected to arrive in the united states in mid november during the past year ecua dor has played the inter american game loyally swallowing an unpalatable frontier settlement in its dispute with peru and placing strategic areas on its coast and in the galapagos islands at the dispo of u.s forces a step not officially announced un six weeks ago joun i b mcculloch contributions to f.p.a the foreign policy association has no endowment its operating expenses must be met by membership fees subscriptions to publications sale of literature and contributions from foundations and individuals who believe in its research work and its educational program contributions to the f.p.a are deductible in computing income tax gifts bequests and memorial funds insure the progress and permanency of our work the panama canal in peace and war by norman j padelford new york macmillan 1942 3.00 an authoritative study of the history of the panama canal its economic and strategic importance and the operations of the canal administration the author em phasizes the role of the canal in the american defense system jefferson by saul k padover new york harcourt brace 1942 4.00 perhaps not as profound a study of jefferson’s politics or foreign policies as some others but a vivid and charming picture of his personality statistical year book of the league of nations 1940 41 geneva the league economic intelligence service 1941 new york columbia university press interna tional documents service 3.50 at a time when authentic figures are extremely hard to obtain this reliable compilation is more valuable than ever the anchored heart by ida treat new york harcourt brace 1941 2.50 this charmingly written story of a quaint old house on a breton island is a sympathetic interpretation of the underlying spirit that still holds the ideal of french free dom canada today and tomorrow by william henry cham berlin boston little brown 1942 3.00 although extremely thin on the past and the future the author gives an excellent picture of present day canada the physical environment the people the economy and the war effort the cripps mission by r coupland new york oxford university press 1942 75 a brief account from the official british point of view by a member of sir stafford cripps staff an important document persuasively written author stresses that the negotiations broke down primarily over the character of the proposed national government foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 3 novemsber 6 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered a8 second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ae produced under union conditigns and composed and printed by union labor +rited cua ally n its n its nent ture duals ional tible the an j nama 1 the r em fense srace olities rming 40 41 rvice erna ard to ever court ise on f the free yham e the unada nd the xford view ortant at the ter of national icered as full success on jan 1 1943 entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 4 noveember 18 1942 african offensives open side door to germany as the war in europe enters its fourth winter the allied offensive in north africa appears on the point of breaking the deadlock hitler had hoped to create on november 7 while general montgomery was forcing the remnants of rommel’s shattered army tow ard the libyan border strong american forces suddenly landed at key points along the 1600 mile coastline of french morocco and algeria sup ported by allied naval units american landing par ties under the supreme command of general dwight d eisenhower gained strategic footholds on the north african coast from agadir on the atlantic to algiers on the mediterranean an extension of these positions eastward into tunisia to effect a junc tion with british forces driving westward through libya appears to be developing this allied offensive against french territory was made necessary by the refusal of france’s military leaders in june 1940 to continue the fight against the nazis from their north african bases it was ultimately made possible both by the british decision in july 1940 to strip britain of desperately needed troops to strengthen the defenses of egypt and by hitler's even more fateful decision just a year later to destroy russia’s military power before he had gained control of the whole of north africa and the near east this great amphibious undertaking depended for the victory gained over rommel by brilliant coordination of superior allied air land and sea power under general alexander and general montgomery thus the american offensive carefully timed to coincide with that of the british can be viewed as the second phase of a single allied move aimed at the reconquest of a vital position lost to the anti axis forces by the collapse of france in 1940 but it is clearly more than that it is also part of a grand strategy which envisages the encircling of german europe by control of its most exposed flank all reports from general eisenhower's head quarters suggest that vichy’s resistance in north af rica is not likely to be sustained and that the second phase of the allied offensive may be even more rapidly realized than the first president roosevelt's declaration to the french people that the allies are waging a war of liberation not of conquest will un doubtedly facilitate military operations by increasing support for general giraud who took command of pro allied french forces in north africa on novem ber 9 shortening of supply routes the most obvious advantage to be expected from the success ful conclusion of this pincers attack is the open ing of the mediterranean to allied shipping supply routes to the middle east russia and india would be shortened by from seven to ten thousand miles even if crete were not wrested from the nazis allied air and naval forces operating from bases on the north african coast should be able to keep the mediterranean open its full length even more important prospects are unfolded with respect to both the bombing of strategic objectives in italy and the balkans and the establishment of a land front on the mediterranean coast of europe landings in yugoslavia italy and southern france should not be dismissed from a reckoning of the new situation whether or not any of these developments materi alize in the coming months their very potentiality constitutes a threat which must impose a heavy strain on nazi resources of men and material the pros pect of invasion is bound to heighten tension in italy and may possibly precipitate domestic clashes which would necessitate an increase in german occupation troops french reaction is not yet altogether clear but the nazis may feel compelled to take over the whole of unoccupied france a nazi move into spain also appears possible repercussions from this latest allied move will be felt at the other end of the medi terranean as well where turkey will be even more de termined to resist axis aggression while there is no reason to contemplate a large scale withdrawal of german troops from the russian front hitler will have to divert considerable air strength and possibly some mechanized forces either from the east or northern france to meet the new threats from the south it would be dangerous to assume that hitler has been caught napping but his threat of novem ber 8 that he would strike a counterblow in answer to the american action can hardly be fulfilled in the mediterranean region without weakening the ger man position on some other front new phase of war opened whatever move hitler may make it seems clear that the pres ent allied offensive taken in conjunction with the fact that the russian armies have now halted the nazis from murmansk to the caucasus marks a new and decisive stage in the war against the western axis partners action in africa can hardly be called the second front but it may well lead to a second stalin’s speech clears international atmosphere british victories in egypt and invasion of french north africa by american forces have been hailed in moscow not as the equivalent of a second front since they do not constitute a direct blow at ger many and therefore offer no immediate relief to the russians but as the harbinger of an allied offensive against the axis in the mediterranean theatre of war for the russians realize that allied command of the mediterranean would as vice president wal lace said to the congress of american soviet friend ship on november 7 open the shortest possible supply route to southern russia and thus link the battle for the atlantic with the battle for the cau casus german threat to caucasus from the russian point of view the most important move that the allies could undertake at this moment would be a diversion of german land forces from the eastern front a diversion the operations in africa cannot provide if only because it would be physically diffi cult for hitler to transport large forces across the for a survey of military strategy in africa and of the natural resources of the african continent read africa and the world conflict by louis e frechtling 25c voi xvii no 13 foreicn poticy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 page two front in southern rather than western europe popy lar support of a strategy that would force hitler int a two front war in europe dreaded by germany singe the time of bismarck should not blind us to the pos sibility that the allies in this war may turn to othe patterns than simply a frontal attack on germany through western europe taking advantage of the lessons learned at tremendous cost on the westerg front in the last war and of the freedom of move ment afforded them by their command of the seas the allies may plan a three front or even a four front war against germany with the russian armies stil holding the bulk of german strength in the east an attack on hitler's exposed southern flank may prove to be but the first of several fronts to be opened in western and northern europe as well as in the mediterranean undue optimism at this point is un warranted but continued russian resistance and further anglo american offensives hold the promise of a gradually unfolding pattern of victory howarpd p whidden jr mediterranean at the present juncture for the time being therefore the russians as stalin pointed out in his november 7 address to the moscow soviet on the twenty fifth anniversary of the bolshevik revolution must continue to wrestle with some 200 german divisions a far more formidable force than that put in the field against russia by napoleon or even by kaiser wilhelm nor has the danger threatening russia been avert ed by the stubborn resistance of stalingrad’s defend ers while all eyes have been focused on that key city the germans have made rapid advances in the area of the caucasus the capture of nalchik and wil pre ret alagir brought the germans to the northern end of the ossetian military highway within reach of the georgian military highway the one road across the caucasus that remains open a considerable part of the winter the main object of the germans in this theatre now is to block access by the russians to the oilfields of baku even if the germans themselves should not succeed in making use of russia’s oil yet the russians undaunted by over a year of bitter warfare and by the innumerable political and economic adjustments that war has made necessary have won three important advantages in spite of serious losses of man power territory and resources they have preserved the cadres of their army whose annihilation has been proclaimed again and again by nazi propagandists since october 1941 they have prevented the germans from reaching astrakhan and have maintained their supply line across the northern caspian and they have forced the nazis to continue the struggle into a second winter without a clear cut decision the question now uppermost popu t into since e pos other many e the ester move seas front s still east may pened in the is un and omise jr time d out soviet shevik ie 200 e than oleon avert efend at key in the k and nd of of the ss the art of in this to the selves vil sar of al and essary ite of yurces whose ain by have akhan ss the nazis rithout rmost is whether the russians can turn the tables on the germans and launch a counteroffensive if not this winter at least next spring when the allies would presumably have succeeded in dislodging the axis powers from the periphery of europe stalin looks to future observers recently returned from the soviet union believe that the rus sians have the men the morale and the indomitable will necessary for a counteroffensive but have hith erto been skeptical of the eventual purposes of brit ain and the united states this skepticism nourished by memories of munich has been dispelled not only by the anglo american offensives in africa but also by stalin's forthright speech of november 7 which has noticeably cleared the international atmosphere recently clouded by controversies about the second front and the punishment of rudolf hess while stalin minced no words about the necessity of opening another front on the european continent he confidently predicted that there will be a second front sooner or later not only because we need it but above all because our allies need it no less than we do far more important for the future course of the war and the fate of post war recon struction he unreservedly associated the cause of the u.s.s.r with that of britain and the united states contrasting the program of action of the united nations with that of the italo german co alition in contrast to the axis program of racial inequality subjugation and exploitation stalin de clared the anglo soviet american program provides for abolition of racial exclusiveness equality of na tions and integrity of their territories liberation of enslaved nations and restoration of their sovereign tights the right of every nation to arrange its affairs as it wishes economic aid to nations that have suf fered and assistance to them in attaining their ma terial welfare restoration of democratic liberties and the destruction of the hitlerite régime re cognizing the differences that exist in the ideologies and social systems of britain russia and the united states stalin asserted that these differences do not preclude the possibility and expediency of joint action on the part of members of this coalition against the common enemy on the contrary the events of the past year notably molotov’s visits to london and washington and the conclusion of the 20 year anglo soviet alliance indicate growing rap prochement between the three countries and consoli dation of their fighting alliance for victory in this great war of liberation it is noteworthy that in outlining the three prin page three a cipal aims of the united nations destruction of the hitlerite state and its inspirers of hitler's army and its leaders and of the hated new order in europe accompanied by punishment of its build ers stalin made no threats of wholesale revenge against the german people on the contrary he clearly stated that it is not our aim to destroy ger many for it is impossible to destroy germany just as it is impossible to destroy russia this realistic statement is perhaps the best answer yet given by united nations leaders to the main point now stressed by nazi propagandists and again by hit ler in his munich speech of november 8 that the germans must continue the struggle to the bitter end because they know the fate that would befall us should the other world be victorious it is essential for a lasting allied victory that the military offensive now being developed in africa should be accom panied by an equally vigorous and imaginative psy chological offensive to drive a wedge between the nazis and the german people and prepare the ger man people for participation in the tasks and re sponsibilities of post war reconstruction vera micheles dean survey of british commonwealth affairs vol ii prob lems of economic policy 1918 1939 part ii by w k hancock london oxford university press 1942 5.00 this volume issued like the preceding ones under the auspices of the royal institute of international affairs concludes professor hancock’s notable survey of common wealth affairs in it the author completes his study of eco nomic policy in the empire with an analysis of south and west africa the lost peace by harold butler new york harcourt brace 1942 2.75 a personal narrative of the mistakes and misconceptions of the interwar years by a man who was on the inside of the geneva experiment and is now british minister in washington in charge of british information services the author reveals that the peace was lost largely because the collective method of security was never tried and explains in part at least why our india by minoo masani new york oxford university press 1942 1.75 fascinating account of the resources geography agri culture and daily life of india as well as the possibilities of improvement although written for children it will prove extremely instructive for adults wings of defense by captain burr w leyson new york dutton 1942 2.50 although its specific facts were beginning to be out moded even before publication this book contains a good popular account of the united states system of aerial warfare with much interesting material on certain types of planes some quarters will disagree with the author’s contention that dive bombing is no longer an effective weapon in land warfare foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 4 november 13 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leer secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor is please allow at least washington news letter nov 9 the current anglo american offensive in french north africa is subjecting the traditional friendship between the united states and france to the greatest strain in its 164 years of existence for the first time since the undeclared naval war of 1798 american and frenchmen are fighting and killing one another the vichy government that de jure speaks in the name of france broke relations with the united states in consequence on november 8 the battle that the united states has opened by its invasion of north africa is diplomatic as well as military the hearts of the french people must be conquered no less than the ports and airfields of north africa propaganda is as vital in this cam paign as tanks and airplanes the propaganda front this fear is not as idle as it may seem to many americans pierre laval’s opposition to the american enterprise may be discounted but marshal pétain’s prestige in france is still great and he has rejected president roosevelt's explanations with stupor and sadness the germans control the instruments of propaganda in three fifths of france and in the rest of the coun try the tools of publicity are in the hands of the vichy propaganda minister paul marion for months this pro nazi agent has been hammering at the french people by press and radio that the anglo americans are out to despoil france of its empire president roosevelt with his customary flair has grasped the vital importance of the psychological aspect of the north african campaign while the rangers were landing on the coast on november 7 he sent a message to pétain and at the same time broadcast in french to the french people assuring them that the united states had no designs on their colonial possessions and that the ultimate object of the offensive was liberation of france from the nazi yoke assurances were also sent by the president to general francisco franco spanish chief of state and to general antonio carmona president of por tugal that the american operations were not directed against those countries or their colonies and when laval broke relations with the united states president roosevelt after expressing regret for this act added in his message of november 9 we have not broken relations with the french we never will desire to avoid offending the suscepti bilities of the french people by seeming to impose a government on them without their consent is prob ably the reason the united states is not for the time for victory being as mr hull said on the same day extendin diplomatic recognition to general charles de gaulle’s fighting french movement the announcement by general dwight l eisen hower commander of the allied forces in north africa that general henri giraud has arrived in algeria to organize the french armies again to take up the fight is of the utmost importance in the ef fort to win the support of the french people gen eral giraud who was captured by the germans near sedan in may 1940 is regarded by the french as one of their ablest military leaders and his spectacular escape from the german prison at koenigstein this spring has enhanced his already great popularity end of an experiment the break with vichy marks the end of a policy that the state de partment has tenaciously pursued for more than two years despite its manifest unpopularity thanks to this course the state department has succeeded as mr hull pointed out at his press conference on no vember 8 in keeping the french fleet from falling into the hands of the axis at the same time it was enabled to maintain consular agents in north africa and to receive first hand information as to what was going on in that strategically vital territory the larger purpose of winning over marshal pétain’s government to the side of the united nations how ever was not achieved with the entrance of the united states into the war on december 7 1941 it was evident that sooner or later vichy would have to climb down from the fence on which it was perched waiting to see which side would be the ultimate victor the return of laval to power last april was a clear indication that when it came to a showdown vichy would opt for the axis relations between the united states and vichy steadily deteriorated after that disastrous de velopment until they became only a fiction as mr hull aptly called them rupture of diplomatic ties with the united states may be the beginning of the end for the vichy ré gime if the united nations obtain control of the entire north african littoral an invasion of europe through southern france becomes a military posst bility the nazis will almost certainly be obliged to face this eventuality by fortifying the french medi terranean coast german occupation of all france would probably be followed by liquidation of the pétain government and installation of a nazi puppet récime headed by jacques doriot jouhn elliott buy united states war bonds i on +frica t was the tain’s how o the ooner n the which rn of that ot for and is de s mr states ry ré f the ul rope i possi ed to medi rance f the uppet tt s terivdical x bnbral 1 ne ibra umiv of mea ann arbor mich ur william w gis a entered as 2nd class matter op universi niveret sentinels yeity of michigan library foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 5 november 20 1942 african campaign raises grave political issues he allied invasion of north africa like a well laid fuse has started a whole train of events throughout the world the repercussions of which cannot yet be clearly foreseen not only has it shed a glaring light on political differences among the french and raised innumerable questions concerning france’s future relations with its colonial empire with europe and with the united states but it has already affected the progress of war on the soviet german front the outlook of latin american coun tries and the position of spain meanwhile allied jubilation over the african campaign must be tem pered by the realization that until tunisia was reached american troops had not yet come to grips with the germans that spanish morocco and span ish colonies on the west coast of africa not to speak of the french base at dakar are not in allied hands and could still be used by the axis powers and that by its very success in north africa the united states has assumed grave political responsibilities whose fulfillment or nonfulfillment will deeply influence both the course of the war and the shape of the post war world stalin applauds allies the soviet gov ernment which had reserved judgment on the re sults of the british campaign in egypt regarding it as a relatively minor operation which would not serve to relieve nazi pressure on the russian army promptly acknowledged the far reaching character of the allied expedition to french north africa in a personal statement of november 14 to an american newspaperman in moscow the second such state ment since october 1 stalin declared that the al lied campaign opened the prospect of the disin tegration of the italo german coalition in the near est future not only is this the most buoyant state ment made by a leader of the united nations but its optimism carries all the more weight because of the skepticism with which stalin has until now viewed the military collaboration of the western ers stalin moreover described the allies as icine organizers and said that a certain relief in pres sure on the soviet union will result in the nearest future not forgetting for a moment his demand for another land front in europe he declared that the african campaign is particularly significant be cause it creates the prerequisites for establishment of a second front in europe nearer to germany's vital centers which will be of decisive importance for or ganizing victory over hitlerite tyranny latin america welcomes u.s move that this is also the view of latin american ob servers is indicated by the cordiality with which the countries of the western hemisphere have wel comed the american expedition to africa it was to be expected that the campaign would be favorably received by brazil which has long feared a german attack by air from french west africa in his state ment of november 8 announcing the landing of american forces president roosevelt specifically said that they had struck to forestall an invasion of africa by germany and italy which if successful would constitute a direct threat to america across the comparatively narrow sea from western africa more significant than the relief experienced in brazil is the extent to which mr roosevelt’s tribute to eternal france and his declaration that americans are fighting for the liberation of the french moved the peoples of latin america who have a deep at tachment to france and to french culture these declarations of the president combined with amer ican military successes in africa had a particularly noticeable effect on the two countries hitherto most reluctant to break their ties with the axis argentina and chile whose governments sent messages of congratulation to the united states the friendly treatment accorded by the wash ington administration to italians in this country has also not passed unnoticed in latin america especi ally in argentina with its large italian population on november 14 at a meeting of the mazzini so ciety in new york under secretary of state adolph a berle went further and stated that the nation hood of italy was guaranteed by the atlantic char ter and that the pledge of the united nations does not contemplate a punitive peace the aim is justice not revenge the future of spain while the united states is thus seeking to win the aid of italians both within and outside italy who oppose fascism and fear german domination over their country a far more difficult problem arises with respect to allied efforts to win the support of spain in a message of november 8 addressed to general franco president roosevelt explained the reasons for the american expedition to french north africa assured him that these moves are in no shape manner or form di rected against the government or people of spain or spanish territory metropolitan or overseas and expressed his belief that the spanish people wish to maintain neutrality and to remain outside the war in a statement released on november 13 gen eral franco accepted president roosevelt's assurances and expressed his intention of avoiding anything which might disturb our relations in any of their ts this statement leaves unanswered the ques tion of what franco would do should hitler per suade or force him into permitting the nazis to use spanish territory against the allies yet this question is of paramount importance since general franco controls not only spain hinterland of britain’s naval base at gibraltar but also spanish morocco a string of colonies on the west coast of africa north and south of dakar and strategic islands in the atlantic and the mediterranean page two ts si britain and the united states naturally hope tha franco will not deliver a stab in the back at allied forces now poised for a grim showdown with the axis for control of tunisia and libya yet desirable as franco’s neutrality is today for the allies the question arises whether it is in the long run sound policy to strengthen franco's position against those very elements in spain which have most ardently opposed nazism and fascism in the case of franeo even more than in that of admiral darlan the al lies are confronted with the extremely delicate is sue whether in order to win the war they should accept the aid of men who in the past have openly collaborated with the nazis and thus extend their protection to native rulers who without such pro tection would face ruin and death at the hands of their anti nazi countrymen the people of spain and france no less than the people of the united states will understand that undesirable compromises may have to be resorted to in the heat of battle in order not only to win the war but to win it as promptly as possible at the same time it is supremely important for the future influ ence of the united states that such compromises as may seem necessary be accompanied by guarantees that once the war is over the peoples of all liberated countries will be free to elect governments of their choosing as in fact has been promised in the at lantic charter otherwise the conquered peoples of europe may reach the conclusion that an allied vic tory would merely consolidate the power of men like franco who by word and deed have indicated their hostility to the objectives for which the united nations are fighting and in sheer despair abandon the heroic resistance which today makes it possible for the allies to contemplate the liberation of europe vera micheles dean allies gain new supplies in north africa on november 11 1942 after less than four days of fighting the military commanders of the two main french territories in north africa morocco and algeria ordered cessation of french resistance to the american british occupation thus the first phase of the battle for control of the mediterranean came for a survey of military strategy in africa and of the natural resources of the african continent read africa and the world conflict by louis e frechtling 25c vol xvii no 13 forricn poticy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 to an end the allies are now in posesssion of a series of airfields and ports strategically located along the coast of north africa which will enable them to expel german and italian troops stationed on the african continent the occupation of french moroc co and algeria by an allied expeditionary force which vichy estimated at 140,000 men changed completely the military situation and profoundly modified the economic picture for the allies not only 1 to fi p te th 1 fe si if c t by shortening shipping routes but by making avail able additional raw materials new source of supplies for allies assuming that the allies hold their present gains and succeed in occupying all of tunisia the valuable mineral output of french north africa will be avail able to the united nations outstanding in this pro duction are iron ore and phosphate rock before world war ii algeria alone produced over 3,000 ee 2 the that ed to wat same influ es as ntees rated their at os of vic men cated nited ndon sible rope an series g the m to 1 the oroc force ee 000 tons of iron ore yearly tunisia around 1,000,000 and french morocco nearly 300,000 tons north african production of phosphate rock which is badly needed as a fertilizer by the allies especially in the british isles is one of the greatest in the world sur passing even that of the united states pre war fig ures show that these three possessions produce some 4,000,000 tons of phosphate rock a year strategic metals such as lead zinc antimony cobalt molyb denum and mercury are also mined in significant quantities while both morocco and algeria have im portant deposits of manganese which could help to relieve the acute shortage of this steel hardening mineral in britain and the united states to these valuable minerals must be added the considerable production of wheat and other cereals almonds nuts and gums dates citrus fruits figs olives and wine the large herds of sheep from the less fertile highlands furnish great quantities of meat and hides and the atlas forests cork and cedarwood furthermore if axis contacts with dakar should be severed the peanuts and other products of french equatorial africa will also be available to the allies in the past most of the products of french north africa went to france even during the summer of 1942 nearly a hundred ships totaling some 250,000 tons ferried north african goods to marseilles fighting french sources claim that from 75 to 90 per cent of these supplies went on to germany this traffic has now been severed by the new allied drive thus depriving nazi europe of a source of valuable foodstuffs and war materials it is true that by the same stroke france now entirely occupied by the german army except for the harbor of toulon will in the future be deprived of the small portion of african supplies which it was formerly allowed to consume the food situation in france tragic since the armistice of june 1940 will become even worse a political kaleidoscope politically the various territories which make up north africa west of libya form a rather hybrid group morocco before 1912 was an absolute monarchy ruled by an independent native sultan since that date admin istration of morocco has been in the hands of france and spain with france controlling by far the largest part the sultan is still nominal ruler of both french and spanish morocco residing in the french zone usually at rabat the administration of the two zones however is completely separate in french morocco effective authority is exercised by france through a resident general and in spanish morocco by spain through a high commissioner the small eke international zone of tangiers on the atlantic coast just west of the entrance to the straits of gibraltar established by the 1923 tangiers statute disappeared from the political map during the present war when spain in november 1940 took it over by a coup de force suppressing the international administration this action was interpreted at the time as a german inspired move intended to pave the way for fortifica tion of the hitherto demilitarized zone algeria is neither a colony in the usual sense nor an aggregate of french departments some of its more europeanized sections oran algiers and con stantine are politically assimilated to metropolitan france with their own representatives in the french parliament the rest of the country is governed as a colony with political power in the hands of a french governor general tunisia for the control of which allied and axis troops are now fighting was formerly a king dom acknowledging the sovereignty of turkey in 1881 france sent a military expedition to tunisia and established a protectorate over the country the local king or bey was maintained as nominal ruler but administration of the protectorate is controlled by the french government through a resident gen eral in whose hands all power is concentrated italy with almost as many nationals in the protectorate as france has never relished french occupation of tunisia whose northern coast is only about 100 miles from sicily and sardinia since coming to power in 1922 mussolini has agitated for conquest of tunisia but allied occupation of french north africa makes realization of this dream more remote than ever ernest s hediger turkey by barbara ward new york oxford university press 1942 1.00 a little book crammed with illuminating facts interest ingly presented federalism and freedom by sir george young new york oxford university press 1942 2.50 an essentially constitutional approach to the question of european federation and economic integration the author believes the development of each of the great powers into national federations with their federal states forming constituents of the federation of europe to be pre requisite to the successful solution of europe’s problems india without fable by kate l mitchell new york knopf 1942 2.50 a well written popular discussion of the economic po litical and social background of current indian affairs as well as of the development of the nationalist movement the best single account for the general reader who wants to understand india today foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 5 november 20 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frranx ross mccoy president dorotuy f leer secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed.and printed by union labor three dollars a year please allow at least washington news letter vtbben nov 16 the riddle of who is entitled to speak in the name of france has become more puzzling than ever as the result of the anglo american invasion of french north africa there are now three govern ing groups general charles de gaulle’s fighting french movement with headquarters in london ad miral francois darlan’s administration in north africa and marshal pétain’s government at vichy all claiming to be the rightful representatives of the french people nothing can be more paradoxical than the appear ance of admiral darlan erstwhile arch collabora tionist as the leader of the french forces in north africa opposing the axis equally strange is the fact that but a few days ago darlan was directing the resistance to the american landing forces it was only on november 11 that the anglophobe admiral called off the fighting on the ground that further resistance was useless u.s army backs darlan yet in making this sudden reversal of policy which certainly is in line with his reputation as an opportunist darlan claims to be acting in the name of marshal pétain his contention is that pétain directed general au guste nogues governor general of morocco to take over command in north africa because the im pression prevailed in vichy that darlan had been deprived of his freedom according to darlan nogues on arriving in africa on november 13 found that the admiral was free to act and restored to him the powers that had been vested in the governor by pétain darlan contends that nogues action was taken with the full approval of the marshal and inti mates that pétain is now under restraint and is not able to function independently as chief of state this claim is flatly contradicted by vichy the vichy radio quoted pétain on november 16 as saying that darlan had been placed outside the national community and deprived of his military command he is also constitutionally still pétain’s successor as chief of state for violating his instructions as the vichy radio is now controlled by the nazis it is pos sible that this broadcast may have been a fake in announcing on november 13 that he was as suming responsibility for french interests in north africa admiral darlan was acting with the explicit approval of general dwight d eisenhower the american commander in that zone it may be taken for granted that the american military authorities are acting in conformity with the policy enunciated on for victory several occasions by the state department to the ef fect that the united states is prepared to cooperatg locally with all de facto french governors who af prepared to fight the axis meanwhile admiral darlan has appointed general henri giraud who came to africa on general eisenhower's invitation to organize french armies to take up the fight again as commander of the french forces in north africa this precludes any conflict between darlay and giraud fighting french indignant the fight ing french for their part are furious about darlan’s appointment to a high command on the side of the allies from general de gaulle’s headquarters in london on november 16 came a statement disclaim ing any responsibility for the negotiations in north africa and stating that any arrangements whic would in effect confirm the vichy régime in north africa could not be accepted the fighting french as one of their spokesmen in washington has said could hardly be expected to accept as their leader a man who a short time ago was a high official of a government engaged in persecuting de gaullists meanwhile the authority of pétain appears more shadowy than ever nazi occupation of the hitherto so called free zone has deprived it of what ite semblance of sovereignty it possessed some of the marshal’s most eminent former cabinet colleasea including pierre etienne flandin an ex foreign min ister and pierre pucheu and marcel peyrouton both former ministers of the interior are reported to have fled tc north africa while from washington camille chautemps who for a week in 1940 was vice premier in pétain’s first cabinet has cabled general giraud offering to serve as a soldier under him symptomatic of the growing effervescence in france is the revolt led by general lattré de tassigny commander of the montpellier region a few days before the nazi invasion of the unoccupied zone the fate of vichy’s remaining ace in hand the french fleet remains to be decided however sixty two naval units including the two modern 26,000 ton battle cruisers strasbourg and dunquerque att still at anchor at toulon they have not responded to darlan’s call to repair to north africa but on the other hand they have not capitulated to the axis toulon is the one unoccupied town in all france and the fleet with steam up its crews confined on board and watched by nazi bombers constitutes the last weapon in pétain’s hands john elliott buy united states war bonds +nce in ssigny w days ne d the sixty 26,000 ue ate ponded on the e axis ice and board he last iott ds moresby with the battle approaching its climax nov 27 42 perivuila kuum entered as 2nd class matter bnekal library venereal library univ of foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vor xxii no 6 november 27 1942 allied position in far east improved by african campaign ears that the progress of american forces in this activity constitutes not only a threat to australia north africa might be accompanied by defeat and port moresby on southern new guinea but also in the solomons have proved unwarranted japan an effort to protect japan’s military position in the must be expected to return to battle but weaker for conquered indonesian archipelago the loss of one battleship a heavy cruiser or second which front comes first our successes battleship 8 cruisers 6 destroyers 8 troop transports 4 cargo vessels and from 20 to 40 thousand men in the great naval struggle of november 13 15 with units of the american fleet following these blows to the enemy and early reports of effective land ac tion by our troops on guadalcanal secretary of navy knox declared on november 20 i think it is fair to say that our hold on the island is very secure tables turned in new guinea at the same time australian and recently arrived american ground forces in new guinea are pressing the foe have for the moment reduced rumors and criticisms relating to the united nations position in the pacific but when new difficulties arise as they inevitably will further protests against placing major empha sis on war in the west may be expected according to these objections which often seem a wartime version of pre war isolationism the japanese are far more dangerous to the united states than the nazis and must therefore be dealt with at once as the chief enemy so that they will have no time to consolidate their gains otherwise japan may take close to his northern coastal base at buna which was many years to defeat or it is sometimes asserted may the starting point of last summer’s japanese drive win in asia despite a united nations victory in through the owen stanley mountains toward port europe it is certainly dangerous to ignore the menace of japan or to believe that destruction of the nazis will automatically end the war in the far east in fact it is necessary for the united nations right now to redouble their efforts to mitigate china’s supply difficulties to take steps toward the settlement of the political problems presented by india and to these developments lay the ground for consolida prepare for the earliest possible counteroffensive in tion in the southern solomons and further offensive burma so that the burma road may be reopened action among the important japanese bases in the yet it is also true that the heart of the axis indus general region are salamaua and lae up the new trially and psychologically lies in europe and that guinea coast from buna buin on bougainville three of the four major allies can at present deliver island in the northern solomons and most signifi their most powerful blows in the west japan on cant rabaul on new britain but to move against the other hand is separated from us by appallingly any of them will not be easy in addition it has been long supply lines and any victory over it would be apparent for some time from the regularity of allied hollow indeed if a major concentration on our prtob air raids that the japanese have been building uy lems in asia should enable hitler in the meantime strong positions on the island of timor hundreds to win or at least effectively consolidate his posi general macarthur is leading the allied troops in the field in an effort to drive the enemy into the sea on the night of november 19 allied bombers sank a light cruiser and destroyer near gona and three days later another destroyer on november 24 the capture of gona from the japanese was announced of miles west of new guinea and 300 miles from the nearest point on the northwest australian coast lity ballon nocera ba ee eee policy bulletin november 6 194 sss page two tion victories in europe however can be of the greatest value in improving our position in the far east this is clearly indicated by possible far eastern repercussions of the campaign in north africa if the united nations are able once more to send metr chant ships through the mediterranean avoiding the long detour into the south atlantic and around the cape of good hope increased quantities of sup plies will flow to india and other eastern areas at the same time the threat of a german japanese pin cers move against the middle east and india about which so many fears were expressed last summer is vanishing into thin air the danger to india re mains but if the attack comes it will be from only one direction in addition the disintegration of the vichy régime appears to have had beneficial effects among the french in japanese controlled indo china the tokyo radio has remarked on the general at mosphere of tension caused by the american inva sion of north africa and berlin has reported ar rests of de gaullists in the former french colony at a later date when our far eastern land offensive begins the fact that frenchmen are fighting on our side in the west may have important repercussions in this area china applauds african move the psychological effects of the african campaign are by no means negligible on november 6 when action was as yet confined to egypt general ho ying chin china’s war minister telegraphed his congratula tions to the british middle eastern commander in chief and declared that the victory in egypt would prove the turning point in the strategy of the united nations on november 9 after news of the ameri can landings had been received the chinese press jubilantly hailed the move the leading newspaper ta kung pao expressed the opinion that as a te sult more favorable conditions were developing for the invasion of burma to appreciate these reactions fully it must be te membered that ever since pearl harbor the chinese have felt cruelly disappointed over setbacks suffered by the united nations they have longed for some major anglo american move in conjunction with russian resistance which would indicate that dur ing the many years of their single handed struggle it was not a mistake to think the acquisition of allies would foreshadow the defeat of japan therefore the fact that north africa is thousands of miles from the far eastern front is less important to them than the knowledge that their partners are at last on the offensive they realize that although the path is hard successful drives against tokyo’s european accomplices will be followed by decisive blows at japan lawrence k rosinger bitter struggle ahead in north africa as the allied offensive in french north africa moved into its third week it became clear that the decisive fighting still lay ahead apparently one al lied force had already moved across tunisia to sousse cutting off bizerte and tunis in the north while another column had struck south in the direc tion of tripoli but on november 23 there was no indication that these were decisive moves or that the british 1st army with its american and french contingent had yet made a major attack on the bizerte tunis area where according to the axis radio rommel had taken over command of strong axis forces with allied commanders wisely refusing to divulge their plans by exact announcements of preliminary operations the real military situation in pee eee es sss sss ss h.pa christmas gift suggestions gifts to be read re read and shared as a living record of the world in which we live regular membership cccccccccscrceneneensenne 5 associate membership ccccccscuesseneneesec 3 special subscription to headline books 10 issues 2 an attractive christmas card will announce each gift 7 tunisia remained obscure all signs pointed how ever to a longer and harder fight than had been expected the picture in libya was somewhat clearer at last reports the afrika korps had reached el agheila after a three day rear guard battle with advance units of the british 8th army at agedabia it seemed quite certain that the nazis would take advantage of the natural defenses of el agheila before falling back to the even stronger defensive position of tripoli in any case it can be expected that the afrika corps will put up a determined resistance before the battle for tripoli is won by the allies their supply lines have continued to grow shorter while british lines have become so extended that the 8th army is de pending on transport planes for many of its supplies at the same time the fighting french forces re portedly on their way across the sahara from lake chad can hardly play a decisive role in view of the light equipment they must necessarily use in the last analysis a speedy decision in both tripolitania and tunisia will depend more than anything else on the air strength each side can bring to bear especially in the triangle between sicily sardinia and tunisia by using his strategic reserves hitler may be able to concentrate as many as a thousand planes in this area which means that allied air forces even with e action chin atula ler in vould jnited meri press paper a fe 1g for be te 1inese ffered some with dur aggle allies efore miles them it last path opean blows ger how been at last gheila units quite of the back oli in ys will le for lines 1 lines is de pplies es re lake of the in the litania ise on ecially unisia ible to n this n with ee the use of malta and the newly won bases in north africa may be pressed to the utmost to maintain the air supremacy necessary for quick victory axis counter move expected if hitler intends however to make an all out effort to main tain a position in north africa and not to use axis forces in tunisia and tripolitania merely for a hold ing action it seems clear that he will have to bring about a major diversion of allied strength a giant pincers through turkey in the east and spain in the west would if successful close around the allied pincers now threatening the axis in the middle medi terranean it is extremely doubtful however if hit ler has the strength for such a move at present in the east a russian counteroffensive one wing of which by november 23 had swept westward far be yond the don river has cut the two railways which were supplying the nazi army in stalingrad and now threatens the axis position not only in that city but also in the caucasus a blow through turkey to the middle east at such a time is probably out of the question much more likely is a nazi advance through spain aimed at closing the western gate way of the mediterranean to the allies even if franco decides to oppose such a move and he was reported on november 20 to have said he would accept aid from the other side if either axis or allies attacked it could almost certainly be made at less cost and with the prospect of more rapid and decisive strategic results than any major action at the eastern end of the mediterranean protests about darlan answered while precautions are undoubtedly being taken to counter either or both of these moves the present job of the allies in north africa is to clear axis forces from the whole southern coast of the mediterranean the decision of general eisenhower and his ameri can british staff to use darlan was undoubtedly made in the belief that the rapid conquest of tunisia was essential for fruition of allied plans and that serious french resistance from the rear was likely unless ad mitral darlan as well as general giraud could be persuaded to join forces with the allies possibly it was made also with the knowledge that darlan would bring all of french west africa with the in valuable base at dakar over to the allied side al though this decision involved political dangers which were the'cause of such loud protests in britain that press censorship has prevented american correspond ents from reporting their full strength president roosevelt's assurance on november 17 that arrange e page three ments with darlan are temporary should dispel any fears that the price paid for the french admiral’s sup port will prove too high it should also be a guarantee that the presence in north africa of pierre etienne flandin and pierre pucheu french rightists and nazi sympathizers does not herald the setting up of a pro fascist french government there at the same time the fear that anglo american intervention in spain would bolster fascism in that country is probably unwarranted this fear is based on the assumption that franco is in a position should he so wish to resist the nazis if they invade spain with most of the leaders of his army under nazi influence and serrano sifier on the new national council of the falange party anything more than token resistance to an axis attack seems improbable even if franco should now believe in ultimate allied victory it is possible of course that franco might permit allied resistance to the nazis on spanish soil but whole hearted support for the allies in spain in the event that they are forced to counter an axis move there is much more likely to come from the spanish people than the franco government howard p whidden jr the united states and the far east certain funda mentals of policy by stanley k hornbeck boston world peace foundation 1942 1.00 a very brief purely formal recapitulation of american far eastern policy up to pearl harbor written by a state department official price control the war against inflation by erik t h kjellstrom g a gluck per jacobsson and ivan wright new brunswick n j rutgers university press 1942 2.50 a study of sweden’s experience with price control since 1939 with parallel surveys of the british canadian and swiss systems geopolitics the struggle for space and power by robert strausz hupé new york putnam 1942 2.75 a somewhat long winded recapitulation of the conclu sions of the pseudo science used by the nazis to justify their territorial expansion people under hitler by wallace deuel new york har court brace 1942 3.50 this report on the german home front by a former berlin correspondent of the chicago daily news combines careful observation of the facts and the people with a clear vision of the ruthless war aims of nazi leaders it should greatly help americans to understand nazi germany and its leaders what does gandhi want by t a raman new york oxford university press 1942 1.25 an indian journalist discusses gandhi’s pacifist views through extensive quotations from the nationalist leader’s writings and public statements foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 6 november 27 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lert secretary vera micheeies dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor 181 washington news letter nov 24 the anglo american invasion of french north africa has focused world attention on spain german troops are reported to be massing along spain’s northern frontier while to the south across the mediterranean spanish morocco is sur rounded by the forces of the united nations spain is thus in a veritable nutcracker and with hitler ob viously planning some counterstroke against the al lies its jealously guarded neutrality is now more jeopardized than at any previous time in this war general francisco franco answered the threat to spain’s neutrality on november 18 by ordering par tial mobilization this action it was stated was a measure of prudence intended to insure our keep ing away from the conflict and to strengthen our de fense our integrity and sovereignty and at the same time to preserve peace in our territories at the same time franco is reported to have informed both the axis and the allies that spain would immedi ately accept aid from the other side if any of its sea and air bases were seized this message came on the heels of a dispatch from ankara stating that the spanish dictator had refused to grant such bases to germany hitler in any case is apparently displeased with franco as indicated by the failure of the nazi foreign minister joachim von ribbentrop to wel come the new spanish ambassador on his arrival in berlin franco pledges neutrality renewed assurances of spain’s intention to maintain absolute neutrality in the war were given by juan francisco de cardenas spanish ambassador in washington to under secretary of state sumner welles on novem ber 19 according to secretary of state hull these assurances were proffered voluntarily by the spanish government and were not in response to an inquiry by the united states they reinforced the pledge of neutrality that general franco had given president roosevelt on november 14 in informed quarters in washington franco's protestations of neutrality are regarded as sincere the spanish leader's sympathies for the axis are notorious but it is pointed out here that if his pro axis leanings did not induce him to launch half starved spain into war in the autumn of 1940 when hitler seemed a certain victor franco is hardly likely to do so now when the fuehrer’s prospects are relatively bleak laval rules vichy meanwhile on the other am eg csory side of the mediterranean in metropolitan franeg marshal pétain virtually abdicated on november 1g by empowering pierre laval to promulgate laws and decrees under his own name at the same time the marshal reinstated laval as his constitutional suc cessor in place of darlan pétain’s transference of powers to laval was interpreted here as meaning that this pro nazi politician was now planning to take what was left of the vichy régime lock stock and barrel into the axis camp it was considered likely that a declaration of war by laval on the allies might be preceded by a peace treaty by which germany would promise to leave france territorially intact save for the cessation of alsace and lorraine as a result of laval’s advent to power vichy no longer controls any part of the french empire on november 23 admiral francois darlan broadcast over the algiers radio that governor general pierre boisson had placed himself and the whole of french west africa including the strategic port of dakar under darlan’s orders the same day secretary of state cordell hull announced in washington that a political and economic accord had been reached with admiral george robert french high commissioner concerning disposition of the french west indies which include martinique guadeloupe and french guiana an accord so satisfactory that no united states occupation of these colonies was necessary mr hull made it clear that the agreement was reached with admiral robert as the ultimate french authority in the caribbean and entirely independent of vichy this accord marks the successful conclusion of tedious negotiations begun last may by admiral john hoover and samuel reber of the state de partment and although full details of the agreement have not been published it is understood to provide among other things for the immobilization of the french warships stationed there and for american supervision of communications to and from the islands the entrance of french west africa into the allied fold places the strategic base of dakar at the disposal of the united nations removes the threat that this base might have been used by the germans and turns over to the allies a number of french submarines and other naval units in the harbor of dakar these developments mean that the french empire except for indo china is now con trolled either by the united nations or by frenchmen cooperating with them john elliott buy united states war bonds i a ee ee ee ee ee +4 al ance et 18 ss and e the suc ce of aning 1g to stock dered 1 the which rially raine ry no on dcast pierre rench jakar ry of hat a with ioner ndies rench inited ssaty was rench ndent usion miral de ment vide f the rican 1 the 1 into dakar 2s the y the yer of n the at the r con hmen ytt s gon hical rk 7 jbrary arcyw pbrio genera qint vf entered as 2nd class matter pec 4 1944 general library university of michizan aan arbor michigan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vow xxii no 7 december 4 1942 allied successes hold out hope to beleaguered europe he rapid unfolding of events precipitated by british and american successes in north africa and by the offensive simultaneously launched in russia has profoundly altered not only the strategic picture of the war but even more important its psychological atmosphere as well for three grueling years the climax to two decades of frustration and depression the smell of death was in the air the seeming death of a civilization today as we enter the fourth year of the second world war the smell in the air is paradoxically that of a new springtime bringing hope however slight as yet that among the dead leaves of the past may be stirring the roots of fresher and sturdier growth churchill looks to post war this note of confidence in the future dominated mr churchill’s broadcast of november 29 when for the first time the british prime minister who has hith erto insisted that the primary task was the winning of the war expressed the hope that we shall be able to make better solutions more far reaching more lasting solutions of the problems in europe at the end of this war than was possible a quarter of a century ago the expectation that effective action for post war reconstruction might become practicable in the not too distant future was reflected also in president roosevelt's announcement on november 21 that governor lehman of new york who sub sequently retired from office on december 3 had been appointed director of foreign relief and rehabilitation even the struggles for the right to fepresent conquered peoples such as have broken out among the french over admiral darlan and among the austrians over archduke otto of hapsburg indicate the growing belief that the time of recon quest and consequent political readjustment is now in sight this sudden change in atmosphere heartening as it is to the united nations so long inured to a cli mate of defeats should not obscure the fact that the nazis still have a strong army greatly whittled down it is true by the russians but as yet unbeaten by the british and americans and that they must be expected to make even greater use than in the past of submarine warfare to disrupt sea communications which become increasingly important for the allies as they establish new fronts overseas hitler’s european fortress yet it is already clear that contrary to his mein kampf con cept of the strategy that would assure victory for germany hitler is now forced to fight on two fronts and must either weaken his front in russia if he is to reinforce his position in the mediterranean or else sacrifice north africa if he is to hold at least temporarily part of the gains he has made in the east at such heavy sacrifices in men and material it is not outside the realm of possibility that hitler may try to cut his losses in africa and concentrate on consolidation especially in italy and southern france of what the nazi press with increasing emphasis calls the fortress of europe in the hope that the allies will ultimately weary of besieging this fortress as the germans pass to the defensive the allies face the task of relentlessly pressing their present advantages giving hitler no respite to carry out his plans for the reinforcement of europe to use mr churchill’s phrase africa is not a halting place but a springboard for coming closer to grips with the axis powers in the unremitting struggle that must be waged before the war can be carried to germany on land as it already has been from the air the allies have the invaluable aid of that silent front in europe on which the conquered peoples have been resisting hitler's new order under conditions of hardship that our imaginations cannot even encompass if further proof were needed of how the europeans feel about the new order it was furnished with dramatic heroism by the officers and men of the french fleet at toulon the price of relief but this very resistance unless promptly and effectively sustained by the al lies could spell disaster for the valiant defenders of the conquered countries who with the occupation of unoccupied france are now more exposed than ever to nazi reprisals no one who has shared how ever slightly in the life of pre war europe no one in fact with any feeling of humanity can hear of the mass reprisals reported in recent weeks from poland and czechoslovakia without imagining the even worse disasters that may lie ahead for the very men and women whose courage energy and vision will be most needed for the reconstruction of the continent the measures of relief and rehabilitation promised to the conquered peoples by britain and the united states no matter how generous cannot of course replace lives that have been destroyed or permanently crippled already some questions have been asked in this country as to the cost in dollars and cents and possibly in lowered standards of liv ing that aid to the conquered peoples may involve for the united states after the war what we must bear in mind is that no formal bookkeeping can balance off any amounts of food clothing medicine or money sent to europe against the sufferings ex perienced by the peoples of the continent who page two a through their stubborn resistance are now facilitay ing the task of britain russia and the united state in storming hitler’s fortress moreover the emphasis on the economic losse that the united states may face is misleading there is no reason to believe that by aiding other peoples to rebuild a shattered and impoverished continent and achieve a minimum standard of living that might prove a safeguard against recurring wars and reyo lutions this country would come out the loser op the contrary practical experience would indicate that policies of freer international exchange of helping to increase the productivity of regions as yet rela tively undeveloped of eliminating trade discrimina tions and so on would open new channels for the trade of the united states aiding this country to increase its productivity and consequently it standard of living sacrifices undoubtedly will have to be made to achieve stability after this war sac rifices whose cost in any case would be infinitesimal when compared with the cost of the war on which we are now engaged and they may at the same time rid us of shortsighted selfish and prejudiced policies which have too often dominated the thought and action of all nations great and small to the detriment of the welfare of their own peoples vera micheles dean what will hitler do about spain occupation of vichy france by the german army on november 11 emphasizes once more spain's strategic importance in the mediterranean war suc cess or failure of the present battle for north africa and ultimately of a second front in the medi terranean depends largely on the capacity of the allied nations to keep open their supply line across the atlantic and through the straits of gibraltar the maintenance of this lifeline depends in turn to a considerable extent on the attitude spain may take in the immediate future if spain remains a non belligerent allied vessels will be able to enter the mediterranean in relative safety on the other hand military necessity may compel the german high command to use strategic points on spanish territory what are the economic difficulties confronting chungking which must be solved before china can make its maximum contribution to victory read china's war economy by lawrence k rosinger 25c november 15 issue of foreign polticy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 as bases for a sea and air blockade of the allies since this appears to be the most efficient way for the axis to interrupt the flow of reinforcements to the medi terranean front importance of spanish bases geograph ically spain is in a position to close the straits of gibraltar all important western gateway to the medi terranean to the north the rock is surrounded by spanish territory to the south and only 18 miles away lies spanish morocco a 200 mile long and 50 mile wide stretch of african coast if the straits were blocked by action from either direction the al ready overtaxed railroad which runs from rabat on the atlantic coast of morocco to tunis by passing spanish morocco could not transport all the supplies needed for an allied invasion force in spite of the shipment of a number of american locomotives along with the expeditionary forces should hitler decide to invade spain in order to close the straits an immediate allied countermove would most probably be the occupation of spanish morocco as well as an area of spanish continen tal territory sufficient to protect gibraltar against attack from the rear and to prevent the nazis from using near by territory to prey on allied shipping but even if the nazis should not be able to gain ilitat states osses phere oples inent night tevo that ping rela nina r the ry to its have ac simal vhich same diced yu ght the an since axis medi raph ts of medi od by miles d 50 traits 1e al at on ssing plies f the along ler to move anish tinen yainst from ping gain control of the southern tip of the iberian peninsula occupation of the rest of spain by the wehrmacht would clearly offer numerous military advantages to the axis the spanish naval base of cartagena for instance only 125 miles across the sea from allied occupied oran could serve as a starting point for air and submarine operations against the allies farther east spain owns the excellent naval base of mahon on minorca one of the balearic islands located about halfway on a straight line between toulon and algiers and roughly 220 miles from the latter it has long been one of the best fortifications of the mediterranean under german or italian con trol and with the southern coast of france now oc cupied by the german army this stronghold would represent a real danger spot for the north african allied forces a german military invasion of spain might how ever end disastrously for the nazis if they were not able to seize all the spanish keypoints promptly should the allies reply by occupying part of the strategic spanish coast a second con tinental front would automatically be opened in spain moreover even if a successful military opera tion proved impossible on either the allied or the spanish side other disadvantages for the axis such as renewal of the civil war in spain and reinforce ment of the british blockade which would aggravate the already critical food situation of the country could result from an invasion it is conceivable that the risks involved might cause the german high command to decide against a move through spain franco's position on november 26 gen eralissimo francisco franco ordered mobilization to take place three days later of four classes of the spanish army apparently against a possible inva sion of spanish territory presumably by germany for president roosevelt had promised spain on no vember 8 that the allies would respect spanish ter titory the following day however a new order was issued limiting this partial mobilization to one class only no explanation was given but it can be assumed that the groups without which franco could not rule spain the falange and the representatives of the nazi high command had a hand in this no illusions should be cherished in allied coun tries about franco’s potential rdle franco is hardly in a position to decide for himself the fate of spain his whole régime is built on the falange spain's official fascist party which has gradually eliminated other groups such as the monarchists who sup page three ed ported franco the falange is ideologically com mitted to the axis the officers of the spanish army are known to be pro axis including the new min ister for foreign affairs general gémez jordana who recently succeeded serrano sifier now a promi nent member of the new falange national council moreover the nazis are firmly entrenched in spain it is reported that about 50,000 axis agents control spain's vital centers in the rdle of technicians mili tary advisers and gestapo under these conditions there seems little chance that franco would be able to oppose a german invasion effectively even if he were personally inclined to do so for its part the falange realizing that it has but a tenuous hold on the spanish people and that a defeat of the axis would end its power cannot ally itself to the democ racies meanwhile the only thing franco can do is try to obtain as many advantages as possible from the allies by claiming the credit for spain’s non belligerency if the german high command finds the invasion of spain advisable however the ger man army would move in with or without the ap proval of franco hitler not franco will decide on the continuation or end of spain's present neutrality ernest s hediger government by assassination by hugh byas new york knopf 1942 3.00 mr byas on the basis of considerable knowledge of japan analyzes the domination of japanese politics by military terrorists he helps to clarify the position of the emperor a figurehead essentially controlled by circles about him he concludes that japan must suffer complete military defeat but suggests rather lenient peace terms apparently considering it most important to deprive japan of territorial stepping stones to aggression surprisingly korea is not included among these for the healing of the nations by henry p van dusen new york friendship press 1941 paper 60 cents aimed primarily at recording facts about the christian world movement which impressed themselves upon the author during an eight month round the globe journey to the 1988 world missionary conference at madras india special emphasis on asia no retreat by anna rauschning indianapolis bobbs merrill 1942 2.75 the wife of the author of the revolution of nihilism describes with quiet distinction the impact of nazism on her family’s life in danzig their flight to france and finally to the united states the latin american republics a history by d g munro new york appleton century 1942 5.00 out of the author’s varied experiences in latin america and his extensive research has come this excellent bringing together of historic background and present wartime inter american relations foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 7 decemper 4 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year one month for change of address on membership publications please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor ee 181 washington news letter nov 30 the highly dramatic self destruction of admiral jean de la borde’s fleet of 62 french war ships at toulon on november 27 to prevent them from falling into nazi hands is likely to stand out as one of the decisive events of the war for it en tails as winston churchill said in his broadcast two days later the extinction for all practical purposes of the sorry farce and fraud of the vichy govern ment and what is perhaps even more important it marks the end of franco german collaboration for the first time since june 1940 the germans have fired on the vichy french the scuttling of the french fleet may prove a turning point in french history from the point of view of the united nations it is of course unfortunate that admiral de la borde did not see fit to respond to admiral francois dar lan’s appeal from algiers to join the allies in africa but the scuttling of the french fleet at toulon is a more serious blow to the axis than it is to the allies the fear that has long haunted the united nations that the french fleet with the two modern 26,000 ton battleships strasbourg and dunkerque would fall into nazi hands is now definitively removed indeed the vichy radio said that the immolation of the french fleet had been carried out in accordance with general instructions dating back to the time of the franco german armistice in june 1940 whereby the commanders of all units of the french navy were ordered to scuttle their ships rather than allow them to be taken over by any foreign power whatever marshal pétain has repeatedly given assurances to the united states government that he would not per mit the french fleet to fall into the clutches of the nazis and the drama of toulon attests to the sin cerity of his word passing of the vichy regime within the past week the last semblance of authority has been stripped from the vichy government the nazi seizure of toulon completes the occupation of france the destruction of the french warships at toulon was quickly followed by hitler’s decree ordering demobilization of the small army permitted france by the terms of the armistice all metropolitan france has now been placed under nazi military rule under the command of field marshal karl von runstedt and the notorious line of demarcation which inevitably tended to create divisions among frenchmen has vanished for victory the violation of the armistice by hitler has dealf a death blow to the hollow pretense of frange german collaboration that was officially inaugurated at montoire on october 24 1940 as the vichy gov ernment has been deprived of all means of govern ment it can no longer negotiate and the sham of collaboration has now been replaced by the brutal dictatorship of the sword it is still not clear whether pierre laval will continue to issue laws under his own signature in which case he will unmistakably set himself up as a quisling or whether the vichy régime will simply be replaced by nazi military rule in any case the last pretense of a nazi new order in europe has now vanished hitler must now keep down by force the entire population of metropolitan france at the same time that he has 4 new frontier the french mediterranean to guard against an anglo american invasion threat these requirements constitute a severe drain on german manpower at a time when nazi troops are being decimated on the plains of russia wanted a union sacree the elimi nation of the vichy régime as churchill noted in his broadcast is a necessary prelude to that reunion of france without which resurrection is impossible unhappily the prospect of a union of all french men outside france engaged in resisting the axis is still remote the british premier on novem ber 24 suppressed a radio attack that general charles de gaulle was planning to deliver against admiral darlan and the fighting french radio speaker in london last week was so displeased with the north african set up that he suspended his broadcasts to france for the first time since 1940 unconfirmed re ports from london state that general de gaulle is not satisfied with president roosevelt's assurance of november 17 that the arrangement with admiral darlan is only a temporary expedient and is con sidering coming to washington to make a strong personal appeal to the president to abolish darlan’s status as french high commissioner in north africa the united states military authorities there however are highly pleased with the results of the accord with darlan which has enabled them to acquire french north africa as a base for military operations at the cost of relatively few casualties and offers the pros pect of similarly acquiring the use of strategic dakar john elliott buy united states war bonds ao +rutal ether t his kably v ichy rule new must yn of has a guard these rman being elimi ed in union ible rench axis ovem harles imiral cer if north sts to ed re alle is ice of imiral s con strong irlan’s frica wevel 1 with rench at the pros dakar ott os entered as 2nd class matter be a ts hws ichi igean wiorary ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vor xxii no 8 december 11 1942 beveridge report heartens british alarms nazis report on social security which sir william beveridge submitted to parliament on decem ber 1 1942 is not only a landmark in the history of social legislation in britain but a significant step in the unfolding of british plans for the post war world a step which has already had political reper cussions in germany as well as in britain the purpose of the report is to establish a national minimum which will rid britain of what beveridge has called the five great evils of modern industrial society poverty squalor ignorance disease and idleness it can hardly be regarded as revolutionary since it builds on the social reforms inaugurated by lloyd george and winston churchill when they were colleagues in a liberal ministry before the last war but if carried into effect it would go far to guarantee a life of decency and security to all people in britain it seeks to accomplish this objective by establishing certain basic principles provision against unemployment provision for a national health service for every man woman and child a unified systein of workmen’s compensation abolition of the means test for relief provision for the expense of marriage childbirth and death and protection of the family by granting endowments for all chil dren after the first the scheme simplifies the whole administrative machinery putting it under a ministry of social security it is based on the contributory principle worker employer and state each paying a part of the cost the state’s share will be roughly half the total or 350 million compared with a pres ent outlay of 265 million on social security this appears to be within britain’s taxable capacity response in britain the war cabinet's decision on the report will not be known until the new year but the popular reception accorded it has been more favorable than its supporters had antici pated it has been greeted with enthusiasm by the majority of british newspapers it has already been approved by the liberal party and will undoubt edly be supported with zeal by lloyd george al most certainly the labor party and the trades union congress will give it their full support although they will scarcely withdraw their demands for more far reaching changes many conservatives particu larly the young tories have also expressed their approval in part at least because they believe the scheme will forestall efforts to make greater changes in the economic and social structure beyond this it will answer the demand of the armed forces for safe guards against mass unemployment after the war and the demand of the people of britain that some thing tangible come out of the wartime aspirations for a better society in a very real sense the wide spread approval of this measure reflects the degree to which the british after more than three years of war have accepted the necessity for sweeping social and economic reforms opposition however promises to be strong from the insurance companies which have hitherto handled industrial insarance and from conservatives who fear both the additional tax burden which the scheme will involve and its social implications it will be resisted too on the ground that until britain’s post war trade position is known it would be dangerous to assume such a heavy financial responsibility but in spite of opposition it seems clear already that the beveridge report charts broad lines of social change and that the chief dispute will be about the speed and not the ultimate direction of that change nazi reaction the report has already had interesting repercussions outside of british circles the allied governments in london have been stirred to greater activity in their post war planning in australia there has been genuine interest but some criticism in official quarters that the report does not involve a fundamental reorganization of the eco nomic system a reorganization which the labor government in canberra apparently contemplates for australia in the post war period nazi reaction to the report is especially significant more than any allied threats or announcements of allied production it seems to have frightened the nazi propagandists who have long told the people of germany and of the occupied countries that only hitler's new order could give them economic se curity while all the democracies had to offer the common man was unemployment and poverty the nazis have done their best to discredit the beveridge report lest it bring a renewal of faith in the demo cratic way of life this response on the part of the axis should prove to the skeptical that plans for a brave new world are among the most effective weapons of political warfare in this case it is the idealists not the real ists who have alarmed the nazis the same reac tion can be expected in germany when the report on social security in the united states which has just been placed on president roosevelt's desk is sub mitted to the next session of congress and probably page two even more effective will be the announcement to the occupied countries of europe of the plans now be ing devised by ex governor lehman director of foreign relief and rehabilitation once schemg such as these are actually put in operation whether in the domestic or the international field they wil prove of even greater value as bulwarks of peace ig the post war period their realization would go far tp make possible the world order which prime ministe mackenzie king of canada described to the pilgrim society in new york on december 2 1942 the new order he said must be based on humag rights and not on the rights of property privilege and position in the state and industry control should be broadly representative and not narrowly autocratic in the new order economic freedom will be as important as political freedom this is not call for a state regimented collectivism but for a self regulated social democracy in which individual initiative could function within the bounds set by the common welfare it is the best answer to hitler new order and the best hope of free men howarb p whidden jr can allies reconcile war policies with war aims as the tide of battle sweeps back and forth in tunisia and russia the peoples of the belligerent countries enter another of the periods in this revolu tionary war when they feel impelled to rethink and redefine the issues at stake such periods are always welcomed by the nazis who continue to hope that in the absence of spectacular allied victories the peoples of the united nations although fortified on the battlefront with new weapons can meanwhile be weakened on the home front by doubts and fears about the future realism versus idealism realization that this war is being fought in terms so to speak of double exposure on the field of battle and in the realm of ideas has permeated the consciousness of those who have urged that the strategy of post war reconstruction should at no time be divorced from the strategy of winning the war today it becomes increasingly clear that the united nations may suc ceed in pooling the men munitions and ships needed is london more anxious than washington to begin the work necessary to carry into effect the common principles of post war reconstruction read as britain sees the post war world by howard p whidden jr 25c october 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 for a military victory over the axis powers yet lose the final round by succumbing to the very doctrines and practices we claim to be combating much has been said and written since the ameri can invasion of north africa about realism se in international affairs and those who have questioned certain policies and objectives of the united nations have been dismissed as idealists since realism and idealism cannot be weighed or measured like ma terial things argument on this theme usually proves inconclusive the issue might be clarified by glance ing briefly at the record of both schools of thought for example the realists who refused to see in the spanish civil war a crucial move in the axis struggle for control of europe and the world may be said to have idealized hitler and mussolini while the idealists who recognized the true character of the spanish conflict turned out in that instance to have been realists and the same would hold true of those who were realistic and idealistic respec tively about japan’s expansion in china similarly those who favored isolation for the united states before pearl harbor believing that this country could live unto itself alone regarded themselves as hard boiled realists yet they might be described as idealists since they assumed the existence of ai ideal world in which the united states could remain a sort of permanent shangri la impervious to the breath of time and the envy of less advanced or less fortunate countries but the idealists who preached international peace yet rejected as repugnant the oe ee po co a r n 8dlc iehlhuculurelhcuvh ucu to the w be or of emes rether y will ace in far ty inister il grim the juman vilege ontrol rowly n will not a for a vidual set by itler’s jr t lose trines meti n in tioned ations m and ma droves glance ought ee in axis 1 may while ter of ice to rue of espec uilarly states ountty ves as bed as of an emain to the or less eached nt the possibility of ultimate resort to force in order to as sure peace were equally mistaken since they as sumed that goodwill unsupported by good works would suffice to reform an obviously imperfect world toward a new realism in the perspec tive of history it may appear that the failure of the long armistice was due to both realists and idealists both making assumptions that disregarded the re actions of human beings it might not be amiss for the two schools of thought to learn a few lessons from a section of the world’s population which in the past has found it practically impossible to affect the course of world affairs although forced to en dure the ill effects of their mismanagement and that is women the average woman through force of circum stances finds it necessary to combine realism and idealism she does not assume that her loved ones are perfect nor does she drive them out of the family circle when they reveal themselves subject to human frailties she takes the good along with the bad never abandoning hope of ultimate improvement and success for the least promising ugly duckling she knows that certain practical needs must be met not once a year or once a century in spectacular fashion but most unspectacularly every single day of her life the needs for food shelter clothing and a modicum of education and recreation these within the limits of her individual abilities she strives to provide nor does she expect financial re ward for her efforts at family tasks such as are ex pected in other occupations accepting the sense of satisfaction which comes from serving those to whom one is attached as the only lasting value in life this blend of realism and idealism if translated into terms of international relations might have more far reaching and at the same time more lasting effects than the world shattering dogmas which much as they transform the conditions of human existence do so at enormous cost in hu man lives if we were inspired by this spirit we would realize that compromises must be made in international affairs just as they are made in the home the local community the business enterprise the labor union or the nation but that in making compromises we must never lose sight of the objec tives for which we are striving this spirit would lead us to see that no problem can be solved with out raising a host of new ones just as the opening of another front in africa so vigorously demanded by the people of the united nations has raised a page three host of political problems with respect to the future of the french nation it would make us understand that final resort to authority and power is essential for the functioning of any group of human beings whether family or international organization and that what is evil is not power but the uses that are so often made of power it would help us to recog nize that if the industrial and financial resources now being rallied by the united nations for wartime needs had been applied to peacetime tasks instead of being misapplied dissipated or only partially utilized the world would have witnessed an era of progress unrivaled in history it would force us to see that no individual and no nation can live in complete isolation much as that might be desired and actually reaches the highest development and derives the greatest satisfaction through participation in community life it would prevent us from shrink ing at the first indication of self interest or evil design among those individuals and nations with whom we are collaborating and remind us that no human being and no national group can be seen in terms of unadulterated black or white above all it would help us while making adjustments necessi tated by the trivial often sordid details of day to day living to keep alive the ideals which have en kindled men throughout history and without which human existence would descend as it has in nazi controlled europe below the level of animals vera micheles dean the senate foreign relations committee by e e denni son stanford university california stanford univer sity press 1942 2.50 timely study of the history and functions of a particu larly important committee strategic materials in hemisphere defense by m s hessel w j murphy and f a hessel new york hastings house 1942 2.50 a book of facts about our war needs in raw materials easier to read and more informative than most similar works published heretofore how many world wars by maurice léon new york dodd mead co 1942 2.00 personal reminiscences of a french american lawyer dealing mostly with political questions concerning post world war i india and freedom by l s amery new york oxford university press 1942 1.25 selected speeches on british policy in india by the sec retary of state for india during the period 1940 42 the war in maps by francis brown and emil herlin new york oxford university press 1942 1.50 a useful and lucid collection of annotated maps covering every phase of the war to autumn 1942 foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 8 december 11 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frrank ross mccoy president dororuy f legr secretary vera miche.es dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor 181 washington news letter dec 7 the debate in the united states senate on legislation to aid panama on december 3 4 had a significance that transcended by far the compara tively unimportant contents of the measure itself concerning a joint resolution authorizing the trans fer of u.s owned lands and facilities in panama to the government of that country under agreements negotiated by the state department the importance of the debate lies in the fact that it marked the first time that the isolationists have lifted their heads since pearl harbor it was the opening skirmish of a battle that seems inevitably fated to be fought at the conclusion of this war between the partisans of active cooperation by the united states in interna tional affairs and those who would have this country avoid any sort of international entanglements the fact that the joint resolution passed the senate by a vote of 40 to 29 will not discourage the iso lationists they count on a repetition of the war weariness and the longing for normalcy that swept over the united states in 1919 to keep this country from assuming the international commitments the administration already has in mind the gist of the minority case against the panama resolution was that the executive branch of the gov ernment was attempting to by pass the senate's function of ratifying treaties a resolution requires only a simple majority to be adopted whereas a treaty must have a two thirds majority if the treaty of ver sailles had been presented to the senate in the form of a joint resolution in 1919 the united states might have joined the league of nations what the isolationist senators in opposing the resolution were really trying to block was not the turning over of the water and sewer systems of panama city to the panamanian government but the entrance of the united states into some future league of nations fears of the isolationists it is signifi cant that opposition to the resolution was led by such arch isolationists as senators hiram johnson of california himself a veteran of the historic senate fight against the league in 1919 robert taft of ohio gerald p nye of north dakota author of the neutrality legislation of 1935 and bennett champ clark of missouri mr taft in his argument warned that the atlantic charter was no more than a declaration of policy and was not binding on congress and the same was true he said of the united nations agreement on the prosecution of the war although such instru for victory ments were not binding the ohioan contended they were forming in the aggregate all the factors a treaty and might leave the senate at the end the war in the position of ratifying or rejecting peace treaty about which it had not been consulted the battle that is shaping up between the advo cates of international cooperation and the champions of non entanglement also threw its shadow this week on the deliberations of the republican national committee in st louis the man chosen to lead the opposition party harrison e spangler of iowa will have great influence in determining the future atti tude of the g.o.p on this vital issue of foreign pol icy this consideration explains the opposition of wendell willkie to the candidacy of werner w schroeder a chicago lawyer who is reputed to belong to the colonel mccormick school of iso lationism post war plans meanwhile the adminis tration is already laying plans for active united states cooperation in the post war settlement the signing of the canadian american accord on de cember 1 pledging both countries to lower their tariff barriers after the war the announcement by president roosevelt on november 24 that he had discussed with president carlos arroyo del rio of ecuador during the latter’s visit to washington a p'an for pan american economic collaboration aimed at lifting the living standards of the poorer nations without damaging the economy of the larger repub lics and the appointment of ex governor lehman as director of foreign relief all indicate the admin istration’s intention to embark on post war interna tional cooperation on a big scale president roosevelt obviously anticipates opposi tion to his plans for he told his press conference on november 24 that he might soon reply in a broad cast to the short sighted critics of his rehabilita tion schemes pointing out that such measures were worth doing not only from humanitarian motives but from the point of view of our pocketbooks and for the purpose of obtaining immunity from future wars the president doubtless had in mind men like w p witherow retiring president of the national association of manufacturers who told a war congress sponsored by that organization in new york city on december 2 that he was not fighting for a quart of milk for every hottentot or for a tva on the danube or for governmental handouts of free utopia john elliott buy united states war bonds +d to 0 ninis nited the de their nt by had io of on a imed itions epub an as 1imin ferna posi ce on road vilita entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 9 december 18 1942 burma next move in far eastern strategy aad of the navy knox’s statement of december 8 that we have destroyed between 1,000,000 and 1,500,000 tons of japanese merchant shipping possibly one fourth of the enemy’s entire pre war merchant tonnage explains his previous prediction that the time is actually close when the japanese forces in the occupied islands of the pacific will suffer from lack of replacements in manpower weapons ammunition and medical supplies for the lack of ships to transport them these declarations underline the fact that the past year’s operations have reduced japan’s maritime superiority in the western pacific land victories needed yet japan is not only a great sea power but holds land positions rang ing from long established bases in korea and man churia down the china coast to indo china thai land burma and malaya destruction of shipping however successful will be useful chiefly in facili tating future allied army movements on the con tinent of asia for island operations in the southwest were otives 00ks from mind f the old a new hting for a douts tt s pacific are only part of our necessary strategy a land front it is true already exists in china but cannot serve as a base for a major offensive until adequately supplied increasing attention is therefore being given to the feasibility of invading burma both to feopen the burma road and to disrupt japan’s efforts at consolidating its position in southeast asia allied military leaders have been considering this problem for many months but plans for a burma campaign are necessarily subordinate to the needs of the soviet and african fighting fronts as early as last may general stilwell who had commanded chinese troops in burma declared we got run out of burma and it is humiliating as hell if we go back properly proportioned and properly equipped we can throw them out at that time however an allied offensive was a dream of the future and the only practical question was whether the japanese would strike next at australia india or siberia in mid october it was announced that general wavell commander in chief in india had just returned from inspection of the indo burma frontier having entered burma itself where some allied troops re mained a few days later british american and chinese generals conferred in new delhi since then allied planes have been active over burma japanese planes have attacked indian bases and minor con tacts with enemy patrols inside the burma border have been reported burma drive not easy the difficulties of a burma offensive are considerable for the roads from india are poor and coastal invasion requires naval superiority in the bay of bengal the supply problem is also enormous both because of the length of ocean transport routes and the primary emphasis on other areas dictated by united nations military strategy moreover it is impossible to say whether enough shipping has been and would be available for building up and replenishing stocks of equipment and supplies in india particularly crucial is the ques tion of time since torrential monsoon rains in the calcutta rangoon area begin in may making it nec essary to start an invasion some months earlier so that important positions can be seized in burma be fore it becomes necessary to dig in in all calculations political questions must receive careful attention for no offensive can be launched from india unless orderly conditions prevail there last summer and fall a relatively small number of persons apparently the main body of the nationalist movement took no part in the campaign of violence seriously disrupted the already overburdened in dian railway system at the present moment india seems quiet but a bitter residue has been left by the antagonisms of the past eight months and it would be unwise in the absence of an agreement between britain and the indian nationalists to over ___ spaoasssss ssss shh page tw look the danger of future outbreaks it will be re called also that when the japanese were overrunning burma they received the aid of a small but signifi cant and well organized section of the burmese pop ulation 10 per cent according to the estimate of the british commanding officer it would be desir able before initiating an offensive that the allies develop some program for obtaining greater sup port from the people of burma in order to simplify the problems of the campaign our advantages on the other hand certain circumstances favor an invasion of burma the in dian army including chiefly indian troops but also significant numbers of british soldiers now totals about 1,500,000 men of whom at least several hun dred thousand should be effective fighters despite the rawness of the newer recruits and the dispatch of many seasoned indian soldiers overseas to these must be added small numbers of chinese and american troops as well as the chinese armies in yunnan province which operating on burma’s north eastern border could in effect maintain a sec ond front for the forces moving from india fur thermore despite the shortcomings of indian in dustry that country is an important industrial base one which is next door to burma rather than like for should they consider it sound strategy they cer japan thousands of miles away while japan’s cog munications would be shorter than ours for trag porting new tanks planes and oil there are jp numerable lesser items of war which we could mo easily send to the front the answer to the problem of our taking the of fensive in burma lies in the quantities of supplig and equipment we can accumulate in india and jy future military developments on the fronts in th west here it would be unwise to overlook the pos sibility that the japanese may be the first to strike tainly have the strength for an attempt against cay ern india not to mention a further push into yup nan in fact according to a chungking report abou 6,000 japanese troops assumed the offensive ig yunnan province on december 6 but were soop obliged to retreat two things are clear however that our position in the india burma area has im proved considerably this past summer and fall and that whether or not the united nations initiate q burma offensive this winter allied strategy in the far east requires such a move at the earliest possible moment provided that our offensives in the europea theater are not endangered lawrence k rosinger turkish neutrality aids united nations the increased control of the nazi party over the german army indicated by the announcement on december 10 that gestapo trained general kurt zeitzler had been appointed chief of staff and by the recent transformation of gawleiters from mere party leaders into military commissioners seem to be part of hitler's preparations for defensive warfare al though these moves do not exclude the possibility of some spectacular nazi drive into neutral territories bordering on the mediterranean the turkish gov ernment apparently feels more free than hitherto to express its friendship for the cause of the united nations on december 12 dispatches from ankara reported a forthcoming turko soviet nonaggression pact containing a pledge by the united states to in tervene between turkey and russia in the event of their disagreement this accord by removing one for a survey of the resources politics government and economy as well as the strategic role of this little known but enormous territory read alaska last american frontier by beka doherty and arthur hepner 25c december 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to fpa members 3 of the main causes of friction between turkey and the united nations would thwart the efforts of the german ambassador to ankara franz von papen to keep turkey completely out of the allied camp until now the ankara government has mistrusted moscow's post war ambitions in the balkans and the russians have disapproved of the turks nonaggres sion treaty with germany signed in 1941 on the eve of the russo german war turkey’s attitude toward allies from the point of view of the ankara government there are important reasons why a friendly neutral ity toward the allies is desirable at this time first of all both britain and the united states are now more able than germany to furnish the modern wat equipment needed by the turkish army of approxi mately a million men earlier in the war it was the germans who were able to send more because of their large production of armaments and their shorter transportation lines more recently however the germans have experienced difficulties in industrial production as well as shortages in rolling stock and inland shipping because of the demands of the rus sian front britain and the united states on the other hand have been increasingly able to spare loco motives destroyers submarines planes trucks and guns for turkey although transportation through the mediterranean remains nearly impossible anothet route has been developed a route based on the fa cd vv com trang re ip more ne of pplics nd in n the pos strike y cer cast yun about ve ip soon yever s im and iate a n the ssible opean ser y and f the apen camp usted id the ceres 1e eve lies iment utral first now n wat proxt as the ise of horter r the ustrial k and e rus yn the loco s and rough nother he fa mous berlin to bagdad scheme devised by the ger mans before 1914 supplies coming via the indian ocean arrive at basra harbor on the persian gulf and are transferred to the bagdad istanbul railroad which was finally completed in july 1940 lack of shipping space still handicaps the british and ameri cans however and the requirements of turkey greatly outruns available supplies the turks need not only weapons of war but the equally important weapon of food in prewar days turkey exported 100,000 tons of wheat a year but since mobilization in 1939 the army consumes nearly 300,000 tons a year and turkey is now obliged to import wheat for the civilian population shortages have been felt principally by the poorer classes for whom bread is the main staple realizing that wheat is essential to turkey's welfare prime minister sukru saracoglu made arrangements in 1941 under which britain argentina and the united states sent more than 100,000 tons of cereals during the past year the american government has offered to pro vide far more than this amount if turkey could undertake its own transport but thus far the turks have been able to secure very few grain ships a third reason for turkey's friendliness toward the united nations is the ankara government's fear of the germans this distrust is due partly to mem ories of the last war and more recently has been increased by the nazis unscrupulous pillaging of europe and the belief that a nazi victory would re sult in turkey's loss of independence germans who have acted against the interests of turkey have been expelled at various times during the past three years and last august the turks refused to accept a contract for krupp armaments because it involved german technicians to service them allies need turkey’s friendship from the point of view of the united nations too friend ship with turkey is an essential factor for success of the allied war in the mediterranean for the past three years armed turkey has barred the german route to the middle east and continues to serve as a bulwark for syria iraq iran and the caucasus turkey has also been an economic asset to the allies the most coveted turkish product is chrome indis pensable for cutting tools and armor plate since 1938 the total output of turkish chrome ore has gone to britain for repayment of the british credits used in building the iron and steel works at karabuk see e s hediger allies and axis struggle for neutrals raw materials foreign policy bulletin october 16 1942 page three on several occasions germany has requested that it be allowed to purchase chrome but the turks have refused because of their previous agreement with britain after january 15 1943 however on ex piration of the agreement with britain half of the an nual output will be sold to the germans provided armaments are delivered in advance but by that date the united nations supply of chrome is expected to be substantially increased by the recently developed mines in montana and california as well as by addi tional supplies from south africa and cuba despite the many reasons for close relations be tween turkey and the united nations there is no basis for the belief that the turks will switch from the neutrality they have consistently maintained since 1939 to active participation in the war military un preparedness economic difficulties and the lack of any territorial ambitions make them anxious to rfe main at peace if however war should prove neces sary for the maintenance of their independence the turks would undoubtedly fight against any power attempting to invade their territory whinifred n hadsel a layman’s guide to naval strategy by bernard brodie princeton princeton university press 1942 2.50 an analysis of the role of naval operations in modern warfare with special emphasis on events since 1939 stressing the importance of all arms for victory the author rejects extreme theories of air power he also dis cusses various aspects of naval theory the composition of modern fleets and the tactics of naval action altogether an indispensable introduction to the subject based on a simple yet scholarly approach the tools of war by james r newman garden city doubleday doran 1942 5.00 non technical description of weapons used in land sea and air warfare with emphasis on their historical de velopment foreign devil by gordon enders new york simon and schuster 1942 2.50 fascinating account of the author’s life in india tibet and china ranging from descriptions of native life to the story of mr enders work as adviser to the panchan lama of tibet one particularly interesting observation i learned the profound truth that the mystery of the east is that there is no mystery these men and women are like ourselves there are rascals in the east as there are in the west there are men of good will every where variations of custom and habit and diet are the only barriers which stand between us and these are super ficial things assignment to berlin by harry w flannery new york alfred a knopf 1942 3.00 despite the disadvantage of taking over shirer’s post mr flannery brings out interestingly many details of an unpleasant stay in germany foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 9 december 18 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f luger secretary vera michetes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year one month for change of address on membership publications please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor be 181 washington news l etter dec 14 the clash between idealism and real ism is exemplified most strikingly in french north africa where those who regard the war as a purely anti fascist crusade are horrified by our collaboration with admiral francois darlan the erstwhile collab orationist in the view of the united states govern ment however military considerations are paramount for as secretary of state cordell hull said on decem ber 2 the american military authorities are too busy winning the war to worry about the politics of the occupied countries winston churchill speaking be fore a secret session of the house of commons on december 10 seems to have taken pretty much the same stand and to have brought emanuel shinwell one of his sharpest laborite critics to remark after wards i do not like the darlan set up but when you are at war you cannot afford to pick and choose your associates many americans think mistakenly that the united states military authorities installed darlan in north africa the truth is that the americans found darlan so firmly entrenched in north africa that they accepted his collaboration to save the lives of thousands of american soldiers which otherwise would have had to be sacrificed in fighting the french army originally general dwight d eisen hower planned to set up general henri giraud as head of the french administration in north africa this scheme had to be quickly scrapped because the americans found that if they desired the coopera tion of the french officials and the french army they had to act through darlan the temporary expedient president roosevelt has described the working arrangement with admiral darlan as a temporary expedient the french have a proverb which says that nothing lasts so long as the provisional this may prove to be the case in the affaire darlan with the axis forces offering stubborn resistance in the tunis triangle the anglo american army is in no position to court more trouble by taking on the french troops as well collaboration with darlan has enabled us to com plete the occupation of morocco and algeria in a few days and to assure the safety of our long lines of communications the french authorities maintain internal order while darlan brings over to the allied side an army of 300,000 men some of whom are already fighting the axis in tunisia while the office of war information is annoyed for victory that its broadcasts to europe are banned by the moroccan radio washington hears that general eisenhower is highly pleased with the results of his arrangement with admiral darlan in the eyes of the american military authorities the acquisition of dakar as a naval and air base for the united na tions which was announced by general eisenhower on december 7 by itself justifies cooperation with the former vichy vice premier working in agree ment with darlan the americans have been able to effect a bloodless conquest of this important base the advantages of dakar in the hands of the allies are numerous and have been often pointed out but doubtless the most important just now is the immense shortening of our supply lines to the african theatres of war that it makes possible in ad dition the allies acquire the french naval units at dakar including the damaged 35,000 ton battleship richelieu and three 7,600 ton cruisers fears of the fighting french two arguments are usually raised against the darlan arrangement the first was voiced by general georges catroux fighting french leader in his broadcast from london on december 7 when he urged washington to sever all connections with the man who is best compared to the legendary horse of troy the second is the fear of the fighting french that our collaboration with darlan means consolida tion of the vichy régime first in north africa and subsequently in france mr hull however assured adrien tixier and admiral thierry d’argenlieu fighting french commissioners in washington and the pacific respectively on december 8 that the united states would not permit darlan to impose on the french people a post war régime contrary to their wishes john elliott a timely reminder to members that the tax law of the united states exempts from income taxes 15 per cent of each citizen's in come if given to tax exempt philanthropies the foreign policy association is one of these tax exempt organizations it has no endowment and a large pro portion of its operating expenses must be met through contributions from individuals who believe in its re search work and educational program any gift you may wish to make before december 31 will be deeply appreciated buy united states war bonds 7 +fool nd two irlan reral his n he 1 the se of ench lida and ured lieu and the se on their tt mpts in the empt pro ough ts re t you eeply pbrigdical roca general library univ of mich entered as 2nd class matter dec 28 1942 es a te et am we wats 0 m.coulz9gn foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 10 december 25 1942 grave political decisions confront allies in europe the russians press their new offensive in the region of the don and the outcome in tunisia continues to hinge on the relative air strength the allies and the axis can amass in that theatre of war it becomes increasingly evident that the united nations will have to reach some measure of agreement concerning the political situation in europe before they can capitalize on their newly gained advantages it is not possible now nor at this stage of the conflict would it be desirable to formulate the details of the post war settlement in europe what is urgently needed is a consensus among the united nations as to the ultimate politi cal objectives they hope to achieve through military victory without such consensus there is the gravest danger that defeat of germany will merely be the prelude to an indefinite period of civil war within the liberated countries of europe and of clashes between britain russia and the united states concerning the future political organization of the continent yugoslavia in turmoil indications of the serious rifts that are developing among the peoples of europe at the very time when their ef forts should be concentrated on the task of under mining the nazi system from within multiply day by day the internal crisis that is rending yugo slavia is but a portent of what may occur in other countries conquered by the nazis which before hit ler's advent to power had not achieved national cohesion or having achieved it centuries earlier had begun to show signs of disintegration reports stemming chiefly from moscow assert that general mikhailovitch previously acclaimed in britain and the united states as leader of the chetnik guerrillas has developed pro axis sym pathies and accuse him of favoring the forma tion after the war of a greater serbia as opposed to the demands of croats and slovenes for partici pation on terms of equality with the serbs in post war yugoslavia it is also said that instead of using the forces under his command he is saving them to build up his own power after the war meanwhile british and other sources claim that general mik hailovitch who has the support of the yugoslav government in london resents the increasing activi ties of another group of guerrilla warriors the partisans who are said to be receiving guidance and support from moscow although it is admitted that not all the men in their ranks are by any means pro communist on the contrary it would that among the partisans there are many who find gen eral mikhailovitch not sufficiently aggressive or who resent his allegedly pro serb views general mik hailovitch according to the british is not pro axis but is biding his time until he can give aid to an invading allied force ferment of revolution in the absence of trustworthy information about internal clashes in yugoslavia it would seem wise to suspend judg ment about the merits of the claims advanced by the various groups in yugoslavia resistance to the axis is superimposed so to speak on two fundamental trends an internal conflict between serbs and croats that had existed since the union of the two peoples in one state in 1919 and a growing cleavage which may be assuming the scope of revolution between peasants and intellectuals many of whom are tra ditionally pro russian on the one hand and rep resentatives of the old feudal system of landlords bureaucracy and monarchy on the other many of whom had been openly anti soviet defeat of hitler would not automatically remedy these conflicts or heal these cleavages it is entirely possible that revo lutions similar in character to that which occurred in russia in 1917 may take place in the backward primarily agricultural and raw material producing countries of eastern europe and the balkans not ____ page two because of the propaganda of native communists or direction from moscow but because the war brought to a head economic and social conditions that had been ripe for an upheaval dilemma of allies the dilemma that con fronts the united nations is whether they should now make a choice between the conflicting elements in the occupied countries giving their blessing to one group and thus inviting the curses of the others or on the contrary decline to intervene in these internal conflicts and proceed with the task of tnilitary occupation whenever that becomes feasible leaving military commanders in the field free to de cide what individuals should be vested with civil authority until such time as a general settlement can be discussed the democratic formula and the one sanctioned by the atlantic charter is that the peoples of the occupied countries shall freely choose their own governments once they have been liberated from nazi rule but will the peoples of liberated coun tries be in a state of mind to elect their own govern ments or will the defeat of germany merely un leash all the old passions that to some extent at least had been kept in check by the prevailing de sire to resist hitler and when these passions break loose as they already have in yugoslavia will a serious difference of opinion develop between britain the united states and russia as to the general trend that should be encouraged in any given country by the recognition of one type of government in prefer ence to another this is not an academic question but one of im mediate urgency there is a growing danger that britain and the united states may become associate in the minds of europeans with representatives of the old order in europe who having failed to pr vent the catastrophe of war are already squabbling over the spoils of victory it is understandable thy britain and the united states should want to maig tain as much continuity as possible in the politic life of europe but hitler's ruthless conquests may have made resumption of life at the point where j was interrupted impossible and it may be that the western democracies can make their most effectiye contribution to post war reconstruction by taking x their starting point not conditions as they existed ig 1939 but as they exist today perhaps the only way to avoid a series of civil wars and inter allied clashes that would destroy what is left of europe is to plan now for military administration of all of liberated europe by the united nations for a specific period during that period it might prove possible to carry out measures of relief and rehabilitation that would prepare the peoples of conquered countries to make a relatively dispassionate choice regarding their fu ture political régimes instead of thrusting this re sponsibility on them when they are not in a state of mind to fulfill it the military representatives of the united nations however must have a general policy to guide their decisions before and after they enter countries now occupied by the nazis if thei military operations are not to be jeopardized by politi cal convulsions throughout the continent vera micheles dean the first of four articles by mrs dean on the reorganization of europe is chile nearing break with axis the arrival in washington on december 11 of sefior radl morales beltrani chilean minister of the interior again raises the question of chile's po sition in the war with the allied successes in north africa and the solomons it seemed that severance of diplomatic relations with the axis might have been expected on the part of chile and argentina the only nations on the continent still maintaining such ties the drive for complete hemisphere solidar ity however moves slowly a year after pearl har what is the role of the governments in exile are they helping the united nations war effort are they in contact with their conquered peoples what are their post war plans read allied governments in london war efforts and peace aims by winifred n hadsel 25c december 15 issue of foreign polticy reports reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to fpa members 3 bor and at least eleven months after the 19 other american republics broke off relations with ger many italy and japan axis diplomats are still free to move about and act in the interest of their gov ernments in two important south american countries chile strikes at axis agents although no fundamental change has yet occurred chile has taken important steps recently to curb axis espionage and sabotage activities on november 5 the chilean government ordered the expulsion of one italian and eleven german agents for spying on the same day a mass demonstration which supported the united nations and called for a break with the axis took place in santiago this happened two days after the inter american emergency committee for political defense of the continent at montevideo had de cided to publish a memorandum presented fout months before on june 30 to the chilean executive by united states ambassador claude g bowers posing the machinations of german spies and sabo teurs in chile the fact that this document was not 6 oo ciated ves of to pre bbling le that main litical ts may here it 1at the tective ing as sted ip ly way clashes plan erated period carty would make eir fu his te a state ives of reneral er they f their polit other h ger ill free if gov intries ean though ile has onage hilean an and ne day united is took ter the olitical ad de d fout ecutive ers ex d sabo vas not e made public earlier explains the confusion of chilean public opinion during preceding months secret discussions and long debates followed pres entation of the united states memorandum which proved conclusively that a well organized group of spies sent secret radio messages to germany covering the arrival and departure of allied ships and indi cated that the air attaché of the german embassy at santiago ludwig von bohlen was one of the organizers of the group in spite of this conclusive evidence for over four months nothing was done after the document had been published the chilean government ar rested a group of axis agents but took no further steps at the time concerned chiefly with the fate of its merchant fleet now doing a record business and the difficulty of defending its long and vulnerable coast line chile apparently still hesitates to break definitely with the axis japanese threats expressed as late as november 18 to destroy chilean shipping should chile abandon its neutrality may have played their part yet application of the rio de janeiro agree ments which call for severance of diplomatic and economic relations with the three main axis powers by all american nations cannot be postponed in definitely sooner or later the last two neutrals in america will either have to break off relations or withdraw from the hemisphere coalition chilean president rios recognized this fact on november 23 when he declared that if present methods are in sufficient chile will go so far as to break with the axis in order to aid the democratic cause following these moves the chilean senate on december 2 began a series of secret meetings to dis cuss foreign policy no concrete information is avail able but on december 7 the minister of the interior left for the united states although he is here on what is described as a private visit sefior morales has been canvassing the situation with president roosevelt vice president wallace under secretary of state welles and a score of high officials it is believed by some that he is preparing the way for the visit of president rios to washington which it is hoped will be made at an early date and signify a break with the axis for the time being however the chilean government is still temporizing other latin american visitors mean while other american republics have expressed their solidarity with the united nations cause through page three sianiumeniibiennemmnaiedl visits of their highest representatives to the united states on november 23 president carlos arroyo del rio of ecuador arrived in washington for a ten day official stay during which he pledged ecua dor’s support of the united nations war and peace aims ecuador’s contribution to the war deserves special mention as announced some weeks ago it has agreed to the establishment of american strate gic bases not only on the galapagos islands athwart the panama canal’s western approaches but also at the westernmost point of the country santa elena its economic contribution is also valuable an im portant producer of cocoa beans and balsa wood ecuador since the outbreak of war has sold most of its raw materials to the united states it is now ex panding its rubber production a million and a half pounds in 1941 as well as its output of manila hemp tapioca and other commodities needed by the united nations on december 9 major general fulgencio batista president of the cuban republic arrived in wash ington for a seven day state visit during which he assured the leaders and people of the united states of cuba’s wholehearted cooperation in resisting ag gression and in strengthening the security of the western world he also declared that his country would give complete support to a move against fascist spain he further assured the united na tions of cuba’s complete economic collaboration the island is a large producer of sugar and tobacco and practically all of its 4.2 million ton output of sugar is sold to the united states defense corporation cuba is also a source of extremely valuable metallic ores such as manganese copper and chromium these visits as well as those which will undoubted ly follow in the near future should greatly contribute to closer strategic and economic collaboration be tween the united states and the latin american popunlics ernest s hediger book service discontinued for duration due to the war situation we regret to announce that we are no longer able to order books at discount for fpa members we hope to resume this service to members at a later date the nazi underground in south america by hugo fer nandez artucio new york farrar and rinehart 1942 3.00 a sensational description of a very real danger to the see john i b mcculloch cabinet changes leave chilean policy 7 obscure foreign policy bulletin november 6 1942 security of the western hemisphere foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 10 december 25 1942 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nationa headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f legt secretary vera micug tes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y one month for change of address on membership publications under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor ea 181 washington news letter dec 21 the circumstances that brought about the resignation of price administrator leon hender son bear a disquieting resemblance to political events that contributed so much to the downfall of france in that country it was the predominance of group and class interests over considerations of national welfare that crippled french armaments production and left the nation semi defenseless when war came here in the united states the triumph of the farm bloc last week in finally obtaining the over throw of the man they were avowedly out to get has endangered the entire price stabilization program lengthened appreciably the shadow of inflation and created a serious menace to the nation’s war effort the reason mr henderson gave for his resigna tion was the state of his general physical condition and a rather bad impairment of his eyesight actu ally as everybody knows it was due to the fact that president roosevelt's anti inflation program was doomed to fail unless mr henderson went for so long as that pugnacious personality remained at the head of the office of price administration the in coming congress would have refused to vote a single penny in appropriations for the opa mr hender son in fact had become such a dangerous political liability that the president against his will had to offer him as a sacrifice to congress unpopularity with congress under a totalitarian form of government it is a relatively simple matter to impose sacrifices on a nation a dr schacht can deprive a nation of butter to get guns without having to worry about losing his job so long as he retains the confidence of his fuehrer but in a democracy it is not sufficient for a high gov ernment official to know his job and to possess the confidence of the chief executive he must also win the good graces of the legislature now even most congressmen are privately willing to admit that mr henderson administered opa well from may 1942 when his maximum price regula tion went into effect until october of this year he held the cost of living to a rise of only 2.6 per cent rents and clothing prices remained virtually sta tionary and even food prices over many items of which he had no control for a long time went up by only 6.5 per cent in those six months but where mr henderson failed notably was to conciliate the body that controls the purse strings when a reporter asked him recently what makes congress so mad at you the price administrator for victory frankly attributed it to his lack of politeness more precisely congress was exasperated by henderson’s deliberate refusal to consult its m bers in regard to the appointment of state opa ficials moreover he antagonized two important groups he made enemies of labor by his insistence on wage stabilization and a longer work week and he angered the farmers by clamping ceilings on the prices of their products the danger to the nation lies in the fact that the farm bloc having tasted blood in getting rid of its arch foe henderson is now planning a new offensive against the price stabilization front this pressure group is ready when the new congress convenes in january to jam through a bill that would force the administration to include all labor costs in the com putation of farm parity prices such a measure if enacted would obviously send food prices skyrocket ing and wreck the president's anti inflation program call for national self discipline the report that the farm bloc is preparing to put through such a bill lends interest to the belief that mr roosevelt intends to nominate ex senator pren tiss brown of michigan as mr henderson’s succes sor for it was senator brown who in piloting the president’s anti inflation bill through the senate last autumn almost single handed defeated the farm bloc’s attempt at that time to get farm labor costs included in the parity formula his fight against this powerful pressure group cost senator brown his seat in the november elections the grave implications of the henderson affair are that the american people do not realize the necessity of accepting sacrifices for the sake of winning the war and still believe in the possibility of carrying on politics as usual this is certainly the opinion of nearly everybody who comes back to the united states from the war zones including capt eddie rickenbacker who on his return to washington de cember 19 asked for more sacrifices from the american public sacrifices that seem so small and insignificant when you've seen what those boys on guadalcanal haven't got if prentiss brown in tends to rely on voluntary controls instead of his predecessor’s regulations to avert inflation it will be incumbent on the american people to impose on themselves the self discipline that french democracy to its own destruction so lamentably failed to display john elliott buy united states war bonds s a +jan z 7943 periodical rooa general library univ of mich are ssity ying nion ited die de the and on in his 1 be on acy slay t general lip university of ann arbor rary entered as 2nd class matter michigan michican an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 11 january 1 19438 moderates in india still seek to end deadlock ame premier tojo’s statement of de cember 27 that the united nations are preparing counterblows of great importance may be a smoke screen for japan’s own offensive plans but no one can doubt that allied power in the far east is growing very rapidly in new guinea macarthur's australian and american troops have gone a long way toward clearing enemy forces from the buna area rabaul key japanese air and naval base on new britain which has frequently been raided from australia has now been bombed for the first time from guadalcanal _in the southern solomons a round trip of more than 1,100 miles at the same time british troops invad ing burma from india are pushing along the difficult coasts of the bay of bengal toward the burmese port of akyab since these are all small scale develop ments action in the pacific war theatre remains epi sodic and on the surface haphazard but the opening of a major allied offensive especially one involving coordinated drives in the southwest pacific and on the continent of asia would clarify the situation india a major sector when this clarifica tion occurs a few areas including the european front will stand out as decisive for the far eastern war one of these is india which americans have tended to forget in recent months either glossing over its continuing political problems with the com forting thought that india is quiet or dismissing the situation in despair as a mess both points of view contain just enough truth to be dangerous for the first overlooks the intense popular bitter ness lying beneath india’s deceptive calm while the other obscures the fact that even now a solution of the involved situation there remains possible india’s political difficulties will inevitably condition all military developments within or across its borders and the policy of ignoring these problems therefore involves considerable future risk since last summer the various indian groups have shown a growing tendency to cooperate although the movement has not yet reached fruition in an actual agreement when the congress party adopted its plans for civil disobedience in july and august other sections of indian opinion represented by the moslem league hindu mahasabha non party group and communists disapproved but were un able to influence the situation in time immediately after the arrest of the congress leaders certain out standing individuals notably rajagopalachariar former member of the congress working commit tee mookerjee working president of the mahasab ha and sapru of the non party group took steps to bring about fuller indian cooperation their ob ject was to establish the preliminary conditions neces sary for an agreement between the two chief organ izations the congress party and the moslem league this it was hoped would answer the argument that an agreement between britain and the indian nation alists was impossible because of indian disunity will moslem league cooperate one important problem was the attitude f the moslem league which demanded as the price uf cooperation congress recognition of the right of pakistan the name proposed for an independent state to be formed by the predominantly moslem areas of india to meet this difficult problem the participants in the unity discussions began to consider the possibility of recognizing in some way the moslem right of self determination this would not guarantee pakis tan as such but would make the scheme possible if the moslem community so desired here there arose the major question of bringing the congress into the deliberations for any agreement would be worthless if it did not express the views of the most impor tant nationalist group but how was the congress to be approached since the party had been declared illegal and all of its outstanding leaders were be ing confined by the government sigg e th0 rajagopalachariar attempted to cut this knot by group looks with any hope toward the government i9 conducting preliminary interviews with president although many elements sincerely desire to cooper prof jinnah of the moslem league and on this basis ate in the war effort increasingly foreign observers fom petitioning the viceroy for permission to discuss the report that bitterness is spreading among the peas miqu situation with gandhi when the government's re ants and industrial workers who are disturbed not whic fusal became known on november 12 rajagopala only by political developments but to an even great the chariar declared i would not bother the viceroy er degree by economic difficulties notably ising techt with a request to see gandhi if i did not think there prices and shortages of rice and wheat than was a reasonable chance for the meeting to bring a yet with the far eastern war approaching a new cal settlement considerable disillusionment then de and supremely important phase the united nations veloped among the moderate indian groups since are not coming to grips with the indian crisis it is the british attitude appeared to be stiffening with true that on december 11 william phillips former deg the successful unfolding of the north african cam ambassador to italy was appointed president 98 paign the official policy of making no new move roosevelt's personal representative in india with brie toward a settlement was underlined on december 7 ambassadorial rank but it is not clear how this vuls when it was announced that the viceroy’s term of move will affect the indian situation the paralyz byt office scheduled to expire in april 1943 was to ing factor is the fear that frank discussion of india whi be extended six months beyond that date on de will adversely affect anglo american relations and live cember 16 after a conference of non congress lead be of aid to the axis actually it is the unsolved prob ers sapru long known as 8 moderate declared that lem of india and not its discussion among the allies e britain's course showed not merely lack of states that benefits the enemy self imposed silence by those or manship but lack of efficiency who desire a solution for the sake of the war effort a smoldering crisis it would be well for would only permit continued deterioration of the american opinion to recognize that within the past situation while giving free rein to axis propa sg year british indian antagonism has grown to such gandists a proportions that today not one significant popular lawrence k rosinger os aga what kind of governments for post war europe dea the assassination of admiral darlan on decem reference to every intended act of the military gov ond ber 24 points up the necessity for development of a ernment whether it will forward that object or 4 united nations policy toward the highly complex hinder its accomplishment subject to this patra ap and explosive problems of post war reconstruction mount necessity military government should be just ms in europe which are so clearly an integral part of humane and as mild as practicable and the wel ve the task of winning the war while admiral dar fare of the people governed should always be the t lan’s death removes an obstacle to whole hearted aim of every person engaged therein above all collaboration between britain the united states and a plan for military government must be flexible 1 the anti vichy french assassination is obviously not it must suit the people the country the time and obs a method to be approved of by nations seeking to the strategical and tactical situation to which it is advance democracy in this respect the basic field applied it must not be drawn up too long in ad manual of military government prepared by the vance or in too much detail and must be capable the united states war department which must have of change without undue inconvenience if and when of guided the decisions of general eisenhower in experience shall show change to be advisable north africa offers a useful starting point for dis the manual’s emphasis on flexibility could well be cussion of the policy that might conceivably be laid down for the military commanders of the united nations who it must be assumed will have to oc cupy various territories in europe including those of germany and italy before the war is won need for flexibility according to this manual any plan of military government should conform to two basic policies military necessity and the welfare of the governed the first consideration at all times says the manual is the prosecution of the war to a successful termination so long as hos tilities continue the question must be asked with 1 the second of four articles on the reorganization of europe taken to heart by political theorists who have 4 y tendency to propound rigid perfectionist formulas of international or national organization and when these formulas fail to be realized despair of 6 achieving a modest compromise adjustment no valid approach can be made to the problems of political qj reconstruction in europe without understanding at fp the outset that no single formula is applicable to every nation of that continent since all of them are j in a sense living in different periods of history be te fore the war some notably britain france holland belgium and the scandinavian countries had already emerged into the twentieth century their pioneer a lle i se ee eaa ent ing political economic and social achievements had posed to plans for restoration under habsburg rule yer profoundly affected the countries of the new world of anything resembling the austro hungarian em ers from whom in turn they had borrowed new tech pire gs niques especially in the industrial field germany the very fact that the nations of europe vary so not which gave the appearance of having emerged into widely in historical development means that it will sat the twentieth century because it utilized the modern not be possible to set up the same kind of govern ing techniques of industry and warfare more effectively ment everywhere simultaneously nor should it be than britain and france had not shared in the politi assumed for a moment that all the countries of eu ve cal transformations that have shaped western civ rope will automatically adopt institutions similar to at ilization meanwhile russia and its neighbors in those of britain and the united states the moment eastern europe and the balkans are with varying they have thrown off the nazi yoke some of the ner degrees of rapidity telescoping the social and eco nazi occupied united nations which have achieved ent homuc revolutions of the past two centuries into a the greatest social progress notably norway and ith brief span of years not always without internal con holland are constitutional monarchies others his vulsions these convulsions are further complicated which were just beginning to emerge from semi y2 by the desperate efforts of national groups some of feudal conditions before the war for example po dis which have been forced for long periods of time to land had outwardly republican institutions to in nd live under alien rule to achieve at one and the same sist on restoration of legitimate governments a ob time national independence and economic progress thesis popularized by the late historian ferrero in lies europe’s search for unity what euv countries which are already in the throes of internal ose tope needs most is to be roughly equalized so that revolution would be to swim against the tide of ort the various peoples who inhabit it can act out of a events unless the legitimate governments are will the more or less common experience for a more or less ing to adapt themselves to altered circumstances enon purpose the war has speeded up this yet at the same time to bar all restoration would process of equalization and has united the euro create natural resentment in countries like norway peans at least superficially but united them and holland whose peoples might feel relatively against the nazi new order not for a joint en satisfied with the conditions they had known before deavor of reconstruction even now when the out the war ov come of the war remains uncertain signs of friction the test of any government whether restored or a and division appear and these may be expected to established as a result of war developments should iq multiply once the axis powers are defeated the be not the label by which it is designated but the ist major task of the advanced industrial powers on the spirit in.which it acts and most important of all its vk side of the united nations among them russia attitude toward human welfare today the peoples il will be to encourage the equalization and unification of europe are in revolt both against the new totali aij of europe after the war tarian order of the nazis and against representa ble test of new governments the chief tives of the old order who blocked reforms and snd obstacle to the formulation of a common policy that failed to avert catastrophe the kind of administra js could win the support of britain the united states tion they might welcome is one that would combine ad and russia as well as the small states of europe is effective power with a sense of responsibility for ble the difficulty of reaching an agreement as to the kind the use of that power to further the spiritual and hen of government they may respectively find acceptable material welfare of human beings in the countries now occupied by the nazis as well vera micheles dean he as in post war germany and italy it is no secret that ee 2 the whole the statesmen of many of the united ae jenaeey senos ae ho eee nations including britain and the united states international affairs will join us for a group of round alas are not favorably disposed to the establishment of tables on topics of mutual concern details will be an nd communist or semi communist régimes in europe se sadist of on the other hand it is equally clear that russia the foreign policy association is inaugurating a series alid and some of the other united nations look with ee ee b ge berg see ical disfavor on any attempt to restore governments of g mcdonald will conduct these endl veunaa dis known reactionary views and are particularly op cutee ge eee eee se oe eee are foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 11 january 1 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national be headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lugr secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as and second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least di one month for change of address on membership publications ay f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year icce be 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter dec 28 the future of relations between the united states and finland will probably hinge on the report that h f schoenfeld american minister in helsinki is now bringing back with him to wash ington there is no official confirmation for the be lief held in some quarters that mr schoenfeld’s re turn was motivated by the incident alleged to have taken place in the japanese legation in helsinki on december 7 when juho rangell the finnish premier is reported to have drunk a toast to the axis and destruction to the american fleet the finnish legation in washington issued a statement on december 24 in which it admitted that the tea party had been actually held but denied that any member of the finnish government had addressed congratulations to the japanese but washington is anxious to get first hand information concerning the true state of opinion both of the finnish government and of the people toward the war it is one of this war's anomalies that the united states should still be at peace with finland two of our allies russia and britain are at war with that country a finnish army is on russian soil and german forces are using finnish territory as a base from which to attack united nations convoys to russia sympathy for the finns the explana tion of course is that the united states government has until now hoped to detach finland from the axis whether this policy will have to be abandoned as illusory or whether the state department will still continue to work patiently toward that end will be determined in large part by the information mr schoenfeld has to communicate the decision con cerning maintenance of diplomatic relations with helsinki will be based on the answer that can be given in the light of available evidence to the ques tion is the finnish government whole heartedly for the axis or is it in the unhappy position of not be ing able to pry itself loose from hitler’s grip on the country the relatively friendly feelings for finland that still exist in the united states stem from the belief that the finns entered the war only to regain the ter ritory taken from them by the russians nearly three years ago american sympathies in the first soviet finnish war were for the most part on the side of the finns who were regarded here as the victms of unjustified aggression but after heroic resistance the finns were forced to surrender and by the peace for victory treaty of march 12 1940 they ceded to the u.s.sr about a tenth of their territory containing almost an eighth of the country’s 3,650,000 inhabitants the fact that the finnish army is confining its operations to areas adjacent to finland’s borders as they existed before the first soviet finnish war has lent support to the belief that the finns are fighting in self defense for some months this front has been quiet it is also pointed out by finland's friends here that marshal mannerheim’s army has made no seri ous endeavor to capture murmansk the russian port where the allies land most of their supplies for the red army moreover while finland signed the anti comintern pact in november 1941 it has not yet joined the berlin rome tokyo military alliance the finnish position on september 19 hjalmar j procope finnish minister in washing ton issued a statement declaring that finland would be willing to cease fighting as soon as the threat to her existence has been averted and guarantees ob tained for her lasting security but the minister added if at the end of the war finland were occu pied or invaded which great power would be will ing to open hostilities against the invaders to drive them out of finland this is the crux of the whole problem under secretary of state sumner welles suggested to m procope in august 1941 that peace negotiations with the soviet union might be possible he is reported to have intimated that if finland quit fighting the anglo saxon powers would use their influence with russia to try to obtain a revision of the 1940 peace terms but the finns are skeptical about the ability of washington and london to help them once the war is over should russia attempt to acquire bases on finnish territory helsinki’s fears are fostered by nazi propaganda which keeps telling the finns they cannot look for assistance from the united states if germany is defeated since in spite of the atlantic charter moscow will not allow the allies to protect finland’s independence the best antidote to this propaganda would doubtless be a promise from the soviet government to restore russia’s pre war frontiers with finland on condition that the finns drop out of the war but the russians who claim they attacked the finns in 1939 to insure themselves strategically against an antici pated war with germany are opposed to washing ton’s maintenance of relations with helsinki john elliott buy united states war bonds +es on d by they res if antic otect ould ment id on it the 1939 ntici hing tt ss periodical room general libnar univ of mic general library jan 8 1943 entered as 2nd class matter jniversity of michigan ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 12 january 8 19438 he task of establishing military government in territories now occupied or that may be occupied by the united nations involves and will continue to involve decisions of the gravest political charac ter as can be seen by the crisis persisting in north africa and the even more complex situation in yugo slavia under the practice of the united states which corresponds in general to the accepted practice of other civilized countries military government in occupied territories is exercised by the commander in the field under the direction of the president as commander in chief once congress has declared or otherwise initiated a state of war the prosecution of hostilities devolves upon the president subject to subsequent criticism or questioning by congress should civilian personnel remain the war department's basic field manual of mili tary government provides as part of a policy of economy of effort that existing civilian personnel in occupied territory should be retained so far as reliance may be placed upon them to do their work loyally and efficiently it is the responsibility of the military commander and his subordinates to select among civilians of the occupied territory persons who appear qualified to exercise civilian authority as governors mayors sheriffs and so on this very se lection may obviously determine the future charac ter of the civilian administration in the given terri tory and is therefore fraught with consequences especially at a time when as today the whole world isin the grip of social and political change possibility of martial law in this connection three major problems loom with respect to terri tories that are occupied or may be occupied by the united nations in some countries for example yugoslavia although a similar situation might con ceivably arise in poland and elsewhere the military l this is the third in a series of articles on the reconstruction of europe role of military administration in reconstruction commander may find himself confronted with such a state of internal disorder and conflict between con tenders for power that in addition to establishing military government under which civilian authority would continue to function he may have to proclaim martial law under martial law which corresponds to what is known in europe as a state of siege the exercise of civilian authority may be suspended and various restrictions may be placed by the military government on the rights of individual citizens proclamation of martial law is usually regarded as a last resort when all other efforts to restore law and order have failed this measure could have been adopted in north africa but general eisenhower complying with the procedure outlined in the basic field manual preferred to follow the procedure of establishing military government and entrusted civilian administration to french authorities thus among other things assuring the legal continuation of french rule over algeria morocco and tunisia as a matter of fact the arrangement made in north africa is in the nature of a compromise general eisenhower is the military commander in chief but general giraud and the imperial council he heads exercise both military and civilian authority under his control should the members of the imperial council find it impossible to reach an agreement and fail to give american forces necessary aid in the prosecution of the north african campaign gen eral eisenhower might be confronted with the neces sity of either assuming complete military control or even of proclaiming martial law either of these steps would concentrate all authority in his hands and it is believed might ultimately create complica tions regarding return of north africa to the french whose rule over that territory would thus have been suspended suspension of french rule might open the way both to unrest among arab chieftains which could endanger the rear of the american forces and ae f ar s a be ap cae a7 e pe ee ey fet nae se 5s pests ne a 1 i nud f oh hl 4 my if i at slit iy to demands on the part of natives for some form of self government under the terms of the atlantic charter it is therefore thought that general eisen hower if at all possible will prefer to maintain the present arrangement use of native personnel the second major prob lem that may arise in occupied countries concerns the kind of civilian personnel the military com mander may think it advisable to retain or appoint in germany for example retention of nazi and nazi appointed officials would make the task of united nations military administration hopeless from the start since there is a basic conflict between the united nations and the nazis regarding such matters as civilian administration of law rights of individuals and so on in such a situation it may seem imperative to remove the ranking personnel of the civil service law courts and schools and tem porarily appoint to key positions civilians of the oc cupying power or powers until such time as subordi nate native personnel has been sifted and retrained non german civilian administrators appointed for this purpose would of course be directly responsible to the military commander infinite care would have to be taken that such temporary administrators per form their functions in a manner that would not be regarded by the german people as a form of reprisals selection of native administrators the third problem which may arise both in axis and axis occupied countries concerns the actual selection of the natives to be entrusted with civilian administra american relief program gets the failure as yet of generals de gaulle and giraud to unite not only postpones restoration of french solidarity but complicates the american re lief program in north africa if the united states distributes supplies in cooperation with the present administration it inevitably strengthens the position of that régime if it does not it risks delays that may cause popular dissatisfaction serious enough to endanger our military position in the entire area on january 1 the war department announced that many thousands of tons of food clothing and other essential materials are being rushed to the civilian population in addition some hundreds of are the governments in exile helping the united nations war effort are they in contact with their conquered peoples what are their post war plans read allied governments in london war efforts and peace aims by winifred n hadsel 25c december 15 issue of foreign po.icy reporrts reports are published on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to fpa members 3 page two tion the first preoccupation of the military com mander and justifiably so is restoration of order there is therefore apt to be a tendency on the part of military commanders to select for civilian ad ministration those who give evidence of willingness and ability to maintain order the possibility might thus arise that elements who had once enjoyed ay thority and might be regarded as respectable citi zens would be entrusted with power although they may no longer represent the altered sentiments of the people thus immediately creating the danger that the people will be alienated by the military adminis tration this danger might be averted if while the war is in progress the allied governments in london made some attempt to conform closely to the known sentiments of their peoples living under nazi rule no one who has witnessed the havoc human and material wrought by revolutions can fail to hope that the changes impending in europe can be brought to maturity through evolution and adjust ment of conflicting interests rather than by a series of explosions the military governments that the united nations may establish in occupied countries will be in a position either to perpetuate anarchy on the continent or to facilitate europe's transition from an uneasy recent past and a brutal present to what it must be hoped will be a better future to do the latter the military administrators must have a gen eral idea of the lines along which the continent is developing and may be expected to develop on cessa tion of hostilities vera micheles dean under way in north africa thousands of dollars worth of tea sugar and cot ton cloth which were carried by the invasion fleet are being distributed the original purpose behind these shipments was that of barter for it was known that money would not secure local supplies or labor for our expeditionary forces since there were few goods to be bought in an area which the vichy govem ment has drained of almost all movable reserves more recently american supplies have been used in attempts to secure the friendliness of the local popu lation milton s eisenhower associate director of the office of war information returned last week from this theatre of the war with the plea that mort food especially wheat and meat be rushed to that area by february 1 lest serious trouble develop among the impoverished arab masses and dissident frenchmen during the two months since the inve sion there have been signs of lack of enthusiasm for the cause of the united nations not only among certain former vichy officials but among some of the inhabitants it was with this situation in mind that mr eisenhower insisted that the united states offet concrete evidence of its concern for the welfare of the natives com rder part 1 ad gness night au citi they the that ninis e the ndon nown rule n and hope n be djust series t the ntries hy on from what lo the gen ent is cessa an a d cot et are these n that or for goods overn serves sed in popu tor of week more o that evelop ssident inva sm for among me of id that s offer are of page three effect on europe there have been no of ficial indications as yet that one purpose of american relief for north africa is to influence the peoples of occupied europe but that result must inevitably follow despite strict censorship by the axis the news of a steady stream of supplies for north afri can civilians will assuredly leak through into europe there where hunger has been used as an instrument of nazi control for more than two years this report may help to inspire new hope and encourage fresh resistance to the axis supplies for north africa are merely the begin ning then of world wide use by the united states of food both as a means of securing victory and of building peace during and after world war i the united states was engaged in giving relief to europe for a decade 1914 24 from the time when aid was extended to belgium until supplies were brought into famine ridden russia in world war ii the needs for assistance are many times greater and the demands to be made on us may extend over an even longer period of time it may be well at the outset therefore to consider three questions which are cer tain to arise in connection with this venture ques tions which have already come up in north africa how can we build up surpluses of such required staples as wheat meat wool cotton and medical supplies frugality at home is obviously only part of the answer for it is clearly impossible for the united states alone to furnish all the goods which the stricken areas of the world will presumably need it is essential therefore that arrangements be made for joint action by those nations which may be ex pected to have surpluses on hand now and later and that plans be laid for helping the liberated areas restore their own agriculture in a relatively short time herbert h lehman’s organization for foreign relief and rehabilitation is in fact now studying the food situation in cooperation with the british inter allied committee on post war requirements at the same time the lend lease administration as well as the international wheat pool formed by the united states argentina canada and australia in the spring of 1942 are at hand for relief purposes but no over all international organization has yet been established despite the probability that needs will outrun supplies even if all surpluses are tapped how much shipping space can be found for relief so far as present supplies to north africa are con cerned shipping is limited not only by military re quirements but by sinkings which according to a recent estimate amount to approximately one mil lion deadweight tons per month in the future transportation on land may become another major problem the nazis have torn up some railroad lines to repair shortages elsewhere the raf has destroyed engines and freight cars in its raids on german communications and roads and automobile equipment throughout europe are badly in need of repair all of this means that relief workers will first have to install transport facilities in many areas be fore they can carry out their main tasks who shall distribute relief in north africa the already existing rationing system is being used for american supplies and relatively few american ad ministrators are on the spot where goods are actually sold to the population the result is that the present french régime benefits by the distribution of food serious as this political problem is it is only a fore taste of what may be expected in europe for in many continental areas there may be a lack of workable governmental machinery as well as food and cloth ing here therefore large staffs of trained allied personnel will be required to serve as the shock troops of relief until governments can be set up in establishing these new régimes we will probably be embarrassed by a host of contenders all charac terized by their claims to be the true representatives of their people and by their eagerness to establish themselves by distributing food it is therefore only by the fullest cooperation be tween the partners in the war that relief can be suc cessfully secured transported and administered food is a weapon is more than a mere slogan for it can be used either to harm or to preserve democracy and peace winifred n hadsel f.p.a announcements the foreign policy association broadcast over the blue network on saturday january 9 from 1 15 p.m to 1 45 p.m will be on america looks to the future in the far east hugh byas au thor of government by assassination catherine porter author of crisis in the philippines and law rence k rosinger f.p.a research associate will discuss the subject under the chairmanship of james g mcdonald the january 23 luncheon topic in new york will be asia looks to the future members of the canadian institute of international affairs will come to new york for round tables on february 6 instead of january 23 foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 12 january 8 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f legt secretary vera micue es dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor b 181 washington news letter jan 4 the recall of the chinese military mis sion headed by lieut general hsiung shih fei to report to chiang kai shek which became generally known on december 31 is a direct consequence of the chinese generalissimo’s dissatisfaction with the treatment china is receiving from its allies and especially the united states in the war while gen eral hsiung himself has preserved a diplomatic si lence concerning his recall to china a spokesman for the national military council at chungking said on january 2 that he will return to the united states after making his report dr lin yutang noted chinese author and publicist who is now re siding in this country was more candid in protesting against what he called the shabby treatment of the chinese military mission he declared that the enormous reservoir of goodwill between china and america is being severely drawn upon the chinese are discontented with the decision of the american and british military authorities to fol low a global strategy of concentrating first on ger many and merely attempting to contain japan until the wehrmacht has been smashed chungking believes that this is a dangerous policy to pursue be cause it may enable japan to intrench itself in its conquered territories and mobilize the vast stores of raw materials lying at its disposal there with the result that the task of allied reconquest will be long and costly this fear incidentally seems to be shared to some extent by joseph grew our former ambassa dor in tokyo and by premier john curtin of australia chinese feel slighted the chinese argue that the time element cannot be ignored by the united nations well informed chinese in washington voice the fear that grave internal disorders may occur if their war with japan now in its sixth year is greatly prolonged without effective outside aid ap prehension has even been expressed that some of chiang kai shek’s old enemies whom he has so far been able to control will get out of hand the chi nese also regard it as a slight that general hsiung has been left cooling his heels in washington by the combined chiefs of staff committee as the ameri can and british groups that control allied strategy are called they point out that china is the only one of the united nations with the exception of britain that has maintained a permanent military mission in washington but although general hsiung has been here nine months only once during that time for victory buy united states was he called into consultation by the allied high command despite china’s vital interest in the development of the pacific campaign furthermore the chinese do not conceal their dis appointment at the very limited amount of material assistance they are receiving from the united states this is accounted for to a large extent by the fact that since the loss of the burma road last spring china has been cut off from access to supplies from its allies save by the air route as president roosevelt's report to congress on lend lease operations for the period ending de cember 11 stated since the loss of burma air trans port across the himalayas from india has been the only direct means of bringing lend lease supplies into china cargo planes are plying this dangerous route regularly but the quantities they have been able to carry so far have been small although this report promises that we shall find ways to send more the chinese think that the united nations might do more for them right now by 1 flying more combat planes with pilots into china to cooperate with their struggling armies and 2 by making a determined effort to reconquer burma and so reopen the life line to their country diplomatic relations chinese irritation arises from a belief that the western powers re gard the war as primarily a struggle to preserve anglo saxon imperialism which was noted by wen dell willkie during his stay at chungking chinese fears that the provisions of the atlantic charter do not apply to them may be removed by relinquishment by the anglo saxon powers of their century old extraterritorial rights in china an nouncement was made in washington and london on october 9 that the united states and britain were prepared to give up their special privileges in china ever a source of irritation against them on octo ber 24 secretary of state cordell hull handed a draft treaty to dr wei tao ming the chinese ambassa dor by which the united states would abandon the entire system under which american citizens have enjoyed special rights in china since 1844 and there is good reason to believe that these negotiations will very shortly lead to a successful conclusion john elliott your career in defense by s c davis new york har per 1942 2.00 a practical little guide toward finding a place in the work of the victory program war bonds +on ans the into ute to find the 10w into and juer try tion re arve len ntic by heir an don vere ina cto raft s a the lave here will h ar the dr will eit entered as 2nd class matter ve wailian wh sishop 3 e al a ee ee j yi micd lean libra univ n weeny jas gan library a ann arbor mich 5 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vol xxii no 13 january 15 1943 the pattern of europe’s future that britain russia and the united states have no intention of permanently occu pying any part of reconquered europe except pos sibly such bases as the united nations acting in concert agree should be placed under international control to permit adequate policing of the continent after the war military administration must be re garded as temporary in character britain russia and the united states even working in closest col laboration cannot impose a given pattern on the european continent without arousing some of the resentment that hitler has created by his attempt to establish a new order what allied military ad ministrators can do during the period of temporary occupation is to help the conquered peoples achieve their own liberation and create the conditions in which they may at the earliest possible moment start reweaving the broken threads of their ex jstence the reverse side of such a policy is that the europeans once they have recovered with our aid from the hardships of nazi conquest must accept their share of responsibility for the recon struction of the continent by composing their in ternal and external conflicts and by not transplant ing these conflicts as some of them are doing today to the soil of the united states diversity in unity the recognized need for some form of unification of europe after the war sometimes leads to the assumption that the iden tity of small nations should be obliterated in a fed eration or other type of organization that might be established and maintained by the great powers this assumption is not only quite naturally repugnant to the small nations which are valiantly fighting on the side of the allies but also entirely overlooks the varied and valuable contribution they have made through the centuries to the development of west 1 the last of a series of four articles on the reconstruction of europe ern civilization nationalism when directed into cultural channels has enriched the thought and cre ative expression of mankind it is only when na tionalism distorted by fanaticism takes the form of attempts to achieve hegemony by one nation at the expense of others that it becomes a menace to the peace of the world need for cultural autonomy the unity of europe after the war should not exclude on the contrary it should encourage the free flow ering of national cultures but is there any reason to believe as the peace makers of 1919 deeply in fluenced by the concept of national sovereignty be lieved that national identity can be preserved only within the framework of nation states today we know that some of the states formed after world war i by the process of self determination were so weak in terms of territorial expanse population and resources that they proved unable to withstand the impact of their powerful neighbors instead of re suming the process of self determination at the point where it was interrupted by nazi conquests and creating another string of small states to satisfy new national aspirations for example those of the slovaks ruthenians croats and ukrainians would it not be wise to distinguish between the natural desire of human beings to perpetuate their own cul tural traditions and the unsubstantiated belief that this desire can find expression only by being confined between boundary lines if the experience of the past quarter of a century is any guide the goal toward which the united nations should work is not the further parceling of europe but the formation of a european organ ization in which all national groups no matter how large or small would have an opportunity to en joy their own traditions and customs speak their own language practice their own religious beliefs yet at the same time would be integrated into an i a a i wm f pn ee 3 t k ree ry administrative framework within which they might achieve peaceful economic development and protec tion against military and political attack example of u.s.s.r the pattern for such a framework is not that of the united states as advocates of federal union have contended because the problems of europe are vastly different in na ture and scope from those of this country a far more promising pattern is that of the ussr where some 150 races and nationalities enjoy an opportunity for cultural autonomy although not fully in the case of religion but have been united un der a centralized political and economic administra tion this does not mean that a unified europe would have to adopt the totalitarian features of the soviet system which are a direct result of russia's own historical development there is no reason why a system providing for the cultural autonomy of the various national groups of europe could not be established on lines that would correspond to the experience with democratic methods that is part of the heritage of the continent’s western and northern countries the gradual formation of a european organization perhaps beginning with the regional groupings already envisaged in treaties between poland and czechoslovakia and greece and yugoslavia af fords in the long run the most promising way of meeting the danger of renewed german expansion much is being said about the need to weaken ger many by unilaterally disarming the reich or de stroying the german people or dismembering ger many some of these measures will prove impossible in practice while others would require permanent occupation of germany instead of concentrating on plans to weaken germany might it not be more fruitful to think in terms of strengthening the united nations especially germany's neighbors to the east whose economic and social backwardness has made them so vulnerable to military and eco nomic pressure by the reich to accomplish this task britain and the united states would have to argentina still far the sudden death on january 10 of general agustin p justo former president of argentina and the most powerful opponent of the isolationist policy of dictator president ramon s castillo represents a serious loss for the progressive forces in south america a strong advocate of outright declaration of war against the axis powers general justo was currently considered the only man who as head of a democratic coalition could successfully oppose president castillo in the 1944 elections for the presi dency of argentina in recent months two of the three chief political parties of the country the page two e e abandon the policy they have followed toward the continent and especially toward eastern europe and the balkans of absentee landlordism alternated by spasmodic interventions once the situation had become desperate at the same time they would have to forswear any attempt after this war to iso late russia from participation in european affairs on the assumption which seems justified that russia for its part will have no desire to isolate itself from the rest of the world effective reconstruction of europe however te quires crystallization not of detailed blueprints which at this stage might hamper rather than help but of what might be called the basic philosophy of life that the united nations hope to act on dur ing and after the war what disheartens many people today is not that this or that compromise is effected to meet certain emergencies that is understood al though not always approved what is disturbing is the seeming lack of guiding principles behind the compromises the fear inevitably arises that the first whiff of victory may be bringing to the fore in britain and the united states the elements who hope that once the war is over the world can be restored to some semblance of what it was before 1939 and who fear change in europe from whatever quarter it may come yet to overlook the changes wrought among the peoples of europe by the sufferings they have endured and the sacrifices they have made would be to misread the meaning of our times just as pitt and his supporters in england at the end of the eighteenth century failed to grasp the perma nent changes that were being wrought in the fabric of europe by the french revolution the conquered peoples have placed their trust and their hopes in the capacity of the united nations and especially the united states to understand the crisis through which we are living and to resolve it if at all pos sible by methods that will permit the further pro gress of democracy to betray this trust and frustrate these hopes would be one of the greatest acts of treason known to history wiis diiceres me theale from break with axis radical party which is believed to have the backing of some 60 per cent of the voters and the socialist party to which 15 per cent of the electorate in cluding most of the organized workers belong favored the nomination of general justo as a coali tion candidate and political maneuvering to this end had already begun the conservatives who form another large party and are supported by some 20 per cent of the voters back castillo and his policy dis appearance of ex president justo from the political scene undoubtedly strengthens the position of the present conservative government phy dur king ialist in ng oali end form d per dis itical f the state of siege renewed a year has elapsed since the adoption by the conference of foreign ministers of the american republics at rio de janeiro of a resolution urging all the american nations to sever diplomatic and economic relations with the axis powers but president castillo is still determined to hold fast to argentina’s policy of prudent neutrality evidence of this unchanged attitude is found in the decree of december 14 1942 renewing the state of siege proclaimed at the time of the rio conference the purpose behind this measure is as much to prevent the argentine press from criticizing the government’s foreign pol icy and expressing itself in favor of severance of relations with the axis as to prohibit public demon strations which do not follow the line of neutrality in the present conflict the fact that the government took this step in spite of strong popular opposition shows that castillo will defend his present policy by all available means actually the reasons for this attitude lie much more in internal politics than in fear of reprisals by the axis although the argentine government con stantly stresses the dangers that would beset its merchant fleet of some two dozen ships if the policy of neutrality were abandoned president castillo who came to power as a result of the illness and subsequent death of liberal president roberto m ortiz is mainly concerned with avoiding too close cooperation with the democracies for fear of losing his absolute control over the country moreover the fear of russia and communism which is shared by all members of the government increases their re luctance to throw in their lot with the democracies close working collaboration with the united nations would inevitably strengthen opposition to the castillo régime and endanger its existence elements supporting castillo it would be an oversimplification of the argentine state of affairs however to believe that while the present government is anti democratic the people in their entirety are pro united nation the situation is much more complex it is true that at least 80 per cent of the more articulate population composed primar ily of the middle class and the intelligentsia of buenos aires and other coastal cities is sincerely in favor of a victory of the united nations over the axis but the picture is altered by the indifference that prevails in the rural areas there one finds little support for a war of survival of the democra page three cies most of the landed aristocracy anxious to maintain its position of wealth and privilege is fundamentally anti democratic and supports castillo the peons farm laborers of the interior on the other hand are desperately poor and uneducated and have no clear idea as to what the war is really about they therefore show little interest in who is going to win the tenant farmers in the more fertile regions most of them italian immigrants enjoy a somewhat higher standard of living than the peons but the great majority refrain from expressing any decided political opinion finally the state supported catholic church is persuaded that any move toward liberalism would endanger its moral and material position it is principally from these groups that the castillo government draws its power renewal of the state of siege and the sudden death of general justo have lessened the possibili ties for a change in governmental policy in the near future despite london’s official condemnation on the eve of the new year of castillo’s foreign pol icy thereby blasting the argument of axis sym pathizers that even britain favored the government's neutral position there seems to be little hope for a reversal of the present situation in argentina ernest s hediger victory is not enough the strategy for a lasting peace by egon raushofen wertheimer new york norton 1942 3.00 a former league of nations official austrian by birth presents one of the most stimulating and realistic analyses of post war problems published to date basing his sug gestions for the future not on theory but on knowledge of european history politics and psychology among several interesting suggestions he offers is a proposal for a general freezing of conditions as they may exist in europe at the end of the war to give time for political stabilization and economic rehabilitation why have the nazis respected swiss neutrality how many refugees and children does switzerland harbor today what steps have the swiss taken with regard to rationing political restrictions imports and exports agriculture read switzerland in wartime by ernest s hediger 25c january 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to fpa members 3 foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 13 january 15 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lest secretary vera micheles dran editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year one month for change of address on membership publications please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor qo 181 sa te iz washington news letter jan 11 president roosevelt in his annual mes sage to the new congress on january 7 intimated that this legislative assembly might be called upon to play a great part in molding the peace i tell you that it is within the realm of possibility that this 78th congress may have the historic privilege of helping greatly to save the world from future fear he said in his message the president listed as post war goals the permanent disarmament of germany japan and italy the continuance of the united na tions as a coalition to guarantee the prevention of another global war and cooperation to assure world economic stability the policy of the roosevelt administration is in effect to make this conflict what the last world war was supposed to be a war to end wars it aims to prevent the tragedy of the nineteen twenties when wilsonian idealism was followed by a futile effort to revert to what president harding called normalcy specifically two major policies carried out by the united states after versailles contributed to a great degree to the outbreak of the present war 1 the isolationism and aloofness from active par ticipation in international affairs symbolized con cretely by our refusal to have anything to do with the league of nations 2 the adoption of a pol icy of exaggerated tariff protection which reaching its culmination in the smoot hawley tariff of 1930 effectively prevented our debtor nations from pay ing us as under secretary of state sumner welles put it in his address of may 30 last in becoming in volved in the greatest war mankind has known we are reaping the bitter fruit of our own folly and our own lack of vision hull’s trade pacts threatened vice president henry a wallace whose speeches during the past year have attracted nation wide attention and who is thought by some to be favored by mr roosevelt as his successor urged the united nations in a radio interview on december 31 to set up a post war council to preserve the peace with an interna tional air force as its chief instrument of force he went on to say however that force without justice would sooner or later make us into the image of that which we have hated in the nazis and he urged equality of opportunity for all nations in in ternational trade for this reason he demanded re newal of the administration's authority to negotiate reciprocal trade agreements predicting that the fight for victory buy united states war bonds on this issue would be the first round in the battle for a just peace in fact a bill to terminate all reciprocal trade agreements concluded with foreign nations by sec retary of state cordell hull was introduced in con gress by representative harold knutson republi can of minnesota and referred to the house ways and means committee on the very day the president delivered his message the authority under which such treaties have already been entered into with 25 nations was first granted by congress in 1934 for a 3 year period and was extended for additional 3 year periods in 1937 and 1940 the latest of such pacts was signed with mexico on december 23 and agreements with bolivia iceland and iran are now in process of negotiation the warrant of authority expires on june 12 1943 g.o.p s strategic position the struggle on this issue will certainly be intense and may be the first big parliamentary battle to be waged in the new congress as the republicans in the new house have about equal strength with the democrats 208 members against 222 fear has been expressed in political quarters here that the minority party may be able with the aid of some dissident democrats to block any further extension the fallacy in this argument lies in assuming that all republicans are opponents of international cooperation obviously this is not the case when the titular head of the party wendell willkie has been an outstanding ad vocate of cooperation with the united nations while another republican governor harold stassen of minnesota jumped into the limelight on janu ary 7 with a speech advocating the realization of alfred tennyson’s dream of a world parliament it might also be pointed out that charles l mcnary of oregon present minority leader in the senate produced in 1919 a compromise proposal for settle ment of the league of nations controversy which if accepted would have resulted in the entrance of the united states into that organization but it is clear that if such an evenly divided body as the 78th congress is to be effective in helping to establish a lasting peace it behooves the republican minority to rise above party politics in matters of foreign policy and it is up to the president to con tinue to avoid woodrow wilson's fatal error of assuming an attitude of uncompromising and im placable hostility toward the opposition john elliott eo st oy a od naan +th 25 4 for ional such and now rority uggle ay be ed in new ocrats essed y may crats 1 this 1s are ously f the ig ad tions tassen janu on of ment nary enate settle vhich ice of body ing to blican ars of con or of d im itt is i i igal room al library enty of mich jan 22 1942 entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vor xxii no 14 january 22 1948 japan is not stronger than germany t a time when the soviet and north african offensives have simplified the european mili tary picture by heightening the possibility of a two front war against continental germany this year confusion still exists over problems of far eastern strategy there was reason to expect that the launch ing of the anglo american drive would end the dispute as to the primacy of the struggle in the west yet partly because of misunderstanding and partly because of continuing isolationist propaganda in this country which now takes the form of de ploring our concentration against germany regret is still expressed that we are not trying to lick japan first this attitude is naturally promoted by the fact that our men have so far done most of their fighting in the pacific and by our apparent neglect of the china front the united nations will not fight with the greatest effectiveness and singleness of purpose until it is clearly understood in the united states and china as it already is in britain and the u.s.s.r that the european front is decisive for the entire struggle against the axis including japan this conclusion is not the result of an arbitrary decision on our part or of self interested pressure by our european part ners but is determined by the geographical location of the main strength of the axis and the allies two criteria dictate our choice between japan and ger many which is now the more dangerous against which can we exert the greatest pressure in the short est time here it is worth noting that in a recent public opinion poll taken by mail in a leading chinese city almost one third of the merchants students civil servants and military men who replied held that the united nations should use their entire strength to settle with germany first a remark see allied position in far east improved by african campaign for tign policy bulletin november 27 1942 ably high percentage in a country which has fought the japanese for five and a half years in the united states although a majority favors the germany first policy there is apprehension concerning what japan may do if she is allowed to consolidate on the west coast in particular it is feared that the japanese would like to invade the continental united states no doubt they would but surely invasion is also one of germany’s desires our choice is not between the motives of the two countries both of which are bent on our destruction but between their respective powers to carry through their inten tions it must therefore also be asked what might happen if by concentrating on japan we gave ger many time to consolidate which has more steel the comparative strength of germany and japan may be measured by a simple standard industrial development perhaps the most important single factor in a prolonged war on a world scale here the nazis are clearly superior to their japanese allies in electric power capacity transport facilities technical skill and the production of steel a figure of 10 million metric tons almost certainly represents the maximum steel making capacity of japan and the empire today and the actual total may be below this but in 1938 ile before the conquest of europe german steel pro duction was already over 23 million metric tons an nually today the steel available to germany is probably not far from 40 million metric tons this difference naturally finds expression in the ability to produce airplanes tanks heavy guns and industrial machinery fields in which germany’s advantages over japan are unquestioned no one would main tain that japan possesses the power to support any thing approaching the magnitude of the german front against the soviet union great emphasis is placed on the raw materials controlled by japan as a result of the conquest of es es s________ __ peeve tuo southeast asia with its rubber tin and oil but these supplies are valuable only to the extent that they can be processed japan’s industrial machine with its limited possibilities of expansion is incapable of making full use of the captured riches a condition which is aggravated by shipping difficulties ger many on the other hand while lacking japan's pres ent abundance of raw materials not only commands a large output of synthetic oil and rubber but be cause the industry of all europe lies at its disposal is able to make better use of its resources this does not mean that japan is not powerful but simply that it is less formidable than germany is japan’s morale exceptional there have been many stories of the unbreakable morale of the japanese armed forces of the unwillingness of troops to surrender when in a hopeless position of their selfless concentration on the destruction of their opponents without question the japanese are loyal to the régime and fight hard but there is no indication that they fight better than the chinese whom they have not knocked out of the war in five and a half years or the russians who defeated them twice in large scale border conflicts in 1938 and 1939 or the british who are coming into con tact with them in burma or the americans who are beating them back in the southwest pacific the japanese performance on the buna beach head in new guinea is no more striking than the resistance of the entrapped germans in stalingrad such dif ferences as may exist between the japanese and the are the french moving toward unity the stalemate before tunis chief objective of the entire north african campaign continues to be a source of disappointment to civilians in allied coun tries who had become unduly optimistic last no vember that the axis powers would soon be ejected from the southern shore of the mediterranean even though the delay is by no means serious and is ap parently as much the result of torrential rains which normally last until march as of any man controlled factors the sense of frustration persists and tends to encourage a large crop of rumors and for the strategic and political facts behind the war in the pacific and the outlook for reconstruction in the far east read these foreign policy reports 1 curna’s war economy 2 asia in a new wortp orper 3 np1a’s role in the wortp conruict 4 the u.s.s.r and japan 5 replacement of stra tegic materials lost in asia 25c each or 5 for 1.00 reports are published on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to fpa members 3 much to prevent it from consolidating its gains s a soldiers of the other major fighting nations are minor and can have no decisive influence on the outcome of the war moreover it is not surprising that japanese morale is strong since japan has 49 far been highly victorious the real test of japan's internal strength will come when it suffers continu ing and large scale setbacks not only in the pacific but also on the continent of asia many fears about japan result from failure to recognize that the united nations are already doing especially through the destruction of shipping this activity was referred to by president roosevelt in his message to congress on january 7 when he also declared significantly that the period of our de fensive attrition in the pacific is drawing to a close it will be possible to fight the far eastern war most effectively by recognizing openly that the european war comes first on that basis we can move toward a continental land offensive against germany with the utmost vigor send to the far east as much as can be spared from the primary front the quantity is not so small as some are inclined to think and concentrate on developing the internal economic and military power of such countries as china india and australia the path of military victory would then lead to the most favorable conditions for far eastern reconstruction after the war lawrence k rosinger the first of four articles by mr rosinger on war and reconstruction in the far east criticism of north african politics in britain and the united states meanwhile strict censorship in north africa fosters irresponsible statements since it is impossible under present circumstances to con firm or deny the many conflicting stories concerning that theatre of war of the many bewildering reports the most im portant concerns the long imminent meeting be tween de gaulle fighting french leader and giraud who seems to occupy a middle of the road position between the ex collaborationists and the fighting french among the various factors explain ing the delay of the conference is the objection of the fighting french to giraud’s cooperation with vichyites whose continued allegiance to fascist ideas in the opinion of de gaullists is indicated by their equivocal statements concerning the allies de gaulle feels that unless the anti vichy french are given political as well as military recognition no true french interest will be represented on the side of the allies during the war or in the post wat period eradication of all vichy influence on the allied side is therefore a question of principle wt 1 oo ate 1 the ising as 9 pan’s itinu acific re to loing zains this lt in also r de ose most pean ward with ch as antity and c and india vould t far ser d 1 and lip in since con ring st im ig be and e road d the plain on of with ideas ed by a llies 7rench nition yn the st wat yn the inciple with the fighting french who apparently oppose any compromise on this matter anglo american action some observers in great britain and the united states are calling for firm anglo american action to oust the vichy ites and unite the french such a course however needs some qualification for it overlooks two im rtant considerations frequently forgotten in the present atmosphere of disappointment and impa tience first of all it has been no simple matter to dispose of vichy supporters since the invasion of north africa for in 1940 the pétain government replaced many members of the colonial administra tion who were opposed to collaboration with his own adherents to be sure there are specially trained administrators among the fighting french but even if experienced men were available in sufficient num bers the immediate replacement of personnel prob ably was not possible without creating serious un rest thus causing further complications for allied forces however according to a report from allied headquarters in north africa on january 15 a political house cleaning is now actually going on although it will apparently take considerable time in the second place the task of securing french unity while it can be encouraged by what the london times has called allied advice and allied tact must rest in large part with the french them selves as british minister of information brendan the f.p.a the flying tigers by russell whelan new york viking 1942 2.50 fascinating story of the american volunteer group which from bases in china and burma rolled up an amaz ing score of victories over japan’s air force from december 1941 to july 1942 report from tokyo a message to the american people by joseph c grew new york simon and schuster 1942 1.00 america’s ambassador to tokyo until pearl harbor hammers home the importance of not underestimating the japanese military menace emphasizes that japan’s war machine caste and system must be destroyed completely if the rest of the world is to live in safety the unknown country canada and her people by bruce hutchison new york coward mccann 1942 3.50 an introduction to our northern neighbor done in a series of vignettes of canadian scenes nova scotia mon treal quebec winnipeg etc what this presentation loses in coherence and unity it gains perhaps in readability an appraisal of the protocols of zion by john s curtiss new york columbia university press 1942 1.00 the story of one of the most widespread and damaging forgeries ever perpetrated page three ee bracken declared on january 14 neither the united states nor great britain is backing any particular candidate for leadership of the french meanwhile among frenchmen in london and in the underground movement at home there is grow ing evidence that the french themselves have taken up the task of cementing national solidarity which was so badly lacking in france not only before the war but even in june 1940 the arrival in london on january 14 of fernand grenier former communist leader marked the formal linking of the extreme left with the right and the middle of the road par ties which already were represented in the fighting french national committee the communists have been a leading element in the french underground movement since they were able to maintain their party intact when all others crumbled in 1940 but they had not given any explicit support to de gaulle’s organization and had instead conducted their oppo sition to the nazis as a separate movement now that grenier has fallen into line with the de gaulle forces there no longer remains either abroad or under ground any important anti fascist french group that is not represented on the national committee at the moment therefore the principal step that re mains to be taken in achieving anti axis french unity is that which would harmonize the interests of the political organizations headed by de gaulle and giraud bookshelf america organizes to win the war a handbook on the american war effort new york harcourt brace 1942 2.00 twenty articles by an impressive group of authorities on the nature of the conflict the organization of our armed forces the character of our economic mobilization various morale factors and war objectives simply and clearly written whinifred n hadsel a democratic manifesto by emery reves new york random house 1942 1.50 a sober plea for a new international integration based on the general acceptance of democratic principles lack of sufficient attention to social and economic problems how ever reduces the value of an otherwise able piece of work the background of our war from lectures prepared by the orientation course war department bureau of ublic relations new york farrar and rinehart 942 2.00 a simplified survey of axis aggression and the military campaigns of the war prior to march 15 1942 well pre sented for the instruction of the services government of the argentine republic by austin f mac donald new york crowell 1942 3.75 a political science text which ably meets the long felt need for an exhaustive work on the subject foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 14 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y second class matter december 2 1921 one month for change january 22 1943 f address on membership publications published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lert secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor ss a re a a oe a se sear rs ee eg 2p a aan ae 7 tw ae aw i pg set ee se ne qo eee as srs a ae k my pals washington news l etter oc ee eee ere ee jan 18 the german submarine has come to be regarded by responsible naval authorities in wash ington as the most deadly weapon in the hands of the axis sinkings by u boats continued at a high level throughout 1942 with more than 500 cargo ships sent to the bottom in the western at lantic alone an internationally known shipping expert informed the writer that the total of 11,189 000 gross tons of allied and neutral shipping sunk in the four years of world war i had been consid erably exceeded in the first three years of the present conflict the need to conceal our losses from the enemy has kept the american people from appreciating the full gravity of this peril their justified satisfaction over the magnificent achievement of our shipyards in producing 8 million tons of shipping last year would be sadly diminished if it were generally re alized that axis destruction of united nations ship ping exceeded total united states launchings in 1942 only indirectly and occasionally does the pub lic gain an inkling of our terrific shipping losses when as happened recently rationing of gasoline and fuel oil was suddenly tightened as a conse quence of the torpedoing of many tankers carrying supplies to north africa it is no exaggeration to say that the u boat menace is approaching the grave turn it took in the spring of 1917 when one ship out of every four that left the british isles never returned admiral harold r stark commander of united states naval forces in europe was guilty of no overstatement when he declared in an interview in washington on janu ary 8 that our greatest enemy is the submarine adding that our losses are something to be very uncomfortable about why u boat menace is so grave one reason for the uneasiness here is that the germans are admittedly building submarines faster than we can sink them the nazis are believed to have a force of 300 fast long range u boats with never less than 100 at sea at one time their losses are be ing replaced at a rate of 17 to 25 a month american and british bombers from time to time make raids on german submarine bases but the effectiveness of these attacks is dubious german bases bristle for victory buy united states with anti aircraft guns a recent raid on the sub marine base at lorient cost us six flying fortresses and the enemy has built massive concrete bomb shel ters to protect their underwater craft in port other factors that explain why the current u boat campaign is more destructive than anything known in world war i are 1 the superior armor pro tection of german submarines making them much more difficult to sink than the egg shells of the last war 2 the use of light diesel engines which en ables them to operate upwards of 15,000 miles with out refuelling 3 the adoption of better tactics in attacking convoys notably the use of the pack system in place of hit and run raids by lone u boats and clever coordination of submarine and airplane and 4 the inadequacy of allied escort protection resulting from the strain on our naval and air strength in the first world war the american and british navies were aided not only by french and italian destroyers but were able to concentrate their forces in the atlantic in this war japan our former ally is an enemy compelling us to divert half our naval strength to the pacific an unsolved riddle in 1917 when ad miral jellicoe warned that we are heading straight for disaster the u boat menace was overcome in the nick of time only because lloyd george forced the convoy system on a reluctant admiralty but the answer to hitler’s submarine challenge has yet to be found and because of this failure nazi submarines today are hampering military operations of the anglo american forces in north africa by seriously cur tailing their supplies if sinkings in 1943 continue at their present rate the movement of american troops and supplies overseas will be gravely re stricted and jeopardized while the atlantic seaboard will get no relief from the existing oil shortage even fulfilment of president roosevelt's gigantic schedule of 16 million tons of new shipping in 194 will not of itself provide the solution although the allies have been fighting the nazi submarine with convoys patrol planes blimps mines and the bomb ing of yards and bases all these measures despite certain successes have not provided the reply to the u boat unless an answer to the riddle is discovered hitler may yet force a stalemate in this war john elliott war bonds +e last h en with actics pack boats lane ction d air n and 1 and their ormer l our n ad raight me if forced ut the to be arines anglo y cur ntinue erican ly te aboard age igantic n 1943 gh the e with bomb despite to the yvered iott ds periodical room bnbral library gniy of micn feb 2 1943 entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 15 january 29 1943 casablanca conference forecasts major effort in 1943 he history making ten day conference held in casablanca by president roosevelt and prime minister churchill to map the 1943 strategy of the united nations in such a way as to achieve uncon ditional surrender of germany italy and japan came as a climax to a period of mounting allied successes in europe and africa the roosevelt churchill negotiations begun on january 14 and completed on january 24 were punctuated by the lifting of the siege of leningrad on january 18 and the fall on january 21 of tripoli last bastion of italy's african empire they were accompanied by the long awaited meeting between general de gaulle and general giraud who agreed that free french men everywhere should work together for the liberation of france although no announcement was made as had been anticipated regarding the formation of a united nations military council premier stalin and generalissimo chiang kai shek were informed at every point regarding the course of the roosevelt churchill conversations and britain and the united states pledged themselves to give maximum material aid to russia and china is germany near collapse the casa blanca meeting epitomizes the far reaching shift from defensive to offensive which now marks allied operations against the axis and the determination of the united nations to retain the initiative in a struggle which appears to be reaching a decisive stage yet great as are the allied victories in russia and north africa both actually and as compared with the military situation existing before novem ber 1942 they do not yet appear sufficient to explain the atmosphere of impending catastrophe reflected in news stories and broadcasts emanating from ger many unless demoralization in the reich and on the russian front has gone much further than the outside world had been permitted to realize while a sudden collapse of germany cannot be excluded from allied calculations it would seem wise not to place too much hope in the prospect of rapid disin tegration within the reich at the same time allied strategy must include plans for dealing with condi tions of chaos and anarchy that the breakdown of german military power might leave in its wake both in the reich and in nazi dominated countries the russian advances which are no longer local operations but parts of a closely meshed plan cov ering all sectors of the russo german front open up the possibility of a russian thrust in the north against finland conceivably linked with a british landing in norway and of a preventive german blow at sweden to which the swedish foreign min ister per albin hansson apparently referred in his speech of january 18 warning that sweden might have to defend itself without warning russia’s vic tories also create a difficult situation for germany's satellites notably hungary and rumania whose troops fighting reluctantly at the side of the ger mans are reported to have suffered heavy losses on the russian front while at home their governments are confronted with mounting opposition to contin ued collaboration with the reich the success of the red army in dislodging the germans from fortified positions where they had expected to weather another winter is primarily the result of well planned and well timed operations carried out with the aid of fresh reserves who had been undergoing training in the interior of the coun try during the past year considerable aid however has been given both by the opening of an allied front in french north africa which forced the ger mans to divert part of their air force from russia to the mediterranean and by increased shipments of war material from britain and the united states these two countries together according to the re port made public on january 20 by edward r stet tinius jr lend lease administrator up to 1943 had saa se gee ry a a eee ss ss page two shipped russia 4,600 planes and 5,800 tanks in ad dition to other war material and foodstuffs toward a united nations council out of this growing coordination of military and supply strategy on the two major fronts from which the assault on the fortress of europe is being di rected may gradually emerge the as yet officially undefined pattern of a united nations council that would seek to coordinate both war and peace aims the need for such coordination was revealed the mo ment allied forces entered french north africa which immediately became a proving ground of united nations intentions and practices the de asia’s problems challenge spirit the specific decisions reached at casablanca will become known only gradually but it is clear that despite the increasing likelihood of new action in the far east the major military emphasis this year will quite properly be placed on operations in the european theatre under these circumstances the prep aration of the peoples of eastern asia for a later all out drive against japan becomes a problem of major importance it would be a serious error to believe that a fuller mobilization of the emotional economic and political resources of countries like china and india can wait because at some future date it may be possible to flood the far east with tanks planes and men from the united states and britain a pol icy of neglecting to develop asia from within will simply prolong the war in that theatre and lead to an unnecessarily stormy period of reconstruction are we acting too slowly in asia it would be false to suggest that the leaders of the united nations are not aware of these facts the recent renunciation of extraterritoriality for ex ample constitutes an important step toward winning the war and assuring china’s full equality after the fighting is over yet with history moving at an ex traordinarily rapid pace governmental policies some times lag unnecessarily behind the times forward looking actions that could have enormous influence in asia naturally fail to arouse the expected enthusi asm when they are surrounded by protocol and de what americans think about post war reconstruction on the pacific coast by chester h rowell in upstate new york by paul b williams the rocky mountain region by ben m cherrington 25c january 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are published on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to fpa members 3 et gaulle giraud agreement reached under the auspices of britain and the united states which are trying not to impose on the french people in advance a government they had not had the opportunity to choose seems a hopeful portent of the methods that might be used in other countries liberated from axis rule while the casablanca meeting itself gives evi dence that the united nations statesmen are thinking in terms of a major effort in 1943 which by shorten ing the war would make it possible to save what is left of europe before it is too late vera micheles dean of initiative in west and east liberation instead of being carried through with dispatch this was true of the treaties on extrater ritoriality which were not concluded until more than three months after the united states and britain first announced their intention to give up special rights in china if these treaties had been accompanied by the retrocession to china of the british lease at kowloon by american moves to place chinese immigration on a quota basis or by discussions for the return of the british owned but chinese inhabited territory of hongkong no one could have mistaken the signifi cance of what was happening similarly had the cripps proposals been made before the war with japan rather than at a moment when allied fortunes in the far east were at their lowest ebb the reaction in india very likely would have been quite different we cannot expect the people of asia to be grateful for concessions that appear to be offered grudgingly and at the last moment the path to liberation delays in taking the steps necessary to arouse asia to the fullest en thusiasm for the united nations cause can only en courage the widespread view that the peoples of the orient will be liberated during the war and the period of reconstruction by the military might and financial generosity of outside governments certainly in order to destroy japanese aggression asia needs all the help it can get and it will also require material aid after the reestablishment of peace but the be lief that the future of the east depends simply on actions abroad is in essence a new more streamlined version of the white man’s burden despite mod ern trimmings the emphasis remains on the infert ority of the native populations and the superiority of their foreign partners liberation is however largely an internal process and those on the outside can only hope to help create conditions under which the most constructive most democratic tendencies of unfree or half free people will find their ow expression dices ying ce a y to that axis evi king rten at is with ater nore itain ecial the oon n on e the r of nifi with tunes ction rent teful ingly king t en y en f the eriod ncial y if 1s all terial e be ly on lined mod nfert iority vever utside which encies own the ae i 7 asia also has responsibilities some times it is true the leaders and peoples of asia themselves do not fully appreciate the importance of their initiative in helping to defeat the enemy and in planning for reconstruction emphasizing enuine shortcomings on the part of the major allies they may underestimate their own power to improve difficult situations in india for ex ample the nationalist leaders unwisely allowed prac tical difficulties and bitter emotions to deflect them from the easiest course to freedom participation in the war against the axis as a result of this policy and of britain’s refusal to reopen discussions after the return of sir stafford cripps to london india is farther from independence today than it was a year ago while the final achievement of freedom may prove a far more turbulent process than if agreement had been reached similarly in china justified complaints about the shortsightedness of western policy sometimes con ceal chungking’s failure to take all measures open to it it is well known for example that the shortage of supplies from abroad is an important factor in china’s serious inflation but it is unfortunately also true that bureaucratic circles in the government have page three ater is sasa o u impeded the development of the chinese industrial cooperatives thereby preventing china from realiz ing certain possibilities of greater domestic produc tion if prices are high partly because the burma road is no longer open it must be recognized that the failure of the government to use its full power against hoarders and speculators is at least equally important clearly it is necessary that both the western powers and the eastern peoples make their maxi mum contribution in war and peace by dealing with the problems that lie within their respective spheres this means first of all since the major immedi ate responsibility rests on those with greater strength and experience that the west must help create a greater spirit of confidence in asia by removing the various remaining discriminations political eco nomic and racial on the other hand within their power and experience the peoples of the east can not shirk their obligations or avoid taking steps to solve problems which in the long run will be solved either by themselves or not at all lawrence k rosinger the second of four articles on war and reconstruction in the far east the f.p.a bookshelf how to win the peace by c j hambro philadelphia lippincott 1942 3.00 an unusually forthright discussion of post war prob lems and procedures by the president of the norwegian parliament and the league of nations assembly drawing on his practical experience of international affairs mr hambro opposes any attempt by the great powers to re duce the role of small nations after the war and urges the creation of a peace patrol that would be on the alert for the first indications of aggressive spirit on the part of any nation the netherlands indies and the united states by rupert emerson boston world peace foundation 1942 cloth 50 cents paper 25 cents an american student of southeast asia describes suc cinctly our interest in the indies and concludes that we cannot afford to see them controlled by a hostile power he suggests post war international supervision of the indies with special dutch weight in the administration di rected toward earliest possible independence for the islands radio goes to war by charles j rolo new york put nam’s 1942 2.75 the first book length study of the use of radio as an in strument of political warfare the author analyses the well planned german radio propaganda attack which be gan long before the actual conflict and indicates how the oper are gradually perfecting their counter offensive on the air ambassadors in white by charles morrow wilson new york henry holt 1942 3.50 this book is a series of biographies of the men who have worked so untiringly to rid the american tropics of disease and death it makes stirring reading fiscal planning for total war by w l crum j f fen nelly and l h seltzer new york national bureau of economic research 1942 3.00 a comprehensive and well balanced treatise on war fi nances with special emphasis on the implications of total warfare ireland past and present by tom ireland new york putnam’s 1942 5.00 a convenient chronological history of ireland with special emphasis on the recent period the author believes that ireland despite the risk involved should grant the united states and britain the use of its western ports the unguarded frontier by edgar w mcinnes new york doubleday doran 1942 3.00 a valuable contribution to the literature of american canadian relations in a book scholarly enough for the professional historian and readable enough for the serious layman professor mcinnes traces the course of canada’s relations with the united states from the franco british struggle for supremacy in america to the hyde park agreement of 1941 foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 15 january 29 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lest secretary vera miche.es dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor ep 181 x ee ae i yt 4 f ly a if 1 i washington news letter sebbes jan 25 seldom in the age long history of wars has there been such an imposing example of hemi spheric solidarity against a common enemy as is now presented by the new world after chile’s action in breaking off relations with the axis on january 20 of the 21 american republics 12 are now at war with the axis 8 others have severed relations with the fascist bloc and only one argentina still con tinues to harbor agents of germany japan and italy on its territory chile’s rupture with the axis marks the successful conclusion of a bitter political battle between friends and foes of this step lasting nearly a year it was on february 1 1942 that juan antonio rios was elected president in a campaign waged chiefly on an anti axis platform in his inaugural address on april 2 he promised that chile would faithfully carry out her duties of continental solidarity but it was not until more than nine months later that the chilean senate by a vote of 30 to 10 gave effect to the reso lution of the rio de janeiro conference of january 1942 calling on all the american republics to sever relations with the axis this decision seems to have been well received in chile the rumored split in the cabinet has not yet materialized and even the newspapers that opposed a break now urge coopera tion with the government axis threats the santiago government's ac tion in finally crossing the rubicon conjures up the immediate danger that the flow of supplies from chile to the united states especially copper more than half our copper imports come from chile may be interrupted by enemy action this might happen either as a result of sabotage within the coun try or as a result of attacks by japanese submarines internal sabotage might be caused by the 20,000 german nationals in chile who live chiefly in the southern agricultural region the 12,000 italians who are spread out all over the country and the 700 japanese who live mostly in the strategic ports and mining centers of the north but chilean authorities immediately after the break took measures to sup press axis espionage and sabotage and it is believed that under energetic rail morales beltrami pro democratic minister of the interior all fifth column activities will be sternly suppressed a threat to chile’s maritime communications was delivered by tomokazu hori japan’s radio spokes man who in a broadcast on january 22 said that for victory the santiago cabinet could no longer reckon with considerate treatment of its shipping by the axis chilean power stations situated on the coast are also open to attack by enemy submarines but more than thirteen months have elapsed since pearl har bor and the balance of naval strength in the pacific has since shifted so decisively in favor of the united states that it is doubtful whether tokyo could now make good its boast argentina holds aloof in any case washington considers complete liquidation of the axis espionage ring in chile so important that it is willing to risk even the temporary suspension of im ports in order to achieve that end the memorandum submitted by the united states to the emergeng advisory committee for political defense of the continent in montevideo on january 22 shows how dangerous nazi spy activities are the memorandum disclosed that buenos aires was the headquarters of the german espionage and sabotage services which collected and transmitted to berlin informa tion about movements of allied merchantmen and warships u.s armament production troop move ments from the united states to overseas theatres of war and so on many ship sinkings can be directly ascribed to this nazi espionage service it is a great aid to the cause of the united nations that this organization can no longer function in chile under the aegis of the german embassy it seems probable however that nazi agents will be able to continue their activities in argentina the argentine government’s intention to adhere to a policy of rigid neutrality difficult though that has become now that chile has deserted it was affirmed by president ramon castillo on january 21 when he told newspapermen categorically that argentina's international position will not change while the policies of chile and argentina have until now been parallel they have never been identi cal the neutrality of chile was a matter of tem porary expediency while that of the argentine gov ernment is a matter of policy traditional jealousy of yankee leadership in south america a role to which argentina itself aspires and fear of repercus sions of a democratic victory on a society based on the domination of a semi feudal landowning caste which the government represents are the principal reasons why the argentine cabinet continues a policy of isolation john elliott buy united states war bonds 4 44 +case the it is f im dum ency the how dum irters vices yrma and nove es of rectly itions yn in sy it ill be the to a it has irmed when tina's have denti tem gov world with a choice between german and russian usy of sle to ercus ed on caste ncipal policy ott ds fpemiodical roum snbral library uniy of mig entered as 2nd class matter feb 6 1943 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y volt xxii no 16 fepsruary 5 1943 hitler again proclaims crusade against bolshevism proclamation to the german people on january 30 tenth anniversary of his appoint ment by president von hindenburg as chancellor of the reich confirmed the impression created by previous reports from germany that the fuehrer once more intends to use fear of russia in his psy chological warfare against the united nations the nazi thesis that germany is engaged in a crusade against bolshevism in which it claims to have the support of the major part of europe was again restated by hitler in wagnerian terms when he said today there are only two alternatives either germany and her allies win or the central asiatic flood from the east will surge over the oldest civilized continent all other events pale before the grandeur of this gigantic struggle while the continuance of russian military suc cesses especially at stalingrad undoubtedly disturbs germany's leaders and must cast a dark shadow on the german people who are only gradually being informed of losses suffered on the russian front it siill seems that the nazis are making a disproportion ate propaganda effort to emphasize even exaggerate the magnitude of their defeats it is difficult to escape the conclusion that the object of this drive is not so much to cement zero hour unity at home as to undermine the war effort of the united nations nor is it without significance that this new psychological campaign designed to confront europe and the victory is accompanied by intensification of sub marine warfare under the direction of grand ad miral karl doenitz u boat expert who took com mand of the german navy on january 31 would russia’s victory threaten world the emphasis placed by hitler on the possibility and danger of a russian victory points to what the nazis at least consider one of the prin cipal chinks in the armor of the united nations and that is the absence as yet of complete confidence between britain and the united states on the one hand and russia on the other there are many rea sons for this lack of confidence among them ob viously fear in western countries of communist propaganda against capitalism matched in russia by fear of capitalist hostility to the soviet system it cannot be denied moreover that there are elements in every country of europe and the new world for whom the prospect of a russian victory that might bring in its wake the spread of soviet doctrines and practices looms as dark or even darker than the prospect of nazi victory need for priorities on worries by raising once more a hue and cry about the triumph of bolshevism hitler hopes to worry and divide the coalition that opposes him this makes it all the more important for the peoples of the united na tions to establish priorities on worries if a defeat of germany and it is germany which today dominates and oppresses the countries of europe is our first objective as the casablanca conference would indi cate then this objective must be undeviatingly pur sued irrespective of differences that may exist today between the political and economic systems of the various united nations hesitation on our part can only strengthen the impression still latent in mos cow that britain and the united states are for russia war weather friends only and have no in tention of permitting the u.s.s.r to share in the peace as it has in the war the argument sometimes advanced that russia in turn is but a part time ally since it refuses to become involved in war with japan may sound logical but is actually irrelevant if russia today were engaged in a major struggle with japan it would be unable to defeat the ger mans from the point of view of britain and the united states unable as yet to deliver telling blows at germany directly it is essential that russia should page tur continue to direct the full force of its war effort against the reich on sober reckoning it would appear that while the russian army has killed thousands of germans and destroyed great quantities of war material it has not yet inflicted a decisive defeat on the reich such a defeat cannot be assured unless britain and the united states succeed in striking at germany in some other sector of its far flung front nor is it by any means a foregone conclusion that the russians if they do succeed in carrying out stalin's order of the day on january 26 to hurl the invaders over the boundaries of our motherland would necessarily carry the war to german soil it is conceivable that the russians might stop at the russo german fron tier as it existed in june 1941 when it embraced the baltic states and eastern poland and leave the rest of the task to the other united nations those in britain and the united states who fear that russia may win the war single handed might seek an antidote to their worries by doubling and re doubling our own war effort similarities in outlook of u.s and u.s.s.r what is true of the prosecution of the war also applies to post war reconstruction just as the western powers must match russia’s military suc cesses if they are to share in victory over germany so they will have to match the influence russia is gaining over men’s minds if they are to share in the making of the peace russia’s newly won influence is due primarily not to the communist propaganda which has been relatively ineffective in the countries of the western world but to the fact that the rus ee sians have demonstrated they have the courage the ingenuity and the stamina to withstand the most powerful industrial and military nation in europe most of the conquered peoples have no desire to adopt the russian way of life if they can work out their salvation in terms of democratic procedures if they should finally turn to russia for assistance and guidance it will be due not solely to russia's suc cess it will be due chiefly to default on the part of the western powers at the same time there is no reason to believe that an ineradicable conflict exists between the aims of britain russia and the united states or between their aims and those of the conquered nations of europe on the contrary the opportunity exists for a sort of honorable competition in which the united nations might vie with each other in formulating and presenting plans and policies for post war te construction in such a competition the united states and russia have three advantages in common the peoples of both countries perhaps because of the vastness of their homelands perhaps because of their varied racial composition are used to thinking and acting in terms of large horizons and once liberated from historical tendencies to isolation may prove peculiarly well adapted for twentieth century inter nationalism the russians like the americans have unbounded faith in material progress enhanced by their relatively recent experience with the modem machine and like the americans the russians combine this faith in material progress with a sin cere desire to advance human welfare vera micheles dean war with japan is not a racial conflict current american interest in the establishment of a four power strategy council which would include the soviet union and china as well as britain and the united states indicates increasing awareness of the need for strengthening allied solidarity by this time it is widely appreciated that the manipulation of prejudices among the united nations is the main psychological weapon in the armory of fascism but it is not so generally known that axis propaganda directed at the united states holds up not only the russians and the british but also the chinese as objects of fear anti chinese doctrines often center russia at war 20 key questions and answers by vera micheles dean 25c headline book no 34 order from fpa 22 east 38th st new york about the view that the war in the pacific or the war as a whole is a racial conflict a struggle which is variously described as taking place between the white and yellow races east and west or orient and occident view not widespread but danger ous so crude a conception naturally carries little weight in well informed circles but its sinister pos sibilities should not be underestimated recently a participant in a nation wide radio discussion of global strategy declared that the white man’s type of civilization is at stake in the pacific when questioned concerning the application of this idea to our chinese allies he emphasized that he had used the phrase type of civilization and that in his view the chinese as well as ourselves are fight ing for this actually this is not true and no amount of juggling with words can make it so the chinese do not grant for a moment that their type of civilization is inferior to any other nor would they admit that they have found it necessary to fight five and a half the most rope re to out es if and suc itt of that ns of ween ns of s for ited ating ir re states f the their 2 and rated prove inter have ed by odern ssians a sin yr the uggle tween t of ger little f pos atly a on of s type when s idea e had vat in fight int of ese do ization it that a half 5 aman ee years at enormous cost in order to win the right to accept somebody else’s culture and way of life they are fighting first of all to save themselves from a rapacious aggressor who would subject them to the axis system of exploitation the most methodical and callous imperialism known to the modern world secondly they are seeking an opportunity to deal freely with the many problems that beset them prob lems that they intend to meet in ways appropriate to chinese conditions although they are interested in utilizing foreign experience along similar lines certainly it is a devastating refutation of all racial theories that to achieve these ends the chinese have been obliged to fight to the death against the jap anese a people allied to them racially and in many respects culturally britain the soviet union the united states and other nations are likewise struggling to bring about the unconditional surrender of white germany and italy together with japan effects of the racial theory the fact is that the war cuts sharply across all racial lines and any attempts to reduce it to a color pattern are not only worthless intellectually but represent a danger to victory let us imagine the possible out come if the united states were really to accept the idea of a war of races first of all we would lose the chinese as allies for we would no longer have any interest in them in effect we would be en couraging them to join the japanese or at the least to make peace it would then be a simple matter for japan to win the support of the nationalist movements of southeast asia and india since the appeal of anti white propaganda throughout the far east would become well nigh irresistible secondly there would be grave danger of military collapse in the far east because japan for the first time since 1937 would not have to maintain a front in china inevitably our war effort in europe would be ham pered by the necessity of diverting part of our strength to asia and voices would be heard de manding peace with hitler so that we might con centrate on the yellow menace a more clever variation if this out come appears fantastic it is only because the racial view of the war has made so little headway but it is sensible to recognize small dangers in order to draw useful conclusions from them and prevent them from growing larger here it will do no harm to glance at a subtler counterpart of the theory just described according to at least one american ex ponent of geopolitics there is grave danger that gee t x xwc after victory china will prove as serious a threat to the united states as japan is today it may there fore become necessary so we are told to build up japan in the future as a bulwark against china this verbal dagger thrust at the united nations has been dealt with effectively by generalissimo chiang kai shek in a statement of november 17 1942 to the new york herald tribune forum on current problems the chinese leader declared china has no desire to replace western imperialism in asia with an oriental imperialism or isolationism of its own or of any one else we hold that we must advance from the narrow idea of exclusive alliances and regional blocs which in the end make for big ger and better wars to effective organization of world unity unless real world cooperation replaces both isolationism and imperialism of whatever form in the new inter dependent world of free nations there will be no lasting security for you or for us it would be false to say that americans who adopt a racial view of the war do so out of sympathy for the axis on the contrary their attitude is generally a product of misunderstanding but regardless of intentions the theories they advocate would drive our allies away from us and force us closer to our enemies similarly it is dangerous for some liberals overlooking the political economic and military de terminants of policy to hint that anglo american shortcomings in asia arise from racial attitudes nor is it wise for them to develop a benevolent in version of the racial theory by suggesting that every thing done in the far east depends solely on the west and that to cite one example the govern ment and people of china have no obligations with regard to their own future if we are to have victory in peace as well as in war constant emphasis must be placed on the interest and responsibility of all peoples colored and white in the destruction of the axis a struggle not confined to any nation or group lawrence k rosinger this is the third of three articles on war and reconstruction in the far east f.p.a radio round table on saturday february 13 the foreign policy association will broadcast its second round table discussion over the blue network from 1 15 to 1 45 p.m the subject will be russia’s role in the post war world and the speakers will include vera micheles dean with james g mcdonald as chairman foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 16 february 5 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frankk ross mccoy president dorothy f luger secretary vera michelees dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office ac new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor 181 esi aaeia noe se r sp oe nd bsw wcmmis of seabee washington news l etter peed edagy fes 1 the attempt of the united states and britain to compose the differences of general charles de gaulle leader of the fighting french and gen eral henri honoré giraud high commissioner for french north africa has at least for the time being brought no tangible results the meeting between the rival french chiefs from which so much had been hoped took place at casablanca on the margin of the roosevelt churchill talks of january 14 24 and re sulted in a deadlock the communiqué published on january 27 registered a vague agreement on the end to be achieved which is the liberation of france but revealed an absence of any accord for the political union of frenchmen living outside their country quite apart from the personal element involved in the clash of the two french military leaders both of whom are politically inexperienced negotia tions appear to have broken down over two issues according to an interview by general giraud on february 1 the chief bone of contention was his de mand that the de gaullist fighting forces in africa which he estimated at between 15,000 and 20,000 men should be amalgamated with his own command giraud defends vichyites the second subject of dispute concerned general de gaulle’s insistence on repudiation of the vichy men in high places in north africa general giraud de clared flatly on january 30 that he felt the criticism of the former followers of marshal pétain in his administration to be unwarranted he referred as an example to pierre boisson governor general of french west africa who general giraud said al though holding office under vichy had never al lowed a boche in dakar he added that it was not likely that he was going to throw out men like that men who are capable and patriotic the chief target of de gaullist criticism has been marcel peyrouton who on january 19 succeeded yves chatel as governor general of algiers pey routon as minister of interior in marshal pétain’s cabinet was opposed to pierre laval but suppressed all democratic movements while he was in office peyrouton was summoned to algiers from argen tina not by u.s minister in north africa robert murphy but by general dwight d eisenhower allied commander in that theatre of war acting on the request of general giraud the french general wanted peyrouton to take charge of algiers because of his record as a skilled administrator in view of the extremely disturbed internal situation prevailing in for victory buy united that province where the arabs are in a state of unrest largely because of deterioration in economic conditions criticism of american authorities for accepting the collaboration of vichyites like darlan and peyrouton is considered unjustified here since even the fight ing french admit their following in french north africa is small according to an ap dispatch from allied headquarters there dated january 27 de gaulle’s partisans in that area are relatively few moreover many men in the french army with its traditional respect for constituted authority regard general de gaulle as a rebel for his defiance of mar shal pétain any attempt on the part of general eisenhower to impose de gaullists on the french au thorities in north africa it is believed here would have been followed by serious internal troubles the fighting french however point out that democratic administrators who are not de gaullists could have been found and appointed instead of vichyites their main objection to the present political situation in north africa is that consciously or unconsciously the american authorities appear to sponsor a régime that has an anti democratic background despite their disagreement both general de gaulle and general giraud have publicly stated their belief that the future government of liberated france must be decided by its 40,000,000 inhabitants and not by any régime existing now outside its fron tiers general giraud has repudiated any desire to impose a vichy minded administration on north africa and has proclaimed the gradual relaxation of the anti jewish laws in that region it is hoped in washington that the military and economic missions the french leaders have agreed to exchange may pave the way for gradual political collaboration the casablanca meeting while failing to produce an agreement between the two french leaders does appear to have resulted in an accord between the americans and british as to the policy to be pursued in french north africa although the british in the past have consistently stood behind general de gaulle prime minister winston churchill concurred with president roosevelt in approving general eisen hower’s measures if washington and london can avoid the temptation to play off de gaulle against giraud for temporary particular advantages theit joint influence can help enormously in facilitating eventual union of the two french movements of liberation john elliott states war bonds a a i i ee es ee cr it e +h its gard mar eral 1 au ould the ratic have their nm in usly gime de tated rated tants fron re to lorth ion d in sions may 1 duce does the sued 1 the de irred isen can ainst their iting s of tt perivvical room bneral library gniv of mice university of wi fre 15 43 entered as 2nd class matter nn arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vo xxii no 17 february 12 1943 public opinion must be heard on post war policy he italian cabinet shake up of february 6 one of whose results was the appointment of count ciano mussolini’s son in law and foreign minister to the presumably far safer post of italian ambassador to the vatican not only indicates pos sible rifts within the ruling fascist group but also raises the question of who in italy might be avail able to deal with the allies in case of mussolini's political demise reports from switzerland hint that count ciano hopes with the aid of the vatican to put out feelers for peace negotiations with the allies while he and other fascists dropped in the cabinet shake up may think that their eleventh hour with drawal entitles them to a hearing in allied circles it would seem incredible that the united nations should even consider negotiations with a man who has been so intimately connected with the fascist régime whom could we deal with in italy the political situation in italy however is bound to create for the allies many of the problems which have confronted britain and the united states in north africa should the allies deal with king victor emmanuel on whose personal invitation mus solini assumed power in 1922 or with italian army leaders who willingly or unwillingly accepted fascist leadership or with the industrialists many of whom welcomed some of mussolini’s measures such as the outlawing of strikes in the hope that they would crush communism only to discover eventually that their own freedom was more and more circumscribed by the demands of italian war economy or will new elements held in leash by fascist police measures come to the surface once mussolini and the germans have left the scene elements bent on effecting a thoroughgoing revolu tion that would sweep out king army and_indus trialists along with the fascists would such new elements look for leadership to italian.exiles now living abroad or would they in the years of trial and hardship have found their own leaders whose names are as yet unknown to us and is it in the interest of the united nations to insist on the prin ciple of legitimacy so eloquently urged by the italian anti fascist historian ferrero irrespective of who might be regarded as legitimate or is it more im portant that those who gain authority after the war in europe should be substantially in accord with the fundamental ideas for which the united nations believe they are fighting whether or not they have any claim to legitimacy in the legal sense evolution in north africa events in north africa have amply demonstrated both the importance of agreement among the allies regard ing the general lines of the policy they intend to pursue in countries reconquered from the axis and at the same time the difficulties raised by drawing up rigid blueprints in advance which might not make sufficient allowance for the variability and instability of human nature public criticism of the policy followed by the united states in north africa although sometimes irresponsible has had the good effect of emphasizing the disturbing long range im plications of the darlan giraud régime and has helped to speed up changes in that régime which may gradually bring it into closer conformity with the popular impression of united nations war aims such measures as the release of 27 communist depu ties imprisoned in north africa the liberation of 900 out of 5,000 political prisoners and the partial relaxation of anti semitic and anti masonic restric tions have elicited commendation although by no means entire satisfaction in fighting french circles it is not yet clear whether the transformation of the imperial council into a war committee announced on february 5 with a change in general giraud’s title from high commissioner to civil and military commander in chief will open the way to partici emeen e ae ae pation by de gaullists in french north africa a basic divergence persists between general giraud who believes that the weaknesses of the third re public synonymous in his opinion with democ facy were responsible for france’s military col lapse and many of the fighting french who insist on return to democratic principles after the war al though they are far from being of one mind as to the form the post war institutions of france should take need for clarifying allied opinion it would be impossible it would in fact be un fortunate for britain and the united states to prejudge the kind of government that the french or any other people in europe may want once they are free to make a choice the fact remains however that by dealing with one individual or group and not with others or with a number of them but on different levels of cordiality britain and the united states weight the balance in favor of this or that trend of opinion which may still be in the process of crystallization the crucial difficulty and one that must be faced frankly is that the same ambiguity which has appeared to mark american policy in north africa also characterizes public opinion in britain and the united states as well as the views of the allied governments in london the united nations are united in their struggle against germany and so are giraud and de gaulle but the united nations are no more clearly united than the two french generals regarding the kind of political and what kind of reconstruction for the far east since americans until recently have given little thought to the problems of the post war far east dis cussion of the future of this area containing half the human race still lags far behind consideration of the european shape of things to come in a sense this neglect is natural for americans know much less about asia than about europe moreover the military strategy of concentrating on germany the heart of the axis makes it likely that the united nations will face their first tasks of peace and re can decisive victory be achieved should germany be dismembered disarmed de prived of territories in europe should allies establish military admin istration will russia share in administration should allies countenance german revolution are germans capable of revolt what kind of peace with non nazi germany read what future for germany by vera micheles dean 25 february 1 issue of foreign po.icy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to fpa members 3 page two economic system they hope will emerge from the war it becomes more and more apparent that we need to clarify our own views on the character of the way and its aftermath before we can advise others what to do or not to do but of equal importance is the procedure by which the public opinion of the united nations once clarified can be brought to bear op their political leaders and on the government agen cies which act on their behalf few things seem essentially undemocratic in democratic countries as the conduct of foreign affairs which is seldom sub jected to direct scrutiny by the people and remains for the most part in the hands of foreign offices and state departments which are not directly te sponsible or responsive to the public this makes it more essential than ever that the president who in the united states is the principal official concerned with foreign policy also responsible to the people should be in a position to communicate as closely and as continuously with the people as churchill for example is able to do through his frequent te ports to members of parliament otherwise there is always a danger that as happened in 1919 a divorce will occur between the government and the people on crucial issues of foreign policy a war proclaimed as a war to make the world better for the common man must take into consideration the common man’s opinion vera micheles dean construction in the west yet from another point of view ignorance of the far east renders study of that region all the more important while the possibility 5 that a longer time will be available for reflection and debate represents an opportunity not to be lost asia’s problems as thorny as eu rope’s the statement is sometimes made that the future of the far east will be easier to settle than that of europe advocates of this theory argue that because asia has not been torn by hundreds of years of national antagonism the slate is cleaner so to speak and less of a terrible past will have to be erased in order to write the future unfortunately this is an illusion it is true that the nationalism of asia’s colonies and semi colonies is forward looking in character reminiscent of the movement that raised the hopes of europe in the days of mazzini and kossuth and that except for japan far east ern patriotism has not assumed the form of chauvit ism yet it must be recognized that there are certain counterbalancing problems in the east which ate likely to provide as serious a test of statesmanship 4s was ever furnished by the balkans not only will there be the difficulty of dealing with a defeated japan but from manchuria to java and fro tha an pla the div th of its the tro the tio int s as sub ains tices r fe akes 10 in rned ople dsely hill t re re is roree ople imed mon mon nt of that ility and eu t the than that years 0 to o be itely m ol king that zzini east uvin rtain are ip as a with and from indo china to india there is an agrarian crisis that must be met in adequate fashion if the political and economic modernization of the orient is to take place the complexity of this situation involving the antagonism of landlords and peasants and of divergent political groups is indicated by the fact that in five and a half years of war the government of fighting china has hardly touched the fringes of its own rural question nor is it wise to forget that the difficulties of loosening the grip of foreign con trol over the peoples of asia are at least as great as those to be faced in developing a constructive na tionalism among the nations of europe and america order in europe vital to far east the work of asiatic reconstruction cannot be car ried forward in isolation but will be related most intimately to developments in the rest of the world in fact just as the military defeat of japan will be come possible only on the defeat of germany so the orderly solution of eastern questions will depend first of all on the establishment of peaceful demo cratic conditions in the west if europe is divided by widespread prolonged civil war after the defeat of germany if the partnership of the united states britain and the soviet union is not maintained and strengthened there will be no basis for an interna tional approach to conditions in asia this does not mean that there will then be no reconstruction in the orient but it will be recon struction of the traditional type with each power holding its own as much as possible and with each colony or semi colony waging a desperate struggle for freedom from overlordship all amid the acute international friction characteristic of outright bal ance of power politics in view of the past history of human progress it would be unwise to say that nothing good could emerge from such a situation but it would be a minimum of good paid for with a maximum of blood it would not be the intelligent type of growth inherent in the concept of the united nations some crucial assumptions about asia since no one can foretell accurately the con ditions that will prevail in the world at large or the far east in particular after the defeat of the axis suggestions about reconstruction necessarily rest on certain assumptions concerning the future in east asia there would appear to be three prerequisites for peaceful progressive development first of all japan as well as germany must be utterly defeated secondly china must continue its resistance until victory and must remain united in peace finally page three the united nations must preserve and extend their wartime cooperation on this basis it is possible to arrive at certain minimum principles of a more or less broad charac ter failing which there will be nothing that can properly be described as orderly reconstruction these minima include measures to prevent japan from waging future wars complete chinese sover eignty over all chinese territory the independence of india and a sincere well planned effort to es tablish self government in the various colonial areas at the earliest practicable moment applying the principles while it is easy to give verbal expression to principles application in practice is quite another matter a fact which is keenly appreciated among the peoples of asia will china for example receive complete control over manchuria and formosa or will successful argu ments be heard for international i.e not chinese administration of formosa and for the maintenance of a special japanese position in manchuria as a means of making japan a bulwark against china and the u.s.s.r in dealing with a defeated japan will an agreement be made with some of the danger ous elements that were responsible for war against us or will the united nations do everything in their power to encourage the rise of a new nonmilitaristic japan will the independence of india be granted as soon as hostilities cease or will internal problems characteristic of all nations in the process of de velopment be used to justify delay and will the previous rulers of colonies seized by japan insist on the outright return of these areas to their own sovereignty or where independence does not appear immediately feasible will they agree to some form of international control during the minimum period necessary for self government these questions cannot be answered at present but by their actions now the major powers can in dicate their intention to choose the forward looking instead of the backward path if the united states should take steps to repeal the chinese exclusion act and place chinese immigration on a quota basis if britain should move to resume discussions with the indian nationalists if the netherlands should declare their willingness to join in international prep aration of the indies for self government then the omens for the future of asia would be favorable indeed lawrence k rosinger thi the last of a ses of four articles reconstruction in the far east on war and foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 17 fespruary 12 1943 second class matter december 2 one month for change of address on membership publications published weekly by the foreign policy association headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frankk ross mccoy president dorothy f leer secretary vera miche.es dean editor 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 national entered as please allow at least incorporated three dollars a year f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year bois produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news le etter 1 ori et ae pr way fes 8 in his radio address of december 9 1941 two days after pearl harbor president roose velt promised the american people that we are going to win the war and we are going to win the peace that follows as current military develop ments show that the united nations are passing from defense to offense on all fronts congress is almost as keenly interested in the future peace settle ment as in the war itself although the state department has been very quiet about it it is known that it has held from time to time a sort of seminar for the benefit of influ ential senators and representatives on the peace that is to conclude the present war and on the economic rehabilitation of the world of tomorrow at these meetings experts who are studying various phases of the situation have appeared to answer the ques tions of congressmen in a frank and informal man ner to keep them abreast of the progress made in working out suggestions for a permanent peace sumner welles has presided at some of these seminars which have been attended by such promi nent congressmen as senators tom connally of texas chairman of the senate foreign relations committee walter f george of georgia a former chairman of that body senator warren r austin of vermont minority member of the committee and representative sol bloom of new york chairman of the house foreign affairs committee another sign of the times is a resolution that has been introduced in the house by representative karl mundt republican of south dakota a strong pre war isolationist and critic of president roose velt's foreign policies his resolution calls for the creation of a 32 man bi partisan commission to study peace plans as representative mundt’s resolution completely ignores president roosevelt and provides that the peace planning commission be appointed by secretary of state cordell hull and former president hoover it has but small chance of passing senator gillette's proposal much more significant politically was the resolution spon sored by senator guy m gillette democrat of iowa on february 4 his resolution would put the senate on record as approving the basic principles of the atlantic charter and advises president roose velt to negotiate immediately a post war peace charter with the other united nations according to senator gillette the atlantic charter is simply an agreement between two heads of government it is for victory not an instrument of national policy since it has not been formally endorsed by congress or by the repre sentative bodies of any of the other signatory states the atlantic charter has come to fill in this con flict the role played by woodrow wilson’s fourteen points in world war i a program of principles for the allies the other united nations subscribed to the program embodied in the atlantic charter in the joint declaration signed by them at washington on january 1 1942 brazil is the latest country to adhere to the declaration having signed it on feb ruary 6 1942 ebb of isolationism senator gillette said that if a treaty were signed it would thwart jap anese propaganda that the atlantic charter declara tion extended only to the atlantic and not the pacific area recently for instance japanese propaganda has made much of the fact that britain’s decision to abandon its extraterritorial rights in china was not accompanied by any action on hongkong and the nazis have been busy telling the finns that their territorial integrity will not be respected by the russians when the war ends despite the fact that in article i of the atlantic charter britain and the united states declared that they are not seeking ter ritorial aggrandizement senator gillette’s resolution if carried out would give the atlantic charter what wilson's fourteen points never had the endorsement of the united states senate it would serve as a clear and unmis takable notification to foreign countries that the full authority of the united states government includ ing both its executive and legislative branches stood behind the atlantic charter this might avoid repetition of the tragedy of the treaty of versailles which received the signature of an american presi dent but failed to obtain the ratification of the united states senate these developments in congress indicate how much isolationist sentiment has ebbed since pearl harbor they reflect a growing realization through out the country of what under secretary of state sumner welles in his address to the graduating class of the university of maryland on february 4 called the basic fact that in the world of today not even a hemisphere can live in peace and enjoy its liberty much less achieve prosperity if the rest of the world is going up in flames john elliott buy united states war bonds vol ss 9 sc in +ree teal on een ples bed r in ston y to feb said jap ara the has n to not and that y the at in the y ter ould rteen nited aumis full clud ches avoid villes presi f the how pearl ough state class called even berty world tt s oo ee ictal library ical room jniversity of michigan michican feb 19 1943 entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin j an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vor xxii no 18 february 19 1943 a roosevelt’s report to the nation on february 12 and prime minister churchill's speech to the house of commons the previous day reveal a new unity of purpose and planning in the united nations prosecution of the war although a supreme war council representing the united states britain russia and china was not established at casablanca there is good ground for confidence that the coming allied offensives in both europe and asia will be based on increasingly close military col laboration and political understanding military unity the appointment of gen eral dwight d eisenhower to supreme command of allied operations in north africa highlights this development it indicates a degree of military col laboration between american british and french forces which should assure not only victory in the north african theatre but continued unity of com mand in the invasions of the continent which have been promised for 1943 it suggests further that if american and british armies ever operate on the same front with russian forces for example in the balkans a unified command should also be possible there equally reassuring is the fact that the casablanca discussions have been carried forward in chungking by general arnold head of the united states army air force and field marshal dill british member of the combined chiefs of staff the nature of the discussions with chiang kai shek is revealed both by prime minister churchill’s emphasis ou the open ing of the burma road and by president roosevelt's assurance that the united states does not contem plate inching forward from island to island in the southwest pacific but is preparing rather for action in the skies over china and japan as part of decisive operations which will drive the japanese from the soil of china the prospective meeting of general macarthur and field marshal wavell will un allied political unity lags behind military collaboration doubtedly involve plans for realization of these ob jectives that russia too may soon be taking part in the discussions begun at casablanca is suggested by unconfirmed reports that soviet military and naval chiefs are on their way to washington while these developments may not lead to the establishment of a supreme war council on the model of world war i or even to the inclusion of russia and china in the combined chiefs of staff plan set up early in 1942 for military collaboration be tween the united states and britain they do mark a great step forward in giving unity of direction to the united nations war effort those who urge still closer collaboration should remember that effective cooperation by a war coalition has never been achieved quickly or easily and that it was not until april 1918 when foch was put in supreme command of allied forces on the western front to prevent final disaster that a step comparable with eisen hower’s appointment was taken in the first world war political unity needed if less progress has been made in bringing about allied political unity the american president and the british prime minister have made it clear that axis efforts to divide russia from the other united nations will be unavailing they not only emphasized that the united nations are one in the prosecution of the war to complete victory but brought anglo ameri can policy closer into line with stalin’s insistence that this war is against hitlerite germany not the german nation while reiterating their aim of un conditional surrender and their demand that guilty axis leaders be brought to trial both called atten tion to the fact that this does not mean that the people of the axis nations will be made to suffer for their leaders crimes the threat to allied unity growing out of political decisions in north africa has also been lessened by p y mz ss ee ed bf president roosevelt's statement on the future of france and his clarification of article 3 of the at lantic charter reaffirming the principle that from the people and the people alone flows the authority of government he declared that once the enemy had been driven from france the people would be represented by a government of their own popular choice and to those who feared that the allies might support quislings and lavals in post war europe he gave assurance that such a policy would not be tolerated indeed he denied in effect that nazi fascist or japanese warlord forms of government could ever be legitimate and asserted that the right of self determination included in the atlantic char ter did not carry with it the right of any government to enslave either its own people or the peoples of other nations but encouraging as the casablanca reports of president roosevelt and prime minister churchill page two are much still remains to be done if unity is to be maintained and an enduring peace established mil tary collaboration however close will not be enough speeches in washington london moscow and chungking will not reconcile the conflicting interests which are beginning to disturb good relations be tween the united nations and are already being exaggerated by irresponsible american politicians these differences can be reconciled only if the peoples of the united nations and particularly the united states and britain are prepared to view them with enlightened good will and if the govern ments are prepared to advance even further in their collaboration by the conclusion of definite political agreements looking to the post war world it is to be hoped that the support given by under secretary of state sumner welles on february 12 to such agree ments is a move in this direction howarbd p whidden jr fair labor conditions in latin america required for war effort disquieting signs of unrest have recently appeared among the industrial workers of latin america in bolivia tin ore production was for a time hard hit by a strike in the mines and mexican workers en gaged in the mining of various strategic minerals have threatened to strike in order to gain higher wages fortunately these moves so far have not had any detrimental effect on the war effort of the united nations their possible resurgence repre sents a threat to the output of indispensable raw materials however and maintenance of peaceful relations between management and workers is as im portant for the war program in latin american countries as in the united states labor’s plight in latin america the situation of latin american industrial workers as a group is in no way comparable to that of workers in the united states generally speaking their level of existence is not much higher than that of peons or landless agricultural laborers few are organized along modern lines and the great major ity live on a mere subsistence level most of the bolivian miners are indians who dwell in mud huts without any kind of sanitation and without any for a description of the machinery set up in 1917 18 an appraisal of its value and an analysis of its breakdown with the coming of the armistice read why alllied unity failed in 1918 19 by howard p whidden jr 25c february 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5.00 to f.p.a members 3.00 heating in the bitter cold nights of the high andes they work 12 hours a day for wages that correspond to about 10 cents in american money unable to buy enough food for a decent diet they chew coca leaves containing a narcotic to keep themselves going dur ing their long working hours these low standards are by no means restricted to miners the workers employed in other bolivian trades are not much better off as figures taken from the official statistics recently published by the confederation of latin american workers indicate according to these cal culations the average purchasing power of workers in twelve standard trades represents only one twenty fifth of that of workers in comparable trades in the united states as a case in point a bolivian worker is able to buy only 14 ounces of bread with the money received for an hour's work while a cor responding united states worker can buy 18 pounds the situation in bolivia of course does not serve as an exact yardstick for the measurement of cond tions throughout latin america in several countries the standard of living especially of white workers is decidedly better moreover there are in all thes countries small numbers of highly skilled industria employees who receive relatively good pay but and large the income of the great majority of latil american workers and landless farm laborers group which may represent three fourths of the tot l population of our sister republics is too low to pet mit them to buy anything but the bare necessitit of life no entirely reliable study of the total income the 130 million latin americans has yet been made careful estimates however have fixed the over all figure at some 15 billion a year this represent o be mili ugh and tests be ing 1ans the y the view vern their itical to be eta ty gree jr rt ndes spond o buy caves x dur dards orkers much tistics latin cal orkers one trades ylivian 1 with a cor ounds t serve condi untries orkers these lustrial sut bf f latif rers 1 e total to pet essitié ome of made over all resent including the wealthy only slightly over 100 per rson by way of comparison the present national income of the united states is estimated at well over 100 billion for approximately the same number of ple even if war expenditures are eliminated and only civilian united states consumption estimated by the national resources planning board at 55 billion a year is taken into account the difference remains staggering increase in cost of living the cost of living which was already growing in latin america before the war has risen at a much higher pace since the outbreak of hostilities and the subsequent de dine due mostly to shipping difficulties of trade in commodities for civilian use wages however still lag behind thus aggravating the plight of the working classes figures published in january 1943 by the mexican miners and metallurgical workers union for instance show that wages in their in dustries have risen but 29 per cent since 1935 whereas the cost of living has risen 89 per cent should compensating increases in wages fail to be granted unrest among latin american workers will inev itably increase suspicion is already widespread that many industrial concerns are reaping a large harvest in dollars due to the demand for strategic materials while the workers are not benefiting from the war boom whether justified or not this impression can be eradicated only by fair treatment of the under privileged workers in these countries the recent dis patch of a united states commission to study labor conditions in bolivia is to be welcomed therefore as a step in the right direction on february 14 it was announced from la paz that the commission the f.p.a guadalcanal diary by richard tregaskis new york ran dom house 1943 2.50 an american reporter who landed on guadalcanal on august 7 with the first group of marines and remained there until late september tells the story of the early struggle with the japanese the author’s style is simple and direct and there is a minimum of emphasis on him self the picture of american fighting spirit and of diffi culties that had to be faced is impressive what about germany by louis p lochner new york dodd mead 1942 3.00 a distinguished american newspaper man who lived for twenty one years in germany fourteen of which he served as chief of the associated press in berlin makes no at tempt to underestimate the carefully prepared striking power of nazism at home and abroad at the same time he does not surrender the hope that the german people can be ultimately reintegrated into the community of nations page three had already obtained promises from corporation representatives to cooperate in the improvement of conditions of workers and from labor leaders not to interrupt the production of tin ore time for a constructive labor pol icy it is obvious that the time is ripe for the adop tion of a clear cut policy of protection for latin american labor working on united states orders the hundreds of millions of dollars of united states gov ernment money poured into the industrial deveélop ment of the western hemisphere in recent years must not contribute to widening the gap between the upper and lower classes in latin america on the contrary this money should be used to make pay ment of a living wage to the workers possible or even compulsory the need for establishing a sound labor policy now in conjunction with the wartime development of latin american industries whose products are needed by the war effort has been re peatedly stressed not only by labor representatives like vicente lombardo toledano head of the con federation of latin american workers but also by responsible statesmen of south america on janu ary 27 for instance dr eduardo santos former president of the republic of colombia declared that the exploitation of our wealth is not desirable in deed is not even admissible except so far as it in sures the benefit of the men and women of the whole of america effective support by the united states of the efforts of latin americans to improve their economic status will be of the greatest value in promoting hemisphere solidarity ernest s hediger bookshelf the consumer goes to war a guide to victory on the home front by caroline f ware new york funk and waenalls 1942 2.00 distraught purchasers trying to stretch the inelastic dollar find valuable suggestions on how to spend to their advantage while furthering the war effort american agencies interested in international affairs compiled by ruth savord new york council on foreign relations 1942 2.00 a timesaver for all who have spent hours hunting data in seattered sources the list of discontinued and dor mant groups is especially helpful negroes in brazil by donald pierson chicago university of chicago press 1942 4.50 a carefully documented and attractively written scien tific study of the negroes in brazil their life superstitions and relations with other races written by a professor of sociology foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 18 fesruary 19 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lest secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 one month for change of address on membership publications 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ee 81 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor a ge a serguecnetas ssesigecemeremeng tens i ae rea ty ay ethag hse a er ae oe a i ee oe fy eae ss ae tes a se ea ere ag ott washington news b ettez fes 15 when the united states entered world war i woodrow wilson in his message to congress of april 2 1917 proudly proclaimed that this coun try desired no conquest no dominion and in 1919 we offered one of the rare examples in history a nation emerging victorious from a great war without having been enriched by the acquisition of a single inch of territory it was the japanese who under a mandate from the league of nations ob tained the highly strategic caroline marianas and marshall islands from germany and later converted these pacific islands into powerful naval bases con trary to their pledge not to fortify them it is already abundantly clear that at the end of this war there will be no repetition on our part of the wilsonian spirit of self abnegation testifying before the house foreign affairs committee on feb ruary 9 secretary of navy frank knox recom mended that the united states start negotiations im mediately for complete post war control of island aerial and naval bases in the pacific we are not avid for more territory but we will be wise to in sist on complete control of a sufficient number of bases in the pacific to prevent another war of ag gression in the near future lend lease as lever mr knox declared that extension of the lend lease program on behalf of which he was testifying would be of material aid in obtaining such air and naval bases and urged that the subject be taken up with our allies now while we still have something to offer the sec retary did not specify what territories he had in mind but it is easy to surmise that he was thinking of the island bloc in the pacific consisting of the caroline marianas and marshall islands which stretching roughly 3,000 miles east and west by 1,000 north and south has become a veritable japanese gibral tar bristling with bases from which enemy naval and air squadrons sally forth to harass our far flung lines of communication it is also probable that mr knox has his eyes on the bonin group which lies about midway between japan and the mandated islands situated less than 600 miles south of tokyo and yokohama the bonin islands would provide an ad mirable jumping off place from which to bomb the japanese into submission in the event they tried to evade disarmament clauses of the future peace settle ment but it is not only of pacific bases that men in for victory washington are thinking these days two days after mr knox spoke senator millard e tydings of maryland rose in the senate to declare that britain as a token of gratitude for lend lease aid should transfer to the united states in fee simple the island bases in the western hemisphere built by this country on a 99 year lease basis in return for 50 over age destroyers under an agreement concluded early in september 1940 altough senator tyding’s speech was probably a trial balloon and was not immediately followed by legislative action more will certainly come of his proposal especially as hearty agreement with this democratic suggestion was expressed by republican leader senator charles l mcnary of oregon who said that now was the accepted time to approach our allies on the subject it is also worth noting that during this debate sena tor robert r reynolds of north carolina urged that the administration open negotiations for acqui sition of wrangel island from soviet russia whose claim to that arctic island officially raised in 1926 has never been recognized by our government to keep the war won president roose velt has more than once emphasized the point that when we have won the war we must keep it won this means that the victors must retain strategic naval and air bases all over the world if they are to see that there is to be no recrudescence of fascist ag gression the global character of this war has dem onstrated the vital importance to the security of the united states no less than britain of british con trol of such key points as suez gibraltar malta and singapore as well as the supreme need for our maintaining possession of the panama canal and the hawaiian islands some of these strategic points for example cer tain of the pacific islands and the west indies might be held in common by two or more of the united nations one port that seems destined to be governed by such a condominium is french ruled dakar on the hump of africa such a solution was suggested in the joint declaration issued by president roosevelt and president getulio vargas of brazil at their meeting at natal on january 28 when the two statesmen affirmed their determination to make sure that the coast of west africa and dakar shall never again under any circumstances be allowed to become a blockade or invasion threat against the two americas john elliott buy united states war bonds +led was lent azil the ake hall 1 to the foreign university of mich ann arbor feb 27 1943 entered as 2nd class matter veneral library an michizan policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 19 february 26 1943 struggle for national security threatens allied harmony as russia and china press for accelerated war ef forts on the part of britain and the united states whose forces meanwhile face a german offen sive in north africa discussions about the post war world enter a new phase stalin’s order of the day of february 22 on the twenty fifth anniversary of the red army in which he declared that russia is bear ing the whole weight of the war raises anew the question whether russia will claim a share in the post war settlement commensurate to its share in the wag ing of the war while the kremlin defines its terri torial expectations in europe the possibility looms that this country and britain in the absence of any of ficially formulated program of cooperation with rus sia may stake out their own territorial claims in such a way that should no international organization backed by a police force come into being at the close of the war they will have at least taken steps to achieve national security a glimpse of this policy was given by secretary of the navy knox on february 9 when in the course of testimony before the house foreign affairs com mittee he said that the united states must start im mediate negotiations for complete post war control of sufficient island air and naval bases in the pacific ocean to prevent japan from entering on another war of aggression in the future a similar view had been expressed earlier by senator tydings who con tended that the united states should assume full own ership of the bases in the atlantic which britain granted in 1940 on a 99 year lease in return for the transfer of 50 american over age destroyers the face is on once more between the possibility of achieving some form of international collaboration and the centuries old urge of national groups to seek the greatest possible measure of security for them selves irrespective of the needs and desires of others russia’s claims in eastern europe speculation in london and washington as to the kind of territorial settlement moscow might contem plate after the war was answered bluntly by a pravda editorial of february 5 whose author stated that russia has a legal claim to bessarabia and the baltic states estonia latvia and lithuania this claim rests in part on the historical ground that the four areas mentioned in the editorial had been for varying periods of time part of the tsarist em pire in 1918 however the soviet government sur rendered the baltic states as well as finland and russian poland under the treaty of brest litovsk imposed on russia by germany while bessarabia was seized by rumania one of the allied and asso ciated powers the legal basis of the soviet claim is that bes sarabia occupied by russian forces in 1940 over ru mania’s protest and the baltic states occupied by russian forces in 1940 on the ground that they were not complying satisfactorily with the terms of treaties under which they had agreed to let the soviet union use their air and naval bases voted in the course of plebiscites to enter the u.s.s.r estonia latvia and lithuania entered as soviet socialist republics while the major part of bessarabia was united with soviet moldavia into the moldavian s.s.r a somewhat similar procedure was followed in 1939 with respect to eastern poland which the russians had occupied following poland’s conquest by germany when po lish white russia was incorporated into the white russian s.r and polish ukraine was incorporated into the ukrainian s.r the pravda editorial makes no reference to eastern poland but that the poles have no illusions on this score was indicated by polish premier sikorski’s protest of february 21 against russia’s attempts to extend its influence over german occupied polish territory it is not yet clear whether once the finns declare themselves ready for peace negotiations the kremlin will again present demands for strategic bases sssss s sssss s page two in finland demands which in 1939 led to the out break of the first russo finnish war what the soviet government has made clear is that when it speaks of ejecting the german invaders from russian soil that soil includes bessarabia estonia latvia and lithuania in other words the fate of these terri tories according to the soviet point of view has al ready been settled and is not subject to discussion at a peace conference regardless of the fact that brit ain and the united states refused to recognize their incorporation into the soviet union and in the at lantic charter pledged themselves to restore self government to peoples deprived of it by force should britain and u.s challenge russia’s claims the position taken by the so viet government places britain and the united states in a difficult predicament it cannot be argued that the entire population of the areas occupied by the russians in 1939 40 welcomed incorporation into the u.s.s.r although a considerable proportion of workers and peasants did before holding pleb iscites the kremlin arrested or put into concentra tion camps many of those who for one reason or another were opposed either to the soviet system or to russian domination or both the long and the short of it is that the baltic peoples like the poles the finns the czechs and other national groups in europe have no desire to live under the control of any foreign state and want to achieve or maintain national independence their nationalism is in no whit diminished by the internal conflicts that do exist and will continue to exist among them conflicts of which in the past both germany and russia have tried to take advantage the crucial question is not whether these peoples prefer russia to germany or vice versa but how they can be assured independence in a world rent by recurring clashes between the great powers in whose path they happen to lie the only way their independence as national groups can even begin to be assured is through gtadual development of an international organiza tion which would have international police force at its command and could undertake to provide 4 modicum of political and military security as well as economic stability for all states large and small as long as such an international organization remains ed on paper all countries will have recourse to self help even though it has been abundantly proved that no nation no matter how powerful not even britain or russia or the united states can protec itself unaided against the industrial and military might of an aggressive country like germany 0 japan the scramble for strategic positions which now threatens to develop promises to become the more fierce the less hope there is of collaboration among the united nations in the post war period that mil itary force must be maintained by the united na tions is now generally agreed but will it be military force at the disposal and under the control of na tional states each seeking to assure its own security or will it be at the disposal and under the control of an international organization of which a political council formed today by the united nations could be the nucleus the only way in which britain and the united states can challenge russia's territorial claims is to indicate by concrete measures right now in the midst of war that they are willing to make adjustments necessary for the establishment of an international organization within whose framework national territorial and strategic interests could be subordinated to the need to assure security for all since the british and american governments how ever cannot act in a dictatorial manner and must consult public opinion on foreign policy it is essen tial that the public in britain and the united states through parliament and congress make known theit views concerning adjustments they are willing to have their countries make once the war is over vera micheles dean madame chiang arouses new concern over aid to china although allied military prospects have improved considerably in recent months chiefly because of the soviet winter offensive there still seems to be a lack of integration in fighting the war as a truly global struggle decisions reached at casablanca may greatly alter this situation but there are continuing problems of military and political cooperation that will apparently remain to plague the united na tions not least of all in the far east this is indi cated by the cautious and rather unenthusiastic re action of the chinese press to casablanca and by the statements of madame chiang kai shek in washington what does china want in her talks to the senate and house of representatives on febru ary 18 and her joint press conference with president roosevelt on the following day mme chiang men tioned several aspects of china’s dissatisfaction with the position assigned to it in the war effort of the united nations she asked for more supplies she expressed disapproval because the prevailing opit ion seems to consider the defeat of the japanese 4s of relative unimportance and that hitler is our first concern she spoke of her belief and faith that devotion to common principles eliminates differences in race and that identity of ideals is the strongest possible solvent of racial dissimilarities and she emphasized the necessity of taking concrete action to implement idealistic pronouncements there is some evidence that the quantity of sup iniza ce at ide 4 ell as ll as nains self roved even rotect litary 1 of now more mong t mil na itary f na curity yntrol litical ld be id the torial now make of an work id be yr all how must esseni states their ng to ar an sident men 1 with f the she opin ese as r first 2 that rences on gest id she action f sup lies flown into china has recently increased and that the lease lend administration is planning a greater effort to speed the flow the president has also promised that we will get more help to chung king as quickly as possible and that in the long run china will be the most important base of united nations operations against japan yet at present china is still receiving little and the problem re mains a serious one not only for military reasons but also because of its political repercussions within that country in this respect it is clear to all americans that more must be done to bolster the chinese front at the same time the chinese themselves must fight against internal weaknesses that have a debilitating effect on their war effort what else can we do mme chiang’s suggestion that japan is the major enemy is a criti dsm of the fundamental strategy of the united states great britain and the soviet union prime minister churchill and president roosevelt both committed themselves to a policy of placing major emphasis on the defeat of the nazis when they con ferred in washington at the end of 1941 soon after pearl harbor since casablanca they have reiterated this view and it is plain that the discussions in north africa resulted in plans first of all to crush the axis in europe not only is it highly unlikely that this fundamental policy will be abandoned especially after all the decisions that have been made but such achange does not appear to be in the interest of the united nations including china concentration of force against germany is neither the result of chance nor of narrow anglo american soviet self interest but represents the shortest road to victory every where it is necessary however that while stressing the defeat of germany at this stage of the conflict we and the british follow a policy of prosecuting the far eastern war as vigorously as possible and of preparing that area politically and militarily for the time when japan will be the primary front page three for a description of the machinery set up in 1917 18 an appraisal of its value and an analysis of its breakdown with the coming of the armistice read why alllied unity failed in 1918 19 by howard p whidden jr 25c february 15 issue of foreign polticy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5.00 to f.p.a members 3.00 political issues today conditions seem especially appropriate for ending the long period of discrimination against chinese wishing to immigrate to the united states not only is the existing inequal ity completely out of harmony with china’s position as a major ally but the whole policy of treating the chinese as inferiors under our laws of entry and citizenship has done us incalculable harm through out the orient as well as in china itself in a war which is being fought both for survival and for a better world chinese exclusion simply casts doubt upon all our good intentions and furnishes grist for the japanese propaganda mill it is therefore encouraging to learn that represen tative martin j kennedy of new york has intro duced in the house of representatives a bill to re peal these discriminations and to place the chinese under the same quota and citizenship regulations as other foreigners entering this country although military questions are of great importance to the chinese especially in view of current japanese ef forts to cross the salween river in yunnan province we must never forget that there are other issues that touch them closely america could hardly pay a greater tribute to its chinese allies and to their re resentative mme chiang than to follow up the retrocession of extraterritorial rights by the termina tion of exclusion lawrence k rosinger the twilight of france 1933 1940 by alexander werth new york harper 1942 3.50 a british reporter’s contemporary political record of the last years of the third republic the vichy régime is shown to be no accident of fate but the triumph of ideas and politicians present long before 1940 a good deal of fresh information dispassionately handled the ageless indies by raymond kennedy new york john day 1942 2.00 a fascinating account of the life of the 70 million in habitants of the netherlands east indies the author be lieves that after the defeat of japan there must be a rapid extension of self government in the islands while regretting that the war in the indies was fought by the dutch and the japanese over the indonesians not by the dutch and the indonesians against the japanese he holds that the dutch should play the major part in directing this post war reorganization glimpses of world history by jawaharlal nehru new york john day 1942 4.00 a survey of world history from primitive times until the present day written by the indian nationalist leader during three years in prison 1930 33 consisting of letters written to his young daughter this book sheds considerable light on the mind and philosophy of nehru foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 19 fepruary 26 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lest secretary vena michetes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 one month for change of address on membership publications 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year es 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter fes 23 not since papa joffre came to wash ington as a member of the french military mission in april 1917 has the emissary of any foreign gov ernment pleading for aid for his country obtained such a popular triumph as mme chiang kai shek received here last week her gracious and winning person ality conquered congress secured from president roosevelt a pledge that the united states would rush aid to china in 1943 as fast as the lord will let us and brought home to the american people as never before the significance of china’s role in this war it was probably not just a mere coincidence that while the wife of the chinese generalissimo was making her eloquent appeal in washington the japanese were opening what spokesmen in chung king said was an important military offensive large scale japanese attacks were started in four strategic areas in central southern and southwestern china and were coupled with the occupation of the french leased territory of kwangchowwan with its fine har bor in the southern part of the country these moves are perhaps aimed at preventing the use of china as a base for an aerial offensive against japan air offensive planned a decision to undertake such an offensive was apparently reached at the casablanca conference the president gave a hint of it in his speech to white house cor respondents on february 12 when he said that great and decisive actions would be taken to drive the invaders from the soil of china he added that important actions are going to be taken in the skies over china and over the skies of japan itself the action of the combined chiefs of staff in sending lieut general henry h arnold chief of the united states air forces to chungking immediately after the casablanca talks as the american member of an allied delegation to confer with generalissimo chiang kai shek on february 5 7 is regarded here as circumstantial confirmation of the belief that china will shortly become the base for offensive air opera tions against the japanese whether the allies are also in a position to under take a campaign to reopen the burma road now as the chinese are urging is more questionable the lack of adequate road communications and transports complicates the military problem and the advent in may of a heavy 7 month rainy season probably does not leave enough time to mount an offensive in burma before next autumn for victory importance of the burma road nevertheless the reconquest of the burma road ig as vital to the allies in this war as the establishment of communications with russia by opening up the dardanelles was to britain and france in world war i ever since the closing of this highway nearly a year ago china has been cut off from virtually all effective aid from its western allies as edward r stettinius jr lend lease administrator said in his report to congress on january 25 following the loss of burma shipments to china were reduced to a trickle carried principally by cargo planes from india of a total of 8,253,000,000 of lend lease aid given by the united states to our allies from march 1941 through december 1942 china received assistance only to the value of 156,738,000 partly owing to lack of foreign supplies inflation in that country is now increasing at a fantastic rate but while mme chiang kai shek’s appeal for in creased aid for her country is likely to receive a quick response she will probably be less successful in her challenge to the prevailing opinion of the anglo american high command which as she put it in her address to the house of representatives on feb ruary 18 considers the defeat of the japanese as of relative unimportance and regards hitler as the first concern her impressive warning about the danger of leaving japan in undisputed possession of the vast natural resources it has conquered during the past year to be a waiting sword of damocles ready to descend on the head of the united nations gives new emphasis to fears that have been voiced by joseph c grew our former ambassador to tokyo and by leading australians but the anglo american military leaders are acting on the sound military principle of concentrating on one foe at a time and the decision reached at casablanca to defeat hitler first is not one likely to be reversed even by mme chiang kai shek’s graceful eloquence john elliott fpa appears in march of time as an fpa member you will be interested to know that the latest issue of the march of time the new canada contains a sequence of brooke claxton’s speech made at the fpa luncheon discussion in new york on february 6 in connection with the canadian american institute arranged by the association the march of time also if cludes a shot of one of the institute’s round tables buy united states war bonds a te a a 2 fee 2 oe whit +anger f the ig the ready gives ed by tokyo erican ilitary e and hitler mme ott 799 4 ted to time ice of ncheon nection ved by iso im tables ds general library ann arbor mich entered as 2nd class matter mar 8 1943 ty sep ment 4 vliversity of michizan higan vo ehc rohs 1510 jc bh an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vol xxii no 20 marcu 5 1943 territorial controversies play into hands of nazis ae strong german resistance encountered by the russians in the donetz area gives more reality than could volumes of interpretation to stalin’s order of the day of february 22 to the red army which has provoked so much discussion on the question whether or not the russians would stop at the russo german border of 1941 or march on into german territory the blunt fact is that the soviet union is straining every ounce of manpower and economic resources to accomplish the primary task set by stalin and that is to eject the german invader from rus sian soil important as is the aid sent to russia by britain and the united states in the form of tanks airplanes guns and other armaments as well as some foodstuffs it cannot begin to replace the losses of industrial production food and raw materials suf fered by the u.s.s.r as a result of german invasion nor can these losses be rapidly made good even in territories re occupied by the russians where the ger mans have systematically destroyed human and ma terial resources second front demand revived the difficulties that confront the russians also give added emphasis to stalin’s continued pressure for the open ing of another front on the continent while the afri can campaign has caused the germans to divert a part of their airforce from the russian front it has not appreciably relieved the pressure of german land forces since marshal rommel appears to be operat ing in tunisia with a relatively small number of men and tanks and as in the past the necessity for an other front is dictated not merely by russia’s de mands but by the needs common to all the united nations of delivering a decisive blow at germany at the earliest possible moment it seems doubly unfortunate that at this critical juncture some of the united nations statesmen shou d find themselves preoccupied with questions of territorial settlement in europe which have received wide publicity and already threaten to create rifts between the us.s.r and its neighbors russia's claims to the allegiance of the inhabitants of eastern poland and reports from sources not officially indentified that poland has designs on soviet ukraine after the war brought a categorical protest on both counts from the polish government in exile on february 25 in a statement issued on that date the polish government declared that it maintains unchangeable the attitude that so far as the questions of frontiers between po land and soviet russia is concerned the status quo previous to september 1 1939 that is before the occupation of poland by germany and russia is in force and considers that any attempt to undermine this attitude which conforms with the atlantic char ter is detrimental to the unity of the allied nations in reply the soviet official news agency tass charged on march 2 that poland had imperialist aims and was misusing the atlantic charter to prevent the re union of white russians and ukrainians inhabiting poland with their blood brothers in the u.s.s.r dr benes program friction between po land and russia has had the result of making czecho slovakia reluctant to proceed with consideration of its previous plans for federation with poland the czechoslovak premier dr benes regards soviet col laboration with the allies as the cornerstone of post war europe and does not want russia to be alienated by controversies over territorial questions the soviet government for its part has stated that it recognizes czechoslovakia’s pre munich frontiers thus putting an end to reports that once the war is over it might claim ruthenia a section of pre 1939 czechoslovakia whose population is predominantly ukrainian in origin dr benes himself apparently believes that the post war settlement should be concerned primarily neither with the readjustment of territorial boun daries nor with the immediate formation of a euro ge ty pean federation his program as expressed in a state ment to the press on february 18 includes re estab lishment of the independent nations of central and eastern europe an agreement on their provisional frontiers to be reached by the united nations in ad vance of an armistice recognition of the need for a two or three year armistice period during which the final form of things can be arranged by ultimate settlement at the peace conference and wholesale ex changes of minority populations to end permanently the problem which proved so powerful a weapon in hitler's propaganda armory only after these ar rangements have been agreed upon and carried out does dr benes favor the establishment of central and eastern european federations or common wealths of homogeneous states the exchange of minority populations advocated by dr benes has as a matter of fact been already tried out in the most brutal possible form by the nazis while it is conceivable that wholesale trans fers of populations could be carried out after the war in a relatively humane way with safeguards for the protection of individual rights and property such ex changes threaten to perpetuate the chaos and misery that today overshadow the continent nor do they offer any clue as to how the transplanted minorities are expected to make a living in the country to which they are sent back perhaps after centuries of absence areca ee ls resurgence of nationalism the argu ments presented by poland and czechoslovakia indj cate that nationalist sentiment far from having been diminished by the need for international unity against hitler has been exacerbated at least so far as the governments in exile are concerned this is not sur prising since the very survival of the nations con quered by hitler depends in large measure on the preservation of their national identity under nazi rule there is no disguising the fact however that it plays directly into the hands of nazi propagan dists who are trying to create a split between rus sia and its western allies in the hope of effecting a separate peace with one or other group of anti nazi powers this makes it all the more neces sary that the united nations should without fur ther loss of time study and formulate their post war aims as suggested by under secretary of state sumner welles in his toronto address on febru ary 26 otherwise as mr welles pointed out there is danger that divergent views and policies may become crystallized to the detriment of the com mon war effort and to the detriment of efforts to bring about a peace that will be more than a brief and uneasy interlude before another even more hor rible and more destructive war devastates and de populates the world vera micheles dean lend lease renewal clears first hurdle in congress with a glowing tribute to the lend lease program as a vital factor in the inevitable victory of the united states and the united nations the house committee on foreign affairs unanimously recom mended on february 27 that congress give a one year extension to the present act which expires on june 30 lend lease has therefore cleared the first hurdle in the way of its renewal and although it is expected that some opposition will arise when the bill comes up for discussion in congress this week its passage is almost certain record of brilliant effectiveness in investigating the achievements of lend lease the house committee found that brilliant effectiveness had characterized its efforts to provide supplies to the allies although aid to china lagged seriously behind what kind of peace with non nazi germany should allies establish military administration will russia share in administration should germany be dismembered read what future for germany by vera micheles dean 25c february 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3.00 that to britain and the u.s.s.r during the last three months of 1942 alone the goods and services sent by lend lease to the 43 nations whose defense the pres ident has found vital to the united states had a mon etary value of 2,482,000,000 twice the total for all of 1941 and in the 22 months to december 31 1942 more than 8,253,000,000 worth of transfers have been arranged approximately one eighth of the total united states war expenditures during that period lend lease has therefore become a recog nized part of our mechanism for waging war another reason the congressional committee en dorsed lend lease with enthusiasm is that it is a re ciprocal arrangement whereby our allies have sup plied united states armed forces with great quan tities of food medical supplies equipment and ser vices on a lend lease basis and without payment of cash already this aid on the world’s various battle fronts has saved the united states millions of dollars in administration costs and even more important it has lessened the strain on precious shipping space closely related to new united nations offensives is the possible role of lend lease in carrying on relief work it is essential that the armies of the allies be ready to bring in their wake food and other basic supplies to the territories they occupy for the value of a quiet countryside to effective military action irgu indj been ainst the sur con 1 the nazi that gan rus cting anti eces fur post state ebru out licies com ts to brief hor d de an three nt by pres mon or all 1942 have f the that recog ee ef a fe sup quan d set ent of battle lollars ant it pace nsives relief lies be basic value action has been demonstrated in north africa in the period after hostilities cease too lend lease could be used jn arranging for the financing of relief supplies in this way avoiding the unfortunate experience of inter allied debts in world war i moreover as axis satellites drop out of the war it may prove necessary tocome to their aid if finland for example should seek a separate peace with the u.s.s.r its people will need grain from the united states and other united nations to replace supplies that germany is now furnishing threats to lend lease although the con tinuance of lend lease is virtually assured until mid 1944 the program may be seriously crippled before then and after that date its very existence may be threatened how precarious it may become has in fact been indicated by three trends that have ap peared during the past several weeks 1 the revolt in congress against administration measures threatens to hamper lend lease although as long as the war is in a critical stage opponents will probably confine themselves to introducing amendments that will curb rather than halt the pro gram one such anticipated amendment provides that congress should be given a voice in the settlement of lend lease accounts presumably in order to prevent the british for example from gaining advantage over us after the war in the field of commercial avia tion by means of our lend lease planes that such a restriction has as its object not the protection of fun damental american interests but a weakening of the act is indicated by the fact that the master lend lease agreements already provide for the return to the united states after the war of any cargo planes tanks ships and other equipment the president deems to be of use to the united states of america 2 as rationing in the united states becomes more severe in the months ahead public opposition may develop to the shipment of food under lend lease actually however most of our shortages are due to the needs of our armed forces and to the greatly increased purchasing power of the millions of workers in war industries by comparison lend lease has been responsible for but a small part of the drain om our foodstuffs only one per cent of canned vege tibles less than two per cent of canned fruits less than one per cent of butter and only a tenth of one per cent of coffee have been sent as lend lease sup plies foods shipped have been those which bulk small terms of shipping space and large in terms of pro tins and vitamins cheese lard dried milk and page three iain ae eggs and concentrated canned goods opposition to lend lease for relief may also arise if too much em phasis is placed on the necessity for the united states to feed the world after the war since such an under taking will require joint efforts on the part of the united nations and pooling of supplies from all over the world it is misleading to stress the food sacri fices that will be expected from the united states such statements threaten to endanger the life of an essential program 3 although government officials have repeatedly pointed out that the efforts of other united nations to bring about the defeat of the axis cannot be measured in dollars and cents many of our people still hope and believe that money will ultimately be paid for lend lease supplies as the amount of these transfers rises and it becomes increasingly apparent that cash returns will not be forthcoming it is pos sible that a disillusioned public may demand reduc tion of lend lease particularly when lend lease is assigned not to the task of destroying the axis but to the more prosaic task of affording relief to europe and asia to counteract these threats to the continu ance of lend lease it is essential that the real nature of its program as a weapon of war and peacetime re construction be given wider publicity winifred n hadsel fpa to broadcast on march 13 on saturday march 13 the foreign policy asso ciation will broadcast its third round table discussion over the blue network from 1 15 to 1 45 p.m the subject will be latin america’s role in post war reconstruction and the speak ers will include vera micheles dean with james g mcdonald as chairman all we are and all we have by generalissimo chi kai shek new york chinese news service 1942 cents speeches and messages of china’s leader from pearl harbor until mid november 1942 the riddle of the state department by robert bendiner new york farrar rinehart 1942 2.00 valuable and reasonably objective on organization and personnel of the department the early chapters on policy are rather thin and add little that is new brazil under vargas by karl loewenstein new york macmillan 1942 2.75 a comprehensive and outspoken account of government and politics in present day brazil foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 20 march 5 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lgsr secretary vera micheces dean editor entered as scond class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year me month for change of address on membership publications please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor bis washington news letter mar 1 in world war i it was the capitulation of a small country bulgaria on september 29 1918 that first heralded the collapse of the mighty german reich six weeks later it would be too much of course to expect that the defection of finland from its alliance with the axis would be followed by any comparable result now nevertheless the repercus sions of finland’s withdrawal from the war would certainly be considerable it might well lead to sim ilar action on the part of hungary and rumania and would greatly add to the discouragement of the ger man and italian peoples by giving them a clear real ization of their own impending and inevitable defeat the united states government has never aban doned the hope of eventually detaching the finns from their alignment with berlin through the lever of the traditional friendship between this country and finland consequently washington has never fol lowed london's example in breaking diplomatic re lations with helsinki in maintaining this attitude the administration has had the support of a large part of the american people who consider it one of the most poignant tragedies of the war that a liberty loving nation like finland should be ranged on the side of the axis hopes entertained here of detaching finland from the axis were considerably dampened by the declaration of president risto ryti of finland on his inauguration of a second term on march 1 that we cannot see any signs of an end to the war he repeated the official finnish thesis that the goal of finland does not go beyond security emphasizing that the finns do not want to take part in the conflict between the great powers any further than the achievement of this security makes necessary finns seek way out in the first pronounce ment by a united states official since the finnish pres idential election under secretary of state sumner welles voiced the hope on february 23 that the hel sinki government would cease giving effective mili tary aid to the mortal enemies of the united states and to the mortal enemies of exactly the kind of de mocracy and human liberty that the people of fin land have believed in and stood for this statement was made in answer to a question by a reporter ask ing whether this was an appropriate time for fin land to take some definite action to dissociate itself from the axis mr welles reply suggests a belief that the finnish people have been more anxious for peace than their government and that it is up to the new finnish cabinet to act more in harmony with for victory their aspirations there is plenty of evidence to show that the fings are already war weary and have become convinced by the recent series of russian victories that they haye backed the wrong horse in linking their fortunes with germany thus the finnish social democrats the largest political party in the country issued a mapi festo immediately after the election urging that fin land should maintain friendly relations with the united states and meanwhile be ready to withdraw from the war whenever its independence was assured although there is a substantial amount of truth in the finns contention that they have been fighting a separate war the task that confronts finland in ex tricating itself from the conflict is fraught with diff culties the two outstanding obstacles to finland's withdrawal from the war are the presence in northem finland of an estimated total of 100,000 german soldiers and the fact that finland is now dependent upon germany for its grain and other food supplies russian hostility unabated recent russian declarations do not encourage much ho of an early peace settlement in his order of the day of february 22 to the red army premier josef stalin listed karelia as one of the territories which russia must recover by force of arms the russians more over do not share the prevailing american view of president ryti’s liberalism in a broadcast on february 19 the moscow radio denounced the fin nish president as a staunch champion of the chau vinistic plans of a so called greater finland and an advocate of close alliance with the germans the atlantic charter to which the soviet govern ment subscribed on january 1 1942 expressly en joins its signatories from seeking territorial aggran dizement or from effecting territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned the downfall of nazi pow er would remove moscow's need for strategic st curity in the gulf of finland by which the krem lin justified its demands for viipuri and hango in 1939 provided and that is an important consider tion that britain and the united states are willing to collaborate with russia in a reconstruction of europt that would prevent the resurgence of germany the case of finland is thus a striking example of the urgent necessity for the united nations to find com mon denominators now as mr welles said in his toronto speech of february 26 joun exiott buy united states war bonds swt +inland’s orthern serman pendent upplies recent h hope the day f stalin 1 russia more view of cast on the fin 1e chau and an govern ssly en aggran ges that ishes of 1zi pow egic st krem ango in nsidera illing to europe ny the of the d com d in his liott ds hical roe penis 1 brary mich foreign u aiversity of mich mar 12 1943 entered as 2nd class matter igan ann arbor mich policy bubeeein an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 21 marcu 12 1943 china most likely front if japan plans major offensive lf the battle of the bismarck sea during march 2 4 had been simply a contest of opposing aircraft in which a numerically inferior american force lost only 4 planes while putting 102 japanese machines out of action the result could be considered an im pressive instance of the weakening of enemy air power the additional fact that 3 enemy cruisers 7 destroyers 12 merchant ships and some 17,000 troops and personnel were sent to the bottom trans forms the event into a major blow to japanese strategic plans and clearly contributes to the safety of australia the immediate objective of the ill fated japanese convoy was the reinforcement of lae northern new guinea base threatened by advancing united nations troops if successful the move would also have helped to protect rabaul key point on new britain which still remains beyond our grasp in addition it may have been intended as one step in the direction of australia will japan take the offensive pre dictions as to whether japan’s fundamental inten tions are offensive or defensive have been noticeably lacking in dispatches from australia and other far eastern areas since the beginning of the month gen eral macarthur’s communiqué of march 1 which warned of the growing reinforcement in all cate pories of enemy strength in the island perimeter enveloping the upper half of australia concluded in ambiguous fashion that japan was taking up a position in readiness beyond this all that is known publicly is that since the battle of midway early last june the japanese have made no major offensive move although they sought to retake guadalcanal and have made efforts to advance on new guinea and in china it has therefore been generally as sumed that their chief purpose is to consolidate as thoroughly as possible the vast territories they won 0 quickly in the months following pearl harbor a policy of consolidation is feasible as long as the united nations are limited to a war of mod erate attrition in the east but can the japanese con tinue their policy if in the next six or nine months the instruments of attrition airplanes ships sub marines are greatly augmented we are it is true quite properly concentrating our major force against germany but it is also more than likely that air transport into china will soon increase considerably and more warplanes will be made available for the chinese fighting front moreover with the end of the monsoon next fall a large scale invasion of burma may begin it would seem that if japan gen uinely expects such actions to take place it can hardly avoid planning anticipatory countermoves this spring or summer certainly it would be an illusion to think that japan has lost its offensive power the japanese ground forces may be stronger than before pearl harbor since their natural expansion should more than compensate for slight sacrifices of men and equipment during the past year the air force with out doubt has suffered much and is apparently seeking to avoid combat but this may indicate an intention to concentrate on a single strategic objec tive rather than to expend men and machines in dis persed contests as for the japanese navy despite serious setbacks it undoubtedly remains a powerful fleet capable of striking heavy blows these facts do not mean that japan necessarily has any intention of making a major move now but they suggest that some time before we are ready to take the offensive in asia the enemy may attempt a strong counterstroke on what front in view of the japanese defeat at midway and the resulting shortage of air craft carriers a drive against our positions in the central pacific seems unlikely if this is so a feint in the aleutian area can probably be discounted since such a move would have most meaning as the second arm of a pincers whose first arm was reach paetwo ing toward hawaii an attack in the aleutians might nevertheless be useful if japan were planning to strike at siberia but conditions for a campaign in northern asia appear definitely unfavorable in the south pacific the australian front seems reasonably safe especially since an enormous naval force would be required to hit at it directly while japan would probably hesitate to risk its fleet even though the air and sea forces ranged against it were numerically inferior offensive defensive blows in the south pacific cannot be ruled out there also remain as possible objectives india and china the latter being the primary united nations front in asia since it alone apart from siberia can bring us into contact with the mass of the japanese army and give us land bases close to the japanese homeland not only would japanese action on the mainland be far easier than a cam paign in the waters of the south pacific but a drive against eastern india would if successful cut off allied air aid to china and destroy for a long time all possibility of a large scale reinvasion of burma designed to reopen the burma road yet the strength of india’s defenses has increased markedly in the past year despite the difficulties of the politi cal situation and the beginning of the monsoon season in may will create conditions unfavorable for an offensive on either side moreover in view of the present isolation of the china front the objec tives of a campaign in india in so far as an effect on chungking is sought can perhaps be achieved more cheaply by action in china itself the danger to china if as seems quite likely japan expects that it may ultimately have to withdraw from important island bases in the south pacific no compensatory move could be of greater value than an effort to deprive the united nations of the china front although it is true that at the moment the japanese appear to have been pushed back in their effort to cross the salween river jg yunnan province the danger to china remains grave it is no secret that the chinese military front has deteriorated considerably in recent years so that japan now maintains less than half a million troops there and not all of these may be indispensable as compared with perhaps a million in the earlier years of the far eastern conflict the decline is also indicated by political tension within china as well as by the weakened physical condition of many chinese troops some of the causes are well known the cutting off of china from sources of foreign supplies plus the erosive effects of five and a half years of japanese invasion it must also be admitted that certain shortcomings of chinese political and economic policy have had serious results nor is it by any means clear despite the genuine difficulties faced by chungking that in one or another sector the equipment present might not permit a more aggressive military program what is required is an increasingly vigorous effort on the part of the united nations to help china combined with chinese determination to surmount many heartbreaking obstacles and to strengthen their front from within a double effort of this type can thwart possible japanese plans to destroy chinese resistance in a period when the promise of outside aid is growing brighter lawrence k rosinger vast rehabilitation tasks will confront united nations as new air blows are inflicted on the nerve centers of europe in preparation for invasion there is in creasing need for the allies to adopt practical plans for future relief and reconstruction in the liberated countries at the end of this war starving popula tions will have to be fed millions of men and women driven from their homes will want to return indus what is the trend of public opinion in canada on post war problems do canadians think inter national political collaboration essential do they understand the economic issues at stake are they ready to join the pan american union do they want to break their tie with britain read what canadians think about post war reconstruction by 5 prominent canadian editors march 1 issue of forrign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 tries will have to be rebuilt or reorganized for peace production and the output of field and factories will have to be expanded to absorb the millions of re leased soldiers and war workers before the final victory of the democracies some of these problems will emerge on a smaller scale in territories gradu ally liberated from the nazi yoke the united na tions cannot therefore afford delay in drawing up plans for post war economic reconstruction for it is largely on their shoulders that this colossal burden will rest moreover establishment of a well planned large scale relief action may be one of the most ef fective ways of easing the transition from war to post war economy relief measures the first job facing the vic tors on every front and especially in europe will be that of providing the peoples of the liberated terti tories with sufficient food to insure their progressive physical recuperation after years of inadequate diet the fulfillment of this task is so urgent that it will south eater tions t the ished er in naings front that roops ble arlier nsion ysical f the china rosive asion mings had espite lat in might gram effort hina nount gthen s type hinese utside ger ss peace 5 will of re final blems pradu d na ng up yr it 1s yurden anned ost ef var to he vic will be 1 terri ressive re diet it will have to precede all political reorganization and at first will have to be dispensed by the advancing mili tary units themselves then in the second stage this program should be administered by an agency espe cially equipped for large scale service such as the office of foreign relief and rehabilitation opera tions set up in the united states in november 1942 or a future united nations relief council preparations for carrying out this job competently started many months ago in washington and lon don an inter allied relief committee represent ing great britain and the governments in exile was established in the british capital in september 1941 the head of this committee sir frederick leith ross spent some time in washington last summer and presumably laid the foundations for an over all united nations relief organization director leh man has stressed the fact that the present united states relief agency is only the nucleus of what is hoped will soon be a full fledged united nations agency with representatives from all the nations concerned on its governing body and administrative staff negotiations to this end have already been started through the state department with the interested allied powers an unofficial washing ton dispatch of march 4 1943 further suggests that the contemplated united nations relief council may be headed by ex governor lehman with sir frederick as its first technical officer meanwhile comprehensive studies of the probable needs of the countries now under axis domination are being made and special supplies of food and medicines are being stored at convenient points in the old as well as the new world in preparation for the day when they can be used in a zone under allied military control in these future operations the practical ex perience the allies have gained in aiding foreign populations in north africa during the past few months will stand them in good stead toward a post war economic coun cil when the war is won the next logical step would be development of this inter allied relief or ganization into a central world food pool in which all nations victor and vanquished would participate it would be a mistake to believe that the united states alone assuming even the best will on the part of the american people could feed all the undernourished peoples of the world food produc tion cannot be accelerated at the same rate as that of industrial goods and although the united states is one of the richest agricultural countries it could page three a s emeenanetill at best feed only a small part of the world’s popu lation of over two billion if international relief is to work at all it will require the participa tion of all the other large food producing united nations plus the pooling of the food output of the liberated countries such a world system might well be based on principles similar to those adopted for wartime lend lease even after the immediate problem of relief is met the need for preventing starvation in some parts of the world while there are huge surpluses in others will require world wide control of food that the establishment of such a plan is under way was indicated by president roosevelt's announcement on february 23 that a preparatory united nations conference on post war world food problems would be held in the near future on march 1 acting secretary of state sumner welles elaborated on the president’s statement by declaring that the meeting would propose a program for discussions among the allied countries with a view to the creation of a permanent international agency no specific state ments have yet been released regarding the agenda of the conference it can be assumed however that preparations are already well under way and that this meeting may represent the first public step to ward the establishment of a joint united nations economic council the existence of such a central agency might well pave the way when the time comes for the permanent and binding world wide economic cooperation which the versailles peace settlement neglected to provide ernest s hediger the first of a series of four articles on post war economic reconstruction political handbook of the world edited by walter h mal lory new york harpers for the council on foreign relations 1942 2.50 valuable guide to governments parties leaders and press of all countries this revision includes such details as texts of vichy constitutional acts and a list of ger many’s territorial accessions slaves need no leaders by walter m kotschnig new york oxford university press 19438 2.75 after surveying education in europe between the two world wars and analyzing the impact of nazism on ger man institutions of learning dr kotschnig professor of comparative education at smith college urges the im mediate adoption of plans for post war education on demo cratic lines he advocates the establishment of an interna tional educational agency one of whose tasks would be to assist the efforts of german teachers to re educate their own people but opposes any attempt by the united na tions to direct or supervise german education after the war foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 21 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y second class matter december 2 ote month for change of address on membership publications march 12 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera miche.es dagan editor entered as 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 association incorporated national three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor is washington news letter march 9 the disclosure by carlton j h hayes u.s ambassador to madrid in a speech at barce lona on february 26 that this country has been ex porting oil cotton food and other products in con siderable quantities to spain certainly fluttered the congressional dovecotes senator robert r rey nolds of north carolina chairman of the senate military affairs committee called it a damned out rage and there was talk for a while of a congres sional inquiry into the matter it is unfortunate that the government is at a dis advantage as compared with its critics in that in the midst of the war it cannot show its hand without giving away the game one thing however can be confidently affirmed the so called appeasement policy toward spain is not a plot on the part of a handful of reactionary pro fascist functionaries in the state department to prop up a tottering franco régime it is a policy which has been approved by the joint chiefs of staff as well as president roose velt and has in addition the support of the british government it is dictated by economic military and political considerations alike why we play ball with franco act ing secretary of state sumner welles pointed out in a statement to the press on march 1 that commerce with spain is a two way trade and that there are certain spanish commodities which are needed in our war effort they include such goods as cork wolfram zinc iron pyrites woolen goods and dried fruits while the british are in the market for high grade bilboa iron ore some of these products we want for ourselves and others just to keep them from falling into german hands last winter when exports of petroleum products from the united states were cut off and spanish ships had ceased calling at american ports our trade relations with spain nearly reached the vanishing point but in the past year thanks largely to the efforts of the board of eco nomic warfare a considerable exchange of goods beneficial to both countries has developed the military argument for the government's span ish policy was pithily put by senator lister hill of alabama democratic whip who declared if we can save the lives of american boys by the shipment of goods to spain i'm for shipping the goods trade with spain is designed to strengthen franco's attitude of neutrality by providing him with com modities spain desperately needs such as oil ma chinery and railway equipment which would be for victory automatically cut off if his country became involved in the war left to himself franco it is believed here will re main neutral nobody in washington of course is under any illusion as to where el caudillo’s sym pathies lie his ideological affinities with the axis have often been proclaimed and are indeed implicit in the nature of his régime these factors nevertheless were not powerful enough to induce franco to go to war in the av tumn of 1940 when hitler seemed an almost certain victor they are hardly likely to prevail now when it is clear even to the germans that the best their fuehrer can hope to get out of this war is a stale mate the experience of mussolini in plunging his country into war in the expectation that he was getting on the winning bandwagon will certainly serve as a caution to the spanish dictator the iberian pact the belief that the span ish government intends to keep out of war was con firmed last december when general de jordana who succeeded serrano sufier as foreign minister in sep tember concluded his iberian neutrality pact with premier oliveira salazar of portugal the spanish foreign minister stressed the fact that the purpose of the diplomatic adjournment was the strengthening of iberian neutrality this statement was taken at its face value in washington where elmer davis who as head of the office of war information is probably the best informed man on the subject here declared on december 23 that all the evidence indicates that the spanish government is quite sincere in its desire to remain neutral and collaborate with portugal in an iberian bloc outside the war whether franco would put up even a token re sistance if hitler were to order his nazi panzer divisions now massed on spain's northern frontier to enter that country is a different matter it is here that the political aspect of the united states gov ernment’s policy of sending supplies to spain enters it is hoped that the food and fuel we are sending will win the good will of the spanish people so that if and when american armies are obliged to enter spain to resist nazi troops they will have the sup port and cooperation of the spaniards this policy is frankly a gamble but washington considers the quantities of food and fuel involved a small risk com pared with the immense stakes at issue john elliott buy united states war bonds +span s con who 1 sep with panish ose of ing of at its who obably clared 2s that desire gal in en fe panzer ontier is here s gov enters ending that enter 1 sup policy ers the k com iott ds general library ent r lass basten university of michigan ann arbor kichiggnp riguical kuve foreign m wed general library univ of mich moro 1518 js bay an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vor xxii no 22 marcu 19 1943 plain talk essential to inter allied understanding he efforts of the united nations to find what mr welles in his toronto speech called com mon denominators have been given new emphasis by mr eden’s arrival in washington on march 12 which coincided with somewhat conflicting state ments of american officials regarding russia and with general giraud’s algiers speech of march 14 as the war drags on in europe and asia the allies begin to realize with increasing clarity that political strategy is not only as necessary to victory as mili tary strategy but also requires infinitely greater skill in the adjustment of conflicting interests in north africa as in the vaster and more complex battle ground of the european continent the united na tions are learning that reconciliation of divergent interests through negotiation is far more difficult than the imposition of a given set of conditions by force but potentially far more lasting conflicts bound to occur the point too often neglected by those who like to indulge in the pleasant pastime of spinning world utopias is that nations which after all are nothing but ag glomerations of human beings do conflict and will continue to conflict with each other on many issues whether these issues are real or figments of the imagination is irrelevant since the ideas one nation forms of another are sometimes just as potent in creating trouble as actual grievances to maintain peace it is mot necessary to avoid conflicts that would in any case be humanly impossible what is necessary is to find ways of adjusting these conflicts so far as possible by peaceful means instead of by resort to force or threat of force such adjustment however usually depends on achieving workable compromise between divergent points of view yet unless we succeed in developing in relations between nations the democratic process of give and take the united states will have no choice except armed isolationism or armed imperialism which as a matter of fact represent two sides of the same policy the policy of playing a lone hand in one respect such a course is admittedly easier to follow than the path of collaboration it spares this coun try the need to cope with the innumerable difficul ties misunderstandings and frustrations that are part and parcel of any attempt to work with other people but the cost of such a course in terms of lives ma terial and money is demonstrated all too clearly by a war which the united states had hoped to avoid through independent action and which it now finds it can win only through cooperation with other nations frank discussion required a working compromise on the issues that divide the united na tions however can come only as the result of frank and sincere discussion of their respective points of view such discussion so far as russia is was started by vice president wallace’s speech of march 8 in delaware ohio and admiral standley’s astringent remarks in moscow on the same day regarding the alleged failure of the soviet govern ment to inform the russian people of the scope and character of american aid to the u.s.s.r while in both instances the official spokesmen aroused con siderable criticism in this country their statements appear to have cleared the way for realistic appraisal of the problems that have beset or may beset soviet american relations while admiral standley exaggerated perhaps pur posely the silence of the soviet government on war material received from the united states the krem lin which definitely prefers blunt language to diplo matic verbiage lost no time in rectifying the omis sions noted by the american ambassador at the same time it cannot be stressed too often that sub stantial as is the number of american tanks planes and trucks delivered to the soviet battlefronts it cannot be balanced off in any bookkeeping fashion against russia’s tremendous losses in manpower ___ zsa a aana naanaa_ae ____ s pave tu it is true that russia has suffered these losses not because of any initial determination on its part to aid the united states which was not yet at war when russia was invaded but because of the im perative need to defend its own territory and na tional existence but neither did the united states enter the war to save britain and russia all of the united nations are fighting out of self interest to achieve national survival there is nothing discred itable about that in fact the most promising way to go about preparing for post war reconstruction is to build on the self interest which we must hope will prove enlightened of all the nations concerned we must never forget that the first impulse for the creation of the state sprang from the need of indi viduals to achieve greater protection for their lives than they could obtain through their own unaided efforts fear of anti soviet bloc but much as the washington administration may have been troubled by stalin’s insistence that russia alone is bearing the brunt of the war the soviet govern ment in turn has been troubled by the suspicion that the united states is keeping a weather eye on the possibility of some post war settlement that would leave russia isolated from europe to put the matter as frankly as possible the impression has arisen and needs to be dispelled if it is incorrect that religious and political groups in the united states while completely united with the rest of the country in their desire for a defeat of germany at the same time fear the consequences of a russian victory some fear the spread of the soviet political and eco nomic system others the effect that russia’s victory would have on the future of organized religion for example since many catholics in europe and in the western hemisphere have in the past particularly opposed the anti religious crusade of the kremlin the current hostility toward russia is traced in part rightly or wrongly to some catholic elements this suspicion has seemed to have been strengthened ip recent weeks by the activities of american diplo mats and churchmen in madrid and rome by the favor shown in this country to german catholic leaders and to the hapsburgs and by the belief that the vatican might play an important part in anticipated peace moves for elimination of italy from the war these misapprehensions to which mr wallace may have been alluding when he spoke at a method ist conference of double crossing russia cannot be effectively met either by official blanket denials or by wholesale denunciation of the catholic church it would be wholly unrealistic for the united states which has millions of catholics among its own pop ulation to disregard or minimize the influence ex erted by the vatican in latin america as well as in many countries of europe notably france bel gium germany spain portugal and italy one of the reasons why we are fighting this war is that we prefer to live not in a totalitarian world but in a world whose very multiplicity of interests beliefs and origins constantly enriches human civilization it would be just as unrealistic even if it were prac tically possible to isolate the vatican from world affairs in order to reassure russia as it would be to isolate russia in order to reassure the vatican vera micheles dean nazi economic penetration poses complex problems the distribution of immediate relief to the lib erated countries will be only one of the tasks await ing the allies when war ends another even more difficult to tackle will be untangling the snarls in the financial industrial and business life of continental europe caused by three years of nazi occupation from france to the ukraine the nazis for a study of the problems which will confront any united nations relief council and six essential principles of relief planning for an effective re habilitation policy in the countries freed from axis control read us relief for europe in world war i by winifred n hadsel 25 march 15 issue of foreign polticy reports reports afe issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 have seized europe’s industrial and financial ma chine adapting it to their own needs and running it to their sole advantage it is no exaggeration to say that today in all the occupied countries there is hardly a single important enterprise which is not in some way tied to german war production technique of nazi penetration only in a few cases have the nazis taken over foreign business interests through straight expropriation al though confiscation was widely applied in the pri marily agricultural countries of eastern europe notably poland this was not the general rule in the industrially more advanced nations of northern and western europe there economic assets such as factories utilities banks and business houses have not as a rule been openly commandeered but quietly bought up with funds extorted from the collaborationist governments the system usually adopted is simple the conquerors saddle the van guished countries with a levy supposedly correspond for 1 the larly niin part this d in liplo y the holic relief rt in from illace thod annot nials yurch tates pop e x ell as bel ne of at we t in a reliefs ation prac world be to 3an ma inning ion to here is not in only oreign yn al he ptt jurope ule in rthern such houses ed but ym the usually 1e vati spond ing to the cost of maintaining the nazi army of oc cupation in practice these occupation costs have been fixed far above the actual expenditures of the occupying army as a case in point france the big gest single contributor tothe nazi war chest has id so far 300 million french francs a day while the actual cost of occupation to germany is reliably evaluated at less than a third of that amount a simi lar situation prevails in other countries occupied by germany the substantial difference between actual and imposed costs is used by the nazis to purchase forcibly all kinds of goods services and securities while these operations respect the outward forms of legality they have the great advantage of not costing germany anything the necessary funds are provided in national currency by the puppet governments at the expense of their own people besides draining the occupied countries of their commodities the nazis with the same funds bought their way into every important european industry either by acquiring shares or subscribing to addi tional issues forced on the non german enterprises the creation of this web of financial control has been accompanied by a tremendous extension of activities on the part of the main german banks new branches have sprung up all over europe and thousands of german authorized agents have been placed in the firms to assure their integration into nazi war production as a result of these developments the industrial fabric of europe is now thickly interwoven with german interests original stocks and securities have been watered by new issues bought and sold signed over and revalued and corporations have been di vided merged or transferred under german compul sion to such an extent that any attempt to restore the pre war state of affairs seems hopeless although the governments in exile are working hard to follow these transfers of ownership they know that at best they can keep only a partial record can german influence be eradi cated at this stage it is not yet clear what means the allies will employ to eradicate german influ ence from the economic life of liberated europe except for the january 5 declaration of sixteen allied governments warning the neutral countries that transfers of dispossessed property will be de dared invalid no definite working plan has yet been made public by the united nations in a mall number of clear cut cases it might be pos ible to restore property to pre war owners but page three in most cases the question of bona fide ownership will be much too complex for quick settlement and disputes between successive possessors will call for court decisions in any case as the london economist declares things have reached such a state that to try to dissolve these economic marriages would not represent a wise solution however great the duress under which some of the parties consented at the root of this problem is the fact that the monetary compensation received willingly or not by former titleholders was provided at the expense of the nation as a whole in the last analysis it is the people of each invaded country who have paid by their privations and sufferings for german pur chases and industrial investments it would there fore appear that the fairest solution would be to give the disputed enterprises in trusteeship to public agencies at least temporarily to be run for the common good moreover industrial equipment in occupied countries previously used to produce war goods for germany may have to be dismantled or transformed for peacetime output under united na tions supervision and german heavy industry per manently controlled or internationalized in order to prevent its use for war purposes it has also been suggested that after victory all nazi property for cibly acquired inside as well as outside germany notably the acquisitions of huge corporations such as the herman goering werke i g farben and kon tinentale oel a g be turned over to the united nations to solve any or all of these problems some kind of united nations economic authority will have to be set up such an agency may ultimately emerge from the discussions on economic problems now in progress in washington between high representatives of the united nations ernest s hediger the second of a series of four articles on post war economic reconstruction make this the last war by michael straight new york harcourt brace 1943 3.00 a demand that the united nations strike as a militant liberal force against the danger of bringing only victory out of the war a book devoted to basic principles rather than specific blueprints for peace italy from within by richard g massock new york macmillan 1948 3.00 former chief of the ap’s rome bureau describes italy under german control vivid and anecdotal conversation in london by stephen laird and walter graebner new york william morrow 1942 1.50 an enlightened little book comparing conditions in war time britain and germany presented as a dialogue be tween two correspondents of time magazine poreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 22 marcu 19 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lust secretary vera micuates dean editor entered as scond class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least te month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor ss washington news letter mar 15 the movement for increased coopera tion among the united nations in planning the post war world took definite shape last saturday with the arrival of anthony eden british foreign sec retary in washington it was perhaps not wholly fortuitous that it coincided over the weekend with the disclosure that a group of senators were sponsor ing a nonpartisan resolution urging that the united states take the initiative in calling a conference of the united nations not only to set up machinery for the settlement of international disputes but also to create a world police force against aggression but the first step to be taken to attain allied unity of purpose and action must be the elimination of the mutual distrust now existing among the united nations no man is better qualified for such a task than the present british foreign secretary whose past record as a statesman has made his name a symbol for the policy of collective security hitler’s game premier neville chamber lain’s dismissal of eden as foreign secretary on feb ruary 20 1938 heralded the ascendancy of the policy of appeasement which found its culmination seven months later at munich when britain and france sacrificed czechoslovakia to hitler to avert war most disastrously of all the seeds of distrust were sowed between the western democracies and russia when russia the military ally of france was deliberately ignored in the munich settlement the consequence was that the soviet government lost faith in the league and the policy of collective security its counterpart to the dropping of eden was the replacement of maxim litvinov by molotov as soviet foreign minister in may 1939 as munich was the sequel to the first event so the russo german non aggression pact of august 1939 which precipi tated world war ii was the result of the second hitler’s old game of conquering by dividing his ene mies which he had so often and so successfully em ployed against his domestic foes now brilliantly worked in the international field today the fuehrer’s only hope of winning the war still lies in the growth of dissension among the allies it was feared by some in washington that the outburst of admiral william h standley our ambassador in moscow on march 8 against the so viet government's policy of keeping news of ameri can aid from the russian people might have an ad verse effect on the prospects of the bill to prolong the life of lend lease by one year but this vital leg islation was adopted by the house on march 9 a vote of 407 to 6 by the senate the following by 82 to 0 and was signed by the president the same day the second anniversary of the passage of the original lend lease act much more serious were the implications in the warning given by vice president henry a wallace in his speech at delaware ohio on march 8 agains the united states trying to double cross russia the lesson of 1919 mr wallace did not amplify his remarks but one way of double cross ing russia would be for the united states to evade its responsibility for the maintenance of world peace as it did after the last war when the senate refused to ratify the treaty of versailles the french cer tainly felt they had been duped when they gave up the substance of the occupation of the left bank of the rhine for the hope that proved vain of an ameri can guarantee against future german attack many senators looking to the future are devising plans to prevent a repetition of the conflict between the executive and the legislature that wrecked woodrow wilson’s peace settlement in 1919 sena tor alexander wiley of wisconsin has offered 3 resolution to set up a foreign relations council con sisting of the secretary of state the chairmen and ranking minority members of the senate and house committees on foreign affairs and such additional senators as the president may designate to act as 4 permanent liaison body between the two branches of the government sunday a group of six democratic and republi can senators conferred with president roosevelt on a resolution they propose to introduce which would put the senate on record in support of detailed plans of cooperation including american participation it an international army to suppress a future attempt at military aggression by any nation while the president favors the general principle of interns tional cooperation after the war he is understood to have been lukewarm to the idea of provoking a bit ter fight in the senate just now with the isolationists but even if they do not lead to immediate concrett results both the eden conversations in washington and the senatorial discussions if constructive should go a long way toward converting the united nations from a mere label into a political reality indispensable guaranty not only for military victoy over the axis but for the winning of the peat john elliott for victory buy united states war bonds t t +fol wl 9 it ge of fos in the allace gainst ussia id not ctoss evade peace efused ch cer ave up ank of ameti evising etween yrecked sena ered a il con en and house ditional uct asa ches of epubli svelt on would d_ plans ation in attempt rile the interna stood to ig a bit tionists concrete shington uctive united reality y victory e peace liott 1ds ns periovical rosa genfral library myev of mich mar 26 1943 entered as 2nd class matter general library university of michigan ann arbor michizan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 23 march 26 1943 public opinion ready for adoption of post war principles he ball burton hill hatch resolution taken to gether with mr eden’s visit to the united states and mr churchill’s radio address of march 21 have raised the question of the extent to which it is ad visable to define post war plans while the outcome of the war remains in the balance british spokesmen appear to agree with american officials that it would be both impossible and undesirable to postpone consideration of the post war settlement until the war has been won where there appears to be dif ference of opinion among both the british and the americans is as to the scope that discussions should be encouraged to take at this particular time generalities or details it is of course true that to formulate all details of a post war settle ment in advance when we have no clear idea of the kind of world we shall face after the war is not only premature but might actually jeopardize the prosecution of the war at the same time it is also tue that people throughout the world are weary unto death of platitudes about international collab oration and long to know more concretely what specific measures can or should be taken to avoid the recurrence of catastrophic conflicts and especially how post war developments will affect their own lives and those of their children can a middle course be found between empty generalities which because of their very vagueness arouse neither opposition nor support and a bill of particulars which would arouse untimely controversy perhaps a beginning might be made by seeking agreement on a few major principles which will be needed as underpinning for any effective interna tional organization whatever the exact form it may take once the war is over some of these principles are gradually emerging from the speeches of united nations officials and from public discussions in coun tties which still enjoy freedom of expression among them the following are the most important need for regional as well as world organization the belief is gaining ground that valuable as the experience of the league of nations undoubtedly is mere restoration of the league would not serve to stabilize the world in stead people are thinking in terms of regional or conti nental federations for europe asia and the western hemisphere which would be both ready and able to act on matters affecting the given region or continent but would be linked together into a world organization endowed with authority to act on matters affecting the world as a whole for example a major conflict in any region such a it is believed would be more flexible than the league of nations and at the same time would encourage a stronger sense of responsibility on the part of the various nations concerned rights of small nations must be respected such re gional or continental federations however should not be come a screen for attempts by any one of the big four china russia britain or the united states to dominate the areas over which they might have a special influence after the war or to create a new intercontinental balance of power mr churchill strongly emphasized the point some times overlooked in the united states that the small na tions of europe must play an important part in post war reconstruction no nation can expect utopia while the rights of all nations large and small should be respected no nation as mr churchill pointed out can expect complete fulfill ment of all its hopes and aspirations this point must par ticularly be borne in mind by the new national states formed in europe after 1919 which as a result of their belated uni fication and their centuries long efforts to resist the en croachments of powerful neighbors have tended at times to be more intransigent than older and more stabilized nations no territorial aggrandizement for any one if the united nations are agreed as would be indicated by their adherence to the atlantic charter that they have no de sire for territorial aggrandizement then no exception should be made to a one no matter how convincing a case can be presented by any one of the united nations on its own behalf the controversy precipitated by the london times editorial of march 10 concerns the possibility that britain might be willing to let russia have a free hand to asure its territorial security in eastern europe such a move would merely open the floodgates for similar territorial de mands by others among the united nations the answer to all demands for territorial security should be made not by satisfying piecemeal the particular claims of each nation but by ee ar efforts to achieve international security through co ion between nations it might be recalled that it was only after the breakdown of collective security at munich that russia demanded the baltic states as the any assistance it might have given poland against y international organization mast have force at its dis posal there is overwhelming agreement today that no inter national organization will prove effective unless it has force at its di the exact details of how an international force might be formed and used need not be settled in ad vance but of this principle would give substance to any blueprint of world organization relief no substitute for reconstruction there is a tend ency in the united states to believe that it will prove enough to ship food should food be available at the end of the war or to sign checks in order to effect the rehabilitation of europe and asia that obviously would be the easi est way out but an unconstructive way that would con tribute little to world stabilization money given to relief agencies no matter how generously cannot bring the dead back to life or assure a normal future to undernourished children or erase from the mind of europe’s surviving memories of the horrors and brutalities they ave witnessed a much harder but far more constructive page two a approach to post war planning is not to concentrate merely on relief of the victims of war but to prevent recurrence of wars in the future most of the ideas discussed above find expression in the resolution drawn up by senators ball burton hill and hatch by crystallizing the feelings of the american people on the major issues of international relations the four senators have provided a basis op which the united states in partnership with the other united nations could subsequently proceed from the general to the particular while some per sons in the administration may fear that senate dis cussion of this resolution at the present time might do more harm than good a public debate on the subject would at least have the good effect of clear ing the atmosphere it might also turn out to justify the views of those who after observing public opin ion throughout the country believe that in this in stance the american people are ready to go much further in the direction of international collaboration than they are sometimes given credit for in new york and washington vera micheles dean can depression after the war be avoided reconstruction tasks infinitely greater than those arising from previous conflicts will confront the united nations at the close of the war even now with victory still a long way off damage by daily bombings and other military operations far surpasses the total devastation wrought by world war i accompanying this material destruction are wide spread starvation and complete collapse of the na tional economies of a score of formerly independent countries now under enemy occupation when the fighting ceases reconstruction on an unheard of scale will be imperative if anything approaching normal life is to be restored in countries destroyed by war transition from war to peace outstanding among the measures to be taken will be reconversion of industrial plants to peace time production rebuilding of devastated regions and repatriation or permanent settlement of refugees and other displaced human beings all of these steps america's battlefronts where our fighting forces are 25c the atest headline book for every one who has a husband brother son or friend in the armed forces it tells you the things you want to know about the many countries where our men are stationed from iceland to the caribbean from the southwest pacific to north africa order from foreign policy association 22 east 38th street new york will present difficult problems none however im possible of solution given the huge technical facili ties of an age in which mass production methods improved by wartime exigencies are at the disposal of mankind all have a common denominator they will necessitate large scale public funds and force the continuation of governmental deficit financing for some time after the last battles have been won in all probability this time there will not be 4 clear demarcation line between war and peace peace making will not be a single event but a long drawa out process in certain parts of the world as prime minister churchill implied in his speech of march 21 fighting will come to an end and material re construction will commence while battles are stil raging elsewhere it is therefore likely that wat controls of production rationing and high taxation will not be relinquished immediately for it is only by maintaining at least some of these controls after the peace that indispensable large scale reconstruc tion can be achieved given an orderly and gradual demobilization maintenance of the necessary controls and a populat will to carry over into peacetime some of the m terial sacrifices accepted for the sake of victory the economic reconstruction of a war torn world maj prove easier than it seems at first the vast trans portation facilities of all kinds now mustered fo war will be available for repatriation of soldies and civilians while the huge industrial plants former ly producing war goods will be able to turn oil myriads of prefabricated houses household furnish et nerely rence ss1on irton ional 1s on 1 the oceed per e dis night n the clear ustify opin 1s in much ration an r im facili thods 5 posal they force cing won be a peace rawn prime march ial re e still t wat xation s only s after nstruc zation opulat 1e ma ry the d may trans ed fot oldiets ormer rn out urnish rs ings foodstuffs clothing etc thus permitting mil lions of people to return to normal life in spite of its paramount importance however reconstruction will not be the foremost economic problem of the post war period lasting prosperity can result neither from temporary measures nor from permanent unemployment subsidies which do not create goods the decisive moment in our eco nomic life will come when transitional measures have been taken and the demand for abandonment of wartime controls and government financing of production grows stronger will it be possible then to revert to a large measure of free enterprise and yet maintain full employment will it be possible to avert in the future the depressions and mass un employment of the past the way out economic expansion the answer can be in the affirmative but only if the united nations undertake a bold expansion of their industrial and agricultural output from the technical point of view full employment is as feasible in peace as in war in practice it can be brought about either by the concerted efforts of capital and labor through self imposed discipline or by the gov ernment through control over production it must be achieved in one way or another if wars and revo lutions are to be prevented economic expansion can be fostered in various ways nationally and interna tionally the good neighbor policies lowering of tariffs under a world wide system of reciprocal trade page three tt agreements free access to raw materials elimination of such practices as monopolistic control of produc tion restrictive patents narrow trade union rules etc all designed to keep prices high by organizing scarcity through artificial limitation of output would represent a stride forward but the greatest stimulus to full employment will be the sizeable increase of consumption in each and every country even in the industrially most ad vanced nations millions of people are normally un able to increase their consumption of goods because they lack purchasing power to bring buying power up to the level necessary to reach full employment will be the primary task of the future industry can accomplish it to its own advantage by a production and employment policy directed primarily toward maximum consumption the state can achieve it by compulsory production schemes each country will choose the method it prefers but in most cases a combination of the two will probably have to be adopted freedom from want cannot be attained so long as both private industry and the state vie for exclusive power over the means of production of a nation only their continuous sincere collaboration in the drive for permanent full employment after the war can widen the road to economic democracy ernest s hediger this is the third in a series of four articles on post war economic reconstruction the f.p.a bookshelf patents for hitler by guenter reimann new york van guard press 1942 2.50 a most interestingly written study of pre war business agreements between various american and nazi corpora tions with emphasis on their detrimental effect on the war production of the united nations latin american backgrounds by winifred hulbert 1935 paper 60 cents cloth 1.00 rs of the caribbean by carol mcafee morgan 1942 1.00 on this foundation the evangelical witness in latin america by w stanley rycroft 1942 1.00 these three books published by the friendship press new york are written from the viewpoint of the evan gelical church with emphasis on the advantages which missions are offering the poorer classes miss hulbert provides an excellent geographical and historical back ground for an understanding of present day problems mrs morgan gives a colorful account of a recent tour of the west indies enlivened by human touches which reveal the soul of the caribbean peoples the third book written by a former vice principal of the anglo peruvian college at lima peru stresses the spiritual values and work of the evangelical church and paints a picture of a diversi fied latin america the road we are travelling 1914 1942 by stuart chase new york twentieth century fund 1942 1.00 the first of a series of six short books dealing with post war problems in which mr chase explores the great eco nomic trends of our age with his usual skill and clarity the abc of latin america by frank henius philadel phia david mckay co 1942 1.50 a reference manual of facts country by country too brief to serve its purpose fully it is in spots inaccurate as well the educational philosophy of national socialism by george f kneller new haven yale university press 1941 3.50 probably the most scholarly analysis of the ideological basis and content of nazi education based on a thorough examination of all the available source material america in world affairs by allan nevins new york oxford university press 1942 1.00 concise and workmanlike introduction to american for eign policy written originally for british readers the assembly of the league of nations by margaret e burton chicago university of chicago press 1941 4.50 a useful historical study foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 23 marcu 26 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nationa headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f luger secretary vera micheres dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at leasi one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year qb 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter mar 22 the nonpartisan resolution sponsored by senators ball burton hill and hatch may prove as important a landmark in american political his tory as the lend lease act adopted in march 1941 the sponsors of this proposal have pondered well the lessons of 1919 they have noted the two factors chiefly responsible for senate rejection of woodrow wilson's league 1 that it was permitted to be come the football of party politics 2 that it was the victim of the yearning for normalcy and the aversion to all international commitments which swept the country after the wave of wilsonian idealism had spent itself promoters of the ball resolution intend to avoid the first of these fatal errors by keeping their scheme on a nonpartisan basis two of the senators initiat ing it ball and burton are republicans and their resolution has received the indorsement of wendell willkie and the whole hearted support of 26 freshmen republican members of the house not too soon the need to proceed now with the building of the future league is one of the points stressed by the four senators to those who argue that it is too early senator hill for instance replies that now is the very time to strike while the iron is hot and before the inevitable wave of post war wear iness and disillusionment overtakes the american people it will be recalled in this connection how men like the late senator henry cabot lodge shouted from the housetops in 1916 for a league to enforce peace only to turn savagely on the practical embodi ment of this blueprint three years later it is probable that the ball resolution will be con siderably watered down in the committee room sena tor connally chairman of the senate foreign rela tions committee has expressed opposition to the holding of an immediate conference by representa tives of the united nations as called for in the reso lution on the ground that such a meeting would hamper prosecution of the war sow seeds of dis sension among the allies and precipitate a bitter controversy on the floor of the senate a somewhat similar view seems to be entertained by anthony eden british foreign secretary who is reported to have told congressmen on march 18 that it was too early at this stage of the war for the united nations to plan in detail for the post war period what is likely to emerge from the committee stage therefore is a simple declaration promising ameti can participation in an international organization for victory armed with an international military force to pre vent future wars of aggression a manifesto of this character would probably have president roosevelt's blessing judging by his statement at a press confer ence on march 19 that a senate pronouncement de claring the united states is ready to help maintain future peace would help the world situation but even such a comparatively modest result would mark a big advance over the rival gillette resolution which would merely commit the senate to the vague gener alities of the atlantic charter to tell the world where we stand the supreme merit of the ball resolution is that it would commit the senate in principle to united states participation in a league to enforce peace as things stand at present many nations recalling the bitter experience of 1919 when the senate re fused to honor a promissory note signed by the president of the united states hesitate not with out justification to seek their security in a future world organization in preference to assuring it by the expedient of territorial aggrandizement at the expense of their neighbors senate adoption of the ball resolution now would have precisely the reverse repercussions of the historic round robin signed by 39 senators in january 1919 which first warned europe that no treaty was binding on the united states until it had been ratified by the senate the ball resolution would also have a beneficial psychological effect on the always critical relations between the executive and legislative branches of the united states government it would associate the senate ever jealous of its prerogatives with the for eign policy of the president and the state depart ment many a treaty negotiated by the executive branch of the government has been wrecked on the shoal of the senate’s power of confirmation through a two thirds majority it has been pointed out that in the two wars fought by the united states in the past 50 years the peace treaty with spain secured ratification by a margin of one vote while the treaty of versailles was rejected so crippling is the sen ate’s veto power on the conduct of american foreign policy that senator pepper has just introduced a proposal requiring only a simple majority vote in both houses of congress to ratify a treaty if this method had prevailed in 1919 the united states would have entered the league of nations and world war ii conceivably might have been averted john elliott buy united states war bonds +nd at it nited eace lling re the with uture it by t the f the verse igned arned jnited eficial ations of the re the e for epart cutive on the pbrivviiaw kuum general lis ary wriv of mich foreign apr 2 1943 ral library entered as 2nd class matter awe policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research siaff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y you xxii no 24 april 2 1943 y taking the world for his canvas rather than europe as mr churchill had done five days eatlier anthony eden in his address before the maryland general assembly on march 26 was able to dispel certain doubts with respect to britain’s at titude toward china and to paint a clearer over all picture of british foreign policy than that of the prime minister indeed if this address is taken in conjunction with mr churchill’s with earlier oficial and unofficial statements in britain and with feports emanating from washington regarding dis cussions between mr eden president roosevelt mr hull and mr welles it is possible to discern several basic principles which are likely to guide british policy in the post war world whether these principles can be realized will de pend of course on the fortunes of war and the policies adopted by the other united nations particu larly the united states and the soviet union it will depend too on the ability of british statesmen and the british people to share the heavy burden of world leadership at a time when the island king dom’s relative power is declining but that the brit rough t that in the ecured treaty e sen oreign iced a rote in if this states s and verted iott ds ish are preparing to face the task and intend to be ready to shoulder the burden can hardly be questioned some basic policies 1 as a result of the change in their position among world powers the british may be expected to show a keener interest than any other great nation in encouraging and per petuating the mixing up process which has been taking place in the affairs of the united nations during the war they appear fully prepared to par ticipate in international action designed to rid the world of both fear and want the former by some kind of international police force the latter by international economic machinery as mr churchill suggested on march 21 the framework within which these objectives might be realized would consist of eden helps clarify principles of british foreign policy regional councils for europe and asia and doubt less the british would not be averse to a council for the western hemisphere and to the linking of all three into a broad world organization 2 recognizing the necessary limits to this in tegration and the fact that for many years at least the great powers will retain a large measure of in dividuality and sovereignty the british consider it essential to put their relations with the united states the soviet union and china on a sound basis britain thinks of the future neither in anglo american nor anglo russian terms mr churchill's activities since he became prime minister in 1940 as well as mr eden’s present visit point to the importance britain attaches to anglo american understanding while the anglo soviet treaty of alliance is evidence of an entirely new policy toward russia relinquishment of extraterritorial rights in china and the assurances given to that country publicly and reputedly in private by mr eden attest to british interest in the improvement of chinese british relations 3 the british accept the impact of changing condi tions on their geographic position and see them selves now more than ever as a european power with new and heavy responsibilities and an obligation to work out lasting relationships with the peoples of europe in this task they view the participation cf both russia and the united states as essential but look also to the revival of a strong france and the development of federations among the small euro pean states as for germany the reich is to be elim inated as a military power while the german people are to be given an opportunity to rebuild their eco nomic life and participate in the affairs of a europe more unified than it was in 1939 4 the british recognize that twentieth century conditions call for a new type of association between the advanced and the less advanced peoples of the world and that they as the greatest colonial power have a special responsibility in working out that relationship they see the task not in terms of sur render of any colonial territory held in 1939 or in the establishment of an international colonial ad ministration but in an improved british administra tion concentrating on economic as well as political progress and possibly in conjunction with interna tional cooperation involving a colonial charter for all dependent areas and some form of general joint supervision britain seeks no extension of its boundaries or increase of its possessions as mr eden made clear it contemplates the future of the colonies as well as india within the commonwealth rather than in complete severance of connections with the british crown 5 acknowledging the relative decline of their economic power in the world the british regard with greater approval than ever before interna tional agreements on trade and monetary policies to prevent economic warfare in which both they and the rest of the world would suffer while there is some support in britain for the renewal and even extension of bilateral trading as a solution for the page two es british export problem the government is com mitted along with the united states and a growing number of the united nations to the pursuit of q policy of economic collaboration designed to promote the freer exchange of goods british insularity destroyed in con clusion it may be said that british insularity which in its way was as profound as american isolation in the inter war years has suffered a blow from which it is not likely to recover mr eden described the two fundamental aspects of this shift very clearly if there is one lesson we should have learned from the distresses of those years it is surely this that we cannot shut our windows and draw our curtains and be careless of what is happening next door or on the other side of the street no nation can close its frontiers and hope to live secure nor he con tinued can we have prosperity in one country and misery in its neighbor peace in one hemisphere and war in the other thus mr eden indicated freedom from fear and from want must be guaranteed to all peoples and britain is now ready to support measures that would assure both pyowarp p whidden jr economic security basic in post war reconstruction changes in ways of life and work resulting from the machine age have created a condition of eco nomic insecurity unparalleled in former times the industrial revolution of the past century has caused periodic economic depressions which have disrupted the existence of millions of human beings by sud denly depriving them of their means of livelihood ever since the beginning of these crises and more particularly since the world wide depression of the early thirties many persons have gradually come to consider security of employment more important than high wages or even political freedom trend toward economic security legislative measures designed to offer at least some protection in case of loss of income have been passed in various countries since the latter part of the nineteenth century in europe especially com pulsory insurance schemes were enacted which gave have the reciprocal agreements aided u.s trade what effect has war had on the trade program what is congress prepared to do regarding re newal of this act and to help along post war eco nomic reconstruction read reciprocal trade program and post war reconstruction by howard p whidden jr 25 april 1 issue of forzign poticy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 material benefits to certain categories of workers or their dependents in case of sickness childbirth old age death and more recently unemployment simi lar measures were introduced in the united states by the roosevelt administration as a rule how ever the benefits provided by such social legisla tion have been too limited in time and population coverage to insure real freedom from want in world war ii the urge to define social wat aims has prompted allied leaders to make general declarations of principle the most explicit of which is the fifth point of the atlantic charter urging implementation of improved labor standards eco nomic adjustment and social security for all in preparation for enforcement of these principles various governments have sponsored the drafting of national social security programs outstanding among these are the beveridge plan submitted to the british government by a royal commission on social insurance in december 1942 and the post war plan and program prepared by the national resources planning board and transmitted by president roosevelt to congress on march 10 1943 blueprints of economic security both the beveridge and the american plan seek the same general result elimination of economic inse curity in the future each however attacks the prob lem from a different angle the beveridge plan is a complete national com pulsory insurance scheme purporting to cover all classes in all cases from the cradle to the grave nar ee com wing of a mote con vhich on in vhich 1 the carly from at we tains of or close con y and e and edom to all asures n jr ers of n old simi states how egisla ation il war eneral which urging s co all in ciples ing of anding mitted nission id the by the smitted ch 10 frity eek the ic imse e prob al com ver all grave nn it fixes in monetary terms the insurance benefits which every person or his or her dependents will receive in case of sickness unemployment child birth old age or death it is a positive actuarial plan with dues and benefits clearly defined as such it will satisfy those who ask for concrete measurable proposals but it has a vulnerable flank for it rests on the assumption that employment will be normal in peactime should the post war period witness mass unemployment its operation would be seri ously endangered while the beveridge plan does not deal with the means for creating sufficient em ployment after the war this side of the problem was discussed in general terms by prime minister churchill in his speech of march 21 and evidently will be worked out more specifically in a later stage the american plan for social security attacks the problem from precisely the opposite angle it is not primarily a measure for wider social insurance al though it proposes to extend the present social se cutity system to groups now excluded it does not therefore attempt to specify benefits in dollars and cents or to compile tables indicating how the costs of social security will be distributed instead it is essentially a program tending to guarantee work and decent living conditions to every one in the future as such it deals mainly with problems of demobilization post war employment public works post war rehabilitation and the expansion of indus try and agriculture it paves the way for solution of the basic economic problem of our time how to assure steady employment and decent living condi tions for all after the war it assumes that if this the f.p.a political handbook of the world 19438 edited by walter h mallory new york harper for the council on for eign relations 1943 2.50 the sixteenth issue of this invaluable annual brings up to date developments in governments of axis controlled countries describes both the giraud administration in north africa and the fighting french government in london and lists the cabinets of the governments in exile and those of the belligerent countries nazi conquest of danzig by hans l leonhardt chicago university of chicago press 1942 3.50 a well documented though somewhat legalistic account of the gradual nazification of the free state of danzig from 1933 to 1939 and the way the league of nations council side stepped the protection of the democratic con stitution of danzig against nazi encroachments greenland by vilhjalmur stefansson new york double day doran 1942 3.50 a leading arctic scholar’s story of the world’s largest island which dominates the middle of the north atlantic and harbors allied ships and planes page three fundamental difficulty is solved the introduction of a general system of social insurance will be an easy matter if on the other hand it is not over come even the best planned insurance scheme will be condemned to failure for a sane economy must be based on the production and consumption of goods and services and cannot survive on the dis tribution of subsidies for the time being the beveridge plan and the american plan are still in the form of proposals drafted by experts and submitted to competent bodies for action a long time may pass before they are fully acted upon but it is only by their implemen tation in one form or another that we will approach lasting economic prosperity and social peace in the meantime their authors have mapped a road through the jungle of economic instability which separates man from one of his oldest goals freedom from want it is now up to the democracies to decide if when and how they want to build that road ernest s hediger this is the last in a series of four articles on post war economic reconstruction fpa to broadcast on april 3 on saturday april 3 the foreign policy associa tion will broadcast its fourth round table discussion over the blue network from 1 15 to 1 45 p.m the subject will be renewal of the reciprocal trade trea ties and the speakers will include vera micheles dean howard p whidden jr of the associa tion’s research staff and dr j b condliffe james g mcdonald will act as chairman bookshelf how japan plans to win by kinoaki matsuo translated from the japanese by kilsoo k haan boston little brown 1942 2.50 translation of the three power alliance and a u.s japanese war published in japan in october 1940 inter esting chiefly as an instance of the psychology of japanese militarists guam and its people by laura thompson new york institute of pacific relations 1941 2.50 a social anthropologist presents an absorbing analysis of the problems of education in a colonial area essentially the story of life and change in guam before pearl harbor under the impact of foreign influence men behind the war by johannes steel new york sheri dan house 1942 3.50 sketches by a well known radio commentator and cor respondent of the public and private lives of more than 70 european and asiatic leaders who have influenced the history of our time special emphasis on the way hitler has affected their careers foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 24 aprit 2 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lust secretary vera micugius dean editer entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor bp 81 ee ss i washington news letter mar 29 winston churchill’s failure in his broadcast of march 21 to include france among the powers to be charged with maintaining peace in europe after the war has caused some chagrin in french circles here since france fell while fighting in a common cause the united states and britain have a moral obligation not only to reestablish the territorial frontiers of france as they existed in 1939 but also to restore france to its position as one of the great powers of europe so far as it lies within their ability it was prime minister stanley baldwin who in 1934 proclaimed that britain’s frontier was on the rhine and president roosevelt is credited with having made a similar remark to a group of congressmen in the spring of 1939 re garding america’s frontiers but despite this lip service to what is now generally admitted to be a truism neither anglo saxon power was in a posi tion to adequately defend its own outer bastion when the nazi assault on france occurred in 1940 sentinel of liberty not only a sense of fair play but expediency demands that france should be enabled to fill again its historic role which woodrow wilson once defined as that of the sentinel of liberty on the rhine any attempt to treat france as a negligible factor in the post war settlement would almost inevitably result in a treaty of rapallo between that country and germany with the nationalist elements in both countries conspiring to upset the status quo france however cannot resume its position as the first continental power of western europe merely by the good wishes of the united states and britain the first condition of its revival is restoration of national unity internal dissension was one of the primary causes of france's collapse and this is to day fully as much as nazi occupation of its terri tory a main barrier to its recovery it is this fact that lends such importance to the negotiations that general georges catroux de gaulle’s representative is now conducting in north africa with general henri honoré giraud head of the french administration for a merger between his forces and those of the fighting french for if frenchmen engaged in the common task of fighting germany cannot agree it is difficult to see how french national unity is going to be restored within the lifetime of the present generation it is particu larly important that such an accord should be reached for victory before the allies undertake the invasion of euro so that such an attack would have the whole hearted cooperation of the french people since the casablanca meeting in january much has been accomplished by general giraud to make possible such an agreement on march 17 he te pealed all vichy decrees issued since the armistice nine days later he severed ties with vichy by re moving from circulation stamps bearing pétain’s picture and having all posters pictures and slogans of the marshal taken down from the buildings in north africa two of the chief pro vichy figures in the french administration general jean ber geret deputy civil commander in chief and jean rigaud former cagoulard who was secretary of political affairs saw the signs of the times and quit on march 17 general giraud formally restored the laws of the third republic in addition many litical prisoners have been liberated and the ban on the de gaullist movement lifted show need for unity in the meantime two recent incidents have sharply stressed the need for the unity of all anti axis frenchmen the first was the desertion to the fighting french movement of sailors from the battleship richelieu now sta tioned in the new york navy yard undergoing re pairs on such a scale as to threaten immobilization of this 35,000 ton battleship the other is the ques tion of the status of french guiana which has se ceded from the rule of pro vichy admiral georges robert governor of martinique and to which both generals de gaulle and giraud have assigned pro consuls french unity will never be realized so long as frenchmen continue to be dominated by a spirit of narrow partisanship it is necessary too that french men abandon that pharisaical attitude recently condemned by randolph churchill son of the brit ish prime minister in a letter to a london news paper which as he said tends to assume that any frenchman who had occupied an official posi tion under the vichy government must be a traitor or possessed of a fascist mentality unity can only be attained when frenchmen are inspired by the slo gan of valmy the underground newspaper pub lished in metropolitan france only one enemy the invader john elliott buy united states war bonds a +ures ber jean y of and tored many ban time need first ment v sta 1g fe zation ques as se orges both 1 pro ng as irit of rench cently brit news that posi traitor 2 only 1e slo pub emy ott as foreign apr 3 1943 genera library entered as 2nd class matter peruvical 229 orelis os ninn bal libkare pe 0 san way of al te 7 arbor mich policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y you xxii no 25 apri 9 1948 ee eae renewal on march 25 of the soviet japanese treaty regulating japanese fishing in siberian waters has caused little concern in the united states the new york times for example calls the action a matter of annual routine declaring that it does not denote appeasement of japan and neither the russians nor the japanese will so construe it al though tokyo has held these fishing rights since tsarist days the u.s.s.r has in recent years re duced the number of areas open to japanese fisher men and has raised the rents but any effort to ex dude japan completely would almost certainly be a prelude to war should the u.s.s.r fight japan criti cism is occasionally heard concerning soviet policy on the ground that neutrality toward japan does not fit in with the general position of the united na tions sometimes the point is made that if russia wants a second front in europe she should be will ing to open one in asia or that in return for lend lease supplies moscow should go to war with tokyo such appeals to emotion overlook two of the chief strategic realities of the struggle against the axis that britain and the united states long ago decided to concentrate on defeating germany frst and that the soviet union is at present the main force wearing the nazis down clearly if the u.s.s.r had been fighting japan the great soviet winter offensive against the german amies could not have been launched the north african campaign would probably have been im practicable and the present opportunities for in vading the continent of europe would hardly exist at the same time it is an illusion to think that the amount of soviet strength available in the far east an tip the scales against japan a soviet japanese wat while germany is still fighting could result only in an unfortunate dispersal of united nations military power sometimes it is true the suggestion soviet japanese peace aids united nations is made that the u.s.s.r should simply allow amer ican planes to use siberian bases against japan but under present circumstances this would plainly re sult in a soviet japanese war nor is there reason to think that enough planes are available to make such a move effective japan’s independent policy but why does japan avoid attacking in the north if such a move would aid germany and impede the united nations the answer seems to be that japan un like italy acts first of all on the basis of its own interests and is not a mere satellite of the nazis despite the general harmony of interests between hitler and the japanese military there are issues on which the latter would be unwilling to follow ger many’s leadership especially since the two coun tries through geographical circumstances are obliged to wage somewhat separate wars this is indicated by the fact that for some time japan has permitted soviet vessels to carry quan tities of lend lease supplies from the pacific coast of the united states to siberian ports it is also rumored that japan has sold valuable raw materials such as rubber and wolfram to the soviet union such developments far from constituting a cause for allied suspicion of the u.s.s.r point to a gap in axis unity that it is not in our interest to close these differences within the axis even if only tem porary permit the strengthening of the soviet front against germany and thereby indirectly aid the fight against japan itself tokyo of course is aware of this last point but at least at present considers it less important than keeping out of war in the north u.s.s.r influences far east the ex istence of peace with japan does not mean that the far eastern military situation is not being influenced by the soviet union on the contrary japan is known to maintain a number of its finest divisions in man churia and korea as a counterweight to the soviet np 1 pr aea 2 a s___ army air force and submarine fleet in the far east soviet supplies although reduced in quantity since the war with germany have also played a consider able part in bolstering chinese resistance moreover there is reason to think that increased aid whether of soviet or american origin is already or will soon be reaching china over the northwest highway from the u.s.s.r late in march for example san fran cisco newspapers quoted the chief of canada’s pa cific command as saying that supplies are going via alaska to china and russia even if flown direct planes going to china would have to cross page two es ee soviet territory but a glance at the map will sug gest the possibility of such supplies being landed jp the u.s.s.r and carried in from there this would certainly tie in with the considerable development of china’s northwestern areas in the past half year it is impossible to say whether japan will long permit the united nations to reap the benefits of soviet japanese neutrality but while this situa tion continues it should be recognized as represent ing a genuine disadvantage for the axis of which we must make maximum use lawrence k rosinger renewal of trade agreements first post war requirement speaking before the chamber of commerce of the state of new york on april 1 sumner welles said that the acid test of our willingness to share in the tasks of post war reconstruction would be whether congress renewed the reciprocal trade agreements act of 1934 before it expires on june 12 our allies he suggested will see in this decision a clear indication of our future intentions and until it is made they will have grave doubts about ameri can policy this frank declaration by the under secretary of state gave a clue it was felt in canada to the caution with which anthony eden spoke of future collaboration among the united nations when he addressed the canadian parliament the same day several canadian papers pointed out that until con gress makes it clear it will back the administration in its post war objectives the other united nations can only wonder if the united states will follow the same course as in 1919 assurance against trade war the trade agreements act was passed largely through the influence of secretary of state cordell hull at a time when american policy and that of other countries consisted of cut throat trade warfare each country seeking to benefit itself at the expense of others this trade anarchy was a part of the general anarchy in international affairs out of which devel oped the second world war the hull program authorizing the president to negotiate reciprocal agreements reducing tariffs and other trade barriers global war in maps set of 12 maps 1.00 reproductions 19 x24 from recent headline books covering all theatres of war and both americas included are maps of the united nations allied and axis supply lines alaska the u.s.s.r japan and the pacific australia and new zealand india africa near and middle east central and south america order from foreign policy association 22 east 38th street new york represented the one real effort to check these de structive tendencies in trade and to put the world back on a sane basis of multilateral trade based on equality of treatment if renewed it will provide large measure of assurance against repetition of the widespread policies which after the last war led to economic war rather than economic cooperation more than this the principles of the trade agree ments program have already become an integral part of commitments made by the united states and a growing number of the united nations in article vii of the master mutual aid lend lease agree ment of february 23 1942 the united states and the united kingdom agreed to seek joint action di rected to the elimination of all forms of discrimina tory treatment in international commerce and to the reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and in general to the attainment of all the economic ob jectives set forth in the atlantic charter to dis card the hull program would be to discard these principles which were embodied in the lend lease agreements on the intiative of the united states and leave our allies in doubt as to whether any of our brave words about the post war world will ever be translated into deeds renewal in national interest by congressional renewal of the trade agreements act before june 12 of this year the united states would be enabled to pursue a policy not only in accordance with its commitments but also in harmony with its own best interests from 1934 to march 1943 agreements have been concluded with 26 foreign countries in latin america in continental europe and in the brit ish commonwealth normally commerce with these nations amounts to two thirds of total united states foreign trade the trade agreements with them meat that we have given economic substance to our good neighbor policy and that we have broken through the trade barriers surrounding many european cout tries and the british empire since 1934 there has been a marked advance in united states foreign trade notably in exports and this can be traced in pat at least to the operation of the hull program iti cout prez mai it in uld ent ar ion ree part id a ticle yree and a di 1ina the din ob dis these lease tes ry of will b s act ld be with own ments s in brit states mean rough cout re has trade n part its icularly significant that our exports to trade agreement countries have increased much faster than our exports to non agreement countries this was tue before the war broke out in europe in 1939 and has been even more true since the trade pro gam undoubtedly constitutes a solid foundation for ssumption of mutually beneficial trade when victory jswon at that time many of our agricultural and industrial producers will need foreign markets while american producers and consumers will need raw materials and other products from abroad the continuance of wartime restrictions on trade in the transition period immediately following the end of hostilities may well limit the area in which trade agreements can be effective and necessitate in ternational action of a more dynamic character to bring about the expansion of world trade relief and thabilitation at this time will probably have to be on the basis of lend lease moreover as a result of the war profound changes will take place in the economies of all nations a highly industrialized untry like britain which has long imported the greater part of its foodstuffs may feel it wise to maintain a war expanded agriculture while a coun the f.p.a a study of war by quincy wright chicago university of chicago press 1942 2 vols 15.00 a 1300 page encyclopedia on war by a well known expert om international relations volume i measures the impact of war on human society from earliest times to the present volume ii discusses the causes of war and its control in the future a book for considered reading and reflection germany’s master plan the story of industrial offen sive by joseph borkin and charles a welsh new york duell sloan pearce 1943 2.75 a fascinating account by two experts of how german tartels armed by patents launched a world industrial ifensive which until pearl harbor gave them control over the production of artificial rubber light metals plastics synthetic quinine and other war materials documented but not technical in language the silent war by jon b jansen and stefan weyl phila delphia lippincott 1943 2.75 two german social democrats who must necessarily write under pseudonyms give a gripping account of the battlefield inside germany on which anti nazis have been struggling for a decade against hitler and indicate the shape revolution might take in the reich the future of industrial man by peter f drucker new york john day 1942 2.50 a counterpart of mr drucker’s previous book on eco homic totalitarianism under war conditions the end of economic man this new and stimulating study of the in dustrial society of today especially in the united states develops original approaches to a free society when peace tomes the author urges that we decide now on what principles that society shall be based page three try like china which in the past has exported primary products in return for manufactures may be expected to expand the consumer goods industries which now supply many of its needs but in spite of these developments it seems clear that the long run task of reconstruction can be achieved only on the basis of two way trade and that the reciprocal trade program could play a large part in promoting a revival of the world’s commerce as mr welles said in his new york speech there is no question whatsoever that both in the interest of american prosperity and living standards and in the interest of creating conditions conducive to peace we must foster trade with other countries the trade agreements program is a minimum re quirement if we are to achieve these objectives its abandonment at the present time or the adoption of crippling amendments might well mark rever sion to the extreme protection which did so much to aggravate the depression of 1929 32 and prevent achievement after the war of the economic objectives of the atlantic charter the united nations declara tion and the lend lease agreements howaarbd p whidden jr bookshelf let the people know by norman angell new york viking press 1942 2.50 answers the average busy citizen’s questions about the causes of the war and the kind of peace we are fighting for a persuasive brief for collective security war words by w cabell greet new york columbia uni versity press for columbia broadcasting system 1943 1.50 in these days of war when unfamiliar names must trip from the tongues of even casual speakers this simplified dictionary is invaluable japan rides the tiger by willard price new york john day 1942 2.50 a popularly written survey of the japanese people and empire with the accent on japan’s preparations for ag gression in various parts of asia the author believes that one of japan’s chief difficulties is the absence of true mod ernization with the sixteenth century background still dominating twentieth century affairs into the valley a skirmish of the marines by john hersey new york knopf 1943 2.00 a vivid eye witness account of a small segment of the fighting on guadalcanal told by a writer who spent two weeks on the island gives a strong sense of the reality of war prelude to victory by james b reston new york alfred a knopf 1942 2.00 trenchant exposition of facts about the war and their implications for america which too many of us have not really grasped even now one of the ablest correspondents speaks his mind foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 25 apri 9 1943 one month for change of address on membership publications ses published weekly by the foreign policy association headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lust secretary vera micueigs dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow ar least incorporated national f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter apr 5 the two international conferences which as announced here last week will be held in the united states this month mark a modest begin ning in the process of converting the united nations from a literary expression into a political reality on april 1 secretary of the treasury morgenthau re vealed that representatives of the allied nations have been asked to come to washington for dis cussions on post war currency stabilization the fol lowing day secretary of state hull said that 38 nations had been invited to attend a meeting to be devoted to post war food problems this food con ference which is to open april 27 and at which russia and china have already announced their intention of being represented will be the first general gath ering of the united nations at the food conference the delegates will take up the least controversial of all the problems now fac ing the allies it should not unduly tax the resources of statesmanship to reach agreement on some scheme for feeding the liberated populations after the military power of the axis has been broken but washington hopes that if an accord is arrived at on this comparatively simple subject it will open the door to the settlement of thornier issues in his speech at toronto on february 26 under secretary of state welles in proposing a joint study by the united nations of problems under the general head ing of freedom from want suggested that this work might lead to the finding of common denominators two question marks at present the two chief obstacles to attainment of this result appear to be uncertainty 1 in the united states regarding the future intentions of the u.s.s.r and 2 in the other united nations regarding the future inten tions of the united states it is difficult to say just how far the recent visit of anthony eden british foreign secretary succeeded in dissipating suspicions rampant in some quarters in washington that the soviet government intends to gobble up so much territory in eastern europe after the war as to nullify the principles of the atlantic charter it is noteworthy however that adolf a berle jr assistant secretary of state who is popu larly supposed to be the head of an anti soviet bloc in the state department declared in a speech at reading pa on april 4 that the great structure of a reorganized and peaceful world must inevitably rest on four powers namely the united states britain russia and china he said that in his judg for victory ment the soviet government would not become the victim of any urge to seize great additions to her already huge empire president roosevelt at his press conference og march 30 commenting on the eden visit declared that the united nations had achieved 95 per cent of complete unity he did not specify what points were included in the other 5 per cent but presum ably the question of russia’s future european fron tiers bulked large in the agenda of disagreement probably the best way to settle this matter would be through direct contact between the president and premier stalin it was significant that at this same meeting with newspapermen mr roosevelt intimated that he still hoped for an opportunity to meet stalin thus indirectly renewing an invitation originally ex tended just before the casablanca meeting with mr churchill in january the acid test but if russia is an enigma wrapped in mystery our own ultimate attitude to ward post war international cooperation has the other united nations guessing mr welles forcibly called attention to this fact in his address in new york on april 1 concerning renewal of the recipro cal trade agreements act the question of renewal of this act under which mr hull has negotiated trade treaties with some 26 nations in the past nine years is next on the cal endar of the house despite the fact that this act was one of the few sane measures taken during the decade of international madness that preceded the outbreak of the present war its fate is now hanging in the balance as a large group of republicans and western democrats are known to be lined up against it since deeds speak louder than words the vote of congress on the trade agreements act even more than the adoption of a purely academic resolution by the senate on our readiness to participate in a post war international organization will be regarded by our allies as indicative of our future course of action if congress refuses to accept such a small measure of economic cooperation as this act represents the other united nations will have good reason to sus pect that the ultra nationalist forces in this country will once more pull the united states back to a po sition of political isolationism after this war as they did in 1919 and once this suspicion takes root it the minds of our allies it is scarcely an exaggera tion to say that we will have lost the peace before we have even won the war john elliott buy united states war bonds af gra vou s ma par cha cay pre els its +cent ints um ron lent d be and ame ated alin y xx with igma to the cibly new ipro vhich some e cal s act g the d the nging s and painst ote of more on by post ed by ction easure s the o sus puntry a po s they oot i ggera before ott ds general lidrary apr 19 1949 entered as 2nd class matter university of michigan a abe pati qeneral library antiv of mich ann arbor michican foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y you xxii no 26 aprin 16 1943 u.s and britain plan currency stabilization to aid world trade q he publication on april 6 and 7 of the united states and british post war currency proposals marks the first step in a concerted endeavor on the part of washington and london to prevent monetary chaos after wartime economic controls are relaxed both plans aim at opening avenues for trade and capital movements by stabilizing currencies and granting nations easier access to foreign exchange both recognize that an increased flow of goods and capital between nations is a prerequisite to world prosperity and are designed to promote this end washington proposes stabilization fund the american plan prepared by harry d white of the u.s treasury proposes a united na tions stabilization fund which would give far greater stability to exchange rates than existed in the inter war years by making available to countries the for eign exchange necessary for settlement of their trade balances states adhering to this plan would agree on exchange rates for their currencies and bind themselves not to alter this rate except by a four fifths vote of the managing board of the stabiliza tion fund each member would contribute a quota based on its holdings of gold and foreign exchange its trade balance and its national income member states would have voting power according to con ttibution but no country could possess more than 25 per cent of the total votes the aggregate of all quotas would be roughly 5,000,000,000 although the fund would start with 2,500,000,000 each member depositing half its quota in return members would receive credits with the fund in terms of a new international currency the wnitas defined as equivalent to 10 in gold the fund would try to prevent violent fluctuations in exchange rates and acute shortages of any particular currency to achieve this it would sell member nations either gold or the currency of other countries taking local currencies in exchange for short run discrepancies in the balance of in ternational payments the american plan might work somewhat as follows if over a period of time the united states sold abroad more goods than it bought the claims of american sellers against foreign buy ers would exceed the claims of foreign sellers on american buyers without some kind of regula tion attempts of foreign buyers to get dollar ex change to make payments would force up the dollar in terms of foreign currencies but under the pro posed plan the stabilization fund would take part of the dollar balance contributed by the united states and sell dollars to the debtor countries in this way foreign buyers could reimburse american ex porters without paying a premium for dollar ex change in the case of chronic unbalances between exports and imports the problem would be more difficult but the plan suggests ways to prevent countries from piling up export balances year after year and others from accumulating large import bak ances the fund could refuse to sell foreign exchange to debtor countries until they cut down imports by domestic adjustments and could ask creditor coun tries either to reduce exports or increase imports of course if a major creditor nation refused to coop erate the whole plan would fall apart but it may be assumed that the countries which adhered would accept its provisions london advocates clearinghouse the british plan designed by lord keynes adviser to the treasury proposes an international clearing house without capital assets members of this mul tilateral clearing system would receive foreign ex change where necessary up to a quota limit based on each nation’s foreign trade during the three year period from 1936 to 1938 the governing board of the clearinghouse would be limited to twelve or ia nntnerpenpenmasess ti oi se ite cadres 2 see ad do gg le ss ee os repti 3 ssxhestmss ae se e 7 oes le oat eee fifteen members nations with the larger quotas ap pointing one member each and those with smaller quotas naming a member for convenient political or geographical groups by this arrangement the major nations would have the greatest voice but not a definite veto as under the american plan to facilitate what would amount to transfer of foreign exchange from creditor to debtor countries keynes proposes an international currency to be known as bancor this currency unit would apparently be tied in part to gold but to a much lesser extent than the american unitas if a participating country incurred an unfavorable balance of international payments it could for a time finance the difference by means of an overdraft on the bancor assigned to it but if this limit was exceeded the country would at once be called upon by the clearinghouse to ad just its position on penalty of losing the right to draw on its account by surrendering gold checking outward capital movements or devaluing its currency compromise should be possible while both washington and london have stated that their who will teach whom after the war the statement reported to have been made on april 7 by dr ralph turner representing the di vision of cultural relations of the state depart ment at the institute of educational reconstruction in new york to the effect that the united states is planning to educate europe taken in conjunc tion with the new york times revelations of al leged failures on the part of american teachers to convey a rudimentary knowledge of history to their students raises some interesting long range ques tions the facile assumption made by some people in this country that the most effective method of preventing the recurrence of wars is through the re education of citizens of the axis powers and that such re education can be best accomplished by class room inculcation of certain ideas or principles al ready threatens to lead to misapprehension and hence to ultimate disillusionment is more education europe’s need if those who urge re education of europe by the united pagetwo pros and cons of the reciprocal trade program 10c brief history arguments for and against discussion questions and reading suggestions quantity rates on request order from foreign policy association 22 east 38th street new york plans are tentative and that neither government js in any way committed to its proposals it is clear that each has designed a plan with its own prob lems and traditions primarily in mind although no return to the gold standard is possible the united states naturally wishes to take advantage of its gold reserves of over 22,000,000,000 the british op the other hand are apparently reluctant to tie ster ling to gold and favor a system which would give some assurance that their pre war position as the world’s greatest trading nation would not be seri ously jeopardized by lack of gold or foreign ex change since both the united states and britain are in agreement on the necessity of an international organization to stabilize currency and exchange on the multilateral principle and since both are prepared to initiate measures for dealing with the causes of unbalance in international trade a compromise should be possible either before or during the united nations monetary conference to be held in the near future howard p whidden jr states mean classroom instruction at various levels then the underlying belief that americans are better educated than the french dutch norwegians or for that matter the germans will come as a sur prise to the peoples of europe who to take only one much publicized subject have probably absorbed more knowledge of their own history by living among monuments inherited from the past than the average american has learned through classroom study when it comes to revering the achievements of vanished civilizations the europeans have mucli to teach the people of the united states even though it must be admitted that their reverence for the past sometimes fans conflicts and prejudices in the present does mere knowledge guarantee democracy but if it is true that large sections of europe’s populations need not american te education but the opportunity with allied aid to overthrow hitler’s rule and resume and expand theit own educational practices why did not education in europe prove an obstacle to war the answer is that mere knowledge is not enough to prevent 4 given course of action or to guarantee its opposite what is needed is willingness among people to pu their knowledge to work to use it for constructive instead of destructive purposes this is where the great alarm stirred by the new york times survey of the knowledge of americat history among high school and college student appears to be disproportionate especially amon college educators who if they were not alread aware of these lapses must themselves be held eff lec of n0 bo co ca pa nt is clear prob gh no inited gold h on ster give s the seri n x ritain tional ge on pared causes omise jnited near jr levels better ns of a sur e only sorbed living an the sroom ements much even ice for ices in ntee ections an fe aid to id theit ucation swer is vent 4 posite to put ructive ie net nericai tudent amon alreadi neld sponsible for negligence the alarm is voiced largely on the ground that students who do not know certain facts of american history must be spso facto unpre ed for the responsibilities of democratic society js this a sound assumption what is essence of democracy actu ally the american public schools have handled effectively the infinitely difficult task of giving at jeast rudimentary classroom instruction to millions of children of the most diverse racial religious eco nomic and educational backgrounds many of them born in families of illiterate immigrants who had come here from all corners of the world that edu cation under these circumstances which had no allel in the countries of western europe often tended to be reduced to the lowest common denomi nator is understandable even if regrettable that every effort should be bent in the future to make edu cation at the primary and secondary level not only ex tensive as it is today but intensive should by now be obvious what is often forgotten by critics is that while american education may produce relatively fewer scholars than corresponding education did in pre war europe it has proved tar more successful in acquainting children with the practices of demo cratic living and it is this the spirit of give and page three ks neem take of sportsmanlike respect for the achievements of others of fairness toward opponents that amer icans could successfully contribute to the rehabilita tion of post war europe but the real essence of democracy cannot be con veyed merely through classroom lectures or refer ence books its possession cannot be adequately tested by even the best devised questionnaires nor is it always most strikingly displayed by those who be lieve themselves to be highly educated in the schol astic sense indeed it is often found in its purest form among men and women the world over who have not had to study books in order to learn how to respect the rights and integrity of fellow beings the most promising kind of re education we can undertake in europe after the war is not through propaganda extolling this country’s achievements or through condescending attempts to remake the europeans who are justly proud of their contribu tion to world civilization into what margaret mead has called pale and distorted images of ourselves but by practicing in our relations with other na tions the methods of democracy we have so effec tively in spite of many blunders learned to practice at home vera micheles dean the f.p.a bookshelf the peace we fight for by hiram motherwell new york harper 1943 3.00 this small loosely written book by a former european correspondent of the chicago daily news contains more solid common sense on problems of post war reconstruction than most tomes on the subject the author is quite vague when it comes to political questions but performs a real service by bracing american readers to meet the knotty problems of relief and rehabilitation the red army by michel berchin and eliahu ben horin new york w w norton 1942 3.00 a sketchy but useful account of the composition and organization of the red army and of the campaigning in which it has participated since 1938 with brief descrip tions of russia’s principal military leaders joint production committees in great britain montreal international labor office 1943 50 cents a valuable study describing the british system of joint production committees in individual factories mines ship yards etc that has developed in order to secure full labor management cooperation in war production an outline of political geography by j f horrabin new york knopf 1942 1.50 in a very readable new book which contains 46 maps and is a development of his earlier outline of economic geography this famous english map maker and econo mist has written a condensed economic history of the world centering on the effect of geographical factors in the devel opment of society ramparts of the pacific by hallett abend new york doubleday doran 1942 3.50 description of a trip through the far east shortly be fore pearl harbor by a former new york times far eastern correspondent wilson’s ideals edited by saul k padover washington american council on public affairs 1942 2.00 the author of one of the most interesting biographies of jefferson presents selections from wilson’s written and spoken words to show his vision of a truly democratic peace the mediterranean by emil ludwig new york whittle sey house 1942 3.75 the author calls his book a sort of tapestry and that it is a colorful interweaving of history with many de tails which make come alive those who have fought lived and ruled on its shores deadline the behind the scenes story of the last decade in france by pierre lazareff new york random house 1942 3.00 stories of the last decade in france written by the former editor of paris soir centéring on the venality of the french press the foe we face by pierre j huss garden city new york doubleday doran 1942 3.00 a vivid picture of nazi germany drawing for the most part pen portraits of its rulers by the former head of the berlin office of the international news service foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 26 april 16 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dornothy f lugt secretary varna micug.es dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at leas one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor b 181 washington news letter apr 12 the strategic question underlying the tunisian campaign has never been whether the allies could drive the axis from north africa but how long it would take them the axis high command's objective in sacrificing a quarter million soldiers by sending them to tunis has been to upset the anglo american timetable and compel the allies to consume so many previous weeks in overcoming remnants of german italian resistance in africa that there would be no time left to undertake an in vasion of europe this summer the rapid advance of montgomery's 8th army however indicates that the end of the tunisian battle is already in sight definite plans for one or more invasions of eu rope in 1943 were undoubtedly mapped out at the casablanca meeting in january and anglo ameri can conquest of north africa will open up strategic possibilities that were not on hand last year then only an invasion of northern europe was practicable now a series of coordinated attacks from various points is possible thus while the vast force of highly trained british and american troops quar tered in england and northern ireland strike at norway or the channel coast of france it will b possible for a second invasion army to attack the axis from africa say in sicily or the balkans the axis is alarmed while the high com mands on both sides seek to shroud their plans in utmost secrecy surface indications tell the laymen that both the allies and the axis expect an invasion of the continent to materialize this summer re cently for instance extensive coastal zones along the southern and eastern shores of england were de clared restricted areas for use as bases for offensive operations against the enemy the axis too is making counterpreparations mussolini and hitler concluded on april 11 a four day crisis conference presumably devoted largely to discussion of the defense of italy for it is ob vious that that highly vulnerable country is destined to become a target for concentrated anglo ameri can air attacks as soon as the conquest of tunisia has been completed hitler also conferred with king boris of bulgaria and following their meeting dmitri vassileff bulgarian minister of public works broadcast on april 7 that if the allies at tempted landings in greece albania or yugo slavia bulgaria would actively enter the war it is by no means certain however that the allies will be able to carry out their invasion threats in for victory 1943 the obstacle that prevented anglo american forces from landing in force on the continent in 1942 exists in an even more aggravated form this year this obstacle is the shipping bottleneck caused by the intensified u boat warfare the nazis are now waging it was currently said a year ago that 1942 was hitler's last opportunity to win the war this year it can be said with equal assurance will give the fuehrer his final chance to stave off defeat his most powerful shield is neither the siegfried line nor the chain of fortifications he is erecting along the european coast but the submarine packs that are now swarming in the mid atlantic hitler’s last card a clear warning that the nazis would make a desperate effort to cut the flow of war supplies to england and africa this year was given on january 30 when hitler elevated admiral karl doenitz germany’s submarine fleet commander to supreme head of the german navy in place of admiral erich raeder secretary of the navy knox disclosed on april 6 that the u boat situ ation was tough and hinted that doenitz whose fertile mind devised the wolf pack submarine tactics has elaborated a new and more deadly form of attack against our convoys it is unfortunate that the need to conceal shipping losses from the enemy has kept the american people from realizing that the battle of the atlantic is easily the most critical campaign of the whole war how many americans know that our shipping losses from u boats in march were among the highest for a single month since the war began in 1939 allied counterattacks against the submarine have taken three principal forms 1 a new type of war ship the so called destroyer escort as protection for convoys the first of these vessels was put into service only last february but by july the navy expects to have a large number of these warships 2 construc tion of escort aircraft carriers which are not suit able for action with the fleet but are expected to add enormously to the efficiency of anti submarine patrols especially in the mid atlantic 3 air attacks on nazi submarine bases and construction yards the effectiveness of these attacks has been questioned by many naval authorities but the report that united states bombers severely damaged seven out of fifteen submarines on construction slips in the daylight raid on vegesack on march 18 shows what may be ac complished by such methods john elliott buy united states war bonds +lel an ic 5 t in this used now l942 this give his long that that t the year vated fleet navy f the situ yhose ctics ttack ping eople ic is war losses st for have war mn for ervice cts to istruc suit o add atrols ttacks yards rioned jnited ifteen it raid be ac ott ss general library periuuical qrneral univ of mlén univer ann arhor apr 27 1943 entered as 2nd class matter itw pf sity ua michigan mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vor xxii no 27 apri 23 1948 architects of world order differ on ground plans hie the approach of three united nations conferences on food on monetary problems and on relief and rehabilitation all to be held in this country during the coming months two ques tions have begun to perplex the american public first is the task of international collaboration most effectively approached through a series of conferences on various technical questions or should it be pre ceded by the establishment of a world organization and second should the architects of a world society begin their blueprints with the ground floor by form ing regional federations or start with the rooftop by forming a world association of nations will the parts form a whole those who advocate the immediate formation of a united nations political council which would serve as a nucleus of the world organization of the future among them notably wendell l willkie and gov ernor stassen of minnesota as well as members of the commission for the organization of peace be lieve that the way to start a world organization is to start it and that the best time for such a move is right now when peoples everywhere may prove more malleable than they are apt to be once the pressure of war has been relaxed they also contend that a series of technical conferences no matter how suc cessful will not coalesce into a world organization and that the world will thus be left just where it was in 1939 when the league of nations with many achievements in technical fields to its credit had failed to become a fulcrum for the political military and economic power of its member states these arguments carry a great deal of conviction and there is real danger that successive conferences may go off at tangents unless they can be firmly geared into the framework of an international organization function ing on the basis of a more or less coherent policy on the other hand it can be argued with equal force that in this period of great flux it may be im pfactical to set up a rigid framework which might fail to make sufficient allowance for the diverse needs and problems of widely varying areas of the globe the creators of the league of nations started by establishing an organization which had no roots in the experience of mankind and left human beings to gain this experience haltingly and painfully with in the institutions set up at geneva the method now apparently favored by president roosevelt and mr churchill is to use the practice of international col laboration acquired both by the league and by the united nations during this war as building material for a future world order this does not mean that an international organization is not the ultimate goal of the president and mr churchill where they differ from those who advocate immediate formation of a world association of nations is that they take that objective as their point of arrival whereas their critics take it as their point of departure on this subject there can and will continue to be legitimate differ ence of opinion since the divergent views expressed are affected not so much by historical precedents which can be cited in favor of either course but by each individual’s judgment concerning the most prac tical way of developing political institutions regardless of the procedure adopted the question still remains whether it is better to concentrate atten tion on the formation of regional federations to be subsequently linked into a world organization or whether the creation of a world society should pre cede regional groupings in his broadcast of march 21 churchill indicated that he favored the formation of a council of europe and a council of asia as segments of a world body in practice the responsibil ities of the united states cannot be limited to the western hemisphere since as under secretary of state sumner welles said at a meeting of the new york rotary club on april 15 the new world can never attain complete security and well being except tp cen ie a a ee ee eae ees sat 2 ae es oe a a rapa as ee na si fie 2 ok et in collaboration with the other states and regions of the world neither the world nor the regional ap proach excludes the other the two should be com plementary just as local and state responsibilities in this country do not exclude on the contrary they often serve to promote a sense of responsibility for the nation as a whole common interests the real test from a realistic point of view it must be admitted that the four great powers among the united nations britain russia china and the united states will emerge from the war with a major share of the world’s military force in their control if they can work together and can succeed in enlisting on their side in the post war period the small nations includ ing those which either lack military force altogether or have been shorn of it by the axis countries their cooperation could become the foundation stone of world organization under unfavorable circum stances their war coalition could in time of peace disintegrate into an intercontinental balance of power whose instability would hold a new threat of war but machinery alone no matter how elaborately blue printed on paper will not suffice to hold the united nations together if they meanwhile develop diver gent interests president roosevelt apparently believes that common interests can be most effectively devel oped now through conferences dealing with problems bermuda conference holds the anglo american refugee conference opened in hamilton bermuda on april 19 to the accom paniment of pessimistic predictions in the united states some of the newspapers lack of enthusiasm for the conference which is expected to last from ten days to three weeks may have been due to chagrin at being excluded from the meetings and restricted to prepared news releases but interested organizations also believe that the delegates will accomplish little and richard k law head of the british delegation warned against false or premature hopes instead of studying the broad problems of what should be done to help the hundreds of thousands of victims of nazi persecution in occupied europe the confer ence is concerning itself only with aiding some of those who have escaped to neutral countries if any just published a timely analysis of the united nations position in the pacific area read strategy of the war in asia by lawrence k rosinger 25c april 15 issue of foreign poticy reports reports ate issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 page two ed which are a matter of life and death for all of the united nations such as food and relief in fact if the united nations should find it impossible to o operate on these problems little can be expected of world organization to start with modest expectations is at least to avoid the danger that peoples everywhere might be disillusioned by the failure of grandiose undertak ings but modest beginnings like a seed should hold within them the elements of future growth the criticism that can be made of president roosevelt's views if they are correctly presented by forrest davis in the saturday evening post is not that they are modest this might be regarded as a mark of statesmanship their weakness is that they seem to skirt the major problems that will have to be faced in any kind of organization regional or universal general or particular which the united nations may decide to form such as limitations on national soy ereignty the need for establishing some form of in ternational control over the world’s armed forces if they are to be used to quarantine the aggressor and so on desirable as it unquestionably is to present international organization to the american public in the most attractive possible light the question re mains whether the easiest way out is necessarily over the long haul the most constructive vera micheles dean out little hope for refugees attention is given to the larger subject it will be as foreign secretary anthony eden told the house of commons on april 7 purely exploratory public opinion demanded action the calling of the conference is clearly the result of vigorous demands that have recently been made by jewish and christian groups in england and the united states in response to this public pressure ambassador halifax and secretary of state hull agreed to have their governments study the plight of the refugees but suggested that accommodations for them should be found as near as possible to their present location and that they should be supported in neutral countries in so far as transportation facil ities makes this possible the major question under discussion at bermuda is the very narrow one of what can be done now for the 20,000 refugees mostly french in spain and portugal and the 12,000 who are in switzerland for these three neutral countries the refugees constitute a serious problem in international law because most of them lack passports more important however is the pressure these uninvited immigrants exert on al ready overtaxed food supplies the united states and britain have recognized the inability of spain impoverished by civil war to care for the heavy migration that occurred over the pyrenees after the refs rn ee the if co of to be tak old the elt's rest hey of 1 to uced rsal may sov in as if and sent ic in e over n e as e of on it of le by the sure hull ht of s for their orted facil muda w for 1 and 1 for tute a ost of is the mn al states spain heavy er the page three germans occupied all of france last november and their ambassadors have been giving money and sup lies to thousands of needy refugees more recently general giraud has joined their efforts by shipping food to spain from north african ports and by help ing some refugees to enter french morocco and algeria these piecemeal efforts have not been enough however and ways must now be found of supporting these refugees for the duration of the war in addition to those in spain portugal and switz efland the problem of the 30,000 bulgarian jews whom king boris government is reported willing to release may be studied with a view to finding them atemporary settlement while awaiting transportation to palestine ideals vs practical considerations in bermuda a conflict is being waged between ideals and practical considerations the british and americans recognize the obligation to aid those who are fighting the common enemy but many ob stacles undeniably block the path leading to fulfill ment of that obligation chief among these difficul ties is the acute shipping shortage the submarine warfare and the needs of the allied fronts hinder both the supplying of refugees in neutral countries and their removal to places where they would be more easily cared for assuming however that shipping could be found there is the very real possibility that hitler will not permit jews and other persecuted per sons to leave german controlled territory the united states recently received an indication that hitler is determined to carry out his policy of annihilating the jewish race in europe when the nazi controlled régime at vichy rescinded permission in november 1942 for 5,000 children to leave france even though preliminary preparations had been made for sending them to the united states even if the first two difficulties are overcome the problem of finding places of settlement remains seri ous because of rigid legislative and administrative regulations on immigration now prevailing in most countries owing to the scarcity of food it may prove impracticable for the united kingdom to re ceive additional refugees but some british territories could accept many more especially africa 21,000 poles for example fled via russia and iran to british east africa in 1942 also if the united states annual immigration quota of 153,774 were filled thousands more could be admitted to this country during the war years 1939 42 the state department issued only 228,964 of the 461,322 visas allowed by law although many persons undoubtedly were grant ed visas who then found it impossible to reach the united states severe administrative restrictions were chiefly responsible for the gaps between the possible and the actual the latin american countries and canada also have stringent regulations on immigra tion that might conceivably be modified in view of the fact that many of these nations could find room for thousands of europe’s refugees but whatever temporary measures are devised at bermuda it is clear that only a united nations victory can make a permanent solution possible winifred n hadsel the f.p.a bookshelf the politics of this war by ray f harvey and others new york harper 1943 2.50 twelve journalists shrewdly analyze the influence on us war effort of important pressure groups farmers big and small business labor and the armed services covering the mexican front by betty kirk norman oklahoma university press 1942 3.00 a vigorous book on mexico’s political front by an amer kan newspaperwoman full of dynamite sometimes un fair but never dull strategy at singapore by eugene h miller new york macmillan 1942 2.50 brief study of the background of the singapore naval base especially the reasons for building it and the nature of the debate in england before and during its construction the war third year by edgar mcinnis new york ox ford university press 1942 2.00 an addition to a valuable series which covers the essen tial bare bones of chronology with interestingly presented text london calling edited by storm jameson new york har per 1942 2.50 the compilation a sort of thank offering to america by noted english authors will delight even those with a distaste for anthologies the guilt of the german army by hans ernest fried new york macmillan 1942 3.50 the militarist roots of national socialism are traced by an austrian scholar who points out that the military caste circumvented allied attempts to disarm germany after world war i and cleared the way for hitler’s rise to power the author advocates the uprooting of the ger man high command after the war and the creation of a democratically officered people’s army postwar economic problems by seymour e harris edi tor new york mcgraw hill 1943 3.50 twenty three well known economists discuss the national debt full employment social security agriculture price control and international trade after the war their thesis is that an orderly program of demobilization can prevent the u.s from taking economic defeat after the military victory is won poreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 27 apri 23 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dororuy f lug secretary vera micuhe.es dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least eae month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year bs s produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news l etter stthan april 19 world war i strategists were divided between partisans of the western front who thought the allies should concentrate on beating the ger mans in france and the eastern front school who held that the road to victory lay through the balkans in the current global conflict a somewhat analagous division of opinion has developed between those who think we should devote our major efforts to defeat ing germany first and the military experts who argue that if we do not soon tackle the job of conquering the japanese it will be too late rightly or wrongly president roosevelt and winston churchill have opted for the first policy the decision to give priority to the european war was taken during the meeting of the two statesmen in washington in december 1941 and reaffirmed at casablanca last january the japanese menace from the beginning many military and political leaders in united nations councils have questioned the wisdom of this course it was only to be expected that numerous u.s navy officers would be chagrined at the failure to go for the japanese first so were the australians to whom the yellow peril is more imminent than it is to the people of the united states the pacific war school has argued that if the tokyo government is permitted to exploit the rich supplies of raw materials it con quered in 1942 the task of vanquishing japan will be terribly long and costly if not impossible the past week has witnessed the most formidable challenge yet given to the roosevelt churchill stra tegy a well orchestrated campaign by high amer ican and australian officials demanded that more men and matériel be immediately sent to the southwest pacific to halt what they said was an imminent jap anese invasion threat something in the nature of a public debate was staged between general douglas macarthur and secretary of the navy knox both as to the seriousness of this menace and the preemi nence of air power over sea power at the same time dr herbert v evatt australian minister for ex ternal affairs now on a mission to this country warned that it would be suicidal to give japan time to consolidate its gains general blamey commander of allied ground forces in the southwest pacific de clared that the japanese have massed 200,000 men to the north of australia four heavy japanese air attacks within a week on port moresby and oro bay seemed to give point to the cry of distress from premier curtin of australia that these raids were only a prelude to fresh japanese assaults washington is not alarmed but for victory buy united washington has refused to become jittery secretary of war stimson while promising an increasing flow of planes to australia pointed out that similar urgent pleas for reinforcements are constantly and with equal reason coming from other theatres of war and when senator chandler asserted in the senate that china cannot last another year without more air power and that the japanese in the aleu tians are a growing menace to the american west coast senator barkley majority leader quietly re joined that the war was not to be won by strategy developed in the halls of congress mr stimson was too diplomatic to point out that some of the other battle zones do not have commanders with the pres tige of a macarthur to press their claims or prime ministers and ambassadors to indorse their pleas it may be only a coincidence but washington has noted that the appeals for reinforcements for aus tralia follow the return to that country of general george c kenney commander of allied air forces in the southwest pacific who was told when he came here last month to make this plea that the war against germany had first priority such a decision was bound to disappoint a prominent military leader like general macarthur who a year ago left baatan for australia in the expectation that he would head an expeditionary force for immediate reconquest of the philippines and has since been obliged to remain largely on the defensive for lack of men and material a japanese invasion of australia this year is con sidered in washington as being a possibility but not a probability it is known that the japanese have been constructing a tremendous number of new ait fields in the long string of islands reaching from japan across the east indies toward australia but it is thought here that the japanese ring of air bases in the southwest pacific is primarily defensive being designed to protect their key base of rabaul in new britain these japanese preparations do not unduly perturb military authorities here for when the time comes to launch a major offensive against japan it is not likely to be by way of australia only history will be able to determine whether the decision to beat hitler first was correct but it is an elementary maxim of military strategy to concentrate on one foe at a time and the decision to win the european war first having been made washington intends to adhere unswervingly to it regardless of alarums from the southwest pacific nothing short of a debacle in that area will budge it from its course john elliott states war bonds a on a t a st bette dee see ote gee ee he ee lae +forces came gainst n was leader baatan 1 head 1est of remain aterial is con yut not e have ew aif x from ia but r bases being n new unduly ne time an it is her the it is an entrate win the hington lless of g short course liott ds apr 3.0 1943 entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 28 aprit 80 1948 _soviet polish break compels allies to clarify war aims hg spring campaign of the fourth year of war in europe opened over the easter week end it opened as so many times in the past with a nazi offensive not on the military but on the psychologi cal battlefront the efforts of the united states to detach finland from germany and thus breach hitler's fortress of europe have not only been de feated but outmatched by nazi efforts to break the united nations ring around europe through further ing a conflict between the soviet union and the polish government in london in this first round of diplomatic and propaganda warfare the nazis have won an outstanding victory they have won this victory not because either finland or poland wants to be dominated by germany but because neither feels any assurance that in case of a united nations victory their fate would necessarily be better than if they submit to nazi rule where allied diplomacy has failed is in providing a concrete and convincing alternative to hitler's new order in europe in view of the strict censorship imposed for weeks on news about the soviet polish rift it would be premature at this moment to try to assess blame among the participants in the crisis first revealed to the world by foreign commissar molotov's note of april 26 to the polish ambassador in moscow but to understand the situation which now threatens the unity of the anti axis coalition laboriously formed over the past three and a half years by countries vic tims of either german or japanese aggression it is essential to bear in mind three things first the small countries of europe or for that matter of any other continent have been and continue to be objects not subjects of international diplomacy lacking sufh cient economic resources and adequate armaments they have no independence in any real sense of the word whatever political fictions may be woven around the concept of national sovereignty so far as the countries of eastern europe and the balkans are concerned they have today as for centuries a cruel choice between subjection either to the ger mans or to the russians as long as there is no other alternative some will lean toward germany others toward russia depending on historical tradition ge ographical proximity and the degree of hostility felt in the past toward either of their great neigh bors this does not mean that if they had a free choice they would not prefer to move in the orbit of britain and the united states but to put the mat ter quite bluntly the experience of finland and po land to mention only the countries now in the news has been that the anglo saxon powers do not match their professions of sympathy with practical aid in time of dire need this experience unfor tunate as it may seem at this moment is definitely on the debit side of the allied ledger civil strife serves nazis second and even more important for the future the struggle now being waged for the allegiance of european peoples is not being waged on strictly national lines as between national states but also on civil war lines as between various groups of the population the nazis are bidding as they have since their rise to power for the support of the upper classes diplomats military men industrialists landowners who in poland and finland for example have been traditionally not only anti communist but long be fore 1917 when finland and part of poland had been included in the russian empire anti russian as well the russians on the other hand are bid ding for the support of those elements in every neighboring country who might be considered sym pathetic to both russia and the soviet system workers peasants intellectuals this inner struggle which was already so clearly defined during the spanish civil war has been consistently underesti mated by british and american statesmen it now emerges with stark nakedness in poland and yugo slavia and exists in latent form in finland hitler for his part has always been highly skillful in utiliz ing the twin forces of nationalism and fear of revo lution to divide and confuse his enemies the extent to which he has succeeded in this instance offers overwhelming proof that the weapon of propaganda has by no means been blunted but the third thing that the british and ameri cans must realize is that nazi propaganda alone could never have done the trick either in the case of finland or poland true some of the men who claim to speak for the finnish and polish peoples may feel that they have more to lose personally or as a group by a russian victory than a german defeat and trim their course accordingly the loss of these men would be on balance a gain for the allies the crisis goes deeper than that however it would be both unjust and untrue to jump to the conclusion that finland and poland or even considerable sections of finns and poles desire a nazi victory to make such an as sumption in the case of poland invaded in 1939 by both german and russian troops its leaders scattered its intellectuals decimated its workers and peasants subjected to forced labor for the german conquerors would be a gross perversion of the existing situation page two lt what we must remember is that in the last analysis many finns and poles are swayed by uncertainty as to just what britain and the united states propose to do about europe in case of victory whether they intend to give russia a free hand in the region from the baltic to the black sea or plan to throw their full political military and economic weight into the task of effecting a reconstruction of europe on lines that would afford at least a minimum degree of security to the small nations no one expects precise blueprints but neither can hitler’s new propaganda of promising the conquered peoples security and pros perity under the aegis of the german master race be effectively met by continued hesitation on the part of britain and especially the united states concern ing the responsibilities they are ready to assume for the post war reconstruction of europe if the allies can seize the occasion created by the soviet polish break to clarify their own aims in europe they will be in a better position to rally to their side those ele ments in europe who want neither nazism nor the soviet system but are left floundering by lack of leadership from the western democracies vera micheles dean mexico’s economy changing greatly under war conditions by ernest s hediger mr hediger bas just returned from a month's stay in mexico where he delivered a series of lectures at the national university on international economic relations in wartime the historic meeting on april 20 of presidents franklin d roosevelt and manuel avila camacho in monterey mexico and their joint visit the fol lowing day to corpus christi texas gave added emphasis to the close collaboration that characterizes the relations of the two countries during this war the speeches of both heads of state reflected the profound desire of their nations to remain strongly united and do all in their power to win the war against the axis a full fledged ally in relation to its wealth and population mexico’s contribution to the war effort of the united nations is far from neg ligible although being essentially non military it can hardly be spectacular mexico’s principal role in east and west of suez 25 the latest headline book which tells the story of the modern near east egypt turkey syria palestine arabia iraq and iran and its strategic importance to both the axis and the united nations order from foreign policy association 22 east 38th street new york the war is as a producer of strategic minerals in response to the war needs of the united nations principally the united states it has developed its output of copper zinc lead mercury tungsten anti mony and other urgently necessary minerals for some of these its exports have increased up to 50 per cent but this is only the more obvious part of mexi co’s war collaboration even if mexico had remained neutral it would undoubtedly have increased its pro duction of minerals and shipped them to us at the same time however it would most probably have been in a position to dictate the prices of these products and moreover would have requested in exchange definite quantities of other goods and raw materials instead being a full fledged ally mexico places these products at the disposal of the democ racies accepting the prices the latter established without asking in exchange the machinery and other manufactured goods it badly needs for maintenance of its own economic life during 1942 exports to the united states surpassed imports from this country by 50,000,000 as it happens this increase in exports of minerals and other mexican goods such as agricultural prod ucts cotton cloth shoes and straw hats is accom panied by a drastically reduced importation of for eign goods its foreign trade practically cut off by war and lack of transportation mexico must rely solely on the united states which finds itself um able to provide what mexico needs most tractots vvvtrecwa f cro chp ss qa pn reser bm ooo nsw 8 as ou 6 ysis ty as pose from their the lines e of ecise anda pros race part cern e for a llies olish r will e ele yr the ck of an ns ls in ons ed its anti for 50 per mexi rained ts pro at the have these ted in id raw mexico jemoc lished 1 other enance to the ntry by inerals prod accom of for off by ist rely elf un ractors trucks electrical appliances machine parts chemi cals etc according to declarations made on april 6 1943 by eduardo villasefior director of mexico's bank of issue the finished products made in the united states from copper zinc and lead which mexico needs and cannot obtain represent only 2 per cent of mexican exports of such minerals as a consequence of this primarily one way trade mexico’s economy is undergoing significant changes while the position of the wage earners is being im paired by the increase in the cost of living that of businessmen and landowners is being improved by the wartime boom falling off of imports due to ameri can government control over exports from the united states and abundance of idle money have created strong incentives to mexican production and given rise to a boom in farming mining and industry in 1942 alone over one hundred important new indus trial corporations with initial capital investments totaling some 11,000,000 were registered not in duding 124 new mining properties opened during the first nine months of the same year industrial shares have soared to unprecedented heights monetary consequences the obvious result of the impossibility of importing goods in an amount even distantly approaching the quantities exported from mexico is that the country is increas ingly acquiring credits in american dollars or their page three equivalent in mexican pesos owing to this influx of capital mexico’s currency circulation increased in 1942 by over 250 million or more than 10 per cent of its 1929 national income officially estimated at 2,402 million pesos and has continued to rise steadily ever since moreover this already high flood is swelled by the millions of dollars constantly be ing sent to mexico by united states corporations and individuals seeking either to obtain higher returns or escape from war taxation as there is scant possibility of using this capital for creative investment because of the lack of necessary ma chinery most of it remains idle or is used to buy up existing mexican property and goods such trans fers of property may give rise to resentment among the mexicans and create future political problems the considerable increase in available currency and decrease in imported goods have inevitably led to a substantial rise in prices with unrestricted compe tition among buyers in the absence of any rationing system prices have increased proportionately more than in the united states in spite of various govern ment efforts to establish price ceilings food index prices for instance rose from 149 1929 100 in january 1942 to 175 in december of the same year the constant rise in prices besides breeding social unrest brings with it great financial difficulties for the government and might compel reduction of its program of public works and services victories in tunisia increase need for french unity fourteen weeks have passed since general giraud and general de gaulle met at casablanca announced their agreement on fundamental principles and promised to work out plans for effecting a complete union in the ensuing period the gap between the two french groups has been narrowed but efforts to dlose it completely have suffered so many disappoint ments that some observers in washington and lon don now believe its attainment more remote than ever at the same time the need for speedy rap prochement becomes more pressing as extremely heavy fighting on the tip of tunisia heralds the end of that crucial campaign in the north african theatre of war the soldiers of de gaulle and giraud ignore their differences and are giving an excellent account of themselves as they fight side by side and in close cooperation with the british and americans this harmony is in sharp contrast to the conflicting loyalties that have existed in the french navy a number of sailors have de setted giraud’s ships which are under repair in the united states to enlist in de gaulle’s fleet and others it is reported have been detained by fighting french authorities in scotland because they wanted fo sign up with giraud so confused did the situa tion become that the united states intervened on april 23 and took the transfer procedure out of the hands of the ship commanders and their leaders entrusting it to a board on which there are repre sentatives not only of giraud and de gaulle but also of the u.s navy seriousness of disunity as the possibil ity of invading europe draws closer it becomes evi dent that french disunity may cause a serious situa tion at the moment when the united nations will need close cooperation between french and allied armies in north africa and the underground move ment in france close two way contacts have been maintained since 1940 between de gaulle and the organizations of resistance on french soil and al though the underground press lauds giraud as a gallant and able military hero it continues to con sider de gaulle its leader if the underground fol lows one general until the hour of invasion while the bulk of the french army in north africa follows another the stage might be set at best for the loss to the united nations of concerted french action against the axis and at worst for civil war in france frenchmen who have recently escaped to britain and the united states warn that revolution may become endemic in france as it did in spain after the napoleonic occupation if the war intensi pee re ene aes bts slates 4 rs se we eet ro 7 re he page four fied antagonisms between groups are not held in check by the existence of a widely recognized and unified source of authority leaders differ over personnel dur ing the first weeks of the deadlock it was not certain what factors were preventing successful fusion when however general catroux de gaulle’s special representative brought giraud’s proposals for unity to london on april 11 it was clear that more than catroux’s diplomacy was needed to bring the two groups together a comparison of giraud’s sugges tions with the countersuggestions of de gaulle on oy 21 reveals that there are now two main points of divergence between the french leaders first there is the matter of the former collaborationists who continue to hold important north african adminis trative posts despite a number of political house cleanings giraud still retains several men whom the fighting french refuse to accept into any organiza tion in which they would participate giraud defends the retention of these administrators in the name of efficiency and maintains that they are doing dif ficult and essential jobs in this period of military crisis since only a handful of officials are involved in the controversy this point should not present in superable difficulties disagree on transition period the other more serious reason for divergence arises in connection with the two generals plans for the pro visional organization they want to establish to rep resent france among the united nations to which it does not now belong and to govern france dur ing the transition period that will follow the end of hostilities and precede the restoration of the repub lic giraud wants a council made up of colonial governors and commissions working in close con tact with the army to speak for france while de gaulle insists on an organization that will give rep resentation to the underground and be superior to all military and imperial authorities during the transition period the giraud plan would presumably spell a period of military control until after the re patriation of french workers and prisoners now in germany while de gaulle’s would provide for civilian government after the first emergencies are past and before elections are held there is no easy possibility of merging these pro posals for they are based not only on the different interests of the groups represented but on different conceptions of the role two important institutions the army and the empire will play in post war france so far as the army is concerned giraud and his advisers mostly military men have indicated that they believe france's collapse in 1940 was due to politicians rather than soldiers and conclude that the military must have a hand in the making of the new france de gaulle’s underground organiza tions made up chiefly of civilians are for the most part leftist groups who fear that the army might be used against them different attitudes toward the empire are equally marked giraud’s use of im perial officials in his proposed council apparently rests on the assumption that the traditionally close bonds between metropolitan france and the empire will continue unchanged de gaulle on the other hand has been working out a system of decentraliza tion in the approximately one third of the empire which acknowledges his control this little publicized change in the free french empire is due partly to the necessities of war and partly to de gaulle’s con viction that the empire must become increasingly independent should deadlock between giraud’s and de gaulle's views persist it seems impossible that the allies will be able to stand aside regardless of their desire to interfere as little as possible in the affairs of a friendly nation both britain and the united states will have to take a hand in speeding the union not only because of military necessity but because they have helped to build up the two competing vv nts movement winifred n hapseel round trip to russia by walter graebner new york lippincott 1943 3.00 in this small unpretentious book a correspondent of time life and fortune has given an unusually balanced vivid and understanding picture of the russian people and their attitude toward the war the soviet government and the country’s economic system we can win this war by col w f kernan boston little brown 1943 1.50 the author of defense will not win the war argues for an offensive strategy involving early invasion of the european continent in decisive fashion the mountains wait by theodor broch saint paul webb book publishing co 1942 3.00 they came as friends by tor myklebost new york doubleday 1943 2.50 the fight of the norwegian church against naziem by bjarne héye and trygve m ager new york macmil lan 1943 1.75 both vivid and factual these books describe norwegian resistance to the nazis mr broch who was mayor of narvik also includes a first hand account of the germat invasion foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 28 apri 30 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera michetes dean editor entered second class matrer december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at leat one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year a produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor i ee peo waeeoaéatgh fz +ently close npire other aliza mpite icized tly to con singly ulle’s s will ire to of a states yn not ecause peting sel york lent of anced ple and nt and boston argues of the 1 webb y york macmil rwegian ayor of german or national entered rw at leat may 10 1943 entered as 2nd class matter general library university of michigan ann arbor michtzan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y you xxii no 29 may 7 1948 allies gain by frank discussion of joint problems fears as may have been aroused among the united nations that the soviet government after breaking off relations with the poles in london would retire in high dudgeon to renewed isolation or even consider a separate peace with germany were effectively dispelled by stalin in his may ist order of the day this order breathes the calm assur ance in russia’s own strength and the confidence in ultimate victory which according to observers re cently back from the soviet union characterize the attitude of the russian people toward the war but it also strikes a new note for the first time since the german invasion of russia stalin paid an en thusiastic tribute to the war effort of the allies in no uncertain terms he dismissed on their behalf as well as russia’s any possibility of peace with the imperialist fascists who have flooded europe with blood and covered her with gallows demand ing with mr roosevelt and mr churchill hitler's unconditional surrender whatever may be the future of polish soviet relations one thing is already plain the historic friction between poles and rus sians which the nazis had tried to fan in the hope of dividing the united nations has not alienated russia from its allies in the west on the contrary the polish soviet rift has served to clarify relations between the three great powers which are now forg ing an iron ring around hitler’s european fortress russia welcomes frankness this favor able result is due in part to the self restraint of the polish premier general sikorski who has genuinely striven for two years to reach an accord with mos cow but has been balked again and again by ex tremist nationalists among the polish émigrés both in this country and in britain in part it is also due to the frankness with which apparently both lon don and washington have talked to the soviet gov ernment regarding the two problems at issue the polish soviet frontier and the status of the polish government in exile which soviet spokesmen have denounced as fascist in character neither britain nor the united states so far as can be determined is prepared at this time to concede eastern poland to russia whatever may be the eventual settlement of this centuries old conflict nor are they ready to force general sikorski to abdicate in favor of a polish group that might enjoy the support of the kremlin desirable as changes in the polish govern ment might seem these changes should come accord ing to london and washington as the result of free decision on the part of the poles themselves not through surrender to russian demands this point was emphasized by mr churchill in his message to the poles on may 2 their national day when he said that the sacrifices the poles had made would be crowned by the restoration to which we all look forward of a great and independent poland frank discussion of these problems had been sorely needed to clear the international atmosphere over charged during the past few months by polish soviet suspicion and mutual recrimination it is unrealistic to contend as some people in britain and the united states do that russia should always be coddled by other nations and that none of its wishes should be crossed for fear of offending stalin as a matter of fact the russians who never hesitate to say what they think expect and respect similar bluntness from others what does arouse their suspicions is any attempt by the western powers to veil motives or policies in polite but ambiguous diplomatic verbiage there is no reason to believe that a common ground cannot be found between the views of po land and russia provided both can be assured that in post war europe their security will be bulwarked by the concerted support of all the united nations such assurance will come the more readily if the territoriah issues of the continent are not settled i geese aes sle bee pin ee piecemeal to placate this or that power great or small but are considered within the general frame work of european and world reconstruction seen in that larger framework many of the territorial that loom important to individual nations ome dwarfed in comparison with the crying need for collective action to win the war alleviate the disasters left in its wake and make a fresh start u.s must chart middle course to lay undue stress today on the issues that do or may separate the various united nations not only plays into the hands of nazi propagandists what is even more dangerous it fosters the latent desire of some americans for return to isolationism by making in ternational collaboration appear far more difficult than it is or needs to be the problems of europe are unquestionably far more complicated than wish ful thinking reformers would have us believe but they are not beyond the power of human beings to adjust nor is the united states expected to adjust them single handed it would certainly be the height of irony if in turning our back on isolationism we dissolution of commonwealth not anticipated by dominions speaking in ottawa during the last week of april joseph m tucker director of a canadian section of the united states war production board recognized that canada does not contemplate any change in its status as an autonomous nation within the british commonwealth although he referred enthusiasti cally to the benefits which have accrued to both canada and the united states as a result of wartime collaboration mr tucker also pointed out that close cooperation had been achieved without impair ing the sovereignty of either country and envisaged future relations between them not as all states in one republic not as all parts of one empire but just as we are independent and inter dependent sovereign nations and friends canadian links with britain us this statement should be taken to heart by people in this country who anticipate the disintegration of the british commonwealth and in particular the loosen ing of ties between canada and britain if not can page two for a survey of the league’s extremely useful con tribution to international collaboration and an analysis of the accomplishments of league agencies now functioning read geneva institutions in wartime by ernest s hediger 25c may f issue of foreign policy reports reports aré issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to fpa members 3 ll a should go to the other extreme and jump to the conclusion that it is our manifest destiny to cure all ills throughout the world and settle all conflicts this is not what the peoples of europe or asia of latin america want they hope that the united states will not remain aloof from the rest of the world after the war but they have no desire to see the united states alone shoulder the task of post war reconstruction in this task they want to play their part and to play their part neither as humble recipients of american handouts nor as sideline admirers of the american cen tury but as equal partners of the united states what we have to learn is how to work with other people without either neglecting them altogether or smothering them with exaggerated concern in international affairs as in all human affairs there js a middle course a golden mean the american people could make no greater contribution to post war reconstruction than by discovering and practicing this golden mean between isolationism on the one hand and imperialism on the other vera micheles dean ada’s actual inclusion in the united states this war like the last has fostered canada’s progress towatd complete independence the canadian government deliberately delayed its declaration of war against germany until september 10 1939 a week after the british to establish before the world the right of the canadian parliament to make war without regard to any action of the british government but the great majority of canadians did not consider this a blow at either britain or the commonwealth they felt then as they do now that their independent existence is best guaranteed within the common wealth some canadians indeed believe there is greater freedom in the time tested ties with britain than in a dependence on the united states which might ultimately transform canada into an append age of its mighty neighbor moreover many feel that the aspirations of small nations to play 4 part in the post war world are given more sympi thetic attention in london than in washington but the majority of canadians and they are represented both by prime minister mackenzie king and oppo sition leader john bracken see no inconsistency in the maintenance of existing bonds with britain and the commonwealth while closer political and economic relations are forged with the united states economic ties bind dominions apatt from traditional ties the most important element if the attitude not only of canada but of the othet see what a g think about post war reconstruction policy report march 1 1943 foreigh cai c0 ins war ward iment zainst after right ithout but rsider ealth ndent 1mon ere is ritain which pend many slay a ympa n but sented oppo stency 3ritain il and inited apart vent if other poreigh dominions toward the commonwealth is economic before 1939 britain was the world’s greatest single market for foodstuffs and raw materials and the prosperity of the dominions as exporters of primary products largely depended on exchange of these products for british manufactures although the dominions wartime industrialization will make them less dependent on british industry and seri ously undermine the ottawa agreements it will hardly reduce their need for the british market there is certainly no sign that the united states will want to replace britain in this respect and in the case of canada its new position as a creditor with respect to britain will quite possibly serve to increase rather than decrease imports from britain the problem of commonwealth security also sug gests that old ties will not be broken even if new ones are added with air power almost certain to supplement sea power in guarding british trade routes the strategic unity of the commonwealth is more likely to be tightened than loosened the pos sible implications of the commonwealth air train ing scheme now under way in canada should not be overlooked in this connection nor should the fact that the british government's policy in the field of commercial air transport is being discussed with the dominions before negotiations are opened with other united nations in the southwest pacific it is true australia and the f.p.a history of the english speaking peoples by r b mowat and preston slosson new york oxford university press 1943 4.00 an interesting and on the whole successful attempt by an american and a british historian to write a one volume history of the english speaking nations britain the em pire commonwealth and the united states the purpose has not been to give the details of national history but rather to emphasize the development of institutions and traditions and to show historically that the bond of unity between the american and british peoples is not racial but in part one of language and even more of common institu tions and ideals british rule in eastern asia by lennox a milles minne apolis university of minnesota 1942 5.00 a detailed comparative study of political and economic conditions in hongkong and british malaya before pearl harbor mexican oil by harlow s person new york harper 1942 1.50 a matter of fact description of the origin and settlement of the mexican oil dispute with a useful chapter on mex io’s historical background by a member of the staff of the 1942 u.s mexican oil commission page three new zealand will probably look more and more to the united states for their security but this does not mean that either will wish to sever connections with britain canada has long recognized that in the last resort its security depended on the united states rather than britain but this has not reduced its de sire to remain within the commonwealth it may be similarly expected that the australasian domin ions and also the union of south africa will want to add american support to british not to replace britain by the united states in the dominions as well as in britain it is expected that the effect of closer economic and military ties with the united states will not be to loosen the bonds of the com monwealth but rather to draw the commonwealth as a whole closer to the united states but the dominions apparently do not contem plate a common foreign policy with britain what they undoubtedly hope is that the issues of war and peace will be settled through a genuine international body with responsibilities divided regionally while they themselves determine other aspects of their external affairs in harmony so far as possible with both britain and the united states in an age when large political and economic units will almost certainly form the prevailing pattern this concept of democratic association appears to be a realistic ap proach to the problems of world organization howaard p whidden jr bookshelf admiral sims the modern american navy by elting e morison boston houghton mifflin 1942 5.00 a good biography of sims early career and his influence on modernizing the navy a bit disappointing on his war service in britain and makes him a greater prophet than he was or claimed to be lifelines of victory by murray harris new york put nam 1942 2.00 a british squadron leader discusses the problems of war strategy with especial stress on the importance of secure and adequate transport facilities for successful offensive action a diplomatic history of the american people by thomas a bailey 2nd edition new york crofts 1942 6.00 first revision of an excellent and readable volume two new chapters have been added on the united states and the present war sharply revealing the degree to which the war had involved us before we realized it i remember i remember by andré maurois new york harper 1942 3.00 through this fascinating story of a rich life runs a bright thread of philosophy that represents france at its best foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 29 may 7 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leer secretary verna micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year sis produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor 8 2 cpap ee 7 a x see eer wa et cee le ig eae soe sep cea sane eed ea élite ee te ae ety se aon pmesie sy oa se ss bete ths ih oe om pra aare vemene wal tt a re ll so a a ey washington news letter f may 3 president roosevelt's handling of the present coal crisis will go a long way toward supply ing an affirmative answer to the moot question of whether a democracy is capable of waging a suc cessful war for it must be remembered that world war ii is an ideological as well as a military con flict and the decision of john l lewis to order the miners back to work for two weeks means that the president has won the first round but it is not yet clear whether this is a tactical maneuver on mr lewis part or whether it signifies that he is trying to save face realizing that he cannot successfully defy the government of his country in time of war but mr roosevelt in his radio address indicated that he intends to yield nothing to mr lewis threats and if the president adheres unflinchingly to this line he will have furnished a vindication of our democratic institutions nazis ridicule democracy the rise of fascism was due in part to the belief that only a strongly authoritarian government could conduct a victorious war in germany especially a careful study had been made of the political and military mistakes committed by the reich in the war of 1914 18 nazi leaders were persuaded that strikes in the german munition plants in the last years of that conflict as well as the pacifist outlook of many german labor leaders had contributed gteatly to the downfall of the kaiser’s govern ment not only by reducing the output of war ma tériel but by lowering morale on the home front it is not surprising therefore that one of hitler’s first steps on becoming master of the reich in 1933 was to abolish all trade unions and replace them by a government controlled agency workers and employ ers alike were subjected to government supervision and strikes and lock outs were forbidden the same policy with a somewhat different technique had previously been carried out in italy in two other powers that have subsequently become belligerent nations the u.s.s.r and japan the authority of the state is also supreme and in neither of these coun tries are industrial conflicts tolerated the present war has provided a searching prag matic test for the political institutions of three great democracies britain france and the united states under the strain of battle the third republic failed utterly and its rapid and unexpected collapse seemed to confirm the prophecies of men like dr joseph goebbels as to the inadequacies of the democratic for victory form of government in the modern world the sad truth of course was that the french re public was in no shape to face such a test the out break of hostilities found france on the brink of 4 civil war the bitter struggles between labor and capital which reached a climax in the advent tp power of the popular front in 1936 and the crop of sit down strikes of that year had split the french people asunder as they had never been divided since the revolution although the daladier cabinet with a display of unwonted energy had quickly suppressed an attempt at a general strike in december 1938 the many ephemeral french ministries had never been able to regulate satisfactorily relations between work ers and management vichy had doubts the weaknesses of the third republic led marshal pétain and his collab orators in the vichy government to ascribe the fall of france to its democratic institutions they sought to establish an authoritarian régime and doubted the ability of the united states either to save england or secure the liberation of france the epidemic of strikes that occurred in the united states in 1941 strengthened vichy in the belief that president roose velt would be unable to deliver the goods in time in striking contrast to france british political in stitutions have withstood the ordeal of war unlike french labor british labor was not seriously af fected by the communist dogma of 1939 that this was an imperialist war and had enough patriotism and sense of responsibility to prevent war production from being impeded by strikes after the entrance of the united states in the war outstanding labor lead ers of this country too such as president william green of the a f of l president philip murray of the cio and john lewis of the united mine workers solemnly promised that they would call no strikes for the duration mr lewis breach of his pledge threatened nol only to jeopardize production of vital war goods ant open the door to inflation in the event his move proved successful but also to discredit the future of democracy in europe for whether this form of gov ernment will be revived on the continent after the war depends in large part on how it functions if the united states and britain it will not be enough for the western democracies to win the war the must show that in doing so they know how to com bine liberty with authority john elliott buy united states war bonds +yf the ollab e fall ought ed the gland nic of 1941 roose ime cal in unlike sly af at this riotism luction unce of r lead 7 illiam murray 1 mine id call ed not ds and s move ture of of gov fter the ions if enough r they to com liott ds fp briodical rova genbral library univ of mig foreign may 14 1943 entered as 2nd class matter general library university of michigan ann arbor wich policysbutleee tin ae an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 30 may 14 1943 ham brilliant allied victory in tunisia which reached its climax on may 7 with the occupation of bizerte and tunis is obviously one of the de cisive events of world war ii just as hitler's in yasion of the low countries in may 1940 started a chain of developments which led to the conquest of europe so this allied victory three years later is bound to bring military and political repercussions of similar magnitude german collapse unexpected a ocol lapse as sudden and complete as that of the axis forces in tunisia is almost unknown in german mili tary history it shows perhaps even more clearly than stalingrad that the nazis cannot resist allied arms when these are brought to bear in sufficient strength skillful use of concentrated air pounding massed artillery fire and infantry and tank attacks was apparently responsible in large part for the tapid allied advance but the germans also seem to have made strategic and tactical blunders in their defense of tunisia they not only attempted to hold lines that were too long for their reserves but per sisted in basing on hills and crags major positions which appeared strong but actually exposed them to assaults against which they had extremely limited fields of fire with their supply and replacement sys tems inadequate the morale of axis forces seems to have broken when these strong points were cracked by persistent allied attacks coming from many points at once where will allies strike now the western allies can probably be expected to strike their next blow at sicily and sardinia and at the small axis held bases in the sicilian straits control of these islands would clear the central mediter fanean for our supplies and profoundly affect the whole global war picture it would provide a short supply route not only to the southern front in russia but also to india and china this would give the north african victory pattern for ultimate axis defeat allies for the first time le i means of ining 2 the unity of strategic reserve sewhicl essential to unified command moreover a permit the oil and gasoline needed im french north africa to be shipped by barge from the on mad and middle east rather than by tanker across the sub marine infested atlantic from the united states with the central mediterranean cleared the way would be open for the allies to mount an offensive from africa and the mediterranean islands against italy or southern france and if crete too were oceu pied against the balkans at the same time an early diversion from britain against norway or even a major offensive across the english channel must not be left out of the reckoning since the allies possess superior ais and sea power and german strategic reserves are well back from the european coastal defenses it seems reasonably clear that a bridgehead cam be effected wherever the allies wish to strike the great task will be to convert that bridgehead into a bitte ee fensive but here the allies holdingoutside hines have an opportunity to draw off german reserves by a feint from one direction while making the real attack from another until fighter and bomber strength which must have been withdrawn from britain for the tunisian campaign can be replaced however a decisive thrust based on the british isles can hardly be expected reaction to tunisian victory politi cal repercussions of the allied victory in north af rica are now being felt throughout the world grow ing restlessness among the occupied peoples of eu rope is causing the nazis great concern in holland the nazis have resorted to martial law in turkey and among the arabs of the middle east belief in an allied victory is rapidly gaining ground while in northern europe sweden is showing increased in dependence in spain too there was recognition of ath oi nes binge fa nen ene me sfe te do pe eat pet ewe te wie ye saee 1 2 wt oe card il 4 f a ee eee fn st ne eee ef sete sss ee ps ae wee art ees ats st as sia fg er oe ge a re page two allied power for on may 9 general franco declared that the war had now reached a stalemate which made immediate peace the only sensible course for all belligerents among the united nations the effect of tunisia has been equally significant china is heartened by this show of anglo american striking force and hopes that it heralds a strengthening of allied power in the far east as well as in europe the soviet union evinces real appreciation of the efforts of its western allies and will undoubtedly meet any spring or summer offensive which hitler may launch against the russian armies with even greater confidence polish problem tests relations of great and small powers the soviet polish controversy which for a few days had shown signs of abating flared up anew on may 7 when soviet vice foreign commissar an drey y vishinsky made a statement to the british and american press accusing members of the polish embassy in russia of espionage and pro german activities this statement issued two days after stalin’s letter to the new york times correspondent in moscow in which the soviet premier declared that the u.s.s.r unquestionably wants a strong and independent poland following the defeat of germany has added to the prevailing confusion in this country concerning soviet aims and policies it might be useful under the circumstances to review the main issues raised by the soviet polish contro versy the first thing that must be borne in mind is that no american layman without official knowledge of soviet polish relations since the german invasion of russia in 1941 which reversed russia's attitude to ward poland can reach anything resembling a well founded judgment about the activities of poles de ported or evacuated to russia after poland’s collapse in 1939 if past experience is a guide there are prob ably rights and wrongs on both sides russia wants friendly poland but whatever may be the merits of the controversy over the activities of these poles there is no reason to doubt that stalin was sincere when he said on may 5 that the u.s.s.r wants a relationship based for a survey of the league’s contribution to inter national collaboration and an analysis of the accomplishments of league agencies now function ing and the international red cross read geneva institutions in wartime by ernest s hediger 25c may 1 issue of forzign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to fpa members 3 n ee the allied victory too should smooth the path to french unity with all that will mean both for the future of france and the further success of allied forces finally it is clear that the political and eg nomic cooperation forged over many months betweeq britain and the united states has now developed under general eisenhower's leadership into effec tive military collaboration as president roosevelt said in his message to general eisenhower the unprecedented degree of allied cooperation makes a pattern for the ultimate defeat of the axis howarp p whidden jr upon solid good neighborly relations and mutual respect with a strong and independent poland or if the polish people so desired an alliance pro viding for mutual assistance against the germans as the chief enemies of the soviet union and poland for years before 1939 the soviet government had regarded with suspicion the activities of the polish government of colonels and especially of its for eign minister colonel beck believing that this group inspired by anti russian and anti communist sentiments was ready to play ball with hitler against the u.s.s.r these suspicions were sharpened by the realiza tion in moscow that poland whose industrial and agricultural backwardness made it highly vulnerable to german pressure would prove unable to resist an attack by germany which would place german armed forces directly on the soviet border russia's worst expectations on that score were realized when germany invaded poland on september 1 1939 the subsequent occupation by russia of polish ukraine and polish white russia and their incor poration on november 29 1939 into the ukrainian s.s.r and the white russian s.s.r respectively was justified from the russian point of view by con siderations of self defense but justifiable as these measures may appear from the russian point of view this does not mean that they become automatically acceptable to poles whose concept of a strong and independent poland does not include surrender of territory to russia now po land’s ally among the united nations nor is it easy for americans who have consistently opposed en croachments by this country on the territory of weaker nations in the western hemisphere to defend similar encroachments by russia on the territory of adjoining countries a convincing case can always be made by a great power which believes that its security or economic position is threatened by the policies of weaker neighbors the admittedly difficult equation between great and small nations may be th to r the jlied eco ween ped effec evelt the rakes jr s utual and pro ins as and t had olish s for t this nunist gainst a liza and erable sist an erman ussia’s when 1939 polish incor ainian tively y con r from n that whose does yw po it easy ed en ory of defend tory of always hat its by the lifficult nay be mee resolved either by the complete or partial subjugation of the small nations a policy hitherto denounced by the soviet government as imperialism or by an attempt to develop relations of equality within the larger framework of a regional or world organiza tion it must be hoped that the united nations in cduding russia and the united states will follow the latter policy during and after the war and that the small nations in turn will show a spirit of co operation and not of nationalist intransigeance polish people must decide the fact that for a quarter of a century russia has been separated from the western world by mutual suspicion and hostility serves to obscure today on both sides the urgent need for building collaboration between them on new and not on outworn foundations the sec ond mission to moscow of former ambassador jo seph e davies who is to deliver to stalin a mes sage from president roosevelt presumably urging a personal meeting between them may help to dis sipate moscow’s recurring suspicions about the aims of britain and the united states even more effective in this respect are the victories of allied forces in page three north africa which bring closer the moment when the opening of a second front in europe may relieve german pressure on russia but indiscriminate american apologia for soviet policy do not offer a sound basis for russo american collaboration in winning the war and the peace after the war stalin in his controversy with the polish government in london takes the view that that government con tains elements who had been hostile to russia before 1939 and does not represent the polish people this issue which is the real crux of the soviet polish con flict cannot be settled by russia alone or by the other great powers unreservedly backing russia it must be settled by the polish people to whom stalin is directing his appeal what the united nations can and should do is to create the conditions for a free expression of opinion on the part of the polish people this can be done only by the defeat of ger many which holds poland in thrall any attempt to divert attention from this first objective can only prolong the agony of both the poles and the rus sians now living under the nazi yoke vera micheles dean the f.p.a bookshelf modern world politics by thorsten v kalijarvi new york crowell 1942 5.00 eighteen experts on international relations analyze fun damental factors governing the world struggle for power intended primarily as a college text but chapters on geo politics and total espionage will attract wider audience china after five years of war new york chinese news service 1942 1.00 informative essays on chinese government military af fairs economic conditions and education written for the most part by staff members of the ministry of informa tion in chungking voices of history great speeches and papers of the year 1941 by franklin watts ed with an introduction by charles a beard new york franklin watts inc 1942 3.50 out of a mass of material covering the world wide war here is a selection of representative pronouncements chosen 80 as to point up critical and important events and deci sions its chronological arrangement and excellent index make it a most workable reference tool as well as of his torical value this is the first of a planned series documents on american foreign relations july 1941 june 1942 edited by leland m goodrich with the collabora tion of s shepard jones and denys myers.boston world peace foundation 1942 2.75 fourth volume in a useful series piji little india of the pacific by john wesley coulter chicago university of chicago press 1942 2.00 a discussion of life in the fiji islands particularly the mpact of large scale immigration from india on native society throws light on the nature of the south pacific islands the self betrayed glory and doom of the german gen erals by curt riess new york putnam 1942 3.00 this tale of the rise and fall of german generals gives a good insight into the mentality of the junker class which expected to rule germany through hitler in spite of frequent unverifiable statements the book is useful latin america its place in world life by samuel guy inman new york harcourt brace 1942 rev ed 3.75 a new edition of this classic on latin america brought up to date and considerably enriched mr inman’s book is undoubtedly one of the few excellent treatments of the subject year of the wild boar by helen mears new york lip pincott 1942 2.75 a revealing description of the daily life of japan with constant emphasis on the real japan of rigid customs and non western ways that lie behind a modern facade the author’s fascinating account forms a valuable accom paniment to works on japan’s international relations and internal political and economic conditions basis for peace in the far east by nathaniel peffer new york harper 1942 2.50 highly instructive and provocative analysis of the prob lems of peace in the orient the author’s proposals in volve crushing japan but giving it a just peace liberat ing china promoting self government in southeast asia and ending all preferred political positions and economic monopolies in the far east one weakness is the inade quate discussion of the soviet position in this region foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 30 may 14 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th screet new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lzgr secretary vera micueies dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor is ask eres ee retin ancetad i so epee ne ee rare ants deans mee ie pics app tein re ee ee ne wee t i 4 aye secdentes uoomineano a washington news letter may 10 general enrique pefiaranda de castillo 50 year old president of bolivia who is at present the guest of the united states richly merited the warm reception he received in washington last week on april 7 president pefiaranda climaxed his series of amicable acts toward this country by leading bo livia into war on the side of the united nations with the notable exception of brazil bolivia is the only south american country so far to have declared war on the axis before general pefiaranda became president of bolivia in 1940 relations between his country and the united states were far from harmonious ameri can influence in that country was slight as exempli fied by the fact that la paz was the only western hemisphere capital without an american bank loans for this south american republic were floated in wall street at what bolivians thought exorbitant terms and were defaulted for the simple reason that that poverty stricken country was in no position to meet either principal or interest on the bonds in 1937 bolivia confiscated a 17,000,000 investment of the standard oil co of new jersey which is the only case on record outside of mexico of latin american expropriation of oil property this action however was amicably adjusted in april 1942 by an agreement between standard oil and bolivia german influence was strong mean while german penetration in bolivia had developed alarmingly with nearly 8,000 germans in the re public german influence was always strong and it may be recalled that the bolivian army was trained by the late ernst roehn hitler's intimate friend and ultimate victim the country’s aviation was a monop oly in the hands of the german lloyd aereo com pany which not only served every town and com munity in bolivia but maintained a weekly air service to berlin by way of brazil since pefiaranda’s advent to power the united states concluded in 1940 a five year agreement with bolivia whereby we undertook to purchase 18,000 tons of tin per year half the nation’s total produc tion and in 1941 washington contracted to buy bo livia’s total output of tungsten another critical war material for three years today after the capture of malaya by the japanese bolivia has become the united nations most important source of tin fur thermore the pefiaranda government expropriated the nazi air lines and immediately arranged with for victory the pan american grace company panagra to op erate them it is not surprising that the nazis plotted a coup d’état to overthrow pefiaranda but their con spiracy was discovered by the interception of a letter from major elias belmonte bolivian military at taché in berlin to the german minister in la paz triumph of good neighbor policy president pefiaranda said in washington last week that nazi agents were still working in bolivia and this was demonstrated in december 1942 when they tried to exploit labor troubles in the tin mines as an example of yankee imperialism the pefiaranda government frustrated this campaign by inviting u.s experts to collaborate with bolivians in studying and reporting on the labor situation workers in the patifio owned catavi mines pro ducing for the british asked for a 100 per cent wage increase and when the operators offered them 30 per cent they went on strike just before the strike the bolivian congress had passed an advanced labor code u.s ambassador pierre boal asked the la paz government how the new labor laws would effect costs of production of tin antimony lead and other products being bought by this country in some circles this action was interpreted as an effort to head off badly needed labor legislation in bolivia on april 20 the joint commission issued a report recommending among other things that the bolivian government raise the minimum legal wage and re move the restrictive provisions against free associa tion particularly labor meetings it also pointed out that education housing sanitation and health condi tions must be improved if living standards are to be raised the remarkable change in united states bolivian relations within the span of a few years is signal testimony to the success of the good neighbor pol icy the era of dollar diplomacy is definitely gone as president roosevelt indicated on may 7 when he revealed that he had apologized to president pefia randa for the act of certain united states financiers 15 years ago in making a loan to the bolivian gover ment at excessive rates probably what the president has in mind is that the era of private banking loans to foreign governments is ended and that such finan cial operations will be conducted in the future by government agencies like the reconstruction finance corporation john elliott buy united states war bonds +pro wage 0 per e the labor a paz effect other ircles ad off eport livian nd fe ssocia ed out condi to be rlivian signal or pol zone hen he pefia iers 15 rovern esident x loans finan ure by inance iott ds perigdical room general lisrary uniy of mic may 22 1943 entered as 2nd class matter veneral library vaaversity of michigan fan arhor hi chican foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 31 may 21 1943 allies plan offensive in east without halting in west a invasion of rocky fog shrouded attu island in the north pacific on may 11 is the first new american land action launched against japanese troops this year widely interpreted as a harbinger of offensives to come this move has led to heightened speculation over the possibility that far eastern prob lems may be an important theme in the current roosevelt churchill discussions the fact that the british leader has been accompanied by field mar shal wavell commander in chief in india as well as by other high military men from that theater lends point to conjecture especially since american gen erals stilwell and chennault had previously arrived home from the far east europe still comes first the meager in formation as yet available does not warrant the con dusion that asia is the major topic of conversation it is worth noting that the churchill mission is com posed of leaders in all spheres of war activity not merely the orient even less reason exists for think ing that any change in the strategy of concentrating on the defeat of germany is contemplated with the axis crushed in north africa the russians driving on novorossiisk and the conquered peoples of eu fope stirring as never before this does not appear to be the time for a breathing spell in the west in order to undertake major operations in asia it is tme however that by opening up the mediter fanean and thereby greatly simplifying the problem of sending supplies to india the african campaign has created new possibilities of action against japan as far as the orient is concerned the washing ton conversations should be regarded as a continua tion perhaps an acceleration of plans already de vised at casablanca last january the communiqué issued after that meeting referred to measures that would be undertaken to assist china this was fol lowed by the visit of two high british and american military leaders to india and china and their an nouncement of complete accord in coordination of offensive plans in asia on february 12 presi dent roosevelt spoke of great and decisive actions that would be taken against japan especially in the air in march representatives of the joint chiefs of staff and of top american commanders in the pa cific held important conferences on pacific strategy in washington most recently of all it was an nounced on may 13 that general macarthur and admiral william f halsey jr had engaged in dis cussions all of these parleys especially when viewed in the context of australian and chinese pressure for greater action in the far east add up to careful discussion of ways of meeting possible jap anese attacks and of launching drives of our own problems in asia difficult in the en thusiasm generated by the tunisian victory it should not be forgotten that the far eastern military pic ture remains overcast it is not simply that the jap anese still have considerable offensive power while we have hardly rounded first base in efforts to drive them from their new empire these matters are im portant but perhaps to be expected in view of the necessity of concentrating on europe what is more serious is the steady deterioration of the economic political and military situation in china which even now holds down more japanese troops than any other fighting front in asia at present tokyo is continuing its quiet inconclusive but very dangerous strategy of attrition by operations against guerrilla forces in north china and a campaign into a major rice producing region south of the yangtze when these drives are taken in conjunction with the serious famine conditions existing in certain parts of the country it is obvious that the maintenance of china’s resistance is an outstanding problem of far eastern strategy one well worth the attention of the high est leaders of britain and the united states it has been customary to speak of a campaign in burma as a solution of many of china's problems and a means of making china a major offensive land front against japan unfortunately the troops which entered burma from india last december in a lim ited tentative drive have been forced back almost to the indian border and there is no prospect of a further allied offensive in the region until after the monsoon rains end next october moreover the recon quest of burma and even the reopening of the burma road both of which would inevitably take some time might not of themselves be enough to alter decisively the fighting power of the chinese army yet these developments would be of genuine value in guaranteeing the continuance of chungking in the war and in opening up to allied arms the path into thailand malaya and indo china which are all at present in japanese hands where does attu fit in the american landing on attu has been welcomed in chungking page two ay and the american press has itself speculated tha this might be the first step toward some combined move with the soviet union against the northerp most section of the japanese islands especially the naval base of paramushiru some 630 miles from attu but almost directly off soviet kamchatka whatever may occur in the future it would seem wise at this moment particularly in view of difficul ties of weather and distance in the north pacific to view our move in the aleutians in terms of im mediate results the invasion of attu will pave the way for the re seizure of kiska island to the east depriving japan of air and submarine bases that might be used against alaska and the west coast of north america at the same time both the lend lease air route from the united states to the u.s.s.r and the north pacific lend lease sea route will become safer lawrence k rosinger europe’s peoples must be free to plan their own future the quickening tempo of allied activities on the periphery of europe brings a greater sense of urgency concerning the political decisions that must precede and accompany military operations it has long been apparent that it will not be enough for the united nations to batter down the walls of hitler's euro pean fortress they will have to enter that fortress with some agreement as to the fate of the liberated peoples if the end of war is not to be the prelude to widespread civil conflict what agreement is emerging from negotiations so far carried on among the leaders of the united na tions britain the united states and russia have recognized the allied governments in london although russia has suspended relations with the polish government and has frequently been at odds with the government of yugoslavia in the still disputed case of france russia has recognized the french national committee headed by de gaulle the british support de gaulle and cooperate with giraud while the united states having declared that it did not want to prejudge the decision has worked closely with general giraud in north africa the fact that at the food conference which opened at for a picture of present day sweden and an analysis of the many problems confronting this nation in its attempt to maintain a policy of neu trality read sweden the dilemma of a neutral by naboth hedin 25c may 15 issue of foreign po.icy reports reports ate published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5.00 to f.p.a members 3.00 hot springs virginia on may 18 de gaulle and giraud are both represented by m alphand former official in the ministry of commerce may indicate the possibility of cooperation in international affairs between the two french leaders communists not the only element fighting nazis meanwhile behind the facade of diplomatic transactions russia has made no se cret that it is hoping to find in neighboring states poland yugoslavia bulgaria elements sympathetic to the soviet union and willing to risk much to un dermine the nazi new order that some although by no means all of these elements are drawn from communist ranks is not due solely to russian in fluence it is due first of all to the fact that the coun tries of eastern europe and the balkans face today economic and social conditions similar to those of russia in 1917 and experience in lesser or greater degree a ferment that might result in thoroughgoing revolution once nazi rule has been broken in these conditions of violent flux two cardinal principles might serve as points of departure for the united nations first it would be unwise as tt would be unfair for russia to assume that the com munists alone have consistently and courageously opposed nazi rule it is true that owing to theif efficient organization and political experience the communists have been particularly successful in europe’s underground movements but many people on the continent have not forgotten that between september 1939 and the invasion of russia in june 1941 the communists following the policy set by moscow opposed the allied war effort declaring there was no real distinction between nazi germany and its opponents if the political complexion of the french national committee is representative of the a re e il ern the rom itka icul cific im the east that st of ease and ome er and rmer icate tairs ent cade d se fes hetic un ough from n if oun oday se of eater roinng dinal r the as it com ously their the ul in eople ween june et by laring many of the f the state of mind in france as well as in other occupied countries it would be true to say that men and women of all shades of political opinion economic background and religious beliefs have found a com mon basis of action in their opposition to nazism should this condition prove to exist in europe once the fortress has been breached it will become the duty of the united nations instead of setting party against party class against class to build on this common foundation among all anti nazis in the hope that it may also offer a foundation for post war reconstruction democracies must not fear radical ism it is essential however that in dealing with what might be described as conservative groups in europe britain and the united states should not for amoment give the impression that they are seeking to create some kind of a bloc hostile to the soviet union fear of such a bloc has long dominated mos cow and has not yet been completely dispelled to dispel it britain and the united states and others among the united nations must adopt a second cardinal principle and that is not to fear radical ism whatever its form just because it seems to break with the known traditions of any given european country fundamental internal transformations may have to take place in a number of countries on the continent among them obviously germany if europe is to start on post war reconstruction with a tolerably clean slate these transformations may come in some countries through reform in others where reforms are not forthcoming through revo lution britain the united states and russia which at the end of the war will together control the major share of military power in europe could conceiv ably use this power to urge reforms or instigate tevolutions but to be lasting to be truly rooted in the native soil these reforms and revolutions must spring from the actions of the peoples themselves where the great powers will face critical decisions is in not cutting such changes short through fear of consequences and above all in not coming to blows with each other as to the course these changes should take no single yardstick is available to measure such problems no litmus paper can be applied to human beings to reveal whether they are trustworthy or un trustworthy common sense will necessarily have to play a large part in any policy that may be adopted obviously the nazis and fascists and their declared page three supporters in axis held countries must be outside the pale but what of the rest of the people of europe both conquerors and conquered in theory the method favored by russia in the case of poland the we or they method sounds simple and con vincing many people feel that the crisis of our times is too acute to permit distinctions among several shades of gray and that the world must be judged merely in terms of black and white but is it in practice feasible to so divide human beings especially when as in europe they have been sub jected to such agonizing dilemmas such soul shat tering alternatives and would not such an approach imply the necessity of eliminating through execu tion or imprisonment or exile all those who hap pened not to come up 100 per cent to whatever standards may be set by the united nations are the united nations in effect so thoroughly agreed on common standards that they can with any sense of integrity demand the extermination or removal of all those who have deviated from them in the past is not one of the main objects of the united nations on the contrary to create conditions in europe which will permit a variety of human experience a range of choice for the individual conscience and not to set a single pattern no matter how consonant that pattern might be with american or british or wear russian ideas vera micheles dean america in the new pacific by george e taylor new york macmillan 1942 1.75 penetrating discussion of the issues of the far eastern war the author calls for american leadership in enlist ing the fullest possible support of the peoples of asia in the struggle against the axis action in the east o d gallagher new york double day doran 1942 3.00 a south african journalist who was on the spot angrily describes the blunders and shortcomings that contributed to the loss of malaya and burma the anglo american trade agreement by carl kreider princeton princeton university press 1943 3.50 an able analysis of american and british commercial policy in the years 1934 1939 with special emphasis on the impact of the trade agreement which became effective january 1 1989 white man’s folly by vanya oakes boston houghton mifflin 1943 3.00 interesting story of the experiences of an american woman journalist during ten years in the far east especially china the author stresses the failure of the west to develop policies based on a true and sympathetic comprehension of the peoples of asia and their aspirations foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 31 may 21 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lzsgr secretary vera micugies dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year be produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter atthae may 17 not even the presence of winston churchill could cause political observers in wash ington last week to overlook the significance of dr edouard benes arrival the head of the czech gov ernment in exile came here to discuss with president roosevelt the heretofore unsolved problem of the organization of central europe the fact that dr benes intends to visit moscow this summer lends added importance to his trip to the united states dr benes is firmly convinced that the future peace of europe depends on the success or failure of efforts put forth during the war to achieve friendly coopera tion between the western powers and the soviet union this is for him no new or belated discovery he has always been a foremost champion both of the league of nations and the principle of collective security it was he who presided over the league assembly that in the autumn of 1935 proclaimed economic sanctions against italy for its invasion of ethiopia benes remembers munich dr benes wel comed the advent of the u.s.s.r into the league in 1934 as a powerful reinforcement of the geneva organization and under his leadership czechoslo vakia entered into military alliances with both france and the soviet union the tragic experience of munich when his own country was sacrificed to give europe a momentary respite from the inevitable war strengthened his belief in the imperative need for collaboration with moscow during that ap sement interlude both britain and france barred russia from the councils of europe and made a compromise with hitler which at least some of their leaders hoped would divert nazi expansion to the east when instead the british and french became involved in war with the third reich the following year stalin reciprocated by leaving the western democracies to fight it out alone with the fuehrer nothing could be further from the truth than the nazi propaganda claim used by hitler so effectively in 1938 that benes is stalin's stooge the czech president however is realistic enough to appreci ate the fact that without the good will of russia czechoslovakia cannot hope to survive as an inde pendent state dr benes policy toward russia offers an interesting and instructive contrast to that of the poles both before and during the present conflict the warsaw government under the leadership of pilsudski and his successors failed to agree on a for victory territorial settlement with either the germans or russians and thereby alienated both of their po erful neighbors even on the brink of war w hitler was demanding danzig and the corrid the poles could not make up their mind to em brace a russian alliance the direct result of this vacillation was the fourth partition of their country in september 1939 dr benes on the contrary has never had any hesitation in choosing russia rather than germany as a result he believes he could have counted on soviet support if a european war had broken out over the sudetenland in 1938 today while moscow claims the eastern part of poland the soviet list of territorial claims presented by pravda on february 8 does not include carpathian ruthenia a province of czchoslovakia inhabited mostly by ukrainians it has also announced that it does not recognize the frontiers imposed on czechoslovakia at munich no bloc against the u.s.s.r this past winter dr benes gave striking evidence of the im portance he attaches to soviet friendship when he extricated czechoslovakia from the czech polish agreement of 1941 which provided for a federation of the two countries after the war moscow saw in this pact the nucleus of a bloc which might one day be used by the western powers to establish another cordon sanitaire against the soviet union and dr benes had no desire to alienate the soviet govern ment it is axiomatic that as long as benes remains head of the czech government his country will join no bloc that may be regarded as anti soviet the sine qua non of any entente between czechoslovakia and poland therefore must be composition by the latter of its conflict with the u.s.s.r like general sikorski the polish premier dr benes is considered by some of his compatriots in exile as too pro russian stefan osusky the chicago educated former czech minister in paris heads a movement in london in opposition to dr benes and another of his political foes is former premier milan hodza now in this country but dr benes prestige is so great and his relations with washington lom don and moscow so excellent that he is likely to continue to be recognized as head of the czech gov ernment until the czech people themselves are in 4 position to confirm or reject his leadership john elliott buy united states war bonds for for rbpe sa fs 5 ss co a +past n he olish ation aw in e day other d dr vern l join wwakia oy the r dr ots in 11ca20 sads a as and milan restige lon ely to h gov re in a ott ds periodical room ral library v of mich eneral library vr t 3 ily os may 28 1943 entered as 2nd class matter pres ts srsity of michigan ann arbor nich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 32 may 28 1943 he decision of the presidium of the executive committee of the communist international reached on may 15 and announced on may 22 to propose its own dissolution to its sections in vari gus countries marks a turning point not only in the war but also in the turbulent history of our times one of hitler’s strongest propaganda weapons has been the prevailing fear of communism against which he offered nazism as a bulwark by dissolv ing the ties that bound communist parties through gut the world into an international organization the comintern removes itself from the arena of the world shaking ideological debate that has raged ever since its formation by lenin in 1919 its disappear ace at the same time is the culmination of pro found changes that have been taking place in soviet foreign policy during the past quarter of a century permanent revolution long over when the bolsheviks came to power in 1917 they were faced with bitter opposition both within russia ind abroad on the home front they crushed their opponents first by victory in the civil war of 1918 21 and subsequently by successive purges of hostile ele ments of both right and left on the foreign front they waged an equally stubborn struggle first against tapitalist encirclement then after hitler’s emer gence on the scene against fascist aggression in this struggle the communist international played an important part great as were the efforts of the soviet government to dissociate itself officially from its activi ties not only were its headquarters in moscow where it was inevitably subject to russian influence bat the communist parties that composed it sought in every possible way to conform to the party line formulated by the russian communists irrespec lve of the national interests or aspirations of their own countries in the early days of soviet rule the party line was determined first and foremost by the expecta end of comintern clarifies russia’s policy tion that the russian revolution would be the har binger of similar uprisings all over the world it was with this expectation in mind that trotzky advocated a policy of permanent revolution which would have made of russia the standard bearer of a world wide revolutionary movement this policy met with a series of setbacks between 1921 and 1927 when in the wake of the return to normalcy after the war fascist or conservative tendencies instead of leftist uprisings gained the upper hand in countries that were experiencing social turmoil notably italy hungary and china and later of course germany following lenin’s death in 1924 stalin who op posed permanent revolution challenged trotzky’s leadership and in this fateful duel for power won a lasting victory first ejecting trotzky from party ranks in 1927 then exiling him from the soviet union it is significant that the last annual meeting of the communist international was held in 1922 and that thereafter the organization assembled only on three occasions in 1924 1928 and 1935 the years that followed trotzky’s defeat years of grim struggle to industrialize russia collectivize its agri culture and forge its relatively backward and in choate masses of people into a great military power were marked by the ascendancy of stalin’s own views which he summed up as the building of social ism in one country stalin’s essentially nationalist policy as contrasted with the internationalism of lenin and trotzky was cemented by the german invasion of the u.s.s.r in 1941 which aroused in the russians a sense of national unity in defense of their fatherland against the nazis will russia abandon intervention in its decision of may 15 the communist interna tional recognizes that the stubborn resistance of the united nations like that of russia is due not solely to the activities of communists in their midst but to the staying power of national unity and under h x __ page two takes not to weaken this resistance which is of di rect aid to russia by the perpetuation of dissension between communists and non communists many people while welcoming this move have already raised the question whether this is not mere scene shifting to be followed by the resumption of inter ventionist activities formerly attributed to the com munist international but this time openly on behalf of russia’s national interests only practical experi ence can answer this question but one thing already is clear russia will continue to take a lively interest in the policies and actions of its neighbors and will insist that such policies and actions should not as sume an anti russian character in this russia would not be acting differently from other great powers each of which tries at one time or another to use its influence to produce in neigh boring countries reactions favorable to its cause as the united states for example has done again and again in latin america to assume that no such in tervention will take place after the war is to nurture a dangerous illusion the real question at stake is not whether the great powers will intervene in smaller countries this can be taken for granted but whether in the future they will use their influ ence with some sense of responsibility toward these countries if russia’s relations with its weaker neigh bors should be guided in the future by concern for their welfare and that of the world community as well as the welfare of the u.s.s.r then it can greatly help post war reconstruction as the dissolution of 2 the comintern indicates it wants to do and there js little doubt that the degree of responsibility it exer cises will in turn depend on that shown by britain and the united states and on the mutual confideng that can be developed between the three great powers nor should we expect that the dissolution of the communist international will necessarily end the possibility of revolutions in europe or elsewhere such revolutions as may occur however will not be the result primarily of propaganda from moscoy whether nationalist or communist in origin they will spring first from maladjustments within the countries where they take place but they will be affected as stalin anticipated in the early twenties by the example russia has set of building socialism in one country russia will unquestionably exercise great influence during and after the war not because of its propaganda which has been relatively ineffec tive in the advanced industrial countries of the west but because it has had the courage and resourceful ness and has developed the technical ability to re sist the greatest military and industrial power of our times this influence cannot be effectively combated by witch hunting of american communists or by at tempts to isolate russia it can be met squarely and honorably only by demonstrating as the british and americans are doing today that a democratic so ciety can display similar qualities of courage and resourcefulness while at the same time preserving or even perfecting its own political institutions vera micheles dean food parley practical test of post war ideals the first sessions of the united nations food conference which opened at hot springs virginia on may 18 for the purpose of discussing post war freedom from want were beset by difficulties which tended to obscure the delegates fundamental ob jectives some of these difficulties such as exclusion of the press resulted from special wartime circum stances and need for secrecy others arose from con fusion over whether wartime production and relief as well as long term agricultural policies were to be discussed by the beginning of the second week of meetings however these handicaps had been largely for a study of the problems which will confront any united nations relief council and six essential principles of planning for an effective rehabilita tion policy in countries freed from the axis read u s relief for europe in world war i by winifred n hadsel 25c march 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5.00 to f.p.a members 3.00 overcome through relaxing the restrictions on cor respondents and making it clear that a separate con ference on relief problems will be held later record will be important it is of the greatest importance that the ground should be thus cleared for action for the delegates from the 45 countries represented have open to them a two fold opportunity that may not present itself as clearly again first they have within their grasp the pos sibility of restoring public confidence in the ability of international discussions to serve as a means of securing understandings and workable bases for ef fective action between 1932 and 1939 the tech nique of conferences fell into widespread disreputt because of its repeated failure to secure agreements or to culminate in any definite proposals if aftet victory the roundtable method of controlling it ternational relations the alternative to the use of force is to be restored as a dependable means of retaining unity among the united nations a com ference on a subject of such universal and vital im portance as food offers a chance to establish that fact the major objective of the conference is the formu lation of constructive plans for adjusting post wal anne vu se kr as ih cc ser pb csc oa me ss bt ss wa a es ae i lye 10t be ill be nities ialism ercise cause effec west ceful to re of our ibated by at ly and sh and hc 0 e and erving ean nn co e com of the e thus he 45 7o fold clearly 1 poy ability ans of for ef tech srepute ements after ing i use of ans of a com tal im at fact formw ost wal page three a agriculture to secure better nutrition for all people the war has succeeded in making the world con scious of the importance of good nutrition for more than a generation before 1939 reformers and liberals preached the duty of governments to improve the diets of underprivileged citizens but even where this responsibility was assumed it was usually considered chatity rather than good economics and politics when nations became armed camps however the relation between adequate food good morale and ability to do the work that war demanded was made painfully clear and the food front became only a little less important than the fighting front now as these nations at war look toward the post war period they realize that their obligations to feed their people properly will not cease with termination of the conflict but must continue if a stable and peaceful world is to be established long vista of problems as the british delegation stated in its declaration of principles on may 23 the present conference can provide a val uable introduction to the consideration of those eco nomic problems to which the united nations will have to devote their urgent attention in the near future included in this list is the need for improv ing the education of consumers to encourage them to adopt more healthy patterns of nutrition this is not to say of course that every one in every part of the world should have exactly the same diet for the much discussed hottentot may find that a pint of milk per day is not in accord with his tastes and habits furthermore local climates and soils must obviously be determining factors in arranging an area’s basic diet another subject that discussions of post war agri culture will raise is the future of current wartime controls used to encourage production a too hasty feturn to normalcy would greatly penalize countries like new zealand which have expanded farm pro duction for export and would lead to an agricul tural slump similar to the one which followed world war i moreover a country like england which under pressure of war has reversed its century long tradition of importing most of its food and how produces approximately 60 per cent does not want to lose the social values of this return to the land as prime minister churchill noted in his speech to parliament of march 21 in which he outlined britain’s post war domestic aims a vigorous re vival of healthy village life is one of britain's desired goals at the same time however the british realize they will have to resume purchasing abroad if they expect to sell in foreign markets and believe that they can simultaneously maintain their re stored agricultural life only by raising the level of consumption also involved in the discussion of food will be the matter of improving agricultural equipment con cretely this means that countries such as the united kingdom and the united states will have to pro vide better farm buildings new equipment for tin farms and new homes and community buildings in order to encourage farmers to remain on the soil instead of flocking to cities in less advanced coun tries like china or mexico where necessary equip ment must be secured from abroad if more food is to be produced this expansion of agriculture means that additional industrial goods will have to be imported international financial and monetaty agreements would also be necessary in carrying on this campaign against human want for long term credits would have to be extended to many countries to enable them to carry through a policy of increased production bolivia for example has already indi cated through its delegate that it could not make the capital investments needed for increasing pro duction without more credit than has been available in the past thus the adoption of a food policy based on human needs once it has been implemented by the united nations could serve as a self starter for an entire cycle of increased industrial production and expanded world trade whinifred n hadsel japan’s dream of world empire the tanaka memorial edited with an introduction by carl crow new york harper 1942 1.25 text of the much discussed memorial on world conquest supposedly submitted to the emperor on july 25 1927 by premier tanaka accompanied by notes and a brief intro duction and conclusion fire in the pacific by simon harcourt smith new york knopf 1942 2.00 a former british official in the far east briefly surveys the history of japanese aggression convinced that the people of japan are seventy five million madmen all pre pared to commit any crime at the behest of the state the author is sharply critical of pre war appeasement policies and believes that steps must be taken at once to enlist the peoples of the colonial east in our cause hitler man of strife by ludwig wagner new york nor ton 1942 3.50 an up to date biography of hitler packed with his torical facts dates and events and written in a light imaginative vein foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 32 may 28 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lagt secretary vera micheles dean editor encered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year a produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter may 24 congress last week witnessed the rare spectacle of a british prime minister replying to a united states senator on the floor of the house of representatives but it would be a profound mistake to assume that senator chandler of kentucky who in a three hour speech in the senate on may 17 raised the question of whether it was sound policy for the united nations to concentrate on germany first spoke merely for himself senator chandler is an influential member of the senate military affairs committee and therefore has access to the private views of high ranking com manders in the u.s fighting services in his speech he was probably reflecting the opinions of some of the military and naval men in the country his was an inspired talk timed for delivery while vital de cisions concerning the future conduct of the war were still in the making in the current roosevelt churchill conferences with the combined chiefs of staff a popular demand in making himself the public champion of the beat japan first school of thought senator chandler has brought into the open a topic that has long been the subject of much hush hush discussion in washington the navy in par ticular which professionally regarded japan as the hereditary enemy from the beginning has been itching to carry the fight to the far eastern foe first the navy has been supported by a number of high u.s army officers now operating in australia india and china who consider that washington grossly un derestimates the japanese peril it will be recalled that in april this group warned that japanese invasion of australia was imminent it should be noted however that senator chandler went beyond mere debate of the military strategy of the united nations he also raised doubts about the intentions of russia and cast aspersions on the present far eastern achieve ments as well as the future plans of britain in this respect he voiced an isolationist point of view and was joined through the process of yielding on the request of other senators by former outspoken isolationists such as wheeler shipstead vandenberg and clark of missouri why germany comes first mr chur chill in his speech to congress on may 19 indicated that the decision taken by him and mr roosevelt at their washington meeting in january 1942 to concentrate against the european end of the axis until germany and italy are defeated leaving the for victory struggle against japan until later still stands this meeting he said it was evident that while defeat of japan would not mean the defeat of many the defeat of germany would infallibly m the defeat of japan this strategy he made clear is essential for the security of both britain and the united states moreover he declared it will be nec essary in the immediate future to balance off in other parts of europe the contribution russia is mak ing to the united nations cause by holding at least 190 nazi divisions plus 28 divisions of germany's satellites nailed down on the eastern front as com pared with an equivalent of 15 divisions which the axis lost in tunisia while senator chandler based his case on the premise that the nazis were hence forth doomed to remain on the defensive mr churchill told congress that there was little doubt that hitler is reserving his supreme gambler’s throw for a third attempt to break the heart and spirit of the red army he stated that the united states and britain must do everything in their power that is sensible and practicable to take more of the weight off russia in 1943 mr churchill was able to a great extent to dispel the fear voiced by senator chandler that after ger many had been defeated britain would relax its efforts and leave the united states to subdue japan the prime minister re emphasized previous pledges to fight japan to the death with all his country’s ability and resources side by side with you while there is a breath in our bodies and blood flows in our veins he pointed out that britain has as great material interests to retrieve in the far east as the united states besides having what he called the largest military disaster in british history to avenge naturally the prime minister was not in a position to say what aid if any russia would give us in the war against japan after hitler is beaten but it is significant that churchill emphasized the hope he and mr roosevelt have of meeting stalin at no distant date in washington some observers believe the british and americans will press the russian premier to grant american airmen the use of bases in siberia from which to bomb japan it is perhaps not a coincidence that on the very day mr churchill addressed congress the tokyo radio cautioned russia against placing bases at the disposal of the allies warning that such action would lead to a japanese blitzkrieg against the red army john elliott buy united states war bonds +peri pate me general libi uriv of bice d the renge sition in the it pe he at no elieve issian bases chaps irchill russia a llies anese tt ss jun 9 1943 entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york n y vou xxii no 33 june 4 1943 in a candid and balanced report of this country’s war effort james f byrnes newly appointed director of war mobilization speaking at spartan hurg south carolina on memorial day paid high ibute to our military and war production achieve ments during a year and a half of participation in world war ii as mr byrnes pointed out the united states has already fought almost as long as it did during world war i suffering as yet far fewer casualties those americans who feel that britain and china and russia which have suffered incomparably more than we in terms of loss of lives of property or both are not always sufficiently ap preciative of our contribution to the war may well ponder this part of mr byrnes’s recapitulation but he also declared that this will be a much tougher lwar and that thus far we are only on the outer fringes of this war so far as personal deprivation on the home front and the loss of blood on the battle front are concerned allies catching up with axis at the ame time mr byrnes left no doubt that in spite of much confusion overlapping and struggle for per wnal power among government officials in wash lagton as well as among industry labor and farmers throughout the country the united states has accom plished an outstanding job in meeting the war pro duction objectives set by president roosevelt objectives which at the time appeared fantastic of the figures cited by mr byrnes the most spec tacular and the one most fraught with significance ata time when the allies are concentrating on round the clock bombing of germany and italy is that the 100,000th airplane manufactured since the war pfogram was launched came off the assembly line on may 31 the united states together with russia and britain have at length caught up with the axis and are forging rapidly ahead it is against the background of actual achieve expanding power creates new responsibilities for united states ments and potential dangers which must yet be faced before the united nations can hope for vic tory that current discussions about the future of the world must be projected there is on the one hand a tendency on the part of some americans to over estimate the contribution made by this country to the winning of the war and to insist in consequence that the united states should claim a major share in the making of the peace on the other hand there is an equally dangerous tendency to view this global conflict as of concern to the united states only in the asiatic theatre of war and to decry or oppose aid to other sectors yet it would seem that no one could fail to understand today first that the war in asia is intimately and irrevocably linked to the war in europe and africa and second that if it had not been for years of stubborn and at times desperate resistance on the part of britain russia china and the conquered peoples of europe the united states would have found it impossible to catch up as it has so successfully done on its lack of military prepara tions in an atmosphere of relative calm and security u.s policy needs clarification these considerations might help us to define the course that the united states could or should follow once the war is over just as this country was not able to escape through nonintervention or to win the war alone once it had been attacked so it will be unable to win the peace alone or to carry out a world wide relief and rehabilitation program through its own unaided efforts we shall need other countries in time of peace as we have needed them in time of war and while the other united nations are hop ing that we shall not turn to isolationism as we did in 1919 neither do they want us to embark on a policy of imperialism on the plea of reforming or re educating or rehabilitating the world all that is being asked of us and all that was asked of us during the inter war years is that we should play a part in world affairs commensurate with our re sources and should henceforth assume responsibil ity for the use of our power which at the end of the war will be enhanced manifold by our vast war production effort but until we ourselves have defined the role we want the united states to play it is difficult in some cases impossible for other nations to define their policy this was clearly indicated in the series of s es that dr benes president of czechoslovakia elivered during the past two weeks in chicago and new york dr benes anticipates the defeat of ger many in the not too distant future and believes that the final disaster of the axis powers will be of a much greater scope than that of 1918 at the same time he believes that the situation of the world when this disaster does take place will be far more difficult than it was in november 1918 he recog nizes that the small nations of europe sometimes carried nationalist intransigence beyond the bounds of reason and that returning to normal does not mean returning to the exact state of affairs that existed in europe before hitlet’s rise to power but he remains firmly opposed to any attempt by the great china faces most acute the routing on june 1 of five japanese divisions which were directing a many pronged attack at chungking and the significant increase in chinese and american air power have raised the spirits of the chinese people but despite this success there is no doubt that generalissimo chiang kai shek’s gov ernment is threatened by a situation of unparalleled seriousness enemy forces have seized substantial por tions of rich rice producing territory in hunan and hupei provinces at a time when the country can ill afford to lose any part of the year’s crop this means that free china which for many months has been un able to cope with a disastrous famine situation in honan province must now expect even more difficult food conditions one symptom of the dangerous state of affairs is the rapid upward movement of rice prices in chungking during the past month japan is wearing china down ameri cans on the whole understand that japan is waging available at reduced rate bound volume xviii foreign policy reports 24 issues of foreign policy reports march 1942 march 1943 with cross index 4.00 a volume order from foreign policy association 22 east 38th street new york page two crisis in six years of war powers to obliterate the identity of small natiog dr benes looks to post war collaboration betweg britain and the soviet union envisaged in the anglo soviet treaty of may 26 1942 as the foundation stone of european reconstruction without the soyig union he believes that it will be impossible fo europe to prevent a new german drang nach ostey he hopes that the united states will participate jy the task of world reconstruction but his hope j tempered to a noticeable degree by the experience of 1919 those of us who may wonder why the spokes men of the united nations are not always as precise in their concepts of the future as we would like them to be must remember that hitherto the foreign pol icy of the united states has had less precision and proved more unpredictable than that of its present allies the greater our power becomes with the rapid expansion of our industrial production the more important it is that this power should be used not irresponsibly or haphazardly but with a coherent idea of the commitments we are ready not merely to advocate but actually to fulfill vera micheles dean a war of attrition against the chinese but there is still a marked tendency to measure tokyo's succes in terms of the capture of important centers rather than the deterioration of china’s powers of resistance a campaign for chungking would of course rep resent a supreme test of china’s endurance while a fourth japanese attempt on changsha key trans portation point would imperil the economic founda tions of the régime yet if such drives do not take place there will be no reason for complacency since japanese efforts on a smaller scale may have catas trophic effects on china after the wear and tear of six years of war in fact although japan has seized no prominent objectives in the current fighting free china is al ready feeling new pressure simply because important routes for the smuggling of commodities from jap anese occupied areas have thereby been closed for some years china’s most significant foreign souttes of supply has been its own territory under enemy control and this has been particularly true since the cutting of the burma road early in 1942 now in flation has reached a point at which it is not unusual for commodity prices to be 60 or 70 times the pit war levels of 1937 in some places rice is reported to have risen more than a hundred fold in the pas six years and it is said that because of the scarcity of cotton only the very wealthy can afford to buy clothes western visitors to hard pressed china tel the same story of growing weariness and there much speculation as to whether the government cal hold out for one year two or more es we 2 2hcluce lation sovie le fo osten ate ip ope is nce of pokes fecise them n pol 1 and resent th the n the herent rely to ere is uccess rather stance fep while trans yunda t take since catas ear of ninent is al ortant n jap 1 for source enemy ce the yw if nusual e pre a e past carcity 10 buy ra tell ere is nt cal wee japan revises policy toward puppets one important political threat is the modified jap anese policy toward wang ching wei and his puppet entourage at nanking in a clever effort to strength en its position in occupied china and to weaken morale in chungking tokyo has recently concealed jts iron fist with a velvet glove in march premier tojo visited nanking and on march 30 the third anniversary of wang's régime tokyo relinquished its concessions and extraterritorial rights in china to the puppet administration financial aid has also been extended to wang and it is reported that jap anese commanders have been told to adopt an easier policy toward the chinese population although these temporary bribes and gestures cannot alter the real nature of japanese rule in occu pied china they may have some effect on morale in chungking where under the pressure of severe in flation there has been a sharp trend to the right in a government that has at all times been conservative it is hardly a secret that the position of chiang kai shek who is pledged to a policy of resistance in cooperation with the united nations has been weak ened during the past year under the circumstances even japan’s pretenses of a more liberal policy could have serious results what can be done there now seems little reason to doubt that chungking’s critical condition was an important topic in the recent roosevelt churchill discussions and that much thought was given to ways of lessening the pressure on the chi nese unfortunately japan is in a position to strike out in china on a large or small scale at almost any time it desires while the offensive power of the united nations although growing is not easily ap plied in that theatre of operations in a sense a great tace is under way between japan and the allies with tokyo trying to force china out of the war before being obliged to deal with major offensives in the pacific area the military stakes are high they are nothing less than the capacity of the united nations to retain their primary land base in asia viewed in this light the welcome reconquest of attu island in the aleutians can have little immediate effect on the most critical aspects of our far eastern position although it may prove beneficial to chinese morale the first requirement of the chinese front is more airplanes with which to attack the advancing jap anese forces and these is reason to hope that the number of available aircraft will continue to increase secondly any action in the pacific area that diverts page three an important sector of the japanese air force will be very helpful thirdly china needs a large scale land operation such as the reinvasion of burma to pin down japanese troops and supplies we will know this fall when the heavy burma rains are over whether plans for such a move were laid in wash ington by the american and british military staffs political action important the united natigns could also aid chungking in its efforts to combat japan’s policy of undermining china’s spirit of resistance one significant step in this direction was the abandonment of extraterri toriality by the united states and britain through treaties signed with china early this year it is also likely that the dissolution of the comintern has weakened wang ching wei’s propaganda since the bogy of communism has been one of his main weapons in the struggle to win support in chung king a third step that might have considerable effect would be the early repeal by the united states con gress of all measures for chinese exclusion and the placing of chinese immigration on a quota basis although this would result in the entrance of no more than 100 chinese in any one year the psycho logical effect of equal treatment would be very great in china and throughout the far east it would con stitute a most effective answer to japan’s propaganda that china is regarded as a racially inferior member of the anti axis coalition and might do much to lessen the anti foreign sentiment that has been grow ing in chungking since pearl harbor not least im portant it could play a political role in stimulating china’s defense against japan’s latest military moves lawrence k rosinger i flew for china by royal leonard new york double day doran 1942 2.50 experiences in china of an american aviator who served first as a personal pilot of chang hsueh liang and later of chiang kai shek the author’s understanding of chinese affairs is superficial but he gives an interesting picture of what he saw as well as a foreigner’s growing respect for china and its people foreign capital in southeast asia by helmut g callis new york institute of pacific relations 1942 1.25 a careful study of foreign investments in government bonds and business enterprises before pearl harbor the territories dealt with include the philippines netherlands east indies formosa malaya thailand indo china and burma kwangsi land of the black banners by rev joseph cuenot st louis b herder 1942 2.75 translation from the french of ean account of catholic missionary work in south china during the early 1920 s foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 33 june 4 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year b81 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news le etter sitter june 2 the sudden resignation on june 1 of m peyrouton as governor general of algeria has unex pectedly clouded the prospects for agreement between general charles de gaulle leader of the fighting french and general henri honoré giraud head of the french administration in north africa yet the formation on may 30 of a council of seven to govern the empire and represent the people of metropolitan france marked an important stage in the restoration of france’s position as a belligerent power and of its influence in the councils of the united nations the objective that american and british diplomacy has been striving for ever since the invasion of french north africa last november seemed on the point of realization de gaulle giraud unity under the terms of the preliminary agreement proposed by gen eral giraud in his note of may 17 and accepted by the french national committee in london on may 24 he and general de gaulle each named two other vonferees and these six designated one other by majority vote on may 31 this commission to which two other members may be appointed later is to administer french affairs within its sphere of control until all the departments of france have been liberated whereupon the law of february 15 1872 generally referred to as the tréveneuc law will be applied this law came into being during the unsettled period after the franco prussian war and provided that whenever the legal powers of the french government and the national assembly ceased to exist the conseils généraux would take action these bodies were empowered to elect the senate under the french system of indirect suffrage and to appoint delegates who would then take those urgent measures required for the maintenance of order and in particular those which have as their ob ject the restoration to the national assembly of its full independence and exercise of its right both french leaders had made sacrifices to ar rive at a compromise the de gaullists had ob tained the exclusion from the actual governing body of resident governors like marcel peyrouton of al geria charles nogués of morocco and pierre boisson of french west africa for all of whom they have a deep aversion on the other hand general de gaulle had dropped his demand for immediate creation of a provisional french government this concession represented a notable success for the united states which has taken the stand throughout that the future government of france shall be left to for victory the free choice of the french people once their terri tory has been liberated from german occupation washington’s objection to recognizing either gen eral de gaulle or general giraud as the head of a french government is that neither has a legal man date to act in this capacity such as that possessed by other governments in exile general de gaulle who appears to enjoy a greater popular following than general giraud has by force of circumstance been recognized as head of the anti collaborationists by the leftist groups in france although his move ment includes several notable rightist figures while general giraud represents preponderantly the con servative and military elements in french north africa the united states has taken the point of view that it should not meddle in french politics by rec ognizing either or both of these movements jointly as incarnating french national sovereignty the tréveneuc law by providing a procedure for the return of power to the french people as soon as they can freely govern themselves suggests a method that may possibly be adopted in other occupied countries of europe after they have been freed of the nazi yoke consequences of union developments in algeria have demonstrated again the difficulties in the path of arriving at such unification both de gaulle and giraud are extremely ambitious and in flexible men and their followers are not yet by any means reconciled much progress however has been made since the casablanca meeting in january when the two french leaders only with great difficulty could be brought to shake hands and to concur in a vague statement that they had the common goal of beating germany it is to be hoped however that the union of gen erals giraud and de gaulle will be finally achieved despite all momentary hitches for such an agreement would be bound to have a stimulating effect on the people of metropolitan france who have been con fused and perturbed by the quarrels of frenchmen abroad it is of the utmost importance that any dis cord be eliminated before allied invasion of europe so that the entire french population may rise with undivided loyalty to fight on the side of their lib erators the prospects of successful conclusion of ne gotiations between the two french leaders was doubt less a factor in inducing admiral rené emile godfroy to place at the disposal of the allies the french wat ships which have been mobilized at alexandria since the fall of france john elliott buy united states war bonds ta aoonn astoooda nw +gen ieved ment 1 the con ymen r dis rope with r lib f ne oubt dfroy war since ss pbriodical rows general library univ of mich eueral 13 brary univers versity of vichigan ann arbor nich policy jun 1 1943 entered as 2nd class matter bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vor xxii no 34 june 11 1943 on june 4 compelling seventy two year old presi dent ramén s castillo head of the conservative democratic party to abandon the reins of govern ment has provoked such widely varyir reactions as to reveal profound uncertainty regarding its character and aims for two years first as acting president and after the resignation of the late liberal president roberto m ortiz in june 1942 as president of the argentine republic ramén castillo governed the country in dictatorial fashion maintaining a neutrality policy directly favorable to axis interests after pearl har bor his isolationist bent became increasingly danger ous for the united nations although all the ameri can republics including argentina adopted at the rio de janeiro conference of january 1942 a reso lution providing for a break of relations with the axis the argentine government under castillo’s influence never implemented this resolution thus permitting axis spies and diplomats in the western hemisphere to continue their activities unhindered moreover in a move that was ostensibly made to curb axis espionage but in reality to crush opposi tion to his policies president castillo had declared 4 state of siege throughout the country which per mitted him among other things to muzzle the press and make electoral propaganda for non govern mental candidates extremely difficult such actions were bitterly resented by the liberty loving argen tines especially by the liberal bloc which controls the chamber of deputies this bloc is composed of the unién civica radical argentina’s largest politi cal party and the socialist party a showdown of some kind was expected before or during the forth coming presidential election campaign scheduled for september 1943 argentine revolution a military coup although president castillo’s dictatorial new argentine leaders uphold castillo's policy hr military revolt that broke out in argentina ways were opposed most of all by the liberal ele ments the one day revolution of june 4 was es sentially a military coup and not a political upris ing it was planned and carried out by a group of senior officers of the army and air force led by chief of cavalry general arturo rawson and castillo’s own minister of war general pedro ramirez political motives notably strife within castillo’s own conservative party have played a rdle in the revolt but other considerations such as the desire of army leaders to obtain from the united states planes and other military equipment denied argentina by reason of castillo’s isolationist policy as well as growing conviction that the axis is losing the war seem to have been even more important in bringing it to the fore except for a brief clash with the garrison of the navy mechanical school there does not seem to have been any serious opposition to the revolting generals in spite of castillo’s order to fight the re bellious troops both the rest of the armed forces and the buenos aires police stood aloof moreover highly respected public figures such as carlos saavedra lamas nobel prize winner and diplomat and senator alberto palacios on the very first day offered their services to the insurgents in an unsuc cessful attempt to convince president castillo to re sign immediately instead he preferred to take refuge on the uruguayan bank of the plate river only to return the following day and surrender finally re signing from the presidency political implications if militarily speaking the generals coup was a complete success politically the situation appears far from settled castillo’s successors have not yet been able to estab lish a truly representative government at first it seemed that the disappearance from the political scene of isolationist president castillo would in itself represent a gain for the cause of the democracies subsequent events however have shown that this was not necessarily true the popular demonstrations in favor of the democracies which broke out im mediately after the ousting of castillo were appar ently quickly stopped and martial law was intro duced the new men chosen for public office have no special pro democratic record and one of their first public political moves was the dissolution of the congress and suppression of the communist news per la hora while the pro nazi papers e pam pero and cabildo were unmolested on june 7 after unsuccessful attempts to form a cabinet general rawson resigned turning the new provisional gov ernment over to general ramirez the latter finally succeeded in constituting a cabinet of seven military and naval officers and one civilian the finance min food conference sets example for united nations cooperation while the visits to north africa of prime minister churchill foreign minister eden and general mar shall were offering fresh indications of imminent allied military action in europe the first united nations conference on post war problems came to an end on june 3 the food parley which began at hot springs virginia on may 18 brought together representatives from 45 governments for the purpose of discussing ways and means of achieving freedom from want for their people after the war war restricts post war planning the attempt of the food conference to set up post war objectives at a time when the participating nations are concentrating their main effort on winning the war was beset by inevitable difficulties chief among these obstacles was the cautiously exploratory agenda that steered discussion away from subjects which might possibly interfere with present plans or machinery for waging the war when the russians for example wanted to consider immediate rather than future needs for food chairman jones referred their plea to the lend lease administration which controls the united states wartime distribution of food to the allies moreover the ban on journalists interviews with delegates and reports of sessions which was particularly rigid at the outset prevented the conference from getting the wide publicity and page two for a comprehensive analysis of new zealand’s economic mobilization for war its new relation ship to the united states and the special post war problems it will face read new zealand’s role in the pacific by david r jenkins 25c june 1 issue of foreign po.icy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5.00 to f.p.a members 3.00 tt ister dr jorge santamarina a former director of the central bank of argentina the new cabinet promised loyal cooperation with the other nations of america but at the same time declared that it would for the present stick to castillo’s policy of neutrality jg the war the news filtering through the strict argentine military censorship is too scant and biased to give at the present time a clear picture of the internal politi cal situation the developments of the next few weeks will indicate however if the revolt of the generals is to remain essentially a palace revolution with only a change of heads not of principles or if the wish of most argentines to see their country abandon its isolationist stand and join the american anti axis bloc is to be realized ernest s hediger popular understanding that the meeting warranted not only because of the important issues with which it dealt but also because of its attempt to inaugurate united nations collaboration for peace such restric tions much as they may have curbed constructive suggestions and popular interest were understand able however at a time when the allies are straining every effort to gain the victory without which al united nations plans would be made in vain another hindrance that wartime conditions im posed on the conference was the great uncertainty concerning many of the factors that will affect the future food situation social and economic planning notoriously difficult even in a fairly static situation becomes even more hazardous in a world at war the renewal of the united states reciprocal trade program on june 2 however is an example of the kind of authoritative political expressions favoring future collaboration that will help dispel post war uncertainties action to come later the final report presented by the food conference on june 2 was a 2,600 word long summary of the social and economic philosophy which will underlie an international pro gram of increased production and consumption of food the fundamental fact on which the confer ence agreed was that the peoples of the world need more and better food than they are now getting starting with this conclusion the report went on to urge that the governments represented acknowledg their responsibility for securing improved nutrition for their citizens instead of leaving it to chance of to the unrestricted working of economic laws ut der a system of aissez faire if the united nations assume the obligation for ending both the war created food shortages and long term dietary deficiencies two main lines of action will be essential according to the conference one course depends on individual national effort and the other on international cooperation each nation tie ce da of th ar p sone zw sf of the ised erica or the ty ji ntine ve at oliti weeks nerals 1 only wish on its i axis ser lon anted p which purate estric uctive stand aining ch all is im tainty ct the nning 1ation t war trade of the voring st war report was ynomic al pro ion of confer d need retting t on f0 wledge utrition ance of vs ufr ion fot id long action ice one ort and nation es ee would have responsibility for improving the educa tion of its consumers providing at least children and pregnant women with minimum food require ments even if this meant sacrifices for the rest of the population giving assurances to farmers that their labor would earn an adequate livelihood develop ing new agricultural areas and encouraging efficient production most of the governments represented at the conference have already entered some of these fields of social welfare but implementation of the report's suggestions would mean a considerable en largement of such services in many states and in others would entail the permanent adoption of some wartime measures such as great britain’s free lunches to school children among the steps which the conference declared the united nations should take in concert those articularly stressed were in the field of foreign in vestments trade and currency regulations a con certed instead of a bilateral approach to these ques tions would mean that the allies recognize that eco nomic as well as political security is indivisible page three their present military cooperation could then ulti mately be succeeded by economic collaboration for peace in order to emphasize the importance of this point the conference recommended ytd pore organization be set up in the field of food and agri culture to serve as a kind of clearing house of infor mation and advice on both agriculture and nutrition although the conference’s report was admittedly a statement of theories rather than a list of specific measures the attainment of general agreement on some of the basic requirements of such a program should not be under estimated furthermore the en dorsement of the conference’s suggestions by the u.s.s.r offers a new indication in addition to the dissolution of the comintern that stalin wants to cooperate with the allies after the war with such as surances as these the united nations should be able to proceed to their next step that of drawing up practical plans for achieving their post war then will come the real test of the ability of the united nations to work together on peacetime problems winifred n hadsel the f.p.a bookshelf méxico la formacién de una nacién by hubert herring mexico city ediciones minerva av hidalgo 11 1943 pesos 2.50 50 el nuevo imperialismo econémico aleman by ernest s hediger mexico city ediciones minerva av hidalgo 11 1943 pesos 2.50 50 these two booklets are authorized spanish editions of previous foreign policy association publications the first of hubert herring’s headline book on mexico the second of two foreign policy reports june 1 and august 15 1942 by ernest s hediger on nazi exploitation of oc cupied europe the translation is excellent the presenta tion handsome and the booklets can profitably be used to gether with the original texts for advanced spanish study us foreign policy shield of the republic by walter lippmann boston little brown company an at lantic monthly press book 1943 1.50 through careful reasoning mr lippmann reaches the same conclusion arrived at by mr willkie through emo tion he points out that the united states has never suc teeded ih staying out of wars that overflowed the boun daries of europe and urges the formation by this country ofa nuclear alliance with britain russia and china as the basis of a world organization that might maintain law and order after the war pacific charter our destiny in asia by hallett abend new york doubleday doran 1943 2.50 a popular survey of the problems of freedom in war and post war asia combined with some of the author’s personal experiences with japanese diplomacy the world of the four freedoms by sumner welles new york columbia university press 1943 1.75 these addresses of the under secretary of state present the main objectives of america’s foreign policy america russia and the communist party in the postwar world by john l childs and george s counts new york john day 1943 1.25 this small book prepared under the auspices of the commission on education and the postwar world of the american federation of teachers comes to the conclusion that post war cooperation between the united states and the u.s.s.r is not only desirable but practicahle pro vided that the american communist party is dissolved and the u.s.s.r repudiates the communist international while the united states for its part assumes a responsible role in world affairs and corrects domestic conditions that have served the propaganda purposes of american com munists peace plans and american choices by arthur c mills paugh washington brookings 1943 1.00 the pros and cons of various peace plans ranging from the concept of the american century to participation by the united states in various forms of international organization are succinctly presented but without any attempt to analyze specific plans and proposals the great offensive the strategy of coalition warfare by max werner new york viking 1942 3.00 a military expert whose reputation has stood the test of prediction presents a brilliant analysis of the german soviet war the war in the atlantic and pacific and the strategy of united nations coalition one world by wendell l willkie new york simon and schuster 1943 2.00 the former republican presidential candidate discovers the oneness of the modern world with all the freshness and enthusiasm of a new experience and succeeds in viv idly communicating his conviction that the united states must participate as a partner with other nations in the grand adventure of post war reconstruction foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 34 jung 11 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vena micue.es dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y umder the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year bis produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor anil aeentito time 2 een cent washington news letter june 11 the cause of international collabora tion won a notable triumph in the senate on june 2 when that body adopted the bill to renew the re ciprocal trade agreements act for a period of two years by a vote of 59 to 23 failing any action as yet on the ball resolution or any of the other proposals now pending before the senate foreign relations committee which would commit that chamber to favoring international collaboration by the united states the vote on the trade agreements act is the nearest approach the senate has made to expressing its views on post war foreign policy the house had already passed the bill on may 13 by the even more overwhelming vote of 342 to 65 so the measure went to president roosevelt for his signature exactly ten days before the act would have expired and was signed by the president on june 7 a roosevelt innovation the reciprocal trade agreements act represents the contribution of the roosevelt administration to the tariff history of the united states in the past it had been cus tomary for a new administration on coming to power to repeal the existing tariff law and replace it with a new one drafted according to its own views thus the democratic administrations of grover cleveland in 1890 and woodrow wilson in 1913 proceeded to enact so called tariffs for revenue only in place of the high protective schedules of their republican predecessors but precedent was not observed in this as in other respects when the roosevelt administration took office in 1933 the existing smoot hawley tariff law was permitted to remain on the statute books despite the fact that this high water mark of pro tectionism was generally regarded by economists as a major impediment to recovery from the financial and economic collapse that shook the world between 1929 and 1932 the power to alter tariff schedules however was delegated by congress to the presi dent who was authorized to cut existing rates as much as 50 per cent in return for concessions by foreign governments under this unique method of making tariffs agreements with twenty seven nations have been con cluded in the nine years of the program’s existence while opinions differ as to the economic benefits the united states has derived from the measure it is significant that the renewal of the act was advo cated before congressional committees by spokes men both of the u.s chamber of commerce and or ganized labor the new legislation has also elim for victory buy united states inated the log rolling scandals of congressio tariff making and more than one republican sena during the debate openly admitted that he ho never to see the return of those bad old days a victory for mr hull originally adopt ed in 1934 for a period of three years the present act has since been renewed in 1937 and 1940 for a similar length of time on these previous occa sions it had been opposed almost unanimously by the republicans it was consequently feared that jo when the bill came up for renewal this year in the 78th congress it would either fail of passage or be so emasculated as to become worthless these predictions were not realized the bill a it emerged from congress was changed in only one important respect and that not a particularly dam aging one namely the reduction of the renewal period from three years to two but all amendments that the administration regarded as crippling such as the proposal to require congressional ap proval for all trade agreements concluded under the act were rejected the hardest fight centered on an amendment offered by senator danaher whic would have authorized congress to terminate any agreement six months after the cessation of the wat this amendment was actually accepted by the senate finance committee by an 11 to 10 vote but was subsequently thrown out in the senate by the decisive vote of 51 to 33 it is a hopeful augury that on the final vote im both houses a majority of the republicans rallied to the support of the bill in the senate the republi cans voted 18 to 14 for it and in the house the party went 145 to 52 in its favor the final passage of the bill represented a great personal victory fot mr hull consistent proponent of the reciprocal trade program even opponents of the bill like sena tor taft openly admitted that under his direction i has been wisely administered from the moment the fight in congress to obtain the prolongation of tht act began last april mr hull has insisted that the attitude congress took concerning this measure would determine whether the united states was ready cooperate for peace and security in the post wal world the decisive votes by which the act has beet renewed by both houses of congress should givt some reassurance to our allies who wonder whethet this country will revert to a policy of isolation af the war as it so disastrously attempted to do aftel 1919 john elliott war bonds anc out i i wi wh ta mi ee con for th the s10 me tho a el for pro mu +bill as ly one y dam newal iments pling al ap der the on af which ite any ne wat senate ut was decisive vote if rallied epubli ise the passage ory for ciprocal ce sena ction it rent the 1 of the that the e would eady dost wal 1as beet foreign policy jun 22 1943 pee sees entered as 2nd class matter veuctral usorary riversity bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y you xxii no 35 june 18 1943 where in the fortress of europe the more wxiously they scan every scrap of news that comes fom the continent in the hope of discovering the temper of the men and women in occupied countries whose aid is essential for the success of allied in vasion in a very profound sense the moral test that awaits the allies upon landing in europe promises to be far more searching and more decisive for the future of the world than the military test of over coming nazi resistance it has long been surmised that under the stress ind strain of war and prolonged occupation the mper of europe's conquered peoples has profound ly changed from that of 1939 but to what extent has it changed and in what direction is the pre dominant mood that of revolt against the nazi yoke or of revolt at the same time against the ideas ind practices of the world we had known before the wtbreak of the war and which fostered or at least lid not prevent international conflict disappearance of private property while no one can hazard a trustworthy opinion where so little direct information is available sev tal trends may already be detected in europe in the midst of suffering and terror such as have seldom ieen endured in history by the population of a whole ntinent values that were familiar and accepted by force of habit before 1939 have been revalued those who at one time exercised influence because hey had inherited or accumulated material posses ions have been shorn of this influence through the ild givtimere fact of being dispossessed by the nazis while whethéi those who did retain their possessions through nazi on af do af lliott ids acquiescence have become necessarily suspect to their féllow citizens by looting the conquered countries for the benefit of the nazi war machine hitler has ptoletarianized europe in a way in which the com munists could not have dreamed to be possible in allies must reckon with profound changes in europe’s temper th closer the allies come to making a dent some so short a time property as a source of power may have become extinct in the conquered countries although not of course for the nazi conquerors just as the possession of ancient titles became extinct as a source of power in france after the revolution of 1789 the ravages of nazi occupation threaten to wipe out the middle class from top to bottom as the french revolution laid low the monarchy and aristocracy under these circumstances some form of collective economy whatever may be its political label appears far more likely in europe after the war than the immediate restoration of private property and may in fact offer the only alternative to sheer anarchy intangibles gain new weight but while the importance of material possessions has thus gone down sharply in the scales with which europeans measure life today the importance of intangible qualities loyalty integrity courage has been going up the liberated peoples who have been subjected to terrible privations of mind and body will not welcome restoration of political influence based solely on possession of property but neither will they tolerate a naked steuggle for personal power among those of their leaders who through the accident of fate or their own choice are now living outside europe this was the meaning of the manifesto issued in algiers on june 13 by the twenty six communist deputies escaped from france who deprecated the continued controversies between de gaulle and giraud voiced opposition to attempts by any one man to play the role of military dictator and stressed the spirit of sacrifice that animates those frenchmen who valiantly continue their unequal struggle at home against the nazi conquerors the europeans so far as can be discovered have no de sire to go back to the parliamentary bickerings and governmental vacillations of the pre war period but neither do they want to replace hitler’s dictatorship by that of a native dictator no matter how patriotic his motives the moral crisis through which we are all passing or about to pass in varying degrees inevitably raises the question of why again and again so wide a gap occurs between intuition and aspiration and the actual ormance of political leaders it is understandable that all human beings who assume political responsibility should falter at one time or another through lack of vision or lack of courage or merely through fatigue but while such falter ings may be unimportant or even hardly noticeable in time of peace in critical periods like this they constitute a betrayal of the pitiful the heartrending trust that people tend to place in those who claim the privilege of leading them in a totalitarian state the leader can be arbitrary changeable violent utterly indifferent to human misery and survive because he brooks no opposition in a democratic society those who want to exercise political power can do so only at the risk of being constantly checked and scrutinized today all peoples torn between hope united nations relief agreement stresses common effort the proposed establishment announced on june 10 of a central agency to be known as the united nations relief and rehabilitation administration unrra marks a positive step toward the creation of the first joint organization of all the united nations and their associated powers this should be an answer to people who have long complained that positive joint action was not forth coming and that the title united nations re mained merely a phrase at the same time this ac tion is in line with the policy of gradualness known to be favored by president roosevelt a policy of solving specific problems according to existing needs rather than launching at once a political organization of the united nations the draft agreement establishing unrra drawn up through consultation between the united states britain russia and china is now being circulated to all the united nations and associated powers it will form the basis for discussion by an international con ference which is expected to be held in the united states later this summer page two america's foreign policies past and present 25c this latest headline book tells the fascinating story of america’s growth and traces the historical conflict between cooperation and isolation which has waxed and waned throughout our history order from foreign policy association 22 east 38th st new york 16 n.y and cynicism are more than ever on the watch f possible betrayal of high professions by democrat statesmen now that every move made by the united natio leaders is a matter of life and death not only for armies assembling on the periphery of europe by even more so for those within europe we are facg by the supreme test of fulfilling the hopes placa in us by the conquered peoples it is historically try as pope pius xii declared on june 13 to an aud ence of 25,000 workers assembled in rome from aj parts of italy that social revolution does not bring in its immediate wake at least salvation and justice but the progressive and prudent evolution urgej by the pope as the alternative will require the high est quality of statesmanship on the part of the uni nations and a continent steeped in blood an suffering may not have the patience necessary fy evolution unless the allied leaders can give peoples implicit faith in the future vera micheles dean all the nations that become members of unrra are to be represented on the policy making council between sessions of the council a central committe composed of the united states britain russia 4 china is to carry on the work upon the motion of the central committee the council is to select director general the director general and his staf aided by a standing committee on supply will hav the task of dealing with the practical problems o food clothing and shelter as well as public health and repatriation which are already worse than ctiti cal and will demand prompt remedy as more and more territory is reclaimed from the axis size of the problem the relief crisis in volving as it does all europe and asia far exceeds that which confronted the american relief admin istration headed by mr hoover at the end of world war i nothing comparable to the present resettle ment problem existed in 1919 and by the time world war ii is over the period of general malav trition will have been more prolonged than in 191 1918 a delay of several months such as then ut avoidably ensued for want of sufficient advant planning before effective aid was given to europt would be disastrous at this juncture the fact thi people can be neither patient reasonable nor pd litically effective without the minimum decencies life needs no emphasis unless immediate and wi ible support on the part of the victors is forthcominj on the morrow of liberation one can expect wit spread breakdown in the form of political apathy open antagonism and even renewed strife not onl locally but throughout the old world th ow we ois mie i 4 co e ors se a wae 2a gat ie nrra council nmi sia tion elect is staff ill have lems of health an crit ore and isis im exceeds admin s world resettle he time mala in 1914 hen ut advanc europe act tha nor po ncies ol and vi hcominj ct wid apathy not oni nem s moreover we cannot wait for the end of the war to begin the work of relief the stark reality of famine and privation must be met step by step as reconquest proceeds the fate of italy’s people may be ours to decide in a few weeks or months it is therefore a hopeful sign that the necessary machinery of relief and rehabilitation is being seasonably con structed so that the united nations may learn in time what to do before the full crisis of reconstruc tion is upon us mutual aid not charity it is impor tant to realize particularly in the united states that europe is not asking for charity this country is not expected as some would have us believe to play santa claus to a hungry world indeed while it is hoped that this country will have a major part in the coming reconstruction the very essence of the pro gram envisaged in the draft agreement is that it is international in character the expenses of adminis tration and the burden of dispensing relief are specifically to be shared according to the ability of each of the participating nations the dutch despite their losses are still among the wealthy nations of the world they and the norwegians still control fleets of merchant ships they and other nations expect to pay in money or goods for what they get and to contribute what they can as with the lend lease program a project has been created calling for a common effort in the interest of all page three nor is the program of relief and rehabilitation expected to last indefinitely no plan for the perma nent sustenance of one part of mankind at the ex pense of the rest could possibly be carried through the purpose of the present agreement is to create machinery by which unrra could help devastated countries to help themselves so as to restore normal living and normal trade as soon as possible to make this feasible is the responsibility of the people who still have resources at their command in a world where so many have been reduced to a near starva tion level no infringement of sovereignty the relief and rehabilitation organization does not constitute a super government the draft agreement expressly provides that where military operations still continue or where military necessity may tfe quire its activities will be subject to military control the precise relationship of unrra to the govern ments of the nations in need of relief once these governments have administrative authority over their territories will have to be determined in each case through negotiations with tact and statesmanship according to the local situation and the temper of the people if this pattern of joint enterprise is tried out and found workable it may well set a standard for later and more extensive cooperation among the united nations sherman s hayden the f.p.a bookshelf moscow dateline 1941 1943 by henry c cassidy boston houghton mifflin 1943 3.00 straightforward and for that reason particularly con vincing account of the war years in russia by the asso ciated press correspondent in moscow who succeeded in obtaining personal letters from stalin stating his views on the issue of the second front and on the campaign in north africa gives a vivid picture of life in wartime moscow the last days of sevastopol by boris voyetekhov trans lated from the russian by ralph parker and v m genne new york knopf 1943 2.50 this small grippingly written book conveys better than anything yet published the temper of russia’s fighting men and women and the quality of their faith in them selves and in their own country cordell hull a biography by harold b hinton garden city doubleday 1942 3.00 the record of an american secretary of state who has been steadfast rather than showy acting constantly ac cording to his reasoned belief in democratic decencies plans for world peace through six centuries by sylvester john hemleben chicago university of chicago press 1943 2.50 in the present search for durable peace this succinct presentation of the history of pre league of nations pro jects is of interest this is the enemy by frederick oechsner with joseph w grigg jack m fleischer glen m stadler clinton b conger boston little brown 1942 3.00 examples of the vivid writing good journalists do under stress denny in prison camps seeing every cruelty yet picking out certain decencies in the enemy beattie freely passing through gay and bitter days of war’s beginning never missing news values lear in south america to check nazi activity passenger on a plane forced down in the desert making an unforgettable story out of the fight against thirst and fatigue oechsner and his fellow internees in germany after america went into the war carefully analyzing the nazi régime out of their accumu lated experiences these correspondents give the kind of information the public wants to read mother russia by maurice hindus new york doubleday doran 1948 3.50 rambling and overlong account of russia in the throes of war the best parts of which as might be expected from the author of broken earth and humanity uprooted are the sketches of individuals especially peasants he en countered during his trip last winter the philippines calling by louis c cornish philadelphia dorrance 1942 2.00 description of the history and work of the independent church a protestant body in the philippines foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 35 junge 18 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dororuy f lust secretary vera michgles daan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year a produced under union conditions and compesed and printed by union labor sttbban i washington news letter june 18 the news of the fall of pantelleria outer bastion of the kingdom of italy in the medi terranean was used by president roosevelt on june 11 as an occasion to summon the italian people to overthrow mussolini and the fascist party the president said that the acts of the fascist régime did not actually represent the italian people and prom ised the italians that once german domination had ended and the fascist régime had been thrown out of office it was the intention of the united nations to see to it that italy resumed its place as a respected member of the european family of nations in making this statement president roosevelt was following the policy of woodrow wilson in world war i of going over the head of an enemy govern ment and appealing directly to its people that the american and british governments have agreed on a common policy with regard to italy is indicated by the fact that mr roosevelt's bid for a revolt of the italians against their black shirted masters consti tuted an emphatic endorsement of a similar plea made by churchill at the white house on may 25 no immediate italian uprising fore seen it is not likely however that this campaign of psychological warfare now being waged by the americans and the british will be crowned with im mediate success it is of course true that the italian people do not have their heart in this war they were led into it by mussolini in june 1940 when it seemed that italy to use mr churchill’s phrase could pick up an empire on the cheap since then the italians have been sadly disillu sioned their african empire has been completely liquidated their war casualties according to official italian estimates are placed at 633,251 their cities are now being destroyed by allied air armadas their navy has been reduced in size by about 50 per cent and what little military prestige italy enjoyed has been entirely dissipated nevertheless few in washington believe that there is much possibility of a spontaneous popular uprising in italy against mussolini twenty years of fascist rule and propaganda have virtually eliminated all opposition and the dreaded secret police ovra sees to it that the italian masses remain in a state of political passivity there is little doubt that the italians would like to get out of the war but they do not know how to extricate themselves from their plight this is what archbishop spellman is reported to have told the exiled governments in london when for victory he arrived there in may after his visit to vatican city the italians would probably be ready to surrender unconditionally to the americans and british but they claim to be afraid of what the russians the yugoslays and greeks will do to them if they lay down their arms back in february virginio gayda mussolini's journalistic mouthpiece intimated in giornale d'italia that italy could under certain circumstances consider making a separate peace with britain or the united states but never with russia two schools of thought on italy in washington opinion is sharply divided as to the advisability of getting italy out of the war an influential school of thought in the state depart ment and the army advocates leaving italy to stew in her own juice members of this group argue that italy is both a military and an economic liability to germany which must supply its ally with 12,000,000 tons of coal a year sent across the brenner pass in trains that the badly bombed transportation system of the reich can ill spare it is pointed out that if italy yielded the allies would be faced with the obligation of sending food and coal to the peninsula and that these shipments would place an additional strain on the limited shipping facilities of the united nations thereby hampering future invasion opera tions against the continent moreover it is contended that italy is useless as a base for military operations against the reich because the alps are an almost insuperable barrier between germany and italy the other school of thought retorts that occupa tion of italy would open immense strategic possi bilities to the allies its members stress the fact that the adriatic ports offer a gateway to the balkans and that northern italy would provide excellent bases from which to bomb the industrial cities of southern germany which can be reached now only with difficulty by british and american bombers but the psychological consequences of italy's capit ulation would far exceed the military gains great as these are according to this school it argues that the defection of italy would mark the first break in the axis front and would therefore produce an effect comparable to the surrender of bulgaria in world war i the hoisting of the white flag by the nation in which fascism was born would deal a ter rific blow to nazi morale and would be regarded by the germans and their satellite states as the har binger of their own impending doom john elliott buy united states war bonds vou +ly s to an att stew that ty to 000 ss in stem at if 1 the isula ional inited ypera onded ations imost 7 cupa possi t that lkans ellent ies of y only ts capit great s that eak in ice an iria if by the a tef ded by e har iott ds sgal bar pp aren on jeneral univers t arbor jun 2 library entered as 2nd cae y of michi gan nich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y you xxii no 36 june 25 1943 gs appointment on june 18 of field marshal sir archibald wavell as viceroy and governor general of india to succeed the marquess of lin lithgow must be regarded as important in both its military and political implications by placing brit ain’s top ranking soldier at the head of the indian government prime minister churchill has given no tice that the british government still believes military considerations to be paramount in india and con templates no fundamental change in the political sit uation until the allied offensive against japan has been successfully completed new east asia command created the new viceroy who is expected to assume office in october will be assisted in his task of guiding india’s war effort by general sir claude auchinleck his successor as commander in chief in india but direct responsibility for the conduct of operations against japan will be placed in the hands of a sep uate east india command whose leader is to be announced in the near future when this appoint ment is made it can be expected that plans for com bined operations against burma involving indian british and chinese ground forces and american air units will be rushed to completion the initial task of the new east asia command will be to use the monsoon season which lasts until october for gathering sufficient air and sea power to wrest control of the bay of bengal from the japanese and for preparing the huge amphibious operation which will be necessary to effect major landings in the rangoon area of burma until preparations for hese landings and the drive up the irrawaddy and salween valleys are complete there will be 00 possibility of using the large force of indian and british troops built up by wavell in india during the last two years whether or not the allied victory in tunisia and the prospective clearing of the medi letranean will release the shipping needed for the india’s military needs given priority in wavell appointment invasion of burma is not yet apparent but it seems likely that every effort will be made by the allied high command to launch this offensive next autumn political deadlock continues al though wavell who as commander in chief sat on the viceroy’s executive council is reported to have been willing to go further than his predecessor in meeting the demands of the indian nationalists it seems unlikely that the present deadlock between the indian government and the congress party will be broken by any move on the part of the new viceroy present indications are that mohandas k ghandi and the other congress leaders will be kept in con finement until they are ready to repudiate the policy embodied in the party’s resolution of august 1942 and to give what the government considers appropri ate assurances for the future this means that the executive council which is composed of 4 british members 4 hindus 4 moslems and one member each for the sikhs and the depressed classes but represents neither the congress party nor the moslem league will continue to carry on the government of india during the past year the moslem league appears to have gained considerable ground in the struggle for political power of the ministries now function ing in six of india’s eleven provinces five are pre dominantly moslem at the meetings of the moslem league the last week of april ali jinnah was more intransigent than ever in his demands for pakistan an independent state to be composed of the pre dominantly moslem regions of india and made it clear that his demand for the partition of india is an absolute condition of the league’s participation in the indian government congress on the other hand has not yet regained the influence it lost as a result of its defeat in the contest of strength with the british raj and is no more disposed than it has ever been to accept pakistan under these circum oo page two ee stances the british government rightly or wrongly appears to believe that it would be unwise to reopen the discussions undertaken during the cripps mis sion of april 1942 and that the implementation of its pledge to india will have to await the end of the war regardless of the price which may have to be paid in terms of nationalist hostility india’s war production increasing notwithstanding the continued deadlock india’s war effort has increased at a rapid pace during the past year india’s defenses about which there was so much concern a year ago may now be considered secure although serious food shortages are reported in certain areas particularly bengal and war pro duction has been impeded by the political difficulties india’s contribution to the war effort of the united political straws in the wind while the eyes of the world are focused on the complex groupings and regroupings of armies navies and air forces in europe and asia preparatory to some kind of a showdown this summer political changes on the margins of the battlefronts bear watching in argentina the military government of president pedro ramirez has not justified the initial hope that it might eventually depart from castillo’s policy of strict neutrality or prepare the way for democratic elections the banning on june 10 of radio coded messages through which axis diplomats in buenos aires had been communicating with their govern ments to the detriment of the united nations ap peared to herald a change in argentine policy the ban however was then temporarily lifted thus al lowing the axis representatives to make new arrange ments by radio for future methods of communication on june 18 moreover president ramirez after hav ing declared that when the military revolution had cleaned and restored politics it would hand the country back to its politicians in the purest sense of the word announced the postponement of national elections two days later the pro nazi buenos aires newspaper e pam pero in an editorial passed by the argentine censor declared that general ramirez had organized a national revolution whose aim is to free argentina from the dictation of international the economic life of mexico has undergone far reaching changes during world war ii for an analysis of their effect on relations between mexico and the united states read impact of war on mexico’s economy by ernest s hediger 25c june 15 issue of foreign poticy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to fpa members 3 nations has been of great importance indian py duction provides 90 per cent of the needs of th indian army at home a force of approxima 1,500,000 a report issued by the united states offig of war information on june 7 revealed the extey to which war supplies from india guns steel sheey for anti tank mines and camouflage nets in pap ticular aided in the allied victory in north afrig an answer to india’s complex political economi and social problems still remains to be found but g the moment the situation appears to be much more pro pitious for the launching of a large scale offensiyg from the indian base of operations than at any tim since the fall of singapore howard p whidden jr bankers and foreign embassies this and other evi dence would seem to indicate that the revolution of june 4 was chiefly an attempt by the military to re assert argentina’s claim to primacy in south amer ica now challenged by the growing military powe of brazil which receives considerable lend lease aid from the united states as well as of chile ané other countries of that continent which are collaborat ing with the united nations the united state recognized the ramirez government on june 11 fol lowing the lead taken by the principal countries d south america but it is not expected in washing ton that lend lease aid will be forthcoming for ar gentina until its foreign policy has been furthe clarified the most unfortunate aspect of the arger tine situation is that the practice of military dictator ships established by military coups which seemed ti be on the wane in latin america has again taken the place of elections by the people in argentina on june 22 eire’s 1,800,000 voters cast ballots the first wartime elections for the country’s parlie ment the dail eireann prime minister eamon valera was expected to remain in power with the government he had headed since 1932 although the opposition leader william t cosgrave advocate the substitution of a coalition régime in the las elections held in 1938 de valera’s fianna fal party won seventy seven seats in the dail as agains forty five for mr cosgrave’s fine gael party tht labor party led by william norton encouraged bj recent successes in local elections has put up a laf slate of candidates although it won only nine seal in the dail in 1938 it is not anticipated that elections will alter eire’s policy of neutrality whi is supported by all parties james m dillon young independent member being the only candida advocating intervention in the war at the side of united nations some six weeks ago on may 1 captain sir bad na ss nen j att fe oe ge ra a bb ae os in pto of the mate s office extent sheety in par africa onomic but at dle pro tensive ry time 1 jr her evi ition of y to te amer r power ase aid ile and laborat 1 state 11 fol tries of ashing for ar further arger dictator emed tt aken the l allots parliz mon é with the ough the dvocates the las ina fal s agains ity the raged bf d a lag une that ry whi dillon candi de of sir brooke was appointed prime minister of northern ireland replacing john m andrews who had tre signed under criticism from his own unionist party concerning his government’s unemployment policy sir basil considers that his two main tasks are the stimulation of war production and the reduction of ulster’s high wartime unemployment figure of 18,000 in addition to the premiership he retains his former post as minister of commerce and pro duction he has broadened the basis of his cabinet by including a representative of labor harry midg ley and two presbyterian ministers the rev mr moore an expert on agriculture and the rev mr cortey an expert on education sir basil favors the introduction of compulsory military service which in this respect would align northern ireland with the united kingdom this measure however is bitterly opposed by the nationalist minority repre senting about a third of ulster’s population of 1,250 000 which wants a union of north and south ire land and is sympathetic to de valera’s policy of neutrality the british government much as it might want compulsory military service for northern ire land has no desire to inflame any issues that might endanger the stability of that area which now serves as an important military and naval base for ameri can forces in the european theatre of war the f.p.a the near east by philip w ireland editor chicago university of chicago press 1942 2.50 the arabs by philip k hitti princeton princeton uni versity press 1943 2.00 the first volume discusses the present and future role of the great powers in this vital area the second is a short history of the dominant native people of the region with emphasis on their era of conquests war discovers alaska by joseph driscoll philadelphia lippincott 1943 3.00 alaska under arms by jean potter new york mac millan 1942 2.00 two reporters accounts of the way the war is changing alaska from a neglected outlying region into one of the most important crossroads of the world both emphasize the territory’s political and economic problems as well as its military preparations soviet russia’s foreign policy 1939 1942 by david j dallin new haven yale university press 1942 3.75 a clear statement of russia’s foreign policy from the pact with germany to the battle of stalingrad the tuthor emphasizes the influence that two decades of isolation have had in encouraging the u.s.s.r to stand alone as a third power and to wage a separate war within the framework of the military alliance with west érn nations careful and scholarly page three meanwhile on june 17 prime minister slobodan yovanovitch head of the yugoslav government in london tendered the resignation of his cabinet to king peter an effort is being made to form a cab inet that would reflect as closely as possible popular sentiment within yugoslavia where it is believed that the partisans backed by russia have effected a reconciliation with general mikhailovitch’s chet nik guerrillas and would give fair representation to the views of serbs croats and slovenes such advance realignments of governments in exile with rapidly changing conditions in their homelands if successful would be of good augury for the time when the continent can be liberated from nazi rule vera micheles dean twenty fifth anniversary of f.p.a the foreign policy association organized in 1918 shortly before the armistice will celebrate its twenty fifth anniversary on october 16 when it will re double its efforts to aid in the understanding and constructive development of american foreign pol icy especially with respect to post war reconstruc tion we urge all members to save this date for in teresting meetings now being planned and to con sider ways and means of increasing the usefulness of the f.p.a in this anniversary year bookshelf behind both lines by harold denny new york viking press 1942 2.50 freely to pass by edward w beattie jr new york crowell 1942 3.00 forgotten front by john lear new york dutton 1943 2.50 this is the enemy by frederick oechsner with joseph w grigg jack m fleischer glen m stadler clinton b conger boston little brown 1942 3.00 examples of the vivid writing good journalists do under stress denny in prison camps seeing every cruelty yet picking out certain decencies in the enemy beattie freely passing through gay and bitter days of war’s beginning never missing news values lear in south america to check nazi activity passenger on a plane forced down in the desert making an unforgettable story out of the fight against thirst and fatigue oechsner and his fellow internees in germany after america went into the war carefully analyzing the nazi régime out of their accumu lated experiences these correspondents give the kind of information the public wants to read owing to a typographical error only a part of this book note was published in the bulletin of june 18 foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 36 june 25 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leger secretary vera micuaies dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year sis produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor if a be i x i ii bs washington news letter june 25 the most constructive recent step to wards placing congress on record in favor of par ticipation by the united states in an international organization for the preservation of peace after the war was taken by the house foreign affairs com mittee on june 15 when it unanimously approved a declaration of principle in this sense by representa tive j william fulbright the resolution submitted by this 38 year old freshman congressman from arkansas a former rhodes scholar and one time president of the university of arkansas declares with admirable simplicity and directness that the congress hereby expresses itself as favoring the crea tion of appropriate international machinery with power adequate to establish and maintain a just and lasting peace and as favoring participation by the united states therein mr fulbright frankly admits that the purpose of his resolution is to needle the dilatory senate for eign relations committee into taking action more than eleven weeks have now passed since that body created a special committee to study and report on a number of pending resolutions relating to the part to be played by the united states in the post war world the senate subcommittee held its first meet ing on march 31 when senator connally of texas its chairman promised that all the motions before it would receive the very closest and best considera tion since that time the committee so far as is known has done nothing about these resolutions rival post war resolutions at least eight resolutions concerning a congressional declara tion of policy on the responsibilities to be assumed by the united states when the war is over now lie before the senate foreign relations committee the first proposal offered by senator gillette of iowa on february 4 merely called for putting the senate on record as endorsing the principles of the atlantic charter the most ambitious resolution of course is the one submitted in the names of senators ball burton hill and hatch which was introduced in the senate on march 16 it proposes that the united states should at once call a meeting of united na tions delegates at which an organization of specific and limited authority would be formed with the objectives of a setting up temporary administra tions for axis controlled areas as these are taken over b giving economic aid and other relief to these areas c establishing permanent machinery for the peaceable settlement of international dis putes and d providing a permanent united ng tions armed force to keep the peace but the very fact that the ball resolution is so tailed is its chief disadvantage the administration j loathe to precipitate a bitter debate on the floor the senate by asking that body to endorse the ball resolution the fulbright declaration has the virtue of achiev ing the fundamental purpose of putting congress on record in favor of post war international cooperation without provoking factional battles this is indicated by the imposing volume of nonpartisan support it has already secured all 11 republican members of the house committee voted for it and among its earliest advocates in the house itself were repre sentatives hamilton fish of new york and john m vorys of ohio both extreme pre pearl harbor iso lationists in striking contrast however to the im pressive nonpartisan support for the fulbright reso lution an associated press poll conducted in april showed that 32 senators were definitely opposed to committing the united states to post war participa tion in an international police force at the present time while 24 favored it and the others were still undecided a congressional declaration need ed a simple declaration of policy such as the ful bright resolution if adopted by both branches of congress with the support of both parties would serve the vital purpose of helping assure our allies that the united states will not as in 1919 revert to isolationism after intervening in a war to decide the fate of the world it is important that at this time our potential partners in any post war collective s curity system britain russia france and china should know exactly where the united states stands such an assurance is particularly necessary in the case of the u.s.s.r if the latter is to be persuaded to seek its security in some international institution to maintain the peace instead of the old fashioned method of annexing neighboring strategic territories the passage of the fulbright resolution by a de cisive majority in the house would probably force the senate foreign relations committee to take ac tion on the post war policy resolutions now before it senator connally who has called the fulbright motion cryptic predicts that in the end his com mittee would drop all the resolutions in favor of one that it would draft itself john elliott 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 +zz o chiev ss on ration icated ort it ers of ng its xepre hn m yf 180 1e im t reso april sed to ticipa resent re still jeed 1e ful hes of would allies vert to ide the s time hive sé hina stands in the suaded titution shioned ritories y a de y force ake ac before ilbright is com of one ott 943 or william y bis ys uniy ef 4 vers sod entered as 2nd eee 6an library de foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y you xxii no 37 july 2 1943 he current controversy in the united states over government subsidies has drawn attention to the experience of britain and canada in preventing in fation while conditions in the three countries are not exactly comparable the basic problem has been the same in each namely to prevent an inflationary wage price spiral without checking the necessary ex pansion of production price control in britain during the frst eighteen months of the war britain went through a period of rising prices comparable with our own in spite of price fixing rationing high taxes and a limited use of subsidies the general cost of living index primarily under the stimulus of rising prices in non subsidized foods rose 28 per cent and the inevitable demand for higher wages accompanied this rise but at this point the british govern ment decided to hold the cost of living index by amuch greater use of subsidies the following prod ucts accounting for 97 per cent of the food index which was 60 per cent of the general cost of living index were now under the subsidy program meat bacon fish flour bread tea sugar milk butter theese eggs and potatoes the level of prices paid 0 british farmers was set high enough to stimulate output they were assured against any financial loss sulting from increases in cost of production par ticularly the higher farm wages designed to keep hbor on the farms in the case of imports subsidies ttok the form of absorption of trading losses by the ministry of food in addition subsidies were paid to shippers to prevent higher transportation costs being added to food prices since these measures were taken the cost of living index has risen only 1 per tent while subsidy payments increased from 78 000,000 in 1940 to an estimated 600,000,000 in 1943 roughly 3 per cent of total british budgetary expenditures subsidies however could hardly have checked the how subsidies have operated in britain and canada inflationary tendencies in britain without increasing ly rigid rationing and extremely high taxes while the major objectives of rationing were to provide an even flow of supplies over a period of time and to assure equitable distribution rationing was also in tended to reduce consumption by restricting effec tive demand and implement price control both in come taxes and sales taxes on non essential goods have also done much to reduce the pressure on prices surtaxes on high incomes involve a maximum rate of 9744 per cent while lowered deductions and al lowances mean that the maximum tax free income for a single person in britain is 440 at the same time the sales tax rates run from 16 per cent to 100 per cent with the large scale diversion of cur rent savings to war bonds and certificates by march 1943 456 per capita compared with 133 in the united states british fiscal policy has thus been able to ease the task of price control by supplement ing rationing and subsidy arrangements canada's experience from august 1939 to december 1941 when the price ceiling was estab lished in canada prices rose by about 15 per cent up to april 1943 they had increased only 1.8 per cent above that point as in britain high taxes and rationing have played their part in holding this level but subsidies have also been an important factor while they have been used to alleviate the squeeze due to prices being out of balance in the period on which the price ceiling was based and to stimulate output as in the case of cheese milk and butter probably their most important function has been in helping to prevent a wage price spiral with wage increases tied to the cost of living index consumer prices had to be held in line or a cost of living bonus to wage earners would have been neces sary this could only have increased business costs and the vicious inflationary spiral would have been in full swing subsidies were used therefore to page two stabilize or reduce retail prices on tea coffee butter and milk domestic subsidies were used also to main tain prices on such items as fresh fruits canned goods beef footwear and fuel while subsidies on imports were paid when the goods were regarded as essential and the increase in cost was a result of a rise in price in the country of origin holding prices in line by use of subsidies protected the entire popu lation against a rise in living costs not simply the wage earner in achieving this result canada spent 65,161,500 on domestic and import subsidies be tween september 3 1939 and march 31 1943 while the situation in the united states differs in some respects from that in canada and britain particularly the latter where substantial lend lease basis for french unity slowly emerges in algeria a point of equilibrium was reached in the french political situation on june 26 when the french committee of national liberation agreed to retain general giraud in command of the forces in north and west africa and general de gaulle as the com mander of all other forces in the empire thanks to this compromise settlement the immediate break down of french unity so painfully achieved and precariously maintained has been averted at least for the moment however the crucial issue of army reform has by no means been settled and meanwhile the serious possibility exists that the spirit of the french forces may be undermined by uncertainty as to their allegiance de gaulle in line with his con sistent opposition to all those who have actively co operated with vichy or were directly responsible for the defeat in 1940 continues to insist that many of the officers in the present french army in north africa should be ousted at once giraud on the other hand defends most of these men who now command his troops on the basis of the records they have more recently established and opposes any immediate dismissals furthermore giraud feels under personal obligations to these officers for many of them are old friends who were his comrades in arms in world war i and served under him in tunisia where the french army made its remarkable comeback anglo american intervention under normal conditions disagreement between french the economic life of mexico has undergone far reaching changes during world war ii for an analysis of their effect on relations between mexico and the united states read impact of war on mexico’s economy by ernest s hediger 25c june 15 issue of foreign poticy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to fpa members 3 food imports make it easier to finance subsidies it is none the less true that the basic problem y face is the same with our cost of living index 28 per cent we have reached the same stage afte roughly the same period of participation in the war as britain had in april 1941 and it seems quit possible that subsidies especially for food woul now be useful both in checking any further price rig and in stimulating production if effectively admip istered and accompanied by stricter rationing anj taxes high enough to siphon off more of the surply spending power of the nation they might conceiy ably work as successfully as they have in britain and canada howarb p whidden jr men over the question of army reform would be strictly french affair now however that north africa has been an active base for combined allied operations the british and americans feel that the are justified in insisting that the french army be kept as it is rather than risk a possible decline in efficieng by a change in officers especially since the new ap pointees might be unfamiliar with local condition and with the men they would be called upon to lead moreover since american and british troops fought under giraud with success in tunisia general eisen hower apparently believes that the future safety of his forces depends upon maintaining the french mili tary command intact accordingly the united ne tions high command has thrown its support 0 giraud by informing the french committee tha sweeping military reforms could not be allowed at the present time and by inviting giraud to come to the united states within the next fortnight for militay conversations since the new settlement was brought about partly by strong allied pressure it deepened the line of cleavage not only between the two french general but between britain and the united states on the one hand and the de gaullists on the other some of de gaulle’s followers reject the allied plea of mili tary security as justification for intervention and it sist that the issue of who is to lead the french fore into battle is a purely national question in line wit this emphasis on french sovereignty the june issue of combat the organ of the de gaullists in a giers sought to carry an editorial which was prompt censored criticizing the french committee for fal ing to assett french interests in the face of allie wishes in fact it seems that de gaulle’s politid strength in north africa which has been growill rapidly since his arrival in algiers on may 30 increasing as a result of this latest rebuke by alli diplomacy in other words resurgent nationalis among the french who are beginning to recover fr td ow ss oc oo moo qo se wt ee dies m1 we lex up after e wat quite would ce rise admin ig and urplus onceiy in and jr d bea north allied at they kept icieng ew dition o lead fought fety of h mili ad ne ort e that 1 at the to the nilitany t partly line of the one ome of of mili and it 1 forces ne with une 2 in their nation’s collapse has increased de gaulle’s pop ularity and at the same time has aroused opposition to the support given giraud by the allies although it is no secret that many de gaullists deeply resent what they regard as anglo american meddling de gaulle himself attempted on june 27 to allay ill feel ing between his followers and the allies by praising britain the united states and the u.s.s.r for the role they are playing in the liberation of france hope that french unity will be preserved in this present crisis rests on several facts which are over looked in many of the sensational and conflicting re ports now coming out of algiers first de gaulle and page three giraud are in fundamental agreement that the lib eration of france takes priority over all other con siderations second both french leaders are basically in accord with the united states not only because of traditional franco american friendship but also be cause the united states supplies almost all the equip ment of the restored french army in north afri finally general eisenhower enjoys the confidence of both de gaulle and giraud and is trusted to safe guard the best interests of all the allies in an im portant theatre of military operations winifred n hadsel the f.p.a bookshelf blood and banquets a berlin social diary by bella fromm new york harper in collaboration with co operation publishing company 1942 3.50 the keen observation and sharp pen which made the author such a good politico social reporter for the ullstein papers prick inflated nazi egos giving a vivid picture of the cruel mad life in berlin before the war the coming age of world control by nicholas doman new york harper 1942 3.00 a broad historical discussion of the failure of nation states and the logical likelihood of their being supplanted by a world society regardless of the war’s outcome theodore roosevelt and the rise of the modern navy by gordon carpenter o’gara princeton princeton uni versity press 1943 1.50 this follows the more comprehensive princeton books on naval power by harold and margaret sprout and bernard brodie it is in the nature of a period piece full of sound and interesting information pertinent to an un derstanding of present day naval and foreign affairs battle for the solomons by ira wolfert boston hough ton mifflin 1948 2.00 vivid descriptions of the fighting about guadalcanal during october november 1942 written by a very capable correspondent war and peace in the pacific new york institute of pacific relations 1943 1.25 a preliminary report of the institute’s eighth confer ence on wartime and post war cooperation of the united nations in the pacific and the far east held in canada december 4 14 1942 will serve as a useful introduction to current and future problems in east asia cordell hull a biography by harold b hinton garden city doubleday 1942 3.00 the record of an american secretary of state who has been steadfast rather than showy living according to his reasoned belief in democratic decencies mitchell pioneer of air power by isaac don levine new york duell sloan pearce 1943 3.50 the first biography of the outstanding united states prophet of victory through air power his unsuccessful struggle for a new concept of war is an important chapter in the history of our disarmament years australian frontier by ernestine hill new york double day doran 1942 3.50 vivid description of the less well known fringes of the island continent from bird cage to battle plane the history of the raf by ralph michaelis new york thomas y crowell co 1943 a thorough anecdotal account of the history and current activities of the raf both amusing and informing some prior knowledge and interest in the field of military avia tion are desirable however for full enjoyment america at war a geographical analysis edited by samuel van valkenburg new york prentice hall 1943 2.50 specialists show the importance of geographical influ ences on the united states during the conflict and the approach to peace hitler’s speeches 1922 1939 edited by norman h baynes new york oxford university press under the auspices of the royal institute of international affairs 1942 15.00 this vast interpretative compilation is so arranged as to give a definite picture of the mind and methods the allies are fighting its use is facilitated by extensive bibliographic notes and an exhaustive index far eastern war 1987 1941 by harold s quigley bos ton world peace foundation 1942 2.50 a very valuable scholarly yet simple account of the first four and a half years of the far eastern conflict the author covers events in china and japan as well as devel opments in international relations easy malay words and phrases by marius a mendlesen new york john day 1943 1.00 a simple introduction to every day malay spoken from malaya to new guinea my appeal to the british by mahatma gandhi edited by anand t hingorani new york john day 1942 1.00 the full text of various articles and statements by gandhi during the months preceding his arrest indispen sable to the understanding of indian conditions and of the efforts of a pacifist to lead a non pacifist political move ment foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 37 jury 2 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lugr secretary vera micuaies dean editer entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter jury 2 eamon de valera who by virtue of having been prime minister of eire since 1932 has been head of a parliamentary government for a longer period than any european statesman now in office is likely to continue to enjoy that distinction for the remainder of the war in spite of losses suf fered in the general election held on june 22 it is true that his party fianna fail lost the independent majority it possessed in the previous dail eireann under the system of proportional representation that prevails in eire fianna fail emerged with 66 seats against the 73 that it held in the out going parlia ment fine gael the party of ex premier william t cosgrove won 32 seats as compared with 40 labor 17 as against 10 and the farmers who had no seats before won 14 but although mr de valera has lost seven seats and his majority he will probably succeed in mak ing a deal with one or more of the other parties that will enable him to hold office he is still the fore most statesman in eire indeed considering the length of time he has been in office and the eco nomic strain to which his country has been subjected during the war the outcome of the election may be regarded as a personal triumph for the prime min ister this interpretation is confirmed by the fact that mr cosgrove his principal opponent who made the need for setting up a coalition national govern ment the chief issue in the campaign lost eight seats the chief surprise was the rise of the farmer party which starting from scratch gained 14 seats the success at the polls of the labor and farmer parties indicate growing concern on the part of the voters with the country’s labor and food problems foreign policy no issue certainly there appears to have been no dissatisfaction with de valera’s policy of rigid neutrality all parties and nearly all candidates endorsed the course that the dublin government has followed throughout the war barring an act of aggression by the axis eire may be expected to remain aloof from the conflict the fact that eire can be neutral is proof of the reality of the independence that it obtained by the anglo irish treaty of 1921 when world war ii broke out in 1939 eire was the only member of the british commonwealth of nations which refused to declare war on germany today it is the only english speaking community in the world that is not at war with the axis the allies have scrupulously respected eire’s neutrality despite the grave strategic disadvantages it has entailed for them the consequences of eire’s neutrality became especially serious for the british in the summer of 1940 when following the fall of france the nazis obtained submarine and air bases on the atlantic coast at that time the southerm irish bases of cobh queenstown bere haven and lough swilly which had been handed over to eire by the cabinet of neville chamberlain under the agreement of april 25 1938 would have been of inestimable value to the british navy in fighting the nazi u boat menace even president roose velt’s friendly overtures failed to persuade de valera to grant the british the use of these important bases eire’s neutrality has also proved harmful to the cause of the united nations in other ways since dublin maintains diplomatic relations with the axis nazi agents can and do collect information in the irish capital on the movements of allied shipping convoys and on american troop movements in north ern ireland transmitting it to berlin nor is eire’s neutrality benevolent to the cause of the allies as was washington’s neutrality before pearl harbor it is so rigid that even the heroic exploits of irish men fighting in the allied armies are not permitted by the censorship to be mentioned in the press position of northern ireland but while recognizing eire’s right to remain neutral britain and the united states have consistently re fused to accept dublin’s objections to their use of northern ireland as a base for military operations the united states completely ignored the sharp pro test made by de valera on january 27 1942 on the occasion of the arrival of the first contingent of american troops in the six counties when he con tended that this action constituted tacit recognition by washington of the partition of ireland from the long range point of view of achieving the unity of ireland a goal desirable in itself it may be questioned whether eire’s decision to remain outside a conflict that will determine the life or death of the english speaking world was a wise de cision if the de valera government had linked its fate with the rest of the british empire in 1939 it would to a great extent have cut the ground from under the feet of supporters of britain in northern ireland as it is the cleavage between the two sec tions of the irish people has been deepened a large part of the sympathy that de valera and his party enjoyed in the united states has been forfeited and partition if not made permanent may have been indefinitely extended john elliott 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 aoaoanso 2a wt oo ms vol 4 +o.oo 8.5 to der een ing ose lera ses the ince lxis the ping yrth ire’s s as bor rish itted but itral y te e of ions pro n the it of conn lition eving if it main fe of se de od its 39 it from thern d sec large arty a been ytt 43 a periodion ak a jul 14 194 entered as 2nd class matter general library university of michigan ann arbor wichigan lo e cr roh igh 118 jy an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxii no 38 jury 9 1948 he naval battle of kula gulf in the central solomons on july 5 6 has apparently resulted in a new american victory over the japanese fleet although not without losses on our own part in the week since general macarthur's headquarters announced united nations operations on a 700 mile front from new guinea to the solomon islands the enemy has offered more resistance by sea and air than on land but this means little for the allied forces have confined themselves to the seizure of important but unoccupied islands and to landings on the fringes of well protected japanese positions the real test of enemy reactions will not come until an effort is made to take salamaua on new guinea munda on new georgia island or some other point of significance in japan’s chain of outer defenses differences from guadalcanal cur rent operations represent a considerable change from the conditions that characterized the fighting for guadalcanal today we are definitely on the of fensive in the pacific and are not simply seeking to defend ourselves by attacking first as was the case last year as a result of the improvement of the united nations position on the european front the shortening of the supply route to the east through the victory in north africa and the great rise in american production more naval and air power has become available for the pacific in the words of secretary of the navy knox on july 2 the day of shortages is nearing an end moreover the absence of a united command that drew so much criticism in connection with guadalcanal is no longer in evi dence general macarthur is in charge of the entire drive this year although the forward movement in the solomons is quite properly under the immediate supervision of admiral halsey the present campaign may resemble last year’s operations in one respect the length of time required for the achievement of objectives it will not be easy future drives in pacific call for improved political strategy to seize the air bases of the central and northern solomons or to take salamaua and lae and months of combat may be expected before rabaul the key japanese air naval and submarine base on new britain island can be reached and subdued these actions may in fact merge into other drives this fall especially if burma is invaded when the rains are over and if china becomes a more important center of air and land activity everything depends however upon the nature of the japanese reaction and how much tokyo is willing to sacrifice to hold its island outposts politics and the war with japan in the excitement created by new moves of our armed forces it would be unwise to forget the military im portance of our political relations with asia since the conclusion of british and american treaties end ing extraterritorial rights in china last january there has been an almost complete absence of united nations political action in the pacific although statements have been made little or nothing has been done to resolve the doubts of the far eastern peoples especially in china and india about the future of allied policy in the colonial world in the house of representatives whose members applauded mme chiang kai shek so vigorously some months ago it has been impossible to persuade a majority of the committee on immigration and naturaliza tion to approve a bill for the repeal of chinese ex clusion and the placing of chinese immigration on a quota basis one bill along these lines has already been killed and it is doubtful whether action on an other can be secured before the summer recess meanwhile the japanese have not been idle in recent months they have not only used the short comings of western policy in their propaganda among the peoples of asia but they have initiated a new course of their own in occupied china they have sought to give the impression that the days of et ie ee rae ss ss 221.0 ooeee harshness and cruelty toward the local population cases are just in the process of awakening to th are over and they have buttressed this policy by problems of the modern world having never handing over to the puppet government at nanking ceived self rule from their old masters with wha various foreign rights and properties in southeast can they compare the present japanese rule especially asia they have promised independence within a year if japan cleverly simulates concern for native we to the philippine islands and burma and on july 5 fare this danger is reinforced by the color issue they announced that thailand because of its co which is absent from the european situation by operative attitude had been ceded territories for operates against us in asia merly part of malaya and burma although our these conditions make it all the more importap major far eastern allies the chinese will hardly be _that the united nations take decisive forward look deceived by these moves it would be a mistake to ing measures in the territories that are still unde think that other peoples in asia will be entirely their control and make promises of a substantil immune to the japanese appeal character to the nations of occupied asia there puppets in southeast asia because of a danger that we will fall into the error of think developments in europe americans may have the ing that all the conquered eastern peoples are like impression that just as germany is able to secure the native tribal groups we are meeting in the south the cooperation only of corrupt and traitorous ele pacific communities without national consciousnes ments in the occupied countries so japan’s native that can be dealt with entirely on the basis of treat support will be limited to outright quislings there ing them properly after we land in their territory is an important difference however between the two but peoples gripped by nationalist feeling will de situations in europe the conquered countries have mand more than satisfactory personal behavior on known what independence means and have had an the part of our troops and their leaders they wil opportunity to operate their own political institu want to know what their political and economic tions in consequence they cannot easily be fooled status is to be when the japanese are driven out and by the invader the people of the indies malaya their attitude toward our military operations may be burma and even the philippine islands have not yet strongly influenced by the nature of our reply o known true national independence and in many lack of it lawrence k rosinger war tests resiliency of democratic institutions the war in europe has entered a critical phase ty of france and his opposition to allied interven whose outcome will be decided not only by sheer tion in french affairs foreshadow the attitude that weight of armed force but also by the political wis the liberated countries may be expected to take one dom and home front cohesion of the united nations they are free to decide their own fate if all that nazi propaganda is doing everything in its power britain the united states and russia each in it to divide the allies and pit them against each other own way or jointly are planning to do in europe vo ae am 2 sored a the anced is to substitute their dictation for that of hitler focuve os gercreine we lxis news 15 brist to 1 they will be confronted after the war with the same mil from the deeth of general sikocski premier kind of resistance that has prevented fortunately of the polish government in london in an airplane for the allied cause consolidation of hitler's nev crash sit july 6 to the wave of internal conflicts that order the task that continues to face the great sn ey the united states the allied peop ues powers is how to combine efficiency in military and will have to draw more than ever before on their ti ith th sat ble 1 resources of judgment and patience to meet this new pone es nme se er oe tam f lary propaganda barrage soe or be tee es and aspirations of s nations building democracy internation which admittedly are not strong enough to regail ally but in the field of political warfare as in military operations it is not enough to remain on the defensive the alarm expressed by the small nations of europe through their representatives in for a discussion of the problems that face the united nations in the far east read london and washington concerning the draft strategy of the war in asia agreement establishing a united nations relief and by lawrence k rosinger rehabilitation administration on the ground that 2 5 cc this draft envisages a great power directorate for the post war period must be squarely faced as a portent of difficulties ahead similarly the emphasis foreign poticy report vol xix no 3 reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 od of eee ss 4 ff am tn oem oo es le hlur ol lr ulc ell op tone tonto 2 laid by general de gaulle on the national sovereign to the er fe what ecialh wel 1ssug mn but ortant 1 look under tantial here js think re like south usness treat rritory rill de 10f on ey will onomic ut and may be oly or nger iterven de that ce one ull that 1 in its europe hitler 1e same unately s new e great ary and ible te nations regail e the ynth or maintain their independence unaided in essence this is the never ending task of weaving together the multicolored and many textured threads of the fabric of democratic society is democracy threatened here some ple in this country disheartened by recent de velopments on the home front are beginning to wonder how the united states which they feel has not yet successfully solved the problem of demo cratic administration within its own borders can participate in the far more complex tasks of inter national administration yet such discouragement is both premature and unjustified it was to be expected that the fabric of our society would be subjected to extraordinary strains and stresses as a result of war surely there is little virtue in making democracy work only under conditions of political stability and economic prosperity the real test is whether it can work under unfavorable circumstances and while the united states has not yet been tried in the sense that britain or russia or china have been tried there is no ground for assuming that it will not meet the trials ahead with at least equal courage and reso lution nor is it entirely fair to say as have some american and british critics that this country has proved less capable of bearing the brunt of war than britain it is true that the british people have dis played remarkable courage and capacity for adjust ment but it must not be forgotten that the british are an unusually homogeneous people bound to gether by a long rich history of trials endured and triumphs achieved in common while the united states is still a relatively new country built up by immigrants from many lands of many tongues nur tured in many different traditions the achievement of these immigrants over the years in welding to gether a nation in spite of many threatening divisions and conflicts ranks as high in the turbulent history of mankind’s search for the good society as the growth of democratic institutions in britain temper of the country no one who has traveled up and down this country during the past year can feel anything but admiration for the temper of the people as a whole and humility in the face of the selflessness thoughtfulness and stamina dis played by the men and women who make the wheels of our democratic society go round what is disturb ing is that in the midst of so much intrinsic devotion and concrete accomplishment a struggle for personal power and prestige should still be going on among alte those who represent the people in congress or are appointed by elected officials yet here again it must be borne in mind that part of this struggle at least is due to sincere be lief on the part of some of the contenders that they cquid do a more effective job for the country could save lives and shorten the war if only they could exercise greater authority in carrying out the respon sibilities assigned to them such struggles take place in totalitarian régimes as well but there they are punctuated not by publicity but by bullets as those who fail to win the argument are disposed of by their opponents the vast effort to make a democratic society function with some degree of discipline in time of war inevitably generates friction creates a spirit of frustration induces fatigue it could doubt less be carried out with less conflict fewer delays a greater spirit of give and take but in all the heat and dust of the debates being waged in this coun try over fundamental political and economic issues the people as well as their representatives are at least learning the manifold difficulties of democratic processes the lessons learned in these days of crisis should make us more tolerant of other countries subjected to similar strains under far more critical circumstances notably france and more understand ing in our approach to the problems of post war reconstruction vera micheles dean short cut to tokyo the battle for the aleutians by corey ford new york scribner’s 1943 1.75 a brief popular account of fighting in the aleutians with special emphasis on the role of the army air forces the command of the air by giulio douhet translated by dino ferrari new york coward mccann 1942 4.00 the first complete english translation of a classic of military aviation the economic development of the netherlands indies by jan o m broek new york institute of pacific rela tions 1942 2.00 useful short survey of this valuable area now under japanese control the author ciscusses the historical back ground the islands and their people commcdity produc tion and sales abroad changes in indies economic policy industrial development foreign trade and post war pros pects the air offensive against germany by alan a michie new york henry holt 1948 2.00 from a close study of results achieved by the raf the author concludes that 1,000 plane raids on germany’s 50 key cities would bring about nazi defeat in 1948 but he warns that such raids will not be possible unless the american air force adopts night bombing and closer cooperation with the raf foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 38 juty 9 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national uarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dororuy f lest secretary vera micnetes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter grid bteg july 5 on july 12 the united states will have been engaged in this war for a length of time equal to the entire period of our participation in world war i but instead of being able to celebrate a victorious armistice at the end of one year seven months and five days of war as we did a quarter of a century ago we have only just set our feet on the road to victory this contrast between the situation then and now gives some idea of the magnitude of the present conflict as compared with the last war to be sure the military position of the united nations has improved out of all recognition in re lation to the picture as it was just a year ago then the japanese were still on the offensive in the south west pacific after having overrun in succession thailand malaya the dutch east indies the philip pines and burma the germans were pushing ahead in the caucasus and ple were wondering whether russia would be able to last through the summer rommel had captured tobruk driven the british out of libya and was threatening the suez canal allies on offensive now today it is the allies who are everywhere on the offensive ameri can troops have retaken attu in the aleutian islands and in the southwest pacific have begun an attack in the solomons and in new guinea with the key japanese base of rabaul as their objective anglo american forces have driven the axis out of north africa and are now threatening sicily and sardinia the german u boat campaign appears to have col lapsed with sinkings of allied shipping the lowest in months while the allies for the first time are destroying enemy submarines faster than the nazis can build them hitler's expected offensive on the eastern front however has begun although later than had been generally anticipated judging by goebbels radio propaganda the prin cipal hope of the nazis now is based on the belief that american internal economy may collapse under the strain of war recent developments within the united states have undoubtedly afforded comfort to berlin and justified the alarming statement in the senate’s kilgore report published on june 21 that the home front is sagging the remoteness of the united states from actual war zones has fostered the dangerous belief that not only business but politics can be carried on as usual in this country the most striking illustration of this illusion was the recent coal strike in which john l lewis in violation of his pledge to order no strikes for the duration called out the miners from the pits and thereby jeopardized production of munitions for the armed services but congress too is an offender ig this respect its revolt against the government's pro posal to use subsidies as a means for rolling back food prices revealed that many congressmen retain the illusion that the old laissez faire economic sys tem can continue to operate in time of war the race riots in detroit too were a disturbing symptom of disunity played up by axis propaganda evils of divided authority nor has president roosevelt yet solved the problem of cen tralizing authority and responsibility on the home front the resignation of chester davis as food administrator once more called attention both to the division of authority and the duplication of effort by various war agencies it is this state of affairs that provokes constant bickerings among high policy making officials of the government the ac cusations and recriminations exchanged last week between vice president henry a wallace in his capacity as chairman of the board of economic war fare and jesse jones head of the reconstruction finance corporation is only the latest episode in a long series of such quarrels the origin of this dispute goes back to april 13 1942 when president roosevelt vested in the bew complete control of all public purchase import op erations which had formerly been conducted by mr jones this directive was issued because under mr jones the program of building up stockpiles of critical materials had failed dismally although con gress had authorized the policy nearly 18 months before pearl harbor but although the president had conferred on the bew power to purchase mr jones retained the power to sign checks without which the bew could not continue its program of procuring the necessary materials the way in which the rfc held up the vital quinine program illustrates the evils both of the prevailing system of divided authority and the business as usual mentality hitler’s sole hope of winning this war now is to protract the struggle and play for time in the hope that war weariness among the united nations dé visions among the allies and above all a collapse of the american home front may compel his a versaries to accept a compromise peace which would in effect leave him the victor john elliott 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 ee a ee en en ee ee ee ee pm a a ee a ee ee ee +bel o j il 13 bew rt op yy mr under les of con 10nths sident e mr ithout am of which strates ivided y v is to hope ns di llapse is ad which ott 43 periodical general libhane univ op miga entered as 2nd class matter niversity op ai jul 19 w4e foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxii no 39 julty 16 1943 giraud visit shows need for revised u.s policy on france he landings effected in sicily by american brit ish and canadian forces on july 10 which pres ident roosevelt described on the same day as the beginning of the end brought to a focus the hopes and anxieties aroused throughout the world by the allied invasion of north africa last november it would be obviously exaggerated to regard these land ings in themselves as a prelude to victory over the axis but and this is most important in the current phase of the war they are at least a token of the kind of action the allies are preparing for on the continent and the first direct encouragement from the western powers other than bombings of ger man cities for the millions of people within the fortress of europe who have been waiting so long and in such agony for the hour of liberation hope of liberation creates fresh problems paradoxical as it may seem this first contact with european soil is bound to accentuate the doubts fears and expectations that the conquered peoples have about the almost incredible moment when they will no longer be subject to nazi rule the closer europe’s leaders now in exile draw to their respective homelands the more acute becomes their concern both as to the situation they may find upon their return and the role that britain the united states and russia without whose aid the continent could not be liberated intend to play once victory has been achieved this complex of profound and poignant emotions on the eve of a liberation that would once more make free political action possible must be borne in mind in considering the manifold problems of this country’s relations with the french taised anew in difficult form by the arrival in wash ington of general giraud on the invitation of the united states government the controversy about france has raged with such passion in london washington and north africa has been so heatedly discussed throughout our coun try and goes so deep to the roots of the moral crisis of our times that by now many people find it difficult to view it with detachment it would be presumptuous to review once more the main features of this debate yet it may be useful to define the principal areas of conflict as they appeared on the eve of the landings in sicily what washington says on france the most crucial issue at stake in this war is whether a military victory of the united nations will also mean a victory over nazi ideas and practices or will leave untouched in liberated europe the seed lings of nazism for fear that the process of destroy ing them would open the way to revolution this issue has been squarely raised in the case of france the official washington view as expressed on many occasions by government spokesmen is that the united states must not recognize in advance of france’s liberation any individual or group as rep resentatives of the french people since there is no accurate way of determining the state of opinion among the conquered french the united states ac cording to this view is ready and eager to cooperate with the french armed forces in the task of liberating france and to furnish them with arms for this pur pose as it is already doing provided it has assur ance that these forces are led by military men who have demonstrated their trustworthiness in collaborat ing with the allies this general giraud is held to have done throughout the north african campaign although it is admitted that similar coopetation was given by the much smaller force of de gaullist troops commanded by brig gen jacques le clerc who made a long and hazardous trek northward from the lake chad region to fight side by side with the brit ish and americans in north africa the negotiations now being conducted with giraud in washington according to government spokesmen deal solely with the further arming and use of the 300,000 french a a aims on ee a sse opage two now in north africa which very clearly is the principal springboard for an invasion of southern europe as long as military operations continue it is essential it is argued that political controversies should be held in abeyance once victory has been achieved and the danger that politics as usual may jeopardize the lives not only of the french but of their allies is at an end it will be for the french to decide what kind of government they want and under what leadership what the de gaullists reply to this thesis expounded most recently by president roose velt at a press conference on july 9 when he said that 95 per cent of the french people are still under the german heel and there is no france now french de gaullists and their american and british supporters give many cogent and persuasive answers they recognize the paramount nature of military mat ters but contend that political strategy is fully as important as military strategy in winning the battle of europe the united states they believe made an initial and they fear fatal mistake by accepting as its collaborators in north africa not the men who like de gaulle hold out in their opinion the promise of a new post war régime for france but those who were known to have opposed the third republic and others who had actually collaborated with the nazis while it is acknowledged by de gaullists that giraud is a patriotic frenchman and wants to rid his country of german rule it is argued by them that de gaulle is not only anti german but also anti fascist and thus holds the key to france’s post war resurgence and reconstruction having failed to bring de gaulle in at the start the washington administration it is said now re fuses to correct its initial error and multiplies it by snubbing de gaulle at every opportunity most re cently by inviting not him but giraud to the united states for the administration’s reluctance to deal with de gaulle many reasons are ascribed the least sinister being his admittedly difficult disposition the most sinister being the suspicion that some amer ican government officials are fearful of the support he receives from the communists and desire the triumph of reaction in europe after the war as a safe guard against social revolution this reputed policy is regarded as all the more dangerous for the future since it is believed that in france de gaulle has become the rallying point for the underground move ment and has already shown he enjoys popular sup port in north africa while giraud has no such fol lowing either in north africa or in the homeland among many other arguments introduced into this controversy on both sides several should be dis missed as irrelevant those who oppose de gaulle accuse him of seeking personal power this fault could be attributed with equal justice to any ambj tious man active on the political scene if de gaul does have dictatorial aspirations the french of aj people can be counted on to oppose usurpation 9 power by him or any one else who claims to lea them and do not need us to intervene in this matte some of those who support de gaulle on the othe hand feel that he is justified in his strictures gp allied interference with french sovereignty and tha the united states intends to substitute its rule fo that of the french in north africa if such a desig exists it should certainly be combated by america public opinion but reasonable frenchmen doubtles realize that if an invasion of europe were being up dertaken from some other area say for example norway certain temporary infringements on loc sovereignty would occur there too at the same time the contention of some americans that the frencd should be grateful to the united states for helping to liberate them and should therefore raise no ques tions and make no criticisms is also irrelevant sing this country is obviously fighting not merely to lib erate france but to assure its own survival that the resurgence of a defeated country is apt to take the form of extreme nationalism another accusatiog brought against de gaulle should by now be well known to a generation that has witnessed the rise of a nationalist germany but it may be doubted that without going back to the wellsprings of their his tory the french would recover the spirit of self respect and independence which is essential to allied victory in europe and to eradication within frane itself of the pro fascist trends so shrewdly utilized by hitler out of this welter of conflicting views two thing emerge with increasing clarity now that the french after many tergiversations have chosen a committet of liberation which represents a wide range of views this committee is entitled to recognition by the othe united nations not as an instrument of either giraud or de gaulle but as a trustee for the interests of the french people until such time as the people can freely decide their own destiny second britaia and the united states should make it clear that they in turn have been acting in north africa neither conquerors nor as liberators but as trustees for the french empire until it has recovered the freedom to assert its authority it should be specified howevet that this authority for the duration of the war mus be exercised in such a way as to promote and not hinder the allied cause which is also that of th french people by helping to bring about as soo as possible the defeat of germany and thus clearifi the way for the restoration to france of some patt at least of the influence on the spirits of men whid it has so effectively exercised for many centuries vera micheles dean auulle 5 of all of lead other s on 1 that e for desire btless un mple local rench ping singe 0 lib at the ce the sation e well e rise 1 that ir his self allied france tilized rench mittet views other either terests peo britain t they ther a or the eedom w evel r mus nd not of th ss sol learing e part whid ries jean at the june meeting of the board of directors of the foreign policy association mr w w lancaster was elected chairman of the board to succeed mr ralph s rounds and mrs learned hand and mr h harvey pike jr were elected vice chairmen to succeed mrs henry goddard leach this election continues the f.p.a tradition of selecting officers of the board from among those interested in various phases of international affairs as well as in community activities mr lancaster was born in augusta maine and re ceived part of his early education in switzerland after graduation from harvard college and the harvard law school he entered the practice of law in new york city about 1907 when he was associated with the law firm of alexander and green he was as signed to advise the international banking corpora tion a pioneer in the international field through this relationship he became interested in problems con nected with international affairs and has since con tinued and intensified his interest through many years of contact with questions related to american for eign policy for many years he has been a partner in the law firm of shearman and sterling in the course of his work he has often gone abroad and has formed many friendships in foreign countries especially in russia and latin america he is a member of the board of directors of the international banking cor poration a member of the council on foreign rela tions and a member of the law committee of the national foreign trade council mrs learned hand the wife of judge hand of the united states circuit court is a graduate of bryn mawr coliege since graduation she has served her college first as one of the alumnae directors for twelve years and for the past thirteen years as direc tor at large included in her many civic interests is the women’s city club of which she was president page three for a survey of post war air routes international ization of the world’s airways commercial air transit allocation of routes private or government ownership and plane production read new horizons in international air transport by howard p whidden jr 25c july 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 al tt f.p.a board elects new chairman and vice chairmen for a term she has traveled widely abroad she is now actively engaged in relief work for the citizens of many european countries who have sought refuge here mr pike is a graduate of williams college and in world war i served in france in the field artil lery he is vice president of h h pike co inc a new york corporation engaged in foreign trade also vice president of h h pike trading co inc a cuban merchant corporation with head office in havana from 1931 to 1933 he was president of the new york coffee and sugar exchange inc and is now a member of the national foreign trade coun cil of the committee on foreign commerce and rev enue laws of the chamber of commerce of the state of new york and of the council on foreign rela tions he is treasurer of st george's church in 1940 he served on the administrative committee sponsor ing the passage of the selective compulsory military training and service act and is chairman of advis ory board local draft board 50 in new york city upon the resignation of mr rounds and mrs leach as chairman and vice chairman of the board the following resolution was passed resolved that the foreign policy association wishes to express its keen regret that mr ralph s rounds and mrs henry goddard leach are resigning as chairman and vice chairman of the association they have served on the board since 1918 and 1919 and have guided the association from its first steps and original policy through the many changes during these twenty five years of crises in foreign affairs we appreci ate their long and valuable service to the association which has been enhanced by their wide range of interests in the community and in the national efforts in relation to our position in the world we are grateful that they will continue to serve on the board and thereby to give the association the benefit of their long experience and of their counsel not only in regard to our own affairs but also in relation to our contribution to world affairs we were free by constantin joffé new york smith durrell 1943 2.75 moving story of one of the french war prisoners in germany especially revealing is the account of the mis treatment meted out to the prisoners by german civilians the coming battle for germany by william b ziff new york duell sloan and pearce 1942 2.50 this appeal for the destruction of germany from the air is of great interest in view of recent devastating raids on the reich banking and finance in china by frank m tamagna new york institute of pacific relations 1942 4.00 an authoritative and extremely valuable analysis of chinese financial institutions essential for the under standing of pre war and wartime china foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 39 july 16 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f luger secretary vera micheles dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 one month for change of address on membership publications 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter july 12 foreign affairs played a minor role in the first session of the 78th congress which con cluded on july 8 when that body took its first ex tended vacation since the outbreak of the war in september 1939 but the record of the new congress in the field of foreign policy was marked on the whole by an effort to approach current problems in a constructive way the three major issues of foreign policy dealt with in the session just ended were 1 renewal of lend lease 2 renewal of the reciprocal trade agree ments act and 3 the post war policy of the united states the first two subjects were disposed of by congress but the third was left as unfinished business for the national legislature to take up when it re assembles in september a change in public opinion the change in attitude of the american people with regard to foreign problems as reflected by congressional votes was impressively revealed when lend lease came up for renewal after two years of experimenting with this new procedure while the senate took eighteen days of bitter debate to pass it by a vote of 60 to 31 in 1941 it agreed to its continuance by an 82 to 0 vote on march 11 the day before the house had carried the bill by the overwhelming vote of 407 to 6 compared with the vote of 260 to 165 by which it ac cepted the original bill two years ago much more controversial was the reciprocal trade agreements act which also came up for renewal this year in fact so evenly divided were the parties in the new congress that at the beginning of the year some doubt had been expressed whether the bill to extend this act could possibly get through the importance the administration attached to it was shown by sec retary of state cordell hull's declaration before the house ways and means committee on april 12 that the attitude congress took toward the bill would be a signpost indicating to our allies whether this country was prepared to assume its full share of re sponsibility for maintaining peace in the post war world the house passed the bill in virtually the form it had been introduced the only important amendment accepted was that reducing the renewal period from three to two years on may 13 by a vote of 342 to 65 and the senate followed suit on june 2 by passing it 59 to 23 but the most important foreign policy subject to be brought before the past session of congress was the course to be pursued by the united states in the post war world and on this vital issue congress has 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 still to act a determined effort is being made by g number of influential senators to avert a repetition of the tragedy of 1919 when a clash between the ex ecutive and legislature wrecked the peace settle ment by putting the senate on record now as favor ing participation by the united states in an interna tional organization to preserve peace after the present conflict is ended thirty six resolutions to this effect are now pending before congress senators demand action the senate foreign relations committee had taken no action on any of these resolutions by the time congress re cessed the four senators who have sponsored the ball burton hill hatch resolution however gave no tice on july 2 of their intention to insist on prompt action when congress reconvenes on the same day two republican senators vandenberg of michigan and white of maine introduced still another resolu tion which favored american cooperation in post war efforts to prevent any recurrence of military ag gression pending too as congress quit washington was the motion introduced by representative j wil liam fulbright of arkansas and adopted unanimous ly by the house foreign affairs committee which would put congress on record by concurrent resolu tion as indorsing american participation in appro priate international machinery to maintain peace in view of these many resolutions on the subject and the determination of a number of congressmen to press for action on them it is difficult to see how even the procrastinating senate foreign relations com mittee of which senator connally of texas is chait man can continue to side step them much longer one of the most heartening features of the last session of congress was the tendency of some of its members to reach agreement on questions of foreign policy no matter how divided they were on domestic p politics a majority of republicans in both houses for example supported the administration sponsored legislation to renew the life of the reciprocal trade agreements two republican and two democratit senators have collaborated in drafting the most de tailed of all the resolutions on post war planning t0 be introduced in congress true this tendency maj have been due to recognition on their part that publit opinion is united in support of the administration foreign policy when it is recalled however that party politics were largely responsible for the failutt of the united states to join the league of nations in 1919 this is nonetheless an encouraging sign john elliott ch el ee ee ee i rr ae +jue 261943 general library entered as 2nd class matter university of yichigan ann arbor nichiean foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y july 28 1943 ns a a pgrigdical ruv mu general libra il univ of mich by a mn of ex ttle avot rmna sent fect na vor xxii no 40 s re 1 the pie eeesident roosevelt’s decision on july 15 ompt to abolish the board of economic warfare and day deprive the reconstruction finance corporation of its ugan functions abroad and the merging of the bew and solu of rfc subsidiaries financing foreign purchases in a post new office of economic warfare under the leadership y 48 of leo t crowley alien property custodian have gton two important aspects in the field of foreign affairs wil first these measures are intended to dispel the alarm noe ing impression created abroad by public airing of dis which putes about major policies between top officials of esolu the administration second and most important they ppo tepresent one more step in the direction of coordi ce ia nating all government activities touching on foreign t and policy instead of permitting them to be dispersed as ae they have been in recent years among nearly a dozen y evell agencies the state department the board of eco com nomic warfare the lend lease administration the chai office of the coordinator of inter american affairs bst the department of agriculture the department of last commerce the treasury and most recently the office of i of foreign relief and rehabilitation to name the neal most important louse state department emerges as vic nsored lor in the struggle for power that has been labeled trade the battle of washington the agency concerned with ocratic foreign policy which appears to be emerging as the yst de victor is the one whose alleged faults and deficiencies ing had served for several years as justification for the y maj teation of many new offices the state department public by an executive order of june 3 1943 which was ations 0t made public until july 18 president roosevelt r that mstructed secretary of state hull to set up within failurey the state department an office for the coordination jationse of economic policy which mr hull has done ap on pointing assistant secretary of state dean acheson rotr 4s head of the newly formed office of foreign eco 43 4 romic coordination this office is to serve as a clear inghouse for the activities of all other agencies re u.s streamlines conduct of economic policy abroad lated to economic affairs in liberated areas as the war progresses and to coordinate the foreign policy aspects of wartime controls and operations it is rec ognized in the president’s order that the state de partment cannot act as an operating unit for the per formance of functions entrusted to these other agen cies but it is intended that their operations abroad should be fitted into the framework of an over all foreign policy as carried out by the department pri marily charged with the conduct of this country’s foreign affairs coordination needed the coordination urged by the president has aroused fear and misap prehension among those who believe that the state department by reason of tradition selection of staff and personal views of some of its chief executives is ill prepared to handle with sufficient imagination and flexibility the vast and challenging tasks that are bound to confront the united states in the post war period yet those who have been working in the field for the various agencies concerned notably in north africa believe irrespective of their political opinions that some kind of coordination is absolute ly essential if the united states is to have anything like a coherent policy during and after the war their reports indicate that under the system as it has exist ed up to now meetings of american representatives of the various agencies in north africa were a miniature tower of babel with bew lend lease treasury state department and other officials each speaking their own language and trying to develop their own idea of this country’s policy the criticisms lavished on the state department in recent years sometimes tend to disregard the fact that the american foreign service is composed of many hard working modest intelligent men who have served the country devotedly often under very trying circumstances and during the pre war years presented for the most part as accurate a picture of the events that led to the present conflict as any re ceived by the foreign offices of non totalitarian coun tries that the information they furnished was not always put to better use was by no means primarily the fault of the state department it was in far great er measure the fault of some members of congress who even on the eve of the invasion of poland per sisted in their disbelief that war was in the making that the state department has many organiza tional weaknesses and could be greatly strengthened by the inclusion in its ranks of personnel drawn from all walks of life would be admitted by some of its best friends but if it is agreed that the state de partment needs to be reorganized then the best thing would seem to be to reorganize it instead of hedging it about by new agencies in the vague hope a hope shattered by the developments of the past few weeks that these agencies will somehow painlessly emas culate the state department meanwhile it must be admitted that the creation of these new agencies with personnel recruited from circles that the state department had not tapped has roused the latter to take fresh initiatives and to seek advice in hitherto unexplored quarters the role of amgot the task of improv ing and rejuvenating the administration of our for eign policy assumes increasing importance as amer ican forces side by side with the british canadians and french establish their first contact with euro pean territory a contact which is bound to create countless new problems in terms of relief adminis tration of occupied areas finance relationships with new political groups and so on while all these prob lems must and should be handled by technical ex perts as they are being handled by the british in italy's african colonies they must not be dealt with in such a way as to encourage divergences among the american agencies engaged in the task thus con fusing our allies and encouraging our enemies initial measures in liberated areas as arranged in advance are being taken by the allied military gov ernment of occupied territory known as amgot which in sicily is under the direction of general alexander appointed by the allies as military gov ernor of sicily and adjoining islands this military government exercised jointly for the present by brit martinique shake up severs last western link with vichy on july 14 bastille day admiral georges robert vichy high commissioner for french possessions in the western hemisphere resigned from his post and was replaced by an appointee of the french com mittee for national liberation mr henri etienne hoppenot with this transfer of martinique and guadeloupe from allegiance to the german con trolled vichy régime to a pro allied french authority the prolonged negotiations between admiral robert page two ain and the united states is designed to restore and maintain order in occupied territories in collabora tion with local authorities until such time as the mil itary commander in the field decides that administra tion can be entrusted to bodies freely elected by the people on the efficacy and common sense of such government in the areas first occupied by the allies will depend not only the length of the war but also the success of post war reconstruction the responsibility of amgot is all the more im portant because of the emphasis laid by axis propa ganda on what defeat will mean to germany and italy most recently by carlo scorza secretary of the fascist party who on july 18 answered the appeal of mr churchill and president roosevelt for a revolt of the italian people against fascism by painting in the darkest colors the future reserved for italy by the united nations it is not by words but by deeds that the allies can demonstrate to the peoples of liberated countries whether friends or enemies that they are bringing not another form of oppression but an op portunity for the free expression of popular choice one point in scorza’s speech however deserves special consideration he touched on a very sensitive point when he told the italians that the allies in case of victory would relegate them to the role of waiters in tourist hotels and purveyors of cheap art and amusement to anglo saxon travelers no one familiar with italy can forget that the thing many italians resented most was not that the western de mocracies were powerful but that they paid no at tention to the achievements or desire for achieve ments of modern italy it is not enough to urge the italians to revolt against fascism and at the same time hold them up to contempt for alleged lack of courage as some commentators have done it is with a sense of true humility with an appreciation of the matchless heritage bequeathed by the old world to the new and of gratitude for the courage of those within europe who held the fort until we could get ready that the military and civilian administrators of the allies should approach the task of reconstructing a continent whose recovery is essential to our own stability in the post war world vera micheles dean and the united states have come to an end the last of the french possessions in the western hemisphere still subservient to the nazi new order has now been brought under united nations control admiral robert's resignation after nearly a yeat of negotiation seems to have been due at least as much to the increasing discontent and spirit of fe bellion of the population of martinique and gua deloupe against his régime as to the economic pres and bora mil istra y the such a llies t also e im fopa y and of the ppeal revolt ng in y the that rated 2y are in op hoice serves isitive es in dle of ap art o one many rn de no at hieve ge the same ack of s with of the rid to those id get tors of ucting r own ean ly he last sphere is now a yeat east as of re 1 gua ic pres sure exerted on him by the united nations which had suspended all shipments of foodstuffs to the jslands since november 1942 in recent months many hundreds of the inhabitants had fled to jc’n the allied forces or to escape from their unbearable plight after his arrival in martinique the new com missioner disclosed that the population had been in a state of active revolt against the admiral for some time various civil demonstrations had occurred and last month a group of several hundred soldiers led by a captain had taken possession of an army camp just outside the capital fort de france refusing to surrender their position unless admiral robert re signed the two other french possessions in the western world french guiana on the south american main land and the islands of st pierre and miquelon off canada had already severed their allegiance to vichy some time before the former in march 1943 when the pro vichy administration was ousted to be replaced by a pro allied régime the latter in decem ber 1941 when former free french admiral muselier debarked by surprise and organized a plebiscite which iestored the rule of the french republic strategic importance of island matr tinique a small mountainous island of only 385 square miles 1,200 miles by air from the panama canal and 1,600 miles from florida possesses a strategic significance far greater than its size would suggest its importance in the present war is due mainly to its extremely favorable location between two deep sea lanes leading to the panama canal and to its excellent natural facilities such as a first class 15 mile square inner harbor at fort de france reput edly spacious enough to accommodate a whole fleet to prevent enemy use of this harbor with its large machine shops for the repair of sea and undersea craft as well as escape to nazi controlled france of the warships and airplanes stationed there allied warships and naval aircraft have been keeping watch on the island since the latter part of 1940 the agree ment just concluded between the united states and is india ripe for new recent first hand reports on the situation in india suggest that political and economic conditions there are still far from satisfactory at first glance the matter may not seem serious since as compared with the critical days of the summer of 1942 this sub continent of almost four hundred million people is teasonably quiet and the danger of invasion has been greatly reduced in fact india is now viewed chiefly in an offensive spirit as a base for an allied drive into burma yet this change in outlook in no way lessens the importance of rallying the indian populace to support of the war effort there is little doubt ac cording to reliable observers that indians by and page three ee the new administration provides that the ships which have been lying idle for three years and are badly in need of repair will be immediately sent to this coun try for reconditioning preparatory to their inclusion in the allied armada political and economic implica tions the installation of the new commissioner will no doubt be the starting point for the restoration of republican government in the french antilles as a first measure toward this goal mr hoppenot on the day following his arrival abrogated the anti democratic laws set up by the previous administra tion before the vichy administration the islands enjoyed a far more democratic régime than that of most other european possessions in the carribean local legislative assemblies were elected by universal male suffrage as in france and the islands were rep resented in paris both in the chamber of deputies and the senate admiral robert suspended all elec tions dismissed the pro allied officials and interned any one who openly embraced the cause of the de mocracies economic rehabilitation is another task awaiting the new régime as in the case of most countries of the caribbean area martinique and guadeloupe suf fer from a single crop economy in this case sugar and its by products especially rum which were ex tensively exported to france before the war large amounts of foodstuffs even coffee and fish had to be imported after the semi starvation brought about by the recent allied ban on food shipments the relief action now undertaken by the united states lend lease supplies are reported already at hand in the har bor of fort de france will reduce the sufferings of the population to achieve permanent improvement of living standards however a vast program of re habilitation including greater diversification of local crops will have to be undertaken some of the 250 000,000 worth of gold brought to martinique by the emile bertin before the surrender of france might well be used in this task of economic reconstruction ernest s hediger british overtures large do not regard their country as being in the war despite india’s military production and the growth of the indian army this situation it is said is likely to continue until the country receives a more definite stake in the outcome of the conflict at the present time anti british sentiment and the desire for inde pendence are of a most widespread character affect ing even uneducated persons who in many cases are not aware of political developments but are discon tented over economic conditions shortages of food the part played by economic difficulties in molding indian popular opin ion can hardly be overestimated our newspapers have sssss page four given us the impression that india’s unsettled state arises primarily from arguments over political or re ligious questions but shortages of food and essential civilian goods are perhaps equally compelling factors in the situation it is worth noting that last summer and fall when american attention was riveted on na tionalist plans for civil disobedience and the arrests of gandhi nehru and other leaders large numbers of indians especially in the cities were standing in line for hours on end in an effort to buy the necessities of life since then matters have deteriorated further as indicated by an associated press dispatch of july 2 from new delhi reporting widespread appeals for food and almost daily lootings of grain stores such a situation cannot be remedied through any one meas ure but to execute even the best planned policy it is necessary to enlist the support of the general popula tion especially the peasants political agreement remains possi ble few actions could be better calculated to lay the basis for an effective economic program than the formation of some type of provisional coalition gov ernment for the duration of the war a new admin istration which would include the leading indian groups especially the indian national congress and the moslem league all purely military matters would be left in british hands and the problem of independence could be handled through a clear cut pledge of post war freedom perhaps by the king of england who is also emperor of india these sug gestions it is true bear a general resemblance to the unsuccessful cripps proposals but a great deal of water has passed under the bridge since that time and the indian groups might reconsider their posi tion if a new formula were presented moreover the cripps suggestions contained many items of detail that were unsatisfactory to one or another group the omission of all vexatious points concerning the post war period except the single platform of indepen dence might facilitate an indian british working agreement under a provisional indian government just published relief and rehabilitation by herbert h lehman director office of foreign relief and rehabilitation o perations 25c july 15 issue of foreign poticy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 i empowered to deal with important aspects of the country’s internal situation and participation in the war effort india could be expected to make a larger contribution to victory the objection most commonly raised to the idea of an indian coalition administration is that the mos lems will have nothing to do with it or at any rate that mohammed ali jinnah proponent of pakistag and leader of the influential moslem league is ip transigent on the subject of cooperation with other groups particularly congress those who know mr jinnah are convinced that this is a mistaken picture of his views they are convinced that he would be willing to compromise on pakistan in favor of a coalition government if this could be arranged the chief difficulty it would appear arises not from the moslem league or any other indian organization but from the fact that the leaders of the indian na tional congress the most important nationalist body are in prison and therefore cannot take part in any discussions for unity among indian groups if the viceroy were to advance new proposals for settle ment and at the same time release the congress lead ers it is considered likely that agreement could be reached america’s interest the united states is in terested in the indian situation first of all because of the importance of having a sound base for a cam paign in burma whatever the reasons for the failure of last winter's drive toward akyab may have been the united nations cannot afford to repeat that set back on a larger scale this fall moreover the pres ence of american troops in india often in out of the way places connected with the coastal cities by rather tenuous lines of communication creates spe cial concern over internal developments that might produce disorder not least important american prestige in asia is involved this prestige described by mr willkie as a leaking reservoir of good will has been impaired by our failure to playa more active role in connection with difficulties in india last summer and at the time of gandhi's fast early this year the united states has naturally been anxious to avoid any action that might injure the american british partnership but the question arises whether after the lapse of a year london might not be willing to consider making a fresh approach i india certainly such a move would be welcomed hete and would cement rather than weaken the close fe lationship established on the field of battle in north africa and sicily lawrence k rosinger foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 40 juty 23 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leer secretary vera micheles dean editor entered second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f.p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor uaimammaee 4 pe eee se re ae elumwmdlucu od +m the ation n na body in any if the settle s lead ild be is i ecause a cam failure been lat set e pres out of ties by es spe might nerican scribed f good play a ities in i’s fast ly been ure the m arises ight not oach in red hete close fe n north inger national entered low at least periodical room bneral library uniy of mich aug 3 was genera library entered as 2nd class matter university of michigan ann arbor michigan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxii no 41 juny 30 1943 united nations face crucial decisions as axis weakens see downfall of mussolini whose twenty one year dictatorship ends in ruin and disaster for italy not only opens a new military phase of the war but brings to a head the many complex problems of the allies relations with the axis powers while king victor emmanuel proclaimed on july 25 that italy would continue the war and marshal badoglio his new premier mentioned italy’s resolution to abide by its obligations to germany it is difficult to believe that with the administrative structure of fascism in process of disintegration italy already suffering from shortages of war material can long continue the struggle against superior force what next in italy but if unconditional surrender should be sought by the italians with whom will the allies deal will they demand the abdication of victor emmanuel on the ground that for twenty one years the king has been mussolini’s collaborator and acquiesced willingly or unwilling ly in the series of acts that finally led to italy's en trance into the war on june 10 1940 or will they bolster up the position of the house of savoy on the assumption that it is a symbol around which italians of all shades of opinion could rally in the hour of crisis will they deal with the army as represented by badoglio who although then not a member of the fascist party served mussolini well during the ethi opian campaign and was ousted only because he found it impossible to retrieve the disasters suffered by italians in greece will they negotiate with italian industrialists who collaborated freely or un der pressure with the fascist régime will they call back from exile those who left italy during the past two decades by compulsion or because of their ab horrence of fascism or will they seek within italy new leaders who unknown to the outside world may have been agitating against fascism underground at the risk of their lives amgot develops policies to some of these questions the proclamation issued on july 18 by general alexander military governor of sicily and the subsequent activities of amgot in that area furnish certain clues the allies have indicated in sicily their determination to oust all fascist lead ers while maintaining local authorities in office un der amgot’s rule the position of the roman cath olic church will be respected freedom of religious worship will be upheld and anti semitic measures will be annulled no law discriminating on the basis of race creed or color will be tolerated fascist militia and fascist youth organizations will be abolished but there will be no negotiations with exiles or refugees presumably as has been the case in sicily the allies will accept unconditional surrender from italian com manders in the field not from political authorities the restriction on negotiations with exiles or refu gees has already created considerable concern abroad particularly among italians in the united states who fear that the allies are planning to make a deal with some italian darlan yet it must be recognized that until far more is known than at present about existing conditions in italy it is difficult to predict how refu gees especially those long out of touch with their country would be greeted on their return the very fact that some of the exiles were once associated with a régime which proved unable to prevent the rise of fascism may prove an obstacle to their participation in the reconstruction of italy the allies have given no indication that they will not deal with anti fascist elements they may find within italy itself and in italy as in other liberated countries those who have borne the brunt of war and alien occupation will ex pect to have a voice in deciding the nation’s future there is undoubtedly a danger that some of the amgot leaders especially those who have had offi cial connections in italy may tend to deal only with the people they once knew or the social groups with which they were formerly associated this criticism a ae aie ee te gt le 2 psi sats os ae ep ae oss tet atm wt net ooi ss page two has already been brought in britain against the ap intment of lord rennell of rodd whose father d been british ambassador to rome as chief civil affairs officer of amgot in sicily is russia at odds with allies it is on this issue the issue of defining who are the nice or respectable people with whom the united na tions can deal once nazism and fascism have been overthrown that a cleavage threatens to develop between russia on the one hand and the western powers on the other the establishment on july 21 of an anti nazi german national committee in moscow composed of german exiles and war pris oners which is urging the germans by radio and leaf lets to revolt and destroy nazism has aroused suspi cions latent in this country concerning russia’s plans for the future of europe some commentators jumped to the conclusion that russia was offering to negotiate a separate peace with germany at the expense of the allies in disregard of the formula of unconditional surrender laid down by mr churchill and president roosevelt and to set up a communist régime in the heart of europe misunderstandings between the allies on this basic issue bode ill for post war reconstruction if they are not promptly dispelled the moot question whether the soviet government did or did not inform britain and the united states of its plans for the establish ment of a german anti nazi committee might be more cogently answered if we knew whether britain and the united states had informed russia in ad vance about the establishment of amgot in sicily anglo american governments of occupation on euro pean soil may be as disturbing to russia as pro russian committees of poles and germans are to some people in britain and the united states yet actually there is little fundamental divergence in the aims of the three great powers russia’s main purpose is to shorten the war as much as possible that sure ly is also the purpose of the allies if revolution in germany can help to shorten the war in germany just as the downfall of mussolini may help to shorten the war in italy there is no reason to believe that such revolution would not be welcome to the allies it would be preferable from the british and american how long will it take to beat japan recently two answers have been given to this ques tion one by an american admiral and the other by the head of the chinese government on july 7 the sixth anniversary of china’s war of resistance generalissimo chiang kai shek declared that the ag gressor had lost the initiative both in europe and asia and expressed the opinion that the time limit of his utter defeat cannot exceed two years but less than two weeks later on july 20 vice admiral fred erick j horne vice chief of naval operations es point of view if such a revolution were in the dire tion of ending totalitarianism and creating condj tions favorable to the growth of democratic inst tutions but if that is the kind of change we want in germany then we ought to encourage it by every propaganda device at our disposal instead of merely criticizing russia's appeals to the germans the strength of russia’s appeals lies in the policy enunciated by stalin who has repeatedly stated that russia seeks not the destruction of e german people but the downfall of hitler the collapse of his new order in europe and the end of nazi mil itary power are these aims radically different from those of britain and the united states no realistic observer in western countries can believe that the un conditional surrender of germany is synonymous with destruction of the german people to take and publicize such a view would be to guarantee prolon gation of the war since the germans might under standably prefer destruction through war to the bitter end to slow strangulation in peacetime where the russians have shown a better grasp of german psy chology than the british and americans is by hold ing out the hope to the germans that if they now overthrow their government they can look not for mercy the russians have far fewer illusions than the western powers about the brutality of the germans but the possibility of redeeming themselves by the es tablishment of a régime described in the german manifesto from moscow as democratic russia has no more interest than britain and the united states in the survival of a strong germany militarily cap able of resuming expansion to the east what the russians are interested in is in having a change of the german social and economic structure profound enough to destroy the roots of nazism the immedi ate issue is whether that is also our first concern or whether for fear of revolution in europe we might encourage the perpetuation in power of those elements in germany and italy which fostered or tolerated the ideas and practices that have wreaked untold suffering on millions of human beings throughout the world vera micheles dean told a washington press conference that the u5 navy is planning for a war against japan that will last at least until 1949 he pointed out in this connec tion that we have tremendous distances to go in the pacific and we have to build bases from the ground up as we advance the navy may mean it the idea of the war's lasting until 1949 is so completely at variance with the expectations of the american people that there may be a tendency to overlook the serious ces vit ute wa tio stif teg lie bu wil lirec ondi insti want every erely olicy that rman of from listic é un mous and olon nder ditter e the psy hold now t for n the ins 1 5 rman a has states cap t the pe of ound medi m we those sd or saked eings an us t will mnnec in the round f the riance that erious aspects of admiral horne’s statement it has been suggested that he exaggerated the situation knowing ly in order to impress the public with the magnitude of the struggle that lies ahead despite current suc cesses it is true of course that officials are alarmed at the recent failure of american factories to meet vital production schedules a failure which is attrib uted in part to a growing popular feeling that the war is in the bag yet admiral horne’s declara tion apart from being a propaganda statement to stiffen the home front may also represent the stra tegic outlook of some naval circles the navy has not stated in detail what calculations lie behind the expectation of six more years of war but it is not difficult to imagine upon what actions generalissimo chiang based his prediction of victory within two years such a victory can be achieved only if the united states and britain shortly bring ger many face to face with a second land front on the continent if allied blows against the japanese grow rapidly in power and if the defeat of germany is followed by a swift development of anglo american chinese offensives in the far east in other words the chinese hope can be realized only through a fully developed strategy of coalition warfare among the united nations the opposite would be an isola tionist strategy under which possibly out of over cautiousness we might let slip the opportunity for striking decisive blows at germany this year and might plan to defeat japan more or less by ourselves we cannot say whether such a view lies behind ad miral horne’s words but both the date he has given and his emphasis on bases in the pacific suggest neg lect of the chinese front i.e of our chief far eastern ally china in 1949 admittedly the naval aspects of war against japan are extremely important but the objectives of pe at sea ought to include the festoration and strengthening of china’s armies as well as the seizure of islands in six years of war china’s military power has deteriorated in many re spects but fleet movements appropriately combined with land and air actions could reestablish china’s links with the outside world and enable chungking to secure needed supplies it is however very diffi cult if not impossible to incorporate china adequate ly in asiatic war strategy if our purpose is victory in 1949 even though it is common to refer to to f.p.a members please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications page three tt china’s protracted resistance as a miracle no one should count on china’s being present as an ally at the finish if 1943 is to be considered only the half way mark in its struggle against the japanese but if china were to fall by the wayside depriving us of a continental base against japan unless soviet siberia becomes a fighting front what would happen to our war strategy then indeed the problems of the pacific would be serious and 1949 might even prove a rather conservative date japan without germany the fight be fore us is certain to be hard but if we do not under estimate our own possibilities of action a tough war need not be synonymous with a long war we are still in the habit of thinking of japan’s position after the war in europe as if germany would still be in the battle we find it difficult to realize that once ger many is defeated japan will stand completely alone face to face with the combined forces of the united states britain china and other pacific allies pro vided that the united nations remain united and that we do not take so long to beat germany that china will have dropped out of the war the prospect of an insular japan trying to protect its overseas empire and home territory against combined enemy fleets and air and land forces is indeed an awesome one for the japanese exactly how they would react no one can say but that they could stand it for long is doubt ful since they would be outnumbered in every war category men planes ships artillery and tanks perhaps it was this as well as forthcoming plans for offensives in the pacific that lay behind the declara tion of australian minister for external affairs evatt on june 17 that the defeat of japan might follow very quickly on the downfall of germany good and bad propaganda it is doubt ful whether admiral horne’s statement will have a beneficial effect on american war attitudes but there is no question whatever as to its unfortunate effects in asia the date 1949 can be used by the tokyo radio to create despondency and defeatism in china and to tell the chinese that when their generalissimo makes a statement on the length of the war he really does not know what his allies are thinking and what can we anticipate in southeast asia where we hope that native populations will not cooperate with japan despite past dissatisfactions with western rule it is unwise to expect the people of burma and the philip pines or the dutch and indonesian residents of the indies to wait four five or six years for us to come to their aid it would be desirable for the government to correct the false impression created by this situa tion and to indicate that although the war will re quire many sacrifices of the american people we ex pect to secure victory without fighting japan in definitely lawrence k rosinger page four the f.p.a bookshelf goodbye japan by joseph newman new york fischer 1942 2.50 japan before pearl harbor as observed by a former tokyo correspondent he concludes it is difficult to see how there ever can be a genuine basis for peace in the pacific as long as the japanese are ruled by an unholy trinity of a divine emperor a fanatical group of militarists and an equally dangerous number of business clans which are prepared to furnish them with the weapons to engage in their divine mission of conquest postmortem on malaya by virginia thompson new york macmillan 1943 3.00 useful analysis of pre war malaya designed to explain why this important far eastern colony containing the singapore naval base fell so quickly to the advancing japanese journey among warriors by eve curie new york doubleday 1943 3.50 an able correspondent’s intimate picture of men and women on the civilian and military fronts in libya the middle east russia india and china especially close attention is given to the living conditions and attitudes of ordinary citizens a nation rebuilds the story of the chinese industrial cooperatives new york indusco inc 425 fourth avenue 1943 10 cents an interesting useful pamphlet which will introduce the reader to china’s cooperative movement as well as to that country’s wartime economic problems dynamite cargo by fred herman new york vanguard press 1943 2.00 a merchant seaman’s dramatic tale of the courage of those who sail the murmansk route raymond poincaré and the french presidency by gordon wright stanford university california stanford uni versity press 1942 3.50 a careful evaluation of poincaré’s work in an office with peculiar limitations the war and the jew by vladimir jabotinsky new york dial press 1942 2.50 a leading jewish nationalist’s case for the establish ment of a jewish army and state that would join the ranks of the allied nations half a hemisphere the story of latin america by delia goetz new york harcourt brace 19438 2.50 vividly lucid writing makes latin america’s rich back ground and busy present very real black and white drawings add interest to the text relief deliveries and relief loans 1919 1928 by the economic financial and transit department of the league of nations geneva the league 1943 1.00 this brief study of relief after the first world war 1914 1918 should be useful to those planning for post war times marco polo’s precursors by leonardo olschki baltimore the johns hopkins press 1943 1.50 this rather delightful little book attempts to describe the intellectual conquest of asia by thirteenth century missionaries and merchants diplomatic documents relating to italy’s aggression against greece the greek white book issued in e operation with the greek office of information wagh ington d c american council on public affairs 1 2.00 paper 1.50 this official publication describes the forcing of upon a nation which has stood bravely through uns able suffering modern japan and shinto nationalism a study of present day trends in japanese religions by d a chicago university of chicago press 1943 00 a scholarly discussion of the japanese government's shrewd policy of identifying ancient religious attitudes and practices with the doctrines of aggressive nationalism throws considerable light on one aspect of tokyo’s in ternal propaganda for war the author concludes that a cultural reformation not to say a political revolution is long overdue in japan in peace japan breeds war by gustav eckstein new york harper 1943 2.50 a series of sketches of japanese history and present day life designed to help explain that country’s politics from perry to pearl harbor the struggle for supremacy in the pacific by edwin a falk new york doubleday doran 1943 3.00 a popular account of japanese american relations in terms of the naval power and activities of both countries i’ve come a long way by helena kuo new york appleton century 1942 3.00 personal history of a chinese woman journalist and her experiences at home and abroad squadron 303 by arkady fiedler new york roy pub lishers 1943 2.00 the story of the polish squadron’s gallant aid to the r.a.f in the dark days of 1940 out of debt out of danger proposals for war finance and tomorrow’s money by jerry voorhis new york devin adair 1943 3.00 the representative from california advances the view that a solution of our debt problem is essential for win ning the peace last man off wake island by lt col walter l j bayler and cecil carnes indianapolis bobbs merrill 1943 2.75 with the help of a good collaborator a fighting marine tells the dramatic story of his eleven months as commuti cations officer and radio expert during the hellish bom bardment of wake midway and guadalcanal german psychological warfare edited by ladislas farag new york putnam 1942 3.00 this volume answers 97 questions relating to the mobil ization by the nazis of scientific and popular psychology for total war not only propaganda but also the psychol ogy of military life an interesting appendix gives the de tails of examinations for commissions in the reichsweht foreign policy bulletin vo xxii no 41 jury 30 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y franx ross mccoy president dorotuy f lggt secretary vera micheles dgan editor entered a second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year be 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor 4 5 +ent’s that tion new t day macy eday ns in tries york t and pub 0 the nance york view wwin bayler 1943 narine ymuni bom arago mobil hology sychol the de swehr national ntered as bneral library tniv of migh erigdigal room sener entered as 2nd class matter ev we ae y at an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxii no 42 avucust 6 19438 aoe resumption of allied air raids on italian cities on august 2 after marshal badoglio had indi cated that far from contemplating unconditional surrender he would try to preserve for italy some of the spoils of war and would permit german oc cupation of northern italy and of italian ports on the adriatic throws into sharp focus the political problems created by deterioration of the axis mili tary position there seems to be no doubt that the italian people are weary of war and unwilling to make further sacrifices for the sake of defending hitler's fortress of europe but badoglio and presumably king victor emmanuel to whom the marshal is personally devoted while recognizing italy's weakness as against the allies are not yet prepared to face the consequences of defeat nor are they ready to break with germany it is true that should a break be made the germans would be in a position to wreak havoc on italy the rulers of italy are thus faced with a choice between evils with this qualification that while the germans have made it clear they cannot or will not save italy from the united nations the allies are promising to lib erate italy with honor from the germans will badoglio surrender the reluc tance of the new italian government to wrench italy out of hitler’s grasp is being taken by britain and the united states as the test of its intentions as in dicated in mr churchill’s speech to the house of commons on july 26 and president roosevelt's broadcast on july 28 any government that repudi ated fascism preserved order and dissociated itself from germany would have received a hearing from the allied military chief in that theatre of operations on this point there appears to have been some misunderstanding in this country and in britain the acceptance by general eisenhower of uncondition al surrender on the part of the king or marshal badoglio would not necessarily have had the effect end of fascism enhances prestige of democracy or carried the intent of recognizing either of these men as the future government of italy in fact there is much to be said psychologically for having the king and badoglio accept publicly the onus of sur render instead of insisting as some observers have done that eisenhower should deal only with an anti fascist régime one of the arguments used by hitler against the weimar republic was that it was re publican representatives who signed the shameful treaty of versailles let us not make the mistake this time of saddling surrender on the very people who opposed fascism and the war it would have been better if mussolini himself had had to sue for peace but now that he has been deposed those who were with him responsible actively or pas sively for italy’s entrance into the war and not mussolini’s opponents should be the ones to ask for unconditional surrender at the time this is done however the allies should make it perfectly clear that the italian people will have an opportunity to elect a government of their own choice within a specified period after surrender and decide for them selves whether they want to perpetuate the monarchy establish a republic or devise some other form of administration democracy cannot be imposed mean while the allies could make no greater mistake than to assume that the moment fascist institutions have been abolished the italian people will adopt a demo cratic pattern similar to that of britain western europe and the united states the italians have demonstrated again and again their love of liberty but when they think of liberty it is more in terms of the individual’s life than of freedom achieved through mutual accommodation within a close knit political and economic community civilian courage in opposing encroachments on individual liberty is essential for the successful functioning of demo cratic institutions the germans and to a lesser ig j i k_kz x ____ page two degree the italians have shown themselves lacking in this quality defeat alone however will not produce civilian courage overnight the most the allies can do is to create within italy conditions under which the italians can develop democratic practices of their own and for this amgot is in position to set a valuable example by the use of fair methods in the treatment of the population and in its readaptation to peacetime living the limits of intervention but allied assistance to the italians and this will be even more true when the time comes for liberating the con quered peoples of europe cannot take the form of intervention in internal affairs such intervention no matter how benevolent in intent or beneficent in effect would eventually provoke an anti foreign re action among the liberated peoples and first of all among anti fascists who now urge anglo american intervention on their behalf the extent to which intervention is a matter of subjective judgment or rather emotion has been strikingly demonstrated by events in north africa and italy some americans who in the past had vigorously opposed interven tion by the united states in nicaragua and haiti on the ground that it constituted infringement on the liberties of those countries seem to find nothing para doxical in demanding that london and washington intervene in the affairs of european countries and dictate the kind of government or economic system they should have after the war this demand is based on the assumption that it will be good for these countries to adopt democratic institutions which might be true but in countries where the soil has not been fertilized by history for the growth of such institutions it is worse than foolish to insist that they should be planted forthwith for without battle of the tropics helps allied war effort the months that have passed since the japanese attack on pearl harbor have witnessed a series of significant changes in the economic life of the west ern hemisphere america’s tropical lands hitherto practically neglected by man have become the scene of a number of new and far reaching activities from the forests of southeastern mexico to the jungles of the vast amazon basin men are now battling their way forward building roads fighting tropical dis eases developing river traffic to secure access to the wealth of these previously untapped regions pioneering on a new frontier this new activity is for the most part directly a result of the japanese conquest of southeastern asia which suddenly deprived the allies of their main and sometimes only source of certain tropical prod ucts indispensable for war to make up for this loss the allies have had to introduce or intensify by all means available the production of these or similar a proper nourishment they will wither away thus merely creating fresh doubts about the vigor of de mocracy yet this is the very moment when there should be least room for such doubts the most importany aspect of mussolini’s downfall is not that italy has begun to yield to superior military force but that il duce and his followers recognized the defeat of fascism before italy itself had been ovezrun it js essential for sound post war reconstruction not only that the united nations should achieve mili victory over the axis but that the axis leaders should confess their own failure future german and italian historians could still argue that the allies won be cause of the superior force at their command but it would be difficult for them to deny that it was faith in a cause combined with force which finally sealed allied victory why did small isolated malta sub jected to thousands of air raids refuse to give up while sicily staggered at the first blow peoples of the same origin inhabit both places yet the people who were free preferred death to loss of freedom while those who were unfree considered loss of life too high a price to pay for servitude this is a lesson worth pondering in the united states as political controversies and race riots tend to obscure the chal lenge to democratic statesmanship we are meeting on the battlefronts we are all bearing common burdens sharing a common tragedy our capacity to see the world struggle as a task we have in common with each other and with other peoples around the globe will determine our capacity to preserve and ad vance human freedom whose indestructible value is being vindicated by the self destruction of fascism vera micheles dean products in the lands of the western hemisphere where natural conditions most closely duplicate those of the territories temporarily lost to the enemy quite naturally the united states took the lead in this pioneering work with the approval and active cooperation of the governments of all latin ameti can countries concerned it sent scores of specialists to tropical america developed new botanical varie ties introduced drastic sanitary measures and shipped food and other supplies often by air t0 create bearable living conditions in hitherto inhos pitable regions this gigantic effort is considered by many as a second if minor campaign fought along side the main conflict a war of man and scien against nature this campaign is currently changing the economic pattern of many parts of the westem hemisphere quest for rubber blazes trail fits in importance among the tropical products lost t ascism ean sphere e those ny lead in 1 active ameti ocialists 1 varie s and air t0 inhos ered by along science ranging y ester l first lost te a the allies with the japanese conquest of south eastern asia is rubber before pearl harbor prac tically all the natural rubber used in the united states representing a value of some 3,000,000 a year came from british malaya and the netherlands east indies with these territories now under enemy con trol the largest source of natural rubber still ac cessible to the united nations is the amazon basin where the rubber gathering industry first originated in order to make up for the sudden loss of asiatic rubber sources the united states decided to revert to south american production and to resume prac tically overnight tapping of the millions of rubber trees growing wild in the amazon and in other parts of the american tropics the tapping of wild rubber trees growing sparsely in hot tropical areas of dense forests and flooded lowlands infected with dangerous diseases is how ever no mean problem aside from all other diffi culties of opening up previously unsettled territories the brazilian state of amazonas for instance three times as big as texas has a population of only 450,000 two indispensable and gigantic tasks sanitation and settlement must be accomplished be fore production can begin the new areas must be rendered as safe as possible for the human race and the thousands of men needed to collect the precious latex must be found and transported to the spot the greatest battle so far waged by science against the american tropics had its start in the spring of 1942 when a north american health mission headed by dr george m saunders member of the washington institute of inter american affairs ar tived in the amazon to collaborate with brazilian authorities in the opening of the world’s greatest wild rubber region some twenty medical posts have since been opened along the amazon and its tribu taries by dr saunders and his health mission and it is expected that by the end of 1943 a complete chain of hospitals floating dispensaries and other health centers will be in operation there the second part of this huge colonization program is also well under way an army of workers which may reach some 100,000 men toward the end of 1943 or the early part of next year is being recruited from all surrounding regions transported to the rubber lands housed in newly built cities and fed and cared page three just published can europe’s refugees find new homes by winifred n hadsel 25c august 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 for through the cooperative effort of united states and brazilian authorities the amazon jungle is be ing slowly mastered and from 1944 on it is ex pected that it will yield some 70,000 tons of natural rubber annually this quantity although represent ing only about 10 per cent of the needs of the united states is considered vital principally for war uses in which synthetic rubber alone is not satisfactory the program developed for brazil is comple mented by many similar smaller scale projects now under way in all tropical countries of america wild rubber trees are being tapped wherever they can be reached plantations of abaca the source of manila hemp and of similar fiber plants are being set up in the caribbean islands derris and other roots con taining rotenone one of the most powerful insec ticides are being grown on experimental farms from costa rica to brazil and cinchona trees are being planted in the highlands of central america for the extraction of quinine to mention only a few devel opments some of these new projects will probably be aban doned when the war is over but the pioneering work undertaken to meet war needs will not have been in vain since scores of valuable tropical products from hardwoods to drugs and insecticides will for the first time have been made accessible to man in the americas ernest s hediger south africa supports smuts the decisive 107 to 43 victory of field marshal jan christian smuts in the south african general elections reported in london on july 30 has been welcomed in britain and the whole allied world it represents a parliamentary majority of 64 in support of the war today compared with the narrow margin of 13 when the union of south africa declared war in september 1939 fears that dr d f malan’s opposition party might be able to obtain enough seats to impede the south african war effort or even to take the dominion out of the war and break its commonwealth ties have been definitely dispelled moreover it seems clear that field marshal smuts will now have a much freer hand not only to plan a reconstruction program for his own country but also to share in the formulation of allied plans for the post war world this victory for an outstanding dem ocratic statesman coinciding as it did with musso lini’s downfall has strikingly demonstrated that de mocracy is rapidly gaining strength as the war proceeds h p w pittsburgh branch to broadcast on saturday august 7 members of the pittsburgh branch of the fpa will participate in a 30 minute radio program the editors round table broadcast over station kqv from 10 15 to 10 45 p.m the subject will be winning the peace ee ee r ae the guilt of the german army by hans ernest fried new york macmillan 1942 3.50 a well documented book on german militarism and the part played by the imperial officers caste in the develop ment of national socialism inter american statistical yearbook 1942 by raul c migone ed el atenco buenos aires and macmillan new york 10.00 this 1,000 page book of statistical tables on latin amer ica with explanatory text in four languages is a unique compilation of data touching a large number of economic and social factors most of the tables are complete up to 1940 and sometimes to 1941 the transition from war to peace economy league of nations geneva and princeton 1943 paper 1.00 cloth 1.50 this report of the league of nations committee on eco nomic depression is the first detailed study on the subject by an official international body it examines the effects of war economy and the domestic and national problems of transition from war to peace the wind that swept mexico the history of the mexican revolution 1910 1942 by anita brenner new york harper 1943 3.75 the first part of this book is a short and vivid story of mexican politics from the reign of diaz to our days the second a unique collection of 148 historical photographs both very sympathetically portray the aspirations of the mexican people and the highlights of the mexican revolu tion the chilean popular front by john reese stevenson ee university of pennsylvania press 1942 1 a good study of chile’s significant political development from 1920 to date preceded by a short outline of chilean history down to 1920 ecuador by albert franklin doran 1943 3.50 in this informative and entertaining book mr franklin vividly describes the topography people local customs politics and personalities of one of the least known south american countries new york doubleday japan and the opium menace by frederick t merrill new york published jointly by the institute of pacific and the foreign policy association 1942 1 interesting authoritative account of the opium problem with special emphasis on japan’s encouragement of opium production and addiction in chinese territory the government of french north africa by herbert j liebesny philadelphia university of pennsylvania press 1943 1.50 this first of a series of african handbooks edited by h a wieschhoff summarizes the complex legal and ad ministrative organization of the french possessions it helps one to understand some of the political problems of the american and british invading forces a air page four the f.p.a bookshelf why a jewish state by leon i feuer new york richard r smith 1942 1.00 a clear presentation of the zionist view that only 4 jewish state with complete control over the immigration and land policies of palestine can solve europe’s jewish problem fs the making of modern britain by j b brebner allan nevins new york w w norton 1943 a vigorous description and interpretation for ameri readers of the moving forces and outstanding leaders jj british history from the roman conquest to the outbreak of world war ii men in motion by henry j taylor new york doubleday 1943 3.00 a plea for limited post war commitments by the united states based on the thesis that europeans will not help themselves if the united states makes it easy for them to turn to us the author despairs of europe a pauperized and congested appendage of asia unless large scale emigration takes place but the u.s he contends must not open its doors the struggle for airways in latin america by w a m burden new york council on foreign relations 1943 5.00 a valuable survey of the whole latin american air pic ture with an interesting account of the break up of ger man and italian air lines during 1940 41 the maps charts illustrations and tables add greatly to the usefulness of this attractive volume england’s road to social security by karl de schweinitz philadelphia university of pennsylvania press 1943 3.00 a timely study of england’s efforts during six centuries from the statute of laborers in 1349 to the beveridge report of 1942 to provide social security for its people don’t blame the generals by alan moorehead new york harper 1943 3.50 a vivid story by an australian newspaperman of the north african theatre from august 1941 to august 1942 although moorehead’s account covers the middle east and even reaches india the fall of tobruk and the final des perate defense of egypt are the highlights of this book the english title a year of battle however is more descriptive of the contents of the book than the american international air transport and national policy by oliver j lissitzyn new york council on foreign relations 1942 5.00 this book is a notable contribution to the history of ait transport up to pearl harbor particularly in its political aspects although now out of date in certain respects it is indispensable to a knowledge of the complex problems facing the united nations as they plan the air transport policies of the future war without inflation by george katona new york columbia university press 1942 2.50 a timely study of inflation price fixing rationing ta ation and saving in wartime foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 42 aucust 6 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y franx ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary vera michetes dean editor entered second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year in produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor i 4 od r cm ch 4s ms fd oo ares ff pf cr +pbriodical kuum enbral 1mhary univ of mich foreign general library ie entered as 2nd class matter uni versity of michigan ts tlebes ann arbor nich aya 13,49 moir g j518 5 hy leday jnited t help em to erized scale ist not 1943 ir pie f ger charts ess of an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxii no 43 avucust 18 1943 mn first ten days of august appear to have marked the beginning of a period of growing ctisis in the european theatre of war allied victories in russia and sicily highlighted this development but impending political developments suggested by a crop of reports and rumors from europe may be equally significant allied advances continue in the mili tary sphere the smashing soviet victories at orel and belgorod opening the way for a double offensive against the german strongholds of bryansk and kharkov constitute the most important achievement and serve to remind us that the major land front of world war ii is still in russia at the same time the capture of catania by the british eighth army the flanking of the german position at mt etna by american and british canadian advances and the surprise american landing behind the axis lines in the north augur well for a rapid conclusion of the sicilian campaign although on the eastern front german strength has so far shown no signs of cumbling and in the mediterranean the western allies may have to occupy sardinia and corsica be fore launching a major assault on the mainland of italy or southern france these victories demonstrate the rising offensive power of the united nations should the russian and mediterranean fronts be sup plemented soon by the opening of.a second front in western europe we could look forward even more confidently to the steady disintegration of nazi military might political repercussions widespread the repercussions of allied military pressure were quickly felt throughout the continent most signifi cant perhaps was the cancellation by sweden on august 5 of a three year old transit agreement with germany which permitted german troops and war materials to pass through swedish territory on their way to or from norway and finland this assertion axis difficulties sharpen problems of allied unity of independence on the part of the stockholm gov ernment received popular acclaim and is a clear indication of both government and public opinion on the course of the war in the occupied countries notably holland and france opposition to german rule reached a high pitch from helsinki came renewed rumors of moves intended to take finland out of the war while gov ernments of the axis satellites in the balkans were reported to be restive also and fearful of the fate that befell the fascist régime in italy hungary in particular appears to have been perturbed by recent developments in rome and king boris of bulgaria faces uneasily the prospect of an allied invasion of the balkans in italy where german foreign minister joachim von ribbentrop was reportedly engaged during the week end of august 7 8 in trying to strengthen nazi ties with the badoglio government peace riots con tinued and the socialist party appealed to all work ers farmers and intellectuals to join in a general strike to force italy out of the war although latest reports from switzerland indicate that the italian government will not sue for peace at least until peace terms more lenient than unconditional sur render are offered by the allies it seems doubtful that badoglio will be able to maintain his position when the full weight of allied power is brought to bear on the mainland of italy has hitler been ousted germany too has felt the effects of the russian victories in the east the relentless air bombardment from the west and the threat to italy in the south the madrid re port that hitler's real power has been taken over by a triumvirate composed of reich marshal her mann goering field marshal general wilhelm keitel chief of the high command and grand admiral karl doenitz commander in chief of the navy should be treated as definitely suspect but it may well be a preview of things to come in ger many should an army dictatorship take over control from the nazis in order to bolster the german war machine it would probably indicate both weak ness and strength weakness in that the hitler spell had been broken but a certain strength in that the military leaders considered it still possible to save germany from unconditional surrender greater allied unity needed as we en ter one of the major crises of the war a meeting of pres ident roosevelt prime minister churchill and premier stalin seems extremely urgent calculations that the war in europe will be over by christmas would be exceedingly dangerous of course but failure on the part of allied leaders to have ready a common plan in case of the sudden collapse of the german govern page two ment or to be prepared to reject in unison any peace bid from a german military clique for terms less than unconditional surrender would be even more dangerous and yet there seems to be a not wholly unwarranted fear in the united states and britain that while both the political and military strength of the axis in europe is declining our own military plans are not matched in the political realm it is to be hoped therefore that a meeting of the allied leaders can be arranged in the near future and that as events in europe move toward the ulti mate collapse of german power the united nations will have reached agreement on the basic problems which will face them in a europe freed from nazi tyranny howarp p whidden jr explosive conditions in china worry united nations admiral ernest j king’s statement of august 7 that china must be kept in the war implying the danger of a collapse of resistance to japan deserves more than perfunctory notice although the com mander in chief of the united states fleet did not elaborate the point he presumably had in mind the deterioration of chungking’s military efforts and the gathering political storms in the chinese capital both of which threaten the country’s war effort washington is as yet saying nothing publicly about the situation but some details of this growing crisis became known on the previous day through the publication in moscow of an article by vladimir rogov a writer recently back in the u.s.s.r after a long stay in china danger of civil war according to the soviet journalist's report civil war and possible military disaster face china unless high placed de featists are removed from their positions of power he charges that these circles are attempting to break the united front between the kuomintang the of ficial party and the chinese communists and that large numbers of central government troops have already been dispatched to the areas in which the communist led eighth route and new fourth ar mies are located a move may soon be made he suggests to disarm the latter forces and destroy their political organization thereby plunging china anew into the maelstrom of civil strife from which it emerged in 1937 to resist japan he also asserts that the elements responsible for the crisis have evolved a theory of an honorable peace with japan or the futility of further fighting although not daring to advocate open capitulation while these remarks are more specific than any that have yet appeared in the american press they are in agreement with the general implications of reports reaching this country they are likewise in line with the growing tendency of american writers to abandon many conceptions of chinese resistance dating from the early years of the far eastern con flict and to adopt a more realistic view of china's internal problems and war effort a significant in dication of this new attitude was the publication of a warning about china an article by pearl buck in life magazine for may 10 1943 accord ing to this well known author the great liberal forces of the recent past in china are growing silent there is now no real freedom of the press in china no real freedom of speech the official implement of repression is an organization far more severe than the secret service of a democracy ought to be the division between the eighth route army and the national army still continues in spite of the fact that all accept the generalissimo as their leader there are forces around the generalissimo which keep apart these two great bodies of the people who ought not now to be kept apart this statement is all the more significant because miss buck has been and remains a leading critic of the shortcomings of the united states and britain in aiding and cooperating with china other american opinions at about the same time creighton lacy member of a missionaty family declared in a brief volume is china a de mocracy that some of the factions within the kuomintang are of much concern to true demo crats in china although his book was on the whole highly laudatory of chungking’s efforts he asserted that there are at least two groups which have warranted the epithet semi fascist because they are more antagonistic to chinese communism and possibly to constitutional democracy than they are to the japanese the tragedy is that their mem bership includes some of the most prominent cabinet ministers generals and diplomats some two months iater in the far eastern survey of july 14 1943 t a bisson of the institute of pacific rela a oo wm apc dy oss ee oe of se yuo pw aimnpnr ofnr'w oo pf y seo cos ton oo oo seneimwa fr peace terms even a not s and ilitary tr own ealm f the future ulti ations blems nazi jr stance 1 con hina’s nt in ion of arl ccord liberal owing press official more ought route n spite s their issimo of the miss of the ain in put the sionaty a de in the demo on the rts he which yecause 1uunism un they r mem cabinet ie two july 14 c rela tions stated in an article on china’s part in a coali tion war that as long ago as a year before pearl harbor two chinas had definitely emerged each had its own government its own military forces its own territories more significant each had its own characteristic set of political and economic institu tions one is now generally called kuomintang china the other is called communist china how ever these are only party labels to be more de scriptive the one might be called feudal china the other democratic china these terms express the actualities as they exist today the real institutional distinctions between the two chinas the statements by miss buck and mr bisson aroused considerable discussion in chungking but a still sharper reaction was produced by two articles by hanson w baldwin military writer for the new york times in a review of the chinese situ ation published by that newspaper on july 20 1943 mr baldwin asserted that japan not china is win ning in a military economic sense the sino jap anese war he declared that japan is maintaining only twenty odd divisions in china principally as policing and occupying forces that chinese com muniqués often exaggerate the importance of minor engagements and that the japanese in china are able to do pretty much as they please in the military field this was followed by an article too much wishful thinking about china in the august issue page three of reader’s digest in which among other state ments he presented various criticisms of the chinese army his views were attacked sharply by chung king representatives notably the chinese military spokesman and the minister of information a united nations problem space is lacking to consider these problems but in subsequent articles the subject will be discussed in detail mean while it is clear that the chinese situation is causing apprehension in informed united nations circles not only are american writers asking questions but it is no secret that many agencies in washington have been disturbed by the functioning of chungking bodies with which they have been in contact the soviet attitude is also plain since the report referred to at the beginning of this article appeared in an of ficial publication british sources it is true have had little to say on the subject but this may be attributed to a desire not to worsen already tense british chinese relations and to the fact that among the western powers the united states is playing the leading role in the far eastern war but it may be significant that chinese foreign minister t v soong in a london press conference of august 4 was questioned about chungking’s policy on sup plying weapons to the chinese communist troops lawrence k rosinger this is the first of a series of articles on the present political military and economic crisis in china punishment of axis leaders will test statesmanship the recent warning to neutrals that asylum must not be granted to fugitive axis leaders has already ptovoked a reply president roosevelt announced on july 30 that the united states government would re gard such neutral action as inconsistent with the principles for which the united nations are fight ing and hoped that no neutral government would permit its territory to be used as a place of refuge or otherwise assist such persons in any effort to es cape their just deserts the british and russian governments were prompt to associate themselves what kind of peace with non nazi germany should allies establish military administration will russia share_in administration read what future for germany by vera micheles dean 25c foreign policy reports vol xviii no 22 reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 with this point of view but the swiss government now declares that switzerland will obviously exer cise the right in a manner fully to assure the sovereignty and highest interests of the country according to reports turkey may soon take a simi lar line while sweden has for the present declined to commit itself one need not interpret this declaration as a final answer to the allied warning as the war approaches a victorious conclusion the remaining neutrals may well exhibit an increasing compliance with the will of the united nations and the duce and other lead ers of the axis may be denied admittance to neutral countries but suppose they are not the right of asylum nothing is clearer than the right of a nation to offer sanctuary to fugi tives from abroad extradition treaties whereby na tions agree to surrender such persons on demand invariably relate to definite and listed crimes of a civil nature and have no application to the present case on the contrary unsuccessful revolutionaries foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 43 aucust 13 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothuy f lust secretary vera micug.es dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor be 181 so ont a te and other leaders of lost causes have repeatedly sought safety in foreign countries and have gener ally obtained it except where the country of asy lum overawed by the power of the other side has yielded up the fugitive switzerland like the nether lands takes pride in a long tradition of such hos pitality and the united states has consistently main tained the principle that political refugees will not be surrendered nor their extradition suffered inevitably the case of the late kaiser will come to mind article 227 of the versailles treaty publicly charged william ii with a supreme offense against international morality and the sanctity of treaties the exact nature of this supreme offense however was not defined and the charge therefore remained essentially political the kaiser having fled to hol land the dutch boldly and quite properly refused to give him up and the promptness with which the matter was dropped suggests that the allies may never have expected to go through with the trial today it is felt that the axis leaders are guilty of offenses far graver than the kaiser’s and an effort has been made to formulate the charge in more definite terms the united nations propose to mete out just and sure punishment to the ringleaders responsible for the organized murder of thousands of innocent persons and the commission of atroci ties presumably the accused will be tried for specific violations of the known laws of war as em bodied in the hague convention and elsewhere but even so nothing in the accepted law of nations con fers on the victorious powers any right to compel the surrender of the presumptive criminals by the state of page four a et asylum and to obtain such surrender without dam age to those high principles for which the united nations profess to stand will require a nice degree of tact for if the swiss maintain their present atti tude against all persuasion nothing remains but to abandon the whole project or resort to threats and even force the whole problem well illustrates the inadequacy of international law in the face of crime or immorality on the part of national leaders trial of the accused even should the nazi rulers be brought to justice the trials will have to be conducted with extreme delicacy that govern ments realize this is evident from their intention to have the accused tried by military tribunals for of fenses cognizable by military law on the one hand they must avoid the danger that a full and fair trial of all the issues may provide a platform whence the fallen leader addressing his followers as it were for the last time may by a well worded defense pro vide for his own canonization in some future re vival of his doctrines napoleon bonaparte who was summarily banished to st helena without the for mality of a trial nevertheless by his memoirs writ ten in exile succeeded eventually in rehabilitating himself in the eyes of much of the world on the other hand a trial which does not give fair oppor tunity for defense is hardly to be considered and this means that the issue on which the accused is tried must be carefully defined it should be clear in the light of these facts that the problem of dealing with the ringleaders referred to is not an easy one if high and strict standards of international conduct are to be observed throughout sherman s hayden the f.p.a bookshelf tokyo record by otto tolischus new york reynal hitchcock 1943 3.00 a newspaperman’s valuable story of a year and a half in japan including a number of months in prison after pearl harbor his account of day by day developments throws much light on the operation of japanese politics japan’s military masters by hillis lory new york vik ing 1943 2.50 an interesting discussion of the japanese army and its role in japanese life islands of the pacific by hawthorne daniel new york putnam’s 1943 2.50 a welcome factual account of the geography history people customs and products of an area that will play an increasingly important role in the news organized for reference use behind the japanese mask by jesse f steiner new york macmillan 1943 2.00 a useful analysis of japanese customs and attitudes al though psychological factors are overstressed as in the statement that the japanese sought to overcome their feel ings of inferiority by a spectacular drive for power which has culminated in the present war the world since 1914 by walter consuelo langsam new york macmillan 1943 4.00 the fifth edition of an extremely useful reference text south of the congo by selwyn james new york random house 1943 3.00 a first hand report by a british correspondent of south ern africa from cape town to the congo although jour nalistic rather than scholarly there is much valuable ma terial in this book for the student of south african prob lems especially on relations between negroes and whites balkan firebrand by kosta todorov chicago alliance book ziff davis 1943 3.50 this exciting autobiography is an illuminating picture of balkan history the english people by d w brogan new york knopf 1943 3.00 a penetrating analysis of england and its people writ ten for american readers by a cambridge university pro fessor a candid and interesting book which gains much from the fact that the author approaches his subject from an irish and scottish background and with a wide experi ence in the united states the british commonwealth at war edited by william yandell elliott and h duncan hall new york knopf 1943 5.00 this symposium is an important contribution to the his tory of both world war ii and the british commonwealth although it may not always hold the interest of the aver age reader it should prove extremely useful to students of economics history and political science 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 aaes ee eel me me om geet ca com +were pro re re o was e for writ tating n the ppor 1 and sed is ear in ealing one if ict are yden random f south th jour ble ma n prob whites alliance picture knopf le writ ity pro 1s much ct from experi william knopf the his nwealth he aver dents of 943 foreign entered as 2nd class matter aug 24 1943 mori 318 io gy an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxii no 44 avueust 20 1943 quebec meeting faces decision on policy for liberated europe ven sixth major anglo american wartime meet ing which is scheduled to reach its climax this week when roosevelt and churchill meet in quebec comes at a time when the united nations are beset by many pressing problems in europe although the conference is officially advertised as a military par ley representatives from britain canada and the united states must also inevitably turn to some of the larger political issues which can no longer be ignored or postponed now that their armed forces are actually on european soil as a result of the allied victory in sicily questions concerning mili tary occupation and ultimate peace settlements have been removed from the realm of the academic the day for general theoretical pronouncements on the order of the atlantic charter which was two years old on august 14 is past and the moment has come when more precise plans are needed policy toward liberated countries one question that requires a more clearly defined allied answer is who is slated to take over the job of administering axis occupied nations after the germans and italians are forced out throughout the war the governments in exile have assumed that they would receive a large share of responsibility during the period of transition from war to peace in their respective countries but some confusion has recently arisen over the anglo american attitude toward them doubts about british and united states policy toward the liberated countries on the morrow of axis defeat have been fostered by the ambiguity that attaches to amgot because the allied military government of occupied territories is a mew organization about which very little is known outside the councils of the british and u.s military men who are directly in charge of its pro stam there has been abundant opportunity for fumors and suspicions concerning its prescribed role in liberated countries as long as allied policy on this subject remains vague or only tacitly under stood the training of british and american officers and enlisted men in the language laws and local traditions of poland yugoslavia norway and so on may be interpreted as identical with prepara tions for military occupation of enemy territory since however it might prove not only impractical for amgot to assume such large scale duties but also politically unfortunate it is to be hoped that the quebec conference will produce a policy of active cooperation with representatives of the liberated nations by granting the long delayed anglo american recognition to the french national committee in algiers the quebec meeting could give a concrete demonstration of allied solidarity with those groups in the axis conquered countries which have con sistently aided the united nations now that de gaulle and giraud have at last proved the ex istence of their fundamental unity the way is open to the united states and britain to help frenchmen restore peace to france by extending recognition to the french committee increased confidence would also be given to other statesmen in exile who have served their countries and the united nations well during the war despite the lack of an official pre war mandate from their people before hastily la belling such leaders unrepresentative it must be recalled that wartime conditions made it impossible for the exiled governments to maintain their pre war régimes completely intact and that some changes effected without benefit of popular vote on the eve of axis invasion or afterwards eliminated appeasement or pro nazi elements having organ ized their nations support of the war despite crush ing defeats these leaders in london deserve an opportunity to aid their countries in recovering from enemy occupation this does not mean however that exiled ministers should be given allied props ee sssssssssssssss page two v _ococ_ _sssspspeyy ge on which to lean in case they find it impossible to stand unaided in their own countries because once the orderly processes of government are restored the people themselves must be free to choose whom they please in every underground movement today there is undoubtedly a large reservoir of new leader ship and opportunities must exist for tapping it soon after hostilities cease future of enemy nations another diffi cult that will come up in quebec is the future of italy and germany the italian press reit erates the hope that the unconditional surrender decree handed down at casablanca will be revised in canada but there is no indication that this will be done the problem of defeating germany de cisively is however more complicated for in order to make sure that the germans will not threaten the peace of the world again the united states britain and the u.s.s.r must reach a far more perfect un derstanding than now seems to exist not only on basic military questions but on equally important political policies it is vital to the goal of uncondi tional surrender that the intentions of the three prip cipal united nations coincide since if the anglo american bloc goes one way and the soviet union another germany stands an excellent chance of escaping the worst consequences of defeat and of being able to revive its military power within 4 comparatively few years the nazis seem to be well aware that their last hope of escaping true defeat lies in the possibility of playing the united nations of against each other for their press emphasizes the fact that russia is not participating in the quebec conference and is again criticizing the united states and britain for their failure to attack germany in western europe by land as well as air it is well to remember however that stalin will undoubtedly be kept informed of developments at quebec further more formulation at the conference of more precise plans for the postwar disposition of germany can do much to increase russia’s confidence in the possibility of future security through cooperation with britain and the united states winifred n hapsex what is the truth about china’s armies reports that the current anglo american discus sions in quebec may lead to significant decisions on pacific war strategy bring to the forefront the ques tion of the strength of the chinese armies for the united nations will be greatly interested in the type of diversionary operations that can be expected from china when large scale ground campaigns begin in burma or the east indies and if advanced chinese bases are some day to serve as a means of conducting extensive bombings of japan manchuria and coastal china the ability of chinese troops to prevent the japanese from seizing these fields will be of consid erable importance the problem in a nutshell is whether in the future chungking’s armies can be expected only to hold on at a minimum level or whether despite all difficulties they can develop a new striking power by using their existing resources more effectively in combination with larger quanti ties of foreign supplies decline of the china front it should be understood at the outset that in view of the re markable contributions made by china to the war against japan and the many shortcomings of united states policy in asia before and after pearl harbor americans have no special moral right to reproach chungking the right is of a practical nature the necessity of one ally’s considering the activities of another in order to make suggestions about possible improvements for there is little doubt that in the past year and a half except for a few significant but restricted japanese campaigns the china front has seen engagements of only a minor character it is true that mobile warfare involves many small ac tions that may bulk large in the aggregate but this does not explain the marked decline in the num ber of japanese troops in china or chungking’s ad mission that the scale of the fighting has lessened according to an official statement published in march of this year some 53,000 japanese troops were killed in 1942 as compared with 148,000 in 1938 136,000 in 1939 114,000 in 1940 and 105,000 in 1941 figures for japanese wounded show 4 similar downward trend there is no occasion fot surprise at the drop from the first war years when major battles went on for a number of centers but the decline by approximately one half from 1941 to 1942 cannot be accounted for in this way more over according to chinese calculations there are about thirty japanese divisions of less than 20,000 men each in china at the most something under 600,000 men while thirty nine of the best divisions are stationed in manchuria and korea where there is at present no actual front but only a potential one against russia some estimates for china are consid erably lower but in any event the number of jap anese troops has been reduced in striking fashion even though china continues to be the major area of fighting in asia can china do more the decreased effec tiveness of chinese resistance is unquestionably closely related to the cutting off of major sources of foreign supplies yet although china is thereby prevented from conducting large scale ground ac tions it is doubtful whether this alone can explain the low level of military operations especially since every observer of chinese affairs is aware of spec raqqqoskas ee kr prin anglo union ice of ind of thin a re well at lies ns off es the quebec states any in vell to idly be urther precise can do sibility britain dsel e but e num g's ad ned hed in troops 000 in 05,000 how 4 on for when rs but 941 to mote sre are 20,000 under ivisions there is ial one consid of jap fashion area of d effec ionably sources thereby ind ac explain ly since f spec ylation hoarding and other conditions that not only make civilian life difficult but inevitably interfere with the functioning of the armed forces it is in structive in this connection to note that the eighteenth group army engaged in mobile and guerrilla warfare in north and northwest china claims to have more than maintained the level of enemy casualties it established earlier in the war many foreign visi tors report that in this war theatre inflation and speculation are at a minimum there appears to be much room for improve ment in the organization of the chinese army vari ous shortcomings are indicated in the new regula tions on treatment of recruits published by the chi nese ministry of war on june 11 1943 according to these provisions officers who confiscate blankets uniforms shoes mosquito netting and other articles brought by the recruits are to be severely punished no sand or other foreign matter is to be added to the soldier's daily rice allotment and the size of the ration is fixed at 24 ounces officers are permitted to order men to perform labor service for their own units or for the localities in which they are stationed but this must not interfere with training nor may the officers accept compensation for work done by their men the fact that it was found necessary to issue these regulations is suggestive of conditions within the army it is even more significant that after page three ee six years of war the chinese conscription law has still not been carried out fully the causes of the conditions described can hardly be found in the difficulty of securing supplies from abroad basically the explanation appears to lie in po litical social and economic circumstances in life the important position held by speculators the weakness of popular influence in the formulation and execution of policy and the fact that some army circles are motivated by points of view dating from the days of civil war and provincial warlordism it does not follow that the advances made by the chi nese since 1937 are negligible or that their nation hood is to be questioned nor was it to be expected that the national government could quickly rid itself of imperfections stemming from past condi tions it is a question rather of the direction in which the country is moving whether it will return to the unifying progressive policies that marked the open ing period of the war in order to fight effectively against conditions that are sapping its military strength or whether it is headed for deepening internal difficulties and consequently a less important position in the united nations war effort lawrence k rosinger this is the second in a series of four articles on the present crisis in china charter of u.s ships raises post war problem in a joint statement issued on august 14 while they were meeting at hyde park president roosevelt and prime minister churchill made known the ex tremely favorable progress being achieved in the allied battle against the u boat during may june and july the statement revealed a total of 90 u boats were sent to the bottom moreover in the first six months of 1943 the number of ships sunk by u boat operations was only half that in the last six months of 1942 and only a quarter that in the first russia what are its frontiers will it spread communism will it try to dominate germany will it change its economic system will it undergo political change what is the future of religion in the u.s.s.r read the u.s.s.r and post war europe by vera micheles dean 25c august 15 issue of foreign poticy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 half of 1942 as a result of this decline in u boat effectiveness new ships completed by the allies in 1943 exceeded all sinkings from all causes by more than 3,000,000 tons although the allied leaders warned that the battle against the u boat would have to be still further intensified this vastly improved shipping picture will undoubtedly give greater freedom of action to the allied army navy and air chiefs now meeting in quebec than they have enjoyed at any previous conference charter of american ships but as ship ping becomes less crucial in the planning of military victory it seems to become more important in dis cussions of the post war world indeed it promises to be one of the major problems which will face the united nations particularly the united states and britain when victory over the axis is won this is indicated not only by the concern felt in britain over the tremendous wartime expansion of the unitec states merchant marine now larger than the brit ish but by the reported reaction in american ship ping circles when admiral land announced on july foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 44 aucust 20 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lest secretary vera micue.es dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor bo 181 os epg ee 8 27 that some 200 american built ships were being chartered for the duration of the war to great britain and several other united nations eight ships he said had already been chartered to norway three to the netherlands two to greece and five to brit ain the latter to get in addition fifteen or twenty a month for ten months although title to these ships is to remain in the united states government it is apparently feared that the ships may stay in the hands of the recipients and threaten the predominant position which the united states is winning in mer chant shipping as a result of war construction the reasons for this arrangement intended to in sure the fullest utilization of united nations re sources were explained briefly by admiral land in his july 27 statement and more fully in a letter from president roosevelt which prime minister churchill read to the house of commons on august 3 it was de signed 1 to give effect to an agreement between the president and the prime minister made shortly after pearl harbor which provided that britain would concentrate on the construction of war vessels while the united states became the merchant ship builder for the two nations and 2 as a result of this division of war tasks to insure full use of the surplus of british merchant seamen and apparently norwegian dutch and greek as well at a time when american construction of ships is running ahead of our ability to man them no threat to u.s shipping even assum ing that in the interests of post war allied unity it will prove unwise for the united states to ask for re turn of these ships it is difficult to find any real basis for concern about their disposition the great ma jority of ships now being built in this country are liberty ships vessels which are generally consid ered too slow and inefficient for post war competi tion the faster victory ships will not be delivered until early in 1944 and then only in limited num bers this means that at most only a small propor tion of the number chartered to britain during the next ten months will be victory ships for the united states to attempt to gain a head start in the post war shipping race simply by an over whelming superiority in slow going liberty ships would not be sound policy from either an economic or political point of view members of the united nations which have suffered great shipping losses and to which the carrying trade is of vital importang britain norway and greece for example would soon overcome this american advantage with the aid of lower construction and operation costs unless the united states embarked on a heavy subsidy pro gram not only would the cost of such a program be staggering but it might bring retaliation in such fields as commercial aviation where the united states can compete on an economic basis moreover it would almost certainly result in a revival and ex tension of pre war trade barriers and excessive eco nomic nationalism the growing interest in the future of american shipping was indicated on august 7 when it was an nounced that the maritime commission and the war shipping administration had formed a_ post war planning commission and the state department an international shipping committee the former it is reported will study ways and means of gaining the maximum share of the world’s shipping while the latter looks toward an international understanding which would form part of the whole post war settle ment it is to be hoped that these two aims can be reconciled so that the united states will avoid on the one hand the danger of again being without a merchant marine sufficient to guarantee its secutity even if this demands the use of subsidies and on the other the temptation to gain artificial domina tion of the world’s waterways in shipping as in many other fields both political and economic na tional self interest appears to lie in the direction of international cooperation howarpb p whidden jr the f.p.a bookshelf chile a geographic extravaganza by benjamin suber caseaux new york macmillan 1943 3.00 a chilean deftly conducts the stranger through his many sided country not ignoring its problems or dark aspects but nevertheless giving an inviting picture chile by erna fergusson new york knopf 1943 3.50 sympathetic and informed survey of the country by an american visitor leaves somewhat the same impression of chile as subercaseaux’s book although lacking his touch of native familiarity wrath of the eagles by frederick heydenau new york dutton 1943 2.50 mihailovich and the chetnik campaigns presented in the form of a novel interesting and sounds authentic war eagles by j s childers new york appleton 1943 3.75 this is the story of the famous eagle squadron of the raf with the aid of records of the british air ministry and countless interviews with the pilots themselves the author a colonel in the u.s army air forces has written a thrilling account of aerial warfare the spanish labyrinth by gerald brenan new york macmillan 1943 3.50 an excellent and remarkably full study of the little known spanish nation in the half century before the civil war only a chapter or so is devoted to the war itself but the whole book supplies a much needed background to this complex and tragic event 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 5 ty a peo oc pw wr wo oo j 3s tok cf lo cu +ction of n jr on 1943 on of the ministry ives the ss written ow york che little the civil itself but nd to this 1943 pbriguical rove breral libra omy of mich foreign policy blt ies entered as 2nd class matter versity sf mi cr celeron 7 arbor mich aug 28 1949 bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research siaff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxii no 45 avucust 27 1943 7 air of tense expectancy reminiscent of that preceding the allied invasions of north africa and sicily hangs over the british and american peoples as they await the launching of fresh attacks on europe as usual at such a moment there is an op portunity to take inventory of inter allied relations and developments connected with the quebec con ference call for the entry of several new items some reassuring and others disturbing heartening factors among the hearten ing events was the arrival at the quebec parley on august 22 of china’s foreign minister dr t v soong whose presence marked the first time our far eastern ally has been represented at the roose velt churchill wartime meetings instead of being merely informed of decisions after they were made this step indicates that new thrusts against japan are being planned that will tie in directly with china’s war effort and is also undoubtedly intended asa partial answer to the many americans who feel china has been neglected in the past furthermore the fact that churchill has spent so much time in dis cussing the war in the pacific gives additional sub stance to his frequent assertion that britain will con tinue full military cooperation with the united states and china until japan is defeated this cementing of british american chinese rela tions was accompanied by welcome military news when it was announced on august 21 that canadi ans and americans had occupied kiska on august 15 thus opening up additional possibilities of aerial and naval assaults on japan from the airfield on kiska which unlike that on attu is large enough for heavy bombers the outlying enemy stronghold of paramushiru is 938 miles away a considerably shorter distance than that which american liberators flew on august 13 when they made their 2500 mile found trip from africa to an austrian aircraft center also included among kiska’s assets is the best deep quebec and moscow throw spotlight on allied relations water harbor in the aleutians from which allied ships may operate in such a way as to oblige japan to withdraw some of its naval strength from the south pacific and engage in fighting on two fronts another indication of inter allied unity appeared at quebec on august 22 when it was informally stated that president roosevelt and prime minister mackenzie king had created a joint u.s canadian war committee to study problems arising out of their lend lease and mutual aid programs in view of the increased industrial output of canadian war plants it was natural that steps should be taken toward giv ing recognition to canada as an important ally disturbing developments these favor able portents however have been counterbalanced by the doubts that arose on august 21 over the state of anglo american russian relations when announce ment was made in moscow that maxim litvinov had been relieved of his post as ambassador to the united states since litvinov’s removal came soon after the recall of ambassador ivan maisky from lon don this move was probably intended to register soviet displeasure with the british and united states war record and plans for future action it cannot be as sumed that the u.s.s.r would take a step as im portant as the withdrawal of an ambassador who has become a symbol in both russia and the united states of soviet american friendship and collective security for light and trivial reasons neither can it be taken for granted that as some observers com placently suggest stalin was merely securing for himself the services of the best possible reporter on american attitudes litvinov has been in russia since may and certainly could have continued to be available for consultations without being removed from his foreign post the russian move must be interpreted therefore as a warning that anglo american relations with the u.s.s.r on which the future of the war and the peace so largely depend ret fs a ee f ee ag al sf eco 6m need immediate attention the chief differences between the soviet union and its british and american allies continue to lie in the degree of urgency each feels for a speedy end to the war and the method by which victory can be achieved the red army’s ever increasing losses and its difficulties in pushing the germans beyond the dnieper before fall rains begin emphasize the fact that while the anglo american peoples are spared the miseries of actual invasion and naturally wish to hold their casualties to a minimum the russians feel there must be an early end to the war in addition to this main obstacle in the way of good inter allied relations there remain of course the divergences of opinion over post war european boundary questions and régimes for liberated europe the time is ripe for realistic appraisal of the situation by the three nations concerned in order page two a es to be more clearly understood the soviet union britain and the united states must state their posi tions directly rather than by implication since they recognize that their fundamental goal is the s it behooves them to end the ambiguities that breed dangerous rumors at the slightest provocation one of the disturbing things about the dismissal of lit vinov in fact is the crop of suspicions to which it immediately gave rise in the united states indicat ing that much of the friendship generated since 1941 when soviet fortunes were pooled with ous in a common cause was superficial and capable of being easily dispelled a great deal remains to be done therefore before an understanding essential tp speedy victory is achieved and even more before a bond strong enough to outlast the present confli is formed winirrep n hapsgi shall the senate modify its treaty making power senator vandenberg’s statement of august 18 that he looks for a series of interim agreements subject to ratification by a majority of both houses of congress to speed the establishment of a just peace coming as it does from a long time supporter of isolationism has raised hopes that a new relation between president and senate in foreign affairs may be in the making the senator was speaking with reference to an appropriation now likely to be passed implementing a revised united nations re lief and rehabilitation convention such action would naturally signify support of the principle embodied in the convention congress has been cautious how ever about giving any impression that such indirect and piecemeal ratification of the administration’s de veloping plans for the peace will grow into a substi tute for two thirds concurrence in a full dress treaty required by the american constitution indeed sena tor vandenberg was careful to point out that no such thing was contemplated at least by him the two thirds rule under the articles of confederation the negotiation of treaties was a function of congress alone adoption of the present rule in 1789 therefore represented a step in the di rection of increased executive power the senate at that time was not intended to be a popular check on the executive for it was not a popular body rather the fathers presumed that the senators would act as an enlightened advisory council to the president this plan never worked out however and in practice the senate has come to represent popular control of professional treaty makers with the growing complexity of affairs especially since theodore roosevelt's time the making of ex ecutive agreements or international understandings less solemn and far reaching than formal treaties has grown up and spread into many fields just how far the president and his advisers may go without taking the senate into partnership is uncertain but although james madison proposed in 1787 that peace treaties be exempted from the requirement of con gressional concurrence no responsible person today would seriously suggest carrying this principle s far any attempt to build the next peace by exe tive agreements alone or to by pass congress in the making of a general settlement may be dismissed as politically inconceivable it is proposed however that the part played by congress be made simpler by constitutional amend ment one widely favored proposal would make an ordinary majority in both houses sufficient to sustain a treaty obviously it is feared that as in 1919 2 supposedly self seeking minority may defeat the will of the presumptive majority a sense of guilt over the consequences of that disastrous failure outweighs in the minds of many the fact that in only six other cases in all our history has the two thirds rule wrecked a treaty where a majority of the senate favored it four of these were commercial treaties and two dealt with arbitration of claims prospects for amendment probably few would argue that retention of the present rule is vital but the possible hazards in the way of formal amendment must not be underestimated despite its hundred and fifty odd years of growth and develop ment the constitution has been so amended only eleven times if we except the bill of rights one should not too readily assume that the american senate a body conspicuously jealous of its privileges will approve a change especially since two thirds of its members must concur in any proposed amen ment with a most critical election year drawing close few events could be more lamentable than 4 partisan controversy over constitutional reform which might raise and exaggerate the very issues it supporters seek to avoid i en rs sad ss wa a wees union e posi e they same breed 1 one of lit hich it ndicat since h ours ible of to be itial to fore a onflict dsel n but t peace f con today iple so execu in the ssed as yed by amend ake an sustain 1919 a he will it over rweighs x other 1s rule senate treaties bly few rule is formal spite its levelop d only ts one merican vileges rirds of amend lrawing than 4 reform ssues its i it would be more to the point to inquire whether such a change is really necessary is it likely that even one third of the senate would dare to obstruct a treaty which had the genuine and unmistakable support of the american people could any little band of irreconcilables no matter how resourceful have mustered 35 votes against any kind of treaty in 1919 if the country had been strongly opposed to them it is noteworthy that no general popular outcry against the senate minority followed rejection of the page three versailles treaty it may be that the public of those days or even of these was regrettably ignorant of its duty to the world but one may fairly argue that the cure for such ignorance either in or out of congress lies less in overhauling the mechanism of government than in educating the governors to the extent that we have improved on our predecessors those who dread a repetition of 1919 are fighting ghosts sherman s hayden inflation undermines liberal groups in chinese politics although air shipments into china have recently increased and operations to reopen the burma road may begin later this year it is apparent that china’s own economic effort must be stepped up if the war in east asia is to be prosecuted with the umost vigor free china it is true has made significant eco nomic advances during the past six years but it is capable of supporting a far more powerful war economy with the resources at its disposal the united states and britain of course bear major responsibility for initiating new offensives against the japanese and supplying chungking with heavy military equipment yet the adjustment of china’s pressing economic problems from within would enable the chinese to intensify the kind of warfare they are already conducting and to prepare for ad ditional campaigns low industrial output inflation has now reached a point at which prices are a hundred times or more above their pre war level this is much less dangerous than it would be in the united states where impulses are quickly transmitted from the country’s nerve centers to all parts of the economy but the situation is serious enough it has the ef fect for example of gravely interfering with indus trial production which despite small increases from year to year remains very low the excessive rise in ptices has been accompanied and accelerated by what role will russia play in post war europe for a survey of some of the basic questions that preoccupy public opinion in the united states today read the u.s.s.r and post war europe by vera micheles dean 25c august 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 large scale commodity speculation involving the hoarding of goods the net result is to increase the obstacles facing the chinese manufacturer by raising his cost of pro duction and making it hazardous to plan future out put at the same time since profits from hoarding and speculation are often much higher than returns from industry the latter is starved for capital a few months ago china’s leading newspaper the ta kung pao summed up conditions by remarking that landlords frequently invest in commercial enter prises and merchants often put their money into land but that neither group is interested in investing capital in industry under the circumstances it is not surprising that in 1942 free china produced only 10,000 tons of steel and that even this was more than users of steel were in a position to buy political effects of inflation the repercussions of high prices are of considerable im portance in the political field among those hardest hit by the rising cost of living are the intellectuals largely composed of government and business em ployees who receive fixed salaries the wife of a bank clerk may find that a new dress will cost an entire month’s wages or that a suit for her husband will be equally expensive more significant is the problem of securing food lodging and the bare necessities of existence many large institutions such as banks have dormitories for their employees to live in and the government sells rice salt coal and other essentials at nominal prices to its pet sonnel but the effect of such measures is to make life possible rather than to produce any fundamental im provement of economic conditions as a result the intellectuals are losing their po litical influence a fact of some importance to the united states in view of the general sympathy for western ideas exhibited by members of this group there is a danger that other circles less friendly to the democracies and to democratic ideas will come foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 45 august 27 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lust secretary vera micheles dzan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor be 81 ee page fone to the fore such elements are represented for ex ample by various bodies of economic police which play a significant role in chinese politics although they have been little heard of in the united states one such force was estimated a year ago to include more than 150,000 men its supposed function was to aid in carrying through various economic measures but it has also had the by no means incidental effect of helping to silence liberal persons and groups in chinese life democracy and economic problems so far the government has combined two methods in dealing with hoarding and speculation the occa sional arrest and punishment of guilty individuals and the issuance of various price and production regulations similar in form to the wartime laws of highly industrialized countries the former policy is more important for its effects on popular feeling than for any permanent results while it is highly doubt ful whether the latter method can work in a country that is so lacking in the technical facilities for cen tralized administration if centrally directed price con trol is a difficult matter in the united states where the mecessary modern requirements are present one can imagine the situation in china with its insufficiency of business machines communications transport lines and trained personnel it is probable that this is what wendell willkie had in mind when he remarked in one world that one of the chief features of a chinese program against inflation must be a loosening of the tight controls over chinese economic life he de clared that a greater degree of decentralization of financial control and a more widespread ownership of the land would help in organizing and financing increased production and he indicated that while the government will inevitably play an important part in any plans along these lines it seemed to me it might be wise to cut the people in on it to a larger extent these suggestions imply that since the ef fort to control chinese economic life from the center has not been markedly successful it might be more appropriate to consider what can be done by the people acting in their communities undoubtedly the local population which is better acquainted with the facts of village existence than any visiting administrator can hope to be is capable of serving as an extremely valuable instrument of central economic policy if the chungking govern ment could enlist effective aid from the countryside as the guerrilla administrations have in north china hoarding and speculation might decline in strik ing fashion thus creating more favorable conditions for expanding production there is of course no simple solution of the country’s economic difficulties ee ee which are bound to remain great as long as china continues under what is essentially a blockade but any amelioration will be helpful in the war effort this is likely to be all the more true if improvement occurs as a result of increased popular participation in the nation’s affairs lawrence k rosinger this is the third in a series of four articles on the present crisis in china curtin wins australian election latest returns from the general election of au gust 21 assure the labor government of prime min ister john curtin a clear cut majority in the australian house of representatives although service men’s votes are not yet in it seems certain that labor will have at least 50 of the 74 seats in the new house where previously it had 36 the opposition 36 and independents 2 this victory in conjunction with that won in the senate must be considered a de cisive rebuff to opposition efforts to create a na tional government and a vote of censure on the dis unity among opposition leaders more important it indicates wide popular support of the government's war administration the basic issue before the elec torate and of the government’s plans for post war reconstruction which include a program of large scale public works but whatever the post war im plications of this election the most decisive labor victory in australian history both government and people are now concentrating all attention on win ning the war h.p.w herbert hoover to broadcast for fpa on friday september 3 the address of the hon orable herbert hoover at a joint meeting of the minneapolis and st paul branches of the fpa and the university of minnesota will be broadcast over the columbia broadcasting system at 9 30 p.m cen tral war time mr hoover’s subject will be a new approach to the making of a lasting peace amphibious warfare and combined operations by lord keyes new york macmillan 1943 1.50 contending that such coordinating of attack under single command is not new in the present war lord keyes traces its history for two centuries and tells interestingly of his part in such operations in the first world war and this one the armistices of 1918 by sir frederick maurice new york oxford university press 1943 2.00 an able discussion of the 1918 armistices with bulgaria and turkey and with austria and germany dispels some erroneous notions about the mistreatment of germany and adds a number of allied documents not previously brought together 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 +fpa hon f the and t over r lord single traces of his ir and new ulgaria is some ny and ought 143 ep 3 1943 eni as 2nd class matter general library ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y yo xxii no 46 september 8 1943 a the fourth year of world war ii came to an end new signs of weakness appeared in hitler's furopean fortress the success of the russian sum mer offensive the devastation wrought by anglo american bombing nazi efforts to bolster morale on the german home front and dramatic developments in bulgaria and denmark all attested to the difficul ties hitler must contend with now that he is on the defensive new order in trouble the open re bellion of the danes on august 29 when they suttled some units of their fleet and moved others to sweden was both the answer to the nazi imposi tion of martial law and the culmination of re cent anti german demonstrations strikes and sabo tage according to stockholm reports it has already led to the resignation and arrest of the danish premier erik scavenius and his cabinet and to the internment of king christian x but in assuming wntrol of the government and inaugurating a reign of terror intended to discipline the danes the nazis have placed an added strain on their military re serves moreover this outburst of popular hostility on the part of the best treated of the occupied coun ties is undoubtedly a fatal blow to whatever moral prestige the new order still possesses in europe the death on august 28 of king boris of bul gatia one of the leading axis henchmen in the balkans may have even wider significance whether boris was poisoned by the nazis for refusing to ac pt hitler's demands at a recent meeting was shot ty one of his own bodyguard because of his pro german policy or died of heart attack is still ob sure but whatever its cause the bulgarian mon atch’s death quickly led to anti nazi riots in sofia and a popular demand that the country withdraw ftom the axis rumors that continued unrest in bul garia might lead to turkey's entry into the war may be discounted but the united nations can count the mounting nazi difficulties do not herald early collapse removal of boris from the balkan scene as a distinct blow to nazi power in that region meanwhile the problem of maintaining morale on the german home front in the face of the de struction of hamburg and nazi reverses on the russian front was highlighted on august 24 by the appointment of heinrich himmler gestapo leader as minister of the interior and chief of reich ad ministration in making the hated himmler master of the home front with the exception of labor which was put under hitler's personal direction and raising him to no 3 man in the nazi hierarchy the fuehrer seems to have played one of his last trumps the move will probably prove successful at least in the short run for no matter how widely the appointment may be resented by the german people or how much they dislike the increased coercion which propaganda minister goebbels promised them on august 25 there will be even less opportunity for opposition to the sacrifices which a total war has now brought to their doorstep moreover it should not be forgotten that the assumption of control over air raid defenses by the nazi party last winter led to increased efficiency and at that time added to the prestige of the party but if himmler fails to check the wave of defeatism which will inevitably gain momentum in germany it is difficult to see where hitler can turn nazi efforts to bolster morale by the himmler ap intment and by constant repetition of the warn ing that the whole of germany will be devastated if the united nations are victorious have been met by the western allies with both reassurances and threats in his quarterly lend lease report of august 25 president roosevelt made it clear that the allied unconditional surrender policy did not mean that axis peoples must trade axis despotism for ruin under the united nations the goal of the united nations is to pérmit liberated peoples to create a free political life of their own choosing and to attain economic security on august 29 the united states and britain also reaffirmed their promise that the instigators and perpetrators of crimes in the occupied countries would be brought to justice thus drawing more clearly the distinction made in washington and london between the leaders and the peoples of the axis nations need for western front still acute but such political warfare can hardly be expected to bring decisive results until the military pressure against germany has reached greater proportions the softening up of italy is already in progress and may be followed any day by allied landings on the mainland allied bombing raids on key cities and production centers especially if they are on the scale of the hamburg and berlin attacks will undoubtedly continue to reduce the reich’s war potential and weaken civilian morale the soviet summer offensive which forced the germans to withdraw from tagan rog on august 30 thus threatening their whole posi kuomintang communist friction hampers china’s resistance the creation of a southeast asia command under lord louis mountbatten hitherto britain’s chief of combined operations undoubtedly points to am phibious actions in the indian ocean area even though major drives may not soon be forthcoming this new step toward an all out offensive in asia announced from quebec on august 25 will encour age china in its determination to continue resistance in the face of difficult war conditions and japanese efforts to divide the united nations in fact two weeks before on august 11 dispatches from chung king had already reported the rejection of three separate japanese peace feelers within two months one of these offers allegedly promised a return to the status quo of july 7 1937 when china began its national resistance to japanese aggression resistance hinges on internal peace significantly it was asserted at the same time that chungking contemplated no forcible action to dis solve the chinese communists with whom its rela tions have been tense for several years it had been rumored earlier that the central government might initiate a military campaign against the communist region in the northwest these rumors were linked with suggestions that discussions for a settlement between the parties had broken down and that the central armies regularly stationed as blockade troops on the border of the communist area had been rein forced by new divisions the denial that hostili ties impend is all the more important because the outbreak of large scale civil war could only result in a condition of peace with the foreign enemy whether or not china and japan concluded a formal agree ment the absence of civil conflict is therefore the best indicator of continued chinese resistance page two tion in the donets basin may soon drive them back jy the dnieper line but too much importance shoul not be attached to evidence of german weg nesses in spite of the tremendous russian pressure the nazis are putting up stubborn resistance and date have shown no signs of anything approachj a rout as russian supply lines are lengthened ang german lines shortened the progress of stalin's armies can be expected to slow down at the same time german fighter planes are taking an increasing ly heavy toll of british and american bombers ig the air war over the reich while weather condition probably prohibit any significant stepping up of the tempo of allied raids and finally however rapid and complete an invasion of italy might prove it could scarcely be more than a diversionary campaign not a direct blow at the heart of german power until a major land front is opened in western ey rope and makes successful headway it seems unlikely that the nazi régime will be broken either at home or in the occupied countries h p whidden jr bawmmoooaern ee ss ww fe se or.cos relations between chungking and the communists are highly complicated but the salient facts appear to be these in 1935 the communists who a short time before had been forced out of south central china by the national armies established a soviet govern ment on the borders of the northwest provinces of shensi kansu and ninghsia in september 1937 after the outbreak of resistance to japan a formal rapprochement between the communists and the cen tral government was announced the communists abandoned the soviet form of organization and re nounced the policies of overthrowing the kuomintang and confiscating land previously the central av thorities with communist approval had renamed the chinese red army the eighth route army later changed to eighteenth group army and had rec ognized its commander and vice commander by for faa ke kre rm tse ret se oclurmmelcarmrlcucc cus hlurlhlcucuc tuco mally appointing them to their existing posts these troops were also promised aid in the form of sup plies and money the communists in turn declared that the eighth route army would be under the control of the national military council sources of friction no other terms wert announced but foreign observers generally assumed that the northwest border region would gradually be incorporated in the national territory ant that the communists would be recognized as a legal political party during the first two years of wil kuomintang communist relations were correct an the eighth route army received central governmett aid in waging guerrilla warfare behind the jape lines after the fighting with japan reached a deat lock free china’s internal economic problems be came more serious and friction began to develop under the stress of critical conditions and the proh back ty should weak ressure and ty ed and stalin's 1 same reasing bers ip nditions of the ft fapid rove it mpaign power rern ev unlikely at home den jk imunists ppear to pect of prolonged war differences stemming from the previous period of civil conflict began to over shadow the more recent unity the low point was seached at the beginning of 1941 when central troops in the yangtze valley sought to break up the communist led new fourth army a guerrilla force since then there has been an uneasy political stale mate many groups within the kuomintang and the government distrust the communists and their war time activities this is in part the result of the guer ila social program which is a far reaching one wen though it is based on private property and profit pethaps more disturbing to the central authorities s the fear that during the war the communists will gtablish the basis for a powerful position in post wat china the most frequently advanced kuomin ng charge is that the communists in effect have heir own army currency taxes and system of govern ment this it is said makes cooperation with them inpossible the communists reply that their meas wes are essential to mobilization of the people for military activities against the japanese it is also suggested that the full incorporation of their area ort time 1 china govern inces of sr 1937 formal the cen ymunists and re mintang tral au med the ry later had rec t by for s these of sup declared nder the ms were assumed rradually ry and sa legal of wal rect and vernment apanes f peal lems be develop the pros in the rest of china depends upon their recognition as a legal group and the development of national institutions in which all parts of the country can j participate the seriousness of the impasse is obvious even from this brief statement of differences america’s interest the solution of china’s internal problems is basically a chinese affair yet itis apparent that the united states is watching the by granting recognition to the french committee of national liberation on august 26 the united states and britain have taken another step toward restoring france to the position it lost with the de feat of 1940 but to the committee whose major tbjective since its formation by de gaulle and giraud on june 3 has been securing recognition by pagethree for an analysis of the united nations position in the pacific area read strategy of the war in asia by lawrence k rosinger 25c foreign po icy reports vol xix no 3 reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 situation with concern the continued unity of our far eastern ally is clearly essential not only to vic tory over japan but also to the development of a stable post war china that can make its full con tribution to peace in the pacific this was indicated almost a year ago on october 12 1942 in a state ment by sumner welles then under secretary of state according to mr welles it was the view of the united states that the chinese government should try to maintain peace by processes of concilia tion between and among ali groups and factions in china this government desires chinese unity and deprecates civil strife in china although the under secretary of state is currently reported to have resigned from his post it does not appear that anything has occurred to make his state ment less representative of america’s interests today than at the time it was first uttered it is encouraging to note that similar views are apparently held in some chungking quarters according to a report by brooks atkinson in the new york times of august 17 1943 some members of the kuomintang and of the government think the differences can be resolved by a series of compromises since it would be to everyone's advantage to remove this flaw in national unity they believe in compromises without violence before long the people’s political council china's national advisory body will hold another session it will be interesting to see whether steps are taken at that time to ease the internal situation lawrence k rosinger this is the last in a series of four articles on the present crisis in china recognition leaves french committee’s post war status uncertain the united nations the anglo american action was somewhat disappointing and it may be expected that the french in algiers will make fresh attempts to improve their position questions left unanswered instead of recognizing the committee as in charge of the ad ministration and defense of a french interests in accordance with de gaulle’s and giraud’s request the british and american governments insisted on several restrictions and left unanswered important questions concerning the future of the organization in the military field the statement that the french must continue to be subject to the requirements of the allied commanders can have been no surprise to de gaulle or giraud for it has been the consistent policy of both britain and the united states to give general eisenhower as free a hand as possible in the foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 46 september 3 1943 one month for change of address on membership publications be 181 published weekly by the foreign policy association headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f legr secretary vera miche.es dean editor entered as cond class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year incorporated national please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor north african theatre less expected in all proba bility were the limitations prime minister churchill and president roosevelt imposed when they specifi cally recognized the committee only until french soil is freed from its invaders and as administer ing those french overseas territories which acknowl edge its authority both governments thereby failed to indicate acceptance of the committee as spokes man for the underground or the attitude they expect to take toward the committee after the nazis have been forced out of france and before a republic is established although de gaulle and giraud have constantly maintained that they do not aspire to establish a government and that the people must elect their own representatives as soon as possible after libera tion both men are eager to have their committee and its anti vichy supporters at home play an im portant role during those months when the economic and social structure of the restored republic is be ing formed as the london economist has observed the crisis through which the french have passed makes it possible for them to strike out on a new road unhappily it gives them no guarantee that the road will be the right one the french committee feels this challenge is one it can and should meet lest france fall into the hands of local fascists as invasion of europe approaches the british and americans will be obliged to decide on the merits of the committee’s case and it is to be hoped that their forthcoming discussions will be facilitated by the improved status of the french body u.s.s.r takes different view the anglo american notes different only in tone the american stressings its reservations more bluntly but so viet recognition accorded on august 26 was much broader than that of the western powers in the words of foreign commissar molotov the french committee is the representative of the state inter ests of the french republic and leader of all french patriots fighting against the hitlerite tyranny by accepting the committee on these terms the u.s.s.r emphasized its close relations with the french who have had political and military missions in moscow and a normandie aviation squadron on the eastern front for more than a year additional notes of recog nition have been sent to algiers by the governments in exile during the past three months although the representatives in london of these occupied coun tries unlike the french committee have constitu tional ties with elected pre war régimes and the full recognition of britain and the united states some of them apparently tend to judge their own future treatment by that accorded the french in algiers a new colonial policy since the united ppr k k _k_kf_7c states britain the u.s.s.r and the 11 other united nations which have recognized the french commit tee all agree in accepting it as the administrator of those large sections of the empire which recognize its control it may be worth while to point out some of the reforms which have characterized de gaulle’s colonial policy instead of subscribing to the old ideal of a highly centralized administration with real power resting entirely in the hands of the min ister of colonies de gaulle has favored giving more responsibility to native chiefs and local administrators and referring only questions of over all policy to the central authority the new program has been carried out most com pletely in french equatorial africa where the gov ernor general is an outstanding negro administrator who was influential in 1940 in preventing the region from accepting the armistice with germany as north africa did in this area which is nearly four times as large as texas and has a population of ap proximately 3,500,000 governor eboué has given unprecedented encouragement to tribal self rule and the authority of native chiefs partly because he be lieves it impossible to make africans into french men and also because he has been faced with the practical necessity of making decisions under condi tions of war imposed isolation in addition to the principle of decentralization in relations between colonal administration and native populations much larger local autonomy in financial matters has been granted whereas the old system permitted expendi tures only for specific items listed in the budget the new practice allows the governor of a territory to exercise judgment concerning the best use of the money allotted him after three years of this kind of emphasis on the personal initiative of local ad ministrators and the shaping of regulations to fit a particular area’s needs it seems unlikely that the pattern of the pre war french empire can or will be restored by the new republic wuoareep n hanae change in title of f.p.a publication with the august issue the changing far east by william c johnstone the title of the f.p.a publication formerly called headline books has been changed to headline series falange by allan chase new york putnam 1943 3.00 exposé of the nazi inspired falangist underground in the americas probably a valuable source of information but marred by oversureness and an emotional approach the fighting french by raoul aglion new york henry holt 1943 3.00 the new york representative of the french national committee presents the first book length account of the fighting french from 1940 to the casablanca conference contains important information on the colonies de gaulle and the underground 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 i on a ee hl lo ee alcl ocu o +much t the ry to f the r ad fit a it the rill be adsel ion east p p.a s has 3.00 und in nation pach prens ae corse a sep 14 1943 entered as 2nd class matter general lip ary ty se unive 3 ty of foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxii no 47 september 10 1948 agreement on europe made urgent by italy’s surrender oaridea unconditional surrender on september 8 four years and one week after germany's invasion of poland that opened world war ii is the first major breach in hitler's fortress of eu rope this surrender which cannot but cause pro found relief not only among the united nations but also among the italian people brings the allies closer than ever to fateful decisions regarding the future of europe and the world much has been said by various commentators regarding the need for post war collaboration between the big four brit ain the united states russia and china but until recently few concrete proposals had been advanced as to the form such collaboration should take once the wartime need for mutual aid has come to an end anglo american collaboration es sential it remained for mr churchill to blaze the trail when within the space of one week he de clared in no uncertain terms in quebec on august 31 that pending a meeting between himself presi dent roosevelt and marshal stalin a conference of their foreign ministers was most necessary and urgent and in his address at harvard university on september 6 proposed that britain and the united states maintain after the war the machinery of political economic and military cooperation so effectively developed in time of war the british prime minister expanded the scope of the latter suggestion by stating that stronger more efficient henry ational of the erence as de 43 more rigorous world institutions than the league of nations must be created to preserve peace and to forestall the causes of future wars post war collaboration between britain and the united states he said will not be a party question in his coun try and as if corroborating his thoughts governor dewey declared at the republican conference on mackinac island on september 5 that he favors an anglo american alliance while a group of gov ernors headed by governor baldwin of connecticut urged the conference to adopt a nonpartisan con structive program on foreign affairs only a step toward world order at an earlier stage of the war any proposal for an anglo american post war alliance would have seemed to be an attempt by anglo saxons to domi nate the world it may still be so regarded by many people especially in view of preparations for the administration of axis and possibly other terri tories by british and americans associated in amg the activities of this organization have alarmed some of the conquered countries of europe which are looking forward not to becoming wards of the allies but to recovering their own freedom of action at the same time even those who are most suspi cious of ulterior motives on the part of the atlantic powers would admit that the only hope of escaping anarchy following the defeat of germany and japan is to lay right now the cornerstone of post war col laboration between the countries that command suf ficient force to prevent future disturbances of the peace anglo american collaboration however is but part of this cornerstone and will prove no bul wark against renewed expansion by germany in europe or by japan in asia unless it is comple mented by similar understandings between britain the united states and russia on the one hand and britain the united states russia and china on the other but if these understandings are to be some thing more than a four power condominium laying down the pattern of world order for smaller coun tries poor in armed power but rich in the contribu tion they have made and will once more make to civilization they must be so devised as not even to suggest that the big four intend to absorb their neighbors in the fair name of collective security what to do about germany it is on the crucial question of what britain the united states and russia respectively plan to do with the fruits of victory in europe that a misunderstanding had threatened to develop between the three coun tries whose concerted action is essential both for the winning of the war and of the peace after the war all three have the same basic aims defeat of the german army the downfall of hitler and his as sociates and destruction of the nazi order in europe no one familiar with the anger aroused in russia by wanton german brutalities can doubt that the soviet union will fight until these aims have been achieved the two points on which britain the united states and russia differ are how to end the war most speedily and what to do with a de feated germany the russians believe rightly or wrongly that an immediate invasion of western eu rope synchronized with their victories in the east could bring the war to a close this year and end the heavy loss of lives and resources they have suffered during the past two years their demand for the opening of a western front by the allies belies the argument that the russians want to exclude britain and the united states from the continent the allies apparently believe that operations in other sectors will prove more practicable at this time and only the future course of the war can prove the correct ness of the various assumptions made in moscow london and washington meanwhile however the russians are doing everything in their power to hasten the end of the war by driving the nazi armies back and by urging the germans through the leaflets and radio broad casts of the free german committee to revolt against nazism and thereby earn a tolerable peace the peace sketched out in the free german mani festo envisages retention of part of the german army formation of a democratic régime and main tenance of private property the latter two points coincide with allied war aims but the fact that the manifesto does not provide for germany's disarma ment has been taken to mean that the russians may offer the germans a soft peace as contrasted with the hard peace presumably envisaged by allied insistance on unconditional surrender the latter term however requires definition if it is to mean something concrete not only to the germans but also to others in europe do the allies visualize the demolition of german industry the shooting of page two every tenth gerrman the dismemberment of th reich the reduction of the german people to status of slavery or do they mean more or less wha the russians say that is that once germany's milj tary power has been broken and an internal y heaval has destroyed the power of the junkers the industrialists and the nazi party they hope to se the resumption in germany of something resembling normal existence even though it be under the trol and supervision of a united nations adminis tration in which russia would participate thos who are alarmed by the thought that moscow might negotiate with some non nazi government appear to have forgotten article ii of the anglo soviet alli ance of may 26 1942 in which britain and the u.s.s.r undertook not to enter into any negotia tions with the hitlerite government or any other government in germany that does not clearly te nounce all aggressive intentions thus apparently leaving the way open for negotiations with a gov ernment that would renounce all aggressive inten tions provided however as specified further in article ii that the negotiations for an armistice or peace treaty with germany are undertaken by mu tual consent of the contracting parties joint commissions offer answer it will of course be supremely difficult for the united nations to formulate and carry out a program which on the one hand would satisfy the natural demand for revenge of those who have been victims of nazi terror and prevent recurrence of such brutalities in the future and on the other hand create in europe the conditions for return to more or less civilized existence among both victors and vanquished the difficulties ahead however will be immeasurably eased if britain the united states and the soviet union can establish a basis for common action through joint commissions such as the angio american soviet mediterranean commission whost formation was announced on september 4 each of the three countries not to speak of the nations now awaiting liberation has its own point of view molded by centuries of tradition experience good fortune and bad the task of statesmanship is not to make one of these points of view prevail over all others but to reconcile them and weld them into a workable common policy vgra micheles dean retention of wartime machinery advocated by churchill prime minister churchill’s suggestion in his har vard address of september 6 that the anglo ameri can combined chiefs of staff committee be con tinued after the war is the clearest indication the allied peoples have had that the broad concept of peacemaking today is in sharp contrast with that of 1918 19 two principles seem to underlie mr churchill’s proposal first that the new world order must grow out of the war coalition and make ust of the machinery of collaboration built up during the war second that peace must be based for some time at least on the possession of overwhelming force by the victorious nations neither of these principles was generally accepted after the last wat collaboration in 1917 18 toward the close of world war i the allied and associated or fs 8 a _j et fre ch might dear to t alli nd the gotia other rly te arently a gov inten her in tice or oy mu er it united which emand f nazi ities in europe vilized 1 the surably soviet action anglo whose ach of 1s now view good is not ver all into a dean ll ike use during ir some elming f these st wat rd_ the ociated ts powers had created effective machinery of collabora tion in both the military and economic fields a supreme war council composed of the premiers of britain france and italy was established in november 1917 to coordinate allied military strat egy with the assistance of a committee of military representatives on which the american general tasker h bliss sat regularly the council watched over the general conduct of the war in march 1918 its appointment of general foch as allied com mander in chief brought unity of command in the field in the economic sphere meanwhile even more effective machinery had been developed to mobilize the economic resources of the allied and associated governments the pivot of this machinery was the allied maritime transport council consisting as do the joint boards now functioning in washington and london of national ministers responsible for the administration of executive departments around the transport council grew up a number of pro gram committees the most important of which were grouped under an inter allied munitions council and an inter allied food council breakdown of world war i ma chinery in neither the military nor the economic field was collaboration as effective as that now in existence but a great deal had been achieved and there was a strong feeling in both britain and france that the wartime machinery should be con tinued at least during the reconstruction period anglo french proposals to this effect were vetoed however by the united states government which wished to disentangle itself from the inter allied machinery as soon as possible by february 1919 at the time the supreme economic council was set up to solve the economic difficulties of europe and ia particular the problem of relief most of the agen cies had been disbanded with the exception of certain individuals there was no continuity between page three will japan crack in defeat should japan lose its empire should its industry be destroyed should it pay reparation should there be military occupa tion will japan have a revolution read what future for japan by lawrence k rosinger 25c september 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 the wartime agencies and the economic bodies set up as part of the league of nations at the same time the supreme war council be came a meeting of heads of states not a unified body with a single aim except in the case of germany there was no common military policy to meet the chaos in central and eastern europe while pe i questions were reconciled with the greatest difficulty by the big four wilson lloyd george clemen ceau and orlando not until the covenant of the league of nations was embodied in the versailles treaty and defensive treaties designed to prevent german aggression were concluded between france britain and the united states did it seem that a basis had been laid for continued collaboration but this hope vanished soon afterward when the united states senate refused to ratify the defensive treaties and rejecting the treaty of versailles on november 19 1919 decided that this country should not enter the league of nations when american representa tives were also withdrawn from continuation bod ies like the reparations commission the rhine land high commission and the inter allied mili tary and naval commissions of control wartime unity was completely destroyed changing concepts of peace this country’s withdrawal from both economic and politi cal collaboration was not simply the result of a gen eral desire of americans to disentangle themselves from europe on the part of league supporters at least it was based also on a desire to build a new order on new foundations the inevitable continuity between war and peace was not recognized and the use of wartime machinery for peacetime purposes was rejected more important perhaps was the feel ing that the terrible price of war would prevent the outbreak of hostilities in the foreseeable future par ticularly with an organization such as the league to supervise the relations of states the failure of the united states to enter the league actually had little to do with the weakness of the league’s mili tary sanctions or with the general feeling through out the world that force could no longer be consid ered a pillar of peace when mr churchill declared at harvard that the league of nations had failed because it was aban doned and betrayed abandoned by the united states and betrayed by the futile pacifism of britain and france he gave further emphasis to the need for post war unity and the maintenance of force to keep the peace his proposal to continue the foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 47 september 10 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lest secretary vera miche.es dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor bw 181 eee page four sssss _s_a_ joint chiefs of staff committee embodies both ideas but it seems clear that he envisaged this body as only the nucleus of post war collaboration among the united nations and it may be assumed that he would favor also the continuance of wartime agencies such as the combined raw materials board and the combined food board to provide for the economic as well as the security needs of the post war world united nations collaboration could then become the prelude to a genuine world order howarbd p whidden jr will united states pressure bring changes in argentine policy the arrest in buenos aires on september 4 of several british and united states executives of the american and foreign power company increased the tension that has long existed between argentina and the allies since this action was more extreme than that taken july 26 when the argentine govern ment investigated the books and stocks of eight foreign commercial firms fears have arisen that re strictions on the operation of foreign owned prop erty may be in the offing imposition of checks on american and british companies would however undoubtedly encounter stiff resistance for capital from the united states and britain has been heavily invested in telephone and radio communications power plants transportation facilities the meat packing industry banking and insurance argentine inventory when the seizure of british and united states citizens is added to the record of general ramirez régime since it came to power by a military coup on june 7 argentina’s unsympathetic attitude toward the allies becomes increasingly apparent in addition to maintaining diplomatic relations with berlin rome and tokyo the new government has inaugurated several policies that may hinder united nations efforts to crush the axis on august 31 argentina replied to the re quest of the british canadian and united states governments that it refuse refuge to fascist or nazi leaders by declaring that it would not deny asylum to any particular group of persons but would con sider each individual case on its own merits in case any fleeing fascist or nazi leaders should seek sanc tuary in argentina therefore their expulsion would be by no means automatic the argentine govern ment moreover allows the publication and sale of el pampero nazi news sheet and the anti allied magazine clarinada which in its august issue ad vocated the seizure and destruction of democratic liberal books and the expulsion of all jews from argentina in domestic policy too repressive meas ures similar to those employed by fascists and nazis have been adopted with the current anti red drive resulting in wholesale arrests throughout the coun try and the closing of labor unions this repression of all persons even vaguely suspected of communist affiliations not only silences critics of the govern ment’s internal policies but also suppresses many sup porters of the united nations such as rail damonte taborda whose arrest was ordered on september 6 on the positive side of the allied argentine ledger it should be recorded that axis radio mes sages by code have been barred although they still proceed if not coded some action has been taken against presumed german espionage agents and the government has declared that it intends to strengthen western hemisphere solidarity super ficially considered the decision the argentine goy ernment took early in august to end its recognition of the german u boat zone in the north atlantic appeared to foreshadow a break with the reich but in all probability this was merely an effort to take advantage of the waning danger from sub marines in order to increase the country’s foreign trade at the peace table meanwhile the decline of axis military fortunes is making general ramirez policy increasingly untenable for if argentina wants lend lease materials its course must change secre tary hull in a letter made public on september 7 sternly rebuked the argentine foreign minister vice admiral segundo storni for requesting armaments and machinery for his country’s oil industry while its armed forces fail to contribute to hemisphere security equally important however in alter ing argentina’s attitude toward the allies may be the feeling that general arturo rawson co leader of the june revolution and newly appointed minis ter to brazil expressed on august 21 when he stated that argentina cannot absent herself from the peace table the main reason for argentina’s eagerness to have a hand in making the peace is undoubtedly the nation’s need for the early post war disposal of agricultural surpluses chiefly wheat the ramirez government by turning its back on previous agri cultural restrictions despite the already existing sup ply of millions of tons of wheat is encouraging pfo duction on a scale that will make argentina the world’s biggest granary part of this produce is now being sent to other american republics and to spain with which a barter agreement was signed in sep tember 1942 requiring argentina to furnish a mil lion tons of wheat and 3,500 tons of tobacco in te turn for two tankers and a destroyer argentina must look to the reconstruction of undernourished europe and the far east however for the disposal of most of its surpluses wynirrep n hadsel 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 +ovide yf the could order and js to uper zov nition lantic reich ort to sub reign ecline mirez wants secre ber 7 vice iments while sphere alter ray be leader minis stated peace feiness ibtedly ysal of amirez agri 1g pfo na the is now spain in sep in fe pentina urished jisposal dsel 943 ma nber period general libre wety uf pige sep 17 4s dr william w bi diafded as 2nd class mati university of michigan library 5 ann arbor mich an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxii no 48 september 17 1943 post war order to be rooted in war experience a by the grim realization that italy's surrender has thrown the british americans and canadians into a life and death struggle with ger man forces now consciously fighting for defense of their own country allied statesmen are beginning to acquaint their peoples with the outlines of the world order they expect to see emerge from the con flict the degree of unanimity already achieved in this country on the surface at least was revealed last week following the statement of the repub lican post war advisory council on september 7 expressing support for post war participation by the united states in an international organization sec retary of state hull in his broadcast of septem ber 12 urged nonpartisan discussion of american col laboration with other free nations after the war nor did the almost simultaneous suggestion by mr churchill and governor dewey that a first step to ward world order is the continuance of collaboration between britain and the united states mr dewey did not hesitate to use the word alliance evoke the hostile reaction that might have been anticipated at an earlier stage of the war world organization the ultimate goal yet many people in this country and many more in asia latin america and conquered europe 1g sup still fear that an anglo american understanding whether formalized into an alliance or not and whether or not expanded to include russia and china may turn out to be a substitute for international or ganization or even an attempt to circumvent its for mation this apprehension cannot be lightly brushed aside but before jumping to the conclusion as some have done that an understanding between britain and the united states would merely underwrite the status quo of 1939 and thus freeze british interests in asia notably india it may be useful to consider two points first what mr churchill proposed in his harvard address was the maintenance in the post war period of the machinery of collaboration de veloped by britain and the united states during the war machinery in many phases of which russia china and others of the united nations have par ticipated whatever views one may hold regarding the merits or demerits of an anglo american alli ance it would seem suicidal especially in the light of our experience after world war i to dismantle the complex arrangements that have enabled the allies to pool men munitions raw materials food shipping the talents of their military and political leaders and the skills and loyalties of their soldiers and technicians instead of adapting these arrange ments so far as possible to peacetime needs the in terests of the united nations to borrow an earlier churchillian phrase have become pretty thoroughly mixed up during the war to unmix them the moment the war is over would be willfully to dissi pate the only positive advantage that civilized peoples may be said to have gained from this gruel ing ordeal for surely acquisition of strategic bases or new sources of raw materials or even thorough destruction of enemy wealth and power will prove fruitless unless the united nations acquire during the war a new know how in the bafflingly diff cult art of getting along with each other and retain it after the cessation of hostilities the only point that might arouse concern is mr churchill’s statement at harvard that the machinery of anglo american collaboration should be kept in running order after the war not only till we have set up some world arrangement to keep the peace but until we know that it is an arrangement which will really give us that protection we must have from dan ger and aggression however those who fear that an anglo american understanding might thus be perpetuated for an indefinite period possibly to the detriment of a world organization should find in __ hein s mr churchill’s statement an incentive to create a world organization as soon as possible and make it sufficiently effective so that the need for the pro tective scaffolding of more limited engagements be tween nations may soon disappear interim measures the second point to stress is that mr churchill’s harvard address and his t's foreign policy indicate he regards any bila arrangements merely as a steppingstone toward an international organization stronger and more effective than the league of nations this is shown by the anglo soviet treaty of alliance of may 26 1942 in article iii of which the two coun tries declare their desire to unite with other like minded states in adopting proposals for common action to preserve peace and resist aggression in the post war world but pending the adoption of such proposals pledge themselves after the termination of hostilities to take all the measures in their power to render impossible a repetition of aggression and violation of the peace by germany or any of the states associated with her in acts of aggression in europe what this treaty makes clear is that coun tries which have suffered from the aggression of germany or japan and at the same time have now accumulated sufficient force to resist it will insist upon retaining the use of force after the war this force may either take the form of an interna tional organization or should that prove unattain able in the immediate future the form of bilateral or other arrangements for self protection regarded as necessary interim measures to assume as some observers have done that there is one way and one way only to achieve inter national collaboration and that is by the immedi ate formation of an organization of fifty or more nations may prove as dogmatic as the opposite assumption that no world organization can ever be created the growth of political institutions is e tremely slow when measured by the life span of one generation if and admittedly this is a most important if agreements among the united na tions which today command the force to carry out their decisions can pave the way to international organization this approach should not be rejected out of hand merely because it is not perfect nor is there anything sinister in the belief known to be held by president roosevelt among others that post war reconstruction may be more effectively advanced by gradual fusion of the interests of the united na tions on such matters as food relief and so on rather than by full dress conferences such as that of paris in 1919 where the possibility of workable if modest adjustments was sacrificed to all embracing plans that remained unimplemented conflicts between nations as we should certainly have learned from the experience of two wars are due not to any one single cause such as the iniquity of munition makers or the existence of cartels but to a multiplicity of crisscrossing emotions and aspira tions some good some evil which cannot be satis fied or alleviated merely by signing a peace treaty or establishing a world organization the very fact however that allied statesmen now incline more and more to shaping peace in the midst of war by a series of concrete decisions in specific cases makes it more imperative than ever that these piecemeal ad justments should be inspired by a long range vision representing the interests not only of the great pow ers but of all human beings who struggle suffer and die in this war often in complete ignorance of what the statesmen who seek to shape their destiny have in mind vera micheles dean the first of a series on the outlook for the future in europe grim fighting marks assault on nazi fortress although allied setbacks at salerno on septem ber 13 have shattered hopes for a speedy occupation of italy the broad military picture on the mediter ranean and russian fronts remains encouraging with allied acquisition of the greater part of the italian fleet the establishment of a bridgehead at salerno and control of the heel as well as the toe of the peninsula the allies seem assured of ultimate victory in italy while the continued success of the massive russian offensive has not only driven the germans from the donbas but threatens the dnieper line itself italian surrender great allied gain conquest of italy promises to be a difh cult task the germans are estimated to have eighteen to twenty divisions in the peninsula and they apparently have effective military control of the country from naples to the alps their supply lines are short compared with those of the allies and south of the brenner pass are largely based on road transport and therefore independent of italian rail roads the seventeen italian divisions reportedly in the peninsula when the armistice was announced caf probably be counted out as far as opposition to the nazis is concerned and some units may actually continue to support the germans as a few have done in the balkans but the italian surrender has greatly improved the allied position in the mediterranean the presence at malta of 5 italian battleships 6 cruisers 12 destroyers 1 seaplane carrier and 18 submarines clinches the allied hold on the mediterranean and there as well as in other theatres assures much greater freedom of action the conquest of southern italy alone if it includes the airfields of foggia will enable the allies to begin an aif ver be is ex of any most d na out tional jected nor is to be t post vanced d na so on hat of ble if racing tainly rs are liquity ls but aspita satis treaty y fact more it by a akes it al ad vision t pow r and e what y have ean uro pe ss and n road n rail edly in ed can to the ctually e done ved the resence rs 12 narines ranean assures iest of irfields an ait sse oo8 eee offensive from the south against such centers as munich vienna budapest and the ploesti oilfields in rumania all within 600 air miles it will also the way to operations against greece and al bania conquests further north will provide routes into yugoslavia and if sardinia and corsica are occupied into southern france even if none of these operations should be undertaken the possi bility that they might take place would almost cer tainly compel the nazis to divide their forces this would be particularly important in western europe where the germans would have to split the armies designated for the defense of france to prepare for assaults from both britain and the mediterranean probably this very fact will lead the germans to put forth every effort to defend italy even if it involves transferring some strength from the russian front russians force nazis back but the ger man high command is hardly in a position seriously to weaken its lines in the east where it has had roughly 230 german and satellite divisions facing possibly 300 divisions of the red army after two months of tremendous gains by the soviet summer offensive the nazis are in difficulty all along the front from smolensk to melitopol in the north soviet forces had captured bryansk by september 13 in the center units driving toward kiev were dosing in from the north and east in the kharkov sector the russians pushed on toward poltava while in the south they had reached a point half way between stalino and the dnieper it is doubtful if the red army can break through the remaining german defenses to the east of the dnieper before the autumn rains set in unless the nazis follow a deliberate policy of withdrawing from these posi tions in order to reinforce their armies in italy the balkans and western europe but regardless of their strategy it seems likely that before many weeks the nazis will be forced back to the dnieper and that they will face tremendous difficulties in defending this position during the winter months germans still strong the efficiency with which the nazis took over the greater part of italy as witnessed by the opposition they are putting up at salerno and the tenacity with which they are meeting the russian onslaught in the east do not warrant any optimistic conclusions about early ger man collapse nor do reports reaching london re garding civilian morale in germany where the people are apparently reacting to allied raids in much the same way that the people of warsaw and london reacted to axis bombs much grim fighting lies ahead in italy and russia increasingly heavy air raids must be carried out over germany and nazi held territory but in addition one or more new allied invasions in the balkans southern france northern france and the lowlands or norway will probably be necessary before final victory can be achieved howarbd p whidden jr gains in europe set stage for growing pacific offensive japan’s war operations have had no direct link with italy but the splitting of the european axis has caused tremors in tokyo the report on septem ber 13 that britain will move naval units and troops to the far east points to important actions that have become possible with the removal of the italian fleet as a potential threat in the west but the japanese have more than this to worry about for the basic assumption behind their entrance into the war in what role will russia play in post war europe for a survey of the questions preoccupying public opinion in the united states today read the u.s.s.r and post war europe by vera micheles dean 25c august 15 issue of foreign polticy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 december 1941 is being undermined compared to this grim fact any specific problem is likely to appear insignificant japan cannot stand alone when the japanese struck at pearl harbor they probably be lieved that by throwing their weight into the balance they would assure the ultimate victory of the axis or at least bring about a stalemate settlement from which they would emerge greatly enriched certain ly they did not expect to win the war by themselves especially since their geographic position prevents them from striking at the main centers of the united states britain and the soviet union consequently loss of italy as a partner and the weakening of ger many on the soviet and mediterranean fronts spells their ultimate doom even though they are very far from the scene of the events and retain considerable strength japan is in the position of a man chained to a railroad track who cannot expect outside help in freeing himself even though the train may be foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 48 september 17 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nationa 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y franx ross mccoy president dorotuy f lumr secretary vera miche.es dean editor entered as scond class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications sui f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor ass se 5 fa reese sese ae et se a de ae lag 22 ss sss eee ee ae fl i hi ki oh 4 it 5 4 a thousand miles away at the moment he is hardly likely to be in good spirits that tokyo has been gravely disturbed for some time is clear from a series of meetings recently held between the emperor and individual industrial lead ers japan’s ruling circles are clearly concerned about the low level of japanese production in comparison with the vast output of the united nations par ticularly the united states the japanese people have been warned again and again in recent months to expect not only increasing difficulties on the periphery of the empire but air raids on the home islands as well since it is usually japan’s policy to keep the truth from the public at all costs there seems to be only one explanation for this frank ness that the public is so close to learning the facts for itself as a result of united nations action that the government considers it wise to cushion the shock a gathering offensive there can be no doubt that even though it is still of small propor tions an offensive in asia is already under way and will probably gather increasing force as the months pass this is indicated by recent action in all the atres of the pacific war on the new guinea front it was announced on september 14 that australian troops had taken salamaua two days before this followed the descent of american and australian paratroopers near lae not far north of salamaua on september 5 as a result of these actions and of an allied landing on the coast east of lae reported on the same day the japanese in the lae salamaua area are being bottled up more and more without any apparent means of escape their complete defeat which is probably not far off will clear the portion of new guinea closest to the adjoining island of new britain the latter contains the important japanese base of rabaul the main objective of the operations on new guinea and in the solomons at the same time far eastern air activity has in creased it was announced on september 8 that in the raid exactly a week before on marcus island less than 1200 miles from tokyo carrier based air craft destroyed an estimated 80 per cent of the island’s installations at a cost of three planes in this attack grumman f6f hellcat fighters were used for the first time on september 3 liberator bombers operating at the other end of the pacific war struck at one of the nicobar islands in the bay of bengal on a 2,000 mile round trip from a base in india or ceylon many observers believe that seizure of this island group together with the andamans to the north is a necessary prelude to amphibious opera tions against burma over burma itself allied air craft have been striking out at ships bridges rail 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 prt z v __ z road facilities and oil installations as a result of supply difficulties the china theatre to the north has perhaps been more quiet than the others men tioned but the united states fourteenth air force has been attacking japanese positions on an ar from the upper yangtze river port of ichang hongkong on the southeast coast on september a communiqué from china referred for the first ti to the use of p 38 lightning planes on that f japan first issue dead these devel opments indicate that the desire of the american public for action in the pacific is on its way toward being satisfied and not through neglect of the european war but through its vigorous prosecution concentration against the western end of the axis as the advocates of a germany first policy al ways insisted has strengthened our position in the far east instead of weakening it this suggests an important corollary for the future the more the allies speed up the european war making full use of the present situation to add new fronts to the italian and soviet theatres the more hope will there be of stepping up the pacific offensive to the maxi mum only when our hands are completely free in the west as a result of germany's defeat will the united nations be able to concentrate in east asia the power necessary to destroy tokyo's military strength lawrence k rosinger annual forum and 25th anniversary on saturday october 16 the annual forum of the association will be held at the waldorf astoria to discuss today's war tomorrow’s world there will be morning luncheon and afternoon ses sions with speakers representing our own govefm ment and the governments of foreign countries the luncheon will also serve as the twenty fifth anni versary celebration of the association names of speakers will be announced within the next ten days please save this date and notify your friends of these important meetings what to do with italy by gaetano salvemini and george la piana new york duell sloan pearce 1943 2.75 a bitter warning from two historians that the com bined efforts of the vatican the monarchy the british foreign office and the state department of the united states may make fascism without mussolini prevail in post war italy the modern democratic state by a d lindsay new york oxford university press 1943 vol i 3.75 an interesting study of the growth of the democratie ideal and the foundation of the democratic state including a restatement of the principles of democracy as they apply to 20th century conditions this book will be of particular interest to students of political theory 5 +foreign university of michigan entered as 2nd class matter perienic al room general librar min cl library z p 27 was iy 4 mice tr ann arbor michigan policy bulletin vill the st asia nilitary nger ary rum of astoria v orld on ses govern es the anni mes of n days f these george 43 2.75 he com british united evail in ay new 3.75 mocratic ncluding ey apply articular 943 an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxii no 49 september 24 1943 ae in the people’s political council china’s national advisory body which convened on september 15 are now taking place after a series of important developments affecting chungking’s internal organization international relations and post war position the kaleidoscopic nature of these events is indicated by the bewildering order in which they have occurred during a period of eight days beginning september 6 the central executive com mittee supreme organ of the official political party the kuomintang gathered in plenary session and adopted a number of resolutions dealing with con stitutional government industrial reconstruction and relations with the chinese communists at the final meeting on september 13 chiang kai shek was named president of the national government to succeed the late lin sen in a press conference in washington on the following day t v soong china’s foreign minister declared that japan was making increasingly liberal peace proposals to chungking and had offered to withdraw from all chinese territory on the continent of asia except manchuria he added that he did not think any con scious political group was in favor of responding t0 tokyo’s overtures on september 15 in chung iking k c wu the vice foreign minister re sponded to inquiries concerning the question of peace by saying that dr soong has made public a large portion of that situation looking into future this striking juxta position of post war plans and of peace sentiment suficiently significant to be hinted at in public by the foreign minister is symbolic of the dilemma that faces chungking today the problems of the war have been and continue to be most serious but some oficials who peer into the future in an effort to foresee the problems of the peace may wonder which period will turn out to be more difficult when the war is over china will be faced by many baffling problems of victory cast shadow over chungking discussions issues the return to a non inflationary economy the reincorporation into a national framework of terri tories that have not been under central control for many years the physical reconstruction of devastated areas and the maintenance of internal stability these and other momentous questions will have to be dealt with at a time when china is no longer subject to the unifying pressure generated by re sistance to foreign aggression certainly a very high order of chinese statesmanship and unity will be required for success there is little doubt that men like the generalis simo and dr soong although well aware of the complexity of the future do not shrink from facing the post war period especially if china is assured of the whole hearted aid of the other united na tions but important individuals fearing their in ability to control the conditions arising after victory may hope to find a way out in peace with a weak ened japan yet despite this tendency it appears improbable that china will end hostilities short of victory in view of the progress of the united na tions in europe and the accelerated pace of opera tions in the pacific on the other hand the situation is potentially dangerous in that while tokyo's ulti mate defeat appears certain it may still be a long way off if for example the invasion of burma on a major scale should be postponed until the autumn of 1944 further time would be given for the opera tion of defeatist influences in china’s national life post war decisions in the midst of this complex situation the central executive committee of the kuomintang turned its attention if the pub lished resolutions are indicative of its discussions to problems of the post war era it voted for the con vocation of a national assembly to adopt a perma nent constitution within one year following the conclusion of the war thus fixing a time limit for the establishment of representative government the ass_ a page two generalissimo also stated very definitely in his open ing address that with the inauguration of a consti tutional régime the kuomintang would have no special privileges and all parties would be equal to it in rights and freedoms a detailed resolution was also passed concerning post war industrial recon struction at the same time that certain pre war re strictions on the participation of foreign capital in chinese enterprises were removed while these decisions are to be welcomed it must be recognized that their effectiveness depends on whether during the remainder of the war china achieves a partial solution of three key problems inflation the raising of the country’s military effec tiveness to a higher level and the adjustment of kuomintang communist relations in the absence of improvements along these lines elements working for capitulation are likely to grow stronger and even if they are unsuccessful china will face the peace in weakened condition return to normalcy no solution of europe’s crisis the need for a long range view of international developments which could serve as both guidepost and yardstick for essential day to day piecemeal ad justments has been emphasized anew with allied landings in italy it was utopian to assume that the italians merely because they long to free themselves from nazi domination would necessarily be enthu siastic about helping the allies to whom they had unconditionally surrendered on the other hand the assumption that the allies would encounter noth ing but apathy among the italian people owing to war weariness and various flaws in our previous po litical strategy has proved overpessimistic as indi cated by italian operations in sardinia and badoglio’s appeal of september 16 to the people of italy to take up arms against germany the truth lies somewhere halfway between the two extremes allied experience in italy only confirms the impres sion that has prevailed since the outbreak of war four grueling years ago that the people of europe would reject hitler’s new order but that at the same time they have no desire merely to restore pre fascist or pre war régimes with or without the col laboration of the great powers restoration versus change it is on the issue of restoration versus change whether or not change takes the form of thoroughgoing revo lution that the future of europe and of its rela tions with britain russia and the united states will turn there is a natural tendency as president sey mour of yale has recently noted for war weaty peoples to look back with a certain degree of nostal gia to the period when they were not actively in con flict as was done at the congress of vienna in 1815 and at the paris peace conference in 1919 iia reforms needed now reports on the ge sions of the central executive committee fail indicate that any fundamental changes are planned j connection with these matters the generalissiny himself declared that while china’s economic gi uation is by no means without difficulties ther is absolutely no danger to speak of but if econom questions are not dealt with vigorously it is not to see how the chinese front can be galvanized inty new activity in view of the injurious effects of the food problem on the army as for the communig situation while chiang kai shek in speaking to th committee emphasized that the issue was purely political and should be solved by political means this concept was not incorporated into the resolution that was actually passed it would therefore seem that chungking still needs to strengthen its eo nomic political and military policies in order to face victory with genuine confidence lawrence k rosinger we inevitably tend to contrast present disasters with a less disastrous past the disorder of war with relative peacetime order destruction with construe tion impoverishment with the opportunity if not always the achievement of prosperity and to won der whether by restoring certain conditions and te lationships that existed when war was not yet i stark reality we may not recapture something of the then existing stability today there is far less cause for such backward looking nostalgia than in 1815 or 1919 the decade that preceded world war ii was neither a period of stability under long accepted institutions such a the pre 1789 era nor a golden period of tert torial and commercial expansion such as that whic laid the fuse for world war i the years of de pression and frustration that followed the unbridled materialistic splurge of the twenties left few illv sions in their wake and perhaps the most shocking aspect of our times is that war for many people actually offered an escape from the problems and vicissitudes of the long armistice order is not enough yet in spite of thi lack of illusions about the past the impression per sists that order almost any kind of order is pref erable to changes that might merely add to the dis order already generated by war this was indicated by mr churchill's speech on july 27 after the fall of mussolini and in judging allied policy toward italy it may well be asked whether italy’s future orderliness might not have been better preserved by some other policy than that of dealing with be doglio to the exclusion of all other other ant fascist elements as it is we have not succeeded it avoiding the very prospect mr churchill feared a am 2 be se see ee 6 se 2 ee eee the s fail j inned alissimg mmic sit then conomi not casy zed int 3 of the nmmunis to the purely means solution re seem its eco to face nger ers with ar with onstruc if not to won and te t yet 2 2 of the ckward decade period such 4s f terri t whic of de rbridled ew illu hocking people ms and of this ion per is pref the dis rdicated the fall toward future rved by vith ba er ant eded in eared that of reducing italian life to a condition of chaos and anarchy and of laying upon our armies the burden of occupying mile by mile the entire coun try no one can question the advisability of nego tiating for unconditional surrender with badoglio but while these negotiations proceeded italian anti fascists counting on allied aid exposed them selves to subsequent retribution on the part of the nazis and may have been needlessly sacrificed in a cause they had defended for twenty years with out having even the ultimate satisfaction of being invited by the allies to become active partners in the common task of destroying fascism one can understand the determination of britain and the united states not to prejudice the decision of the italian people regarding their political future but in an attempt to maintain what might be de scribed as neutrality on this score the allies have in a sense acted unneutrally they have not openly invited the collaboration of all elements in italy opposed to mussolini but only of those elements represented by badoglio which at that time had actual control of power yet meanwhile the allies had hoped that all italians not only those who might approve of badoglio would fight on their side against germany this unresolved paradox proved a windfall however temporary for hitler in his attempt to scatter and dishearten anti fascists while rallying old line fascists behind mussolini need for common anti nazi front the test of any political group in liberated countries axis ruled or axis conquered is whether it is against fascism and nazism if it is it should be enlisted as a matter of course in the ranks of the united nations no matter whether it belongs to right left or center that in actuality is what the soviet government has done by dissolving the see end of fascism enhances prestige of democracy foreign policy bulletin august 6 1943 for a survey of inter american agricultural coop eration from the point of view of 1 gradual permanent development of western hemisphere resources and 2 accelerated wartime exploitation of strategic materials and commodities read agricultural cooperation in the americas by ernest s hediger 25c september 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 here communist international and urging all anti nazi elements including the communists to join in the war effort of each nation against germany that too is the tenor of the free german manifesto is sued in moscow which does not exclude even ad herents of hitler from future participation in post war germany provided they repudiate their leader in time to say that this is merely propaganda is not to answer the main question we are all engaged in propaganda designed to complement military strategy with political strategy the only question is whether we are engaged in propaganda that we in tend to implement by future action or whether we are shooting a lot of verbal ammunition without definite knowledge of the targets we are attempting to hit or of our ultimate objectives the fact that president roosevelt in his message of september 17 to congress said that when hitler and the nazis go out the prussian military clique must go with them may indicate that the western powers are beginning to realize that it is not enough to over throw hitler the system which encouraged and abetted the growth of nazism must go too toward the end of world war i lenin who showed an extraordinary grasp of the temper of our times shook the consciousness of millions of people throughout the world by declaring that what many believed to be a war between nations in defense of democracy against autocracy was in reality a war between rival imperialisms this concept did not pre vent peoples of many races colors and traditions including the russians from taking up arms in this war in a joint effort to check aggression by one or more of the axis powers but the suspicion that what lenin said may still be true affects the think ing of millions about the future and is bound to influence their attitude toward the formation of an anglo american alliance unless britain and the united states can prove by positive deeds not mere ly by words that this alliance will not be used to freeze the pre 1939 status quo in europe and asia from the outset this war has been waged on two ideological fronts against the encroachments and brutalities of the axis powers and against the politi cal economic and social conditions that bred war mere restoration of pre fascist or pre war conditions even if it were possible is not enough but in what direction will change come and what form shall it take if it is not to prove even more destructive can ae vera micheles dean the second in a series on the outlook for the future in europe foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 49 sepremmber 24 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lugr secretary vera micnetes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at lease one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor ee 181 se ee page fou mesc holds promise for future of middle east in the past eleven months since the british eighth army launched its attack at el alamein the middle east has changed from an area of last ditch defense for the united nations to a potential base for offensive operations against the european con tinent allied occupation of cos one of the key bases in the dodecanese was reported on septem ber 21 and may be expected to lead to increased bombing of nazi defenses in greece rumors in tur key about the imminence of an invasion of the bal kans should be treated with reserve however since the british ninth and tenth armies under general sir henry maitland wilson middle east com mander in chief are not large and the bulk of allied shipping and landing craft are now engaged in the italian campaign but if and when such an invasion takes place an important part will be played by the middle east supply center on which james m landis formerly chief of civilian defense has become the chief amer ican representative appointed on september 10 as american director of economic operations in the middle east with the personal rank of minister mr landis will be the american counterpart of r g casey british minister in the middle east his appointment is a recognition by washington not only of the importance of regional economic plan ning but of the vital role being played by the mesc mesc plans imports the middle east sup ply center was set up in april 1941 to handle all major supplies for eastern mediterranean countries originally a british agency it has been a joint anglo american body since the united states became a co member in march 1942 today the mesc covers an area larger than europe and serves a population of some eighty million it includes egypt palestine syria lebanon transjordan iraq iran saudi arabia sudan eritrea ethiopia british somaliland and for trade outside the mediterranean turkey with headquarters in cairo and branches in bag dad ankara teheran and beyrouth the mesc controls and directs a large part of the economic life of this whole area the center was established primarily to achieve two objectives first to provide the essential sea borne import requirements of the area and to set up an effective system of import controls second to satisfy the essential civilian requirements with the utmost economy of shipping space by developing local production of civilian and military commodi ties in handling imports the agency has maintained as much private trade as the shipping shortage per mitted but such basic commodities as cereals sugar fertilizers tea oil seeds and quinine have been given top priority and minimum requirements are handled by a pool under the control of the mesc which then allocates them to the various states in the area according to need aids middle east production to re duce imports and save shipping agricultural and industrial production has been encouraged on a wide scale in egypt a major shift from cotton to food production has taken place in iran and iraq large scale agricultural development and irrigation schemes are under way or planned in syria and other states the distribution of fertilizers and trac tors has been planned with a view to maximum output in the entire region industrial ventures as well have been made possible by the mesc a plant for crushing oil seeds in iraq canning plants in egypt superphosphates in palestine and egypt a cotton mill in iran paper production in egypt as a result of these activities the middle east supply center is undoubtedly making important con tributions to the war effort and many observers especially in britain feel that it can make equally vital contributions at the conclusion of hostilities as the london economist points out if freedom from want becomes the goal of international collabora tion and the lessons of wartime administration are learnt the mesc and its dependent committees fit into the pattern of world wide economic collabora tion foreshadowed by lend lease and the com bined boards at present of course the center's hold over the economic life of the middle east rests on shortages shortages of both shipping and sup plies when these conditions are relaxed in the post war period much of the work of the mesc will probably lapse it is suggested however that enough of the organization could be maintained to integrate the economic life of the whole region not only through unified control of supplies and transport but through the continued encouragement and di rection of agricultural and industrial development on a regional pattern tow arp p whidden jr 25th anniversary of the f.p.a mrs henry goddard leach member of the f.p.a board of directors is the chairman of the 25th anniversary celebration of the association to be held on october 16th the legacy of nazism by frank munk new york mac millan 1943 2.50 stern warning that there can be no return to pre nazi conditions and that bold departures from europe’s tradi tional economy will be needed to preserve the forthcoming peace 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 ww on ae _y fra 2 bd te rs +i iven dled hich area 1 and wide 1 to iraq ition and trac num s as c a lants pt a east con vers ually s as from bora n are ittees bora com ntet’s rests sup post will 10ugh grate only sport id di pment n jr f.p.a 25th e held mac e nazi tradi coming 143 periodical ruts gbmbral librar wrsty of wcu entered as 2nd class matter general library oct 2 143 university of uichigan ann arbor michigan foreign policy 316 5 boe boy an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vout xxii no 50 ocrosmr 1 1948 human welfare must be first concern of post war planners he wave of strikes in britain the news about underground movements that filters in from con quered countries and many other straws in the wind indicate that below the surface of the war changes are germinating that are bound to affect the post war period what the anti fascist writer ignazio silone has described as the seed beneath the snow these changes are not primarily concerned with the reshuffling of frontiers the reorganization of colonial administration or the redistribution of raw materials they reach far deeper into the inner hopes and fears of the men and women without whose support the war cannot be won and the peace can be lost human factor in peace planning it is essential to understand this because most post war planners have a disturbing way of concocting disem bodied schemes in which nothing or hardly any thing is said about the human beings who would presumably be needed to make blueprinted machin ery function throughout the centuries war and peace makers have shown a striking disregard for the feelings and needs of the people whose destiny they undertake to settle at national rallies and interna tional gatherings much is said about mankind but very little about man nor does the current preoccu pation with the common man markedly alter this situation since the assumption is almost invariably made that it will be for the few uncommon leaders to shape his fate yet it is because the so called common man who has no political or economic influence over his coun try's policy except such as he can exercise by his vote in countries where votes are counted is deeply per plexed about the future that the feeling of change is in the air if all that were necessary to stabilize the world were a decisive military victory on the part of the united nations the task would be relatively simple but it is already clear that the closer we draw to victory the greater will be the problems of adjust ment we shall face within nations as well as between nations little evidence of communism there is no indication as yet that these adjustments are motivated in britain or the conquered countries by a pronounced predilection for revolution or by wide spread attachment to communist ideas on the con trary there is considerable evidence that renascent nationalism tends to mute political differences rally ing all groups including communists in a national effort for liberation and recovery if an upheaval inspired by extreme radicals were impending it would be natural if not necessarily desirable for the allies to be on guard against far reaching changes that might cap war devastation with post war anarchy but the more the allies display under standing and sympathy for the desire for moderate change that is burgeoning on the continent the more likely it is that the kind of revolution they fear may be avoided this however is only the negative aspect of the picture the positive aspect is that the allies for their own self protection after the war must nurture those forces in europe which seek to improve and strengthen institutions that proved inadequate to meet the nazi onslaught for the conditions we shall find in the conquered countries once they are liber ated may shock us far more than the outbreak of war we shall find with increasing horror that it was by trying to break the spirit of man by trying to destroy the inner values that make the individual something more than mere flesh and blood that the nazis hoped to conquer europe and the world it is only by re storing the unassailability of the human spirit by reaffirming the worth and integrity of the individual that the united nations can win ultimate victory in a wart which has assumed the proportions of a legendary struggle between good and evil and this time the peacemakers have an unrivaled oppor a sss page two tunity to demonstrate that the individual who found no security against terrorism and death within the national state may find it in fact will have to find it if he is to survive in nations integrated into the larger framework of international society but the security of the individual cannot be meas ured only in terms of freedom to practice religious beliefs or to cast a vote at given intervals it must aiso be measured in terms of the opportunity he has tc exist with some degree of self respect by working at a useful task for which he receives enough to main tain a decent livelihood for himself and his family or as the british call it the four decencies of housing food clothing and education the nazis broke the spirit of many of their victims by terrorism and deprivation of political and religious liberties but unemployment and such palliatives as the dole have also broken the spirit of men and women who felt that they had no place in human society it is the fear that another period of economic de pression and personal frustration may succeed the british cabinet shuffle maintains conservative labor balance important cabinet changes and the ebbing of a threatening tide of strikes provided the chief home front news in the united kingdom as the nation pre pared last week to celebrate on september 26 the third anniversary of the battle of britain except for criticism from the left wing of the labor party prime minister churchill's reshuffle of the cabinet seems to have caused little political commotion while the averting of a strike in a vital aircraft fac tory and the possibility of an early settlement of the dispute in the northumberland coal mines were wel comed in all quarters government policy unchanged the cabinet changes announced on september 24 in volved several significant appointments that of sir john anderson as chancellor of the exchequer to replace the late sir kingsley wood whose sudden death on september 20 led to the reshuffle of lord beaverbrook as lord privy seal of major clement r attlee to succeed sir john anderson as lord presi dent of the council of viscount cranborne former lord privy seal as secretary of state for dominion affairs and of richard k law formerly parlia what role will russia play in post war europe for a survey of the questions preoccupying public opinion in the united states today read the u.s.s.r and post war europe by vera micheles dean 25c august 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 et ee war that casts its shadow over britain and othe countries heroically resisting the axis powers and makes them wonder whether the fine promises of post war planners may not evaporate like mist at dawn when hostilities are over to say as some are already saying that the readjustments necessary to dis pel this fear may prove unduly costly or technically impossible is no longer an answer now that we have seen the miracles of economic and jp dustrial adjustment that can be accomplished in time of war men and women who have found themselves urgently wanted to save their countries from aggres sion will not easily accept the prospect of being un wanted in a peacetime world at this point if it is reached a revolt may take place but it will be a re volt that could have been avoided and a revolt for not against the kind of post war order for which the united nations aver they are fighting vera micheles dean the third in a series on the outlook for the future in europe mentary under secretary of state for foreign affairs to the new post of minister of state in the foreign office these appointments do not suggest any marked change in the policy of the churchill government certainly there has been no shift to the left such as that anticipated when it was thought herbert morti son might get the exchequer post indeed the same balance of conservatives and laborites and of con servative and liberal tendencies seems to have been maintained sir john anderson’s appointment in itself will appear to some as a tightening of con servative control sir john who now holds a post ordinarily second only to that of prime minister and will unlike his predecessor sit in the war cabinet is an independent conservative with strong backing from london financial interests as permanent un der secretary of the home office 1922 32 and gor ernor of bengal 1932 37 he built up a reputation as one of britain’s ablest administrators and has been frequently used in recent months by mr churchill as a trouble shooter in interdepartmental tangles his cautious presentation of the government's posi tion in the february debate on the beveridge report aroused a good deal of resentment in liberal and labor circles but it may well be that the prime min ister has picked sir john as the best man to make palatable the financial adjustments involved in the achievement of his four year plan for domestic reconstruction lord beaverbrook’s return to the cabinet was ap parently unexpected in london although a personal friend of the prime minister he has recently led 4 vigorous second front campaign against mr churcr mi ti jti im im ipa nme ee other 5 and list at ne are to dis nically nd in n time nselves ag pres ng un if it is e a fe ot for ich the ean uro pe ince affairs foreign marked rnment such as morti 1e same of con ve been nent if of con a post ster and cabinet backing ent un nd gov tation as nas been hurchill tangles ts posi e report eral and me min to make d in the domestic was ap personal tly led a churdy aom a ill through the pages of his powerful daily express latest reports suggest that he is slated for a mission to moscow where he will add his weight to foreign secretary eden’s in seeking an anglo american soviet agreement if this proves to be the case his appointment will be welcomed by the majority of the british people lord cranborne’s resumption of the dominions office which he will hold in conjunction with his position as government leader in the house of lords will undoubtedly be widely approved both in britain and the dominions his resignation along with anthony eden over britain’s italian policy in 1938 and his post war pronouncements during the past two years have given him a reputation as one of the leaders of the liberal wing of the conservative patty the promotion of richard k law also an opponent of chamberlain's appeasement policy will be seen in the same light while the appointment of g h hall as law’s successor in the post of parlia mentary under secretary for foreign affairs will identify the labor party more closely with the di rection of british foreign policy reasons for labor unrest the labor troubles which have caused so much concern in britain during the past few weeks have centered in three vital industries aircraft shipbuilding and coal mining with the undiminished need for maximum output of planes and ships and the new demands on british coal production as a result of the italian sur this age of conflict 1914 1948 by frank p chambers christina p grant and charles c bayley new york harcourt brace 1943 5.50 a world history of the past thirty years that is notable for its comprehensiveness sound interpretations and ac curate information social insurance and allied services the beveridge re port by sir william beveridge new york macmillan 1942 1.00 the american edition of what is probably the most sig nificant document to come out of wartime britain the in troduction contains sir william’s basic principles and a summary of his scheme for freedom from want in britain while the remaining chapters include in detail the financial and administrative measures he considers necessary for the realization of social security the war in maps by francis brown emil herlin and vaughn gray new york oxford university press 1943 2.00 a revised and enlarged edition of an atlas of new york times maps accompanied by running commentary the fight for new guinea by pat robinson new york random house 1943 2.00 an interesting journalistic account of general mac arthur’s first offensive in new guinea which culminated in the seizure of gona and buna oo rvre render strikes in these industries have caused concern in parliament and among labor leaders they have come just at the time when ernest bevin minister of labor and national service is trying to mobilize every ounce of manpower by registering women up to the age of 50 and boys and girls of 16 and 17 years of age for direction into war work whenever the need arises this government pressure on the working population which has steadily in creased over the last four years is undoubtedly one of the causes of labor unrest but in addition it seems probable that two other influences are at work first removal of the danger of invasion without the compensating stimulus of a second front in western europe and second the lack of positive assurance that when the war is ended measures will be taken to prevent unemployment and poverty howarp p whidden jr to f.p.a members you have helped the for eign policy association to reach its quarter century milestone this year and we are grateful for your loyal support may we enlist your further cooperation by asking each member to secure at least one new mem ber in the next six weeks your help will greatly strengthen the organization at a time when its edu cational work is vitally needed the f.p.a bookshelf the new world guides to the latin american republics vol ii edited by earl parker hanson new york duell sloan and pearce 1943 2.50 not profound or scholarly but an extremely usable pot pourri compiled under the sponsorship of the office of the coordinator of inter american affairs the story of the americas by leland dewitt baldwin new york simon schuster 1943 3.50 a notable attempt to embrace the whole history of two continents in a single volume the result is both readable and sympathetic though somewhat superficial and at vari ous points inaccurate india a bird’s eye view by sir frederick whyte new york oxford university press 1943 1.00 a brief survey of the indian situation from the official british point of view discusses the history of british rule the cripps mission and its aftermath the indian states and the role of india in the war rio grande to cape horn by carleton beals boston houghton mifflin 1948 3.50 well known advocate of the good neighbor policy re alistically appraises the rivalries of the latin american nations which make it difficult for the united states to be friend all the republics simultaneously foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 50 ocroper 1 1943 bw 81 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lust secretary vana micuuies dnan editer entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least oe month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter vttban greb bangs oct 1 an administrative order issued by sec retary of state hull on august 27 in accordance with a presidential decree of june 3 threatened to end herbert h lehman's career in washington and to jeopardize the progress he had made toward an inter national plan for relief in the war devastated areas that order subordinated governor lehman’s office of foreign relief and rehabilitation operations to a newly formed state department bureau the office of foreign economic coordination ofec two de velopments during the past week saved former gov ernor lehman although it is not yet certain that they will assure adoption of a practical relief program of a size and character that will satisfy the basic needs of the lands conquered and starved by the axis world relief planning first on sep tember 23 secretary hull disclosed that a new draft agreement for a united nations relief and rehabili tation administration had been approved by the united states great britain the soviet union and china and had been submitted to the 29 other united nations the 10 associated governments and the french committee of national liberation the original draft agreement had been submitted on june 10 and on june 28 the dutch government handed to the state department a note protesting features of the proposed administration which in the netherlands view gave too much power to the big four the united states britain russia china and left the other governments out of policy making the revised draft represents an attempt to meet some of these objections shared by other allied governments in london the second development was president roose velt’s announcement on september 25 that he had appointed lehman his special assistant for the pur pose of perfecting plans for the meeting of represen tatives of the united nations on november 9 when the united nations relief and rehabilitation ad ministration unrra is to come into being relief after this war is to be distributed through the efforts of all the united nations and not by the united states alone this white house post for lehman was the most unexpected corollary of mr roosevelt's order of sep tember 25 establishing the office of foreign eco nomic administration with leo crowley at its head ofea is an amalgam of four agencies office of lend lease administration office of economic war fare office of foreign economic coordination and office of foreign relief and rehabilitation oper tions ofrro and lehman thus part company but the president has advocated lehman for the post of director general of unrra so his functions age on the point of being expanded into the international sphere president roosevelt set up ofrro in the state department on december 4 1942 and at the same time made lehman its director almost immediately lehman’s plans were scoffed at by some critics as globaloney neither the picture of human misery on a continental scale nor the thought that the united states would prosper little in a world of undernour ished nations moved these critics within the state department lehman was irked by what he felt were restrictions upon his freedom of action imposed despite his understanding that he was to be prac tically autonomous mr hull’s august 27 order caused lehman apprehension lest his relief planning be junked altogether his resignation at any moment during the past month would not have astonished the capital prospects uncertain even now questions arise about the future of relief planning will crow ley’s ofea support whatever lehman advocates as the united states share in the work of the united nations relief administration will the state de partment support crowley if he supports lehman mr roosevelt's order creating the new crowley agency and taking ofrro and ofec out of the state department says that the office of foreign economic administration must function in com formity with the foreign policy of the united states as defined by the secretary of state what that policy is the secretary of state has not made clear the president’s appointment of lend lease admin istrator edward r stettinius jr as under secretary of state to succeed sumner welles may mean that the state department will develop a foreign policy characterized by economic liberalism which would implement the lehman planning in the past how ever stettinius has given no indication of originality and has closely followed the course set by the state department blair bolles news letter to the foreign policy bulletin replacing our former washington correspondent john elliott now 4 major in the army of the united states mr bolles has served with the washington star since 1935 specializing in foreign and diplomatic news and recently returned from three month visit to sweden at the invitation of the swedish government portugal and england blair bolles will contribute a weekly waashington 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 +onished uestions 1 crow cates as united ate de ehman crowley of the foreign in con d states rat that le clear admin ecretary ean that n policy 1 would st how ginality he state olles ngton placing now a les has zing in froma wedish 943 paro ical poom e aw foreign entered as 2nd class matter general library valversity of michigan ann arber mich policy bubbegin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y volt xxii no 51 ocroser 8 1943 three power meeting seeks alternative to balance of power as the three power conference between the for eign ministers of britain russia and the united states draws near it becomes increasingly evident that its success or failure will determine the shape of the post war world not only is the conference bound to raise a host of territorial and economic questions which the war had submerged but what is far more important for the future of europe and the world it is bound to reveal the extent of agreement among the three great powers concerning the political fate of both axis and conquered europe divergences not hopeless it would be a dangerous illusion to assume that there exists today an identity of views in washington london and moscow regarding war and post war problems but it would be equally dangerous to jump to the conclu sion that there is no basis for agreement among them the task of the conferees is to look below the surface of platitudes about international collaboration for the essence of the issues that divide them and to reconcile their divergent points of view such divergences as are known to exist result from the different degree of interest of the three powers in european affairs russia is geographically a part of europe and cannot as some nazi ideologists had urged be thrust back into asia one thing that is needed is that russia should become politically and economically as well as geographically knit together with europe and every move recently made by the soviet government such as its repeated intervention on behalf of the french committee of national lib eration indicates that it is in fact moscow’s de termination to take an active part in the post war reorganization of the continent britain by contrast has throughout its history been interested in europe primarily because a continent so close to its shores might become a threat to its safety if it came to be dominated by a single power that might try to unite the continent against the british as france under napoleon and germany under hit ler unsuccessfully tried to do it has been britain's policy to intervene in the affairs of europe when ever one nation seemed on the point of achieving hegemony on such occasions britain tipped the scales against the potential victor by joining a coali tion of its opponents balance of power ruled out resump tion of this policy as the british realize will no longer prove feasible after the war for two major reasons first now that the airplane has become a deadly weapon britain can no longer count on the possibility of withdrawing into splendid isolation once its intervention has been crowned with success as it has tried to do on previous occasions with con stantly diminishing returns second the whole politi cal map of europe has been altered by the emergence of russia as a great power which could hardly be counterbalanced immediately after the war by any anglo german coalition especially since one of britain’s avowed purposes is to make it impossible for the reich to become a strong military power in the future today britain is not in a position to estab lish a new balance of power on the continent the alternatives it faces are either a bilateral agreement with russia dividing the continent into respective spheres of influence and accepting the idea that east ern europe and the balkans fall within moscow's sphere or what it would prefer a three power agreement between britain russia and the united states which would have as its principal objective the establishment of a world organization with suf ficient military and economic power at its disposal to assure the reconstruction of europe in contrast to both britain and russia the united states has no direct territorial or strategic interest in europe but like the two other great powers it is concerned to prevent the recurrence of conflicts that would precipitate a general war from which as our oct 12 1948 2s ss _________ bbnoeeqqqccqopgc pagetwo e experience in 1917 and 1939 incontrovertibly proves we could not hope to remain aloof in that sense any post war reorganization of the continent that can alleviate the causes of war should have the active support of the united states while the british in the short run at least might find a division into spheres of influence satisfactory such an arrange ment would be repugnant to public opinion in this country especially if it involves acquiescence in ab sorption by russia of small countries which had en joyed independence before 1939 on the other hand a european federation which might offer the small countries an alternative to becoming satellites of russia or britain and would be welcomed in the united states has been hitherto viewed with sus picion by moscow which sees in any such proposal the makings of an anti soviet coalition similar diversity of views exists on the crucial problem of the political complexion the conquered countries might take following liberation it is im possible to expect that any of the three great powers will advocate abroad what it opposes at home that britain and the united states will advo cate communism in europe or russia capitalism the majority of americans and britishers would not welcome communist inspired revolutions on the con tinent on the other hand the soviet government would oppose the re establishment of governments known to hold reactionary and especially anti soviet views but is a choice of these alternatives inescapa ble as a matter of fact such information as can be gleaned from underground sources would indicate that most of the peoples of europe while determined balkan differences test anti axis unity in europe as british and american forces in southern italy outflank nazi defenses in the balkans the stage appears to be set for increased allied collaboration with the yugoslav guerrillas who now occupy most of italian slovenia and the dalmatian coast under these circumstances the long deferred and perplexing problems concerning the future of yugoslavia and greece and the relations between britain the united states and the ussr in those countries call for prompt answers based on a frank recognition of former mistakes and present obstacles relations with partisans for the past two years the soviet union and its two western allies have followed distinctly different balkan poli cies and little effort has been made by either side to achieve a compromise from moscow the yugoslavs and greeks have been constantly advised to take im mediate military action against the enemy whenever and wherever possible and at any price in order to relieve german pressure on the eastern front and to hasten the end of the war in line with these instruc tions the yugoslav partisans under their commun not to return to the pre war state of things are ng by any means committed to acceptance of a system patterned on that of the sovjet union here a dis tinction must be drawn between the countries of western and northern europe and those of eastem europe and the balkans whose political economi and social conditions in 1939 resembled those of russia in 1917 and might produce similar upheavals once the pressure of war has been lifted britain and the united states will have to recognize the neces sity for fundamental changes in this area and not oppose them in the hope that if they are unopposed they may be effected through adjustments between clashing groups rather than by bloody revolution that does not mean that russia alone should haye a free hand in that area the soviet government for its part might bear in mind that such anti democratic movements as had developed in the in dustrialized and politically advanced countries of western europe had tended to take the form of fascism rather than communism and not revive this trend by open hostility to democratic institu tions the strong support given by moscow to the french committee of liberation whose accent is on nationalism not on communism shows that the soviet government may be closer to understanding the forces at work in europe than britain and the united states and despite all divergences the three great powers agree on one thing the need for se curity against future aggression the main question is by what methods can security be most effectively achieved vera micheles dean the fourth in a series on the outlook for the future of europe ist military leader tito whose real name is josip brozovich have forced the nazis out of large sec tions of the country and greek guerrilla forces have also carried on almost constant warfare and wrested important areas from their axis conquerors in contrast to the partisans the greek and yugo slav governments in exile have warned against hasty action and urged their countrymen to await the at rival of the allies before risking armed opposition to the enemy mikhailovich the yugoslav ministet of war and leader of the official chetniks is ap parently in accord with his government on this point for he is reported to have remained inactive against the nazis since october 1941 meanwhile the yugo slav cabinet has either ignored the partisans or de manded that they seek unity with the chetniks and although king peter on september 30 gave tito his belated approval there is as yet no indication that the members of the cabinet now in cairo agree with the monarch the inability of the yugoslav government to come to terms with as valuable 4 military force as the partisans has caused the british e r ae es are not system a dis ties of eastem onomic 10se of heavals ain and neces ind not pposed et ween lution id have mment h anti the in ries of orm of revive institu to the it is on vat the anding ind the e three for se uestion ectively jean europe is josip ge sec forces re and juerors yugo it hasty the at osition inister is ap point against yugo or de ks and tito his yn that agree igoslav lable a british to shift their attitude toward yugoslavia and estab lish military liaison with tito as well as mikhailo vich to date however the united states as far as js known has taken no step toward recognizing the partisans and the reputation of the chetniks has only recently been subjected to scrutiny in our press who represents the people even more disturbing differences between the russian and anglo american balkan policies appear in the realm of post war questions the ussr has urged that the pre war fascists in yugoslavia and greece be dis posed of before liberation and that important politi cal and social changes be effected now london and washington on the other hand continue to consider many individuals who were associated with the dic tatorial régimes in these countries as the legitimate representatives of their people and through the gov ernments in exile propose that all changes be carried out after the war ends however inasmuch as king george returned to the throne in 1935 on a platform similar to the one he now submits only to discover in the following year that the threat of commun ism made it necessary to establish a dictatorship his sincerity has been questioned by representatives of the greek partisans in yugoslavia king peter’s intentions have also been doubted not only because of past connections between the royal house and dictatorships but also because of the nature of the present government the yugoslav officials in exile have been at odds over the type of social order the nation should have and the relations that should exist among the coun try’s nationalities and are therefore unable to agree on any program of reforms in an effort to secure unity the king formed the present non party gov ernment on august 10 but in actual fact most of its leading members including prime minister puritch were connected with the pre war dictatorship and have a strong serbian bias in opposition to the greek and yugoslav govern announcing teamwork in the americas by delia goetz 40c this new fpa publication is a simple lively narrative for young readers 12 to 16 describing past and present cooperation among the americas illustrated in color by aline appel order from foreign policy association 22 east 38 st new york 16 vet e p_e___eee ments in exile with their vague promises of reform and unpopular members there are committees in both countries which have set forth democratic post war programs and include well known citizens these organizations according to their critics are mere creatures of the kremlin’s foreign policy embryos of the national governments the ussr wants to set up as protective satellites after the wat in case effective world organization is not created al though some of the members of these groups are communists and the prestige of the victorious army is enormous in the balkans there is evidence that these organizations are not dominated by mos cow the yugoslav people’s liberation movement which was organized in 1942 draws its 65 members from various occupations all national groups and pre war political parties and according to a state ment made last february wants to establish truly democratic rights and liberties for all peoples of yugoslavia and to maintain private property with full opportunity for initiative in industry and the economic field in greece the partisan political or ganization follows the same general pattern and its willingness to cooperate with the western powers is attested by the presence in london of a special emissary what is at stake because of the wide gulf that obviously exists between the régimes recognized by britain and the united states and large numbers of yugoslavs and greeks london and washington need to reconsider their political policy toward south eastern europe before invasion begins lest the peo ple they come to liberate fight their returning gov ernments finally when the time for military inva sion comes it will be essential that britain the united states and the ussr have a common balkan policy winifred n hadsel annual forum and 25th anniversary on saturday october 16 the annual forum of the association will be held at the waldorf astoria to discuss today’s war tomorrow’s world at the luncheon session there will be a message from the president of the united states among the speakers at the forum will be the honorable sumner welles at luncheon the honorable henry cabot lodge jr admiral thomas c hart and dr harry gideonse at the morning session and the honorable harold b butler and mr james y c yen representing britain and china at the afternoon session as well as a speaker on russia foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 51 ocroser 8 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lust secretary vera micheles dean editor encered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at leas one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor eb 181 s a z sei hanbaee te es ors ae cc dade yao washington news letter oct 8 by creating the mediterranean commis sion the leading western powers among the united nations have taken the first real step toward setting up a political machinery of alliance lack of machin ery in the past has contributed to misunderstandings between russia and its allies and has inhibited con certed action on the problems that arise every time victorious allied armies free new territory if the commission takes full advantage of its opportuni ties it can lay the foundation for a workable system of collective security in the post war world the commission which is to sit at algiers is to be composed of representatives of the united states great britain the soviet union and the french com mittee of national liberation as announced by mr churchill in the house of commons on september 20 except for the combined chiefs of staff com mittee which is a monopoly of the united states and britain the united nations have so far had few permanent bodies dealing with high policy this is also the first time that russia will sit on an allied committee russian membership in the mediter ranean commission gives the soviet government a channel for obtaining regular information concern ing the views of its partners in the war and regular expression of its own views russia gains voice for france french representation on the commission reflects russian influence it was on the request of the soviet gov ernment that the french were invited to participate the french however have yet to choose their repre sentative the british have named harold macmil lan minister to north africa and the russians andrei y vishinsky envoy to the french liberation committee and former vice commissar for foreign affairs the mediterranean is of special interest to the russians because of their concern for the future of the balkans and the prospect that once the ger mans have been ejected from greece and bulgaria russia may receive supplies from the allies through the dardanelles and the black sea president roosevelt last week designated edwin c wilson now u.s ambassador to panama formerly counselor of embassy in paris in 1935 39 as this country’s rep resentative the exact nature and scope of the commission's work are yet to be fixed the task defined for it at this time is to serve as a clearinghouse for the military and political views of the four powers concerning mediterranean territory occupied by the allies italy obviously offers the most pressing immediate prob lem for lack of machinery of alliance of some cep tral continuing organization for the exchange of views the future of italy has caused differences be tween moscow and the west which the forthcomi three power conference of foreign ministers is in tended to bridge a particular point at issue has been the operation of amg on september 2 the moscow organ war and the working class attacked the british american plan to use amg for governing italy during the transition between its status as a conquered enemy country and its eventual restoration to the italian people and contended that amg was undemocratic crucial mediterranean problems italy is but one mediterranean question the com mission will in time have to face the problem of yugoslavia which is divided internally by hatred of serb for croat and by rivalry between partisan and chetnik will greece and albania want to welcome back their exiled kings king george and king zog what of the dodecanese those strategically valuable islands which italy obtained from the turks in 1912 a suggestion was reported from washing ton on september 4 that strategic islands taken from the enemy be placed under the control of joint inter national governing bodies if this suggestion should develop into a policy the unilateral mandate system established under the league covenant which helped to strengthen japan for its present war in the pacific by giving it a hold on strategic islands may be discarded the mediterranean commission is not designed to make decisions of its own it can only report views to the member governments but its existence is im portant it stresses the understanding in washington london and moscow that the allied powers have equal interest in the politics of a great area whert their economic stake is unequal for centuries the mediterranean has provided a setting for political rivalries now an attempt is being made to substitute joint action for rivalry the pattern of concerted action in that area can point the way to concerted action in other regions the mediterranean commis sion could grow into a european commission and then into a world commission its establishment reflects the desire of the united nations for unity and stability in world affairs blair bolles 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 cco a s np ontoaomp won 2 a 5 ems ae ce at pe +ems m of red of n and icome king pically turks shing 1 from inter should system which in the ss may signed t views is im ington s have where ies the litical bstitute ncerted ncerted ommis yn and ishment yr unity lles 943 general library marigvdilal wetpes a vary sie tonws t f neti oalv uf bice university of mehigan oct 18 1943 ann arbor michigan foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vor xxii no 52 ocrosmr 15 1948 joint responsibility of united nations key to post war security d iverse as are the specific items that could be included in the agenda of the three power conference in moscow they will all fall under the same general heading the search for security against war once the present conflict is over today few in the united nations would dispute the french thesis of the inter war years whose reiteration by french statesmen caused the british and americans to ac cuse france of unbridled militarism that security must precede disarmament few believe that with out armaments the united nations could preserve the fruits of victory but when all has been said and done the question still remains of how to use the industrial and military power that will in dubitably be at the command of britain russia and the united states in such a way as to give assurance of safety not only to each of the three great powers alone or to the three combined but also to all the other nations whose efforts will make victory possible can expansion give security one way a tried and tested way in which nations have sought to protect themselves against aggression in the past has been to establish control over the ad joining territories of weaker neighbors either by incorporating them outright within their own fron tiers or by claiming that they come within their sphere of influence russia’s occupation of the bal tic states in 1939 is an example of the first practice joint anglo russian occupation of iran in 1941 is an example of the second quite aside from the question whether such prac tices are compatible with the lip service all united nations governments have been paying to democracy and the rights of small nations and national minori ties it still remains to be proved that they can assure the security even of the great powers the idea that mere extension of territory is in itself a form of protection against aggression dates back to the period ee when wars between nations were waged primarily on land and it seemed advisable to place as much land space as possible between oneself and one’s potential opponent but the development of the air plane as a weapon is invalidating this concept and will invalidate it even more in the future hitler achieved tremendous expansion of german territory but his land fortress is exposed to bombing from the air and so will the territories of any other great powers who seek security in expansion mere acquisition of land or spheres of influence is an other version of the maginot line it creates the il lusion of security without coming to grips with the reasons why nations go to war threat of territorial free for all should britain and the united states through a de sire to placate russia or to express their appreciation of the part the russians are playing in the war agree to the acquisition by the u.s.s.r of territories along its borders without any guarantee of the rights of individuals in these areas that would be the signal for a free for all territorial scramble then britain could with equal justification claim that protec tion of its lifeline through the mediterranean neces sitates retention of the italian colonies it has occu pied in africa and even acquisition of bases in sicily sardinia and greece then too there would be nothing to prevent the united states from in sisting that we must control all the islands.in the pacific and possibly other areas in asia to guard this country against future aggression by japan the race for territorial spoils would be on with only one predictable outcome another and even more deadly war between the victors in the present conflict need for joint responsibility at the same time it is clear that britain and the united states cannot merely reject russia’s demand for se curity through control of adjoining territories they must propose a workable alternative which they in oooi__ sssssaan ssssss_ pagetwo a6qcqnmaeaee e q_ sssan _easess s amamaeeaaee tend to support with all the power at their disposal an alternative which is gradually taking shape in the form of concrete measures of allied coopera tion has been described as joint responsibility for europe this is another phrase for international col laboration with proper emphasis on the responsi bility that rests on the great powers for making international machinery work not only for their own benefit but for the benefit of all such collaboration to be effective must rest on gecognition by the great powers that they will be unable single handed to achieve their own protec tion in the future even if their peoples were willing to forego indefinitely any improvement in living standards and any advance in human welfare for the sake of maintaining after the war national military establishments commensurate with their wartime needs the great powers must also face the fact that their own security will increase in direct ratio to the sense of security and stability they can give to the small nations whose fears and discontents would otherwise be a constant source of concern to the great powers themselves and a potential danger to world stability but neither must the small nations again seek to play the role of irresponsibles or seek illusory refuge in neutrality or allow them selves to become pawns of one or other of their more powerful neighbors no one would claim that this alternative to an other balance of power through spheres of influ ence system can be easily or promptly worked out mutual suspicions and recriminations are bound to famine in india weakens base for burma invasion the mass starvation now occurring throughout bengal province including its capital at calcutta will inevitably have repercussions on british indian relations as well as on india’s effectiveness in the war bengal containing an important part of the country’s modern industry as well as some 60 mil lion people stands next door to burma and is un doubtedly slated to play a significant role in the recovery of that territory from the japanese con sequently more than humanitarian interest attaches to the british broadcasting company’s statement of september 18 that there is not a village in the prov ince in which the inhabitants are receiving as many as two meals a day with regard to calcutta india’s largest center with a population of more than 2,000,000 the provincial food minister estimated a week later that 50 persons were dying of starva tion every day and on september 29 alone 197 persons in that city were reported dead from lack of food an indication of the growing seriousness of the famine cholera was also said to have broken out in a number of places what are the reasons many factors are mentioned_in discussions of the food crisis shortage persist and every step forward may be followed backsliding but the important thing is that at the moscow conference the three great powers should make a clear choice between the alternatives should set their course in one direction instead of the other then many of the doubts and anxieties tha hang like a pall over the battlefields could be dis pelled giving us all a clearer vision of the future then too the key problem of what to do about germany would assume new meaning for we might begin to see as the russians already appear to see that to make europe safe from renewed german aggression we should strive not so much to weakep germany this could not be done permanently but to strengthen the continent and the world through post war mutual political economic and military aid among the united nations such aid which in war time can bring the defeat of germany could ig peacetime literally neutralize its resurgence as well as the expansionist intentions of any other potential aggressor no one who knows or is capable of imagining the physical and moral havoc wrought in europe by four years of conflict no one who has experienced or witnessed the agony of war partings and war losses can believe that any stone will be left unturned at the moscow conference in trying to prevent the recur rence of such havoc and such agony vera micheles dean this is the last in a series of articles on the outlook for the future in europe of transport facilities hoarding of food grains loss of india’s normal import of 1,500,000 tons of rice from burma unwillingness on the part of provinces 3 oo ee ee cr oo a mao a i a oe of hs he oe oe lo i lh 66cm with surplus grain to make supplies available for bengal and other deficit areas the decline in ben gal’s rice crop last winter from 9,000,000 to 7 000,000 tons as a result of cyclones floods and fas of japanese invasion the use of food from india to feed the armed forces at home and abroad as well as refugees from burma and maladministration on the part of the indian government clearly there i no shortage of explanations but it would appear that the main question now being asked both in britain and india is why the central administration headed by the viceroy did not long ago adopt measutes i adequate to meet a situation that was obviously ap proaching the chief defense offered by the government i that the central authorities in new delhi have been unable to act effectively because of the selfish oppo sition of certain indian provincial officials and that in any case the bengal administration is respon for food distribution in its territory but according to a new york times dispatch from london of od by t the 10uld hould e the 5 that dis uture about mi to see rman eaken r but rough ry aid 1 wat ild in s well tential ry four ced or losses at the recut a ean 1s loss of rice ovinces sle for n ben to 7 d fears ndia to as well tion of there is ear that britain headed easures asly ap ment is ve been h oppo nd that onsible cording don on october 8 this explanation is not accepted by the british public which is deeply shocked at the famine reports one may surmise that many english men who have looked forward to friendly relations with post war india on the basis of independence or dominion status are afraid that what is happen ing in bengal will bring new bitterness into a sit uation already filled with antagonism the official analysis moreover is rejected on the ground that if as the government maintains india is not ripe for self rule during the war then britain cannot disavow responsibility for running the country properly japanese propaganda is busy not the least important aspect of the situation is the use to which it is being put by the japanese short wave radio subhas chandra bose former nationalist leader who went over to the axis several years ago has been broadcasting an offer of 100,000 tons of tice to be delivered to india from japanese occupied territory as soon as britain is ready to accept this shrewd suggestion is said to be having some effect indian propagandists working for tokyo are also predicting that the japanese organized indian in dependence army will shortly go into the field on the india burma frontier when a situation has become as bad as that in bengal there is no simple solution the best that can be done for the starving is to bring in larger supplies of food from neighboring areas and for eign countries as rapidly as possible in a long term sense action is needed against hoarding landlords and profiteering merchants popular participation could be very helpful in this connection for in a country where a decentralized village economy still bulks large the local peasant will be better informed page three than any outside administrator about those who are responsible for raising prices and withholding stocks from the market such popular support however can be mobilized only under nationalist leadership i.e as the result of a settlement between the government and the main indian groups this is one reason why new british indian discussions are necessary if india is to furnish a sound war base and play its full part in the struggle with japan lawrence k rosinger food and farming in post war europe by p lamartine yates and d warriner new york oxford university press 1948 1.25 excellent short survey of europe’s farming conditions and outline of a program for rehabilitating the peasantry among the proposals are water power development on a regional basis abolition of the strip system creation of new industries and long term credits from abroad reflections on the revolution of our time by harold laski new york viking 1943 3.50 prominent english socialist analyzes trends since world war i and concludes that either political democracy must be the master of economic monopoly or economic monopoly will be the master of political democracy he insists that the drift of american experience has been in much the same direction as europe’s requiring the united states to establish a planned democracy the united states navy by carroll storrs alden and allan westcott new york lippincott 1943 5.50 america’s navy in world war ii by gilbert cant new york john day 1943 3.75 the navy reader by lt william harrison fetridge new york bobbs merrill 1943 3.75 three interesting books on the navy the first is a com prehensive history by professors at annapolis the second a correspondent’s account of important battles after pearl harbor and the third an anthology designed to acquaint the reader with all aspects of the u.s navy today statement of the ownership management circulation etc required by the acts of congress of august 24 1912 and march 38 1933 of foreign policy bulletin published weekly at new york n y for october 1 1943 state of new york county of new york ss before me a notary public in and for the state and county aforesaid personally jeune vera micheles dean who having been duly sworn ac cording to law deposes and that she is the editor of the foreign policy bulletin and that the following is to the best of her knowledge and belief a true statement of the ownership management etc of the afore said publication for the date shown in the above caption required by che act of august 24 1912 as amended by the act of march 3 1933 em bodied in section 537 postal laws and regulations printed on the re verse of this form to wit 1 that the names and addresses of the publisher editor managing edi tor and business managers are publishers foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n editor vera micheles dean 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y managing editor none business managers none 2 that the owner is foreign policy association incorporated the principal officers of which are frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary both of 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y and william a eldridge treasurer 70 broadway new york n y 3 that the known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 per cent or more of total amount of bonds mortgages or securities are one 4 that the two paragraphs next above giving the names of the owners stockholders and security holders if any contain not only the list of stock holders and security holders as they yo upon the books of the company but also in cases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting is gree also that the said two gerecraphs contain statements embracing s full kav lode and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under whi stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books company as trustees hold stock and securities in a capacity other than a bona fide owner and this affiant has no reason to believe that any person association or corporation has any interest direct or indirect in said stock bonds or other securities than as so stated by her foreign policy association incorporated by vera micheles dean editor sworn to and subscribed before me this 27th day of september 1943 seal carolyn martin notary public new york county new york county clerk’s no 87 new york county reg no 164 m 5 my commission expires march 30 1945 et ote g foreign policy bulletin vol xxii no 52 ocroper 15 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f luger secretary vera micheces dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least ne month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor ee 181 sssa hat ot vs ace ew ee ber pree ha sn washington news letter nad 4 4 4 a a oct 15 since the united states senate is ex pected to influence the nature of the peace that follows this war the world listens closely to the comments of the five senators who recently com pleted a two month 43,000 mile trip around the globe to allied fighting fronts outside russia they have made statements critical of this country’s allies great britain and russia and of this country’s diplomacy coming almost on the eve of the con ference among the u.s secretary of state the british foreign secretary and the soviet foreign commissar their criticisms raise questions in united nations re lations which will disturb the ministers meeting the senate also is certain to consider their criti cisms when it acts on a foreign policy resolution but time may weaken the effect of the comments travelers carefully chosen the five senators left washington amid doubts of their col leagues that they would accomplish anything use ful senator clark of missouri recalled that the house naval affairs committee visited france in 1917 and learned little about the warfare in europe senator lucas of illinois announced he would not vote to appropriate a dime for the trip majority leader barkley chose the five after discussing the matter with secretary of war stimson general george c marshall army chief of staff and sen ate minority leader mcnary barkley disclosed his list on june 30 henry cabot lodge of massachu setts and albert b chandler of kentucky of the military affairs committee james m mead of new york and ralph o brewster of maine of the tru man committee and as chairman richard b russell of georgia of the appropriations commit tee chandler mead and russell are democrats brewster and lodge republicans chandler how ever sometimes votes against the administration the war department financed the trip and sup plied the plane in which the men traveled the five reached england on july 31 they subsequently vis ited africa india china and the southwest pacific criticize british the travelers made known their findings through press conferences on septem ber 29 and 30 and through executive sessions of the senate on october 7 and 8 aside from purely mili tary observations they had six principal criticisms 1 the british have been stingy in using their middle eastern petroleum resources for the war while the united states has supplied oil to areas close to the middle east fields and refineries 2 the british have american lives by letting the united states use 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943_ out disclosing that the material came from the unit states 3 british news agencies monopolize battle credits for british forces 4 united states p ganda abroad is misleading and ineffective 5 united states diplomacy is inferior to the british 6 the united states suffers from lack of a positive foreign policy lodge said that russia could change the whole character of the war in the pacific and save a million handed on lend lease supplies to third countries berian coastal bases against japan but the other four travelers objected to this remark in sum the five senators exhibited marked ne tionalistic tendencies in their attitude toward forej affairs they advocated that the united states ti steps to retain rights after the war in airfields built by this government around the world during the war and to obtain rights to strategic bases far from our continental shores they reported that the united states was overgenerous in lend lease help 7 plainly believe the united states should play a wo role after the war but they apparently believe it should play the role alone their published com ment nowhere indicates a wish for a close post wat partnership arrangement among the united nations the sense of international aloofness was further expression by chairman connally of the senate foreign relations committee during the october 8 secret session of the senate he defended his committee’s delay in reporting a foreign poli resolution despite the five senators complaint that absence of a policy was harming us vis a vis the british a day later the associated press reported that one result of the five senators reports was strengthen opposition to a foreign policy declati tion in advance of a statement of post war intet tions by britain and russia bla bolles just published what future for italy by c grove haines professor of history and director of area and language studies of the armed service program at syracuse university 25c october 1 issue of foreign poticy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 ry +entefed as 2nd class matter dr william iw bishop de university of hichigan library ann arbor mieh 5 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of ihe foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiii no 1 ocrober 22 1943 time lag in foreign policy hits u.s role in changing world od one of the most significant passages of his ad dress at the twenty fifth anniversary luncheon of the foreign policy association on october 16 former under secretary of state welles declared that only a senile puny or impotent nation would seek to avoid formulating its own foreign policies for the post war period until other powers had expressed their intentions implicit in the speech as a whole and especially in this castigation of american isola tionists was a strong sense of urgency a feeling that the united states cannot play a worthy part in world affairs if it hesitates to commit itself on funda mental international issues at a time when the mili tary struggle in europe is moving toward a climax mr welles remarks were a warning against being caught in the diplomatic blind alleys of the past pro tected largely by policies considered adequate a dec ade or two ago national procrastination that we are not keeping step with the times in our foreign relations has long been evident this is indicated strikingly by the dilatoriness of the united states senate in adopt ing a resolution in support of cooperation with other nations for the establishment of machinery to preserve the future peace of the world such a move could have been made most appropriately a quarter of a century ago after we entered world war i it would still have been useful in the inter war years between 1919 and 1939 or after pearl harbor or even last spring when the issue of a resolution first came up in congressional discussion at the least action should have been taken before secretary of state hull’s arrival in moscow on october 18 for the three power conference each of these opportunities has been lost with the probable result that when something is finally done little enthusiasm will be aroused either in the united states or abroad the dominant note at home is likely to be a sense of relief that after the introduction of the subject congress did not alienate us from the whole world by pigeon holing the proposal or voting it down abroad friends neutrals and enemies alike may be more im pressed by our slowness in acting than by the content of our declaration there now appears to be only one remedy for this situation to revamp the resolu tion in the senate so that it takes on a new aspect by dealing more concretely and boldly with current issues two recent developments in our far eastern policy also indicate how the lateness of an action may de prive it of much of its significance on october 6 president roosevelt sent a message to congress ask ing authority after consultation with president quezon of the philippine commonwealth to ad vance the date and to proclaim the legal inde pendence of the philippines as soon as feasible he also urged congress to make provision for philip pine post war physical and economic rehabilitation and to determine what changes are necessary in exist ing american laws governing economic relations with the islands to promote their economic security after independence less than a week later on octo ber 11 the president asked congress to repeal the chinese exclusion laws and admit chinese immi grants under the quota system this he pointed out would involve the admission of only about 100 im migrants a year but would correct a historic mis take and silence the distorted japanese propaganda actions long overdue both proposals were excellent forward looking moves in far east ern political warfare but one cannot overlook the time at which they were taken the message on the philippines followed by some months japanese an nouncements that an independent government would be established in the islands and occurred only eight days before october 14 when a philippine puppet government was actually set up the juxtapo sition of events suggesting a futile attempt on our ss page two part to get under the japanese deadline makes it clear that while the united states long ago demon strated its intention to grant philippine independ ence we allowed tokyo to steal a march on us in the field of propaganda this political setback for the united states rests of course largely on the fact that japan holds the philippines and we do not we have also delayed seriously in acting on chi nese exclusion the first bill for repeal of our dis criminatory laws was introduced in the house of representatives last february shortly after mme chiang kai shek addressed congress in joint session the time for its passage was while she was still in this country so that congressional action could have been interpreted in china as a measure of american esteem for her as a representative of the chinese peo ple such a step would have raised our prestige in chungking encouraging the liberal groups there and weakening the reactionaries who seek to undermine resistance by dwelling on any shortcomings of amer ican policy repeal even now will have considerable effect in promoting friendship with china but action is too greatly overdue to arouse the same enthusiasm as half a year ago facing the future what steps can be taken in the field of policy so that the united states can be abreast or ahead of events instead of being forced periodically to catch up with the changing world many moves might be suggested but two may be indicative of what is required 1 after repealing the law against the exclusion of chinese will it not be desirable to apply the quota ee system to other peoples of the east the alternative is to wait a decade or two perhaps even less until the people of a new india burma or east indies algo demand admission on terms of equality the effec on the american population would be negligible since all these groups would receive the minimum quota but the winning of the war in asia and the avoidance of future friction would be facilitated 2 far more significant is the point suggested by mr welles and others that the united states must be prepared to conclude agreements constituting an alliance with its present major partners britain the soviet union and china it is certainly a measure of the backwardness of our policies that after all the experiences of recent years it is still not politically expedient in terms of congressional sentiment to introduce an american british american soviet or american chinese treaty for senate approval the difficulties do not lie in the legislative branch alone but the chief bottleneck is undoubtedly to be found there one can understand the hesitancy of the ad ministration to add to its political difficulties by urg ing action in advance of indications that congress is likely to approve yet mr welles was not mistaken when he declared that the people of the country look to the president for leadership in the formulation of a foreign policy that will make known what we be lieve should be the foundations upon which the world of the future should be constructed and what we are prepared to contribute to that end so that this country of ours shall not again be plunged into war lawrence k rosinger facts do not support impression created by itinerant senators the storm which has buffeted anglo american re lations since the return of the five world girdling senators appears to have blown over but not with out leaving some wreckage in its wake few observ ers believe that the military and political ties which have developed between the united states and britain during the war will be seriously jeopardized it is probably true none the less that a false impres sion of anglo american collaboration has been given the american people as a result of the charges and complaints reportedly made by the senators during the secret sessions of the senate on october 7 and for able analyses and objective and constructive discussions of post war problems read these foreign policy reports what future for italy what future for germany what future for japan 25c each foreign poticy reports are issued on the lst and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3.00 8 according to a dispatch in the new york times of october 14 the senator’s reports have aroused anew the skepticism of the midwest toward both britain and russia and will probably impede the hitherto successful drive to gain support in that region for post war unity among the allies it may be useful therefore to establish as far as possible the facts relating to the chief points raised in the senate oil lend lease and war news the charge that the british have been saving their petrol eum resources in the middle east when they might have contributed a larger share to the allied wat effort is hardly borne out by the available evidence until the mediterranean was opened by the conquest of sicily arid the surrender of the italian fleet it was impossible to get oil from the middle east to britaif without sending tankers on the long voyage around the cape of good hope as a result britain received its oil almost entirely from british fields in trinidad and venezuela and from the united states but an even more important factor in the situation is that by far the largest part of the high octane gasoline ysed b type w come refiner plays é ait for ately h um res in c handec out in origin states quanti sence o that e found progra lease g produc certais to the over tl basis in 1 agenci speak it can cumbe own pp dency would guilt states counts latin states cause succes involy tures the m unite will struct some lease ered bu poreic headqu cond c mor native until ies also e effect sli gible inimum and the ated sted by es must ting an ain the sure of all the litically 1ent to viet or al the 1 alone e found the ad by urg iztess is nistaken try look ation of t we be lich the nd what so that ged into inger tors k times aroused ird both ede the in that it may possible d in the vs the ir petrol ey might lied wat evidence conquest et it was o britain e around received trinidad but afl n is that gasoline ysed by the allies and probably all of the newest with an octane rating well above 100 has to cme from the united states the only country with sefineries to produce it since this american product plays a major part in the effectiveness of all allied ait forces it is understandable why a disproportion ately heavy drain has had to be placed on the petrole um resources of this country in considering the criticism that the british have handed on lend lease supplies to third countries with out indicating that the goods were of american origin it should be remembered that the united states has received credit in north africa for large tities of material sent from britain in the ab sence of specific evidence it is probably safe to assume that british authorities have on certain occasions found it strategically desirable to fill their lend lease program to russia for example with american lend lease goods while retaining for their own use british products originally intended for shipment abroad certainly there is no reason to believe that exceptions to the normal lend lease procedure are conducted over the long run on anything but a guid pro quo basis in the case of the complaint that british news agencies specifically identify british victories but speak of american successes as allied achievements itcan only be assumed that their personnel has suc qmbed to the human tendency to highlight one’s own prowess but there is evidence of the same ten dency in the news agencies of this country and it would probably be difficult to assess the balance of guilt as between the two english speaking allies war built bases a matter more important than any of the foregoing however is the question of bases particularly airfields built by the united states in many parts of the world and to which this country has no post war rights except possibly in latin america it is clear of course that the united states requested permission to build these bases be cause the high command believed them necessary for successful prosecution of the war and that the cost involved is not essentially different from expendi tures on tanks and airplanes it is true that since only the movable equipment will be the property of the united states at the close of the war our allies will have been enriched by american war con struction in this sense the bases are comparable with some of the capital equipment shipped under lend lease and the problem will undoubtedly be consid ted in any lend lease settlement but no one can expect that sovereignty over these pagethree bases will be given up or that we will receive com mercial or military rights except under certain con ditions as to commercial rights it is safe to say that roughly 85 per cent of the bases will be of no im portance and that with respect to the rest we will receive rights only in return for similar rights in bases on american territory on the other hand we can expect military rights only if we continue the present military collaboration albeit of a different character in peacetime with our present allies failing an alliance or military understanding with the sovereign power concerned the bases would be of no use to the united states in any case unless this coun try intends to take them by force or threat of force british reaction the impression in the united states perceptibly augmented by the sena tors reports that british civilian and military offi cials work as a smooth running machine and know just what they want from the future has already aroused some amazement if not amusement in britain in fact there are the same disagreements and frictions in britain between the services and between government departments as in the united states the chief difference is that as a result of the consti tutional system and a more restrained press the squabbles do not reach the public it could be ex pected of course that with over a hundred years experience in conducting the affairs of a world wide empire and commercial system the british should have well informed officials in well chosen spots throughout the world the british press indicates that there has been a good deal of resentment about the whole affair in britain and that the storm has caused some concern about the future of anglo american relations but the feeling in responsible quarters is that the united states is in process of hammering out a new foreign policy and that it is better that grievances even if imaginary should be aired now while the need for collaboration is compelling than that they should be nursed until victory is won and the need for unity is no longer so obvious fyjowarn p whidden jr passport to treason by alan hynd new york mcbride 1943 3.00 exciting if a bit over dramatized story of spies in the united states and the work of the fbi the origins and background of the second world war by c grove haines and ross j s hoffman new york ox ford university press 1943 4.25 careful attempt to explain the war in relation to the main currents of modern history rather than in terms of mere political events and diplomacy foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 1 ocrossr 22 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lagr secretary vara micuetes dean béitor entered as t0nd class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least month for change of address on membership publications ss f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter oct 18 the most startling development in american public opinion is the appearance of a new trend toward nationalism those who support the new nationalism are opposed to the mildest proposals for international political cooperation by the united states suspect the motives and actions of other na tions and want the united states to play an influen tial role in world affairs an opportunity to test the strength of this faction will come in the course of the senate debate on the foreign policy resolution which senator connally introduced on october 14 following its approval by a seven to one vote in a subcommittee of the senate foreign rela tions committee the resolution now before the full committee proposes that the united states acting through its constitutional processes join with free and sovereign nations in the establishment and maintenance of international authority with power to prevent aggression and to preserve the peace of the world midwest interest in nationalism on october 13 mr catledge reported in the new york times that the statements of the five world traveling senators had inspired an upsurge of na tionalism in the middle west this sentiment repre sents a trend away from isolationism not toward international collaboration but toward a policy of looking out for american interests this trend was expressed in congress on october 15 when the senate appropriations committee ordered an in quiry to be made by itself and the truman com mittee into united states expenditures abroad and in behalf of foreign countries this decision was brought about by the five senators report that lend lease funds were being misspent in some instances senator hugh r butler republican of nebraska voiced the extreme nationalist view when he told the committee that lend lease is the most colossal dole of all time while nationalist sentiment is gaining some ground so is sentiment favoring international col laboration mr catledge reported that the nation alistic views he found in omaha were still out weighed by advocacy of international collaboration the national opinion research center in denver stated on october 16 that five out of every ten amer icans think there is a good chance that a world union will prevent future wars nebraska will have a for mal opportunity to express itself on the issues of nationalism and internationalism in the republican presidential preferential primary next april for on in missouri where the republican organization had october 7 the name of lt commander harold stas sen former governor of minnesota was entered ip that contest before joining the navy stassen urged the establishment of a strong world organization and american participation in a system of international force to keep the peace willkie’s challenge wendell willkie republican presidential candidate in 1940 demon strated that in missouri it pays to favor international collaboration on october 15 he said in st louis i should like to see this country exercise its utmost qualities of leadership and moral force to bring great britain russia and china and the united states toa point of understanding where they will make a joint declaration of intention as a preliminary to formin a council of the united nations and other friendly nations and eventually of all nations the new york herald tribune reported from st louis on october 17 that a check of republican leaders bore out the contention of mr willkie and his friends that his address and ineetings had strengthened his hand been opposing him advocates of international collaboration were ac tive in the senate as well as out of it a day after senator connally chairman of the foreign relations committee introduced his foreign policy resolution eleven other senators republicans and democrats announced they would seek adoption on the senate floor of a strong amendment calling for this coun try’s participation in an organization to promote cooperation among nations with authority to settle international disputes peacefully and with power including military force the washington post te ported that these words reflect connally’s wishes better than the resolution approved by the subcom mittee which overrode him when he proposed that the resolution include the words an international agency instead of the vague international author ity and that it call for the use of economic mili tary and naval sanctions to keep the peace the lines are drawn for a sharp and penetrating senate debate the resolution even in its present mild form is a challenge to the nationalists because it approves of some sort of cooperation it is possible however that nationalist sentiment will have some influence on the resolution the senate finally passes testimony unfriendly to our allies which it is pected will be presented to senatorial investigators of the lend lease program undoubtedly will strengt en the nationalist arguments blair bollgss 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 19 +a pee rba rr epp beas b28 sco 2 d p a nal 101 ing sent use ble ome beas entered as 2nd class matter ichigan novi 1948 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiii no 2 ocrtobeer 29 1943 british post war outlook clouded by fear of unemployment britain as in this country there is general opti mism regarding the military situation in europe this feeling is tempered it is true by disappointment with the slow progress of the allied armies in italy and by frustration at the absence of the second front but russian victories in the great bend of the dnieper outweigh all other considerations in the military field to a much greater extent than in the united states however optimism in britain is combined with wide spread apprehension about the post war period fear of post war unemployment ai though apprehension about international reconstruc tion exists and serious concern is felt at the failure of allied statesmen to formulate a declaration as stir ting as president wilson's fourteen points fear goes much deeper with respect to domestic problems no one expects the spiritual revival predicted at the time of the blitz to materialize and hopes that the ser vice rather than the profit motive would provide a just economic system have disappeared many whose views of the future are inevitably based on memories of the past cannot forget the un employment and poverty of the inter war years prime minister churchill’s four year plan has not con vinced the people that the government is prepared to take the action necessary to avoid repetition of pre war conditions notwithstanding the beveridge plan for social security and various schemes for land re form educational reform and reconstruction of bombed areas many feel that the government has no general program that will provide full employment and a rising standard of living for the average man although the british government has gone further than the american government in mapping out post war reforms there is greater dissatisfaction in britain than in the united states with what has been done possibly as mr gallup points out the demand for teform in democratic countries moves in cycles and the british are in a mood for reform while the ameri cans are not but a more likely explanation might be found in these three factors 1 there has been in britain no war boom comparable with that in the united states to make the people forget pre war con ditions 2 the british nation now in its fifth year of war is suffering physical fatigue which tends to in duce pessimism 3 whereas the majority of ameri cans expect post war prosperity within the framework of private enterprise reform to a large body of the british public would mean more not less govern ment control of business than in the pre war years this belief in government control is undoubtedly heightened by admiration of the military power and moral unity of the russians during the war just as the victory of american democracy over the slave sys tem strengthened democratic forces in britain before the reform bill of 1867 more government control expect ed belief in greater government participation in economic affairs is not limited to workers and intel lectuals or to the labor party it is held by many businessmen and conservative party members in deed despite individual differences between groups such as miners farmers and businessmen perhaps as great as those between similar groups in the united states there is a wide measure of agreement that the government must exercise general supervision over large areas of economic activity including regu lation of industry use of the land and distribution of commodities this does not mean that workers or businessmen contemplate any such concentration of power as that in the soviet system or that either group is prepared to give up political liberties in moving in the direction of greater state control of economic life what it does mean is that representa tives of both capital and labor are prepared to see economic questions settled to a larger extent within the administrative process and to a lesser extent by pressure groups in parliament what causes apprehension in britain is that so lit tle has been done to make the post war pattern clear there is disappointment that more specific promises have not been made with respect to the beveridge plan and that no ministry of social security has been established to put the scheme into effect the welsh miners and the clydeside workers would like to know how the government plans to maintain full employ ment in the mines and the shipyards after the war and are skeptical of the labor party as well as the conservatives some circles of the intellectual left fear that labor members of the churchill government have already sold out to the conservatives as they feel ramsay macdonald did in 1931 and that the only possible result is a corporate state in which trade unions will share the spoils with big business corporate state unlikely this fear hardly seems justified and there is good reason to believe that when the war is ended such men as herbert morrison and ernest bevin will lead the labor party into active opposition in do doing their program would differ from the conservative more in degree than in kind a labor government would be more likely to give full effect to the proposals of the beveridge plan to nationalize an industry like min ing and to abandon financial orthodoxy but in es pagetwo i tablishing greater peacetime controls over economic activity labor would be limited by opposition to excessive interference in the daily lives of the british people and by the need to maintain britain's ego nomic position in the world internal reforms which might weaken that position would not attract a labor any more than a conservative government on the other hand the conservative party may be expected to keep in step with public opinion al though following rather than leading it a conserya tive government would not hesitate to maintain con trols to strengthen the domestic economy or to pro mote british foreign trade but the corporate state however attractive to a few reactionary elements js no more in the conservative than in the labor tradj tion and certainly not in line with the political and social development of modern britain as a result of the war and the lessons learned regarding the advantages and disadvantages of rationing price con trol and general supervision of economic activity as well as the present temper of the british people it can be expected that britain will enter the post war period with more government control of economic life than the united states howard p whidden jr common allied policy needed to avert civil strife in greece at the three power moscow conference which opened on october 19 the political complexion of the post war governments that will emerge in europe's liberated nations is undoubtedly an important issue as observers of the enemy occupied countries have frequently pointed out any attempts to restore dis credited institutions and leaders may be expected to encounter strong resistance and add months of civil strife to the war against nazism during recent weeks specific warnings along this line have been sounded in the case of yugoslavia and similar ad monitions are now being made in connection with greece as a result of a new york times dispatch from cairo on october 17 which reported a clash between two greek guerrilla organizations in the cen tral portion of the country on october 9 danger of civil war the present situation in greece is far from clear for american friends of the greek guerrillas discredit the report of civil war as propaganda fabricated by the greek king in cairo to picture a badly rent nation in need of his efforts to restore unity they insist that the king’s only hope of returning to greece after the nazis are forced out lies in dividing the strong opposition to him at home and they also intimate that he relies on anglo ameri can support for carrying out his unpopular policy in defense of the contention that the guerrillas are united these sources point to an official annnounce ment from london on october 15 that greek patriots fought a heavy engagement with the nazis in the location where civil war is reported to have broken out a week earlier moreover they declare that the guerrilla organizations have frequently demonstrated their unity most notably on august 10 when they sent a joint delegation to cairo to confer with allied military authorities and to express their opposition to the return of the king until a plebiscite is held to determine whether post war greece should be a monarchy or a republic confirmation of either ver sion of events in greece is lacking because of heavy censorship in the eastern mediterranean area all observers agree however that whether or not civil war is now raging there are in greece the germs of post war struggle which might endanger the re construction of the nation and seriously impair rela tions between the u.s.s.r britain and the united states among the movements which might be ex pected to oppose the restoration of any vestige of the pre war dictatorship established by the king and premier metaxas in 1936 is the popular liberation front the largest and most powerful of the guerrilla groups its political views are known to be definitely leftist and its membership includes many greek communists two other important guerrilla organiz tions the greek national democratic army and the national and social liberation group are liberal rather than radical in their outlook but nevertheless unalterably oppose reestablishment of the pre waf a régime porter near rather ru groun the ui policie interes securit 4 régil krem ernme indica eratio ments soviet its str frenc be cor restor unde relatic post v br russi in gr on th fon dis for u st oo ff tion rilla itely reek niza the eral eless wat régime on the other hand the king and his sup porters in cairo and in the royal greek army of the near east want popular elections to be held after rather than before their return to greece russia and security against this back ground of potential discord the u.s.s.r britain and the united states are called upon to formulate their licies toward a liberated greece moscow's chief interest in this balkan nation as in its neighbors is security and the soviet government therefore wants arégime in athens friendly to the u.s.s.r that the kremlin will not tolerate the establishment of a gov emment or bloc hostile to the soviets has already been indicated by russian opposition to the plans for fed eation proposed by the yugoslav and greek govern ments in exile in january 1942 at the same time foviet attempts to secure a friendly post war greece ae being aided by the increasing popularity and prestige of the red army another step in the direction of closer soviet greek relations was taken this summer when mos cow changed its official attitude toward the orthodox church although most greeks treat their priests in acasual manner which would surprise many ameti ans religion plays an important part in the daily lives of the greeks who may therefore place great emphasis on removal of the religious barrier between themselves and the u.s.s.r finally the kremlin by its strong support of the yugoslav partisans and the french national committee has indicated that it can be counted upon to encourage groups which oppose restoration of the old order within their countries under these conditions russia’s prospects for good lations with the majority of the greek people in the post war period are undoubtedly bright britain and the mediterranean like russia britain feels that a friendly post war régime in greece is essential to its welfare this belief rests om the conviction that despite the advent of cargo for able analyses and objective and constructive discussions of post war problems read these foreign policy reports what future for italy what future for germany what future for japan 25c each foreign policy reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3.00 page three planes the suez canal and ports along the eastern mediterranean will be extremely important for a long time to come in setting out to assure the existence of a greek government that would help safeguard brit ish access to these points the foreign office begins with several factors in its favor among these is the huge reservoir of good will built early in the nine teenth century when britain helped the greeks secure their independence during the battle for greece in 1941 there were countless examples of friendship be tween the greek people and the british armed forces and this close cooperation has since been maintained by british liaison officers and the greek guerrillas although similar ties between the united states and greece have been few american prestige is nonethe less very high and of political consequence the popular support which britain and the united states now enjoy in greece however may be im paired by the attitude adopted by london and wash ington although greece must be liberated before it can be discovered what institutions the people want a wait and see policy must be accompanied by as surances that greece will not be saddled with a gov ernment maintained by force lacking such assur ances there is not only danger of civil strife in greece but also the possibility that exclusively pro soviet sympathies will be created among the greek people these eventualities can be avoided only if the u.s.s.r britain and the united states agree that greece must have a truly representative post war gov cortes winirrep n hadsel f.p.a 25 year history as a member of the foreign policy association you will receive this week a copy of twenty five years of the foreign policy association this brief history shows the accomplishment of the f.p.a over the last quarter of a century a record you helped to make we are most eager to have as members of the associ ation all persons who like yourself are interested in world problems we hope you will pass your copy of the history along to interest a new member in the association japan a geographical view by guy harold smith and dorothy good with the collaboration of shannon mccune new york american geographical society 1943 1.50 a highly valuable factual account designed to bring together a mass of information about japan throws light on the connection between japanese aggression and the country’s geography resources population and economic life poreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 2 ocroser 29 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president 3 dorotuy f lagr secretary vera micue_es dean editor entered as ttond class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least te month for change of address on membership publications ss f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter oct 25 the united states has no reason to hope that general pedro ramirez government in argen tina will sever relations with the axis powers and thereby close the last formal avenue for the entrance of nazi influence into the western hemisphere the resignation from the cabinet on october 13 of the three strongest advocates of a diplomatic break per mitted government control to fall into the hands of extreme nationalists who support authoritarianism in domestic affairs and under the cover of a foreign policy of friendship for all advocate maintenance of relations with the axis explosive possibilities during the past two weeks however the reorganized cabinet has pursued such a dictatorial policy that the democratic spirit of resistance among the people highlighted by a professors manifesto of october 15 has been greatly strengthened the elements of an explosive conflict which are present today in argentina’s inter nal political situation may ultimately force the down fall of the ramirez government the pilots of the extremist cabinet are alberto gilbert minister of foreign affairs general luis c perlinger minister of the interior and gustavo martinez zuviria minister of justice and public edu cation perlinger and zuviria an anti semitic nation alist who writes under the name of hugo wast are new appointees while gilbert was minister of the interior urtil recently the cabinet officers who re signed are jorge santamarina minister of finance brigadier general elbio anaya minister of justice and public education and vice admiral ismael gal indez minister of public works as john w white reported to the new york herald tribune from san tiago chile on october 23 the government reorgani zation is a signal victory for the pro nazi army officers in argentina while the ramirez régime headed toward one ex treme public opinion in argentina moved rapidly in the other direction the manifesto published on october 15 and signed by 153 persons called on the government to return to constitutional democracy and to fulfill its obligations in the hemisphere solidarity program ramirez on october 16 ordered the dis missal of government employes whose names were among the signers these government employes included several score faculty members of the state controlled universities at buenos aires cér doba la plata and tucuman the manifesto and the ramirez order created a crisis in argentina rector alfredo palacios at plata university refused to dismiss signers of the manifesto who were members of his faculty ang minister of public education zuviria closed the insti tution so many professors were dismissed from buenos aires university that it was unable to func tion adequately students boycotted its classes and the classes of the other two universities and on octobe 23 zuviria outlawed the students organization fej eracién universitaria argentina warning that the severest measures will be adopted in case of dis order at the universities two anti semitic moves the disturbance has inspired the workers and the united press cor respondent in montevideo received reliable reports that a general labor strike threatened as a protes against the attitude of the ramirez government the government has displayed its authoritarian tendencies by attacking religious freedom as well as freedom of thought on october 23 the interventor in entre rios province suppressed jewish and masonic welfare ané mutual aid societies by withdrawing their corporate charters this measure is particularly interesting be cause the interventor of entre rios is col ernesto ramirez the president’s brother earlier in octobe the ramirez government ordered that yiddish lan guage newspapers print editorials in spanish as well as yiddish lack of facilities for printing in spanish forced the temporary suspension of the yiddish papers and on october 15 brought this rebuke t argentina from president roosevelt i cannot forbear to give expression to my owl feeling of apprehension at the taking in this hemis phere of action obviously anti semitic in nature and of a character so closely identified with the most re pugnant features of nazi doctrine a number of american republics have pressed ar gentina to abandon its strict neutrality but to n0 avail the foreign offices of colombia costa rica and guatemala cabled buenos aires on columbui day suggesting that general ramirez government break with the axis the chilean biological society and a group of thirty six medical professors in chil sent communications to two of the manifesto signet severely condemning the policy of the government that dismissed them the state department announcel on october 23 that seventy nine firms in argentifi had been added to the black list the catalog of bust ness houses and individuals suspected of trading wit enemies of the united states blair bolles 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 191 vol pai no i will tory j whict cuss woul powe mold even on al conse woul today frien confl arise tion tual as tk clear the d in ri mate three defe of ar russ com these prob indi chin +sturbance press cor e reports a protest ent the endencies eedom of antre rios lfare and corporat esting be p l ernesto 1 october idish lan sh as well n spanish yiddish rebuke to my own his hemis ature and 2 most fe ressed ar but to no osta rica columbui vernment al society in chile sto signet yvernment announced argentina 2 of bust ding wilt bolles 1943 pgriguvical kos oi hnebral librar 1943 ohiy of mick entered as 2nd class matter 943 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiii no 3 november 5 1943 pattern of cooperation emerges from moscow conference nov 1 as the bulletin goes to press news of the agreements signed in moscow has just been received may be the agreement on details reached at the moscow conference the meeting will prove to have been a milestone in modern his tory if it results in the creation of machinery through which britain russia and the united states can dis ass and settle future divergences between them it would be fantastic to expect that the three great wers whose institutions and policies have been molded by widely different traditions could reach even under the pressure of war a blanket consensus on all the critical issues of our times were such a gnsensus announced in fact its very impossibility would arouse justifiable skepticism what we need today is not a valueless proclamation of eternal ftiendship but two tangible hedges against future conflict the will to adjust such divergences as may arise and the machinery through which prompt ac tion can be taken to avert crises common interests the will to make mu tual adjustments is being increasingly strengthened as the three great powers realize more and more dearly that only through their concerted efforts can the defeat of the german army shaken by setbacks in russia but by no means yet crushed be consum mated in the shortest possible time and just as the thee great powers have a common interest in the defeat of germany so they have a common interest in the reconstruction of europe which in the absence of an accord between britain the united states and russia might fall prey to civil conflict that would fmplete the havoc wrought by war compared to these issues of war and post war strategy specific problems of boundaries important as they seem to individual countries or groups are slight indeed not only is there a will to cooperate but the ma thinery for cooperation is already in the making the mediterranean commission first proposed by russia offers a pattern for handling regional prob lems by small committees of experts representing specially interested nations and may prove of value in other areas of liberated europe provided region al arrangements are always fitted into the larger framework of continental and world organization russia was represented at the food conference held in hot springs last may and will be represented at the council meeting of the united nations relief and rehabilitation administration which is to open in atlantic city on november 10 these two con ferences suggest another pattern of cooperation this time of international gatherings dealing with specific issues such as food and relief which are of concern to all countries large and small and directly affect the lives of all people no rigid formula these developments in international machinery so gradual as to have been almost imperceptible demonstrate better than vol umes of written arguments that cooperation between nations need not be rigidly confined to any one single form of organization a variety of flexible mechan isms may be better adapted to the adjustment of the multiplicity of complex problems released with ex plosive force by two world wars in the lifetime of one generation this is what president roosevelt apparently had in mind when he said at his press conference on october 30 that he is in favor of a senate statement on foreign policy couched in the most general terms since it is impossible at this time to draw up a detailed blueprint for the future at the same time it is obvious that unless piece meal arrangements between various groups of na tions on a wide range of matters are guided by a common objective and inspired by a common hope they may prove in the long run so many jagged pieces of a puzzle that will never be fitted together into a coherent picture the common objective is now more and more clearly an international organ i i ij it j it x eal eg sa ake inate ss a po rr ae pk bee m a 2 h 6 pagetwo ization which would have not only military power to sweep aside the dead leaves of europe's man assun at its disposal to check future attempts at aggression winters of discontent and thus clear the ground fq ame but also sufficient moral and economic influence to a fresh flowering of the continent or they may le ful te correct maladjustments and frictions that lead to war nature take its course with the risk that the new tenan the common hope welling up from the hearts of seeds will not be strong enough to break unaided carrie peoples everywhere is that the end of the war will through the sod recent developments in italy which that not be marked by widespread reaction as was the indicate that the allies are using their influence jj mom case after the napoleonic wars when the concert of forward the aims of the liberal forces that are emerg.f rope europe used the power at its disposal to throttle ing into full daylight with the recession of fascism once nascent revolutions but by efforts to carry forward hold promise for the future of other european coup nul and enlarge the freedoms achieved by a few for tries the present ferment in europe could result jg a tunately situated countries during the past century a clash between britain and the united states on the ia sh true internal reforms in the libérated countries can one hand and russia on the other such a clash hoy geld not be effected against the will of their peoples de ever can be averted if the three great powers agree oalit sirable as they may seem the important thing is among themselves that while they will not seek ty jhe that such reforms as these peoples may want to effect oust the governments in exile until public opinion in hin should not be blocked by the victors through fear of the conquered countries has had an opportunity ty 5 9 change or dissension among them express itself neither will they use their influence in centr example of italy to take up again the favor of restoring unwanted governments on such over symbol of ignazio silone we are now at a point agreement about future policy hinges the pacification py where the seeds of new aspirations are germinating of europe following the defeat of germany born beneath the crust of nazi rule the allies can help vera micheles dean being grant of siberian bases might mean their loss to japan logic considerable interest was aroused last month when united nations president roosevelt’s remarks at a senator henry cabot lodge jr of massachusetts press conference on october 22 have presumably ow was said to have told a secret session of the senate on contributed to this understanding of the situation jj october 7 that one million american casualties could enabling the public to see the issues still more clearly a be averted if siberian bases were available in the war the president pointed out that if siberian base a against japan the general impression at the time were made available we would have to send troops he was that if this was an accurate report of the sena men and planes to take advantage of them but if 0 tor’s remarks he must have had in mind the im the japanese then launched an invasion of siberia in we c mediate use of bases by the united states which an effort to forestall us the u.s.s.r although re unio would almost certainly precipitate war between the sisting might find itself unready for war in that nizec u.s.s.r and japan an eventuality moscow has theatre the russians he remarked might say to w west sought to avert on october 27 however he stated that they have more important things to do that they to ex publicly that in addressing the closed meeting he had have knocked the germans down a couple of times but also expressed the opinion that the united states and if they do it three or four times more maj man should not seek such bases until after the defeat of knock the germans out for good implicit in thes unit germany statements was the suggestion that it is not desirable it be aahial to ask the soviet union to turn away from the front the aa uris sen cadets ey poche baer ate on which it is dealing such effective blows to the best forced by current soviet victories that any diversion pooevry enemy and thet if siberian beses a th of russian energies from the german front to the sees of eaebait crest woled be grave cong their being lost to japanese troops tok far ea vv ok ar east would not serve the best interests of the bargaining over s the poe sibility of soviet aid in the far east is frequently chur what the chinese think discussed not in terms of siberian bases but rather of of p about post war reconstruction an exchange of military pledges for the future be in internal economic development by dr ching chao wu tween the soviet union on the one hand and britaia tary china in world economy by dr choh ming li and the united states on the other the question i poa wer foreign policy by prof yuen chen asked should we not bargain with the russians jes 25 agreeing to meet their demands for an early invasi0l jogp i il ie of western europe if they will also agree either nov headg second reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month or at a convenient moment to go to war with japan one m subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 superficially this may appear to be a proper subjet for bargaining but it is important to recognize tht s und fo may le the ney unaided y which uence to e emerg fascism an coun result in s on the sh how ts agree seek to inion in funity to uence in on such cification dean ln irks ata sume 1ation by e clearly ian bases d troops 1 but if siberia in ough te r in that say to us that they of time ore may t in these desirable the front vs to the uses welt danger of the pos frequently rather of future be nd britain juestion 6 russians y invasion sither now h japan yer subjed ognize tht assumption behind the question that an anglo american invasion of western europe will be help ful to the russians but is not essential to the main tenance of our own vital interests if the logic were cattied a step further one would have to conclude that the defeat of germany at the earliest possible moment assuming that an invasion of western eu rope is necessary to achieve this end is not of direct concern to us and that the only area in which we are genuinely interested is the far east not only is such a conclusion untenable but analy sis shows that in the military economic and political field germany is the decisive member of the axis coalition not until the war in europe is over will the british and ourselves in conjunction with the chinese be able to come fully to grips with japan for only then will it be possible to achieve the con centration of naval air and land power necessary to overcome the special geographical problems of the far eastern and pacific theatres consequently our european and asiatic military obligations far from being in conflict with each other have a clear cut logical relationship in which the defeat of germany provides the foundation for victory in the pacific in this sense the blows struck in the ukraine are also blows at japan and if the russians are asked what contribution they are making to the war in asia they can properly point to their major contribution toward the smashing of the nazi war machine other aid possible this does not mean that we cannot expect any additional aid from the soviet union in the far east although it must be recog nized that after the destruction of vast facilities in its western territory the u.s.s.r may not be inclined to expose its siberian areas to the devastation of war but even short of armed conflict the russians may do many things to simplify the task of britain the united states and china in defeating japan nor can it be forgotten that although not fighting in asia the russians are holding down in manchuria the best troops of the japanese army almost as numer ous as the japanese forces now engaged in china this situation will become far more serious for tokyo at a later date when hard pressed from many directions it feels the need of reducing these man churian garrisons but finds itself hampered by fear of possible soviet moves in the last analysis however our far eastern mili tary relations with the soviet union depend on the this question has been discussed in earlier bulletin articles see for example japan is not stronger than germany january 22 1943 page three speed with which we help to bring the european war to a conclusion for the longer the conflict lasts in the west the less aid will it be possible to hope for from the russians in the east their future course in the pacific conflict cannot be settled by an ulti matum over siberian bases or by an either or coupling of an invasion of western europe and a soviet japanese war on the other hand there is no doubt that the soviet union has just as much inter est as britain and the united states in the destruction of japanese militarism and the establishment of last ing peace in the far east but the manner in which it seeks to realize these objectives will be intimately related to its own strength after germany's defeat and the degree of political and military cooperation previously developed in the west lawrence k rosinger mr welles speech at f.p.a forum because of the many requests for copies of the speech made by the honorable sumner welles at the f.p.a anniversary forum on october 16th the speech has been printed for wide distribution ten cents a copy or quantity rates on request please send your order to the f.p.a office 22 east 38th street japan fights for asia by john goette new york har court brace 1943 2.50 a journalist’s account of the war in the far east with special emphasis on japan’s activities in occupied china adds little to what we already know but will prove an interesting survey for the general reader the far east and the united states by knight bigger staff ithaca n y cornell university press 1943 40 cents a bulletin for high school teachers who wish to include more material on relations with the far east in american history courses summarizes in simple form the main as pects of our historical interest in the far east american policy in that area the war with japan and problems of post war reorganization in eastern asia concludes with a series of study and discussion questions and recommended activities for pupils the toughest fighting in the world by george h john ston new york duell sloan and pearce 1943 3.00 an excellent description of the war in new guinea by an australian correspondent covers the period of a year fol lowing the outbreak of fighting in january 1942 mayling soong chiang by helen hull new york coward mccann 19438 75 cents a brief appreciation of madame chiang kai shek by one who knew her in her student days the story of weapons and tactics by tom wintringham boston houghton mifflin 1943 2.25 a penetrating popular account of changes in warfare from troy to stalingrad foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 3 november 5 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lugt secretary vera micheles dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year one month for change of address on membership publications please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ss produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor i i t i 4 washington news y etter nov 1 the war on italian soil has been going forward long enough to provide the world with some understanding of the nature of allied admin istration of liberated european territory in two re spects italy will be a pattern for other freed areas the military authorities will continue to make the interim political decisions about the areas and the amg will govern in the combat zones of yugoslavia or france or greece or belgium just as it is govern ing in the combat zone of italy where it is respon sible to general dwight d eisenhower commander in chief in washington's opinion the amg which administers all of liberated italy except sardinia and three apulian provinces brindisi bari and taranto has performed the job well officers in a number far beyond the needs of italy are being trained at many institutions in the united states for military govern ment modifications planned however it is expected that allied civil authorities will provide the military in the future with explicit guides toward political decisions the military political committee which began life as the mediterranean commission is destined to be the guiding instrument after the moscow conference doubt about the existence of any united nations foreign policy for the mediter ranean has been expressed in this country and in great britain the moscow conference gave the representatives of the united states britain and the soviet union their first opportunity to discuss along with the many other matters on the agenda the prob lem of long range policy in the mediterranean confusions arising from the division of italian territory between amg and prime minister badoglio have disturbed allied leaders intimately concerned with italy badoglio and his cabinet govern in the three apulian provinces where king victor em manuel is monarch and the amg has no authority over them badoglio’s government has denounced fascism but failed to repeal fascist laws in the three provinces police subject to badoglio’s orders ar rested the editors of a liberal newspaper by invok ing regulations issued during the mussolini régime count carlo sforza former italian foreign minister who returned to italy after long exile in the united states has demanded the punishment of fascists still in office his statement was published by the official government newspaper la gazetta del mezzogiorno badoglio promises resignation the 1918 twenty fifth anniversary allied armistice commission supervises the badoglio government to insure compliance with the armistice signed by italy on september 29 the full terms of which are being kept secret the commission has no authority to force the badoglio government to release men jailed for violating fascist laws but by cajolery it gained release for the editors after ten days on oc tober 29 the bari radio subject to badoglio’s direc tion broadcast that freedom of the press had beep restored to the liberated areas as one of the essential liberties of civilized people on october 20 one week after italy declared war on germany as a co belligerent badoglio promised in an interview that he would select representatives of the various italian parties for membership in a truly constitutional government when his capital was transferred to rome and that he would surrender his office as soon as a constitutional government was created badoglio and king victor emmanuel can not establish themselves in rome until the united states and british armies drive the germans from the tiber’s banks and the amg has completed its period of military administration by that time how ever many important changes may have taken place this was suggested on october 31 by count sforza’s demand for the abdication of the king and the statement of the well known italian historian signor benedetto croce favoring the establishment of a regency under the prince of naples united states policy in italy has become an issue in american domestic politics in a speech at pater son new jersey on october 30 wendell willkie who is generally accepted as a candidate for the 1944 republican presidential nomination accused the ad ministration of appeasing the forces of reaction and fascism all over the earth among those forces he included victor emmanuel french opposition to the status of co belligerenc for the badoglio government which for a while dis turbed united nations relations subsided when gen eral eisenhower's representatives pointed out that the arrangement will speed the progress of allied armies toward the liberation of france the peculiat problems raised by badoglio and king victor em manuel heads of a nation recently at war against the united nations are not expected to rise in other regions unless the allies should make the unexpected move of dealing with marshal pétain in france blair bolles of the f.p.a 1943 accom russi drawn pectat post v suppo of the quarte issues arise alt ferenc the f may loba on th gani +ce var ves la vas der va ane ted om w ce ra the not f a sue ter kie 944 and he nc dis reni hat lied liat em inst thet cted e fprrigdical roos neral li6 tintyv of migi nov 15 1943 entered as 2nd class matter 7 v foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiii no 4 november 12 1943 dae less than a week after publication of the moscow accord on november 1 the sen ite’s adoption of the revised connally resolution by avote of 85 to 5 and stalin’s jubilant speech on the eve of the twenty sixth anniversary of the bolshevik revolution have already carried forward the work accomplished by the foreign ministers of britain russia and the united states the five documents drawn up in moscow justify the most sanguine ex pectations by mapping the general outlines of the post war settlement the three powers have agreed to support and by establishing machinery in the form of the european advisory commission with head quarters in london for the discussion of specific ssues many of them as yet unpredictable that may arise during and after the war although the main surprise of the moscow con ference was china's participation in the signing of he four nation declaration a development that lay presage a new era in the pacific sector of the jlobal war the conferees touched widely and boldly on the whole range of europe’s problems a thor ough discussion of the military complexities of open ing a front in western europe apparently resulted in giving satisfaction to stalin who on november 6 uid that the opening of the real second front in eu lope is not far off but essential as a military understanding between the three great powers is to the speedy winning of the war the political understandings they reached may in the long run prove even more important among the political highlights were 1 agreement on policy toward germany 2 formulation of a common policy toward liberated countries 3 de tmination to establish a general international or ganization for the maintenance of international peace and security at the earliest practicable date and meanwhile to consult with one another and as oc asion requires with other members of the united moscow accord crystallizes policy of great powers nations with a view to joint action on behalf of the community of nations and 4 the decision to work for a practicable general agreement with re spect to the regulation of armaments in the post war period common policy toward germany any doubt that may have lingered in the minds of some people that russia might consider a separate peace with a non nazi régime following liberation of its own territory is removed by the four nation declaration in which britain russia china and the united states affirm that they will continue hostili ties against those axis powers with which they re spectively are at war until such powers have laid down their arms on the basis of unconditional sur render the phrase first used by president roose velt and mr churchill at the casablanca confer ence the four powers moreover declare that those of them at war with a common enemy will act to gether in all matters relating to the surrender and disarmament of that enemy thus blasting the hopes of the nazis that they might achieve a stale mate by driving a wedge between the united na tions the declaration on austria is obviously in tended to detach satellite countries from germany and to light the fuse of revolt in germany by encour aging an uprising among the austrians moreover in a separate statement on nazi atroci ties president roosevelt prime minister churchill and premier stalin put an end to speculation that one or other of the great powers would favor a soft peace for germany at the time of granting of any armistice to any government which may be set up in germany german officers and men and members of the nazi party who ordered or condoned acts of atrocity are to be sent back to the countries in which their acts were committed in order that they may be judged and punished according to the laws of these liberated countries and of free govern ments which will be erected therein those who have hitherto not imbrued their hands with innocent blood are warned that they will suffer a like fate if they join the ranks of the guilty policy toward liberated countries the major misunderstandings that threatened to de velop between the three great powers in their atti tude toward liberated countries and had already arisen over anglo american policy in north africa and italy were frankly faced in the declaration on italy britain russia and the united states declare that they are in complete agreement that allied policy toward italy must be based upon the funda mental principle that fascism and all its evil in fluence and configuration shall be completely de stroyed and that the italian people shall be given every opportunity to establish governmental and other institutions based upon democratic principles to dispel doubts about the past mr hull and mr eden declare that the action of their governments in italy in so far as paramount military requirements have permitted has been based upon this policy in the future the three powers agree that subject to military necessities the base of the italian govern ment should be broadened by the inclusion of repre sentatives of anti fascist groups all institutions and organizations created by the fascist régime shall be suppressed all fascist or pro fascist elements shall be removed from the administration and from public institutions democratic organs of local government shall be created and freedom of speech of religious worship of political belief of press and of public meetings shall be restored in full measure to the italian people it is interesting to note that while all these freedoms are enjoyed in britain and the united states they are not with the exception of freedom of religious worship now restored to mem bers of the greek orthodox church as yet available to the people of russia whether russia’s active par ticipation in the restoration of freedom to peoples outside its borders liberated from nazi and fascist tule will have repercussions on its own political insti tutions opens up an interesting field for speculation toward international organiza tion from the point of view of the united states the most interesting point of the moscow accord is moscow accord brightens prospects in far east although the moscow agreements deal principally with european or world questions their implications for the far east are both specific and significant this is understandable since any far reaching inter national accord serves to clarify the problems of areas with which it is not directly concerned but it is important that the point should be stressed an ex tended analysis would be required to develop ade quately the possible repercussions in eastern asia page two point 4 of the four nation declaration in which th four powers recognize the necessity of establishing at the earliest practicable date a general internation organization based on the principle of the sove eign equality of all peace loving states and open membership by all such states large and small fo the maintenance of international peace and security this statement which reflects both the views ané the language of mr hull was promptly incorpo ated into the connally resolution adopted by the senate on november 5 to the extent that such a organization does become effective after the war it may prove feasible to fulfill the undertaking of point 7 of the same declaration to bring aboy a practicable general agreement with respect to the regulation of armaments in the post war period such an agreement would fulfill the expressed de sire of the four powers of establishing and main taining international peace and security with th least diversion of the world’s human and economi resources for armaments as was to have been expected no specific state ment was made about contested territories such a eastern poland and the baltic states or about the fate of finland it cannot be assumed that this prob lem is covered by point 6 of the four nation dec laration in which the signatories state that after the termination of hostilities they will not employ their military forces within the territories of other states except for the purposes envisaged in this dec laration and after joint consultation at the time when hostilities are over the russians may already be occupying the contested areas and may also claim that they are part of the u.s.s.r not the tert tories of other states such questions remain to be discussed by the european advisory commission the main point is that the moscow conference has created a working relationship between britain the united states and russia has recognized the equal ity of russia and china with their two westem partners has stressed the fact that a four power accord must be not an end in itself but a stepping stone to international organization and has assured the small nations that in such an organization the will have a place with the great powers vera micheles dean but their essential nature is indicated in the follow ing summary 1 shortening the war against japan if as various straws in the wind suggest mili tary action against germany is to be stepped up this will also hasten the day of decisive blow against japan for the sooner germany is beaten the more quickly will it be possible for britail and the united states to face tokyo in ful sse rtzil a ester power ping ssured 1 they allow mili d up blows eaten rita 1 ful strength moreover the ability of the moscow conferees to agree on leading political and mili tary questions points to the frustration of japan's hopes for a negotiated peace as a result of possible disunity among the united nations the chinese vice minister of foreign affairs k c wu was quite right when he stated on november 2 that the agreements must put the japanese in a fear ful mood 2 recognizing the equality of china the joint four nation declaration constitutes the first official recognition of china’s position as one of the big four of the united nations it is noteworthy that this recognition takes the form not of rhetoric but of simple acceptance of the fact that china must be one of the major powers responsible for future world organization this is a political blow of great severity to japan especially since it should destroy any hopes tokyo may have had for a negotiated peace with chungking it also cuts the ground from under the argument sometimes advanced that the russians and the british do not have the same attitude toward chungking as we do 4 3 indicating soviet attitude toward japan although the joint four nation declaration is so worded as not to commit the u.s.s.r to meas ures against japan it actually makes no distinc tion between germany and japan the pact is in effect a declaration of unity of all four major powers against the entire axis both in europe and asia it suggests that soviet neutrality to ward japan has been based largely on the neces sity of not being diverted from the primary task of smashing the nazis that after the defeat of germany the russians may play a larger role in the far eastern war picture although perhaps still avoiding outright military action and that page three what are the post war objectives of the occupied nations of europe for a survey of the underground move ments and documents of belgium czechoslovakia france nae se netherlands norway poland and yugoslavia post war programs of europe’s underground by winifred n hadsel 25c november 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 they are expected to be influential in any far east ern settlement this is not only important in a military sense but it weakens one of the few argu ments remaining to the opponents of international cooperation in this country namely that the russians are not fighting the japanese 4 facilitating far eastern reconstruction although europe’s problems differ in many fe spects from those of asia a large part of which is colonial territory the moscow agreements on war criminals and the future of austria and italy may contain useful suggestions for far eastern reorganization moreover the fact that there is now a greater prospect of orderly post war devel opment in europe means that the likelihood of fairly orderly far eastern reconstruction has also increased since avoidance of chaotic conditions in the west is a prerequisite for the satisfactory fu ture growth of asia all these possibilities indicate that the results achieved at moscow constitute an important contrib ution to the winning of the far eastern war and the establishment of a satisfactory peace in asia as well as in europe undoubtedly many questions still re main to be dealt with for example the whole colonial problem but what has already been ac complished will facilitate future consideration of these knotty points lawrence k rosinger for fuller discussion of this question see grant of siberian bases might mean their loss to japan foreign policy bulletin november 5 1943 under cover by j r carlson new york dutton 1943 3.50 sensational story of a one man investigation of amer ican anti democratic movements documents on international affairs 1938 vol 2 edited by monica curtis new york oxford university press 1943 7.50 this continuation of an invaluable series brings to gether the principal documents on german foreign policy in the year of austria’s annexation and the munich agree ment nbc handbook of pronunciation compiled by james f bender new york crowell 1943 2.75 with the present barrage of material on basic english this three way treatment of how to pronounce more than 12,000 words according to accepted american standards is apropos resistance and reconstruction by chiang kai shek new york harper 19438 3.50 a valuable collection of messages and statements of the generalissimo during six years of war foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 4 november 12 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frrank ross mccoy president dororuy f legr secretary verna micue.es daan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications 181 f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter nov 8 general francisco franco’s message of congratulations last week to josé p laurel japanese installed president of the philippines was the most spectacular in a long series of indignities that the united states which is providing sanctuary for the philippine government in exile has suffered from the government of spain spanish newspapers over which the government in madrid exercises strict con trol have published scurrilous and critical references to the united states at meetings sponsored by the falange espanola tradicionalista the united states and the allied cause have been scoffed at the falange chief political force behind the govern ment has attempted to undermine our influence in latin america although with decreasing success and flagging energy spain has given token military sup port to the german fight against our ally russia where from july 1941 until this fall spanish volun teers organized in the blue legion helped man the front around lake ilmen united states may act acting secretary of state stettinius told his press conference on no vember 4 that the american government is giving serious consideration to franco’s message to laurel and that perhaps a little later it will be possible to say something on the matter this restrained com ment is the closest approach to criticism of the span ish government which has come from washington the united states has not only swallowed hu miliations from spain but has gone out of its way to conciliate the authoritarian and anti democratic spanish government on august 28 1942 president roosevelt proposed that the american republics assist in the restoration of art treasures injured dur ing the spanish civil war and that tourism be en couraged from the new world to spain on febru ary 26 1943 american ambassador carlton j h hayes speaking in barcelona praised the spanish government for doing so much with such obvious success to develop a peace economy and assured spaniards that the united states stands ready to continue and extend any help it can give to spain in september britain’s foreign secretary anthony eden publicly criticized the use of the blue legion in russia but secretary of state cordell hull when asked to comment on september 22 said only that the united states has been keeping the spanish gov ernment acquainted with our interest in this matter on his return from moscow secretary hull may re veal whether he feels that the time is ripe to strike a firm note in public respecting spain concessions from spain the roosevel administration justifies its spanish policy on the ground that it has accomplished its aim to keep spain neutral in its opinion the franco government had to be bribed and the bribery is regarded as hay ing made possible the african landings of a year ago and the subsequent successful development of the war in africa and italy spokesmen in washington cite four concessions gained through appeasing spain 1 ambassador hayes won franco’s agreement to dismiss foreign minister serrano sufier a falan extremist whose policy seemed to be leading toward active collaboration with the axis in the war 2 the united states has been able to buy spanish wolfram while germany lacking the needed exchange has tried in vain to procure this strategic material from spain 3 the spanish government has agreed not to intern american and allied airmen forced down on spanish territory 4 the french committee of na tional liberation as a result of united states inter vention has been permitted to send a diplomatic delegation to madrid the makers of this policy contend that spain has been won cheaply the united states has sold petro leum sulphate of ammonia cotton peas beans coal cellulose carbon black codfish and industrial chemicals to spain but the value of strategic ma terial imports exceeds the value of these exports and spain has a dollar balance here opponents of the policy hold that any price to franco is excessive and some insist that spain unrecovered from its civil war would have remained neutral without appease ment when the united states recognized franco on april 1 1939 it did not foresee the grip which the falange would secure on him but the roosevelt a ministration is now satisfied that franco cannot last beyond the war and would not be saddened by his fall both the united states and great britain are thinking of spain’s future and apparently desire to have neither the falange nor the left seize power when franco is shoved aside washington and lon don seem to lean toward restoration of the mon archy with prince juan third son of the late king alfonso on the throne in the hope that he will heal the wounds of the civil war and at the same time be sympathetic to british and american interests blam bolles 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 191 com nove the i upon desir their agair from on gaul since 0 lead whic enco three mor fron to v thou attit fied con the +a ee fe ty 7 a ml ann arbor nad ve v4 os toe ne entered as 2nd class matter peau fiotop aid a sai de ity offichigan library wea tf 4 v s oy wich 5 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vor xxiii no 5 november 19 1943 lebanese crisis creates new rift in french allied relations at first appeared to be two totally unre lated events the reorganization of the french committee of national liberation in algiers on november 9 and the arrest of lebanese officials by the french troops in beirut two days later seem upon closer inspection to have common roots in the desire of french leaders to maintain and strengthen their political position before final blows are struck against germany the resignation of general giraud from his position of co president of the committee on november 9 marked the growth of general de gaulle’s influence which has been in the ascendant since his arrival in algiers last may one factor in de gaulle’s success as a popular leader has undoubtedly been his nationalist stand which britain and the united states unwittingly encouraged last summer when they delayed nearly three months in recognizing the french committee more recently the omission of the french committee from the moscow discussions has caused de gaulle to voice additional protests against the allies al though french resentment at the anglo american attitude toward the committee may have been justi fed de gaulle’s present criticism of the moscow conference seems unfounded for the participants in the moscow meeting are bearing great and immedi ate responsibilities of a kind the french committee is incapable of fulfilling moreover the tri power agreement on italy which provides for consultation with the french committee foreshadows similar co operation with french authorities when the german case is considered important as the changes in the french committee are as a sign of de gaulle’s increased strength they are even more significant as an indication that the committee is attempting to assure itself a leading position in liberated france by appointing four new commissioners who are direct representatives of the fesistance movements in metropolitan france de gaulle strengthened the committee's claims to the custodianship of french affairs during the important transition period that will extend from the moment allied troops land in france to the day elections are held for ascertaining the will of the french people whether britain the united states and the soviet union will agree to the french committee’s playing this role is one of the important pre invasion issues now confronting the allies lebanon and french promises the current disturbances in lebanon and their repercus sions throughout the middle east are also compli cating french allied relations during the latter half of the nineteenth century lebanon was the strong hold of french authority and influence in the entire middle east for the predominantly christian popula tion then under turkish rule frequently relied on french protection when however france enlarged lebanon in 1920 to increase french authority in this new mandate the opposite effect was produced great er lebanon which includes many moslems opposed this mandate and frequently joined neighboring syria in accusing france of dividing the region to prevent the development of national unity and achievement of ultimate independence as a result of this oppo sition which was intensified after britain granted in dependence to egypt in 1936 in response to nation alist pressure there france promised both lebanon and syria their independence by 1939 fulfillment of this pledge was deferred when world war ii broke out and axis propaganda seized the opportunity to promote anti french feeling and prepare the way for axis control of the middle east under these condi tions the british and the free french decided to wrest lebanon and syria from vichy control and general george catroux proceeded to win the syrians and lebanese over to the allies by proclaiming the independence and sovereignty of their states accordingly the lebanese held elections formed a new government and began the process of amend ing the constitution one of the important preroga tives of sovereignty to exclude non lebanese author ities and to make arabic the only official language now however the french declare that the man date can be terminated only by the league and con tend that the agreement of 1936 must meanwhile be observed to the lebanese these are not likely to be persuasive arguments particularly in view of the loss of life and injuries to religious sensibilities they have incurred during the past week the loss of prestige the french have suffered by their resort to force is attested by the fact that the archbishop of the maronites traditionally the staunchest supporters of french intervention in lebanon joined with moslem leaders on november 11 against french insults to the lebanese british french rivalry britain's imme diate interest in the french lebanese situation springs not only from the support it gave the proclamation of independence in 1941 but from the use british forces are making of the middle east as a military base more far reaching however are britain’s own imperial interests for syria and lebanon are neigh bors of iran iraq palestine and egypt where britain is eager to keep the good will of the arab popula tions because of this british stake in the middle east and the age old rivalry that has existed between britain and france in this area the french naturally view british protests with suspicion in this connec latin american labor plans for the future mexico city early this month sefior vicente lombardo toledano leader of latin america’s trade union federation confederacién de trabajadores de la américa latina ctal which recently com pleted its fifth year of existence and claims to repre sent 4,650,000 organized workers in 14 latin amer ican countries publicly confirmed the confedera tion’s decision to call an inter american economic conference in 1944 in mexico city to study the war and post war economic problems of the western hemisphere the main task of the conference will be to set up a coordinated economic plan to increase each latin american country’s contribution to the war effort and to convert to peacetime work with the least possible dislocation according to lombardo toledano the application of a pan american eco nomic plan is indispensable to the retention or im provement of already existing democratic rights in latin america only a working plan he warns can prevent the present economic crisis from becoming a catastrophe and at the same time enable the latin american nations to contribute their share to the re habilitation of war ravaged areas of the old world laying the groundwork the story of the inter american economic conference goes back to pagetwo tion the french undoubtedly recall that it was opi with great reluctance that britain agreed that syj and lebanon should become french mandates at f close of world war i and fear that if these stat become independent they will inevitably lean ward britain as the strongest power in the mid east in an effort to prevent this preponderant britig influence from permanently undermining the pog tion of france in this area the french may be pected to oppose british intervention in lebanon pan arab aspirations the possibility thy the politically conscious arabs of the entire middk east may support the lebanese is indicated by th protests egypt iraq and saudi arabia have maj against the french action the pan arab feeliry demonstrated in this crisis may be expected to infly ence future allied decisions concerning the midd east that the united states will be concerned with these problems is clear from the strong protests th state department made to the french committe when the disorders broke out the clashing interests in lebanon fortunately not now present the threat to the allied war effor that they would have two years ago but some peti still exists and for immediate military reasons as wel as the future peace settlement the lebanese shoul at once receive an inter allied guarantee of inde pendence to become effective as soon as the middk east ceases to be a strategic base winifred n hapdsel november 1941 when lombardo toledano submit ted to the first council of the ctal assembled a mexico city a comprehensive report on economi and social conditions in latin america stressing the necessity of a planned war economy in all of thes countries and an increase in the exchange of goods between them on the basis of this preliminary port the ctal council urged its affiliates to prepatt for the next meeting studies dealing with reorganiz tion of the national economy in the various latin american countries delegates to the second counel meeting held at havana cuba in july 1943 sub mitted to the confederation substantiated reports 00 the economic situation in and the essential needs of their respective countries although various political questions were discussed the havana meeting dealt principally with economic problems and with plans for the 1944 conference the inter american economic conference will b called together by the ctal and invitations to pat ticipate in the discussions will go not only to affiliated federations but to all american governments and t0 the most important industrial and agricultural em ployers organizations the conference will thus fol low the pattern established by the international labo offic ences ermm repre begu num ence ment bmit ed at omic g the these y re pate niza latin uncil sub ts on ds of itical dealt plans ll be pat iated nd to fol abot office of the league of nations for its world confer ences according to ctal officers some of the gov ernments so far approached have promised to send representatives since preliminary work has only just begun it is too early to know what attitude the greater number of governments will take toward the confer ence it is expected however that definite commit ments to attend will be on hand by the end of the year suggested economic reforms seiior lombardo toledano recently described the general goals of the conference which will serve as a basis for discussion at the forthcoming meeting as fol lows raising the latin american living standard spurring technical progress mechanizing agriculture opening up new fields of production and eliminat ing wasteful methods much bolder suggestions will probably be put forward later and the direction they may take can be at least partially inferred from the minimum national economic plan adopted by one of the leading ctal afhliates confederacién de tra bajadores mexicanos ctm this body is still strongly influenced by lombardo toledano who an nounced the plan on august 29 1943 during a speech delivered in the main square of mexico city besides calling for immediate measures to improve living conditions in mexico during the war the ctm program also advocates the introduction of such post war economic measures as government control over foreign trade to encourage imports of machinery and other commodities needed for improvement in the standard of living of the masses to curb luxury imports and to prevent the export of products need ed at home maintenance after the war of price con trol measures notably on staple foods and other articles indispensable to life and work lowering of all agricultural rents to a maximum of 10 per cent of declared land value and distribution at the lowest possible cost either by government or other non profit agencies of all essential commodities with a view to eliminating speculation and undue profits on essential goods the plan of the mexican workers federation ctm is probably the most radical of those now being prepared by workers organizations all over latin america considering mexico's leading role in the labor field it would not be surprising if the ctm plan were used as a model for the programs which the national delegations will submit to the 1944 con ference it remains to be seen however what kind of reception these suggestions will meet with at the hands of the government and non worker delegates page three opposition from these groups to any far reaching changes might well prevent the meeting from laying the basis for social progress as was unfortunately only too often the case with the deliberations of the international labor conferences ernest s hediger mrs dean is attending the first session of the council of the united nations relief and rehabili tation administration which opened in atlantic city on november 10 she will resume her contributions to the foreign policy bulletin at the close of the council session the amazon the life story of a mighty river by caryl p haskins garden city doubleday doran 1943 4.00 the story of the river is told by discussing the six coun tries in its basin historically geographically and politically our army today by kendall banning new york funk and wagnalls 1942 2.50 useful entertainingly written explanation of the army for the layman a social psychology of war and peace by mark a may new haven yale university press 1943 2.75 elucidates the author’s theory that man’s environment brings about his attitude toward peace or war rather than any factors inherent in human nature ass sss sss christmas gifts as another christmas approaches we remind fpa members and subscribers to give friends a membership in the association or a headline series subscription in the critical year ahead your gift will be read re read and shared as a living record of the war and the emerging post war world regular membership 5.00 associate membership open only to teachers full time students librarians social workers and the clergy 3.00 special headline series sub scription 10 issues 2.00 includes weekly foreign policy bulletin and headline series if you act promptly we shall do our part to see that your christmas gifts and announcement cards are taken care of in good time foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 5 november 19 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lust secretary verna micue.es dzan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year gb 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter bss atlantic city nov 14 a world coalition for peace is being fashioned in atlantic city where the united nations relief and rehabilitation adminis tration opened its first council session on november 10 at the moscow conference the four great pow ers britain russia china and the united states joined forces to complete the war and map post war organization atlantic city brings together 44 coun tries to help lay the economic and social foundations of peace the business of these nations is to devise a formula for supplying transporting and distribut ing the goods that will be needed by the liberated countries to find homes for 30,000,000 displaced persons and to finance this gigantic task one for all all for one the agreement creating unrra was signed in the white house on november 9 by representatives of 44 countries 33 united nations 10 associated powers and the french committee of national liberation pres ident roosevelt signing for the united states de clared that the members of unrra mean busi ness when the council meeting opened in atlantic city on november 10 the delegates in their formal speeches stressed the need for speed and action assistant secretary of state dean acheson chairman of the council said that unrra whose headquar ters are to be in washington would be ready to roll by the end of winter the political philosophy that inspires plans for unrra is that the world is a unit each section of which is responsible for the well being of all her bert h lehman former governor of new york who on november 11 was unanimously elected di rector general of unrra said the organization's cardinal principle should be to help people help themselves a tory m.p col john j llewellin british delegate who has just been appointed minis ter for food synthesized unrra philosophy in the marxian quotation from each according to his means to each according to his needs with respect to needs sir frederick leith ross of great britain presented to the council the report of the inter allied committee on postwar require ments of which he has been chairman from its incep tion on september 24 1941 this report states that the nine european occupied countries belgium lux emburg czechoslovakia france greece the neth erlands norway poland and yugoslavia will need 45,855,000 metric tons of imports during the first six months after their liberation to the needs of these nine countries must be added the unknown re quirements of the soviet union asia probably den mark and perhaps the enemy countries directo general lehman said unrra would aim at supple menting the diets of liberated peoples to provide each person with 2,000 calories a day the council was told by delegates that the polish diet now is 800 cal ories daily that of jews in poland 400 and that of belgians 1200 to 1300 where are the supplies the means of supply are controlled mainly by the united states the british commonwealth of nations and the brit ish empire and their supply policy at the present time is governed above all by war requirements leith ross cautioned the council that so long as war operations continue the program of relief and rehabilitation must be subject to the exigencies of the general war situation the spokesmen for the small er countries at atlantic city admit the need for giving war supplies first priority but wonder whether unrra will be represented before the combined boards in washington which control international movements of supplies the establishment of unrra provides an opportunity for the govern ments of the united nations to overhaul their war time intergovernmental economic machinery which now consists of semi autonomous boards and agencies only loosely held together and until now dominated by britain and the united states these two countries together with russia and china compose the central committee of the unrra council which is empowered to make de cisions between council sessions subject to review and veto by the council unrra itself developed out of the inter allied committee which is to be replaced by the unrra regional committee for europe and the office of foreign relief and re habilitation operations established by president roosevelt on november 22 1942 with herbert leh man as its director unrra director general leb man encouraged the smaller countries at the coun cil meeting by declaring in his speech of november 11 i shall act as a representative of all the member governments neither seeking nor accepting instruc tions from any individual government it is already clear that the extent to which governor lehman will succeed in carrying out the difficult task assigned to him will depend on the degree of cooperation he obtains from the governments represented on the council blair bolles 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 i vol x evei m4 ing a bly's 2 mulga the w chief gaull tivene held i the cc who from that t is tryi fr his e vichy franc not b as av paper on th nazi scape escap that ment clude men the s pé stitut unde of re 1940 comr occu the +ill entered as 2nd class matter will y a ishop biversrs i vn at bor wes ee foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiii no 6 november 26 1948 events in vichy throw new light on europe’s underground a petain’s futile attempt on novem ber 18 to defy his nazi overlords by deliver ing a radio speech recognizing the national assem bly’s authority in the event of his death before pro mulgation of a new constitution clearly indicates the way the political wind is blowing in france the chief of state’s bid for allied support abroad and de gaullist sympathy at home also testifies to the effec tiveness of the allies war of nerves against axis held europe on the eve of the grand assault against the continent like the nazi soldiers and officials who it is reported are attempting to secure affidavits from people within the occupied countries stating that their past behavior has been exemplary pétain is trying to prepare for the day of reckoning french underground rejects move his efforts appear doomed to failure however for vichy has little to contribute to the deliverance of france and the good will of the french people will not be curried by a last minute conversion as early as august the important french underground news paper resistance foresaw the present attempted shift on the part of pétain it warned that he and other nazi collaborators were scheming to make laval the scapegoat for the vichy régime and insure their own escape from punishment by creating the impression that they favored restoration of democratic govern ment at the first opportunity but as this journal con cluded frenchmen will not be caught in this snare men who engineered the defeat cannot claim to be the saviors who will rescue france from traitors pétain’s belated effort to recognize democratic in stitutions also indicates the present strength of the underground movement in france the organizations of resistance began to take form in the autumn of 1940 when small groups in occupied france tried to communicate with relatives and friends in the un occupied zone and to do what they could to hinder the nazis the underground movement has grown with each indication that the german armistice terms were far harsher than the vichy government orig inally claimed and after laval announced in the sum mer of 1942 that frenchmen would be sent to work in germany it expanded rapidly the liberation of corsica and other allied successes in the mediter ranean during the past three months further encour aged its development into a force that is now strong enough to rock pétain’s confidence in his régime new leaders for europe elsewhere in europe similar signs of vigorous resistance to the nazis point to the existence of groups which will fig ure importantly in the future of europe within the various occupied countries underground movements have produced leaders who will continue to play dom inant roles following liberation of their nations al though the names of these men and women are al most entirely unknown to us now since their safety and present effectiveness require anonymity there is abundant evidence from the underground press and witnesses who have escaped from europe that these new leaders enjoy widespread popular confidence and will command positions of responsibility in eu rope’s post war political life even more important than this supply of new leadership within the axis occupied countries is the reservoir of ideas concerning the future that the un derground movements have created to be sure the elaborate post war planning that flourishes in the united states is a luxury which europe’s under ground leaders cannot afford because of their pre occupation with resistance to the nazis since plans for war and peace are closely linked however and because hopes for a better future help keep resistance to the axis at high pitch some underground discus sion of post war goals has been carried on since the beginning of axis occupation and in recent months belief in the possibility of early liberation has stimu lated additional discussion of the complicated prob lems to be faced in europe after victory is won no return to normalcy despite the in evitable differences in points of view among the underground movements of the various occupied countries unanimity exists on one point that there shall be no return to normalcy for pre war condi tions led in each country only to axis conquest and succeeding years of privation and suffering there is however a marked contrast between the aspirations of the resistance movements of those countries which had arrived at fairly satisfactory solutions to their political and economic problems in the pre war peri od and those which had not whereas the under ground in norway belgium and the netherlands stresses the extension of pre war legislation providing for improved housing better educational opportunities and greater social security for workers leaders of re sistance in other countries tend to advocate more far reaching changes in france there is general agreement that the third republic is dead and must be replaced by a fourth republic characterized not only by greater political stability but by economic reforms which will improve the lot of the workers and end the control of great wealth by small groups in poland yugoslavia and greece opposition groups which were almost en tirely silenced before the war by the semi fascist régimes of their countries are now urging thorough going political and economic changes in poland the emphasis rests on establishment of truly representa tive government and more equitable distribution of land and other forms of natural wealth in greece the problem of whether the government should be a elections to be touchstone of bolivian democratic process mexico city political activity in bolivia has in creased considerably in the past few weeks and will continue to do so until next year when the presiden tial election campaign scheduled for march may will be in full swing president enrique pefiaranda del castillo in office since 1940 when he was elected to succeed the late german busch by a vote of 75,000 to 15,000 over his leftist opponent josé antonio arze cannot be immediately reelected according to the bolivian con stitution preliminary consultations as to a new pres ident are already under way at la paz and the ques tion dominating discussions is will the elections be really free or will the president impose a successor of his own choice present political set up bolivia's popu lation totals about 3,500,000 people but only those who can read and write may take part in the elec tions as illiterate and desperately poor indians con stitute over 80 per cent of the population the num ber of voters is comparatively small moreover they are so divided along political and ideological lines pagetwo monarchy or a republic is foremost owing to distry of the king engendered by his acquiescence in pre war dictatorship and the goal of the yugos underground appears to be replacement of pre y serbian domination by a genuine federation of ser croats and slovenes role of the big three in view of strogy internal minority opposition in some countries jj these programs of reform it would be utopian to lieve that the underground movements projectej changes can be realized without generating frictiog but whether this friction reaches its maximum minimum proportions depends largely on the attitud the big three take toward europe if as a meay of maintaining their own safety the anglo america bloc follows the balance of power policy and th u.s.s.r attempts to secure spheres of influence jj europe the big three will tend to intervene withi the liberated countries to improve their own position on the continent under these circumstances th tangled yugoslav question for example could be come a testing ground for the great powers with the u.s.s.r and the anglo american bloc supportiny rival groups and ignoring the wishes of the yugo slavs on the other hand if the big three proceed tp develop the framework of cooperation outlined by the moscow conference and look toward a system of collective security to guarantee their interests the underground leaders will be assured far greater free dom in carrying out their proposed plans for the re construction of their nations winifred n hadsel that coalition governments are inevitable since no single party is ever able to take power alone at present there are six important political parties the country three of which republican genuine republican and republican socialist this latter so cialist in name only are generally considered con servative the other three nationalist revolution ary unified socialist and revolutionary left are in varying degrees leftist the bolivian congress composed of a senate of 28 members in which repre sentatives of the conservative parties are in an over whelming majority and a house of representatives of 110 members in which the right and left are about equally represented preliminary skirmishes the political ball for the coming presidential as well as congressional elections started to roll last month when president pefiaranda called in the leaders of the four tradé tional parties those listed above minus the ne tionalist revolutionary and revolutionary left and asked them to accept a candidate of his choice to bt selected later friends of the administration hailed gene two f desig candi ing presic parti to act du may sourc politi earlic ordet of we at c this a co febr ever pefia bolit in tk josé ary retut activ for a com justi lati has in port mac tion in e soy refs r e 0 at es if nuine ot so con ition are ss is repre over atives t are l ball ional ident tradé ne and to be nailed general pefiaranda’s move as one in favor of unity and peace opponents particularly members of the two parties not consulted declared the measure was designed to deprive them of the right to present a candidate the consultation and bargaining now go ing on will probably last many weeks and if the president succeeds in persuading the four traditional parties to back his plan the minorities may be forced to accept his candidate during an official visit to the united states in may 1943 president pefiaranda according to reliable sources was advised in high places to grant greater litical freedom to opposition parties five months earlier secretary of the interior pedro zilveti arce ordered bolivian troops to fire ruthlessly on a group of workers who had gone on strike for a wage increase at catavi one of bolivian tin king patino’s fiefs this aroused so much protest all over america that a commission of inquiry was sent to bolivia in february 1943 in the recent cabinet shake up how ever secretary zilveti was confirmed by president pefiaranda in his post nevertheless the situation in bolivia seems to have somewhat improved while in the united states president pefiaranda received josé antonio arze exiled leader of the revolution ary left party and formally promised that he might return to bolivia and be free to resume his political activity this and other facts have raised great hopes for a more effective democracy in the near future the coming months will show whether these hopes are justified bolivia's economic plight like most latin american countries bolivia since pearl harbor has been suffering from an excess of paper currency in circulation the result of increased wartime ex ports of strategic materials and decreased imports of machinery and other needed commodities the infla tion created by this state of affairs is greater by far in bolivia than in any other latin american country page three for a survey of the post war objectives of belgium czechoslovakia france greece the netherlands norway poland and yugoslavia read post war programs of europe’s underground by winifred n hadsel 25c november 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 a a according to statistics of both the bolivian bank of issue and the league of nations bolivia occupies the unenviable position of being the western hem isphere country in which the cost of living has in creased most since the war the cost of living index established by the bolivian central bank reached 701 at the end of 1942 1936100 representing a level seven times higher than seven years before from january to december 1942 alone the index went from 555 to 701 this goes far to explain the unrest among salaried people in bolivia whose wages buy less and less every month 2nd who must constantly battle to secure at least partially compensating wage increases ernest s hediger is china a democracy by creighton lacy new york john day 1943 1.50 although granting that china is not democratic in the sense of having universal suffrage or representative gov ernment the author believes that the spirit and people of china are democratic and that a new china is being built in the course of the war american diplomacy in the far east 1941 compiled with a foreword by k c li new york k c li woolworth building 1942 3.00 a collection of documents consisting chiefly of official press releases of the department of state the goebbels experiment by derrick sington and arthur weidenfeld new haven yale university press 1943 3.00 matter of fact description of nazi efforts to control the minds of germans and their conquered peoples adds little to previous accounts greek miracle by stephen lavra new york hastings house 1943 1.50 short account of greek resistance to the nazis which the author thinks kept them from advancing further in the near east pacific blackout by john mccutcheon raleigh new york dodd mead 1943 2.50 a journalist’s report on the fall of the netherlands east indies together with several chapters on australia in teresting but superficial and lacking in detail exchange ship by max hill new york farrar and rine hart 1942 2.50 the former chief of bureau of the associated press in tokyo describes his experiences in japan before pearl harbor his imprisonment by the japanese and his return on the asama maru and gripsholm in the summer of 1942 malta magnificent by major francis w gerard new york whittlesey house 1943 2.50 with warm admiration for the people who went through a literal hell of bombing major gerard describes his two years as information officer on malta he regards the island as having held in her slim hands the destiny of the united nations foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 6 november 26 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lust secretary vera micueres dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications beis f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter nov 22 rumania seems destined to be the first axis satellite country to fall to the united nations it is shaken by the approach of the soviet armies through the ukraine toward the dniester river by the recent bombings of the rumanian ploesti oil fields and of sofia the bulgarian capital a few miles south of rumania and by the prospect of turkish entrance into the war or at least turkish authoriza tion to send russia bound allied supply ships through the straits into the black sea even before the sofia bombings general ion antonescu ru manian dictator conferred with adolf hitler and reportedly sued for permission to withdraw most of the rumanian troops from russia and last week it was reported from ankara and berne that ru manian owners of merchandise are selling in panicky anticipation of the country’s collapse carol’s campaign this prospect raises a strange political problem for the united states carol hohenzollern who abdicated on september 5 1940 and now lives in exile in mexico city has hired an american press agent russell birdwell to convince the american people that rumania wants carol to return as king his son mihai now rules the colum bia broadcasting system has agreed to let carol tell his story in a nationwide broadcast and a number of newspapers inspired by mr birdwell are pleading the king’s cause the campaign is intended to reach its climax about the time of rumania’s defeat the aim of this publicity is of course to arouse americans to press for government assistance to carol since the ex king reached mexico in july 1941 the state department has steadfastly refused to grant him a visa to enter the united states on janu ary 7 1942 carol announced that he had organized a free rumania movement with himself at its head and leon fischer of new york city a sort of precursor to mr birdwell issued statements to the american press on february 12 1942 washington discouraged the movement sumner welles then acting secretary of state said that the presence of carol in this country would not be conducive to the war effort of the united states nor to the kind of na tional unity we want during the war the birdwell undertaking which marks the first time an ex king has sought through press agentry to regain his kingdom is embarrassing to the united states government but any possibility that it will change its attitude toward carol is remote in the first place decisions about carol’s future will come not from this country alone but from the united states in company with its allies and the rumanian people and no statement from russia or britain ip dicates sympathy with carol's hopes in the second place this government desires the united nations to be in a position to take full advantage of ru mania’s fall when it comes for us to raise the issue of carol would only confuse the war in the balkans inside rumania the prospect is slight of an internal crack up in rumania before the arrival of enemy troops at its frontier considering that fron tier as the pruth river line fixed in june 1940 when the u.s.s.r annexed bessarabia and northern buko vina the great majority of rumanians are united in fear and dislike of russia and german soldiers now police rumania nazi minister von killinger in bucharest dictates to dictator antonescu who has lost all his following in the country rumania sup ported antonescu when he joined germany in the war against russia in order to regain bessarabia and northern bukovina but interest in the war disap peared when rumanian troops crossed the bessarabian boundary and invaded the ukraine recent rumanian defeats during the red army advance have made antonescu intensely unpopular juliu maniu leader of the peasant party is first in popularity among rumanian public men this fact speaks well for rumanian thought for maniu a more than technically able politician stands for the idea of freedom and democracy once prime min ister before carol became king maniu never formed a government under carol and during the past three years antonescu’s police have kept him under close watch what régime the russians favor in rumania is unknown but it is interesting that last year charles davila former rumanian minister in washington who speaks in behalf of maniu in the united states attempted to establish a basis of rumanian russian rapport in a series of conversations with maxim lit vinov then soviet ambassador to the united states there is also the possibility that war may break out between rumania and hungary before russiat troops reach the balkans rumanian speeches radio broadcasts and newspaper articles reflect an intensé fying determination to retake the half of transyl vania transferred to hungary by the vienna award of august 30 1940 such an outbreak would speed rumanian collapse and collapse will disclose the extent of carol’s political strength in his own countty blair bolles 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 landi three led t strate since front ha at wi the n actio led tl deriv diate yond sive origi prote cam threa were perh tacul baul reali v fore next of th answ tara land erati pacit we v here num w +7 united umanian ritain in e second nations of ru issue of ilkans tht of an rrival of nat fron 40 when rn buko united in soldiers killinger who has ania sup ry in the rabia and ar disap ssarabian lumanian ive made y is first en this maniu tands for ime min r formed past three ider close rumania ir charles shington ed states n russian axim lit ed states ray break e russial hes radio n intensi transyk 1a award uld speed close the n country bolles 1943 pbrigdical ror general library waely of mic entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiii no 7 december 8 1943 seizure of gilberts advances war of attrition against japan a lightning seizure of the gilbert islands in the central pacific by american marines who after landing on november 20 required little more than three days to complete an extremely difficult task has led to much conjecture concerning future offensive strategy against japan this is according to pattern since each previous island attack on the far eastern front such as new guinea guadalcanal and munda has produced similar speculation about the spot at which american commanders intended to direct the next blow in every case however the subsequent action has not come as rapidly as press comment had led the public to expect and the most striking gains derived by our forces have arisen from the imme diate operation rather than from any quick move be yond the territory occupied the new guinea offen sive for example served first of all to preserve the original australian foothold on that island and to protect northern australia while the guadalcanal campaign helped prevent the japanese from directly threatening our southwest pacific supply route these were the immediate tangible results that americans pethaps did not fully appreciate the more spec tacular long term possibilities such as taking ra baul on new britain are still in the process of being realized value of the gilberts consequently be fore asking after the gilberts where do we go next it may be wise to inquire how the possession of these islands improves our military position the answer is that coral atolls such as makin and tarawa will furnish valuable airfields from which land based planes can protect shipping and fleet op erations and that our supply route to the southwest pacific will be shortened by hundreds of miles since we will be able to follow a less circuitous course than heretofore this in effect means an increase in the dumber of ships available for pacific sea lanes while seizure of the gilberts has brought us closer to the japanese controlled marshalls and to ocean and nauru islands it must be noted that the distance from the gilberts to these objectives is considerable 190 nautical miles from makin to the southern most marshalls 240 from tarawa to ocean and 400 from tarawa to nauru moreover while the jap anese have been in the gilberts only since pearl har bor they have had an opportunity to develop and fortify the mandated marshalls since 1919 in view of the severity of the fighting in the gilberts espe cially on tarawa where from three to four thousand japanese exacted a heavy toll before being wiped out a considerable pause is likely before further ad vances are attempted from our newly won bases construction work will have to be undertaken men and supplies prepared and the lessons of the gilbert operations assimilated will the japanese fleet fight for some time the united states navy has been unable to make contact with the enemy fleet but it is now being suggested that the tokyo admirals may feel forced to come out for a slugging match to protect their central pacific island positions certainly the dream of such a naval showdown has animated most american and british discussions of pacific strategy for the past quarter of a century and it is perhaps significant that on november 24 the tokyo radio in a japanese language broadcast presumably intended for home consumption declared that the invasion of the gilberts presages a real decisive battle of the fleets the statement added that the strategic signi ficance of the present american counteroffensive is extremely great while such a sea battle may occur there would appear to be no absolute necessity for the japanese to risk it at the present time the island path from the gilberts to the japanese homeland is a long one and from tokyo's point of view it might be more pru dent under current conditions to make us pay dear i i if sssssss pagetwo ly for each new island we take than to stake its fleet perhaps lose and thereby lay its whole central pa cific flank open to assault besides if as some ob servers suggest the feeble air defense of the gilberts indicates a general weakness of the japanese air forces then it would not seem wise for japan to risk the loss of its fleet in a naval battle in which air power would very likely play an important perhaps a decisive part strategy of the war in asia although his statement drew little comment it may be of more than passing significance that on november 23 while the gilbert operations were still incomplete admiral chester w nimitz commander in chief of the pa cific fleet declared my opinion is that japan will be defeated from china in this connection he point ed to china’s reservoir of personnel and the pos sibility of airfields in easy striking distance of japan many factors may have combined to pro duce these remarks but admiral nimitz was perhaps attempting in part to place the gilbert operations in proper perspective i.e as one contribution to a struggle that will not be settled by the american navy alone future developments on the chinese criticism of canol raises problem in u.s canadian relations although the 134,000,000 canol project financed by the u.s war department in the canadian north west is not likely to be junked now in accordance with petroleum administrator harold l ickes rec ommendation of november 22 its future is far from clear and its post war disposition may raise a number of difficult issues in american canadian relations canol is more than an oil pipeline and a refinery it is a group of projects related to the alaska high way to the air route to siberia to catel the tele gtaph and wireless system servicing the area and to the entire defense of alaska it provides for de velopment of the oil fields near fort norman on the mackenzie river and construction of a 600 mile pipeline to transport crude oil from these fields to whitehorse yukon a midway point on the alaska highway at the same time a dismantled texas re finery is being reassembled at whitehorse to process gasoline and other petroleum products and pipelines are being constructed to carry gasoline from white horse to skagway alaska at the head of the inland passage to fairbanks northern terminus of the highway and to watson lake at the border of the yukon and british columbia as under secretary of war patterson explained to the truman committee the canol venture was con ceived soon after pearl harbor to meet the japanese threat to alaska since defense of the area was large ly dependent on air power and there was no assur ance that the navy could keep the sea lanes open for tankers it was decided that new oil resources must front could clearly be of the greatest significance fo the defeat of japan especially after the defeat y germany actions on the continent of asia as we as in the pacific will dwarf all far eastern oper tions up to the present time we are still engaged essentially in a war of atts tion in the far east holding on at most points ani attempting at others to improve our positions fy the future that the japanese have grave cause fy concern is indicated by the marked increase in oy pressure on them from many directions during th past year but if ultimate victory over japan seem assured this is not primarily because of what hy been done in asia but because of the brighteniry prospects in the west arising from the continuing soviet offensive the operations in italy the groy ing air attacks on germany the improved politic relations of the leading united nations and the pos sibility of an early invasion of western europe only when these and other factors have combined to bring about the defeat of the nazis will full scale actiog be possible against japan lawrence k rosinger be developed near alaska regardless of cost in apri 1942 after hurried investigation a project for e panding output of the fort norman oil fields wa initiated with the expectation that it would be pos sible to draw 3,000 barrels a day from the field the development is now nearing completion the pipe line from norman to whitehorse is scheduled fo operation by january 1944 the refinery at white horse is expected to go into production in may ané the other pipelines are either already completed o nearly so output of 20,000 barrels of crude oil a day is now anticipated although it may not be possible to take advantage of this increase since the white horse refinery was designed to handle only 3,00 barrels daily in view of mr patterson’s disclosure that after reconsideration of the project in july 1943 the united states general staff determined it should be completed to provide support for an air offensive against japan it seems unlikely that the venture will be abandoned even though the japanese withdrawal from the aleutians has undoubtedly reduced the need for it post war settlement mr ickes recom mendation that canol be scrapped or that alterns tively this country retain a permanent peacetit share of the norman oil occasioned considerable surprise in ottawa not only was the project undet taken at the insistence of the u.s army but agree ments with the canadian government were nego tiated through regular state department channels the terms of the arrangement as laid down in excha finery ernme contra pipeli amer dian chase equip ernm defer equal oil c the n sin witho consi a wal basis press seek t equip revert the w nectic nent high it i port unite sharit consi devel any tablis dang page three caieiemenell cance fy exchange of notes provided that the pipelines and re ment put on a sound basis the cost of maintaining lefeat gif finery remain the property of the united states gov war built projects in this area should not be beyond as wel emment during the war and be operated for it under the means of canada and the material gains made as mn opers contract at the close of hostilities the value of the a result of military pressure should prove of benefit pipelines and refinery are to be established by an to both countries of ail american and a canadian appraiser and the cana howarp p whidden jr i wal dian government is to have the first option to pur nts tions fo chase the rae 0 ee nana the singapore is silent by george weller new york har eee equipment should not be dismantled by either gov court brace 1943 3.00 ol ernment without the approval of the permanent joint an interesting account of the fall of singapore served 1 ol defense board post war oil rights are to be shared up with geopolitical trimmings as usual geopolities ring the in bow the canadi d the i the effect of separating us from our allies the author an a equally by the cana lan government an the imperial lieves that we must take over a chain of heavy and perma cems il company a canadian corporation now operating nent american bases in southeast asia making of the what ha field british a junior partner he also fears russian influence the norman field se ae ghtening he united in this area unlike some other geopoliticians however he nitinuing since the unite states although apparently considers that japan will remain our enemy without the petroleum administrator knowledg 1 served on bataan by juanita redmond new york lip e grow oliticl considered the canol development justified solely as pincott 1942 1.75 j a war expenditure and it was undertaken on this story of the medical side of war with the japanese by an on basis it seems no more likely that washington will nurse bead spied erga and corregidor marked re n in a b my press ottawa for revision on this than that it will vile s wena aes an seek to revise agreements whereby all but the movable ee ee oy h g quaritch wales new erm le action eg oe equipment on american built air bases in canada a british writer examines with sober understanding two reverts to the dominion six months after the close of of the primary developments in southeast asia over a singer the war difficulties are much more probable in con period of years the decline of imperial prestige and the ti with th int t of rise of native nationalism he has faith in the ability of ons necuon wi e main enance as part of a perma the people of asia to rule themselves and urges a basic nent north american defense system of the alaska change in our attitude toward them to make future co in apt highway canol catel and the air bases operation possible t for ex it is doubtful whether canada will be able to sup miracle in hellas by betty wason new york macmillan elds wa port these projects it is also doubtful whether the 1943 2.75 1 be 7 e gives the story of greece under nazi occupation with eld a united states will wish to share this expense without great admiration for the brave role played by he saan 1eid int sharing control which canadians in turn would a ac sete gu the pipe consider an infringement of their sovereignty two yay raw nny a a 1943 2 0 ee luled fr developments however might do much to remove many of his broadcasts and speeches plus a discussion t white any danger of friction over this matter first the es of a power peace may and tablishment of a world security system in which no fightin oil by harold m ickes new york knopf 1943 pleted of danger threatened in the north pacific second the 1.75 oila diy economic growth of northwestern canada and the entertaining controversialist tells clearly war possible alaska along the lines envisaged in a program of the perene seg a point of vantage as petroleum admin white national resources planning board with defense ae ae ee ly 3,000 heeds reduced to a minimum and economic develop soot belie 3 aud diver new york appleton century a an account of fifteen indian states and their rulers the uly 19 just published an analysis of the pivotal materiel poorenes see 6 ee ee it shoul position of the dominions canada australia orinese or hes desire to me all intis boriaeiy a offensive new zealand and the union of south africa in federation nture will the strategy of the united nations to all hands an amphibious adventure by john mason ithdraval the dominions look to the future brown lieutenant usnr new york whittlesey luced the by gwendolen m carter house 1943 2.75 25 admiral kirk’s discernment was justified when he chose 5 recom cc the urbane former drama critic to serve as eyes for below alterna december 1 issue of foreign policy reports decks men and to describe the action of which they were reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month so large a part the daily talks are the epitome of serious peacetime siti tit eediiias tie ness done with a light touch while photographs and derable subscription 5 to fpa members 3 siestelean eth anette nsidera ceatchan nbd ginlietin ect undet foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 7 dgcember 3 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national but agreeg headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lest secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as g re nese second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least c ah one month for change of address on membership publications annels ch a f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ywn in a ge 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter nov 29 on november 27 the day after senator hugh butler of nebraska offered his critical report to congress on the united states latin american policy colombia declared war on germany this action was a forceful comment on the ignorance dis played in the senator’s findings after a two month visit to the american republics butler said that the united states by boondoggling programs was creating contempt and enmity for us in the nations to the south he reported that this country had spent 6,000,000,000 in the other americas in wasteful new dealish undertakings the butler report per haps the most energetic criticism of united states hemisphere policy ever made ignored the historical and geographic reasons for that policy the good neighbor and continental solidarity policies introduced under the roosevelt administra tion are logical contemporary corollaries of the idea that underlay the enunciation of the monroe doc trine 120 years ago the objective of this country’s latin american policy is to safeguard the united states and its institutions and the war has shown its soundness all the republics with the exception of argentina have helped the united states in the con duct of the war they have contributed to the secur ity of the panama canal they have provided us with invaluable raw materials one example being the latin american fiber from which rope is made and for which in the past we were dependent on regions now under japanese control they have given us air and naval bases from which the united states and its latin american allies have attacked the u boat menace above all the good neighbor pol icy helped eliminate any possible german threat to south america from dakar which lies across a rela tively narrow span of the south atlantic from natal brazil high cost of war the essence of the but ler complaint is that the united states is paying too high a price for the collaboration of the other amer ican republics against the enemy the view in wash ington is that in the absence of that collaboration the united states would have been forced to expend a far larger sum to finance forced military occupa tions to save a number of latin american countries from axis penetration as to the exact sum expended nelson rockefeller coordinator of inter american affairs says it is 600,000,000 and chairman me kellar of the senate appropriations committee de clares it to be 2,207,000,000 both figures are far be low the 6,000,000,000 mentioned by senator butler but the issue basically is not how much was spent but whether the price of victory can ever be too high that extravagance could have been avoided in the conduct of a wartime hemisphere policy is hardly credible findings of the senate truman committee and other groups show it has been unavoidable at home and reports of newspapermen who recently toured the amazon basin reveal a distressing failure in the costly attempt to promote rubber cultivation in the interior of the south american continent the quarrel last summer between vice president wallace chairman of the board of economic warfare and chairman jesse jones of the reconstruction finance corporation was a washington sensation wallace held that the united states should follow a liberal policy in buying strategic materials in south america while jones argued for a banker's policy of getting needed goods at favorable prices as an illustration of the thesis that when goods are vital price is no concern wallace pointed to the jones hold up of the program to purchase latin american quinine essen tial for guarding the health of american troops in tropical climates a continuing policy the good neighbor policy to which senator butler objects existed long before the war it was built on the basis of the mon roe doctrine and the pan americanism born in the administration of benjamin harrison it was solidi fied by the meetings of the american republics at montevideo in 1933 buenos aires in 1936 lima in 1938 panama in 1939 havana in 1940 and rio de janeiro in 1942 until the fall of france the financial expenditure of the united states on promotion of this policy was limited almost wholly to export im port bank loans on which 62,000,000 was outstand ing on june 30 1940 the continental solidarity pol icy has not been a complete success in keeping out of latin america european commercial and propa ganda interests inimical to the united states but it is a success in that thirteen latin american republics are our active allies and six others have broken rela tions with the axis blair bolles 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 91 ae vol 7 th chiar try as the h tober strip resto as m +ial ann arbor mich vr willian i untvor entered as 2nd class matter psity of 0 j nich were foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiii no 8 december 10 1948 cairo pact accelerates china’s rise to great power status hem published decisions reached at cairo during november 22 26 by roosevelt churchill and chiang kai shek have been welcomed in this coun try as important additions to the results achieved by the moscow conference of foreign ministers in oc tober it is widely recognized that the agreement to strip japan of pacific islands occupied since 1914 to restore to china all territories seized by japan such as manchuria formosa and the pescadores islands and to deprive the enemy of all other areas taken by violence and greed goes a long way toward de fining unconditional surrender in far eastern terms the expression of allied determination that in due course korea shall become free and independ ent is regarded as a desirable pledge of freedom to a people long enslaved by japan a pledge which is strengthened in view of the qualifying clause it con tains by the declaration that the allies covet no gain for themselves and have no thought of territorial ex pansion at the same time the opening sentence of the cairo communiqué the several military mis sions have agreed upon future military operations against japan indicates that thought was given to the means of achieving the political objectives set forth china’s new equality the most impor tant aspect of the three power agreement is not the punishment with which it threatens japan but the fecognition it both grants and promises to china the fact that the generalissimo conferred on terms of equality with the heads of the british and american governments represents the greatest advance yet made in the establishment of china’s position in the ranks of the united nations big four this is the kind of recognition for which chinese nationalists have been struggling and dying for many decades that the result has lost something of its savor because it is so long overdue and because the present position of the chinese is so difficult should not blind us to the revolutionary significance of the event for the first time in history the rise of a semi colonial nation to the status of a great power is being acknowledged and encouraged it has been suggested in some circles that china's present strength does not warrant its elevation to the rank implied by the cairo communiqué and the moscow four nation declaration according to this view the chinese although fourth in stature among the united nations are in a different power class from the americans british and russians this last assertion is unquestionably true as a statement of fact but the conclusion drawn from it misses the mark china has now reached a point at which it has the possibility over a period of years of becoming a truly great power perhaps the leading state in asia whether this possibility will be realized and if so how long a period will be required are matters be yond accurate prediction what britain and the united states have done at cairo is to give china assurances that several territorial obstacles will not be placed in the way of its future development they have not by any means disposed of all possible ex ternal obstacles to that development nor have they given guarantees that china will become a great power for their policies toward the chinese re public are still in the process of evolution while with the best of will no nation can guarantee the future of another they have simply promised china to a larger extent than ever before that it will bear responsibility for its own future the russian attitude that the u.s.s.r was not represented at cairo and that chiang kai shek did not subsequently go to teheran was due presumably to the present state of soviet japanese neutrality but this should not be taken as indicating any lack of interest on the part of the u s.s.r in the decisions reached especially those concerning korea and manchuria which lie on its far eastern h 7 ee __ s ps pagetwe borders and affect its security nor should it be for gotten that the decisions reached at moscow in oc tober laid the basis for the cairo meeting we do not know what discussions of far eastern matters may have occurred among the united states britain and the u.s.s.r but it seems exceedingly doubtful that washington and london would make pledges on manchuria and korea at this stage of the war if they had not first established a firm basis of coopera tion with the soviet union or if they knew that the u.s.s.r was opposed to any particular move why was hongkong omitted the chief criticism raised concerning the cairo commu niqué is that it omitted a number of points of im portance for the future of the far east namely the status of hongkong the netherlands east indies and other colonial areas there is no doubt that without the settlement of these problems the future of the far east will be dark but was this the occasion for a settlement could it be expected that the first time the united states britain and china conferred on a basis of equality they would dispose of all asiatic problems very wisely the conferees decided to limit themselves to certain aspects of that immediate problem on which they were most capable of reaching agreement the disposition of the enemy at the same time a realistic view of the cairo de cisions suggests that they will facilitate the solution of many problems that were not mentioned the pledge of independence to korea even though quali fied by the phrase in due course and the promise of the return of chinese territories surely have im plications for the future of colonial asia with gard to hongkong in particular although britajy will be extremely reluctant to see the territory retum to china after the war it is difficult to escape the cop clusion that the cairo conference has strengthened china’s hand in any efforts it may make to seek retro cession these considerations suggest that the results achieved at cairo should be regarded not as an end point but simply as one step in a long arduous pro cess the process of winning the far eastern war establishing a sound peace in that region and adjus ing the western world to the new importance of asiatic countries especially china if it is true that many questions remain it is also worth noting tha several issues that previously disturbed american british chinese relations have been pushed toward solution this is especially important in connectiog with the complaint voiced by the chinese until re cently that they were not being consulted on an equal basis in far eastern military discussions similarly chinese fears that formosa would not be returned tp their sovereignty because some americans believed that the island should become a united nations base presumably have been relieved therefore while the progress made at cairo is neither complete nor it revocable and does not preclude the emergence of extremely acute differences in the future it certainly constitutes a significant forward move and can lay the basis for other equally fruitful discussions lawrence k rosinger teheran accord pledges freedom of small nations while the conference held by roosevelt churchill and stalin at the soviet embassy in teheran tech nically on russian territory from november 28 to december 1 produced no such far reaching declara tion about the future of germany as that made in cairo concerning the disposal of japan’s con quests in asia it resulted in three important state ments first and from the point of view of mos cow foremost the three participants declared that they had reached complete agreement as to the scope and timing of operations which will be undertaken from the east west and south against ger many thus disposing so far as diplomatic negotia tions are concerned of the second front issue sec ond they invited germany's satellites to desert the nazis and join the united nations by declaring that they will seek the cooperation and active participa tion of all nations large and small whose peoples in heart and in mind are dedicated as are our own peoples to the elimination of tyranny and slavery op pression and intolerance third and perhaps for the long run most important russia britain and the united states assured iran in a separate declara tion that they are at one with its government in their desire for the maintenance of the inde pendence sovereignty and territorial integrity of iran adding that they count upon the participation of iran together with all other peace loving nations in the establishment of international peace security and prosperity after the war in accordance with the principles of the atlantic charter to which all fout governments have continued to subscribe as political and military conferences among tht four great powers britain russia china and the united states alternate with technical conferences of the united and associated nations such as the food conference in hot springs and the united ne tions relief and rehabilitation council in atlantic city the pattern of future relations between great powers and small gradually begins to unfold it has been clear for some time that unless those countries which have at their command great military and ece nomic power can reach an agreement as to their waf and post war plans there can be little or no hope of world organization once hostilities are over but i has been equally clear that if such agreement i se bap be oo nent nde r of tion ions the the the nices the ne antic great t has tries eco r wal pe of but it nt i a reached at the expense or to the deteriment of weaker peoples whether the long established small national states of europe or the emerging national groups of asia it would not survive the stress and strain of post war readjustments forging a new order the compromise now being worked out at successive united nations conferences represents an attempt to combine recog nition of the equal rights of all nations large and small to a voice in the determination of their future destiny with a graduated scale of responsibilities for each nation determined roughly by the power at its command it is obvious that britain russia china and the united states are in a better position not through any inherent virtue but because of the mag nitude of their territory population natural re sources or industrial development to resist aggres sion than for example poland greece or burma but if this fortuitous power should be used by britain russia china and the united states alone or in concert to impose their will on smaller nations re curring conflicts rather than the prospect of post war stability would be in store for the world the small nations are ready and willing to acknowledge the superior strength of the great powers and to rly on that strength for their future protection in fact a complaint the small nations could legitimate ly lodge against the great powers especially britain and the united states is that in the recent past they claimed superiority without displaying the will or capacity to defend not only weaker nations but even their own colonies what the small nations want is not to vie with the great powers for military political or economic leadership but to obtain protection from encroachments by any one of them and the oppor tunity to develop in relative peace the practices and beliefs that are the core of genuine nationalism such opportunity can come only if the great powers in turn are at peace among themselves otherwise they what role will russia play in post war europe for a survey of some of the basic questions that preoccupy public opinion in the united states today read the u.s.s.r and post war europe by vera micheles dean 25c vol xix no 11 of foreign policy reports rfports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 page three eel a mn will continue to use the small nations as pawns in their own struggle for ascendency and thus encout age their weaker neighbors to play one great power against another to effect the transition to a world order where all nations would enjoy equality of rights and assume responsibilities commensurate with their strength will not be an easy matter this was indicated by a speech jan smuts prime minister of the union of south africa delivered in london on november 25 in which he urged britain to draw within its orbit the small democracies in western europe so as to counterbalance the growing might of russia and the united states such a policy would be in direct contradiction to that being evolved at the conferences of the united nations where an attempt has been made to reach agreements on a global basis not on the basis of new spheres of influence subject to this or that great power new problems face allies but even when the allies act in concert on the continent of europe their decisions are bound to provoke objections from one group or another among the nations affected while britain and the united states are being de nounced by italian liberals under the leadership of count sforza and benedetto croce for perpetuating fascism in southern italy through their toleration of king victor emmanuel they are being attacked with equal bitterness by the government of king peter of yugoslavia now in cairo for their alleged connivance in the establishment of a provisional ré gime by the yugoslav partisans announced on de cember 4 the great powers which had been hitherto working on the assumption that the armies of lib eration would be greeted by grateful populations too weary to take the initiative in effecting their own rehabilitation and would for an indefinite period of time be charged with the administration of lib erated areas are now discovering that the conquered peoples want to have a share in the reconstruction of a continent which had it not been for their re sistance would by now be irretrievably subject to german rule what is more the best hope that the peoples of europe can recover from the ravages of nazism lies in their desire to choose their own way of life and the best hope of enlisting their support for the plans of the great powers is to assure them by concrete measures that what the great powers expect is not sullen acquiescence but voluntary and active collaboration vera micheles dean foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 8 dacember 10 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f luger secretary vera micheles dan editor entered as tcond class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least oe month for change of address on membership publications bowie f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news le etter dec 6 the administration is fighting inflation not only to preserve domestic stability but to strength en its foreign policy which is predicated on interna tional political cooperation and the abandonment of isolation the spiral of prices in any country espe cially one with the economic power and influence of the united states has a profound effect on other na tions in ordinary times when trade flows in response to demand and sales opportunities even in these ex traordinary times when international commerce is subjected on every hand to rigid official controls the slow rising u.s price level is causing repercussions outside our borders it has already aroused concern in canada which buys many essential goods in our markets for canada fears it will be unable to main tain its carefully controlled price ceilings if ceilings in the united states inch upward threat to lend lease and unrra the effectiveness of congressional appropriations for cur rent operations abroad would diminish sharply should the value of money here rapidly decline there by decreasing the purchasing value of appropriated lend lease dollars inflation would increase the cost of goods needed by the united nations relief and rehabilitation administration and it is a serious question whether congress which has not yet set aside the amount representing this country’s share of unrra expenditures would be willing to appro priate the additional funds that would be made nec essary by a rise in prices the smooth conduct of foreign relations is also jeopardized by inflation for diplomatic agents are included in that large class of salaried men and women who have to adjust their living standards downward as their inflexible in comes decline in purchasing power inflation moreover can affect decisions concern ing international policy on its highest levels for in stance inflation at home as well as abroad helped to drive this country into economic isolation in 1921 following world war i congress in that year passed the emergency tariff act both to satisfy the agricul tural west which was faced with a severe drop from war inflated food prices and to protect american industry against cheap goods from inflation ridden countries in europe which by dumping might have tried to obtain dollars to bolster up their curréncies this measure was the opening shot in the tariff war that shook the world in the 1920 s and 1930 s an economic war resulting in import quota schemes buy american empire preference blocked mark and german trade subsidies and finally military conflict so whether inflation comes at home or abroad jf threatens the cooperative policy inaugurated at the moscow conference only china’s forced isolation from the rest of the world keeps its severe inflation from having a world effect beyond disturbance of the living standards of resident foreigners china today can buy practically no goods from other countries and deterioration in the value of its money has there fore no influence abroad nor does inflation ig greece where the drachma has practically lost it value affect the world now since greece is walled in within the fortress of europe growing infla tion in germany may have a useful international ef fect since it may speed the collapse of nazism but the german inflation as such does not affect the world outside europe in the post war world however inflation in any country whether ex enemy or lib erated from the enemy might jeopardize the interna tional system of political unity for which the united nations are now planning inflation in germany a flight from cur rency is already beginning in germany where the people want goods that will last not money that ma vanish even items like old copies of life are selling at fantastic levels inflation so excessive that mong loses all value is dispiriting to its victims and the world is suffering now partly because a beaten get many once went through the agonies of skyscraping inflation the 74,954,803,000,000,000 paper mark circulating in germany at the end of 1923 hadi value of only 722,000,000 gold marks in dollars the united states and britain have been discussing currency stabilization and the soviet union plans to join them in a monetary conference to be held some time this winter anglo american proposals for world currency stabilization are inspired by a de termination to prevent damage to international operation after the war by checking competitive dé valuation of currencies and maintaining stability of exchange rates inflation in any of the world’s majot countries would make such an objective very difficult to realize to an extent that can hardly be over emphasized hopes for world political unity depent for their realization on world economic stability blair bolles 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 191 vou x unr mrs porar he hat work cl of admit the th tions out a in per the ai assura will r on the needec the u furop contin declar the fu it 1 opinic four 1 traditi were of rel gence sues paniz cussec the ur je th lief a atlan th tered telatic +ie ec 21 1943 odical rug ee entered as 2nd class matter a ea bral librak univer cee oe ee unity of mich oe ee 7 1943 ann arbor mich y es rks ary it the an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association 100 foreign policy association incorporated a 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y day you xxiii no 9 december 17 1948 ries en unrra sets hopeful pattern of international collaboration it by vera micheles dean method of distributing relief and rehabilitation sup t is mrs dean was a member of director general lehman's tem plies the treatment of displaced persons and the lied porary staff during the first session of the unrra council financing of unrra nfla ie far reaching decisions of cairo and teheran 1 scope of unrra activities before the a pao ney e ra a the council met there had been a tendency among some ee ar paee st cs bi scsi oe ue ne americans to think of unrra as an agency which orld gi of the united nations relief and rehabilitation teh é oency would be concerned not only with the immediate relief and rehabilitation of victims of war in liber ated areas as provided by the unrra agreement signed at the white house on november 9 but also with the general post war economic reorganization of europe and asia this extreme view of the func tions of unrra was discarded from the start at atlantic city the relief and rehabilitation supplies whose provision is to be insured by the administra tion are limited to essential consumer goods for im mediate needs such as food fuel clothing shelter and medical supplies and materials such as seeds vel administration yet this was the first occasion when lib the thirty three united nations and the eleven na tne tions associated with them gathered together to map rited out a program of joint operations on a global scale in perspective perhaps the most important result of gur the atlantic city conference is that it gave concrete the assurance to the small nations that their interests majjwill receive serious and sympathetic consideration ling on the part of the great powers this assurance much ong needed to counteract the fear that britain russia and 1 the the united states might dispose of the future of gee furope without consulting the small countries of that fertilizers raw materials fishing equipment machin ping entinent helped to give content to the subsequent ery and spare parts needed to enable a recipient coun claration of the big three at teheran concerning try to produce and transport relief supplies its services ad 4 the future of small nations are to include health and welfare assistance aid in the it was inevitable of course that differences of repatriation or return of displaced persons and re ssing opinion should arise among the delegates of forty habilitation of public utilities so far as they can be os four nations varying widely in their interests and repaired or restored to meet immediate needs ttaditions such differences as did appear however these supplies and services are to be furnished only jel due not to disagreement concerning the urgency to victims of war in areas liberated from enemy oc a 0f relief and rehabilitation measures but to diver cupation this means first that no attempt was fences concerning broader political and economic made by the council to consider measures of relief e y ssues in the absence of an over all international or and rehabilitation in enemy or ex enemy territories ty sm gnization in which such divergences might be dis except for measures that may be in the interest of the ci fussed not only by the great powers but among all united nations such as prevention of epidemics the united and associated nations it was not surpris and second that the scope of unrra activities does or that issues going far beyond the problems of re not include countries not occupied by the enemy for lief and rehabilitation should have been aired at example india ps antic city 2 unrra and combined boards it the five main topics around which discussion cen was agreed from the outset that the activities of the itred were the scope of unrra activities unrra’s administration should be so conducted that they do 43 vilations with united nations supply agencies the not impede the effective prosecution of the war and should be carried out in fullest collaboration with the military authorities in any given area there fore it appeared essential that demands upon sup plies and shipping presented by the administration should be coordinated with other demands through the use of existing intergovernmental agencies con cerned with the allocation of supplies and shipping the relations of the administration with such agencies raised a crucial question since the agencies most directly concerned are the so called combined boards on food raw materials shipping and pro duction and resources on which britain the united states and in two instances canada are represented the small nations of europe some of which even in wartime are supplying nations either because they have shipping norway holland and france or because their colonies are sources of united nations materials holland france and belgium would like to be represented on the combined boards fail ing that these countries which still have gold and foreign exchange and expect to pay in full for any relief supplies they may acquire wanted to have direct access to the combined boards by passing unrra such an arrangement would have placed at a serious disadvantage countries like poland czechoslovakia yugoslavia and greece which have little or no gold and foreign exchange and will there fore need to receive relief either as an outright gift or through some form of lend lease procedure and would have defeated the very purpose for which unrra has been created the compromise finally reached was that all mem ber governments shall keep unrra fully informed of all their relief and rehabilitation requirements whatever arrangements may be contemplated for procurement or finance director general herbert h lehman for his part will present before the in tergovernmental allocating agencies the over all re quirements for relief and rehabilitation of all areas liberated and to be liberated in order to permit a global consideration of these needs with all other needs the successful working out of this compro mise will depend on the degree of cooperation given the administration both by the principal supplying countries which control the combined boards and by the countries in need of relief which have gold foreign exchange and ships at their disposal final decision in all cases will presumably rest with the combined boards working in close collaboration with the combined chiefs of staff 3 distribution of relief once relief supplies have been obtained allocated and trans ported to a given area such supplies according to a decision of the council shall at no time be used as a political weapon and no discrimination shall be made in the distribution of supplies because of ___ ssssssss page two race creed or political belief an element of flexipy ity however was introduced by the recommendati that relief in all its aspects shall be distributed dispensed fairly on the basis of the relative needs the population in the area and by the provision in determining the relative needs of the populaticy there may be taken into account the diverse nee caused by discriminatory treatment by the enep during its occupation of the area this would mak it possible for unrra to give priorities on supplig for those groups for example jews in poland civilian hostages from all occupied countries specially discriminated against by the nazis it was agreed that in general the responsibilj for distribution of relief and rehabilitation supplig within a given area should be borne by the gover ment or recognized national authority which exe cises administrative authority in the area delegaty representing a number of the occupied countries europe notably those of western europe madej clear that their governments intend to handle the dj tribution of supplies especially those they have pai for in full through their own distribution channe and expressed the belief that they have sufficient pe sonnel and adequate machinery for the performane of this task a different situation is expected to exig in the countries of eastern europe and in asia ani the problems of individual countries will have be explored through negotiations between their gov ernments and the director general while the cou cil recommended that the director general shoul be kept fully informed concerning the distribution d relief and rehabilitation supplies within any recipies areas it made no provision for on the spot observe tion by unrra officials of the extent to which it recommendations concerning nondiscriminatory dis tribution are being fulfilled 4 displaced persons there was consider able discussion during the council meeting regard ing the categories of displaced persons for whose te patriation or return unrra should be responsible it was finally decided that unrra should assist noi only the repatriation of citizens of the various unite nations to their countries of origin but also the t turn of united nations nationals and of stateles persons who have been driven as a result of the wal from their places of settled residence in countries which they are not nationals to those places thi provision would empower unrra for example t arrange for the return to burma the malay statts or the philippines of chinese residing in these arei before the war instead of repatriating them automat ically to china and also to return stateless jews russians and so on to countries other than those their origin in which they may have been residinf 7 iy ds ltiog lee nem pig d a es bilit lie vern exer late es oi ide i e di pai ine ve ti gow out r0uld on of pient serve ch its sider gard se fe sible st not inited 1 fe teless e wil ies of le t tates areas mat jews se 0 iding before the nazi invasion unrra however is not to have any responsibility for the repatriation of prisoners of war unless requested by the member government concerned 5 financing of unrra the question of financing the work of unrra was another major item on the agenda of the council the financial plan finally adopted after considerable redrafting was that introduced by the united states this plan provides that each member whose home territory has not been occupied by the enemy shall make a contribution for participation in the work of the administration ap proximately equivalent to one per cent of the na tional income of the country for the year ending june 30 1943 as determined by the member govern ment the council however recognized that there are cases in which its recommendations may conflict with particular demands arising from the continuance of the war or may be excessively burdensome be cause of peculiar situations and that the amount and character of the contribution recommended should be subject to such conditions member gov ernmments in this category may of course contribute additional amounts while those whose homelands are now occupied may contribute if they wish to the work of administration outside their own territory it is estimated that the total cost of unrra op erations for a contemplated two year period will be beween two and two and a half billion dollars of which the united states on the basis of one per cent of its 1943 national income would contribute about 60 per cent probably 1,135,000,000 and the united kingdom 15 per cent about 320,000,000 the balance being contributed by the british do minions india and the countries of latin america it should be pointed out that in the period 1917 21 the united states through private contributions and government grants contributed over two billion dol lars to the relief of war stricken europe the fear ex pressed in some quarters that unrra would be come a sort of international wpa was answered by director general lehman on december 10 when he told the house foreign affairs committee that unrra’s resources must be used only to meet the most pressing needs and not dissipated in financ ing long range reconstruction projects however sound and praiseworthy they may be the success of unrra he added must be measured by the speed with which it is able to liquidate itself the sooner it becomes unnecessary the greater will have been its accomplishments page three my native land by louis adamic new york harper 1948 3.75 authentic and vivid story of yugoslavia’s resistance to the axis and the civil war now raging between chetniks and partisans adamic believes the big three’s attitude toward the partisans will determine future allied policy with respect to other people’s movements throughout the world here is your war by ernie pyle new york henry holt 1943 3.00 one more book on north africa but with a difference running along with the story of the campaign and the soldiers lives is the warm chronicle of personal anecdotes which make good reading for those at home the lady and the tigers by olga s greenlaw new york dutton 1948 3.00 to the brilliant story of the flying tigers the wife of chennault’s chief of staff adds an exciting warmly per sonal tribute with a neat bit of malice toward some of their other chroniclers way for america by alexander laing new york duell sloan and pearce 1942 3.50 librarian novelist and poet the author assails the faults of those at home and abroad who claimed to serve democratic ideals in pre war days he makes a studiedly passionate appeal for what he defines as real democracy trees and test tubes by charles morrow wilson new york henry holt 1943 3.50 an interestingly written history of rubber which relates it to the present crisis better on the natural than the synthetic product because the author has lived on a cen tral american experimental plantation text of the baruch report is included cee ss sos christmas gifts as another christmas approaches we remind fpa members and subscribers to give friends a membership in the association or a headline series subscription in the critical year ahead your gift will be read re read and shared as a living record of the war and the emerging post war world regular membership 5.00 associate membership open only to teachers full time students librarians social workers the clergy men and women in the armed forces and employee groups of ten or more 3.00 special headline series sub scription 10 issues 2.00 includes weekly foreign policy bulletin and headline series foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 9 dgcember 17 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lugr secretary vera micue.es dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least ne month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year b81 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor mee sh eres oe washington news letter sitbea dec 13 what republicans say now on amer ican foreign policy is heard around the world offi cials of allied and neutral countries give weight to their words because they cannot disregard the possi bility of a republican victory in the 1944 presidential election some of the views currently expressed by republicans are so reserved that foreign observers here are beginning to wonder whether in spite of the moscow declaration and the connally resolu tion it can yet be assumed that the united states will remain in political partnership with other countries after the war has roosevelt a definable policy republicans of isolationist background hesitate to make direct criticisms of president roosevelt's course in foreign affairs but some of them question it obliquely senator robert a taft of ohio wrote for example in the december 11 saturday evening post it is quite true that behind a front of simple cooperation the president may conceal a real inten tion to bring about an international state or an im perialist british american control of the world as it happens a british american alliance was advo cated by thomas e dewey republican governor of new york not by president roosevelt on december 4 alfred m landon republican presidential can didate in 1936 asked a group of senators just what foreign policy does the president stand for until landon spoke it was believed here that the foreign policy of the administration was plain and had two main objectives 1 to win the war in close alliance with the other united nations and 2 to participate in an international peace keeping political agency after the war the second point was sub scribed to by secretary of state hull at moscow and was subsequently incorporated in the connally reso lution which the senate passed by a vote of 85 to 5 it is true that the administration has not explained in detail exactly what it hopes to accomplish through the generai international political organization called for by the moscow accord or how it expects that or ganization to avoid the weaknesses of the league of nations it is difficult to see however how this could have been done in advance of the cairo and teheran conferences at which it is assumed britain russia china and the united states did explore various aspects of post war international collaboration surface agreement on postwar in spite of this there is outwardly at least remarkable national agreement on the postwar issue the ad ministration has sought to achieve an aim that would have the support of the country rather than merely the democratic party the republican party itself through its postwar advisory council adopted 4 resolution at mackinac island on september 7 callin for responsible participation by the united states in a post war organization among sovereign nations to prevent military aggression and to obtain permanent peace with organized justice in the world thus the mackinac resolution agrees both with the aim of the moscow declaration and the connally resolution an international organization and with their philoso phy anti isolationism the sensitiveness of politicians to the current strength of this philosophy was shown on december 9 when herbert hoover the last republican pres ident tried to make amends for landon’s statement he issued a statement to the press in new york on december 8 that landon had not opposed the mos cow declaration nor was he against the inclusion of an identical foreign policy plank in the repub lican and democratic platforms next year the positions taken by landon in his talk to the senators and by taft in his saturday evening post article are reminiscent of 1919 when senator henry cabot lodge told jim watson that he did not pro pose to try to beat the versailles treaty by frontal attack but by the indirect method lodge’s indirect method consisted of insistence on reservations that of landon and taft on planting suspicions that the administration has a hidden purpose in its espousal of international cooperation nor is it encouraging to hear pronouncements by influential businessmen at gatherings such as the national association of manu facturers which indicate the belief that the united states can sell its goods after the war to an impov erished world yet still refuse to take the goods of other countries in payment under the circumstances it is difficult for the other united nations to know what our foreign policy is going to be when the war ends they cannot tell how influential conservative republican thought will prove to be nor can they forecast what tack a repub lican administration would take since republicans disagree among themselves the united states in the eyes of the world seems highly undependable for six weeks after secretary hull had negotiated an agreement and congress had voted to support his policy some political leaders already hint they are reconsidering the matter blair bolles 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 accord of fre withe ities a that w of the whom the only a inals other may 1 upon lo eva daim +ani t would merely y itself opted a calling states in tions to rmanent thus the n of the lution philoso current ecember an pres atement york on he mos inclusion repub k to the ing post or henry not pfo y frontal indirect ons that that the espousal ouraging sssmen at of manu e united n impov goods of the other policy is nnot tell ught will a repub publicans es in the ible for tiated an pport his they are 3olles 1943 dec 3 0 1943 entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiii no 10 dscember 24 1948 russians take lead in trying war criminals am trial by a military tribunal in kharkov of three germans and one russian accused of war atrocities and their execution on december 19 fol lowing admission of guilt represent the first official attempt on the part of any one of the united nations as distinguished from guerrilla groups to carry out the warning of the moscow conference regard ing war criminals it will be recalled that the moscow accord of november 1 was accompanied by a state ment on atrocities signed by president roosevelt prime minister churchill and premier stalin this statement declared that at the time of granting of any armistice to any government which may be set up in germany those german officers and men and members of the nazi party who have been respon sible for or have taken a consenting part in atroci ties massacres and executions will be sent back to the countries in which their abominable deeds were done in order that they may be judged and punished according to the laws of these liberated countries and of free governments which will be erected therein without waiting for an armistice the soviet author ities acted in accordance with the moscow provision that war criminals will be brought back to the scene of their crimes and judged on the spot by the peoples whom they have outraged the moscow statement was designed to serve not only as a basis for the subsequent trial of war crim inals but also as a solemn warning to nazis and ther germans who there is ample ground to fear may wreak vengeance for their military setbacks upon defenseless civilians in the areas they are forced 0 evacuate no one least of all the russians would daim that the three germans executed at kharkov were the original instigators of the crimes of which they were accused on the contrary one of the main purposes of the kharkov trial was to obtain from the accused an indictment of their superiors himmler rosenberg and hitler were mentioned who had planned the brutalities they had perpetrated against these and other nazi leaders the russians along with the governments of all occupied countries have long been preparing elaborate lists of accusations based on evidence collected from a great variety of sources the allied governments are submitting their lists to the united nations commission for the investiga tion of war crimes established on october 21 1943 on which the united states and the u.s.s.r are represented the soviet government as early as no vember 1942 appointed its own commission for this purpose what germans are responsible the kharkov trial aside from its immediate purpose of intimidating future german war criminals has far reaching implications for the larger problem of united nations policy toward germany today two schools of thought are becoming vocal in the united states both not altogether surprisingly being most violently represented by spokesmen of german ori gin one school contends that hitler and his nazi associates are alone responsible for all the suffering the germans have inflicted on other peoples that german generals and industrialists who allegedly wanted nothing but peace were coerced into sub mission to nazi plans and that rank and file ger mans were as much victims of nazi terrorism as the conquered peoples of europe the other equally ex treme school of thought avers that all germans are either criminals or madmen and should be treated as if they were suffering from incurable viciousness or from dementia praecox neither theses can be regarded as tenable and neither offers a constructive approach to post war relations with the germans no people can be held completely free of responsibility for the activities of their leaders it is true of course that there is no known method of bringing a whole nation to trial but individuals who have claimed to represent a na tion at a time when such representation was for them advantageous can and should be held responsible for the acts they either did themselves or ordered to be done by others many of them especially the small fry will doubtless be disposed of by the germans themselves or by self appointed avengers among the conquered peoples but others must be punished in some way if international morality is ever to be estab lished not merely on the formal plane of diplomatic documents but on the plane of personal responsibility need for personal responsibility in what manner however can acknowledged war crim inals be tried to pretend that any trial to which they may be brought will resemble the legal processes familiar to a stable society in times of peace even if it were held with the use of of defense counsel would be a travesty of peacetime justice it is for this reason that the suggestion made by charles warren well known expert on international law that such persons should be punished not on the basis of law but of policy appears to be sound the punish ment of nazi leaders would be a matter of policy not of law for one thing because so far there is no known law on the subject that such law is needed becomes increasingly evident but until it has been formulated and generally accepted it would be a disservice to the normal processes of justice to invoke them for this purpose the question may be asked whether officers and soldiers carrying out the orders of their superiors no matter how brutal can be le gally held accountable for their deeds but an army in which orders for such atrocities as are known to have been committed by germans especially in east will british commonwealth extend to western europe the suggestion made by the london daily sketch on december 17 that belgium might become a member of the british commonwealth a suggestion which was cautiously sanctioned by belgian officials has given new emphasis to the explosive speech delivered in london on november 25 by jan chris tiaan smuts speaking to the united kingdom branch of the empire parliamentary association smuts ten tatively proposed that britain should seek closer ties in western europe to enable it to play an equal role in the great trinity of powers united states so viet union and britain which will assume leader ship in the post war world the smuts proposal the south african premier advocating a peace based on power ex plicitly rejected an anglo american political axis as impracticable and by implication at least excluded an anglo soviet hegemony in europe he envisaged the peace as the product of a balance between the power and interests of the big three but since the partnership must be a union of equals and britain has depleted its resources during the war it may be page two ern europe and russia can hardly be regarded y conforming with the accepted rules of war the question of war criminals raises an even mog fundamental problem while no sane person woul contend that it would be desirable even if it wep practicable to punish all germans for what has bee done in their name there is soundness in the ry sian argument that the germans should be mag to repair literally make reparation for destructiog wreaked in their name upon other peoples neithe in britain nor in the united states would there ly much sympathy after the war for any attempt tp use germans as slave labor on reconstruction tasks jp russia or other devastated areas of europe but if program for the orderly utilization of german skills under the supervision of an international commissiog on which germans would be eventually represented could be worked out there would be a real advantage in having german civilians see for themselves what the german army and the nazis have done to othe peoples true the germans are now learning from their own experience what they did to coventry and rotterdam but they are as yet far from learning wha their fellow germans did in kharkov and kiev ip belgrade and warsaw personal acquaintance with these acts of brutality and personal responsibility for their reparation to the extent that they can be physi cally repaired would do more to impress upon the germans the lesson that war does not pay than any oi the elaborate programs for post war re education now being discussed by american educators vera micheles dean necessary he said that britain add to its strength associating itself with the smaller democracies western europe presumably norway hollané and belgium the empire and commonwealth kt continued because they are largely extra european cannot give britain the strength needed in a continen where war developments will have removed thre great powers germany italy and probably franc and raised russia to a position in europe neve held in peacetime by any single nation although the british government in answer to pf tests from algiers at the slighting reference to franc denied that smuts spoke for britain his proposal ap pears to have crystallized perhaps too precipitatelf the thinking of influential circles in whitehall well as in the exiled governments of norway hol land and belgium britain’s stock with these govett ments is high as a result of over three years coopeft tion in wartime london and they appear to belie that their security needs and economic interests af tied closely with those of britain neutrality havit failed them military arrangements with britain 3 zarded a ven mor on woul if it wer t has bee the rus be mak estructiog 3 neithe there be ttempt tp mn tasks ip but if nan skills ym missiog presented advantage ves what e to other ning from rentry and ning wha 1 kiev in ance with sibility for 1 be physi upon the han any od education s s dean pe trength by rcracies if holland wealth he europeaa a continent oved three bly frane rope never wer to pie to fran roposal ap ecipitatel hitehall rway hol ese govelit s coopeft to beliert iterests aff lity havin britain aff a logical alternative moreover should british eco nomic policy diverge sharply from that of the united states or other nations these countries would un doubtedly line up at britain’s side final decisions on such questions however can hardly be made until the norwegian dutch and belgian peoples have had the opportunity to support or oppose them at the same time forthright adoption by the british gov ernment of a policy along the line proposed by smuts is unlikely for several reasons obstacles to realization recent re ports from london indicate in the first place that there is concern lest such a policy be or appear to be directed against the soviet union true the lon don times suggested on november 19 that britain might share in the maintenance of joint bases on the continent and added that the anglo russian alli ance presupposes that britain will not intervene in eastern europe except in agreement with russia any more than russia will intervene in western europe except in agreement with britain but the danger of anglo russian rivalry with germany holding the balance of power in europe under such circumstances has already been mentioned as a factor which will restrain britain from pursuing a clear cut sphere of influence policy in western europe the exclusion of france from the smuts proposal also evoked considerable comment in london if this scheme is to assure effective security french partici pation would appear to be essential moreover for lack of it the colonies of a british led bloc would sur round france's african territories and this might well lead to serious friction it should not be for gotten however that prime minister churchill's 1940 offer to the french of full citizenship and equal ity within the british commonwealth has never been withdrawn france may feel that for reasons of secur ity in europe and its colonial interests in africa and asia support for if not actual membership in a system of this kind would be to its advantage page three what effect will the united states attitude toward the tariff shipping rubber foreign lending and lend lease have in influencing britain’s post war trade policy read britain’s post war trade and world economy by howard p whidden jr 25 december 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 a british policy of rigid obligations in europe would probably meet with considerable opposition in the dominions particularly canada while the members of the commonwealth have always wished to see britain strong they have preferred that its strength should not be based on continental ties the new york times of december 19 reports from ottawa that the smuts proposal for maintaining the strength of the commonwealth even to the inclusion of new members has received support in the cana dian capital but the reaction in quebec and in western canada cannot be expected to be so favor able certainly there is little desire in canada to follow a further suggestion made by smuts namely dominion participation in colonial administration on a regional basis but south africa and probably aus tralia and new zealand view this question in a dif ferent light and the commonwealth is undoubtedly flexible enough to adjust itself to this further di versity the reaction of the united states to the fulfill ment of smuts scheme would probably be mixed in view of american influence in latin america it is doubtful if this country could legitimately object to the development of a british sphere of influence in western europe if however holland were to join the commonwealth and bring its empire into the organization this would lead to increased popular suspicion of british imperialism and probably some official concern lest a rigid system of imperial preferences enclose almost all of south east asia this suspicion might be reduced however by exten sion of the more progressive colonial policies already announced by the dutch and british governments and the fear of commercial conflict removed by the reconciliation of british and american trade policies although formal adherence of the western euro pean democracies to the british commonwealth may never come about it should be clear that smuts how ever bold he appeared was doing no more than pro ject into the future a development which is al ready under way just as the governments of these countries were forced to turn to britain during the war so they may be expected to turn to it in the tasks of post war reconstruction they are separated from germany by hatred from the united states by dis tance and from the soviet union by both distance and differences in political and economic institutions regardless of the form it takes their association with britain and britain’s with them is bound to influ ence the shape of post war europe and the post war world howarpd p whidden jr foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 10 dscamber 24 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frrank ross mccoy president dorothy f lugr secretary vara micueres dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least ene month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ae produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news le ettec ma dec 20 with the senate’s rejection of the green lucas military voting bill some sort of prac ticable absentee balloting system for men and women in the armed services remains to be worked out be fore the presidential election next november the 9,000,000 persons of voting age who are expected to be in the armed services at that time could hold the balance in the electoral decision and play a lead ing part in determining whether the united states actually follows a foreign policy of international collaboration temptation for politicians the issue of the soldiers vote has been snowed under by more spectacular events on the battlefronts and by the con ferences at cairo and teheran but the important ques tion remains are the persons who are fighting to defend the country to be permitted to have a voice in its running the green lucas bill for federal su pervision of the voting was defeated on december 4 when the senate 42 to 37 approved an inadequate substitute measure which simply expressed the wish that the individual states would facilitate balloting by soldiers sailors the overseas personnel of the merchant marine and the uso american red cross society of friends women’s auxiliary ferry service and women’s air force society pilots the states failed to make adequate arrangements for vot ing by those persons in 1942 and this year and there is no reason to think they will do so in 1944 in an attempt to guarantee the soldier an opportunity to vote representative worley of texas chairman of the house committee on election of president vice president and representatives in congress has intro duced a bill to enable fighting men and women to cast their ballots through cooperation of the federal and state governments politicians work in the dark however when they try to anticipate the soldiers vote nobody knows how the great body of military men and women think about today’s international issues the general un official view is that at this stage the fighting men are less interested in great questions like foreign pol icy than in simple matters directly affecting them the problem for the soldier and sailor is will i have a job when the war is over educating the soldiers the likelihood that soldiers and sailors will vote wisely however is enhanced by the educational and information advantages provided for them by the army and navy in order to make them more intelligent fighters these programs give the military personnel a better opportunity than that enjoyed by many rank and file citizens to acquaint themselves with the nature of the events and problems of the times both in domestic and foreign affairs selected members of the services are now being polled by the army and navy depart ments for their opinions on current affairs these polls are not designed to serve any political end but to show whether the army's extensive educational programs are achieving results the services programs are divided into three parts orientation education information the objective of the war department's orientation program is to give the soldiers an opportunity to understand the na ture of the war its meaning to them and their place in it orientation officers who receive special school ing in their tasks elucidate both the military and political objectives of the united nations as well as the background of the war the course deals only in fundamentals with emphasis on military questions and is given but one hour a week the educational program gives the men an oppor tunity for discussion with one another with a guid ing officer present they exchange views on topics of the day this intellectual exercise is elective and is regarded as recreation as a basis of discussion the leader makes available pamphlets which the war department sends out whose preparation is arranged by agencies like the american historical associa tion the material supplied by the services is objec tive and deals with fundamental issues the information program provides news and graphic background information for the military per sonnel the war department distributes a weekly newsmap and through the army news service te ports of current happenings the news feature mag azine yank is essentially a war department pub lication the armed forces radio service provides broadcast news for soldiers and sailors overseas lt col frank capra has completed for the army five background motion pictures on the theme why we fight for showing to soldiers and magazines such as time newsweek and readers digest print overseas editions for distribution among the armed forces nevertheless the front lines get the news only in small doses and the men in the thick of the fight ing on land and sea are often in the dark about world events which they help to shape blairr bolles 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 191 appo north specu sion natic cost sever ous gerou offse high the n possi mont le ques turn ican with war howe does euro of o eral of w it is the s as if 194 in o1 inev civil lems cond equa trov +nal arts ive to ace oub ides lt five why ines yrint only ght orld 3s 3 periodical r oa entered as 2nd class matter iqa4 ai f jan v 1943 a ann a anti nv ne 2 atawe ein 4 micche foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiii no 11 decempmr 81 1948 is u.s prepared to live in a changed world resident roosevelt’s announcement on christmas eve that general eisenhower had been appointed to lead the invasion of europe from the north and west has given new impetus to public speculation concerning the time and place of inva sion the period that must ensue before the united nations can achieve victory over germany and the cost victory will entail the president himself and several of his closest associates have expressed seri ous concern regarding what they consider the dan getous over optimism prevailing in this country to offset this trend it was anonymously indicated from high sources in washington on december 22 that the nation must steel itself for heavy losses of lives possibly 500,000 in the course of the next few months leaders encourage optimism it is un questionably true that fighting men and travelers re turning from the various battlefronts find the amer ican people disturbingly light hearted as compared with peoples in other continents who have endured wat for between four and twelve years in all fairness however it should be said that such optimism as does exist about an early termination of the war in europe is due first of all to the confident predictions of our political and military leaders when gen eral eisenhower referring to the european theatre of war declares flatly that we shall win in 1944 it is too much to expect that the man and woman in the street should act contrary to such expert opinion as if the war might go on in europe until 1945 or 1946 the mere intimation that victory may be with in our grasp great as its cost is bound to prove inevitably has the effect of turning the minds of civilians and even soldiers to the manifold prob lems of reconversion and readjustment to peacetime conditions and as these problems are weighed it is equally inevitable that some of the fundamental con troversies over social and economic issues latent in this country long before the war should again come to the fore in the united states as in britain and even in lands still under nazi occupation many people fear that as war pressures are relaxed there will develop an almost irresistible tendency on the part of some groups to return to pre war conditions and that the promises of reform held out to human beings everywhere as the guerdon of victory will re main unfulfilled general eisenhower did warn that to achieve victory in europe in 1944 it will be neces sary for every man and woman all the way from the front line to the remotest hamlet of britain and the united states to do his or her full duty but there might be a greater surge of enthusiasm on our home front where the goad of immediate danger is absent if it were felt more uniformly that victory would be not merely the end of war but the beginning of an equally forceful struggle against the social and eco nomic maladjustments that in our time have bred war and revolution gap between u.s and europe it is of course true that we in this country have suffered rela tively so little from the war that it is sometimes well nigh impossible for us to imagine the agony of others the conquered peoples of the continent and to a lesser extent the british have lived through such cruel hours have had to rethink so many basic issues of life and death that they are further away from us today than if we and they were living in different periods of history their wartime suffering may prove one must hope it will prove their post war salvation for shorn of all illusion forced to draw strength from the only values tyranny cannot destroy they may have greater courage than ourselves in fac ing the problems of post war reconstruction here our present safety promises to be our future danger it may well happen that when the war is over eu rope and britain too will seem to us to have passed through a revolution we have not shared not merely a political and economic change but a spiritual revo lution we shall then be faced with the choice of either accepting the new values they have forged in the midst of war and resistance or rejecting them and perhaps becoming in the eyes of the world a citadel of conservatism even reaction there are obviously certain experiences we have no occasion to undergo we have no reason for trudging scantily clad through icy wastes as rus sian civilians old men women and children did when they fled from the german invaders or seek ing precarious refuge in mountain fastnesses as the yugoslav partisans in their hegira revealed last week by the new york times were forced to do before they could strike at the enemy or seeing our children starve as in china or killed by bombs as in rotter dam and london but the fact remains that many americans in our armed forces will have gone through similar or worse experiences before the war is over and that to them the safety and relative plenty in which we live may seem as remote and strange as to the conquered peoples of europe to the extent that we can narrow the gap which now separates us from our fighting men as well as from the peoples of other united nations we shall be not only strengthening ourselves for the blows that are to come we shall be making an investment in the reconstruction which we in common with others now fighting on our side must undertake once war is over occupied countries want aid not tutelage from allies when president roosevelt declared in his christ mas eve address that the rights of each nation to freedom must be measured by the willingness of that nation to fight for freedom he gave his answer to a question that is assuming paramount importance in our relations with europe what role will the underground resistance groups and the armies of liberation in the occupied countries play in the allied invasion of the continent in his statement the pres ident encouraged the peoples of europe to be active participants in the forthcoming struggle and not merely passive observers of what will undoubtedly be a long and bitter fight between the allied and german armies recent experience in italy where most of the people have stood by while the allies have been inching up the peninsula has given rise to the view that the liberated countries cannot be de pended on to supplement the invading forces efforts against the nazis italy however cannot be regarded as typical of the occupied countries not only had it been a full fledged partner of nazi germany but also for an entire generation its fascist régime had wiped out local initiative and curbed the development of political leadership allies in yugoslavia and france the pagetwo when hostilities cease the united nations as wel as the axis countries will have to resume life unde conditions that may have been altered beyond recog nition such change will prove most difficult for thoy who were fortunate enough to know something of the stability and security which in some countries y least characterized the pre 1914 period but as th british economist geoffrey crowther has pointed out those born since 1900 have never known anything but insecurity they have seen so many values de valued so many flags hauled down so many instity tions shaken or destroyed that whatever else may be they cannot be traditionalists the genem tion now coming to power all over the world has on thing in common a fearlessness born of having out lived fear many of them having lost practically all that the individual wants to possess family friends property may prove capable of rising above mer personal considerations these for better or worse will be the leaders of the post war period we ir this country must take heed not to be frightened of by such new leaders simply because they do not con form to the mental picture we have of europe as it was before 1939 we too although we have los so much less must be prepared to embody our ideas about a better world after the war not merely in fine phrases but in concrete acts of collaboration with the new forces emerging out of the holocaust vera micheles dean belief that a distinction exists between italy and nazi occupied countries is also borne out by recent reliable reports of the rise of large scale resistanc groups in yugoslavia according to trustworthy wit nesses 250,000 men and women now belong to mat shal tito’s partisan movement a force that in rela tion to population would be comparable to two mil lion in the united states the part these yugoslav partisans will play in the liberation of their county is moreover no longer simply a matter of specule tion for they already control large stretches of theit national territory coordinate their assaults on ger man communications and strongholds with allied ait attacks and make use of anglo american supplies and military advisers in france as in yugoslavia evidence is accumulat ing that when the long awaited anglo american it vasion is launched it will not encounter inert mass s the french committee of national liberation i algiers has repeatedly asserted that the forces o resistance at home are ready not only to fight but also to control their own affairs as soon as the nazi are expelled speaking on behalf of the resistant movement the committee has argued that the amg which has been training some of its men to handle frot cout thei certi stat plar cons crea tries has ack obli had 194 witl ee refs ge es i 3 of out hing titu era one out y all nds nere ofse 1 of com as it los ideas fine with tanc amg andle french affairs should not be established in france because that country being one of the united na tions deserves to be treated differently from the axis as an alternative to amg the committee pro posed on december 18 its own plan for setting up a temporary post invasion régime in france accord ing to this plan municipal elections would be held as soon as approximately half of france is liberated and the local councils so chosen would select dele gates to a provisional national assembly this as sembly would in turn name the chief of the pro visional government who would then form a cabinet of representative men selected both from among those who stayed in france and from refugees in algiers and london according to this proposal the provisional government would function until the re turn from germany of millions of prisoners of war and war workers made possible the holding of a regular national election a sound anglo american policy from these facts which indicate that the occupied countries are determined to play an active role in their own liberation and reconstruction there follow certain corollaries which britain and the united states would do well to note as their armies perfect plans for invading europe chief among these is the consideration that it is not possible for the allies to create the forces of liberation within occupied coun tries according to their own specifications this fact has been somewhat belatedly and as yet incompletely acknowledged by britain and the united states in the case of yugoslavia there the allies have been obliged to concede that the government in exile they had dealt with as the official yugoslav authority since 1941 is powerless to control events at home whereas the new partisan group which came into existence without allied blessing is assuming dominant power when therefore marshal tito demanded on de cember 22 that the allies acknowledge his régime in what effect will the united states attitude toward the tariff shipping rubber foreign lending and lend lease have in influencing britain’s post war trade policy read britain’s post war trade and world economy by howard p whidden jr 25c december 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month page three subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 stead of king peter’s cabinet in cairo he was asking for recognition of an authority that already has its own army police cabinet civil service postal system etc at the same time the french committee has also extended its influence by bringing all organized anti nazi forces within france under its control to be sure neither the yugoslav partisans nor the french resistance movement comprises all the anti nazis in their respective countries but the important point is that they do include those daring and active indi viduals who can‘give the most valuable aid to the allied invasion armies judging from the strength of the yugoslav and french resistance groups which have sprung up al most in spite of the anglo american attitude toward them the future of these liberated countries will be largely in their hands since these organizations have been welded together not only by the presence of a foreign invader on the soil of their homelands but also by the determination that pre war conditions shall not be restored it may be expected that their lead ers will insist on far reaching post war reforms un der these circumstances any attempt on the part of britain and the united states to restore the pre war political and social order would encounter active o position from the liberated nations if workable fu ture relations are to be developed between britain and the united states on the one hand and the lib erated european countries on the other it is essential that the invading powers treat the post war goals of the resistance movements with sympathy and under standing winirrep n hadsgel lessons of my life by the rt hon lord vansittart new york knopf 1948 3.00 with vansittartism a foremost subject of debate this collection of essays is a timely and brilliantly written ex position of the view that the german menace is not nazism but militarism which can be overcome only by a process of reeducation controlled by the united nations henry ponsonby queen victoria’s private secretary by sir a ponsonby new york macmillan 1943 3.75 collected letters of and to a little known but very im portant official a study in patience and tact men of maryknoll by james keller and meyer berger new york scribner 1943 2.00 stories of missionaries trained at maryknoll on the hudson and what befell them in the far places of the earth the tale of the siege of hongkong is particularly moving the land of the great image by maurice collis new york knopf 1943 3.00 story of a portuguese friar in 17th century arakan deftly raising and discussing numerous moral and political questions of the most timely interest foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 11 december 31 1943 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotny f lugt secretary vera micugeres dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ss produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter dec 27 the revolution of december 20 which forced general enrique pefiaranda del castillo from the presidency of bolivia and brought to power major gualberto villarroel has confronted the state department with an embarrassing dilemma the problem is to decide on the basis of available evi dence whether pefiaranda’s ouster was inspired by sinister nazi or argentine elements who took ad vantage of internal unrest for their own ends or by a genuine revolt against the social repressions of his régime which had already provoked several crises it is too early as yet to assert that the national revolutionary movement which under the leader ship of victor estenssoro recently back from a visit to argentina carried out the coup is liberal or il liberal what is undeniable is that bolivia had long been ripe for political violence the miserable work ing and living conditions of the tin miners the coun try’s most important industrial workers had encour aged the activities of extremist elements both fascist and communist moreover bolivia like many other countries of latin america is readily influenced by attacks against foreign capital and since a large part of the foreign capital invested in the tin mines is either british or american such attacks even without nazi inspiration easily take the form of criticism of britain and the united states the state department’s embarrassment over the revolt is due in considerable part to the fact that the united states government had displayed friendship for pefiaranda who visited this country in may at the invitation of president roosevelt and had shown confidence that his home policies frequently criticized in bolivia would not endanger his régime it was pefiaranda who took bolivia into the war on the united nations side and kept supplies of bo livian tin moving northward to the smelter at texas city texas after far eastern tin sources had fallen into japanese hands climax to year of trouble acute dis satisfaction with pefiaranda who was inaugurated on april 12 1940 was aroused among some groups of the bolivian population by the massacre of catavi on december 21 1942 when soldiers at the orders of the government fired at a crowd of 8,000 striking miners killing 19 a bolivian american commission set up soon afterwards under the chairmanship of justice calvert magruder of the federal circuit court in boston investigated the conditions of these miners and found a low wage scale and an absence of elementary safety precautions on december 27 secretary of state hull said that recognition of the villarroel government would be withheld until the countries of the western hemi sphere could determine whether the revolt had been inspired by axis sympathizers pefiaranda who fled to arica chile has already stated that the revolution was organized and carried out by nazis according to carlos montenegro new minister of agriculture the revolution was popular and democratic and looked toward better living conditions in the country through improvement of economic and social condi tions and the establishment of justice however americans have noted that the revolt was headed by a group of army leaders who in recent years had expressed vigorous anti semitic and anti democratic views and are therefore taking with a grain of salt the new government's official professions of support for the common man other causes behind revolt while the controversy over conditions in the tin mines may have been an immediate cause of the bolivian revolt at least two other factors deserve consideration first of all the villarroel régime lost no time in making a bid to nationalist sentiment by reiterating bolivia's historic claim to a land corridor to the pacific ocean across the territory of chile the assertion of this claim in the midst of a global war in which all of the countries of latin america with the notable ex ception of argentina are in one way or another en gaged injects a dangerous element into wester hemisphere relations threatening to precipitate a territorial conflict second argentina has not only a political but also an economic interest in bolivia which it may attempt to strengthen at this time with the aid of the new government it will be recalled that when the pro nazi government of german busch expropriated the oil properties of the standard oil company in 1937 only to find that it lacked both technicians and equipment to develop them argentina which needs oil promptly offered its as sistance the argentines were also definitely dis turbed last june when brazil offered landlocked bolivia free port facilities in santos with the pro posal that a new railway line be built to that port a development which might have diverted bolivian oil from the argentine market social ideology may well be at stake in the estenssoro revolt but so als are the age long objects of controversy between na tions strategic territories and raw materials blamrm bolles 1918 twenty fifth anniversary of the f.p.a 1943 w 1918 pes vou x pro n the p ate ul newly sia al claim natiot cussio popul an iss a ern f polis russ gle f ukra ous grou lowit teent three whic russ taine non vary the quir fi rus witl rus pils as ove litl in avo +ic sity of hitch j 1944 arbor yr 0 jan 11 1544 entered as 2nd class matter an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y country yor xxiii no 12 al condi january 7 1944 lowever problem of eastern poland tests moscow teheran accords eaded by ars had mocratic n of salt support while ines may n revolt on first making bolivia's ic ocean of this h all of table ex ther en western pitate a not only bolivia me with recalled german standard t lacked them d its as tely dis dlocked the pro t port 4 bolivian ogy may t so also veen na ow that the russians at the turn of the new year have crossed the old russo polish border the problem of eastern poland assumes immedi ate urgency this problem is not only a test of the newly developed collaboration between britain rus sia and the united states who at teheran pro claimed their intention to assure the rights of small nations it also promises to have important reper cussions in this country where the presence of a large population of polish origin could easily transform an issue of foreign policy into a domestic controversy an ancient dispute the problem of east ern poland is not new since the formation of the polish state in the tenth century relations between russia and poland have been dominated by a strug gle for the borderlands of white russia and the ukraine which both countries have claimed at vari ous times poland on historic grounds russia on grounds of ethnography and strategic security fol lowing protracted wars with russia during the six teenth and seventeenth centuries poland underwent three partitions in 1772 1793 and 1795 during which it was divided between austria prussia and russia as a result of these partitions russia ob tained for the most part lands which were ethnically non polish although they had been included for varying periods in the polish state it was only at the close of the napoleonic wars that russia ac quired purely polish areas following the bolshevik revolution of 1917 the russian controlled segment of poland was reunited with the restored polish state at that time when russia was torn by revolution and civil war marshal pilsudski sought to expand the country’s boundaries as far eastward as possible in 1919 polish forces overran eastern galicia vilna just awarded to lithuania by the allies was seized by the poles and in april 1920 pilsudski attacked russia with the avowed aim of including lithuania white russia and the ukraine in an enlarged polish lithuanian state the russians drove the poles out of the ukraine but under the russo polish treaty of riga concluded in 1921 poland retained extensive ukrain ian and white russian territories ribbentrop molotov line in subsequent years the anti russian and anti communist policy of polish leaders like pilsudski and colonel beck pa triotic though it doubtless seemed to many poles was regarded by russia as a threat to its security all the more so when in 1934 colonel beck adopted a course of appeasement toward hitler in all fair ness it should be said that poland was not in a posi tion to challenge nazi germany nor was its govern ment the only one in the world that sought to ap pease the nazis in fact the russians did just that when on the eve of germany's invasion of poland they concluded a nonaggression pact with hitler the possibility however that poland might become a base for german attack on russia colored moscow's attitude toward the polish government under the ribbentrop molotov agreement of 1939 russia obtained eastern poland in this area the poles constitute not a majority but the largest minority it is estimated that there are in eastern poland 5 mil lion poles over 4 million ukrainians and over a million white russians that same year polish white russia was incorporated into the white rus sian soviet socialist republic while polish ukraine was incorporated into the ukrainian soviet socialist republic since that time although eastern poland following the german invasion of russia has been occupied by german forces the russians have claimed that all inhabitants of these areas of poland deported to russia are legally citizens of the u.s.s.r not citizens of poland as claimed by the polish gov ernment in london through the efforts of the late premier sikorski who immediately after the german invasion of rus pagetwo sia adopted a policy of letting bygones be bygones a basis was laid down for collaboration between the polish government and the kremlin by the russian polish treaty of july 30 1941 the u.s.s.r recognized the soviet german treaties of 1939 as to territorial changes in poland as having lost their validity it might have been assumed that russian arrangements flowing from these treaties notably the incorpora tion of polish white russia and polish ukraine into the u.s.s.r would have been equally invalidated but the soviet government has made no statement to that effect on the contrary it has consistently given the impression that there can be no discussion about the disposal of eastern poland and that its accept ance of the terms of the atlantic charter after the german invasion of 1941 in no way affects any meas ures it may have taken before that time it is dangerous to make dogmatic assertions about a controversy so hoary with ancient grudges and prejudices there are a few points however that can be stated with some degree of certainty these may be listed as follows 1 neither britain nor the united states will go to war with russia to recover eastern poland for the polish state 2 public opinion in britain and the united states will suffer disillusionment if the soviet government after a quarter of a century of opposing imperial ism and territorial annexations now insists on unilateral seizure of eastern poland especially after having agreed that its 1939 treaties with nazi ger many had lost their validity 3 borders are not merely a matter of strategy or ethnography they are also a matter of sentiment the polish government in london headed by the peasant party leader stanislaw mikolajczyk as prime minister and the trade union socialist leader jan kwapinski as deputy prime minister and min ister of reconstruction apparently feels just as cop cerned about the retention of eastern poland withjg the polish state as polish conservatives 4 no statesman no matter how omniscient would be able to fix a boundary satisfactory to both russia and poland in an area where populations haye intermingled for centuries 5 russia does not need eastern poland eithe for additional territory resources or population claims the area chiefly on the grounds of security 6 security will not be achieved by mere seizure of territory on the contrary the efforts of britain the united states and russia through the moscow accord and the teheran declaration to create a feel ing of security on the part of small nations may be defeated if the first move made toward the liberation of conquered peoples in europe is the extension of russian territory at the expense of a smaller nation all these considerations would suggest that the only hopeful approach to this border problem the most baffling in eastern europe is neither automatic seizure of the territory by russia nor its automatic re turn to poland but an attempt to apply in this first test case some of the principles adumbrated at mos cow and teheran it is impossible at this time to arrange for an internationally supervised plebiscite in eastern poland but it would be desirable if russia invited britain and the united states to participate with it in an allied commission to examine this par ticular problem just as britain and the united states invited russia to sit on the commission on mediter ranean affairs should the u.s.s.r agree to such a procedure it would give the best possible indication that it regards united nations collaboration not as one way traffic but as a genuine attempt to achieve security for all nations large and small vera micheles dean people not emperor hold key to peaceful japan a new note in american policy toward japan has been struck by our former ambassador in tokyo speaking in chicago on december 29 mr joseph c grew now a special assistant to secretary hull declared that after decisively defeating japan the united nations should offer the japanese people hope for the future the proper attitude he said would be to adopt a helpful cooperative common sense spirit devoid of browbeating or vindictiveness with emphasis laid upon what the japanese would have to gain by playing the game with the rest of the world this is a valuable contribution to healthy discus sion of japan’s future for the closer we come to de stroying japan’s military power and aggressive plans the more necessary it will be to have a policy that can give our arms genuine support in establishing and keeping the peace in asia the prevalent feeling in the united states that the japanese are a nation of savages is due to a combination of the shock suffered at pearl harbor underhanded japanese tactics in the south pacific racial prejudice and ignorance of japan a policy compounded of these elements can not lead to a sound future for the far east unques tionably we will not leave any stone unturned to prevent japan from waging war again but this in itself means that we must encourage every future tendency on the part of the japanese people to look for a new non militaristic way of life what of the emperor mr grew is 0 jp firm ground here but his suggestion that japanese emperor worship may be a force for keeping the peace if the emperor is a peace seeking ruler not controlled by the military is open to argument it st as of nd within mniscient y to both 1ons haye nd either lation it ecurity re seizure f britain moscow ite a feel s may be liberation ension of er nation that the blem the automatic omatic re this first d at mos s time to plebiscite if russia articipate this par ted states mediter to such a indication on not as oo achieve dean feeling in nation of k suffered tics in the yrance of 1ents can unques turned to ut this in ry future le to look rew is om japanese sping the ruler not ument it i may be asked whether he was expressing more than his personal views even though he emphasized that on this point he was speaking for himself and not for the government several facts suggest a trend in policy making circles toward absolving the emperor of blame for japan’s militaristic policies thereby in timating that we may later be able to do business with him as far back as december 9 1942 elmer davis director of the office of war information declared that emperor hirohito had no more say about japan than i have a year later the state depart ment included in a collection of documents on amer ican japanese relations a memorandum of october 25 1941 sent by ambassador grew from tokyo ac cording to this report which was based on the asser tions of a japanese informant the emperor had per sonally ordered army and navy representatives to follow a policy guaranteeing that there would be no wat with the united states it is significant that in the words of the preface this collection is not com plete but contains only reports of special signifi cance not unnaturally newspapermen at once drew the memorandum to the public’s attention and suggested that the emperor's alleged desire for peace might ultimately help him to keep his throne it is difficult to see why the united states at this moment has any need to take a stand on the em peror's future openly or by implication not only do we know very little about the current political situation in japan but we are far from having de feated the japanese and we have surely had abun dant evidence that if the emperor actually desired to avoid war with the united states he was singular ly unsuccessful in his efforts moreover emperor worship and the prestige of the imperial household remain powerful weapons in the propaganda arsenal of the japanese army and navy the use to which they are being put at present is suggested by the em page three just published a summary of the delibera tions of the unrra council at its first session and six of the most important resolutions adopted at the meeting unrra a step toward recon struction by vera micheles dean 25c january 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 a year to f.p.a members 3 peror’s rescript read at the opening of the japanese diet on december 26 he stated on that occasion that the people all with the same spirit must crush the inordinate ambition of the enemy nations with all the nation’s total efforts the japanese people and peace possi bly in a late stage of the war when japan's position is hopeless the emperor will become the rallying point of groups seeking peace it is equally possible since here we are in the realm of pure speculation that as the japanese people realize the enormity of the crisis that faces them they will turn not only against the militarists but against the emperor him self as a tool of the armed forces since there is no way of testing these alternatives at present it would seem to be just as unwise for us to intimate that we seek his survival as to pledge his downfall our task now is to prosecute the war against japan with the utmost vigor and as japan is driven toward defeat we will want to observe internal developments close ly although maintaining a cautious attitude toward all leaders who claim to have become anti militaristic only when a crack up finally comes will we be in a position on the basis of our own views and japanese conditions to determine in detail our attitude toward japan’s political institutions but one thing can be said now to place our hopes in the emperor as an instrument of peace and stabil ity does not bring us to grips with the problems of a defeated japan if anything is clear it is that the emperor cannot serve the cause of peace unless a significant section of the japanese population is peaceminded and has some means of expressing its desires if the militarists have had their way so far and have used the emperor at will is this not in part the result of rigid regimentation imposed on the jap anese people in preventing a resurgence of militar ism a genuine popular voice in government is need ed we cannot rely on the inclinations of a peace ful emperor or moderate statesmen to keep japan on a sound course lawrence k rosinger new research staff member the association announces with pleasure the ap pointment to the research department of grant s mcclellan mr mcclellan received his b.a at the university of nebraska and his m.a at the london school of economics he has been on the staff of the national research council the office of stra tegic services and the office of censorship and has an honorable discharge from the air corps admin istration of the united states army foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 12 january 7 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lggt secretary vera micueles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 one month for change of address on membership publications 181 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter sitbes jan 3 the british and united states govern ments have for some time been subjected to unre mitting public pressure to relax the blockade of the european continent and permit relief food to be sent into german occupied countries isolationist organs like the new york daily news have attacked prime minister churchill for not permitting food to pass through the blockade although he shares this respon sibility with other british as well as american offi cials several of the allied governments in london have urged britain and the united states to permit the sending of food into the countries they represent the united states and britain however have re fused to breach the blockade with two exceptions a feeding program for unoccupied france which was suspended when washington and vichy terminated diplomatic relations following our invasion of north africa in 1942 and a program for greece which remains in operation now advocates of shipping food through the blockade have gained new strength as a result of the approval given on december 20 by the senate foreign relations committee to a resolu tion sponsored by senator gillette of iowa this resolution declares it is the sentiment of the senate that food be sent by the allies to children nursing mothers and expectant mothers in occupied europe feeding through blockade the con troversy over this poignant issue is not between good people who wish to feed the starving and bad people who say let them starve it is a controversy between those who believe that food sent through the blockade would reach the mothers and children it is destined for and skeptics who contend that the germans would use the food for their own advan tage emotion naturally colors this debate for men and women everywhere find it hard to contemplate starvation with equanimity although the extent of actual starvation in europe is difficult to measure right now the germans are taking advantage of the geneva prisoners of war convention which re quires a belligerent government to feed the military prisoners in its control the nazis in many instances have withdrawn their contributions of rations to those who receive the supplemental food packages sent regularly from the united states and britain when in 1941 herbert hoover who supports the feed europe now campaign sought german ap proval for a belgian food relief program the nazis were willing to authorize the control commission to operate in brussels only the british government then for victory buy united states turned down the hoover proposal the greek pro gram under a swiss swedish commission with inter national red cross cooperation works pretty well because its members and agents are permitted to travel all over the country and check on every move in the distribution of the food greece moreover unlike the countries of western europe has few foodstuffs needed by the germans the authors of the gillette resolution recognize the possibility that ger many may be aided through relief programs for the resolution urges rigid safeguarding of such relief so that no military advantage whatever may accrue to the civil populations or armed forces of the in vading nations the blockade is a weapon that accomplishes more in this total war toward harming germany de pendent as it is on raw materials it normally imports from all over the world than in any previous con flict it is not a new weapon notwithstanding the blockade’s importance the united states and britain have indicated willingness to lift it for the shipment of food to the occupied countries provided the fol lowing conditions are met possible conditions 1 the relief pro gram be limited to special recipients excluding adults working or capable of work 2 operation of the program to be under the complete control of a neu tral commission whose personnel must be approved by the american and british governments the com mission must be permitted to maintain an adequate staff and must have complete freedom of movement within the given country in order to supervise all aspects of the plan’s operation 3 germany must not purchase or requisition any food within or ship any food from the country in which such a program is instituted except where surpluses of particular foods exist that cannot be consumed by the local population 4 all arrangements which may be negotiated by the supervising commission for the barter of locally produced commodities against food stuffs or other relief goods from german stocks will be subject to review and approval in advance by the british and american governments 4 germany must continue to supply any foods now being sup plied to the given country in the same quantities based on nutritive value as at present 6 all shipping required for the operation of the scheme must be by neutral vessels at present unused from within the blockade area sweden has indicated readiness to place its ships in such service bair bolles war bonds 191 +imports ious con ding the d britain shipment the fol lief pro 1g adults nm of the f a neu approved the com adequate 1ovement jan 18 1984 entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y rvise all any must or ship program yarticular the local may be for the nst food ocks will ce by the germany ing sup juantities 6 all scheme ed from indicated solles yds vou xxiii no 13 january 14 1944 russia proposes polish border settlement he announcement over the moscow radio on january 11 that the soviet government does not consider unchangeable the 1939 frontier fixed un der the ribbentrop molotov agreement and offers poland a new frontier corresponding to the curzon line of 1919 as well as an alliance of mutual as sistance against germany modeled on the russo czech pact of december 12 1943 should do much to ease the dangerous tension created by the advance of russian forces into poland this tension threat ened to precipitate a conflict among the united na tions over the spoils of war when the war itself is actually far from won with the possibility that the germans might yet snatch victory out of impend ing defeat the mere prospect of such an eventual ity should have a sobering effect both on the great powers not one of which can win the war alone and on smaller countries like poland not one of which can be liberated from germany without the aid of the great powers curzon line proposed the russian dec laration of january 11 is constructive in both tone and substance although its assertion that the pleb iscite that resulted in the incorporation of western ukraine and western white russia into the u.s.s.r was carried out on broad democratic principles might call for a re definition of democratic the main points of the declaration are that the treaty of riga of 1921 committed an injustice by leaving large bodies of ukrainians and white russians within the polish state a contention which would find sup port among neutral observers that a strong and independent poland whose re establishment the soviet government declares it favors will be strength ened by the exclusion from its borders of non polish populations and that moscow is ready to correct the ribbentrop molotov frontier in such a way that see v m dean problem of eastern poland tests moscow teheran accord foreign policy bulletin january 7 1944 districts in which the polish population predomi nates be handed over to poland for this purpose the soviet government is ready to accept the curzon line which was proposed by the supreme allied council in 1919 as a military line beyond which rus sian armies should not go into poland this line which at the time was rejected by both poles and russians would have left the predominantly ukrain ian and white russian areas of eastern poland on the russian side moscow’s proposal will probably be unacceptable to extreme polish nationalists it corresponds how ever to suggestions made by the more moderate polish spokesmen in this country from a strictly realistic point of view the possession by either russia or poland of the disputed borderlands between the curzon line and the pre 1939 russo polish frontier would not of itself assure the security of either coun try since it is not a strategically defensible territory such as that for example which blocks the allied advance in italy such security as both russia and poland may hope to attain against the renewal of german expansion will have to be sought in a gen uine understanding between the two countries with in the framework of a viable international organ ization an understanding in the form of an alliance of mutual assistance is offered by the soviet government but it is offered to the polish people not to the polish government in london which according to the january 11 declaration has proved incapable of establishing friendly relations with the soviet union or of organizing an active struggle against the german invaders in poland itself what the soviet government proposes without ac tually stating it in so many words is the creation either in poland or elsewhere of a new régime the union of polish patriots in moscow might be the prototype that would be ready to cooperate with tt the kremlin on terms it considers acceptable that poland once it has been liberated from german rule will want to effect fundamental political eco nomic and social changes has been made clear both by the underground movement in the homeland and by many poles in exile it is not a foregone conclu sion however that a free poland would necessarily opt for the soviet system nor would the imposi tion of this system from outside assure poland the degree of internal stability that is essential for its postwar reconstruction east prussia to poland in compensation for the territorial loss poland now faces the soviet government suggests that poland must be reborn not by the occupation of ukrainian and white rus sian territories but by the return of territories seized from poland by the germans although no specific reference is made to east prussia this presumably is the chief area that the soviet government has in mind the proposal that poland should take east prussia has been heard with increasing frequency in this country with the corollary that all germans be removed from that territory on many grounds the proposal to exchange east ern poland for east prussia may seem to have merits what is readily forgotten is that east prussia cen turies old outpost of germanism against the slavs has the same sentimental and ethnographic signifi cance for the germans as western ukraine and west ern white russia are claimed by the russians to have for russia the transfer of east prussia to the poles even minus its inhabitants would create a new terra irredenta which the german people would strive to recover to say that loss of this territory would only serve the germans right is to take a short sighted view of the post war period for what ever we undertake to do concerning germany should be viewed not in terms of what it does to the ger caribbean commission points to new form of colonial rule the announcement on january 4 that a west in dian conference is being set up as an advisory body to the anglo american caribbean commission thus providing a channel for consultation with local re resentatives marks an important step in the develop ment of joint colonial administration it has already been suggested in washington that the experience gained from this experiment may provide a useful model for handling post war colonial problems in other areas of the world experiment in regionalism the anglo american caribbean commission was established on march 9 1942 for the purpose of encouraging and strengthening social and economic cooperation be tween the united states and its possessions in the caribbean and the united kingdom and the british colonies in the same area its members working un pagetwo et mans but what it does for the reconstruction of europe and the seizure by poland of east prussia which at no time in history was an integral part of the polish state would merely lay the basis for ap other war nor would mere physical removal of the inhabitants of east prussia into germany of itself produce a change of mind among germans such q change can be effected only through an internal fe volt against the social and economic system carried over from feudal times into the weimar republic toward international coopera tion future relations between germany and po land as well as between poland and the soviet union are obviously of immediate and poignant concern to poles and russians but they are also of profound concern to all the other united nations the main issue at stake today is not the determina tion of this or that frontier but the creation of ap international organization in which the security of all countries large and small would be a matter of common concern to be achieved by common effort in a broadcast of january 8 inaugurating a new series entitled the state department speaks james c dunn political adviser on european affairs to sec retary of state hull said that the most important single question at the moscow conference was wheth er the great powers were determined to seek their and the world’s salvation through international co operation or whether they had other plans and de signs for the future which would have raised the dread certainty of a third world war even before world war ii was finished the moscow proposal of january 11 holds out hope that at the crossroads where we now stand the method of international cooperation may yet be the road chosen by the first great power to threaten germany with defeat in europe vera micheles dean der co chairmen one american and one british were to deal primarily with matters pertaining to labor agriculture housing health education social welfare finance economics and on these matters to advise their respective governments it was apparently intended at the outset that the caribbean commission should not only concern it self with maintenance of the economic structure of the islands and provision of the basic necessities of life but also lay down plans for reconstruction of the area it was some time however before the com mission was able to look beyond war necessities for intensification of german submarine warfare in west indian waters in the summer of 1942 made it neces sary to concentrate all efforts on the immediate prob lem of supplying the essential needs of the islands in this task considerable success was achieved in the coordi contro regula also t ductio intercl for ritorie the capaci sion of the becom be co states colon with const ing pecte plies food acol re f p 27 ction of prussia part of s for an al of the of itself e such a ernal re 1 carried epublic opera and po e soviet oignant also of nations termina mn of an urity of latter of n effort ww series ames c to sec nportant s wheth ek their onal co and de sed the n before proposal ossroads national by the n defeat dean ule sritish ining to n social matters that the neern it cture of sities of ction of he com ities for in west it meces ite prob islands d in the coordination of shipping food production economic controls and in measures to spread employment and regularize wages benefits of a permanent nature can also be expected particularly from increased pro duction in agriculture and fishing in addition the interchange of information and direct investigation for example by american officials in british ter ritories has established a useful technique the west indian conference acting in an advisory capacity should enhance the value of the commis sion by providing opportunities for representatives of the local populations to express their views and become associated with its work the new body is to be composed of two delegates from each united states territory and each british colony or group of colonies and is to be furnished by the commission with a permanent secretariat acting presumably as a constant link between the two bodies the first meet ing which will be held in the near future is ex cted to consider such questions as increasing sup plies for the islands stabilizing prices maintaining food production after the war continuing the de velopment of fisheries and accelerating health and quarantine measures it is also stated that the con ference will be free to invite the participation of representatives from other than american and brit ish islands a step which if taken will remove one of the limitations in the present arrangement advantages outweigh disadvan tages the pattern being developed in the carib bean foreshadows the possibility of international co operation in other colonial areas on july 13 1943 colonel oliver stanley british colonial secretary told the house of commons that while the british government intended to remain responsible for the administration of british colonies it favored the es tablishment of commissions in certain regions so that common problems might be met and solved by acommon effort these commissions the colonial secretary declared would comprise not only the pagethree for a survey of some of the basic questions that preoccupy public opinion today read the u.s.s.r and post war europe by vera micheles dean 25c vol xix no 11 of forricn po.icy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 states with colonial territories in the region but also other states which have in the region a major stra tegic or economic interest this would mean ap parently that in a commission for the east indies the netherlands britain the united states china and possibly others would be represented from the colonial point of view alone regionalism offers many obvious advantages first such colonial problems as disease soil erosion transport migrant labor etc cross boundaries and can be effectively handled only by action over a wide area second eco nomic policy could be integrated through a regional commission and the financial needs of the poorer colonies met more readily if they were part of a larger group and finally the third party judgment provided by a commission would act as a stimulus to the administration to adopt progressive policies but there are certain drawbacks which are not so obvious and therefore perhaps the more danger ous the interposition of an intermediate authority between a colony and the colonial power may tend to obscure the source of real responsibility and widen the gap between the governors and the governed in the case of british colonies for example responsibil ity rests on the colonial secretary and public opinion can be brought to bear on him to change policy it might be unwise moreover to include in such a scheme a colony which was well on the way to self government for it would suddenly find many of the powers it was about to assume transferred to a new organization there would also be a danger that a nation with a reactionary native policy south af rica for example might assume the dominating in fluence on a commission or at least that divergent colonial policies would lead to deadlock on balance however the advantages of joint ad ministration or more accurately joint supervision of colonies on a regional basis seem clearly to out weigh the possible drawbacks and the system has probably come to stay there will be many difficul ties not least the problem of associating the colonial peoples in the work of the commission the west indians were restive at their exclusion from the caribbean commission and it still remains to be seen whether the newly established conference can satisfy their aspirations but if the system as now set up in the west indies can be made to work in the interests of both the caribbean peoples and the gov ering powers the pattern established there will probably be adopted in other colonial regions howard p whidden jr foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 13 january 14 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national 22 east 38th screet new york 16 n y franx ross mccoy president dorotuy f lust secretary vera micuhetes dzan eédftor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year sb 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter jan 10 the washington administration which expects polish prime minister stanislaw mikolajczyk to visit this country before long has until this week remained hopeful that relations between the soviet and polish governments might be mended the polish controversy is a domestic as well as a foreign issue for the united states whose 3,000,000 citizens of polish birth or parentage hold a strong political position in new york pennsylvania ohio michigan and illinois and have influence in other states answers to a questionnaire distributed by the office of war information for another federal agency last summer disclosed that an overwhelming majority of the polish americans take an active inter est in polish affairs the impending visit of mikolajczyk might enhance this interest polish american groups the adminis tration is aware that polish americans may vote next november according to their view of how capably the state department has protected poland’s inter ests in its controversy with the soviet union some officials however doubt that political opponents of the administration will try openly to take advantage of any polish american dissatisfaction because the success of the international collaboration policy which both republicans and democrats have ap proved might well depend on a successful com promise settlement of the soviet polish issue polish americans do not form a solid bloc seven of the ten polish american congressmen are demo crats the others republicans polish americans be long to three main organized groups each of which follows a different line regarding polish politics chauvinist polish americans favoring nationalist ex pansion of poland at the expense of russia and czechoslovakia have formed the national com mittee of americans of polish descent which is known as knapp its sponsor is ignace matuszew ski a polish emigré its actual organizer is maximil lian wegrzynek wealthy new york importer polish americans on the left favoring full polish accord with russia on russia’s terms organized the kosciusko league last autumn in detroit polish in tellectuals on the left have rallied around oscar lange professor at chicago university before the kosciusko league was established the politically most active polish leftist among the workers was leo kryczki of milwaukee president of the ameri can slav congress in december a number of poles withdrew from the congress in protest against what for victory buy united states they considered its radical tendencies most polish americans belong to the leading so cieties of the polish american council the polish national alliance the polish catholic union or the polish american women’s alliance the council moderate in politics supports the polish government line its president dean francis swietlick of the law school at marquette university milwaukee blocked a move to make him president of the amer ican slav congress and also thwarted an attempt by the knapp to oust him from the chairmanship of the polish national alliance the nine polish language dailies and 35 semi weekly and weekly papers controlled by the different groups show uncertainty about the line they will follow in american politics although they take pro nounced stands on foreign affairs judging by cir culation figures the polish government has the pre ponderant press backing through the chief papers of the polish national alliance the daily dziennik zwiazkowy and the weekly cjoda both published in chicago of the polish roman catholic union the dziennik chicagoski of the polish american women’s alliance the chicago and pittsburgh week ly glos polek and through two large independent dailies the buffalo dziennik dla w sjystkich and the cleveland wiadomosci codzienne knapp’s organ is the nowy swiat new york daily which wegrzy nek owns and to which matuszewski contributes the kosciusko league’s paper is the detroit weekly glos ludowy administration's attitude the polish side of the territorial question raised by the russian claim to the eastern areas has often been presented to the american government president roosevelt heard it from the late prime minister wladyslaw sikorski who visited the united states twice after russia entered the war in 1941 the administration has taken neither the russian nor the polish side it has contented itself with noting the points of differ ence between the two governments and has sought to get them on speaking terms in the belief that the controversy over boundaries can be resolved later the american government has not indicated how ever that it accepts the view put forward by david zaslavsky who in his attack in pravda of january 500 wendell willkie said that the question of the east ern polish territory is an internal affair of the soviet union and not the concern of other countries blair bolles war bonds 191 +nik kly ish ian elt ion net aan arb 4 4 é univor entered as 2nd class matter bishop de 5 4 sity of mente or mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiii no 14 january 21 1944 two front war will impose final test on german reserves final preparations for the anglo american invasion of western europe nearing comple tion and the russian winter offensive gaining mo mentum the nazis face the prospect of a two front land war in which decisive victories can be inflicted on the german armies from two directions a suc cessful landing in northern france coupled with con tinued pressure from the east will bring the war in europe to a climax for it will force the german high command to risk everything in an effort to stem allied advances before they reach germany itself soviet gains not decisive although moscow announced on january 16 a new offensive in the north below lake ilmen an offensive which may force the germans to fall back to a line run ning from riga to the pripet marshes via the dvina tiver the most vital sector still appears to be in the south the northern wing of the two pronged offen sive launched from kiev several weeks ago has now passed sarny in eastern poland and the southern wing threatens german rail lines at vinnitsa and zhmerinka if the red army should cross the bug fiver and capture zhmerinka the german forces in the bend of the dnieper would be almost entirely cut off from the armies in poland and would un doubtedly endeavor to retreat to the dniester rus sian confidence that they can force such a withdraw al if not actually trap the southern german armies is indicated by the way in which red army leaders have exposed the spearhead at sarny and the thrust toward zhmerinka to counterattack but there is no evidence yet that the germans have suffered a decisive defeat on this front al though paying a heavy price in material manpower and exhaustion of their reserves they have managed so far to keep their armies in being and avoid a dis aster such as they suffered at stalingrad until they have been forced back to crucial areas like the ru manian oil fields silesia and western poland they will probably attempt to save their armies at the ex pense of territory a cross channel invasion preparations for the invasion of western europe are now under the direct supervision of general dwight d eisen hower supreme commander of allied forces in brit ain who reached london over the week end of janu ary 15 16 after conferring in washington with pres ident roosevelt and in morocco with prime minister churchill eisenhower will have as his chief of staff major general walter b smith as deputy commander air chief marshal sir arthur tedder as director of air operations air chief marshal t l leigh mallory and as chief of naval operations admiral sir bertram ramsay general montgomery in command of all british ground forces will once more match wits with marshal rommel while it seems likely that lieutenant general omar n brad ley commander of united states ground forces in the european theatre will renew the duel with rom mel which began in tunisia it can be expected that eisenhower will weld his anglo american staff into a smooth running machine just as he did in north africa the allied expeditionary force faces one of the most hazardous operations in military annals the limited range of both fighter aircraft and landing barges will in all probability dictate a cross channel invasion which means a landing somewhere between the mouth of the scheldt and the mouth of the seine probably in france because of the shore line and the presence of essential harbors other parts of the european coast from denmark to the pyrenees should not be entirely excluded for a mass invasion far from the british base impossible as it appears might be attempted regardless of the spot chosen invasion can hardly take place until late march or early april when the weather will be favorable and allied pre ponderance in the air assured ees br a se ee ee ee sal a pete oe ne io a st st ene it need not be assumed however that the western allies will concentrate all their forces on a single assault the air offensive over germany will prob ably be stepped up both to weaken german produc tion and to draw off all possible fighter strength from the invasion area at the same time continued pressure can be expected in italy and probably one or more diversionary attacks against norway den mark brittany southern france or the balkans it is unlikely that large forces will be used in any such attack however since its primary purpose will be to draw off part of germany's strategic reserves while the main attack is being launched for once a bridge head is established the chief purpose of the allied forces will be not so much the reconquest of territory as the destruction of the german armies and this will require a concentration of force which will for bid extensive operations elsewhere in western europe unlike the eastern front the german high command will not be in a position to pagetwo retreat without jeopardizing an area vital both eg nomically and strategically an area which belong to what has been called the german heartland apart from germany itself this term is applied territory which includes denmark the low coup tries northern france austria czechoslovakia hyp gary rumania northern yugoslavia and westem and central poland loss of any of these areas would threaten germany's ability to continue the struggle and it is expected that the high command will ris decisive battles to defend them if in the east th russian armies reach vital areas of rumania or po land at the same time that anglo american force move directly into northern france decisive actions will develop on both fronts the german army ability to hold out will then depend largely on the strength of its reserves when these are used up allied victory will not be far off howarpd p whidden dutch and british pledge end of opium smoking monopoly the f.p.a opium research committee has been closely in touch with the developments discussed in the article be low and has played a useful part in bringing informed american opinion to bear upon the discussions editor the netherlands government on october 1 1943 and the british government on november 10 1943 announced that opium smoking under government license the government monopoly system will end in all far eastern territories which may be returned after the war to dutch and british control this change in policy removed a difference of opinion be tween the two countries on the one hand and china and the united states on the other which has caused serious difficulty since the hague convention of 1912 whenever international efforts have been made to advance the fight against the abuse of opium and dangerous drugs results of league action the machin ery of the league of nations has proved effective in limiting the manufacture and controlling the com merce in drugs made from opium even during the war the controls established for peacetime conditions have remained in force in those areas of the world where the united nations exercise administrative authority the drug supervisory body reports in its annual statement for 1944 that 53 countries out of a possible 71 have sent in advance estimates of their medical needs to this control body established under league of nations auspices but the next step in international progress lim itation of the planting of the opium poppy to supply only the medical and scientific needs of the world has been delayed by the continuation of government monopolies for smoking opium no definite figure for the amount of raw opium to be used by these monopolies could be determined until general agree ment was reached as to the rate of annual reduction and length of time during which they were to be con tinued no total for raw opium could therefore be settled upon although the amount 400 tons nec essary for manufacture into medicine and scientific uses was already known the smoking opium te quirements were the unknown x of the equation this x is now removed as far as dutch and british monopolies are concerned in view of the united policy of the allies it is not probable that french indo china or thailand will continue the monopoly system after the war nor is it likely that the monop oly system will be continued in formosa what will occur in burma cannot be predicted until the whole indian situation is further clarified international agreement possible the way is now open for an international agree ment between the principal countries which grow and export the raw material turkey greece yugo slavia and iran and the important drug manufac turing countries it is hoped that a plan may be evolved informally so that a draft convention can be presented for consideration at the end of the wat this is post war planning in its most immediate and practical aspect the new policy by the netherlands and great britain is a concrete sign of a liberal and construc tive trend with respect to post war colonial adminis tration and augurs well for further decisions r te these areas helen howell moorhead befsi ese 5s e ices ons ny's an yure nese ree tion con be nec tific re ron itish ited ench poly nop will hole sreat linis s if pagethre the f.p.a bookshelf lend lease by edward r stettinius jr new york mac millan 1944 3.00 an extremely interesting account of the origin and de yelopment of lend lease told by the former lend lease administrator and present under secretary of state in presenting the way in which mutual aid has been used to pool the war supplies of the united nations this book makes an important contribution to the history of world war ii maps charts pictograms and photographs add to the interest and value of the volume jane’s fighting ships 1942 edited by francis e mcmurtrie new york macmillan 1943 19.00 jane’s all the world’s aircraft 1942 compiled and edited by leonard bridgman new york macmillan 1943 19.00 invaluable is the only word adequately characterizing these annual classics of naval and air developments par ticularly useful right now because despite the great diffi culty of assembling the information in war years they contain more accurate details than are to be found in any other single source the italian conception of international law by angelo piero sereni new york columbia university press 1943 5.50 a technical and apparently exhaustive study of value for the general student showing the italian origin and development of many international rules and procedures a steel man in india by john l keenan with the col laboration of lenore sorsby new york duell sloan and pearce 1943 3.75 this is a different book on india a fresh vigorous ac count of a quarter of a century spent in that country by a gary steel man who became general manager of tata’s india’s largest steel plant mr keenan’s sympathetic prac tical approach throws considerable light on important aspects of the indian problem soul of russia by helen iswolsky new york sheed ward 1943 2.75 a far from impartial history of christianity in russia by a catholic writer who believes communism has had no effect on the spiritual vitality of the church free china’s new deal by hubert freyn new york mac millan 1943 2.50 a factual discussion of the economic side of china’s war effort the material in large part based on official statis ties is presented both topically and by provinces for a survey of twenty five years of the general attitude and policy of the catholic church as well as a record of the vatican’s relations with italy spain germany and the u.s.s.r read foreign policy of the vatican by sherman s hayden 25c january 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 meet the arab by john van ess new york john day 19438 3.00 shrewd analysis lightened by personal reminiscences of the arabs by a lifelong student and devoted friend of that people a literary journey through wartime britain by a c ward new york oxford university press 1943 2.00 places marred or destroyed by bombings described with charm and that love which so many feel for british literary landmarks czechoslovakia fights back washington d.c american council om public affairs 1943 cloth 3.00 paper 2.50 account of the effects of german occupation on the political economic and religious life of czechoslovakia based on the official sources of the government in exile the displacement of population in europe by eugene m kulischer montreal international labour office 1943 1.50 a careful preliminary survey of the uprooted peoples of europe that is essential in understanding the immensity of the post war resettlement problem this is not the end of france by gustav winter london allen unwin 1942 distributed in the u.s by w w norton new york 1943 4.00 one of the fairest and most interesting interpretations of french developments from versailles to the capitula tion of 1940 the author also assesses the forces at work for the restoration of a strong and republican post war france the air future by burnet hershey new york duell sloan and pearce 1943 2.75 an interesting account of the technical political and economic aspects of international air transport but scarce ly deserving of its sub title a primer of aeropolitics the russian enigma by william henry chamberlin new york scribner 1943 2.75 interesting interpretation of russia’s historical develop ment and the postwar outlook for stalin’s régime at home and in international affairs by an author who knows the u.s.s.r well crusade for pan europe by richard n coudenhove kalergi new york putnam 1943 3.50 the first section of this book is an autobiography that gives an excellent picture of eastern europe’s aristocracy before world war i most of the volume however is de voted to the author’s utopian plans for a federated europe the pageant of canadian history by anne merriman peck new york longmans 1943 3.00 a story of the land and people of canada written primarily for american readers who wish not a formal history but a vivid picture of our northern neighbor the battle is the pay off by ralph ingersoll new york harcourt brace 1943 2.00 pm’s former editor in this dramatic story of the prep aration for his first war action and the actual battle explains feelingly the reality of war to both soldier and civilian foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 14 january 21 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lust secretary vera micue tes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least me month for change of address on membership publications bz 181 f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor le washington news letter jan 17 american continental solidarity has been strengthened by the steps taken by the nineteen anti axis republics to determine whether the bolivian junta that seized power on december 29 has a fas cist core perturbed by the animosity of the semi fascist government of argentina these republics are developing an inter american movement whose aim is to discourage all fascist parties and blocs solidarity against fascism argentina has recognized the bolivian régime but the anti axis republics have displayed solidarity in their agreement not to do so until information has been exchanged through the usual diplomatic channels to ascertain if inspiration for the bolivian revolution came from outside the country this exchange proposed by al berto guani foreign minister of uruguay and chair man of the emergency advisory committee for po litical defense is nearing completion complementing the guani proposal mexican for eign minister ezequiel padilla suggested on january 12 that american diplomatic representatives confer on recognition of the bolivian régime since mexico's internal security is disturbed by the growing power of sinarquismo which vicente lombardo tole dano head of the confederation of mexican work ers ctm has described as the fascism of mexico padilla’s suggestion was obviously intended to convey to mexican and other non bolivian fascists that the americas are united against them another reason advanced for this recommendation is the need for repudiating the estrada recognition doctrine which has guided the country in recent years and provides for continuity of recognition when govern ments change without reference to circumstances be hind the change if mexico is to follow the course of solidarity since the informational exchange may provide sufficient asis for deciding the next step the anti axis republics will take minister padilla’s pro posal has not yet been acted upon dr enrique de lozada the junta’s representative in washington and its only friendly spokesman in this country stated on january 15 that he approved the united american decision to scrutinize the pos sibility of foreign anti united states infiltration in bolivia a few days earlier january 10 he stated that the junta’s sympathy toward democracy and the united nations was indicated by accepting the pre vious administration’s declaration of war against germany cutting off quinine exports to argentina restoring the civil liberties suppressed by the pefia for victory buy united states war bonds randa government declaring it would hold free elections in may according to the constitutional term restoring the legal rights of jewish organizations and taking steps toward recognition of the soviet union because of the former friendship of some mem bers of the villaroel government with nazis and fas cist argentinians the state department doubts the sincerity of these declarations on january 7 secte tary of state hull said that information available in washington increasingly strengthens the belief that forces outside of bolivia and unfriendly to the de fense of the american republics inspired and aided the revolution the forces he had in mind were argentinian meanwhile the united states has from day to day been reducing its purchases of bolivian strategic ma terials and has suspended negotiations for revision of our tin contract with bolivia which is no longer our sole source of tin now that african ores are available the revised contract in its approved sec tions provided for an increase of about three cents a pound in the net price of tin although the con tract did not specifically direct it the metals reserve company had understood that this price rise was to be passed on as a wage increase to the tin miners next steps the problem raised by the bo livian revolution is inter american and argentinian rather than bolivian mr hull’s statement apparent ly was a warning that the united states would not recognize the junta and the general acceptance of the guani informational exchange plan suggested that mr hull was stating the views of nineteen republics in order to combat the régime in argentina which washington suspects of plotting coups in peru chile and paraguay in order to fashion a strong south american bloc unfriendly to this country the united states is also contemplating a more positive move than the passive decision not to recognize president villaroel mr hull and his advisers have discussed tentatively the imposition of a general em bargo on trade with bolivia and argentina which might cause the overthrow of both villaroel and president pedro ramirez of argentina but the united nation’s wartime economic dependence on argentina britain’s beef contract with argentina runs until september while the united states imports large quantities of argentine wool hides and lin seed complicates the making of decisions blair bolles 191 e prof thre on 7 penc mill finit uni feat hurr bott will the it w stan shot stat mo can the ence ove per the this rais saic mo the pol fact mig nt eign +ger are nts ive to foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vol xxiii no 15 january 28 1944 polish issue highlights need for consultative machinery llied advances toward rome and russia’s suc cessful northern drive should serve to place in proper perspective the regrettable bickering that has threatened to develop among the three great powers on whose united military and political action de pends not only the liberation of europe’s conquered millions but their own survival as casualties mount and of the three powers russia has suffered in finitely greater loss of life than either britain or the united states and the possibility of inflicting de feat on the germans appears less remote it is only human that the three governments should reassess both the position in which their respective countries will be left at the close of hostilities in europe and the attitude each may take toward post war europe it would be a tragedy however if through misunder standing or blundering this process of reassessment should drive a wedge between britain the united states and russia and nullify the results of the moscow and teheran conferences russia’s territorial offer fair nor can it be regarded as anything but a misfortune that the first test of the professions made at these confer ences should have to be the russo polish conflict over eastern poland one of the most ancient and perplexing territorial conflicts on the continent in the midst of the verbal scrimmage precipitated by this issue it may be useful to review several points taised by the contestants first of all it should be said that russia’s proposal as expressed in its janu ary 11 declaration to reconsider the ribbentrop molotov frontier settlement of 1939 and to adopt the curzon line as the basis of negotiation with the poles was a fair offer especially considering the fact that the soviet government is at present in a position to dictate the terms of a settlement that might be far less advantageous for poland while vera micheles dean russia proposes polish border settlement for eign policy bulletin january 14 1944 the curzon line would be unacceptable to extreme polish nationalists more liberal poles have expressed in the past their readiness to see the sections of eastern poland inhabited mainly by white russians and ukrainians pass into the hands of russia leaving poland with a more homogeneous population the territorial issue therefore does not appear to be insoluble position of polish government what the polish government in london finds objectionable and here it is in a position to enlist sympathy both among british and americans is that the kremlin's offer to negotiate about the boundary is coupled with denunciation of that government and simultaneous praise for the work of the union of polish patriots in moscow no one familiar with poland’s internal situation before the german invasion would contend that the polish government as now constituted is unanimously favorable either to enlightened political and economic institutions or to wholehearted col laboration with russia it is in fact a coalition that includes representatives of practically every impor tant group in pre war poland with the exception of nazi minded elements on the right and communists on the left it is entirely conceivable that peasant and socialist party leaders in the polish government would prefer to see reactionary elements eliminated from their ranks yet even they may justifiably feel that such changes should come as a result of their own decision or demands from the polish under ground not of pressure on the part of russia moreover it is by no means a foregone conclusion that mere elimination of reactionary elements would of itself satisfy russia communist organs in the united states have denounced socialists in the polish government with as much vigor as reactionaries it is understandable that russia should want to see in poland after the war a government friendly to its interests the united states too prefers to have leit al e smmyleqll___ ee sss pagetwo friendly governments in the neighboring countries of central and south america but if the united states should try to force existing governments out of office and meanwhile help to set up substitute régimes on its own territory would some of our com mentators who find russia's arguments wholly con vincing take the same view of this country’s con duct as a matter of fact the united states within recent weeks has set an example of the procedure that might be followed in a very similar situation the coup d'état that took place in bolivia on decem ber 20 is regarded by the washington administra tion as the work of elements inimical to the united states and the united nations this country could have unilaterally refused to recognize the new bo livian régime thus exerting political and economic pressure on bolivia it has preferred instead to con sult with the other countries of central and latin america concerning this matter in consequence its decision of january 24 to withhold recognition re flects the views of all states members of the pan american union with the exception of argentina which has already granted recognition some americans have justified russia’s attitude toward the poles by saying that if russia should be asked to abandon its claims to eastern poland this would be tantamount to asking the united states to return california to mexico this argument does not carry much conviction it is of course true that if we should go back into the mists of history few na tions today have an incontrovertible legal right to all of their territory but the point is that in many instances where controversies either once existed or may eventually arise they do not happen to exist today the english no longer claim suzerainty over normandy nor do the mexicans demand california where no conflict exists it would be far fetched to say the least to stir one up just for the sake of apt analogy the point is that a controversy does exist between russia and poland both about eastern po land and about the composition of the polish gov ernment in london and the immediate problem is how this controversy can be adjusted with the least detriment to the relations of the united nations procedure at issue moscow alone cap say whether it considers the controversy as strictly a matter between itself and poland or even more strictly between itself and the union of polish py triots or is willing to have britain and the united states assist in the renewal of relations between rys sia and the polish government in london as pro posed by the poles in their statement of january 14 the end result of a united nations discussion of eastern poland might well prove no different from bilateral russo polish negotiations for the curzon line had been approved in 1919 by france britain and the united states as leaving within the boun daries of poland populations regarded as ethnolog ically polish what is at stake then is not the actual settlement of the border conflict but the procedure by which the settlement is reached if the procedure should be the imposition by russia a great powe of its will upon a weaker neighbor no matter how many difficulties that neighbor may have caused rus sia in the past then the hopes aroused by the mos cow and teheran conferences will be snuffed out and the small countries of europe will have little to look forward to except transition from hitler's brutal diktat to the possibly more benevolent but nevertheless tangible dictation of one or other of the great allied powers if on the other hand as must be hoped the pro cedure followed in this test case should be that of joint consultation similar to united nations con sultations about mediterranean affairs and pan american consultations in the western hemisphere then the small countries could feel a considerable measure of assurance that their interests will not be arbitrarily disregarded in the post war settlement to make such assurance really effective it is essential that the united nations should create at the earliest possible opportunity an international organization on the lines adumbrated by the moscow accord the existence of such an organization would hold out to all nations including russia the hope that peace can be garnered from victory vera micheles dean war revives plans for arab federation the possibility of an arab federation reminiscent of t e lawrence’s endeavors in world war i is forecast by the series of conferences recently held be tween egypt and representatives of the arab states in the near east the final meetings were concluded on january 13 1944 dispatches from north africa also indicate the rise of a moslem movement to unify tunisia algeria and french morocco in a western arab empire arab post war plans current discussions are concerned with a proposed committee to repre sent the arab world at the peace conference and an arab congress may be held shortly for the purpose of organizing such a committee egypt and iraq have played the leading part in the present conversations the former acting as host to delegates from the various arab states while iraq the only arab na tion actually in a state of war with the axis has suggested that a committee now be appointed to rep resent the arab world at the peace conference the great powers have shown increasing interest in this area russia’s main supply route passes through the state the 1 colla of j nomi the that posit effec set u teres unlil econ fron diffe com prok mos ligic the larg afri erat nati tick evel any pro of inal the soc sil 88 f a ctly lore ited aus dio 14 of zon yun log lure lure wet 10w rus los out ittle let's r of pro t of con pan here able t be to that liest tion the out eace j an pose nave ions the na has rep st in ugh eee eeeee the middle east while britain and the united states are jointly concerned in the administration of the middle eastern supply center anglo american collaboration in this sphere was stressed in the report of james m landis american director of eco nomic operations in the middle east made before the truman committee on january 17 pointing out that britain has maintained its dominant economic position in that region landis urged that changes be effected in the joint anglo american middle eastern set up to assist and promote american trading in terests basis of arab unity the middle east not unlike the balkans has been striving for political and economic union but has been hitherto frustrated by frontier quarrels minority problems and religious differences arab unification simple in theory be comes extremely difficult to achieve once detailed problems are confronted the arab world has at most cultural unity with a basic language and re ligion political aspirations have thus far moved in the direction of separatism although the spirit of a larger arab nationalism has been in evidence since the last war this is particularly true in the north african area today however plans for arab fed eration are concerned more exclusively with the arab nations in the near east but even there the very ticklish problem of leadership presents itself for every arab ruler can lay claim to pre eminence in any such political reorganization the paramount problem of minorities is also an obstacle to any plan of unity in this respect the jewish question dom inates all others with it is bound up the problem of the future of palestine the economic and social backwardness of arab society as a whole tends further to jeopardize hopes of unity striking cultural differences exist between the nomad populations and the settled farmers the very marked divisions between the ruling elite and pagethr for a survey of twenty five years of the general attitude and policy of the catholic church as well as a record of the vatican’s relations with italy spain germany and the u.s.s.r read foreign policy of the vatican by sherman s hayden 25c january 15 issue of foreign po.ticy reports reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 setae 2 the arab communities at large also emphasizes the lack of cohesion among the arab peoples the arab nations are historically countries of economic scarcity the level of consumption is normally low and the economic development of the area can only progress on the basis of united action in a federation syria and iraq may become the food producing areas while palestine could become the industrial center drawing on the rich oil reserves of the region in the future regional irrigation projects as well as trans portation development will necessitate closer coop eration today the war has produced serious eco nomic dislocation and inflation in the middle east as elsewhere while shortages hoarding and prof iteering appear as internal problems to each country in reality each state is involved with its neighbor and with the great powers now at war great powers and arab world tem porarily at least allied interest in this region re volves about the middle eastern supply center the mesc has undertaken certain long term read justments notably the rationalization of production in this area which anticipate greater interdependence of the countries as a unit this very valuable experi ence in economic cooperation may foster the goal of arab unity the great powers are implicated in middle east ern affairs not only because of present economic and military problems britain has long had vital political and strategic interests in this area as witnessed by its alliance with egypt and its special relationship to palestine the british government has given no hint as to what attitude it will take regarding the jewish question in the near east nor have any public prom ises or proposals been made thus far to the arabs at large it is generally assumed however that britain is in favor of closer ties between the arab states but at the same time will continue to protect the jews in palestine and other minorities further negotiations for arab federation will not rest on a sound basis until the british government and the other great powers make clear their post war intentions in this area the interest of the great pow ers may well prove decisive allied economic ar rangements and the political organization ultimately agreed upon by the united nations will play a de termining part in plans for an arab federation the action taken toward political unity within the arab world must be placed in this broader framework grant s mcclellan see howard p whidden jr mesc holds promise for future of middle east foreign policy bulletin september 24 1943 foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 15 january 28 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lagr secretary vera micuge.es dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year zw 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter jan 24 public criticism of spain by british and russiaa spokesmen has left the administration out wardly unmoved but recent spanish aid to germany has shaken its confidence that the allies have gained the upper hand in spain during the past week the state department directed ambassador carlton hayes in madrid once more to make representations to the spanish government concerning the continued presence of spanish troops on the german side in russia and the activities of axis agents in spain british and russians outspoken the soviet embassy bulletin of january 13 attacked the i a spanish government declaring that spanish troops 4 h a ae were helping the germans against the red army on a sector of the volkhov front a spanish air squad ron regularly receiving replacements was fighting on the eastern battle line spanish police had arrest ed persons distributing the press bulletins of the british embassy in madrid and spain was sending strategic materials to germany amplifying the bul letin the moscow radio on january 18 reported that general franco’s announcement that he had recalled spain’s blue division from the eastern front was a downright lie and one that will deceive nobody on january 19 british foreign secretary eden also publicly criticized the use of spanish soldiers against russia he told the house of commons that he had informed the spanish government through the spanish ambassador to london of the most serious effect which this continuing unneutral assistance to our enemies in this struggle against our allies must have on anglo spanish relations now and in the future british opinion had already been aroused against spain by the explosion of a bomb in a ship carrying oranges from a spanish port to england further indications of spanish assistance to ger many is given by the report that berlin has agreed to liquidate the debt spain incurred for german aid to franco during the civil war in return for a credit in spain equivalent to 100,000,000 reichsmarks or about 400,000,000 pesetas this move was a blow to the united states and britain because it provides germany with funds for the purchase of large quan tities of wolfram mercury and pyrites from spain spain depends on this country for many of its wartime imports and this dependence affects its policy toward the united states american policy toward spain has had two main objectives to pre vent germany from using spain as a military base and to keep the country’s strategic materials out of german hands spain’s formal neutrality fulfills the first aim the second aim had seemed more or less achieved until germany concluded the debt arrange ment with madrid the nazis had been consistently short of pesetas and spain had refused to sell op credit the united states and britain whose com mercial companies in madrid cooperate closely have managed to keep between them a peseta balance large enough to meet their wartime needs united states exports to spain of oil and food which have increased during the war years have supplied ys with pesetas u.s government not alarmed despite recent diplomatic reverses washington does not con sider the swing of spanish policy toward germany extensive enough to precipitate a crisis in our rela tions with spain general franco’s policy suggests that he hopes to preserve spanish neutrality and at the same time perpetuate his régime the first aim explains his tactics of trying to please now the allies now the germans the second aim is believed re sponsible for recent liberal gestures by the franco government whose dictatorial restrictions have caused increasing opposition on the part of the span ish people at christmas time the spanish government freed 3,200 political prisoners it has also reestablished the right of spaniards to appeal to the courts from gov ernment decisions moreover on december 20 at the first national congress of falangist provincial secre taries josé luis arrese falangist secretary an nounced that the government was relaxing restric tions on the press and was ordering the falange militia the fascist type soldiery into the regular army any move curbing the falange is well received in washington and london because this group is 4 center of fascist anti democratic intrigue that has recently committed outrages against both the united states and britain in november falangists broke into the british consulate at saragossa the spanish government first disclaiming responsibility later apologized on december 18 two members of the falange broke into the american consulate in valen cia tore pictures from the wall and made anti amet ican speeches to visitors at the consulate four days later the spanish foreign ministry expressed regret to ambassador hayes for the valencia incident and josé luis arrese apologized in the name of the falange organization blamr bolles for victory buy united states war bonds 191 +an ifills the or less arrange isistently sell on se com ely have balance united ich have plied us despite not con sermany our rela suggests 7 and at first aim 1e allies ieved te franco ns haves he span nt freed ished the rom zov 20 at the ial secre ary an y restric falange regular received oup 1s a that has e united ts broke spanish ty later s of the n valen ti amer our days od regret lent and of the olles ids entered as 2nd class matter dr wts illftow ffr 1 944 cal tr a sity of mra de ann 6 ute wal ary 5 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiii no 16 fesruary 4 1944 nazi defeat first step toward avenging japanese atrocities nation wide anger aroused by the joint army navy report of january 27 concerning japanese atrocities against american and filipino prisoners of war indicates how quickly complacency disappears when the war is brought home to the american people in personal terms the united states is a long way from the fighting fronts but it is now clear that when americans get a glimpse of the true face of the enemy they realize deeply that this is a war for their own survival and feel the same hatred as mil lions of people in countries directly in the path of the axis yet because most americans lack any genuine personal experience of the war it is worth empha sizing that the unspeakable treatment of the men cap tured on bataan and corregidor is part of a larger picture that such treatment in violation of the ge neva prisoners of war convention to which japan pledged itself after pearl harbor was not reserved for americans alone is suggested by the greater num ber of filipinos involved and we know from foreign minister eden’s statement in the commons on janu ary 28 that captured british soldiers have been dealt with in an equally brutal fashion nor should it be forgotten that the actions of japan’s military leaders and troops toward americans in the philippines in 1942 are simply a symbol of what has been done on a vaster scale in china during seven years of war in scope and depravity no crimes committed by japan elsewhere can rival the wanton murder and rape committed inside defenseless nanking by the im perial army in december 1937 two fronts one enemy nor is there anything peculiarly japanese about the events de scribed in the past week from washington and lon don some commentators and persons in public life have tended to react in racial terms by referring dis paragingly to the size or color of the japanese but the fact remains that the despicable actions of the enemy in asia are not fundamentally unlike the vicious practices of his nazi ally in the west the sufferings and tortures inflicted by the japanese may vary from those of the nazis in detail but they are certainly not different in kind tq think otherwise would be to forget the crime of lidice against the czechs the bloody extermination of the jews during the past eleven years the murder of many thousands of poles the employment of mass graves in occupied russia and the fiendish use of lethal gas chambers to kill civilians the conclusion appears inescapable we are not fighting an enemy of a particular race or nationality but rather the moral degradation and corruption of the human spirit that are the hallmarks of fascism wherever it appears we have at the present time no reason to distinguish between germany and japan on a moral basis the only distinctions that are ten able are those dictated by military strategy and the conditions required for decisive victory germany still comes first it is neces sary to make this point because advocates of a stra tegy of defeating japan first may now attempt to gain a new lease on life in a last desperate effort to reverse the decisions reached at teheran for an invasion of western europe in reality nothing could be more destructive of our objective of defeating japan as rapidly as possible than to defer the plans of the united nations for an all out attack on the nazi foe germany is more exhausted than japan is closer to the centers of united nations strength and in a political sense is a more dangerous enemy than japan its defeat is therefore the first logical objective of the allied countries it may truly be said that the path to tokyo leads through berlin for any attempt to concentrate on japan now while allowing germany to continue in the field would result in a serious dispersion of amer ican and british strength this is well understood by military leaders in washington and london and it would be most unfortunate if popular clamor should be stirred up for the adoption of another line of strategy to give way in emotional fashion to the desire to send a fleet immediately against tokyo or to carry out any other action not yet made feasible by our military position in the pacific might put us in the position of a fighter who becomes so enraged that he forgets his own defenses and blindly strikes out at his opponent shall we use gas at least one writer has suggested that because of the anger aroused by jap anese atrocities americans may now be less opposed than they would hitherto have been to the use of poison gas by united states forces in the pacific the launching of gas attacks it is said could be very helpful in occupying many islands under japanese control but the immediate practical repercussions of gas warfare are incalculable the effects could not be confined to the pacific islands but would almost certainly be felt in china russia england italy and yugoslavia and might ultimately reach new york or the american west coast the only restrictions on the frightfulness thereby unleashed would lie in whatever limitations gas may possess as an instru page two ment of warfare clearly the decision to use this weapon is not one that the united states would have the right to make by itself for this country separated as it is from the theatres of war by two great oceans must bear in mind that the effects would be visited og the peoples of allied countries much more than op the american people it is true that japan appears already to have used some gases in china but it is very questionable whether chungking which has only a very limited chemical industry and at present lacks the means of importing large quantities of war materials would wish to see the united nations reply by using poison gas the moral issue is as serious as the material one the united nations are pledged to fight this war with all their resources to complete victory but they are also pledged to a proper regard for human de cency if the axis should initiate gas warfare the allied countries would have to reply in kind but it is not in keeping with the anti axis cause to descend to the brutality and mass disregard for human life that characterize the methods employed by the enemy lawrence k rosinger french seek full recognition on eve of allied invasion with the recent arrival in washington of edwin c wilson united states envoy to the french com mittee of national liberation the provisional french capital in algiers is anxiously awaiting the state de partment’s decision on the authority it will recog nize in france immediately following liberation of the country the british seem to be attempting to eliminate sources of friction between themselves and the french committee as indicated by prime min ister churchill's visit with de gaulle at marrakech on january 12 and 13 but britain will recognize the committee as the french provisional government only if the united states approves this step it is to washington therefore that the french look for in dications of post invasion political developments although the french committee is not the only representative of enemy occupied countries that is wondering about its role in allied invasion plans thus far norway alone has succeeded in securing defi nite allied approval for its proposed provisional au thority it is in a particularly weak position because it has been given merely limited recognition by the allies and is not a government under the circum stances the french committee undoubtedly fears the united states and britain may by pass it setting up a military régime as in italy several important developments however have recently done much to improve the committee's chances of securing allied recognition as the temporary government of france toward parliamentary rule the tec ord that the provisional constituent assembly made for itself in the session ending on january 22 te inforced de gaulle’s claim that he will not saddle france with a dictatorship but will follow republican principles although the assembly was established by decree of the committee of liberation it did not act as a rubber stamp and debates were free from any evidence of servility this emergence of a par liamentary check on the executive seems to be in fact one of the major developments in the history of free france since 1940 and marks a return to gov ernment by discussion the assembly which is made up of representatives of the resistance move ment the pre war parliament and the colonial coun cils showed itself opposed to personal power of presidential government by exercising independent judgment on serious issues concerning the future of france among these questions none was mofe important than the method whereby the home gov ernment would be reestablished in the wake of the allied armies the proposal of de gaulle and other members of the committee who are eager to secure a popular mandate as soon as possible that local elections for the provisional government be held im mediately following liberation met with the objec tion that any elections held before at least four fifths of the french voters have returned to their home districts might be won by minority groups as a t sult 0 gover comf and 1 the a on untat has a befo all tr liber cons medi move woul orde migh held agai afri trao cour crim in forn not r mitt not but ord tion aft bet the fer vill fet m is not right to 1 as it is ns must isited op than on l appears but it is hich has t present 2s of war ons reply erial one this war but they iman de fare the id but it descend man life by the singer yn the rec bly made ry 22 re ot saddle epublican tablished it did not ree from of a par to be in ristory of 1 to gov which is ce move ial coun power of lependent 1e future vas mofe ome gov ke of the ind other to secure hat local held im he objec our fifths eir home as a ft sult of the assembly’s insistence that even temporary government should not rest on minority support the committee has abandoned its original electoral plan and is drawing up a new one for discussion when the assembly reconvenes on february 29 on the question of punishing vichyites who vol untarily collaborated with the axis the assembly has also served as a clearinghouse for french opinion before the debate the committee had decided that all trials should be postponed until france had been liberated and a regular government installed the consensus of the assembly however was that im mediate action must be taken to assure the resistance movement in france that collaborators with the nazis would be brought to trial thus preventing dis orderly punishments later in which innocent persons might suffer communist members of the assembly held that summary action should be taken at once against vichyites now under detention in north africa but the majority was opposed to any ex traordinary procedures and insisted that military courts the regular french device for handling crimes against the state be used accordingly early in february a military court will try a group of former custodians of vichy’s concentration camps in north africa revamping the empire the french com mittee’s hopes for full approval by the allies rest not only on the adoption of parliamentary practices but also on its efforts to set its colonial house in order realizing the need for further industrializa tion and improvement of living conditions in its african colonies if real bonds of unity are to exist between them and the mother country in the future the committee called the first french imperial con ference since 1940 the meeting was held in brazza ville french equatorial africa from january 30 to february 4 and the recommendations of the gov page three what is the western economic stake in asia how much would it cost the metropolitan countries to give up their empires in the east how nill the rest of the world adjust itself to the rise of new nations in a free and industrialized asia read independence for colonial asia the cost to the western world by lawrence k rosinger 25c february 1 issue of foreign poticy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 ernors of the african colonies will form the basis for action following the liberation of france another important modification in french overseas affairs and one that should be favorably regarded in britain and the united states occurred in beirut on january 3 when the french lebanese crisis of last novem ber was officially ended by transferring the collec tion of customs and the tobacco monopoly from french to lebano syrian authorities the mandatory power took a step toward recognizing the indepen dence of these arab states as london and washing ton had urged power politics and france some de gaullists in algiers are reported to be hoping that anglo american interest in good relations with france will be increased not by the record estab lished by the french committee but by the efforts of the two western powers to create a sphere of influence in europe they argue that the russian polish border dispute implies that the allies intend to divide post war europe with the u.s.s.r dom inating eastern europe and britain and the united states the west french eagerness to run their own affairs immediately following the liberation of their country is understandable but there can be no doubt that recognition won chiefly as a result of power politics could only result sooner or later in a con flict between the big three that would ruin not only them but france the french have nothing to gain from strife among the allies for their country is inevitably a battleground whenever the powers re sort to force instead of collective security to assure their safety fortunately it is not on an allied scramble for european zones of influence but on the imminence of invasion and the immediate need to settle as many problems as possible connected with the liberation of france that the french committee’s greatest hope for american approval rests as evidence accumulates that de gaulle is indispensable in the liberation of his country and that he and his organization are sin cerely interested in maintaining democratic govern ment the possibility that the committee will be recognized as the provisional government of france is improved winifred n hadsel the chemical front by williams haynes new york knopf 1943 3.00 ranging from blood plasma and sulfa drugs to in cendiaries and poison gas this book offers an absorbing account of the scientific developments which mean so much in modern war foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 16 february 4 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lust secretary vera micueies dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year se 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor i i iy i te a ns soe ee ann washington news letter jan 31 as a result of argentina’s severance of relations with germany and japan on january 26 the western hemisphere at last presents the unified anti axis front sought at the third conference of foreign ministers at rio de janeiro in 1942 when it adopted a resolution recommending that every amer ican republic break diplomatic relations with ger many and its major allies on january 28 argentina implemented its political step by suspending com munications and commercial relations with the axis u.s policy changing pressure from the united states with the collaboration of britain forced the argentine break this occurred after a series of incidents which suggests that washington is casting aside its policy of restraint toward govern ments unfriendly to us on january 25 the state department announced its refusal to recognize the bolivian revolutionary government on the ground that it was linked with subversive groups hostile to the allied cause on january 28 washington sus pended caribbean oil shipments to spain pending a reconsideration of trade and general relations the state department regards the development in argentina as a mixed blessing while the break with the axis has obvious advantages for the present it preserves at least temporarily the régime of pres ident ramirez who has been unfriendly to this coun try in foreign affairs and to democracy in domestic affairs therefore in declaring on january 26 that it will be most gratifying to all the allied nations to learn that argentina has broken diplomatic rela tions with germany and japan secretary of state hull added this reservation it must be assumed from her action that argentina will now proceed energetically to adopt the other measures which all of the american republics have concerted for the security of the continent with its abandonment of neutrality the argentine government did not eliminate all the totalitarian features of the ramirez régime although the pro axis newspaper pampero was suppressed and on january 27 the three most fascist minded ministers in the cabinet resigned dr gustavo martinez zuvitia minister of justice and public instruction notorious anti semite gen luis cesar perlinger minister of the interior and gen diego mason minister of agriculture but the most influential of ramirez’s advisers throughout his anti united states for victory buy united states war bonds period juan peron a leader in the so called colonels clique stayed on as minister of labor argentina’s severance of axis relations came afte this country’s nonrecognition of bolivia whid buenos aites had recognized on january 3 eleye days later secretary of state hull said that prelim inary information suggested that outside forces inimical to the united nations had inspired th bolivian revolution these outside forces were te ported authoritatively although unofficially to argentinian washington decided to use the issue of bolivian recognition as a lever to force a change in either the leadership or policy of the argentine gov ernment whose strict neutrality was providing ger many and japan with opportunities to spy on all the americas from their buenos aires embassies pressure on argentina by diplomati intimation to the argentine government and by in spired press articles washington warned president ramirez of two steps this country might take 1 ap plication of economic sanctions against argentina which might precipitate a political crisis inside th country 2 publication of a document in the stat department’s possession exposing subversive plo tings in neighboring countries which might arous south american opinion against argentina on january 21 the argentine government dis closed a portentous concern about espionage withis its jurisdiction announcing that the british wer detaining osmar alberto hellmuth argentine auxi iary consul to barcelona as an enemy agent th government said as information supplied by th british foreign office may imply the existence of a espionage organization in our country of which hell muth was said to be a member the government ha ordered an ample investigation and has given all i it formation to the federal police although secretary hull refrained from mental ing argentina when he announced nonrecognitiot of bolivia the threat of sanctions and of disclosure still existed for the ramirez government since its prestige at home however would have suffered from an admission that revision in its policy resulted from the instigation of the united states argentini followed the line it had set for itself in the hellmutt case and gave axis espionage as its reason for break ing relations with germany and japan argentina change in policy has brought no alteration in tht administration’s nonrecognition of bolivia blair bolles vol +president ake 1 ap argentina inside the 1 the stat rsive plot ght arous 1a iment dis age withir itish wert itine auxil gent th ied by tht ence of ai vhich hell nment ha iven all in n mention recognition disclosure r since its fered from hellmuth for break argentina ion in thy a bolles nds entered as 2nd class matter org rary lid rar ry arta i ps yoqly e sj ann 1p sil gan 1 59 al tee j ich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y feb 41 1044 vol xxiii no 17 february 11 1944 russia creates a framework for east european federation ecent indications that the united states and britain may be on the point of clarifying their licy toward europe with specific reference to france and italy are welcomed by all who had felt growing uneasiness over the dangerous lag in the political strategy of the western powers such clari fication has been made imperative by the bold bid for influence in post war europe announced by the u.s.s.r whose military advances unlike those of the british and americans are closely meshed with political plans this is the real significance of the statement of premier molotov to the supreme coun cil of the u.s.s.r in moscow on february 1 that the sixteen union republics now composing the union will henceforth enjoy the right to pursue their own foreign policy and raise their own armed forces which are to form component parts of the red army character of u.s.s.r molotov’s announce ment opens up far reaching vistas for the war and post war activities of the u.s.s.r among its neigh bors in europe and asia no one familiar with the soviet union as established by the basic treaty of 1922 between the four original republics the rus sian s.r the ukrainian s.s.r the white russian s.s.r and the transcaucasian s.s.r can pretend that the sixteen republics will enjoy independence in international affairs in the sense in which this term has been hitherto understood the largest of the con stituent republics remains as in 1922 the russian s.s.r which includes more than nine tenths of the area and more than two thirds of the population of the pre 1939 territory of the soviet union and em braces most of european russia and all of asiatic russia with the exception of turkmenistan and uzbekistan it is the political military and economic weight of this key republic that has made the influ ence of the u.s.s.r increasingly felt in world coun cils and this weight would hardly be increased by the grant to the other fifteen republics of the right to have their own foreign policy and armed forces the numerical prestige of added votes at future united nations conferences may therefore be discounted as a primary reason for the kremlin’s decision its main objects so far as can be discerned are first to en hance the power of attraction of the u.s.s.r for other nations which in the continued absence of an effective international organization may find them selves adrift without bearings following the defeat of germany and second to give the outward sem blance of independence to those nations that may de cide to steer their future course under the aegis of the soviet union thus helping them to save face and possibly affording technical satisfaction to the signatories of the atlantic charter cultural autonomy encouraged this latest move in soviet foreign policy is a direct outgrowth of the program that guided the formation of the u.s.s.r in 1922 at that time the soviet leaders purposely left the word russia out of the name of the new union on the assumption that other soviet socialist republics whenever and wher ever formed might eventually join the u.s.s.r ac tually there is no doubt that the soviet government has given great latitude to the more than 150 differ ent races and nationalities that compose the u.s.s.r to practice their own language customs and tradi tions but not until recently their religious beliefs provided they conformed with the over all political and economic pattern of the dictatorship centered in moscow and controlled by the communist party the various national groups have been represented as such in the upper chamber of the supreme council the council of nationalities which was preserved in the 1936 constitution of the u.s.s.r at the in sistence of stalin himself a native of georgia one of the minority national groups in the union it would therefore be entirely in accordance with the precedent set in 1922 for the u.s.s.r to invite or induce the entrance of other soviet socialist re publics in the future for example poland under a régime sympathetic to that of moscow such as the union of polish patriots or yugoslavia under a régime headed by marshal tito meanwhile the kremlin could answer criticisms from britain and the united states and the russians are by no means insensitive to these criticisms concerning russia's pre 1941 absorption of eastern poland or the baltic states by pointing out that these territories since then incorporated into the u.s.s.r will retain indepen dence in matters of defense and foreign policy the way in which this procedure will operate has been illustrated without delay by the appointment of alex ander korneichuk former vice commissar of for eign affairs of the u.s.s.r as foreign commissar of the ukrainian s.s.r it so happens that korneichuk is the husband of wanda wassilewska polish writer who now heads the union of polish patriots to gether they can and may be expected to make an appeal over the head of the polish government in london to the ukrainians of eastern poland to join the ukrainian s.s.r a similar appeal can be made by the white russian s.s.r to the white russians in eastern poland and so on down the long border of the u.s.s.r from the baltic to the black sea us.s.r fills vacuum the use that is being made by stalin of the flexible formula of national cultural autonomy within the framework of a strong ly centralized federation has already caused alarm in washington and london not to speak of some of the spokesthen for the small nations that lie in the path of the russian advance against germany two things must be borne in mind however first the old adage that nature abhors a vacuum applies to in ternational as to other human affairs the vacuum which we must hope is soon to be left in europe by the collapse of hitler’s new order should have been prepared for long ago had britain and the united states moved with political boldness and imagination by the creation of a united dominions differ on future of british commonwealth the appeal made by lord halifax in toronto on january 24 for a concerted post war policy among the nations of the british commonwealth suggests that this war like the last will precipitate important changes in the structure of the commonwealth it is evident however from the canadian reaction to the halifax proposal on the one hand and the develop ment of australian new zealand policy on the other that centralization is not equally attractive to all the dominions and that the evolution of a new pattern will be a slow process the halifax proposal like field mar shal smuts in his speech of november 26 lord hali fax envisaged a post war world in which the united page two nations organization capable both of adjusting impending conflicts and of using force to assure the security of all nations large and small the truth is that the western powers have not moved ve far toward international organization during the war except on paper and have confined their efforts at collaborative machinery largely to cooperation amon themselves in the absence of an over all united ng tions organization it was to be expected that russia now on the crest of the wave would use such meth ods as it considers best to achieve its own security against the possible resurgence of germany after the war while we have been debating the pros and cons of an international police force and a united nations political council the russians have evolved their own version of both for eastern europe second neither britain nor the united states has shown much concern in the past for the welfare of the peoples living in the uneasy borderlands between germany and russia nor have the western powers been actually in a military position to render them effective aid against either of their powerful neigh bors the small countries of this long contested area must find some basis for stability and recovery after the war if they are not to fall prey to further conflict and impoverishment many of their leaders have looked to the western democracies for inspiration and aid but let us admit it frankly have for the most part looked in vain to say that they were really independent between 1919 and 1939 moreover would be to disregard the pressures to which in fact they were almost constantly subjected by either ger many or russia or both if they should now place their bets on cooperation with russia as czechoslo vakia already has done through the russo czech treaty of mutual assistance this should not come as a surprise to britain and the united states but ra ther as a reminder that we cannot expect to exercise power in any area of the world unless we are ready and willing to assume the responsibilities that go with power vera micheles dean states the u.s.s.r china and britain would assume leadership in maintaining peace instead of looking as smuts did to the support of western europe to give the united kingdom equality with the other three halifax declared that the british common wealth and empire must be the fourth power but for the commonwealth to be effective he said all its members would have to pursue a common course if foreign policy defense economic affairs colonial questions and communications this could be has fc dilem wat a it has riskin the c ot prime thesis janua halif strens conce we graph uniot ish c the ce sentiz syster opera in ister his 0 liber press cold pudiz kenzi no cc inter the i at pr ship this fere after l fori achieved he assured his audience without reversing head the 75 year trend by which the dominions had at tained equality of status with britain moreover it would remove the dilemma in which every dominion secon one ft djusting assure ll the ved v the wal fforts at 1 among ited na russia h meth security ifter the ind cons nations 1eir own ates has lfare of between powers er them 1 neigh ted area ry after conflict rs have piration for the re really oreover in fact rer ger w place echoslo 0 czech come as but ra exercise re ready that go dean 1 assume looking irope to 1e other ommon er but d all its ourse in colonial uld be eversing had at eover it dominion has found itself at the outbreak of a major war the dilemma that it must either join with britain in a war arising out of a foreign policy concerning which it has had little or no voice or must stay out thereby risking the defeat of britain and the disruption of the commonwealth ottawa's reaction not unexpectedly prime minister mackenzie king rejected the halifax thesis in addressing the house of commons on january 31 he did not agree with the smuts and halifax concept of a peace based on a balance of strength between three or four great powers this conception implies the inevitable rivalry of the great wers he said and to this canada situated geo graphically between the united states and the soviet union and at the same time a member of the brit ish commonwealth could not give its support on the contrary canada seeks to achieve the power es sential for peace by creating an effective international system in which all peace loving countries would co operate in taking this position the canadian prime min ister undoubtedly reflected not only the sentiment of his own party but majority opinion in canada the liberal and french canadian press had already ex pressed opposition to the halifax idea while m j coldwell leader of the c.c.f party had flatly re pudiated it with an election due by june 1945 mac kenzie king even if he had wished to reverse the no commitment policy which he pursued during the inter war years could not afford to alienate either the french vote or that part of the electorate which at present wavers between liberal and c.c.f leader ship he did indicate however that he did not wish this question to become an election issue lest it inter fere with the war effort in view of canada’s attitude after world war i when it took the lead in gaining autonomy for the dominions only a serious break page three what is the western economic stake in asia how much would it cost the metropolitan countries to give up their empires in the east how will the rest of the world adjust itself to the rise of new nations in a free and industrialized asia read independence for colonial asia the cost to the western world by lawrence k rosinger 25c february 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 in the unity of the united nations would bring about any rapid change in canadian opinion on this question certainly canada will adopt no course which would be seriously opposed in washington australia new zealand pact the two dominions of the south pacific less secure than canada free from its biracial problem and both in a post election period have already set their course toward a more centralized commonwealth repeat ing suggestions he made earlier prime minister john curtin of australia proposed on december 14 1943 that a concerted commonwealth policy be reached by instituting a series of conferences of prime min isters and establishing a permanent secretariat more recently in commenting on the australia new zea land agreement of january 21 1944 both herbert evatt australian minister for external affairs and peter fraser new zealand prime minister expressed their desire to tighten commonwealth bonds the january 21 pact illustrates the post war views of the two dominions the most significant terms are 1 establishment of what is in effect a defensive alli ance between canberra and wellington 2 support for a general international organization such as that outlined in the moscow declaration of november 1 1943 3 support for a regional council for defense and welfare in the south pacific islands to include in addition to the two signatories the united states britain and france 4 support for an international air transport authority which would own and operate the great trunk routes of the world failing which the two countries would support a system of air lines owned and operated by the governments of the brit ish commonwealth australia and new zealand apparently believe that close collaboration with the united states in defense and welfare arrangemen for the south seas and membership in an international organization with sufficient powers to operate international air trans port need not be hindered by centralization of the commonwealth the canadian government on the other hand is of the opinion that such a development in the commonwealth would prove an obstacle to close relations with other countries particularly the united states and to the creation of an interna tional organization which would guarantee freedom of action to the small countries whether this gap in dominion thinking will be closed or narrowed de pends largely on the shape of the post war world and in any case will probably take considerable time howarb p whidden jr foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 17 february 11 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dororuy f lugr secretary vara micue es dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor oras ee a i p rete se sse es reet ep sesare o 2 cl lapeer washington news letter 191 fes 7 on november 13 1943 marshal pietro badoglio said that he would retire as italian pre mier when rome was liberated the slow and ardu ous advance of the allied armies has brought them within sight of rome and washington is now count ing on badoglio to make good his pledge as a first step toward reorganization of italy’s government the administration is dissatisfied with that govern ment and concurs in one of the resolutions passed by the six anti fascist groups which met on january 28 at bari demanding the abdication of king victor emmanuel so far britain has not officially disclosed whether it agrees with washington administratively italy is divided into three parts sicily and the three southernmost provinces of the mainland are nominally governed by king victor emmanuel through the badoglio régime under the supervision of the british american allied military government the allied combat zone is subject wholly to military control while german held italy is ostensibly a republic with benito mussolini as president but with local officials disregarding musso lini’s leadership and dealing directly with the ger man military commanders change impends in italy the jurisdic tion of the king and badoglio is to be extended on february 10 to a northern boundary running from salerno on the tyrrhenian sea to barletta on the adriatic at that time amg is to withdraw north of this boundary and transfer the supervision it has exer cised over the italian régime to the armistice com mission while the change is largely technical since the commission like the amg is responsible pri marily to the military it paves the way for revision of allied policy which heretofore has upheld ba doglio and victor emmanuel provided the united states and britain can reach an understanding the president of the armistice commission is gen sir henry maitland wilson commander of the mediterranean area who has designated gen sir harold alexander commander of the fifth and eighth armies as acting president the deputy pres ident is also a britisher lt gen f n mason mac farlane former governor of gibraltar the commis sion is divided into four sections each of which is headed by a vice president gen alexander is vice president for the military section harold caccia of the british foreign office for the political section and air commodore stansgate raf for the administrative and economic section the one american vice president is capt ellery stone usnr for victory buy united states war bonds for the communications section the united states has two deputy vice presidents samuel reber of the state department in the political section and henry f grady formerly of the department of commerce in the administrative and economic see tion the commission’s task will be to enforce com pliance with the armistice signed by badoglio on september 8 1943 president roosevelt told newspapermen at his press conference on february 1 that the alin vou people would be permitted to choose the kind of goy ernment they want but that the time for the choice r has not been set tight censorship has kept the amer ican public uninformed of the political wishes of 7 the italians in allied controlled territory and news of public opinion in german italy is rare reports cat that have reached the united states from southem hatt italy emphasize dissatisfaction with the king qn po october 30 count sforza former italian foreign sp minister said in naples that he favored creation of link a regency for the prince of naples aged six grand of son of victor emmanuel the same position has for been taken by benedetto croce distinguished italian pp historian and long time anti fascist washington tentatively favors a regency for the bas prince of naples who is in switzerland with his wh mother daughter of the late king albert of the bel gians it fears that a change to a republic at this 84 juncture would slow down italy's return to political w and social stability the combined chiefs of staff 2 committee which makes the principal military de of cisions for the western allies has opposed any ac the tion that would endanger victor emmanuel’s throne tic on the ground that the allied armies cannot risk be having at their rear the disorder they believe might follow his departure if changes are made when the y allied armies take rome the problem will be wheth px er to drop the king or merely to broaden the base of his cabinet by the inclusion of more anti fascists food supply short meanwhile the allied military government has found it difficult in the midst of combat to distribute the large quantities of food needed by the civilian inhabitants of the lib erated areas this shortage has caused resentment i against the united states and britain in southem fo italy however in consequence of the visit to italy by adlai stevenson special agent of the foreign boo 9 nomic administration arrangements have been made in washington to increase the flow of food to italy dis from overseas brain boies +2 bl2 j be s88e28 mn arbor nich entered as 2nd class matter fr ichigan pep 18 8 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiii no 18 feeruary 18 1944 russia’s drive for victory sharpens conflict with vatican in assertion of izvestia on february 1 that the foreign policy of the vatican has disillusioned catholics throughout the world and earned the hatred and contempt of the italian masses for sup porting fascism has understandably aroused wide spread discussion in this country the izvestia article linked its allegations to a report foreign policy of the vatican published on january 15 by the foreign policy association since it is unlikely that copies of this report had reached moscow by febru ary 1 it must be assumed that the izvestia article was based on newspaper dispatches concerning the report which gave wide publicity to its contents both in this country and abroad as several leading catholic or gans notably america and the national catholic welfare conference have pointed out some of the news stories did not give an entirely rounded version of the fpa report one of the main conclusions of the report in direct contradiction to the izvestia ar ticle reads as follows the view that the pope is at heart a fascist and wishes to see the triumph of modern dictatorships while a long sequence of superficial evidence can be con iucted to support it proves to be without foundation in fact at the same time he is not a supporter of democracy but is just what he claims to be indifferent to political forms accepting any government which will meet the mini mum demands of the church political issulzs at stake no organiza tion that undertakes to discuss a subject so contro versial and so charged with varied emotions as the foreign policy of the vatican can possibly expect to escape criticism from all sides what to one person may appear unfair aspersions may seem to another an attempt at whitewashing in fact one of the most disturbing aspects of our times is the apparent im possibility for large sections of people to listen with any degree of reasonableness to views with which they do not happen to agree amid the welter of arguments and counterarguments aroused by dis cussion of the vatican’s foreign policy three points should be borne in mind 1 any questions that are raised by responsible students of international affairs regarding the posi tion of the vatican concern not the spiritual lead ership of the pope or the content of catholic be liefs but the political influence which the pope unquestionably exercises as spiritual leader of mil lions of catholics if other religious organizations the church of england or the methodists or the greek orthodox church had a secretariat of state like the vatican and maintained representa tives of diplomatic rank in foreign capitals their views and pronouncements would be similarly open to public discussion 2 the soviet government’s recurring attacks on the vatican that in the form in which they are often couched cannot but hurt the sensitive ness of many religious people whatever their faith are due first and foremost to moscow’s opposition to the political influence of the vatican this influence the soviet leaders feel and with justification has often been used against the u.s.s.r during the past quarter of a century the fact that russia is now at odds with poland a predominantly catholic country has recently en venomed this long standing conflict and at least in part explains the fierceness of the broadside delivered by izvestia 3 the vatican’s hostility toward the soviet government of which there is also no doubt has been due first and foremost to the treatment meted out by soviet authorities to religious organizations and to the ruthless attacks directed before 1941 by such soviet organizations as the godless against all outward manifestations of religious sentiment fear that what happened in russia after 1917 might be repeated in other countries where poli pare sst ecceancan donnan mt bm pa le bes an i ty os tical groups influenced by soviet doctrines were active unquestionably had a profound influence on the policy of the vatican toward mussolini hitler and especially franco u.s.s.r determined to win now what has now crystallized all these long run trends is the determination of the soviet government to bring the war with germany to an end this year if at all pos sible while the united states and in lesser measure britain might conceivably afford to go on fighting for an indeterminate period since their productive capacities have not been destroyed by the enemy that is not true of the u.s.s.r and what may prove most important for the future of europe it is even less true of the conquered countries the unremitting way in which the soviet government has been lashing out since the teheran conference at all of hitler's volun tary or involuntary satellites spain hungary bul garia rumania finland indicates its determination to shatter germany's political front as the russian armies are shattering german military resistance to the extent that the vatican in its opposition to the anti clericalism of the loyalists has displayed sym pathy for franco it too has become an object of rus sian attack the militant we or they tone of the soviet press reflects the heightened tension of a coun try which for nearly three grueling years has been en gaged in a life and death struggle and does not in tend to let anyone or anything stand in the way of its termination in the heat of verbal battle soviet spokesmen have made statements about the vatican that are histori cally unconvincing izvestia denounces the vatican for maintaining relations with the hitler and mussolini governments but before 1939 all the great powers maintained relations including russia which far from breaking off with the reich at the start of equatorial africa sets new pattern for french empire the french colonial conference held at brazza ville in french equatorial africa during the first week of february at which general de gaulle delivered the opening address resulted in the announcement of three alternative plans for the development of france's colonial affairs in one sense the delibera tions at brazzaville represent but another step in the process of coordinating french affairs already under way in algiers certain other developments within the empire previous to the conference notably the achievements of felix eboué in french equatorial africa and the proposal for colonial federation announced last december in connection with indo china suggest that modifications are being made in french colonial policy future colonial policy the three al ternative suggestions emanating from the conference were 1 an enlarged colonial representation in the pagetwo world war ii concluded the russo german pag of nonaggression in the hope of postponing nazi at tack on its territory nor did the vatican have at ity disposal the material power commanded by countries like britain russia and the united states judged by secular standards then the vatican may be said to have shown no more but certainly no less courage and prevision than these three great powers none of which are predominantly catholic on the spiritual plane however it could be argued that the vatican because of its opposition to the anti religious character of the soviet government tended to favor individuals and movements that claimed to be fighting communism in the process it did not give sufficient weight to the fact that much of the unrest throughout the world that was labeled communism actually resulted from deep seated maladjustments which several popes of modern times have repeatedly recognized urging secular society to correct them through timely reforms yet when such reforms did not take place as for example in spain and frus trated people sought to achieve long overdue changes gover was ni held 1 in the that tl eboué union istice de gi unitec istrati a refc eb a nat frenc deau scien ludes mart has s toria have by revolution the vatican cast its political influence lonia on the side of those who claimed to be fighting not the only revolution but also anti clericalism this trend cultv has laid the vatican open to criticism from quarters cott other than moscow and that is why many people who are deeply religious and have nothing but the most profound respect for the high moral courage displayed by members of the catholic hierarchy in eu rope most recently in the precincts of the vatican itself hope that at this critical hour the vatican will incontrovertibly place itself on the side of the suffer ing and disinherited millions who see nothing incom patible between religious belief and social change vera micheles dean french parliament 2 the creation of a colonial assembly to be located in france which would act in an advisory capacity on colonial questions to the ministry and parliament and 3 the creation of a federal chamber composed of representatives both from france and the colonies these resolutions must await final sanction in france once the metropolitan area is reconquered and the french committee of liberation has been succeeded by properly consti tuted authority any one of these proposals would indicate broader interest in colonial matters than existed in pre waf france the consultative assembly is not unknown in french colonial experience but the proposal im dicating a federation of colonial areas repte sents a new departure if such a colonial policy is developed it must be viewed in relation to the reforms and influence of felix eboué at present mate ing ernc colo pub pose larg con at whe the con i fo hez sect one of ate its ties to age of inti governor general of french equatorial africa it was no coincidence that the colonial conference was held in brazzaville where eboué is stationed it was in the chad province of french equatorial africa that the free french forces first gained support for fboué then governor proclaimed that province in union with the de gaulle forces shortly after the arm istice of 1940 in france in september 1940 general de gaulle appointed eboué governor general of a united french equatorial africa under his admin istration the long neglected colony has experienced areformation that foreshadows future french policy eboue french administrator eboué a native of french guiana has long served in the french colonial service after early training in bor deaux he was graduated from the school of colonial science in paris since 1911 except for two inter ludes during which he acted as secretary general of martinique and as governor of guadeloupe eboué has spent the greater part of his life in french equa torial africa his long service and indefatigable work have made him one of the outstanding french co lonial administrators and a trusted representative of the africans he has an intimate knowledge of native cultures and through his efforts the production of cotton rubber and diamonds has been increased materially contributing to raising the standard of liv ing in the colony following his appointment as gov ernor general the resources and manpower of the _s colony have been harnessed to the cause of the allies public works were quickly undertaken for this pur pose pointe noire the atlantic port was greatly en larged and improved two trans african roads were constructed and various airports completed notably at fort lamy and brazzaville during the period when the axis threat hung heavily over north africa the colony due to its strategic position provided wel come bases on the route to the middle east primarily however eboué’s life interest has been pagethree for a 25 year survey of the foreign policy of the vatican as well as a record of its relations with italy spain germany and the u.s.s.r read foreign policy of the vatican by sherman s hayden 25c january 15 issue of foreign poxicy reports reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 in the problems of native society and it is here that his reforms will have their most telling effect while it may be said that eboué considers himself the repre sentative of the french national idea and does not necessarily reflect the native’s position in any conflict of interests it has been his consistent policy to con serve political institutions as a means of preserving their cultural and moral traditions this is a depar ture from the assimilation theories that were the essence of previous french colonial policies it does not imply a divergence however from those policies which so largely freed french colonial life from the effects of the color barrier it involves rather full recognition of the problems inherent in raising the living standards within dependent areas eboué does not propose political independence but a progressive development of native participation in local self administration in his words the native must be considered as a human being capable of progress in the framework of his natural institutions and probably lost if he is detached from this background we must preserve his institutions and develop his sense of dignity and responsibility the recent proposals of the brazzaville conference must be viewed in the light of eboué’s opinions re g.rding colonial rule federation new to french co lonial thinking would demand many innovations before it could become fully practicable and such federation could be effected only after a period dur ing which the various french colonies had been ad ministered according to the gradual system elaborated by eboué in french equatorial africa grant s mcclellan the road back to paris by a j liebling new york doubleday 1944 3.00 keenly perceptive and thoughtful report on the people of paris london new york and oran during the period of the allies struggle to gain the initiative against the nazis clemenceau by geoffrey bruun cambridge mass har vard university press 1943 3.00 scholarly and pertinent appraisal of the french leader in the light of recent events it is the best biography of clemenceau in english war and peace aims of the united nations edited by louise w holborn boston world peace foundation 1943 2.50 large and useful collection of statements on war and peace aims by representatives of all the united nations from the outbreak of war to january 1948 designed to indicate the growth of unity among the allies foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 18 fasruary 18 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f luger secretary vera micue.es dran editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications bw 181 f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor ee oes of pred ee ee ee a a a eee a washington news letter fes 14 ever since the automobile displaced the horse and buggy the united states economy in war and peace has depended on petroleum the most optimistic reports now forecast that petroleum re serves in this country will last 30 years the most pessimistic predict 14 years the resulting desirabil ity of augmenting american production from abroad prompted the announcement on february 5 by har old l ickes president of the petroleum reserves corp that the united states government plans to construct a 1,250 mile pipeline to carry oil from the rich fields of saudi arabia and kuwait near the persian gulf to the eastern mediterranean shore this project will cost between 130,000,000 and 165,000,000 and will be financed by the govern ment in the form of a 25 year loan to the arabian american oil co owned by standard oil of cali fornia and the texas oil co which controls the saudi arabian field and the gulf exploration co owned by gulf oil corp which controls the kuwait field the united states chiefs of staff and the army navy petroleum board view the pipeline as a valuable source of supply and the companies have agreed to maintain for 50 years a reserve of 1,000,000,000 barrels for the military services oil an international question the need for arabian oil stresses the international char acter of this country’s economic position the amer ican government’s proposal to finance construction of the pipeline is in itself an international undertak ing fraught with great consequences and implies a commitment on our part to protect the line if it is built maintenance of the pipeline would require a relationship of complete trust between the united states and britain in order that the two nations through joint action may contribute after the war to the continuance of peace in the near east the proposed pipeline would traverse the british mandated territory of transjordan and terminate in egypt where britain enjoys special treaty rights or possibly in palestine british foreign secretary an thony eden told the house of commons on febru ary 9 that he had requested information on the amer ican plan from the british embassy in washington acting secretary of state edward r stettinius jr announced on february 11 that talks on near eastern oil had been scheduled between the united states and britain nor did he rule out the possibility that rus sia might be included the war has placed a heavy drain on american petroleum reserves the united states produced 67 for victory buy united states war bonds per cent of world output in 1943 when consumption from this country’s fields amounted to 4,565,000 bar rels a day estimates of reserves here range from 20,000,000,000 barrels by vice president wallace pratt of the standard oil co of new jersey tp 50,000,000,000 by deputy petroleum administrato for war ralph k davies synthetic oil can be made from coal of which american reserves may last 3,000 years but the cost of this process is great estimated reserves abroad include 7,000,000,000 vor barrels in the caribbean area trinidad venezuels and colombia 1,000,000,000 in the netherlands east indies 25,000,000,000 in the persian gulf are arabia iraq iran and bahrein islands and un t known quantities in russia oil for the allies was a produced last year in these areas and in lesser quan toky tities in mexico bolivia argentina ecuador brazil is be and india and for the axis in rumania poland y sakhalin island and formosa japan’s chief source is the indies which last year produced an estimated 942 18,000,000 barrels germany’s chief source is rv durt mania which before the war accounted for two per been cent of world production but is believed to have de 4 clined since then have american oil companies own holdings in ven ezuela colombia trinidad iraq bahrein island iran british india the netherlands indies and china p 2 as well as saudi arabia and kuwait and are develop ing a considerable portion of the world petroleum resources that exist outside the united states and russia until the present arrangement for a pipeline ar the official united states policy was simply to insist re on open door privileges for american companies y in all regions where other outside companies operate this policy won admission of american companies anes into iraq over initial british opposition said and a domestic question on february 4m 6 republican senator edward h moore of okla am homa an oil man challenged the pipeline arrange ment on the ground that it would lead to interna tional complications that would be the breeding w places of future wars senator moore is a member 8 of a subcommittee of the senate interstate com i merce committee which opened hearings on febru bo ary 15 on a resolution providing for the abolition of 8 the petroleum reserves corp construction of the pipeline awaits negotiation with the governments of si kuwait and saudi arabia arrangements for a right of way and decision about the point of outlet where it is expected a refinery will be built por blair bolles offe vit +r two per have de in ven in island ind china e develop petroleum tates and 2 pipeline y to insist companies ss operate companies february of okla 2 arran o interna breeding a membet ate com on febru by k entered as 2nd class matter william bishop wr 1 de rr 4 valversity of nicht library ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiii no 19 february 25 1944 he dismissal of the chiefs of the japanese army and navy general staffs announced in tokyo on february 21 attests to the progress that is being made against the enemy in asia plain ly the period of the slow defensive offensive dat ing from the invasion of guadalcanal in august 1942 is over as far as the pacific fleet is concerned during the present month the enemy in asia has been hit hard from many directions we have taken kwajalein and eniwetok atolls in the marshalls have shelled paramushiru rabaul and kavieng by sea for the first time and have sunk at least 19 jap anese vessels and destroyed more than 200 japanese planes in a bold carrier based air attack on truk the enemy's pearl harbor in the south pacific the continuity of these movements the vast area they cover and the depth of their penetration into japan’s oceanic empire justify the statement by secretary of the navy knox that our surface craft go where they please china the main front but if the jap anese navy is meeting its match this cannot yet be said of the enemy army entrenched in a vast land domain from manchuria to burma recently two top american commanders have emphasized in specific terms the nature of the task that lies ahead on the continent of asia on february 8 admiral chester w nimitz told newspapermen my objective is to get ground and air forces into china as soon as pos sible i don’t believe japan can be defeated from the sea alone to this he added the unequivocal olition of laration i believe japan can be defeated only yn of the nments of or a righ let whete bolles nds from bases in china five days later lieutenant general joseph w stilwell declared that admiral nimitz’s naval drive across the pacific to the china coast must be sup sported heavily by an aggressive allied land and air offensive projected from the interior asserting that vital china based air operations cannot wait for a unity in china needed for defeat of japanese army penetration of the blockade by land or sea he stated that facilities are being prepared inside china to service the largest and newest cargo carriers avail able conditions in chungking these re affirmations of china’s decisive position in pacific strategy must heighten american interest in that country’s internal situation which has been very dif ficult for a long time the united states will natur ally welcome any developments that tend to strength en the hard pressed chinese government and armed forces for the trials that lie ahead but such developments appear to be few and far between in the economic sphere inflation is reach ing increasingly fantastic levels as a result of the japanese blockade the limitations of domestic pro duction and the absence of an effective policy against hoarders and speculators recently chung king food prices rose 22 per cent in one week a phe nomenal jump reportedly linked to extraordinary spending after the annual settlement of debts at new year’s time of course inflation is not as serious a matter as it would be if china had a highly indus trialized economy rather than its present decentral ized agricultural system but chinese prices are now well over 200 times above their pre war levels and the effects limited for a time to urban centers are being felt increasingly among the peasants who con stitute the backbone of the nation and its war effort on the political front the news that finance min ister h h kung has replaced foreign minister t v soong as chairman of the board of directors of the bank of china appears of unusual significance although detailed information about the change is lacking dr soong an outstanding banker has long been regarded abroad as one of china’s most mod ern efficient and incorruptible leaders his loss of a post held since 1935 seems to be a personal and po litical triumph for his brother in law dr kung e 2 a ae a ey om ea 2s 3é c e s a s 6 es 6 geeware ers oe e eee ee ot 3 4 bis i j who in addition to being finance minister and vice president of the executive yuan is also governor of the central bank of china whether dr soong will remain in office as foreign minister now be comes a question of considerable interest problems of unity relations between the chungking government and the chinese commu nists continue to trouble the internal situation both are fighting japan but have not succeeded in re establishing the unity that existed between them dur ing the first few years of resistance since 1940 chungking has maintained a strict blockade against the shensi kansu ninghsia border region which is the supply base and headquarters area of the com munist led eighth route and new fourth armies recently the issue of the blockade came to the fore when mme sun yat sen widow of the famous chinese nationalist leader and sister of mme chiang kai shek issued a statement in which she attacked the diversion of part of our national army to the task of blockading and guarding the guerrilla page two areas on february 16 dr k c wu vice mi ister of foreign affairs admitted that central troo are stationed in the northwest but declared that iy regards them as police forces rather than as blocka ing armies the formulation of a compromise for the adjus ment of internal differences is china’s affair but thy united states would have every reason to welcome settlement at the earliest possible moment the mij itary situation demands it for the separation of im portant northern areas from the rest of fightiny china is an obstacle to defeat of the enemy if chin is to serve with full effectiveness as the decisive lanj and air front against japan its entire territory shoul be available for unified operations and sections of its troops should not be engaged in watching ead other rather than the invader in the far east as jy europe the attainment of political harmony is sential to rapid and complete victory in battle lawrence k rosinger american people disturbed by silence on foreign policy while the speed and striking power of our opera tions in the pacific already exceed the most optimistic calculations for this stage of the war both the po litical and military situation in europe remain in a state of deadlock that only a large scale allied in vasion can break the sobering effect of the struggle for the italian beachheads is due not merely to a loss of lives seemingly out of proportion to the re sults thus far achieved it is due primarily to the in escapable conclusion that unless germany suffers an as yet unforeseeable internal collapse the struggle for other bridgeheads into europe may prove equally arduous and bitter but as we face the grim days ahead we must con stantly endeavor to see them in the perspective of still grimmer days already experienced by the peoples of conquered europe the men and women of our generation have many ordeals in store for them but few ordeals can outmatch in terms of frustra tion the surrender at munich or in terms of sheer desperation the evacuation of dunkerque the ger man break through at sedan the siege of stalin grad knowledge of what the human spirit has al ready endured in our lifetime should steel us for whatever the future may yet disclose it cannot be repeated too often however that our capacity for endurance would be enhanced manyfold if we could look to the coming months and years not only with grim determination but with faith and buoyancy it is this quality of buoyancy this assur ance that the war is being fought not merely for physical survival but for enlargement of the lives we are seeking to preserve that gives such drive to the russians in spite of nearly three years of exhaust ing war and lends unflagging courage to europe's underground movements that is also why it is of such paramount importance that the united state as invasion nears should become identified as cleat ly as possible not with the forces in europe that sym bolize weariness and decay but with the vigorow new forces crystallized by resistance to nazi rule yet even now at the zero hour when it is obviou that political weapons will prove at least as decisive as military operations in deciding the future of the continent the united states officially appears reluc tant to show open sympathy for the anti fascist ele ments whose unremitting efforts have prevented con solidation of hitler's new order and while w ourselves continue to maintain ambiguous lal with fascist sympathizers for example in spain not to speak of the supporters of king victor em manuel of italy we paradoxically expect the cour tries of latin america to reject axis influence so 4 to strengthen our own position in the western hem isphere political philosophy lacking mil tary considerations can be invoked to justify mati moves that would otherwise appear highly disheatt ening but military considerations do not justify lac of a basic philosophy in our approach to the moral crisis of our times on the contrary persistent op portunism in our relations with conquered europt can only produce a weary cynicism both here ant abroad a cynicism which in itself could become grave military liability for the united nations the silence of president roosevelt and other america officials on the political trends that have been rapit ly developing on the continent since teheran can course be explained by calculated circumspection 0 the eve of invasion or it may be considered unws vice mj tral troop ed that ne is blockad the adjus lit but th welcome j the mil ion of im f fight y tf chik cisive land ory should sections of hing eac east as jy ony is ttle osinger cy ny it is of ted states d as clear that sym vigorow nazi rule is obvious as decisive ure of ears reluc ascist ele ented con while we s relation n spain tictor em the cout ence so a tern hem ig mil tify many y disheart ustify la the moral sistent op ed europt here and become 4 tions the americal een rapid an can df pection 0 ed unwis to discuss controversial issues of foreign policy in an election year true the president may think that indirect measures such as the arrangements about arabian oil may do more to make it impossible for this country to return to isolation after the war than any further statements of policy whatever the reason for this silence the net effect is to bewilder and depress public opinion here at the very moment when its full and above all fully informed sup rt is essential for impending operations and mean while the available physical strength of those who are resisting hitler within the fortress of europe is understandably running out due to shortages of both food and arms at this juncture announcement on february 18 of the baruch report on post war preparations for this country’s reconversion to peacetime conditions seems to put the cart before the horse it is true that in ternational reconstruction will depend not on our selves alone but on the collaboration of other na paget meree heo tions and therefore appears less directly feasible than reconstruction at home but the baruch report quite rightly states that the question asked by every one is how am i going to make a living for myself and for those dear to me when the war is over in a manner of my own choosing what it does not point out is that the war will not in actuality be over nor will anyone have much choosing of his or her own to do unless the united nations suc ceed in achieving a measure of stability in world affairs the baruch report strikes a welcome note of optimism when it says there is no need for post war depression but hope for the future would run even higher if this country were to take the lead in saying with equal confidence there is no need for post war international anarchy and act on this be lief to avoid discussion of this issue even in an elec tion year is to do less than justice to the courage and common sense of the american people vera micheles dean the f.p.a bookshelf how to think about war and peace by mortimer j adler new york simon and schuster 1944 2.50 rigorously logical demonstration that perpetual world peace is an actual possibility but capable of being realized only if genuine world federation is established recogniz ing the nations present concern with their sovereignty as an enormous obstacle the author nevertheless believes steps toward establishing the world state can be taken now although complete results may not be achieved for 500 years or so the white brigade by robert goffin new york double day doran 1944 2.00 dramatic story of belgian underground groups new zealand by walter nash new york duell sloan and pearce 1943 3.50 a picture of the smallest of the british dominions at peace and at war by the new zealand minister to the united states of particular interest are mr nash’s ideas on world organization and the liquidation of imperialism in the pacific what is the western economic stake in asia how much would it cost the metropolitan countries to give up their empires in the east how vill the rest of the world adjust itself to the rise of new nations in a free and industrialized asia read independence for colonial asia the cost to the western world by lawrence k rosinger 25c february 1 issue of forreign poticy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 one continent redeemed by guy ramsey garden city new york doubleday doran 1943 2.50 one of the more worth while books in the flood gener ated by the north african campaign the author writes dramatically and with understanding of the tangled poli tical situation these are the generals new york knopf 1943 2.50 biographical vignettes of seventeen prominent american military chiefs latin america and the united states by graham s stuart fourth edition thoroughly revised new york appleton century 1948 5.00 brings up to date a useful reference text empire by louis fischer new york duell sloan and pearce 1943 1.00 a stimulating and forceful discussion of india and im perialism by a journalist who argues for rapid realization of colonial independence at the same time some of the author’s judgments on the prospects of anglo soviet u.s chinese cooperation for a better world seem wide of the mark after the moscow cairo and teheran conferences come over into macedonia by harold b allen new brunswick rutgers university press 1948 3.00 this reference book on the successful rural reconstruc tion of macedonia during the period 1928 38 by a director of the near east relief foundation’s project should be useful to those planning to do similar work after the war the journey into the fog by cornelia goodhue new york doubleday doran 1944 2.50 dramatizes a bit the facts of vitus bering’s life and the voyage in which he opened the bering sea and established russia’s claims the hidden enemy the german threat to post war peace by heinz pol new york julian messner 1943 3.00 strong indictment of pan germanism as the movement which must be crushed to end the possibility of germany’s again causing war foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 19 february 25 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lugt secretary vera micheles dan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year sis produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter sibber fes 21 in this war as in others democratic governments have suffered from the illusion that they can prevent political disturbance by suppressing information the censorship issue has just been sharpened by reports from london that the british government with the support of our state depart ment has appointed two foreign office officials to the british censorship office to strengthen controls on outgoing news of a political nature and by at tempts of allied commanders in italy to restrict the news correspondents may send from the anzio beachhead political censorship in war the lon don reports have not been confirmed by british sources and acting secretary of state edward r stettinius jr said on february 15 that the state department had not requested the assignment of the foreign office officials but the war’s history provides previous instances of political censorship on march 26 1942 for example brendan bracken british minister of information told the house of commons that censorship would be used to keep dis patches from going abroad which were calculated to foment ill feeling between the united nations or between them and a neutral country without mak ing a public announcement like mr bracken’s the american government has practiced a rigid censor ship on news of events likely to put the united states in a poor light abroad to mention only one instance cables reporting the detroit race riots last june were held up two days the facts of diplomatic disagreement cannot long be hidden and their divulgence after suppression only heightens their disturbing effect political censorship moreover is contrary to the principles of democratic society which strengthens itself through discussion and the free flow of opinion and information formally the basic consideration of censorship in the united states is military security but this consideration is often stretched until as at anzio censorship is invoked to bolster civilian morale on the home front that sort of censorship if successful limits the civilian’s appreciation of the true seriousness of the conflict official professions of distaste for excessive politi cal and military censorship have been common dur ing the war on december 7 1941 the day japan attacked the united states brig gen alexander surles chief of war department public relations said i will do my best to get the news out as rap idly as i can secretary of state cordell hull in for victory buy united states war bonds november 1942 wrote byron price director of censorship i feel that fundamentally the long range interests of international friendship are best served by permitting the people of any country to know what people in friendly countries are thinking and saying about them however unpleasant some of those opinions may be nevertheless the censors continue to perform their tasks in a manner which brings protests from correspondents that the restrictions go beyond the needs of military security as general surles spoke the facts about the attack on pearl harbor were be ing wrapped in a censorship blanket that even to day has been only partially removed on december 10 1943 when the united states censorship code was relaxed after two years of war byron price re ported that in many instances news was being sup pressed for no apparent reason military censorship for home mor ale the anzio case illustrates the difficulties which governments and military establishments run into when they try to bend facts to serve an end since pearl harbor the american people alternately have been told they are too hopeful or too gloomy on the gloomy side undersecretary of war robert p patterson said on february 10 that the danger to american and british troops at anzio was not to be minimized the next day president roosevelt told his press conference that the situation at anzio was very tense the reports of correspondents at the beachhead reflected that view concerned by the gloom that spread in this coun try the command of lt gen mark clark leading the fifth army on february 15 forbade correspond ents to use the radio at the anzio beachhead for transmitting their dispatches this amounted to cen sorship by delay and a system of political censor ship on anzio stories was organized at naples in washington secretary of war henry l stimson said on february 17 that general alexander was in the best position to judge his own censorship require ments but the implication that the anzio censor ship decision was made elsewhere than in italy was seen in general alexander's remark that his supeti ors had notified him of the damage being done to civilian morale in britain and the united states director of war information elmer davis who holds that only information actually jeopardizing military security is to be suppressed has said he will investigate the imposition of a censorship aimed at preventing home front alarm blair bolles an mm me +the p i pe mar 15 1944 pera 2 entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vout xxiii no 20 marcu 8 1944 curtain of anglo american official silence on foreign affairs that had grown increasingly im enetrable since the teheran conference was only partially lifted by mr churchill in his report to par liament on february 22 the bulk of this report was understandably devoted to a summation of the mil itary progress of the united nations with special emphasis on britain’s contribution to the common ef fort and on the difficulties that must be surmounted before germany’s military power is crushed in touch ing on some of the political problems of conquered europe that have threatened to divide britain russia and the united states mr churchill expressed the policy of his government in the following formula our feelings follow the principle of keeping good faith with those who have kept good faith with us and of striving without prejudice or regard for political affections to aid those who strike for free dom against the nazi rule and inflict the greatest injury upon the enemy the yardstick apparently is to be military effort not ideology but since the firmest and most con sistent resistance to the nazis has come from those who are opposed to nazi ideas and practices this yardstick would make it possible for britain to col laborate with individuals and groups who may not at this moment enjoy official recognition this has already proved the case with respect to marshal tito in yugoslavia to whom mr churchill paid an un usually warm tribute while at the same time say ing we cannot dissociate ourselves in any way from king peter reports that captain randolph churchill son of the prime minister is now at tito’s headquarters and that king peter has asked the british to facilitate his return to london for consul tations and to shake off the influence of reactionary elements in his entourage may point in the direction of some compromise between the king and tito a somewhat similar development although will expediency alone determine allied policy in europe couched in a different form may result from the un resolved controversy over poland here moscow's insistence on the creation of a polish government friendly to russia britain’s desire to find a workable basis for collaboration with russia in postwar eu rope and the persisting intransigence of the con servative nationalist elements in the polish govern ment in exile concerning the curzon line which has britain’s approval all play an important part should a shake up now occur in official polish circles and should a reorganized cabinet collab orate with russia in common resistance against germany the british would presumably give such a régime their support but if no change takes place among the poles in london and meanwhile the pol ish underground opposes the germans at the side of russia as the partisans are doing in yugoslavia then it is not inconceivable that the british might even tually give such aid as they can to a resistance move ment in poland without openly abandoning the po lish government in exile which has kept good faith with britain to the extent of its practical ability britain keeps doors open the political situation inside europe is so fluid that it is entirely natural for britain to keep open as many doors to the future as possible this was the burden of anthony eden’s speech in the house of commons on febru ary 23 when he said that the british government re serves the right to intervene in the settlement of po litical affairs in any part of europe but that the ob ject of its foreign policy is to maintain peace and the rights of small nations with the aid of the british commonwealth of nations russia and the united states moreover the fact pointed out by mr churchill that the british in contrast to the first two years of war can no longer speak for themselves alone but must consider the interests and plans of their allies imposes a real limitation on their power of initiative the churchill and eden speeches how ah anne ae ever reveal two ominous trends ominous because if they develop and are allowed to have a decisive influence on the peace settlement they may undo the results of military victory ominous trends the first of these trends is the almost contemptuous attitude displayed by mr churchill toward the six political parties of italy that have been striving to create a basis for a non fascist régime this attitude is justified by the british prime minister on the ground that the italian parties do not command military force while badoglio and king victor emmanuel can presumably place some armed strength at the disposal of the allies and a vague promise is given that it is from rome that a more broadly based government can best be formed it is understandable that in the midst of the arduous and bloody struggle for italian beachheads the al lies do not want to precipitate political controversies about italy’s future but the controversies do exist and they cannot be merely brushed aside without cre ating the impression in italy and elsewhere that britain and the united states are indifferent to the fundamental struggle between fascism and anti fas cism which has unleashed this war and may survive it unless the roots of fascism are destroyed nor is it clear that such military assistance as badoglio and king victor emmanuel can guarantee to the allies and american sources would indicate that it is both slight and apathetic except for the italian navy will counterbalance the disillusionment and disaffec tion left in the wake of allied invasion even more important if the policy followed by britain and the united states in italy is a token of what the allies plan to do in defeated germany then there will be little hope of destroying the power of the military and conservative elements which perpetuated the semifeu dal social structure of germany after world war i the second ominous trend is the admission in mr page two churchill’s speech that the dismemberment of ge many might offer a way of reconciling some of th existing or impending divergences among the united nations russia set the scene for this developmen in its note broadcast on january 11 regarding eag ern poland when it said that the poles could com pensate themselves for territory ceded to russia taking east prussia and parts of silesia it is entirely arguable as mr eden stated that the provisions of the atlantic charter are not applicable to germany but it is difficult to see how the dismemberment of germany would contribute to the pacification and t construction of europe especially if meanwhile the allies take no steps as unfortunately appears to be the case toward the formation of an international organization within which post war germany could develop along constructive lines of collaboration with its neighbors instead of destructive lines of resurgent nationalism it is the political rather than the military prognos tications of mr churchill that give his report a note of gloom which is absent from the realistic but jubilant and confident order of the day issued by stalin on february 23 announcing the liberation of three quarters of russia’s invaded territory victory over germany will prove arduous and costly this both churchill and stalin admit but the real test will come when victory has been achieved this test will have to be met not only with the anxiety over possible political and economic upheavals which seems to mark the policy of britain and the united states but with a firm resolution to build an effective international organization on the foundations of war time collaboration between the united nations otherwise the unfinished business of 1919 as stephen bonsal calls it will remain to be finished by yet another world war vera micheles dean latest argentine coup widens breach with united states the argentine coup d'état which was climaxed by the enforced resignation of president pedro ramirez on february 25 has left great political confusion in its wake the outside observer has lacked authorita tive reports indeed whether the resignation fol lowed any legal pattern is still in question and it may be assumed that the argentine people are equal ly confused they have been subjected for some time to strict censorship regulations and have had less and less participation in government affairs particu larly since june 1943 when general ramirez succeed ed to the presidency in a coup which ousted ramén s castillo in fact there has been an increasing tenden cy toward an executive dictatorship since 1940 when castillo became acting president in place of roberto ortiz recognition in question the ramirez resignation justifies the suspended judgment with which the united states and the other american re publics greeted the argentine action against ger many and japan in january fearful lest the question of recognition of a new government be raised the military junta which elevated former vice president edelmiro farrell to the position held by general ramirez contended that the change is but a temporaty one and that the president resigned due to illness under secretary of state edward r stettinius jr however indicated that the shift involved a possible threat to this hemisphere and that consultation with the other american republics would be undertaken but it was not clear from his remarks whether the machinery of the consultative committee for the political defense of the continent in montevideo would be employed for this purpose as was done cette in th at sphe lem lic fd has t and spat tion matt men sout will men case risif icy beet the an é not van leac i dra in of tak mi onmteeass f ea i tt ny bs om by rely of any t of 1 te 0 be onal ould with gent nos note with 1 re ger stion the ident neral oraty ness a ssible with aken r the r the video done eev7 in the case of bolivia argentina is a crucial test not only for this hemi sphere but for the united nations as well the prob jem of recognition raises broader questions of foreign policy involving issues relative to spain and the badoglio government in italy now that the issue has been joined in argentina pressure both in britain and the united states for a clearer policy toward spain may be heightened while there is no indica tion that the state department will deal with the matter thus broadly a continuance of the depart ment’s stiffer attitude toward pro fascist elements in south america can be expected the united states will doubtless refuse to recognize the farrell govern ment on the basis of the precedent established in the case of bolivia if a truly broad and democratic up rising should occur in argentina our traditional pol icy of nonrecognition on the ground that force had been used would presumably be waived in favor of the greater desirability of recognizing and supporting an anti axis régime such an eventuality however is not now anticipated rather we may expect a contin uance of personalized rule by argentina’s military leaders rule by military cliques the recent dramatic events in argentina are but the latest stroke in what is a purely intermilitary struggle for control of political power within those limits events have taken devious turns thus on february 15 foreign minister alberto gilbert and col enrique gonzales secretary to the president were ejected from the gov ernment by an ultra nationalist young officer’s group when it was reported that a declaration of war had been prepared by the president and his foreign min ister rumors of such action along with rumors of civil war have come repeatedly from argentina but those officials who moved too speedily in the direc tion of a final break with the axis were suspect hint ing that such a policy was intended and having pre pared an announcement of cabinet changes in order to liberalize the government the president had him page three for a 25 year survey of the foreign policy of the vatican as well as a record of its relations with italy spain germany and the u.s.s.r read foreign policy of the vatican by sherman s hayden 25c january 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 em self reached beyond the limits imposed by the military factions that element of the army which had ejected the foreign minister was in turn superseded by the ever powerful gou grupo oficiales unidos ot colonel’s clique which has raised general farrell to the presidency with the inclusion of col juan domingo perén as minister of war in the new farrell cabinet the leader of the gou has again entered the official gov ernment body colonel perén held the portfolio of labor when the ramirez régime was openly pro axis but was subsequently discarded when on the eve of his resignation the former president had also ousted gen luis perlinger minister of the interior it is this group of officers with the aid of col eduardo avalos commander of the campo de mayo barracks in the environs of the capitol that manipulated the present coup reports that the majority of the army are in sympathy with general ramirez must await developments in the days immediately ahead should the gou solidify its hold on the government the argentine people will endure further military rule until the shifting jealousies of the army factions again demand a reshuffle under such circumstances the courageous plea for the restoration of freedom of the press made by the editors of the famed liberal journal la prensa will remain unheard and may well endanger their personal security not until the democratic forces in argentina are able to overthrow the military rulers and re introduce a constitutional régime will such efforts toward popular government be rewarded but if the democratic forces are to triumph they will need the official support of the united states and britain which they have not had in the past grant s mcclellan the captain wears a cross by william a maguire new york macmillan 1943 2.00 my fighting congregation by william c taggart new york doubleday doran 1943 2.00 in view of the vital work being done by catholic jewish and protestant chaplains all over the fighting fronts and the camps these two interesting books are worth reading the first carries on father maguire’s story of pearl har bor and of his life as a naval chaplain mr taggart’s tells of his experiences with the u.s army air forces in the southwest pacific spain by salvadore de madariaga new york creative age press 1943 4.00 one of the most dispassionate and informative studies of the causes and course of the spanish civil war that has appeared the author criticizes both sides in the revolu tion and contends that franco’s victory resulted in large part from the failure of the republicans to present a united front foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 20 march 3 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th screet new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president donotuy f lust secretary vera micneres duan béitor eavered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications ris f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor ss washington news letter fes 28 the state department during world war i had 530 employees in 1937 it had 850 now it has 2,500 its expansion in the past seven critical years has been erratic with responsibilities fuzzily divided for example the former chief of the divi sion of international communications was respon sible to assistant secretary adolph a berle jr for matters relating to aviation to assistant secretary breckinridge long for shipping and to assistant secretary g howland shaw for telecommunications assistant secretary berle was in charge of interna tional financial affairs but assistant secretary dean acheson of international economic affairs berle supervised the issuance of passports long the issu ance of visas the translating division and the cul tural relations division were responsible directly to the under secretary but busy with grave political questions the under secretary could give them little attention state department reorganized the department was reorganized on january 15 to elim inate the inefficiency that grew out of its unwieldy shapeless construction jurisdictional overlappings were removed and the responsibilities of the assis tant secretaries were clearly defined berle got con trols transportation and communications acheson economic affairs long congressional relations and shaw administration and public information critics of the reorganization remarked correctly that few new men were added to the department as a result but in the six weeks which have elapsed since the changes went into effect the improvement in state department operations has been marked the foremost single achievement of the reorgan ization was the creation of a policy committee com posed of secretary cordell hull under secretary ed ward r stettinius jr the four assistant secretaries legal adviser green h hackworth and special assistant to the secretary leo pasvolsky on febru ary 22 michael j mcdermott special assistant to the secretary in matters concerning the department’s relations with the press was added to the commit tee which meets regularly three times a week to dis cuss current questions thus top officials of the de partment participate in all decisions on high policy although the final word in political matters often rests with president roosevelt or the combined chiefs of staff committee before january 15 the casually run department reached high policy deci for victory sions only through conference among those officials immediately interested exploration of the bolivian recognition problem for instance was monopolized by the secretary and officers concerned with latin american affairs al though its implications touched the whole range of american foreign policy on the petroleum question however which has become acute since the reorgan ization the higher officials have been contributing to the ultimate decision through their exchanges at policy committee meetings officers immediate concerned with whatever problem is before the com mittee share in its discussions when the committee discusses arabian oil charles d rayner adviser on petroleum policy is present with wallace s murray director of the office of eastern and african affairs and john d hickerson chief of the division of british commonwealth affairs when it discusses russia charles e bohlen chief of the division of eastern european affairs participates the new set up shows the department's awareness of special problems which a modern foreign office must face an obvious child of the war is the com mittee on postwar programs whose executive direc tor is mr pasvolsky in the office of economic af fairs headed by harry c hawkins is a state de partment newcomer the division of labor rela tions whose task is to collect data on labor matters abroad this division’s acting chief is otis e mulliken harvard ph.d who was brought into the state department from the department of agricul ture where he was an economist he is to serve as liaison officer for the department of state at the april conference of the international labor office the reorganization provided an opportunity for pay ing increased attention to the department's public relations and on february 22 the january 15 infor mational set up was revised in order to improve liaison between the state department and the in formation offices of other governmental agencies more changes to come it will be the task of the newly created division of administrative management headed by m l kenestrick to note weaknesses in the administrative system and propose further changes already secretary hull has hinted that two or three new assistant secretaries are to be added one of these might deal with postwar matters and another with public relations such additions will probably involve further reorganization of the department blair bolles buy united states war bonds tha att +officials problem stary and fairs al range of question reorgan itributing anges at mediately the com ommittee dviser on murray n affairs vision of discusses ivision of 1wareness ign office the com ive direc omic af state de sor rela ir matters otis e t into the agricul serve as te at the or office y for pay t's public 15 infor improve d the in agencies ll be the inistrative to note d propose as hinted are to be ir matters additions yn of the bolles vds ve mar 11 1944 entered as 2nd class matter wiorary r am és op ops ly ba ri s wsoulzzan ann arbor wichizan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiii no 21 marcy 10 1944 the finnish government postpones accept ance of the russian armistice terms as announced by the moscow radio on february 29 finland’s hope that it will be able to bargain for a better offer is be coming more and more illusory russian planes have attacked finnish cities and ports and the red army is now within 100 miles of tallinn an estonian naval base from which the russians might be able to control the gulf of finland moreover both brit ain and the united states to whom the finns have long looked for intervention are presenting a united front with the u.s.s.r in his latest speech prime minister churchill endorsed russia’s view that it has the right to reassurance against further attacks from the west and early in february secretary of state hull reiterated his advice to the finns to get out of the war at once russia’s terms judged by the fact that the finns participated in the siege of leningrad and al lowed the germans to use their northern port of petsamo in preying on anglo american supply routes to murmansk the proposed russian armistice terms seem moderate indeed no call for unconditional surrender is made and no request for changes in the present finnish government is included although the russians indicate they would welcome a more friendly cabinet in helsinki the proposals provide first that the russo finnish border be left as estab lished in 1940 following the winter war this means that the whole of the karelian isthmus in cluding finland’s second largest city viborg and its famous mannerheim line fortifications as well as the finnish coast of lake ladoga would become part of the u.s.s.r the russians also demand that fin land break off relations with germany and intern nazi forces estimated at seven divisions in northern finland if however the finns need help in dispos ing of the germans they can call on the red army on the explicit understanding that the russians will allies back russian efforts to make peace with finland withdraw immediately after accomplishing this task in conclusion moscow reserves for later discussion the question of reparations demobilization of the finnish army and disposal of the petsamo region the russian terms appear reasonable not only when considered in the context of finland's partici pation in the war against the u.s.s.r but alongside the demands moscow has made on the polish gov ernment in exile this relative leniency may spring in part from the fact that a lesser degree of animosity has historically characterized russo finnish relations than has been true of the russians and poles but the chief reason must be sought in the red army’s view of military strategy its experience in this war has indicated that poland is the natural battleground for a grand assault on the soviet union while finland is valuable to an enemy only in blocking russian supply lines and launching localized attacks the strategic interpretation of the moscow terms is borne out by the fact that in 1940 the russians handed back petsamo to the finns while now after the port has figured prominently in blocking the routes of allied supplies to murmansk moscow reserves it as a sub ject of later negotiations the finns objections despite the mod erate character of the russian demands and the enor mous military pressure being brought to bear on the finns the government in helsinki continues to raise numerous objections to moscow’s stipulations for one thing the finns dread being cut off from ger man supplies of food and fuel and fear that their country will become a battleground for the german and russian armies as the nazis may fight to defend their access to vital finnish supplies probably the most important reason for the finnish government's hesitation is its fear that once the russians have oc cupied finland they will remain permanently this distrust of the soviet union dates from the period when the finns were included in the tsarist empire and has been the keystone of finland’s foreign policy since the republic was established in 1917 in their struggle against both russian domination and the in fluence of the bolsheviks finnish nationalists con sisting for the most part of the nobility and mer chants obtained german aid during the succeed ing years finland looked at various times to the scandinavian and western nations or to germany for support against the u.s.s.r now that the soviet union has emerged as the strongest military and political power in this area finnish foreign policy can no longer rest on its traditional basis but must seek a new orientation such a modification in policy might perhaps be made along the lines followed by president benes of czechoslovakia who believes that the best interests of his country can be preserved only by close friendship with both the soviet union and the western powers instead of by playing the latter against the u.s.s.r stake of all united nations although getting finland out of the war is of primary con cern to the russians and finns this event would have significance for the other united nations as well mil itarily removal of the german troops from finland and a shortening of the eastern front would release red army units for service elsewhere perhaps for a thrust against the baltic states in a move that might serve as a corollary to anglo american attacks in western europe this spring politically the results for the united nations as a whole would also be far reaching since finland’s conclusion of peace japan tightens home front as outer defenses crumble japan’s rulers are leaving few stones unturned in their attempts to cope with present difficulties and to prepare for new war problems of still greater seriousness under measures announced in tokyo on march 4 total mobilization of all high school and college students will take place school and college buildings will be made available as military store houses hospitals or air raid shelters women will be subject to labor mobilization and important new air raid precautions will be initiated food consumption and luxury activities are to be curtailed and all after noon and evening papers discontinued added power for tojo these moves are designed to help tighten up the war apparatus they are part of a series of significant internal develop ments during the past month including the replace ment of three cabinet ministers agriculture and commerce finance and transportation and com munications the removal of the army and navy chiefs of staff and the announcement of the largest budget in japanese history requiring sharp increases in taxes and war savings the main objectives of cur rent policy would seem to be to further centralize japanese economic and political life to prepare for page two might be expected to have repercussions in bulgaria rumania and hungary where losses on the eastey front and from anglo american air attacks are jg creasing dissatisfaction with axis domination more over britain and the united states might expect tp cooperate with the u.s.s.r in applying armistic terms to finland on the basis of the precedent fo joint action established by the mediterranean com mission and emphasized by president roosevelt's ap nouncement on march 3 that russia would secure third of the italian navy however it must be recog nized that american neutrality toward finland may be a complicating factor in our participation in the ultimate finnish settlement the soviet union's reference to reparations focuses attention on an important issue of the forthcoming peace that has thus far received little attention ig this country that the u.s.s.r expects enemy nations to repair the damage and destruction wrought by their armies comes as no surprise for last fall pro fessor varga a leading russian economist estimated that the soviet union would have a claim of 159 billion against germany alone but it is in moscow proposed armistice terms for finland that reparation are for the first time applied to a nation other than germany remembering the difficulties that arose from efforts to collect 32 billion from germany after world war i all the allies will need to work out a united policy on reparations lest this question again lead to economic chaos winifred n hadsel mass air raids on japanese cities to secure maximum labor power for essential production especially of ships and planes to eliminate all unnecessary eco nomic activity and to impress on the general popu lation the full gravity of japan’s military position one of the important by products of the process has been a further development of the power of premier tojo who so far appears to have successfully passed the buck for all difficulties to his political and mil itary associates especially significant is the change in propaganda inside japan as is well known the japanese author ities although frequently speaking of a crisis in general terms for a long time sought to hide from their people the blows that the united nations were inflicting in the pacific now this policy is being modified and the people have been told a few of the details of military developments notably in the com muniqué of february 21 admitting the loss of crus ers destroyers transports and planes at truk and that of february 26 announcing the loss of 6,500 japanese on kwajalein and roi in the marshalls apparently the government has decided that the et tire truth can no longer be kept from the country bulgaria he easter ks are jp on more expect to armistice edent for ean com evelt’s ap 1 secure 4 be tecog land may ion in the ns focuses thcoming fention ip ny nations ought by fall pro estimated 1 of 150 moscow's parations ther than hat arose germany d to work question yt adsel le maximum ecially of ssary eco ral popu position rocess has f premier y passed and mil opaganda se author crisis in hide from ions wert is being ew of the 1 the com s of cruis truk and of 6,500 marshalls at the en e countty en there is also some reason to suspect that growing pular concern over the military situation may have helped to bring about the change disagreement in tokyo however diffi cult it may be to judge the temper of the japanese people signs are certainly not lacking of differences within japan’s ruling circles the cabinet shake up and the dismissal of the chiefs of staff are sugges tive of deep disagreement over war policy japan’s leaders are presumably doing some hard thinking about how to anticipate future attacks and how to prolong hostilities in the hope that the united states will become war weary and accept a negotiated peace this is clearly a fruitful field for official disagree ment especially since many tokyo officials must be wondering whether their own country will not suc cumb to war weariness first although in comparison with the european war the pacific conflict is still in an early stage the ground is already being knocked from under some of the alarmist conceptions circulated about japan not so many months ago no one for example any longer suggests that it will be necessary to fight for every inch of ground on the road to tokyo since it is indisputably clear that with the overwhelming air and sea power made possible by american produc tion important island areas can be passed by in our forward push through pacific waters the united states fleet instead of being restricted to a rather small ocean radius by the necessity of returning fre quently to rear bases can now carry its bases with it for considerable periods of time the development of the fleet train involving tankers ammunition and supply ships joating drydocks and other elements required for rc pairs and replenishment of fuel and materials gives our fleet a phenomenal mobility re viewing the japanese soldier our conception of the japanese soldier is also being changed by the course of events his bravery de page three what is the allied stake in yugoslavia what are the roots of yugoslavia’s internal conflict what has axis occupation meant what are the parti sans goals what is the position of the govern ment in exile what are the prospects for balkan federation the struggle for yugoslavia by winifred n hadsel 25c march 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 termination and formidable military qualities remain unquestioned but he is very different from the super man who we were told would never crack or sur render a london times report of january 8 from the new guinea front declares of the japanese pri vate he is extraordinarily dependent upon his off cers and very much at a loss when as has happened more than once in this theatre all his officers are killed on such occasions he huddles together with his fellows and seems to be deprived of all power of action and decision and on kwajalein veteran american infantrymen with previous experience in the aleutians were said to have been convinced that most of the japanese soldiers would have surrendered had it not been for the opposition of their officers and a few determined regulars this testimony that enemy troops do not possess an indestructible morale offers a basis for a realistic although not a complacent view of the far eastern war we still have a long way to go in asia but we are clearly going there at a faster pace than anyone could have anticipated two years ago the progress that is being made however places new responsibil ities on united nations policy makers for it is be coming increasingly necessary to pay attention to the political aspects of the war with japan as long as japan seemed to many to be an unbreakable political unit there was no strong compulsion to think of the japanese people as an important element in future developments now a new phase of the war is ap proaching when under the impact of mass bombings japan’s common man may assume considerable polliti cal significance plainly it is necessary for the united nations to arrive so far as events permit at more concrete conclusions about future policy toward japan lawrence k rosinger pius xii on world problems by james w naughton s.j new york america press 1943 2.00 useful analysis of the pope’s pronouncements by subject with workable index a professor at large by stephen duggan new york macmillan 1948 3.50 the long time head of the institute of international education writes interestingly of efforts to create among people of different countries a better understanding of each other and each other’s culture peace and reconstruction a catholic layman’s approach by michael o’shaughnessy new york harper 1943 2.00 bases his hopes for social justice on the papal encycli cals and on many years of practical business experience in the united states and abroad foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 21 marcu 10 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lest secretary vera micuee.es dzan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year isi produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor oe tr pa nepy an divert erg sar 9 9 ee re ee pen pt te athe tps te couse ae ee or sy gece eines d ee eee oe e we 5 ss ee 6 4 ee ee er a ee sy washington news letter marcu 6 on march 11 1941 president roose velt signed an act to promote the defense of the united states the lend lease law on march 11 1943 after affirmative votes of 407 to 6 in the house and 82 to o in the senate lend lease was extended for one year to june 30 1944 now congress is con sidering a resolution authorizing the act's extension for a second time and hearings are being held be fore the house foreign affairs committee chairman leo t crowley of the foreign economic admin istration the agency administering the act told the committee on march 1 that lend lease aid up to december 31 1943 totaled slightly less than 20 bil lion or about 14 per cent of our defense and war expenditures since the act went into force what lend lease settlement con gressional renewal of lend lease is taken for granted chairman bloom of the house foreign affairs com mittee expects the hearings to end this week or early next week and the house will debate the bill soon afterwards some republican members of the house have prepared amendments aimed at restrict ing the president's authority to determine the benefits which the united states shall receive in return for distributing goods under lend lease section 3 para graph b of the act states the terms and con ditions upon which any such foreign government re ceives any aid authorized shall be those which the president deems satisfactory and the benefit to the united states may be payment or repayment in kind or property or any other direct or indirect bene fit which the president deems satisfactory president roosevelt in his report to congress on lend lease operations for the year ended march 11 1942 listed these four benefits 1 direct military as sistance to american security which results from the fight our allies are waging against the common enemy 2 reciprocal aid we receive from our allies which according to chairman crowley of fea totaled 1,500,000,000 by september 30 1943 3 possible return to us of goods sent out on lend lease 4 realization of the objectives set forth in article vii of the master agreement which envisions mu tually advantageous economic collaboration among nations after the war the house and senate com mittee reports on lend lease extension of february 26 and march 10 1943 respectively accepted the president's catalogue of benefits and the catalogue is safe from enlargement this year unless congress enacts restrictive amendments proposed by critics of for victory the administration representative vorys republi can of ohio is considering offering an amendmen to change the law’s title to mutual war aid act which is innocuous in itself but dangerous for the administration in that if it were accepted pro ponents of amendments modifying section 3 bj might find it easier to get consideration even tentative contemplation by congressmen of restrictive amendments shows a present concern for the nature of the governmental economic settle ment that will follow the war president roose velt announced on march 3 that under secretary of state edward r stettinius jr will take part in eco nomic and political talks in london affecting the united states and britain press reports said that dis cussion of agreements that might be reached ynder article vii of the master agreement was on mr stettinius agenda congress will of course reserve the right to pass on proposals to implement article vii the form chosen for any particular proposal in this field will follow normal constitutional practice the house foreign affairs committee declared in its 1943 lend lease report the committee also said that payment in gold or in goods has in the past proved self defeating and destructive and would after this war seriously interfere with the achievement of the conditions of world economic order on which the prosperity of this country largely depends aid to britain and russia britain and russia have been the chief beneficiaries of lend lease secretary of war henry l stimson told the house foreign affairs committee on march 3 the u.s.s.r is to a substantial degree dependent upon the united states in maintaining her lines of com munication by the transportation equipment pro vided under lend lease administrator crowley said that the lend lease shipments to russia up to decem ber 31 1943 included 170,000 trucks 33,000 jeeps 25,000 other military vehicles 4,700 tanks and tank destroyers 100,000 submachine guns 1,350,000 tons of steel 384,000 tons of aluminum copper and other metals 400,000,000 worth of industrial equipment 7,800 planes 740,000 tons of aviation gasoline and other petroleum products and 145,000 tons of pe troleum refinery equipment shipments to britain it cluded 3,900 planes 460,000,000 worth of aircraft engines and parts aviation gasoline 4,800,000 tons of steel 460,000 tons of non ferrous metals and other essential raw and fabricated materials blair bolles buy united states war bonds a 4 2 spe +ry of ec the t dis inder mr serve rticle sal in rice in its that oved this f the 1 the and ease louse the upon com pro said cem eeps tank tons other nent and f pe in in craft tons and es genera a of m mar 2 1 1944 entered as wh class matter bibrary chizs foreign policy bulletin afbor nic an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiii no 22 march 17 1944 allies move to safeguard invasion plans by isolating eire ire's cappearance in the news sharply reminds the world that a base for axis diplomacy es pionage and relaying of information still exists within 100 miles of britain’s coast a perilous situa tion as preparations to invade the continent approach the final stages the allied governments took formal note of this when our state department appealed on february 21 to the dublin government for removal of axis consular and diplomatic representatives in eire adding the hope that this step would take the form of a diplomatic rupture the british govern ment taking no steps of its own expressed concur rence in the american action assurances were added that the note was not an ultimatum and that no move toward invasion was contemplated premier de valera’s rejection of the proposal was prompt and decisive his immediate oral refusal be ing followed by a conclusive note on march 7 it is also reported that full mobilization of the irish army has been ordered and a general state of alert pro claimed these preparations have not been put to the test but that the allied attitude also is firm is plain from the british order of march 13 halting all but essential government travel between the two islands steps have also been taken to check travel across the partition line between eire and northern ireland meantime the united states government has teleased the text of a note stating that an irish re quest in january to charter an american ship was refused it appears that two ships formerly so char tered were sunk presumably by enemy action and that the irish refused to protest the act alleging want of evidence why neutrality the policy of neutrality is accepted by the irish people almost without ques tion and only one member of parliament mr james dillon openly demands intervention this is true notwithstanding the enlistment of over 100,000 irishmen in the british forces and the employment in britain vf at least 100,000 more to most of agri cultural ireland isolated and poorly informed world events and even the war seem remote moreover the notion of allying himself with the british is still highly unpalatable to the average man the irish tradition of hatred for english rule and resentment of a long line of grievances has grown weaker with time and change but the habit of mind still lingers and the partition issue remains very much alive even if he himself felt otherwise which he does not mr de valera would find himself obliged to defer to this body of public opinion and criticisms based on the moral duty of nations to support the allied cause or the gratitude which ireland should feel for british protection serve only to infuriate the irish people and their leaders the government lost 10 seats in the 1943 elections and while it is still strong enough to govern it is no longer secure it is therefore inevitable that mr de valera should seek to increase his popularity in the country and anything like a foreign challenge to irish sovereignty presents him with the perfect issue the fact remains that this close attention to local interests is certain to make irish statesmanship look narrow and provincial to the world outside and wilfully so since irish leadership is well aware of developments abroad it is therefore but just to add that the irish wartime attitude both official and un official has been far from hostile to the united na tions suspected axis spies and saboteurs have been under close police surveillance when u.s minister gray complained that enemy agents in the german ministry and in the countryside had been sending radio messages home the government was able to re ply that the german minister had been deprived of his radio sender and that while five paratroopers not two as alleged had indeed landed in ireland with radio equipment they had all been rounded up in addition it has been pointed out that very few of ee al aaniedh ott we ee oe a ee ernie uf the allied airmen forced down in neutral territory have been interned most being set free on the ground that they were not on operational flights the popular feeling toward americans is traditionally cordial and friendship for the english has risen to unprecedented heights largely because of britain's steadfast respect to date of ireland’s neutral claims what can we do now as a result of this good feeling and cooperation within and per haps even beyond the legal limits of neutrality irish aid to the british war effort has been percep tible against this must be set certain other facts the lack of naval bases in ireland was sorely felt during the most critical period of u boat warfare for the irish flatly refused to reopen to british use the three ports turned over to them by the chamber lain government the so called irish republican army illegal but inadequately repressed has been a constant threat to britain’s efforts and a temptation to german agents in search of saboteurs undoubt edly there has been some leakage of valuable infor mation through i.r.a members operating in britain and the gravity of this situation must increase in proportion to the imminence of invasion mr churchill's statement that eire will be cut off from the world may indicate that economic sanctions are intended if applied their effect could be de cisive for the country depends on britain for coal and the u.s for oil and wheat however the poli tical setback to the u.s and britain if stronger eco nomic measures were taken except in case of proved page two necessity might be serious it is significant that mr de valera appealed to prime minister mackenzie king for the good offices of canada chief spokes man for the smaller nations great power will always be suspect to those whom it can endanger and the coercion of eire could not but breed uneasiness among the other small peoples of europe and else where nor can the possible effect upon the british commonwealth be overlooked in canada itself for example there is unanimous support for the united nation’s cause and much resentment of the irish attitude of aloofness while the prime minister has in this case associated himself with the british position reports indicate however an under lying approval of irish insistence on the right to take an independent position this strong national feeling cannot be ignored in london without danger to imperial unity as for washington the adminis tration is certainly aware of the strong pro irish ele ment in this country and probably not unaware of the traditional allegiance of this element to the democratic party it therefore seems likely that the u.s and britain will move with caution and improbable that force will be used on eire where it has been withheld against turkey spain and argentina the determin ing factor will presumably be the danger to allied puch the mitte it wa popu eratic have algie sistant alters enem ticule comi civil if the const com inate parti man wher fren the ilarl and r trial military secrecy for the political consequences even fret of strong moves would hardly be comparable to a wan military disaster in western europe sherman s hayden pucheu trial reflects views of french underground with the pronouncement of the death sentence on pierre pucheu by a special military court in al giers on march 11 the first trial of a high vichy collaborationist reached its conclusion the trial which is expected to be only the first in a series that will continue in france after the country’s libera tion has met with divided reaction among french men in north africa recent arrivals from france regard the trial and its verdict with complete ap proval while those who have been abroad for some time contend it was a mistake and should have been postponed until after the enemy was forced out of france only then they argue can all the evidence be assembled and a court appointed by a regularly elected government be constituted will all vichyites be found guilty the formal indictment against pucheu consisted of four charges 1 alleged acts against the security of the state 2 treason 3 illegal arrests and 4 malfeasance in office in connection with the three preceding charges the court found the defendant who had served first as minister of industrial production and later as minister of the interior jn the vichy government from february 1941 until april 1942 innocent of the charges of acts against the security of the state and illegal arrests pucheu was found guilty however of treason specifically of collusion with the nazis the fact that he was not convicted of subverting the internal security of the french state merely because he had belonged to the vichy cabinet means in ef fect that pétain’s totalitarian régime that supplanted the republic based on the ideals of the french revo lution was not indicted in so far as purely domestic affairs are concerned moreover the court was not willing to declare that every one who had supported pétain at least during the period from june 1940 until november 1942 when the united states and russia had official representatives at vichy and there was still a semblance of an independent french pol icy must be ruled out of the new france this dis tinction between the earlier and later phases of pétain’s régime may prove important because most observers agree that thousands of frenchmen whose patriotism was without question followed the hero of verdun during the first period of his rule the trial viewed politically like most trials connected with offenses against the state part tras rep to na of fre sun ide cur nec sec brefsi 8b i kes pesr fs ited rish ster tish der to nal ger nis ele of tain orce eld nin lied ven fo a s of egal of azis the ause 1 ef nted evo estic not rted 1940 and here pol dis s of most hose hero like tate pucheu’s case was of major political importance the trial was clearly intended by the french com mittee of national liberation under whose auspices it was held as an effort to assure the committee's popularity in france at the time of the nation’s lib eration members of the french underground who have recently come to north africa insist that the algiers authorities would not be accepted by the re sistance movement unless they first demonstrated un alterable opposition to all who cooperated with the enemy among the newcomers the communists par ticularly have been intransigent on this point the committee on its part has long held the theory that civil war may best be prevented in post war france if the leading collaborators are destroyed by properly constituted legal authorities only in this way the committee contends can widespread and indiscrim inate killing of persons who may or may not have participated in handing over the state to the ger mans be prevented whether this theory will work when put to the test remains to be seen but the french committee is not alone in advancing it for the european allies and the united states have sim ilarly promised to try war criminals in the occupied and enemy countries the trial viewed legally legally the trial of pucheu left much to be desired by many frenchmen in algiers those who are critical had wanted the trial to be an example of legal perfection partly because they desired to create a striking con trast to the farcical 1942 riom trials of the third republic's leaders and partly because they hoped to show the glaring differences between arbitrary nazi methods and french justice although the court of five judges was constituted with a careful view to french practices and the defendant was allowed to summon witnesses and make a public defense the ideal of a perfect trial could not be attained under current circumstances much of the testimony was necessarily delivered in secret for reasons of military security and much evidence that would have been page three how can a new world order be created can eu rope’s liabilities be turned into assets what are the prospects for a federation of nations read on the threshold of world order by vera micheles dean 25c january 1944 issue of headline series order from foreign policy association 22 east 38th st new york 16 seana a pertinent was not available in algiers above all the suspicion and hatred in the courtroom was hardly conducive to the cool atmosphere associated with justice during more normal times legal difficulties arose particularly in connection with the charge that pucheu had personally handed over french hostages to the nazis to be shot al though there was no evidence at hand to support this charge and general giraud declared that he had seen a document while he was still in france that indicated pucheu’s refusal to carry out the german demand for hostages the prosecution dwelt at length on the allegation by doing so the impression was created that mere hearsay would be considered as acceptable evidence it should be noted however that some of the testimony that seemed extraneous to anglo american observers was not so regarded by french jurists under the roman law used in french courts the rules of evidence are much looser than in common law and permit the introduction of facts having only an indirect bearing on the case repercussions abroad the french na tional committee has taken the view that the trial of pucheu was strictly an affair among frenchmen and of no concern to the allies which is understand able in view of the struggle it has been making to constitute itself as the recognized french authority but any question bearing on the possibility of civil war in france is of concern in london washington and moscow as well as in algiers and may influence the negotiations that are now going on for full recog nition of the french committee as its nation’s pro visional government winifred n hadsel blair bolles heads washington bureau blair bolles member of the editorial staff of the wash ington star since 1935 has been appointed director of the washington bureau of the foreign policy association the appointment was effective march 15 mr bolles has specialized in writing on foreign affairs at the star he has contributed articles on foreign and domestic politics to harper's the nation american mer cury american magazine liberty saturday review of literature free world and others he reported on eur at war last year when as a member of a group invited by the swedish government he visited sweden and also eng land portugal and bermuda mr bolles is a regular con tributor to the north american newspaper alliance and with duncan aikman was co author in 1939 of america’s chance of peace mr bolles was born in st louis missouri on february 26 1911 and was educated at phillips exeter and at yale he was a reporter for the washington herald universal service and the new york american before he joined the washington star foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 22 makch 17 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lagt secretary vera micueres daan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least oe month for change of address on membership publications bs 181 f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news l ettec 191 marcu 13 ever since louis d brandeis became chairman of the provisional executive committee for general zionist affairs during world war i u.s citizens have taken an active interest in the development of palestine as a jewish national home to which jews could migrate from all parts of the world the pressure of the brandeis commit tee and of english zionists led to the balfour dec laration of november 2 1917 which declared that establishment of the national home was one of brit ain’s war aims seek white paper abrogation amer ican interest is currently reflected in identical resolu tions recently introduced into the senate and the house urging that the united states shall use its good offices and take appropriate measures to the end that the doors of palestine shall be opened for free entry of jews into that country the objective of the resolution sponsored by senators robert wagner of new york and robert taft of ohio and by representatives james wright of pennsylvania and ranulf compton of connecticut is abrogation of the white paper on palestine issued by the british government on may 17 1939 this white paper setting forth the principle that jews should number not more than one third of palestine’s population ordered that jewish immigration into the territory cease on march 31 1944 as of september 30 1942 the population of palestine was officially estimated to include about 1,000,000 arabs and nearly 500,000 jews a ratio of two to one on may 23 1939 winston churchill then out of office told the house of commons that the one third principle meant destruction of the balfour declara tion in 1930 the council of the league of nations which had mandated palestine to britain adopted the principle that jewish immigration into the man date was to be limited only by the territory’s eco nomic absorptive capacity the treaty of sevres of 1920 which settled the peace between the allies and turkey from which palestine was carved and the preamble to the mandate specifically recognized the balfour declaration but the 1939 white paper apparently doomed the jews suffering from their minority position in european countries and perse cuted actively in germany by the nazi regime to be a minority group in palestine arab agitation brought about the transition from the humanitarian promise in the balfour declara tion to the compromise in the white paper as early for victory as 1920 in the muslim nebi musa celebrations arabs displayed their animosity toward zionist jews during the middle 1930 s german and italian agenis fed the arab apprehension that they might becom a minority in palestine and the british government after laying aside a proposal for partitioning pale tine into separate jewish and arab states issued a white paper out of concern for the safeguarding of british interests in the predominantly arab middle east arabs presented their point of view directly tp vol the american congress on february 25 1944 by message from jamil al madfai president of the iraq ru chamber of senators addressed to vice presiden wallace and to speaker rayburn of the house am convinced he wrote that any increase of jey ish immigration into palestine would eventually re rabi sult in bloodshed and certainly in disturbed condi ily tions which would not contribute to the happiness of the jews settled in that country or to that of the od arabs f the considerations which caused the british goy ernment of neville chamberlain to issue the white paper in 1939 press today upon the united state which has direct strategic interests in the middle p east ten days ago general george c marshall army chief of staff called those interests to the attention of the senate foreign relations committe in an executive session and urged the committee tp defer action on the wagner taft resolution the house foreign affairs committee had previously held four public hearings on the wright compton resolution and may report it to the house president roosevelt offers hope ru prime minister winston churchill has not renouncel me the white paper policy which he criticized before he iza became prime minister on november 10 196 wit oliver stanley british colonial secretary said that or the policy stands with one modification that immi ant gration of roughly 31,000 would be permitted be in yond march 31 1944 to complete the quota of se 75,000 president roosevelt on march 9 told rabbil pr stephen s wise of new york and dr abba j silver pe of cleveland that the united states had never given wk its approval to the white paper and authorized them in to say the president is happy that the doors of re palestine are today open to jewish refugees and that all when future decisions are reached full justice will be rt done to those who seek a jewish national home blair bolles buy united states war bonds +08m art at war 24 1944 entered as 2nd class matter general library university of michigan ann arbor nichtzan foreign policy bulletin ed i an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association ng o foreign policy association incorporated idk 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y tly tp vo xxiii no 23 marcu 24 1944 by a ita russia’s clear cut policy contrasts with american indecision oo crossing of the dniester river announced on on the part of small nations in marked contrast to jer march 18 brought russian troops into bessa 1919 when that right became one of the cornerstones ly re abia giving added significance to the kremlin's rap of the peace settlement there is no doubt that self ond my unfolding foreign policy represented in the determination unless it takes place within the frame ess of north by its peace negotiations with finland and in work of an international organization is bound to of the the south by its recognition of the badoglio régime result in further pulverization and hence weakening finland at bay while moscow’s peace of europe the alternative to self determination terms were on the whole moderate considering the however is not the absorption of small nations into f blows russia could if it wished inflict on finland the territories of great powers as the london times whit at this juncture and marshal mannerheim was tre seems to suggest but the establishment as soon as states ported to have said his forces could not withstand possible of an international organization within fiddly renewed russian onslaught the finnish govern which as anticipated at the teheran conference all shall ment on march 14 rejected these terms in spite of countries great and small could find a measure of 0 the pressure from the united states and sweden to security otherwise just as the finns are understand mutt many people in this country finland’s action may ably timorous at handing over their fate to the tee appear foolhardy and unjustified but from the point u.s.s.r so the russians are understandably anxious the of view of many finns a shift from the domination in their hour of victory to consolidate their strategic ious of germany to that of russia offers little perceptible position on the baltic and prefer their own method i improvement of attaining security in the hand to an international such improvement could have come if britain system still very much in the bush lope russia and the united states had implemented their meanwhile the soviet government which has yuncel moscow pledge to establish an international organ castigated the polish government in exile and used ore he ization at the earliest possible opportunity only unvarnished language to the finns appears to be 1943 within an international organization could finland meting out more gentle treatment to the badoglio d that or any other small country expect adequate guar régime which it recognized as the government of immi antees against threats by any one of the great powers italy on march 11 this decision has been explained ed be in the continued absence of a system of collective by communists in the united states as an attempt to yta off security american advice to quit the war can hardly restore lost morale to the italians and thus strength rabbi prove effective since the finns learned by bitter ex en them for the selection of their own post war gov silvet perience during their first war with russia in 1939 40 ernment as a matter of fact there has been rela given when they enjoyed considerable sympathy here and tively little criticism of badoglio among members of 1 them in western europe that they cannot count on con the italian committee of national liberation their ors of ete assistance from us or from the british least of attacks have been directed not against badoglio but id that all now when we are fighting side by side with against king victor emmanuel and those elements will be russia in a common effort to defeat germany surrounding the monarch who have profited by al ne self determination questioned in lied occupation to use fascist methods against all fact so great is our concern to maintain intact the political opposition without benefit of the fascist la lles walition of great powers that there is a growing bel britain and the united states at least could have ds tendency to question the right of self determination made had they wished a distinction between the a erm ee qe ee so enna ates oo reenn seve sl ot ee ceria sort a tn 5 king and badoglio thus giving some encouragement to those anti fascist groups in italy which have been pleading for the establishment of a regency such a measure would even have satisfied mr churchill’s expressed preference for the monarchical system without at the same time sanctioning the semi fascist elements now regrouped around the king in practice anglo american policy of leaving both the badoglio régime and the six parties compris ing the italian committee of liberation in the dark concerning our future intentions has tended to alien ate both without rallying the italians to our side russia’s aims in europe the chief weak ness of our policy is that in contrast to the russians who have a definite objective in mind and use a wide range of methods to attain it britain and the united states give the impression of not being cer tain just what they are striving to achieve on the con tinent once hitler has been overthrown russia's ob jective is two fold to win the war as soon as human ly possible and to achieve its own security against the renewal of german aggression to achieve their own security the russians are following two inter locked policies they are establishing along their western border a safety belt of territories which in their opinion could otherwise be utilized by the ger mans for some future attack on russia hence their insistence on the incorporation into the u.s.s.r of eastern poland the baltic states bessarabia and the section of finland they acquired at the close of the first russo finnish war in 1940 second they are seeking by all means at their disposal to make cer tain that countries adjacent to russia’s 1941 border will after the war have governments friendly to the page two omen aan u.s.s.r and the soviet system hence their hostility to the polish government im exile their backing of the union of polish patriots and the polish army jy russia headed by lieut gen berling their treaty of mutual assistance with czechoslovakia and furthe afield their recognition of the badoglio régime e compared to these clear cut aims the policy of britain and the united states in europe remains up clear are we merely striving to assure our own sur vival in itself a worthy and obviously essential aim or are we also intent on extirpating in europe the forces that bred fascism and nazism and that unless they are uprooted may breed them again once hostilities are over naturally the military comman ders in the field must have the first say when the lives of millions are at stake but this is only a partial answer commanders in the field are not functioning in a vacuum they either have or if they do not should have some idea of the general course pursued in world affairs by the governments they serve to raise these questions is not to weaken the war ef a fort as some people contend on the contrary it could be fairly argued that if the military forces of the united states whose prevailing lack of convic tion has been the subject of recent comment were more fully aware of the issues at stake they might make an even more valuable contribution to the war effort and this applies with still greater force to the civilians behind the lines who can hardly be expected to perform adequately their functions as citizens of a democratic society unless they have a rough idea of the direction in which the government is moving vera micheles dean anglo american cooperation hinges on post war trade policies the impending conversations in london between an american mission headed by under secretary of state stettinius and a group of british officials led by foreign secretary eden are expected to cover many problems of current interest to the two govern ments it has been suggested that the discussions will include not only political issues such as the present situation in italy but also the problem of economic relations between the united states and britain if this proves to be the case currency shipping and con trol of raw materials will undoubtedly be explored but even more important may be discussions on two other foreign trade questions on which agreement is necessary one of immediate concern and the other with far reaching post war implications lend lease restrictions on exports the first problem involving a revision of the british white paper of september 10 1941 has arisen as a result of the recent increase in reverse lend lease aid from britain the white paper was a unilateral declaration of policy by which the british government guaranteed not to permit the re export of lend lease goods or similar goods in short supply in the united states except where considerations of war supply made it necessary according to a joint statement issued on march 18 by secretary of state hull and foreign economic administrator crowley this policy has been conducted successfully over the past two and a half years but with the expan sion of reverse lend lease from britain to include raw materials the british government quite naturally asked that an agreement be reached whereby future restrictions such as those in the white paper be ap plied equally to american exporters although nego tiations to this end were begun several months ago an understanding has not as yet been reached apparently the desire of exporters on both sides of the atlantic to improve their competitive position has delayed the negotiations but the fears expressed in this country that such an agreement would benefit british export trade at the expense of the united states seem to have no more justification than earliet adv 000 app tility g of ly in ty of rther y of 5 un sur ntial rope that once man the irtial ning not sued to r ef y it es of nvic were night wat the ected of a oa of ving an es x poit as of joint state ee wley over cpai clude irally uture e ap ne go ago sides sition essed enefit nited arlier s charges that lend lease was giving britain an unfair advantage in world markets united states cash ex rts reached a value of approximately 3,150,000 900 in 1942 compared with an average of 3,000 900,000 for the period 1936 38 and in 1943 totaled approximately 2,774,181,000 or a drop of only 744 per cent below 1936 38 levels british exports on the other hand owing almost entirely to shortage of labor and supply rather than to the white paper re strictions were drastically reduced during 1942 43 probably by as much as 50 per cent from the 1936 38 average in the middle east for example where british exports were roughly three times greater than american before the war the volume of united states cash exports is now much larger than the british in view of these facts it seems probable that american export trade has not suffered except in relatively minor instances by irregularities in the white paper procedure and there appears to be no reason why an agreement should not be reached which would make restrictions equally applicable to american exporters the commercial policy issue the prob lem of reconciling american and british post war commercial policies however will be of much more vital importance true the basic principles for a solution of this problem were laid down in article vii of the master lend lease agreements of febru ary 23 1942 in which the united states and britain agreed to seek joint action looking toward the re moval of discriminatory treatment in international commerce and the reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers on the american side it is clear that the administration strongly supports the restoration and expansion of international trade and finance on a multilateral basis and would like to use article vii as the vehicle for establishing an international trade ipply agreement or convention to which all the united na tions would adhere but if general acceptance of ar page three what effect will the united states attitude toward the tariff shipping rubber foreign lending and lend lease have in influencing britain’s post war trade policy read britain’s post war trade and world economy by howard p whidden jr 25c december 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 ticle vii is to be achieved the united states will have to make substantial reductions in its own tariff and probably remove its preferential arrangements with the philippines the virgin islands and cuba so long as our allies feel uncertain that this will be done they are unlikely to commit themselves to re move exchange controls and bilateral or preferential trading arrangements in london there is also support for the restoration of multilateral trade but with certain reservations as a result of the war britain which previously paid for over a third of its imports with income derived from foreign investments and shipping will have a deficit of probably 200,000,000 in its balance of payments which can be filled only by an export ex pansion of roughly 40 or 50 per cent in facing this prospect the british government has apparently felt that immediate achievement of multilateralism would be impossible but that if sufficient liquid re serves for the transition period could be provided by an international clearing union or fund the bilater al and preferential arrangements used in the thir ties and during the war could be gradually removed in taking this position however the government is far ahead of the bilateral thinking of many brit ish manufacturers and the recent series of articles on foreign trade in the economist britain's leading economic journal suggests that opposition will be met from that quarter also for the economist after admitting the merits of omnilateralism argues that it cannot be achieved contending that the only possible solution for britain is a form of closely controlled regional multilateralism although this position is not accepted by the gov ernment the difficulties of the transition period may make it impossible for britain to give full and im mediate support to multilateralism if this is the case and britain is permitted certain deviations from the multilateral principle while making post war adjust ments the question still remains whether it will then be possible for the administration to obtain support for its program from congress which will probably be reluctant under any circumstances to make the essential tariff reductions until the central issue of commercial policy is solved related questions such as currency shipping oil rubber and free access to raw naterials in general will not be readily adjusted and anglo american economic collaboration will have no solid basis for the post war period howarpd p whidden jr foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 23 march 24 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lzgr secretary vera micue.es dgan editer entered as second class matter december 2 one month for change of address on membership publications 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor r ms 26 a mp emer eg ay ar ee ee ee washington news letter sibbesr march 20 treasury secretary henry morgen thau jr late last march invited finance ministers of the united nations governments to send their mon etary experts to washington for exploratory tech nical discussions on how to stabilize the world’s currencies these preliminary talks recently came to a close and the united states government tentatively expects to be host to a world monetary conference some time this summer the need for universal cur rency stabilization challenges the governments to discover a formula for multilateral economic coop eration because as the preamble to the united states proposal for an international stabilization fund of the united and associated nations says world pros perity like world peace is indivisible currency talks under way three proposals have furnished the bases for the pre liminary talks they are the united states stabiliza tion fund plan made public on april 7 1943 and revised on july 10 1943 the plan for an interna tional clearing union made public by the british government on april 8 1943 and the canadian government's proposal for an international ex change union on november 24 1943 the united states also published a preliminary draft outline of a proposal for a bank for reconstruction and develop ment of the united and associated nations its pur pose to encourage the flow of private investment capital to war stricken countries is in keeping with the general goal of stabilization which is to secure economic advancement for all the specific objectives of the advocates of currency stabilization are to help stabilize the foreign ex change rates of the currencies of the member coun tries and to help create conditions under which the smooth flow of foreign trade and productive capital will be fostered such a program would liberate trade from the dangerous confinement of bilateral controls special clearing arrangements multiple cur rency devices and discriminatory foreign exchange and currency restrictions which dominated world commerce during the 1930 s and contributed to the outbreak of world war ii the british plan states there is a growing meas ure of agreement about the general character of any solution of the problem likely to be successful there are still disagreements however on details the revised american plan proposes a fund of 5,000,000,000 whereas the canadian plan proposes for victory 8,000,000,000 the american plan would limit credits from the fund for an individual member to the amount of its contribution to the fund whereas the british would effect the substitution of an ex pansionist in place of a contractionist pressure on world trade by allowing to each member state overdraft facilities of a defined amount the amer ican plan would require each member to pay at least 30 per cent of its quota of the fund in gold whereas the british plan not prescribing the nature of the payment medium says that we need a quantum of international currency which is neither determined in an unpredictable and irrelevant manner as for ex ample by the technical progress of the gold industry nor subject to large variations depending on the gold reserve policies of individual countries both the american and british plans nevertheless would fix the value of the fund’s monetary unit in terms of gold the soviet government whose monetary repre sentatives only recently concluded their technical dis cussions here is said to favor the use of gold in the establishment of the fund why london conference failed the last attempt to agree upon world wide stabilization through the london economic conference of 1933 failed chiefly because individual governments es pecially that of the united states took the view that domestic monetary questions and domestic political interests should be satisfied before the international questions were dealt with the lesson of the past eleven years suggests that in the long run unsolved international problems are bound to affect the do mestic situation of each nation to pave the way for domestic acceptance of amer ican participation in a world currency stabilization fund mr morgenthau has kept the appropriate house and senate committees informed of the pre liminary discussions officers and directors of various federal reserve banks have examined stabilization proposals at their conferences and treasury officials have conferred on the matter with the advisory council of the american bankers association the foreign trade council and other organizations membership in the fund would require no greater surrender of sovereignty than a commercial treaty according to the authors of the british plan who foresee that the fund might become the pivot of the future economic government of the world other desirable collaborative arrangements being aided and supported by its existence blam bolles buy united states war bonds ll 191 tr2 +apr1 1944 genera library entered as 2nd class matter bee vaiverstty of wich f ann arbon wei vig u rigag it m foreign policy bulletin x on ite or an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association ast foreign policy association incorporated 4 oe 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y he vou xxiii no 24 magch 81 1944 i a ed public seeks clarification of u.s foreign policy 7 t is not a mere coincidence that on both sides of fect solutions will be found overnight for every id the atlantic the public is questioning president one of the complex problems of international re he roosevelt and mr churchill about their foreign pol lations greatly accentuated by the war it is also i fx icy nor is this questioning which daily grows in generally understood and mr churchill pointed of volume merely a captious effort to discredit the war this out in his address to the house of commons on q re leaders of the respective countries as is sometimes february 22 that by very reason of the fact that the if js claimed on the contrary except for irresponsibles united nations are engaged in a coalition war each he who are always found on the fringe of any society in must in varying degree according to given citcum 4 time of crisis it reflects genuine concern about the stances adjust its respective policies to those of he future about the way in which the united states others the best we can hope for is a workable com yn and britain propose to use victory once it has been promise between the conflicting interests of members 33 achieved of the anti axis coalition each of whom is doing its es this is a natural concern which cannot be an best to consolidate its position in anticipation of q rat swered either by frivolous jests or by pleas for post victory cal ponement of discussion until the conflict is over what we can expect in working out each 1a when democratic nations ask citizens to sacrifice successive compromise we must of course be con ast their lives for the common good the men themselves stantly aware of the fact that a dictatorship like a and their families and friends have the right to call that of stalin is in a far easier position to make jo within the limits of the possible for constant clari clear cut decisions on foreign policy than a demo fication of the aims served by this sacrifice nor is it cratic government like that of britain or the united er falistic to insist on delay of post war problems until states which must take into account the extent to 7 hostilities are over when it is obvious to the merest which this or that course may win the approval of ite neophyte that the problems of boundaries and poli the people and the support of its political opponents re tical régimes in europe to give but two examples but with all these qualifications there is still legiti us ate being settled in the course of the war itself mate reason for public concern as distinguished on what we cannot expect there are of from idle curiosity or partisan quibbling regarding als course certain things which the public in the very the application of the basic assumptions of our for ory nature of things cannot expect the government to eign policy people cannot but recall that before he do either here or in britain we cannot expect mil 1939 we also officially proclaimed our adherence to ns itary or political leaders to reveal on the eve of an the ideals of international collaboration yet when ter invasion which if it were not successful would prove it came to specific issues britain and the united ty 4ttagic catastrophe the details of military plans con states acted again and again as if they had never ho certed among the united nations nor does the pub heard of these ideals true in this respect the anglo he lic expect to receive daily bulletins from the diplo americans were no worse than other nations the er matic front president wilson’s famous phrase open trouble was however that to a far greater extent ed covenants openly arrived at represents an aspira than other nations they did create the impression tion which cannot in practice be achieved in most transactions among human beings let alone nations nor does any reasonable person expect that per that their conduct would be guided by moral con cepts in extenuation for this discrepancy between theory a ety ah aman seay inl i ite ase a 9 et z oooh see nt fi ff it 4 f 4 e ay xy eaeeyeyryye eeee page tw and practice the plea has been made that the gov ernments of the two countries were powerless dur ing the inter war years to move ahead of their peoples who admittedly feared war and acquiesced in successive compromises to avoid it but if this plea is tenable then there is all the more reason today why the leaders of the two great western de mocracies should try to enlist the support of public opinion for the main lines of policy they propose to follow like all human beings they have made mis takes in the past not merely on details but on in terpretation of fundamental trends in world affairs and there is no guarantee that they will not make mistakes in the future errors in judgment are costly a in all spheres of activity in international affairs they can cost millions of lives far from being resentfy of the widespread discussion aroused by interna tional issues in britain and the united states the governments of the two countries should welcome this evidence of greater public interest in what are for all of us matters of life and death and encour age the formation of intelligent opinion for it js only with the understanding not the blind support of public opinion that britain and the united states can finally succeed in translating copy book maxims about world collaboration into concrete workaday measures vera micheles dean will japanese invasion break political deadlock in india the battle of burma which as prime minister churchill warned on march 26 is not by any means decided yet presents an involved picture of simul taneous allied and enemy offensives conducted on widely separated fronts in the arakan region the western coastal area adjoining india troops of the indian army have been making slow progress in the direction of the burmese port of akyab which was the object of an unsuccessful british drive in the winter of 1942 43 five hundred miles to the north several other united nations forces are gradually converging on the japanese base at myitkyina in a campaign executed with great skill under lieutenant general stilwell in accordance with decisions reached at the quebec conference of august 1943 allied objectives in the north the strategy now being pursued against the japanese in burma is one of limited objectives but some of the goals are of considerable importance this is par ticularly true of myitkyina whose fall would make air transport from northeast india to china a much safer easier task by eliminating some of the danger ous flying over extremely high mountains now neces sary to avoid japanese planes at the same time progress of the supply road under construction from ledo in india across northern burma to china would be facilitated the taking of myitkyina is an international task involving chinese american british indian gurkha and kachin troops the chinese trained in india with american equipment probably form the largest group and have demonstrated clearly their ability when given modern weapons and training not only to hold the enemy but to drive him back on march 7 they effected a junction with american troops in north burma this followed by two days the landing of british indian airborne troops supplied by amer ican air transport and glider units some distances to the south of myitkyina in a daring move which threatened japanese supply routes to the forces in that city meanwhile north of myitkyina british offi cers have been leading forces composed of gurkha soldiers from the state of nepal and kachin tribes men from burma japanese invade india the japanese have troop replied to the various allied actions by launching a three pronged drive across the indian frontier ap parently with the immediate objective of taking imphal capital of the british indian state of mani pur the situation in this area is extremely unclear but it would be a grave error at present to assume that the japanese do not have serious military in tentions for if they could take imphal and then march up the all weather highway from that city to the assam bengal railway they would cut the key supply line servicing stilwell’s troops in north burma and the plane traffic with china the enemy is of course a long way from accomplishing this and its shortage of aircraft will present serious difficulties yet the objective is one for which tokyo undoubted ly would be willing to pay a heavy price despite the many setbacks suffered by japan in the pacific the japanese army has been relatively untouched in the actions so far conducted by the allies and in man power and training is probably more powerful than before pearl harbor moreover as prime minister churchill remarked the japanese fleet although un willing to face the american navy in the pacific may seek action in indian waters there is no indication that japanese actions in the indian theatre will take united nations military leaders by surprise not only did mr churchill al lude on march 26 to the presence in that area of a powerful battle fleet under admiral somerville but more than three months ago on december 13 1943 in a broadcast which appears not to have been re called in recent days general sir claude auchinleck commander in chief in india declared that a land in vasion of india was quite possible so far he said the japanese have never crossed our land frontiets but that is not because they could not do so they may yet try something of this kind in an attempt to cause but th might these they 1 po aspect ed by japan and ff dians weapr possit gove use of this ship bose gove fall ii the j land to m soil gand thou suma com mate parti reite ary their lease amor 4 pow to be fsi secon one f ha ive ster foreign policy association 22 east 38 st new york 16 qe cause alarm and in order to assist their propaganda but they can do us no real harm in this way they might even try to land small parties on our coasts 1 assure you that we are constantly considering these possibilities and how to deal with them should they materialise possible political gains the political aspects of the invasion of india have been highlight ed by premier tojo’s statement of march 22 that japan expects to repulse the enemy military forces and put india completely in the hands of the in dians he referred to two of japan’s propaganda weapons in the struggle for indian opinion the possibility of establishing a free india provisional government on conquered indian land and to the use of the indian national army in the campaign this army organized by tokyo under the leader ship of the pro axis indian leader subhas chandra bose is said to be operating together with japanese troops in the drive on imphal the provisional government also led by bose was established last fall in singapore and later transferred to burma if the japanese can carve out for themselves an area of land on india’s eastern border they may be expected to move the provisional government to indian soil there is no way of estimating what effect propa ganda of this type may have in india but even though the so called indian national army is pre sumably small in numbers there is little reason for complacency the indian situation remains a stale mate with the country quiet but the main political parties dissatisfied the official british attitude as reiterated by the viceroy lord wavell on febru ary 17 is that the congress leaders must renounce their non recognition policy before they can be re leased and that indian groups must reach agreement among themselves before any transfer of political power can take place the indians appear however to be unlikely for a variety of reasons to take either for a detailed discussion of one possible outlet for uprooted populations read the amazon a new frontier by earl parker hanson 25c march issue of headline series order from page three of these steps solely on their own initiative although they might respond to official proposals a time for action the situation is one that seems ripe for some new move by the govern ment of india designed to break the deadlock the viceroy has stated that he would like to have the cooperation of the nationalists and that he does not seek to have the congress put itself in sackcloth and ashes it would be thoroughly consistent with the moderate tone of these remarks if he would clarify the forms of cooperation that the government has in mind and make it possible for the nationalist leaders and their organization to consult on this basis concerning changes in policy the success of such actions which could at first be of an exploratory private character might well be facilitated by the deep concern that must be arising among indians over japan’s invasion of their national soil lawrence k rosinger report on india by t a raman new york oxford uni versity press 1943 2.50 an indian journalist finds himself in essential agree ment with the official british position on current indian affairs in the political sections the author shows a marked tendency to overlook facts that do not fit in with his thesis but there is no doubt as to the excellence of the non political chapters dealing with indian history and life the vatican and the war by camille cianfarra new york dutton 1944 3.00 correspondent’s reminiscences of rome before 1942 not always sticking close to the titular subject toward which its attitude is sympathetic the long balkan night by leigh white new york scribner’s 1944 3.50 intelligent first hand account of the impact of the nazi army on hungary rumania yugoslavia and greece dur ing 1940 41 china handbook 1937 1943 compiled by the chinese min istry of information new york macmillan 1943 5.00 an over all factual survey of chinese affairs during the past six years covering such subjects as the kuomintang government structure foreign relations public finance communications courts and prisons military affairs edu cation and research industry and labor mineral resources the press relief activities and price control also in cluded are a chronology of major events a government directory and a chinese who’s who persons using this valuable reference work should bear in mind the fact that it is entirely official in its analysis of events and selection of subject matter british economic interests in the far east by e m gull new york institute of pacific relations in asso ciation with oxford university press 1943 3.00 a carefully written account of britain’s far eastern stake with strong emphasis on the detailed facts of the past hundred years invaluable for the student of far eastern affairs foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 24 march 31 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lugt secretary vera micheies dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 oe month for change of address on membership publications se 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter march 27 criticisms last week by wendell willkie and governor thomas e dewey each po tentially a republican nominee for the presidency of the washington administration for its conduct of foreign affairs suggest that foreign policy will pro vide the coming campaign with one of its most sharp ly drawn issues dissatisfied with foreign policy dissatisfaction regarding foreign policy in some quarters seems to spring from the impression that the administration is either confusing promises with policy or that it is withholding essential information from the public president roosevelt and secretary of state cordell hull have pledged themselves in the past to uphold the principles of international collab oration the moscow declaration of democracy on a world wide basis four freedoms and of na tional self determination atlantic charter but so far the public can see little evidence that the pledges have been implemented in practice president roosevelt and secretary hull have sought in a number of ways to quiet the growing demand for clear action in foreign affairs the president at his news conference of march 24 declared that we have a foreign policy even if some people don’t think so mr hull issued a 17 point statement on foreign policy on march 22 expounded his views for more than two hours on march 24 to 23 republican rep resentatives who have consistently favored interna tional collaboration announced that he will shortly deliver an address on foreign policy and invited the members of the senate foreign relations committee to confer with him after easter on the development of a plan for fitting the united states into the world political organization envisaged by the moscow declaration as evidence of the administration’s direct and practical interest in world affairs president roose velt on march 24 publicly requested the free peoples of europe and asia to admit refugees particularly jews oppressed in nazi held europe and secretary hull announced on march 25 that the united states would be represented at the conference of allied ministers of education in london this spring mr hull’s 17 point statement represented an ad mirable outline of objectives all of which had been set forth in washington previously but the secre tary refrained from filling in the details of the outline in brief he said national interest is the basis of for eign policy he advocated international cooperation for victory creation of an international agency that could k the peace by force settlement of international differ ences by discussion negotiation conciliation and good offices settlement of international legal dis putes in an international court reduction of arms acceptance of the moscow declaration erasure of spheres of influence and alliances surveillance over aggressor nations lowering excessive trade bar riers stabilizing currencies satisfaction of the at lantic charter with the reservation that each nation must demonstrate its capacity for stable and pro gressive government continued acceptance of the principles of the sovereign equality of nations large or small of nations rights to choose their own form of government and of non intervention he also ex pressed the view that a people willing to fight for liberty is entitled to liberty and that free nations must prepare dependent peoples for the responsibil ities of self government mr roosevelt on march 24 added to the list when in reading his statement on refugees he said that its first paragraph was a very good answer to some people who are wandering around asking bell hops whether we have a foreign policy the pata gtaph said the united nations are fighting to make a world in which tyranny and aggression can not exist a world based upon freedom equality and justice a world in which all persons regardless of race color or creed may live in peace honor and dig nity republican criticisms the pressure for clarification of american foreign policy comes not only from political opponents of the president and from isolationists but also from those who have favored international collaboration in the past the point of view of the latter was summed up by hal holmes of washington one of the 23 republican representatives who called on mr hull he said we haven't any definite policy except silence it is essential however at this critical juncture to distinguish between the attacks made on president roosevelt by republican leaders for election put poses and genuine criticism of certain specific pol icies of the administration subsequent articles will analyze the controversies aroused by our policy 00 france and our interpretation of the atlantic charter as well as measures already taken by the administta tion in the direction of international collaboration blair bolles buy united states war bonds as t and of bett ped thet stat lem of ital cor loo un agr met enc strc biti for wh iza wit tro in gre cra sat on the ste eve wh ist mc +apr 19 1944 payin general library entered as 2nd class matter university of michigan 7 1944 9 ann arbor michigan ane uld keep on wil foreign policy bulletin ation and legal dis of arms a of an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association dl rb foreign policy association incorporated th hi 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y ch nation vole xxiii no 25 apri 7 1944 and pro ice of the political timetable for italy upset by stalemate below rome pe niet reserving a united political front among the italian régime would not arrive until rome was le siseal allies is becoming an ever more pressing problem taken then on march 13 badoglio’s announce fight ho as the red army advances in rumania and britain ment that russia was going to exchange ambassa a ee and the united states perfect plans for the invasion dors with his government created so much confusion a ned of western europe if the present alliance is to fare among observers in london and washington that po better than earlier coalitions of history both in ex popular debate on the broad question of what politi the pediting the war and preserving the future peace cal policy should be pursued in italy was eclipsed there must be greater agreement among the united by discussion of what russian recognition portended 5 oe states britain and the u.s.s.r on the concrete prob amid the welter of interpretations a predominant ine tal lems now before them among these questions one one was that the kremlin had decided to recognize of great importance is the political disposition of badoglio in order to indicate to the balkan and ati a italy other neighboring states that even governments far ces agreement on the goal at the moscow _to the right might be satisfactory to moscow er a conference last october decisions were taken that disagreement on timing the sensation a aaa of looked toward joint action in italy on the part of the created by this apparent approval of a government dig united states britain and the soviet union all three under former fascist leaders by the communist home essure for agreeing that their goal was based upon the funda mental principle that fascism and all its evil influ ence and configuration shall be completely de land was just dying away when izvestia reopened the whole issue by declaring on march 30 that the u.s.s.r s step was intended to register soviet dis comes not stroyed to implement this statement of aims am satisfaction with the operations of the allied ad sident and bitious consultative machinery was set up in the visory council for italy according to the official who have form of an allied advisory council for italy on organ of the supreme soviet in offering the first past the which the big three were represented this organ russian explanation of the kremlin’s new italian up by hal ization from its inception had to compete however policy the british and american members of the republican with other bodies such as amg and the allied con council had merely informed the russian delegate he said trol commission which are purely anglo american instead of consulting with him about political de t silence in composition cisions affecting italy and pursued a policy that did 1 i but in the five months since moscow little pro not meet with moscow's approval calling for im 1 president ction put ecific pol rticles will policy on tic charter 4 dministta laboration _bolles nds gress has been made toward securing a more demo cratic italian government during this period dis satisfaction has been keen not only in italy where on march 12 three leftist political parties denounced the king and badoglio at a mass meeting in naples but among numerous private persons in the united states and britain it was generally assumed how ever that criticism was limited to unofficial circles while all three major allies agreed with prime min ister churchill’s declaration in the house of com mons on february 22 that the time for changes in the mediate action to make the badoglio régime more democratic by the inclusion of representatives of italian forces prepared to fight against hitler and mussolini the russian editorial disputed british foreign secretary eden’s statement to the house of commons on march 22 that the soviet government had not expressed dissatisfaction with the council’s decision to retain the present italian government un til rome had been captured according to izvestia therefore russia decided to send representatives to badoglio because the kremlin wished to establish its a pare te own sources of information in italy comparable to those the united states and britain have through consuls in south italy as a step toward effecting changes in the marshal's cabinet far from carrying any approval of the present italian government as would american recognition if it were to come russia's establishment of factual relations was in tended to aid the u.s.s.r in modifying the very régime it recognized anglo american policy needs re vision with the three major allies united on their political goal in italy but in disagreement on the timing of actions required for attaining that aim there is need for britain and the united states to re consider their policy of awaiting the fall of rome before changing the badoglio government and re moving king victor emmanuel in the realm of local administration as a matter of fact amg is now carrying out political changes on a large scale in naples province alone according to an announce ment of march 28 690 italians suspected of fascist views have been suspended from their posts but action comparable to these purges in provincial cir cles is still needed in connection with the national government a decision to implement the inter allied promise of last october to rid italy of fascists by making changes at the top of the present régime could be expected to give a boost to italian morale both in southern italy where observers report that the honey moon phase of the occupation is waning and in the area north of the gustav line where pro allied guer ee rillas have rallied under anti fascist leaders hen f grady ranking american member of the allied control commission in italy which is working close ly with amg confirmed this view on march 31 by asserting that there was complete unanimity among the people of occupied italy on the need of ousting the present king moreover the decision to await the fall of the italian capital before making changes in the italian government needs to be reviewed in the light of the military stalemate on the road to rome this delay has upset the allied time table on which present policy is based above all agreement among the big three on the timing of major political changes must be achieved before new life can be breathed into the allied council for italy one obstacle in transforming the present badoglio government it must be confessed has been the refusal of the italian liberal and democratic par ties to cooperate with the marshal on even a purely temporary basis but this difficulty might be overcome if there were allied agreement that political changes must be made now and that the only practical way to secure them is by altering the badoglio régime through a series of shifts in the cabinet the decision of britain and the united states to work with russia in modifying the italian government in the immedi ate future therefore would not only take into ac count present political and military realities in italy but would strengthen the unity of the big three and bring them into greater harmony for both the war and post war periods winirred n hadsel united nations explore new regime for air transport preliminary discussions to explore the possibility of a world air agreement were initiated during the last week of march with bilateral talks between american and canadian officials in montreal as sistant secretary of state adolf a berle and edward p warner vice chairman of the civil aeronautics board who represented the united states in canada are now in london for conversations with spokesmen for the british government it is expected that a rus sian delegation will arrive in washington within ten days to meet an american group led by joseph c grew special assistant to the secretary of state and l welch pogue chairman of the cab conversa tions with china and brazil are also anticipated be fore an international gathering is held this summer as the last step prior to a full dress united nations air conference a new air law in these bilateral conversa tions as in the prospective international meetings the central problem will be to reach agreement on the air régime which is to govern post war operations of in ternational air transport during the pre war period international air services were subject to the principle of the closed sky special permission was required charging and taking on passengers and cargo as well as for refuelling or repairs but also for enter ing or passing through a nation’s air space as a fe sult commercial airlines were able to operate over most of the world with the exception of latin america where foreign air companies received many concessions directly from the governments only af ter hard bargaining between nations on the basis of reciprocal rights but it is now widely believed both in this country and abroad that the old air law will the p wher venti territ vices com or fre summit york open let af terve close woul but a of su trol stand held great inter state posit ti of tl thou unit tion wide mine servi at th pose lines thro not only to land on foreign soil for purposes of dis not be suitable to rapid expansion of air transport after the war because of the delays and friction it would entail a search is therefore being made for a system under which the legitimate aspirations of each of the united nations can be more easily reconciled although united states policy has not been offi cially enunciated the american position as defined in the speeches of chairman pogue of the cab dif fers considerably from that already taken by canada and from what is now known of the british position the essence of pogue’s proposals is his insistence on c pres calls dom lets con s h le allied ng close ch 31 by fe among ousting to await changes iewed in he road ed time dove all ming of fore new incil for present has been atic pat a purely yvercome changes ical way régime decision h russia immedi into ac in italy hree and the war adsel t required s of dis argo as or enter as a fe ate over f latin ed many only af basis of ed both law will transport iction it de for a of each conciled een ofhi defined ab dif canada position tence on the principle of freedom of commercial air transit whereby all nations adhering to an international con yention would have the right of transit over foreign territory and the use of all necessary technical ser vices including the right to land for fuel or repairs commercial outlets the right to pick up passengers or freight would be left to bilateral negotiation as suming world wide agreement on air transit a new york to moscow airline for example could be opened on the mere negotiation of a commercial out let agreement the complicated negotiations with in tervening countries which were the rule under the dosed sky would be unnecessary such a system would need supervision by an international air body but apparently under pogue’s proposal the authority of such a body would be limited to matters like con trol of competitive practices and rates uniform standards and coordination of navigation aids it is held by its supporters that free transit would be of great advantage to countries which plan extensive international air operations particularly the united states which is in a relatively weak geographical osition for air bargaining the british government has indicated its approval of the principle of freedom of air transit but is thought to be anxious to go much farther than the united states in granting jurisdiction to an interna tional air authority this body according to a view widely held in britain should have power to deter mine the allocation of routes and the frequency of services in order to prevent unrestricted competition at the close of the war in addition it has been pro posed that an international agency take over the air lines now operated by the enemy and those passing through areas of vital security interest canadian policy set forth in a draft convention presented to the house of commons on march 17 calls for a multilateral agreement combining free dom of transit and the granting of commercial out lets it proposes that the opening of air services be conditional on permission of an international air au page three just published economics and peace by herbert feis 25c april 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 tt thority for canada does not wish to relinquish its geographical position under the closed sky without assurance that in the new régime it will gain a fair share of transoceanic air services but with the special circumstances of american canadian rela tions in mind canada proposes that services between contiguous countries should not come under the jurisdiction of an international air transport board chosen instrument debate whether or not these differences are reconciled in the current discussions it is unlikely that the administration will commit itself until the senate commerce committee has held open hearings on our post war aviation policy and a decision is reached concerning the ques tion of competition among american airlines them selves pan american airways long the outstanding united states foreign carrier favors the policy of a single chosen instrument to operate all american international services and to date has also backed the closed sky system under which it became firmly established in many parts of the world it is support ed in this attitude by united airlines one of the largest domestic companies but in opposition are the sixteen remaining domestic airlines many of them now flying internationally under the army air trans port command including american airlines which has just purchased american export pan american’s only american rival in commercial atlantic services until the united states resolves its national air pol icy and it may possibly be resolved by the estab lishment of several chosen instruments this country can hardly reach final agreements with the other united nations howarpd p whidden jr journey into war by john macvane new york appleton century 1943 3.00 exciting account of the american compaign in north africa bitterly critical of the state department’s handling of the political angle political handbook of the world parliaments parties and press as of january 1 1944 edited by walter h mal lory new york harpers for the council on foreign relations 1944 2.75 an invaluable annual review of information necessary to understand the changing political picture throughout the world war and postwar policies by bernard m baruch and john m hancock washington american council on public affairs 1944 2.00 cloth 1.00 paper the text and related documents of the official report to james f byrnes director of war mobilization in a form convenient for reference use foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 25 april 7 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f luger secretary vena micueies dean béitor entered as second class matter december 2 one month for change of address on membership publications 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year qs produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter apri 3 should the united states recognize the french committee of national liberation although there are many important questions in american foreign policy the french matter illustrates better than any other single issue the difficulties confronting the washington administration in the management of international relations would recognition violate the legitimist principle that nations shall be free to choose their own governments the committee’s capital is outside metropolitan france and its leader general charles de gaulle was chosen by a relative ly small group although the united states britain and the soviet union do not recognize the french committee as a government de gaulle declared on march 18 that the french committee of national liberation is in charge of french sovereignty and as such responsible for safeguarding public order and the lives of the french people when the allied invasion occurs military needs control policy ad ministration officials expect that de gaulle will prob ably occupy a high perhaps the highest position in france at the french people’s will when their coun try is freed yet a year ago authorities here feared him as an extreme chauvinist and possible dictator but his speeches and his conduct in recent months in the practical administration of affairs and in temper ing his own wishes to the desires of the provisional consultative assembly have indicated to washing ton that he takes democratic responsibilities seriously nevertheless the administration reports that it will recognize a french government only when one is duly and popularly constituted on french euro pean territory it is inflexibly determined not to ex tend the limited recognition which in company with britain it granted to the committee last august 26 at the quebec conference the quebec formula rec ognized the committee as the trustee of french ter ritory overseas and the moscow conference subse quently gave the organization a voice in continental affairs to the extent of allowing it representation on the italian armistice control commission and the advisory council for italy the dominant consideration guiding the adminis tration in its french policy is military president roosevelt the war department and general dwight d eisenhower allied commander in the european theatre have evolved the policy with the state de partment playing simply an advisory part mr roose velt emphasized this situation on march 18 when he for victory told his press conference that he had decided on the role the committee would play when france is jp vaded the president sent his decision to general eisenhower who at the time of invasion is to explain to general de gaulle the limits of his authority jp france until the country is in a position to make q political decision of its own the day to day decisions respecting almost every foreign question is at present controlled by the mili tary which above all wants governmental stability ip areas close to allied operations that outlook ex plains in large measure the american policy toward spain and king victor emmanuel and temporary american noninterference with the british white paper policy in palestine when the state depart ment and the military disagree the military view usually prevails factions in france general eisenhower is said to fear that recognition of the french com mittee now might contribute to instability in france and inspire noncooperation with the invasion on the part of those frenchmen in france who oppose de gaulle but support the allies the basis for this view appears to be the belief that france today is divided into factions on the one hand there is the resistance movement that unites communists cath olics including priests and many other shades of 191 political opinion although it is difficult to deter mine whether the resistance movement is solidly united behind de gaulle as the french committee alleges its members clearly oppose allied interven tion in what they consider purely french affairs the clandestine newspaper la democrate on march 14 quoted a resistance leader we will appoint our prefects and our ministers ourselves we will hold elections ourselves the conservative and collaborationist segments of france on the other hand are openly divided on the extreme fascist side is the clique of marcel déat new minister of labor and national solidarity in the vichy government he scorns the milder collab orationists who have been controlling vichy whose revolution he considers false and reactionary new inspiration for these elements to hold fast to their cause came in the trial and execution in algiers of pierre pucheu for what happened to him might befall them if they abandon collaboration with germany blair bolles this is the second in a series of four articles on american foreign policy buy united states war bonds oh re th +eh eel nn wer om ince de this y is ath of ter idly j ttee the 1 14 our old s of at y in lab 10se new heir of fall any oa general library university of wichigan apr 15 1944 entered as 2nd class matter ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vor xxiii no 26 apri 14 1944 hull welcomes public participation in shaping foreign policy m hull s address on american foreign pol icy broadcast on easter sunday was an honest and painstaking attempt to answer many of the anxious questions that have troubled the public mind its cardinal point not always heeded by some ofh cial spokesmen was the recognition that our for eign policy is the task of focusing and giving effect in the world outside our borders to the will of 135 000,000 people through the constitutional processes which govern our democracy it follows from mr hull's own definition that the citizens of this demo cratic society in order to participate intelligently and effectively in such constitutional processes must have a modicum of information not only about the basic principles of foreign policy which mr hull has stated on many occasions but also on their applica tion in practice this mr hull did on april 9 in a far more enlightening manner than had been done by any american official in the past three years strength determines u.s policy from the bitter experience of the past decade the secretary drew one lesson not yet sufficiently appreciated by the public and that is that the influence and effec tiveness of the united states in world affairs are in direct ratio to its strength not potential but actual if this country has had to make unpalatable compro mises that has been due not to sinister machinations on the part of the state department or other govern ment agencies but often to sheer inability to imple ment high minded purposes with concrete action since our people were for a long time reluctant both to recognize the need for such action and to make the adjustments that would have permitted it the public must share with its elected and appointed tepresentatives the blame for past failures the ques tion left unanswered by mr hull and other spokes men is whether the government made sufficient use of the ample information at its disposal during that fateful decade to prepare the public for the shocks that were to come here really is the crux of the opera tion of foreign policy in a democratic society should the government necessarily better informed than the public give the public a lead or should it wait for a groundswell in public opinion inevitably far in the wake of events before it acts and to what extent will it prove possible to reconcile the views of the executive and of congress on issues of foreign policy these are not matters of partisan politics and they deserve to be dis cussed on the nonpartisan plane of national needs on which mr hull properly pitched his own analysis for in the future too as the secretary pointed out in discussing international organization the united states will have to make grave decisions about the use of force at that time one must hope for the preservation of peace order but not reaction to the many questions raised by our policy in europe the secre tary gave a long overdue answer in terms other than those of immediate military expediency he pointed out europe’s crying need after the war for order in which its peoples can repair the ravages of war no reasonable person familiar with the travail un dergone by europeans since 1914 could wish for revolution merely for the sake of revolution what many had feared however was that the united states and britain would regard order as synony mous with restoration and even with reaction ir respective of the wishes of the liberated peoples themselves this fear mr hull has endeavored most emphatically to dispel by declaring that stability and order do not and cannot mean reaction most significant of all he stated that it is important to our national interest to encourage the establishment in europe of strong progressive popular govern ments dedicated like our own to improving the social welfare of the people as a whole this af firmation had become urgently necessary after years of sterile negative contemplation of the european scene which bade fair to leave the russians with their dynamic faith in their own ideas and practices as sole standard bearers of the future on the con tinent even now mere affirmation of principles will not be enough it will be tested again and again by every measure we take or fail to take but at least a course has been publicly set and mr hull’s state ment on france although it will not satisfy those who want recognition of the french committee of naticnal liberation as the government of france goes far to fill the vacuum that had hitherto threat ened to develop in the wake of allied invasion mr hull recognized the need for civil administration by frenchmen not by some allied military govern ment which would have put france on a par with one of the enemy countries and he clearly indicated that such administration would be determined not by allied military commanders who through sheer necessity to maintain order might have found it advisable to take over the vichy administrative ma chinery save for laval and a few of his associates on the contrary with a clarity never before displayed on french affairs he said that he and the president are disposed to see the french committee of na tional liberation exercise leadership to establish law and order under the supervision of the allied com mander in chief and to give it our cooperation and help in every practicable way this should go far toward removing a state of uncertainty that had begun to cast a dark shadow over franco american relations in looking to the future the secretary left no doubt that the united states is committed to the page two es es policy of working with other nations on the task of establishing an international organization concerned with political economic and social problems which would have force at its disposal such an interna tional organization he rightly said must be based on an enduring understanding between the united states britain russia and china as well as on co operation among the other united nations he warned against looking to rigid formulas or detailed blueprints for solutions of rapidly changing prob lems and he announced that he was inviting bipar tisan committees of the house and senate to discuss with him the proposals so far framed with respect to international organization such discussion which under our system of goy ernment is essential for the effective operation of constitutional processes is particularly needed in an election year when political moves on the home front may be too easily misinterpreted as major shifts of public opinion on international issues an ill informed electorate can become a suspicious and hence a captious electorate it is encouraging therefore that mr hull should see in the demand for information on foreign affairs not mere idle curiosity but genuine concern with the fate of the nation as the secretary has rightly said the pro cedure of international negotiation is one in which the people who are sovereign must not only educate their servants but must be willing to be educated by them the people have demonstrated unmistakably their desire to be educated their chief complaint so far has been the meagerness of the educational fate spread before them at the most critical period in modern times vera micheles dean soviet japanese agreements aid united nations the increasingly sharp tone adopted by the soviet press in referring to japan emphasizes the diplo matic defeat suffered by the japanese on march 30 when they signed an agreement in moscow giving up their oil and coal concessions in northern sakhalin the island of sakhalin lying north of japan proper parallels russia's far eastern coast for some dis tance it was incorporated in russian territory in the last century but the southern half was ceded to japan following the russo japanese war of 1904 1905 and is known by the japanese name of kara futo the northern part which remained in russian hands was occupied by japanese troops in 1920 dur ing the period of foreign intervention in soviet terri tory and was not evacuated until 1925 tokyo then received valuable oil and coal concessions for a period of 45 years and it is these concessions which have now been surrendered 26 years before their expira tion date certain details of the agreement are worth noting the u.s.s.r is to pay japan 5,000,000 rubles for the return of the concessions a sum which amounts to less than 950,000 at the official rate of exchange provision is also made for closing down the japanese consulate general at alexandrovsk and vice consul ate at okha both in north sakhalin and the soviet consulates at hakodate and tsuruga in japan fin ally the russians are to supply japan with 50,000 metric tons of oil annually from north sakhalin on customary commercial terms during five consecu tive years following the end of the present wat according to a new york times correspondent it was stated authoritatively in moscow that these sales eee would not begin until the end of the pacific war i.e after the defeat of japan strict russian terms at the same time that an accord was reached on the concessions the soviet japanese fisheries agreement whose renewal has hitherto been the subject of bitter annual wrat gling was extended for a five year period it has b fsit a ba tbsp baar basr il ss yv of ne fts ll nd 1g nd dle he 0 ich ate bly are les i ime the wal an has page three been characteristic of recent extensions of this pact regulating japanese fishing activities in russian far fastern waters that the russian terms have become increasingly severe the present accord is no excep tion to this rule japanese payments in 1944 have been raised 6 per cent above the rents of 1943 which were in turn 4 per cent higher than those of 1942 moreover it is agreed that until the end of this war the japanese may not fish in certain fishing areas in the far east established by the soviet government in july 1941 ie shortly after the german invasion when the sibility of a japanese attack must have loomed large in the minds of soviet leaders the agreement also states that fishing areas leased by japanese subjects situated on the eastern coast of kamchatka and in the olutorski district are not to be exploited by japanese lessees until the end of the war in the pacific simultaneously all restrictions on soviet fishing in russian far eastern waters trestrictions which the u.s.s.r agreed to in the twenties when ithad to tread softly in dealing with the japanese have been removed gains for the united nations now that the main provisions of the new agreements have been given it will be useful to summarize the result ing changes in the situation in the north pacific 1 from the russian point of view probably one of the most important features of the treaties is the fact that they abolish the last of the special foreign concessions on soviet soil and the last of the restric tions on soviet freedom of action at home arising from the period of intervention during and after world war i 2 the agreements will presumably increase the amount of oil and coal available to the soviet union in the far east especially since northern sakhalin is the main russian source of supply in this region in creased supplies of oil and coal in sakhalin might have a slight indirect effect on the quantities of these for a survey of post war air routes international ization of the world’s airways commercial air transit allocation of routes private or government ownership and plane production read new horizons in international air transport by howard p whidden jr 25c foreign policy reports volume xix no 8 reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 raw materials available to the russians in the west 3 although it is impossible to estimate the effect on japan of the loss of oil and coal from north sak halin the results will clearly be of some benefit to the allies in the far eastern war this is likely to be especially true later on after the japanese have been expelled from the oil fields of the indies 4 of particular significance is the exclusion of japanese fishing boats from areas that could be of military value to tokyo in observing developments in the soviet far east as well as in judging american activities in alaska and the aleutians the clearing out of japanese fishermen from these zones may be of considerable value to us in assuring the secrecy of future operations in the north pacific cash on the barrelhead one point not sufficiently stressed in newspaper comment is the fact that the north sakhalin concessions were actually liquidated between march 15 and 25 preceding the publicly announced agreement of march 30 the russians clearly were unwilling to accept a promis sory note from the japanese and insisted that the oil and coal sites be surrendered before concluding the fisheries agreement why the russians were care ful to deal only on this basis is clear from their past experience for the soviet press has now revealed that upon signing the soviet japanese neutrality pact of april 13 1941 tokyo promised to give up the concessions but later reneged the pledge moscow newspapers have pointed out in caustic terms was presumably not fulfilled because the jap anese had too much confidence in the power of the german armies that subsequently invaded the u.s.s.r here it is interesting to observe that izvestia official organ of the soviet government has declared quite bluntly that japan’s present amicability results from the successes of the red army and the de velopment of the military operations of our allies will russia fight japan the agreements of march 30 naturally tell us nothing about whether the u.s.s.r will ultimately go to war with japan indeed it may be surmised that the japanese hope to insure continued peace with their neighbor by re moving as they have now done some of the issues productive of friction in the past yet there is no doubt that the removal is being carried out at japan’s expense and that the russians are declaring more strongly than ever before their solidarity with the allies in the war against japan that these develop ments are appreciated in washington and london is indicated by the favorable comment on the new treaties in dispatches from those allied capitals lawrence k rosinger foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 26 aprit 14 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dororuy f lzgr secretary vena micueies dean editor eatered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor aa ans 5 a 5 ite aaa epee ad washington news letter peed bingy aprril 10 one of the aims of the conversations which began over the easter weekend in london be tween british representatives and an american dele gation headed by under secretary of state edward r stettinius jr is to reach agreement on applica tion of the atlantic charter one of the principal problems in our foreign policy today is to define the charter in practical terms which our major allies will accept and the american public will approve in his broadcast of april 9 secretary of state cordell hull said that the charter is an expression of funda mental objectives not a code of law from which detailed answers to every question can be distilled by painstaking analysis of its words and phrases charter of hope when president roose velt and prime minister churchill made the charter public on august 14 1941 they intended it as a promise to peoples under hitler's yoke of a better life in a post war society governed by just principles that it continues to serve this high purpose the axis itself frequently acknowledges by the ridicule it heaps on it when mr hull included the charter among his seventeen points of american foreign pol icy on march 22 the nazi controlled transkontinent press reported the attempt to represent the at lantic charter as still existing could not succeed in view of the well known tendencies of moscow's pol icy and the clearly visible capitulation of london and washington to soviet aspirations the axis has made clear by the arbitrary and brutal character of its own new order that it cannot match the char ter’s promises of self determination security and freedom twice in recent days the transkontinent press has been proved wrong in its contention that the charter is dead on march 30 prime minister churchill told the house of commons that the atlantic charter and its principles remain our dominating aim and purpose on april 3 foreign commissar v m molotov stated that russia would force no changes from the outside in the social structure of rumania as it exists at present the charter’s post war effectiveness however will depend on agreement among the united nations as to its precise meaning did the signatories assume a retroactive obligation when they pledged that their countries seek no aggrandizement territorial or other the soviet union which subscribed to the charter by signing the united nations pact at the white house on january 1 1942 claims the baltic for victory republics and the eastern territories of the pre war polish republic regions annexed after germany started the war but before the charter was signed will the united states agree with churchill and brit ish foreign secretary anthony eden that the charter does not apply to the enemy in its ban on territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned how will the pledge of the signatories that they will respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of govern ment under which they will live be carried out for example in the controversial case of eastern poland beyond the need for clarifying the meaning of the charter’s sweeping words lies the greater question of how the victorious allies will interpret the char ter’s general philosophy the charter’s brief eight paragraphs set forth three principal goals political freedom for nations on a basis of self determination freedom from fear and want for all men in all the lands and the fullest collaboration between all nations in the economic field with the object of security for all improved labor standards economic advancement and social security while the char ter's third paragraph states that the signatories wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them the london times on march 20 argued that the division of europe today into 20 or 30 sovereign and independent units is incompatible with the military security and economic well being of the european peoples how can this view be reconciled with the promise of self determination and sovereignty charter a stake in elections whether the charter ever becomes effective will depend above all on the 1944 presidential elections in the united states the isolationists and nationalists who op pose the charter found encouragement last week in the failure of wendel willkie outstanding inter nationalist among candidates for the republican nomination to win a single delegate in the wiscon sin primary of april 4 it is too early however to interpret the failure of mr willkie who on april 5 withdrew from the political campaign as a return to isolationism the candidates and platforms chosen by the major parties at their conventions this summer will tell more fully whether the international or the isolationist idea will prevail for the time being in the united states blairr bolles the third in a series of four articles on american foreign policy buy united states war bonds 191 vol ernt arra the on bet han had dur wol ern wo istt th to hac an ge set n ul tr te sl +ie pre war german as signed and brit 1e charter territorial expressed will the espect the ef govern out for n poland ing of the question the char rief eight political munation nen in all 1 between object of economic the char ries wish it restored of them that the reign and e military european 1 with the ignty whether end above he united who op t week in ing inter epublican wiscon wever to nm april 5 return to chosen by summer nal or the ing in the bolles ign policy nds a entered as 2nd class matter de a f vor nich 5 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y you xxiii no 27 april 21 1944 national regimes not a.m.g a the belligerents gird themselves for the show down of invasion of western europe the gov ements of the conquered countries perfect their arrangements for that moment when they will have the opportunity of resuming administrative functions on their own soil at an earlier stage in negotiations between britain and the united states on the one hand and the exiled governments on the other it had been assumed especially in washington that during this transitional period the liberated countries would be administered by an allied military gov ernment which on the restoration of public order would transfer its authority to native civilian admin istrators freely chosen by the people of each nation this procedure however did not prove acceptable to the governments representing countries which had stubbornly resisted nazi rule for several years and had no intention of being treated on a par with germany and its satellites preparing for liberation it now seems settled that when allied forces enter the countries of western europe france belgium holland and norway they will be accompanied by civilian affairs units composed of the citizens of these countries specially trained for a wide range of administrative duties in anticipation of this moment all four coun tries have set up special agencies concerned with in ternal reconstruction which have not only mapped out plans for political readjustments but also for telief and rehabilitation coordinated with the work of unrra similarly the government of czecho slovakia whose liberation has been brought appre ciably nearer by russian advances in the carpathian fegion has worked out detailed plans both for col laboration between the czechoslovak underground and the red army and for the reconstruction of the country on the basis of close understanding with the us.s.r britain and the united states agreement in western europe the to rule liberated countries formulation of such plans by the representatives of the countries of western europe and czechoslovakia has been greatly facilitated by two factors first except in the case of france a considerable measure of agreement had been achieved within each of them before the german invasion concerning the funda mental issues of national life an agreement that has been cemented by sufferings endured in common dur ing the war years and enhanced by continuous com munication between the governments in exile and the movements of resistance in their homelands second owing to this very cohesion the governments of bel gium holland norway and czechoslovakia look forward with confidence to their return following germany's defeat king haakon of norway and queen wilhelmina of holland have indicated that they will consult the wishes of their peoples in any political reorganization that may be undertaken dur ing the post war period while prime minister piérlot of belgium who expects king leopold to resume the throne and president benes of czechoslovakia have pledged themselves to submit their governments to popular plebiscites eastern europe in turmoil in contrast to western europe and czechoslovakia where hope exists for an orderly transition from nazi rule to free administration of a democratic character the exiled governments of poland yugoslavia and greece continue to be rent by divergences which mirror the cleavages within their conquered home lands these cleavages in turn have created serious doubts as to the return of the governments in exile to their countries unless they meanwhile undergo drastic reorganization it now seems clear that brit ain and the united states will have little to do with the liberation of these countries that there will be no anglo american invasion of the balkans except possibly for british operations in the greek islands and conceivably on the mainland of greece and that russia rather than its western allies will play a decisive role in that area while some western ob servers continue to believe that russia will seize this opportunity to advance the cause of communism in eastern europe and the balkans evidence available so far would indicate that the russians are willing to work with any group whatever its political com plexion which is ready to speed the end of the war and to collaborate in a friendly spirit with the u.s.s.r in the post war period this policy has al ready been followed by moscow with respect to the badoglio government whose broadening through the admission of representatives of the six party junta which includes communists was advocated by soviet assistant commissar of foreign affairs vishinsky on april 16 the following day the badoglio cabinet resigned thus clearing the way for the formation of the wider coalition urged by the allies at this critical moment when the groups that are to participate in the reconstruction of europe are coalescing or emerging from hiding it is important for americans to bear three considerations in mind first of all our experience in italy clearly demon strates the difficulties that would be faced by any allied commission in trying to take over the admin istration of liberated countries it is therefore highly desirable that the civilian administration of the united nations in europe should be carried out to as great an extent as possible by native administra tors provided of course that they do not interfere with military operations as it is allied administra tors will have their hands full in trying to rule even temporarily over italy germany and axis satellites in the second place it is important for americans of european origin to realize that the future of their page twd former homelands must be determined primarily by those who live there not by americans it seems up fortunate for example that citizens of italian origin should threaten the present administration with loss of their political support because the american goy ernment in conformity with public opinion here has sought to broaden the base of the badoglio govern ment the sooner the italians themselves can admin ister their own affairs the better but there is cop siderable confusion among those americans who one day berate the united states for strengthening the position of badoglio and the next attack it for urging the inclusion of other elements in the badoglio government just because they happen not to approve of some of these elements and finally we must be prepared for many dis appointments and deceptions in the return of europe to non fascist and non nazi forms of administration years of repression and terror the execution or im prisonment of active or potential leaders of demo cratic movements sheer physical fatigue and moral discouragement have taken their toll of europe's populations time and patience will be required be fore we can see the flowering on the continent of in stitutions and practices resembling those of britain and the united states the most tragic thing that could happen now would be for us to become dis couraged about prospects for democracy in europe these prospects exist the seed of liberty is strong but whether it will grow and burgeon will depend on the measure of faith we can show in the peoples of that ravaged continent and the degree of assis tance we are ready to give those groups which show themselves genuinely concerned with the welfare of their peoples ee vera micheles dean philadelphia conference to determine role of i.l.o the international labor conference which opened in philadelphia on april 20 was convened by the governing body of the international labor organ ization in the belief that the war situation makes it imperative that consideration should be given to the social problems that will arise during the last period of the war and after the close of hostilities while the prepared agenda of the conference is far reach ing in scope i.l.o officials do not aim at the adop tion of precise international conventions as has been done in the past instead it is expected that special attention will be given to a restatement of the pur poses and procedures of the i.l.o which may go far toward determining the competence of the organ ization in the broader field of financial and economic problems that bear upon labor standards and social security representatives at the conference approximately forty countries were expected to at tend the conference although the official delegations of all these nations had not been announced at the time of the opening session every effort has been made by i.l.o officials to arrange for the presence of delegates from the u.s.s.r which automatically ceased to be an i.l.o member when it was expelled from the league of nations in december 1939 after its attack on finland before the meetings controversy developed over seating the argentine delegation as well as applicants from the italian government the i.l.o is a unique international organization in that it affords representation not only to govern ments but also to employers and workers the func tional groups directly concerned with the problems with which it deals because of this the full slate of the united states delegation was determined only after a controversy regarding the labor delegate had been ended by the withdrawal of a demand on the marily by s ems un ian origin with loss ican goy here has o govern in admin re is con ans who igthening ack it for in the ippen not nany dis yf europe istration nn of im of demo nd moral europe's juired be ent of in f britain hing that come dis 1 europe strong 1 depend e peoples of assis ich show relfare of dean legations ed at the has been esence of matically expelled er 1939 meetings argentine e italian anization govern the func problems 1 slate of ned only sgate had id on the yy tt ee part of the congress of industrial organizations that it be represented in the american delegation along with the american federation of labor on april 16 president roosevelt named mr robert j watt in ternational representative of the a.f.l since 1936 as sole representative of organized labor mr henry harriman vice chairman of the new england power association and former president of the u.s chamber of commerce was appointed the employer delegate while secretary of labor frances perkins and senator elbert d thomas of utah were named as government representatives agenda planned in london the agenda for the present conference was prepared by the governing body of the i.l.o in london last december support for the program outlined in the agenda was given by foreign secretary anthony eden when he said i hope to see the i.l.o become the main instrument for giving effect to article v of the atlantic charter freedom from want mr eden stated further that your organization will no doubt scrutinize plans for economic and financial re construction from the point of view of the social objectives at which you aim on this broad basis the discussions of the con ference center on the following agenda 1 future policy program and status of the i.l.o 2 recom mendations to the united nations for present and post war social policy 3 organization of employ ment in the transition from war to peace 4 social security principles and problems arising out of the war and 5 minimum standards of social policy in dependent territories future of the i.l 0 although the breadth of the plans envisaged under the agenda is to be wel comed little evidence other than mr eden’s general statement has been given by the governments most vitally concerned that any such program of action is page three nothing will be more important in the realization of an expanding world economy in peacetime than settlement of the lend lease problem for an analysis of the contribution of lend lease to vic tory and the peace and an outline of a lend lease settlement read reaching a lend lease settlement by howard p whidden jr 25c april 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 to devolve upon the i.l.o it must also be admitted that there has been little time in the four months since the london meeting to investigate fully all of the problems raised more specifically the allied governments are far from agreement on such matters as the maintenance of stable exchange rates the crea tion of an international development bank interna tional arrangements regarding the world’s oil re sources and the appointment of labor commission ers in areas liberated from axis domination these and other proposals made by the international labor office are to be discussed during the philadelphia meeting it thus does not appear that the united nations are prepared to enlarge the authority of the i.l.o to in clude direction or supervision of broader economic matters the creation of the united nations relief and rehabilitation administration suggests that at least in the immediate reconstruction period new agencies will be set up to deal with specific problems instead of entrusting these problems to already exist ing agencies however the minimum proposal that the director of the i.l.o be authorized to submit an annual report on economic and financial develop ments throughout the world may win support the present supervisory functions of the organization with regard to labor and social welfare standards would be enhanced by such powers of scrutiny however limited much interest attaches to whatever changes may be effected in this autonomous organ of the league of nations with its long experience in international collaboration and its unique method of functional representation although its powers may not be greatly enlarged definition of its future status gives significance to the present discussions which may albeit indirectly clarify intended action on the part of the united nations in the post war period grant s mcclellan the american way edited by dagobert d runes new york philosophical library 1944 1.50 an interesting selection of excerpts from president roosevelt’s public speeches and letters designed to show the principles motivating his actions betrayal from the east by alan hynd new york robert m mcbride 1948 3.00 describes japanese espionage in the united states as excitingly as in his earlier book on similar german ac tivities top hats and tom toms by elizabeth d furbay chi cago ziff davis 1943 3.00 vivid description of life in the american liberian coastal strip with bits of liberia’s historic background foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 27 aprit 21 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dororuy f lust secretary vana mice es dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter prebdengy april 17 the forthcoming commercial negotia tions between a german trade mission which is to arrive in ankara on april 29 and the turkish gov ernment will test current allied efforts to reduce the trade of european neutrals with the axis on april 13 the united states and britain delivered notes to sweden and turkey requesting the termination of shipments to germany of ball bearings and chrome respectively previously the united states had asked eire to send home axis diplomats in dublin and washington and london had asked portugal and spain to cease shipping wolfram to germany secre tary of state cordell hull on april 9 stated amer ican policy toward neutrals we can no longer acquiesce in these nations drawing upon the re sources of the allied world when they at the same time contribute to the death of troops whose sacri fice contributes to their salvation as well as our own neutrals face difficulties as_ the united states found out during its periods of neu trality in 1914 17 and 1939 41 belligerents and neutrals seldom agree on the nature of neutral rights secretary of state lansing on december 1 1916 em phasized that impartiality should be the essence of neutrality it is not the part of a neutral to sit in judgment or to compare the conduct of belligerents in carrying on hostile operations against one an other the belligerent however may sit in judg ment on the neutral according to hyde’s interna tional law in a broad sense neutral territory be comes a base of operations whenever it is a source or station from which a belligerent state as such augments its power of doing harm to the enemy the true neutral tries to guide its conduct by estab lished principles while the belligerent often acts on considerations of expediency allied exasperation with any neutral country whose activities are helpful to the axis is under standable modern war is a struggle between fac tories as well as between armies navies and air planes to destroy enemy factories the usaaf and the raf are bombing german industrial centers night and day to starve enemy factories of essential raw materials the allies blockade europe but the allies cannot blockade overland shipments within europe thus germany obtains turkish chrome for making armor plate and high speed cutting tools and portuguese and spanish wolfram for hardening see s s hayden allies move to safeguard invasion plans by isolating eire foreign policy bulletin march 17 1944 for victory its war steels having for years bought ball bearings in sweden where they were invented the germans seek them more urgently than ever now that the allies are bombing german ball bearing factories on the other hand international law accords the neutral a recognized status which neutral nations have an understandable desire to preserve the hague convention of 1907 in article vii stated that a neutral power is not bound to prevent the export by private concerns in transit for the use of either belligerent of arms ammunitions or in general of anything which could be of use to an army or fleet article vi however forbids neutral governments to supply a belligerent with war ma terial of any kind the allies position with respect to sweden is com plicated by the fact that in september 1943 the united states signed a trade agreement with that country which recognized the existence of commerce between sweden and germany sweden agreed at that time to cut in half its ball bearing exports to germany for 1944 although the nazis had requested that the 1943 shipments be doubled while sweden like turkey spain and portugal draws on the resources of the allied world through trade with the united states and other united nations it also draws on resources controlled by the axis sweden heavily industrial ized depends on germany for coal to keep its fac tories going turkey depends on germany for ma chinery parts and dozens of consumer commodities reaction of neutrals although each belligerent makes the same sort of demand on nev trals the latter stubbornly cling to their right to re main neutral through quiet diplomacy the united states has obtained a number of concessions from neutrals but when neutrals have refused to comply with requests that seemed essential for the military security of the allies the administration has te sorted to blunt public dealings with them this has not always proved successful the reaction of the stockholm press to the allied representation indi cated that sweden would reject last week’s note on april 16 however it was reported from london that turkey has suspended the license for exporting chrome to germany pending official inquiries this week blair bolles the last in a series of four articles on american foreign policy buy united states war bonds 19 co w +auton 1 bearings sermans that the tories ords the nations ve the i stated vent the the use s of in se to an s neutral war ma m is com 1e united t countty between at time to many for the 1943 e turkey es of the ed states resources ndustrial p its fac y for ma modities ugh each d on neu ight to re he united ions from to comply e military m has fe this has on of the ition indi note on yndon that exporting uiries this bolles nds geaeral library entered as 2nd class matter university of michigan may 2 19m anna arbor michtzan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiii no 28 april 28 1944 w hen the dominion prime ministers gather in london early in may for their first meeting since 1937 they will find in britain virtually com plete agreement on the necessity of maintaining and strengthening the bonds of the british common wealth and empire this fact was clearly demon strated during the empire debate in the commons on april 20 and 21 when parliament and then the press displayed a unity without example since dunkirk commonwealth and world order although malcolm macdonald british high com missioner in canada had attacked the theory of pow et blocs in montreal on april 11 the commons debate was in essence a discussion of the means by which britain and the dominions might pool their strength to balance the power of the united states ot russia prime minister churchill refraining from any such comparisons as those made in recent months by field marshal smuts and viscount halifax as sured the house however that he could see no in compatibility between unity of the commonwealth and a fraternal association of the british nations with the united states and no threat to the anglo russian 20 year alliance in such a british american association nor could he see any inherent antagon ism between commonwealth unity and a system of collective security to which all nations would ad here with such general principles the dominions will readily agree for they all desire the closest pos sible collaboration of the commonwealth with both the united states and the soviet union and full participation as separate nations in an international organization with the prime minister’s statement that the com monwealth and empire were never more united than in this period of crisis the dominions can also agree in large part but they may wonder how this im perial sentiment is to be reconciled for long with britain calls on dominions for post war unity the growth of nationalism attendant upon their in dividual war efforts it is possible of course that membership in the commonwealth will provide the surest guarantee of their national independence but it is difficult to see how this could be true if the price of commonwealth unity is a common policy on eco nomic and political affairs should british and amer ican interests diverge on a major question canada for example might face the choice of either break ing with the commonwealth or endangering rela tions with the united states neither of which it would wish to do for this reason mr churchill's suggestion that machinery like the committee of imperial defence be extended to the sphere of mati time economic and financial matters may be difficult to achieve australia and new zealand it is true have already indicated their desire for such a change in the methods of consultation within the common wealth and their desire to join in an empire air system but it seems certain that they will not gain canada’s support for either proposal if the united states should take part with the commonwealth in joint british american conferences say in the south pacific as suggested by mr churchill the possibility of disunity among the dominions would of course be reduced imperial preferences but it is doubtful in any case if canada will welcome the support given in the house of commons to the perpetuation of imperial preferences this subject which will probably receive much attention when the prime ministers meet illustrates the difficulties which will have to be faced in reconciling both the interests of britain and the dominions and the interests of the commonwealth and the united states since 1935 the dominions have not been as enthusiastic as they originally were about the preferential system set up at ottawa in 1932 and canadians in particular have recently been approaching the american position on i h ee en ee the advantages of multilateral trade based on the principle of nondiscriminatory treatment although australia and new zealand will be less ready to abandon their preferred positions in the british market it is unlikely that any of the dominions will commit itself either way on maintenance of the ottawa system until post war markets in europe as well as the united states can be more clearly fore seen the question of imperial preferences also raises a serious issue in anglo american relations there is no occasion for surprise in mr churchill’s an nouncement that in the atlantic charter and article vii of the lend lease agreement the british gov ernment had committed neither the house of com mons nor the dominions to the abrogation of im perial preferences but in view of the general poli tical obligations assumed in article vii by both britain and the united states to seek agreed action directed to the elimination of all forms of discrim inatory treatment in international commerce and to the reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers the general acceptance of imperial preferences during the commons debate is not an encouraging omen for anglo american economic cooperation it is only fair to say however that congress has as yet given no indication that it is prepared to make substantial reductions in the american tariff and that until the united states gives a lead other nations are likely page two ee to adopt a defensive attitude mr churchill himself may have meant merely to make it clear before serious negotiations begin unde article vii that his government expects a quid pro quo in terms of american tariff concessions in returp for any modification of imperial preferences but if this should not prove to be true and britain with of without all the dominions decides after the united states has offered a quid pro quo that a preferep tial system is essential to its needs then it may be im possible to reach agreement on commercial policy with the united states for britain would be main taining the view a view which was accepted reluc tantly by the united states before the war that preferences granted by itself or a dominion to other parts of the commonwealth need not be extended to foreign countries although these countries may have by treaty the right to most favored nation treat ment as a british economist has written this means that a dominion is a separate country for purposes ink pau of voting in an international organization but for tariff purposes the british empire is a mystic unity confronting the rest of the world this is an inner contradiction in the british commonwealth apply ing in the political as well as the economic field for which an answer will have to be sought during the meeting of the prime ministers early next month howarpb p whidden jr developments within europe reflect approach of invasion striking changes in the allied air offensive against germany during the past few weeks provides in creased evidence if it were needed that the year long campaign of strategic bombing may soon give way to invasion thrusts as the concentrated attacks were being made on vital western railway junctions the british air ministry and the united states stra tegic air forces issued a joint statement on april 23 that the struggle against the luftwaffe draws steadily to a close during the past year the raf has con centrated on larger industrial centers while amer ican forces have attacked the more dispersed aircraft plants the apparent stalemate on the italian fronts was offset by indications that the formation of great air forces in that sector is now virtually complete with these significant changes in western air war fare came reports from russia that new blows were in preparation there which would be joined with the coming invasion the russian armies have reached the german defensive positions from poland south ward along the carpathian ranges and are dislodg ing the remaining enemy forces from the crimea neutrals react to allied pressure these and other anxiously awaited military events gave color and purpose to the many diplomatic moves of the week whether the developments came in the british isles in northern europe or in italy all merged in the greater tasks foreshadowed by im minent invasion in addition to prohibiting any travel to neutral eire the british government an nounced on april 17 that neutral diplomats were to be restricted in their travel within england which has now become a virtual military preserve the order went further by abrogating the ancient priv ileges respecting the immunity of the diplomatic mails of neutral representatives unprecedented as this action was it brought almost universal approval meanwhile some neutral nations have yielded to allied requests concerning their cooperation with germany in turkey foreign minister numan menemencioglu announced on april 20 that chrome shipments to germany its most important source of this strategic metal would be halted spain also found it expedient to consider restrictions on the activities of german agents within its borders swe den however declined to suspend shipments of ball bearings to germany pointing out that its 1943 agreement with the reich in which the british gov ernment had originally acquiesced must be honored sweden still lies within the geographic range of get man military power and has no desire to risk wat see washington news letter foreign policy bulletin april 21 194 merely to gin under quid pfo in return es but if 1 with or he united preferen lay be im ial policy be main ted reluc war that 1 to other extended tries may ion treat his means purposes but for stic unity an inner h apply field for uring the 10nth en jr sion in italy ed by im iting any iment an ss were to id which arve the ient priv liplomatic dented as approval ielded to tion with numan at chrome nt source ypain also is on the jers swe ts of ball its 1943 ritish gov honored ze of ger risk wat pril 21 1944 now after avoiding it for nearly five years finland hedges for time having de layed negotiations with russia for nearly three months the finnish government has apparently de cided to gamble on the possibility of a better settle ment following the allied invasion and on april 23 informed the nation that the cabinet and parliament had rejected russian armistice terms a second time the chief obstacle according to helsinki was the reparation terms set by the u.s.s.r the russians de manded 600,000,000 a sum which it is estimated could be paid only if finland turned over to rus sia all its exports for a period of five years however government circles in finland are so committed to german influence that they are probably unable to extricate themselves even if they wished to soviet vice foreign commissar andrei y vishinsky in his statement of april 22 said that the finnish dele gates who had met with foreign commissar v molotov in moscow removed as they were from helsinki had not objected to the reparation terms that military strength would eventually determine the matter was also indicated by mr vishinsky the delay has however given the german forces ample time to withdraw to the south thus any possible clash of arms may well by pass finnish territories the rejected russian offer was couched in terms of respect for the finnish people but as the euro pean war moves to its climax the finnish govern ment can expect little further consideration from the u.s.s.r political shift in italy during the past week allied bombers operating from italian bases and from corsica smashed rail centers in southern and southeastern europe in much the same fashion as the allies had done in flights over western europe in italy as elsewhere political developments must be viewed within this larger military frame work the inclusion of the six anti fascist parties in page three what effect will the united states attitude toward lend lease foreign lending the tariff and shipping have in influencing britain’s post war trade policy read britain’s post war trade and world economy by howard p whidden jr 25c foreign policy reports volume xix no 19 reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 the badoglio cabinet was a welcome step which came only after much public criticism both in the united states and england it is important for this reason and although full representation of the italian people has not been achieved for one thing because rome and northern italy are still in german hands there now appears to be a general willing ness that the situation remain quiescent in view of the stupendous efforts which the invasion must neces sarily entail henceforth judgments on matters of political policy including the arrangements for lib erated areas will be sobered judgments indeed all else pales in significance in view of the inevitable casualties and sacrifices our armies will face when the initial attacks begin on hitler's fortress from the west the south and the east grant s mcclellan the curtain rises by quentin reynolds new york ran dom house 1944 2.75 even those who carp at the projection of reynold’s per sonality can enjoy his lively reporting and admire his un derstanding of significant incidents a modern foreign policy for the united states by joseph m jones new york macmillan 1944 1.35 a plea for modernization of the state department and of the role of congress with specific proposals for ex ample that policy making be separated from departmental administration my war with japan by carroll alcott new york holt 1948 3.00 a well written account of some years of battling with the japanese by an american journalist and radio broad caster mr alcott’s story is not only deeply interesting but throws light on japan’s spy technique introduction to india by f r moraes and robert stim son new york oxford university press 1943 2.00 this small volume written for american and british troops in india offers a simple direct discussion of the main features of indian life followed by an extremely valuable classified information section in which there are brief explanations of a multitude of subjects ranging from aboriginals to zoroastrianism a short history of the chinese people by l carrington goodrich new york harper 1943 2.50 an important contribution to the understanding of chinese history by westerners professor goodrich with admirable scholarship and judgment in selecting his ma terials has compressed his discussion of the older china into slightly more than 200 pages the economic thought of woodrow wilson by william diamond baltimore md johns hopkins press 1948 the johns hopkins university studies in historical and political science 2.50 cloth 2.00 paper advances the idea that if wilson had not had so strong a belief in the 1850 era’s concept of free competition he might have less willingly approved liquidating machinery of international economic cooperation established by war necessities foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 28 april 28 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lest secretary vera miche es dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 thr one month for change of address on membership publications ee dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year zb 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter april 24 prominent american politicians have recently urged that the united states secure itself from danger of attack after the war by retaining con trol of some or all air and naval bases occupied by our forces during the war on april 18 a subcommittee of the house naval affairs committee reported it would be a mistake for the united states to ever abandon the bases in the eight british western hemisphere possessions to which we obtained 99 year leases in exchange for 50 destroyers in 1940 on april 18 also represen tative james p richards democrat of south car olina said certain bases in the pacific should be permanently occupied by the united states to prevent future aggression representative earl lewis re publican of ohio declared before the house on april 17 that now while the getting is good we should demand foreign air bases in settlement for our lend lease contributions on april 7 governor john w bricker of ohio candidate for the republi can presidential nomination told the union league club in chicago the retention of strategic bases and the installations throughout the world which we have built with our sweat and substance and for which we have fought with the blood and lives of our men is essential to our future safety world system of bases for u.s many advocates of base holding after the war neglect to specify what bases they mean one geographically related set of bases obtained by the united states since the outbreak of the war includes those traded by britain ranging from newfoundland to british guiana and the bases built in brazil for air and naval operation which guard the atlantic approaches to the western hemisphere another set includes some of the airfields built across africa and asia to expedite the movement of goods to our armed forces a third set the japanese mandated islands includes the caroline and marshall islands in the pacific there are united states bases also on islands like the gilberts which belonged to of a chain of island bases off our atlantic shore to fill the part hawaii plays in the pacific many diplo matic problems would arise if the united states owned bases outright within the realm of another sovereign power instead of preserving our security in time of peace possession of bases might involye us in new conflicts and discords a strong military force would be required to main tain our hold on a string of round the world air bases whose possession would force this country ty take a direct political interest in the affairs of every state or colony in which an airfield was situated as for the japanese mandates the united states after the last war advanced the doctrine that each victorious power should have a voice in the disposal of the possessions of the vanquished apparently with that in mind prime minister peter fraser of new zealand proposed on april 20 that an interna tional conference deal with the pacific islands new zealand and australia had already served notice on january 21 by an agreement for cooperation be tween them that they would insist on an effective vote in determining the status of pacific islands disadvantages of bases as was shown by pearl harbor distant bases owned by the united states proved worthless in saving us from war and in preventing aggression the philippines guam and wake did not hold the enemy off on the contrary they quickly fell to him the cry for bases suggests confusion about the nature of national security and coalition war and a failure to appreciate the change ableness of men’s interests in the first place it re flects the maginot line point of view that a country can maintain peace behind a wall or outer bastions in the second place it reflects the view that a country can alone be responsible for its own peace although the history of events leading up to the present war shows the international character of moves both to preserve and to obliterate peace actually the dis position of bases recovered through the common effort of the united nations will depend on the kind 19 britain were seized by japan and now have been of international security system that may be estab retaken by the americans in addition this country has constructed bases for advance operations on islands which do not belong to us and which the enemy never occupied such as new caledonia a french possession chairman sol bloom of the house foreign affairs committee observed on april 21 that while the secur ity of this country might be enhanced by possession for victory lished after the war advocates of base retention for get too that when the navy department a few years before the war urged congress to strengthen fortifications at guam the country discouraged con gressional action it is possible that the united states might fall into that indifferent attitude again and refuse to maintain distant bases blair bolles buy united states war bonds tn oo +rna new on be ctive 1own nited and 1 and rary gests and nge it re untry i0ns untry ough wat th to dis mon kind stab 1 for few xthen con states a es s rperwere o a 4 2 rt ghneral lise unty of mice may 5 1944 entered as 2nd class matter general library university of nichigan ann arbor nich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiii no 29 may 5 1944 americans show concern over conditions in china ee the objectives of japan’s current drives in north and central china are still unclear these moves breaking a military lull which has existed since last december demonstrate anew that the initiative on the china land front remains in japanese hands the inactivity of the chungking forces which confine themselves to meeting enemy attacks arises from many long standing economic and political difficulties chief of these is the ex treme shortage of supplies a result of the stringent japanese blockade the higher priority of other al lied war areas and china’s low level of industrial production but additional items must be entered in the ledger including the ever soaring inflation due to hoarding and speculation as well as lack of com modities kuomintang communist political differ ences which keep valuable troops away from the front and the effects on chinese morale of fighting for almost seven years with the end not in sight american criticism america’s interest un der these conditions in strengthening its solidarity with china is suggested by the decision to send vice president wallace to chungking in the near future this trip is of more than domestic significance for mr wallace as an old friend of china and the second highest official in the united states can serve a useful purpose in improving chinese amer ican relations certainly there is no obscuring the fact that american commentators have in the past year become increasingly critical of conditions in china teflecting in some respects views held in official cir cles in washington these complaints have dealt not only with specific questions of chinese american war cooperation but also with the direction taken by china’s internal political development the adjustment for example of the united states armed forces in china to conditions prevailing there has led in some cases to friction and disillusionment soldiers and officers have resented the high prices paid until recently by the united states army as a result of the unsatisfactory exchange rate between chinese and american dollars in general our men have been unprepared for the contrast between the bare realities of a nation battered by protracted war and the romantic conceptions of chinese life that are still widespread in this country they have been af fected also by what they have seen or heard of cor ruption and other undesirable practices of chinese civilian and army officials and they have found it difficult to accept a level of efficiency far below that to which they are accustomed at home toward democracy american and other foreign newspapermen have been angered by the exceptionally severe chungking censorship which seldom allows them to serve their readers more than the bare bones of the news and sometimes suppresses non security information of considerable importance but the bulk of unfavorable comment has been con cerned with chinese politics especially the sharp kuomintang communist differences which expressed themselves in a decade of internal strife before anti japanese resistance began in 1937 and could it is feared result in renewed civil war at a later date the feeling has developed in the united states and also in britain that chungking has contributed greatly to internal friction by establishing rigid con trols over chinese political opinion and activity par ticularly disturbing was the announcement by the chinese ministry of education that persons going abroad as students would first have to attend a school run by the kuomintang the official political party and after arriving in the united states and britain submit to supervision in thought and conduct by chinese officials stationed there chungking has reacted to american criticism by expressing its official resentment carrying through or hinting at certain modifications of policy and mak ing some criticisms of its own on the positive side om eetoenate semen 6 a yee mremtetin t zea 3 so cea iin ll hate ak balan bo eee nn the problem of american army purchases has been adjusted and there have been suggestions that cen sorship on foreign dispatches may be eased at the same time the allies have been reminded that chinese resistance is essential to the defeat of japan and that in the words of a government spokesman except for china’s fighting in the initial stages of this great war the world today would present a dif ferent picture and history a different page on the other hand at least one high chinese of ficial has urged that chungking regard foreign criticism realistically and draw important lessons from it thus in a recent speech sun fo son of sun yat sen and president of the legislative yuan spoke in extremely sharp terms of china’s slow political progress and pointed to the fact that after sixteen years of rule by the kuomintang there is not one member of a county council nor one county admin istrator who has been elected to office by the people of the country he also noted with alarm that if in the post war era our allies should be convinced that with the domination of the kuomintang china would not become a fully democratic state but would become in fact a fascist and aggressive state they might take steps to protect themselves from future possibilities and might refuse to cooperate with us in such a case we would be isolated what is america’s interest the degree page two ll a to which the united states should interest itself jp the internal affairs of other states is a central prob lem of foreign policy affecting the whole range of our relations abroad the question is in no sense peculiar to china but sun fo has put his finger ong crucial point by indicating that the self interest of china's allies is deeply affected by the way in which china's domestic politics influences its role abroad the issue is not whether the united states has the right to dictate to china for it has no such right but whether china as well as other nations wij follow internal policies that facilitate international cooperation fortunately at the present moment strong sentiments of mutual friendship exist between the chinese and american peoples but it is to be hoped that this friendship will not be exposed to future strain if china after the defeat of japan should be split by civil war the result would be to complicate china’s foreign relations especially with russia to prevent china from playing the important role in far eastern affairs that americans would like to see it assume and to shatter for the time bein american hopes for the development of the china market inevitably in view of the seriousness of all these developments the united states is obliged to examine closely any tendencies in such a direction and to determine its policies accordingly lawrence k rosinger greek crisis finds russia and britain at odds from behind the veil of allied censorship that obscures the recent mutiny in the first greek brigade in the middle east and the somewhat smaller naval revolt in alexandria signs indicate that the greek political crisis which began virtually on the day king george’s régime went into exile three years ago is reaching its climax in this crisis the central issue is whether the large leftist resistance groups eam the greek national liberation front and the left wing of a more moderate organization ekka should be represented in the government in exile since these underground organizations are outspokenly republican king george's supporters as well as the émigrés who believe the constitutional question should be postponed until greece is free oppose their inclusion in the cabinet eam has also incurred the displeasure of the government in exile because although the majority of its members are liberals and leftists some of its leaders are com munists last autumn it seemed that the differences between eam and the government in exile might be fought out in enemy occupied greece for an armed clash occurred between guerrillas of the liberation front and members of edes a more conservative under ground organization that is inclined to cooperate with the royalists this encounter it now appears and instead of leading to civil war was followed by agreement to cooperate what the quarrel is about but ef forts of the leftist resistance movements in greece to win a place in the government in exile have been less successful the main stumbling block in the path of unity has been the question of the monarchy eam insists it cannot trust the king in view of the dictatorship he established in pre war greece and demands a promise that a plebiscite on the form of greece’s government shall be held before rather than after the ruler’s return to the country although the government in exile has consistently refused this demand the opposing underground groups have not slackened their efforts in an effort to increase their bargaining power with the government repre sentatives of eam and ekka formed a committee of five early this spring and proclaimed their right to a position in the exiled cabinet as spokesmen for a widespread resistance movement although this resulted from a german inspired misunderstanding claim did not find a sympathetic response in official circles it won the approval of some members of the greek armed forces in exile who share eam’s fe publicanism and feel dissatisfied with the govern ment on march 31 a group of officers holding these views called on prime minister tsouderos and ft eof nse ona t of hich oad ht will onal nent veen 0 be d to pan to with rtant like eing hina f all ction er ding ywed t ef reece been path rchy f the and m of ather ough this e not rease epfe uttee right n for this ficial f the fe vern these d te vested his resignation and the creation of a new cabinet including representatives of the committee of five in reply the premier arrested the delegation and this move instead of curbing disaffection in the armed forces precipitated army and navy mutinies that lasted nearly three weeks and had to be put down by force faced by this evidence of lack of confidence in the overnment in exile prime minister tsouderos who had held office since the eve of greece's defeat in 1941 resigned on april 3 his successor sopho cles venizelos son of the famous pro allied leader in world war i and a republican who temporarily accepts king george as a trustee of greek national sovereignty in exile spent a fortnight in fruitless attempts to form a new government after his resig nation the king named george papandreou as premier papandreou who only recently escaped from a nazi prison camp in greece was apparently appointed because he combines a record as a well known liberal leader with disapproval of the com mittee of five britain’s position the greek political crisis is important to the united nations because con tinued disorders among greek army and naval forces might impair allied military plans equally impor tant are the long range implications of greek devel opments for future relations between the u.s.s.r and britain until recently it seemed to many ob servers of balkan affairs that moscow and london had made some kind of deal whereby russia in re turn for british agreement to support the yugoslav partisans was pursuing a hands off policy in greece but there has been some doubt as to the line brit ish policy in greece was following the british army tended to support all guerrilla groups inside greece because of their military value the foreign office however attempted to discourage the liberation front presumably because of churchill’s promise to restore king george and britain's fear that eam’s inclusion of communists might predispose it to a pro russian policy churchill's displeasure with just published a political and economic analysis of argentina in crisis by ysabel fisk and robert a rennie 25c may 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 page three ss the leftist guerrilla groups in greece was expressed in his report to parliament on february 22 when he described the greek situation as the saddest case of all and painted a picture of confusion and interne cine strife any remaining doubts concerning brit ain’s disapproval of eam’s effort to change the greek government now were dispelled on april 29 when churchill sent a message to premier papan dreou insisting that greece’s political differences must be set aside until after the war and promising the greek people freedom in choosing their form of post war government moscow’s new policy meanwhile south africa's premier jan christiaan smuts and other empire statesmen are reported to fear that while britain attempts to suspend greek political prob lems until after the nation is liberated moscow may draw up a more positive program for greece and in fact there are indications that russia may be abandoning its neutrality and giving support to the leftist greek groups that have failed to win london’s approval the first step in this direction was taken at the end of january when an article in war and the working class castigated the greek government in exile for advocating passive resistance in greece and praised eam for its guerrilla warfare on march 21 a soviet analyst in red star reiterated this approval of the liberation front and declared all greek patriots had rallied to its leadership accordingly the soviet press and radio later launched an attack on premier tsouderos government declaring it rested on the support of pro fascist elements among greek army officers behind the apparent shift in soviet policy may be both immediate and long range considerations one is undoubtedly moscow’s eagerness to insure the greeks maximum participation in the war during the decisive months ahead by making their govern ment in exile inclusive of all political groups an other may be russia's desire to bid for a friendly post war greek régime resting on the assumption that the present leftist guerrilla groups will play an important role in the future of greece what appears on the surface to be merely a greek political crisis therefore could become part of a dangerous contest between britain and russia for spheres of influence in the eastern mediterranean on the other hand con tinued close military cooperation between these great powers can do much to prevent friction between them in greece and other areas of tension whinifred n hadsel foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 29 may 5 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lugt secretary vara micheles dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year sb 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor ne meer tery shee be et nok neni e se et ae i i f ay a ee ee le tn a a ae 7 be cela 4 i on lie pote wee washington news letter may 1 on january 31 1920 when memory of the senate’s rejection of the versailles treaty was still fresh viscount grey former british foreign secretary wrote to the london times that the con stitution of the united states renders inevitable con flict between the executive and the legislature having experienced that conflict for eleven years as secretary of state cordell hull has now set out to make a team of executive and legislature as far as foreign affairs are concerned so that congress will accept at this war’s end the treaty arrangements the president makes on the success of this experiment may depend the course which the united states will follow in world affairs in the coming era of peace state department plans to cooper ate with congress division between congress and the state department is traditional secretary of state john hay said that a treaty entering the senate is like a bull going into the arena no one can say just how or when the final blow will fall but one thing is certain it will never leave the arena alive during his first year in the state department mr hull proposed that congress enact legislation au thorizing the president to forbid american exports of arms to the aggressor state in a war instead con gress passed a bill prohibiting exports of arms to any belligerent president roosevelt and mr hull vainly urged the congress in may and june of 1939 to re vise the neutrality act whose provisions were help ful to a germany planning war although in domes tic affairs congress held a subordinate position from 1933 to 1940 it effectively controlled american for eign policy during the roosevelt administration until events like the surrender of france revealed the emptiness of congressional debate chairman tom connally of the senate foreign relations committee declared on march 24 that sec retary hull had proposed the organization of a sen ate committee to discuss post war international plans with him on april 25 the committee held its first meeting with mr hull and the secretary intends to meet with the senators regularly the commit tee is composed of four democrats senators connally walter george of georgia alben w barkley of kentucky and guy m gillette of iowa three republicans arthur h vandenberg of mich igan wallace h white jr of maine and warren r austin of vermont and one progressive robert m lafollette jr of wisconsin congress has also been invited to participate for victory buy united states war bonds through selected members of the house and senate in decisions affecting subsidiary foreign policy ques tions for instance secretary of the treasury henry morgenthau jr frequently consulted the house and senate banking committee during the preliminary negotiations on world monetary stabilization these talks will bear fruit in the coming monetary confer ence announced on april 21 in the petroleum cop versations with britain now in progress in washing ton the administration takes into consideration the views of the special oil committee whose chairman is senator francis maloney democrat of connecti cut the state department also has established liaison with congress on international aviation ques tions encouraging to united nations the leaders of allied governments realizing that congress has the power to dictate the terms on which this country will accept a peace settlement naturally hope that mr hull will be able to guide the senate conferees into advocacy of a policy of forceful international collaboration for practical purposes it is important that mr hull convince re publicans as well as democrats indeed the secre tary of state maintains that the major parties should agree on foreign policy and thereby bury it as an issue during the forthcoming presidential campaign the april 27 speech of governor dewey of new york and the address delivered two days before by ohio's governor bricker suggest that although there will be criticism of the administration’s conduct of foreign policy there may be broad agreement on principle on april 12 mr hull told speaker sam rayburn of the house of representatives that he also intend ed to confer with house members on the develop ment of the administration’s foreign policy he began working with the senate rather than the house because the constitution provides that the senate alone can ratify treaties by a two thirds majority vote representative chester e merrow of new hamp shire proposed on april 22 the submission of a con stitutional amendment to the people calling for treaty ratification by simple majority of both houses but the prospect of change is slight the senate is jealous of its authority and senator connally on april 25 said that the two thirds rule was essential to stable foreign policy and he would fight all attempts to abolish it blair bolles 191 vol +ng lan cti 1ed les ns hat on nt ide cal re uld sue the ork 10 s vill of urn nd op he use ate ote np on aty but ous 23 ble to may 15 1944 general 1 entered as 2nd class matter 4 slbrar y univa ri ve sl y of mn cht i ban ann at foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vor xxiii no 30 may 12 1944 invasion compels allies to face unresolved problems as was to be anticipated the tension of waiting for the invasion of europe has exacerbated many of the political issues which are bound to come to a head once the allies enter german occupied countries so long as russia bore the brunt of fight ing germany's land armies with increasing aid of course from britain and the united states in the form of air warfare and sea borne war materials the soviet government was in a strategic position to carty through its policy in europe once british and american troops land on the continent the political balance will be altered and russia’s western allies will be able to develop such plans as they may have for the future in a concrete way it is to that mo ment when the relative position of the great powers among the belligerents will undergo a marked change that the small countries are looking in an attempt to ascertain their own fate in this breathless hour of waiting the great powers themselves are re examining their policies with an eye on the effect they may have in the post war period mounting tension sharpens issues the agreement concluded by spain with britain and the united states announced on may 2 by which the franco government undertook to close the nazi consulate in tangier expel axis diplomatic agents and reduce drastically exports of wolfram to germany represents a last minute concession to the allies a concession compensated by the resump tion of much needed oil shipments to spain from the caribbean there is no doubt that the position of britain and the united states with respect to spain has improved to a striking degree since our invasion of africa in november 1942 and our victory over the germans in tunisia even so nazi pressure on franco or the general’s attachment to the nazis proved so strong that the allies had to apply eco nomic pressure through suspension of oil shipments before madrid yielded to their demands and that at a moment when impending invasion may in any case prevent deliveries to germany the main point in this long drawn out controversy is that since brit ain and the united states during the spanish civil war made no effort to prevent the rise of franco they now have to deal with him whether they like it or not until such time as an internal upheaval may oust him from power meanwhile there is no indication that the western allies are giving any encouragement to anti franco elements who have taken refuge in the new world notably in mexico and franco’s prolonged defiance of britain and the united states has encouraged a similar attitude on the part of argentina and of franco sympathizers throughout latin america polish russian deadlock the unre solved crisis in polish russian relations has been further envenomed by the prospect that russian forces may soon march beyond the area of eastern poland claimed by moscow into poland proper the soviet government remains adamant in its refusal to deal with the polish government in exile as com posed at present and looks to the formation of a new régime by poles who remained in their homeland under nazi rule such a policy is understandably dis tasteful not only to poles who are hostile to both russia and the soviet system but also to those who want decisions about poland’s future adopted with out interference by any one of the great powers the dilemma of polish premier mikolajczyk is that if he acquiesces in russia’s seizure of eastern poland he will face repudiation of his government by many poles if he rejects russia’s territorial claims he must face the possibility that the russians will set up a rival government on polish soil in the handling of this dilemma perhaps the most acute facing the united nations neither side has displayed con spicuous tact moscow’s attempt to win the sympathy of americans of polish origin by inviting father h reper te as s ig gh eye eg se ail 3 itr te a a ne a th ee set se sl serer a ss nrt t ee es eee es se ele russia has only added fuel to an already sufficiently explosive situation the one justification moscow could claim for appealing over the head of the united states government to polish americans who sympathize with russia is that the polish embassy in washington had previously injected itself into domestic politics by pressing the cause of the govern ment in exile in the lobbies of congress and else where it is natural that european political leaders should appeal directly to american citizens of similar ori gin as benes and paderewski did on behalf of their respective peoples during world war i but it cannot be repeated too often or too strongly that american citizens of recent european origin must be particularly careful not to inject themselves into the conflicts of europe in the role of special pleaders the best way to destroy the unity of this country built with the sweat and tears of immigrants from all over the globe is to permit or encourage internal divisions on the lines of europe’s nationalistic quar rels american citizens can and should assume their share of responsibility in seeking to adjust conflicts that lead to war but we shall prove far more effec tive and exert far greater influence if we do this as citizens of the united states and not as polish americans or italian americans or any other hyphenated group what kind of security meanwhile the approach of invasion has also emphasized differences between the united nations concerning the future treatment of germany it is natural that russia which unlike the united states cannot escape even if it wanted to from the problems of europe should be more persistent and often more blunt than this country in formulating a concrete program designed to prevent the recurrence of german aggression the destruction of the striking power of the german army and especially of its general staff which ac cording to reports seeping in from occupied europe is already planning for world war iii is the im mediate objective of the united nations but it is clear that this will not of itself be sufficient to elim page two orlemanski of springfield massachusetts to visit sae ee inate the danger of german attack in the future will not be enough to weaken germany if the united nations are to achieve a sense of securi after the war they must stay strong and united the desire expressed on may 7 in the soviet publication war and the working class for a world organiza tion with force at its disposal has for some time been voiced in britain and the united states but neither of the three great powers so far as is publicly known has yet gone beyond the stage of discussing the sub ject one of the reasons cited for our reluctance to proceed with the establishment of a world organiza tion is that the intentions of the soviet government had not been made sufficiently clear if moscow now intends to press for a system of collective security then one obstacle real or imaginary to its creation will have been removed but collective security by definition cannot be achieved if any one of the great powers insists on acting unilaterally on some issues while demanding joint action on others the best proof of the genuineness of russia’s desire for inter national collaboration would be if the soviet govern ment whose right to participate in the determination of affairs in italy has been recognized by britain and the united states would in turn recognize that the other united nations have a similar interest in the settlement of the polish problem any system of collective security will obviously ministe be helc after a mittees suficie a forn tary f day s of cut tional of mu import be difficult to establish and even more difficult to operate but the only visible alternative would be for each great power to assure its own security by its own means irrespective of the interests of other countries this is not only impracticable as we have seen but is bound to lead to conflicts between the great powers among the united nations for the spoils of victory nor does collective security as some pessimists assume mean that the united states alone is expected to protect far flung areas of the world on the contrary most nations want not single handed protection by any one great power whether britain russia or the united states but joint efforts by all countries large and small to assure the secur ity of all vera micheles dean currency plan a step toward recovery of world trade the draft agreement for an international mon etary fund simultaneously announced from wash ington london and moscow on april 21 sets forth at the technical level a statement of principles be lieved by experts to provide a basis for international monetary cooperation although no government is committed to the plan at this stage a formal united nations conference on currency problems is now as sured most significant is the fact that the technical experts of some thirty allied and associated nations including the ussr great britain and the united states joined in presenting the draft reaction to statement editorial com ment in the nation’s press has been generally favor able although the financial press has been some what critical suggesting that the proposed fund of 8,000,000,000 is excessively large for the purposes intended and that restrictions on borrowing from the fund should be tightened immediate reaction to the announcement was more favorable in washington government circles than in london the announce ment of sir john anderson chancellor of the ex chequer in the house of commons was met by pressing questions that brought a promise from the dr of apt inally keyne treast in the ussr produs as a the ne docu sides ment posals keyne origin reviva the perm growt to ass rect ment woul other temp butio centa ducti contr jt an fore headq second one m 7 j l 4 oe ae minister that an early debate on the fund would be held secretary morgenthau on the other hand after appearing before both house and senate com mittees to explain the plan indicated that there was sufficient congressional approval to warrant calling a formal conference as soon as possible secre tary hull supporting this opinion the following day said in my estimation world stabilization of currencies and promotion of fruitful interna tional investment which are basic to an expansion of mutually beneficial trade are of first order of t rr a a rr oe do bet er ne importance for the post war period j draft of principles the announcement of april 21 follows within a year the proposals orig inally offered for currency stabilization known as the keynes and white plans basically the united states treasury program emphasized the position of gold in the monetary scheme and it is assumed that the ussr supported this plan in view of its large gold production the british plan favored trade balances as a key to currency stabilization and emphasized the necessity of a clearing union the resulting draft document has tempered first suggestions on both sides taking advantage of the large area of agree ment which already existed between the two pro posals less comprehensive in scope than the original keynes plan the final draft is more flexible than the original white plan which appeared to many as a revival of the gold standard the international monetary fund would provide a permanent institution to promote the balanced growth of international trade and exchange stability to assist in multilateral clearing facilities and to cor rect disequilibria in international balance of pay ments subject to close restrictions member countries would be enabled to buy from the fund currencies of other nations for legitimate trade purposes the con templated 8,000,000,000 would be raised by contri butions from each country proportionate to its per centage of world trade its gold stock and gold pro duction under these terms the united states would contribute about 2,750,000,000 great britain about page three just published a political and economic analysis of argentina in crisis by ysabel fisk and robert a rennie 25c may 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are published on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 1,250,000,000 and russia about 1,000,000,000 the fund would be governed by a board and a nine member executive committee including the five coun tries with the largest quotas voting power would be closely related to contributions to the fund and de cisions would be made on a majority basis with drawal from the fund could be effected by notice in writing principles in practice fundamentally the function of money in the international field is the same as in the domestic field within a given country where a stable currency may be assumed it is relatively easy for accumulated reserves to flow be tween different areas enjoying varying degrees of prosperity in the international field however the existence of separate currencies makes this more dif ficult and nations often attempt to correct a disequi librium in balance of payments by altering the rates of exchange in the inter war years when the world saw the development of planned economies com petitive devaluations and subsidized trading nations readily resorted to this practice of altering exchange rates thus creating monetary instability the present fund is proposed in order to promote exchange stability and to avoid competitive exchange depreciation and it is hoped that it will tend to mitigate the other practices so disruptive to interna tional trade in general criticism of the proposal does not attack this fundamental purpose although there is some fear that many nations will not be pre pared to follow the sound international trade and financial policies necessary to make the scheme effec tive the plan is limited to the question of monetary stability agreement must now be reached on the bal anced growth of international trade and on the re duction of trade barriers but official quarters have indicated that discussions are under way with regard to these questions as well as the subject of an inter national investment authority it is to be hoped that the present agreement which demonstrates the possi bility of dealing with delicate questions of the widest import while the war is still in progress may be ex tended to these other matters grant s mcclellan tarawa the story of a battle by robert sherrod new york duell sloan and pearce 1944 2.00 a vivid eyewitness description of the bitter struggle last november between united states marines and japanese troops the author does about as much as a journalist can do to give civilian readers a sense of what battle means to men who are in it foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 30 may 12 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f luger secretary vera miche.es dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications 181 f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor i bt ei ee se ee eg ee bn ee red in onde j ae mt er ae rn es ee eee ail a washington news letter may 8 the latin american republics with the exception of argentina have been of inestimable value to the united states during the war they have supplied this country with strategic materials in large quantities they have made their territories available to us as military bases they have ousted spies and expelled axis diplomats these developments are welcome and useful fruits of the good neighbor policy which has emphasized the principle of con tinental solidarity but now from latin america come indications that the policy will need some bol stering after the war if the solidarity principle is to survive into the years of peace the management of this country’s hemispheric policy has gradually been losing force and prospects of its reinvigoration have been further dimmed by reports of the impending resignation of laurence duggan as director of the office of american republic affairs in the state department trends in latin america the prestige of the united states has suffered in the southern republics as a result of failure to implement our non recognition of the revolutionary nationalistic governments of edelmiro farrell in argentina pres ident since march 9 1944 and of gualberto villaroel in bolivia president since december 19 1943 both régimes have demonstrated their ability to survive without our approval and the prestige of argen tina has been correspondingly enhanced paraguay bolivia and chile have recognized the farrell gov ernment and president higinio morenigo of para guay on march 20 dismissed from his cabinet at the demand of nationalist army officers friendly to ar gentine militarism the three foremost friends of the united states many countries north of the argentine bloc states are suffering from political ferment as they prepare for the coming era of peace in mexico ecuador and colombia there are strong political groups un friendly to the united states some mexicans are inclined to blame our wartime buying policies for the inflation which bedevils their economic life like mexico ecuador suffers from inflation and blames us for it the presidential elections in june will dis close more exactly the trend of opinion there with regard to the united states the strange reluctance of president lopez of colombia to end his leave of absence and formally resume his position is weaken ing his party the liberals and improving the pros pect that the conservatives who oppose national solidarity and collaboration with the united states for victory may capture the presidency in the elections of 1946 to the advantage of the united states it can be said that the two régimes which are most unfriendly to us are disturbed by internal rivalries within the argentine government col juan perén minister of war and general luis cesar perlinger minister of the interior vie for primacy the government as whole however has been taking an increasingly bold anti democratic line in bolivia two old colleagues president villaroel and paz estenssoro who led the december 19 revolution are both potential candi dates for the presidency senators and deputies elect ed on july 2 are to choose the president during a con stitutional convention which is to meet on august problems of u.s policy day to day de cisions about our policy in latin america are based not on the views of state department experts familiar with the subject but on considerations of military expediency and in the case of argentina on the economic problems of our allies this fact has pre vented the development of a strong consistent pol icy our future relations with latin america have been subordinated to our present needs on the war fronts in official discussions both secretary of state cordell hull and mr duggan have advocated eco nomic sanctions to implement our policy toward argentina and bolivia but others in washington held that such a move might embark us on a major political adventure at a time when energies should be focused on the war britain’s need for argentine beef moreover has prevented development of 3 tough policy toward the farrell government and the recent relaxation of meat rationing here will not alter the situation since the departure of sumner welles from the state department last summer latin american af fairs have not been in strong hands duggan 2 welles appointee whose resignation is said to have no relation to his disappointments in matters of policy has often wisely proposed but others have disposed as a result brazil alone among the strong new world powers remains close to us yet it is probably not too late to strengthen the good neigh bor policy in such a way as to prevent the disintegra tion of our friendships in the hemisphere an oppor tunity to launch an amplified and reinforced policy may come in the meetings of the inter american development corporation which opened on may in new york city devoted to economic collabora tion among the american republics blair bolles buy united states war bonds 19 +mr a liar pre lave war tate yard ton ajor yuld tine f a not the af nh 2 nave nave rong it is igh ofa por p olicy ican ay 9 ora es 4 odical rvg isqary vnmiy vf ich may e 0,194 as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiii no 31 may 19 1944 allifs seek unity in europe’s undergrounds before invasion a allied troops on the offensive in italy smash deeper into the gustav line the allies anxious ly scan the possibilities of underground support by the various european underground movements of their forthcoming assaults on other nazi held areas sound warnings have already been given against ex pecting too much of peoples who have been the vic tims of mass terror and who may yet experience even more extreme nazi reprisals despite repression and threats however remarkable proofs of tenacity on the part of the men and women of the enemy occu pied countries have never been lacking and their cooperation with the allies at this crucial moment could prove a powerful aid to the invasion lessons from eastern europe from what has happened in eastern europe as the red army appeared in nazi occupied countries some thing can be learned about the probable reaction of underground movements to the liberating forces in the west when word went out last january that the red army was in eastern poland the well organized polish underground army is reported to have blown up vital bridges destroyed gasoline sup plies bound for the eastern front and undertaken railroad sabotage that hindered the nazi defense of lwow the red army’s arrival also helped close the gap between the partisans friends of the so viet union who believed in guerrilla warfare at all times regardless of cost and the other polish under ground forces who insisted on saving as many of their people’s lives as possible by awaiting the ar tival of allied troops this issue of active versus passive military tactics which has also caused rifts in yugoslavia and greece ceased to be important once a liberating army appeared and one of the out standing causes of friction between rival polish groups thus disappeared there seems to be reason for hope therefore that the arrival of russian or anglo american armies in other countries threatened by civil war may similarly have a unifying effect on groups engaged in internecine warfare as the red army reached the eastern border of czechoslovakia in april and president benes gave the order to exchange passive for active resistance the situation developed as it had in poland a guer rilla movement emerged and one of its first achieve ments was severance of the nazis main railroad artery in slovakia farther west in bohemia and moravia there was less underground activity not because these provinces were less eager to expel the germans but because the red army with its tre mendous moral and military support was more re mote it also appears that red army men trained in guerrilla tactics have helped the poles czechs and slovaks with increased sabotage activities in the west therefore it seems likely that anglo american forces will use specially equipped and trained men to aid the norwegians dutch belgians and french in destroying key bridges and railroads and in releasing prisoners taken by the germans unsolved political problems in pav ing the way for cooperation between the peoples of europe and the liberating armies the united states and britain are making last minute attempts to bring dissident underground movements into at least tem porary harmony with their official governments in exile british pressure is being exerted on king peter as on several previous occasions to form a more representative yugoslav cabinet but the confer ence the young monarch called in london on may 15 can hardly produce a government of national unity since it includes no representatives of tito’s partisans there is perhaps a greater possibility that the greek government in exile with similar en couragement from london may come to terms with the eam the republican liberation front in greece that includes communists as well as leftists and lib erals for at least all greek political groups are rep ae ai a 1 i sa eee er eae ae ee an rer a nnn ety nr mn su ae te ata bi dhe at rea di tw e chi prvtitied a oe se ee bees x ret whats et eer ree ae cic ee spt orien aaah nears met pul menage appian resented in the meetings which prime minister papandreou is preparing to hold in the lebanon in contrast to eastern europe negotiation with the resistance movements in norway holland and bel gium has proved a relatively simple matter for the allies on the eve of invasion these countries were not only more united than most of their eastern european neighbors when world war ii began but their governments that went into exile were demo cratic in character and rested on popular elections it is not surprising therefore to énd a recent issue of the norwegian underground newspaper krig soversikt war survey declaring that among nor way’s primary war aims is a return to the legal and constitutional institutions that prevailed before the war and the establishment of a government appoint e oy king haakon and guided by his sure and practiced hand france in key role it is chiefly on france however that anglo american attention is now focused france not only seems destined to be one of the major battlegrounds of the war but unlike belgium norway and holland has a guerrilla army that is estimated by the germans to number 175,000 men trained by regular army officers the maquis as it is called is known to have been supplied with at least some allied arms and recent nazi regula tions applying the death penalty to any persons shel tering members of the enemy's armed forces may in dicate that allied planes have dropped not only supplies and instructions but also military experts in various parts of france properly equipped the maquis might aid the allies in opening routes into france in much the same way as the yugoslav partisans are doing in their theatre of war by attack ing nazi communications in the vardar and ibar val leys key routes from the aegean to the danube since close cooperation between the allies and the french underground forces may be of considerable importance to the success of the invasion the an nouncement by the french committee in algiers on may 10 that the maquis is to be incorporated into the french army gives new urgency to the question of relations between tlic allics and de gaulle this fact was underlined on may 11 when the french committee suspended negotiations between general eisenhower and general koenig head of the french military mission to london concerning collaboration between representatives of the committee and the civil affairs branch of the anglo american armies the ostensible reason for this crisis in french allied relations was the pique the french felt with the brit ish for subjecting them to the ban on all secret com munications from england a restriction from which the united states the dominions and the soviet union were exempted fundamentally however the french action is an indication of de gaulle’s dissatis page two ee ee faction with the allies for refusing to recognize the committee in algiers as the provisional government of france and indicates the importance of adjustin the french and other remaining political problems lest they impede military plans on which the fate of all the united nations depends wiinifred n haadseel far east’s underground just as the united nations have underground allies within the conquered nations of europe so in the far east a less publicized opposition is waging a daily struggle against the evils of japanese tule this popular anti japanese movement exists not only in the guerrilla areas of china and in the philippines but also within the citadels of japan’s older empire the colonies of formosa korea and manchuria for it is a striking fact that although the japanese have ruled formosa for almost fifty years korea for considerably more than thirty and manchuria for well over a decade they have by no means succeeded in wiping out the nationalist sentiments of the local populations last month for example the japanese radio ad mitted that the colonial government of korea was having difficulties with the population of the penin sula in the quaint indirect language of japanese officialdom the governor general complained of signs in some sections that the spirit of the people is shrinking then becoming more explicit he stated that there are some places where i cannot say that the people of korea are devoting their fullest morale happily to their respective works in any nation the morale of the people tends to be reduced when a war is prolonged there should be no incidents which cause disunity of the people's morale this statement lent weight to earlier re ports from chungking that riots in which students were active broke out in korea after japan enforced conscription early this year it should be understood that places like korea and manchuria in which discontent has also been hinted at by japanese sources are an integral part of japan’s war economy japan could wage war without burma or the philippines which belong to its outer ring of empire but could not fight long without the vital supplies of rice soy beans iron ore steel coal and other war essentials secured from the near by areas of korea and manchuria clearly it was good military strategy as well as simple justice for roosevelt churchill and chiang kai shek to declare at the cairo conference last november that manchuria and formosa would be returned to china and that korea would become an independent nation in due course even the ex istence of the reservation about korea which has given rise to criticism cannot obscure the fact that this was an important step in aligning the anti axis countt thoug decisic qrousi the z ssi gh they 4 war ably reachi britai ernme use th as an deadle coura indep shorte post y af at te sessio 1 on m gatio of go tives and the l fepre repu conf gathe in ll.c conv hour etc bind mem phil cisio it w favo that well m ager org fore headg seconc one m sb oe 7 oe a rt or al as 1g ist be an x as at cis countries with populations oppressed by japan it is thought in some quarters that reports of the cairo decision have already had influence inside korea in srousing new hopes of freedom it now remains for the united nations to enlist as much support as ssible from the east indies indo china and neighboring territories by indicating clearly that they are also to benefit from victory in the present war declarations of intention will help but prob ably nothing would have as great an effect as the reaching of an early settlement in india between britain and the nationalist movement for the gov emment of india if it so wishes is in a position to yse the recent release of gandhi on medical grounds as an occasion for a new effort to break the political deadlock certainly any action now taken to en courage the peoples of asia to identify their own independence with the defeat of japan will help to shorten the war in the far east and lay the basis for post war stability in that region lawrence k rosinger ll.o maps new program after three and a half weeks of intense discussion at temple university philadelphia the twenty sixth session of the international labor conference closed on may 12 forty one member countries sent dele gations of which 28 were full delegations composed of government employers and workers representa tives three non member states iceland nicaragua and paraguay sent observers broader in scope than the united and associated nations since it included fepresentatives of four neutral states the argentine republic sweden switzerland and turkey the conference was the most universal international gathering convened since 1939 in pre war times the main purpose of the yearly il.o conferences was to adopt international draft conventions dealing with such matters as maximum hours of work employment of women and children etc sixty seven of these conventions which become binding international treaties once ratified by the member states have been adopted so far the philadelphia conference however did not take de cisions of such binding character from the outset it was considered that world conditions were not favorable to the adoption of new conventions and that only recommendations for national action as well as general resolutions could be adopted main decisions on the first item of its agenda future status of the international labor organization the conference contrary to expecta page three tions did not suggest any important changes in the i.l.o structure except to provide that in the future the montreal office of the i.l.o may communicate directly with member states without passing through the secretariat the same resolution requests the governing body of the organization to appoint a committee to consider the future relationship of the i.l.o with other international bodies for instance unrra and the united nations commission on food and agriculture on item i recommenda tions to the united nations for present and post war policy the conference adopted a series of de tailed resolutions concerning measures for the pro tection of transferred foreign workers economic pol icies needed to attain such social objectives as full employment and problems involved in labor provi sions for internationally financed public works in the field of organization of employment in the transition from war to peace three comprehensive recommendations to governments were adopted dealing with 1 the organization of employment in the transition from war to peace 2 the em ployment services and 3 the national planning of public works on item iv social security the conference adopted recommendations concerning in come security and medical care the last recommen dation adopted by the conference establishes mini mum standards of social policy in dependent territories the philadelphia charter the out standing decision of the conference was the phila delphia charter this declaration of social aims and purposes declares it the prime duty of all governments to achieve full employment and attain a high standard of living for their people it further indicates that all national and international policies notably those of an economic and financial character must be judged in the light of this goal and sug gests definite programs such as the extension of social security measures to provide a basic income for every one extensive medical care adequate hous ing nutrition etc for the achievement of better social conditions throughout the world the recommendations adopted by the i.l.o con ference will be sent to the governments for due study and consideration whether their relatively bold but in no way revolutionary proposals will serve as guid ing principles for future action in the social field depends on the reaction of member countries ernest s hediger mr hediger was a member of the temporary staff of the i.l.o conference at philadelphia oe month for change of address om membership publications s181 foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 31 may 19 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dororuy f lugr secretary vera micueces dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor oe oars sew ae cess rp nope ang i re ee bld d ea net ae a a i a a igen ae ce ce ee yogi las ha sy ae erg so 7 see oe ee aren ed washington news letter fate of private property in nazi held countries official observers in washington expect that the invasion of western europe will be attended by wide spread destruction of industrial and agricultural property as a result not only of military operations but also of looting and planned destruction as the germans withdraw already the occupied countries have been pushed by the nazis to the brink of na tional impoverishment while many factories in france the netherlands and belgium have been bombed out of existence the nazis have method ically been moving others to the safer regions of silesia and the government general of poland the liberated nations individually and the united nations as a group will be faced with a most difficult prob lem probably impossible of satisfactory solution of unscrambling european economy after the war german looting in europe on january 5 1943 the united states 16 other united nations and the french national committee now the french committee of national liberation warned that they reserved all their rights to declare invalid any transfers of or dealings with property rights and interests of any description whatsoever in the oc cupied zones to implement this statement the gov ernments concerned established a committee in lon don whose task was to record 1 the methods used by the germans in plundering the occupied coun tries and in transferring titles to immovable prop erty and 2 the laws and decrees respecting prop erty put into effect in the conquered countries during the occupation period the catalogue drawn up by this committee which is sitting in london remains a secret its study cov ers two broad types of plundering the theft by in dividual germans of such consumers goods as stock ings food perfume and refrigerators which soon lose their usefulness and the ostensibly legalized impressment of factories farms dockyards trans portation systems ships and other property of con siderable permanent value the germans have co ordinated many european economic enterprises im portant for war purposes into large holding and operating companies such as the hermann goering works the majority shares of which are either owned by the reich or are under control of appar ently private german concerns like i g farben industrie some of the governments in exile are uncertain for victory 191 as to the practicability of revoking transfers of title made under german occupation during the wa years it has been suggested that persons who fee they are rightful owners might be encouraged to sye in the courts to regain their property the curren policy of the allies is to leave to the government of each particular liberated country the responsibility for settling property questions in its territory the yo disposition of materials moved to germany from al conquered lands however is considered the concem of all the allies the czech government for one is prepared to 7 declare null and void all transfers of title to prop 7h erty carried out in the sudetenland after its annexa at tion under the munich agreement and in the rest powe of czechoslovakia after the occupation of march by y 1939 president eduard benes is reported here to have factic proposed the nationalization of heavy industries in in le his country where the hermann goering works is findir the successor to former czech and foreign owners of euro great enterprises like skoda the prague ironworking nazi co and the foldi steel works some of the former tions czech owners however have become citizens of their other countries including the united states and sist benes is said to wonder whether nationalization of venor their property might not cause international legal strife complications by th unde reconstruction difficult overshad owing any question of property restoration is the t alarming fact that the productive property left inj al europe at the close of hostilities is likely to be far it is below what will be needed to support the continent's adva population machines are nearly worn out from ws of vis strain of high volume war production and in many decis cases new parts and machines zre impossible to ob euro tain in europe transportation systems except those three urgently needed by the germans for prosecution of russ the war are deteriorating the united states gov beac ernment already has begun to consider what part it wher might wisely play in helping to put europe back on befo its feet while at the same time urging europeans dang themselves to do their utmost to restore the economy form of their countries the heroic action of the russians his in restoring the transportation system between stalin well grad and the rumanian border is regarded here as poss a hopeful portent of the future determination of tut europe's populations to build anew on the ashes of will war bia boies so and buy united states war bonds fin +entered as 2nd class matter hl of michigan ieee veugral lib brary universty se 9 07 perrigdical ro ihneral librap g of title the war who feel d to sue current iment of sibility ory c from all concern pared to to prop annexa the rest march e to have ustries in w orks is ywners of nworking 1e former tizens of ates and zation of nal legal dvershad on is the ty left in to be far ontinent's from the in many ble to ob ept those scution of ates gov at part it e back on suropeans economy russians p aun of migk ann arbor mich 23 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n vou xxiii no 32 may 26 1944 what are our objectives in europe the first of three articles on united states policy in europe te negotiations now being feverishly conducted at many widely separated points by the three wet european advisory commission in london by yugoslav and polish factions in london greek factions in beirut and by the french and the allies in london and algiers reveal the urgent need of finding common denominators of political action in europe before that continent is liberated from the nazis it was divisions within and among the na tions menaced by hitler that so greatly facilitated their conquest in 1939 many of these divisions per sist and in some cases have become further en venomed by the bitter experience of war and civil strife if the military victory so carefully prepared by the united nations is to bear fruit a preliminary understanding as to the uses we shall make of victory must be reached before invasion gets under way alliances vs world organization it is therefore all the more troubling that at this advanced stage of the war a fundamental cleavage of views has emerged between those who believe that decisions about both war and post war operations in europe should be entrusted to a directorate of the three great powers britain the united states and russia and those who believe that no stability can be achieved on the continent or for that matter else where unless an international organization is set up before the pressures of war have been relaxed the dangers of this cleavage were clearly analyzed by former under secretary of state sumner welles in en stalin d here as nation of ashes of bolles nds his new york speech of may 18 although mr welles seemed over optimistic in dismissing the possibility that the united states may after the war feturn to isolationism he rightly said that our choice will be less between isolation and international col laboration than between true world organization and a policy based upon military alliances the in definite piling up of armaments and their inevitable adjunct stark imperialism what is worse this choice is already being beclouded for the citizens of this country and of other great powers by the argu ment that military alliances are a form of interna tional collaboration and that in the foreseeable fu ture they alone can assure physical security at least for the great powers true no world organization can exist without agreement between the great pow ers but will world organization emerge from a great power military alliance can we hope for something new the trend toward big four alliances noted by mr welles has been perhaps fortuitously encouraged by the warning of the distinguished historian carl becker that no fundamental changes can be expected in the wake of the war and that the new world hopefully anticipated by many will not after all prove particularly new this warning represents an understandable reaction against the starry eyed ideal ists who have preached that as we approach the post war period all the past we leave behind to quote whitman it is obviously true that certain things will remain more or less unchanged as they have throughout the ages among them some of the most precious values of human life which few would like to see changed but to assume that little or nothing can be basically altered in relations between human beings and hence in relations between na tions is not only to adopt a defeatist attitude but to disregard facts with which we are all familiar we have witnessed in our own lifetime enough profound changes through revolution in russia through gradual adjustments in britain and the united states to cite only a few examples to con vince us that much that is new can yet be expected in the future if changes can and do take place within nations why are they automatically barred in rela tions between nations unless of course we con sciously bar them even this has not proved true q a a i mi 8 le sa ee ee e page two during the war for in their effort to defeat the axis the united nations have succeeded in developing effective methods of collaboration which if adapted to peacetime purposes could profoundly alter the international way of life nor can we forget that even if the great powers should foster the belief that things can or should remain more or less unchanged other peoples have not taken that quiescent view as shown by the ruthless determination of the nazis and the japanese to reshape the world to their own advantage and by the desire of peoples all over the globe to alter their present condition it will always be a matter of endless philosophical discussion whether change of itself constitutes progress and in every age there are millions of human beings who honestly believe that all change is fraught with risk or impossible of attainment great powers must be responsible to those who start from the premise that there is little hope of improving relations among nations in the visible future the idea of a four power or in europe a three power alliance seems the easiest way out of the dilemma created for all nations by their demonstrated incapacity to remain permanently isolated from the rest of the world the idea of a great power directorate inevitably appeals to citizens of great powers who cannot but realize that their countries must bear the brunt not only of war but of post war reconstruction the creation of such a directorate is justified on the ground that britain the united states and russia unlike germany and japan will exercise their power benevolently and therefore for the ultimate good of all concerned this argu ment smacks unpleasantly of the traditional i know best what is good for the rest of you attitude of all dictators throughout history in a democratic soci a strong executive is not only unobjectionable byt actually given the complexities of modern life de sirable but only because it is responsible to the people to whom would a directorate of the great powers be responsible if there is no international organization in which small nations as well as great are represented who could check irresponsible of socially harmful action on their part since th would presumably control the bulk of the world’s industrial and military power the public opinion of their own peoples might conceivably do so where it exists but we all know how easy it is to represent any action by a great power as a security measure in the absence of responsibility to a world orgar ization how would the great power directorate use its military force in europe would it seek to aid the efforts of the small nations to advance their polit ical economic and social development or would it try to maintain more or less unchanged the order of things that existed in europe in 1939 following the example of the holy alliance of 1815 assum ing even that complete harmony is achieved among russia britain and the united states concerning specific issues on the continent before and after lib eration can it be taken for granted that the liberated peoples who rejected hitler’s diktat enforced at the point of a gun would supinely accept the dictation however benevolent it might be of other great powers any one who takes this for granted is dan gerously ignorant of the state of mind of europeans that is why it is especially necessary to clarify and keep on clarifying the objectives the united states in concert with other nations is pursuing in europe vera micheles dean hull and iadc agree on need for freer trade on the occasion of the opening of national for eign trade week may 21 27 secretary cordell hull outlined a program which suggests the neces sary adjustments that must be made toward ex pansion of international trade he emphasized the important role the united states will play in the future expansion of trade insisting however that this can only be accomplished through cooperation with other nations mr hull stated that any inter national organization that may be set up to keep and enforce the peace must be based on an international arrangement for currency stability as an aid to com merce and the settlement of international financial transactions through international investment cap ital must be made available for the sound develop ment of latent natural resources and productive capac ity in relatively undeveloped areas above all pro vision must be made for reduction or removal of un reasonable trade barriers and for the abandonment of trade discrimination in all forms hemispheric proposals secretary hull’s statement closely parallels the recommendations made by the inter american development commis sion whose 10 day conference in new york closed on may 18 in speaking to the final session of the iadc nelson a rockefeller the commission's chairman pointed out that hemispheric economic de velopment would contribute to the reconstruction of trade in general and indicated that no exclusive te gional bloc was intended the discussions of the de velopment commission centered on two miaif themes economic development and investments and international trade and transportation in its final resolutions the commission also called for reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers but more specif cally for industrialization of undeveloped countries in latin america prevention of inflation improve ment of transportation and establishment of intef american investment banks in each country throughout the conference it was emphasized that latin america with its 130,000,000 inhabitants 1 a potential market of great size but unless the con ic soci able but life de to the the great national as great nsible or nce they world’s opinion 30 where represent measure ld orgar orate use k to aid 1eir polit yr would the order ollowing assum d among yncerning after lib liberated ed at the dictation 1e r great d is dan uropeans rify and states n europe dean endations commis rk closed on of the mission’s nomic de uction of lusive re f the de vo main ents and its final reduction re specifi countries improve of inter country sized that bitants 1s the con tinent is industrialized the purchasing power of the low income workers will remain small the inter american development commission organized in june 1940 is one of several inter amer ican economic commissions formed by the financial and economic advisory committee which in turn grew out of the panama meeting of foreign min isters in september 1939 the commission’s purpose is to promote and finance industry and agricultural development in the americas with capital from both the united states and latin america national com missions now exist in all of the latin american coun tries made up of government business and financial page three representatives the present conference adopted two resolutions with regard to the organization of the commission one proposed the creation of a na tional commission in canada which at this confer ence was represented solely by a government ob server and the other favored inclusion of labor mem bers in the various national commissions both the resolutions passed by the iadc and the statement by secretary hull present in broad outline plans for post war trade and economic development on which the united states and the business and government leaders of the american republics can unite grant s mcclellan british commonwealth stakes future unity on world order the declaration issued on may 17 by the prime ministers of britain canada australia new zea land and south africa after a two week conference in london indicates that the second world war unlike the first will bring no significant change in the organization of the british commonwealth in the absence of any reference to new consultative machinery it can be assumed that not only has vis count halifax’s suggestion for gradual integration of commonwealth policy been shelved but also the proposal of australia’s prime minister john curtin for a permanent secretariat agreement to eschew greater centralization can be explained largely it seems by canada’s opposition to any moves in this direction prime minister king warned a joint session of the british parliament on may 11 that we cannot be too careful to see that to our peoples new methods will not appear as an at tempt to limit their freedom of decision or to peoples outside the commonwealth as an attempt to establish a separate bloc mr king argued that the present method of consultation in which the cabinets of the commonwealth are linked in con tinuing conference through their respective high commissioners would best achieve the combination of unity and freedom of action on which the strength of the commonwealth depends the weight of this argument coming from the senior dominion and from a nation with peculiarly close ties to the united states appears to have been a major factor in the decision that the commonwealth should remain sub stantially unchanged in spirit and structure commonwealth and world order on the question of a more highly integrated world system however the conference took a definite stand the prime ministers jointly affirming their sup port for the establishment of a world organization to maintain peace and security endowed with the necessary power and authority to prevent aggression and violence this declaration of purpose marks an important step toward creation of a new world order by the united nations it also indicates willingness on the part of the dominions to forsake the policy of aloofness toward europe’s problems which char acterized their attitude particulafly that of canada during the inter war years and for britain as well as the other nations of the commonwealth it constitutes official recognition of the fact that only within a world system can the commonwealth main tain a unity based on such informal bonds as inher itance loyalties and ideals some observers have been discouraged by the fact that no statement was made with respect to the eco nomic relations of the commonwealth this has been interpreted probably rightly to mean that the question of imperial preferences remains substantial ly where prime minister churchill left it in his speech of april 21 when he indicated that neither britain nor the dominions had commitments to abolish the ottawa preferential system there is rea son to believe however that as progress is made toward the solution of such problems as currency stabilization and international investment agreement can also be reached on removal of trade barriers whether tariffs or preferences but it would be a mistake to expect that the commonwealth can offer the united states an exact quid pro quo by way of elimination of preferences in return for reduction of tariffs both the united states and the common wealth will have to seek expansion of their foreign trade through the larger multilateral approach to world commerce and finance recommended by secre tary of state hull in his statement of may 20 howaard p whidden jr foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 32 may 26 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f laer secretary vera micueies dran editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year one month for change of address om membership publications please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ew 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor i a at 4 mg eee oe ast cal ee lee ie anes washington news letter political preparations for invasion the allied forces in their invasion of western europe will have not only to destroy german mil itary might but to restore the self confidence of mil lions of western europeans who for four years have been treated by the nazis as subject nations western european pacts so far as west ern europe is concerned political preparations were completed in one sector on may 16 by the conclu sion of agreements with three governments in exile norway the netherlands and belgium these agreements cover such points as the way the liberat ing armies will administer civil affairs the length of time they will remain and the procedure by which they will turn the administration over to the govern ment in exile since occupation administration is rec ognized above all as a military matter the agree ments reflect the wishes of general dwight d eisenhower allied commander in chief in england civilian foreign affairs officials in washington how ever hope that the allied armies will resist the temptation to extend the term of military administra tion in the liberated areas over long military ad ministration might jeopardize the prospects for in ternational post war collaboration by contrast to the agreements concluded with nor way the netherlands and belgium preparations for invasion have not been thoroughly worked out with the french committee of national liberation for lack of an understanding on this crucial subject the french committee’s relations with the united states and britain have once more become tense mean while washington is cautious in its attitude toward the committee feeling that the latter is inclined to act on its own without due consideration for anglo american plans and wishes in keeping with the policy of not recognizing the committee as a government general eisenhower has been authorized by washington following invasion of france to deal as he sees fit on a day to day basis with general charles de gaulle president of the committee which on may 16 announced in algiers that it would soon proclaim itself the provisional government of the french republic as well as with local french elements in establishing a civil ad ministration general eisenhower has been conduct ing useful administrative talks in london with the head of the french military mission general joseph pierre koenig although the committee in algiers declared on may 6 that the koenig eisenhower talks for victory buy united could serve no purpose so long as the ban on cipher messages from britain continued in effect it is re ported that the british government subsequently raised the ban temporarily to permit transmission of a message from koenig to de gaulle and newspaper stories that the talks broke down are incorrect czech russian agreement the norwe gian dutch and belgian agreements whose texts have not yet been released are said to follow gener ally the agreement signed on may 8 between the czechoslovak government in exile and the soviet union which joined with britain and the united states in the norwegian agreement an important difference however marks the agreements for west and east the czech russian document provides that the czechoslovak government is to take into its own hands the power of administration in any territory as soon as direct warfare in that territory is concluded for norway the netherlands and belgium there is a looser clause which as announced by the state de partment declares as soon as the military situation permits the government shall resume its full con stitutional responsibility for civil administration on the understanding that such special facilities as the allied forces may continue to require will be made available for the prosecution of the war and its final conclusion it is possible that the governments in exile and the military authorities may differ as to when the military situation permits the return of the governments whose temporary capital is london the norwegian and belgian governments under take in the agreements to assign a delegate to coop erate with the allied armies as they advance the netherlands government however plans to declare a state of siege during military operations on dutch soil and to function under those conditions reason for military rule the chief aim of military administration is to assure the prosecution of the war to a successful termination with due regard first to military necessity and sec ond to the welfare of the peoples concerned wheth er the invasion will jeopardize future friendship among the liberated and the liberators will be deter mined by the measures taken by general eisenhow er’s staff will it enforce a long and rigid censorship will it respect the sensitiveness of long suffering peoples the answers to these questions are bound to have profound influence on the future evolution of europe blair bolles states war bonds 191 +guilal rye a grnbral li ny of mich ns 1 cipher it is re quently ssion of wspaper norwe se texts v gener vou xxiii no 33 een the soviet united portant ms making critical choices between a great power or west directorate and a world organization and be des that tween the formation of a world organization now its own while the war is still on or at some indefinite post ritory as war date the united states must also make daily de rcluded cisions concerning current developments abroad most there is immediately in europe much as some people might tate de want to postpone settlement of political problems situation until after the war the war itself forces considera ull con tion of many controversial issues tion on it may be said without unfairness that before s as the 1939 this country’s policy toward europe was essen xe made tially negative in character many americans had im its final portant economic or intellectual ties with the conti nents in nent but politically europe was an area where the er as to united states occasionally intervened to prevent cer eturn of tain things from happening rather than an area london where it had positive interests and pursued clearly s under defined aims this negativism had the curious result to coop that while much sympathy was expressed by the ice the american people for the spanish loyalists and declare czechoslovakia for example the american govern n dutch ment seemed indifferent to the fate of democratic institutions in europe he chief spheres of influence in europe to ire the day the united states is forced in its own self inter ination ést to act in europe and it must act not alone but and sec in collaboration with britain and russia both of wheth which have long term policies with respect to their iendship neighbors on the continent it is obviously necessary e deter to win the war that this country should establish senhow the closest possible collaboration with its two great sorship allies this necessity is bound to influence wash suffering ington’s decisions on specific issues but since our e bound decisions in turn are bound to have some influence volution on those of britain and russia it is of the first im olles portance that we should define for ourselves the course of development we would like to see europe ds follow during and after the war hun 2 1944 general lib rar y entered as 2nd class matter tins ya f vniversity of uichigan ann art foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y june 2 1944 what u.s policy wile best assure stability in europe the course which would seem least desirable from the point of view of the united states is the crea tion in europe of two spheres of influence with the countries of eastern europe and the balkans having no choice but to cluster around russia and those of western europe having no choice but to lean on britain such a trend would perpetuate the state of anarchy that facilitated two world wars of course if the united states should once more at the end of this war withdraw into isolation then a division of europe into british and russian spheres of influence with each of the two great powers undertaking re sponsibility for the protection of its satellites might prove the only answer to the problem of security but assuming that the united states intends to par ticipate in world affairs a security system for europe based primarily on the 20 year anglo russian alli ance of may 26 1942 would not offer a construc tive program from the american point of view the anglo russian alliance the russo czech pact of mutual assistance and other bilateral or regional ar rangements can be useful as bricks in the structure of a world organization but if no world organiza tion is created they could all too easily degenerate into the old fashioned types of arrangements which provoke the suspicions of nations not included im their framework resulting in counterarrangements and eventual clashes a policy of partnership it is because great power alliances offer little hope of post war stability that it seems in the interest of the united states to support a wider combination of nations even the most extreme isolationists would be shocked if this country were more or less excluded from europe but even the most extreme interventionists would not want the united states to assume the major share of responsibility for stabilization of the continent the policy toward europe that would seem to suit both american interests and american __ temper is neither isolationism nor imperialism but rather a policy of partnership with other nations in the common task of reconstruction a partnership in which the united states would obviously be one of the senior partners not as now apparently con templated a member of a great power directorate whose fiat would shape the destinies of smaller weaker nations to achieve such a partnership two things seem essential first the united states must help to strengthen the countries of europe that can prove a bulwark to the resurgence of germany this means that we must neglect no opportunity to render poli tical as well as economic aid to the peoples who have resisted nazi rule and whose resistance makes allied victory possible the more all the nations of europe participate in post war reconstruction and security measures the lighter will be the burden borne by the great powers it is all the more un fortunate under the circumstances that washing ton continues to give the impression intentionally or unintentionally that it is not enthusiastic about the recovery of france our official coolness toward the french committee of national liberation is in sharp contrast to the more friendly attitude of the bi ish who see that they will need a strong france if they are to rebuild the continent most of all if they should have to rebuild it without our active co operation mr churchill has seemed to bow to pres ident roosevelt's wishes on france but his policy actually gives the french committee the feeling that britain not the united states is its friend in the hour of direst need support of popular movements sec ond the united states must make it as clear as pos sible not only by words but by deeds that we are genuinely sympathetic to popular movements in europe which are seeking to advance the welfare of their peoples there are of course many different japanese drives in china spur vice president wallace's trip to the far east has come at a moment when military and political con ditions in china are in an unusual state of flux with great possibilities for good and evil at the same time that chungking’s forces aided by ameri can training and equipment are moving toward burma in the first genuine offensive they have launched in seven years of war other chinese troops a thousand miles to the northeast are suffering bitter setbacks the most serious of which is the loss of loyang capital of honan province on the one hand the chinese are seeking to effect a junction with general stilwell’s men in north burma so that a land route may be established to supplement the present air route from india to china on the other they are faced by a grave threat to a highly strategic tegion the great elbow of the yellow river page two suuneentieel traditions many shades of political opinion to take into consideration no hard and fast rule can apply to all contingencies but we must get over the idea that non action on our part constitutes non interven tion the very fact that we abstain from action in a given situation is in itself a form of intervention as our policy during the civil war in spain should have made abundantly clear russia has already in dicated that it will encourage the formation in the countries of eastern europe and the balkans of friendly although not necessarily communist governments mr churchill in his address of may 24 to the house of commons revealed that in coun tries where britain has strategic or economic interests it will support the continuance of existing régimes general franco in spain king george in greece although it might defer to the united states on france or to russia on yugoslavia the british prime minister who has frankly declared that ideology is no longer at stake in the war is following a policy dictated by considerations of expediency does or must the united states share mr churchill’s views or do we have other principles and objectives in mind in europe the impression is gaining ground among europeans that once the al lies have liberated the conquered countries from hit ler this country will support restoration of pre war régimes no matter how undemocratic they might have been mr hull in his broadcast of april 9 sought to dispel this impression by outright championship of democratic forces but it will persist and gain ascendancy unless this country blazes the trail be yond the creation of a three power directorate where it seems to oscillate between britain and russia toward a world organization where it could more freely exercise the vast powers and influence with which it will emerge from this war vera micheles dean the second of three articles on united states policy in europe chungking communist talks west of loyang as well as to their communications lines over a wide area it is still too early to foresee how the results of the chinese and japanese offen sives will ultimately stack up against each other but at present the enemy seems to be doing much more damage to our side than we are inflicting on him discussing chinese unity on the politi cal front the possibilities of greater unity between chungking and the chinese communists appeaf brighter than at any time since large scale friction developed four years ago on may 17 lin tsu han 61 year old chairman of the communist led border region administration in the northwest arrived in chungking for political talks previously two cen tral government representatives had held discus sions with lin in sian laying a basis for his visit to the capital on may 19 one day before the central first h tions versit finan wealt costs other least us ud sense tary on c the d the si whicl front trains watcl ade may king state se sn to take in apply the idea nterven ion in a ntion should eady in 1 in the kans of munist of may in coun interests pimes rreece ates on h prime logy is a policy re mr inciples ssion is the al om hit pre war ht have sought ionship id gain rail be a where russia d more ce with ean zuro pe lks ications foresee appear friction su han border ived in oo cen discus is visit central a te email fxecutive committee of the kuomintang the official political party opened a six day session he was re gived by the generalissimo and on may 24 it was ynnounced that chiang had instructed the central epresentatives to continue their conversations with lin this is not the first time in recent years that the communists and chungking have held discussions for a settlement of differences but today there are gertain favorable omens that were absent in the past for example on the day of lin’s arrival a group of chinese and foreign newspapermen was permitted to leave chungking for a trip to communist terri tory it appears unlikely that the central government would breach the walls of its stringent blockade on frst hand information about the communists if a breakdown of political negotiations was anticipated moreover the correspondents were permitted to take with them a consignment of medical supplies for the guerrilla fighters of the north this is the first consignment to be allowed through since the summer of 1943 resurgent liberals still more encourag ing are indications that liberal sentiment is reassert have been hard pressed by inflation and reactionary measures of suppression appear more and more to be offering constructive criticism of internal condi tions on may 21 to cite one instance five uni versity professors declared that china’s desperate financial position is due basically to the fact that wealthy citizens are not bearing their share of the costs of the war the suggestion was made among others that the government levy a forced loan of at least five billion chinese dollars monthly perhaps u.s 20,000,000 from specified wealthy persons unity means fighting power in one sense the kuomintang communist parleys are mili tary negotiations which can have a profound effect on china’s ability to resist for there is no doubt that the division between the two parties has weakened the struggle against japan in the sian area toward which the enemy may drive from his yellow river front hundreds of thousands of the country’s best trained and equipped troops are still employed in watching the communists and maintaining a_block ade against them this is why in an editorial of may 13 written before lin tsu han came to chung king the ta kung pao china’s leading newspaper stated we earnestly hope that the sian negotia tions will end the strife between brothers and that the eventual agreement will allow the sending of the page three ing itself in free china progressive elements who government's troops in shensi to the front to strike against the enemy nor is this the only military benefit to be gained from political understanding for the regular forces of the central government and the mobile and guer rilla troops of the communists could then coordinate their activities against the enemy as they did so well in the early years of the war and the united states air forces in china as yet unable to reach into the zones that mean most to japan economically might be able to establish air bases in communist territory and lash out at north china and manchuria the construction of such fields has been urged by amer ican military men for some time but for internal political reasons the necessary permission has not been forthcoming from chungking unquestionably then mr wallace's trip occurs under conditions that are both critical and propitious it is to be hoped that he will not only give china assurances concerning future aid but also express this country’s strong desire for a fully united china which will come to grips with its economic military and political problems more effectively than in the recent past one thing is certain if china takes the democratic road toward a peaceful adjustment of dif ferences that have caused much uneasiness in the united states the american people will feel an even greater responsibility than heretofore for relieving their far eastern ally at the earliest possible moment lawrence k rosinger the pacific is my beat by keith wheeler new york dutton 1943 3.00 an intensely interesting account of a reporter’s war time assignments in the pacific ranging from the aleu tians to the solomons this is india by peter muir new york doubleday doran 1943 2.50 a superficial account of india by an american journalist who had little preparation for what he was to see there as we go marching by john t flynn garden city doubleday doran 1944 2.00 after sketching rather interestingly the development of fascism in germany and italy the author turns with asperity to bitter criticism of the present administration which he sees marching toward fascism the church and the liberal society by emmet john hughes princeton princeton university press 1944 3.00 brilliant analysis of the catholic stand on liberalism the netherlands bartholomew landheer editor berkeley university of california press 1943 5.00 a group of dutch authorities present clearly and inter estingly a picture of their country in one of the united nations series devoted to mutual understanding among the allies foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 33 junzg 2 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dornotrhy f lust secretary vena micuetes daan editor eatered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ew 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor aa eae aeadeieeeenl 4 7 2 is 7 oo oe gus 1 j 1 i i a 13 one ein feo en san nae atl ie wc ea get ee aaneneeinenmae ae aure ie eee oe a ae ee he ci enony ee me ss es ee a a acicae cuenta ananl es ts aealiamit 2 susccaige ldcs alae ace aa argo es sa sees or tne per 2 washington news letter churchill seeks post war friend in spain official quarters here are reported to believe that francisco franco will not long survive the war's end as caudillo of spain dissatisfaction with his author itatian régime extends far and deep among his fel low countrymen the united states and britain however proceed on the understanding that military exigency requires political quiet in spain which means franco’s continuation in office during the war and that as long as franco remains the fore most spanish official he is a man for the allies to reckon with the diplomatic victory the two govern ments won in madrid on may 2 for instance with the conclusion of the neutrality agreement limiting spanish wolfram shipments to germany could be lost if the spanish government failed to take decisive steps to prevent wolfram from being smuggled out of the country the importance of the wolfram ques tion and the possibility that spain might wreak harm on the allies explain in short term perspective the kind words winston churchill devoted to spain in his address to the house of commons on may 24 but his words also have a long term meaning both for the united states and for britain allied policy on spain from the united nations point of view the spanish sections of churchill's speech aid the current allied campaign to reduce the value of neutral aid to the enemy in the main this campaign is proving a success while churchill abandoned hope for turkish entrance into the war he pointed out turkey’s helpful action in cutting off chrome shipments to germany the state department is confident that portugal will soon re duce its shipments of wolfram to germany and agreement is looked for with sweden on the irksome ball bearing question eire alone holds out against concessions to the united nations in emphasizing that war necessity causes the allies to deal gently with the present spanish government for a survey of the development of trade and the striking advances in aviation in africa as well as the problems they suggest for the future read colonial progress in centralafrica belgian congo and french equatorial africa by grant s mcclellan z25c may 15 issue of forgign po.icy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 for victory churchill bespoke the attitude of the washington administration which finds it expedient in deal ing with neutrals to apologize for spain but to blast at sweden eire and turkey this strategy is due to the division between friends and enemies of the allied cause within the spanish government accord ing to the british blunt words about spain would only discourage our friends and strengthen our enemies in that government which as a whole op poses democratic institutions and tends to sympathize with the german cause rather than our own the friends in the spanish government whom the allies consider it worthwhile to encourage include foreign minister jordana who argued the allied cause in the spanish cabinet during the wolfram negotiations air minister vigon and members of the secretariat who have permitted thousands of refugees to pass through spain on their way to havens of safety from nazi tyranny mr churchill’s references to spain have created the impression here that further friendly british ac tions respecting both spain and portugal may be ex pected the british foreign office has detected signs in madrid and lisbon that the position of high re gard and influence which britain has enjoyed in those capitals for a century and more is declining while the stock of the united states is apparently rising although the british prime minister is not engaging in a race against the united states for favor here and there he considers it advantageous to build britain’s political strength where he can especially in westetn and mediterranean europe but whatever encouragement franco found in remain in office although churchill’s remarks may bring franco supporters closer to britain time will tell whether it carried the rest of the world away from britain for whether he meant to or not churchill left the impression that he spoke kindly not only of spain but of spanish fascism and two days later sir samuel hoare british ambassador to madrid strengthened that impression by publicly advocating a foreign policy of live and let live particularly disturbing on the eve of the great mil itary drive for liberation of europe from the na tional socialist form of fascism this sounded like an echo from the 1930 s when germany and italy waxed strong and menacing because hoare and others were saying then live and let live blair bolles buy united states war bonds mere i vou 2 h sic occup new await urgen interr order to en unite presi fore orgat he hi erm ton ject serie fore port post churchill's speech this is not expected to help him +on al st he rd ld ur ize ns 10t uil ike aly nd ical roo general librar j 1944 guiy of jun 12 1944 entered as 2nd class matter general library university of michigan ann arbor michizan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiii no 34 june 9 1944 invasion speeds plans for world organization he beginning of the long awaited allied inva sion of western europe on june 5 the day after occupation of rome by allied forces should give new courage to the peoples of conquered europe awaiting liberation from nazi rule it also brings urgent emphasis to current discussions of the international system that might replace hitler’s new order in europe that these discussions are about to enter the stage of official negotiations among the united nations was indicated on may 30 when president roosevelt said this country will place be fore its allies a tentative project for a form of world organization and secretary of state hull announced he had invited the british russian and chinese gov ermments through their ambassadors in washing ton to open conversations on the basis of this pro ject mr hull’s announcement was preceded by a series of meetings at which members of the senate foreign relations committee were afforded an op portunity to discuss with the secretary details of the post war plans drafted by the state department who should represent whom the initiative taken by the united states if translated into concrete measures may prove a milestone on the arduous road toward world order but there is no lack of skeptics of various schools of thought who doubt the possibility of forming what sumner welles has called a true world organization until the war is over and europe has achieved a measure of stabil ity one argument frequently heard is that it is im ptacticable in this period of political confusion to determine what governments are entitled to repre sent certain countries notably france poland yugoslavia and greece on a political council of the united nations and that we must wait until these countries have acquired stable governments duly recognized by the great powers before such a council can be established meanwhile it is con tended the great powers can act as benevolent trus tees on behalf of the small nations the weakness of this argument is its assumption that liberation will of itself bring about the estab lishment in every one of the liberated countries of governments acceptable to the united states britain and russia if we are to wait until this happy event has taken place then world organization can be rele gated to the millenium the war has precipitated a series of political explosions all over the world which may have the effect of time bombs in the post war period we might just as well face the fact that it will prove impossible at any given moment of history to achieve uniformity in the political institu tions of unequally developed countries and that the great powers will have to work with some govern ments we or the british or the russians do not like until conditions in their countries have made the establishment of other governments feasible it must be hoped that the liberated countries once they have recovered from the shock of war and terrorism will be able to develop the kind of institutions and practices that would facilitate their col 2boration with the great powers and that the latter mean while will encourage freedom of choice by the people of each of these countries but any attempt by the great powers to dictate the kind of govern ment the small nations should have or to bar their participation in an international organization until they have satisfied certain criteria would merely con firm the fear voiced again on may 31 by eelco van kleffens netherlands foreign minister that the great powers intend to ignore the small nations in their plans for the post war period mr hull sought to dispel this fear in his statement of june 1 when he said that this country's traditional championship of liberty should give assurance to the small nations that they will be treated as equals in the proposed world organization order plus freedom the small nations eee i rang atl se are aware more than ever now after their grueling experience under nazi rule that they will be unable to enjoy freedom unless there is some measure of order in europe and that order will depend on the extent to which the great powers can assure security against future aggression by any nation the crucial of relations between nations as of human ings within nations is to reconcile order with freedom it is becoming increasingly clear that roose velt churchill and stalin each naturally influenced by the particular interests of the country he heads believe that post war order can be best achieved if military force is retained by those who now possess it the united states britain and russia it is of course true that one of the reasons for the failure of the league of nations was that it had no military force at its disposal it must also be recognized that it may be a long time before the various countries of the world will be ready to entrust control of their military forces to a world organization the pattern apparently favored by president roosevelt and with some differences in emphasis also by churchill is an executive council composed of the great powers which would direct the use of the military force at the command of each but would perhaps be willing when the time is deemed appropriate to consult an assembly of small nations on matters of principle and policy this pattern it is said is the only prac ticable approach to the problem of security since the great powers would be unwilling to have the small nations rich in many values precious to civiliza tion but poor in the sinews of war decide how the armed forces of the united states britain or russia should be used in any given contingency the difficulty with this argument however is that once hostilities are over considerations other than those of military power will gain the ascendancy as men resume peacetime tasks it is by no means clear that at that stage the great powers will necessarily agree any more than the members of the league con cerning the issues that lead to aggression and thus to the use of military force unless some permanent framework of collaboration in other spheres poli aceon n page two tical economic social has meanwhile been estab lished the league of nations failed among other things not because its individual members lacked power actual or potential but because they lacked the will to make use of their power for other than their own ends and did not agree among them selves as to the ends worth pursuing without such willingness and such agreement any world organization of the future even if restricted to a great power directorate will prove as impotent as the league a military coalition is a most impor tant outward shell but a shell nevertheless which must be judged by its content if the three great powers should maintain their military coalition in the post war period only to enforce their will on smaller and weaker nations then liberation of europe from nazi rule will only open another chap ter of conflict and revolt if on the other hand they are willing to place their military power at the ser vice of an international organization in which other nations are given an opportunity to participate and to participate not at some date in the dim future to be fixed by the big three but right now while lib eration is under way then we may look forward to a period when all nations great and small can learn together the difficult sometimes seemingly hopeless art of working out their common problems as pres ident roosevelt has said nations will learn to work together only by actually working together all arguments in favor of postponing cooperation to some date when things may seem easier or the por tents for its success more propitious are only so many ways of rationalizing our unwillingness to pass from ity of wash ca am abroac hassac omy matte dom sion so fat cernec recon before nor a by th states fr inte words to deeds the peoples of europe have proved their hatred of nazi dictatorship by resisting it under conditions of suffering we cannot even imagine we must not only help to liberate them from the physical torture of nazi rule we must go further and use military victory to liberate them and ourselves cane from the spectre of another such catastrophe vera micheles dean the third of three articles on united states policy in europe canadians weigh future course in world affairs premier curtin of australia visiting canada en route from the recent london conference of the dominion prime ministers reiterated his belief in the necessity of closer unity among the five british nations in an address on june 1 to a joint assembly of the houses of parliament in ottawa although the statement issued by the london conference in dicated that plans for the closer integration of the british commonwealth have been temporarily dis missed the speech suggests that the issue is by no means wholly closed the views of mackenzie king canada’s prime minister in opposition to the scheme unquestionably reflect the majority opinion in can ada yet a debate on foreign policy is shortly due at ottawa where the questions which originally prompted the discussion will be re examined canada independent canada’s position in these discussions is due to the historical develop ment that has brought the country to an independent dominion status but the war effort itself has em phasized a new sense of prestige which canada does not wish to relinquish canada ranks fourth among the united nations in munitions production its sug gestions for an international monetary agreement were submitted independently of britain and the united states and canadians have served in a capac occup curret to thi ly of cific 2 new f also in tribut find 3 est if south minic need great recog and labor deve rafs tpaam yy g he mc _o 7 ity of equality on several of the combined boards in washington which coordinate allied economic poli canada’s new status is also reflected in the larger number of diplomatic representatives it has sent abroad several of whom have been raised to am bassadorial rank basically however canada’s econ omy depends on that of the united states and in matters of trade also on that of the united king dom evidence of this is given in plans for reconver sion canada’s reconversion while simpler than ours so far as the number of industrial plants is con cerned is complicated by the need to await actual reconversion and re equipment in the united states before similar measures can be adopted in canada nor are canadians unaware of the problems created by their geographic position between the united states on the south and russia on the north framing foreign policy it is these facts internal developments and the strategic position occupied by canada which explain the nature of its current proposals on foreign affairs canadians tend to think of their post war policy in terms almost sole ly of defense of the north atlantic and north pa cific areas respectively this policy springs from the new found sense of independent action and probably also from isolationist sentiment which persists in some areas although proud of their con tribution in the present world wide struggle they find it difficult to perceive any future canadian inter est in such regions as the middle east or even in the southwest pacific despite the fact that two sister do minions are located there canadians recognize the need for a strong united kingdom but largely as a great air base off the european continent they also recognize the ultimate strength of the united states and have a consequent desire to continue the col laboration with this country for mutual defense developed during the present war at the same time there is an evident inability in canada to project into the post war period what in essence are inter commonwealth or even world wide page three what kind of peace with non nazi germany should allies establish military administration will russia share in administration read what future for germany by vera micheles dean 25c foreign po icy reports vol xviii no 22 reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 commitments today however much canada may in sist on retaining constitutional authority in any com monwealth development it will be no less affected by future events within the commonwealth than in the critical days of 1939 certainly the reasons which gave rise to the smuts halifax statement and the earlier curtin proposals for centralization still remain the london conference did not meet britain’s need for assured strength with respect to other great powers since canada desires a strong united kingdom it should have a natural concern in this matter world wide commitments yet canada hesitates to make further commitments although it is true that government officials are on record along with those of the other united nations in favor of a post war international organization at present it is felt united nations plans are very vague and tend to suggest re creation of a balance of power system which is contrary to canada’s ideas yet canada be lieves the great powers must take the lead in estab lishing an international security organization and would be prepared to adhere to such an organization if established canada is not without effective bar gaining power in excess even of its potential strength strategically located at the crossroads of future air traffic its policies in the field of international avia tion may well prove decisive perhaps less effective will be its bargaining power in freeing international trade from the onerous restrictions represented by the ottawa imperial preferences and the american tariff for canada’s dependence on foreign trade will inevitably lead it in the direction of liberalizing trade it is to be hoped that the great powers may elaborate a broad security framework wherein coun tries such as canada may find their proper and satis factory position if the wider security basis of an international organization is not provided the in ternal contradictions expressed in canada’s policies would eventually defeat its long term interests grant s mcclellan the nazi economic system by otto nathan durham north carolina duke university press 1944 4.00 a former adviser to the german ministry of economics presents the most comprehensive available study of the nazi economy which he describes as a totalitarian system of government control within the framework of private property and private profit contrasting it with complete state ownership or a democratically planned economy the americas and tomorrow by virginia prewett new york e p dutton and company 1944 3.00 a discussion of inter american cooperation and what it should mean foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 34 jung 9 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lust secretery vana micue es duan editor envered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ee 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor piceaayntene sn ete an tom 2 4 7 e is as sean eae eine a ee a nn te sep ne artis siie aire sim ir aan wwe pi re washington news letter revolutions test good neighbor policy while the attention of the united states is neces sarily focused on theatres of war in europe and asia the administration is fully aware of the need of cementing our relations with the countries of latin america some of which have recently dis played tendencies unfriendly to the good neighbor policy since the spanish falange has energetic although small new world outposts which spread propa ganda unfriendly to this country president roose velt found it wise on may 30 to say he believes that spain’s activities as a neutral have been less than satisfactory for reasons of expediency both this country and britain are dealing gently with spain in public but while the franco régime is weaker than a year ago the falange dominates the spanish gov ernment and complacency toward franco is inter preted as complacency toward the falange thus latin america remains in the foreground of our foreign policy among the reasons why secretary of state hull on june 1 gave assurances that small na tions will be kept on a position of equality with all others is that it is a basic fact of the good neigh bor policy that the small and large nations of the americas are equals in international decisions interamerican test in ecuador the ecuadorean revolution of may 29 which forced the resignation of dr carlos arroyo del rio and the installation of dr josé maria velasco ibarra as his successor provides a double test of inter american political cooperation resolution 22 of the rio de janeiro conference of 1942 calls for consultation among the american republics on the question of recognizing governments which take office as the re sult of force the republics therefore promptly set in motion the machinery of consultation on the change in ecuador the revolution also raised the question whether the new government would abide by the inter american settlement of the ecuadorean peruvian boundary dispute on may 21 on may 8 dr velasco ibarra in an interview in bogota ex pressed his willingness to accept the settlement which transferred to peru territory formerly claimed by ecuador no indication has come that the consultation un der resolution 22 will result in nonrecognition of the new ecuadorean government the revolution which broke out under military leadership a few days before the date set for the presidential election had its origin in domestic affairs and apparently no outside influences were at work ecuadoreans have for victory been irked by the economic instability of their coun try which is suffering from inflation and del rio angered some of the population by keeping in exile velasco ibarra leader of the democratic alliance and his strongest potential opponent in the scheduled elections the revolutionary president promised to deliver the country to a constitutional assembly which presumably will choose a constitutional pres ident the danger of current revolutions in latin amer ica is that they might bring to the fore nationalists eager to embarrass the united states this fortunate ly did not prove to be the case in el salvador where the revolution of may 8 replaced general maximili ano hernandez martinez in the presidency with senator andres ignacio menendez cuba’s election constitutional processes in cuba on june 2 won the position of president elect for dr ramén grau san martin whose opponent in the elections was the government coalition candi date dr carlos saladrigas president after the revo lution which overthrew gerardo machado in 1933 grau then was not favored by the united states and in 1934 lost his post to fulgencio batista whom he will now succeed it is encouraging for the future of democratic institutions in cuba that president ee batista accepted the defeat of his candidate in a constitutional manner at present bolivia is the foremost problem in inter american affairs and the new world republics are reconsidering their refusal to recognize the revo lutionary government of gualberto villaroel the governments of brazil chile and peru are reported to have notified washington that nonrecognition puts difficulties in the way of necessary dealings with bolivia while the united states is eager to coop erate with the other republics in this matter its policy must be determined by the facts in the case which have just been examined on the spot by avra warren united states ambassador to panama the departure from the villaroel government of paz estenssoro and others accused of acting as agents for interests outside bolivia unfriendly to good neighborliness has paved the way for secretary hull to amend if the administration wishes him to his earlier announcement that the united states would not deal with the régime the government of gen eral edelmiro farrell in argentina which is follow ing an increasingly nationalistic policy will continue to go unrecognized however blair bolles buy united states war bonds 191 vol fre t torily the 9 a was the i have the part doul the libe l velt ger ingt rad thi s reta whe di lib ord der me +n 1933 ites and hom he future resident te ina slem in epublics ne revo el the eported gnition gs with o coop tter its he case by avra na nent of agents good ry hull to his would f gen follow ontinue lles ds yun 19 1944 entered as 2nd class matter fam 3 wa ge weet ann arbor michican sz general library university of michigan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiii no 35 june 16 1944 french political issues unresolved as allied armies advance the invasion of france which according to al lied military authorities is proceeding satisfac torily the advance of the allies into northern italy the russian offensive in finland launched on june 9 and the visit of polish premier mikolajczyk to washington where he arrived on june 5 all reveal the increasingly obvious fact that the united nations have been less successful in solving the political than the military problems of invasion this has proved particularly true in those areas of europe where doubts exist as to the character and composition of the governments that may assume power following liberation from nazi rule u.s policy on france president roose velt’s announcement on june 11 that he had invited general de gaulle now in london to visit wash ington in the near future does not foreshadow any tadical change in this country’s policy toward france this policy has been most recently expressed by sec retary of state hull in his radio address of april 9 when he said that he and president roosevelt were disposed to see the french committee of national liberation exercise leadership to establish law and order under the supervision of the allied comman der in chief general eisenhower mr hull’s state ment was implemented by general eisenhower who in his proclamation of june 9 to the citizens of france declared that it will be for the french people to provide their own civil administration and to safeguard my troops by the effective maintenance of law and order he added that members of the french military mission attached to me presum ably representing the french committee of national liberation will furnish assistance to this end once victory has been achieved he said the french people will be free to choose at the earliest possible moment under democratic methods and conditions the government under which they wish to live to dispel the latent fear that the allies might use some collaborationists general eisenhower said that those who have made common cause with the enemy and so betrayed their country will be re moved in spite of these declarations many americans continue to be puzzled by the reluctance of the wash ington administration to recognize the french com mittee in algiers if not as the de jure government of france at least as a provisional régime subject to review by the french people through freely held elections one explanation is that president roose velt has found it difficult to obtain the cooperation of general de gaulle who is not an easy person to deal with far more significant is mr roosevelt's profound conviction based on information he con siders to be authentic that there are many people in france who while stubbornly hostile to the nazis and to the vichy régime are not ready for a variety of reasons to accept general de gaulle acting on this conviction the president is said to feel that our future relations with france will be far more en dangered by recognition of de gaulle and his arrival on french territory under our auspices than by his non recognition this clearly is a matter of judg ment and opinion only when france’s principal cities have been liberated and the french people are free to make their views known without fear or favor will it be possible to say whether the president has been correct in estimating what is admittedly a highly complex situation meanwhile the united states has probably gone as far as is now practicable in giving the french committee of national libera tion top priority so to speak to re establish civilian administration in the wake of allied invasion sub ject to the emergence of other patriotic groups which may not see eye to eye with de gaulle dissatisfaction in algiers this only partial and all too often grudging acknowledg ment of the role general de gaulle has played since ua bs ih y af 4 ie ta way an 4 bt ve t ag f aa an ee oe le id i ee ee oe ok s a ee 6 beaut re ert a the darks days of june 1940 as spokesman for the free french is understandably displeasing to the general and many of his supporters the already tense situation has not been made any more easy by the sensitiveness of the french who after suffering so maaan from military defeat are now eager to demonstrate their independence and recover their national prestige americans have not always been sufficiently aware of this sensitiveness nor have they always displayed the infinite tact and patience re quired under the circumstances now that the allies are actually on french soil it is also natural that general de gaulle should want to assert as much authority as possible by declaring that his committee is the provisional government of france and by pro testing as he did on june 10 against administra tion of liberated france by the allied commander in chief it is unfortunate that owing to this deadlock the united states and britain were unable to work out with de gaulle in advance the details of post invasion civilian administration as has been done in the case of belgium holland and norway one of the many issues that may arise between the french committee which regards itself as trustee for the french people and the allied high command is the use of special allied currency which has not been sanctioned by the committee and which it threatens to repudiate another issue is the refusal so far of the united states to restrict expenditures by american troops in france american soldiers draw much higher pay than their british and canadian comrades and unlike them do not have part of their ay withheld at home as a result american troops in north africa as in other areas where they are stationed have spent freely thus causing a sharp rise in prices and the practical disappearance of many consumers goods with consequent hardship and re sentment on the part of french and native inhab itants general de gaulle wants to prevent a similar development on a much larger scale in france and it would have been a gracious gesture for the united states to have complied with his request american military commanders however apparently fear that restrictions on the use of soldiers pay might lower the morale of their forces and have chosen what they regard as the lesser of two evils page two policy toward finland and poland complex and painful as are the issues at stake in our relations with france they are at least subject in some measure to decision by the united states far more delicate is the present state of our relations with finland and poland both of which are now in the path of actual or potential russian offensives and are regarded by the u.s.s.r as within its zone of strategic security the united states which unlike russia and britain is not at war with finland ap parently decided to place the finns in the category of enemy belligerents following helsinki’s decision to reject moscow’s peace terms and on june 10 the state department referred to the pro german sym pathies of the finnish government and its leaders some observers believe that the russian offensive may force the resignation of premier linkomies whose government declined to make peace with russia and the establishment of a more conciliatory régime caught in a cross fire between two hostile great powers germany and russia the finns who have enjoyed traditional sympathy in this country are paying the price paid by many other small na tions for their inability to preserve freedom of action in a world at war similar difficulties face the govern ment of premier mikolacjzyk that claims to have the support of the polish underground but has been un able to come to terms with moscow which mean while reiterates its desire for a strong friendly po land in the post war world both the finns and poles know from bitter experi ence that they can expect short shrift from the nazis but their centuries old controversies with russia do not promise them a happier post war alternative united states can give them some assurance that they will be able to enjoy relative freedom once ger many has been defeated such freedom they can en unless russia in collaboration with britain and the joy only if the great powers themselves feel secure against the renewal of german aggression the events of every succeeding day make it more and more clear that if the united nations are to work out the problems of political strategy successfully they must speed the creation of an international organization which would offer some measure of security to all nations great and small vera micheles dean italian political changes point toward democratic revival as allied troops sweep north of rome in pursuit of the routed germans the italian political situation is entering a new phase the more important posi tion now secured by the six parties comprising the committee of national liberation suggests that they acted wisely last april when they swallowed their distaste for the king and premier badoglio in order to win a greater voice in the settlement of italian affairs recent changes also indicate that the allies are allowing the italian parties considerable leeway in reshaping the administration even though the greater part of the country remains a theatre of wat change without crisis the liberation of rome on june 4 was followed by a series of signifi cant events on june 5 king victor emmanuel ill withdrew from public life in accordance with his promise of april 12 that he would retire when allied troops entered rome although not actually pressi that h the sl it brigh fact t tule able nazis allie who with fifth north ized ceivir from conte a bac wher nd ap ategory lecision 10 the in sym aders ffensive komies e with iliatory hostile 1s who ountry all na f action povern ave the een un mean dly po experi nazis ssia do mative ind the ce that ce ger can en secure n the re and 9 work ssfully ational ure of jean val leeway gh the of war tion of signif uel til ith his when ctually ee abdicating the king designated his son crown prince humbert as his lieutenant general to exer cise all royal prerogatives on june 8 when hum bert badoglio and leaders of the six parties arrived in rome from naples it became apparent that the continuance of badoglio as premier would be in acceptable to the popular groups consequently on june 9 ivanoe bonomi 71 year old liberal chairman of the committee of national liberation in rome replaced badoglio and set to work on the organization of a coalition government continuing the régime established at salerno but on a broader basis the new premier who had been ac tive in politics in pre fascist days and lived in retire ment during mussolini’s rule declared that the pro gram of his cabinet would be to bring back de mocracy to italy to do away with everything fascist and to see that the war effort continues while ex pressing appreciation of badoglio’s efforts he stated that his government would not include anyone with the slightest tinge of fascism italians aid own liberation the brightest aspect of the italian domestic scene is the fact that despite more than two decades of fascist tule some sections of the italian people have proved able to organize effective resistance against the nazis in rome as in naples many months ago allied troops were welcomed by italian guerrillas who had already played a valuable role in interfering with german communications while general clark's fifth army was approaching the city moreover in northern italy guerrillas are engaged in well organ ized activity to drive out the germans and are re ceiving arms explosives food clothing and money from the allies the italian people on whom much contempt was lavished because they fought badly in a bad cause give evidence of knowing how to fight when the cause is their own the italian reaction against fascism and the nazis helps to explain the spirit of president roosevelt's tadio address of june 5 on the fall of rome when page three for a survey of the post war objectives of belgium czechoslovakia france greece the netherlands norway poland and yugoslavia read post war programs of europe’s underground by winifred n hadsel 25c foreign policy reports vol xix no 17 reports afe issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 he said we want and expect the help of the future italy toward lasting peace all the other nations op posed to fascism and nazism ought to help to give italy a chance he indicated also that the allies had planned carefully for economic relief in rome and other liberated areas of italy hoping that such aid will be an investment for the future there can be no doubt that smooth handling of italian problems of livelihood by the allies in cooperation with the bonomi cabinet will make it much easier to deal with new political issues the road ahead it must be recognized that italy is still only in the early stages of its reawaken ing and that the thorniest problems of political unity and economic reconstruction remain to be faced yet it is worth noting that the issue of the king which loomed so large several months ago seems no longer to stand in the way of governmental action the future of the house of savoy however appears in creasingly doubtful especially since the sections of the country where anti monarchist sentiment 1s strongest still remain to be liberated an indication of the current trend of feeling may be seen in the fact that the new cabinet unlike the one established in salerno has taken an oath of loyalty to the nation not to the throne only after the full liberation of the country in cluding the industrialized north with its densely pop ulated politically active cities will it really be pos sible to judge accurately the strength and character of the forces at play meanwhile it is to be ex pected that the bonomi cabinet will itself undergo reorganization as more and more of italy is freed the important fact today is that the incorporation of rome into the territory reclaimed from the nazis has taken place without a political crisis although not without significant political changes whatever difficulties the future may bring this is a good sign not only for italy but also for the allies who at a time of great battles could ill afford to face the type of political crisis that existed several months ago lawrence k rosinger my revolutionary years by madame wei tao ming new york scribner’s 1943 2.75 absorbing autobiography of the wife of the chinese ambassador to the united states covering the period from her participation in terroristic activity against the manchus down to recent years the use of presidential power 1789 1943 by george fort milton boston little brown and company 1944 3.00 by describing how presidents have acted in critical in stances the author gives a good idea of the way in which constitutional powers have been interpreted foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 35 jung 16 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f legt secretary vera micuetes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year one month for change of address on membership publications please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year erp 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor i i ad q one ee ca ne a a ont a ah ene a ee eee washington news letter debate opens on forms of world organization the administration will be faced during the com ing presidential campaign with the problem of con vincing the american people that its program for post war organization of the world is safe and wise doubts are being expressed here and in britain that lasting peace can be founded on the system of great power control of world affairs through an executive council such as that advocated on may 23 by prime minister churchill and thought to be supported by president roosevelt the american debate on the nature of collabora tion is getting under way on the eve of conversations among representatives of the united states britain russia and china looking toward agreement on the great power council method of world organization these talks are expected to begin in july mean while the british foreign office is reported to op pose churchill's suggestion that three regional com mittees responsible to the great power council be set up to assist in preserving order a committee for europe a committee for the far east and a com mittee for the americas it is feared that should such a committee be set up in europe it might de velop into a balance of power arrangement some members of the british foreign office also ask how canada a british dominion would fit into an organ ization of the american republics in the far east china is the only country available to control the committee and it is thought that china may not be ready for such a task republican senatorial doubts to im prove the prospects for adoption by this country of the administration program secretary of state hull has opened conversations with selected democratic and republican members of the house of repre sentatives headed by speaker sam rayburn and minority leader joseph w martin these executive legislative meetings followed talks between mr hull and eight senators who president roosevelt said on may 30 conducted themselves on a high level of non partisanship during the discussion however the administration’s hopes that the sen atorial talks would result in outspoken bi partisan acceptance of the post war program have not been realized alone among the republican members of the senatorial liaison committee warren austin of vermont has indicated approval of the hull pro posals on june 6 he advocated immediate establish ment of a world organization on the basis of an agreement among the united states britain russia and china other minority members of the commit for victory tee arthur vandenberg and wallace white repub licans and robert m lafollette jr progressive remain unconvinced that the program is workable they declined mr hull’s invitation to sign a state ment approving the program debate is forecast while many leading political figures might oppose the administration's program because they would oppose any form of collaboration it is nevertheless true that a debate is developing among sincere friends of international action concerning the nature and purpose of col laboration the principal issue at stake is whether the international organization which the nations in tend to set up will have a broad or narrow purpose admiral william d leahy the president's chief of staff indicated on june 5 that the administration thinks the proposed world organization should have narrow objectives in a speech at mt vernon iowa he said that the organization should be simple and directed solely toward preventing international war he added that it should not be burdened with the extra tasks assigned to the league of nations which tried to accomplish too many things in an approach to the millenium leahy’s views run counter to those of sumner welles former undersecretary of state who in an address in new york city on may 18 deplored the failure of the united states britain and russia to formulate a political agency represen tative of all the united nations the republican convention undoubtedly will throw some light on the political effect of the cur rent debate and perhaps influence the administration in the international conversations senator vanden berg expressed the view on april 28 that the re publicans would stand on the mackinac resolution of last september which stated the need for col laboration so long as it does not impair this coun try’s sovereignty gov thomas e dewey leading candidate for the republican nomination spoke on april 28 in favor of international collaboration on a basis of equality among all the nations while lt comdr harold e stassen has advocated a broad in ternational agency to accomplish a variety of objec tives beyond the limited task of keeping the peace by force the public statements of another candidate for the republican nomination governor john bricker indicate that he favors the use of sovereign armies of the major states to enforce peace but opposes an international police force blair bolles buy united states war bonds 1918 +stration ld have 1 lowa ple and ral war vith the 3 which pproach inter to tary of on may t britain epresen ly will the cur istration v anden the re solution for col is coun leading oke on on ona hile lt road in f objec e peace indidate rr john yvereign ace but illes ds weriobical room enbral librai 1944 uty of mich dun 24 1944 entered as 2nd class matter geaeral library university of michigan ann arbor nichigan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiii no 36 june 28 1944 allied guarantee of elections way out of french impasse he battle of france in which the germans are experiencing the full weight of allied power on land sea and in the air has a political counter part in the controversy now raging about the future government of france it would be a sad paradox if at the moment when the prospect of crushing nazism appears at last within reach the united na tions should succumb to the very kind of dissension among themselves which made hitler’s initial tri umphs possible french too pay for victory at the tisk of repetition it may be useful to recapitulate some of the points that are causing most friction be tween the united states and the french committee of national liberation in algiers the allied high command selected france as the first of the con quered countries through which to strike at nazi germany this decision presumably was dictated not by sentiment but by purely strategic considera tions the fact that the first battle for western eu rope is being fought on french soil means that the french people are suffering loss of life and property not only at the hands of the germans but most trag ically at the hands of their allies and liberators the predicament in which we are thus placed was part of hitler’s design for defense of his new order thinking frenchmen realize that there is no other way of liberating france than by trans forming it once more into a battlefield at the same time americans should not expect abject grati tude from the french true we too are losing lives and property in france yet if a debt of gratitude exists between the two countries it is surely a self liquidating debt for if it had not been for the re sistance of the conquered peoples under conditions of suffering and terror most of us cannot even imagine neither russia nor britain nor the united states would have much chance today of breaching hitler's fortress of europe whom will france choose general de gaulle believes and claims that the resistance movement in france supports the french committee of national liberation which he heads and wants britain the united states and russia to recognize his committee as the provisional government of france until such time as the french people have had an opportunity to express their choice in free elec tions he apparently hoped that such recognition would be accorded not later than d day and his dis appointment at washington’s refusal to alter its policy explains his derogatory remarks of june 10 concerning allied preparations for the civilian ad ministration of france during the period of hostil ities these remarks in turn unquestionably hard ened washington in its determination to proceed with the course it had previously mapped out washington’s non recognition of de gaulle how ever does not solve the problem of our relations with france the chief issue as indicated before is that president roosevelt is convinced the french anti nazis are by no means overwhelmingly in favor of de gaulle and prefers to leave the choice of a government to the untrammeled decision of the french people so far as can be determined the president's views which are opposed by many or gans of opinion in britain and the united states have won the acquiescence of prime minister churchill but not of foreign secretary eden the practical difficulty presented by washington’s policy and one emphasized by de gaullists is that a considerable period of time may elapse before elec tions can be held in france although de gaulle has promised woman's suffrage voting is still restricted to men and at the present time nearly two million frenchmen are prisoners of war in germany and probably two million more are working there at see french political issues unresolved as allied armies advance foreign policy bulletin june 16 1944 ea ee eet eo ee ne a a ima ss ne oa mepnce ap actin so ee ee ee ee ee re ee oe rag eee oe saaiaiaialamneen forced labor until these men have been repatriated and have had an opportunity to vote some interim regime must be entrusted with authority if france is not to fall prey to chaos or be placed under the administration of an allied governing commission the president secretary of state hull and gen eral eisenhower have indicated in a series of state ments that they are ready to have representatives of the french committee of national liberation assist the allies in the re establishment of civilian admin istration but have not recognized the committee as the exclusive source of authority this partial con cession is not acceptable to general de gaulle what other elements may the allies find to work with as they proceed into france washington may hope to reconstitute what it would regard as legitimate au thority by restoring to power president lebrun who has not left france and certain prominent political leaders such as edouard herriot whose death has been alternately reported and denied but in any such regime general de gaulle and his supporters some of whom previously either held office in france or have been members of parliament would doubtless play a part leaving aside any sentimental or legal considerations it would seem expedient not to alienate irretrievably the french committee on the other hand in fairness to the united states it should be said that the french as so often in the past are by no means in agreement among them selves so far as can be judged by those living in exile concerning the regime they want to see estab lished following liberation it is also regrettable that some extremist newspapers in algiers in the heat of conflict have attributed washington’s non recognition policy to imperialistic motives it is con ceivable that once an international organization has been created it might be thought desirable to inter nationalize certain strategic key points all over the globe among them dakar but there is no indication that this country has any desire either to acquire or exercise influence over any of the french colonies one point however must be mentioned in this connection france obviously was not prepared in 1939 to defend either its empire overseas or its own territory in europe against enemy attack it could be argued from this that france on the eve of this page two tl et war was no longer a great power and must expec to be treated as a country which requires outside protection the french however do not want to be regarded as charity wards of the western powers they know that the british too were not prepared to defend singapore nor the americans pearl har bor the french want to play a part in post war europe commensurate not with their physical re sources which in terms of manpower industrial development and military preparation are admitted ly not those of a great power but with the spiritual influence france has so long and so effectively exer cised throughout the world in the final analysis perhaps the crux of de gaulle’s controversy with the united states lies right here considering himself the trustee of a prostrate country he refuses to ac cept on its behalf a role he does not consider worthy of its brilliant past or of the future he believes it can anticipate personal ambition may well be as some critics claim the key to his character but at some points personal ambition becomes inextricably intertwined with his ambitions for france is there a way out if the united states and britain should decide to recognize the french committee of national liberation as the provisional government of france it would be desirable in fairness to non de gaullists to make recognition subject to an allied guarantee that free elections will be held as soon as practically possible in view of de gaulle’s intransigence in previous negotiations however it is doubtful that he would acquiesce in this condition yet only some such guarantee could reassure american officials who fear that the french committee of liberation once recognized as a pro visional government might indiscriminately punish all frenchmen who willingly or unwillingly worked with the vichy regime the existing dilemma is made all the more poignant by reports that many of the frenchmen met by the allies of normandy have become prey to political apathy after four years of german rule it thus seems equally in the interest of de gaulle and of britain and the united states that an agreement about civilian administration of france should be reached at the earliest possible moment as the first step toward the country’s reconstruction vera micheles dean will u.s gains in pacific offset japanese drives in china the most impressive aspect of the bombing of japan by b 29 superfortresses the landings on saipan in the marianas and the shooting down of over 300 japanese planes which attacked our supporting task force in that area on june 18 is that these actions have been executed almost simultaneously with the invasion of western europe our ability to strike effectively in both theatres at the same time is a tribute not only to the united states armed forces the american produc tion line and the war effort of our allies but also to the judgment of those top political and military leaders who in the darkest days adhered firmly to the strategy of concentrating first of all on the defeat of germany this firmness in the midst of near disaster lies behind the calm assurance of president roosevelt's statement of june 12 that by carrying out our orig detail that tion that ago os am a 7 t expect outside nt to be powers repared url har ost war sical re dustrial mitted spiritual ly exer analysis with the himself s to ac worthy lieves it be as but at tricably d states french visional able in gnition ons will view of tiations iesce in e could french s a pro punish worked mma is nany of dy have years of erest of tes that f france noment ruction dean a produc but also military irmly to e defeat ster lies osevelt’s ur orig jnal strategy of eliminating our european enemy frst and then turning all our strength to the pacific we can force the japanese to unconditional surrender ot to national suicide much more rapidly than has been thought possible there was it is worth not ing a long period of a'year and a half or more after pearl harbor when a different view of strategy was advanced in many quarters when some military men members of congress and average citizens con tended that america’s real war was the war against japan this demand was also backed by the isolation ist section of the press which regarded the japan first issue as an opportunity for sowing distrust of britain and russia and criticising the war policies of the administration today it is only proper to record that the strategy adopted by the high command has proved correct and that by taking the road to berlin we have also moved much closer to tokyo progress against japan a glance at the details of the military situation in the pacific reveals that we have now entered the stage of aerial attri tion against japan and that our position is similar to that we occupied with respect to germany two years ago but there is a difference for even though the june 15 bombings of japan’s largest steel mills at yawata cannot be expected to lead to daily attacks on the japanese homeland for some time to come the general outlook is incomparably more favorable to our side than when we began to launch our aerial offensive against germany the invasion of saipan on june 14 is our strong est challenge so far to the japanese navy which after long avoiding combat may now come out to fight saipan has stiff defenses and according to pre liminary estimates may contain upwards of two japanese divisions but american troops have al feady captured an airdrome and made important advances once the island is in our hands however it will furnish a valuable base for air attacks on japan tokyo is 1,465 statute miles distant and possibly prove a springboard for further incursions into jap anese island outposts mindanao in the philippines lies 1,470 statute miles to the southwest and for mosa 1,663 statute miles to the northwest these are great distances but the united states navy has a vast range as indicated by the fact that saipan is over 1,100 statute miles from eniwetok in the mar shalls hitherto our most advanced central pacific base we have learned to overcome distances in a far more decisive fashion than ever seemed likely in the days when the virtues of island hopping were a subject of popular debate page three china hard pressed the gloomy part of the far eastern front is on the asiatic continent it is true that the japanese are being pushed out of india worn down in northern burma and driven back by the chinese in yunnan the province of the burma road but in central china the enemy has taken the important economic and communications center of changsha according to a chinese an nouncement of june 20 it is still too early to say whether the japanese will be able to retain the city but the situation is grave for as american striking power grows tokyo seems determined either to knock china out of the war or to make the use of chinese territory by the united nations as difficult as possible the capture of changsha may deprive chungking of vital areas strengthen japan’s hold on the south china coast where the united states navy hopes ultimately to effect landings and cause the loss of advanced american air bases on the central china front yet it is possible to be overly pessimistic for the situation in china although serious must be judged in terms of the war as a whole nothing seems more unlikely than that the chinese armies and their lead ers who have kept themselves in the ring on both feet for seven years will give up the fight when vic tory is in sight the chinese know that however dificult coming months may be japan cannot win japan on the defensive whatever of fensives the japanese may carry through in china it must be recognized that tokyo is basically on the defensive although there is no justification for com placency on our part history may well record of japan as in previous years of its enemies that its chief weakness is expressed in the phrase too little and too late the drives that have been launched in china might have brought catastrophe to the united nations cause if they had taken place in the sum mer of 1942 in a swift follow up to tokyo's seizure of southeast asia now two years later no such out come is possible what is at stake is not victory but the length of time necessary for the united nations to achieve it and the condition in which china will emerge from the conflict these considerations how ever are appreciated in both washington and lon don and it may be expected that japan will con tinue to feel the maximum weight we can throw against it lawrence k rosinger washington broadcast by the man at the microphone garden city doubleday doran 1944 2.50 gossip of well known and less well known persons foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 36 jung 23 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f luger secretary vera micueces dean editor entered as wcond class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least ne month for change of address on membership publications ee ai f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter polish premier makes good impression the polish government in london is following here that the polish government in london desires with special interest the development of washing the annexation of east prussia and upper silesia ton’s official attitude toward general de gaulle for the russians have already indicated in their state the poles see a similarity between their differences ment of january 11 1944 that they favor giving with the soviet union and de gaulle’s differences east prussia and upper silesia to poland the chief with the united states both poland and france are issue at stake between the russians and the poles jg counted among the united nations both are battle that moscow disapproves of some polish officials fields in the final allied drive to crush the nazis notably minister of national defense kukiel who the groups which consider themselves the author was responsible for the accusation of april 16 1943 ities of poland and france the polish government that russians had murdered poles at katyn min in london and the french national committee in ister of information kot who was polish ambassa algiers are not recognized by the nations whose dor to russia in 1941 and general kazimier military forces are advancing across territory over sosnkowski the polish commander in chief the which the two groups respectively claim jurisdiction poles for their part feel that moscow’s open dis the polish government is eager to obtain from the approval of these officials constitutes interference in soviet union an agreement on civil administration their affairs the polish cabinet meanwhile has yet home ee te e a ee ate or gah os oe rita ss ce hy if i ae aa tlie during hostilities just as the french national com mittee is eager to obtain such an agreement from the united states and britain conciliatory spirit reported the prospect for the poles is not bright although the nine day visit here of polish prime minister stanislaw mikolajczyk brought his government and the wash ington administration into closer harmony on the one hand the scrupulous attention the white house and the state department paid to the protocol de mands of the visit in tendering the prime minister a state dinner and granting him long audiences with our highest officials pleased the poles and may im press the russians on the other hand the reason ableness mikolajczyk displayed concerning the dif ficult problems involved in re establishing diplo matic relations between his government and russia pleased washington the prime minister correctly understood that the united states will not jeopardize its relations with russia by a split over the polish question and he accepted that attitude the decision about poland’s future lies with russia the russian polish controversy hinges on the question of sovereign relations between states rather than on specific boundary questions the russians who are said to have been impressed by the support the polish underground gives the exiled government are reported willing to reach a compromise about their proposal of january 11 1944 for a boundary drawn on the basis of the curzon line and willing also to permit poland to retain the city of lwow and the oil and potash fields southeast of that city premier mikolajczyk made it plain during his visit for victory buy united states war bonds to act on a resolution submitted by the national council in london on may 17 1944 barring sos nkowski from succeeding to the presidency miko lajczyk on his return may seek a purge of the po lish government but it would be easier for him if his action could appear as voluntary and not as taken under russian pressure problem of the underground miko lajczyk himself is persona grata with moscow ac cording to oscar lange university of chicago pro fessor who visited the u.s.s.r with father orle manski lange sought and obtained a conference with mikolajczyk while the prime minister was here mikolajczyk who comes from poznan in western poland lacks the deep rooted distaste for russia felt by eastern poles who recall the days when the rus sians were their masters for mikolajczyk the part the underground is to play in coming events overshadows every other con sideration including the reestablishment of diplo matic relations with russia a general tabor of the underground arrived here from poland almost simultaneously with mikolajczyk and conferred with admiral william d leahy the president's chief of staff and other high military officials about the pos sibility of arming the polish forces in poland but the status of the underground like the future of diplomatic relations is a matter for russian not american determination the washington admin istration can do no more than hope that the russian and polish governments will find a basis for coop eration blair bolles see russia proposes polish border settlement j 4 foreign policy bulletin anuary 1 1944 +ils ho 143 in erz the dis nal iko po 1 if iko ac dr0 irle nce ere tern felt rus s to con plo of nost with f of pos but of not nin sian dop es lletin university of michigan entered as 2nd class matter general library ann arbor michivzan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiii no 37 june 80 1944 allies seek to end pro axis ties of finns and chetniks as the red army continues the offensive it began in white russia on june 23 counterbalancing in the east the allies invasion of europe from the west another portion of the anglo american soviet strategy planned at teheran last december is being carried into effect meanwhile on the diplomatic front the united states and britain are waging po litical warfare alongside the u.s.s.r against fin land and the mikhailovitch faction in yugoslavia on the assumption that no nation or group coop erating with germany regardless of its motives can avoid falling into the enemy camp local wars ruled out the finnish gov ernment has always contended that its present war with russia is a strictly local struggle against an age old enemy and that finland entered into mil itary cooperation with germany for purely defensive purposes entirely unconnected with the conflict be tween the axis and the allies this thesis however proved unacceptable to britain toward the end of 1941 and it has become increasingly unsatisfactory to the united states during the past two years yet the united states has hesitated to break off relations with finlarid because of this country’s old friendship with the pre war finnish democracy and the state department has tried instead to treat finland as a special case the success of this effort depended however on the possibility that the finnish war could be isolated from the allied struggle against the nazis and this no longer proved feasible after the breakdown of russo finnish peace negotiations one of the important indications that the finnish war overlapped with our war against germany ap peared in 1942 when the department of justice dis covered that the finnish information center in new york city was dispensing pro nazi and anti russian information strikingly similar to that heard over the berlin radio an order was given to close the office and at the same time the travel and publicity privileges of members of the finnish legation in washington were curtailed then as german submarines and planes based on petsamo attacked lend lease cargoes bound for murmansk and as nazi divisions in fin land hindered full scale russian attacks on the eastern front the local and world wars became inextricably linked when therefore the u.s.s.r offered definite armistice terms to finland in the spring of 1944 the state department joined with russia in urging the finnish government to get out of the war al though washington realized that the reparations figure of six hundred million dollars named by mos cow was enormous for a country of less than four million people it believed that once finland ac cepted the principle of reparation the helsinki gov ernment with american aid might be able to whittle down the russian bill when the finns refused to accept the russian terms and reports circulated in the finnish press that relations between the united states and russia were so strained that the state department was on the verge of breaking with the u.s.s.r washington experienced increasing difficulties in reconciling its special policy toward finland with its need for al lied solidarity against germany accordingly on june 3 washington put additional pressure on finland to accept an armistice by blacklisting fin nish business firms with connections in the united states and officially referring on june 10 to the finnish government’s censorship of a pro allied newspaper as indicative of its pro german sympa thies the climax of the state department’s refusal to countenance anti russian activities in the present decisive phase of the war against germany was reached when minister procope was handed his pass port on june 16 for actions inimical to the interests of the united states although the armistice proposals reportedly made by russia on june 20 appear to be essentially the pai ries tae le a x same as those presented three months ago the two main obstacles in the way of a russo finnish agree ment persist one of these obstacles consists of the pro nazi sympathies of some members of the present finnish government headed by president ryti and germany's pressure on finland to remain in the war assuming this difficulty could be overcome by a german withdrawal however there would still re main a second difficulty the finns widespread and centuries old fear of russian expansion which might be overcome if moscow were to give the finns con crete assurances that it will adopt a good neighbor policy in the post war period yugoslav impasse broken allied diplo macy has proved more successful in conciliating the opposing sides in yugoslavia than it has been in bringing the finns and russians together according to an announcement made by marshal tito on june 18 a compromise has been reached by the partisans and king peter’s new premier ivan subasitch end ing the impasse which has existed between the two sides for two and a half years although the agree ment is reported to involve such important pro visions as the creation of a new cabinet in exile in cluding partisan members and the holding of a post war election to determine whether or not the people of yugoslavia want a monarchy its single most sig nificant condition is that general mikhailovitch will no longer be a member of king peter’s regime the chetnik leader symbolized the pro serb character of previous yugoslav governments in exile since his military organization is almost exclusively serbian page two es ee in membership and he personally favors a greater serbia rather than a united south slav state the main reason he has been dropped from his position as minister of war however is due not to the na ture of his political views and the relatively smal size of his forces but to the fact that the chetniks have cooperated with the nazis adjustment of the yugoslav problem one of the most complicated and seemingly hopeless european tangles has been achieved on the basis of far reach ing concessions that would have seemed unlikely even a few weeks ago on the one hand king peter completely abandoned his former pro serb and anti partisan political leaders on may 20 and named as premier on june 1 subasitch a croat who has praised tito u the other hand tito has apparent ly retracted his demand repeated as recently as april 30 for allied recognition of his committee of national liberation as the government of yugo slavia and temporarily accepted king peter pending a post war plebiscite on the nation’s form of govern ment although premier subasitch and the par tisans had well matched bargaining power based on the former’s control of yugoslav ships and gold and the latter's large armed force and widespread de facto authority in yugoslavia the strong desire of all three major allies to speed victory by eliminating the pro axis mikhailovitch was an important factor in effecting reconciliation between king peter and tito whinifred n hadsel wallace outlines basis for post war harmony in far east vice president wallace's trip to siberia and china has been one of the most underplayed news events of this dramatic year in the past month mr wallace has visited the chief industrial cities of siberia and has held discussions with generalissimo chiang kai shek and other leading chinese officials he has not only had an opportunity to gain first hand knowledge of areas which can be of great importance in the defeat of japan but his conversations in chungking and possibly in russia may well have involved the threshing out of definite questions rather than a mere exchange of opinions objectives of the trip concretely in the words of a joint chinese american press release of june 24 it was agreed that quick and efficient prose cution of the war against japan is fundamental in chinese american relations and requires mutual assistance in every possible way previously the vice president had voiced his expectation that the next twelve months will be the final year of jap anese aggression in china concerning the problems of peace in the pacific three essential conditions were set forth in the release 1 effective perma nent demilitarization of japan 2 friendly col laboration of china the soviet union united states british commonwealth and other united nations and 3 recognition of the fundamental right of presently dependent asiatic peoples to self govern ment and the early adoption of measures in the political economic and social fields to prepare those dependent peoples for self government within a specified practical time limit the last point prob ably represents the clearest statement yet made by a high american official on the importance attached by public opinion in this country to the ultimate in dependence of colonial asia it is noteworthy that it has been couched in moderate terms so as not to offend the colony holding nations among our allies while expressing in straightforward fashion the in terest of the united states in the development of a free asia bringing chungking and moscow together perhaps the most striking aspect of the vice president’s published activities has been his many of the views expressed by mr wallace in china and siberia have been developed at greater length in his recent pamphlet our job in the pacific new york institute of pacific relations 25c co empha china king 0 pressin dary li would days le contint maint derstat china peace of po peace thi china in wi would wash dosel the and t into t well that tion t woul ingto latior in the the chun many futur how ne plans coope large and i unfir the x as th sour allie pour yc fore headc secon one sou ive be ee emphasis on the need for friendly relations between china and the soviet union on arriving in chung king on june 20 he issued a prepared statement ex ressing the belief that the chinese siberian boun dary like that between the united states and canada would be one of friendship not separation four days later the joint press release declared that the continuance of american chinese friendship and the maintenance of relations on a basis of mutual un derstanding between china and the soviet union china's nearest great neighbor are essential for peace the release added significantly no balance of power arrangement would serve the ends of peace this declaration expresses the self interest of both china and the united states in avoiding a situation in which unsatisfactory chinese russian relations would result in antagonism between moscow and washington the danger of such a development is dosely linked with china’s domestic politics for if the existing sharp differences between chungking and the chinese communists should be projected into the post war period the leading powers might well find themselves aligned on opposite sides in that event the structure of united nations coopera tion built up so laboriously in the course of the war would be gravely threatened this explains wash ington’s urgent desire to promote more friendly re lations between china and russia than have existed in the recent past especially since the willingness of the russians to make war supplies available to chungking on a large scale after the defeat of ger many may be determined by their estimate of the future course of the chinese government how new will the better world be by carl l becker new york knopf 1944 2.50 a distinguished american historian discards utopian plans for world federation and contends that post war cooperation among nations will have to be determined in large part by the old forces of nationalism power politics and imperialism unfinished business by doubleday 1944 3.00 a personal record of the peace conference of 1919 by the man who served president wilson and colonel house as their interpreter important not only as an historical source but as a commentary on international problems the allies are again facing stephen bonsal new york pour years a chronicle of the war by months septem ber 1989 september 1948 by adrian van sinderen new york coward mccann 1944 2.75 one of the very useful chronological guides page three issue of political agreement that mr wallace explored the current political situation with china’s leaders is suggested by the emphasis in the joint press release on china’s intention to estab lish democratic constitutional government after the war moreover mr wallace’s visit apparently oc curred at a time when political discussions between the central government and the communists were going on in the chinese capital it is by no means impossible that the chinese conferees concerning whose activities there have been no press reports since may 24 will be influenced in their decisions by the nature of the vice president’s mission on this as on many other points it is still too early to assess the results of his journey but his state ment of american political aims in asia comes at a time when military progress in the pacific and mil itary difficulties in china require increased attention to long term far eastern issues this is all the more true because the end of the war in the west will make eastern asia and the adjacent waters our primary war front mr wallace's emphasis on close relations among the united states china russia and the british commonwealth his desire to bring mos cow and chungking into greater harmony his en couragement of democratic tendencies within china and his expression of interest in the independence of colonial asia all represent essential aspects of this country’s future policy in the east at the same time americans must not forget that if these aims are to be realized the united states will have to accept its full share of international responsibility failing this any declaration of policy will be as worthless as an overdrawn check lawrence k rosinger the f.p.a bookshelf twentieth century india by kate mitchell and kumar goshal institute of pacific relations new york and webster publishing co st louis dallas and los angeles 1944 40 cents an admirable introduction to india in pamphlet form the authors have touched the high spots of their subject simply and objectively japan a short cultural history by g b sansom new york appleton century 1943 5.00 a slightly revised edition of an indispensable work that has been out of print for some time the author now min ister advisory on far eastern affairs at the british em bassy in washington is distinguished for the felicity of his style and the scientific objective nature of his treat ment white smoke over the vatican by don sharkey mil waukee bruce publishing company 1944 2.00 accurate background information on the government history and physical aspects of the vatican foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 37 june 30 1944 second class matter december 2 tne month for change of address on membership publications 181 published weekly by the foreign policy association headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mc coy president dorothy f lest secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year incorporated national please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor yee aes ee se washington news letter peed beng a y a r u.s presses for aid to refugees while the nazis struggle to defend their euro pean stronghold against the united nations liber ators they continue to persecute jews and political prisoners within that stronghold the swiss news paper neue zuercher zeitung reported on june 17 that german occupation authorities have established at kistarcza hungary a mew concentration camp nicknamed the hungarian dachau the camp according to the newspaper is reserved for the in ternment of political prisoners among them pro allied italian officers who are regarded as hostages to be shot in the event of sabotage in other parts of hungary the lives of almost 1,000,000 jews hang in the balance chairman sol bloom of the house foreign affairs committee told congress on behalf of the committee on june 21 the following day mr bloom introduced a resolution in the house criticizing hungarian official anti semit ism which has taken extreme forms during the past two months on may 2 the hungarian european service broadcast the news in german that in towns in hungary and in the towns in the vicinity of budapest the jews have already been housed in ghettos or will be shortly the broadcast added that the jewish quarter in ujpest will be set up among the factories one reason for locating the jews near factories apparently is to subject them to the risks of allied bombing raids u.s refugee policy hampered although it is doubtful that many will escape the hungarian jews and the prisoners in kistarcza are a special con cern of the united states because they are potential refugees president roosevelt's executive order of january 22 creating the war refugee board stated that the united states government's policy is to take all measures within its power to rescue the vic tims of enemy oppression who are in imminent dan ger of death and otherwise to afford all possible re lief and assistance consistent with the successful prosecution of the war despite a considerable measure of success in its work serious problems confront the war refugee board in carrying out the policy outlined by the president for instance although our ambassador laurence a steinhardt has prevailed on the turkish government to admit refugees who arrive illegally by ship from rumania en route to palestine the turks decline to admit those who flee across the turkish bulgarian land frontier and mr bloom on june 23 introduced a resolution in congress asking for victory secretary of state hull to press turkey for fullg cooperation indicating dissatisfaction with the policy of spaiq respecting refugees representative celler demo crat of new york issued a statement on june 2j blaming not the spanish government but americay ambassador carlton j h hayes whose recall he advocated the spanish government has granted passports to many sephardic jews scattered ove europe and has admitted many frenchmen and state less persons from france but it has followed the policy that refugees within spain should be moved out before others are admitted mr celler said that spain might adopt the policy of some other neutrals notably sweden and switzerland and set up a free port for refugees if the ambassador would 9 much as approach the spanish government unrra camps in middle east during their conference at casablanca in january 1943 president roosevelt and prime minister churchill in company with the french national committee agreed to the establishment of a camp for refuges fleeing europe by way of spain the camp situated at casablanca and named for marshal lyautey is ready to function it will be operated by the united nations relief and rehabilitation administration which on may 1 took over from the middle east relief and refugee administration the operation of six other refugee centers housing approximately 40,500 greek and yugoslav refugees their popula tion is expected soon to increase greatly for 9,000 refugees are leaving the coastal and island areas of greece and yugoslavia every month there are also 100,000 polish refugees in the middle east the middle eastern centers administered by unrra are at moses well el shatt el khatatba and tolumbat in egypt nuseirat in palestine and aleppo in syria by its decision to establish an emergency refugee shelter at fort ontario near oswego new york the united states government has assured asylum fot many more refugees than the 1,000 who according to president roosevelt’s statement to congress of june 12 will be accommodated there some of the other countries which are in a position to care for refugees have indicated they would give asylum if we would the leadership assumed by the united states therefore greatly improves the prospects of our ob taining cooperation from friendly governments im rescuing oppressed persons in the nazi controlled portions of europe blair bolles buy united states war bonds sist of eral mat co it i din +or fulle of spaig demo june 2j americap recall he granted red over ind state wed the e moved said that neutrals a free vould 9 during ry 1943 churchill mumittee refuges situated autey is e united istration idle east ration of ximately popula or 9,000 areas of are also ast the rra are tolumbat in syria refugee w york ylum fot iccording gress of 1e of the care for um if we d states f our ob ments in ontrolled solles yds digal room ral library eniy of mich 7 1944 entered as 2nd class matter jul 121944 na general library university of michigan ann arbor michigan met oe foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiii no 38 juty 7 1944 french underground activities speed understanding with u.s eneral pe gaulle’s visit to washington following close upon the allied capture of the port of cherbourg indicates the rapidity with which events have moved under the impact of military operations the initial allied successes in the field have not only established a base for further opera tions in france but also tend to resolve the crisis in franco allied relations produced at the outset of the invasion when de gaulle refused to allow pre viously designated french liaison officers to accom pany the first invading forces now however lon don reports of june 30 indicate that the british have reached a draft accord with representatives of the french committee of national liberation on cur rency control and the administration of civil affairs in france matters which are doubtless the center of current discussions in washington recognition of underground this improvement of the french political situation has been due as much to the effective role of the re sistance forces within france during the first month of the invasion as to any other single factor gen eral eisenhower's headquarters has testified that the many recent acts of sabotage throughout france contributed directly to the allied success although it is yet too early to determine the degree of coor dinated effort they represent on june 25 supreme headquarters announced the appointment of gen eral joseph pierre koenig hero of the battle of bir hacheim as commander of the french forces of the interior acting directly under general eisenhower in effect this arrangement gives a new status to the underground movement which is now repre sented on the allied staff by an officer close to de gaulle the general and his aides were warmly welcomed during their visit to the normandy beach head but a complete picture of the resistance forces will be available only when the armies of liberation have moved further into france the underground movement is probably more complex than either the pro or anti de gaullists would admit there is both individual and group resistance organized along both social and national lines reports of sabotage in factories and on the railways suggest the combined action of workers who are known to have organized through the framework of the former labor unions the confédération générale du travail and the catholic union confédération francaise des travail leurs chrétiens the most outstanding activity has been that of the maquis and in the past month the germans have found it necessary to use tanks artillery and aircraft against them in their stronghold in the haute savoie region and in south central france east of bordeaux in and near the key city of lyon the maquis seti ously hampered the germans in their attempt to use the rhone valley transport system to move troops and material into the normandy sector similar ac tivity in the paris environs is credited with further delaying german defenses in the territory becween the seine and loire rivers so crucial to the further expansion of allied forces from cherbourg and caen on june 28 the patriots made theit most dramatic move by assassinating the vichy minister of information and propaganda philippe hentiot official french sources in london admit the german claim that this daring act was perpetrated under the direction of the forces of the interior effect on german defenses aside from the immediate aid given to the allied armies the underground will also prove important in its con tinued attacks on german supply lines the allies having secured a sector of the european continent are fighting with what are virtually interior lines of supply from britain the nazi armies will from this point forward experience the difficulties inherent in extended lines of communications the french forces of the interior can be most effective in harass eam im a geet ing the germans in their exposed positions for supply routes bridges and canals which are not actually attacked must be guarded as general koenig organizes and equips the resistance forces they will aid the invasion troops in making the de fensive position of the nazi armies in france in creasingly untenable with the second front a reality and the re open ing of the russian offensive the wehrmacht is more sorely pressed for manpower than at any period during the war for the first time the germans will be unable to release men for the coming harvest either in germany or in those parts of europe that may still be occupied by autumn the year long page two tt er strategic bombings have also presented the germans with problems beyond their control the very notable decline in strength of the luftwaffe may be directly attributed to the air attacks on the ploesti oil fields in rumania and the synthetic gasoline industry jg the reich fear of further allied landings of course immobilizes troops for the full length of the atlantic coast all of these factors but in particular the haz ardous supply situation now that active military op erations are under way in france may necessitate large scale german withdrawals once the allies can expand to the seine and loire rivers in their east ward push grant s mcclellan republican platform shows contradictions on foreign policy in the platform adopted in chicago on june 27 the republican party recognizes that american voters are intent not only on winning this war but also on preventing the recurrence of similar wars in the future as foreshadowed by the mackinac resolu tion of september 7 1943 the party comes out in favor of responsible participation by the united states in post war cooperative organization among sovereign nations to prevent military aggression and to attain permanent peace with organized justice in a free world it rejects the concept of a world state and makes no reference to an international police force instead the platform states that the organiza tion it envisages should develop effective coopera tive means to direct peace forces to prevent or repel military aggression while the phrase peace forces was regarded by some members of the reso lutions committee as ambiguous it is said to have been suggested by senator austin in whose native vermont this phrase is used to describe the police force and could presumably be so interpreted al though spokesmen for the chicago tribune point of view might think otherwise the republican plat form also acknowledges that peace and security do not depend upon the sanction of force alone but should prevail by virtue of reciprocal interests and spiritual values and declares that it shall seek in our relations with other nations conditions cal culated to promote world wide economic stability president roosevelt’s views the gen eral wording of the republican platform on these points does not differ fundamentally from the state ment issued by president roosevelt on june 15 in which he said that the purpose of the international organization he had in mind would be to maintain ce and security and to assist the creation through international cooperation of conditions of stability and well being necessary for peaceful and friendly relations among nations like the republicans the president rejected the idea of a world state we are not thinking he declared of a superstate with its own police forces and other paraphernalia of coer cive power we are seeking effective agreement and arrangements through which the nations would maintain according to their capacities adequate forces to meet the needs of preventing war and of making impossible deliberate preparation for war and to have such forces available for joint action when necessary the republican platform and the president’s statement may be said to represent the furthest limits to which in the judgment of poli tical leaders of both parties the american people would be prepared at this time to go in collaborating with other nations the real test of both declarations will of course be the concrete measures the two parties are prepared to sponsor in order to implement their pledges clause on tariffs disturbing the re publican platform outwardly at least appears to accept the view that the united states can no longer hope to play a lone hand in world affairs and in its own self interest must find ways and means of work ing with other nations in the common tasks of post war reconstruction yet several points in the plat form admittedly as usual a compromise between divergent views make one wonder whether its fram ers realized the implications of the promises they drafted if the republican party intends to promote world wide economic stability should it not whole heartedly support the reciprocal trade agreements the one concrete if modest measure this country took in that direction during the inter war years yet the platform says that henceforth tariffs should be modified only by reciprocal bilateral trade agree ments approved by congress this is a double barreled threat to the reciprocal trade program first the trade agreements sponsored by secretary of state hull while bilateral in character have been multi lateral in effect their benefits being passed on to other nations under the most favored nation clause second the need for congressional approval would jeopardize the program one of whose great advan tages of the to tec press repul trade a re suppc the voted gram gress did a press mn nat recip xermans notable il fields ustry in course atlantic the haz tary op cessitate lies can eir east illan ylicy of coer ent and would idequate and of or wat t action and the sent the of poli 1 people borating larations the two plement the re pears to o longer nd in its of work of post he plat between its fram ses they promote t whole eements itry took yet the ould be e agree pl of the hands of special interest lobbies and entrusted to technical experts true mr dewey at his chicago press conference of june 29 said that he hoped the republicans would continue to carry out the hull trade program which he added has always been a republican policy the voting record does not support the latter part of mr dewey's statement the republican members of both house and senate yoted overwhelmingly against the hull trade pro gram in 1934 when it was first presented to con gress in 1937 and again in 1940 not until 1943 did a majority of the republicans in congress ex press approval of the program two thirds vote clause unfortu nate the emphasis on congressional approval of reciprocal trade agreements is matched by the specific commitment in the party platform that pursuant to the constitution of the united states any treaty or agreement to attain such aims of international or ganization made on behalf of the united states with any other nation or association of nations shall be made only by and with the advice and consent of the senate of the united states provided two thirds of the senators concur not only did the republican party thus pass up the opportunity of proposing a constitutional amendment for the ratification of treaties by a plain majority vote as has been widely urged it also failed to recognize that if as former president hoover predicts there will be a long tran sition period between the cessation of hostilities and the emergence of a more or less peaceful world many undertakings will have to be entered into by the united states which will not have the scope of an overall peace treaty and can be expeditiously undertaken only through executive agreements if every measure this country is to take in cooperation with other nations is to be subjected to the test of a two thirds vote in the senate the prospect of effec tive action by one of the greatest powers in the world would be decidedly dim what is even more disturbing the republican platform reveals the same tendency to apply a double standard in international affairs that has character recall of allied ambassadors the recall last week of american ambassador norman armour from buenos aires for consulta tion in washington accompanied by the similar double m first of state n multi d on to 7 n clause al would it advan 7 fecall of the british ambassador sir david kelley highlights the growing difficulties in relations be tween the united states and argentina this country and britain have declined to recognize the regime of president farrell and have no diplomatic con tacts with that regime this situation is in striking contrast to the decision of the united states britain and eighteen of the american republics to recognize page three tages was that trade negotiations had been taken out ized the pronouncements and actions of both major political parties in the past the republicans declare dquite understandably that they will at all times protect the essential interests and resources of the united states yet they promptly take the liberty of intervening in interests regarded as essential by another nation britain by laying down the law to the british as to the best method of dealing with the thorny problem of palestine what is sauce for the goose should be sauce for the gander if the united states is to insist on all the rights and pre rogatives of sovereignty it is hardly in a position to question the right of other nations to do the same even if on occasion the exercise of sovereignty by other nations shocks or troubles the conscience of americans we should be free to criticize our allies but we should not regard any adjustments they may in turn ask us to make as a derogation of our sovereignty the republicans and the democrats too speak much of sovereignty and envisage the international organization of the future as an association of sov ereign nations but what is sovereignty if the people of this country should in the exercise of their sovereign rights decide that certain adjustments and even sacrifices on the part of the united states in collaboration with other nations will serve the in terests of this country best this would be a proper use of sovereignty as wendell willkie said in his criticism of the republican party on june 26 to use our position of leadership for our own enrichment and that of mankind will not be to weaken the sov ereign power of the american people it will be to widen it and make it more real there now seems little doubt that the thoughtful leaders of both major political parties are aware of the need for participation by the united states in some form of international organization how to pass from words to deeds is the next task that must be faced not only by political leaders but by the entire electorate whose understanding and support will determine the course political leaders will feel both impelled and free to take vera micheles dean underlines argentine crisis on june 23 the government of president villaroel in bolivia six months after the armed revolt that overthrew the pro allied government of general pefiaranda this decision followed the ouster from the bolivian cabinet of several of villaroel’s follow ers who were known to be pro nazi and had been closely associated with argentine officials before they carried out their anti pefiaranda coup on the basis of a report on conditions in bolivia prepared by avra warren american ambassador to panama and submitted to all governments of south and cen a ee 7 eu re ee roto 7 7 ee 6 ees st op ee ss ss sa seana so be smo it pee utr flee to ns ente a ts too nen ee ome eae ont a saaengem ae a see n ter tral american republics without recommendation it was jointly decided to recognize the villaroel re gime at this time without waiting for the general elections which are to be'held on july 2 meanwhile our political relations with argentina are at the lowest ebb they have ever reached al though our economic ties remain close the strict censorship enforced by the farrell regime prevents argentines from learning the views and_policies of the united states for example argentina banned president roosevelt's statement regarding the planned transfer of small naval vessels by the united states to south american countries as well as his statement to congress of june 12 condemning perse cution of jewish and other minorities in europe it is difficult as yet to see how the existing deadlock with page four argentina will be broken argentina is in a fayor able economic position since it has surpluses of meat and wheat which will be needed by the liberated countries of europe the moment hostilities are over and apparently believes it can sit out the war meanwhile former undersecretary of state welles who played an important part in the development of the good neighbor policy has deplored wash ington’s policy toward argentina as the short sighted attempt of the department of state to utilize inter american machinery for the purpose of co ercing the argentine republic adding there is no room for the coercion of any american state by another in the present system of inter american un derstanding sydnor h walker some recent books on russia the russian army its men its leaders and its battles by walter kerr new york knopf 1944 2.75 a competent study of the organization and activities of the russian army by a former moscow correspondent of the new york herald tribune particularly interesting for its analysis of the battles of moscow and stalingrad and its description of guerrilla warfare the growth of the red army by d fedotoff white princeton princeton university press 1944 3.75 a russian born expert on shipping gives a detailed and scholarly history of the development of russia’s armed might from the early days of the bolshevik revolu tion to the present time with special emphasis on recent changes wrought by industrialization and political educa tion of the army russia and post war europe by david j dallin new haven yale university press 1943 2.75 mr dallin a russian socialist who lived in exile from 1911 to 1914 and again from 1921 to the present time explores the motives and methods of the soviet govern ment in international affairs although throughout his book he takes the view that russia has far reaching terri torial and spheres of influence objectives in europe he comes to the conclusion that an alliance with the great nations of the west rather than with the multitude of small nations in eastern europe accords better with russia’s needs as well as with the national sentiments in the country have the reciprocal agreements aided u.s trade what effect has war had on the trade program read reciprocal trade program and post war reconstruction by howard p whidden jr 25c april 1 1943 issue of foreign poxicy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 the siege of leningrad by boris skomorovsky and e g morris new york books inc distributed by e p dutton company 1944 2.50 this little book pieced out of letters diaries verses and stories written by the courageous inhabitants of lenin grad of all ages and in different walks of life conveys in spite of its unevenness a vivid feeling of the trials undergone during the german siege and the spirit with which these trials were faced the russian enigma an interpretation by william henry chamberlin new york scribner’s 1943 2.75 a veteran interpreter of russia who never hesitates to speak his mind summarizes the main trends of the coun try’s development under soviet rule and expresses the hope that there will emerge out of the present ordeal of humanity in which the russian people have played a heroic part a free russia an integral and inseparable part of a free world what russia wants by joachim joesten new york world book company distributed by duell sloan and pearce 1944 2.50 the author german born assistant editor of newsweek anlayzes russia’s territorial problems with its neighbors west and east and views their adjustment in a hopeful spirit on the theory that where there’s a will there's a way russia and the united states by pitirim a sorokin new york literary classics distributed by e p dutton and company 1944 3.00 professor sorokin russian born chairman of the de partment of sociology at harvard university expresses 4 firm conviction that russia and the united states will find concrete bases for collaboration in the post war world russia and the peace by bernard pares new york mac millan 1944 2.50 a well known british authority on russian history writes sympathetically if somewhat chattily about various aspects of russia’s domestic and foreign affairs from the vantage point of historical perspective foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 38 jury 7 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leer secretary vera micheles dean editor entered a second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor 19 +a favor of meat liberated are over 1 war welles lopment d wash e short to utilize of coe there jg state by rican un alker and e by e pb rerses and of lenin conveys the trials pirit with william 3 2.75 asitates to the coun resses the ordeal of played a iseparable ew york sloan and vewsweek neighbors a hopeful there’s a okin new jutton and f the de xpresses tates will war world tork mac in history ut various nbral libka way of mic ym entered as 2nd class matter ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y from the d national or entered a q allow at least vou xxiii no 39 juty 14 1944 robot bombs pose grave ethical problem for future ermany’s robot bomb attacks on britain whose effects were surveyed by prime minister churchill in a forthright and eloquent speech of july 6 to the house of commons have thrown into sharp telief two aspects of the war that tend to be over shadowed by elation over allied successes in nor mandy and russia’s rapid advances toward the ger man border first these attacks indicate that as modern warfare becomes more and more mechan ized it is also bound to become more and more in discriminate technically but not morally it is but a step from the bombardier in a plane who by push ing a button can discharge a cargo of deadly bombs on targets he can see only in the large inevitably killing many innocent civilians who happen to be within bombing range and whom he never actually sees to the blind mechanical device of the robot bomb where human decision stops at the launching of the weapon leaving the rest to horrible chance blind warfare this killing in the void without visible objectives which frees the killer at his remote controls of the guilt complex that in the past has haunted sensitive men recalling the faces and groans of their victims is the gruesome reductio ad absurdum of wat no responsible person has ever claimed that the process of destroying human beings through war is a humane process yet many well intentioned reformers have sought to humanize war as if the effects of a conflagration once it is under way could somehow be moderated and reduced to manageable proportions today all of us must feel like the managers of the hartford circus through along train of circumstances négligence and indif ference on the part of some careless or wilful action on the part of others humanity has permitted an unspeakable disaster to occur what is equally disturbing robot bombs once the deadly formula has been devised can be manufac tured with relative ease and at relatively low cost by any nation possessing industrial facilities industrial ization which if constructively used could spell such great material progress thus threatens to become more than ever the potential breeding ground of still greater and greater catastrophes yet surely the answer to this man made problem is not to raze in dustrial plants as some suggest be done in the case of defeated germany the answer is to uproot the will of some human beings to inflict such suffering on fellowmen to destroy the desire to fight wats and most important of all to deprive individuals who aspire to leadership of their nations of the pos sibility of plunging these nations into conflicts their own peoples may dread and oppose how to accom plish this manifold task is the most crucial ethical and political problem of our times poison of nazi terror this problem is bound to be greatly complicated by the very brutality of the germans as their hour of reckoning a proaches this is the second aspect of the robot bomb attacks that is already casting a shadow over the future for it becomes increasingly clear that the nazi leaders before they go down to defeat will do their utmost to destroy everything they can in the hope of either frightening their opponents into a compromise peace or if that fails of leaving such devastation human and material in their wake as to make the task of reconstruction seemingly hopeless we already know from what happened in all con quered countries that the nazis are determined to ex tirpate systematically the men and women of char acter talent and courage who would have been able to rehabilitate their respective peoples after the war now americans who entered rome have had an op portunity to see at close range the customary nazi handiwork the brutal killing by hired thugs of promising leaders among the young generation of italy it is well that some of us have seen these things have learned for ourselves not through hear jul 15 1944 ee page two gw say the full horror of the way in which the nazis collaborate is already evident in italy the italian the si go about the job of eliminating all who possess a communists far from displaying the anti clerical diffict spark of courage or intelligence every human society tendencies expected of them advocate friendly re they has dregs but it remained for the nazis to raise the lations with the vatican there are some indications provi dregs of every occupied country to positions not of that the vatican may consider favorably a modus of mz honor but of er sheer untrammeled power to vivendi with the soviet government which has not factos work evil blindly just like the robot bombs only encouraged the revival of the orthodox church ndia what is the antidote having seen all in russia but on july 9 announced strict new rules cies i this what can we among the united nations do about divorce and fresh efforts to enhance the posi jectio about it the immediate the utterly natural reaction tion and growth of the family meanwhile in britain sency is to demand an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth the church of england has exercised a leadership f no one doubts that acts of terrible retaliation will similar to that of the catholic church and has fur be committed against the germans by the peoples of thered an understanding with russia es the liberated countries and every effort must be it is in a sense a sad commentary on the position a made to eliminate nazi leaders high and low who of liberals in this crisis that leaders of the future ordered acts of brutality and coerced others into per usually do not spring from their ranks the new petrating them but retaliation cannot in and of leaders in fact sometimes seem rather grim and coger itself contribute to reconstruction nothing that the frightening to liberals because they seek some form p a allies can possibly do to the germans will bring of control rather than return to untrammeled free 2 back to life the millions who have perished on battle dom although seemingly conservative these new fields or in concentration camps or erase memories leaders do not intend to build a replica of past institu pp of agony and terror from the minds of those who tions and practices indiscriminate return to the past oy survive on the contrary protracted revenge would would mean return to the very elements of conflict he act as a poison left in the world’s blood stream by and disintegration that facilitated hitler's conquest the nazis a poison that would circulate long after of europe what liberals must understand as they th their defeat and add an element of ultimate despair re evaluate the past and weigh the future is that we the to the other horrors of war cannot approach europe with ready made blueprints the only antidote for this poison is an effort to or artificially created mechanisms of international revive old beliefs and implant new convictions con relations into which suffering distraught human be cerning the possibility of decent relations between ings must be fitted somehow or other we must start 4 human beings today in europe such beliefs and by considering the needs of these human beings first pp convictions come from two groups which dissimilar of all their hunger of mind and soul as well as as they may seem have in common a strong organiza body only by restoring the value and integrity of the tion a coherent philosophy of life and the ingrained individual can we hope to combat eventually both habit of obedience to instructions from on top these the military and moral implications of such measures the two groups are the catholics and the communists as robot bombing the useful role they can play when they decide to vera micheles dean jf of hi monetary talks reveal need for broad economic agreement iit the united nations monetary and financial con and dr harry white respectively at ference in session at bretton woods new hamp conference meets difficulties the 7 is shire from july 1 to 20 has brought together the draft agreement under discussion at the present con 6 representatives of 44 governments to consider two ference was issued on april 21 and in itself repre its b i proposals an international stabilization fund and a sents a wide area of agreement but serious difficul f world reconstruction and development bank while ties have arisen during the negotiations which may the agenda is concerned specifically with the mon delay concrete action beyond the appointed closing ee if etary and investment field secretary morgenthau re date of july 20 the principal controversy concerns mi minded the delegates when he accepted the pres the apportionment of national quotas to the pro form t i idency of the conference that it should be viewed posed 8,000,000,000 fund but the use of gold and zit fle as part of a broader program of agreed action the problem of large blocked balances especially the ia among nations to bring about the expansion of pro those built up by various countries in london during of j fi duction employment and trade contemplated in the _the war have also proved perplexing the usual bar me a atlantic charter and in article vii of the mutual aid gaining for seats on a nine member executive com wa ih agreements concluded by the united states with mittee which is to be set up has also taken place it is fore vl many of the united nations plans for such insti generally agreed that such a conference was feasible me tutions have been studied in detail for more than a at this time only because of the technical nature of oe rt year following the original statements prepared for a a the british and american treasuries by lord keynes mibinae ee ee ee bf is italian clerical ndly re lications modus has not church www rules he posi britain dership has fur position future he new im and ne form a nhe subject and it may be assumed that the above difficulties can be solved in due course in so far as they are technical in character but the problem of providing the larger quota demanded by the u.s.s.r ot making a proper adjustment that would be satis factory to british authorities for the conversion of india’s huge credits into other than sterling curren cies if necessary reflect in part more serious ob jections which have been raised to the plans for cur rency stability objection to the fund in england there has been much parliamentary criticism of the deci i sion to proceed with this matter at all before the ed free se new institu 4 the past conflict onquest as they that we ueprints national man be ust start gs first well as y of the ly both 1easures dean ent s the ent con f repre difficul ich may closing concerns he prfo 7 old and pecially during ual batr ve comi ice it is feasible iture of foreign more general lines of policy relative to international trade have been clarified this argument has real cogency and some american criticism of the pro posed currency agreement has been based upon it although never articulated here as clearly as in britain for the most part however much of the dis approval which has been voiced in the american press since the opening of the conference suggests that minor divergences are being invoked to impede the progress of the negotiations thus the counter proposal contained in a letter to the new york times of june 21 signed by twenty one republican members of the house advocated that instead of having this country participate in a joint undertaking with other powers congress create an american reconstruction fund to carry out the purpose of the proposed international fund this is a suggestion for unilateral action that indicates a some recent books the people of india by kumar goshal idan house 1944 3.00 an indian student approaches the history and problems of his country from a new angle the life of the people at the same time he brings into his story outstanding po litical developments from ancient times down to the fail ure of the cripps mission a very valuable book new york sher the making of modern china a short history by owen and eleanor lattimore new york norton 1944 2.50 one of the best brief accounts of present day china and its background the subject is a complicated one but the authors broad knowledge and feeling for key trends per mit them to generalize and simplify with great skill journey from the east knopf 1944 3.75 an editor of time magazine furnishes a vivid highly in formative account of his life in the far east and the united states beginning with his boyhood in the man churian timberland mr gayn takes the reader through the russian and chinese revolutions and the recent years of japanese aggression the result is a well written sig nificant analysis presented in personal terms but reveal ing clearly the meaning of the times by mark j gayn new york page three return to the policies pursued in the early inter war years when no thought of tariff reductions or ade quate supply of dollars was contemplated the same may be said for the fear expressed in many quarters that the american quota is too large again reflect ing either a desire to have this country play a lone hand or a refusal to recognize the predominant posi tion the united states has come to play in interna tional economic life were the broader economic policies which the united states must follow clearly understood such criticism might not arise further clarification needed on the domestic plane these various objections reveal the need for further clarification on the part of the american public concerning the nature of the com mitments it may wish to support in the post war era on the international plane the difficulties encoun tered at bretton woods are but different reflections of the same problems which face the united nations in almost every field of post war organization al though the war is drawing to a close a fact which as mr white has said has increased the pressure for early action since all countries recognize the need of having some constructive monetary plan ready to put into operation after the war ends the difficulties which have hampered smooth negotia tions at the conference suggest the overwhelming need for an overall international agreement about future political and economic relations if such were achieved it would greatly facilitate the adjustment of technical problems by the technical experts grant s mcclellan on the far east japan its resources and industries by clayton d carus and charles l mcnichols new york harper 1944 3.50 written especially for the many thousands of young americans who will ultimately be trained for post war pacific and asiatic administrative and occupational tasks this book is a concise highly informative discussion of the main aspects of japan’s geographical and economic posi tion voices from unoccupied china by liu nai chen tsai chiao c k chu j heng liu fei hsiao t’ung wu ching chao chin yueh lin edited by harley farns worth macnair chicago university of chicago press 1944 1.50 a group of visiting chinese scholars discuss problems of government nutrition public health social relations economic reconstruction and education he views ex pressed as the editor points out in a stimulating intro duction are diplomatic i.e they generally conform to the official chungking approach to china’s problems and skirt the debatable aspects of present day china never theless this is a valuable work because it gives the reader a genuine feeling for the life and problems of a country that has gone through seven years of war foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 39 jury 14 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leer secretary vera micueres dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y one month for change of address on membership publications under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year gb 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor ve i e t i q iy 7 re y e s te o ee aia o 2 ie na a et ap or gua s se eg ae a ee ener re a 4 a ml 2 ih.eakint o 4 to eas peers sie si seat e nani eal 5 he ign we eons binns am os ss sih anpaiannanneneiasiaen naan ere a caart ne eg a rcs de gaulle visit promotes understanding relations between the french committee of na tional liberation and the british government have become increasingly friendly since general charles de gaulle its president conferred with prime min ister churchill at marrakesh last january 12 on february 8 the british government announced that it had reached a financial and mutual aid agreement with the committee and on june 19 it opened nego tiations in london with committee representatives for an agreement on the civil administration of france during the period of liberation this agree ment has been concluded but united states approval is needed before it can become effective why de gaulle came to washing ton the strong british disposition to find a basis of cooperation with the french committee was re sponsible in some measure for the arrival in wash ington on july 6 of general de gaulle whose rela tions with the united states government have been marked in the past by considerable tension britain encouraged president roosevelt to invite de gaulle here and urged de gaulle not only to accept the in vitation but to visit washington in a friendly and conciliatory spirit other factors contributing toward the visit have been the progress of the allied armies in france and the discovery that de gaulle and the committee have a large popular following in that part of france which the allied armies have freed the talks which general de gaulle had in wash ington with president roosevelt secretary of state cordell hull and american military leaders have probably laid the foundation for as firm a relation ship with the united states as the committee has with britain de gaulle created a favorable impres sion in washington he had discarded the haughty manner and uncooperative attitude which irritated president roosevelt when he first met the general at casablanca in january 1943 i am happy to be on american soil he said at his arrival to meet pres ident roosevelt and to meet those who are relent lessly fighting with us the whole french people are thinking of you and salute you americans our friends our ardent desire is that the united states and france shall work together in every way as they are now fighting together for victory general de gaulle came to washington with the understanding that he was not to request recognition of the committee as the provisional government of france and that president roosevelt would not ac for victory cord such recognition although the committee hay long claimed it indirectly and directly on novem ber 24 1943 de gaulle told the consultative assem bly in algiers that the committee is in fact the government of the french republic on april 4 he said that the powers appertaining to the prime min ister of france are exercised by the president of the committee of national liberation on may 15 the consultative assembly adopted a resolution that the committee was to be known as the provisional government of the french republic although de gaulle was not boastful here per sons with whom he talked during his washington stay have the impression he is confident that the french people would choose him as their leader in any election and this confidence apparently led him to abandon insistence on united states approval of the action taken by the consultative assembly on may 15 henceforth relations between the commit tee and the united states are expected to develop on a friendly basis with the understanding that as mr hull said on april 9 the united states is dis posed to see the french committee exercise leader ship to establish law and order under general dwight d eisenhower but also wants the french people at the earliest opportunity to exercise its soy ereign will freely by choosing its own government franco british draft agreement the 191 ra whi gre draft agreement concluded by britain with de gaulle tem reflects this general policy it is similar in some re spects to agreements which britain signed with united states approval on may 16 with the exiled governments of the netherlands belgium and nor way it provides for collaboration between allied military leaders and the french committee in the administration of liberated areas unlike the agree ments with the three governments it does not pro vide that matters of state are to be placed ultimately in the hands of the committee that would be tanta mount to recognition president roosevelt himself negotiated no agreement with de gaulle but the washington conversations created an understanding on which a future agreement can be based this um derstanding enabled the general to disclose at his press conference on july 10 that he intended to move his capital from algiers to territory in metropolitan france at an early date blair bolles buy united states war bonds con +littee h novem re assem fact the pril 4 he ime min sident of 1 may 15 ition that rovisional rere per ashington that the leader in y led him proval of embly on commit evelop on that as tes is dis se leader general 1e french se its soy vernment int the de gaulle some fe ed with he exiled and not en allied ee in the he agree not pfo iltimately be tanta t himself but the rstanding this un yse at his 1 to move tropolitam bolles nds 4 pariudilal km bneral lik ar unty of wer bik eks woas 6 a entered as 2nd class matter datversity ct wis oe se foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y you xxiii no 40 july 21 1944 hr rapid advance of the russian armies which by july 18 had brought them within a few miles of east prussia is in sharp contrast to the relatively slow and arduous progress made by allied forces in normandy and italy due to difficulties of terrain and of fighting overseas without adequate port facili ties but while military operations in the west as in 1914 18 have taken the form of a war of posi tion and those in the east of a war of movement over vast spaces political problems in all theatres of battle continue to bear striking similarities in po land and yugoslavia as in italy and france the painful transition from a life of terror under ger man domination to attempts at self rule is being gradually effected and in each instance decisions while inevitably influenced by the attitude of the great powers are shaped in the final analysis by the temper of the people who have borne the brunt of conquest armistice terms trouble italy of all the countries liberated from the nazis italy offers the least hopeful appearance partly because for twenty years its people had been subjected to fas cist authority which had prevented the development of active political opinion except among a very small minority who for that very reason have been the special object of nazi reprisals partly because italy is not only a liberated but also a defeated country the terms of the armistice by which marshal ba doglio on behalf of his country acknowledged its defeat on september 8 1943 have not yet been made public but reports from rome indicate that they came as a shock to members of the bonomi cabinet some of whom apparently would like to throw the onus for their alleged harshness on the allies many italians had hoped that once their country had abandoned germany it would be treated as a co belligerent more or less indistinguishable from the united nations this hope can hardly be realized liberated peoples tackle problems of self rule in the immediate future when one recalls the suffer ing inflicted by italian forces willingly or unwill ingly in albania greece and yugoslavia not to speak of the danger to which british and american forces were long exposed by italo german control of the coasts of the mediterranean sympathy for the italian people and especially for those who con sistently opposed mussolini cannot wipe out over night the memory of italy's participation in the wat at the side of germany for over two years no people can be held responsible for every action of its rulers but neither can any people be freed from all respon sibility for action taken in its name by its rulers the united states and britain concentrated on the winning of the war have not done much about planning the rehabilitation of italy which in any case must await the liberation of its northern prov inces containing 85 per cent of its industrial estab lishments but neither have the great powers sought to punish the italians whom they have treated in friendly fashion although it is true that they have not fostered the utilization of italian soldiers on the fighting fronts italians must face responsibilities the italian situation reveals what may happen in the case of germany it would have been better if the armistice terms had been concluded with represen tatives of the mussolini régime who would then have been clearly saddled with the blame for launch ing a war that could result in such terms marshal badoglio might have been regarded in this respect as the next best choice since he had been associated with mussolini yet that very association caused many people in britain and the united states to de mand his removal at the earliest possible opportun ity and his replacement by a régime that would more closely represent anti fascist forces the bonomi cabinet although headed by a premier who recalls the days of frustration before 1922 when et et ok em he a ss saar es ate e meete o gee eam s sy ail cries bo liberals and socialists failed to prevent mussolini's rise to power at least meets the wishes of those who wanted an italian cabinet based on representation of all the political parties if now this cabinet should have to carry out even in part armistice terms the italian people may regard as harsh its position might prove no more stable or enviable than that of the weimar republic the answer to this however is not to denounce the allies as commander pacciardi who served gal lantly in the spanish civil war on the side of the loyalists is doing in voce republicana the republi can organ of rome instead the leaders of the new italy who have sought the responsibility of governing it in this critical transition period must invite the ital ian people to face as realistically as possible the heri tage left by the fascist era both in domestic and for eign affairs it is a sad heritage and it is obvious that italy will not be able either to restore its economic life or to play an active role on the international stage without concrete and sympathetic assistance on the part of the allies but it will be difficult to enlist aid abroad for italy especially at a time when countries which determinedly resisted hitler are in dire need of aid aunless the italians as represented by their political leaders show a determination to help themselves polish russian detente meanwhile the polish russian controversy which at one time threat ened to bring about a serious rift among the united nations has assumed a less disturbing aspect on july 8 wolna polska organ of the union of polish patriots in moscow which seemed for a while to claim the exclusive right to represent the polish people said that the next step in polish russian relations apparently lies with stanislaw mikolajczyk and his negotiations with the united states will serve as a starting point the decrease in tension between the two countries is due apparently to three main factors first of all the allied invasion of france dispelled any lingering doubts the soviet government might still have had concerning the all out military collab oration of britain and the united states and notice ably improved the atmosphere of diplomatic nego tiations between the three great powers second the russians on coming closer to poland have discov ered that the polish underground is both more effec tive and more favorably disposed toward the polish page two ss government in london than they had been led to expect and third premier mikolajczyk left wash ington with the definite impression that while the united states is ready to facilitate a polish russiag reconciliation it will not go to war with russia over poland’s territorial claims this however has not alleviated his cabinet’s concern over the status of vilna which stalin proclaimed as the capital of soviet lithuania the rapprochement of catholics and communists in italy is not without bearing on the polish situation poland a predominantly cath olic country has been of special concern to the vati can which had feared that russian occupation might prove a serious threat to the catholic church any friendly gesture by the russians toward poles now in poland contributes to a future understanding be stere manu certii leaka some tween moscow and the vatican progress too has been made by the new yugo slav cabinet in london headed by dr ivan su bashitch who has apparently established good work ing relations with marshal tito contrary to the alle gations of former yugoslav ambassador fotitch who on july 8 declared in washington that the subashitch government was unrepresentative because it contained no serbs subashitch himself a croat has in the cabinet he formed on july 7 two promi nent serbs professor sreten vukosavljevitch min ister of supply agriculture mines and forests and sava kosanovitch minister of internal affairs mr fotitch’s statement reflects the views of extremist nationalist serbs who in contrast to serbs of liber al views have resisted the creation of a truly united yugoslavia in which serbs croats and slovenes would collaborate on terms of equality it is encouraging to see that the unremitting ef forts of political leaders who in the darkest hour did not despair of eventually adjusting seemingly hope less conflicts of opinion are slowly beginning to bear fruit these developments offer many lessons for the future not the least of which is that human rela tions which run the gamut from pity and love to hate and cruelty cannot be fitted into any universal formu la be it that of revolution or conservatism the new europe and the new world will have in them a little of everything with mixtures of different strength brewed in different countries according to circum stances vera micheles dean see polish premier makes good impression foreign policy bulletin june 23 1944 congress authorizes president to act on opium another move forward in the international control of opium was made on june 22 when the senate unanimously passed a resolution first introduced in the house by representative walter judd of minne sota and passed by the house authorizing the president to urge countries producing opium to limit the volume of production strictly to medical and scientific purposes this action follows logically the decision of britain and the netherlands to discon tinue the government monopoly system for selling opium for smoking in their colonial territories in the far east hence in the post war period there will be no legal market for export opium except for medi cal and scientific needs see dutch and british pledge end of opium smoking monopoly foreign policy balletin january 21 1944 si to ar opiur and most coun culty oly s bein com man vlad whet were the out duce of cl drus if it erat a inte part for by stat j a 4 for heac sco one e n led to a e the principal countries to which the president will page three has based its policy is that any production of opium in excess of medical and scientific needs constitutes a danger and a potential source of illicit traffic and is therefore properly the concern of this govern ment for smuggled opium flows to that market where the highest prices are obtainable as surely as water flows downhill there is some evidence that the present govern ment of iran will be more receptive to a note from the united states than the past administration the matter will be watched with much interest by those circles in this country whose duty it is to inform american public opinion of the facts on this question the note to india must be framed to meet quite a different situation since 1935 the government of india has not exported opium for smoking occasion al seizures of indian opium chiefly from native states sources have been made in the illicit traffic there is however in india as in iran a large crop grown for internal use the sale of opium is licensed by the government for eating and in certain provinces this consumption is very high the reduction of the production of indian opium to medical and scientific needs will be one of the problems to be solved by whatever government is established in india after the war helen howell moorhead new research staff member the association announces with pleasure the ap pointment to the research department of olive holmes miss holmes received a b.a at barnard college an m.a at columbia university in interna tional law and relations and spent a year and a half at the university of chile law school studying the legal status of women and the family in latin amer ica before returning to this country in june 1944 miss holmes spent six months visiting argentina uruguay paraguay brazil and colombia the fruits of fascism by herbert l matthews new york harcourt brace 1943 3.00 one of the most interesting expositions of the movement and its failure by one who has long known and liked the italian people palestine land of promise by walter clay lowdermilk new york harper 1944 2.50 a well known soil conservationist praises the zionists record in palestine and estimates that a land reclamation project would make it possible for an additional four million refugees to settle there the lion rampant by l de jong and joseph w f stoppelman new york querido 1944 3.00 the inspiring story of the heroic stand of the nether lands under nazi occupation t washe address the notes contemplated in the resolution are rhile the yugoslavia turkey iran india and afghanistan russiag afghanistan opium plays only a small part in the sia over international market at present however its produc has not tion will become important if its neighbors reduce tatus of their crop thus making smuggling from afghanistan pital of f more profitable for the illicit trader no part of the atholics world is too remote for the activities of smugglers aring on yugoslavia and turkey have had in the past a joint ly cath marketing and sales arrangement effectively admin the vati istered all opium from this area was sold for the on might manufacture of drugs under the import and export rch any certificate system and there was no considerable les now tieakage of this material into the illicit traffic for ding be ome years before the war situation in iran iran has never adhered nv yugo i any of the opium treaties with the result that van sur opium produced in that country has been sold to any od work and all buyers iranian opium has been found in al the alle most all seizures of illicit opium smuggled into this fotitch tuntry and canada it was a major source of difh that the culty in the far east when the government monop because oly systems were attempting to prevent opium from croat i eing smuggled into their territories as bootleg promir fcompetition for government sales shipments of th min fmany tons left bushire consigned ostensibly to ests and vladisvostok but actually appeared in every port its mt where there was a smuggling market these facts xtremust twere made public year after year in the meetings of of libet f the opium advisory committee at geneva but with y united f out effect on iranian policy the illicit market pro slovenes f duced more revenue with no administrative problem of control than any share of the regular market for tting ef dmg manufacture which iran might hope to receive hour did if jt had accepted the system of international coop ly hope eration and control gto beat another difficulty in the iranian situation is the s for the j internal use of opium for smoking and in certain an rela parts of the country for eating production of opium to hate for internal use by its own nationals might be claimed 1 formu by iran to be a matter of no concern to the united the new states but the main principle on which this country n a little strength just published ea oil an economic key to peace dean by blair bolles icy bulletin 25 july 1 issue of foreign poticy reports discon reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month r selling a subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 es in the here will or medi monopoly foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 40 juty 21 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lugr secretary vera miche.es dean editor entered as tcond class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year me month for change of address on membership publications ze 181 please allow at lease f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union lavwe gee oo off washington news letter me gueb bien allied action against argentina deterred by war needs bellicose statements and actions on the part of the farrell régime in argentina have caused con cern in washington lest a south american war break out as an epilogue to war in europe or asia in june the farrell régime created a national defense coun cil whose purpose is to fit the whole argentine econ omy into a military plan on may 23 the war min istry decided to set up a new army division the seventh which is to be stationed along the para guayan and brazilian borders on july 1 the argen tine navy placed a contract for 100 radios with siemens schukert a contracting firm on the allied black list all these measures have had a disturbing effect on inter american harmony and the program of the united nations a problem for u.s diplomacy the de sirability of discouraging a régime with such tenden cies is plain especially when the tendencies are com plemented by a aga of repression of domestic rights that includes tolerance of anti semitic out bursts and the institution of severe controls over edu cation press and labor but the united states is pro ceeding cautiously in dealing with argentina be cause the conduct of the war and the need for com plete victory at the earliest possible moment are the decisive factors today in our decisions concerning any international issue argentina’s economic use fulness to the allies complicates the formulation of any policy aimed at weakening the present buenos aires government this dilemma of having to choose between the adjustment of problems raised by the current war and of problems that might be raised by a possible war in the future fogs the atmosphere in which officials in washington are conferring with norman armour american ambassador to argen tina mr armour has been in an anomalous position since general edelmiro farrell assumed the presi dency on february 28 because the united states de clined to recognize his government and has there fore had no diplomatic relations with it argentina's economic trumps for the conduct of the current war the united states and britain need beef linseed and corn produced by argentina and the advocates of economic sanctions are unable to offer the allies any substitute source of those commodities another factor that affects our policy is the need for anglo american cooperation with respect to argentina britain hesitates to take drastic steps which might cause the argentine régime in reprisal to expropriate the extensive brit for victory ish properties within its borders however sir david kelley british ambassador to buenos aires who stopped in washington on his way to london will submit to his government a summary of this coun try’s attitude and of events in argentina the farrell régime is clearly anti foreign and it is quite pos sible that it may expropriate foreign properties whether britain acts or not a third deterrent to action on the argentine ques tion is the hope which still exists in some official quarters that the farrell régime will mend its ways abandon its bellicosity and embrace inter american collaboration those who hold this view were en couraged when on july 5 juan domingo perdn argentine war minister became vice president and on july 6 general luis cesar perlinger minister of the interior retited from the cabinet perlinger is an intransigent foe of the united states while perén has fostered a belief that he favors the united na tions and inter americanism in foreign policy and a return to constitutionalism in domestic affairs on na june 10 however he made a belligerent speech at la plata which the state department subsequently publicized and on may 2 sponsored the appoint ment of orlando peluffo as foreign minister peluffo fenced for argentina in the 1936 olympic games at berlin where his friendship for the nazis led the argentine sporting federation to bar him from sports activities for five years sumner welles influential a fourth a obstacle to a clean cut decision on ways and means of implementing our policy of nonrecognition is the natural hesitation of the roosevelt administration which has fostered the good neighbor policy to make any move that could justifiably be condemned as intervention in the domestic affairs of another american republic on may 29 former under secre tary of state sumner welles urging recognition of farrell said that forceful action to cause changes in existing régimes in latin america might inflame latent nationalism it is noteworthy that on june 2 the farrell régime required newspapers and radio stations in argentina to report mr welles remarks the influence of mr welles remains strong at the state department but department advocates of forceful action contend that stern measures are pet missible because the internal policy of president farrell is injurious to our interests blair bolles buy united states war bonds +entered as 2nd class matter ceneral lthearne aug 1 1944 periodical ee ee al of univarstts 1 ey of mncl a eee foreign policy bulletin ne ofhcial its ways american were en 20 perén ident and inister of nger is an ile perén nited na licy and ffairs on speech at ssequentiy appoint er peluffo games at is led the uim from an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y a fourth nd means tion is the nistration policy to ondemned f another der secre pnition of changes in it inflame n june 25 and rad remarks ng at the ocates of ss are per president bolles nds vou xxiii no 41 july 28 1944 nazi army purge may ease allies postwar task in germany y he dramatic series of events unleashed by the attempted assassination of hitler on july 19 and the cabinet changes in tokyo that followed american occupation of saipan at moments tended to overshadow the tempestuous democratic party convention of july 19 21 the rigid censorship im posed on news from germany makes it difficult to estimate the events of the past bloody week with any degree of accuracy it has long been known that there was a bitter feud between the general staff of the german army and hitler’s elite guard or ss sworn to loyalty to the fuehrer and it had been often pre dicted that when any fissure appeared in the out wardly ironclad home front it would be caused by a revolt of the army against hitler for one reason above others because the armed forces alone have the necessary weapons at their disposal terror comes full circle hitler’s own impassioned speech of july 20 and the statements of goering and others would indicate that a group of high officers belonging apparently to the junker group whom the fuehrer derided as nobility attempted to wrest power from the nazis but it looks more and more as if this coup was connected with the determined drive of heinrich himmler dreaded head of the gestapo and the ss to wrest military power from the general staff on the eve of the attempt on hitler’s life it had been reported from stockholm presumably via german sources that himmler would soon be appointed virtual dic tator of germany supervening the authority of the army this plan which may have crystallized the op position of rebel officers could be carried out with all the greater ease once hitler following the july 19 coup announced the need to restore order in ger many the coup also gave him an opportunity to rally the germans to a supreme effort against the united nations today the terror that had been turned full blast in the early years of nazi rule against jews and so called pacifists socialists and communists and later after the outbreak of war against movements of resistance in all conquered countries is being wreaked on the german people no wagnerian opera could match this grim tale of victims avenged by the very methods used to destroy them the army last stronghold of what may have been regarded as tradition and sanity in germany is now being bat tered down by the nazis in part perhaps because some of the high officers would not acquiesce in the blood bath methods the nazis threaten to use throughout europe twilight of general staff from the point of view of the allies inhumane as this may sound there is a distinct advantage in having the nazis themselves blame the revolt squarely on army officers not on weak kneed socialists or liberals as hitler had done before 1933 and in having them dispose of members of the general staff and other high officers had these officers succeeded in their at tack on hitler this would not necessarily have proved a propitious turn of events for the united nations for they would probably have sued for peace even on terms of unconditional surrender instead of fighting to what they consider a hopeless bitter end so as to salvage the very considerable miiltary and economic strength still possessed by germany for a future trial of arms in this respect the interview given by lieutenant general edmund hoffmeister a german prisoner in moscow is il luminating he did not express any regret for the havoc and suffering wrought by the german army from end to end of europe what he regretted analyzing them with scientific precision were the strategic mistakes made by the nazis in russia mis stakes which presumably he and his associates if given another chance would strive on some future occasion to correct the replacement of nazi leaders by army officers would introduce a certain element eat meow o ee ory ne it ee 7 eecaup c e 8 eee oct or tae i 8 me serane s928 e a of rationalism into the german situation but would not eliminate the danger of german militarism true some german officers proved less brutal than nazi leaders in conquered countries but they were either unwilling or unable to prevent acts which did not conform with their military code and thus became accomplices of the nazis if by an ironic twist of fate hitler should now exterminate the very people who from the start supported his rise to power because it offered hope of german remilitarization and expansion that might take off our hands the difficult problem of what to do with the german general staff after defeat of the reich it must be hoped that as events move rapidly to a climax in europe the united nations have elab orated some specific plans about the treatment of germany so fat only the most meager intimations have trickled into the press concerning the work of the european advisory commission in london in which representatives of the united states britain and russia have been discussing the future of ger many tegrettably without the official assistance of many of the countries that have suffered most from german conquest notably france the russians have the advantage over britain and the united states in that they have encouraged the formation in moscow of the free german committee among whose mem bers are german army officers who in this crisis have broadcast urgent appeals to the german people to overthrow hitler but obviously it will not be enough to eliminate the nazis or even to find an alternative government which would accept uncon ditional surrender the most important step to pre vent the resurgence of a militant germany is the formation of a really strong and effective interna tional organization that could assure the germans an opportunity to live at peace with their neighbors but would check any attempt by them to resume a career of conquest democrats stress world organiza tion the need for a strong international organ ization is stressed by the democratic party platform adopted on july 20 in somewhat more precise terms than by the republicans historically the democrats have only a tenuous justification for their claim that the democratic administration awakened the na tion in time to the dangers that threatened its very existence and succeeded in building in time the page two a e best trained and equipped army in the world the most powerful navy in the world the greatest air force in the world and the largest merchant marine in the world one might well ask in time for what in time to witness the conquest of most of europe by germany and most of asia by japan just as the democrats cannot claim a monopoly of clair voyance about foreign policy before 1939 neither can they claim a monopoly of the vast effort that has since gone into the building of the nation’s armed forces an effort in which all citizens irrespective of party labels have loyally participated in looking to the future the democratic party platform adopts for the most part the wording of president roosevelt's statement of june 15 it minol aid w bank devas the ec favors the establishment of an international organ ization based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all peace loving states open to member ship by all such states large and small for the pre vention of aggression and the maintenance of inter national peace and security such an organization it declares must be endowed with power to employ armed forces as contrasted with the republican phrase peace forces when necessary to prevent aggression and preserve peace the party pledges itself to make all necessary and effective agreements and arrangements through which the nations would maintain adequate forces to meet the needs of pre venting war and of making impossible the prepara tion for war and which would have such forces avail able for joint action when necessary the democrats have found it as impossible as the republicans to explain how an organization of sov ereign nations will be able to take measures such as the joint use of armed forces which to many people may appear as an impaitment of sovereignty much educational spadework remains to be done by both major political parties on problems of world organization and some of it will doubtless be done during the forthcoming campaign in answer to searching questions now being asked by the voters and meanwhile united states proposals for world organization will be discussed in washington during coming weeks with representatives of britain russia and china vera micheles dean republican platform shows contradictions on foreign policy foreign policy bulletin july 7 1944 bretton woods agreements face congressional test the proposals for a stabilization fund and an international bank for reconstruction and develop ment which have come from the monetary confer ence concluded at bretton woods on july 23 are the first plans for permanent post war agencies to be sponsored by the united nations not since the ill fated london economic conference of 1933 have so many nations met to discuss such broad economic and firiancial problems the agreements which the delegates have signed without recommendations will now be presented to their respective govern ments for final action the provisions for the stabil ization fund and the international bank will be closely scrutinized both from the point of view of the economic objectives of these two institutions and of the character and structure of the post war organ li secret crease tions been duce consu unite natio offset main an ac mark t chan recog oblig worl tl ity 2 critic sche the s natic deal that polit dem tate reco the lem spre pres lack tion c criti fori head scon one __ orld atest air it marine ime for most of an just of clair ither can that has s armed ective of ic party tding of 15 ff 1 organ overeign member the pre of inter nization employ publican prevent pledges reements is would of pre prepara es avail le as the of sov 2s such fo many ereignty done by f world be done swer to voters rr world n during 1 russia dean y foreign hich the ations govern e stabil will be view of ons and organ zation the united nations intend to establish united nations program in his final message to the conference on july 22 secretary mor thau summarized the purpose of the program gutlined at bretton woods he indicated that a re vival of international trade is indispensable if full employment is to be achieved the fund would pro yide a reasonably stable standard of international exchange and nations would be able to avoid the fuinous trade tactics of the pre war years financial aid would be made available through the proposed bank both for reconstruction needs in countries devastated by the war and for the development of the economic resources of other nations long term funds must be made available the secretary said to promote sound industry and in birease industrial and agricultural production in na tions whose economic potentialities have not yet been developed they must be enabled to pro duce and sell if they are to be able to purchase and consume this program implies the necessity for the united states to buy as well as sell goods in the inter national market for it is essential that this country offset its export surpluses by imports in order to maintain a regular outflow of capital in other words an adequate supply of dollars on the world money market implicit in this reasoning are the need for meenees in the tariff policy of this country and the fecognition that we must undertake major lending obligations in accordance with our position as the world’s greatest creditor nation the bretton woods proposals for monetary stabil ity and international loans have occasioned much criticism the most telling objection is that the hemes agreed upon by the conference presuppose the solution of broader problems in the field of inter national trade many of these have not in fact been dealt with there is little evidence in this country that a major revision of our tariff policy would be politically feasible at this time in britain public demand for a policy of full employment may necessi late external fiscal policies that will be difficult to feconcile with the exchange requirements outlined in the stabilization fund anglo american trade prob lems are particularly important because of the wide spread influence of the dollar sterling relationship j press reports from the meetings were significantly lacking in any evidence that these fundamental ques tions had been discussed by the conference congressional action needed no ttiticism of the conference however can minimize page three the achievement of the technical experts at bretton woods representing more than forty nations but there is every indication that serious objections to the program will be raised at least in the united states congress and possibly in the british parlia ment although a debate on the stabilization fund was held in both the house of lords and in the com mons previous to the bretton woods meeting dur ing the conference itself senator robert taft re publican of ohio stated tha in his opinion no agree ment for an international monetary fund on the terms discussed at bretton woods would be ap proved by either the senate or the house appre hension on this score had already been heard in london during the house of lords debate on may 23 when lord perry designating the united states as the father of the fund feared that when it is ac cepted he might renounce his offspring as was done in the case of the league of nations congressional action on the bretton woods agree ments will take time if for no other reason than that an appropriation of nearly 6,000,000,000 will be involved the united states quota for the proposed stabilization fund is 2,750,000,000 and for the proposed bank 3,175,000,000 delay will also arise because of the technical nature of the proposed in stitutions for adequate explanations will have to be furnished by government officials to the country at large as well as to congressional committees crucial position of u.s the stabilization fund has generated more opposition than the bank largely due to the fact that short term lending for commercial purposes so intimately bound up with fluctuations in the rate of exchange between different currencies appears more complicated than long term capital investments even though the latter be foreign investments in both cases the size of the united states quotas has been criticized and much of the opposition will eventually center on the charge that the two schemes have for their purpose the dis tribution abroad of unlimited american capital it is to be hoped however that discussion of the fund and bank will be conducted objectively the united states occupies a crucial position in the de velopment of world economic affairs in the decades immediately ahead and its action on the bretton woods plans will be watched eagerly by every na tion since it will indicate the extent to which we are willing to cooperate in any wider economic or politi cal organization envisaged by the united nations grant s mcclellan foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 41 jury 28 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dororuy f lest secretary vera micheles dean editor encered as scond class matter december 2 ome month for change of address on membership publications bis 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor zd a ss st otome died e e washington news letter sities eam apne se 2 se o ee oe sof oe on june 28 at the height of the battle to wrest saipan from the eg secretary of the navy james forrestal predicted that allied forces before long would invade the netherlands indies the phil ippines and japan itself the speed with which this prediction can be fulfilled as well as the character of future allied strategy in the pacific war will de pend in some degree on the military policy of the new japanese cabinet formed on july 22 officials in washington regard the change in government as an attempt to improve the conduct of the war and if possible enhance japan’s prospects for victory japan remains hopeful japanese leaders can still find sound reasons for believing in the pos sibility of winning the war or at least of forcing the allies to accept a compromise their forces strongly entrenched in china along the yellow sea the sea of japan and the east china sea form a shield against attack from the asiatic mainland the near est allied sea forces are more than 1,000 miles south and west of the japanese archipelago japan’s eco nomic strength is sufficient for many although not all its war needs the united states and britain however do not agree that japanese leaders have any solid grounds for optimism the invasion of guam on july 20 gave the allies further confidence in their prospects for victory and japan’s unconditional sur render the cabinet change came as a result of the fall of saipan on july 10 the most disturbing blow to mil itary security and political equanimity that japan has suffered during the war capture of saipan gave the allied forces a stronghold 1,439 miles from tokyo which is usable as a bombing base and demonstrated the weakness of the policy adopted by japan in feb ruary according to which the war and navy min isters were their own chiefs of staff the first reper cussion of saipan was the resignation on july 18 of general hideki tojo army chief of staff the fol lowing day tojo retired as war minister and also as prime minister a post he had held since october 17 1941 aged 60 he was put on the retired list but it is possible that he may later return to an important position field marshal general sugiyama whom tojo dismissed last february as chief of staff is in cluded in the new cabinet as war minister an important objective of the cabinet change was to arouse the japanese people to greater effort in support of the war tojo’s extreme militarist attitude in dealing with civilian problems seems to have for victory tokyo cabinet change designed to mend army navy rift buy united states war bonds caused irritation to those not in uniform as goy ernor general of korea general kuniaki koiso the new prime minister has been following a policy of popular conciliation toward the koreans who last spring resisted japanese efforts to mobilize them for labor duty aged 64 he graduated from the military academy in 1901 he was overseas minister in the cabinet of admiral mitsumasa yonai and prime minister from january to july 1940 like tojo he you belonged to the kwantung army whose war fervor found first expression in the manchurian war in 1931 the officers of the kwantung army at one time advocated war with russia more power to navy the most important new appointment is that of navy minister admiral 4 yonai as deputy prime minister even though domei iat official japanese news agency describes it as tem petw porary allied observers have reason to believe the navy has been dissatisfied with its subordinate role under tojo in making policy decisions to placate the navy emperor hirohito on july 20 took what is probably a unique step in japanese political his tory he requested two men yonai and koiso in stead of one man as is customary to set up a suc cessor government to tojo’s apparently disturbed by its differences with the army the navy employed faltering tactics at saipan lost 2 carriers 2 tankers and a destroyer and failed to block the progress of the united states attack indications of yonai’s com cept of the navy’s role in the future conduct of the war probably will not come until after the battle for guam yonai was commander in chief of the jap anese fleet from 1935 to 1936 and minister of the navy from 1937 to 1939 cabinet post for industrialist the koiso government is in effect a national unity cab inet the prime minister gave the important post of minister of munitions to the industrialist ginjito fujiwara the ministry of munitions is the japanese equivalent of our war production board president of the oji paper company fujiwara has extensive interests in electrical power plants and is associated with the mitsui combine one of the foremost indus at to trial problems for japan is the manufacture of cargo and transport ships the japanese government f cently admitted to the public on the radio that its 1 program for building wooden ships has fallen short yj of expectations blair bolles +1a aug 7 general library entered as 2nd class matter f university of michigan periodical roca j 1944 ty ap erary ann arbor michigan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y 0 he you xxiii no 42 aucust 4 1944 ervor it in mikolajczyk visit to moscow may bring compromise on a decision of premier mikolajczyk to fly to agreement on liberated areas the rtant moscow for conversations with stalin announced agreement concluded in moscow on july 26 by the niraj london on july 27 has strengthened the hope soviet government and the polish committee is mej that a compromise settlement may yet be worked out similar to that concluded by the soviet government tem between the polish government in exile and the so with czechoslovakia on may 8 it provides that in the viet government which on july 26 concluded an the zone of military operations on polish territory role dministrative agreement with the newly formed after the entry of russian troops supreme power acate polish committee of liberation the establishment and responsibility in all affairs relating to the con what of this committee announced on july 22 from duct of the war for the time necessary fpr the execu his chelm the first large town on polish territory west tion of military operations shall be concentrated in jp of the curzon line to be liberated by the russian the hands of the russian commander in chief as suc my came as a surprise to those in london and soon as any part of the liberated territory of poland hed washington who had viewed prospects for russo ceases to be a zone of direct military operations the oyed polish agreement with increasing optimism yet the polish committee shall fully assume the direction kers yet speed of the russian military advance accel of all affairs of civil administration while all ss of erated political developments to a degree exceeding russian military personnel shall be under the juris con the expectations of the polish government in exile diction of the russian commander in chief all the and possibly even of moscow necessitating prompt sonnel of the polish armed forces shall be subor for decisions that could brook no delay dinated to polish military laws and regulations jap upon entering territory which in contrast to the civilian population even in cases of crimes com the eastern poland it regards as polish the soviet gov mitted against russian troops except for crimes ernment in a statement of july 25 announced that committed in the zone of military operations shall it did not intend to establish organs of its own ad be under polish jurisdiction a special agreement 1s a ministration considering this the task of the polish to be concluded regarding financial and economic people it also declared in terms similar to those problems relating to the stay of russian troops on vin used when russian troops entered rumania on the territory of poland as well as those relating to april 2 that it does not pursue aims of acquiring polish armed forces which are being formed on the any part of polish territory or of a change of social territory of the u.s.s.r structure in poland and that the military operations it will be recalled that on january 11 the u.s.sr of the red army on the territory of poland are dic offered to re establish relations with the polish gov tated solely by military necessity and by the striving ernment which it had broken off in 1943 follow nese dent sive ated oa to render the friendly polish people aid in its lib ing the katyn incident provided that government aon from german occupation the soviet gov rid itself of certain individuals regarded in moscow aa ent has not recognized the polish committee _as hostile to russia and agreed to territorial ne tg the government of _poland any more than the tiations on the basis of the curzon line neither united states which is now negotiating an agree of these conditions was acceptable to all the mem ment with general de gaulle concerning adminis bers of the polish government which is composed tration of liberated france has recognized the french committee of national likesstion hone te pogows polish border settlement foreign policy bulletin is y ae xx_ of representatives of the major parties in pre war poland with the exception of fascists on the extreme right and communists on the extreme left mikolajczyk’s problems premier mikolajc zyk leader of the peasant party however is said to be ready personally to negotiate on the basis of the russian proposals of january 11 and to be favorably regarded in moscow his chief problems have been first how to effect the purge of his cab inet demanded by the russians and second how to obtain his government's consent to the curzon line now that russian troops are on polish territory and in a position to bar the return of the exiled gov ernment the latter has displayed a greater spirit of conciliation but only after denouncing the com mittee as a body of usurpers nobodies turncoats and communists it is true that the polish com mittee is by no means as widely representative of the pre war sump groups in poland as the government in exile being composed in large part of communists and communist sympathizers and has been intem perate in its denunciation of the london government but the impression persists that moscow is not com mitted to a communist or semi communist régime in poland and might settle for a coalition cabinet that would include some individuals now in london possibly mikolajczyk himself and some of those now in the polish committee on this point as well as on final determination of the russo polish boun dary the u.s.s.r now riding a wave of military victories is in a position in turn to display a spirit of conciliation some compromise is essential from the military as well as the political point of view since at the present time polish forces abroad are u.s quarantine of argentina requires hemisphere support the statement on relations with argentina made public by the state department on july 26 indicates that a more aggressive attitude is replacing that of watchful waiting which has characterized our stand for the past six months by calling on the american republics and other united nations to adhere to the present policy of non recognition of the farrell régime the state department is en deavoring to complete the diplomatic isolation of argentina which began with the withdrawal of en voys by all the american states except paraguay replying to a 25,000 word argentine white paper the memorandum brusquely states that ar gentina had not only deliberately violated the pledge taken jointly with its sister republics to co operate in support of the war against the axis pow ers thereby striking a powerful blow at the whole system of hemispheric cooperation but had also openly and notoriously been giving affirmative as sistance to the declared enemies of the united na page two kwapinski leader of the socialist party except on one important point that of foreign policy it not only urges collaboration with russia and accepts the mands the transfer to poland of pomerania silesia a population of 10 million germans a deal pro posed by russia on january 11 but rejected by the polish government otherwise both the government mitted to termination of the dictatorial régime cre ated by marshal pilsudski under the constitution of 1935 and to a series of industrial and agrarian changes which while retaining private enterprise would establish a considerable measure of state control over the nation’s economy the united states continues to recognizes the polish government in london and has apparently sought no information toward the polish committee yet it is clear that russia’s decision on poland so far taken unilater ally not in consultation with its western allies will not only be viewed as a test of its post war on its future relations with britain and the united divided some fighting with the british and ski war minister in the mikolajczyk cabinet and some with the russians under the command of general berling the manifesto issued by the polish committe does not differ materially from the program of po litical economic and social reforms elaborated mikolajczyk and his deputy prime minister jap transfer to russia of eastern poland but also de and east prussia all part of germany in 1939 with in london and the polish group in chelm are com from the u.s.s.r concerning its ultimate intentions foreign policy but will also have a profound effect states vera micheles dean tions where the argentine document brought little evidence to support its evasive generalities regard ing collaboration with the continent the hull memo randum gives chapter and verse on the various ways in which that nation has been giving constant aid and comfort to the axis u.s statement rallies argentines while the immediate reaction in buenos aires was less violent than had perhaps been anticipated it was also more united the memorandum has had the effect of rallying behind the present military gov ernment elements hitherto disposed to be friendly toward the united nations ambassador adrian escobar was recalled from washington as a first measure intended to arouse argentines to a sense of the detriment to their dignity the following day foreign minister orlando peluffo went on the hea air with a defense of argentine policy which was significant chiefly for what it left unsaid omitting to reply to the charges that the farrell government meri had b cans in italy under the orders of general sosnkoy.j jn at jaxin as is esia vith pro nent om cre tion rian rise tate ates t in tion ions that ter s wat tect ited ittle ard mo vays jes was l it the tov idly rian first nse ving x was ting nent pad been giving fat contracts to axis firms located jn argentina involving the use of materials sup plied by the united nations peluffo contented him self with following the now well established line that the régime had fulfilled all obligations with sespect to continental solidarity and would defend its sovereignty against any foreign intervention in internal or external affairs in his remarks he made no answer to the allegation that argentina was con templating aggressive action against neighboring countries he climaxed his speech by announcing the lifting of the much hated censorship of the press in view of the tempered approval of government policies fecently expressed in the editorials of the liberal buenos aires dailies la nacién and la prensa the government may believe that it is safe in re laxing ostensibly at least its press controls the easing of censorship restrictions would seem to be in accord with vice president péron’s an nouncement on july 22 that the military phase of the revolution had been concluded and a new stage reached in which the army would retire and the people would take over and carry out the principles of the revolution whether this means that péron now considers his prestige with the labor element strong enough to risk popular elections and relegate the colonels government to the background remains to be seen even if péron assumes the presidency as is generally expected his june 10 speech calling for total defense precludes the hope that with the new phase would come more peaceful relations with the rest of the continent is united action possible whether or not listeners in the united states set much store by argentine protestations it must be remembered that page three the peluffo speech was beamed at all america latin americans in this country think it unfortunate that the hull memorandum was issued as a statement of united states policy bearing the tacit approval of the other american republics rather than a mul tilateral agreement presented by some inter ameti can agency such as the montevideo committée for the defense of the hemisphere they hold that the state department summary justifies to some extent the wedge driving contention of buenos aires that the present crisis is of concern only to the governments of the united states and argentina moreover some of the latin american governments may not find themselves in a position to take a firm stand against argentina even if they want to strategically and economically vulnerable countries like chile and uruguay feel that something more than moral issues are at stake in weighing the possibility of follow ing up its strong words by strong action the united states must realize that if it advocates such action it will have in turn to give strategic and economic aid to argentina’s close neighbors the appointment of marcial mora as the new chilean ambassador to washington is seen as a bright spot in a dark situation sefior mora the for mer head of chile’s organization for the aid of the allies union for victory may take an active part not only in mediating in the present crisis but also in improving our relations with the other american states if as is sometimes claimed the stock of the united states in latin america is steadily deteri orating it is now more essential than ever that the democratic elements in the countries friendly to us assume greater practical leadership in hemispheric affairs outvee holmes some recent books on u.s foreign policy the time for decision by sumner wells new york har per 1944 3.00 the former undersecretary of state presents a wealth of interesting material on this country’s foreign policy dur ing the critical pre war and war years stressing the im portant role that public opinion plays in its formulation and presents his ideas for post war international organ ization this book is an important contribution to the his tory of our times u.s war aims by walter lippmann boston little brown 1944 1.50 mr lippmann writing with his usual brilliancy pre sents a highly controversial plan for division of the world into three main regions the atlantic community the russian orbit and the chinese orbit with the eventual addition of a fourth region embracing the peoples of the middle east and bitterly attacks woodrow wilson for contemplating a universal organization of nations via diplomatic pouch by douglas miller new york didier 1944 3.00 the former american commercial attaché in berlin widely known for his previous volume you can’t do bus iness with hitler here presents confidential reports on the rise of national socialism which he prepared between 1931 and 1937 his book reveals the extent to which sound in formation on hitler’s purposes and plans was available to the united states government long before the outbreak of war in europe the road to foreign policy by hugh gibson new york doubleday doran 1944 2.50 in this thought provoking frequently tart little book a well known career diplomat who among other assign ments served as american ambassador to belgium and brazil offers interesting suggestions for closer cooperation between the executive congress and public opinion in the formulation of foreign policy foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 42 aucust 4 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor envered as second class matter december 2 one month for change of address on membership publications 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year cbr 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor ss eee 5 ee ee ee he a washington news letter as the war in europe draws to a climax the united nations will expect greater contributions from the neutrals than they have received in the past already turkey is contemplating at least a diplomatic break with germany the arrival of soviet troops on the shore of the baltic sea would free sweden from ger man encirclement and permit it to give positive ex pression to the pro allied sentiments of the swedish people the time is also approaching when spain can cancel all its trade with belligerent germany hayes sounds harsh note of all the neutral countries none has tried american diplomacy as much as spain on june 9 a few days before he left europe for his current visit to the united states ambassador carlton j h hayes hinted at american dissatisfaction with spain's cautious neutrality at the risk of sounding a harsh note on this happy oc casion he said at a banquet on the eve of the open ing of the sample fair in barcelona i must frankly recall to you and emphasize the fact that while spain is today at peace almost all the rest of the world including my own country is at war he warned that between warring countries and peaceful coun tries commerce will be subject to occasional dis tasteful restrictions the main object of our policy in spain has been to reduce that country’s wartime usefulness to ger many to the lowest possible degree this policy as expressed in diplomatic negotiations has often neces sitated circumspect public dealings with the madrid régime in contrast to the forthrightness of dr hayes june 9 speech there has consequently been an ever present danger that our policy might appear to the world as a reflection of friendship or at least of tolerance for the political doctrine of the franco government whose ideological affinity with the nazis outrages democratic sentiments over here yet within the limited framework of its policy the united states has drawn the attention of spaniards only a small percentage of whom sympathize with their government to american ideals of freedom in an address in madrid on january 15 1943 dr hayes described american war aims in terms of the four freedoms and the recent barcelona fair provided the united states with a new opportunity for publicizing democracy one section of the exhibit entitled our hopes for the future was intro duced by this sentence we americans today are striving for peace a peace based on the essential dignity of the common man a peace that sees no for victory is our policy on spain a success man slave all men free a peace that will allow all nations to share in orderly trade the agricultural industrial and spiritual wealth of mankind a more striking portion of the exhibit was a large photo graph of the lincoln memorial sculpture of abra ham lincoln surmounted by the celebrated phrase from the gettysburg address of the people for the people by the people lincoln’s name in spain evokes memories above all of the abraham lincoln brigade in which many americans fought against the franco armies in the civil war the aim of such an exhibit is not to reform the ministers and close followers of general franco but to display for others what dr hayes in his june 9 talk called samples of intellectual and spiritual enterprise of the united states franco himself re mains unaffected by democratic sentiments in an address of july 17 he praised the falange spain's fascist party and the only legal party in the country for its virility and spirituality many questions unanswered on july 18 the eighth anniversary of the opening of the span ish civil war hitler sent franco a message of congrat ulations yet while the two dictators find a common ground in political concepts they disagree on na tional policy spain has been useful to the united states and on occasion has rebuffed germany franco for instance submitted a bill to berlin for germany's use of the spanish blue division on the eastern front spain has allowed 40,000 refugees from over the pyrenees to pass through into north africa at least 10,000 of whom joined the army of the french committee of national liberation spain also has reduced its wolfram shipments to germany and per mits our agents to observe sales of wolfram to german buyers in order to restrict smuggling despite these and other concessions three unan swered questions make it difficult to pass judgment on our policy in spain is spain’s cooperation with the allies due to dr hayes diplomacy or to its in jobs vol vanc eurc it hi may victc by s mer at col are mar fina har the byr pow san mi give of wol the fur herent distaste for war could dr hayes have safely pressed spain for greater concessions such as liber alization of its policy toward refugees should or could the state department have granted a haven in this country for many anti franco spaniards who have had to seek refuge elsewhere in other words is our policy toward spain determined solely by our desire to prevent aid to germany or are we looking beyond immediate military needs and planning to support pro democratic spaniards blair bolles buy united states war bonds can nee the fer eur nev the all iste ne ren +ann arbor nich ok foreign policy bulletin a re 0 a an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association me foreign policy association incorporated in 2 bast 38th street new york 16 n y yin vou xxiii no 43 aucust 11 1944 nst turkey breaks with axis in wake of allied victories a ay ith powerful american armored spearheads allies for invading france from the west might in 9 pushing toward paris and the red army ad the future be applied in reverse now that the great nal vancing on warsaw the news from the two major engineering problems involved in the cross channel re european battlefronts is so spectacularly good that invasion have been solved the british isles have be an it has produced numerous predictions that august come almost as much a part of the mainland as n’s may well be the decisive month in winning allied though the land bridge of a previous geological age ty victory this optimistic outlook is further encouraged still existed and britain can never again attempt by signs that the revolt inside germany is still sim as it did after 1919 to turn its back on europe the uly meting for on august 4 hitler was obliged to order united states on the other hand will emerge from an 4 ruthless purge of the wehrmacht by a special the war physically unscathed and it will still require rat court of honor named by the fuehrer himself as an act of intelligent imagination for americans to ion result of these undeniably heartening portents too realize the extent to which their safety and economic na many americans have been prone to forget that the well being depend on events across the atlantic ted final efforts in so great a struggle require the same whether this realization of our interdependence co hard work as earlier and more uncertain stages of exists will soon be indicated by the amount of under y's the conflict on august 4 war mobilization director standing congress the administration and the amer er byrnes felt it necessary to put into force new man ican public show of the allies need to liquidate lend ver power controls to halt the rush toward peace time lease in such a way as to insure an orderly transition at jobs that was endangering military production to peace time economies nch the british public by contrast is so much less turkey looks toward the peace on has sanguine about the length of the duration that prime the diplomatic as well as the military front there is pet minister churchill found it possible on august 2 to reason for allied optimism after numerous false to give parliament an optimistic report on the progress alarms during the past five years the turkish govern of the war without fearing his words of confidence ment on august 2 suspended diplomatic and eco yan would immediately cause a slump in vital war work nomic relations with germany but stopped short of a ent the chief reason for the more serious spirit prevail declaration of war from the point of view of the vith ing in britain is undoubtedly the constant reminder allies turkey’s action is not however as tardy as in furnished by the devastating robot bombs of the might at first appear until a year ago britain and fely need for continued and concentrated efforts against the united states urged the turks not to forsake ber the enemy but another reason which may be signifi their neutrality lest turkey's involvement in the war of cant in future anglo american relations is the dif result in extending german lines into the strategic n in ferent position of the two allies in reference to ally important middle east and constitute a drain on who europe in his speech churchill suggested britain’s allied supplies at a time when they were severely rds new proximity to the continent when he described limited meanwhile however the soviet union was out the ducks which so marvellously facilitated the eager for turkey's participation as a means of threat cing allied landings in france although the prime min ening the flank of the german forces on the black x to ister did not point out the broad significance of this sea littoral this difference in anglo american and les new craft his british audience probably needed no russian policies toward the turks was ironed out feminder that the techniques worked out by the at teheran in november 1943 when plans were g entered as 2nd class matter seral library 7 unty aug 11 1944 srsit f we j of nichigan made for welding the united nations forces more closely together accordingly britain and the united states began putting pressure on ankara last winter to secure the use of airfields from which to attack rumanian oil centers and to stop the export of vital raw materials notably chrome to the reich as long as the turks felt the germans might re taliate for any aid extended to the allies they re fused all british and american requests pointing out that their army was largely unmechanized and lacked air power this spring however when allied mil itary successes on the eastern and italian fronts re duced the threat of nazi attack the turks agreed to suspend exports of chrome to germany and to pre vent passage of partly dismantled german warships through the dardanelles now that the germans are clearly and rapidly losing the war in france as well as in the east and south the turks have con cluded that it is safe to take another step to assure friendship with the winning allies to the turks such risk of nazi retaliation as they are still running is considered worthwhile because they have received from the allies who hope turkey’s action will en courage bulgaria and rumania to get out of the war promises of a market equivalent to that lost in germany and shipments of allied war equipment above all however turkey hopes that its break with germany will help secure it a voice at the peace conference when the new european settlement is made the turks will be vitally interested not only in the bulgar frontiers and the balance of power in the balkans but in the important question of the dar danelles since russia has again appeared as a lead ing world power it may be expected to be more interested in the straits than at any time in the past twenty five years at the end of world war i soviet leaders renounced the claims to the dardanelles their tsarist predecessors had staked in a war time secret treaty with the allies and thus prepared the filipinos face serious whether the philippines are invaded at an early date or temporarily by passed while our heaviest blows are aimed farther north final ejection of the japanese from the islands will create important po litical problems for our government and that of the philippine commonwealth now headed by sergio osmefia who became president on the death of manuel quezon on august 1 1944 inside the philippines the present condi tion of the philippines as indicated by trustworthy teports may be summarized as follows 1 the japanese have no hold whatever on large areas in the visayas and mindanao where their gar risons are small except in davao and are confined to the ports most of their forces are massed in luzon in the southern islands guerrilla bands led page two es way for the establishment of international control which lasted until turkey secured the league's per mission in 1936 to exercise virtually sole control ip the future however it is possible that russia may revive its historic request for unrestricted entry tc the mediterranean via the straits and the turks undoubt edly believe their chances for maintaining control of this important passageway will be strengthened by their current overtures to the allies spotlight on the middle east turkey at the eastern end of the mediterranean focuses at tention on the middle east which may all too easily revert to its pre 1914 position as the area of dis cord in sumner welles apt phrase although war time changes in the allies relationships in the near east are largely unnoticed by our popular press transformations of long range significance are occut ing in 1939 the middle east as a whole was pre dominantly a british preserve and the chief prob lems therefore were those existing between the british and the native arabs the war however has greatly changed this situation for the influence of the united states has grown enormously thanks to lend lease and the establishment of military bases al though most of these american activities will end with the war the united states will have important interests in the oil of the region and will probably continue to desire rights to air bases meanwhile the u.s.s.r has opened new trade routes across the area to secure allied supplies and it may be expected that the russians will have permanent interests in persian oil in the future therefore the middle east will be a crucial testing ground of inter allied unity in adjusting the overlapping claims of the big three in this area the international oil agreement just nego tiated between britain and the united states should offer a model solution and substitute for unworkable spheres of influence winifred n hadsel post liberation problems by both filipinos and americans are active and in some provinces free civil governments are function ing the moros are well supplied with firearms ob tained from philippine army units before their sut render by scraping the bottom of the barrel the japanese were able to muster only 2,000 troops for 4 recent punitive expedition in the south the results of which were negligible the former philippine constabulary probably has less than 10,000 effectives the japanese say 40,000 and is so little trusted that each man is issued only one clip of ammunition at a time by japanese supply officers 2 japan’s printing press pesos have deteti orated until they are worth only half as much as the typewriter pesos issued by the guerrillas and the puppet government has been forced to raise wages es n branc cocot of 0 grow tical cultu 4 have boat drive from engi trol per ip may ubt of by key 5 at asily dis war near ress cur pre rob the has the end al end tant ably the area that sian y tiepeatedly to keep pace with inflation prices 3 food is scarce in manila and the cash crop vinces in normal times the islands produced j bout four fifths of their starch food requirements the md imported rice from saigon the japanese wrecked the distribution system by ill advised regula tions and have cut off the importation of rice in many areas thus there is considerable malnutrition most of the sugar output has been used by the jap anese for the manufacture of alcohol filipino farm eis now grow patches of cane and produce a crude brand of sugar for their own use the copra and gconut oil industry is also stagnant a small amount of oil being used for fuel and soap attempts to grow cotton perhaps forced by the army on a skep tical department of agriculture have failed and the culture is being abandoned 4 transportation is at a minimum steamships have been replaced on the inter island runs by sail boats and motor barges the only fleet of gasoline driven trucks in the islands is used to haul copper from mines in north luzon charcoal and oil fueled engines are used on other motored vehicles even by the japanese army 5 malaria has been widely spread by filipino troops who contracted the disease on bataan dur ing confinement in camp o'donnell tarlac prov ince these troops were given indoctrination courses in the blessings of japanese rule and then paroled to their homes they have thus acted as carriers of malaria and quinine has not been available to com bat it on the other hand the japanese have con tinued vaccination in the towns and the smallpox fate is low neither has there been an epidemic of bubonic plague as the philippines have virtually no communication with any country except japan some cholera is reported though not on a large scale 6 captured american officers of the rank of colonel and higher have been sent to formosa or japan lower ranks have had severe experiences in philippine prison camps civilians at the santo lin gpomas camp have been better treated nearly all americans formerly permitted to live outside the camp have been moved into it voluntarily in some cases as they could not obtain sufficient food outside except at black market prices there is some malnu trition among older civilians but children and young people have usually been able to cope with the diet about 800 american and european men have been moved from manila to los bafios collaborationists and guerrillas american re occupation of the philippines will pre page three sumably require a transition period of military bes ernment before the commonwealth is restored to authority the commonwealth is not equipped to deal with immediate problems of reconstruction and it would seem that american assistance and super vision would be essential for some time politically difficult problems will be presented by the filipino collaborationists and the guerrilla gov ernments of 1,000 leading filipino officials about one fourth are reported as accepting appointments by the puppet government under philippine law they will not be able to plead duress as an excuse nearly all the collaborationists however are impor tant figures in the nationalist party of which the late president quezon and president osmefia were the leaders general aguinaldo also a collabora tionist is not considered a significant factor by either japanese or filipinos if only because of his advanced age the guerrilla governments are understandably bitter toward the collaborationists and some are re ported as none too friendly to the government in exile most of them have announced their determina tion to play a controlling part in the restored com monwealth government and to deal summarily with the collaborationists president osmefia is probably as well fitted by experience and temperament to deal with this situa tion and with the american government as any fili pino while former president quezon was an out standing example of the spanish malay mr osmefia typifies some of the best traits of the filipino of chinese ancestry he is not lacking in balanced judg ment a sense of fairness and a talent for conciliation more cautious and patient than mr quezon he has a reputation for keeping his engagements and al though far less aggressive he has shown firmness when the occasion demanded nor can it be forgot ten that his wife is still a prisoner in manila and that two of his three sons were shot by the japanese he may find it both necessary and expedient to purge his party of collaborationists and to welcome many of the guerrilla leaders to a large share in the com monwealth government a prompt and peaceful solu tion of these problems will hasten the complete in dependence which has been pledged to the filipinos and which their heroism has so richly earned walter wilgus hitler’s generals by w e hart garden city doubleday doran and company 1944 2.75 a reichswehr officer under the german republic gives a personal view of the war leaders one month for change of address on membership publications foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 43 august 11 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated heaciquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lert secretary vena miche.es dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y umder the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year national please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ci 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter stbben as a result of the finnish parliament's action on august 1 calling field marshal carl gustav man nerheim to the presidency his attitude toward the prospect of european peace takes on special signifi cance he is known to be unfriendly to soviet russia but probably would not sacrifice finland to that dis like yet he is celebrated for his unfriendliness to ward germany there is a story that in his pre war travels to the french riviera mannerheim would make the journey by sea rather than take the railroad which crossed german territory even during the military crisis in finland provoked by the soviet cap ture of viipuri and their offensive against karelia on june 10 he is reported to have declined an invitation from the german government to visit berlin germans oppose finnish peace if man nerheim should now sue for peace with russia this would discourage such wavering satellites as ru mania and bulgaria from continuing in the war and would perhaps intensify dissension inside germany peace anywhere within the european fortress would strangle the slight hopes of leading nazis for per sonal survival although these hopes are entirely de pendent on protracting the war as long as possible german radio reports described the elevation of mannerheim with satisfaction one broadcast said that mannerheim now has the same powers in fin land as hitler has in germany in fact the selection of mannerheim for the pres idency ends a period of intense pro germanism in the finnish government even though the german minister in helsinki wilpert von blucher and ger man military leaders in finland may create difficul ties for mannerheim should he seek peace the par liamentary action climaxed a growing restlessness due to finland’s exhaustion after long fighting and a deepening realization that what president roosevelt on march 16 termed the hateful partnership with germany could only lead to national suicide as the british broadcasting company had warned on march 15 the internal struggle between finnish groups strangely fascinated by the prospect of sinking side by side with germany and groups anxious for peace became marked after the soviet government’s an nouncement on april 23 that negotiations to end the war with finland had collapsed three leaders of the for victory mannerheim may modify finn’s pro german policy buy united states war bonds government identified themselves completely with german policy president risto ryti prime minister edwin linkomies and foreign minister henrik ram say on june 28 a dnb broadcast declared that nazj foreign minister joachim von ribbentrop had com pleted a visit to finland during which the two gov ernments had reached a complete concert of opin ions the united states on june 30 broke off diplo matic relations with finland but that only steeled the government's determination to merge its fortunes with hitler’s linkomies on july 2 broadcast against a separate peace and on august 1 it was disclosed that ryti had writtten to adolf hitler pledging fin land not to seek a separate peace despite the dictatorial hold which the ryti lin komies government exercised over public opinion dissatisfaction with their policy became so plain that ryti resigned on august 1 overshadowing the stub born decisions of his cabinet were the more telling facts of russian advances into the heart of poland and toward east prussia the red army’s arrival on the southern shore of the gulf of riga and the pro gress of american and british armies in france and italy on august 4 mannerheim took the oath of office and linkomies and his cabinet resigned the new president hid his intentions behind such cryptic statements as the difficulties which we must conquer in order to secure the future are great however the sentence gains meaning from his warning on march 19 that the finnish army could not hold back a russian offensive the new government's problem is to extract itself from the german grasp and man nerheim is not hampered by ryti’s pledge against a separate peace early peace the wise course finland's only wise course is to realize that its hopes of profit from alliance with germany are dead and to under stand that all countries must now endeavor to fit themselves for participation in the new world organ ization to be established in place of the new world order which was to have followed hitlet’s conquests every day that finland continues to help germany will increase the price it will have to pay for its pol icy the united press has carried a report that the soviet government is giving finland until august 12 to seek peace blair bolles +ryti lin opinion plain that the stub re telling f poland arrival on d the pro rance and oath of yned the ch cryptic st conquer however ining of hold back s problem and man against a finland's of profit to under vor to fit ld organ w world conquests germany or its pol t that the il august bolles nds entered as 2nd class matter aug 18 1944 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y you xxiii no 44 avucust 18 1944 roosevelt defines u.s security needs in pacific a he invasion of southern france by allied forces on august 15 represents a further unfolding of the teheran strategy of waging war against germany on many land fronts but the success of this sum mer’s operations against the nazis will be felt in areas far beyond the european theatre this in fact is the meaning of president roosevelt's trip to the west coast hawaii and the aleutian islands in july and august his journey constitutes a declaration to the american people that major attention can now be given to the strategy of defeating japan as well as to the clarification of our political objectives in the pacific area planning at pearl harbor the times were therefore propitious for the president to dis cuss the long term strategy of the pacific war with the two top american commanders in that area gen eral macarthur and admiral nimitz moreover as germany moves toward certain defeat however bloody the process the american high command is inevitably in an increasingly favorable position to estimate the number of ships planes and men that can be moved to the far east when the european war is over and the approximate dates for which particular actions against japan can be planned the president suggested something of this in a press con ference at pearl harbor on july 29 when he re marked that any operation planned on the great scale tequired by pacific distances had to be charted far ahead of time one type of operation he probably had in mind was indicated by admiral nimitz on august 13 when he declared that the united states would be prepared to invade the japanese home islands but he was not certain this would actually be required to bring about japan’s defeat the president's trip will have useful results be yond the solution of strategic questions he was able by his very presence to give encouragement to the officers and men in the pacific area and to secure first hand information that will help him in reach ing future decisions about the war with japan the opportunity to meet general macarthur whom he had not seen in seven years may also serve to cement personal relations but not least significant is the fact that the president secured an effective platform from which to clarify both for the american public and our allies the views of the united states on vari ous problems of the pacific in an address at the puget sound navy yard on august 12 mr roosevelt left no doubt about this country’s intention to take all steps necessary to pre vent a recurrence of japanese aggression disclaim ing any american ambition to acquire land on the asiatic continent he declared that the sea and air navigation route which passes close to the alaskan coast and through the aleutians on the way to siberia and china must be under undisputed american control without naming particular islands he said it was essential for the united states to have for ward bases nearer to japan than hawaii lies but he made it clear that we have no desire to ask for any possessions of the united nations in the pacific policy toward japan the president also explored briefly some problems of dealing with a de feated japan declaring the word and honor of japan cannot be trusted it is an unfortunate fact that years of proof must pass by before we can trust japan and before we can classify japan as a member of the society of nations which seeks permanent peace and whose word we can take he also con demned japan’s war lords and home lords and referred to the responsibility of the japanese people who whether or not they know and approve of what their leaders have done for almost a century seem to be giving hearty approval to the japanese policy of acquisition of their neighbors and their neighbors lands these statements will have to be amplified before papers 3 i we can know their full significance but they seem to differ from views sometimes attributed to the state department in the president's remarks for example there is no reference to the possibility of moderate civilian elements or a peace seeking emperor tak ing the reins in japan on the contrary the linking of war lords and home lords cuts cleanly across any distinction between the japanese militarists and their supposedly unwilling civilian accomplices what the president seems to have done is to recog nize that any japanese elements which abhor their country’s policies have been unable to make them selves felt so far and that it is up to the japanese nation to prove to us that it can be trusted mr roosevelt and mr wallace when vice president wallace visited siberia and china last may and june it was widely suggested that he was seeking to improve his chances of renom ination by the democratic party or alternatively that the president wanted to dispose of mr wallace by having him out of the country at the time of the democratic national convention similarly some republican newspapers have now declared that the president's pacific trip was designed to improve his voting strength in november an earlier bulletin article has indicated that the vice president actually full employment major british post war aim action by the united states congress on legisla tion for unemployment insurance and the reconver sion of industry to a peacetime basis suggests a com parison with similar british plans that stem from the white paper on employment policy published on may 27 the proposals of the white paper were ap proved after a 3 day debate in parliament during the last week in june the constantly improving military situation in europe has added a note of urgency to such legislation while the necessity of achieving the domestic goal of stable employment and a high in come level in the chief industrial nations has become the first requisite for much of the planning in the international sphere britain in the world economy no where are the disastrous international economic con sequences of failure to achieve full employment more clearly understood than in britain in the united states less emphasis has been given to the relationship between foreign and domestic policy but it is now generally recognized in england that achievement of full employment will ultimately rest on an increase in the export trade britain’s prospec tive adverse balance of payments position gives ample evidence of this always a large importer of food and raw materials britain will need a substan tial incréase of exports hereafter to pay for those im ports since it will now be necessary to make up for the heavy loss of foreign investments and shipping page two had important official business to perform in the sitiot far east and the present article should make i jaker clear that mr roosevelt's trip also served many use port ful purposes long but what does not appear to have been noted ig alloc the press is that it can hardly be fortuitous that the t two highest officials of the united states government outs have given so much attention to the pacific area in conc recent months mr wallace's departure for the ploy orient was announced on may 20 and on july 10 will he conferred with the president in washington after men returning from china three days later the president j pi left washington eri route to the west coast and the priv pacific from the timing of the two journeys it is incr difficult to escape the impression that mr wallace's priv discussions in siberia and china dovetailed in some loca important way with the president’s activities in the fash eastern half of the pacific war theatre at the very hith least the trips indicate that the united states govern ity 0 ment has been engaged in far reaching preparations and for speeding up the war against japan and laying a exa sound basis for peace in the far east neec plar lawrence k rosinger jf ftion a ecor wallace outlines basis for post war harmony in far east eign policy bulletin june 30 1944 emp pres receipts occasioned by the war and to offset the huge erid increase in external debt as lord keynes head of and the british delegation at the recent bretton woods 5 monetary conference pointed out britain has ac f quired 12 billion of external debt during the war 8 and has at the same time liquidated 4 billion of its ac credits abroad pla the employment white paper only briefly indi tior cates the importance of an increase in export trade ner and suggests that this could be assured through inter tet national collaboration this underlying assumption however has provided one of the chief criticisms of w the paper there is concern that the new doctrine of full employment may be incompatible with some of bu the ideas advanced in international discussions con 1 cerning the future of trade and it is suggested that su in order to maintain such a policy britain may be forced to resort to exchange controls bilateral trade of agreements the formation of cartels and the like all practices which led to restriction of world trade in the thirties yet it is certain that the british pub lic having experienced full employment as a by product of the war will not willingly return to pre war conditions of recurrent unemployment white paper proposals no acute unem ployment problem is anticipated in britain immedi i ately following cessation of the conflict but the con trols imposed during the war including the rationing of consumers goods are to be continued in the traft m in the make if many use noted in s that the vernment ic area in for the n july 10 oton after president j t and the neys it is w allace’s 1 in some ies in the the very ss govern parations laying a singer foreign the huge head of n woods n has ae the war ion of its iefly indi ort trade ugh inter sumption ticisms of octrine of 1 some of f ions con sted that n may be eral trade he like yrld trade itish pub as a by rn to pre ite unem 1 immedi t the con rationing the tran sition period this particular measure will be under taken in the main for the purpose of aiding the ex rt industries on which so much depends in the jong run they are to be given high priority in the jllocation of raw materials labor and factory space the aim of future policy will be to detect at the gutset the beginning of a slump and by a series of foncerted measures to counteract the ensuing unem ployment as quickly as possible unbalanced budgets will be employed in case of need and the govern ment will accept the responsibility of influencing gpital expenditures at the right time both public or fivate and national or local under the new policy increased public investments will be made when private investments are beginning to fall off the location of industry is to be planned in an orderly fashion and a policy of diversified industries in the hitherto depressed areas will be undertaken mobil ity of labor will be sought through training programs and the cooperation of collective labor organizations examination of the tax system in the light of the needs of full employment is proposed and a novel plan is suggested whereby social security contribu tions may be varied in accordance with the prevailing economic situation so basic is the problem of full employment that the government has issued the present white paper before offering detailed pro posals for social security although the earlier bev etidge report outlined future schemes in that field and other plans now exist for education health hous ing and land use britain’s attack on the question of full employment is to be on a broad scale not unlike that of 4 great and sustained military operation in which a central planning and statistical agency will perform func tions similar to those of a general staff this perma nent central staff will measure and analyze economic trends on the basis of full information and report on them to the ministry concerned the annual white paper on national income and expenditure is to be extended until it becomes a virtual capital budget of the nation’s wealth and this central financial analysis will be supplemented by manpower studies undertaken by the ministry of labor war on unemployment the statement of policy embodied in the white paper was produced by an all party government and the general approval with which the plans were greeted emphasizes brit ish insistance on achieving full employment even at the expense of older or more orthodox economic policies the sweeping nature of british proposals page three may be contrasted with the limited measures en visaged under the george bill framed as an amend ment to the social security act now before the united states congress following defeat of the broader murray kilgore bill the opening words of the white paper illustrate the remarkable degree to which british opinion ac cepts the necessity of state intervention in economic affairs the government accept as one of their primary aims and responsibilities the maintenance of a high and stable level of employment after the war and it continues the conception of an expansionist economy here proposed has never yet been systematically applied as part of the eco nomic policy of any government in these matters we shall be pioneers the tenor of the parliamen tary debate however indicated that the issue of private versus public ownership still persists al though several labor members expressed a belief that no such policy was feasible unless greater na tionalization of industry was undertaken the coali tion government has urged that the proposals of the white paper would operate whatever the ownership of industry might be the white paper emphasizes that the full support of industry and labor will be no less important than government action but in gereral the statement in dicates that the government will henceforth provide a framework within which the national economy in britain will function speaking in the house of com mons debate mr ernest bevin minister of labor made the challenging statement that the main pur pose of the white paper was to declare war on un employment every measure the minister added concerning the monetary system commercial agree ments industrial practices or the whole economy will be judged against the acid test do they pro duce employment or unemployment grant s mcclellan the rest of your life by leo cherne garden city doubleday doran and company 1944 2.75 the executive secretary of the research institute of america sketches the many problems facing america in the postwar world in such diverse fields as production aviation medicine and psychiatry no solutions are offered but the author insists upon the basic requirement of full employment middle america by charles morrow wilson new york w w norton and company 1944 3.50 detailed factual description with interesting half tone illustrations foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 44 augcust 18 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least oe month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year sp 18 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news el otter u.s and britain reach accord on oil problems the petroleum agreement signed on august 8 in washington between the united kingdom and the united states is a landmark in international coopera tion although it does not go into force until each government has notified the other that it is ready upon the united states insistence the principle of equal opportunity in the acquisition of oil conces sions is improved also non discrimination and a fair price level in distribution to all buyers are in sured these purposes were originally embodied in the fourth paragraph of the atlantic charter signed by president roosevelt and prime minister churchill on august 14 1941 almost three years to the day before the petroleum agreement was reached both principles are included in article i of the agree ment in a talk at the university of virginia on july 6 1942 dean acheson assistant secretary of state stressed the importance these principles will assume at the time of the lend lease settlement stating that the settlement would embody the atlantic charter principles that there shall be equal access to the trade of the world and to its raw materials for all nations u.k asks empire preference the equal access and non discriminatory principles provoked the only major dispute during the conversations which opened on july 25 and led to agreement two weeks later the british delegation headed by lord beaverbrook lord privy seal requested the united states delegation headed by secretary of state hull to modify its stand for absolute equal access and non discrimination by authorizing britain to sell petroleum on the imperial preference basis this would have given a lower price to british oil moving to india members of the british commonwealth and british colonies than to oil sold elsewhere the re quest was in keeping with the atlantic charter corol lary enunciated by prime minister churchill on april 21 1944 when he said that the charter did not exclude imperial preference by declin ing to accept the argument of the british delegation that problems of foreign exchange which would exist after the war made imperial preference advis able the united states secured its exclusion from the compact as a concession the united states agreed that the period of notice of termination from either patty would be reduced from six months to three months the petroleum agreement's genesis lies in in for victory buy united states formal conversations between the two countries ig 1943 secretary of the interior harold ickes prodded both governments toward action by his announce ment on february 6 that the united states in tended to finance construction of a pipeline to carry oil from petroleum fields owned by american con cerns in saudi arabia and the sheikhdom of kuwait to an outlet on the mediterranean sea preliminary understanding on the nature of the agreement the two governments would reach came during conver sations in washington among technicians from april 19 to may 3 the agreement provides for the estab lishment of an interim international petroleum com mission to be made up of four united states and four united kingdom members and ultimately for a permanent international petroleum council the dual agreement pledges its signatories to plan for aa international conference among all countries inter ested in the petroleum trade whether as producers or consumers which would set up the council greater test ahead the united states has yet to learn whether congress will demand the priy ilege of approving the dual agreement assuming that this hurdle is surmounted the real test of the two governments willingness and ability to work together on a commodity problem about which each has different views will come when the international commission meets article iii paragraph 2 of the agreement directs the commission to suggest the manner in which over the long term the estimated demand may best be satisfied by production equitably distributed among the various producing countries and one of the first problems the body will deal with is whether to assign maximum quotas for petroleum in international commerce to the various producing areas in the middle east where british and united states interests compete another problem will arise out of the two com mercial restrictive agreements which british dom inated companies have sponsored in the middle east the red line agreement and the kuwait market ing agreement both safeguard british petroleum interests but the new agreement provides for free ing the production and distribution of petroleum from unnecessary restrictions whatever it de cides the commission will have no enforcing author ity of its own the two governments will rely on each other to act on commission recommendations blair bolles war bonds 191 ot bi by +or al nter ucers s has priv ming f the work each ional f the t the rated tably ries with leum icing nited com dom east irket leum free leum de thor periodic pa riouical kuve eaeral library in te ya university of michigan ann arbor mich an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y s vou xxiii no 45 aucust 26 hull seeks united american support of security conference fps long awaited preliminary conference of amer ican british and soviet representatives which began at dumbarton oaks on august 21 is a first step toward a new league of nations this time it is hoped one that will work the current meetings to be followed by similar conversations among the united states britain and china are expected to qulminate in a general united nations conference which will consider the decisions reached by the big four and take final action it is as yet not clear how soon the new world organization may be formed but chairman connally of the senate foreign relations committee declared on august 16 that the object is to create a going concern before the end of the war there is every indication that the british soviet and american governments are in substantial agree ment on the kind of international security organiza tion they wish to form plans exchanged by the three powers before the current meetings began are said to provide for an executive council assembly and world court the assembly is to be an advisory body of all members while the executive council is to contain the big four in a permanent capacity together with other rotating members it is agreed that each of the big four is to have a veto on the use of armed force by the organization dileencfjat to the number of members to be included ine council the size of the council vote required for military sanctions and the method of applying sanctions the last point is particularly important for the united states in view of the constitutional requirement that a declara tion of war must be made by congress another item that may arouse considerable discussion is the soviet proposal for an international air force to be placed at the disposal of the executive council each dewey on foreign policy not least sig es nificant is the problem of incorporating the smaller nations in the new world organization in fact it was through this issue that the conference was introduced dm ei tate oo into the american political arena on august 16 by governor dewey while expressing approval of the discussions and appreciation of the need for world organization and great power unity the republican presidential candidate declared that he had been deeply disturbed by some of the recent reports con cerning the forthcoming conference these indicate he said that it is planned to subject the nations of the world great and small permanently to the coer cive power of the four nations holding this confer ence mr dewey did not specify the reports he had in mind nor did he explore possible methods of avoiding such a situation but he was quickly answered by secretary of state hull who asserted on august 17 governor dewey can rest assured that the fears which he expressed are utterly and completely unfounded no four power dictatorship he said is contemplated or has ever been contem plated by this government or as far as we know by any of the other governments mr hull was no doubt alarmed for he has worked long and hard to lift foreign policy above the fire and smoke of partisan discussion his constant objec tive has been to undo the harm caused abroad by the view that the united states cannot be depended on in world organization because a change of admin istration might produce a new american withdrawal into the shell of isolationism in his handling of foreign affairs he has scrupulously avoided any word or act that might imply a narrow democratic partisan ship and has sought to shape an international pro gram that the country as a whole could claim as its own regardless of party that he has succeeded in some measure is indicated by mr dewey's swift acceptance of his assurarices and by the new york governor's willingness to send his representative john foster dulles to confer with the secretary of state on a nonpartisan basis but perhaps even more important was the declaration by republican senator tte iene miata a ae a art ioe potatos dogs ae i ee ree ne ss ee amy er gippasey 4 2 ae ls elon 355 elt ae bs se on sh oat som taft on august 19 that he did not expect the pro posed peace and security organization to lead to any serious conflict between the democratic and repub lican parties future of small nations time after time the secretary of state has made it clear that he stands for equal treatment of the small nations and their fullest possible participation in world af fairs reference was made to this subject by wen dell willkie on august 20 when in replying to an invitation from mr dewey to confer with himself and mr dulles the 1940 republican presidential candidate remarked for several years i have been deeply concerned about the small nations i therefore made inquiry about ten days ago of the washington authorities to determine if our govern ment intended to insist upon the protection of the po sition of small nations in the forthcoming dumbar ton oaks conference i was given strong affirmative assurances therefore i had determined to await re sults before entering into any public discussions however since the hull dulles conversations were to be nonpartisan mr willkie agreed to exchange views with mr dulles and did so on august 21 quite apart from the intentions of the united states and allied governments toward the small na tions it is necessary to realize that a proper status for these countries cannot be assured by international machinery alone in the old league of nations the small nations had greater voting power than they are likely to have in the new world organization but in the prevailing international anarchy of the years be tween the first and second world wars only the most powerful states actually possessed some mea sure of initiative in world affairs the fact must be faced that no genuine protection of the small nations is possible except on the basis of a great power agreement sufficiently strong to prevent the rise of a war situation consequently to conceive of the rights of small countries as being in conflict with the big italians hope for allied aid in with the date of german defeat in northern italy advanced by the successful allied invasion of south ern france which has outflanked the gothic line and cut the nazis main direct rail and road route along the riviera coast into the region above the arno liberated italians consider the problems of national rehabilitation increasingly urgent for the present of course allied control of liberated italy's food oil and such means of communication and production as have survived the war will continue until the ger mans are actually driven out of their positions north of florence but questions concerning the nation’s economic future are now taking precedence in italian politics over the traditional issues of anti clericalism and the monarchy page two four is to pose a false conflict although many spec gsten fic problems between the iarge nd small powers they remain to be ironed out the future of such nations jempc as poland yugoslavia belgium ethiopia and the nd c new korea can be secure only if britain the united witho states china and the soviet union france might ackne well be added are in essential agreement conti unity on economic issues it is apparent porar that verbal harmony in american discussion of a new league is growing this is a healthy sign of the in creasing unity of the american people on the need for cooperation to avert another war but it would be an error to suppose at this stage of the political campaign or of american understanding of world affairs that the existence of common or similar form ulas is synonymous with agreement on basic long range conceptions of the united states international role the touchstone of foreign policy today is no longer mere willingness not to oppose a security organization this issue once such a serious obstacle is now largely behind us it has been replaced by barriers that are equally difficult to surmount these new issues involve our attitude toward our allies and their security needs our willingness to make mutual concessions in the field of tariffs and currency and our desire to contribute our share of the force needed to make security more than a slogan to support cooperation with other nations and favor high protective tariffs to speak of unity and level unreasonable criticism at our allies to talk of a peace ful world and yet oppose measures required to halt future aggressors in their tracks is to build the shadow of peace without the substance on all these issues there is room for legitimate dis agreement as to methods but nothing would be more heartening than to see the verbal harmony on general principles that is so evident today extended to a fat deeper unity on the economic as well as the poli tical methods of making this the last war lawrence k rosinger facing economic difficulties unemployment looms large with italian factories and ities largely in ruins the former axis partner is faced by the prospect of an enormous surplus population for which there appears to be no outlet since the bonomi government has been able to find no alternative to the public works and state subsidized industries the fascists set up in an effort to create employment during the twenties and thir ties the régime has proceeded somewhat slowly in combing out the inflated public works mussolini es porta fort t al ans copin disun italy tribu the u as th the i allie italic becat full advo polit sf conf rang undc ly h 25 the ties of n con with bon peo tant fror jun id whe prot basi ital stak 7 10 j the tlor tablished and destroying the remnants of the fascist economy but in view of the unemployment that would result from more drastic reforms it seems doubtful that even bonomi’s severest critics who ery ie dle 0 urge more ruthless destruction of the repudiated jme j stem would be able to carry out their program if s they were in power at present the allies are giving ng f lemporary relief to the italians in the form of food the om clothing aid which count carlo sforza minister without portfolio in the bonomi cabinet gratefully tknowledged on august 20 but since the allied control commission is concerned solely with tem ent porary measures needed to maintain order in an im ew 9 military theatre the allies have made no ef in vfort to help italy solve its problems of reconstruction eed although the grim economic outlook and the ital uld jjans inability to devise and agree on methods for ical oping with it are the chief reasons for the political rid disunity in liberated italy other causes arising from rm italy's temporary position as a battleground also con ng iribute to the confusion foremost among these are nal the unsettled status of allied italian relations as long no jas the armistice terms remain secret and the role of tity the bonomi government as a shadow régime under cle jallied authority but it should be reiterated that the by pitalians are divided among themselves not merely because allied control prevents them from assuming ouf full responsibility for the various programs they to jadvocate but because of basic disagreements on the and political road italy should take toward reconstruction the splinter parties emerge italian political yan confusion has taken the form of an almost endless vor lange of parties and groupings many of which will evel jundoubtedly be consolidated when elections are final aces jly held when mussolini was overthrown on july to 25 1943 six parties claimed to speak in the name of uild pthe anti fascists now however even these six par on fiies cannot show a united front and nearly a score dis jot new parties including such anomalies as catholic ore fcommunists and a democratic union of persons eral jwithout a party have appeared and disputed the far bonomi government’s claims to represent the italian oli fpeople among these new groups the most impor lant appear to be the rightists who were eliminated r itom the government when badoglio resigned on june 6 the campaign to restore the conservatives 3 power began approximately two months ago tith when premier v e orlando began laying the vi fgtoundwork for a new pro monarchist party on the mep yasis of a platform that calls for a king to check 1008 htalian democracy in the interests of greater national y e grea il stability orlando’s supporters have been able to rate u.s gold ban marks stiffer fort the united states suspension of gold shipments thit fto argentina on august 16 comes as the first item in y if the long foreshadowed program of economic sanc i s tions against the farrell régime employing machin scist jery that was prepared six months ago the treasury that department took this action as argentina was com ems pleting arrangements for the withdrawal of 2,000 who 000 in gold the latest in a series of monthly ship ated pments which over a period of fifteen months had page three rally numerous liberals including benedetto croce and his followers as well as conservatives at ent these rightists are attacking the bonomi fo on the ground that it is too far to the left to repre sent the majority of the italian people and are at tempting to replace it with a régime that would chart italy's reconstruction along a more conservative course in making a bid for power the conservatives have the support of both britain and the vatican which now appears tp be enjoying marked prestige rel in italy because of pope pius role in saving rome one result of the right’s efforts to gain control of italian affairs has been the increased activity of the italian communists and their growth into a strong national party at present the commiunists are con ciliatory toward the church and the middle class but conservative quarters consider their position too moderate to be sincere and point to the party's auto cratic organization as indicative of its real intentions help from abroad needed in this way the stage is slowly being set for a clash between right and left when and if the clash comes it will be far less violent if italy's future appears more hopeful than it does at present but the economic prospect can be im proved only if the allies are willing to extend some help to italy in the painful process of rehabilitation for the nation will require raw materials machinery and foreign markets if it is to provide work for the unemployed proposals for extending aid to italy can hardly expect a popular reception among the united nations since too many of them have suffered greatly from italy's partnership with germany moreover there is justice in the arguments that the italians are fundamentally responsible for the acts of their former government and that italy’s plight is the result of the disastrous policies of its own fascist leaders yet it is clearly in the interests of long range european peace that the allies take some steps toward helping the italians help themselves in solving the desperate unemployment problem confronting them if such signs were given that the allies have plans for the future of europe that include some provision for the rehabilitation of italy the italians might be ex pected to show greater confidence in the possibility of carrying on reconstruction by democratic rather than extreme methods from either the right or left winifred n hadsel policy toward argentina reached between 20,000,000 and 30,000,000 no less than 429.5 million in gold stocks and foreign exchange credits are thus blocked for an indefinite period by the washington order argentine credits in the united states are placed in the same situation as its blocked sterling in britain with the exception that as buenos aires is careful to point out the latter arrangement was the result of a voluntary agreement financial situation precarious ar gentina’s large reserves of sterling and dollar ex change are the result of an increasingly favorable trade balance in the past year it has been sending its ships out laden with wheat cheese hides and oil for the united nations and bringing them home practically in ballast as the allies have allocated their entire production effort to war needs a com parison of foreign trade figures for the first five months of this year with the corresponding period in 1943 show that while the 41 per cent increase in total exports is largely attributable to their purchases britain and the united states are selling less to argentina than ever before with this curtailment of imports during the war period and the problems of blocked sterling gold and foreign exchange credits argentina faces the spectre of an unhealthily expanding economy the treasury department order will accelerate the inflationary tendency now barely held in check if such financial steps do not suffice to change the policies of buenos aires the united states and brit ain may take more drastic measures the withholding of export permits for vital american farm machinery is probably contemplated even more serious would be the failure to renew the meat contract which ex pires on september 30 under this arrangement brit ain on behalf of the united nations has purchased all of argentina’s exportable beef surplus or about 700,000 tons during the past two years at a price which is 80 per cent higher than that received for the greater argentine meat export in 1939 non renewal of the contract would place meat sales on a day to day basis with quantity and price no longer guaran teed without even broaching the term sanc tions therefore washington and london may strike at the most important economic factor in ar gentine relations with the united nations in the face of these threats to the country’s eco nomic existence the farrell government is playing for time with the end of the war in sight it looks forward to large scale purchases of raw materials by europe’s devastated countries some of which like norway may be in a position to negotiate trade con tracts immediately buenos aires believes too that it holds hostages for the good behavior of the anglo american governments in the shape of their enor mous argentine investments proposals have already been made for the nationalization of british rail way properties with an investment value of over a million pounds using blocked sterling as part pay ment in spite of the announcement last week that page four expropriation of foreign investments was not contem plated the fact remains that forced sales of sub sidiaries of british and american utilities have taken 191 place a recent decree revising the expropriation law to give the executive more power is added eyj dence of the intentions of the farrell per6én combina tion above all the shrewd men in the pink house 7 will undoubtedly try to capitalize on the mutual dis f trust of the two largest competitors for the argentine 7 market this policy is borne out in the pointed tribute to britain paid by the minister of agriculture at the opening of the national live stock show on august 19 and the lack of reference to the united states as one of the partners to the meat agreement anglo american accord lacking it is increasingly apparent that the united states and britain are not in agreement on the policy to be fol lowed in argentina uncertainty as to the future of their respective commercial interests in that area is perhaps at the bottom of their failure to take com mon decisive action desirous of expanding already existing export markets and encountering new ones each country says the august 6 issue of the london economist finds it difficult to avoid suspecting each other’s motives united states businessmen view with concern the presence of high powered british trade missions in latin america whereas the british feel that the pressure exerted on them from america to undertake sanctions in the name of hem ispheric solidarity may be a pretext to oust them from their long established argentine market es pecially since the effect of such action on the outcome of the war is dubious there are indications that the british are not so much concerned with the immediate issue of fascist controls in argentina as with the fundamental eco nomic problem which gave rise to the present mili tary government some british observers taking a long view believe that helping argentina to a bal anced economy will encourage democratic middle class elements to rise to the top the question then arises whether the two governments are willing to take steps that will lead them out of the impasse oc casioned by the unbalance of their trade with that country failure on the part of the two allies to col laborate in helping argentina solve its problem may mean that the military government will turn to its neighbors to ease its economic situation this exten sion of argentine hegemony over the southern bloc of states might portend disaster for the continent o.tve holmes foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 45 august 25 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lert secretary vera miche.es dean editor entered second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year one month for change of address on membership publications incorporated national set ap es oe low senmsinall tion gene ing paris any ao un lovin the f unite fran concé man speecl cond devo cauti sente pevide are f as r grou fiden will fears men belie been of si liber cruci please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor llowii disc ports d th +sep8 1944 entered as 2nd class matter i vib al bove oneal veneral library ny of mich f sub taken riation ed evi mbina veneral library university of michigan ann arbor michigan house f foreign policy bulletin tribute pl at the 4 august j an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association tates as j foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y ng it pou xxiii no 46 september 1 1944 res and iti liberated french move toward fourth republic area is lthough the allies major objective in the struction of their property resulting from this new e com battle of france was achieved with the destruc phase of the war but now that paris and the impor already htion of the nazis seventh army as announced by tant cities of the south of france have responded to w ones general eisenhower on august 26 it is the result the allies arrival with unbounded joy and eagerness london fing liberation of almost half of france including to cooperate in speeding the day of german defeat pecting paris itself that stirs the allied world more than we know that the spirit of normandy was not typical essmen pany of its previous military victories paris occupies of france as a whole far from presenting the spec owered ja unique place in the sentiments of the freedom tacle of an indifferent and broken people the french reas theploving world and its rebirth of independence seems m from the perfect symbol of the eventual triumph of the of hem punited nations but the freeing of a large part of st them g france has done more than give a tremendous boost ket es gto allied morale it has also dispelled grave fears yutcome concerning the future of france that prevailed among not so f fascist ital eco nt mili aking 4 o a bak middle on then illing to asse oc ith that s to cok lem may many americans as long as the temper of the french people inside hitler's fortress remained a matter of speculation rather than observation under those conditions doubts arose about the french people's devotion to liberty and the allied cause and led to tautious american policies that the free french re sented but were unable to attack with conclusive tv 2ence now however that frenchmen in france ate free to speak for themselves it is possible at last for realities instead of opinion and incomplete under ground reports to shape our policy and it can be con fdently anticipated that franco american relations will be improved as a result temper of france revealed among rn to its fears dispelled by our new contact with the fren is extet men who have lived under enemy occupation was tlfe ern bloc belief that france’s strength and spirit might have ontinent pheen so seriously sapped by the nation’s four years of suffering that its people would be indifferent to liberation and incapable of aiding the allies at that national pucial moment during the period immediately fol entered lowing d day there seemed to be some basis for this low t km wdisquieting thought for from normandy came re ports that many of the peasants were either apathetic fo the invasion or concerned above all with the de ilmes of paris marseilles toulon and other important centers appear in our first glimpses of them as a nation in which youthful leaders and the enthusiastic spirit of youth abound on first thought it is surpris ing to find young men and women figuring so prom inently in the liberated towns and cities since pre war france was usually led by men of advanced years and millions of young frenchmen are still held by the germans as prisoners of war or conscript labor ers yet it is probably precisely because pre war lead ers were discredited in france and german rule was so severe that thousands of french youth felt com pelled to join the maquis french members of the underground have played an important role in liberating their country both by supplying vital information on which pre invasion allied air attacks were planned and by destroying german communications and directing the allies to concealed nazi positions during the battle of france that the maquis were rarely able to attack german positions successfully does not detract from their achievements for regardless of courage and daring men with rifles are no match for regular soldiers armed with machine guns and mortars and the french tendency to exaggerate the maquis successes as de gaulle did on august 25 when he declared paris had been liberated by ourselves is na tural on the part of a people vitally interested in re establishing france as a great power friendship for u.s there is however glory and gratitude enough for both the maquis and the a ae a _____ page two allies in france and the frenchmen’s enormous en gaulle’s success will rest in large part on his ability ions thusiasm for the american soldiers has disproved the to cooperate with the local leaders of resistance for you pre invasion prophecy that liberated frenchmen members of the maquis will undoubtedly demand joined might be cold and unfriendly toward the united important places in france’s new government this suse states the tensions between algiers and washing task of incorporating the maquis into his régime jgher ton it appears are almost unknown in france and should not prove too difficult for de gaulle for he gespit have done nothing to damage the traditional friend has been in close contact with the underground since py ship for the united states among the french people its formation and has always based his claim to repre pen as a whole the united states and the leaders of the sent france on his ties with the forces of resistance 4 new france will have therefore a fresh chance un moreover de gaulle’s administrators in normandy whicl clouded by the record of algiers washington dis have shown signs of recognizing the importance of 1 putes to establish close bonds between the two re local resistance leaders by cooperating with them p publics in the post war period whether de gaulle wins the french people's ap doub proval as their political leader depends to an even iber greater extent on his ability to become the acknowl yarg edged spokesman of the french patriots who have popu paid dearly for the liberation of their country and might demand in return a new france that will succeed shat where the old one failed consideration of these de dissc mands has apparently shaped de gaulle’s outline for ed a new fourth republic to replace the régime he in american fears that general de gaulle might not represent any sizable proportion of frenchmen and that the french majority might therefore resent any efforts by the united states to support his provisional government have also been dispelled by recent events in france yet weeks before these proofs of de gaulle’s widespread popularity were received the united states was obliged to accept his unauthorized ate past appointments of administrators in normandy be sists marshal pétain destroyed when he accepted de of n cause of the sheer impracticability of the original feat in 1940 the fourth republic de gaulle has mor american plan that required general eisenhower to indicated will rest on a new economic structure in frjer choose the french personnel needed for administer ing liberated french territory this practical consid eration in fact rather than any admission that de gaulle represents france forms the basis of the new agreement between washington and general de gaulle that was signed august 22 this arrangement merely recognizes and extends to other parts of france the administrative system that de gaulle worked out in normandy and specifically states that it will continue only as long as de gaulle’s group continues to receive the support of the majority of the frenchmen who are fighting for the defeat of germany and the liberation of france american policy toward de gaulle still remains therefore a which the state will control great sources of national and wealth and organized workers will share in the con de duct of industry whether this program of modified obsc state socialism will be in tune with the ideas of the to liberated french people remains to be seen but it ped can hardly be expected that a system of free enter fore prise will appeal to a nation whose capitalist econ forc omy collapsed under german pressure thei de gaulle’s reiterated pledge that france's new c government shall rest on an election in which womedy niti as well as men shall have the vote also expresses the bra demands of french underground leaders for a om gre plete break with the third republic and it is in this lars same spirit of reform that de gaulle promised the fas cautious one in which the burden of proof of his french people on august 25 that their deep desire rég leadership rests entirely upon him for security from future german invasions will be de gaulle's political future in view fulfilled france also has a right he insisted to be of the widespread french enthusiasm for de gaulle in the first line among the great nations who age ye as the symbol of national rebirth there can no longer going to organize the peace and the life of the world y be wr doubt about his paereg ers popularity and pits she has a right to be heard in all four corners of the ch tige in france however his claim to be the politi orld in this declaration there are hints of the cal leader of france and the head of a govern strong foreign policy the new france will demand ment that soon expects to move from algiers to de paris remains to be tested in this political realm de winirrepd n hapseel tio im reactionaries in brazil force foreign minister’s resignation the resignation of brazilian foreign minister however he has distinguished himself as the prim a oswaldo aranha on august 23 widely interpreted cipal brazilian spokesman for the allies as ambas i as a blow to pro allied sentiment actually hints at sador to washington and later as president of the d the existence of great cracks in the internal structure rio conference in 1942 where he contributed n0 it of brazil the second most important political figure little to the drama of the final session by announcing in in the country aranha has long been a supporter cessation of diplomatic relations with the axis pow w of president getulio vargas whom he helped to ers he has worked constantly for closer identification power in the revolution of 1930 in his own right of his country with the fortunes of the united n gj 3 nis ability tance for fiions it was in large part due to his efforts that on maugust 20 1944 a brazilian expeditionary force demand igined the fifth army in italy his espousal of the ent is régime le for he und since to repre esistance jormandy rtance of 1 them ple’s ap an even acknowl who have intry and succeed these de utline for ne he in epted de aulle hag ucture if national the con modified as of the n but it ee enter list econ i i cause of the democracies to which many brazilians are winherently sympathetic has won him wide support idespite recent reports that his prestige is on the wane dictatorship strengthened at a time mwhen every political occurrence is being assessed in isis light of its influence on the presidential elections which vargas has repeatedly promised for the end jiof the war aranha’s resignation is significant should he present himself as a candidate he would un doubtedly carry a considerable portion of the liberal vote if as seems more likely however vargas does not intend to submit his government to popular revision aranha’s presence in the cabinet might prove embarrassing recent events indicate that all articulate resistance to the 1937 coup which dissolved congress and instituted the army support ed new state is being progressively stifled in the past weeks a number of pro democratic periodicals of national circulation have been shut down even more serious has been the replacing of important friends of collaboration between the united states band brazil either with strong men like coriolano de goes new chief of the federal police or with obscure department employees who may be expected to do as they are told acting foreign minister pedro leao velloso an official of the ministry of foreign affairs seems to be of the latter stamp the forces of brazilidn reaction appear to be tightening ce’s news h women esses the ra com is in this nised the ep desire will be d to be who age 1e world rs of the s of the demand adsel tion the prit ambas it of the their lines against the advent of peace one by product of the change may well be recog nition of the military government of argentina brazil already closely associated economically as the greatest source of argentina’s imports and the third largest contender for its exports may seek in this fashion to ally itself politically with the farrell régime it is also possible that certain elements within the arrival of an american military mission at yenan nerve center of the communist areas in china is an event that would have attracted consid erable attention in any summer other than the present one with its impressive successes in europe yet the development is full of significance for the prosecu tion of the war against japan it means in its most immediate sense that the united states has succeeded in breaking down one of the barriers separating the american armed forces from china’s fighting guer tillas taken more broadly it suggests the increasing yuted n0 nouncing xis pows tification ited na determination of the state department and our mil itary leaders to exert every effort to prevent china’s internal political problems from impeding essential war operations military objectives the mission small in size is a token of possible actions to come in an page three the army are not unfriendly to the idea of thus actively expressing dislike of united states inter vention in national and hemispheric affairs the question confronting brazilians today is whether such a step would be in harmony with the funda mental directives of its foreign policy of continental solidarity and strict cooperation with the allied na tions reaffirmed on the occasion of the foreign minister's retirement unrest below the border what is hap pening in brazil is not an isolated incident but the reflection of a widespread and growing disquietude in latin america as the european war draws to a close the fundamental political and economic prob lems of the continent shelved for the duration are reasserting themselves with new urgency not to be disassociated from these are the increasing mani festations of anti american feeling for they spring from a deep seated suspicion that the united states is in latin america to stay the fact that congress delays action on the bill granting self government to puerto rico disturbs latin americans the more so since they have always regarded that island as a sounding board of their big neighbor's intentions toward the rest of the hemisphere despite repeated denials on the part of the state department the con viction is strongly held in some quarters that this country will not only refuse to withdraw from bases in brazil and the caribbean but will attempt to acquire new ones the resolution offered by senator mckellar on august 15 that the united states pur chase the galapagos islands from ecuador did not allay their fears although president velasco ibarra characterized the proposal as unrepresentative of american opinion in the days ahead latin america and the united states alike must bring to bear on these knotty aspects of continental and internal affairs all the statesmanship that can be mustered o.tvee holmes u.s military mission confers with chinese communists nouncing on august 2 that the americans were en route to the communist areas a chungking spokes man declared that the group had three purposes to collect aeronautical data and weather information to aid american airmen forced down in communist territory and to develop closer cooperation between chinese ground forces and american air units to these goals colonel davis barrett head of the mis sion added a fourth when he stated after arriving at yenan we have come here to study how these people have been able to keep the superiorly armed japs in north china at bay for seven years this declaration recognizing the great military role of the guerrillas is all the more significant because some military and political leaders in chungking have publicly contended that the communists do not fight such is clearly not the view of the united states army a re hew we ok en r serr fee e ee this country has wanted to establish contact with the yenan headquarters of the eighth route and new fourth armies for a long time but only now has it become possible to secure the permission of the chungking government the development is inti mately linked with the launching of our b 29 super fortress raids for the guerrilla areas could provide excellent bases against the enemy's inner zone in morth china manchuria korea and the japanese homeland it is also not a coincidence that the dis patch of the mission has occurred at a time when the war against germany is entering its final phase with the united states and britain moving steadily closer to the period when their full strength can be turned against japan and with the china front a notoriously weak base from which to use that strength every effort must be made in the coming months to bolster china’s fighting power in this effort it would be dangerous to ignore any forces in china that are hit ting the enemy effectively and whose territory would provide us with new ways of striking at japan internal political differences it is an appalling fact that despite japan’s success in taking the key points of changsha loyang and hengyang within the past three months there is still no military cooperation between the two main bodies of china’s troops those of the central government numbering some 3,000,000 and the communist forces estimated roughly at 500,000 indeed many divisions of central soldiers are still blockading the communist areas under the circumstances it has been imperative that the united states establish its own contact with the communists paralleling the contact we have long had with the armies of the central government by being represented in both areas we may in effect establish a liaison between the chinese groups for if our air operations are coordinated with the local ground activities of the communist and chung king forces the two may find after a while that their separate actions have begun to dovetail as parts of a single military plan this would encourage the con clusion of a political accord recognition by the page foasr united states of the guerrillas place in the way effort might remove from discussion one issue be tween them and the central government whether the eighth route and new fourth armies should be incorporated fully into the struggle against japan or whether chungking while in a state of war wil the japanese should devote a large part of its energy to restricting guerrilla activities it must be emphasized however that at present the american mission’s purpose is simply to secure information and carry on discussions whether chungking has as yet consented to the implementa tion of any plans that may be reached is not publicly known it may be significant that when dr k c wu chinese vice minister for foreign affairs was asked on august 2 whether american air bases in communist territory would not be very valuable to the allies he replied that the question of bases in those areas has not arisen he added that he did not know what attitude his government would take to ward such a proposal yet nothing is clearer than the fact that unless such bases are established and other concrete measures of cooperation instituted the mission will have been little more than a sight seeing tour lifting the blockade if the guerrilla regions of north and central china are to make their maximum contribution in the war against japan two steps are necessary the central government must lift its long standing blockade on supplies for the eighth route and new fourth armies and it must grant permission to the american authorities to work with those armies in the same way as with other chinese forces when one considers what the guerrillas have been able to do all these years while lacking outside supplies air support and advice it is obvious that their war effort with these factors present would be capable of enormous expansion the result would be to help shorten the struggle against japan and save many lives of chinese american and other united nations troops lawrence k rosinger the f.p.a bookshelf ten escape from tojo by commander melvyn h mccoy and lieutenant colonel s m mellnik as told to lieu tenant welbourn kelley new york farrar and rine hart 1944 1.00 the story of japan’s brutal treatment of american and germany after hitler by paul hagen new york farrar and rinehart 1944 2.00 because of his experience as an anti nazi in the under ground movement the writer has faith in possible revolu tion backed by youth and underground groups but fears 1191 filipino prisoners of war captured on bataan and cor the allied armies may back leaders who will again regidor plan war foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 46 sgpremper 1 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lest secretary vera miche.es dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the pose office at new york n y under che act of march 3 1879 one month for change of address on membership publications three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor le he eu it as the gi fli th th de pe fi +and illa neir two lift hth ant vith ese ave side hat be uld her perigdical rog genbral library wav of mich general liorary a university of michigan ann arbor wich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vol xxiii no 47 september 8 1944 fear of communism nazis last hope for soft peace he closer the allies come to victory over the axis in europe the more we are forced to realize what should have been obvious all along that the end of hostilities will only mark the beginning of seismic readjustments in a continent torn by war and civil strife involving revision sometimes from day to day of the theories and preconceptions many of us have developed about european affairs the para mount need for wartime cooperation had clamped the lid tight on divergences among the united na tions regarding the post war world germany's mil itary defeat is bound to spring open a pandora’s box of troubles from the atlantic to the black sea end of war will raise new prob lems the prospect of post war ferment may dis hearten those americans who have long believed that europe was incurably addicted to intrigues and wars it is in this respect fortunate that unrest in the asiatic colonies controlled by western powers and the rise of nationalism throughout south america give evidence that political economic and social con flicts are not limited to europe but it is there that the united nations will experience the first test of their ability to work together in peace as they have done in war the dumbarton oaks conference rep resents a determined attempt by the four great powers to devise international machinery to avert future wars this conference however is not em powered to deal with the problems of political change immediate relief and long term reconstruc tion which next to liberation head the priority list of liberated nations the manifold issues raised by the as yet unsettled russo polish controversy the surrender of finland on september 4 rumania’s claims against hungary just to mention a few re veal the need more urgent than ever of a conference of all the united nations or at least the creation as suggested by the british of a united nations com mission for europe supplementing or preferably replacing the european advisory commission on which the united states britain and russia alone are represented as in france so elsewhere people will not have much time to waste on jubilant victory parades they are eager to get down to the task of rebuilding their shattered institutions and disorganized economies and the most constructive thing the united states britain and russia can do is to help them in this task europe must share in decisions on germany the efficacy of the aid rendered by the great powers will necessarily depend on the manner in which as well as the objects for which it is of fered the reconstruction of europe cannot be effec tively undertaken by the great powers unless they have the voluntary cooperation of the liberated coun tries discussion of what comes first agreement among the great powers or agreement between the great powers and the small nations threatens to become as tenuous as the medieval debate about the number of angels on the point of a needle what ever may seem desirable in theory in practice it is unimaginable that the countries of europe with france once more emerging as their acknowledged leader and spokesman can long be left sitting on the doorstep while the great powers discuss the future of the continent and especially the key problem of what to do about germany the report that repre sentatives of france are to join the dumbarton oaks conferees on september 10 are encouraging for to germany's neighbors its fate is not merely a provoca tive subject for forum debates it is a matter of life and death we in this country who have been spared the horrors of lidice and lublin who have not lived at the mercy of the gestapo who have not seen those we love dragged out of our homes for deporta tion torture or execution have a heavy responsibility ee i if te fe ne a pe fs te rm pee ae te amass ee pe ee te for whatever judgments we may reach concerning germany and its relations with the rest of europe and the world there is no need for us to fan hatred against the germans the hatred expressed by the people of florence has been echoed in every country subjected to nazi rule what we must be on guard to avoid is commiseration with the germans in the hour of their defeat harsh as the allies demand for uncondi tional surrender may have appeared at the time it was made conditions on the continent revealed in the wake of invasion should convince even the most doubtful that no other approach to the germans is practicable at this moment the few germans who have been in a position publicly to dissociate them selves from the nazis notably the generals who joined the free german committee in moscow lend strength to a policy of no compromise the burden of their statements is not remorse for the sufferings inflicted by the germans on europe but regret that through a series of tactical errors at tributed to hitler and his nazi advisers as distin guished from the professional soldiers of the general staff germany failed to achieve its military objec tives we need not despair of finding germans after the war with whom it may prove possible to estab lish satisfactory working relationships but in fair ness to the millions of europe who have perished in the unceasing struggle against the nazis and to our own dead as well the nature of such relation ships should be stated to the germans only after their military defeat has been consummated on their own soil and after their military as well as political lead ers have surrendered without any previous promises or commitments on our part this does not mean that the united nations them selves should abstain from formulating their plans concerning germany until military victory has been achieved on the contrary they should do so as swift ly as possible for their decisions about germany's future will shape all other developments on the con tinent in this critical hour when the hopes of so page two recent foreign policy reports u.s plans for world organization by vera micheles dean breaking up the japanese empire by lawrence k rosinger u.s foreign trade and world economy by h p whidden jr struggle for a new france by winifred n hadsel bretton woods monetary conference 25c each reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 eee many so long oppressed have suddenly been renewed the nazis still have a valuable card up their sleeve which they are playing with all the ingenuity at their disposal they argue once more that germany has fought and bled not to advance its own national in terests at the expense of weaker countries but out of sheer altruism to save europe from bolshevism much as the course of events during the past five years has discredited this argument it retains suffi cient influence over the minds of some people in all countries to give the nazis at least the hope that it may swing the balance in favor of germany in the very hour of defeat ideological debate continues the form in which the latest version of the crusade against bolshevism is being presented is not new the nazis are taking advantage of the views ex pressed by some strong anti nazi spokesmen who while highly critical of the hitler system at the same time assert that a fundamental and allegedly irreconcilable conflict exists between christianity and communism and that the defeat of germany may merely assure domination of europe either directly by russia or indirectly by elements inspired by communist doctrines these spokesmen show a marked tendency that early christians might have questioned of making private property an intrinsic attribute of christianity to the millions in europe who under conditions of unspeakable suffering struggled for liberty irrespective of the loss of prop erty the thesis that a conflict exists between christian ity plus private property on the one hand and com munism on the other may appear unconvincing the nazi argument however which continues to play on fear of communism is not addressed to the victims of german conquest it is addressed primarily to the united states where hitler’s propagandists hope the desire to protect private property from the possible depredations of communism might yet soften the terms imposed on germany the ideological debate of our times is by no means over mr churchill’s declaration notwithstanding it is merely entering another phase in essence it raises the question whether the end of the war will see europe moving to the left and thus seemingly at least toward russia or to the right on the as sumption current in some quarters that the united states and britain would prefer conservative forces to be in the ascendant this question can be answered only by re examining anew russia’s objectives and policies in europe the stake of the western democra cies in that continent and the temper of the liberated peoples vera micheles dean this is the first of a series of four articles on europe's problems as seen from the united states y i phil fron ihe a the al jantly steps t it has formal yfavorit policy dsm oo 1943 fo inc people war tions pears some ident tions state post howe furoy after depa fetur inspi becat him ti was lin l expr icy pub part tele imp as f pres lve am con 7 ns 2 it ill sly as ed ed nd w ashington news of ie ettez from the day this country entered the war against jihe axis the united states government regarding ihe allied coalition as an essential union to be vig jlantly maintained has sought to avoid taking direct steps that would embarrass its allies for this reason ithas suppressed any temptation to acquaint britain formally with the existence of public opinion here ylavoring freedom for india in keeping with that policy president roosevelt took no action on criti dsm of britain made to him in a report on may 14 1943 by william phillips his personal ambassador 9 india who reported that the indian army and ple would not participate with any force in the jwar until they received a promise of liberty on a ippecific date anglo american relations dis turbed congressional comment following revela lions concerning this report on july 25 by drew pearson washington newspaperman has now in some measure frustrated the objectives of the pres ident’s policy by disturbing anglo american rela fions on july 19 1944 phillips wrote secretary of state cordell hull that he wished to retire from his post as political adviser to gen dwight d eisen hower supreme allied commander for the western furopean offensive which he had taken temporarily after his return from india the fact that the state department postponed announcement of phillips feturn until two weeks after publication of the letter inspired charges that the diplomat was withdrawing because wide knowledge of its contents had rendered him unacceptable to the british government through a state department denial that phillips was coming home because he was persona non grata lin london the united states government promptly expressed its formal intention of continuing the pol he of not embarrassing an ally after the letter’s publication however sir olaf caroe of the de partment of external affairs in new delhi had telegraphed the india office in london that it is impossible for us to do other than regard phillips as persona non grata and we could not again receive i although he still bears the designation of the president’s personal representative in india how lever on august 31 the earl of halifax british jambassador in washington denied that phillips was considered persona non grata in london these strong denials failed to curb congressional for victory phillips incident indicates u.s concern with future of india critics on august 30 representative calvin d john son of illinois republican member of the house foreign affairs committee introduced a resolution asking that sir ronald campbell british minister in washington and sir girja shankar bajpai indian agent general in washington be declared persona non grata should they continue in their efforts to mold public opinion in the phillips case on the following day chairman bloom of the house for eign affairs committee renewed the denial of any connection between phillips resignation from hisen hower’s staff and publication of his letter neverthe ess on september 2 senator albert b chandler of kentucky charged that british officials put obstacles in the way of phillips work as soon as they found out about the letter and he thereupon made public the caroe telegram other criticisms of indian policy the british government’s anxiety to deny that it had forced phillips recall is based in some degree on a wish to protect the principle of nonintervention by one government in the affairs of another whether the united states will observe this principle with respect to india after the war in europe is over ap pears questionable india is an important base in the war against japan and the united states may show even greater interest in indian affairs when the struggle in asia becomes our major military problem moreover general comments made during the war but not brought formally to british attention by officials and special agents of the government in washington on the advisability of granting freedom to colonial possessions suggest that the united states will officially concern itself with this problem at the peace table in november 1942 president roosevelt said that the history of the philippine islands whose independence has been promised by the united states for 1946 provides a pattern for the evolution of colonial areas toward liberty on march 21 1944 secretary of state cordell hull said that imperial powers should help the aspiring peoples to develop materially and educationally to prepare themselves for the duties and responsibilities of self government to attain liberty and in june shortly before leaving on his trip to china vice president henry wallace proposed that the trustees of colonial areas in asia announce dates for the beginning of independence buy united states war bonds a tema see nas sop oe oh gee cmap ba sauna nanenirenennanieennmenen ee and self government thrusting aside in advance possible objections that american interest might amount to intervention he explained that it is im portant that america have a positive policy toward the f.p.a bookshelf india’s problem can be solved by dewitt mackenzie new york doubleday doran 1943 3.00 journalistic discussion of the background of the indian question and developments centering about the cripps mission mr mackenzie has no ready made solution to offer and is well aware of the difficulty of reaching an agreement but he holds the firm belief that hindus and moslems can and usually do get along together he also stresses the part that a provisional government could play in further mobilizing wartime india in the struggle against japan the indian problem report on the constitutional prob lem in india by r coupland new york oxford uni versity press 1944 5.00 consists of three volumes bound as one i the indian problem 1833 1935 ii in dian politics 1936 1942 iii the future of india this british account constitutes an exhaustive treatment of various indian constitutional questions and adds much to our factual knowledge of the subject the author a member of the cripps mission presents what is essentially an official view of the indian situation his main emphasis is on the conflict between hindus and moslems and the necessity of the indians getting together before the con stitutional problem can be settled he also presents a plan for the regional organization of india peoples of india by william h gilbert jr washington smithsonian institute 1944 war background studies no 18 a brief discussion of the geography of india its cul tures races castes and tribes the material presented is in itself informative but greatly overstresses one side of india namely its diversity indian nationalism so essen tial to an understanding of the peoples of india is vir tually ignored in fact the work of the indian national congress is summed up in a single inadequate phrase the largest and most influential political group and favoring independence subject india by henry noel brailsford new york john day 1943 2.50 a distinguished british author argues for the complete independence of india declaring we must hand over the reality of power to an indian national government now and clear the road to independence by withdrawing our support of the princes the book is important not only for its careful discussion of indian affairs but also because it indicates the existence in britain of a portion of public opinion that is critical of official policy the bombay plan for india’s economic development new york institute of pacific relations 1944 mimeo graphed for private distribution the full text of a plan which has given rise to consid erable comment in the united states and britain drawn up by a group of indian industrialists it suggests not only the great economic development of which india is capable but also the determination of many indian busi ness leaders to reorganize indian economy page four 7791 this area because in southeast asia there 19 conflicting forces in operation that have in them the seeds of future wars blarr bolles day 1944 3.00 a revised edition of an invaluable account of indiay h village life first published in 1930 written with dees sympathy for and understanding of the indian people by wa a western woman who went to live in the village of fiyg trees revolution in india by frances gunther new york island press 1944 1.00 a critical commentary on british policy in india ex pressing the view that a gigantic struggle of heroic pro portions is going on between the english will to rule and the indian will to freedom asia’s lands and peoples by george b cressey new t york mcgraw hill 1944 6.00 a comprehensive survey of the asiatic continent andj i adjoining areas with special emphasis on china the give soviet union japan and india professor cressey a dis obse tinguished geographer has synthesized in this volume the work of many years his approach is a broad one based off w he the view that geography deals with all the items that give burc personality to the face of the earth after i see a new china by george hogg boston little brown ger 1944 2.50 an organizer for the chinese industrial cooperative r presents in these pages a vigorous account of the confli dev between old and new ways of life in china a small book sion but full of shrewd insights into chinese conditions cd chiang kai shek asia’s man of destiny by h h chang new york doubleday doran 1944 3.50 any a biography of the generalissimo drawn largely from ow his own writings and speeches and from materials reflect ind ing the official chinese point of view the author picture terr chiang kai shek as a leader who wishes to join the im dustrial techniques of the twentieth century to the social clai a voiceless india by gertrude emerson new york johy a vol philosophy of confucius lan the road to teheran by foster rhea dulles princeton mo princeton university press 1944 2.50 ru a short history of the 150 years of peaceful relations t's between russia and the united states the author wisely 7 refrains from drawing lessons for the future but he does the establish the parallelism of the foreign policies of the to two nations during the greater part of that history despite sat the divergent political systems in each counry the nazis go underground by curt riess new york the doubleday doran 1944 2.50 is an argument that the plans the nazis have laid fort shc their post war underground organization can be frustrated me only by a german revolution from the left no invasion diary by richard tregaskis new york random 4 house 1944 2.75 of the author of guadalcanal diary does a competent interesting and sympathetic story of the invasion of sicily lig and southern italy particularly in his picture of hos dis pitalized casualties ce foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 47 sspremper 8 1944 published weekly by che foreign policy association incorporated national co headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micugres dean editor encered second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at leat y one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year st produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor qb's mi wt +ang ron lect ures in cial ton ions bnbral library general library university of michi eipfed ss 2nd classe ata asr argell sep 1.6 1944 guy of migu foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y yo xxiii no 48 be occupation by russian forces of key points in bulgaria which were being used by germany ives a new fillip to the discussion aroused by some sobservers who while opposing nazism are asking whether a victorious russia will dominate post war europe since their fears as noted last week could affect the character of the peace the allies make with germany it is essential to scrutinize them frankly russia’s aims in europe recent military developments on the eastern front russia’s inva sion of rumania finland's withdrawal from the war and now the surrender of bulgaria do not portend any fundamental change in earlier estimates of mos cow’s aims in europe so far as the official record indicates the u.s.s.r does not seek to acquire new territory on the continent its announced territorial claims remain limited to the baltic states eastern po land and the section of finland it obtained under the moscow treaty of 1940 that terminated the first russo finnish war all areas which were part of the sely does pite ork for ated jom ent cily 109 onal d least tsarist empire before its break up in 1917 nor has the soviet government yet indicated that it intends to extract the last pound of flesh from such german satellites as finland and rumania on the contrary the impression of foreign representatives in moscow is that the demands of the russians fall considerably short of unconditional surrender and the treat ment of areas so far liberated by the russian army notably in poland and rumania is according to the reports of american correspondents on the spot of a character to assure the population that their re ligious beliefs and economic practices will not be disturbed by the occupying forces does this mean that the russians are not con cerned about the internal situation of the liberated countries and will withdraw unconditionally once germany has been defeated no it does not any more than it could be said that britain and the united states have no concern about the internal situation in september 15 1944 national security key to russia’s foreign policy italy or even that of our allies belgium france the netherlands and norway london and washington have displayed a lively interest in the future political development of france and have taken an active part in the opinion of some an unsatisfactory part in the affairs of italy it is doubtful that they would feel compensated for the military and eco nomic effort they are now making for the liberation of europe or would feel reassured about post war prospects if governments inimical to them should suddenly emerge in paris or rome the russians for their part are determined that when they do transfer to native régimes the administration of areas where they are now fighting the germans these régimes will not be hostile either to russia as a nation or to its political economic and social institutions it does not follow that governments in each of the countries bordering on russia are to be composed solely of communists or fellow travelers the rus sians have not opposed the agreement concluded by marshal tito with yugoslav prime minister dr subashitch appointed by king peter of yugoslavia and have not rejected the aid given to their cause by king michael of rumania whose peace emissaries are now in moscow what the russians have firmly opposed has been any attempt by the satellite coun tries to masquerade as friends of the united nations while retaining their ties with germany and con tinuing sub rosa to inflict loss of life and matériel on russia a policy of double talk on the part of axis satellites would presumably be just as objectionable to britain and the united states as to russia does moscow claim its own orbit does this mean that russia claims an exclusive sphere of influence over eastern europe and the balkans are we on the point of witnessing the formation of what walter lippmann calls orbits with russia in full control of areas east of germany leaving the atlantic community to its western allies and the a iaiencneed ms 5 seme ilitinina as hi a ie re ne ot tort me es tt ihe pae sd a page two far east to china current developments give no evidence of such a trend which in any case is im practicable in an air minded world russia it is true has a special interest in eastern europe and the bal kans just as the united states has in latin america and britain in france and the low countries but moscow does not appear to be excluding its allies from participation in the affairs of states bordering on the u.s.s.r and is meanwhile taking an interest in other areas of the world although in the polish russian controversy as yet unsettled moscow at first played a lone hand more recently it has consulted britain and the united states concerning the terms of its truce with finland and its declaration of war on bulgaria which up to september 5 had been at war with western powers but not with russia while there is no doubt that the soviet government considers eastern europe and the balkans as an area where its future security is particularly at stake it has shown itself ready to consider measures of world security now under discussion at dumbarton oaks the greater the degree of confidence that can be established between russia and the other united nations and this can be done only by day to day dealings not merely by documents the more prom ising will be the prospect of post war collaboration in europe the more we hesitate on the other hand to support a security organization that would require us to take military action outside the western hemi sphere the more we actually encourage russia to rely on its own strength and on special arrangements with border states to protect itself against future aggres sion by germany will russia promote communism is russia however promoting communist doctrines in the liberated areas and will it use its influence to spread communism beyond its security zone in 1940 the russians gravely miscalculated the temper of the finns today they are showing far more penetrating understanding of border countries conditions in which may differ from those existing in russia in 1917 the respect for religion and private property expressed by the groups in poland and yugoslavia tito’s success foreshadows political role of underground the red army's long anticipated arrival in the balkans and its junction with the yugoslav par tisans on september 7 reinforces with military cooperation the close political tie between moscow and marshal tito this cooperation will undoubt edly play an important part in speeding the defeat of the nazis in southeastern europe by reaching across yugoslavia to meet the russians at the bulgarian frontier the partisans destroyed the only important railroad running north and south in the balkans and trapped an estimated 250,000 germans in the south ern part of the peninsula and the adriatic and aegean islands but serious as the defeat of these a ewe that have collaborated with russia and the comport tit ment of the russians in rumania would indicate y that moscow is inclined to adapt its policy to circum bz stances provided always the fundamental condition is fulfilled that the governments of border countries yi maintain genuinely friendly relations with russia burope but quite aside from any positive action russia compe might take on behalf of its own doctrines we cannot russia escape the fact that political and economic conditions yed p in the wake of war may well encourage the most quarte radical tendencies among peoples who having lost tito is all but life now have nothing to lose except a life easter of hardship and uncertainty this is particularly true russia of most of the countries of eastern europe where jhat bh people lived close to the margin even before the wat policy but reports from italy indicate that conditions border ing on chaos always conducive to revolution may the not be restricted to any geographic area it is entirelyp oy credible that native communists will take advantage 4 of existing unrest to assume greater power and influ polit ence but if they do it will be because the removal nized of nazi rule will have left a vacuum of authority ss u today in spite of many disillusionments it is still dsuir to britain and the united states but especially to thi a country that the peoples of europe are looking for am leadership as they face with the gravest anxiety the exile manifold problems of the post war period if we fail artis to fulfill the expectations we have aroused by our ss der condemnation and defeat of armed totalitarianism we shall have to blame not russia but our own in s capacity to assume moral leadership we have con c vinced the world that we possess unrivaled talents high for industrial production and military organization in time of war what do we and the british intend lhe yi to do to demonstrate that we also command sufficien mediat areas talents to carry forward the tasks of reconstruction it is none too early to answer this question which sit one must hope is on the agenda of the roosevelt ag that t churchill conference in quebec postp vera micheles dean felecti the second in a series on europe's problems as seen from the united states ju balkan forces will be for germany the strategic loss i of bulgaria may be felt even more keenly in the reich since the red army is already using this former axis satellite as a base for its attack on hungary the last remaining part of the german system of outef defenses thus germany faces invasion over the tra ditional danubian route at the very moment whe the western allies are attacking the siegfried line ___ moreover as the russians move toward german from the southeast their progress may be hastene forei headqu second by the fact that the route for american lend lease sup one m plies has been shortened as a result of the red army’s occupation of bulgaria’s black sea bases tito wins recognition the long range political consequences of the red army’s arrival in the balkans promise to be as important as the im jmediate military results it is worth noting that in this region long the scene of conflict among the buropean powers britain now the only possible siafcompetitor for prestige has given full approval to hot russia's new position this is indicated by the contin nsfued presence of randolph churchill at tito’s head ostfquarters and prime minister churchill's meeting with ost tito in rome on august 13 as the battle for south ife eastern europe moves into its final stage therefore rue russia is playing the uncontested role in the balkans ere that has traditionally been the goal of its foreign a policy regardless of the régime in power et mas rayf lhe precise form russia’s post war influence elyjinroughout the balkans will take is not yet entirely roepcieat but in yugoslavia the shape of the nation’s ayppolitical future has emerged and been officially recog yajgnized in the agreement reached on june 16 by the ityggovernment in exile under its new premier dr ivan til subashitch and marshal tito and supplemented by high ruins declarations from both parties the signifi fogg cance of these statements lies in the fact that they the mark tito’s complete victory over the government in ai exile which had formerly publicly condemned the partisans and supported their chetnik opponents under general mikhailovitch in what amounts to a oomplete reversal of policy for the exiled régime the subashitch cabinet on august 8 issued a declara ation declaring that it recognized tito’s army as the highest expression of the nation’s resistance called qgon all yugoslavs to join these forces and expressed jhe view that tito's political organization in liberated jareas of yugoslavia is essential in carrying on the ich wat the government also abandoned its intransigent aie position with respect to the monarchy and agreed that the question of the future of the king should be hpostponed until it could be submitted to a post war y felection in just published oa u.s foreign policy and the voter the by vera micheles dean ner 2 5 7 september 15 issue of foreign policy reports ite reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month tra subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 1 page three ne as a result of this agreement the partisans have registered a triumph for another of europe’s resist ance movements as opposed to exiled régimes there can be little doubt that the government formed in yugoslavia after the germans are expelled will fol low the pattern being set in france where exiles regardless of the conscientiousness and skill with which they have performed their duties are being replaced by men who lived through the years of enemy occupation and are intimately acquainted with the temper of the people it can be expected there fore that post war yugoslavia will be shaped along lines desired by the partisans rather than by the pres ent exiled government despite the latter's belated efforts to win the confidence of the resistance move ment under partisan leadership the nation’s political structure will undoubtedly be federal with croats and slovenes assigned more important roles than pre war yugoslavia and the régime in power will stand for a high degree of nationalization of com mercial and industrial property moreover the yugoslav communist party enjoying the new pres tige won through its important position in the war can be expected to be a major political force in foreign affairs this new yugoslavia will be closely linked to the u.s.s.r and will demand rectifications of its northern border with italy political settlement not enough but no political and territorial settlement alone will be capable of solving the great problems yugoslavia will face at the end of the war it is estimated that the yugoslavs have suffered proportionately higher casualties and property loss than any other people in volved in the war as the price of their guerrilla war fare against the axis civil war and the germans determination to leave the south slavs permanently weakened it is therefore the question of food re lief and economic rehabilitation that will have prior ity among the yugoslavs once the germans are driven out under these circumstances it is not sur prising that the government in exile has promised tito it will pay particular attention to preparations for the reconstruction of the country after the war in harmony and collaboration with competent insti tutions and organizations of the united nations during the period of relief and reconstruction yugo slavia will turn to unrra and private american relief projects for russia despite its great prestige in the balkans will be able to offer little economic aid to its neighbors winifred n hadsel any foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 48 sgptember 15 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national 1ed headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lget secretary verna micnelzs dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least up one month for change of address on membership publications ly f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ip 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor a cei a i aes es wre ss bae al z ba ee sy ar 2 cee se oo ss ms ee washington news letter sas sal r ai libr e of a senate attitude important factor at dumbarton oaks whatever decision is reached at dumbarton oaks and at the subsequent conference of the united na tions which is to produce a final draft agreement for a world security organization will i receive the approval of the governments of britain russia and china despite fundamental differences in their political structure the united states government however can accept the decision only after the senate has approved it according to regular constitutional procedure under which if the president submits the draft agreement as a treaty a two thirds supporting vote would be required for this reason the senate is an absent but powerful partner in the present dis cussions the state department drafted the plan sub mitted at dumbarton oaks only after it had sought to ascertain what measures the senate would support for that reason the visiting delegations have been inclined to accept in the main the plan presented by this country senate's attitude uncertain debate in the senate on september 5 indicated that some re publicans oppose american participation in a secur ity organization that would command the use of force to keep international law and order senator harlan j bushfield republican of north dakota said that the present plan would give the president the power to declare war and make him the abso lute despot of the american people a true dictator in all sense sic of the word while probably few senators would take this op positionist attitude the nature of the senate’s vote on the dumbarton oaks program is unpredictable there are already indications that debate will center on a side issue as it did in the case of the versailles treaty not on whether the united states is to col laborate after the war with its present partners but whether the senate is to be a party to every decision made under the prospective system of collaboration in scouting bushfield’s fears senator vandenberg republican of michigan said the senate would have an opportunity to determine in advance the instruc tions given the united states delegate with regard to voting on questions relating to the use of force yet the american plan submitted when the dum barton conference opened on august 22 did not specifically call for senate ratification of each vote cast by the american member of the council during august wendell willkie advised a number of con gressmen that the president should have power to for victory use the military forces of the united states in ful t fillment of this country’s obligations to presery peace through a system of collective security need for quick action on the issue off qa continuing senate participation in the world organ ization our traditional domestic concerns collide with our world interests throughout the history of the republic the senate has sought to dominate the goy ernment’s foreign policy decisions considering this procedure in harmony with the democratic process yet to be effective a security organization must be ev able to act quickly and senatorial review is oftet slow moreover the program now being assiduously t ies and sincerely formulated by united nations diple lt be mats could be defeated by a combination of 33 sena lita tors two thirds of the senate plus one opposing the dumbarton oaks plan either because they object ti 4 el collective security as senator burton k wheeleg democrat of montana stated in a radio debate of 4 a september 7 or because they object to lack of pro a hd vision for continuing senate participation with a this possibility in mind secretary hull last week ar y 4 ranged to confer with a group of senators on the re 4 1 sults achieved at dumbarton oaks rte the attitude of republican senators when the vot queb is taken will provide in some measure a test of thé strength of governor dewey’s party leadership onl bach august 23 and 24 mr hull conferred on the dum barton oaks plan with john foster dulles mf 4 dewey's representative on international affairs ané ite mr dulles gave his general approval to the pro 4 ke posals in an address on foreign policy in louisvillé on september 8 mr dewey said that a specific tad for this country is to help establish a world orgatil a ization in which all nations may share as sovereigi equals to deal with future threats to the peace of the world from whatever source and on a permanent a basis he made no reference to the question of com tinuing senatorial participation and confined his ob teh jections to the administration’s foreign policy the sult secrecy which surrounds the negotiations at dum barton oaks and the possibility that small nations brit may be denied a voice in the security organization's s decisions in regard to the latter point it was whe ported on september 11 that a clause to grant small sit powers the right to be consulted whenever theif chu forces were to be used to put down aggression join now understood to be in the joint security plan s bia boties u.s con buy united states war bonds ffa +entered as 2nd class matter sep 25 1944 general library university of michigan ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y september 22 1944 the ov his vou xxiii no 49 ss be 7 the conclusion of the anglo american confer ps ences at quebec on september 16 naturally has my not been followed by any detailed explanation of the military decisions reached there but it is clear from ask ate j the joint statement issued by roosevelt and churchill jas well as from their remarks to newspapermen that apart from decisions relating to the remainder of the european war long range planning took place with regard to the destruction of the barbarians of the pacific most striking was the strong emphasis on the desire of the british to participate as fully as pos sible in the far eastern war for the communiqué declared plainly that the most serious difficulty at quebec had been to find room and opportunity for on marshaling against japan the massive forces which each and all of the nations concerned are ardent to engage against the enemy and mr churchill st dotted the 7s and crossed the s when he told re porters that some of us felt the united states wanted to keep too much of it the war with japan to themselves these statements should finally set at rest all doubts concerning britain’s intentions in the pacific 1 ke will russia fight japan just as last ott ob the 1m ons yn's ent years anglo american meeting at quebec was a necessary preliminary to the meetings at cairo and teheran so this one should ultimately lead to con sultations with the chinese and russians if a genu ine over all strategy is to be laid down for while the british and ourselves can plan operations in south east asia and neighboring waters no design for the whole of the war in asia can be a two power propo os é ig wall sition that this is appreciated by roosevelt and eit churchill is indicated by their invitation to stalin to jg join them in the conferences just concluded s the improved state of relations between the u.s.s.r and the united states and britain taken in conjunction with russia’s strategic position in the far east now makes it seem likely that the russians events in china may affect russia's entry into pacific war will enter the war against japan some time after the defeat of germany it is true that stalin declined the invitation to meet with roosevelt and churchill but he did so officially on the ground that because of military duties at the present time he could not leave the soviet union no effort was made in his statement to avoid the implication that when there were no more nazis to fight his attitude toward discussing pacific questions might change more important however than any current straw in the wind is the long term self interest of the u.s.s.r in facilitating the thorough destruction of japanese militarism and securing a voice in the far eastern settlement on equal terms with the united states britain and china russia’s national interest moreover requires the defeat of japan at the earliest possible date for the sooner the far eastern war is over the more rapidly will the reconstruction of world economy become feasible such reconstruction cannot get into full swing while half the world is at war including the two principal capital exporting powers the united states and britain as long as:the invasion of western europe had not been launched it would have been unwise to ask the russians to assume new military obligations but the unfolding of the teheran strategy this summer has brought the defeat of germany in sight and despite existing dif ferences among the big three has strengthened their relations the chinese hinge if this reasoning about soviet policy is correct then the timing of russia’s entrance into the far eastern war becomes an im portant problem for after bearing the brunt of land warfare against the german army for several years the u.s.s.r is not likely to take on japan until amer ican british and chinese forces have significantly weakened the japanese and forced tokyo to commit a large part of its remaining strength in battle but the question arises whether these conditions can be a ee bn ae gee a ae sebi se er eee r tess ee ee sarak pep ae ee se eee ne 7 a met until american or allied forces have opened up a port on the china coast making possible the land ing of men and equipment on a large scale and lay ing a basis for greatly intensified continental air and land attacks against the japanese to prevent coastal landings thereby protracting the far eastern war is certainly the broad objective of japan’s continuing offensives in china at present the japanese are well on their way to the leading american advance air base in south china at kweilin capital of kwangsi province when kweilin falls as now seems certain japanese shipping off the china coast will probably be safe from attack by general chennault’s air force and b 29s based on the deep interior will have lost forward landing fields on their way to and from bombing targets in japanese terri tory but most important of all is the effect on china’s military strength for should the japanese succeed in pushing the organized chinese armies far ther away from the coastal region china might be unable to launch an effective diversionary action to aid our invasion forces ferment in china these matters are of enormous significance to american and british mili tary leaders for they involve the length of the pacific war as well as china’s role in it the desire to see changes in europe’s temper call for american understanding in discussing europe's future prospects it is im portant for those of us here who have had no direct contact with the war to imagine as vividly as we can the changes in temper that war has wrought among europeans only thus can we consider with any de gree of perspective the question whether the lib erated peoples may become vulnerable to commu nism or on the contrary seek a middle course be tween the various extremist doctrines that vied for domination during the inter war years such projection of our imagination requires an arduous effort on our part for it is difficult for most of us to understand the sufferings of others unless we have had comparable experiences those who have either been close to death themselves this is true of our soldiers at the front or have seen the death of those they love can plumb to some extent the agony of irreparable loss of hope frustrated an agony that multiplied a thousandfold under the most horrible circumstances imaginable hangs like a pall over europe those of us who have seen acts of cruelty perpetrated in individual cases and have sought redress for the victims can in a dim way ap prehend the horror that must be imprinted on the minds of europe’s survivors to whom scenes of un speakable brutality have become a familiar sight europe’s post war mood in what mood have'five grueling years of war and resistance to con quest left the liberated peoples some inevitably are weaty and apathetic wanting order above all page two j tl the chinese front assume the strategic tasks thay should properly be assigned to it undoubtedly goe far to explain washington’s interest in the improve ment of chinese army conditions and china’s eco nomic and political situation there are signs that the chinese people are also becoming increasingly concerned about their coun try’s position the latest session of the people’s poli tical council just concluded in chungking was the most critical in all the six years since that govern mental advisory body was established members de manded improvements in the conscription system which as at present organized frequently amounts to armed impressment of peasants for military serv ice sharp words were also heard about corruption and inefficiency and there was evident a strong desire for a settlement between the government and the communists so that all of china’s military forces might be available for the war with japan no one can yet say how soon this criticism will bear fruit in chungking but the duration of the far eastern wat the timing of russian aid and the validity of the conceptions developed at quebec may well depené on what happens in china lawrence k rosinger else order which would permit resumption of af least rudimentary forms of social living these might accept any political and economic regime provided it promised surcease from constant danger and up heaval others on the contrary have found that they thrive on danger and welcome risk in a cause that kindles their spirit these have been the backbone of resistance movements for them indignation at com quest and oppression has been an act of faith but they also feel indignant at the pre war conditions that produced war and murder and have no desire tomot mont jzatio ern stabil war strair ferm the c many muni trend true lutio tito by tt of l the n and pay trod fren tion and lutic the one fect fret futt s and syst cou por lect aliz anc to be paid off in the small change of old style polité cal maneuvering they have proved they could be ruthless in revenge but many of them have displayed heroic capacities for the kind of selfless comrade ship that is engendered by dangers shared in common in the armed forces in prison camps in under ground movements they are the spearhead of rebel lion against mere return to the past but they are also harbingers of reconstruction on new foundations provided reconstruction is not so long delayed and so hampered by possible opponents that revolution seems to offer the only way out trend toward popular democracy in any social group no matter how educated rebels are usually in a minority it is their capacity for lea ership their intuitive understanding of the histori moment and the.cause that will capture men’s minds and emotions that gives them an opportunity transform the minority of today into the majority of esst gue l fo he sec one 100 sire rces one t in vat end tomorrow it is they who will bear watching in these months when a new europe is in gestation general izations as always are futile the countries of west ern europe industrially advanced and politically stabilized before 1939 may effect reforms that the war revealed as necessary without excessive internal strain in france where public opinion was in a ferment on the eve of the war in italy disoriented by the collapse of fascism in the countries east of ger many some observers detect a trend toward com munism it would be more accurate to describe it as a trend toward a larger measure of popular democracy true some of the forms it will take may appear revo lutionary in character the insistence of marshal tito on the revival of village councils elected directly by the peasants the plans of the polish committee of liberation for the breakup of large estates with the notable exception of those owned by the church and the grant of land to poor peasants who are to pay for it over a period of years but without the in troduction of collective farming the demand of french workers for participation in the administra tion of factories on a basis of equality with managers and consumers all these could be described as revo lutionary yet they are in fact attempts to broaden the political and economic base in countries which in one way or another had not caught up with the ef fects of either the industrial revolution or the french and russian revolutions future of free enterprise some americans may be disturbed by these plans and demands for they portend restrictions on the system of free private enterprise advocated for this country at the end of the war they do not however portend indiscriminate industrial or agricultural col lectivization except perhaps for the possible nation alization of certain heavy industries essential for war and some forms of state control over enterprises essential for the public welfare leaving aside the question whether untrammeled private enterprise page three just published u.s foreign policy and the voter by vera micheles dean 25c september 15 issue of foreign poticy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 which in the midst of tariff currency and other re strictions was rapidly becoming a myth by 1939 will prove practicable after the war we must con sider measures advocated by europeans not in terms of whether we like them or not but whether they will advance the welfare of europe and thus our own as well for unless the liberated countries can recover at least partly through their own efforts britain and the united states would be faced with an insuperable problem of pumping new blood into political and economic institutions atrophied by lack of use during the years of nazi conquest it is in our interest that the peoples of eu rope should make every effort they can to further their own reconstruction and if reconstruction in some countries means the overhauling of pre war concepts and machinery we should view this process in the perspective of a history different from our own and in terms of passions and convictions generated by a war whose effects we are only beginning to ex perience the life of mature human beings regret table as it may seem is not a movie that has an in variably happy ending and for years now few human beings in war torn countries have known the meaning of personal happiness if we want to help in the future to promote happier endings we shall have to re examine our own objectives in europe vera micheles dean the third in a series on europe's problems as seen from the united states new assistant to president the f.p.a takes pleasure in announcing the ap pointment of professor charles grove haines to the position of assistant to the president replacing mr sherman hayden absent on service in the navy pro fessor haines received his ph.d from clark univer sity and is now professor of history at syracuse uni versity he has traveled extensively and has written several authoritative books in the field of foreign affairs he has spoken before foreign policy associa tion branches and prepared the foreign policy re port what future for italy published in october 1943 on the f.p.a staff he will serve also as director of the department of popular education german radio propaganda by ernst kris and hans speier new york oxford university press 1944 studies of the institute of world affairs 4.00 a highly illuminating analysis of how goebbels and his propagandists indoctrinated the german people in_ their presentation of world war ii foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 49 spprembger 22 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nasional headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lugt secretary vera micue.es dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year one month for change of address on membership publications please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year 61 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor pr ee at es te ree vate tidaans tie eee ee eee ate 5 ee ee oad te ee re 2 re os er it eee a prance washington news letter in 46 anti trust suits filed since 1939 against mem bers of international cartels in which united states companies participate the department of justice has disclosed much evidence that cartel agreements re strict commerce in this country and limit outlets for american exports these findings supplemented by studies of the interdepartmental committee on car tels and hearings before the kilgore senate subcom mittee on war mobilization have caused the ad ministration to seek international collaboration for the eradication of cartel practices that interfere with trade on september 6 president roosevelt wrote secretary of state hull i hope that you will keep your eye on the whole subject of international car tels because we are approaching the time when dis cussions will almost certainly arise between us and other nations on september 13 mr hull notified the president then in quebec that he wanted soon to take up plans for conversations with other united nations in respect to the whole subject of commer cial policy how cartels restrict trade at their worst cartels restrict production of both raw ma terials and finished products and keep prices at an artificial level the most common cartel practice is to divide trade by allocating certain geographical areas to particular firms much as governments divided it in the days of mercantilism charges made by the united states department of justice in recent anti trust suits in some of which the attorney general agreed to postpone trial until it will not interfere with the war production of defendant firms state that american and european firms agreed to allocate by geographical areas exports of such products as pigment titanium military optical instruments photo graphic materials dyestuffs deadburned magnesite or magnesite brick important to the steel and copper industries and glass bulbs in some instances the agreements it is charged were made by american firms with german concerns in some with concerns of other european countries for example it is charged that in 1929 harbison walker refractories co pittsburgh agreed with the veitscher group in europe germany czechoslo vakia and switzerland that harbison would not ship deadburned magnesite or magnesite brick to europe asia or africa and that veitscher would not ship those commodities important in the steel and copper industries into the united states canada or for victory u.s tackles international cartel problem mexico except to harbison or the general refrac tories co philadelphia in other cases cartel agreements which take many diverse forms restrict international commerce in chemicals tannin aspirin synthetic gasoline and magnesium cartels control hevea rubber tin and african oil nuts foreign attitudes important while the anti trust suits brought by the department of justice have drawn the attention of foreign countries to the domestic policies of the united states they have failed to break up international combinations in 1928 the united states government entered a con sent decree with the kina bureau the netherlands world quinine monopoly after suing for breach of the sherman act a simple operational adjustment however enabled kina bureau to keep the monop oly control over the distribution and price of qui nine in the united states that it possessed before the suit on september 14 wendell berge assistant attorney general instituting suit in california against seven domestic and foreign borax companies said that more than just litigation was needed to deal with the international cartel question the readiness with which other governments will support an american program for cartel restriction is open to question as president roosevelt told mr hull in his september 6 letter a number of foreign countries particularly in continental europe do not possess such a tradition against cartels the british white paper on full employment of may 26 how ever gives this government some encouragement by suggesting that the united kingdom should seek the power to obtain information about cartels and check practices harmful to the public interest to explain our position to the british the administration is send ing to london as economic counsellor harry haw kins who until now has been director of the office of economic affairs of the state department there is cumulative evidence at least that the various na tions are prepared to take part in governmental com modity controls the recent british american oil oe ol lays of v furic hop we befc at a pow we our are leas any and agreement is illustrative of this trend government supervision while often criticized in itself would offer public protection to consumer interests since it would afford full publicity for commodity agree ments a practice wholly different from the present secret private cartel arrangements blair bolles buy united states war bonds +rical room at library es they nations 1 a con erlands each of istment monop of qui before ssistant lifornia panies eded to nts will triction sd mr foreign do not british 5 how nent by eek the d check explain is send y haw office there ous na al com can oil ronment would since it agree present illes ds ft ya entered as 2nd class matter general library sfp 29 1944 university of michigan ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vout xxiii no 50 september 29 1944 by he approach of military victory in europe has forced the allies after what seem regrettable de lays to focus their attention on the use to be made of victory and this in turn should cause us all ffuriously to think what kind of a europe do we hope to see emerge from the war what future do i we envisage for germany is u.s ready for reconversion but before we answer these questions let us first ask this at a time when our resources of industry and man power are promising us victory over our enemies are we sure we have won a victory over ourselves over our shortsightedness our selfishness our sloth we are talking of reconversion from war to peace of beating tanks into vacuum cleaners but have we learned to reconvert human relations do we know any more than we did before 1939 about the frictions and conflicts that generate wars among nations are we better prepared than we were at that time to play an active part in any effort that may be undertaken by all the nations to alleviate such frictions and con flicts in the future to give a blunt no to these questions would be to resign ourselves to the idea that any attempt at improvement is foredoomed to failure and resigna tion is not in the temper of tradition of the american people but to answer confidently yes would be to mislead ourselves our allies and our enemies most of us have remained throughout this war too far from direct experience of suffering and terror to look squarely at a future which may not be all rosy there is still a predisposition to hope that the major opera tions necessary to transform a war torn world into a world fit for human beings to live in can be per formed in some remote antiseptic operating room with no other shock to our sensibilities than the neces sity of having to share in paying the bill pitfalls to watch the danger of per petuating such illusions is so great that it seems im is u.s working with democratic forces in europe perative to point out some of the pitfalls we should be on watch for in these critical days when every move we make determines the character of the post war period 1 most americans still regard events in europe as spectacle thrilling to some disheartening to others many act as if they do not realize that those who are being killed there including our own men are living human beings not characters in novels there is still an astonishing feel ing of unreality here about what has been going on in europe for five heartrending years 2 this feeling of unreality leads many of us to view our part in the european war once more as a tem experience an interlude of arduous military effort in the midst of otherwise uninterrupted material progress it has not yet been felt as an experience shared in common with other less fortunate peoples we have gone overseas to do a certain job but plan to come back and come back to a country that has remained intact overseas has not yet become our permanent concern in this attitude lie the seeds of renewed isolationism 3 the united states since the civil war has achieved the closest approximation to popular democracy of amy great nation with the least internal disturbances if this achievement were correctly reflected in our policy toward other nations the united states would enjoy today a posi tion of leadership unchallengeable by russia or britain for reasons it is fisicult to analyze fully cross currents of opinion administrative bottlenecks economic misapprehen sions and so on the inherently democratic temper of our people is by no means always communicated to other na tions except at the lower levels as they are called in diplomacy of our official representatives it would have been heartening to those europeans who are striving to find a democratic way out of the ruins of hitler's new order if the united states at this historic moment could send to the liberated countries representa tives symbolizing the concepts of democracy for which we believe and assert we are fighting men who would be ready to associate not only with the handful of wealthy and irresponsible socialites found in every country many of whom proved easy prey to nazi blandishments but also with the men and women perhaps unkempt perhaps un used to drawing room graces who have been the rank and file of our true allies within conquered europe the ap pointment of such representatives and surely many one nnn found in this country to diplomatic in europe would be more eloquent evidence or our secsods than saou of documents or dozens of after dinner speeches about our devotion to democratic principles 4 what is said of our attitude toward the forces of de can also be said of our attitude toward the roman catholic church in europe this is a delicate subject to broach yet it has been broached so insistently by certain newspaper correspondents writing from rome that it can no longer be regarded as a diplomatic secret it is entirely understandable that in seeking to find institutions that might bridge the gap between totalitarianism and the re vival of popular government britain and the united states should see in the vatican which has survived the storms of centuries a bulwark against anarchy the church has played and will continue to play an important part in european affairs but the church itself is not monolithic it too is composed of diverse elements some liberal some reactionary it so happens for a number of reasons that the hierarchy of pein european countries notably france has displayed a clearer understanding of the issues at stake in the crisis of our times than has been expressed on occasion at the vatican or among some catholics in the united states it would be a curious paradox if this country for the sake of achieving order in europe should drift into the position of supporting on the conti nent catholic policies which represent the less enlightened elements among european catholics order is highly desir able but it will not be achieved by attempts to stifle the demands of those who have resisted fascism and nazism for improvement in the lot of the masses 5 all these considerations have a direct bearing on our attitude toward germany such decisions as may have been reached by the united states britain and russia in the european advisory commission or by president roosevelt and mr churchill at quebec are not known to the public but reports from london and washington cannot a de scribed as anything but disquieting there is an almost ir resistible tendency on the part of human beings who recog nize they made a mistake in the past to adopt exactly the opposite policy when a similar situation presents itself once more many people believe that the reason germany re sorted to war in 1939 is because the policy of the allies in 1919 proved too soft if not in intention at least in execution so now they urge a policy of extreme harshness yet even a superficial study of the inter war years should terms for axis satellites bolster russia’s security with finland rumania and bulgaria the three axis satellites that have been torn away from ger many within the past three weeks engaged in fight ing the nazis the end of the war in the east has been brought one step closer this turnabout by germany's former partners resulting from the allies demand for cooperation against the nazis as a preliminary condition for an armistice may be of considerable military importance in the immediate fucure of longer range significance however are the territorial provisions in the various armistice arrangements for they help fill in the picture of eastern europe as it will emerge from the war in the terms of the arm istices which the russians acting with the approval of the other allies have signed with their three small neighbors one recurrent theme is found this is russia’s intention to emerge from world war ii page two ay convince us that the reason war came within a quarter of century was because the allies did not agree among them selves at the outset concerning their policy toward germany and made no effective attempt to create a strong interna tional organization that could have checked the rise of 4 militant germany we could of course because we shall have the military power at our command adopt a hard policy we could dismember germany destroy its indus tries keep its people in subjection for many years and force them to live at a low standard of living in small agricul tural communities but at the end of the next twenty five years we would be no nearer to averting war than we were in 1939 why because we would have dodged once more the central issue we would have furnished the ger mans with every possible incentive to engage in war yet we would have created no machinery by which war might be prevented through the orderly adjustment of conflicts that we know to be inevitable among human beings nor would we have altered the climate of ideas in which nazj propaganda flourished a subsequent article will discuss possible ways of dealing with germany the essential thing to beat in mind is that unless we have convictions of our own about.the future of europe we shall be unable to make intelligent or intelligible choices between alternative policies that may be submitted to us at any point true we cannot reach decisions alone we must find a basis of agreement with britain russia and other countries but unless we know our own minds how do we expect to influence the minds of others we believe in democracy and urge others to practice it yet some of us shrink from it when we meet it in other lands raw boned and unadorned by the trappings of tradition if we do not want to see the revival of nazi ideas in germany and on the continent we must have the courage of our convic tions we must learn to recognize those who share our political faith and help them instead of discour aging them by lukewarm indecisiveness vera micheles dean the fourth in a series on europe's problems as seen from the united states with territorial settlements that strengthen its stra tegic position on the baltic the black sea and in the balkans finland and the baltic the u:s.s.r s determination to secure mastery of the baltic sea which has been virtually under german control since world war i is the main consideration underlying the territorial provisions of the armistice russia and britain made with finland on september 19 in terms roughly comparable to those offered last spring the russians require the finns to give them a long term lease for a naval base on the gulf of finland instead of the hangoe peninsula however which the rus sians obtained on a 99 year lease at the end of the 1940 war and to which they now renounce all rights the u.s.s.r secures a 50 year lease to the more east erly porkkala peninsula that commands the narrow larter of 3 ong them germany g interna rise of qt we shall a hard its indus and force ll agricul wenty five than we dged once the ger war yet war might f conflicts ings nor hich nagi ways of to bear s of our e unable between to us at 1s alone britain now our he minds ge others when we 1adorned want to id on the r convic ho share discour dean een its stra 1d in the j.s.s.r tic sea rol since derlying issia and in terms ring the ong term instead the rus d of the ll rights ore east narrow ze 81 est part of the gulf of finland other portions of the armistice based on strategic considerations are rus sia's claims to the nickel mines and port of petsamo and the northern and western approaches to lenin rad from the russian point of view these are easily understandable demands since german submarines based on petsamo attacked allied supplies on the way to murmansk and the nazis long siege of leningrad was materially aided by the possibility of approaching the city from finnish soil but it is also clear why the finns should consider the loss of their easternmost region as one of the heaviest bur dens of the armistice for this area includes the most industrialized part of finland and more than one tenth of the nation’s total population although therefore the finnish armistice may be characterized as fundamentally strategic rather than punitive in purpose since it permits finland to retain the major bases of its wealth russia’s security is purchased at a high cost to finland the reparation bill charged to the finns has aroused comment chiefly because it has been whittled down to half that mentioned in earlier negotiations however even at its present figure of 300,000,000 worth of goods to be paid over a period of six years its collection will present many problems before 1939 russia annually took only approximately 3,000,000 worth of finnish goods to pay the re quired amount finland would not only have to re orient its trade almost entirely in the direction of russia but it would also have to take other drastic steps in most of the defeated countries it seems doubtful that a national government unless sub jected to allied controls could remain in power if it tried to carry out such measures finland however appears so determined to avoid russian supervision that it may be able o enforce the policies demanded by the reparation program rumania and the black sea the arm istice with rumania which the u.s.s.r britain and the united states signed on september 12 also reflects the russians concern with their strategic position according to its terms russia reclaims bessarabia a former part of the tsarist empire and an area of considerable military importance because it flanks the black sea port of odessa in 1941 it will be recalled the germans capture of odessa was facilitated by rumania’s partnership with the axis however in compensation for the loss of bessarabia and adjoin ing northern bukovina and in an apparent effort to nullify all territorial settlements made by the axis rumania is promised the return of almost all of page three transylvania which it was forced to cede to hun gary at hitler’s dictation like the finns the ru manians are also required to pay russia 300,000,000 reparation a sum that apparently would have been larger if rumania had not agreed to join the red army and an additional amount not yet deter mined to the other allies bulgaria and the balkans although russia’s four day war with bulgaria ended on sep tember 9 the bulgarians have not yet received defi nite armistice terms despite this delay however bul garia continues to hope that its penalties will be light for the great majority of its people remained so strongly pro russian throughout the war that the government in sofia never felt it possible to declare war on the soviet union and had to content itself with sending volunteers to hitler moreover the bulgarians realize that their country does not lie at one of the important gateways to russia aside there fore from possible demands for black sea bases the u.s.s.r s attitude toward bulgaria will not be shaped by strategic considerations instead russia may be expected to follow a policy designed to culti vate the traditional pro russian sympathies of this balkan nation in describing russia’s plans to insure its security through the territorial changes it has imposed with the consent of its western allies on finland and rumania and may require of bulgaria it is only fair to point out that these terms remain essentially the same as those russia made in 1939 40 before it won the great military victories that followed the battle of stalingrad moreover while the soviet union has worked out a peace settlement on its western borders which rests on territorial guarantees it has also co operated with britain and the united states in creat ing an international security organization at the dumbarton oaks conference winifred n hadsel annual forum on saturday october 7 the annual forum of the association will be held at the waldorf astoria on the theme program for security among the speak ers at the forum will be dr james b conant who will discuss at luncheon the effective disarmament of germany and japan mr c w taussig miss craig mcgeachy and the hon l b pearson reporting on functioning international organizations at the morn ing session and the hon harold b butler the hon henri hoppenot and the hon harry d white speaking on future international cooperation at the afternoon session foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 50 september 29 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micueies dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 one month for change of address on membership publications 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor 4 washington news letter a predbtrg u.s takes realistic view of china’s plight when the coming campaign to defeat japan was discussed at the quebec conference president roose velt and prime minister churchill probably did not overestimate the part chinese troops can play in that undertaking for while the united nations scored remarkable successes in europe and in the pacific during the summer the armies of china have fallen back slowly before japanese advances except in burma and in yunnan late in may the japanese armies in china opened a drive south of yochow toward changsha the capital of hunan province and within little more than three weeks that town fell mounting allied victories in other quarters dis tracted attention from the enemy’s determined pro gress below changsha until mid september when the approach of the japanese caused the united states army’s 14th air force to evacuate its base at kweilin the kweilin evacuation although serious appears to have resulted in no major changes of plan by the highest military and political officers of the united nations for a variety of reasons strategy planners had expected the war with japan to be bitter and long as under secretary of the navy ralph a bard indicated on september 21 in a talk at princeton they anticipated chinese misfortune and wondered that the japanese had moved no more swiftly in their advance along the rail line through hunan chinese defeats disturbing neverthe less the use of chinese territory is essential for the allies in defeating japan and the present short comings of the chinese army are deeply disturbing to washington even though the shortcomings have been apparent for a long time to close observers of the war on the asiatic continent yet the chinese will to resist is far from extinct as long as we con tinue our struggle resolutely and do not falter i can assure you that militarily there is no real danger generalissimo chiang kai shek told the third plen ary session of the people’s political council in chungking on september 5 although the japanese hold the great seaports of china as far south as canton long undefended portions of the coast are possible landing places at some future date for allied troops who might commence the task of rolling back the japanese chinese defeats are explained by the many prob lems besetting the chinese armies which number several million soldiers these forces are dogged but tired in their eighth year of war only a small num for victory ber of them are adequately equipped most of the units lack artillery heavier than mortars some of the provincial troops are without rifles for supply the armies depend on inadequate domestic industry and on foreign materials imported by an airline from india which carries only 15,000 tons of goods a month their officers except those fighting in the burma and yunnan forces are poorly trained and methods of conscription are political problems weak en the highest leadership of the army the division between the kuomintang in chungking and the com munists in north and central china continues ak though some encouragement for the settlement of this costly difference came during the session of the people’s political council there spokesmen for both sides aired their positions and the council passed 4 resolution appointing a committee to visit the com munist areas united states concerned chinese mili tary difficulties have an international political mean ing for the united states whose government is re sponsible for the fact that china is represented at the dumbarton oaks conference as one of thé big four washington intends to do what it cam to assist china to live up to that position although the administration’s power to act is slight so long as transport to china remains severely limited on september 6 maj gen patrick j hurley ar rived in chungking to make observations on chinese military problems that he will report to president roosevelt with him was donald nelson former chairman of the war production board who on hig return on september 24 announced that he had reached an agreement with chiang kai shek on plans for the wartime expansion of china’s industries the united states also plans to send some consumers goods chiefly cotton cloth to china at the earliest pos sible moment although the chinese government is 4 dictatorship there are recent indications that it hag relaxed its strict censorship of political discussion the chinese people want to be the inhabitants of 4 g democratic country with a constitutional govern ment the newspaper ta kung pao said on septem ber 16 as such we demand national unity political freedom and economic equality the realization of the ta kung pao’s aims would improve the prospects for real chinese influence in the post war world blair bolles buy united states war bonds pictot dwas 0 by th devel fried phase live we also nazi do er sur furo feasc ath milit hope mass had les pc this tver +general library university of michigern ann arbor mich entered as 2nd class matter st of the ne of the foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated irma and 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y thods oft xxiil no bi ns welll no octtober 6 1944 division the com de industrialization of germany a defeatist policy nues hen mek churchill in his address of septem saving of lives but in the long run such surrender a ar ber 28 to the house of commons warned that would have been bought at a high cost for it might fictory in europe might be delayed until 1945 he niwas merely confirming the conclusion already reached iby the public when allied forces did not succeed in heveloping an operation intended to turn the sieg mtied line we are now entering the most critical wphase of the critical years in which it is our fate to lve the phase which will decide not merely whether we can achieve military victory over germany but so moral victory over the ideas and practices of sinazism that is why it is imperative that the allies atgdo everything in their power not only to encourage mamong the liberated peoples a belief in democracy lurley ara n chinese this question cannot be answered with any more europe may be expected to end and for the same ho on higteason because no one either german or non ger he hadylian knows with any degree of certainty how non on pla fimilitary factors such as fatigue disgust despair or tries thejmope for improvement if war ceased may operate on gamasses of people who for nearly twelve years have rliest po fiad no opportunity to express themselves freely no ment is pesponsible person has the right to be dogmatic on agyuis subject certain practical considerations how never can be weighed in discussing our treatment of mgermany which has aroused a serious but legiti mmate difference of opinion both in the roosevelt fbinet and in the european advisory commission m london politic ization 0h what does unconditional surren prospectder mean the allies are right to maintain un vorld thanged their position that the germans must accept bouts a tnconditional surrender it is conceivable that if we cepted german surrender on certain conditions we n ds whight obtain it at an earlier date with resulting hasten the coming of other conflicts with eventual loss of life greater than that required to win a de cisive admission of defeat from the germans any conditions we might formulate before the germans lay down their arms might prove unfulfillable once we learn the existing state of things in germany then our failure to fulfill such conditions would furnish dissatisfied germans with a powerful weapon of propaganda just as the alleged nonfulfillment of certain of president wilson’s fourteen points helped hitler to bolster his case but the term unconditional surrender presum ably applies solely to the military termination of hos tilities once surrender has taken place our treatment of germany whether hard or soft will be dic tated by many considerations other than those that are purely military on this point some confusion appears to exist in the minds of certain united na tions spokesmen who give the impression that the necessarily unyielding character of military surrender will become part and parcel of the terms then im posed on germany if we intend to influence the germans to accept unconditional surrender it would seem essential as a matter of psychological warfare to draw a distinction between the military stage and that which will set in once the germans have laid down their arms this distinction should be made whatever may be our estimate of conditions within germany the question is often debated whether there are two ger manys most likely there are 57 varieties of germans all swayed by different personal likes and dislikes what concerns us is that the 57 varieties seemed finally to be united on the same program of national military expansion we shall get nowhere trying to figure out the percentage of anti nazis we may find when hitler is overthrown the gestapo may know but its job obviously is to destroy those who can be so classified and the more we try to indentify publicly the germans who are anti nazi the more we help the gestapo and thus weaken the very elements in germany who might eventually be help ful to the united nations our program toward ger many should be planned in such a way as to apply to any kind of germany that may emerge out of the war whether 100 per cent pro or 100 per cent anti nazi if the united nations could reach agreement among themselves on some of the fundamental is sues now under debate many of the questions con cerning germany could be viewed and decided in clearer perspective it has been said on several occa sions during this war that the world cannot survive half slave and half free neither can we expect over the long haul to have one kind of world in germany and another outside if we believe german militar ism can be destroyed by breaking up junker estates in east prussia can we oppose similar measures let us say in poland or hungary if we think that what germany needs is a thoroughgoing revolution that would sweep out the junkers and the big industrial ists who supported hitler can we oppose or fear far reaching social and economic changes in countries now fighting on our side against fascism and na zism and conversely if we fear revolutions in lib erated countries shall we be equally fearful of in ternal changes in germany industry alone does not cause war our own inner indecision is strikingly re flected in the proposals made concerning germany's economic future those who advocate the destruction of german industry and the transformation of ger many into a purely agricultural community apparent ly assume that wars start because certain nations have the industrial wherewithal to wage war this illusion is even more dangerous than the illusion of the inter war years that the mere sinking of fleets after the washington conference of 1921 or the signing of the kellogg briand pact would bring about eternal peace if the assumption about the mil itary dangers of industry is correct then we should proceed to destroy all industry everywhere such an assumption reveals unmitigated defeatism sss sss christmas gifts service men and women f.p.a membership special offer for men and women in the armed services which includes the weekly foreign policy bulletin and six issues of the headline series send your gift orders promptly to the foreign policy association 22 east 38th street new york 16 3.00 page two concerning the capacity of human beings to control industrial civilization instead of destroying ger man industry should we not ask ourselves whethe it can be used constructively if it is controlled by democratic committees of managers technicians and workers as proposed for france this would not pre vent the united nations from imposing controls og certain key industries in germany which are primar ily useful for war such as synthetic oil airplanes aluminum ingots and so on to make a clean sw of all german industry would be to deprive millions of germans of the opportunity to make a livelihood we may think this serves the germans right and is no concern of ours but it would be if millions of unemployed germans produced a social explosiog in europe the only reason for taking all indust from germany might be doubt as to the united na tions capacity to prevent resurgence of german mili tarism but if such doubt exists now before the war is over what assurance is there that the united na tions will act in unison to de industrialize germany the german menace in 1939 was not in the fa tories of germany but in the minds of germans whg saw profit and prestige in militarism and expansion and in the indifference of the western powers to the political implications of nazism the fact that the germans behaved with a bestiality and a cunning unequaled in modern history should not blind us to the fact that at another time other peoples may be swayed by similar considerations to resort to waf that is why it is so urgently important to distinguish clearly between two tasks which if confused will both remain unaccomplished one task is to make the germans aware of their responsibility for the act of terror and brutality perpetrated by them or if their name during this war for this task many mea ures are appropriate among them are allied military occupation of germany its duration to be determined by the degree of german collaboration with the ak lies and by the international situation in general united nations direction of german industries with a view to assuring the rehabilitation of liberated countries elimination or control of certain industries used primarily for war as indicated above complete disarmament punishment of individuals who of dered or condoned acts of brutality but even if all these measures are strictly applied over a long period of time we shall have only scratched the surface of the problem of security in europe unless we address ourselves to the second task and that is the creatioa of a system of international collaboration based of continuous consultation and backed by the possibility of prompt resort to force if necessary through which we might gradually and we must expect with many setbacks alleviate the political economic and social conflicts and frictions that lead to war vera micheles dean pc ba ez m fc he sec on oe to controle ying ger s whether trolled by icians and d not pre ntrols og re primar airplanes an swe d e millions ivelihood rht and illions it explosion industry nited na man milf e the wap nited nae sermany 1 the fag nans whg xpansion owers th fact that 2 cunning ind us to s may od to wall istinguish sed will make the the act m or if ny meas 1 military termined h the ak general ries with liberated industiiy completé who of yen if all ng period urface of e address creation based on ossibility gh which ect with omic and f dean the danger of widespread drug addiction among the war shocked populations of europe is emphasized by a recent article in the british medical journal lancet which warns doctors against indiscriminate rescription of sedatives to patients who have been bombed out as well as against giving such instruc tions as would enable the patients to take drugs whenever they feel they need it the need of seda tives for civilian sufferers has increased as civilian bombing spreads over ever widening areas military casualties also have become accustomed to the relief of morphine three stages of control the perma nent central opiumi board established by treaties negotiated in geneva in 1925 and 1931 called at tention to this problem in liberated countries at its meeting in london on april 27 1944 and reiterated this warning at its july meeting held under the rain of robot bombs which punctuated its recommenda tions the board sees three stages for which pro vision will be necessary during the first stage mili tary occupation all drugs in civilian hands should be reported and placed under control relief organ izations will require licenses for import for civilian use such supplies will be issued only on medical prescriptions checked by periodic reports all fac tories will be controlled and no new ones licensed except upon proof of need control in the second and third stages should de velop out of measures taken during military occupa tion and lead to a system of national and interna tional control conforming to the 1925 and 1931 con ventions h j anslinger commissioner of nar cotics and herbert l may vice president of the p.c.o.b member of the foreign policy association opium research committee have already prepared for this stage through lectures at the university of virginia and at columbia to army and navy officers training as administrators for liberated areas both in europe and in the pacific directives have been is sued for military commanders to be applied imme diately on occupation experienced narcotic officers have been commissioned and assigned to military forces recently one of these army officers has been coordinating plans in london with british military authorities using the suggestions in the april re port of the permanent central opium board as a basis for the immediate administrative controls in european iberated areas the importance of similar page three war accentuates opium danger and far east was emphasized at the july meeting of the board scope of danger international action is the only answer to a danger which ignores national boundaries military authorities must now take their place in the international control machinery amer ican public opinion should be informed as to the action currently taken in italy for instance and in north africa it would also be useful to know what is being done to prevent the spread of drug addiction among our own troops and to control the illicit traffic into the american market which because of its high prices is the ultimate goal of all large smuggling rings in june 1944 the swedish international police radio broadcast the theft in belgium of enough mor phine and codeine to supply the legitimate medical needs of that entire country for a year the retail value of the stolen narcotics at present prices in the illicit market in the united states approximates 17,000,000 a theft on such a scale proves not only the venality of the incorruptible nazi officials but indicates that a well organized well financed smug gling group is still functioning the purchase and distribution of such a quantity of narcotics could not be handled by the methods of the retail drug peddler this proves the necessity for immediate action by the military authorities on the lines recommended by the board the aroused interest of the american public is the best insurance that the peril will be recognized and measures necessarily international in scope taken to keep this control machinery functioning during the war as successfully as it has in peace helen howell moorhead annual forum in addition to the speakers announced for the all day f.p.a forum to be held on saturday october 7 at the waldorf astoria on the theme program for security there will be a showing at two o'clock of the film what to do with germany through the courtesy of the march of time dr conant will speak on the effective disarmament of ger many and japan at 1 30 p.m germany will try it again reynal and hitchcock 1944 with heated conviction the of journalistic work in germany by sigrid schultz 2.50 new york author after long years stresses her belief that it must be made impossible for the germans to start an measures for southeastern europe africa the middle other world war foreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 51 ocroper 6 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera miche.es dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y one month for change of address on membership publications under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year efi 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by anion labor nt ee 2 i saci ois ote an che er fset a roy a pee washington news letter plans for security organization hinge on u.s elections the task of fashioning a plan acceptable to all the united nations out of the discussion and exchanges taking place at dumbarton oaks rests now with president roosevelt prime minister churchill and marshal stalin in his address to the house of com mons on september 28 mr churchill expressed the hope that the three men might meet before the end of the year better than their diplomatic represen tatives they could bring about the agreement on a security system that dumbarton oaks has been un able fully to achieve and prepare the way for united decision by a formal conference of all the united nations the united states would like to see such a conference convoked this fall yet even the big three leaders would face barriers to agreement if they met before our presidential elections and before the allies have resolved their differences over poland which have once more become acute polish issue disturbs allies until the november 7 elections have clarified the future course of american foreign policy britain russia and china are not certain whether this country will sup port active international collaboration after the war and meanwhile uncertainty as to whether the west ern powers will try to isolate russia in the future as they did in 1919 still inhibits moscow the focus of russia’s doubts is poland for while the united states and britain recognize the polish government in lon don the u.s.s.r having broken off diplomatic re lations with that government deals with the polish committee of national liberation in lublin mr churchill on september 28 said i trust that the soviet government will make it possible for us to act unitedly with them in this solution of the polish problems the polish government removed one of the obstacles to united action on september 29 by dropping general kazimierz sosnkowski who had been a particular target of russian criticism as com mander in chief of the armed forces his replacement by general tadeusz komorowski known as general bor who commanded the ill fated warsaw uprising against the germans however has precipitated an other crisis for the new commander in chief is ac cused by the lublin committee and by moscow of criminally ordering the uprising at a time when the russians could give no effective aid to the poles in warsaw u.s foreign policy after nov 7 united states voters this year will elect a president a new house of representatives and 32 senators britain russia and china gain little by coming to an understanding today with the administration of pres ident roosevelt so long as they do not know whether he or gov thomas e dewey will win the election although governor dewey in a speech at louisville on september 8 endorsed the principle of collective security the election of isolationists or reservation ists to other offices could frustrate his or mr roose velt’s efforts to translate the principle into practice on september 28 senator joseph h ball republican of minnesota a strong proponent of international political action for the united states warned that the character and convictions of the congressmen that the people elect on november 7 will determine the way we go in overseas affairs under the shadow of these uncertainties the dele gates at dumbarton oaks have declined to commit themselves to a firm and detailed security scheme when on september 29 the first phase of the dis cussions ended with the departure of the soviet dele gation to make way for that of china the conferees remained deadlocked on one major point the rus sians fearing to be outvoted by the western powers favored granting to each member of the council of the projected international security organization the right to veto proposals for action in international dis putes involving a council member while the amer icans and british advocated control of the council's action by majority vote the chinese who stand with the united states and britain have proposed that a council member involved in a dispute refrain from voting churchill cautions against haste aware of the historical apprehension which dis turbs the russians prime minister churchill told the house of commons on september 28 we ought not to be hurried into decisions upon which united opinion by the various governments responsible is not at present ripe one explanation of his advo cacy of going slow is that both britain and russia want the territorial rearrangements made at the close of the war to be exempted from re examination by the international security organization the united states is inclined to accept this limitation but advo cates the development of a security program in how ever skeletal a form in time for presentation to the united states congress this winter blair bolles for victory buy united states war bonds +ns enators 1g to an 7 of pres whether election uisville sllective rvation roose yractice ublican 1ational ed that ressmen termine siipeabnpieaeeiae 1e dele commit scheme the dis et dele nferees 1e rus dowers ncil of 7 ion the nal dis amer uncil’s 1d with that a n from aste th dis old the ought united ible is advo russia e close ion by united advo n how to the lles ds general library entered as 2nd class meat’ec university of michiga ann arbor wich bct 16 1944 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vol xxiii no 52 ocroper 13 1944 acts not words will be test of dumbarton oaks blueprint he admittedly tentative proposals for the estab lishment of a general international organization to be known as the united nations formulated by representatives of the united states britain russia and china during the dumbarton oaks con yersations held in washington between august 21 and october 7 are bound to be received with mixed feelings so much poignant hope had been placed during the grim war years in the possibility of estab lishing an international organization that would pre vent similar holocausts in the future that the draft w charter made public on october 9 will be viewed by many as falling short of their expectations and those who have feared that the big four would at least in the first instance create a great power direc torate whose authority in matters of security would have to be acknowledged by the smaller nations will feel that the charter confirms their fears the possible vs the desirable in judg ing the published results of dumbarton oaks how ever it is only fair to bear in mind that not all the goals which seem desirable in relations between na tions are in practice attainable today the very fact that the united nations are still far from having won the war either in europe or asia gives far more weight to the possession of military power than would be the case once hostilities are over and no one can deny that if the influence of a nation is to be judged in terms of military power leaving out dinner for president roosevelt the foreign policy association will give a din ner in honor of the president of the united states on saturday october 21 at eight o’clock at the waldorf astoria the subject of discussion will be the foreign policy of the united states mem bers are urged to make their reservations at once since the number of tickets is limited all considerations of its peacetime contribution to civilization then the united states britain and russia are obviously the countries whose decisions affect most profoundly both the course of the wat and the character of the peace of the three russia is reported to have placed the strongest emphasis on the necessity of leaving major decisions concerning world security to the great powers this is due at least as much to its uninhibited bluntness in ap praising international relations as to any peculiar attachment on its part to the prerogatives of a great power for the united states and britain have not hesitated when the occasion presented itself to act on the assumptions expressed by russia according to the dumbarton oaks proposals then the keystone of the projected international or ganization will be the security council composed of five permanent members the united states britain russia china and france in due course and six non permanent members to be elected by a general assembly composed of all the united na tions whose functions as defined in the charter will be primarily advisory in addition there are to be a secretariat an international court of justice an economic and social council to consist of repre sentatives of eighteen nations elected by the general assembly for three years and such subsidiary agencies as may be found necessary unanswered questions the charter thus outlines in skeleton form an international organiza tion whose very lack of elaborateness gives it a de gree of flexibility which could make it adaptable to the unforeseeable eventualities of the post war period it makes no pretense to completeness there are many blank spots to be filled out of which two are most important first whether a permanent mem ber will have the right to vote in cases when it is charged with having committed aggression and second the agreement by which the members will specify the armed forces they will place at the dis posal of the united nations organization and the circumstances under which their delegates on the security council will vote concerning the use of such forces both questions involve the issue of sovereign ty and can be expected to cause far reaching dis cussion especially in the united states the feature of the proposed organization which will concern the general public most however is that it could easily be transformed into a dictator ship of the four great powers which on the plea of preserving peace could if they wanted to enforce their will on weaker nations such a possibility is strengthened by the provisions for regional security arrangements which each of the great powers could invoke to dictate the terms of security within adjoin ing areas that would then become spheres of influ ence under another name moreover russia’s re luctance to accept a proposal that a great power charged with aggression should abstain from voting when its case is being considered by the security council as suggested by china will be interpreted by smaller nations as a portent that the great powers will consider themselves exempt from the restrictions on aggressive action which they intend to enforce on others these doubts and fears are well justified and may lead many people to dismiss the dumbarton oaks document as mere sugar coating for another concert of powers this time not for europe alone as in 1815 but for the world to be administered by methods which for all their modern streamlining will be those of metternich if we are to look at the situation without illusions however we must recog nize that the operation of any international machin ery that may be devised will depend on the sense of page two tt a responsibility of the great powers and on thei willingness to have it work not only when it is to their own advantage but also when it is to the ad vantage of the international community as a whole no blueprint no matter how realistic will of itself generate such spirit of collaboration but if such spirit does exist it can put even the most inferior machinery to work the desire for collaboration will not be tested by the formulation of any given docu ment or even by its acceptance on the part of any given government it will be tested by the measure of agreement that the united nations will reach on controversial issues of which that of poland pre sumably on the churchill stalin agenda in moscow is the most urgent it may prove just as well that the united nations charter raises no high hopes and does not lend itself to sentimental oratory about eternal peace for this should make us all aware that if we and the people of the other united na tions do not want international organization to be come merely an instrument for the selfish designs of the great powers then we shall have to press unremit tingly for altered attitudes toward relations be tween nations it will depend on our concerted efforts whether the proposed organization becomes merely a military alliance or an agency which will facili tate solutions of international economic social and other humanitarian problems and promote respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms and we must never forget that the alternative to at least some kind of international organization no matter how inadequate is a policy of each one for himself and the devil take the hindmost whose predictable outcome is another world war vera micheles dean internal weaknesses cripple china’s war effort the world witnessed last week the ironic spectacle of a chinese military spokesman rebuking the british prime minister for overestimating the contributions of the united states to china’s war effort in an ad dress of september 28 to the house of commons winston churchill expressed regret that despite lavish american help china had suffered severe military setbacks including the loss of important air fields it is he said one of the most disappointing vexations on october 2 a spokesman for the chinese military council in chungking while prais ing the activities of major general chennault’s air men as well as american efforts to bring in supplies referred to the united states fourteenth air force in china as so small it would hardly be credited if it could be disclosed and stressed china’s lack of military equipment the following day president roosevelt declared that the united states is now de livering to china more than 20,000 tons of supplies a month by air as compared with 2,000 about a year ago he described this american aid as epochal in character in view of the difficulties that had to be overcome who is letting china down each of these statements on china’s supply situation displays one facet of the truth for the efforts of the united states to send aid to china have been vigorous and far reaching at the same time that the quantities de livered have been extremely small in relation to china’s needs but the cause of controversy does not lie in the facts themselves which are well understood by the governments concerned what is at issue is the responsibility for china’s current military disintegra tion washington and london imply that the respon sibility cannot be placed on them because they are doing their maximum under the conditions imposed by the war with germany and japan’s favorable geo graphic position chungking counters with the state ment that this maximum is not sufficient to enable china to hold the japanese the question then is on their it is to the adi a whole of itself if such inferior tion will en docu t of any measure reach on nd pre oscow united nd does t eternal are that ited na yn to be esigns of unremit ions be ed efforts ss merely l facili cial and e respect ns and at least oo matter himself edictable dean xochal in ad to be each of displays ie united rous and itities de lation to does not iderstood sue is the isintegra ie respon they are imposed able geo the state to enable then is whether japan’s blockade of china is the main factor behind its recent successes in that country even the most cursory investigation reveals that much more than the blockade is involved in china's present crisis it is the testimony of a host of foreign observers that the weakness of the chinese central armies arises not merely from lack of equipment im portant as this deficiency is but also from such internal conditions as the mishandling of troops litical differences among generals widespread dis content with methods of conscription popular dis satisfaction with the corrupt behavior of many mili tary leaders and chungking’s failure to use to the full machinery available for war production cer tainly it is not the fault of any outside power that according to a recent estimate only one out of every twenty chinese conscripts reaches the front lines or that men are picked up at random on the streets by armed officials and impressed into the army nor are china’s allies responsible for the sharp disagreements among local generals which contributed to the seizure of changsha last june the lesson of honan the internal short comings of chungking’s military organization al ready had been revealed in northern honan province in may when a japanese force not exceeding 100,000 men broke up and defeated chinese divisions con taining seven times as many troops at the very beginning of the honan campaign a large ptopor tion of the trucks available to the chinese military were used for the evacuation to sian of the families and possessions of army officers and civilian officials while oxen and ox carts essential to the existence of the local peasantry were commandeered for military transport this it should be noted was done to the very peasants who in 1943 suffered one of thé worst famines in china’s recent history partly because the army at that time insisted on collecting grain taxes even though drought had created a serious food shortage the fruits of these years of mistreatment of the honan peasantry were finally reaped when the chi nese armies began to disintegrate under japanese at tacks the chinese peasants perhaps incited by local pro japanese elements actually disarmed their own soldiers first individually then in groups accord ing to one estimate the peasants took away 50,000 tifles from the troops under tang en po the top chinese general in the area and raised the reaction ary slogan better the soldiers of japan than the soldiers of tang en po apparently chungking’s political authority broke down when its military posi page three tion was weakened and the local population was at last able to give vent to its long suppressed feeling of bitterness criticism inside china it is sometimes suggested that american criticism of conditions in chungking territory is equivalent to hostility toward china but the fact is that china is seething with internal criticism as the recent session of the people’s political council indicated and that frank appraisals of existing conditions by foreign writers are merely a pallid reflection of what millions of chinese are themselves thinking and saying the honan campaign and ensuing military defeats proved an enormous shock to the chinese public and brought forth a flood of protests against the evils that had helped to weaken the country chinese critics of their own government are naturally well aware of the diffi culties created by the japanese blockade but do not consider this an excuse for leaving undone things that china can do for itself or permitting unsatisfac tory internal conditions to continue today chungking is facing the most serious crisis of the war not since the seizure of the generalissimo at sian in december 1936 when rebellious officers insisted on the abandonment of appeasement and the launching of resistance to japan have chiang and his government had to deal with such deep seated popu lar dissatisfaction as china’s outstanding national leader chiang kai shek now faces decisions of cru cial importance concerning the government’s policies and the men who are to carry them out for criticism is well nigh universal and extends into the kuomin tang itself where conservative businessmen and bank ers find themselves standing together with liberal intellectuals against machine bosses who personify corrupt oppressive administration in this internal struggle responsible foreign criticism and advice are welcomed by forward looking chinese they realize that unless china undergoes an internal reorganiza tion making for greater efficiency and democracy their country may emerge from the war in so weak and disunited a condition as to be unable to rally its strength rapidly or to play a significant role in world affairs they also recognize that discussion of these problems by americans is as much in china's interest as our own since the duration of the war with japan and the future peace of the far east will be affected by current developments in chungking at the same time they desire as do all americans the earliest possible increase in allied military aid on the china front lawrence k rosinger this is the first in a seri f articles on conditions in ghina poreign policy bulletin vol xxiii no 52 ocropsr 13 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y franx ross mccoy president dorotuy f legr secretary vara micueies dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one month for change of address on membership publications three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year 181 produced ander union conditions and composed and printed by union labor ee ne a ee ae oe es oe ee pe tl et te ee cai re a aa washington news letter sae will national sovereignty impede unrra’s work the foremost political problem besetting the united nations relief and rehabilitation adminis tration now almost a year old is how to accomplish its job without infringing on the sovereignty of mem ber nations the use of unrra requires interna tional collaboration first in providing adequate as sistance to former enemy nations notably italy to which the unrra council at its second session held in montreal from september 15 to 26 voted to con tribute 50,000,000 worth of supplies second co operation among many nations is essential in dealing with the problem of displaced persons in germany alone unrra estimates 8,000,000 civilians from other countries will need assistance in returning to their homes third only through international col laboration will it prove possible to obtain the great stocks of food clothing and medicines required for relief of the liberated areas in europe and asia the shortage of shipping and the scarcity of many of the goods urgently needed have so far made it im possible for the combined production and resources board and the combined food board to allocate sup plies in the desired amounts except in a few cate gories some supply measures have been taken for example unrra is making arrangements with canadian authorities for the production of woolen textiles canada newfoundland and iceland may sup ply fish it may prove desirable however to continue food rationing in the united states and perhaps britain in order to fill overseas relief needs as the period of military relief planned to last about six months draws to a close in each liberated country yugoslavs raise an issue whatever may be the source of relief the nations which need sup plies seek control over their distribution on august 21 sir arthur salter deputy director general of unrra said we are essentially there to help the constituted authorities and not to replace them that has been unrra’s policy since its creation af atlantic city in november 1943 on march 9 1944 unrra decided to support proposals of individu governments for separate purchases of relief sup plies provided that such buying would not interfe with the administration’s own efforts to bring abou the creation of reserves which will be availab wherever and whenever the need arises norwa the netherlands belgium and the french committ of national liberation have proposed advance pu chases by contrast it was reported that marsha tito and dr ivan subasich prime minister of t yugoslav government in exile had reached comple accord regarding a number of matters including t proposal to obtain assistance from unrra yet on october 2 the free yugoslav radio af nounced that the yugoslav committee of nations liberation controlled by tito had refused to accep unrra assistance because the radio said the agency wanted to distribute relief in yugoslavi through its own machinery rather than through the already established organs of the people’s author ity this difference could be easily mended for the licy enunciated by salter stressed the use of al ready established organs it is possible however that the yugoslav problem will remain open unti the soviet union makes a decision on the extent te which it will.cooperate with unrra in the rehabil itation of its own devastated areas and in the relief of united nations countries of eastern europe blair bolles statement of the ownership management circulation etc required by the acts of congress of august 24 1912 and marc 1933 of foreign policy bulletin published weekly atc new york 16 n y for october 1 1944 state of new york county of new york ss before me a notary public in and for the state and county aforesaid personally appeared vera micheles dean who having been duly sworn ac reat aw and that she is the tor of the foreign policy bulletin and that the following is to the best of her knowledge and belief a true statement of the ownership management etc of the afore said publication for the date shown in the above ion wired by the act of a 24 1912 as amended by the act of march 5 1933 em bodied in ion 537 postal laws and regulations printed on the re verse of this form to wit 1 that the names and addresses of the publisher editor managing edi tor and business managers are publishers foreign policy association inco ated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n tr editor vera micheles dean 22 east 38th screet new york 16 n y managing editor none business managers none 2 that the owner is foreign policy association incorporated the principal officers of which for victory are frank ross m president dorothy f leet 22 east 38th screet new york 16 n y treasurer 70 broadway new york 4 n y 3 that the known bondholders mortgagees and other security holdef owning or holding 1 per cent or more of total amount of bonds mortgages or securities are one fe secretary both of and william a eldridg 4 that the two paragraphs next above giving the names of the owne stockholders and security holders if any contain not only the list of stock holders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the company but also in cases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation the n of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting is given als that the said two paragraphs contain statements embracing affiant’s full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under whic stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the company as trustees hold stock and securities in a capacity other than that ofy a bona fide owner and this affiant has no reason to believe that any othely person association or corporation has any interest direct or indirect in they said stock bonds or other securities than as so stated by her foreign policy association incorporated by vera micheles dean editorm sworn to and subscribed before me this 28th day of september 1944 seal carolyn e martin notary publicf new york county new york county clerk’s no 87 new york count reg no 164 m 5 my commission expires march 30 1945 buy united states war bonds +2 ee ddairares ws ne vj ana e2 yee wa m ann artors mten foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiv no 1 ocrosper 20 1944 chiang kai shek regime torn by kuomintang differences a air attacks on japanese held formosa and the ryukyu islands point to american land ings in the philippines perhaps at a fairly early date and the philippines in turn can serve as a stepping stone toward the china coast but it is obvious that the tempo of the united states in joining up with the hard pressed chinese from the sea cannot match the speed of the japanese in carrying forward their pres ent land drive in east central china even though deliveries of supplies by air from india may increase china will have to depend largely on itself for many months to come consequently chungking is in no ition to hope that american military aid will appreciably lighten its political problems in the period immediately ahead a new kind of crisis the current tense situation in free china dates from the disastrous honan campaign of last spring when japan seized the cities of loyang and chengchow in the north and shattered one of chiang kai shek’s most important armies this aroused a storm of chinese criticism centering about the need for army reforms greater honesty and efficiency in civil and military affairs the maintenance of civil liberties and alleviation of the heavy burden imposed upon the peasantry by the ptesent administration of the land tax in grain con tinuing japanese successes in eastern china also weakened the central government politically by de ptiving it of significant grain producing areas and further breaking up the territorial unity of its do main on the other side of the ledger chungking has in its favor a halt in price increases at least tem porarily and the harvesting of an exceptionally good crop but with prices well over 400 times their pre war level and food in any event scarce for large sec tions of the population no fundamental strengthen ing of the government's position has taken place this is not the first time during the war that china has faced a political crisis it might be said that the seven and a half years of the struggle with japan have been one long crisis in which china has man aged to continue resistance despite all obstacles in the past foreign discussion of the country’s political difficulties was virtually limited to the conflict between chungking and the chinese communists a conflict which expressed itself not only in sharp controversy but in military friction between central and guerrilla forces not until this year could it be said that there was also a crisis within the government itself and within the official political party the kuomintang official dissenters the leader of this movement for change is sun fo 53 year old son of the famous nationalist leader sun yat sen and him self president of the legislative yuan as well as an outstanding advocate of constitutional government for china in the course of this year sun fo has made several statements of an extremely sharp character advocating civil liberties close cooperation with china's allies on the basis of internal democracy and a general political housecleaning on october 9 eve of the anniversary of the 1911 revolution which es tablished the chinese republic he is reported to have urged an end to political tutelage since the kuo mintang has long held to the theory that it alone has the responsibility for tutoring the chinese people in democratic government sun fo’s latest statement is of profound significance he appears to have sug gested if the brief dispatch passed by chinese cen sors is correct that chungking abandon its political monopoly and admit representatives of other points of view into the administration this is the first time during the war as far as this writer is aware that any government official has publicly advocated such a course of action sun fo is an advanced liberal carrying forward his father’s traditions but his opinions reflect the feelings of wide circles within and outside the kuo mintang it is no secret for example among amer ican observers of far eastern affairs that t v soong chungking’s foreign minister a conservative in his personal philosophy is deeply disturbed by current chinese conditions or that general chen cheng who has commanded troops on many impor tant fronts has been advocating fundamental mili tary reforms for well over a year but has been op posed by war minister ho ying chin outside chungking it would seem that certain provincial military leaders are growing restive as the central government's difficulties increase at the same time various minor political groups organized in the fed eration of chinese democratic parties are expressing sharp criticism of official policies need for crucial decisions undoubted ly there is developing in china a broad area of agree ment among extremely diverse political elements ranging from the communists to staunchly conserv ative members of the kuomintang the main issue that draws them together is the demand for a more efficient and honest government genuinely tolerant of more than one point of view as long as military operations in china were deadlocked these ques tions must have seemed theoretical to many who are now concerned about them for china was holding on and that after all was the main criterion in mak ing political judgments but in the past six months the japanese have broken the military stalemate and the political stalemate has been destroyed along with it what was once a matter of theory now presents itself as a question of china’s survival and of draw ing to the full on china’s own strength in order to halt or slow down the invader this is why the generalissimo is now faced by some of the most crucial problems of his career chiang kai shek has usually stood above the political page two el battles of the chinese capital and popular censure has generally descended on his subordinates but he is now being subjected to personal criticism on the ground that he bears responsibility for conditions and refuses to drop unsatisfactory officials to whom he is bound by long association it is impossible to pre dict what the generalissimo will do but he unques tionably has the power to bring about far reaching changes within the régime the frank comment al lowed at the people’s political council session in september and the relaxation of the chinese censor ship at about the same time gave rise to hopes both in china and outside that chiang had finally made his decision but now the censorship has been tightened again and the official attitude is hardening zero hour at kweilin china has weath ered many previous crises but today there is no room for easy optimism the current battle for kweilin capital of kwangsi province may be even more im portant politically than militarily for kweilin is the focal point of operations by a group of chinese gen erals who showed tendencies toward separatism in the years before 1937 came into the central fold in the upsurge of resistance against japan and might again follow a highly autonomous course if the jap anese armies should cut them off from close contacts with chungking territory it is probably not an ex aggeration to say that the most useful steps chung king could take in dealing with the kweilin situation would be to meet the serious political issues that are agitating the country by overhauling the government and granting more democracy thereby rallying the support of all patriotic groups lawrence k rosinger the second in a series of articles on conditions in china anglo russian security zones may be defined at moscow parley the anglo russian talks which began in moscow on october 9 coincided with the release from dum barton oaks of the draft plan for the future united nations organization thus the moscow conference will provide ample illustrations for discussion of the issue raised by the new security council of whether predominant positions should be given to the great powers it is assumed that the churchill stalin conversations are chiefly concerned with defin ing the spheres of influence which the two powers expect to hold in europe once germany has been de feated attention turns naturally therefore to spe cific issues with which the conference must deal but it should be remembered that both nations have taken an active part in forging the dumbarton oaks plan and leading spokesmen of the two countries are fully aware that many problems which must be dealt with in all areas of europe will demand interna tional collaboration it is only necessary to recall for example that united nations aid in terms of relief and future capital investment for reconstruction pur poses will be necessary in all parts of europe britain’s western bloc most observers now believe that britain is prepared to acquiesce in what it feels is russia’s natural desire for security in eastern europe over future relationships will be forged within the context of the 20 year anglo russian treaty of alliance signed in may 1942 granting the possibility of neutralizing german power britain and russia are staking out claims of paramount interest in areas radiating from that central point to the fringes of europe these claims will be dictated by historic ties and the necessities of military security britain has made it clear recently that in westem europe it intends to work closely with nations com manding the continental approaches to the british isles a position that will balance russia’s easteff security zone to this end the british have taken the lead among the three major allies in urging accept pur rvefs ce in ty in be iglo 942 man that aims es of stem com ritish stern n the cept ance of the de gaulle régime as the official govern ment of france quietiy but persistently the british foreign secretary has expressed the view that de gaulle’s leadership can do much to establish the re yitalized france which britain considers of the ut most importance britain’s interest in western eu rope also includes norway belgium holland and luxemburg as well as spain and the ancient british ally portugal a step toward closer cooperation among some of these countries was taken in 1943 when the dutch belgian and luxemburg govern ments concluded a monetary pact to which it has been intimated both france and britain may adhere this forecast seems justified for on october 5 brit ain signed a financial agreement with the belgian government which its finance minister camille gutt suggested might be a prelude to a west euro pean financial bloc a similar accord fixing the rate of exchange was signed by the french provisional government and britain on february 6 1944 these arrangements and others that may be forth coming can serve as a basis for broader agreements or a customs union which would furnish valuable economic support for further political cooperation the evolution of this policy follows the line of reasoning enunciated last november by jan chris tiaan smuts south african premier and restated somewhat more tactfully by foreign minister eden in his speech to the house of commons on septem ber 29 declaring that he was in agreement with those who favored closer ties with the countries on europe’s western fringe eden suggested that such an arrangement would aid in preventing future german aggression and that as an element in the general international system it gives us perhaps more a authority with the other great powers if we speak for the commonwealth and for our near neighbors showdown on poland while british ets are becoming more articulate and conscious of their interest in western europe they are increasing ly prepared for the u.s.s.r to play an important tole with respect to poland and eastern europe diplomatically they will endeavor to see that such influence is based on the pattern established by the soviet czechoslovak treaty of alliance signed last december and on the statement of foreign minister molotov made at the time of the red army’s en trance into rumania on april 2 in both instances russia explicitly maintains its desire for friendly re lations with its neighbors and indicates no intention of forcing its ideology on them page three ee poland is of course a special case not only be cause of the friction which has characterized russian polish history but because britain is bound to poland by treaty and declared war on germany because of hitler’s attack on that country no one denies the many difficulties which beset any attempt to find a compromise solution to the polish question yet the russian press has indicated that a showdown is now intended no hint has been given of the final outcome of the parleys but the fact that it was pos sible to invite premier stanislaw mikolajczyk to join churchill and stalin in moscow holds out hope for a compromise mikolajczyk will confer not only with russian and british delegates but with boleslaw berut president of the polish national council the régime in lublin which has the approval of the soviet union reports suggest that the tragic war saw incident and the dispute over the commander in chief in the london polish cabinet will be rele gated to the background so far as possible as a re sult the chief problem will center on the role of mikolajczyk who is personally acceptable to mos cow in a possible new government the balkan scene military events of the past week tend to clarify the picture of future lines of british and russian influence in southeastern eu rope in yugoslavia red army forces joined with tito in storming belgrade and in hungary hitler's extremist aids who have replaced the horthy régime which sued for peace on october 15 must now pre pare to defend budapest from the red army in bulgaria although diplomatic developments were temporarily impeded by hesitation over the armistice terms russian army forces have also been the de ciding factor as german power recedes in its wake soviet influence follows the trend of pre 1914 russia which was intent on pursuing a pan slavic policy but unlike the situation a generation ago little resistence to these events is now heard in brit ain the current extensive british commando raids into greece and the effective occupation of athens suggest however that britain will counter the grow ing soviet influence in the northern balkans by pur suing with increased vigor its historic interests in the eastern mediterranean although the british foreign office may be prepared to accommodate growing soviet influence in eastern mediterranean affairs no concessions similar to those in northeastern europe will be feasible in the southern balkans for this area is located astride britain’s imperial life line and is vital to its security grant s mcclellan foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 1 ocrober 20 1944 one month for change of address on membership publications published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated natienal headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary vera micueres dean editor entered as second class matver december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor 4 i i i i seh ve washington news letter on anomalies of allied policy in italy the administration continues to receive criticisms of allied policy toward italy despite the joint an nouncement by president roosevelt and prime min ister churchill on september 26 that an increasing measure of control will be gradually handed over to the italian administration the root of this criti cism lies in the indecision concerning italian mili tary affairs politics and economic reconstruction which has existed since the italian declaration of war against germany on october 13 1943 and the sign ing of the instrument of surrender last october 28 the country is treated neither as a respected friend nor as a defeated enemy italians ask improved status while the roosevelt churchill announcement called for put ting the full resources of italy and the italian people into the struggle to defeat germany and japan the rome weekly voce operaia organ of the christian left remarked on october 2 it is clear that such a distant war against the japanese can be fought only if we will be allowed first to participate fully in the war against germany if our prisoners will be allowed to return to italy if the harsh armistice will be changed to a fair settlement of peace failure to publish the terms of the armistice has inspired many rumors about its harshness since it is suspected of requiring italy to abandon african colonies held be fore the ethiopian war as well as european territory the italian government headed since june 9 by premier ivanoe bonomi appears to its critics to have only the authority which the allied commission grants it allied control is a cape of lead pietro nenni secretary of the italian socialist party pro tested on september 21 in his newspaper avanti when british foreign secretary anthony eden gave the impression in the house of commons that brit ain would forbid restitution to italy of its colonies bonomi saw a new slight to his country and said it is necessary that democratic italy feel herself wel comed as a sister among the democracies of the world the allies have no intention however of grant ing full recognition until italy’s northern provinces are freed from the german armies and the neo fascist government of mussolini’s italian social republic but the prospect that liberation of northern italy will not come until spring raises the question whether the political restlessness now marking italian affairs can be held in check throughout the winter unless the allies agree to increase the power of the rome for victory buy united states régime at least to the extent of holding elections for a constituent assembly and local officials politically the bonomi government is no more isolated from democratic elements in the north than the london exile governments of european countries were iso lated from political movements in their homelands communication exists between rome and the centers behind the german lines where patriots control the western section of lake como the territory between the julian alps and the yugoslav frontier and other regions soviet prestige gains articulate italians are finding fault with the amount of assistance grant ed their country first and immediate considerations in italy are the relief of hunger and sickness and fear the roosevelt churchill statement of septem ber 26 declared a few days after the united nations relief and rehabilitation administration voted to spend 50,000,000 in relief for italy on september 26 the newspaper reconstruzione expressed disap pointment at the small size of the unrra grant and at the absence of lend lease aid for italy the unrra assistance is equivalent to the amount of money spent during a two and a half month period by the united states army for italian relief president roosevelt said on october 4 that steps were being taken to restore the damaged transportation and electrical facilities of italy but this reconstruction is limited to the facilities immediately needed for war majority opinion within the united states govern ment favors a more positive and helpful policy to ward italy but the administration has not unduly pressed its views in this matter on its allies the british are playing a predominant role in the present setup while the united states shows no interest george baldanzi cio observer who visited italy during the summer said on september 23 luigi antonini of the a.f of l who visited italy with baldanzi said on october 5 that the facts of the picture in italy will play into the hands of the com munists although the italian communist party numbers only 200,000 according to a statement on september 25 of their leader palmiro togliatti the confusion of american british policy increasé the influence and prestige of the soviet union i italy for italians are unfavorably comparing theif treatment at the hands of the united nations with the mild terms accorded rumania by russia blair bolles war bonds 19 +t ctions for olitically ted from london were iso melands he centers yntrol the y between and other e italians nce grant iderations kness and f septem d nations voted to september sed disap ra grant italy the mount of ith period president ere being ation and ynstruction d for wat es govefi policy to ot unduly lies the he present interest sited italy 23 luigi italy with ucts of the f the com nist patty itement of togliatti y increas union it aring theif itions will sia bolles nds yov 3 1944 es ee hae a entered as 2nd class matter a od 4 rr vil va po 4 soe of ue se s de ann ant pear liban arbo oprary op ton 7 5 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y you xxiv no 2 october 27 1944 t an extent unmatched even by the presidential elections of 1920 the present campaign is focused on issues of foreign policy today voters are earnestly trying to decide not whether the united states should collaborate with other nations but which of the two parties will prove most capable of assuring our effective participation in an interna tional organization to prevent aggression and pro mote the welfare of all peoples specific decisions of the administration have been criticized from differ ent points of view by those who on the one hand feel that the united states has gone too far in work ing with other countries and on the other by those who feel it has not gone far enough but after sift ing all these criticisms and acknowledging that in ternational collaboration is the avowed objective of both parties the voters still face the task of deciding which one of the two candidates will prove more determined and least vulnerable to isolationist pres sures in achieving this objective president takes the offensive it is to this issue that president roosevelt addressed him slf in his speech to the foreign policy association on october 21 he did not attempt to answer point by point the charges leveled at the foreign policy of his administration by governor dewey at the herald tribune forum on october 18 instead of being on the defensive the president took the offensive first by listing some of the measures of international col laboration that were opposed by republican mem bers of congress before pearl harbor notably the feciprocal trade treaties the selective service law lend lease and second by pointing out the strategic positions now occupied in congressional committees dealing with foreign affairs and appropriations by republicans long committed to a policy of isolation at the same time he paid a warm tribute to dis tinguished men and women of vision and courage in the republican party who have vigorously sup voters weigh party pledges of international collaboration ported our aid to our allies and all the measures that we took to build up our national defense he em phasized the need to complete the organization of the united nations without delay before hostilities actually cease and expressed his belief that the security council of this organization as proposed at dumbarton oaks must have the power to act quickly and decisively to keep the peace by force if necessary to achieve this end he said the amer ican representative on the council must be endowed in advance by the people themselves by constitu tional means through their representatives in con gress with authority to act by stressing this cru cial point the president indicated both the concrete step by which the united states can best assure other countries that it is sincere in urging prompt action against future aggressors and the paramount neces sity of having in congress men and women who whatever their party affiliations want their gdv ernment to act and not merely talk whenevesiand wherever there is a threat to world peace iil i decision would clarify policy onily when the united states has decided to participate fully and promptly in an international organization will it be able to develop a coherent foreign policy unhampered by the debate waged since the tusn of the century concerning the degree of responsibility this country should assume in world affairs our choice is not between isolation and collaboration at no time in our history have we really wanted to be completely isolated from the rest of the world on the contrary americans have wanted to trade every where freely to send missionaries abroad to shame in the cultural heritage of other peoples whati:we have been reluctant to do is to assumé any lasting political or military commitments outside ous own borders or at least the borders of the western hetn isphere now we see that we cannot have ouricake and eat it too we cannot demand the open dode for seera ps centamnnen es a of e oak x we 28 et ee ee eee ee seton sen seeger aie ee ee see eee ee ee ses ee page two our trade freedom of the seven seas and opportun ities for our citizens to travel and teach in other lands unless we are ready to collaborate politically as well we cannot enjoy the advantages of international col laboration and take none of its risks dewey’s criticisms without such clarifica tion of our foreign policy it is difficult in fact futile to dispute among ourselves concerning this or that attitude toward given countries governor dewey expressed the sentiments of many americans when he deplored the predicament of poland and urged the recognition of de gaulle accorded by the united states britain and russia on october 23 but it is not enough to deplore this situation or urge that meas ure unless this country is determined to assume responsibility henceforth for its professions of friendship for other peoples it is unfortunate under the circumstances that many of the newspapers and political spokesmen who now feel so much sympathy for poland or france showed so little desire to have the united states lift a finger for these countries in their hour of need nor will the cause of collabora tion with other nations be advanced if natural con cern for poland should be used as a springboard for attacks on russia it is regrettable that governor dewey should have intimated that the armistice con cluded on september 13 by general malinovski of the u.s.s.r with rumania on behalf of his own country as well as britain and the united states just as general eisenhower had concluded an arm istice with marshal badoglio of italy on behalf of the united states britain and russia was a secret treaty for the document he referred to was pub lished on september 14 in the new york times and a three days later in the september 17 issue of the weekly department of state bulletin many citizens would agree with mr dewey jp regretting that the united states has not yet clarified its policy with respect to germany although pres ident roosevelt took a step in that direction on octo ber 21 but here again our policy will take one form if the country decides to reduce collaboration with other nations to a minimum and an entirely different one if it maintains an effective partnership in the common enterprise of post war reconstruction governor dewey made it plain that he does not differ from the administration in his support of in ternational collaboration while not going as far as president roosevelt did three days later in asking that congress give the american representative on the security council the right to act promptly he de clared we must make certain that our participation in this world organization is not subjected to reser vations that would nullify its power to maintain peace and to halt future aggression it is on the question of which party will best be able to prevent such nullification that the american people will have to decide on november 7 at a time when millions of our citizens are fighting overseas those of us who enjoy the privilege of voting are as president roosevelt said trustees for the men and women who fell in the last war and are falling in this war we have no right to rest or concentrate on the advancement of our personal interests and ambi tions or taste the joys of peacetime living until we have fulfilled this trust not only on election day but in the years ahead vera micheles dean this is the first of two articles chungking communist coalition essential to china’s progress there is one main issue in chinese politics about which all other political questions revolve this issue is the relationship between the central government at chungking ruled by the kuomintang under chiang kai shek and the chinese communists under mao tse tung with their center at yenan and many guerrilla régimes in the japanese rear chiang and mao symbolize the two most powerful groups in china whose unity or disunity will determine their country’s development and position in the world for many years to come nominally it is true there is but one chinese government at chungking but chiang’s administration although leading resistance against japan for more than seven years has not yet achieved a genuine coalescence of all the ele ments that make up wartime china the communists and chungking are fighting parallel wars against japan based on separate home fronts with distinct economic political and military structures the net effect is to weaken japan but china also suffers as a result of these internal divisions who are the communists the commu nist led eighteenth group and new fourth armies under general chu teh and other masters of mobile warfare range over vast areas in north and central china and reach almost to the outskirts of such cen ters as peiping shanghai nanking and hankow i the south allied guerrilla fighters operate around canton virtually the whole of communist chim consists of islands of guerrilla territory retaken from the japanese after being lost to them by central of provincial forces the single exception is the shensi kansu ninghsia border region in the northwest which with its population of something undef 2,000,000 was held by the communists before the war and has not been invaded by the japanese from 1939 on the chungking government refused to allow correspondents to visit the border region and instituted a physical blockade to cut it off from supplies and contacts with the outside world this blockade is still maintained but in may 1944 a group of newspapermen was permitted to travel to tht northwest the dispatches of the american reportets published in this country in recent months tell an in asking ntative on tly he de rticipation 1 to reser maintain ill best be american at a time zy overseas voting are ie men and falling in centrate on and ambi p until we ction day es dean ogress rth armies s of mobile and central f such cen jankow hb ate around nist china taken from central of the shensi northwest hing undef before the nese rent refused rder region it off from world this 944 a group avel to the an reportess ynths tell 4 striking story of effective economic political and mil itary organization they suggest for example that living conditions in yenan are better than those in chungking that the border region has a function ing democratic government popularly elected and representing the opinions of diverse elements among the people and that all energies are directed toward vigorous prosecution of the war against japan guerrilla power one correspondent re rts that the communists claim to have under their administration in the northwest and in guerrilla china 86,000,000 people i.e almost one fifth the pulation of pre war china if the usual estimate of 450,000,000 is accepted a communist represen tative in chungking also has declared that there are 470,000 regular troops in the eighteenth group and new fourth armies in addition to 2,200,000 guer tillas in an organization known as the people’s vol unteer corps whether or not these figures are en tirely correct the general impression they are in tended to convey is undoubtedly warranted the com munists wield enormous political and military power and will inevitably play a highly significant role in shaping china’s future not only is their absolute strength far greater today than in 1937 but they have gained in relative standing as a result of chung king’s deteriorating position particularly in the past six months of japanese victories on the china front the fact is that the leaders of guerrilla china have developed an effective formula for organizing mass tesistance to japan on the basis of agricultural re forms popular government and democratic military organization that such a formula has not been de veloped by the kuomintang is clear for the com munists would hardly hold the areas they do if the central government had an adequate program with which to undermine japan’s control of overrun prov inces under a double blockade imposed by the enemy and by chungking the communists have achieved an amazing degree of self sufficiency and have expanded their domain but the main point to be noted is that foreign visitors who have published their impressions have found the guerrilla program a moderate one consonant with the principles espoused by the kuomintang failure of a mission this past spring and summer lin tsu han chairman of the border re gion was in chungking to negotiate a political settle ment his mission failed the central government offered to authorize and supply 10 divisions of the eighteenth group army 100,000 150,000 men to recognize the existence of the border region gov page three ernment and to consider making a verbal promise to end the blockade if a general agreement was reached remaining communist troops were to be disbanded authorized forces were to be concentrated in a desig nated area and local guerrilla governments were to be taken over by chungking representatives lin however proposed recognition of a much larger number of divisions disposition of the guerrilla re gions under the national military council on the basis of principles beneficial to the war of resistance the granting of legality to all political parties at present only the kuomintang is legal and the guar anteeing of free speech press and assembly he also requested the immediate establishment of popular constitutional government these and other issues involved in the discussions are more than the private affair of two conflicting parties they are a subject of debate between the kuomintang and third party or independent elements in free china as well as within the kuomintang itself in the past year sharp differences have de veloped inside the official party with sun fo pres ident of the legislative yuan leading those circles which consider it essential to make genuine conces sions for unity if china’s sacrifices are not to be in vain these circles also understand that if the chungking government is to represent all patriotic groups by becoming a coalition régime the kuo mintang must advance a progressive program cap able of winning true popular support but reaction ary officials men like chen li fu and chen kuo fu two brothers high in the kuomintang bureaucracy oppose the abolition of one party rule and seek to preserve the reign of clique politics and repression america an interested party when americans speak frankly on chinese questions and reach unfavorable conclusions about chungking’s attitude toward unity and democracy this does not mean that they are forgetting the contributions made by the chinese government even at this moment to japan's defeat but americans are growing aware that chungking faces crucial decisions which either will greatly strengthen the régime by broadening it or will weaken it both internally and in relation to the japanese this country naturally is concerned for it wants a powerful china as a partner in war and peace since undemocratic narrow rule is a standing invitation to civil strife it is clear that only a progres sive china can be strong enough to fulfill this role lawrence k rosinger the third in a series of articles on conditions in china foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 2 ocroser 27 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lert secretary vera micheles dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one month for change of address on membership publications three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year 121 produced umder union conditions and composed and printed by union labor eh es frr otto it a et foie eee or aap iss rae se ad ae oy ae ba vas sibs m bod pw cet eae eel 11n99 shing ton news etter a the philip pines the united states has many activ swe orp dtized into guetrilla groups which have been'hatassinp the japanese and collaboration ists during the years between the surrender of united statés forces at ba egidor on may 6 1942 and the invasion of leyté land on october 20 1944 in a report to toky6 earlier this month the japanese am bassador in manila shozo murata complained that alone among the regions of the co prosperity sphere the philippities'were kept in disorder by guerrilla batids in sdmé of which americans as well as fili pinos were fighting laurel upset by noncooperation actions of the puppet government of the philippine tepublic led by president josé laurel reflect the disquiet credtéd throughout the islands by the guerrillas and by the widespread noncooperation of other filipinos seeking peace and order laurel late in at ast feotganized the islands constabulary whose hew commanding officer major general paulino sdntos announced a policy of strict law efforcement in september laurel divided the islands into sevenadministrative districts in order among other reasons to coordinate the government activities with those of the japanese military author itiés ih many districts the local officials in opposi tion to the central government's collaborationist pol icies had been interfering with the efforts of the japatiese tovimairitain their defenses against the ex pected united nations invasion yresentmentagainst the puppet government has beerinitensified since september 22 when laurel declared watiom the united states and invoked mar tial tawolito suppress treason sedition disorder and violence andi to forcibly punish all disturbances of public peace i apparently the war declaration threat ened the unlityof the cabinet foreign minister clark m recto.commerited that it had thrown the country into a state of temporary confusion teofilo sison home minister predicted that the state of war would probably cause a further deterioration of respect for law.and order oni september 25 laurel admitted the weakness of his leddership and the disunity of the nation by announcing that on no occasion would he authorize conscription of filipinos to fight for japan although conscription is essential to imple ment the declaration of war japan’s policy of exploiting the islands economic ally and its failure to provide adequate imports of food for the filipinos are among the factors respon for victory elas will expect role in philippines governmen t sible for the unwillingness of the people to support the agents of japan or laurel the chief economic program of the philippines under japanese rule was production of critical minerals copper chrome and manganese for export to japan for this pur labor was diverted to the mines and hundreds of trucks were used to transport the minerals to ports japan has made small return for this precious loot in the one commodity the philippines badly need foodstuffs last may the japanese army announced its determination to import large quantities of rice but a shipping shortage prevented fulfillment of this decision assuming that the will was there the filipinos need became so acute however that on sep tember 14 the imperial japanese army contributed 2,000,000 pesos to the philippine relief fund and on september 18 donated 3,000 sacks of saigon rice for distribution to the people of manila and cavite neither this largesse nor the efforts of the manila government to increase domestic agricultural production have ameliorated the food problem min ister of economic affairs pedro sabido promised in tensive output of rice and casava improved methods for distributing food and threats of punishment against dishonest officials who connived at violating the food control laws undoubtedly the united states must meet large scale requirements for food relief will guerrillas accept osmena while guerrilla activities are sure to assist the ad vance of the invading armies they nevertheless pre sent this country with a grave political problem according to reports which have leaked out from the philippines many of them oppose return of the gov ernment which has been conducting its affairs from washington as an exile capital at my side your president sergio osmefia general douglas macarthur commanding the invasion said in his proclamation to the filipinos when he landed on leyte a conciliatory man osmefia may find a com mon ground with the more temperate of the guet rillas and in the philippines as in the liberated european countries it is to be expected that the re turning government will invite representatives of resistance groups into the cabinet it is the hope of the united states that internal political agreement will have been reached by the date fixed for philip pine independence july 4 1946 blair bolles see walter foreign policy wilgus filipinos face serious post liberation problems bulletin august 11 1944 buy united states war bonds 191 by on th assoc ing a fulfil tutior tivitie opme roos while alrea the f thi neap asso to he the j twen etthe the s been whic is suin stanc fores affirr tone it in there eithe tern nitic ame secu men lea the +iral ief ja pre m the bov rom e is glas his on ruer ated e fe of e of nent iilip es lems ae nov 8 ar entered as 2nd class matter pir bish ical kvum uni a ary versit 2 vv et aicu 4 4 nichiga foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y in xxiv no 3 november 8 1944 by offering its platform to president roosevelt and governor dewey for presentation of their views m this country’s foreign policy the foreign policy association a nonpartisan organization represent ing all shades of political opinion believes it has fulfilled its objective which as stated in its consti tution is to carry on research and educational ac tivities in the understanding and constructive devel fopment of american foreign policy president roosevelt accepted the invitation of the association while governor dewey decided to state his views already presented in louisville on september 8 at the herald tribune forum on october 18 and again this time in answer to the president in min neapolis on october 24 meanwhile members of the association in branch cities have had an opportunity tohear other republican spokesmen in each instance the association as has been its practice during the twenty six years of its existence has made no attempt tither to support or censor the views expressed by the speakers to have done so would obviously have deen to violate the american tradition of free speech which applies to every citizen whatever his rank issues still under discussion the en suing debate has done much to aid in the under standing and constructive development of american foreign policy both presidential candidates have affirmed their determination to support an interna tional organization and to prevent attempts to render it ineffective once it has been established in fact there is today no responsible person speaking for tither party who would go on record as opposing in ternational collaboration this in itself is a recog nition of the deep and genuine anxiety felt by the american people concerning problems of national security and can be considered a marked improve ment over the partisan bickering over wilson's league that prevailed during the 1920 campaign there are three main issues however which continue will elections result in greater international collaboration to trouble conscientious voters 1 revival of isolationism the first of these is the indubitable revival of isolationist senti ment those of us who live on the eastern seaboard tend to indulge in the pleasant illusion that isolation ism is dead and will not rise again to plague the makers of post war foreign policy even a brief con tact with the middle west however should dispel that illusion there in several prominent news papers cynical attacks on the dumbarton oaks docu ment go hand in hand with unremitting criticism of britain and with hostile insinuations about russia anti russian sentiment is coupled with aspersions on the political action committee described as a tool of stalin and with open attacks on the foreign born a term made to appear synonymous with communist this in spite of the fact that few areas of the united states are so thickly settled by persons of non anglo saxon origin as wisconsin minnesota and chicago with its large polish and italian popu lation 2 attitude of congress were this re vival of isolationism merely a local phenomenon which would leave the formulation of national pol icy unaffected it might be dismissed as the inevitable reaction of some of our citizens who live in areas remote from both europe and asia the fact how ever that strong isolationist elements are already represented in congress which under the constitu tion participates in the making of foreign policy has a direct bearing on the issue now before the voter unless as senator ball has urged the isolationist elements can be defeated in elections for congress either of the presidential candidates will be faced with the same problem that of obtaining the sup port of congress for effective participation by the united states in the international organization backed by both parties this problem will not neces sarily prove easier for mr dewey than for mr ies serene apenas se ae i a ee l rt ld rf roosevelt for while the next house may be repub lican the senate which ratifies treaties is more likely to have a democratic than a republican ma jority the republicans contend that mr roosevelt who in the past has had many clashes with congress will prove unable to obtain its collaboration on for eign policy and will be opposed not only by repub licans but also by anti administration democrats the democrats for their part raise the question whether mz dewey will have the zeal and deter mination to press for congressional support of a united nations organization when confronted with strongly entrenched isolationist elements of his own party who have shown no signs of a fundamental change of heart the attitude of congress assumes paramount importance in view of the fact that it is congress which will have to grant authority to the american delegate on the proposed security council of the united nations organization to act in an emer gency calling for the use of force both presidential candidates have stated that congress must decide on this point 3 secret diplomacy one of the chief criticisms made of the administration's foreign pol icy during the campaign has been that the president engages in secret personal diplomacy sending per sonal agents abroad setting up new agencies to deal with various aspects of international affairs and by passing the state department under the constitu tion the president has the power by and with the advice and consent of the senate to make treaties and to nominate and by and with the advice of the senate appoint ambassadors other public ministers and consuls a president only slightly concerned with foreign affairs could make minimum use of these wers while a president profoundly interested in that field could expand them to a maximum it is natural that in time of war when foreign policy is no longer a matter of academic interest but a matter of life and death to every citizen the president in office should want to participate more actively in its formulation than he might be inclined to do in time of peace this was just as true of woodrow wilson in world war i as it has proved true of franklin d roosevelt in world war ii the criticism could be justly made that mr roosevelt has been lax in consulting his cabinet as a body on problems of page two world affairs at the same time it must be admitted that the manifold exigencies of a global war anj the vastly increased diplomatic activities of the united states have expanded far beyond the capag ties of the state department as originally set yp the executive is and will continue to be faced with the alternative of either thoroughly reorganizing the state department so that it can act not only in the field of diplomacy but also in the many new technical fields involving international action or of establish ing new agencies to fulfill special functions for whic the state department is at present not adapted when judging the record of any administration ig foreign policy we must bear in mind that the ex ecutive in advancing this country’s interests mus inevitably reach compromises with other nations each of which is also pursuing its own interests compromises which may again and again fall shor of our ideals to assume that on every occasion the united states will achieve its objectives one hundred per cent is to assume that we can follow a lone hand policy and yet obtain the acquiescence of all other countries in whatever we propose to do this js clearly impossible when it comes to responsibility the president is directly accountable to the voters as he will be on november 7 in a way not pate lelled in the case of the state department com posed of appointed not elected officials it is doubtful that any future president will want to with draw from direct participation in the making of for eign policy and even more doubtful that he would escape the public criticisms which in this country ate invariably the lot of incumbents in office the central fact of the campaign debate is that the united states since 1914 has been effecting transition in foreign affairs from the stage of adoles cence to that of maturity this is admittedly a pain ful transition and mistakes have been made in the process by all who have been engaged in the formulation of foreign policy by the time this war is over the world we live in will have been changel beyond even our present imagining a bold imagine tion and courage to face new situations without dis may will be the prime requisites of statesmanship vera micheles dean this is the second of two articles stilwell recall obliges u.s to review policy on china the recall of general stilwell from his command in the china burma india theatre and from his post as chief of staff to generalissimo chiang kai shek reflects the difficult military and political situation inside china where the japanese have made im rtant advances in recent months at the same time the historic defeat suffered by the japanese navy dur ing october 22 27 when it lost 24 warships includ ing four carriers and two battleships in the second battle of the philippine sea and suffered damage t0 34 other vessels is symbolic of the war in the pacific where things are going badly for the enemy the military effort against japan is being fought with two arms the left on the continent of asia is weak and battered the right is delivering mighty blow in the pacific area and is gaining in power every day although there is no question as to the ability of the united nations to defeat japan in the long mi fa aos 1 a rr wn fs ct oh i ae a et 6h ce 6 td nage t0 pacific yy the ith two s weak blows ery day y of the ng fui this uneven situation is dangerous and it would help matters a great deal if the left arm in china and india could be strengthened america’s twofold policy stilwell’s withdrawal as announced from washington on october 28 is part of the developing crisis in china a crisis which inevitably has repercussions in chinese american relations the united states naturally has not been able to overlook the serious shortcomings of china’s war effort or the presence in high circles of obstructionists such as war minister ho ying chin unquestionably many of china’s weaknesses have arisen from the length of the war and the stringency of the japanese blockade but resistance to japan could be far more effective if chungking were willing to join in genuine political cooperation with other groups to carry through essential military and economic reforms and abandon the idea of some day engaging in a new civil war against internal rivals it is no secret that while general stilwell sought to bring a maximum of military aid into china and stressed the need for opening a land route be tween india and china he was extremely careful to distribute supplies in a fashion guaranteeing their use against japan he most emphatically did not wish to see american aid used by chinese groups or individuals in an internal political struggle it also is clear that the united states army has regretted a situation in which help could not be given to china’s fighting guerrillas because of disunity be tween chungking and the eighteenth group and new fourth armies diplomatic questions internationally speaking the united states has taken the lead in bolstering the prestige of the chungking govern ment and it is largely because of this country’s ef forts that china has been included in the top leader ship of the united nations but aware of the serious discrepancy between china’s real strength and the diplomatic position recently accorded that country washington has sought to promote chinese unity and the development of greater internal strength so that china may ultimately join the big three in fact as well as in name america’s purpose in backing chungking has been to buttress the war effort against japan help the chinese to become effective partners in the post war far east and aid them in developing a large internal market which would be of value to the american economy the alternative would be a weak china emerging from the war exhausted incapable of con tributing to the maintenance of peace in the far page three east because of its own internal divisions and pos sessing little importance as a market except for those interested in selling military supplies to opposing factions for purposes of civil war a progressive and strong china could play a major role in the post war world a weak and disunited china might prove an apple of discord among its allies certainly there would be far less possibility of conflict between the united states the u.s.s.r and britain over chinese questions if there were a single chinese régime rep resenting all patriotic elements than if contending groups should fight for power behind the diplomatic facade of a national government u.s needs a progressive china it be comes clearer with every passing day that the pur poses of american far eastern policy cannot be served by an ineffective backward china the united states stands in need of a forward looking chinese administration firmly based in the democratic pro cedures of free speech and press and genuinely able to speak for all important elements in the country such a chinese régime would play a maximum part in defeating japan would be able to participate in measures to prevent the resurgence of japanese mil itarism and would know how to launch the agrarian and industrial reforms required if china is really to become a great market to believe that these pur poses can be achieved by a government which fails to take elementary steps toward a united popular régime is to nurture illusions and close one’s eyes to the enormous problems that face the united states in the far east the united states has hitherto followed a two fold course of supporting chungking’s war effort while encouraging china to wage a more effective struggle this general course is still sound but the state department presumably has been reviewing its policy toward china considering ways of increasing its pressure on chungking and of overcoming the difficulties posed by the course of the chinese régime the time has also come for the american public to re examine its views on china and to advocate a re alistic attitude toward the chungking government lawrence k rosinger the last in a series of articles on conditions in china reminder the u.s post office has ruled that christmas gift subscriptions for army men abroad be accepted during the current year only if the donor has received a letter requesting the subscription no re strictions have been made on gift subscriptions to men in the navy foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 3 novemberr 3 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leer secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year one month for change of address on membership publications please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and compesed and printed by union labor en gage oe eae hye gs ranean washin ngton news p etter guerrilla raids reveal growing opposition to franco the prospect that the rule of general francisco franco may be challenged by a revolt inspired by the supreme junta of the spanish national union in paris and carried out by armed spanish guerrillas in southern france poses problems for the united states both in international and in inter amer ican relations the guerrillas perhaps 15,000 in number originally aided the french forces of the interior in the expulsion of the germans and are reported to have been making raids into spain from the pyrenees since october 4 the supreme junta whose associated group the national union of span ish intellectuals on october 10 urged every con scientious spaniard inside the country to dedicate himself to rid spain of her present totalitarian ré gime has summoned spanish republicans in exile to meet in toulouse france from november 2 to 5 the news about spanish agtivities along the border however is unclear and must be viewed with reserve for the time being powers consider spanish policy the first question asked by the united states and other foreign governments is whether the raids from france foreshadow real rebellion the brazzaville radio on october 23 reported that the spark in south ern france might ignite all spain the supreme junta in france claims some support in spain on october 24 spanish republican headquarters in lon don announced through its newspaper conquest of spain that the underground republican junta in madrid had summoned spaniards to a civil war to overthrow franco on october 28 unofficial informa tion from spain reported that spanish maquis from france had seized the village of canejan in catalonia and repulsed the efforts of government troops to retake it but although reliable observers estimate that 85 per cent of the spanish population opposes franco the prevailing official opinion is that the raids along the spanish border will not soon develop into revolution because his opponents are weakened by divisions among themselves the possibility of civil war is strong enough how ever to cause foreign governments to consider the policies they might follow should it occur the span ish situation is a test of the allies ability to work together during the years ahead and their attitude on spain will indicate whether the mistrust that sun dered the world on the issue of the spanish civil war from 1936 to 1939 will continue to be a disturb ing factor in international relations although the for victory united states is uncertain about its future moves with respect to spain the tendency in britain is to favor a policy of no assistance to franco meanwhile the soviet union has begun to rally franco's spanish enemies against the government even in its present limited stage the anti franco movement raises immediate problems for france be cause of the raiders reported use of french soil on the one hand the de gaulle government tends to support the spanish exiles because the franco goy ernment put obstacles in the way of french refugees escaping through spain from the germans and from vichy agents and otherwise assisted the nazis be fore the allies invaded the continent on june 6 yet de gaulle on october 27 banned spanish republi cans from a 12 mile wide zone north of the pyrenees and during october jacques truelle gaullist agent took over the french embassy in madrid de gaulle’s formal moves suggest a disposition to sup port the spanish government which appealing to the french desire for national sovereignty declared on october 11 that raids from france were compromis ing the de gaulle régime observers here and in london however do not expect france to take posi tive steps in franco’s behalf hostility to franco in latin amer ica the attitude the united states adopts toward the spanish republican attack on franco can affect this country’s relations with other american repub lics franco spain has been an instrument for spread ing the totalitarian idea and on january 8 1941 the madrid government created the consejo de hispani dad to extend franco’s influence throughout the americas franco has sought close relationship with argentina and as early as the fall of 1942 broad cast to argentina that his own and his listeners coun tries find themselves travelling the same road and have parallel interests the moscow radio on october 22 accused the spanish government of ship ping across the atlantic to latin america real ger mans who arrive with the hope of reconstructing there the plans of government that failed in europe these spanish activities have irked democratic spokesmen in the americas foreign minister eze quiel padilla of mexico recently restated his govern ment’s policy of non recognition of franco and the cuban government of president grau san martin is considering a resolution presented by an all party congressional committee to break off relations with franco blair bolles buy united states war bonds a +yrenees gaullist jrid de to sup ig to the lared on npromis and in ike posi amer s toward an affect 1 repub r spread 1941 the his pant hout the hip with 2 broad ers coun road and radio on of ship real ger istructing europe emocratic ister eze is govern and the martin is all party tions with bolles nds a atl jqvical koch general library wniv of mich entered as 2nd class matter a ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y you xxiv no 4 novemsber 10 1944 need for american parley highlighted by argentine maneuver a an unexpected counterattack on the western hemisphere’s diplomatic ostracism of argentina the farrell government on october 27 requested that the american foreign ministers be convened to con sider its claim that argentina’s obligations under the terms of the rio de janeiro agreement had been fulfilled the memorandum on the surface an im pressively reasoned statement calls the american nations to review jointly with argentina a funda mental aspect of its international policy stating that in the american community no authentic stable order can be created on the basis of the arbitrary exclusion of one of its members offense the best defense the argentine proposal was shrewdly timed to crystallize growing sentiment on the part of latin american countries in favor of an inter american conference to consider post war affairs repeated hints culminating in the outspoken comment of mexican foreign minister padilla had come from various quarters these could be considered mere diplomatic soundings of the state departinent’s views on the advisability of holding an inter american parley in advance of a united nations conference on worid organiza tion but while the buenos aires request is basically abid for argentine participation in post war plan hing it seems to confuse the issue for although latin american chancelleries are anxious to make known their views on the position of small nations in the united nations organization proposed by the dum barton oaks document they are loath to consider in such public fashion the delicate question of con tinental policy toward argentina in its position as one time leader of the south american continent and as a diplomatic outcast with everything to gain from a conference argentina has made further postponement of consultation on either or both of these vital questions very awkward to day extreme nationalists in buenos aires are con gratulating themselves on having maneuvered the united states into a position where by accepting the argentine proposal it would tacitly recognize the farrell régime and by refusing it would fail to use the pan american machinery for peaceful settle ment of disputes so laboriously erected and might even give the impression in some quarters that its charges against argentina cannot be substantiated argentina’s request came through the pan american union the only diplomatic channel still open to that country since the montevideo commit tee for political defense of the hemisphere formally dropped argentina from membership last septem ber it is ironic that the farrell government availed itself of the consultative procedure first established at the buenos aires peace conference of 1936 and never wholly accepted by argentina pull of interests the decision in the final analysis rests with all the american states in de liberating their reply they will undoubtedly be af fected by their proximity to argentina as well as by the extent to which they are included in the politi cal and economic orbit of the united states uru guay has already stated that it would take no decision for the time being while colombia and venezuela promptly issued a joint statement to the effect that they would welcome such a conference whether or not the argentine request is acceded to it seems likely that an inter american conference on post war plans will be held shortly many con siderations have combined to relegate united states concern with latin american affairs to the back ground not the least of these being the paramount need for first obtaining agreement among the great powers on the fundamental principles of world or ganization there are indications too that the united states has purposely refrained from collec tively consulting other american nations on the ques tion of post war organization in order to avoid the appearance of cultivating an american bloc more over responsible leaders in the western hemisphere believe that the most urgent latin american prob lems are related to political and economic adjust ments on this continent attendant on the termination of the war rather than participation in settling the technical aspects of security arrangements two edged sword whether the confer ence is held at the instance of argentina or that of the united states without the presence of an ar gentine delegation the point at issue remains the page two e same the question is not merely fulfillment of the rio pledges nor is it simply a contest for continental leadership between the united states and argen tina it is whether the presence in the new world of a european inspired totalitarian state is to be tolerated as a montevideo paper recently pointed out the diplomatic victory buenos aires would score in convening the foreign ministers might turn out to be a two edged sword for the farrell goy ernment whose situation with respect to the rest of the continent may be greatly aggravated olive holmes french moderates may heal de gaulle communist rift two and a half months after the liberation of paris france still finds itself at a half way stage between the war and the post war period deeply preoccupied with the problems of transition from a revolutionary state of resistance to germany to one of law and order so urgent are the day to day tasks however that the french have been unable to post pone national reconstruction and already face the central issue of whether the men and women of diverse political faiths who banded together to help free the country from the nazis can now maintain their unity for the purpose of creating a new france recognition strengthens unity of ficial recognition of de gaulle’s régime as the pro visional government of france by the united states britain russia and canada on october 23 has served to strengthen france's internal unity by this action tardy as it seemed to many frenchmen the allies removed the possibility that any opponents of the present french government might seek support abroad but it is chiefly because recognition restored france to a place in the councils of the united nations that it increased de gaulle’s strength for french spokes men have shown signs of increasing restiveness particularly since the battle for germany opened this autumn at france’s continued exclusion from inter allied discussions of the german question in recent foreign policy reports role of cartels in modern economy by grant s mcclellan two u.s senators weigh our foreign policy by claude pepper and warren r austin turkey between two world wars by john kingsley birge what kind of peace with germany terms proposed by liberated nations of europe by winifred n hadsel 25c each reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 which they feel france has a far more direct concern than any one of the big three if this situation had persisted the french might conceivably have looked for another leader than de gaulle to obtain for their country the international role to which they feel it is entitled by its traditions and wartime sacrifices now that recognition has opened the way to france’s entrance into the european advisory com mission which is mapping the armistice with ger many as well as the united nations organization proposed at dumbarton oaks de gaulle’s leader ship in the realm of foreign affairs has won the enthusiastic acclaim of the french purge sharpens differences but impor tant as allied aid in cementing national unity may prove the principal obstacles to france's post war harmony must be overcome by the french them selves one of these obstacles has arisen in connec tion with the purge trials now underway in courts throughout france that collaborationists must be weeded out of public life is not open to doubt among the french who fought for liberation but in carry ing out this general principle they have not always found it easy to decide what constitutes treason the moderates favor light sentences except when the accused delivered his compatriots to the germans while the more radical elements particularly the communists insist on an extensive purge that would cover all frenchmen identified with fascist beliefs the fact that the ministry of justice is exer cising the right of pardon fairly extensively except in cases where french men and women were de nounced to the germans indicates that the govern ment is accepting the moderates view whatever course the french may decide to follow france allies must bear in mind that this matter is a strictly french affair and that popular clamor in behalf of a purge is more likely to die down quickly if action is taken promptly against some of the outstanding collaborators what degree of state control evea more serious than the purge as a test of french unily is the question of the system france should adopt ent of the ontinental ly pointed ould score ight turn arrell gov o the rest d holmes ft sct concern uation had ave looked in for their hey feel it sacrifices e way to isory com with ger ganization le’s leader s won the but impor unity may s post war nch them in connec y in courts ts must be oubt among ut in carty not always reason the when the e germans icularly the purge that vith fascist tice is exer vely except nm were de the govert whatever w france's is a strictly n behalf of ly if action outstanding rol even french unity hould adopt jn its efforts to combine the traditional french be lief in individual liberty with the nation’s pressing need for a new economic order the french choice s not between unrestricted free enterprise on the me hand and state controlled economy on the sther according to the best reports available it ap s that the demand for nationalization comes not oily from the workers but also from large sections of the middle class and reflects the prevailing belief that private control of industry was responsible for the ineffectiveness of french pre war industry and thus for the military disaster of 1940 the war itself has also impeded the return to pre war capitalism since many leading french industrialists collaborated with the germans willingly or unwillingly and the nazis took over thousands of plants after paying their owners in francs secured through levies imposed in the french people at the same time the degree of state control the french will accept is by no means settled and a lwely debate is now raging on the subject the fact that no definite answer can be given to this question util national elections are held following the re turn to france of the more than two and a half mil lion prisoners of war and workers in germany makes it impossible for the consultative assembly which opened its first sessions in paris on novem ber 7 to do more than debate the issue meanwhile the government is obliged by the continuing require ments of the war and the urgent problems of un employment and national reconstruction to embark at once on economic policies that will be at least temporarily accepted by the french people and as sure a livelihood to thousands who now have no choice except service in the armed forces de gaulle defined a possible course in a key speech delivered at lille on october 1 declaring that the state should conduct the entire economic effort of the nation for the benefit of all but without neces urily excluding private initiative and legitimate profit he proposed a directed economy that would apparently nationalize the mines electrical combines banks and insurance companies what the precise tle of private capital would be under this scheme femains to be seen it is the communists however trather than con servative circles interested in the future of private in vestments who have strongly criticized de gaulle’s interim economic program as an expression of their opposition to this and other official policies they re fused on november 2 to accept the government's de page three cision to disarm and dissolve the communist con trolled militia the patriotic guard and insisted on retaining this organization as a means of bolstering their bargaining power for a more leftist program in the showdown between the left wing of the resistance movement and other elements in the government de gaulle has a distinct advantage that seems to insure his ultimate success this is the existence among the french despite revolutionary conditions that have accompanied liberation of a kind of politi cal balance wheel that makes it difficult for the na tion to move either to the extreme left or extreme right the effectiveness of moderate elements in achieving an economic compromise that the majority of the french can enthusiastically endorse will be of the greatest importance not only to france but to europe as a whole for france’s settlement of its economic problems is bound to influence other lib erated nations on the continent whinifred n hadsel the french right and nazi germany by charles a micaud durham duke university press 1943 3.50 a careful analysis of the steps whereby the french right because of its fear of russia and communism abandoned its traditional nationalist foreign policy and appeased germany great britain france and the german problem 1918 1989 by w m jordan new york oxford university press 1944 4.50 a scholarly analysis of the fatal disagreements between france and britain in making and maintaining the treaty of versailles the contrasts between the two nations policies on rearmament reparation and boundary settle ments are clearly presented american diplomacy in action by richard w van alstyne stanford university california stanford uni versity press 1944 5.00 dispensing with the usual chronological treatment of american diplomatic history the author analyzes the re current problems in the foreign policy of the united states the three divisions of the book suggest the range in content security and the monroe doctrine expan sion and neutrality and isolation this use of the case method derived from the teaching of law will prove important beyond the field of diplomatic history the american senate and world peace by kenneth cole grove new york vanguard press 1944 2.00 a vigorous attack on the requirement of a two thirds senate majority for ratifying treaties as an obstacle in establishing a post war peace system the author argues that a constitutional amendment is needed to assure demo cratic control of united states foreign policy contemporary italy its intellectual and moral origins by count carlo sforza new york dutton 1944 3.50 a valuable collection of the author’s views and remi niscences on world affairs containing a good deal not to be found elsewhere the book however seems too long and tends to lose itself in detail foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 4 november 10 1944 one month for change of address on membership publications published weekly by the foreign policy association headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dornotuy f lunt secretary vara micuetes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 incorporated national three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news d etter late in the summer of 1943 representatives of two united states oil companies standard vacuum and sinclair and of the british royal dutch shell arrived in teheran as rival negotiators for a petroleum con cession in southeastern iran near the afghan and beluchistan border on september 23 1944 with americans and british still negotiating a soviet economic mission headed by vice foreign commissar sergei kavtaradze came to teheran and requested an oil and mineral concession in iran’s five northern provinces on october 16 the iranian government announced that decisions on all concessions would be postponed until the war's end this action has precipitated a controversy between the u.s.s.r and the united states over policy toward iran soviet campaign against premier the united states has had a direct and solemn in terest in the territorial integrity of iran since de cember 1 1943 when president roosevelt prime minister churchill and marshal stalin at the teher an conference signed a statement guaranteeing iranian sovereignty as long as the war required the presence in iran of u.s british and soviet troops after the iranian government's decision against the grant of concessions the soviet press and vice com missar kavtaradze acted in a manner which in the opinion of prime minister mohammed said marag hei was aimed at forcing the fall of his government the soviet trade union newspaper trud on octo ber 22 accused said of failing to curb fascist ele ments in his country soviet troops besieged the iranian garrison at tabriz and kavtaradze declined to interfere do these soviet actions violate iranian sovereignty said told u.s ambassador leland morris in teheran on november 3 that he thought he might not resign despite his earlier belief that he would have to give up the premiership for the sake of good relations between iran and its neighbor russia said formerly ambassador to moscow put a halt to the oil negotiations at the demand of his cabinet a strong minority of which dominated by nationalist sentiment and fear of the future had opposed con versations with american and british oilmen when the iranians asked kavtaradze his terms he replied that he wished first to sign a general concession agreement and then discuss terms the teheran gov ernment held that this procedure should be reversed the conflict between the american and soviet atti for victory russia’s claims to iran oil create conflict with uss buy united states war bonds tudes on iran came quickly into the open on no vember 1 ambassador morris addressed a letter tp the iranian government stating that the united states raised no objection to the postponement of negotia tions and that the government’s decision was ep tirely within the rights of an independent natiop this country’s only concern he said is that it should not be discriminated against the british adopted position similar to that of the united states op november 4 izvestia soviet official newspaper in moscow complained that since britain has exten sive oil concessions in southern iran why is the o viet union refused oil concessions in northern iran the czarist government had concessions in the proy inces in which moscow is now interested but the soviet government had surrendered them in 1919 at a time when its leaders opposed imperialism u.s active in iran whether the united states would interfere with an independent soviet policy toward iran after the war is unknown in asia as in europe the soviet union wants friendly neighbors today iran is wary of russia but friendly to the united states the iranian government has enlisted the assistance of about 75 u.s citizens as expert advisers on finances and economics petroleum matters creation of an élite corps of rural police reorganization of the army’s supply services im provement in public health and modernization of education the united states maintains in iran 4 number of service troops who operate the railway from bandar shahpur on the persian gulf to bandar shah on the caspian sea over this line move great quantities of lend lease goods needed by the soviet union and also about 10,000 tons a month of iranian supplies the presence of these service troops has been of direct benefit to russia izvestia claims that the troops are there without agreement with iran while russian and british troops patrol the country under a treaty with iran signed on january 29 1942 a treaty drafted by the state and war departments to regularize the presence of our troops in iran and guarantee their withdrawal after the war has beet in negotiation for two years one of the obstacles to its conclusion is that the iranians seek concessions which this government has not been disposed to grant namely post war ownership of u.s army it stallations such as barracks blair bolles +is the so ern iran 1 the prov d but the 1 in 1919 alism he united lent soviet known in its friendly ut friendly nment has citizens as petroleum iral police rvices im nization of in iran a he railway to bandar move great the soviet month of 1as been of s that the iran while intry under 9 1942 a artments to 1 iran and r has beet 1e obstacles concessions disposed to 5 army if r bolles inds nov 2 2494 lit on oh university of uidhin an arbor wen roo arary we general foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiv no 5 november 17 1944 u.s evolving new attitudes toward britain and russia een than any action the united states might have taken in international affairs the pres idential elections held in an atmosphere of order and national unity have given hope to nations torn by war and threatened by civil strife that human beings under favorable circumstances can work out common problems by peaceful means at a time when peoples liberated from german rule are in the throes of internal readjustment they find reason to renew the touching faith so many non americans have in our democracy a faith expressed by an american song writer in words made popular by the negro balladist josh white what is america to me a land that we call freedom the home of liberty with its promise for tomorrow that’s america to me not only has the actual holding of elections in the midst of a grueling war strengthened the confidence of those abroad who are seeking a middle course be tween various forms of totalitarianism the resound ing defeat of notable isolationists throughout the nation has also aroused hope that the united states will not turn its back on the rest of the world as in 1919 and will do its share as a partner in the com mon enterprise of post war reconstruction it would be dangerous however for us who are living here in relative peace to relax now on the assumption that isolationism is dead and that international or ganization is just around the corner we have cleared the first hurdle but many others remain to support international collaboration in words is one thing to practice it by day to day deeds is another and far more arduous undertaking fear of russia the actual mechanics of united states participation in the organization tenta tively mapped out at dumbarton oaks notably the way in which the american delegate on the security council is to vote will occupy the attention of con gress and the public in the months ahead but even more important than these questions of procedure will be our attitude toward the countries with whom we plan to collaborate in the establishment of a united nations organization american opinion on world affairs is sometimes distractingly mercurial exaggerated idealization of russia and china tends to yield at the first doubt or disappointment to equally exaggerated apprehen sion this tendency to jump from one extreme to the other is particularly conspicuous today in a mew wave of suspicion concerning russia now that the hostil ity formerly aroused by soviet practices with res to private property and religion has declined fear is being increasingly expressed that a victorious russia may seek to dominate europe that russia will have a profound interest in the future development of the continent is beyond question russia is a european power and we cannot exclude it from europe even if we wanted to do so but there is nothing to stop the united states and britain from taking a similarly active interest nothing except the return of that in differentism which characterized the attitude of the anglo saxon powers toward the continent during the inter war years the countries of western europe are only too eager to collaborate with britain and the united states in the reconstruction of their economies and the establishment of a strong and lasting system of security against renewed aggression by germany and of all these countries france which has emerged from its ordeal with renewed faith in itself and a strong desire for reform can be most helpful in acquainting the americans and british whose prac tical knowledge of the sufferings and needs of euro peans is still pitifully small with the plans and aspirations of the liberated peoples it is an encour aging sign that on armistice day the united states a pe th eon as britaifi and russia announced france had been off for the security of the united states in the atlantic prove cially invited to participate in the work of the euro and that it is therefore in our interest to furthe 7 pean advisory commission which is formulating al the economic revival of britain after the war by q desir lied policy toward germany in the past france has _strange twist of fate some of the liberated countries wh exercised a iar sway over the minds of euro notably france which suffered far less physical form peans not only west but also east of berlin a re destruction than britain are now in a position to mexi vived and strengthened france could now play a de prepare for reconversion to peacetime activities ig jcan cisive role in stabilizing the continent relative quiet while the british must not only main jjmit paradoxical as it may seem fear that russia will tain their wartime restrictions but also face the pros addit seek to dominate europe is usually coupled with fear pect of more active participation in the pacific war unite that it may not shoulder a sufficiently large share of once war in europe is over many americans who gese the burden of war in the pacific russia is just as have recently visited england strongly believe that s vitally concerned with asia as it is with europe it is instead of blocking britain’s post war recovery by tary in the interest of russia that japan which ever since excessive demands for a disproportionate share of amer the sino japanese war of 1895 has been a growing civil aviation merchant shipping and trade especi sion threat to the siberian mainland should be defeated _ally in areas like the middle east where we had been ence and weakened stalin’s reference to japan as one of __ relatively inactive before the war we should do syiati the world’s aggressors on november 6 the eve of everything in our power to get britain back on its jpite the twenty seventh anniversary of the bolshevik revo feet the extent to which we are prepared to go in jarto lution does not mark a departure from accepted practice to achieve this objective will be revealed by jjpite russian policy what it does indicate is that russia the chicago air conference and the negotiations now techn is closer than at any time since its invasion by ger under way in washington concerning possible te comn many to the moment when with the conclusion of vision of lend lease arrangements in such a way as sver war in europe it can turn its attention to war in asia to permit britain to prepare for the resumption of wine swing toward britain fear of russia export trade ing f which has recently been linked to fear of commu the closer we come to the establishment of an in jirlin nism in this country and doubts about china’s in ternational organization the more we begin to see jute ternal strength have resulted in an increasingly warm that the dumbarton oaks proposals are necessarily allow feeling here toward britain both among the general only a skeleton that remains to be clothed with flesh gr public and among those government officials who in to do this we and the other united nations must visco the past had seemed more concerned with a hard learn to work effectively together free both of nos made peace for britain than for germany the impression talgia for isolation and of aspirations to imperialism on o is gaining ground that the british isles are essential vera micheles dean ster british and u.s air policies shaped by postwar trade goals the chicago civil aviation conference which tained there is now assurance that an interim coun he p opened on november 1 draws to its close with agree cil will be established which will have consultative 24 ment foreshadowed on most of the technical prob powers to deal with civil aviation during the transi 404 lems under discussion but with slight hope that tion from war to peace this council will serve only any of the more ambitious plans for the creation of in an advisory capacity on such technical questions p an international air authority will be realized at the as the rules of air navigation safety regulations be present time the last minute withdrawal of the weather reports and landing signals the broadet soviet delegation from participation in the confer more crucial questions relating to quotas rates and ence highlighted the opening of the parley no fully _the allocation of routes will be deferred to bilateral adequate explanation is yet available of russia’s re negotiations where necessary or until some latet fusal to allow its delegation already en route to date when it may be possible again to consider the chicago to join in the talks most observers believe international air transport problem it is the solution that the sudden decision may reflect russia’s present of these questions which will ultimately determine lack of interest in international aviation dictated whether an international body possessed of sufficient p at evies 7 aprvesaple th by the fact that most of the projected air routes after authority to regulate as well as advise on all mattets the war will not pass over soviet territory relating to aviation can be erected a an interim air council profound differ there was some hope for a time that a compre 2 ences have developed during the conference between mise proposal of the canadian delegation might be a british and american points of view but all the con accepted a compromise which would have resulted jog ferees apparently have proceeded on the assumption in a stronger council and which would have granted mesdqu that there will be no interference with trade and in more favorable terms to american companies by the am tercourse between nations although sovereignty of institution of sliding scales for schedules and traffic the air space above any given territory will be main under the canadian plan if united states carriets atlantic o further war bya countries s_ physical osition to tivities in nly main the pros acific war icans who lieve that covery by share of de especi had been should do ack on its d to go in evealed by itions now ossible te a way as mption of t of an in gin to see necessarily with flesh tions must th of nos nperialism 38 dean toals erim coun onsultative the transi serve only 1 questions egulations 1e broadef rates and to bilateral some latef onsider the he solution determine of sufficient all mattets a compro n might be ve resulted ave granted inies by the and traffic ites carriets ved more efficient they would be granted in creased traffic in accordance with united states desires however the consultative interim council which will probably follow the organizational form suggested by col pedro a chapa head of the mexican delegation and leader of the latig amer can bloc at the conference will have no power to limit competition or institute any quota schemes in addition to this latin american support the general united states plan also has been favored by the chi nese delegation u.s and britain at odds assistant secre tary of state adolf a berle jr chairman of the american delegation stated the united states posi tion bluntly at the opening session making no refer ence to the relation between a world agreement on aviation and world security in general or to the united nations organization outlined by the dum barton oaks proposals mr berle indicated that the united states was prepared only for consideration of technical matters he stated the one point of most gmmon agreement among all delegates that the sovereignty of every nation over its own air be main tained with the right of innocent passage and land ing for fuel and servicing to be extended to foreign airlines but with regard to rate fixing schedules and foutes he proposed that individual companies be allowed to work these out on a competitive basis great britain represented at the conference by viscount swinton minister of civil aviation had made its position clear in a government white paper on october 19 the white paper favored a world ystem of regulation in opposition to full fledged competition a policy described by many as a proposal fora world flight cartel this proposal similar to the plan presented by the canadian delegation fav med the creation of a strong regulatory body whose functions and powers would resemble those of our own domestic civil aeronautics board basic decisions deferred the differences between the united states and britain which have emerged publicly during the present conference may be explained both in terms of air transport and in terms of the broader trade relations of the two na tions the united states occupies a strong position because of its tremendous aviation industry greatly dugmented during the war its vast domestic trans port system and the great portion of future traffic both passenger and cargo which will undoubtedly ofiginate within the united states britain on the other hand has no need for a large transport indus tty within its island confines although a sizable air page three craft industry has been built up there during the war but the british commonwealth and empire can pro vide bases throughout the world and so long as the traditional theory of sovereignty over the air space above that territory is maintained britain has a for midable bargaining point the british american differences are but part of the very difficult adjustments which must be made in all economic relations between the two countries in the post war period knowing that they will be de pendent as never before on an increase in foreign trade and on transport receipts both in shipping and aviation the british naturally feel they must press for maximum participation in future air traffic brit ain is prepared to sacrifice competition in various areas of trade and transport in return for assurance that it will garner a share capable of guaranteeing equality of power with the other great nations and commensurate with the financial needs of internal policies arising from the insistent demand for full employment and complete social security coverage there is every evidence that britain is prepared to make the adjustments which such policies entail even if governmental control of economic life proves nec essary or if regulation of competition internally or in the international sphere is demanded the united states on the other hand flushed by a prodigious industrial expansion resulting from the war and faced with the necessity of providing post war employment opportunities seeks expanding op portunities abroad in accordance with our tradi tional anti monopoly policies at home and under pressure from the several domestic air carriers now desirous of a share in the expected foreign business the american delegation naturally fosters maximum competition in post war flying it is this broader trade struggle between britain and the united states unresolved during the aviation discussions at chi cago which still awaits clarification at the highest policy level grant s mcclellan f.p.a director elected to senate the f.p.a announces with pleasure that mr h alex ander smith a member of the national board of directors since 1932 has been elected as the republican senator from the state of new jersey mr smith a graduate of princeton and columbia university law school has had wide experi ence in international affairs among other activities he was a member of mr hoover's staff u.s food administration in 1918 a member of the executive committee and di rector of the european children’s fund director of the commission for relief in belgium inc member of the american friends of yugoslavia and member of the executive committee and director of the belgian american educational foundation foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 5 november 17 1944 stcond class matrer december 2 oe month for change of address on membership publications ss published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frankk ross mccoy president dororuy f lurt secretary vara micuees dean editor entered as 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least national f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter terrorist activities sharpen palestine issue the murder of walter edward guinness first baron moyne british resident minister in the mid dle east on november 6 in cairo has focused atten tion on the terroristic activities of two secret organ izations the ir zvei leuni and the stern gang which harass palestine despite efforts made by police under british supervision to preserve order and pro tect life baron moyne the highest ranking british political official in the middle east had recently been conferring on the problem of palestine’s future two members of the stern gang confessed the crime which occurred in front of the minister’s house in cairo zionists oppose terrorism this terrorist movement is due to two main factors the dissatisfac tion of zionist jews with the british government's continuing reluctance to act on the 1917 balfour dec laration which promised the creation of a jewish national home in the holy land and the dispute among zionists as to the tactics they should use to prod the british into action dr chaim weizmann president of the zionist organization advocates pa tience last summer he said that britain is des tined to become the guardian of israel’s hope by contrast the late vladimir jabotinski founder of the schismatic new zionist organization favored the immediate establishment of a jewish common wealth an both sides of the jordan river in their current platform the new zionists who are using demonstrations newspaper advertisements mass meetings and press conferences to achieve their objectives demand the following british relinquish ment of the palestine mandate jewish representation among the united nations exchange of populations between arabs and jews and acceptance by the united states of responsibility for fulfillment of the balfour declaration’s provisions of the mandate both the new zionist organization and the zionist organ ization however oppose the terrorists in palestine these men actually are believed to number not more than a few hundred they doubt that mere political pressure will ever settle the palestine question as they would like to see it settled split off into an extremist group putting their faith in armed ter roristic action they formed an organization known as irgun when in 1941 the irgun decided to sus pend its tactics for the duration of the war abraham stern revolted and organized the sternists as a con for victory tinuing terror society stern was killed in a clash with the police in 1942 both the irgun and the stern gang are secret so cieties their membership programs and sources of weapons and bombs are unknown the moyne mur der the ninth this year was the first venture of the terrorists outside palestine these terroristic methods are viewed with disfavor by most advocates of the jewish national home in palestine for example dr nahum goldmann member of the executive committee of the jewish agency for palestine said on november 10 that the majority of palestinians abhor sternist practices basis of u.s intervention this terror ism is but a sympton of a problem that concerns the united states as well as britain the problem of con tinuing unrest in palestine where british measures have placated neither the jewish nor the arab popv lation the balfour declaration disturbed the arabs and incited them to riot and terrorism in 1939 the british government issued its white paper placing severe restrictions on jewish immigration into pales tine this in turn fomented jewish terrorism the vast majority of palestine jews however have given britain wholehearted cooperation throughout the war and 30,000 are serving with british forces in the middle east since 1939 political opposition to the white paper policy has developed in the united states which claims interest through having signed the pal estine mandate both the democratic and republican platforms of 1944 called for the transformation of palestine into a jewish commonwealth the state department has not encouraged current movements for united states intervention in pales tine affairs but it is probable that the washington administration will request britain to review the whole question as part of an expected re examination of league of nations mandates on june 23 mr roosevelt told the palestine arab party that the future of their country would be determined by the governments responsible for the establishment of 4 world order of peace and justice after consultation with jews and arabs the palestine question may be one of the first that will have to be considered by the united nations international organization envisaged in the dumbarton oaks document blamr bolles buy united states war bonds e a 191 vou 2 +rror con sures opu rabs the cing ales ziven es in vhite tates pal slican on of irrent ales ngton y the ation t the y the of a ration ay be saged les s fh ln nad 1944 y periodical vous general lirpar univ pp miccn general library univ swat 4 hav we os red as 2nd mm a aie ur a we j we aichiga ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiv no 6 november 24 1944 ie shake up of the chinese government on november 20 constitutes a highly significant de velopment in chungking politics general ho ying chin minister of war dr h h kung minister of finance and chen li fu minister of education have been deprived of these posts at the same time there has been a reshuffling of officials within the cabinet and one new man general chen cheng a progres sive military leader who in recent years has opposed dvil war and favored internal military reorganiza tion has been added to the government as minister of war although caution is required in judging the long term effects of these moves the reorganization teflects the increasing pressure of the chinese people for reforms the insistence of the united states on changes beneficial to the war effort and the desperate position in which chungking has been placed by japan’s recent offensives outcome in doubt the current shift is wel gome but does not indicate decisively where the chi fese government is going from here ho ying chin mains as army chief of staff h h kang von tinues as vice president of the executive yuan and chairman of the board of directors of the bank of china and central bank of china and chen li fu while ceasing to be minister of education has taken over the key post of minister of kuomintang organ zation which puts him in charge of all branches of the official political party as an associated press correspondent notes the patronage is considerable moreover chen’s successor as minister of education is chu chia hua a political rival who is an equally teactionary figure and chang li sheng the new minister of the interior who will be in charge of the police and various administrative units is reported to belong to chen li fu’s political group it remains to be seen whether the present minis terial changes are a prelude to a more thorough over hauling of the chungking régime and the adoption chungking cabinet shifts reflect demands for reform of new policies will the removal of ho for ex ample end the military blockade against the guer rilla areas in the northwest will kung’s replace ment by his vice minister of finance o.k yui re sult in a vigorous offensive against hoarders and profiteers and will the new minister of education permit freedom of speech in china’s schools and universities it may be assumed that chen cheng will press strongly for military reorganization since he has been on the side of army reform for a long time but effective military change will require politi cal progress for the home and war fronts ate mutu ally interdependent coalition or not the crucial issue raised by the current cabinet shifts is whether chungking will move forward to establish a coalition régime containing representatives not only of the kuomin tang but also of the communists and of third party liberal elements only a government of true national unity can hope to deal with the critical situation now confronting the chinese people the japanese hav ing taken the key kwangsi cities of kweilin and liuchow are pressing inland in the general direction of kweiyang capital of kweichow province they still have a considerable distance to go but if kwei yang should fall the road link between chungking and kunming chief supply center of the south would be broken this would nullify to a large extent the results expected from the construction of the ledo road and the calcutta yunnan pipeline and would bottle the chungking government up in the western provinces as never before the demand for a coalition government has been rising within chungking itself on october 9 eve of the anniversary of the chinese revolution of 1911 sun fo president of the legislative yuan and son of sun yat sen urged that the kuomintang give up political tutelage i.e one party government recently a meeting of more than 500 persons oooooooeee page two ee including important political figures voted unani fama mously to request the establishment of a coalition administration among those participating were gen eral feng yu hsiang a member of the standing committee of the kuomintang’s central executive committee and tan cheng vice president of the judicial yuan general feng warned unless we make far reaching reforms now we will very soon see the disintegration of our country tan com mented on the fact that although the chinese re public has existed for 33 years it is still necessary to talk about establishing democracy at an early date our stake in chinese democracy one thing americans should never forget is that while we desire to see china become as democratic as pos sible because we like to see democracy spread over the world our interest is much more concrete and selfish than this the development of democratic unity in china would enable the chinese people tp fight japan more effectively to play a vigorous role in the preservation of peace after japan’s defeat and to carry through internal reforms needed for the expansion of the china market in which americag businessmen are so deeply interested a progressive china therefore means a great deal to the united states in terms of the number of american lives te quired to defeat japan the number of american jobs after the war and the possibility of avoiding a third world war this is why in the weeks and months ahead the american public will have reason to be concerned about whether the cabinet changes jp chungking are followed by basic alterations of policy and the creation of a genuine coalition government lawrence k rosinger why germany surrendered last time as the mighty allied offensive unfolds along the western front on which the germans had hoped to dig in for the winter the thoughts of those who lived through the first world war inevitably turn to the bleak days of another november 26 years ago when the newly formed government of prince max of baden at the urgent demand of ludendorff and hin denburg sought and obtained an armistice from the allies is the present military situation comparable to that of 1918 why did germany decide to sue for peace at that time what caused the allies to consider germany's plea germany’s exhaustion in 1918 the answers to many of these questions are found in an extraordinarily timely book armistice 1918 by harry rudin this book points out that in spite of the efforts of gerinan nationalists and especially the nazis to blame socialists pacifists jews and others on the home front for initiating armistice negotia tions the first demand for suspension of hostilities came from the german army on september 28 1918 when ludendorff fearing that allied offensives would at any moment result in a break through insist ed that the foreign office approach the allies with out delay concerning the possibility of an armistice in explaining the urgency of the situation to civilian officials ludendorff emphasized four main causes for what he regarded as an impending catas trophe the lack of german reserves as compared with the uninterrupted flow into france of unwearied american troops the sudden appearance on the western front of tanks which at first had demoral ized the germans the defection of germany’s allies bulgaria turkey and austria hungary and poor morale on the home front which in turn was attrib uted by civilian authorities to increasing shortages of essential goods notably potatoes fats and clothing in this war as compared with world war i ger many by farsighted planning which took the de ficiencies of 1914 18 carefully into account has suc ceeded in fighting for an additional year as in 1918 it is faced with lack of military reserves at a time when fresh american forces are spearheading the al lied offensive it has lost all its allies and satellites italy finland rumania bulgaria croatia slovakia and hungary japan an ally of the western powers in world war i is still on germany's side but unable to offer direct assistance in one essential respect however there is no comparison between 1918 and 1944 this time the development the germans most dreaded in 1918 and hoped to avert by suing for an armistice has occurred the allies have invaded german soil to meet this invasion the nazis have taken a measure the civilian authorities considered in 1918 but abandoned on the advice of ludendorf they have ordered a evée en masse by forcing all re maining men capable of bearing arms to serve in the volkssturm a home guard such a measure luden dorff declared in 1918 could not save the germans allies eager for peace in 1918 the ab lies for their part were not only willing to receive the german armistice mission but feared that the terms their military leaders wanted to impose might be so severe as to prove unacceptable in berlin rus sia was out of the war and had been forced to relit quish russian poland finland estonia latvia and lithuania under the treaty of brest litovsk of march 3 1918 france and britain were both pie foundly war weary and although encouraged by the increasing assistance of the united states were ap prehensive about the social consequences of anothet winter of conflict so much was said later about the intransigence of the french that one tends to forget that clemenceau and foch both welcomed the pros of an armistice the only prominent spokesmai who urged the allies to carry the war into germallj leade the the e mass with upon ck kiel armi fores come franc kept shevi man for the v tion incip the socia achie main fess asr fre se i fs x ez bes se 7 er able or an aded have lered jorff il re n the iden e al ceive t the might rus relin sk of 1 pro dy the re ap nother ut the forget esmaa was general pershing and his advice was set aside president wilson and colonel house as well as the french and british fear of bolshevism in 1918 the factor which above all others persuaded both the germans and the allies to suspend hostilities in 1918 was fear that russian bolshevism would spread to germany and thence to the rest of europe germany's military jeaders appear to have been less affected by this fear than the social democrats who were haunted by the thought that if peace did not come promptly the extremist independent socialists would wean the masses away from them and make common cause with russia it was the social democrat ebert who upon succeeding prince max as chancellor in the dark days when german sailors were mutinying in kiel and hamburg authorized conclusion of the amistice signed on november 11 in the historic forest of compiégne where hitler events having ome full circle forced marshal pétain to sign france’s armistice with germany in june 1940 the skeptical french had strong doubts about the bol shevik threat regarding it prophetically as a ger man stratagem designed to win more favorable terms for germany but the other allies tended to share the view of the german social democrats the ques tion whether if the allies had allowed germany's incipient revolutionary movement to run its course the germans would have emerged with a political social and economic system better prepared for peace time collaboration with other nations than that achieved under the weimar republic will always re main one of the baffling ifs of history what will germany do this time sooner or later in this war the germans will have to pagethre ee ee make the decision reached by ludendorff in tan 1918 but even if the german army had fa an armistice last summer when german troops were still on foreign soil as the coup against hitler would indicate they would have been balked by three factors that did not exist in 1918 today the nazis have such a grip on the german people that without their consent which for them would be tantamount to suicide no group in germany no mat ter how sincerely disposed to collaborate with the allies could make its voice heard abroad the allied governments too have been hardened by the experi ence of two wars with germany and are determined to obtain germany’s unconditional surrender on its own soil and in contrast to 1918 the united states britain and france are in a position to work with not against russia yet it would be self deception to overlook the fact that the peoples of liberated eu rope as we can see in different degrees in belgium and italy are exhausted by years of war and priva tion and inured to lawlessness by their heroic efforts to resist hitler's illegal new order nor has fear of bolshevism during the intervening quarter of a cen tury by any means vanished from the scene hunger misery disease the tragic habits of terrorism and brutality bred of war cannot but create political extremism even if russia had never existed and lenin had never hoisted the flag of communist revo lution in petrograd in november 1917 europe in cluding germany would be faced today with the social and economic upheavals which were temporar ily checked by the armistice of 1918 but remained unresolved during the 25 year reprieve that should have been used by all nations to alleviate the causes of war vera micheles dean latin americans appraise their prospects in postwar world the preliminary exchange of views among the american republics on post war security objectives was concluded with the announcement on november 13 by acting secretary of state stettinius that the dumbarton oaks charter had been provisionally dis missed and approved by all latin american na tions with which the united states maintains diplo matic relations the consultations have taken the form of individual conferences between mr stet tinius and latin american diplomatic representa tives in washington and are merely designed to invite comment on the project thus far tentatively drafted for months the latin american states have been atively engaged in post war planning they feel according to latin american press comment that the new league to maintain peace must strike a compro mise between a big power plan whereby the allies would constitute themselves the guardians of the peace and distribute world leadership into three or four spheres of influence and the union of nations envisaged in the sane principles of liberty and equal ity established by woodrow wilson and the league of nations for while latin american political think ers realize that the major responsibility for the preser vation of peace must necessarily be assumed by the great powers they are not convinced that britain and the united states will jettison the principles of the atlantic charter by entirely disregarding the rights of small nations to a share in security decisions the opportunity freely to study and discuss the dumbarton oaks proposals extended by secretary hull was welcomed by latin americans in a better late than never spirit an editorial published some months ago in the chilean daily e mercurio ex pressed the prevailing sentiment when it said that latin america would no longer be content to play the role of poor relation assigned to it at the pre liminary discussions of the league covenant in 1919 the middle and small nations of the new world ae a te ne ij page four feel they represent a political economic and moral force which cannot be disregarded these govern ments therefore resent the tardiness of the united states in obtaining their views on organization for especially since after the attack on pearl har t washington was swift to consult with them on how best to mobilize for war rights of small nations first reading of the dumbarton oaks charter has aroused opinions as vigorous as they are diverse with the exception of uruguay and venezuela the latin american chancelleries have not issued official statements of their position on the proposed organization but un officially considerable fault has been found with the absence of strong guarantees and adequate represen tation for the small nations in the proposed organiza tion mexican editorials point out that whereas the assembly will be nothing more than a lower house with facilities for debate the council an upper house of the powers elect alone will have freedom of action in the first authoritative criticism of the dumbarton oaks document to come from a small nation uruguay instructed its ambassador to washington to suggest that if stronger representa tion for small states was not to be provided for it might be better to revive and modernize the old league of nations this insistence on the juridical equality of states under the law of nations is a principle to which these states adhered as a body throughout their participa tion in the league of nations it is not strange there fore that the same criticism which was made repeat edly of the league council should again be voiced in connection with the proposed composition of the security council while there are indications of course that the latin american nations are prepared to accept the dumbarton oaks document as a first step the ideal solution from their point of view would be an executive council elected by the proposed general assembly of the united nations an american bloc the scope of pan american machinery for the maintenance of peace within the proposed framework promises to be as live an issue in the coming discussions as it was in the early history of the league there seems to be little disagreement among latin american spokes men that much of the american experience in inter national collaboration might well be incorporated into the projected world organization considerable difference of opinion exists however as to the re spective jurisdiction of the pan american union and see bulletin november 10 1944 the over all world security organization some hold that purely american problems should be handled through existing or special american institutions while others believe that disputes arising on the american continent would actually have their origin in more far reaching international developments and should therefore come under the jurisdiction of the united nations organization in view of the need for precisely determining the relationship between the american regional union and the proposed world security organization it js desirable to take stock of existing hemisphere rela tions at more than one lr the all american front precariously maintained through the critical wa years is threatening to break down under the cumulg tive weight of problems directly or indirectly related to the termination of the war observers of the inter american scene wonder whether this regional ma chinery which it is proposed might serve as the model for world organization will actually be util ized to iron out continental difficulties meanwhile the western hemisphere is witnessing the forma tion of hostile alignments of american states which might in the future undertake to solve their inter national problems outside the continental machinery established for such purposes it is in order to pre serve the inter american consultative method that thoughtful latin american leaders insistently urge the convening of the american foreign ministers o.ive holmgs the first in a series of articles on post war latin america ss sss ss sss christmas gifts as another christmas approaches we remind fpa members and subscribers to give friends a membership in the association or a headline series subscription in the year ahead your gift will be read re read and shared as a living record poli of the war and the emerging post war world regular membership 5.00 associate membership open only to teachers full time students librarians social workers the clergy men and women in the armed forces and employee groups of ten or more 3.00 special headline series sub scription 10 issues 2.00 includes weekly bulletin and headline series foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv ne 6 novembsr 24 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nationdl headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lezt secretary vera micheeltes dean editor entered second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at lea one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year e's produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor t by of 191 ame inter be he ness tion annc earl ernit the sent whi othe fact of s has in t aga litic am amc not mai the wa cle nes by yea the pei sus +entered as 2nd class matter dec 19 1944 foreign policy bultetin tara an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the poreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vol xxiv no 7 december 1 1944 wartime conditions generate unrest in latin america as replies to argentina's request for a conference of foreign ministers come in from the various american governments it seems probable that an inter american conference on post war affairs will be held shortly but that the argentine question will be handled if at all incidentally to the main busi ness of the assembly mr stettinius whose nomina tion to succeed mr hull as secretary of state was announced on november 27 declared three days earlier that final decision would devolve on the gov erning board of the pan american union latin america in ferment if and when the conference is held it will be without the repre sentation of argentina and san salvador neither of which has been recognized by the majority of the other american governments by their absence the fact will be stressed that the new world union of states is faced with problems as grave as any it has ever encountered in its fifty years of existence for five years participants directly or indirectly in the world war the people of latin america are again turning their attention to the pressing need for political economic and social reform at home po litical shifts upheavals and revolutions in central america ecuador and bolivia and further south among the countries within the argentine orbit do not seem to fall into the old familiar pattern of one man seizure of power instead they appear to owe their existence to a combination of novel factors wartime social and economic dislocations widening cleavages between left and right a growing aware ness of the evils of governments palpably maintained by force and such ideological challenges of the war years as the four freedoms and the atlantic charter which have made a serious and lasting impression on the rank and file of latin america for the first time in the history of latin america perhaps the man in the street is taking an active and sustained part in bringing about political reform the revolutions of last spring and summer in san salva dor and guatemala were the result of popular agita tions in the course of which the new weapon of passive resistance was introduced when the revolu tion in guatemala showed evidence of backfiring to the advantage of the former dictator jorge ubico through his tool provisional president federico ponce the people rose again on october 20 in a not so bloodless revolt to establish a more democratic government and elect a constituent assembly oppo sition broke out in san salvador on the same date but the uprising which effected a people's victory in gua temala in san salvador only perpetuated the ascend ancy of military elements now headed by colonel osmin aguirre the people of that small but ses tically conscious country however have not yet subdued as evidenced by reports of strikes rioting and underground resistance the san salvadoreans have established the first government in exile in this hemisphere with headquarters in mexico mean while the tottering dictatorships of honduras and nicaragua may join with the government of salvador in throwing a cordon sanitaire around guatemala to prevent spread of revolution by exiles now safe in guatemala and mexico the argentine tanaka memorial further south closer union of colombia venezuela and ecuador is being sought the movement for greater colombia may be interpreted simply as a step toward the realization of simén bolivar’s old dream of federation it may be on the other hand an attempt to seek mutual protection against pos sible argentine expansionist tendencies it is not im possible that the foreign offices of bogota and caracas have seen the document purportedly issued on may 3 1943 by the argentine g.o.u to army officers stating that in south america it is our mis sion to make the leadership of argentina not only possible but indisputable once we have won power hi it will be necessary to arm ourselves constantly hit ler’s fight in peace and war will guide us according to this program of aggression a bloc of southern states will be forged by means of alli ances with paraguay bolivia and chile and pres sure subsequently exerted on uruguay and brazil to combine with them in chile and brazil this docu ment is not being dismissed as a military pipe dream in chile the demand for closer economic and politi cal union with buenos aires may become a feature of the program of the parties of the right already such leading politicians as ex president arturo ales sandri who has recently been elected senator and galvarino gallardo mayor of santiago have ex pressed themselves in favor of closer relations with argentina meanwhile from behind the censorship curtaining brazil rumors escape to indicate that the question of recognizing the farrell perén government may be dividing the country as it has divided chile the reactionary elements now uppermost in the vargas government that rules brazil might draw comfort from the support of like minded elements in the farrell government counterbalancing this page two consideration however is the traditional rivalry be tween argentina and brazil for leadership on the south american continent brazil which counts as immediate neighbors all the south american coun tries except chile is equally concerned with what happens in uruguay paraguay and bolivia and in these countries its interests seem more likely to clash than to coincide with those of argentina in addition united states disapproval of a resumption of diplo matic relations between rio de janeiro and buenos aires would weigh heavily with vargas beyond the immediate and obvious problems which an inter american conference must face participation in the proposed security organization development and correlation of post war economic programs and the like there is then the need to review hemisphere relationships and to find some basis for continued collaboration this imponderable cannot be listed on an official agenda but it will be implicit in all that is said and done at the conference outvee holmes the second in a series of articles on post war latin america russian aid in liberation affects norway’s foreign policy with red army forces and a small norwegian vanguard fighting side by side on norway's arctic front the liberation of the first western european nation to fall to the wehrmacht in 1940 has begun although in its initial phases the battle of norway has been fought for small towns that seem remote and relatively unimportant to most norwegians and has involved naval and air bases the nazis used in attacking russia bound convoys these actions have succeeded in whittling down strength the nazis might otherwise have used farther south the nor wegians are not unduly optimistic about the date of liberation however and are aware that the approx imately 175,000 german troops now in norway will continue to use their present scorched earth policy to impede the russian drive southwestward to speed up the fighting and restrict the destructive ger man rearguard actions norwegians feel the red army’s land campaign will have to be supplemented by anglo american naval operations russia as a new neighbor russia's par ticipation in norway's liberation and the establish ment of a russo norwegian frontier as a result of finland’s cession of petsamo to the u.s.s.r make it necessary for the norwegian government to clarify its relationships with its new neighbor in the far north accordingly foreign minister trygve lie ar rived in moscow on november 6 for extended talks with soviet officials the first questions discussed were of a practical nature and involved further im plementation of the agreement reached by the nor wegian and russian governments on may 17 for restoration of local government as soon as military operations permitted the red army is reported to have been scrup ulously correct in carrying out these russo norwe gian arrangements the russians have also agreed to turn over the administration of the liberated ter ritories behind their lines to norwegian police forces trained in sweden these forces consist of young norwegians who fled to sweden during the years of german occupation and there volunteered for police duties in their native country following its liberation during their training in sweden these men who number approximately eight or nine thou sand have been schooled both under swedish army officers and leaders from their own army who escaped to sweden and are now capable of serving as second line troops to assure these police forces entry into norway before the country is entirely liberated as required by the original swedish plan the nor wegian foreign minister stopped in stockholm en route to the kremlin the swedish government in line with its current policy of supporting the allies and particularly norway as openly as its neutrality permits granted the norwegian request and at least a part of the police forces are believed to be already on their way to northern norway by a secret route russian approval of a food relief program for norway was also sought by the norwegian foreign minister during his visit to moscow and there are indications that it has been secured the norwegian government feels that immediate food relief is vital for present allied strategy which requires that german troops in norway be locked in and pre vented from joining in the battle of germany has te tins ptt rass ee alana ei tin a okies resulted the rei the ger norway nazis a of food the no tained of 200 relief i interna wh new eu serma russia tion in lontine oriental son for that ex one re under roverni followi country af gl opium partme ment in the cause this im for leg scientif legitim needs raw m drastic erable this to coll action portant on opi when 1 powers istan b of hur tion i what a the res foreign headquart second cla none eu resulted in stopping all traffic between norway and the reich it is consequently no longer possible for the germans to bring food and other supplies into norway as they have done in former years and the nazis are requisitioning increasingly larger amounts of food and equipment locally to meet this crisis the norwegian government proposes that food ob tained from sweden with the recent swedish grant of 200,000,000 crowns 50,000,000 in credit for relief be sent to norway under supervision of the international red cross and sweden what future foreign policy in the new europe that is emerging from the war in which germany will no longer be a dominant nation and russia will exercise strong influence norway's posi tion in international affairs like that of most of the continental nations will require considerable re orientation in norwegian opinion there is little rea son for the belief that the scandinavian community that existed before the war will resume its old form one reason is that finland has now been placed under russian control and although the norwegian vovernment merely severed relations with finland following britain’s declaration of war against that country in 1941 it is eager to avoid any involvement page three in finnish russian affairs as a form of insurance against such involvement norway has reached an informal agreement with the russians whereby the red army will prevent finnish forces now about 35 miles from the norwegian border from entering norway in the course of action against the nazis a change may also be expected in norway’s atti tude toward britain in the past most of norway's commercial as well as political ties have been with the west because of its heavy dependence on imports and therefore on overseas trade nothing would seem more natural accordingly than that norway should join the projected british bloc in western europe after the war such a step may not however be taken by the norwegians because of both eco nomic and poltical considerations in the economic sphere it may appear necessary for norway to form commercial ties with many nations besides britain and particularly with the united states in order to obtain the shipbuilding facilities needed to restore its merchant fleet more than half of which has been destroyed during the war and in the realm of inter national politics the norwegians feel that they can not afford to join a bloc that might be viewed with distrust by russia wiunifrep n hadsel afghanistan leads the middle east on opium afghanistan will prohibit all planting of the opium poppy from march 21 1945 the state de partment on november 20 released the announce ment of policy in which afghanistan declares that in the interest of international cooperation and be cause of humanitarian sentiment it is ready to take this important step the opium it exported was used for legitimate drug manufacture for medical and scientific use instead of claiming any share in the legitimate export market for medical and scientific needs afghanistan is stopping all production of the raw material thus it is willing to eliminate in one drastic move a product which amounts to a consid erable percentage of its total export trade this action proves not only afghanistan's desire to collaborate internationally but also its freedom of action this nation enjoys independence in an im portant strategic area in the middle east its action on opium shows what a country so situated can do when it is not subject to political pressures from great powers directly or indirectly by this action afghan istan becomes a leader of the middle east in matters of humanitarian sentiment and international coopera tion its decision raises sharply the question as to what action iran and india will take in replying to the resolution first introduced in congress by rep resentative walter judd of minnesota authorizing the president to urge countries producing opium to limit the volume of production strictly to medical and scientific purposes iran has frequently declared that it could not make any reduction in its poppy acreage without a foreign loan to compensate for the loss of revenue and technical agricultural assistance to its opium farmers for substitution of crops in spite of the fact that its international position has been complicated over many years by large seizures of iranian opium in the illicit traffic india has always heretofore maintained that the sale of government opium for eating through government licensed shops fills a quasi medical need and as an internal ques tion is not subject to treaty limitation experience has proved to governments that addic tion among their own nationals does occur in those areas where the opium poppy is produced afghan istan will no longer permit this danger which might eventually debase its own sturdy peasants seldom be fore in the international history of opium control has a country given more heartening proof that it is facing the future with wisdom and vision helen howell moorhead see foreign policy bulletin july 21 1944 foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 7 december 1 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lert secretary vera micueces dean editor entered as econd class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year month for change of address on membership publications please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor w ashington news l etter will internationalist members of congress win leadership the manner in which congress responds during the coming two years to foreign policy proposals from the white house will depend in some measure on the willingness of newly elected internationally minded members of the senate and house to take positions of leadership in debate while they are yet fledglings few of the new members are likely to be selected by their colleagues for key positions of direct influence on foreign policy inside congress such as membership in the senate foreign relations or the house foreign affairs committees the two houses of congress customarily honor seniority in major committee selections and the committees possess the great power of ignoring any matter re ferred to them only extraordinary pressure from other members and the public can move committees against their will strength of new congressmen yet the group of mew members may exercise unusual indirect influence on congressional attitudes toward policy their election apparently reflected a strong desire on the part of the voters for united states participation in an international organization and this trend in popular sentiment can fortify the large number of veteran senators and congressmen who share the views of those who will become their col leagues with the opening of the seventy ninth con gress on january 3 this gathering of strength has greater importance in the senate than in the house where the adminis tration’s following is more regular the outstanding senators elect with internationalist sympathies are j w fulbright democrat of arkansas who played a leading role during his first term in the house brian mcmahon democrat of connecticut john moses democrat of north dakota francis j myers democrat of pennsylvania leverett saltonstall re publican of massachusetts h alexander smith re publican of new jersey and bourke hickenlooper republican of iowa some of these newcomers to the senate enjoy wider national reputations than many already there ful bright’s name is attached to the first resolution passed by congress in support of united states member ship in an international organization saltonstall be came well known as governor of massachusetts and hickenlooper as governor of iowa mcmahon a former assistant attorney general of the united for victory states is familiar to washington moses a lawyer while not nationally known symbolizes with special clarity the trend away from isolationism not only did he defeat senator gerald p nye but he won in spite of the fact that during much of the election campaign he was confined to the mayo clinic in rochester minnesota new foreign relations committee while the democratic and republican steering com mittees are expected to choose none of these new men for the senate foreign relations committee of the seventy ninth congress the democrats at least are disposed to select members who support international collaboration the 1944 primaries and election retired from the senate five of the commit tee’s twenty three members two isolationist demo crats robert r reynolds of north carolina and bennett champ clark of missouri one lukewarm internationalist democrat guy gillette of iowa and two isolationist republicans nye and james j davis of pennsylvania the leading candidates for two of the democratic vacancies are carl hatch of new mexico and scott lucas of illinois both internation alist supporters of the administration yet at the same time that voters in some states were electing energetic friends of an international organization others re elected a number of isola tionists notably alexander wiley of wisconsin and charles tobey of new hampshire and sent to the senate for the first time some men whose policies are not yet clear among them homer capehart repub lican of indiana a successful businessman in sev eral fields a number of senators previously con sidered isolationists will sit in the seventy ninth congress as hold overs some of them hiram john son arthur capper robert m lafollette wallace h white jr and henrik shipstead are members of the foreign relations committee time will show whether these men known as iso lationists will change the views they have sincerely held because many voters seemed to favor interna tional collaboration meanwhile new senators like fulbright and saltonstall will battle for their cause beside senator joseph m ball republican of minne sota one of the most outspoken senatorial interna tionalists who nevertheless is not a member of the foreign relations committee blair bolles buy united states war bonds 4 tri have on n and an ag and e in 19 the ul future follov quart 24 th ph agree and 1 down 3 t a vie econo lease vidins 000 f sions with new wi to bri a sig war which on s to the ina port preset annou for b +entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vol xxiv no 8 december 8 1944 u.s moves to aid economy of postwar britain the basic principles on which anglo american trade relations will proceed in the post war period have been greatly clarified in the past few weeks on november 30 it was announced in washington and london that the two governments had reached an agreement on the immediate issues of the nature and extent of lend lease aid to be granted to britain in 1945 a short term agreement which will be of the utmost importance in laying the foundation for future economic cooperation this joint statement follows on president roosevelt's proposal in the quarterly lend lease report to congress of november 24 that lend lease aid to britain cease after the war phase ii of lend lease details of the agreement indicate that lend lease aid to britain and reverse lend lease will be adjusted to meet 1 the new conditions presented by germany's downfall 2 the continued war against japan and 3 the reconversion needs of the two countries with a view to avoiding disastrous consequences for the economy of either under these arrangements lend lease aid will be reduced by 43 per cent thus pro viding 2,700,000,000 for munitions and 2,800,000 000 for non munitions items some of these provi sions become effective on january 1 1945 others with the defeat of germany or the enactment of a new lend lease appropriation for june 1 1945 while the 43 per cent reduction in lend lease aid to britain for the period immediately ahead provides a significant commentary on the progress of the war it is the broader frame of reference within which the reduction is made that is most important on september 10 1941 british policy with respect to the disposal of lend lease goods was formulated in a white paper which precluded commercial ex port of articles received under lend lease the present agreement in no way invalidates that policy announced unilaterally but it will now be possible for britain to arrange for commercial imports which may be reprocessed for its export trade thus after 1945 20 shipments to britain of any manufactured goods for civilian use which enter into the export trade nor raw materials nor semi fabricated materials such as iron steel and some nonferrous metals will be made under lend lease in recognition however of britain’s domestic needs as it enters the sixth year of a war which has so greatly strained its physical and moral resources future lend lease shipments will include housing materials completely prefabricated homes and foodstuffs in this connection a white paper published on november 28 reveals heretofore secret statistics which seek to demonstrate that on the basis of its population the british war effort has been greater than that of any other belligerent the new lend lease agreement recognizes this situation and expresses in some measure the common bond which has carried our countries through the hard days of the war to approaching victory exports vital to britain american and british officials after weeks of negotiation have thus reached an agreement which not only recognizes britain's vital interest in reviving its export trade but lays plans for reconversion in both countries on a percentage basis so that there will be no undue competitive advantage for the exporters of either nation this arrangement should allay the anxiety expressed by many britishers that our desire for an expanded export market would tend to nullify brit ain’s hope for economic stability after the war these fears have been at the root of much mis understanding with regard to future anglo amer ican trade relations the degree of pessimism that had developed among the british on this subject was reflected in the urgent plea for cooperation in eco nomic affairs which the british ambassador lord halifax felt required to make in his speech to the investment bankers of america in chicago on no vember 28 when he described britain’s present finan ci position and its vital interest in export trade since 1939 britain has incurred overseas debts double the amount of previous overseas investments and its export trade has decreased by over two thirds in vol ume and over 50 per cent in value at the end of the war and even before britain's first necessity will be the revival of this trade in order to maintain its balance of payments and its standard of living the public demand for a decent standard of living now crystallized in various plans to achieve full employ ment has become a paramount factor in all public policy domestic or foreign as lord halifax point ed out the essential exports can be made again only if britain can import raw materials for its factories and foodstuffs for its population the november 30 lend lease agreement offers hope in this respect by the attention now given to britain’s export trade the importation of large quantities of foodstuffs and a reconversion program geared to our own aid to cooperation the most important page two aspect of this agreement is the recognition that amer ican interests will be served by a strong and stable britain the serious differences which exist between the two countries were demonstrated at the chicago aviation conference the text of the present agree ment however suggests a very careful appraisal of the situation and reveals a spirit of cooperation which will be needed in approaching such questions as the reduction of tariffs imperial preferences the abolition of other restrictive trade mechanisms and the extension of further public or private credits for britain if the british want private loans this would necessitate the repeal of the johnson act a recom mendation to this effect was also made to congress by the administration on november 30 such devel opments along with the expected congressional ap proval of the lend lease agreement should afford official british circles ground for belief that this gov ernment would not willingly jeopardize britain's future economic position jrant s mcclellan transition to modern economy perturbs latin americans in the past five years the emergence of latin american countries as an important source of critical materials needed for war production has caused far reaching changes in their economies characteristic of wartime changes have been concentration on the production of strategic materials a shift in the direc tion of trade toward the united states as one by one the pre war markets of latin america in europe and asia were eliminated and economic diversification enforced by inability to import foodstuffs and manu factured goods now with peace in sight and the imminent possibility of retrenchment in united states spending the people of latin america are appraising their post war position with some uneasiness before the war they were on the borderline between a co lonial economy and a modern diversified economy now they wonder whether the difficult transition can be made without serious political and social con sequences trend toward industrialization the war period has altered economic and social con ditions the balance between agricultural minerai and industrial production has shifted perceptibly production levels have risen sharply even spectacu larly agriculture has been marked by increased culti vation of those items in which the given country was deficient and intensive production of raw materials no longer obtainable from the far east in mining too a marked expansion in both volume and nature of output has taken place latin american production of mercury has risen from 5 to 10 per cent of the world total tungsten from 10 to 20 per cent and antimony from 50 to 75 per cent being now equiv alent to the total pre war world production of all these developments however the trend toward in dustrialization has been most significant a number of countries notably argentina found themselves able not only to meet domestic demand for manu factured items but to export to neighboring coun tries on the average latin american industrial pro duction has risen between 15 and 20 per cent thanks to price rises and wage increases indi vidual incomes have attained new high levels in terms of real income however these increases have been nullified by the rising cost of living inflation ary conditions occasioned by shortages of goods and by large increases in the volume of consumer purchas ing power represented by bank deposits and currency and aggravated by speculation are present in most latin american countries in chile where inflation is at present at its worst the cost of living index has risen 100 per cent since 1939 in order to curb the rise in prices every country has adopted either price controls including rents or rationing measures and some have attempted both in addition governments have initiated fiscal and monetary measures even to the extent of restricting the purchase of foreign ex change despite these severe anti inflationary meas ures prices have continued to rise primarily as a result of ineffective administration of the controls but also because the economic structure of most latin american countries is such that a policy of price ceilings is difficult to maintain credits abroad although latin america will emerge from the war burdened by inflation diff culties it has one important asset in the possession of large dollar and sterling credits abroad which may prove a stabilizing factor during the transition period as a result of an exceptionally favorable balance of trade it has accumulated over the five year peri od 1939 44 close to 4,000,000,000 in gold and for eign exchange chiefly dollars a sum representing v n ost 1a the ice nd nts to ex as sa ai ost of rica iffi ion nay iod nce eri for hing a 300 per cent increase over its 1939 holdings owing to our concentration on war production and the shortage of merchant vessels available for hem isphere trade this country has been unable to meet the latin american demand for commodities brit ain hampered by supply and shipping shortages and by lend lease restrictions on exports has been even less able to sell to latin america while united states imports from latin america have increased almost 116 per cent since 1938 therefore its ex ports in this same period show a rise of only 49 per cent the phenomenal accumulation of foreign ex change has been considerably affected since 1941 by price increases for the actual volume of our imports measured in pre war prices has not exceeded that of 1941 where and how these credits are to be spent whether on repatriation of foreign investments on the purchase of industrial equipment or on the re adjustment of outstanding debts is a matter of con siderable interest to american and british business firms there are indications that a number of latin american countries mexico chile argentina bra zil colombia and venezuela may invest at least part of this newly acquired purchasing power in pro grams of industrial rehabilitation and development during the war they have neither been able to re place old outmoded factory machinery nor to pur chase the necessary heavy equipment for industrial expansion nor have they been able to proceed with the modernization and extension of their transporta tion systems to the extent necessary to permit a rapid trafic in commodities industrial planning however has long been underway and some countries notably mexico and brazil are already actively embarked on these programs while others are only awaiting the page three just published the dragon and the eagle 40 tells the story of chinese american relations from 1784 to the present it is written especially for upper elementary and junior high schoc tudents by delia goetz well known author of books for young readers illustrated by thomas handforth winner of the caldecott medal and a guggenheim fellowship for study in the far east delia goetz is also author of teamwork in the americas the first fpa book for young readers order from foreign policy association 22 east 38th st new york 16 end of the war to obtain access to united states and british sources of supply but it is speculative just how long these funds will last the accumulated de mand of devastated european countries for food stuffs and raw materials may serve to create addi tional latin american credits abroad at the same time however it is expected that the demand for critical materials will drop sharply at the end of the war the united states has already withdrawn cer tain of its latin american contracts moreover there will again be available far eastern sources of such materials as rubber quinine and mica now produced in this hemisphere at a higher cost sooner or later therefore latin american countries will have to face the problem of how to pay for their programs of industrialization the solution of this stubborn problem of the dis posal of raw materials the orderly development of industries without resort to uneconomic tariff or subsidy protection continued economic aid from the united states and extension of favorable credit terms the conclusion of commercial agreements to facilitate economic interchange all these are questions on which joint action at a future inter american con ference is necessary o.ivee holmes this is the third in a series of articles on post war latin america the foreign policy association does not publish an annual report with financial statements due to the cost of such publication and to the paper shortage however if members are interested and wish to have details in regard to our activities and finances we shall be glad to furnish them if they will call at the office or write to us escape from java by cornelius van der grift and e h lansing new york crowell 1943 2.00 a brief account of japanese rule in occupied java to gether with the story of the manner in which three dutch men escaped from the island in a 25 foot fishing boat mak ing their way across three thousand miles of the indian ocean a history of russia by george vernadsky new haven yale university press 1944 2.75 rewritten with much new material added to show changes in attitude since the original text appeared fifteen years ago meet your congress by john t flynn garden city doubleday doran 1944 2.00 describes rather favorably and interestingly the work of congress and in the chapter what’s wrong with congress brings out the author’s ideas on relations with the executive foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 8 december 8 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y franx ross mccoy president dorothy f legt secretary vera miche.es dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at lease ne month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labe ee washin gton news letter state department shake up offers opportunity for reforms now that the united states has assumed in world affairs a role commensurate with its vast industrial and military power it needs adequate machinery for the conduct of its vastly expanded international re lations in the past the state department had often functioned well in the achievement of the limited foreign policy objectives sought by this country but as it was functioning before the outbreak of war in 1939 the department reflected primarily the rela tively narrow needs of a predominantly isolationist country effective participation by the united states in an international organization that could really p romise security to all nations will require far reach ing reforms in our system of conducting foreign affairs changes needed the opportunity for re forms comes with the advancement of edward r stettinius jr to the post of secretary of state as successor to cordell hull stettinius is not expected to initiate much policy on major lines he may be content to follow the lead of president roosevelt and intimate white house advisers on minor lines he may accept the advice of the foreign service whose task in the department and in the diplomatic and consular missions abroad is to deal with the technical details of day to day political matters in the field of organization however stettinius an efficient businessman could take a number of bold steps during the past year he already has consid erably improved the public relations of the depart ment on december 4 the president announced a sweeping reorganization intended to strengthen the department for its war and postwar tasks with the removal of adolf berle jr breckinridge long and g howland shaw and the appointment of joseph c grew to the post of under secretary vacated by mr stettinius and of william l clayton nelson a rockefeller and archibald macleish to assistant secretaryships the first need in the department is harmonious in tegration of its various offices today they sometimes conflict with each other and the department has no effective arrangement for reaching rapid decisions at the top as is done by a military general staff or for forcing subordinates to accept such decisions al though the partial reorganization of the department last january 15 was designed among other things to relieve the assistant secretaries of detailed work for victory buy united states war bonds so that they might form part of a group of high policy makers the department often seeks to arrive at decisions through a long series of consultations among high and subordinate officers who repeat familiar arguments a second essential need is reform of the foreign service its officers will need training in the require ments of a diplomacy suited to the prospective changed position of the united states which will want energetic and well informed agents actively advancing the interests of their country abroad members of the foreign service will better under stand those interests if they are given an opportunity to meet mren and women from all walks of life all over the united states to make the service more attractive to a greater number of young men the department should further increase the pay level of its officers in one instance at least a career man was drawing 5,000 annually after 17 years of ex perience the salary of ambassadors has for long been 17,500 to that now is added 3,000 in allow ances allotted to all ambassadors whether they serve in panama or britain yet only a man of large independent means could hold the expensive post of ambassador in london economic foreign policy a third need of the state department is strengthening of its eco nomic divisions past attempts to place administra tion of economic affairs in the department have worked out unfortunately especially in the case of export control economic warfare and foreign relief but formulation of policy in economic affairs remains there invariably the political sections of the depart ment have stifled the initiative of the economic divi sions this experience suggests that a strong eco nomic foreign policy may be developed more effec tively outside the state department and considera tion is being given in washington to the possibility of turning over the long term functions of the for eign economic administration to the department of commerce the united states needs a resourceful and active economic administration that will contribute to prosperity at home and stability abroad the days are gone when united states commercial representatives abroad could perform the functions expected of them merely by gathering market statistics blaairr bolles +ign ire ive vill ely ad ler rity all ore the of nan ong ow hey irge t of eed eco tra lave of lief ains art livi eco ec efa ility for t of and e to are ives hem in oe lrn ui mw entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vor xxiv no 9 december 15 1944 great powers must agree on aims of intervention in europe t would be the ultimate tragedy of a tragic half century if to the devastation and suffering of two wars should now be added in europe the horrors of civil strife and conflict among the united nations concerning the use to be made of military victory over germany the only hope germany has of es caping defeat is disunity in the mighty coalition ranged along its borders can the allies effectively dash this hope when secretary of state stettinius in his declara tion of december 5 said that the united states ex pected the italian people and to an even more pro nounced degree the governments of the united na tions in liberated territories to work out their prob lems of government along democratic lines without influence from outside he brought out into the open one of the most burning issues of this war blunt as his words seemed to the british in the long run more good than harm will be done if questions about the future of europe which is of life and death con cern not only to the liberated peoples but also to their liberators are threshed out frankly who is responsible for disorder the discussion now raging on both sides of the ocean however would be greatly clarified if the statesmen and editorial writers of the united nations could agree on definitions of such words as democracy communism and order mr churchill in his ad dress to the house of commons on december 8 offered a rough and ready definition of democracy as fight first vote after the british prime minister has proved himself a great and eloquent historian but he is perhaps better equipped to assess the his ry of the british people with their unusually for tunate tradition of centuries of constitutional mon archy than that of other less fortunate nations vic tor emmanuel iii and his son prince humbert both of whom accepted fascism or king george of greece who supported the rightist régime of pre mier metaxas cannot in all fairness be compared to british monarchs of modern times nor is it histor ically accurate that disorder and disunion in europe can be traced exclusively to leftist elements the ferment at work in belgium in italy in greece is due to many causes other than communist influence no responsible person acquainted with europe be tween the two wars could believe for a moment that the liberated peoples would unquestionably welcome back individuals or institutions they blamed rightly or wrongly for their defeat and the sufferings they had endured under nazi rule and no one familiar with human nature could assume that men and women driven to the point of sheer desperation by hunger misery and disease would peacefully settle down to wait for orderly elections while before their very eyes the régimes they had opposed almost as much as they had opposed the nazis returned to power however temporarily under allied protection the british government does present a strong argument when it insists that it intervened in bel gium italy and greece not to oppose leftist ele ments but to maintain order all of us here as we watch mounting allied losses with deep anxiety favor any measure the military authorities regard as essential for the protection of the lives and supply lines of allied troops but what is meant by order might not order be more readily restored by pro visional governments that command the confidence of liberated peoples than by exiled governments which do have the asset of legitimacy but have fallen into disfavor in their homelands the example of france where the government of general de gaulle the only one so far in liberated territories free of any ties to pre 1939 régimes has succeeded in main taining relative order and speeding reconstruction is not without significance in this respect britain’s strategic stake actually the british may be primarily concerned with maintaining in power governments that might be expected to grant britain strategic bases or other advantages this is an entirely natural concern on the part of the british at this stage of the war just as natural as russia's demand on strategic grounds for eastern poland the baltic states and bases in finland from the american point of view it is disheartening that europe seems breaking up once more along the lines of old time alliances with britain trying to acquire spheres of influence in the low countries in italy and greece russia in eastern europe while france and britain both seek reinsurance against post war germany by alliances and pacts of mutual aid with russia the united states however is not in a strong position to criticize either britain or russia on this score until it can assure both powers and all the other united nations that we shall unequivocally help them achieve security against german resurgence the british moreover can argue that they are by no means the only ones to intervene in the internal affairs of other nations the united states has ad vised chiang kai shek to reach an agreement with the communists and has used diplomatic and eco nomic measures to induce a change of government in argentina russia too has declared that it seeks friendly governments in countries along its west ern borders as well as in iran and has openly inter vened in poland intervention for what when this con tention is advanced critics of britain tend to say ah but the united states or russia is supporting the right people the matter of who are the right people is obviously a matter of subjective judement what can be said with some assurance is that so far as one can see russia is swimming with the tide of events in europe while britain is swimming against it in some areas where it happens to have special strategic interests the crux of the matter however is that none of the three great powers who under the dumbarton oaks proposals would have primary responsibility for international security really favors a complete hands off policy and none of them can do so as long as the world lives in its present state of anarchy the united states does page two not in fact favor a policy of nonintervention we do intervene when we think it is to our interest although nowhere have we gone as far as the british have in greece our policy would be clearer if the american government would implement mr hull's declaration of april 9 in which he said this country supports everywhere forces favorable to democracy this would still call for a definition of democracy because in our sense of the word neither chiang kai shek nor the chinese communists nor russia come under the heading of democracy and we may soon be faced with the question whether the methods by which the polish committee of liberation or marshal tito’s régime achieved power were demo cratic in the final analysis when we say we support forces that favor democracy we really mean forces that favor the united states as against germany and japan moreover without intervention by the united states in the form at least of relief it is entirely pos sible that such forces may not be able to achieve the democratic goals urged by mr stettinius if it were possible to take a gallup poll of amer ican opinion on this subject it probably would be dis covered that an overwhelming majority of our people favor the establishment outside our borders of insti tutions similar to our own and oppose the use of american forces to restore governments that appear to us as reactionary and most of all to bolster up monarchies but as the experience of this war has demonstrated it is not enough for us and the brit ish to declare that we favor democracy or sympathize with it if we either refuse to support it where it tries to get a toe hold or even occasionally support its enemies only by defining our objectvies about the future of europe can we hope to find a real basis for agreement eventually with britain and russia if russia as mr churchill seems to fear should gain influence in european areas of strategic importance to britain this will be due not to the peculiar virtues or the superior machiavellianism of the russians but because britain and the united states will have allowed the cause of democracy to be de feated by default vera micheles dean latin americans hope for overhauling of hemisphere policies as the threat of war in this hemisphere disappears the united states faces the loss of its moral and political leadership in latin america looking ahead into the post war world many latin americans fear that unless the system of regular frequent inter american consultations is revived and expanded the whole facade of continental unity will swiftly col lapse if this happens they hold that washington will be to blame because of its inconsistent support of some latin american dictatorships and censure of others and above all because of its apparent be lief that informing its american partner states on policies of vital importance to them all is equivalent to consulting with them as the spokesman for the good neighbor policy and the most powerful part ner in the regional pan american enterprise the united states must assume initiative in promptly call ing an inter american conference to settle the grave problems accompanying the transition to peace argentina focus of trouble argen tina is the cancer in the hemisphere body the threat of european fascism may well spread from buenos aires to other latin american countries it is from argentina that military coups attempted elsewhere ent the irt the all ave with or without the connivance ofjtke farrell per6n overnment have derived inspiration until argen tina again becomes a democratic mémber of the pan american group hemisphere reper wil mot im prove many latin americans believe that until now the united states action against argentina has been purely unilateral and what is worse ineffectual while fundamentally they may not approve the prac tices of the buenos aires military clique they have latent fear that the united states may revert to big stick diplomacy and this fear leads them to applaud argentina's successful resistance to pressure from the united states moreover latin americans noting the cordial re lations between brazil and the united states are unable to explain to themselves why this nation can tolerate in one country the type of régime it attacks in another herein may lie one reason for their delay in reaching an agreement on argentina’s request for a conference to consider its case latin american chancelleries are fearful that if they decide on strong action of an economic or even military nature against the farrell perén government they will be establish ing a precedent which some day may be used against their own countries for they ask frankly how many of our latin american governments are truly demo cratic washington’s complaint against argentina has been its failure to fulfill the rio de janeiro pledges of 1942 to break off diplomatic relations and ver commercial and financial contacts with the but argentina has in their opinion however al ingly ind tardily complied with them all but a united states charge goes deeper and concerns he constitution lity of the buenos aires ré gime ight it not be directed as well at brazil paraguay be olivia and other governments which do not have a opular mandate in any case a considerable num ber of latin americans whatever their feeling on the subject of argentina think that united states policy toward that country partakes too much of interven tionism to be reassuring russia possible counterpoise to pro tect themselves against possible imperialistic tenden page three just published italy’s struggle for recovery an allied dilemma by c grove haines 25c december 1 issue of foreign poticy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 cies on the part of the united states the countries to the south may undertake in the post war period to play the great powers against each other and so pre vent any one of them from attaining pre eminence in latin america it is no secret there that britain and the united states have been unable to agree on their argentine policy and that their failure to do so is closely related to their respective trade aims in south america the buenos aires government has been sedulously fomenting this division between its two greatest wartime purchasers according to close observers of the latin american scene the country which stands to gain most from the divisions both internal and external that beset the continent is rus sia diplomatic relations with russia have been re sumed by cuba colombia uruguay mexico costa rica and chile and even brazil may shortly ex tend recognition there is a certain feeling of affinity with russia on the part of articulate elements of the great underprivileged mass of latin americans who feel the conditions under which they live approximate those in russia in 1917 and that russia may hold the secret of deliverance for them moreover busi nessmen are also looking to russia as the only con siderable market for latin american raw materials outside of britain and possibly the united states what price the good neighbor if hemisphere relations are at their lowest ebb in a decade they are by no means beyond improvement the prospect of peace was bound to usher in a difh cult period of readjustment as north and latin americans again become aware of the vast psycholog ical and cultural differences that separate them they must now evaluate the measures concerted at the successive inter american conferences to decide which of these were improvisations to combat the war emer gency and which were a truly genuine prelude to con tinued collaboration following the recent reorgan ization of the state department latin americans look with new hope to a thorough overhauling of hemisphere policies in an interview granted a latin american press representative shortly before he be came secretary of state mr stettinius explicitly stated that a conference of american foreign min isters would be held prior to the united nations con ference on dumbarton oaks latin america needs the economic assistance of the united states but on terms determined in a spirit of collaboration by all the american states outvee holmes the last in a series of articles on post war latin america reign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 9 december 15 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nationa feadquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lent secretary vera micueres dgan editor entered as econd class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three month for chance of address on membership publications dollars a year please allow at leas f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ze 181 pr oduced under union conditions and combosed and printed by union lahoew washington news beter air freedoms charted at chfc ago onference the international air conference at chicago adjourned on december 7 after the delegates had concluded an agreement establishing an interim ad visory council to deal with air transport in the post war period they also drafted a series of documents which will go far toward insuring freedom of aerial navigation once 26 of the signatory governments have formally ratified them although the soviet union declined to attend the conference a seat on the projected interim council of the provisional civil aviation organization has been reserved for that country apparently the soviet government objects to the principle of freedom of innocent passage which would permit foreign planes on regularly scheduled transport routes to fly over the territory of any coun try without specific negotiations between the interest ed governments it was this problem of security which caused negotiators of the paris 1919 and havana 1928 air conventions to include in them the principle of the closed sky requiring country to country negotiation for passage of foreign planes over the territory of any nation accomplishments of conference freedom of innocent passage is provided in one of the four documents signed at chicago which togeth er mark a long step forward in international agree ment and in the removal of barriers to easy move ment of aerial communication among the various countries the major document is an international aerial convention which would create an interna tional civil aviation organization to guide but not control air commerce in addition an interim agree ment will govern international air communication until the close of the war another statement known as the two freedoms document guarantees the freedom of innocent passage and grants to the planes of all nations freedom to land in foreign countries for non trafic purposes a fifth freedom document would permit planes to pick up passengers and freight in a foreign land the british object to this last freedom but there is good prospect that the other principles of the chicago conference will win international acceptance so far as the united states is concerned one im portant effect of the agreements is to strengthen the position of the state department which wants inter national air arrangements to be made a subject of gzovernment to government agreement in the past private companies like pan american airways had for victory negotiated directly with forgign governments for ex ample adolf a berle jr chief of the united states delegation at chicago and retiring assistant secre tary of state testified before the house committee of merchant marine and fisheries on september 12 that pan american had made contracts with dutch guiana jamaica portugal and trinidad that exclud ed entrance into those countries of any other united states air line pan american also agreed with brazil argentina new zealand and the belgian congo that one airline in each of those areas should enjoy re ciprocal flying privileges i in the united states these exclusive and reciprocal agreements concluded by private american air lines have presented diplomatic problems for the united states brazil desirous of running an airline to dutch guiana sought clarifica tion from the state department when it found that the pan american contract blocked the entrance of any other line into that colony our government was also disturbed by the fact that a private american corporation had undertaken to seek special privileges in the united states for a foreign country british concern over aviation eco nomic rather than political disagreements dragged out negotiations at chicago beyond the four weeks it was originally thought the conference would run britain opposed fifth freedom landings except for debarkation refueling and emergency purposes and sought to include in the major agreement a clause comparable to paragraph four of the convention pro posed in the british international air transport white paper of october 8 this paragraph would have pro vided for the elimination of uneconomic competi tion by the determination of frequencies total ser vices of all countries operating on any international route the distribution of those frequencies between the countries concerned and the fixing of rates of carriage in relation to standards of speed and accom modation the united states however opposed any restriction of competition behind the british point of view lay apprehension that the united states pos sessing more transport planes and operating more transport routes than any other country might gain undue advantage in the international air transport field immediately after the war however the first steps have been taken to link all the countries in agreement on certain aspects of aerial commerce and points which are still in dispute may be resolved on the basis of this understanding brain bolles buy united states war bonds +entered as 4ag a matter congress foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vol xxiv no 10 december 22 1944 crisis in europe demands further definition of u.s policy he counteroffensive launched by the germans on the western front on december 16 will have had a salutary effect if it arouses the united nations to the fact that by their bickerings about post war ad vantages they are doing their best to save germany from defeat so perturbed has public opinion become here and in britain that if we are to keep our per spective and our temper on both sides of the ocean we must bear in mind a few essential points 1 two paramount issues are at stake at this stage of the war the issue of how nations can best achieve security against future aggression and the issue whether the end of hostilities will usher in res toration of pre 1939 conditions or some kind of a better order those who have harped on the need of first winning the war then talking about the politi cal economic and social maladjustments that brought it about have proved consistently wrong they could have been proved right only if it had been possible to keep the world in a state of suspended animation while military victory was being achieved instead the world has been changing during the war with breath taking rapidity and what we face now are not frankenstein nightmares but changes that could have been anticipated and were in fact anticipated by informed observers 2 had more attention been paid to these changes by allied statesmen the proposals made at dumbar ton oaks would have been considered long ago and the skeleton of an international security system how ever tentative and imperfect would have been created by now in the absence of such an organization which even at this zero hour is still on paper every nation is seeking to assure its security as best it can by its own national efforts what is disturbing about the anglo russian alliance of 1942 and the franco russian alliance of 1944 or about efforts of britain and russia to create blocs of friendly states in re spective spheres of influence is not that they are being made but that there should have been so little else for britain france and russia not to speak of weaker nations to hold on to as protection against future german aggression 3 the saddest feature of the situation is that every attempt by other nations to achieve security as best they can arouses reactions in this country that presage return to isolation this time the isolation of an armed camp on the alert for danger from any quarter american disillusionment with europe is en hanced by dismay that the liberated peoples are not more grateful to us and by fear that war will leave in its wake poverty beyond our strength to alleviate 4 asa matter of cold realism there is no reason why the liberated peoples should be grateful to the non european powers britain the united states and russia of the three britain alone can be said to have had an interest in the fate of europe from the outset of the war the united states and russia did not become directly concerned until they themselves were attacked in 1941 the best thing we can hope for is that the liberated peoples will feel that we are all fighting a common enemy in a common cause 5 right there however a fundamental difficulty arises for after the first hours of jubilation the peoples of europe have begun to wonder whether we are all in fact fighting in a common cause and if so how that cause is defined in the united states it so happens that the elements in the conquered countries who fought the nazis most bitterly and thus made a genuine contribution to the military effort of the allies are often also elements who favor certain in ternal changes moderate reforms in western eu rope drastic changes from feudalism to twentieth century conditions in eastern europe and the balkans yet the allies in their natural desire for order be hind military lines sometimes tend to repress these elements which they themselves armed more vigor ously than they do the pro fascists believe that the return of governments in exile acceptable to the great powers will of itself end a revolutionary ferment born of hunger misery and despair is to misinterpret tragically the temper of europe the british as mr churchill bluntly stated on december 15 are ready to forego the principle of legitimacy in poland they do so not because they necessarily prefer the polish committee of national liberation but because they have agreed to consider poland as russia's sphere of influence and expect russia will soon use poland as a more direct route for the invasion of germany than that offered by hun gary or czechoslovakia in greece which russia agreed to regard as within britain’s military sphere mr churchill is following the opposite course in neither case has britain clearly cast its lot on the side of the forces opposing all forms of fascism thus causing some anti fascists to make common cause with russia but whatever criticisms we may have of the policy of britain and russia those two countries have at least made their political objectives reasonably clear mr churchill however is justified in asking and doubtless the same question could be asked by stalin where the united states stands on these controversial questions this country cannot be an active partici pant in military operations and yet disinterest itself in the political and psychological results of these operations our decisions today could turn the tide in europe both on the issue of security and on internal post war reforms in liberated countries the statement on poland made by secretary of state stettinius on december 18 recognizes that boundary questions which are in essence security questions in europe cannot be postponed until the end of the war but does not really come to grips with the russo polish controversy he declared that if a mutual agreement is reached by the united nations directly concerned regarding the future frontiers of poland this government would have no objection to such an agreement which could make an essential contribution to the prosecution of the war against page two 6 no responsible person favors anarchy behind the military lines of the allies and anarchy where it does exist is just what the germans want but to the common enemy the soviet government rightly or wrongly considers that it has made an effort to reach an agreement with former premier mikolaczyk of the polish government in exile but that that gov ernment is irrevocably opposed to the cession of east ern poland to russia by making no reference to the question of who on behalf of poland is to accept the proposed agreement mr stettinius may give the polish government in exile the hope that it will have the support of the united states or at least of in fluential polish and catholic groups in this country for its opposition to russia much as one can sym pathize with the tragic plight of the poles the fact is that the liberation of poland from german rule can be effected only by russia and if moscow be comes convinced that there is no hope of settling the matter of eastern poland by agreement in the near future its attitude both on the proposed international security organization and on the future course of the war may be adversely affected it is the danger of such an eventuality that gave peculiar urgency to mr churchill's december 15 address on poland is situation beyond hope even now a reasoned statement of the differences that may have arisen between the united states and our allies of the points on which we agree with them and the po litical objectives we are pursuing in europe would help immeasurably to clear the atmosphere both at home and abroad there is urgent need of another big three conference but what we need most of all is continuous consultation about the day to day prob lems that are bound to multiply as the war reache its climax political combined board similar to the combined boards on economic problems and the combined chiefs of staff that have mapped out the military strategy of the war this period of intense crisis could spell either the dissolution of the allied coalition or bring about far more intimate collabora tion between the united nations but machinery alone no matter how good will not help as john mason brown has said in many a watchful night the making of the peace will require greater courage greater character and characters than the waging of the war vera micheles dean foreign policy issues dominate britain’s political scene despite the vote of confidence on british policy in greece which prime minister churchill's coalition government received on december 8 public debate and demonstrations for reversal of that policy con tinue these discussions are broader in scope than the parliamentary hearings on greece extending as they do to the policy on poland defined by churchill on december 15 and to the projected western euro pean bloc it is important for americans to under stand this restive state of public opinion in britain since admitting the necessity for further definition of american policy it is desirable to frame our pol icy with full knowledge of all sections of british opinion which at this juncture cannot be wholly effec tive owing to the exigencies of coalition government british public aroused the vote on greece might have been predicted and since that time the annual conference of the labor party de cided on december 11 that its ministers should re main in the coalition government until the defeat of germany but the labor conference listened to numerous speeches critical of churchill's foreign pol i ave of pr uld ol tish fec ent on that de re t of to pol cies and many labor party members both in and out of parliament subsequently challenged the wisdom of ursuing the type of intervention britain has under aken in greece not since the vigorous public de ands of 1942 for the opening of a second front western europe has the british public been so roused added to the opposition voiced by prom 1ent laborites is that of the dean of canterbury th very rev hewlett johnson who has made known hat he is irrevocably opposed to the government's ourse in greece mass meetings in trafalgar square n london were followed by even larger demonstra tions in scotland on december 18 involving shipyard and aircraft workers election forecasts although cleavages on the various foreign issues now besetting britain are somewhat contradictory they reveal for the first time during the life of the wartime coalition government a striking rift on broad terms of foreign policy whereas many conservative party members view the intervention in greece with equanimity many labor ites abstained entirely from voting on that matter on the whole the positions of the two parties are reversed with respect to poland yet such differences although not entirely consistent now will gain in importance when general elections are held at the end of the european war the more so since the date of the defeat of germany has been postponed beyond all former prophesies meanwhile foreign affairs will inevitably become increasingly significant in party politics in contrast to forecasts which assumed that the elections would turn on domestic problems many observers had predicted a favorable vote for labor candidates in the event that domestic problems lominated the political scene now with the injec tion of foreign policy into the forthcoming party con the question is immediately raised whether this nels will hold in view of present objections to the churchill policies there is little doubt that in uch cases as the greek intervention the temper and the objective would be greatly changed under a labor page thre just published anglo american caribbean com mission pattern for colonial cooperation by olive holmes 25 dec er 15 issue of foreign policy reports repo s are p bli hed on the ist and 15th of each month 5 to f.p.a members 3 nment yet whatever the character of britain's elations with individual countries where it has vital interests as in greece there is no doubt that all british political groups would agree on the need of assuring their country’s security britain’s search for security while the unilateral and anti leftist diplomatic moves re cently made by the churchill government may prove detrimental to our future cooperation with britain much of the anti british feeling that is again emerg ing in this country may have similar consequences to aa misunderst indings americans must appre ciate the desire for security which has prompted brit ain's action in mediterranean countries and has grad ually led the british to hope for the creation of a western european bloc whereby the english channel might be safeguarded through eventual arrange ments for air bases if necessary in the low coun tries this problem of security has again been raised by the 20 year franco soviet alliance announced on december 17 many american observers have jumped to the conclusion that this pact would nullify brit ain’s efforts but the british believe that like their own alliance with russia it will aid them in their search for security but american understanding of britain’s objectives will not suffice britain itself will have to clarify sooner or later its broader aims in such a way that the american public may feel that they are in harmony with the war aims so often proclaimed by the united nations the british believe that the chance for west ern european unity will be enhanced if britain and russia agree on future milit iry measures to prevent the resurgence of germany similarly the demarca tion of spheres of influence in other areas will they claim contribute to security only if these spheres are geared into the broader framework of a united na tions organization if all steps to achieve security have an international organization as their ultimate ob jective a real case can be made out for britain's pol icy but as military operations are prolonged politi cal developments in europe which increasingly arouse the sympathy and concern of both the ameri can and british public demand action on the part of all the great powers in concert since the establish ment of a broader united nations organization has been delayed however the allies must make sure that their day to day diplomatic decisions are com patible with the projected international security system grant s mcclellan oreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 10 decemperr 22 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street tow york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f largt secretary vera micheces dean editor entered ss second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y umder the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at lease e month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year cof 18 produced under union conditions and combosed and printed by union laber washington news letter war shipping needs block relief to europe the 3,700 vessels in the united nations shipping pool are insufficient to transport across the atlantic and pacific all the goods requested by area comman ders for military operations let alone relief goods whether these are destined for distribution by the army the united nations relief and rehabilitation administration the local government or special com mittees this acute shipping shortage explains to a considerable degree the statement by the earl of sel borne british minister of supply in the house of commons on december 15 that the food crisis in europe has grown worse since d day june 6 for much of its food europe today depends on the west ern hemisphere and ships are needed for this pur pe se military pressure on shipping united nations ships are supplying two major fronts on the rhine and in the philippines as well as the military needs of the armies in italy they are hauling goods to ports of supply for the soviet union the dis tance across the pacific and the still limited number of ports in western europe keeps ships a long time on any one journey ships have waited as long as 20 to 40 days off the coast of france for unloading but the recent opening of antwerp is sure to reduce these delays many ships bound for leyte leave from east coast ports because the pacific coast lacks port facili ties to handle all the vessels needed for supplying general macarthur's armies in the philippines the round trip from the united states to leyte averages 100 to 150 days or about three trips a year for one ship the enemy understands the dependence of our military operations on shipping the japanese news agency domei announced on december 15 that it is more important for the japanese to sink enemy transports and cargo ships than battleships and car riers the united nations still suffer some losses to submarines although the 154 vessels completed in united states shipyards in november exceed by far the number of sinkings in this period many ships are removed from transoceanic service by military re quirements for short haul vessels ships totaling more than 5,000,000 deadweight tons are making shuttle runs between england and the european continent and between the philippines and pacific bases to the east and south the war shipping administration has notified for victory agencies sending relief supplies to europe that it will try to get goods aboard ship if the agency gets them to dockside nevertheless unrra has been unable to ship to italy any materials in its 50,000,000 program for mothers children and displaced persons six ship ments of relief materials for needy men women and children in liberated italy have left the united states under the auspices of american relief for italy the first shipment arriving in italy early in december included 1,000 tons of ready made clothing hospital supplies and infants food between the allied land ings in sicily in 1943 and mid september 1944 only 2,500,000 tons of relief goods reached italy for dis tribution under military direction opportunities for expanding the merchant fleet are limited negotiations going on in london probably will bring swedish flag ships into the united nations pool but not until the day war ends in europe the swedish government meanwhile has offered the use of ships of swedish registry for transportation of re lief materials and has proposed specifically that swedish ships carry food to the occupied netherlands as they have to greece the allies have not accepted the netherlands program and it is doubted whether the germans blockading the entrance to the baltic would permit swedish ships to emerge into the at lantic for the purpose of carrying relief supplies to liberated areas behind allied lines relief need growing since the beginning of hostilities on december 7 1941 united states pol icy has been to put conduct of the war ahead of every other question political and humanitarian but the coming of winter makes the relief problem so urgent that the allied governments may decide to increase the shipping space assigned to relief goods headed abroad herbert h lehman director general of unrra is expected to advocate this change before the combined shipping board when he returns from europe where he has been consulting officials in paris and london and richard k law british min ister of state has just arrived in washington to dis cuss supply problems in liberated european territories hunger aggravates the discontent disturbing the po litical life of belgium italy and greece and thereby threatens military communications blair bolles buy united states war bonds +rane are ons the use hat nds ted her tic at to ing s01 ery the ent ase ded of ore om in dis 1es po eby serial may o gp foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vol xxiv no 11 december 29 1944 europe’s political problems call for spirit of compromise in these harrowing days when the rising tide of battle on the western front brings to every amer ican home the anxiety experienced for years by the peoples of europe and asia those who have suffered irreparable losses and those still untouched who want to help others bear the burden of sorrow ask themselves what they can do to prevent such catas trophe in the future as pope pius xii said in his christmas message at the very moment when the bitterness of war bids to reach the limits of par oxysm mankind’s age long aspirations for lasting peace are also approaching a climax men and women who face death every day on battlefields or under the terror of nazi rule have a passionate desire to make sure that their sacrifice of all the joys and satisfac tions of life and life itself will at least assure to others the peaceful pursuit of happiness it is the duty of all of us who through these sacrifices are still alive and free to work without respite with what the pope describes as holy obstinacy for the realiza tion of this desire left to us by our dead in irrev ocable trust growing scrutiny of war aims it would be a violation of truth to pretend that any one of the united nations entered this conflict in the spirit of a crusade to abolish war and create an effec tive system of collective security against future ag gression all of the united nations were drawn into the vortex through the stark necessity of a struggle for survival but as the struggle proceeds its very ferocity and destructiveness cause people everywhere to demand that it should have as its aim something higher more noble than mere physical success this demand becomes all the more urgent as we realize that judged solely by the standard of military power and skill germany still constitutes a serious threat to the allies our greatest hope of ultimate victory stems not only from the superiority in industrial po tential and available armaments we can display but from the use we and our allies plan to make of victory it is this growing concern with the ends as well as means of the war that accounts for the controversy in britain and the united states over the question whether the atlantic charter has or has not been be trayed in poland and greece to place this question in focus we must recall that the common principles enunciated in the charter on august 14 1941 were declared to be principles in the national policies of britain and the united states on which these two countries base their hopes for a better future for the world the charter can be taken to represent the ideals toward which president roosevelt and prime minister churchill believed their countrymen aspire qualified by the knowledge that in relations be tween human beings ideals all too often fail of com plete realization of the eight principles set forth in the charter the first three are now particularly under discussion britain and the united states declared first that their countries seek no aggrandizement territorial or other second that they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned and third that they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live and they wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them status of atlantic charter to say that developments in poland and greece have made a mockery of the atlantic charter would be just as defeatist as to say that because human beings do not live up in daily practice to the noblest tenets of their religious faiths therefore these faiths have been con signed to the scrap heap nations being composed of fallible human beings find many reasons to excuse their failings russia which was not originally a party to the atlantic charter but did sign the united nations declaration of january 1 1942 affirming the principles of the earlief document can say in justi fication of its policy oe had incorporated the bal tic states and eastern poland into the u.s.s.r in 1939 40 before the charter had even been thought of and that the charter therefore does not cover these territories any more than it appears to cover the colonial possessions of britain france or holland in asia the british government whose repression of armed resistance by the eam forces in greece has been denounced in this country and in britain as contrary to the third principle of the atlantic charter can argue that its measures are intended to give the greek people ultimately the right to choose the form of government under which they will live a right which according to mr churchill is threatened by the very existence of armed political groups on poland on greece on any issue that arises among the united nations arguments can be cogently pre sented by every party to the controversy the task of statesmanship is to find a workable compromise be tween the contending elements a compromise that obviously will not suit everybody but may make it possible for people to resume something approaching peaceable relations with each other the virtue of democracy the greatest virtue of democracy is that it permits and fosters compromise democracy can never develop the streamlined efficiency of arbitrary dictatorship achieved at the point of the gun or whip but if kept reasonably free of selfish group interests it can make page two it possible for people diverse in color race creed and tradition to learn to work together for common ends by affirming his faith in the democratic process the pope has made a signal contribution to clarifica tion of the world wide controversy over the rela tive merits of democracy and totalitarianism at the same time the pope emphasized what so many advocates of democracy forget that it is by far the most difficult way of life imposing the sternest obli gations for self control both on the citizens of a truly democratic state and on those among them who ac cept the risks and privileges of leadership the pope made a sound distinction between the people po litically articulate and responsible and inchoate masses that can become all too easily the prey of irresponsible dictators the trouble is that in many countries lack of vision and courage on the part of those who claimed leadership has in the past made it impossible for masses to achieve by the orderly process of reform the maturity of peoples and for nations to effect orderly territorial changes these past failures cannot be erased merely by expressions of high minded principles as in the atlantic charter they can eventually be corrected only if we all de vote ourselves unremittingly to the primary task of our times the creation of an international organiza tion within whose framework all peoples would feel sufficiently secure from aggression to face the risks of change both at home and abroad vera micheles dean britain re examines issues in greek crisis a special british communique dated christmas day 1944 declaring that prime minister churchill and foreign secretary eden had arrived in athens to convene a conference representative of greek poli tical opinion was one of the few heartening an nouncements the allies have received from europe during this holiday season subsequent events have not however been equally encouraging for on de cember 27 fighting between british and greek eam forces again broke out following an eam artillery attack on the anglo greek naval headquarters although prime minister churchill has not yet achieved the compromise he hoped to win through his personal intervention in the greek civil war he continues to hold out the promise that if agreement can be reached a regency will be es tablished under the sole control of archbishop damaskinos who has the reputation of being a fair minded man unswayed by political considera tions under this arrangement king george ii will not be permitted to return from exile in london un less a free plebiscite on the form of greece's post war government reveals a demand for restoration of the monarchy in the proposed plebiscite more than the constitutional issue will be at stake however for the monarchy has become the symbol of differ ences that divide left and right in greece if there fore eam and its sympathizers win their victory will probably result not only in the establishment of a republic but also.in the adoption of a number of socialist measures in the field of foreign affairs this group might be expected to retain its close wartime ties with the partisans of yugoslavia and thus in directly with russia instead of adopting the predom inantly pro british orientation that king george was expected to favor why britain’s policy changed the main reasons for prime minister churchill's decision to reconsider his government's attitude toward the eam forces are worth noting for they may occur elsewhere in europe as other nations are freed of nazi rule and insist on genuine independence the relative weight of the considerations involved can only be guessed at but one of the most important among them was unquestionably the british public's opposition to the use of british forces against the greeks although the labor party as the spearhead of the opposition was not inclined to force the issue at this time because of the necessity for preserving wartime unity its leaders frankly declared that the it for ese ns fer de of za eel sks fer re ory of of this ime 2m was he ion the cur of the can fant lic’s the ead ssue ing the prime minister would have to give a reckoning when general elections are held following the defeat of germany and if periodicals and mass meetings fur nish a fair test of opinion the british were so greatly disturbed by the greek crisis that the government began to fear the effects of this state of mind on the war effort another consideration that affected london's de cision to abandon its original plan to disarm the eam and refuse to deal with it politically was the unexpected strength displayed by these partisan forces the british had apparently thought that their guerrilla opponents would be obliged to sue for an armistice not only because of their inability to com bat superior armed units and air power but because of their need for food which was promised to all greeks as soon as the return of peace made relief work pos sible what the british did not anticipate was that the number of eam troops would grow despite heavy casualties thanks to heavy desertions from the edes their british supported opponents and that the prospect of food relief would not bring the guer rillas to terms it would be rash to assume from the greek example that food will not prove an effective means of restoring order in other liberated areas on subsequent occasions as it was in various parts of eastern europe at the close of world war i but to the eam at least relief was considered an inade quate price for the acceptance of political institutions they opposed after more than three years of acute food shortages under german rule the eam and its supporters apparently preferred a few more weeks or months of deprivation to defeat of their political aims pressure from the united states the f.p.a the making of modern holland by a j barnouw new york w w norton 1944 2.75 interesting historical background on a country soon to resume its rightful place in world affairs page three just published anglo american caribbean com mission pattern for colonial cooperation by olive holmes 25c december 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 pressure exerted by the united states in the form of the note issued by secretary of state stettinius on december 7 calling for complete political freedom for the greek people also influenced the british gov ernment and may set a precedent for similar amer ican action in other liberated nations but it was not only on the official level that the british perceived danger signals to future anglo american coopera tion among the most threatening aspects of unofh cial american criticism as the british saw it was the possibility that former isolationists who have been only half heartedly converted to the policy of inter national cooperation as the best method of keeping peace in the future would find britain’s unilateral political action in greece an invitation to revert to their original position but it would be untrue to say that all or most of the criticisms of britain’s policy in greece stemmed from former isolationists the fact is that millions of americans have assumed that our armies are fighting in europe not merely to safe guard this nation’s security or that of britain and russia but also to assure the post war independence of the countries conquered by germany many of us however have not sufficiently heeded the corollary of this view and that is that britain and russia can not be expected to abstain from carving spheres of influence for themselves unless there is some alterna tive system through which they can hope to achieve security in the case of greece the united states can not reasonably expect that the british will surrender their influence on this strategically important nation at the eastern end of the mediterranean unless we are prepared to give britain concrete assurances that its hopes for future security will not be jeopardized as a result whnifred n hadsel bookshelf mexico magnetic southland by sydney a clark new york dodd mead 1944 3.00 pleasantly written description with a bit of historic background to interest prospective visitors the gentleman from massachusetts henry cabot lodge by karl schriftgiesser boston little brown 1941 3.00 in these days when dumbarton oaks is so much in people’s minds it is particularly fitting to refresh mem ories on the brilliant sharply cynical man who played so important a part in keeping the united states out of inter national cooperation after the first world war germany and europe a spiritual dissension by bene detto croce new york random house 1944 1.25 the famous italian anti fascist analyzes the forces that he believes separate germany from the mainstream of european civilization and concludes that the defeat of the germans will bring about the necessary change in their mentality foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 11 december 29 1944 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated natiena headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dornotuy f lurt secretary vara micunies daan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allew at lease me month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ek produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter pred beng the counterattack the germans launched against the american first army on december 16 has forced the administration to examine soberly all possible steps that might be taken at an early date to strength en the united nations coalition only a deterioration of allied unity already disturbed by disagreement con cerning greece italy and poland could turn the ger man counterattack into a major nazi accomplishment new diplomatic goal although military unity has not yet suffered from political differences between the allies these differences and the german counteroffensive have combined to change the im mediate goal of allied diplomacy from a search for a formula of post war cooperation to a search for basic principles of immediate common action the roosevelt administration has hitherto placed the major emphasis of foreign policy on the need for the establishment of an international security organiza tion that could preserve the peace after its restoration and would maintain the wartime alliance of the united nations in peacetime on december 23 how ever senator joseph h ball republican of minne sota on leaving the white house after a conference with president roosevelt indicated that he feared present disagreement among the allies might jeop ardize hopes for future cooperation in an interna tional organization in a joint statement with senator carl hatch democrat of new mexico senator ball said there is no easy solution in sight for the dif ferent problems and responsibilities facing the united nations and particularly the united states great britain and russia so much is at stake that we believe this country must make a supreme effort to solve these immediate problems in which we must have the cooperation of our allies but while president roosevelt has already through mr byrnes and other officials taken measures to tighten the home front he is still weighing decisions in foreign policy which require a compromise of special russian and british interests in europe at his press conference on december 22 he had no comment on the proposal made by british foreign secretary eden the previous day for quarterly meetings of united states british and russian foreign ministers and dismissed a suggestion for the creation of a united nations political chiefs of staff committee the president may disclose his intentions in his ad dress on the state of the union to the 79th congress for victory buy united states war bonds german drive heightens need for greater allied unity which convenes on january 3 stern political and military realities have in any event dissipated the airy confidence created here by anglo american conferences and have focused at tention on the need to broaden agreement among the united nations at the close of their conference in quebec on september 16 president roosevelt and prime minister churchill said that they had reached decisions on all points with regard to the completion of the war in europe on october 27 however mr churchill on returning to london from his conference in moscow with marshal stalin expressed concern that no final result in full agree ment on political problems before the alliance can be obtained until the heads of the three governments have met again together this emphasis on the need for a three power conference strengthens the view in washington that president roosevelt has russia fore most in mind in his careful scrutiny of future foreign policy in this connection it should be noted that on december 20 secretary of state stettinius announced charles e bohlen former chief of the state depart ment’s near eastern division and the department's leading expert on russia was being assigned to liaison work between the department and the white house how strong is germany the defeat of germany remains the greatest task of the united nations coalition and its greatest test officials here find it impossible to assess the military effects of the german counterattack it may shorten the war as secretary of war stimson suggested on december 21 if it should turn out that field marshal general kar von rundstedt has opened his offensive too soon for it to achieve its maximum effect but it may prolong the war by preventing the western allies from press ing their offensive on the rhine front when the rus sians open their anticipated offensive in the east the nazis however have done two things for the allies they have aroused them to the danger of re laxing their efforts until the german armies have ceased firing and have killed the feeling of optim ism that marked the quebec conference after which mr roosevelt said he hoped the surrender of ger many might come soon and the moscow conference after which mr churchill said he believed the allies were in the last lap of the war against germany blair bolles +ll deeodhicmlal can ents eed v in ore cig tf on iced art nt’s 1 to hite it of ited here the as rai karl 1 for long ress rus east the f re have tim thich ger ence llies any es s a7 emery etry ararmiq8s 2nd class matter ongress rial record lev 2 71946 a foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vol xxiv no 12 january 5 1945 problem of supplies dominant factor on western front fter six months silence adolf hitler seized the occasion of the drive into belgium to offer again to the german people hope that the war would certainly end in a nazi victory his new year's message was an attempt to exploit on the psycho logical plane the immediate success of the german armies in the field while the main nazi offensive was definitely halted by the first week of january there is no denying that it engendered pessimism about the outcome of the war both with respect to its aims and its length this pessimism may be in creased by the attack launched from the saar basin on january 2 but just as the political decisions taken in some of the liberated countries must eventually be related to the european scene as a whole so also our setback in the west must be viewed in relation to the efforts of the russians in poland and in hungary to the italian campaign and to an understanding of the military exigencies preceding or attending the pres ent german diversionary counterattack military imperatives most observers in viewing the german break through on december 16 have assumed either that allied intelligence services were faulty or that the importance earlier attributed to air power must now definitely be discounted yet the success of the german push may be explained by reasons more fundamental than these immediate considerations factors which date from d day offer an adequate explanation for what has taken place in belgium difficulties of supply both in material and men which existed since beachheads were first established in normandy have now be come paramount the full story of the invasion has only recently been released to the public in large part the invasion was accomplished through the use of specially constructed floating docks thereby pre cluding the necessity of seizing all of the atlantic ports so well fortified by the germans the port of antwerp however was of vital im portance and has borne the brunt as the supply cen ter for the allied armies operating below arnhem and aachen although this port suffered less de struction than was first surmised it has been subject to air attack and robot bombing since its liberation and ship unloadings have probably been much de layed as a result adding to the communications problem is the fact that the railway network in west ern france and belgium was seriously crippled by pre invasion bombings and by german looting of much of the rolling stock hence it was never pos sible to build up sufficient forward supply reserves or dumps directly behind the lines at those points which the several allied armies took up on the ger man border after our break through in normandy had forced the hurried nazi retreat so swiftly did the allied armies push the german forces to their own border that it has likewise proved impossible to establish reserves of men equipped and organized into army units for disposal of the general headquarters staff and meanwhile it has proved necessary to station certain american french and british troops within striking distance of atlan tic ports still held by the germans in order to con tain their nazi garrisons this lack of reserves in men has been borne out by the fact that general patton’s third army which has to date proved the most effective against the german salient in belgium and luxembourg was forced to shift westward to meet the attack also disposition of troops on the northern flank of the german thrust shows that brit ish units have been brought into the battle units which were heretofore operating north of the amer ican first army problems faced by germans the pres ent german attack therefore appears less adverse to the united nations when viewed in the perspec tive of the allied invasion accomplished so brilliant ly last summer due to the speed of the subsequent march across france and belgium the severe strain on supplies and men was inevitable but despite these conditions the limited force and slower tempo of the german drive are in decided contrast to the germans push toward sedan in 1940 today more over the germans are faced with continuous pres sure in the east in view of the russian attack on budapest the germans can gain little comfort from relaxation of the drive along the polish border rus sian hesitation in poland is doubtless dictated by conditions similiar to those encountered by the west ern allies while exerting steady pressure around aachen britain and the united states could not mount a full assault until the supply problem had been solved similarly the russian supply lines are now extended and no move could have been made in eastern poland until the marsh lands there were frozen and until the railway gauges were changed just as the allied forces are kept from the front to contain the german port garrisons so the soviet armies must also protect their rear from sizable ger man forces left in the baltic despite the current show of energy on the part of the germans there is much to indicate that the pres ent drive in the west like that of 1918 may well be their last for problems of supply are also impor tant from the german point of view although tem porary gains have been made by shortened lines of communication and the withdrawal to defensive positions within the reich the growing effect of strategic bombing will increasingly jeopardize ger man sources of materials also the germans are undergoing the winter bereft of food supplies for merly drawn from all of europe their own agri cultural situation although better organized than was the case in 1914 18 must have deteriorated since chiang promises constitution generalissimo chiank kai shek’s new year mes sage to the chinese people promising the creation of a constitutional government during the war is a significant reflection of the crisis that came to a head in china in 1944 the past twelve months witnessed dangerous advances by japanese armies an upsurge of criticism among chungking’s own supporters and somewhat strained relations with the united states as a result in november shortly after the stilwell incident the chinese cabinet was reshuffled and the forward looking general chen cheng re placed general ho ying chin as minister of war this was followed on december 4 by the appoint ment of foreign minister t v soong as acting president of the executive yuan the effect of these changes was to arouse hopes of further improvement without indicating that chungking was committing itself decisively to a new political course which would produce greater unity and military effective ness page two last june when with pressure from the west south and east it was no longer possible to release men from the armies for plantings or harvests by all rea sonable calculations the germans must face their supply problem with great uncertainty whereas the allies have the possibility however delayed of re solving their supply difficulties allied unity needed just as the nazis have been unable fully to exploit their surprise in the field so they will have failed to drive a wedge in the military coalition they face if after this tem porary setback the allies redouble their efforts to formulate a unified and positive progam for euro pean reconstruction after the war including arrange ments for germany although general von rund stedt’s immediate success in no way alters the policy of unconditional german surrender still the need persists for allied agreement with regard to post surrender plans many of the existing political prob lems even on the periphery of europe can be solved more easily if this central question the treatment of germany is determined now by united allied action decisions will have to be reached with respect to german territories and control of german economy but the severity of whatever measures are to be taken is less important than allied agreement about them and especially agreement about their continued en forcement if such decisions are achieved in unity then due to their effect on german morale the war may be materially shortened such a result would in itself answer hitler's latest boast and compensate for allied losses and delays caused by the german counterattack grant s mcclellan as demand for reform rises the generalissimo’s statement of december 31 on constitutional democracy falls into the same pattern of reassuring but inconclusive developments his pledge reverses the position taken by the government in september 1943 that a constitutional convention should be held one year after victory he now ap pears to have accepted the view of various chinese critics that constitutional rule cannot wait but is needed during the war to weld the nation more close ly together for successful military operations yet his declaration is not entirely clear for while refer ring to 1945 as the year in which a people’s congress is to be convened he also makes this meeting con tingent upon the military situation’s becoming so stabilized as to enable us to launch counter offensives with greater assurance of victory in view of china's precarious war situation the question arises whether these conditions which themselves require defini tion can be met by the end of 1945 enemy threat remains a lull now pre z1s in lige to ro ge nd icy 2ed st ob ved ent ied to ny ken prin ity the uld sate nan on ern his lent tion ap 1ese t is ose yet fer tess con so ives ina’s ther ani pre vails on chungking’s land fronts following the re pulse of japanese forces which invaded kweichow province in november and approached to within less than 70 miles of kweiyang capital of the prov ince and a crucial communications center in south west china the fall of kweiyang would have en dangered both chungking the national capital and kunming main base of the united states air forces in china but the enemy failed for the forces sent into kweichow were small and chungking mar shaled against them not only troops already stationed in the area but fresh soldiers removed from the blockade of the communist territories in the north west the fact remains however that japan has not lost its ability to strike and may do so in greater force after it has consolidated its positions in neigh boring kwangsi province military assets certain factors may be of aid to china in the coming year for example the quantity of supplies brought in by air has been grow ing and a further increase is to be expected also important is the probability that the ledo road from india to china will soon be completed enabling the chinese to secure additional aid including some heavy guns and other equipment not transportable by air the extension and completion of the calcutta yunnan pipeline which already runs well into north burma would greatly improve china's fuel situation relieving the air transport service of the major burden of carrying large quantities of gasoline one of the important questions about the new year that cannot yet be answered is whether american forces will land on the china coast opening up a coastal port and breaking the japanese blockade in decisive fashion recent developments in china's internal policies may foreshadow somewhat greater military effective ness than last year the war production board in chungking organized with the aid of donald m nelson is seeking to increase the domestic output of war materials and general chen cheng is clear ly making a genuine effort to improve army condi page three just published china as a post war market by lawrence k rosinger 25c january 1 issue of foreign poticy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 tions it is reported that concrete measures with re spect to food and shoe allowances and vegetable ra tions have been adopted and that improvements have occurred in the collection storage and distribu tion of ammunition and other supplies relations with u.s as a result of these moves american chinese relations are better than they were two months ago general chen and major general albert c wedemeyer general stilwell’s successor give every sign of getting along well to gether while american ambassador patrick j hur ley has stated that the recent cabinet shifts in a large measure were responsible for putting the national government the united states military mission and this embassy in one team nevertheless the basic political issues facing the chinese people a genuine liberalization of the ré gime and the achievement of a settlement between chungking and the communists still await solu tion although adjustment of both problems is essen tial to the fullest mobilization of china’s resources there is no clear cut indication at present that the necessary changes will take place in november and early december discussions between chungking and yenan were renewed but on december 15 mao tse tung communist leader declared that negotia tions had not attained the least result again on new year's day mao issued a statement urging the formation of a coalition government to carry out democratic programs and mobilize as well as unite all our resources against japan to facilitate a compromise in china is plainly an important objective of american policy for ambas sador hurley revealed on december 15 that he had taken part in the conversations between chungking and the communists that led to the transfer of troops to kweichow he also disclosed that he had made an inspection trip to yenan where american military observers have been stationed since last sum mer yet it should not be forgotten that while american concern about the military effects of chi nese conditions is an important factor in the situation there is at the same time very strong pressure for im provement from inside china the latest evidence of this is to be found in a statement of january 1 by more than sixty members of the people’s political council calling for the immediate legalization of all political parties and the assurance of free speech and press in effect this is a demand that two of the important results of constitutional democracy be achieved without delay regardless of the date finally set for the adoption of a constitution lawrence k rosinger foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 12 january 5 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary vera michetes dean editor entered as econd class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least ne month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor 18 washington news letter fear of u.s isolation haunts europe the nations of europe including russia still doubt whether the united states is ready to practice effective and lasting international collaboration the london times of december 19 noted an official lack of confidence in the ability of the american government to overcome the classic isolationism of the united states and russia is said to fear that the united states may weary of continental commitments if it ever makes them russia’s fears about security so long as this uncertainty persists we must not be surprised if russia takes measures that seem to be at variance with our hopes for international action such as its re fusal to admit unrra representatives to poland and czechoslovakia disclosed on december 29 by unrra director general herbert h lehman rus sia’s paramount interest is its own security after the war the strong statement of marshal stalin on no vember 6 favoring a system of international coop eration indicates that russia's chief hope still lies in collective security but lacking full faith in the possibility of achieving a system of collective secur ity russia will try to bolster itself by such special security arangements as its unilateral revision of the russo polish frontier russia’s doubts concerning the likelihood of estab lishing a system of collective security explain its hes itation to give foreigners freedom of action on its territory a factor in moscow's refusal to attend the chicago aviation conference was russia’s reluctance to open its skies to the planes of other possibly hos tile nations the soviet government cautiously re stricts the amount of information it permits the united states government to distribute in russia and controls the manner of its distribution russia's attitude toward unrra is due to suspicion ag gravated by memories of the anti soviet attitude of herbert hoover in the years when he supervised dis tribution of relief to russia after world war i and of the many rebuffs it suffered during the inter war years its present policies are also affected by con cern over the allies failure to settle the issue of the polish government during the dumbarton oaks conference izvestia said last september 22 that soviet diplomacy does not close its eyes to difficulties that arise in organ izing joint action by members of the anti hitlerite coalition recent weeks have brought more than their share of these difficulties the united states for victory has received word that the russian army may have sent from rumania to the soviet union oil drilling machinery owned by american firms newspapers in this country have published criticisms of reports that bulgaria includes among the war criminals it has brought to trial nicolai mushanoff a member of the short lived bulgarian cabinet that opened negotia tions for an armistice with the united states and britain last september the united states govern ment however steadfastly credits russia with hon est intentions although some americans who have not considered the security motives of soviet pol icy are inclined to make hasty criticisms both of the russians and of communists in european countries russia cooperates with allies in most matters russia recognizes the combined interests of the allies russian generals in charge of armies of occupation may sometimes take an uncooperative at titude toward their allies but the moscow govern ment is usually ready to reverse the decisions of its own representatives thus in september when the russian army command in rumania declined to al low american officers to keep photographs of the scenes of destruction wrought at ploesti by american bombers moscow ordered release of the photo graphs more recently the russian government has consented to allied inquiry into the problem of the oil equipment in rumania where germans as wel as americans have had petroleum holdings in ac cordance with the allied policy of joint negotiation of armistice terms the united states russia and britain are expected jointly to negotiate an armis tice with the provisional hungarian government of colonel general bela miklos formed in debrecen this country is represented in rumania and bul garia by diplomats as well as military staffs many americans will ask how can the soviet union retain any doubts about the future intentions of the united states when the chief interest of pres ident roosevelt is in the establishment of an interna tional security organization the answer is that the russians like the other peoples of europe see a portent in this country’s failure to show a willing ness to get down into the dust of the arena the words of the london economist on december 29 and cooperate actively now in the settlement of european problems that cannot wait for the creation of an effective international organization blair bolles buy united states war bonds +loh hoe entered yond class matter foreign policy bulletin a an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vol xxiv no 13 january 12 1945 president suggests interim formula for europe he current discussion about this country’s policy toward europe has been officially brought into the open by president roosevelt's message to con gress on january 6 the mere fact that thousands of americans are fighting on european soil offers con vincing proof that our security is linked to a conti nent brought close to our shores by long range bombers robot bombs and the practicability of overseas invasion we ourselves demonstrated on d day but many people who recognize our direct concern with the military situation in europe still see no reason why the united states should take any responsibility for the political and economic conse quences of the allies combined military operations yet at the same time feel free to admonish britain or russia for doing so end of hands off policy the hands off policy which was expressed in mr stettinius statement of december 5 on greece and italy how ever appears on the point of being qualified if not yet abandoned we shall not hesitate to use our influence and to use it now said president roose velt to secure so far as is humanly possible the ful fillment of the principles of the atlantic charter we have not shrunk from the military responsibil ities brought on by this war we cannot and will not shrink from the political responsibilities which follow in the wake of battle if this proposed course which is the very opposite of the hands off policy is con sistently followed the united states will at last step off the pedestal of toplofty self assured idealism from which it has often addressed the world in the past into what an english periodical has described as the dust of the arena in the political sphere as on the field of battle we shall have to be prepared not only for advances and victories but also for withdrawals and setbacks we have expressed over ind over again the highest ideals in international re lations but ideals that are not put to work are like idle capital they bring no benefit to any one what we need above all is to relate the use of our mili tary and economic power greatly enhanced in the course of the war to the political ideals we profess u.s to assume responsibilities in this spirit of practical politics rather than intransi gent idealism the president approached the much controverted question of how liberated nations many of whose citizens are prisoners of war or forced laborers in germany can democratically choose their governments in accordance with the atlantic charter while the war is still in progress during this interim period which may be consid erably prolonged as a result of the german coun teroffensive in the west the president said we and our allies have a duty which we cannot ignore to use our influence to the end that no temporary or provisional authorities in the liberated countries block the eventual exercise of the people's right freely to choose the government and institutions un der which as free men they are to live this formula would require a firm and lasting guarantee by the united states if it is to reassure and pacify those groups in greece for example which fear that the british government is still intent on restoring some form of rightist régime even though shorn of the king or those poles in whose opinion the lublin committee recognized by mos cow on january 5 as the provisional government of poland is an interloper quisling régime whatever guarantees the united states may decide to give on this point should be made within the framework of the united nations organization proposed at dum barton oaks for it is obvious that this country by its own unilateral action cannot achieve its objectives in europe it will have to enlist the voluntary col laboration of britain russia and the liberated coun tries if the interim program proposed by president roosevelt is to be carried out and the very necessity of long term collaboration with other nations will make it necessary for us to accept political responsi bilities beyond the interim period polish border issue the same thing would be true of proposed frontier readjustments secretary of state stettinius indicated this in his statement of december 18 on poland when he said concerning the russo polish frontier that if a mutual agree ment is reached by the united nations directly con cerned this government would have no objection to such an agreement shortly after c l sulz berger in a detailed dispatch to the new york times from cairo which purported to sum up state department views on a number of controversial boundary questions in europe declared that the united states hoped that as a result of negotiations between russia and poland the frontier between the two countries would be fixed at the curzon line which it will be recalled was proposed by the soviet government in january 1944 this statement has not been officially confirmed but neither has it been denied if it should prove true that the united states government is not opposed to the curzon line then it may well be asked whether much of the fruitless controversy between russia and the polish government in exile during the past year might not have been averted by earlier clarification of ameri page two can policy on this point much has been said by the american press about the unilateral character of russia’s decisions on po land but if one bears in mind the fact that russia has the physical power to impose any decision it may choose on poland which it alone can liberate one can see that moscow has not remained unaffected by the questioning attitude of the united states this country is in a position to exercise a constructive influ ence on the decisions now being forged in the heat of battle it is in our direct interest that these eci sions should produce neither a continent divided be tween britain and russia one of whom would sooner or later seek the support of germany nor a coalition of rightist régimes intended to counterbalance rus sia with the indirect appoval of the vatican thoughtful europeans realize that britain alone will not be able to give them security after the war and at the same time they have no desire to become mere yes men for russia this is our opportunity to press with utmost vigor for the establishment of the united nations organization and in the meantime for an interim council to consider the problems of europe which for us are no longer academic ques tions but national responsibilities vera micheles dean u.s illusion of security at root of anglo american tension at a moment when bitter attacks on the united states by large sections of the british press made it appear that anglo american relations had reached their lowest point during the war president roose velt and marshal montgomery intervened to relieve the tension injecting a note of sound good sense into the discussion of inter allied differences the president pointed out in his annual message to con gress that nations like individuals do not always think alike and the allies disagreements he said must not obscure their more important com mon and continued interests in winning the war and building the peace in a similar tone marshal montgomery told his press conference on january 7 of his high regard for american soldiers and his efforts to identify himself so completely with the americans under his command on the western front that he would not offend them in any way when one recalls the care allied generals in world war i felt obliged to exercise in keeping the various na tional armies strictly separate montgomery's atti tude marks a definite advance toward anglo amer ican unity on a practical plane different wartime experiences ai though the recent british outbursts against the united states for its alleged misunderstanding of britain's policies in europe have had their purely negative aspects they may yet serve a constructive purpose if they help americans realize how differ ently the war has affected britain and this coun try for the british people the war has spelled more than anything else almost constant physical danger while v 1 s and v 2 s are still holding a large part of the british population in the grip of fear americans at home have been relieved not only of actual danger but even of the inconveniences of blackouts and air raid drills to survive britain has been forced to use prac tically all its manpower for strictly military and war production purposes and the nation has spent most of its savings and resources in financing the great struggle the united states on the other hand with its larger population and incomparably greater re sources has enjoyed a consumers boom and a peti od of tremendous industrial expansion while turning out enormous quantities of war materials under the circumstances the british would be more than hu man if they did not feel their relatively greater sacri fices reveal moral superiority and entitle them to certain post war trade advantages needed to speed their recovery but it must also be admitted that americans would be superhuman if they accepted the drastic reductions in civilian standards of liv ing that characterize wartime britain for it is obvi ously necessity rather than virtue that has shaped the war efforts of the two nations tes econo r icans motene toward that th no mer closely 1919 a were finds it russia taining regard able th find it on alli they re for an paper the wa faced busine weak pared feel tl ing wl to saly possib materi friend lifelin bri ings call f men from failure simila dresse confe a jus foreig headqua second c one mon i tested forms of security the greater economic power and security from attack that amer icans enjoy have fostered not only a sense of re moteness from the war but a certain detachment toward the problem of achieving the future peace that the british view with extreme impatience it is no mere historical accident that the two leaders most closely associated with the league of nations in 1919 and the dumbarton oaks conference in 1944 were american presidents for the united states finds itself under less pressure than either britain or russia to adhere to the traditional means of main taining security this does not mean that the british regard international organization as any less desir able than do americans but britishers today do not find it easy to give up tested forms of security based on alliances and spheres of influence even though they realize these methods have frequently failed for an international organization that is as yet only a paper plan as a nation britain will emerge from the war broke as ernest bevin has bluntly stated faced by the prospect of competition with american businessmen at a heavy initial disadvantage and weak in political and diplomatic strength as com pared with its two major allies the british naturally feel therefore that they can take no chances of los ing what economic and political power they manage to salvage from the war but must reckon with the possibility that the new security council may fail to materialize that is why they seek to construct a friendly western european bloc and maintain the lifelines of the empire britain a part of europe britain's feel ings on the subject of post war security vividly re call france's attitude in 1919 when french spokes men demanded territorial and military guarantees from their allies as insurance against the possible failure of the league of nations in words strikingly similar to those british writers have recently ad dressed to americans french delegates to the peace conference declared that the british did not under just published china as a post war market by lawrence k rosinger 25c january 1 issue of foreign poticy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 page three ven stand france’s security needs because the channel separated england from the continent and gave the british a form of protection france did not enjoy today britain finds itself almost as much a part of europe as france due to the fact that powerful armies have now successfully crossed the channel in the face of strong defenses americans however still share the illusion of physical security that brit ain had at the close of world war i and although the atlantic would probably offer us little more protection in a war twenty five years hence than the channel does to the british under present conditions of warfare many americans now tend to regard britain's emphasis on security with the same lack of sympathy that the british displ iyed toward france in 1919 strategy called into question less understandable than britain’s hesitation in reject ing the old diplomacy for a virtually untried new diplomacy are the charges the british press has been hurling at the grand strategy of the war on january 5 the economist continued its criticisms of the united states by declaring that the time had come for britain to serve notice that full scale war against japan must wait until germany is de feated by calling into question the anglo american decision to direct heavy blows at the japanese while conducting a full scale invasion of europe the economist clearly overlooked both the need to pre vent japan from further exploiting the great re sources of its conquests and the military and political necessity of keeping china in the war that a care ful british observer should have reached these con clusions is all the more surprising in view of the probability that japan if unchecked might have invaded india successfully and dug in more deeply in burma and malaya after five years of danger from the nazis however the british had a natural need to release their pent up emotions especially since many sections of american opinion have freely and continuously censured britain whinifred n hadsel zone numbering if your zone number does not appear in your ad dress please send it to us this will facilitate prompt delivery of your bulletin the future of south east asia an indian view by k m panikkar new york macmillan 1943 1.75 a stimulating brief analysis of the future of the most important of the world’s colonial regions foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 13 january 12 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dornotuy f leet secretary vera micueces dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y one month for change of address on membership publications under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year p oduced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor re washington news letter peed benny president seeks senate backing on security treaty the impression here is that a period of cautious political steering in foreign affairs lies ahead for the united states the main objective of president roosevelt is the early establishment of an inter national organization to maintain the peace to achieve that goal he proposes to refrain from official steps that would aggravate differences beween the allies and to persuade this country that it would be folly to let disillusionment over divergences be tween the allies cause us to reject international co operation the possibility of another war is too great a price to pay for unwillingness to associate our selves with other powers win the senate roosevelt’s aim this is the course on which the president embarked on january 6 when he sent to congress his annual message on the state of the union we must be on our guard not to exploit and exaggerate the differ ences between us and our allies particularly with reference to the peoples who have been liberated from the fascist tyranny he said perfectionism no less than isolationism or imperialism or power politics may obstruct the paths to international peace whereas international machinery can rectify mistakes which may be made but only if interna tional machinery exists to search for a common ground of policy among the major allies president roosevelt intends to meet sometime after inauguration day january 20 with prime minister churchill and marshal stalin the next step toward the goal of an international organization is the convening of a united nations conference to embody the dumbarton oaks pro posals in a definitive charter the third step so far as the united states is concerned is submission of the charter as a treaty to the senate it is of para mount importance to keep two thirds of the senate friendly toward international organization to assure acceptance of that treaty all strategy in foreign relations is planned at the white house with this in mind this domestic political problem explains the vagueness of the foreign policy section of the pres ident’s message we cannot and will not shrink from the political responsibilities which follow in the wake of battle he said but did not indicate whether wake of battle meant today or after the war and he said nothing respecting the establish for victory ment of an interim united nations political council to deal with current political responsibilities behind the battle lines we shall not hesitate to use our influence and to use it now to secure so far as is humanly pos sible the fulfillment of the principles of the atlantic charter he said but did not refer to the fact that the united states government has been using its influence in behalf of the atlantic charter principles all along however the sentiments he expressed are bound to be pleasing to the american people and cannot hurt him with the senate three points of u.s foreign policy mr roosevelt considers it wise to use this strategy of vagueness and caution since the broad outline of post war united states foreign policy has been drawn and an active political policy now might only disturb the outline that future foreign policy has three facets international security cooperation ac ceptance of the political responsibilities resulting from our military operations at least during an un defined interim period and economic expansionism under the banner of the greatest possible freedom of trade and commerce while the president said that the united states and its allies intend to respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live and to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them he added that until conditions permit a genuine expression of the peoples will the allies have the duty to see that no provisional régimes block the popular right even tually to choose a government the policy of economic expansionism hinted at by president roosevelt in the state of the union message may cause concern to britain whose recent outburst of press criticism of the united states re flected anxiety lest this country pursue policies which would cost the british their important place in world economic life a place based on empire shipping banking and raw materials trade cartels on january 6 president roosevelt stressed anew his antipathy to restrictive cartels saying we are opposed to restrictions whether by public act or private arrange ments which distort and impair commerce transit and trade blair bolles buy united states war bonds 1918 he thre by crit focus day so states did no deal w cordan tantali how s ex germa day of time been f ain’s and hz but hz the ui held tl succun like a shoulc wh on oc of mo had w and th germ beginr stalin subsec saori a taira elie hiein setae eal presse many m their m the b which posits gq +ion ent ich rid ng ary ge nsit jan 24 45 entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y you xxiv no 14 january 19 1945 through poland cynically discounted in advance by critics of the u.s.s.r brings once more into focus russia’s relations with its western allies to tay some americans want to know why the united states before extending lend lease aid to moscow did not exact a promise from stalin that he would deal with the small nations of eastern europe in ac rdance with our ideas on the subject this is a tantalizing historical hypothesis but it only shows how short our memory is apt to be extremes of views on russia when germany invaded russia on june 22 1941 it was a day of unalloyed relief for britain which up to that time and this too we are beginning to forget had been fighting germany alone for over a year brit ain's struggle had provoked our warmest admiration and had caused us to give the british lend lease aid but had not brought us actively into the war for the united states russia’s participation in the war held the promise that beleaguered britain would not succumb to germany if there was anything we felt like asking of russia at that time it was that it should keep on fighting when we first extended lend lease aid to russia on october 30 1941 the germans were at the gates of moscow we were then hardly in a position even had we wanted to to impose terms on stalin we and the british breathed a sigh of relief when the germans began to retreat our materials were just beginning to trickle into russia when the siege of stalingrad was lifted in 1942 we applauded every subsequent russian advance yet when moscow pressed for the opening of a second front in europe many americans thought the russians uncouth in their blunt demands when the russians approached the borders of countries conquered by germany which russia alone was in 4 geographic and military position to liberate doubts and suspicions began to be russia’s world outlook affected by experience with unrra p he opening of the russian winter offensive voiced about the possible effects of russian victories and moscow’s ultimate purposes in europe nazism had not yet been defeated yet already many people some of whom had whole heartedly favored appease ment of germany had begun to predict a war be tween the western allies and russia only to ask peremptorily following our own setbacks in west ern europe why the russians were so slow about opening a front in poland to relieve german pres sure on our forces these doubts and suspicions have not been al layed by russia’s participation in one international conference after another from the food conference at hot springs to the security conference at dum barton oaks if the russians attend its critics fear moscow is trying to bore from within if they absent themselves as they did in the case of the chicago aviation conference it is assumed that they must be nurturing sinister designs against the west what is the answer to all the riddles about rus sia that are being propounded at this time the russians certainly are not saints as some early west ern discoverers of the soviet system had in an excess of ill informed zeal sometimes proclaimed but neither are they satanic supermen even in the krem lin there are divergences of views about the foreign policy russia should pursue at this moment one of the most critical and decisive in human history even in that outwardly regimented country there are some who place the accent on nationalism and isolation ism and others who favor international cooperation unrra’s attitude toward russia rus sia’s decision like our own will not be reached in a vacuum it will be affected by a shrewd estimate of the attitude other countries may be expected to as sume toward russia not now when the united na tions need russia’s military might both in europe and asia but after the war when this need may have disappeared in particular moscow’s policy on dt i tel ee oo oo eee the all i issue of collective security will be ined by its experience in international organ izations that are already functioning it is all the more unfortunate under the circum russia's experi i i and rehabilitation administration encouraging many factors can be ad duced to explain the situation unrra itself built igh hopes that the need of some peoples for the humanitarian urge of others to relieve would be powerful stimulants to cooperation nations has so far found it impossible to get much beyond the blueprint stage ships and sup plies urgently needed for the prosecution of the war are hard to get most of the areas in acute need i ernment in exile and the lublin committee recog nized by russia as the provisional government of poland can unrra stalemate be broken every one acquainted with former governor herbert h lehman director general of unrra will tes tify to his humanitarian ideals and his desire to make the international organization he heads fulfill its high mission but no one concerned with the fate of the conquered peoples and with the future of in ternational organization can view with equanimity the stalemate unrra appears to have reached notably in its relations with russia and part at least of the responsibility for this stalemate must macarthur campaign promises early independence for filipinos american naval and air superiority has made pos sible general macarthur's philippine operations and is essential to their ultimate success assuming that this superiority is maintained liberation of the phil ippines seems a foregone conclusion this liberation would cut the japanese empire in two depriving japan of oil rubber and other vital supplies from the dutch and british indies a thorough student of military history like gen eral macarthur is doubtless fully aware of his debt to sea power although he has not stressed it in his communiqués his unhackneyed strategy and his em ployment of the element of surprise have proved brilliantly effective against an enemy who plans meticulously but has never shown aptitude for deal ing with unforeseen situations general macarthur also may recall frederick the great’s remark that it is easier to make war in one’s own country where every citizen is a guerrilla or an intelligence agent than in that of the enemy this is approximately the be laid at the door of unrra on its staff are men and women inspired by ideals and possessing valuable technical skills but it also numbers in key policy making positions americans who possessing no knowledge of international affairs no experience in negotiations with foreign nations have brought about a situation in which the russian members of the organization find themselves sidetracked shor of authority frustrated and thwarted at every tum the same thing it should be added is true of other non americans in unrra russia is in need of t lief for its liberated areas relief too is needed for the areas of poland and czechoslovakia freed by the russians it is true that the russians are not always easy to deal with but the anti russian bias revealed by some of the american officials of the organization only serves to reinforce russia’s suspicions carried over from the last war that relief may come to be used as a political weapon the result is that the russians are relying on their own efforts however limited for such relief as they can give the people of their liberated areas it is international organization not russia that stands to lose most by the inadequacies of unrra machinery of international cooperation is only as good as the people who make it work unrra if left in the hands of political opportunists concerned primarily with personal power could become a tragic warning against international organization if well administered by people experienced both in re lief and in the problems of other countries it could still become a steppingstone toward cooperation among nations in the wider field of collective secur ity in which the united states needs russia as much as russia needs us vera micheles dean situation in the philippines today and has been in some parts of the islands ever since pearl harbor japan fails to conquer filipinos for security reasons the full story of filipino resistance during japanese occupation is not yet available it may be said however that more than half the archi pelago was never subject to japanese rule that some guerrillas carried on regular governments evet maintaining a postal system and that japanese ef forts to build an auxiliary army from the old philip pine constabulary failed completely many months ago radio contact was established by general mac arthur and the commonwealth government in exile with resistance groups the futile and sometime harmful short wave broadcasts from america which had promised aid within six months were sue ceeded by realistic military and political directions from genera macarthur the late president quezon president osmefia and brigadier general carlos romulo feel esmep p bene rer fraertabbarr sre sar sso 65 8 oy ed b japanese attempts to influence the people by prop aganda by the use of japanese catholics from the army's religious section by lessons in the japanese language and by the kalibapi local spies and neighborhood groups were largely nullified by bru tal military measures personal indignities such as slapping filipinos in the face food shortages meas ures to deprive the aos of their cherished bolos and efforts to indoctrinate a malayan people with the bleak code which japanese militarists profess and often practice an amusing sidelight on their at tempts to popularize the co prosperity sphere is the fact that in tagalog co means my which was apparently overlooked by the earnest propagan dists from tokyo it is safe to assume that except for a few paid spies and a handful of genuine pan asiatics filipino cooperation with our forces will be complete the collaborationist problem is also unlikely to prove difficult by comparison with similar problems in europe there are no ideological differences among filipinos with the attendant bitterness which divides right and left wing groups elsewhere al though nearly a thousand important officials of pres ident osmefia’s party the nacionalista have held office under the japanese the great majority are be lieved to have been out of sympathy with their con querors many have kept in touch with the guerril las some were designated for that purpose by the commonwealth government before the fall of cor tegidor tension developed on leyte after the amer icans landed when guerrilla leaders sought the pun ishment of alleged collaborationists and president osmefia’s plan for a commission to examine these cases was suspended general macarthur apparent ly cut the gordian knot by proclaiming on december 30 that he would hold collaborationists in military confinement for the duration of the war and then tun them over to the philippine government for trial this delay which will give time for passions to subside undoubtedly had the willing approval of just published congress and foreign policy by blair bolles 25c january 15 issue of forgicn poticy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 page three ss president osmefia as this will protect collabora tionists from any immediate reprisals it will not be surprising to see many of them including members of josé laurel’s puppet cabinet seeking sanctuary behind the american lines as soon as they can elude their japanese masters islands economic problems economic problems would seem to be more important than political issues president osmefia who has just re turned to washington has intimated that he will seek a free trade treaty with america as soon as the tydings act expires in 1946 or before immediate shortages however are acute and will be more so a mass evacuation of manila is already reported un derway because of food scarcity with inter island transportation almost nonexistent and land traffic disorganized relief may prove a heavy burden on overtaxed american shipping yet as most filipinos live on the land widespread famine conditions need not be anticipated the announced policy of the american govern ment is to turn over administration of liberated areas to the commonwealth as soon as the military situation permits a recent suggestion of president osmefia that complete independence be granted if militarily feasible by november 1945 would appear desirable from several points of view provision al ready has been made by congressional resolutions of june 30 1944 for advancing independence from the previously determined date of 1946 and for the ac quisition of land sea and air bases by the united states the philippine congress extant when japan invaded the islands would still be legally able to function more important than this however an early grant of independence would be a formal acknowledgment of the loyal support the filipino people have given the united states despite dangers and disillusionments throughout the war this re lationship has had few if any parallels in the his tory of colonial government and its culmination in independence would have a profound effect among asiatic peoples who may still be subject to japanese rule walter wilgus indian crisis the background by john s hoyland new york macmillan 1943 2.00 a british missionary and educator in india discusses indian politics and life from a pro nationalist point of view a useful survey based on intimate personal knowi edge foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 14 january 19 1945 tt memth for change of address on membership publications published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headguartérs 22 ease 39th screer new york 16 n y pranx ross mccoy presidext donotmy f luzgt seeretery vena micueies daan editor eavered as mcoa lass matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and pristed by union labor washington news letter seal vandenberg calls for lasting military commitments the notable address on foreign affairs which sen ator arthur vandenberg republican of michigan made in the senate on january 10 has a dual political character senator vandenberg points out the in escapable need for international collaboration when he says i do not believe that any nation hereafter can immunize itself by its own exclusive action at the same time his statement valuable today may prove harmful tomorrow for it contains a list of dif ficult conditions which senator vandenberg would require our allies to accept as the price of treaty as sociation with them those conditions could under adverse circumstances become the modern counter part of the reservations with which senator henry cabot lodge prevented acceptance of the league of nations covenant by this country in 1919 useful effects of address prevailing opinion in washington however is that the current good outweighs the possible ill effects of vanden berg’s address through its tolerant understanding of world problems and its restatement of american idealism it can strengthen president roosevelt in the conference he is expected to have with prime min ister churchill and marshal stalin after inauguration day by drawing attention to the primary security interests of our allies the elimination of any future military threat from germany and japan vanden berg has demonstrated to the other united nations that there are influential persons in the united states outside the administration who understand their problems the address marks a further step toward that co operation of republicans and democrats on issues of foreign policy which cautiously began to develop last summer through talks between secretary of state cordell hull and john foster dulles foreign affairs adviser to governor thomas e dewey the out standing accomplishment of this cooperation was to temper irritation in the united states over the unilat eral actions of britain and russia in europe and to redefine the meaning of the war in the idealistic terms used in earlier years by the administration for these various reasons president roosevelt dis suaded democratic congressional leaders from criti cizing the address although their reluctance to let a republican score a triumph and their doubts about the value of some of vandenberg’s proposals caused them at first to consider a deprecating reply at the same time the president discouraged the holding of a debate on the good points made by vandenberg one of which mr roosevelt has shown no intention of heeding until after the meeting of the three heads of state vandenberg urged that the president speak out in public to our people and our allies on for eign policy the president’s view is reported to be that anything official said now might disturb the out look for a successful big three meeting his in augural address on january 20 will show whether he has revised this view demilitarization treaty plan the vandenberg address contained not only a message but a plan the prospects for political realization of the plan as vandenberg presented it are slight because with it he associated conditions that might make col lective peace making impossible the senator urged that the major allies agree to a hard and fast treaty to keep germany and japan permanently demilitarized but in return he wants an agree ment from britain and russia that they will submit for review to the security organization not yet estab lished the unilateral frontier settlements poland and the bilateral security agreements between rus sia and britain russia and czechoslovakia russia and france that european powers have made dur ing the war there is no indication here that our allies will agree to this bargain britain has appre hensions about this country’s post war economic pol icy france remains cool toward the united states and russia still doubts our intention to embrace ef fective collective security the conditions proposed by senator vandenberg mix the german and jap anese problems with the larger problem of future world security vandenberg weakened his plan by express ing doubts about the likelihood that the united states would become an active participant in an it ternational security organization moreover he stil opposes granting the american delegate to an intef national organization the right to order the use of american troops without previous consultation with congress a proviso that would greatly reduce the efficacy of the security council proposed at dumbar ton oaks since a german demilitarization treaty however would bring the allies more closely te gether both now and after the war it is considered possible here that some such agreement might be reached but without the conditions suggested by vandenberg blair bolles for victory buy united states war bonds +entered as 2nd class matter ndenberg intention iree heads ent speak es on for rted to be tb the out his in ww whether an the essage but ion of the it because make col ator urged 1 and fast ermanently an agree vill submit t yet estab poland tween rus kia russia made dur e that our has appfe nomic pol ited states s mbrace ef s proposed n and jap 1 of future yy express the united nt in an it ver he still to an intet the use of ltation with reduce the at dumbar tion treaty closely to considered it might be iggested by r bolles inds foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vout xxiv no 15 january 26 1945 by lawrence k rosinger mr rosinger has just returned from the ninth conference of the institute of pacific relations held in hot springs virginia janu ary 6 17 the subject of the conference was security and devel opment in the post war pacific eemier kuniaki koiso’s japanese cabinet which assumed office last july after the american seizure of saipan is facing a crisis of growing inten sity as american troops move inland on luzon in the direction of manila and carrier planes of the united states navy strike out at objectives in indo china and formosa as well as along the china coast koiso seems threatened by the fate that befell his predecessor hideiki tojo at the moment however the premier is making a determined effort to stabil ize his régime and carry through measures designed to allay criticism a far reaching manpower mobil ization law has been announced and a considerable amount of political maneuvering is going on behind the scenes koiso has also informed the japanese people in a speech delivered before the diet on january 21 that their country is on the dividing line between survival and death and that greater unity is needed so that japan can fight better no matter when or where the enemy may attempt to in vade our land actually the most immediate threat to japan is not that of invasion but rather the possibility of blockade and increasing air attacks possession of luzon will bring american planes closer to southern japan and will help the united states to cut the sea foutes from the japanese homeland to south china indo china and the territories in southeast asia that were seized so quickly after pearl harbor a sea and ait blockade would become almost complete if as the japanese fear american troops should follow up their actions in the philippines with landings on the china coast or formosa or perhaps both the japanese empire would then be reduced to the home islands and the inner zone of manchuria korea and japanese cabinet shaken by defeats and internal criticism north china these continental areas it is true are of great importance but would themselves be ex posed to attack once japan had been stripped of its outer defenses what will moscow do under the cir cumstances it is unlikely that any japanese cabinet can hope to enjoy a period of stability especially since japan’s european partner germany is threat ened with defeat russia’s massive drives into east prussia and silesia confront japan with the possibil ity that at some time in 1945 the full force of amer ican and british power will be free for use in thé far east and that the u.s.s.r may take a hand in the war in asia either this year or later recently the russians have become increasingly outspoken in re ferring to japan and tokyo clearly is worried about moscow’s intentions the crucial test will come on or before april 13 1945 when four years will have passed since the soviet japanese neutrality pact was signed accord ing to the terms of that treaty which was concluded for a five year period if either party wishes to terminate the agreement notice must be given one year before the expiration date should notice not be given the treaty would automatically be extended for another five years the japanese have stated that they expect britain and the united states to do their utmost in the coming weeks to secure at least rus sia’s moral co belligerency in respect of the pacific war if not her full embroilment in this connec tion the forthcoming anglo american soviet discus sions may play a significant role for it is not impos sible that soviet japanese relations will come up for consideration or that the decisions taken on europe will affect these relations fissures in japanese unity apart from the problems of diplomacy and the war fronts over seas japan is faced by growing food difficulties at home the need to evacuate people and industries es oe 7 r 6 rt ik by a er te rat ket nn ow from large cities because of air raids and the patent inability of japanese industry however it may stretch and strain to compete with the industrial output of the united states there are suggestions that under the pressure of all these difficulties some of the con flicts of interest within ruling circles are becoming more pronounced important differences of opinion exist as to the desirability of strengthening economic controls in the military sphere antagonism between the army and navy was hinted at on january 10 when general masaharu homma former command er in chief in the philippines declared in an inter view following the american invasion of luzon it is to be assumed that the japanese grand fleet will now abandon its passiveness politically it is worth noting that according to a report in the moscow pravda of december 29 some japanese newspapers have urged the government to guarantee freedom of speech and press this is perhaps symptomatic of popular discontent within japan the existence of difficulties and divided councils however should not be exaggerated or permitted to et es a ___ ss e ee arouse false hopes in the nations fighting japan a though japan faces a grim prospect it retains great possibilities of resistance in view of the geographic obstacles to united nations operations in the far east moreover in a period of grave crisis but one in which disaster is not yet upon the nation there will be a powerful tendency among japan's rulers to subordinate all conflicts and establish the strongest kind of administration to fight as effectively as pos sible abroad and maintain order at home these possibilities help to explain foreign minis ter shigemitsu’s statement of january 21 to the diet that japan and the u.s.s.r are maintaining very close contact and that negotiations on many pro posed plans are being carried forward the jap anese it should be remembered agreed last march to yield their oil and coal concessions on northern sakhalin and also retreated on other issues presum ably they would be willing to go even further at the present time to keep relations with moscow on an even keel comprehension of eastern europe strengthens russia’s policy the announcement made in washington by direc tor general lehman on january 19 that the soviet government will make available to unrra port and inland transportation facilities needed to take relief supplies into poland and czechoslovakia should set at rest for the time being at least reports emanating from various sources including unrra that russia was proving uncooperative in the urgent task of distributing relief in eastern europe with the opening of the dardanelles by turkey to com mercial traffic the soviet government has informed unrra that black sea port reception facilities and inland transport are available for food clothing medical supplies and other relief goods consigned to poland and czechoslovakia the liberation of polish territory including warsaw from german rule should help to speed relief to the poles provided that the unresolved russo polish controversy over territory and administration of liberated areas is handled in such a way as to avoid future stalemates insufficient appreciation among some of the unrra officials of russia’s susceptibility especial ly in what concerns its relations with the poles proved one of the most serious stumbling blocks to cooperation in past months westerners who have had to negotiate with the russians about political economic or military affairs agree on the whole on two points first that the task of obtaining russia’s assent to any proposed measure is apt to take time since much mistrust about the motives of other countries still persists in moscow and second that if patience and under standing are displayed by the non russian negotia tors and an agreement is reached the russians are faithful in fulfilling their promises these two points need to be borne in mind at a moment when russia’s actions outside its own borders assume increasing importance for the rest of the world events in russian liberated areas reports of developments in areas russia has helped to liberate are not yet adequate partly because amer ican correspondents have not received permission to visit some of these areas official information how ever indicates that the norwegians have been im pressed with the treatment accorded to them by russia in the far northern regions of norway where the russians have urged norwegian authorities to take over administrative tasks as soon as possible some hungarians living in exile view with favor the government formed at debrecen which negotiated the armistice signed in moscow by russia on behalf of the united nations on january 20 the italians who have ruefully noted mr churchill’s statement in the house of commons on january 18 that britain does not need italy wonder whether russia’s behav ior in rumania a former satellite of germany is not preferable to that of the western allies in italy and in spite of reports that the government of president benes which is still in london was dis turbed by russian overtures to ruthenia a province of czechoslovakia whose people have linguistic and ethnic affinities with the ukrainians the czechs as sert that their friendship with russia remains ut shaken so far it is only from bulgaria if we e clude the unsettled polish question that reports come of direct russian intervention which one american correspondent regards as inimical to pre vious pro democratic tendencies in that country russi furope russia in calculate among r tage of tl gations a even ass shrewd c tribution reach so but russ desire to world it ing of th ditions a and the hers or i's poli ament ai with dist tually o weaknes britisher of the somethir attitude ing refes statemer munists woid an describe trotzky world tc than the asa trai champic in gree cated th to belie had suff serious just c rep en foreign headquarte second clas nn month 18 japan al ainns great eographic 1 the far but one on there s rulers to strongest sly as pos ign minis the diet ining very many pro the jap ast march 1 northern s presum ther at the ow on an policy two points en russia's increasing areas has helped ause amer rmission to ation how e been im them by way where thorities to us_ possible h favor the negotiated a on behalf he italians tatement in that britain sia’s behav nany is not es in italy ernment of yn was dis a province rguistic and e czechs as remains uf if we that reports which one uical to pre country russia’s understanding of eastern furope the correctness so far displayed by russia in countries occupied by its armies may be a calculated effort to dispel the fear still prevailing among russia's allies that moscow will take advan tage of the common victory to dominate neighboring gations and spread its economic and social doctrines fven assuming that russia’s policy is the result of shrewd calculation it would still be a notable con tribution to the efforts of the three great powers to seach some agreement about the future of europe but russia's policy has deeper roots than the mere desire to make a good impression on the rest of the world it is based on a far more intimate understand ing of the issues at stake in this war and of the con ditions and needs of the peoples of eastern europe and the balkans than is generally possessed by brit hers or americans the weakness of mr church ils policy in that region is not that he is by temper yment and tradition a conservative who must view with distaste movements of resistance which are ac tually or potentially revolutionary in character its weakness is the tendency noticeable among some britishers to look on peoples who live on the shores of the mediterranean and east of germany with something like condescension if not contempt this attitude was very noticeable in mr churchill’s slight ing references to spain and italy and in his puzzling statement about the prevalence of trotzkyist com munists among the eam in greece presumably to woid any danger of a clash with russia if they were described as plain communists it is true that trotzky had many ardent followers throughout the world to whom the stalin régime is more abhorrent than the capitalist system since they regard stalin aa traitor to the cause of permanent revolution tampioned by trotzky but the political situation ingreece has for some years been far more compli ated than mr churchill’s statement would lead one tobelieve and to dismiss the eam which obviously had sufficient strength and influence to cause britain tious trouble first as brigands then as trot page three just published congress and foreign policy by blair bolles ae 25c january 15 issue of forgign po.icy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 a zkyists is to try to discredit this group instead of explaining it the russians over the centuries have done many things which have disturbed shocked or baffled the western world but they have one characteristic of major importance in our times and that is their free dom from contempt toward other races and peoples it is true that the russians who have only recent ly advanced beyond the stage of development reached by their neighbors in eastern europe and the balkans have had no reason to assume the attitude of superiority that some britishers and americans skilled in the techniques of industrial civilization occasionally show toward less advanced nations this very similarity of experience is one of the secrets of russia’s success in that area the fact that the russians admittedly by ruthless and bloody methods found it possible to build in twenty five years an industrial and military system capable of inflicting defeats on germany gives hope to the peoples of eastern europe and the balkans that they too perhaps in a less grueling way may emerge from the low level conditions in which they had been living on the eve of their conquest by the nazis it is in our interest as much as it is in that of russia that this area south and east of germany which proved so vulnerable to nazi pressure should be strengthened materially and politically in the post war years instead of fearing or resenting rus sia’s influence in a region where the united states has never in the past played an important role we may find that by collaborating with russia in plans for relief and reconstruction we can contribute to the stability and recovery of eastern europe and the balkans vera micheles dean african handbooks 1 6 edited by h a wieschhoff philadelphia university of pennsylvania press 1948 44 1.50 each a series of concise scholarly handbooks prepared under the direction of the committee on african studies uni versity of pennsylvania titles published to date include the government of french north africa by herbert j liebesny the mineral resources of africa by a williams postel the food resources of africa by t s githens and c e wood jr the languages and press of africa by duncan macdougald jr colonial policies in africa by h a wieschhoff and labor problems of africa by john a noon bombardment aviation by keith ayling harrisburg pa military publishing company 1944 2.00 a practical flying authority explains for the lay reader what military bombing accomplishes foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 15 january 26 1945 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y second class matter december 2 w month for change of address on membership publications 181 dontaucad froaguced wna published weekly by the foreign policy association frank ross mccoy president dorothy f legr secretary vera michetes dean editor entered as 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 incorporated national three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year er union conditions and composed and printed by union labor he ee or see washington news letter in the few months since the liberation of france french factories and armed forces have become im portant elements in the war against germany french factories produce goods used by the united states forces on the western front and the french first army is fighting alongside ours in the region of strasbourg the new agreement for an increase of exports from this country to france announced on january 15 represents an acknowledgment by the united states of the growing importance of france american raw materials will enable french factories to increase their production while american muni tions will enable france to double the number of its troops in action against the germans dangers of economic weakness a further reason for the export agreement between the united states and france is the danger that economic dislocations from which france currently suffers could lead to a political crisis unless they are checked political unrest would be harmful to the foreign policy of the united states which counts on a strong and stable france to take a hand in main taining the peace after the war we fully recognize france's vital interest in a lasting solution of the german problem and the contribution which she can make in achieving international security president roosevelt said in his message to congress on jan uary 6 limited industrial operation is at the root of french economic difficulties which include unem ployment and unequal distribution of food and clothing while many factories have been running others remain idle and these must be put into opera tion if the economic health of france is to be main tained the cloth factories of northwest france pro duce but a bare percentage of their potential capa city cotton reserves do not exist robert lacoste minister of production reported to the consultative assembly on december 20 a shortage of sulphur has also forced severe restrictions on the synthetic tex tile industry a scarcity of sodium carbonate has lim ited operation of the glass factories lack of machine tools checks all french industry the mines have not been restored to full activity while the output of coal is as satisfactory as could be expected the baux ite mines of hérault and var have ceased operation serious problems of power and transportation ag gravate france’s economic difficulties the fighting destroyed transformers and electric power distribu for victory france seeks u.s aid to bolster economy tion lines this slowed down the restoration of factories and today the power available is far beloy actual needs france has an acute shortage of trucks gasoline locomotives and railway cars although the united states army restored to the french gover ment 1,700 locomotives and approximately 30,09 rail cars seized by the germans french import program last autum france began to look abroad especially to the united states for assistance in its economic restoration op november 29 the french government made public the program of pierre mendés france minister of national economy for the import of 700,000,00 worth of four categories of materials material and equipment for rebuilding ports transportation ma terials like tires gasoline and trucks raw produch such as rubber cotton and wool and food france expects to pay for these imports rather than obtain them through lend lease to organize this program the french government sent to the united states two emissaries henri bon net as ambassador extraordinary who presented his letters of credence on january 1 and jean monnet as head of the french supply mission the two men began their negotiations without the support of the allied high command in the european theater of war non french military leaders hesitated to give up the shipping space that would be required fora french import program they preferred to assist french industry and army through combined military channels the french on the other hand sought the privilege of indicating directly to the united state government what supplies they needed the french view prevailed although the french were disappoint ed in their hopes that a certain number of liberty ships would be turned over to them instead each month an amount of shipping from the allied pool is to be allocated for french needs as stated by french representatives within the limits of what the combined shipping board believes possible the new export agreement however will no solve all french economic problems whose adjust ment must await cessation of military hostilities o french soil but the agreement to provide shipping and supplies does bolster france’s sovereignty lt paves the way for the french to handle their own relief problem with a minimum of outside assistance and it may forestall a political explosion blair bolles buy united states war bonds agenda adviso tion of aspects ayear while people it may remain acaderr to v of offi future britain conside feparat people in the tion o former who i sion o most oo and tl against a cart the ge minim uphold howev cerning poland that p +on of is far below re of trucks ithough the nch gover itely 30,00 ast autumn the united oration op nade public minister of 700,000,000 naterial and yrtation ma aw products ood france than obtain government henri bon resented his ean monnet he two men pport of the n theater of ated to give quired for 4 ed to assist ined military 1 sought the jnited states the french e disappoint ar of liberty instead each allied pool as stated by of what the ssible er will not vhose adjust hostilities of vide shipping vereignty it lle their own de assistance n ir bolles onds pbrigdical room unbral library univ of mich entered as 2nd class matter feb 94 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y you xxiv no 16 fepruary 2 1945 what kind of agreement will big three reach on germany eae rapid progress of russian armies in eastern germany poses with new urgency the question of what the united nations plan to do about the reich following unconditional surrender a ques tion which will undoubtedly be at the top of the agenda of the big three conference the european advisory commission set up by the moscow declara tion of october 30 1943 has been studying various aspects of the german problem in london for over ayear but its conclusions have not been made public while it is certainly premature to figure as some people are doing on the approximate length of time it may take the russians to capture berlin the fact femains that the future of germany is no longer an academic question to what extent is it possible to say in the absence of official information that agreement about the future of germany exists among the united states britain and russia there are five main issues to consider territorial settlement economic structure feparation post war treatment of the german people and international organization for security 1 territorial settlement unofficial opinion in the united states has on the whole opposed parti tion of germany with the notable exception of former under secretary of state sumner welles who in the time for decision advocates the divi sion of germany into three parts in britain too most organs of opinion have not favored partition and the london economist definitely came out against it on august 12 1944 on the ground that a carthaginian peace would raise to a maximum the germans desire for revenge and reduce to a minimum the british and american willingness to uphold the settlement the soviet government however in its statement of january 20 1944 con cerning settlement of the controversy over eastern poland on the basis of the curzon line proposed that poland should take in compensation certain german territories extending to the oder river in cluding east prussia and upper silesia and russia is reported to want german territory on the baltic including koenigsberg prime minister churchill in his address to the house of commons on decem ber 15 1944 said that the poles are free so far as russia and britain are concerned to extend their territories at the expense of germany to the west having previously stated that the atlantic charter which bars territorial aggrandizement does not ap ply to germany in the west general degaulle has demanded that the important industrial regions of the rhine land and the ruhr be placed under the control of an international commission of which france should be a member and more recently that france should have access possibly under international control to the westphalian coal fields dutch spokesmen have also declared that germany should surrender border areas to holland in compensation for german flood ing of dutch areas but this demand is not unani mously supported in dutch government circles the united states so far has given no official indication of its views on the partition of germany it should be pointed out that the reported plans of the euro pean advisory commission for division of germany into three areas to be administered by the united states britain and russia respectively could con ceivably become a precursor of partition if the al lied forces remain in occupation for a considerable period of time this country is known to have a special interest in austria which is regarded as the dividing line between russia and the western pow ers and there has been some talk of uniting austria with bavaria many arguments can be advanced for and against the dismemberment of germany the guiding prin ciple in reaching a decision should be neither thirst for revenge nor sentimental consideration for the od sree ome estes te s m en ee ee ee ee a ae nde feelings of the germans who will not regard with favor any peace signed following their defeat but the need to reach a settlement that promises stabil ity in europe for the foreseeable future the danger of the proposals made by russia and france is that they have little chance of being supported for any length of time by the british and american people under the circumstances the poles and french could hold the german areas they want only with the mili tary puget of russia to whom they would become indebted to an extent that could constitute a far more direct threat to their independence than any amount of communist propaganda no territorial settlement in europe will last unless it can be backed by the full force of an international organization which to be effective would have to include britain and the united states 2 economic structure the only known pro posal for de industrialization of germany is the so called morgenthau plan which has not been pub lished and may have been misinterpreted in news paper reports various unofficial suggestions have been made however to deprive germany of the in dustrial potential necessary for modern warfare by eliminating industries specifically devoted to war purposes such as synthetic rubber and oil alum inum and airplanes and to establish international controls over the importation by germany of raw materials it lacks notably rubber oil copper and so on the loss of east prussia and upper silesia and international control of the ruhr and westphalia would curtail germany's coal resources and would complicate its adaptation to a primarily agricultural life by depriving it of approximately 30 per cent of its rye barley potato and sugarbeet production the abolition of certain german industries that com pete with those of britain and the united states might find some support especially among the brit ish who look to export trade after the war to restore their depleted economic resources it might be op posed on the one hand by some businessmen in the western world who before the war had established close relations with german industries either through cartels or other arrangements and on the other by the russians who have stated on occasion that the germans must replace the tools and machin ery they destroyed in russia the future of ger many’s economic structure in this respect is closely linked to the question of reparation 3 reparation the british and americans re calling the innumerable difficulties of collecting repa ration from germany after world war i do not appear eager to repeat the experience the nations of europe conquered by hitler would certainly bene fit by any reparation in kind the germans could make for what they looted and destroyed but so far most of them are disinclined to seek such reparation meme a partly because they fear that large imports from germany would lead to unemployment among their own workers partly because they realize that if germany is to supply such reparation its industries will have to be kept running and perhaps even re built by the allies to the immediate advantage of the germans the russians as indicated above may take a different view but the chief emphasis of the russians has been on reparation not in money or kind but in labor and technical skill moscow has suggested that german workers and engineers should be set at the task of rebuilding the devastated areas of russia and have already sent rumanians of ger man origin to work in those areas this proposal has shocked many westerners who fear that it would create slave labor if it is accepted it must be hoped that it will be applied under the supervision of an international commission but the russian proposal has three important points that deserve consideration it would bring home to the germans as no program of school re education could possibly do that war does not pay and that what the germans have destroyed they must literally re pair it would furnish employment to germans who as a result of disarmament and of any de industrial ization measures that may be adopted by the allies might otherwise be faced with mass unemployment finally it would give russia and other devastated countries should they wish to follow russia’s ex ample an opportunity to rebuild ahead of ger many the last point has greater significance than is usually realized in this country for the primary ob jective of the nazis was so to weaken the rest of europe through systematic economic destruction and biologic restrictions as to insure that germany what ever fate it might suffer on the battlefield would remain the paramount power on the continent 4 treatment of germans many people heat ing of russia’s proposal for the use of german labor have jumped to the conclusion that the russians would be more harsh toward the germans than the british or americans and have even favored rus sia’s prior entrance into germany to insure a harsh peace which britain and the united states might be too soft to impose this is by no means a fore gone conclusion the soviet government has been very skillful in conveying to the germans the idea that once the nazis have been shorn of power and nazi criminals have been punished the german people can expect decent treatment and even retail the two prized institutions of private property and the army in line with this policy the free germam committee established in moscow in the early days of the war with prominent german officers at its head including marshal von paulus captured a stalingrad has urged german soldiers to revolt against the nazis this committee has the makings should nv man gov sjans it and are question tions of has been feeding tially dif munism rered in nazis an britair of germ 0 occup proclama olition tees of rec united s of nazi reached mission chairmar herbert sto the internati tying g man citi china’s vi inger secreta princet a time wlitical research tins fou issues of how to e five h a deta welles f separate woodrow new y a critic tional aff the paris torian military fraenk 3.50 at a ti this war rhinelan valuable tenement foreign headquarter cond class month sis ee orts from nong their e that if industries s even fe vantage of bove may asis of the money of oscow has ers should ated areas ns of ger rners who a should moscow want to use it of a provisional ger man government in the areas occupied by the rus jans it is true that many germans still fear russia yd are haunted by dread of communism but the question may well be asked whether by now condi jons of life in a city like berlin whose population has been driven to communal forms of housing and feeding to keep body and soul together are essen ally different from conditions in russia if com gunism comes in germany it will have been fos red in the first place by the totalitarianism of the nazis and by the war britain and the united states have no committees of germans to set up in the areas they are hoping occupy but general eisenhower in a series of s accepted under the nm but the oints that me to the ation could that what iterally re mans who industrial the allies nployment devastated ussia’s ex id of ger nce than is rimary ob the rest of ruction and nany what eld would itinent as eople heat rman labor 1e russians ns than the ivored rus ea harsh es might be ans a fore it has been ns the idea power and he german even retail roperty and ree germaf e early days ficers at its captured at s to revolt he makings goclamations to the german people has promised ibolition of nazi laws and institutions and guaran ies of citizens rights until recently there had also ippeared to be agreement between britain the united states and russia concerning the punishment of nazi criminals a stalemate however has been wached by the united nations war crimes com nission in london the resignation of its british chairman sir cecil hurst and its american member herbert c pell reveal that disagreement arose both isto the prospect of bringing nazi leaders before an ternational court of justice and the possibility of tying german officials for their treatment of ger man citizens notably german jews russia which china’s wartime politics 1937 1944 by lawrence k ros inger issued under the auspices of the international secretariat institute of pacific relations princeton princeton university press 1944 2.00 a timely and compact survey of the current chinese wlitieal scene and its background written by the fpa lesearch associate on the far east an appendix con tins fourteen important documents relating to the main issues of chinese politics how to end the german menace a political proposal by five hollanders new york querido 1944 1.25 a detailed plan similar to that proposed by sumner welles for the partition of germany into three or four parate and independent states woodrow wilson and the lost peace by thomas a bailey new york macmillan 1944 3.00 a critical analysis of the role wilson played in interna tonal affairs from the outbreak of world war i through the paris peace conference by a leading diplomatic his brian military occupation and the rule of law by ernst fraenkel new york oxford university press 1944 3.50 at a time when the problem of occupation at the end of his war presses for solution this careful study of the rhineland occupation at the close of world war i is most valuable page three is not a member of the commission has taken the view that the punishment of nazi criminals is a matter not of law but of military policy 5 international organization for secur 1ry whatever other measures may be taken by the united nations concerning germany the funda mental issue remains the need for an international organization that could effectively check aggression by germany or any other nation the united states britain and russia in spite of many divergences on specific european problems agree on the need for such an organization and have taken preliminary steps to establish it by accepting the dumbarton oaks proposals in his speech of november 6 on the twenty seventh anniversary of the soviet revolution stalin said that these proposals should be regarded as one of the clear indications of the stability of the front against germany it is in the hope of main taining this stability that president roosevelt and prime minister churchill have accepted many devel opments in europe with which they may not agree one hundred per cent any more than stalin feels one hundred per cent sure of the future aims of brit ain and the united states one of the main tasks of the big three conference will be to reduce the still existing area of mistrust and pave the way for con certed action on germany vera micheles dean the f.p.a bookshelf durable peace a study in american national policy by ross j s hoffman new york oxford university press 1944 1.75 an interesting attempt to define a foreign policy which expresses our national tradition yet is definitely against isolation constitutional provisions concerning social and economie policy international labour office montreal 1944 5.00 this collection of texts is designed to help countries which may revise their constitutions after the war the introduction indicates objectives which will be important in formulating new constitutions poland and russia the last quarter century by ann su cardwell new york sheed and ward 1944 2.75 an american resident in poland for many years and wife of the general director of the polish y.m.c.a the author presents a view favorable to poland germany a short history by george n shuster and arnold bergstraesser new york norton 1944 2.75 an attractively written survey of german history that takes a sympathetic attitude toward germany’s problems in assigning responsibility for world war ii the authors tend to hold hitler rather than the german people respon sible arguing that the steps whereby he gained power were so masked that few germans realized their import wreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 16 frpruary 2 1945 m month for change of address on membership publications is published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national ers 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lurt secretary vara micheirs daan editor entered as wond class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at leas f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor if is f it ie i i q ig iy 4 3 4 i et ra 4 ee a ta ere 5 sees boies ym eae be ss ae 00 we amar nmemnemets 0 es rl ba ag 2 ey nes pc ore washington news letter rex merit not politics should govern diplomatic appointments with the army and navy the foreign service is one of the three shields of our national security and ambassadors should be chosen as carefully as gen erals and admirals the foreign relations of the united states suffer whenever ambassadorships are carelessly awarded as political consolation prizes this issue an old one is raised anew by president roosevelt's letter of january 20 dismissing jesse jones as secretary of commerce in which the pres ident said during the next few days i hope you will think about a new post there are several am bassadorships which are vacant or about to be va cated i hope you will have a chance if you think well of it to speak to ed stettinius however able an ambassador mr jones might prove to be should he accept the offer such a casual reference to important diplomatic assignments cannot but lower the foreign service in public estimation careful choice of ambassadors the question is not whether politicians or ex office hold ers should be appointed ambassadors but whether anybody should be appointed to such a post for po litical reasons unrelated to knowledge of foreign aftairs the practice of treating ambassadorships as lame duck havens robs the foreign service of the vigor ability and we de corps which the develop ment of an active foreign policy requires and dis courages the serious career diplomat in a subordinate position who sincerely wants to respect his chief of mission at the same time it encourages the public to take the frivolous view of foreign affairs depicted a few years ago in the play of thee i sing in which a well intentioned bumbler makes amusing errors in his earnest attempt to fill the role of am bassador the administration needs broad popular support to achieve its objective of united states par ticipation in an international security organization and will be greatly hampered in obtaining it if it permits the conduct of our foreign relations to be come a football of domestic politics in selecting ambassadors the president serves the country best by finding qualified men wherever they may be to perform a particular job and by treating seriously the search for such men in earlier days when it was popularly supposed that the united states was impervious to events abroad the use of ambassadorships as political rewards may have been sound for in few instances could the shortcomings of an envoy have harmed our interests thus abra for victory buy united states war bonds ham lincoln without a qualm sent simon cameroy to the court of st james not to improve our rely tions with britain but to save cameron from attac for his poor administration of the war department career men in the majority toda however the president congress and the natiog recognize the great international responsibilities of the united states few americans argue that we ar invulnerable to events abroad or to the mistakes of our diplomats carelessness in the choice of diplo mats will henceforth be downright dangerous recognition of the need for ability in diplomatic posts has been developing throughout this century in the time of woodrow wilson the executive ceased to award the posts of consul and attaché m a political basis and the foreign service act of 192 has made possible the development of a stable career service under the administration of the state de partment president roosevelt currently relies on the career service to supply most of the ambassadors and min isters but good ambassadors do not necessarily come from that service in its early history the united states had no men formally trained in international relations but did have diplomats of native ability like benjamin franklin such naturals have ap peared in recent times as well the late dwight morrow a financier who was sent as ambassador to mexico in 1927 had a distinguished diplomatic tec ord although he did not reach his position through the civil service john winant ambassador to great britain one of this country’s wartime diplo mats was governor of new hampshire and direc tor of the international labor organization before his diplomatic appointment in every case the pres ident would be well advised to seek first among the career service to fill vacant ministerial and ambas sadorial posts as a general rule however our high est representatives abroad should at all times be chosen on merit and where distinguished public set vants like jesse jones or eminent private citizens aft chosen such choice should be made not on the basis of paying political debts but for reasons of special ability for the task at hand but the president will lack full freedom to choose the best possible met for all posts as long as the ambassadorial salatj remains 17,500 for expenses of some of the mos important posts often exceed the pay and allowances blair bolles 1918 vou xx he feb americ along t clock bz at the k the jap road w pines h has bee all the but tod liberati japanes chi which especial japanes they la fort anc or forr named kai she bulance trucks totaling und than at since d expecte pointec steps a put by last ne tion shi and ho china’s along quantit +act of 1924 stable career e state de n the careet rs and min ssarily come the united nternational ative ability 3 have ap ate dwight abassador to lomatic rec ion through bassador to rtime diplo and direc ation before se the pres among the and ambas er our high ll times be d public set citizens aft on the basis 1s of special resident will ossible met jorial salaty of the mos allowances r bolles in ds brn arbor wich egp 16 1945 entered as 2nd class matter pbriobical rovm gerreral librar univ of mic foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vor xxiv no 17 feervary 9 1945 fall of manila opens way to china coast he entrance of american troops into manila on february 3 less than a week after the first american motor convoy crossed the china border along the newly opened road from india turns the dock back to the early days of the pacific war it was at the beginning of january 1942 that manila fell to the japanese and within a few months the burma road was also cut for almost three years the philip pines have suffered under japanese rule while china has been dependent upon air transport for virtually all the foreign supplies it has been able to secure but today the philippines are well on the way toward liberation and the first break has been made in the japanese blockade of china china’s supply prospects these events which are so fraught with emotional significance especially the release of allied prisoners held by the japanese are also of prime military importance for they lay the basis for strengthening china’s war ef fort and landing american troops on the china coast or formosa the first convoy on the ledo road re named the stilwell road by generalissimo chiang kai shek was six miles long and included jeeps am bulances medium and light artillery as well as trucks loaded with ammunition and other supplies totaling hundreds of tons undoubtedly china’s supply prospects are brighter than at any time in the past four years particularly since domestic production of war materials may be expected to increase in fact as donald m nelson pointed out in a report published on january 26 steps are being taken to raise china's total war out put by the spring of this year to double the rate of lat november the favorable aspects of the situa tion should not be exaggerated however for imports and home production combined will fall far short of china’s needs not until a port is opened somewhere along the coast will it be possible to make large quantities of supplies available unfortunately the japanese are doing their utmost to build up strength against american landing forces this is the mean ing of the current drives in southeastern china as a result of which japan has taken the rest of the can ton hankow railway and is also threatening cet tain advance airfields which remained in american hands after the chinese retreats last year in the face of these developments and the experi ences of 1944 chungking is taking steps to reorgan ize its armies according to an announcement of february 1 about a third of all military personnel will be dismissed many superfluous military organ izations abolished and sharp increases made in the pay of officers and men it may seem peculiar for a country to cut down its armies in the midst of war but chungking has actually had many more soldiers than could be properly equipped or cared for under current conditions dismissing part of the personnel will enable the government to allot more money for the remaining forces u.s aid to guerrillas there are clear cut indications that the united states army is look ing forward to cooperating with china’s guerrilla forces as well as with the central troops one sign of the times is to be found in the fact that almost ten tons of american red cross materials consist ing of sulfa drugs microscopes x ray equipment surgical instruments and other medical supplies have been flown to the communist capital at yenan by the china wing of the air transport command this represents a significant bréak in the central blockade of the communist areas and it is encour aging to note that it occurred with chungking’s aid the delivery of these materials may be connected with the highly favorable report on medical activ ities in the northwest submitted by major melvin a casberg a doctor attached to the american mil itary mission which has been in communist china since last summer lll sss pee tu 0 e eeee ss ss__ the guerrilla troops of the eighth route and new fourth armies are undoubtedly anxious to work with the united states army there is reason for example to believe recent japanese radio reports that the guerrillas have been constructing secret air fields in anticipation of their later use by american planes in fact general chu teh commander in chief of yenan’s forces has specifically mentioned the building of landing fields as one of the ways in which his armies could cooperate with the allies against japan other forms of aid suggested by gen eral chu are provisioning allied submarines from sections of coast controlled by the guerrillas supply ing intelligence about the enemy extending help in the rescue of allied aviators and disturbing the enemy in central and north china while he is fight ing the allies in southeast asia unsettled politics meanwhile the polit ical problem of chungking communist relations re mains to be settled the most recent development in this connection occurred on january 24 when chou en lai communist representative in the national cap ital returned there from yenan in an interview given before he left the northwest chou declared that his object was to propose to the government the kuomintang and various lesser political groups or ganized in the federation of chinese democratic parties that a preparatory meeting of all parties and groups be held to lay the basis for a national af fairs conference and a coalition government well established american policies toward ching were reiterated by under secretary of state joseph c grew on january 23 when he declared that the con summation of a kuomintang communist agreement would be very gratifying we earnestly desire the development of a strong and united china mr grew added that this government has been lending its best efforts to be of service in appropriate ways such as through the exercise of friendly good offices when requested by the chinese whether anything will come of these efforts it is impossible to say without question it is highly desirable that when american forces land in china they enter a united country in which there will be no question as to the governmental authorities with whom they must deal in any particular area lawrence k rosinger u.s follows shortsighted economic policy toward france although the location and agenda of the big three conference remain heavily guarded secrets president roosevelt is believed to have gone to this important meeting determined to fulfill the promise stated in his message to congress on january 6 that the united states will use its influence to secure for liberated peoples the right to a free choice of their government and institutions in implementing this policy the president will undoubtedly find that american economic power constitutes his strongest single weapon with it the united states may bring pressure on britain and russia to readjust in accord ance with democratic principles their plans for those countries of special strategic importance to them with it the united states could also help prevent the growth in the liberated countries of the misery and despair that have all too often in the past given birth to totalitarian régimes in the light of this opportun ity it is disheartening that so little american eco nomic assistance has thus far been extended to france as it attempts to solve the economic problems that threaten to produce a political explosion france puzzled by lack of aid to frenchmen who enthusiastically received the amer ican armies last summer as they raced up the rhone valley or fought their way across normandy united states failure to follow up this display of armed power with a program of much needed economic aid for france is as perplexing as it is disappointing this does not mean that the french have not re ceived american supplies particularly of a military nature the united states has equipped 80 french air force units 8 divisions of the army and agreed to supply 8 more these supplies are regarded by the french as of great importance not only because they help them fight for victory but because they speed the resurrection of national power an achievement on which the french lay great emphasis in addition the french civilian population will undoubtedly benefit greatly from the reconstruction work done by americans for military reasons on transport and port facilities and finally the united states army has brought in 175,000 tons of civilian relief sup plies consisting of food soap and some clothing but this amount was merely of token size for so largea population france's greatest need is for basic raw materials a few key machine parts and civilian transport since these supplies would give french industries the boost they require to set them in motion again this need has not been met and as a result the french are unable to make the wartime economic contribution they believe they could otherwise be making for contrary to predictions made before d day their it dustrial equipment has emerged largely intact from the german retreat and the allied invasion how ever without outside help the entire french economj has come perilously close to collapse shutdowns it french industrial plants affect 2,500,000 to 3,000,000 workers an enormous group in a nation that nuit bers approximately 35,000,000 when prisoners of wat and drafted laborers in germany are subtracted from the total national population moreover for lack 0 transport to move food supplies from agricultural i urban re yation fe and tou of food der thes arises hi ment of its natior nomic an help it seemes adoption aid for i the unit with the three mor liberty s be assigt equipmer this ton french re peared st of franc states ad serious w to this p productic shortages the unite billion dc tated fre now sending populatic the fren schedule period b february french h ised the to chang gram for postpone for a s repo foreign pi headquarters scond class 1 we month fc be s nent the oups or mocratic rties and onal af t td china joseph t the con greement tly desire ina mr n lending ate ways od offices anything le to say hat when a united as to the must deal singer nce nd agreed ded by the cause they they speed hievement n addition ndoubtedly work done nsport and tates army relief sup othing but so largea materials sport since 2s the boost this need french are ontribution aking for ay their it intact from sion how ch economy 1utdowns if 10 3,000,000 n that nuit ners of wat tracted from for lack d ricultural t yrban regions french cities are on the verge of star vation food riots have recently taken place in lyon and toulouse and labor troubles traceable to lack of food and employment have become frequent un der these circumstances the question inevitably srises how can france move toward the establish ment of a popularly elected government and regain its national strength if the country is torn by eco gomic and social unrest help to france postponed last month it seemed that obstacles which had prevented the adoption of a broad program of american economic aid for france had been overcome on january 15 the united states announced an export agreement with the french whereby during each succeeding three month period space equivalent to that of 26 liberty ships or approximately 260,000 tons would be assigned for shipping to france rehabilitation equipment and raw materials for essential industries this tonnage represented only a fraction of the french request for 1,000,000 tons a month but ap peared sufficient to satisfy at least the most pressing of france’s civilian needs in addition the united states adopted measures that would help solve the stious unemployment problem in france according to this plan developed at the request of american production authorities who face acute manpower shortages at home as well as the french government the united states army was to obtain more than a billion dollars worth of critical goods from resusci tated french industrial plants in 1945 now however it appears that these plans for sending prompt american aid to the french civilian population are being severely curtailed in january the french expected to receive 6 of the 26 ships scheduled for their use during the first three month period but they have received none to date during february it is probable that 10 ships will arrive in french harbors the remaining shipping space prom ied the french is apparently on order but subject tochange in effect therefore the united states pro yam for economic assistance to france has been postponed page three for a survey of the french situation read struggle for a new france by winifred n hadsel 25c july 15 issue of foreicgn poticy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 a f amma emmmnen must relief await victory of such major importance to the united states is the critical economic situation in france that acting secretary of state joseph c grew broadcast a report on the problem of supplying the french civilian population on february 2 and the office of war information released a similar statement on the subject on febru ary 4 both mr grew and the owi explained that the united states wants to do everything possible to aid france that it has already done a great deal and that it is determined to do more in the future they declared however that at the moment the united states is temporarily blocked in its efforts to extend greater assistance because of the priority of military requirements both in europe and the far east in short the official position of the united states is that much of the program for aiding france must wait until victory over germany is won that military necessities must come first is a strong argument perhaps the strongest that can be ad vanced at a moment when great battles are in their decisive stages moreover it is clear that france's greatest hope for future economic and political sta bility lies in the achievement of a speedy military decision what is disturbing is the possibility that the value of allied victory over germany may be gravely impaired if we concentrate on winning it to such an extent that we neglect to help the french and the other liberated peoples tackle their civilian problems so that civil war may be avoided it is not after all only in war that there is danger that action may be too little and too late during the current period of national recuperation in france some of the main lines of future political and economic pat terns are inevitably being drawn it is in the midst of war therefore as well as in the more remote post war period that we must use our economic power to help the french maintain conditions neces sary for the establishment of those freely chosen institutions president roosevelt has promised them and other liberated nations otherwise we may attain our immediate objective of defeating the nazis and fail to gain our long range goal of advancing amer ican security by maintaining the friendship of france and other european nations winifred n hadsel we stood alone by dorothy adams new york long mans green 1944 3.00 an american girl who went to europe to study and married into a polish family writes so charmingly and with such love for the people and country that even those whose views differ will feel an understanding sympathy foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 17 fesruary 9 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lest secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as ttond class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least we month for change of address on membership publications 181 f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor be eee pinawec ae a eeoe he cee we 0 eh a oe es ee se tw wises ones 6 washington news letter loe will allies achieve common policy on war criminals the allies twice have recognized that they have a common interest in the punishment to be accorded war criminals the first occasion was on october 21 1943 when they established in london the united nations commission for the investigation of war crimes the second on november 1 1943 when president roosevelt prime minister churchill and marshall stalin signed a declaration promising that the major war criminals would be punished by the joint decision of the governments of the allies yet in practice the soviet union britain and the united states have approached the problem of war criminals independently they have declined to take advantage of an excellent opportunity to practice international cooperation weaknesses of war crimes commis sion many factors have weakened the war crimes commission the soviet union has never pattici pated in its work we ourselves will judge our torturers and this we will entrust to nobody ilya ehrenburg well known russian journalist was quoted by the moscow radio on january 15 the commission has had only the powers of an interna tional study group whose proposals both britain and the united states have ignored the two out standing representatives on the commission sir cecil hurst of britain and herbert c pell of the united states sought to turn it into a plenary agency but their respective governments discouraged these efforts sir cecil resigned and on january 26 acting secretary of state joseph c grew said that mr pell was not returning to the commission as congress had failed to appropriate funds to pay the expenses of his office the reluctance of the powers to put their faith in international commissions is almost as disheartening as the fact that disagreement about the treatment of war criminals continues to exist even after german territory has been invaded both on the east and west by allied armies a portent of the enemy's fall the powers disagree on the criterion for deciding who is a war criminal on whether the nazis who have com mitted crimes against more than one country should be tried by international judicial courts or military courts whether the most important nazis should be dealt with by a different process than their under lings and whether important nazis if they are sepa rated from the others should be hailed before some special court or disposed of by political judgment the british consider that the roosevelt churchill stalin statement calls for a political judgment buy the united states and russia lean toward a trial punishment for top nazis certain public apprehension over disclosures of the weakness of the war crimes commission has forced britain and the united states to strengthen their separate policies with respect to war criminals the goverp ments of both countries have now accepted pell formula that war criminals include those guilty of persecuting their fellow nationals a device aimed at punishing germans hungarians and others who harrassed jews in their own countries richard lay minister of state announced this policy for britain in the house of commons on february 1 and acting secretary grew announced it for the united states at a press conference on february 2 mr law’s state ment however was open to the interpretation that the germans themselves might try their compatriot anti semites which meets with little approval here the allies will endanger their relations with one another and play into the hands of the defeated enemy unless they determine to reach a common agreement on details of the war criminals issue the united states government is sincere in its protests tions that it will expect war criminals to pay for their crimes and the determination of the soviet government on this score is perhaps the best assur ance that hitler will not be sent to some st helena the best policy will be served if the public instead of urging full disclosures now of united states pol icy on war criminals presses for international agree ment on policy the united states and britain might endanger prisoners of war held by germany if the two countries should announce before german sut render specific programs for settling accounts with designated war criminals germany has already mis treated prisoners from other countries in reprisal thus on december 6 1944 the sofia radio at nounced that the bulgarian red cross had accused the germans of amputating the hand of a captured bulgarian officer and the index fingers of two bul garian privates while the soviet embassy in wash ington reported in its bulletin of february 2 that tht nazis had killed 165,000 soviet prisoners of wal during the german occupation of lithuania blair bolles for victory buy united states war bonds 1918 ft mar you xxi big 3 he the c attended churchil course of ite and doubtles stamp o give and meeting decisions approval sion to g ing then peared t of seriou drac addition nazis t major p the euro tablishm countries war uni for gerr beyond surrende tion to ing the however hot our and insi aad thei 0 resto tinction és undo face the s defeat 80 mill ic +sa ate tn i's 5 at ate yar 6 1945 entered as 2nd class matter perigdical room general library univ of mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y you xxiv no 18 february 16 1945 a7 agreements announced on february 12 at the conclusion of the 8 day crimea conference attended by president roosevelt prime minister churchill and marshal stalin chart a much needed gurse of united allied action for both the immedi ite and the long range future this course will doubtless fail to please every one for it bears the stamp of compromise and reflects the process of give and take that necessarily characterized the meeting of the big three but whether or not all decisions reached by the conferees are viewed with ipproval it must be admitted that the allies deci son to grapple with the outstanding issues confront ing them is a definite improvement over what ap peared to be their previous deadlock on a number of serious issues draconian terms for germany in ddition to planning final military blows against the nazis the conference took action on the three major problems associated with the final stage of the european war the future of germany the es tblishment of popular governments in the liberated juntries and the creation of machinery for post wat united nations cooperation in their program for germany which is the first allied effort to go kyond the immediate objective of unconditional wtrender the big three reiterate their determina tion to prevent germany from ever again disturb ing the peace of the world in achieving this end however the big three definitely state that it is tot our purpose to destroy the people of germany ind insist only upon the eradication of the nazis ad their militaristic institutions as a prerequisite 0 restoration to the family of nations this dis tinction between the german people and their lead tts undoubtedly reflects the fact that the big three lace the practical consideration that once germany 8 defeated there will still be approximately 75 or 80 million germans living in the center of europe big 3 forge over all plans for germany and liberated europe since these people obviously cannot be punished as severely as their leaders the allies realize it would be wise to stress the continued existence of a german state in the propaganda they are now di recting to the germans as well as in their plans for the peace settlement despite their precise rejection of the thesis that the german nation must cease to exist the big three’s program for extirpating nazism and restor ing the germans to a peaceful way of life is nearly as severe as any suggested by proponents of a hard peace not only is germany to be thoroughly disarmed and the general staff broken up for all time but all german industry that could be used for military production is to be eliminated or con trolled in view of the wide range of industries in volved in modern arms production this provision could if the allies so desire be construed to mean the deindustrialization of germany in addition it is definitely provided that war criminals shall be brought to speedy justice and that reparation in kind for damage done to allied countries will be exacted by a commission sitting in moscow enforcement of these terms will undoubtedly call for the military occupation of germany over a period of years a fact that the big three recognize in their provision for a central control commission consisting of their supreme commanders with head quarters in berlin that will coordinate the various armies zones of occcupation recognizing france's keen interest in the prevention of future german aggression and de gaulle’s willingness to have the french share in what will be at best an onerous task the allied leaders invite france to take over a fourth zone and to become a member of the control com mission provisions for a territorial settlement with ger many are conspicuously absent from the program for the defeated enemy no reference is made to the future of the rhineland and ruhr where general de gaulle has been insisting that french armies must take a permanent stand after the war simi larly the western frontier of poland is not placed at the oder as the lublin régime has demanded but is made one of the subjects of the forthcoming peace conference this reference to a post war peace con ference sounds a most welcome note for it is the first hint that the allies plan to take an over all and well considered approach to the problem of delimiting germany's territories instead of relying on hasty and piecemeal decisions made in the heat of battle formula for liberated europe the big three's formula for handling the problems of liberated europe is almost as important as their pro posals for germany since it offers a possible solu tion to questions that have seriously endangered united nations unity this formula calls for peri odic meetings among the foreign ministers of the united states russia britain and france to produce concerted action in assisting the liberated peoples in solving by democratic means their most pressing political and economic problems given proper im plementation this scheme could prevent such mis understandings as have recently arisen in connection with greece and belgium but it is obvious that this plan alone could not cope with such tangled issues as those involved in the polish and yugoslav questions and clear cut solutions were finally devised for these two coun tries the united states registers its public approval for the first time of russia’s claim to the curzon line as the eastern boundary of poland a claim prime minister churchill had previously recognized and agrees that the poles shall receive german territories to the north and west on the other hand the soviet union recognizes the principle on which president roosevelt is believed to have laid particular emphasis that a genuinely representative government resting on free elections shall be formed as soon as possible accordingly the russians are committed to accepting instead of the lublin ré gime they now recognize a revised provisional po page two lish government that will be formed by adding democratic poles at home and abroad to the e isting de facto authority that the present polis government in london will be able or willing ty merge with the lublin officials is most unlikely by it is to be hoped that such outstanding individual polish leaders as former premier mikolajczyk wijj seize this opportunity to bridge the gap that has g long divided not only the rival polish régimes by the western allies and russia as well a similar solution has been agreed upon fo yugoslavia where britain and the united state have feared that marshal tito’s régime indicated the establishment of an exclusive soviet sphere of influence by recommending that marshal tito and prime minister subasitch of the government in exile put into immediate effect their agreement formy lated last june to form one régime the big three attempt to unify their policies toward this leading balkan state but since tito’s position in yugoslavia will undoubtedly continue to be predominant brit ain and the united states apparently requested and russia agreed that certain checks should be im posed on the powers of the country’s provisional government in this way all legislative acts now passed under tito’s leadership will ultimately be subjected for approval to a popularly elected con stituent assembly after the war conference on dumbarton oaks particular interest attaches to the date and meeting place of the united nations conference the big three have agreed to call to discuss the dumbarton oaks plan for peace and security since april 24 is the date on which the five year soviet japanese new trality pact expires the question arises whether this important meeting would be scheduled to begin the following day unless russia intended to denounce the treaty likewise the choice of a west coast american city where interest in the war against japan has always been especially keen would bea particularly appropriate locale for the sessions if russia plans to take an active role in the pacific wat whinifred n hadsel roosevelt urges congress to approve world monetary plans legislation implementing the financial agreements drafted by the united nations at bretton woods last july will soon be submitted to congress pro posals for the monetary fund and the international bank constitute the first concrete arrangements for permanent post war cooperative agencies this na tion has been asked to consider america’s attitude with respect to the adoption of these plans will be watched by the world at large for united states action in regard to future financial and economic affairs is as important as the decision this nation must reach eventually with respect to the world s curity organization to be established by the united nations presidential endorsement this is tit burden of president roosevelt's february 12 meé sage to congress in which he requested favorable and speedy action on the proposed monetary fuat and world bank his approval of the plans fo these two financial institutions followed a repot issued last week by the american bankers associt tion and other banking groups which suggeste a that some ing shou tiona th ton othet are incre war state eign ecutt muni bring our f its be al veloy tate loan ti towa the be m by re hibit defa presi gress of tk credi note agret ing t expc gests the biliti ers the ticul orde for ates ited of xile mu iree ling avia srit and onal now be con ks ting big irton 24 is nev this 1 the unce coast inst be a ns if wat sel ns id se ited is the mes rable fund 1s for report 0c reste an that the international monetary fund be dropped some of the fund’s proposed functions of stabiliz ing world currencies the aba report declared should be incorporated with those of the interna tional bank for reconstruction and development the president’s message indicated that the bret ton woods proposals were but the forerunners of others that would be presented to congress they are part of what must be a consistent program to increase world trade stabilize currencies in the post war period and provide the means whereby united states credit is made more easily available to for eign nations it now appears that congress the ex ecutive and a large section of the banking com munity are agreed that american responsibility in bringing about such an expansion of trade demands our participation in the international bank through its 10,000,000,000 fund member nations would be able to finance important reconstruction and de velopment projects and the bank would also facili tate and make secure wide private participation in loans to foreign countries the bank may go far mr roosevelt believes toward providing facilities by which our share of the lending requirements of the post war years may be met additional facilities would also be provided by revoking the johnson act which at present pro hibits private american lending to nations which defaulted on debts resulting from world war i president roosevelt's message intimated that con gress would soon be called on to increase the funds of the export import bank so that more american credit may be made available abroad it is to be noted that the american bankers association is in agreement with the president with respect to repeal ing the johnson act and increasing the funds of the export import bank finally the president sug gests other measures which must be undertaken if the united states is to fulfill completely its responsi bilities in international economic life trade bar tiers must be reduced and congress must consider the establishment of a united nations food and ag ficulture organization the control of cartels and the orderly marketing of world surpluses of certain commodities as well as the questions of post war shipping aviation and telecommunications controversy on monetary fund only with regard to the adoption of the bretton woods plan for the international monetary fund is congress likely to have great difficulty in reach ing a decision in proposing the assignment of the fund’s currency stabilization tasks to the world page three bank the american bankers association and other banking groups contend that the fund introduces novel loan procedures whereby other currencies would be made available to member nations in practically an automatic manner the aba report suggests that the fund would operate on the theory that the borrower is entitled to credit unless the lender can make out a case to the contrary it is ar gued further that gold and dollar exchange in for eign hands has increased markedly during the war and that no such facilities as the fund would pro vide are necessary rather it is thought that interim needs in the reconstruction period can best be ac commodated by increasing the funds of the export import bank and by repealing the johnson act against this attack administration leaders will doubtless follow the president’s argument in his february 12 message favoring both the fund and the bank in addition to the measures on which the bankers association and the president agree not only is currency stabilization an absolute essential to orderly trading in the long run but in the period immediately following hostilities member nations whose economies have been geared to total war ef fort or seriously destroyed must find a way to fi nance speedy recovery many countries will need american materials and equipment in reconstruction work but the chief problem will be to find the means of payment while noting that we can be paid eventually for what we sell abroad chiefly in goods and services the president indicated that un less a method is found now to finance this trade these countries will be unable to restore their econo mies in desperation they may be forced to carry forward existing discriminatory trade systems re strictive exchange controls competitive depreciation and other destructive trade practices with these contrasting approaches to the question of adopting the bretton woods plans congress and the public generally must now decide the issue in view of the broader political and economic consid erations involved should congress reject either of the present draft proposals not the least difficulty would be the negotiation of further agreements with the 44 nations which participated in the bretton woods conference grant s mcclellan the war fourth year by edgar mcinnnis new york oxford university press 1944 2.50 another in the useful series which combines a chronol ogy with an interesting summarizing text poreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 18 february 16 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lurt secretary vera micunres dran editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year qs produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor de eee oe se ane rarpemagt gintominly washington news letter stressed by london conference labor’s role in world affairs a unified american labor movement thoroughly conscious of its stake in world peace and in the expansion of world trade could exert a powerful influence on the development of foreign policy here and elsewhere even in its present state split among the american federation of labor the con gress of industrial organizations the united mine workers the railroad brotherhoods and others the american labor movement is becoming a factor in international relations the world trade union conference which opened in london on february 6 has provided a segment of united states labor with an opportunity to sharpen its own awareness of the meaning of world events for unions and their membership and to enhance the part it can play in the development of official attitudes in this country labor’s growing interest in world affairs the united states government has given concrete recognition to the contribution that labor unions now make to foreign policy assistant sec retary of state nelson rockefeller has invited the afl and cio to send observers to the conference of the american republics opening in mexico city on february 21 the department of state in its re organization of december 20 expanded the work of the division of international labor social and health affairs organized on january 15 1944 its tasks include analysis and recommendation on the effects of labor developments on the foreign policy of the united states on the foreign policy of for eign countries and on international relations the prospect of a more highly internationalized life after the war is stimulating labor to take a deeper interest in world affairs a field in which the afl pioneered with robert watt as vice presi dent in charge of international relations now the american labor conference is adding to knowledge in this field through its quarterly international post war problems the cio news is crusading for in ternational monetary agreement and the issue of january 15 urges that congress make bretton woods a reality by voting the full amount needed from the u.s to start it working expansion of world trade the cio emphasizes means the expan sion of job opportunities in the united states disunity weakens labor interna tionally two issues lie before the world trade union conference 1 the policy it will for victory adopt toward general international problems and 2 the policy it will adopt toward trade union ip ternationalism on point one the conference agenda is a microcosm of the great problems of the day for it includes the attitude of the trade unions toward the anticipated peace settlement general organiza tion of world peace allied occupation of ex enemy countries reparation and the treatment of ger many the polish problem has come before the conference through applications for recognition from unions sponsored variously by the london exile régime and by the warsaw lublin govern ment the soviet and american representatives favored the seating of delegations from ex enemy countries but britain finds it hard to forgive so soon apparently the conference will not object if german forced labor is used in reparation a posi tion contrary to that taken by william green presi dent of the afl the problem of reaching decisions on point two trade union internationalism is highlighted by the fact that the cio is present and the american feder ation of labor is not the afl has long supported the international federation of trade unions which according to philip murray in the cio news of january 15 has for many years been ineffective and ceased to function the london conference agenda provides for discussion of a basis for a world trade union federation separate from the iftu the afl has consistently refused to deal with the u.s.s.r trade unions on the ground that they were not free but the cio is meeting with soviet dele gates in london russian unions have not been ad mitted to the iftu but would be admitted toa successor world federation are labor unions logical in refusing to deal with soviet labor when the united states and great brit ain welcome the participation of the u.s.s.r in fat reaching military and political decisions whatever the answer the role of american labor in world affairs will be less than its potential so long as out unions disagree fundamentally on world issues the lesson of the world trade union conference sug gests that the american unions should set up ma chinery for reaching agreement in advance on for eign affairs issues and for sending to international conferences mixed delegations prepared to speak for a combined point of view bla bolles buy united states war bonds in the allies fightis might permi ent d that t legrat the b lems fore 2 factor settlin allies comp +with brit far ever orld the sug for onal peak lles 1945 feriguical xe al libraryy v of mica es 7945 entered as 2nd class matter veneral library university of michigan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y yo xxiv no 19 february 238 1945 ha bold evolution of american strategy in the pacific following closely on the european settle ment achieved at yalta constitutes a powerful blow to the hopes of japanese leaders it is clear that great problems are posed for the enemy by the american ndings on corregidor the two day attack on the tokyo yokohama area by more than 1,200 carrier planes and the invasion of iwo island 750 miles fom tokyo these moves point toward early conclu sion of the key phases of the philippine campaign ac eleration of the air and sea war against the jap inese homeland and the execution of new landings inthe bonin islands or on formosa and the china mast but what is not so deeply appreciated in american comment is the political effect of the crimea meeting on tokyo's expectations that it can tither avoid military defeat or escape the full conse quences of losing the war yalta dampens hopes of japanese the japanese government and a section of the jap aese people have been aware for some time of their inability to avert military disaster if the pacific allies remain determined to fight through to the end these japanese presumably have put their faith in the possibility that political divisions among the allies divisions which japan would encourage by fighting as hard as it could to prolong the war might finally bring an offer of negotiated peace or permit a revival of japanese militarism after appar mt defeat the results achieved at yalta indicate that these are dim prospects for instead of disin itgrating as the destruction of nazism approaches the big three coalition is growing firmer and prob lms that could not be handled adequately hereto lore are being dealt with more concretely and satis lictorily far from seeking to play a lone hand in settling the future of europe each of the major allies is showing an ever greater tendency toward mpromise and the pooling of responsibility yalta plans for germany offer model for handling japan all this must be extremely discouraging to the militarists in tokyo for if the big three can main tain and develop a harmonious approach to the de cisive problem of germany it is very unlikely that their unity will later founder on the issues raised by the future of japan moreover the specific terms laid down for germany at yalta may well cause apprehension to premier koiso and his government since these terms are also capable of being applied to a defeated japan there is for example no reason why the victori ous powers in asia should not follow some of the main clauses of the crimea declaration and agree to disarm and disband all japanese armed forces break up for all time the japanese general staff remove or destroy all japanese military equipment and eliminate or control all japanese industry that could be used for military production they could also pledge to bring all war criminals to just and swift punishment exact reparation in kind for the de struction wrought by the japanese wipe out mili taristic laws organizations and institutions and remove all fascist and militarist influences from public office and from the cultural and economic life of the japanese people at the same time with the japanese as with the germans it should not be our purpose to destroy the people but rather to offer them hope for a decent life and a place in the comity of nations in view of the implications of yalta japan may make intensive efforts to find a way out by offering attractive terms for a negotiated peace it was against such stratagems that admiral william f halsey jr warned on february 19 when he declared that to stop short of unconditional surrender would be the greatest crime in the history of our country will russia fight japan the only far eastern implication of the yalta agreement that has drawn much comment is the possibility that it fore a i shadows a deterioration in soviet japanese relations speculation has revolved about the fact that the forthcoming conference on world security organiza tion will open in san francisco on april 25 the day on which the soviet japanese neutrality pact went into effect in 1941 under the terms of the treaty it is to expire in 1946 at the end of a 5 year period if denounced by either party one year before that time but if neither signatory takes action the pact is to be extended for an additional five years to 1951 it is therefore clear that april 25 would be a particularly appropriate date for launching security discussions if the russians had previously denounced the treaty on the other hand while the japanese are un doubtedly worried about the time and place of the san francisco conference these circumstances are ex plicable without reference to soviet japanese rela tions and it would be unfortunate if the american public risked unnecessary disillusionment by taking it for granted that the russians intend to denounce the treaty in recent years the japanese have been extremely anxious to maintain good relations with moscow even going to the extent last march of surrendering their oil and coal concessions in soviet owned north sakhalin 26 years before the expira tion date of the leases it is possible that the jap anese might now be willing to go still further in settling outstanding differences between themselves page two and moscow for the sake of winning an extensigg of the treaty neutrality pact not main isssug actually the neutrality pact is not the decisive facto in soviet japanese relations since the russians up doubtedly could find ample ground for entering the war at a later date without now denouncing th treaty and if they do denounce the treaty stijj would not be obliged to fight japan in fact jf special emphasis is to be placed on the treaty they it should be noted that the agreement is scheduled in any event to remain in force one year after de nunciation for some time it has seemed probable that the russians will ultimately enter the far eastern wa and make a significant contribution to japan’s de feat there are two factors behind this conclusiog the interest of the u.s.s.r in playing a major part in the far eastern peace settlement and the groy ing unity of the powers on european questions both factors are indispensable since soviet self interest could express itself in other ways than joint military action against japan if harmony of the big three were not present but precisely the opposite is the case and the yalta decisions seem to go a long way toward establishing the european political pre requisites for fruitful cooperation in the far east lawrence k rosinger arab leaders draft plans for middle east unity the conference on arab federation which opened on february 14 in cairo raises issues of ultimate interest to the united states the conferees from egypt saudi arabia iraq transjordan syria and the lebanon have met at a time when the long standing dispute on termination of the french man date over syria and the lebanon has arisen again as an indication of the unsettled status of all the arab nations this controversy appears momentarily of more interest than the question of palestine but both issues and the economic problems of the region suggest that the program now under consideration in cairo will remain an idle hope unless the great powers which are vitally interested in the region give their sanction and aid to arab unity franco syrian impasse thus far the ba sis for arab unity has been largely negative as is apparent today in the resistance to revival of french influence in the affairs of syria and the lebanon the war has witnessed a weakening of french pow er in the middle east although here as elsewhere general de gaulle is pressing for maximum par ticipation in areas where french influence was for merly important the present dispute arises out of the promises made in 1941 when anglo french forces entered the french mandates to prevent their passing into the hands of vichy followers at that time the independence of the two states was pro claimed and in 1943 general catroux signed an agreement whereby all functions exercised by france along with the staffs were to be handed over to the lebanese and syrian governments during 1944 when a final treaty was to be nego tiated with respect to remaining french interests in syria and lebanon the council of ministers france decided unanimously to reject the request that france relinquish control of special secutily troops in those two countries the french desitt a treaty with the two states patterned on the trea ties britain has with egypt and iraq on february georges bidault french minister of foreign af fairs reaffirmed france’s determination to pie serve its authority in this territory but the issue tt mains in dispute for the two arab states refuse conclude any final treaty until they feel fully pos sessed of their sovereign rights big three in the middle east it now 4p pears that britain will support french demands in tht middle east although it is clear that french powé there will be greatly reduced while france's it fluence in the region has waned the war has vealed that both the united states and russia it be a dow cant this at a fore headc seconc one frfs sr 8 till dart ow ns elf oint big ong pre ast that pro nce ego rests i uest arity esife trea ry 2 pre e re e 0 n ap owe if ft a it tend to share with britain in the development of the arab world the fact that the oil resources of the area constitute the world’s second largest troleum reserves inevitably foreshadows the fu ture interest of all the industrial nations during 1944 russian influence especially has grown mark edly in the middle east in addition to the desire for oil concessions in northern iran the soviet union has recently established diplomatic relations with several of the arab states it is now reported that russia may send to teheran a minister whose position would be comparable to that of sir edward grigg the british minister resident in the middle fast also with the resurgence of the orthodox church in russia links with various orthodox groups in the middle east have been reestablished by the soviet union britain’s political and strategic interests the oil resources and the palestinian question remain of crucial importance in the region aside from india palestine presents the thorniest imperial problem britain now faces yet in view of the intransigence of both the zionists and arabs most britishers find it impossible to think in terms of relinquishing the palestinian mandate at any time in the near future although british initiative is needed here as in india to resolve the deadlock the arab states have looked to britain for as sistance in the movement toward federation which they feel should flow from the encouragement originally given by foreign secretary eden in 1943 to the cause of arab unity they believe that such unity would present an obstacle to further zionist influence but today there are some indications that the activities of zionist groups in the united states have been publicized in the middle east to counteract arab desires this tends to suggest to the arab world that british and american interests in this fegion are in conflict although heretofore it has ap peared that britain would willingly accept american entrance into middle eastern affairs trend toward arab unity the vexed question of palestine can probably be solved only in terms of a broader arrangement for the whole area moreover since the middle east must surely prove to be a testing place of the future relations of the great powers the present arab conversations are signifi cant beyond the fact that plans for arab unity up to this point have been largely negative in outlook the agenda of the present cairo talks was drafted at a preliminary meeting held last september octo page three eaten ber in alexandria that conference went further than was expected when the representatives of egypt syria lebanon transjordan and iraq signed a protocol providing for the formation of a league of arab states with a council designed to coordinate their political programs safeguard their inde pendence and study problems affecting the general interests of the arab countries six commissions were set up by the preparatory conference to outline plans for closer cooperation in economic and financial affairs agriculture trade industrial development and communications the alexandrian protocol also recorded the desire that britain maintain its engagement to restrict further jewish immigration to palestine and advance that country’s independence during 1944 another middle east conference dealt with financial problems of the area and recom mended adjustments in price policies and the mod ernization of tax machinery in the various states a middle east council on agriculture has already been established under the auspices of the middle east supply center in order to work out joint projects for irrigation research technical development and education although it does not appear feasible to prolong the existence of the mesc services similar to those it has performed as well as the expert technical staff organized by the center could be utilized in further regional planning and de velopment however many of these plans which would entail loans for capital development from both britain and the united states can be realized only if the great powers are prepared to foster the agricultural and industrial development of the middle east on a regional basis grant s mcclellan escape via berlin by josé antonio de aguirre new york macmillan 1944 3.00 the young president of the basque republic tells the gripping story of his escape from franco and the nazis a story brightened by dr aguirre’s unflagging courage and the unstinted kindness of latin american diplomats in belgium and germany who facilitated his escape racial state the german nationalities policy in the pro tectorate of bohemia moravia by gerhard jacoby new york institute of jewish affairs of the american jew ish congress and world jewish congress 1944 8.00 valuable as a detailed case study of the application of nazi policy in the first non german country annexed great soldiers of world war ii by major h a de weerd new york w w norton 1944 8.75 the associate editor of the infantry journal makes an interesting attempt to assess the more prominent military figures as the war progresses foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 19 fasruary 23 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th sereet new york 16 n y franx ross mccoy president dorotuy f leer secretary vera micua_zs dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least ont month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year bw 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor i i if j i i iit he i if we f hits ty if 4 a y washington news letter will mexico city conference cope with argentine issue although the conference agenda ignores the issue the most exciting question before the extraordinary meeting of delegates of the united and associated nations of the americas which assembled on feb ruaty 21 in mexico city is whether the united states can frustrate any attempt to divide the hemi sphere on the argentine question the united states recalled ambassador norman armour from buenos aires on june 27 1944 it has steadfastly refused to consider resumption of diplomatic relations with a government which as president roosevelt said on september 29 has repudiated solemn inter american obligations and has fostered the growth of nazi fascist influence and the increasing appli cation of nazi fascist methods in this hemi sphere problem of argentina’s neighbors the key to whether argentine hopes are raised or dashed at mexico city will lie in the action taken by representatives of governments in its neighbor countries the principal goal of argentine foreign policy has been the development of a bloc of satel lites while the united states goal in western hemi sphere affairs has been the directly opposite one of maintaining inter american solidarity a solidar ity that would isolate argentina if its government continued on the course that inspired president roosevelt's criticism or would include it if its gov ernment honestly opposed the axis and reflected a democratic spirit the united states delegation at its departure for the meeting was confident that it could present to argentina's neighbors a program of inter american mutual assistance in economic and political matters which would weaken argentine influence in south america as the opening day of the conference drew near argentine policy wavered uncertainly but no con ciliatory gestures toward the united states the united nations and the inter american concept have been made on january 29 the government issued a decree of national security which not only pro vides imprisonment for citizens or foreigners who engage in espionage attempt the overthrow of the régime disturb public order or in any way damage the military effectiveness of the armed forces but also threatens foreign correspondents with imprison ment if convicted of transmitting damaging reports to other countries on february 16 however as a result of repeated protests by diplomatic missions in for victory argentina two papers friendly to the nazis cabildy and e pampero were suppressed on the ground that they used imported newsprint although some hopeful observers see signs of a growing revoly tionary underground evidence that it is a factor of importance is lacking mexico city and san francisco the mexico city conference will seek to bring the inter american concept into the projected world system of collective security to be established at the united nations conference opening in san francisco og april 25 some american republics are prepared to submit proposals which have little chance of accept ance chile for example wants four seats set aside for the american republics on the security coun cil mexico would amend the dumbarton oaks pro vision for five permanent seats and provide for six semi permanent seats to be reassigned every eight years brazil which resigned from the league of nations in 1926 because its demand for a permanent seat on the council was not granted would add a sixth permanent seat to the security council of the new world organization which perhaps it would like to occupy the desire of latin americans for some form of security in the post war period is so great however that they will probably accept whatever world security system is proposed at sas francisco provided adequate guarantees are given to the small nations the bargaining power of the united states at san francisco would of course be enhanced if supported by the american republics in the western hemi sphere today only venezuela and argentina have not declared war on the axis and cannot qualify foi invitations to san francisco chile ecuador para guay peru and uruguay signed the declaration of the united nations as belligerents this month an venezuela has pursued policies friendly to the united nations cause argentina too took the first step toward war when on february 17 it protested vigorously to the german foreign office against the denial of safe conduct to a number of argentine diplomats who are now in sweden awaiting repatria tion it is speculative whether a declaration of wat would alter argentina’s standing in the american comity of nations unless it were accompanied by a1 affirmation of the principle of continental solidarity and genuine evidence of the adoption of more demo cratic internal policies blair bolles buy united states war bonds 191 vol i c man necti big sion the spect form great lishn land big t to be be parti quest in le devis grou visior over of fi to br the is in allie prov whic chur to p on f and +mar entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin ncisco on repared to of accept s set aside rity coun oaks pro ide for six very eight league of permanent yuld add a council of perhaps it americans ir period is ably accept sed at san are given tates at san f supported tern hemi entina have qualify for ador para claration of month and dly to the 0k the first it protested against the f argentine ing repatria tion of wat e americat anied by af al solidarity more demo ir bolles in ds a an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiv no 20 marcu 2 1945 parliament backs churchill on yalta decisions ince the commitments undertaken at the crimea conference are’of such far reaching importance many difficulties can be expected to arise in con nection with their application despite the degree of big three uhity manifested at yalta and the cohe sion of the allied armies as they close their grip on the nazis this will be particularly true with re spect to the plans which are given only in outline form for the joint occupation of germany but of greater immediate concern are the proposed estab lishment of a new provisional government for po land and the question of france’s relationship to the big three problems that indicate the difficulties still to be met in implementing the yalta declaration britain’s reaction to yalta britain is patticularly interested in the polish and french questions for the polish government in exile resides in london and britain bears special responsibility in devising a method whereby various elements of that group may be brought together in the new pro visional régime britain is also greatly concerned over anglo french relations and the eventual status of france in allied councils it has been left largely to british statesmen to acquaint french officials with the import of the yalta decisions in britain most of the decisions taken by the three allied leaders at yalta have met with general ap proval there is great satisfaction over the unity which the conference reflected and both mr churchill and mr eden reported its achievements to parliament in a full debate on foreign affairs on february 27 28 the prime minister asked for and received a vote of confidence from the house of commons to demonstrate britain’s approval of the crimea decisions on any vote concerning the yalta commitments the churchill coalition expected to encounter little opposition but there has been much anxiety among conservatives in parliament about the decisions con cerning poland some of these members hoped that the confidence issue would not be framed directly so that opinion opposed to the polish solution could be expressed fully and openly poland figured promi nently in the debate and while few conservative members were found in final opposition they have consistently been unable to give their wholehearted support to the policy which has developed with re spect to poland compromise on poland the crimea conference provided for the setting up of a com mission consisting of foreign commissar molotov and the british and american ambassadors in mos cow which would be charged with the task of con sulting polish leaders concerning formation of a new provisional government of national unity for poland once this commission is established it must determine which of the polish leaders now in london are to be asked to visit moscow for the purpose of organizing the new government that it will be difficult to achieve representation of the government in exile is forecast by the complete re pudiation of the yalta solution which the present premier m arciszewski has expressed m mikolajczyk former polish prime minister and leader of the peasant party has also been re luctant to accept the proposed solution while wel coming the pledge of the yalta declaration that a strong free independent and democratic poland will be established he has viewed the results of the conference respecting polish borders largely as a national defeat having reached a definite agree ment through compromise however allied leaders will hardly brook opposition in the organization of a polish government consisting of both london poles and members of the lublin group the british attitude toward the polish problem appears to re semble the view prime minister churchill recently expressed in connection with the reconstruction of 2g b toe rs ae eof ay rr bat ot seb eer eet prcreee 10 pst tot ree vena x ges se es ee rei ae pot gre f the yugoslav government at that time churchill announced that if the exiled king peter did not agree to the reforms undertaken royal assent would be presumed while many conservatives may find it difficult to concede that russia carries great weight in eastern european affairs it has been churchill’s consistent policy during the war to accommodate the rise of soviet power in that area and most britishers will hail with relief the yalta solution of the polish issue which has so long irritated allied relations france and the big three in the par liamentary debate franco british relations were also discussed for there is concern in britain lest the projected alliance with france be delayed moreover there is no doubt that france expects fur ther clarification of its status with the big three before the opening of the united nations confer ence in san francisco french reaction to the yalta conference was clouded first by the fact that gen eral de gaulle was not invited to the meeting since the conference an important section of the french press has been critical of de gaulle’s refusal to meet with president roosevelt at algiers the communist press in particular differing on this issue with the general for the first time in the field of foreign af fairs most frenchmen however have backed de gaulle in his insistence that france be considered in all arrangements respecting the final occupation of germany it appears that french reaction to the proposed page two united nations security council is closely related to the alliances france has with soviet russia and presumably will sign with britain in the near fy ture the franco soviet pact of december 10 1944 unlike the anglo soviet pact of 1942 does not pro vide specifically that the alliance will be reviewed in light of arrangements agreed on in a world ge curity system the french alliance with russia was originally conceived as an automatic guarantee noy however the u.s.s.r appears to approve referring the pact to the united nations organization since britain favors the closest relations with france jt devolves on mr churchill and mr eden who haye long supported france’s revival to assure france of its future role in europe and in the world security system the british are anxious to conclude a binding agreement with france and probably with other na tions across the english channel however they in sist first that any such regional arrangements are not incompatible with the dumbarton oaks proposals and second that they are not designed as counteralli ances against russia contrary to the expectations of many british reaction to the franco soviet pact was favorable on the ground that britain’s desire for closer ties between the western european countries could not be looked on as anti russian if the soviet union were also tied to the western countries by agreements similar to the 20 year alliance between russia and britain grant s mcclellan liberated italy moves toward more independent status the first concrete action toward restoration of sovereign independence for liberated italy has now been taken by the allies mr harold macmillan president of the allied commission announced on february 24 a series of drastic changes affecting the relations between the commission which has hith erto enjoyed complete jurisdiction over italian af fairs for all practical purposes and the italian gov ernment which has had only the most shadowy powers what allied action does for italy the significant content of this document can be very briefly summarized it foreshadows a substan tial reduction both of the personnel of the commis sion and of the sphere of its active operation the commission will cease to exercise control except in those military zones along the battlefront where amg will continue to function for the remainder of liberated italy which is defined as all of the peninsula south of the northern boundaries of vi terbo rieti and termano provinces including sar dinia and sicily the commission will serve in relation to the italian government in a purely con sultative and advisory capacity specifically this means that the italian govern ment regains its freedom to conduct its foreign pol icy with allied and neutral states to issue laws and decrees without securing the consent of the com mission and to make all appointments of personnel in the administration on its own responsibility these important concessions must be read however in conjunction with mr macmillan’s simultaneous statement that the requirements of the italian cam paign and overriding military needs must be pro tected and the rights of the allied governments will be held in reserve in the matter of day to day administration in other words the italian govert ment’s freedom of action as one would rightly sup pose is made contingent on the degree to which that action may conform with military necessities an arrangement such as this has been long fore shadowed on september 26 1944 president roose velt and prime minister churchill issued jointly from hyde park a declaration in which they prom ised to review italy's political and economic situe tion part of that declaration dealt specifically with the establishment of a new relationship between the italian government and the allied control com mission henceforth to be called the allied com mission in anticipation of its altered charactet weeks that thi january portant commis prematu surmou crisis w bonomi the circ a new six libe but the lem bet bolized compos act now reasona italian accord that go from nounce first it which pressin and in ond it recurret tion to ministe it wou interve but thi tial am have b will he more p econorr gotiatic wh lem of basic r black promis genero guaran ises m ber 19 ties wi while le foreigd headquart second cl one mont ely related lussia and e near fy r 10 1944 es not pro reviewed world se russia was ntee now referring tion since france it who have france of ld security a binding n other na er they in nts are not proposals counteralli sctations of et pact was desire for nn countries the soviet ountries by ce between clellan tus oreign pol 1e laws and f the com f personnel sponsibility d however multaneous talian cam ust be pro overnments day to day ian goveri rightly sup e to which necessities 1 long fore dent roose ued jointly they prom 1omic situa ifically with between the ntrol con llied com 1 character e_ h weeks and months passed however without signs that this promise was being implemented early in january 1945 there was word from rome that im portant decisions affecting the status of the allied commission were pending but these too were premature there were difficulties which had to be surmounted one of these grew out of the political crisis which had precipitated the collapse of the first bonomi government in november not only did the circumstances surrounding the establishment of a new bonomi government with only four of the six liberation parties cooperating interpose delays but the differences in approach to the italian prob lem between the united states and britain sym bolized in britain’s veto of count sforza had to be composed the mere fact that the allies see fit to act now in italy’s behalf indicates both that they have reasonable confidence in the stability of the present italian government and that they have reached an accord between themselves on future policy toward that government from the italian point of view the february 24 an nouncement is important chiefly for three reasons first it represents an abandonment of close tutelage which has been humiliating and psychologically de pressing in this sense it will raise public morale and increase the prestige of the government sec ond it will probably protect the italians against the recurrence of such actions as the british interven tion to prevent the naming of count sforza as prime minister or foreign minister of the government it would be possible of course to undertake such intervention on the ground of military necessity but this will be difficult in other words a substan tial amount of internal political independence will have been gained third the action of the allies will help clear the way toward solution of much more pressing questions particularly in the field of economics and finance which have been under ne gotiation for some time what remains to be done the prob lem of food is still the most urgent supplies of basic necessities are tragically inadequate and the black market continues to flourish some relief is promised by the application on march 1 of a more generous bread ration a daily increase of 300 grams guaranteed by the allies in accordance with prom ses made by president roosevelt as early as octo ber 1944 the difficulty in finding shipping facili ties with which the allies can support this policy while making other materials available will remain page three aak se however so long as western europe is an active theatre of war at the same time inflation continues and living costs mount the bonomi government has been try ing to meet this situation but so far without much success during the middle of february sweeping financial reforms were projected including the abolli tion of bread subsidies the simultaneous raising of wages and salaries increased taxes a kind of forced loan and the confiscation of excess wealth accumu lated since 1922 such measures would tend to bring governmental expenditures and expected revenues closer into line with each other and at the same time help to halt the inflationary process but in the final analysis this problem cannot be solved until there is a substantial arrangement with the allies whose military and occupation costs remain a first charge and a heavy charge on the italian government eliminating or reducing these charges may be pos sible only in case the allies are prepared to take italy into a new political relationship with them selves that is to say to terminate italy’s status of non belligerency technically italy remains a cobelligerent and is no closer than before to full membership in the united nations a goal which all italian patriots hope to realize even more they have long desired and long agitated for the publication of the armis tice terms and their modification but these are still intact and still secret and there is no indication of any intention to change them in the recently an nounced allied policy the italian problem continues to be an acute and difficult one but progress is being made toward its solution and the allies recent action is an impor tant step in the right direction rumors still persist that a provisional peace first suggested in july 1944 is being contemplated and there are clear signs that important economic and financial agree ments with italy are in the offing c grove haines the presidency and the crisis by louis w koenig new york king’s crown press 1944 2.00 analyzes the use of the president’s power from septem ber 1939 to december 1941 in the severe testing period preceding our entry into the war navies in exile by a d divine new york e p dutton 1944 2.75 dramatic stories of the navies that would not acknowl edge defeat and that made such a valuable contribution to the allies foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 20 masch 2 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y franx ross mccoy president dorothy f lugt secretary vera micuel_es dan editor botered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least 0a month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year qs produced under unton condttiens and composed and printed by union labor aa sp a ps cs es ee a les a aerate se ee oe 3 es ee 3 dn ee ee e es s sead ss ae re as ee ota sea peer o ae res as i prrs ee ee aes sewn bilal gs wee washington news letter lid will u.s local interests block mexico water treaty action by the senate will soon disclose whether one state california can cause the defeat of a treaty that is of interest to the nation as a whole the senate committee on foreign relations favorably reported the proposed united states mexico water treaty on february 23 but senator tom connally of texas committee chairman will not press for approval by the full senate until the close of the conference of american republics now taking place in mexico city the time interval may enable the administration to bring the country to some under standing of the high meaning of the treaty in our international relations for this is only one in a series of agreements with other governments that will require senate ratification in the years ahead if narrow local interests are able to use the two thirds rule on treaties to prevent a constructive na tional solution of issues between the united states and mexico the effect will be most harmful on our relations with latin america as a whole problem of three rivers the need for the treaty lies in the fact that the united states and mexico share the waters of a number of rivers which rise in the united states the colorado which flows for the last few miles of its length through mexico the tijuana which reaches the sea through mex ico and the rio grande which divides texas from mexico and whose course below fort quitman texas is fed mainly from mexican streams a treaty allocation of united states waters to mexico from the rio grande above fort quitman has been in force satisfactorily since its proclamation on janu ary 16 1907 the three rivers flow through dry re gions that require irrigation for successful agricul ture and for irrigation both the united states and mexico need a reasonably steady flow of water on august 19 1935 congress passed an act au thorizing the state department to study with the mexican government the question of dividing the waters from the three rivers the treaty resulting from those studies was submitted to the senate on feb ruary 15 1944 it would guarantee to mexico 1,500 000 acre feet of water a year from the colorado allocate to the united states about half the water in the rio grande below fort quitman although far more than half of it originates in mexico and authorize an inquiry into the best means of con serving using and allocating the waters of the ti juana the treaty would be administered by the international boundary commission which was oy ganized in 1889 the chief advocates of the treaty in the united states have been the administration and the com mittee of fourteen and fifteen of the colorady river basin states arizona california colorado nevada new mexico utah and wyoming whic seek a definition of the extent of mexican rights to the use of colorado river water the committee fears that in the absence of a treaty mexico might use colorado river water to an extent affecting the interests of the united states adversely in mexico the irrigated acreage and the use of water both have been expanded since the erection of boulder dam jean s breitenstein attorney for the colo rado water conservation board wrote in a memo randum last september 20 if this situation should continue and the mexico development progress a condition would exist in mexico similar to that which the upper basin feared would take place ia southern california california argues against treaty california on the other hand says that it fears mexico will get too much water if the treaty goes into effect governor earl warren told the senate foreign relations committee on february 5 that war veterans would be unable to take up public lands that would be irrigated by boulder dam water if mexico shares the water yet the water wast ing through mexican territory into the gulf of california amounts to 7,000,000 acre feet a yeat according to secretary stettinius much of california’s colorado river water flows through the all american canal and feeds the im perial irrigation district the district an opponent of the treaty has been selling water to mexico for purposes that would be satisfied by the 1,500,000 acre feet alloted under the treaty evan newes presi dent of the district told the senate foreign re lations committee on february 20 that revenues from sales of water to mexico in 1944 were 299 240 the district is afraid that those revenues would be cut off if the treaty is ratified senato connally said on february 12 thirty three votes against the treaty would kill it it remains to be seca whether that many votes can be mobilized in sup port of a local view when the national interest calls for ratification blair bolles for victory buy united states war bonds britain of respo commur threat o dile tion hor we turn the nez countrie sibility guarante ments t stable o faw mat or to st yet a to see tl the grec their res ence tl them ay imagine bility e 2 that can internat some of allowan tions e axis te +al roch general librars iv of 7 1945 entered as 2nd class matter general library universit mtnn s y oi icnl an raw ruhaw wtnh_ foreign policy bulletin f 1g which ican rights committee xico might fecting the in mexico water both of boulder the colo nn a memo ion should progress a ar to that ce place in treaty at it fears treaty goes the senate ary 5 that up public dam water ater wast e gulf af eet a yeat water flows eds the im nn opponent mexico for 1,500,000 ewes presi foreign re at revenue were 299 se revenues ed senator three votes s to be seen zed in sup nterest calls r bolles inds an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiv no 21 marom 9 1945 nations strive to reconcile power with responsibility ore and more as discussion of post war plans focuses on the dumbarton oaks proposals which are to be considered at the san francisco conference the problems of the peace narrow down toone fundamental question how can the military industrial and financial resources of the great pow ets be harnessed to the task of assuring security to all without at the same time imposing restrictions intolerable to the small nations in what way can the overwhelming might of the united states britain and russia be so precisely balanced by a sense of responsibility for the welfare of the international community as to offer hope of stability and not a threat of further wars dilemma of small nations this ques tion however varied its aspects is the same wherever we turn in europe asia africa latin america the near and middle east everywhere the small countries want the great powers to assume respon sibility for their safety and welfare they want guarantees of the integrity of their territories arma ments to defend themselves expanded markets at stable or rising prices for their products loans and taw materials to revive industries shattered by war or to start new industries in undeveloped areas yet at the same time they are jealously on guard to see that the advantages they seek to obtain from the great powers will not result in exploitation of their resources or encroachments on their independ ence the very weakness of the small nations makes them apprehensive and quick to detect real or imagined slights their understandable oversuscepti bility easily develops into a form of intransigence that can be just as much of an obstacle to peaceful international relations as the aggressive designs of some of the great powers but instead of making allowances for the overstrained nerves of small na tions especially those that have been subjected to axis terrorism the great powers often seem im patient of delays and apprehensions on the part of weaker neighbors and by pressing them for prompt decisions give the impression of trying to dictate their fate that was the outspoken reaction of the polish government in exile to the yalta decisions and others less vocal have felt equally disturbed france although classed as a great power has ex pressed through general de gaulle the fear that it may be used as a rubber stamp for the decisions of the big three whatever form the united nations organization may take whatever mechanism may be devised to give all nations a feeling of equality there is bound to be a residue of uneasiness envy and distrust in relations between the strong and the weak this should not come as a surprise to us in this country where even under unusually favorable social con ditions the ugly problems that arise in the treat ment of racial and religious minorities can be wit nessed daily only the slow sometimes exasperat ingly slow process of education of experience shared in common of a life that offers the individual opportunities to enrich himself and the community through work and creative leisure can gradually alleviate the strains and stresses of our own society restoration of human dignity and here we may perhaps find a useful parallel for recon ciling potential conflicts between the great powers and the small nations for after their experience with axis totalitarianism the small nations will not ac cept any attempt to regulate their lives however benevolent all peoples who have lived under axis rule are at one in feeling that what caused them most distress was not material deprivation or even physical suffering but the indignities heaped upon them as human beings by the germans and japanese history is full of cruel episodes but it would be difficult to find many examples of the determined unrelenting utterly cynical effort of the axis con ber en ee eee eee ene sus en see ms ae querors to destroy the essence of human existence they spat upon our souls is the way russians in german occupied areas have repeatedly described their experience only by restoring and respecting the dignity of the individual no matter how weak and defenseless he may be not by imposing new restrictions can the united nations hope to liquidate the fearful heritage of axis oppression it may then prove less difficult than it sometimes seems today to respect the dignity and rights of weak nations but just as the individual however weak has some responsibility to the community in which he lives so even the smallest nations cannot expect protection and economic help from the great powers unless they are ready to carry their share of the common burden this consideration undoubtedly influenced the decision of the big three at yalta to exclude from the san francisco conference all coun tries which had not decided by a given date to par ticipate in the war effort speaking for small nations in the western hemi sphere mexican foreign minister ezequiel padilla urged a plenary session of the inter american con ference on february 23 to dedicate itself to the defense of the cause of human dignity the frus trated lives of millions in this hemisphere he said offer little hope of social security and economic expansion without which peace is merely a dark and gloomy armistice these objectives he de clared will only be attained by uniting the ener gies the resources and the confidence of all the americas in fact in the history making act of chapultepec the small nations of latin america go so far as to welcome the military assistance of the united states to prevent acts of aggression by any american state on other states in this hemisphere president roosevelt in his speech of march 1 to congress and prime minister churchill in his ad dress of february 27 to the house of commons speaking for two great powers stressed both the page two a heavy responsibilities borne by the united states britain and russia in the winning of the war and the need for cooperation by all nations if military victory is to bear fruit the yalta compromise gp voting procedure in the security council of the pro posed united nations organization announced og march 5 stresses the fact that the great powers will have to supply most of the military force needed ty assure security and must therefore have the final say about decisions involving use of force the small nations however will have equality with the great powers in bringing before the security council any situation likely to threaten peace and request its consideration world peace however said mr roosevelt can not be a peace of large nations or of small na tions it must be a peace which rests on the coop erative effort of the whole world cooperation requires compromise the president did not pretend that he entirely agreed with the most criticized compromise of the yalta conference that reached about poland nor did he claim it was an ideal solu tion mr churchill seemed definitely more satisfied with the polish territorial settlement although foreign secretary eden on march 1 said forth rightly that the british government was not satis fied with the present composition of the lublin régime as so often happens the very measure of agreement achieved by the big three at yalta seems to have made britain and the united states less cautious about discussing points of disagreement this is a healthy sign and perhaps the most promising portent of yalta for the small nations and if we want an encouraging example of how a great power can deal with a small nation then the moving ceremony in which general macarthur turned over the civil administration of the philip pines to president osmefia on february 28 marks a milestone in international relations vera micheles dean future world organization must deal with health problems disease like war respects no political boundaries an outbreak of either in any part of the world may become an instant menace to all other parts an in ternational health organization therefore will be an essential element of the world political organization which emerges from the united nations meeting at san francisco next month the importance of such an agency will be perhaps second only to the military precautions adopted to insure peace offi cial agencies from which a world health depart ment may logically develop or which may cooper ate with it include unrra the red cross and the league of nations health section which is still functioning unofficial agencies which have contributed greatly to public health on an interna tional scale will also play a prominent role in the international control of disease the rockefeller foundation holds a unique position in this field as a result of its pioneering work since 1913 a brief review of its activities in the war years may illus trate some of the health problems to be solved by whatever international organization is finally estab lished in cooperation with government health depatt ments at home and abroad as well as by laboratory research and field investigation the international health division of the rockefeller foundation has carried on many of its basic projects without set ous interruption by the war problems directly due to the world conflict have been dealt with by the health co ip the wa gnd france in englanc work on t cans who 1918 19 w ure of the of widespt its format met urgen the burma the healt yellow vaccine w yellow fer the labore gon in 1 laboratory a long te vaccine a servations ordinarily show that icebox tet of spe jungle ety of th l soper t studies a1 as well a covery w sical type british sierra li of epider egyptian way fror south a malai has beer as the king ck ducted t control earlier foundat brazilia quito fi by the workers 1944 th with th foreign headquarte second clas one montt a d states war and military omiuse on the pro unced on wers will 1eeded to he small the great uncil any quest its elt can small na the coop operation t pretend criticized t reached deal solu satisfied although id forth not satis e lublin easure of lta seems tates less yreement the most nations of how a then the acarthur 1e philip marks a dean blems yle in the ockefeller s field as brief nay illus solved by ly estab h depatt laboratory ernational lation has hout sefi rectly due th by the health commission a special agency which early jn the war carried out nutrition surveys in spain snd france and is still supporting nutrition projects in england in 1944 the health commission began york on typhus and malaria in italy and ameri ans who recall the spanish influenza epidemic of 1918 19 will appreciate the importance of this fea jure of the commission’s work in view of the threat of widespread disease on the heels of the war since its formation in 1940 the health commission has met urgent calls for service from north africa to the burma road among its activities and those of the health division may be mentioned yellow fever to meet the war demand for a vaccine which provided active immunity against ytllow fever after a single injection developed by the laboratories of the international health divi son in 1936 the foundation had to multiply its laboratory space and the number of its technicians a long term study of the immunity provided by the vaccine also was undertaken and preliminary ob srvations in brazil and colombia indicate that it ordinarily lasts for four years tests of stored serum show that it may be kept fully effective at ordinary gebox temperature for at least two years of special interest to the army are studies in jungle yellow fever a previously unknown vari ety of the disease discovered in 1932 by dr fred l soper of the international health division these studies are being conducted in colombia and africa as well as brazil where dr soper’s important dis covery was made control measures against the clas sical type of yellow fever have continued in panama british guiana peru bolivia uganda gambia sierra leone nigeria and the gold coast study of epidemics in the numba mountains of the anglo egyptian sudan showed that the type differed in no way from that of central and west africa and of south america malaria extensive work in research and control has been carried on in such widely separated areas as the cochabamba valley in bolivia and chung king china in the latter city surveys are being con ducted to determine where incidence is highest and control work is being applied to those areas an earlier and outstanding accomplishment of the foundation carried out in cooperation with the brazilian government was eradication of the mos quito from brazil at an expense of 2,000,000 by the employment of more than 2,000 trained workers over an area of 12,000 square miles in 1944 the health commission on the invitation and with the cooperation of united states military au page three thorities developed methods for the use of ddt insecticide to control malaria mosquitoes in italy at the request of the egyptian government the health commission has also undertaken a control program in egypt which had severe malaria epidemics in 1942 and 1943 efforts of the international health division laboratories are now concentrated on test ing new chemical compounds for their efficacy against malaria parasites typhus as far back as 1915 the foundation helped finance a red cross sanitary commission to control this disease in serbia where 9,000 new cases were occurring daily its present typhus pro gram was set up in 1940 both for the purpose of adding to basic knowledge of the disease and of pre venting similar epidemics in this war studies in infec tion and control are being conducted in the new york laboratories of the health division and in free china field work is sponsored by the health commission respiratory diseases since the common cold influenza and pneumonia form the largest and most serious group of infections in the armed forces the commission provided aid for full time army tfe search on these subjects at johns hopkins the uni versity of michigan and boston city hospital and work was later centered at fort bragg field inves tigations were also carried on at three army camps the government making funds available for the en tire project after july 1943 methods in the prep aration of influenza vaccine worked out previously in the international health division laboratories and applied by commercial laboratories were found of service to the army influenza commission an extensive outbreak of influenza in camps late in 1943 affected groups vaccinated against the a type of the disease but clinical studies showed a 75 per cent reduction in incidence among men vac cinated as compared with those unvaccinated these observations offered overwhelming evidence that the principle of prophylactic vaccination against influenza is sound and valid although further im provements in the vaccine are still being sought the pioneer work of florey of oxford in the development of penicillin discovered several years earlier by dr alexander fleming in london dates from a grant of 1,200 made by the foundation in 1936 it may be remarked that not often have greater returns in public health been achieved from so modest an investment this illustrates the type of imaginative research returns from which are purely speculative which a private agency is in a special position to promote walter wilgus foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 21 marcu 9 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y second class matter december 2 one month for change of address on membership publications 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated frank ross mccoy president dorothy f last secretary vera michgies dean editor entered as 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 national three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year a one produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter chapultepec a step toward western hemisphere equality the inter american conference on problems of war and peace at mexico city raises the question whether there is a conflict between a regional sys tem of security in this instance western hemi sphere solidarity and a universal system the pro jected union to be defined at san francisco from the regional point of view the mexico city meeting has achieved a high measure of success as evidenced in the adoption on march 3 of the act of chapulte pec which during the war assigns to all the sig natory american republics the joint right to inter vene against a western hemisphere country carrying out or threatening an act of aggression against a neighbor the steps of intervention would include 1 recall of chiefs of diplomatic mis sions 2 breaking of diplomatic relations 3 breaking of consular relations 4 breaking of postal telegraphic telephonic and radio telephonic relations 5 interruption of economic commercial and financial relations and 6 use of armed force to prevent or repel aggression part ii of the act of chapultepec recommends that the wartime dec laration be adopted constitutionally by the republics as permanent policy through a treaty would this permanent american regionalism encourage the so viet union or great britain to renew their interest in spheres of influence of their own new policy for uss this act is an historic departure in the policy of the united states as well as of the sister republics it formally commits this country to intervention specifically abandoned only 12 years ago at the seventh international con ference of american states at montevideo that meeting laid the foundation for the hemisphere solidarity system which resulted from the good neighbor policy enunciated by president roosevelt in his first inaugural article 8 of the convention on rights and duties of states adopted at monte video provided no state has the right to inter vene in the internal or external affairs of another the act in the second place apparently super sedes the monroe doctrine our interpretation of which in the past aroused resentment against us in the southern republics when president monroe enunciated the doctrine in 1823 it stirred the en thusiastic approval of the other americas which then regarded it as an assurance of security from european pressure but essentially it was a policy for victory buy united states of the united states not of the americas and this country at a later date used it as the authority for intervention in the disturbed affairs of our neigh bors the neighbors in time came to realize that the doctrine which defended them from european pres sures exposed them to united states pressures ip the monroe doctrine this country undertook to pro tect the continents of the new world in chapulte pec the american republics together undertake to safeguard them problem of san francisco yet for all the progress it represents in the development of this country’s western hemisphere policy the act of chapultepec is a strangely contradictory instrument for a sponsor of the dumbarton oaks world se curity program to support it is possible that the american republics under chapultepec might decide that a threat to hemisphere peace exists while the security council of the united nations under the world organization charter to be drawn at san francisco out of the dumbarton oaks proposals would decide that it did not exist or if the ameri can republics voted for action and the united na tions security council opposed action would the americas bow to the greater body’s decision the problem could become acute with respect to argen tina a country whose policies are given different in terpretations in the united states and great britain chapter 8 section c of the dumbarton oaks pro posals recognizes the desirability of regional arrange ments but paragraph 2 says no enforcement ac tion should be taken under regional arrangements or by regional agencies without the authorization of the regional council the most enthusiastic advocates of the chapulte pec idea among the american republics may try at san francisco to introduce into the united nations charter the philosophy of equalitarian approach to joint settlement of international disputes which chapultepec represents under chapultepec the small nation is equal with the large in decision making whereas dumbarton oaks puts decisions if the hands of a few perhaps the refusal of france to join in sponsorship of the san francisco meeting will make it possible for small nation objectors to the dumbarton oaks system to obtain a fruitful hearing for their position blair bolles war bonds 1918 f en vou xx re ok the decoux hold oo invasio march commat forces followe ous par dec lations from th story of two co fo use t and the side in decoux anese tl interest sible of the dey period called islands allied free fr but t world s gy chat military f the 8 bolst +lo or tl or ge entered as 2nd class matter feral library univers ity of michigan ran rvlhaw we oht ran foreign policy bulletin el an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiv no 22 marcu 16 1945 resistance movement fights japanese rule in indo china okyo’s latest move in indo china abolishing the puppet french régirne of vice admiral jean decoux is an attempt to strengthen the japanese hold on this colony in preparation for an allied invasion the japanese action which took place on march 10 when governor general decoux and the commanders of indo china’s army navy and air forces were placed in protective custody has been followed by local resistance of french troops in vari ous parts of the country decoux’s shifting strategy japan's re i lations with decoux and his followers holdovers from the days of vichy france form a complicated story of pressure and maneuver in which there are two constant themes the desire of the japanese to use their french puppets for all they were worth and the concern of decoux to be on the winning side in the war whichever side that might be decoux followed a course of yielding to the jap anese the resources and facilities in which they were interested while seeking to retain as much as pos sible of the structure of the french administration the depths of his collaboration were reached in the period immediately after pearl harbor when he called on the populations of the french pacific islands bases then vital to the maintenance of the allied position in the pacific to revolt against the free french authorities but by the summer of 1943 when the tide of the world struggle had already begun to turn his strate gy changed to one of using the growth of allied military power to assert a degree of independence of the japanese at the same time that he sought to bolster his personal position later with the lib tration of france his policy underwent a further evolution and on september 26 1944 he declared the allegiance of the colony to eternal france peace he said will find the mother country strong er than ever and indo china linked with france’s destiny more closely than before after decoux was arrested the japanese radio charged that french officials had cooperated secretly with the united states air forces in the philippines china and india as well as with enemy sub marines and that united states planes had been permitted to deliver supplies at a landing field in northern indo china between february 20 and 22 tokyo also declared that at a conference on february 20 many french military leaders were known to have strongly advocated immediate launching of an armed attack on japan it is impossible to know whether these details contain any truth but there is nothing inherently improbable in the idea that some french leaders may have considered the time ri to break with the japanese or that united nations military authorities had established contact with decoux or lesser officials nationalists wage resistance one factor that influenced decoux in his efforts to main tain a certain reserve toward the japanese was the spirit of resistance among the indo chinese nation alists as well as among some of the french resi dents of the colony it was only natural that when the japanese threw decoux aside after reaching the conclusion that he could no longer serve their purposes they also sought to appeal directly to the nationalism of the annamites who constitute over 70 per cent of the population of indo china on march 11 in a move that tokyo had been consider ing at least since the summer of 1944 the empire of annam under its ruler bao dai declared its independence of the government general of indo china by staging this new puppet show the japanese hope to secure something far more impor tant than the wavering decoux could offer the sup port of significant sections of the native population contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association ie 1 ee ae a noms page two although the japanese may achieve some success in this objective the grant of a false independence is unlikely to influence the active nationalist move ment which has been anti japanese ever since 1940 three insurrections against the invader in october and november 1940 and january 1941 were fol lowed by the organization of the league for the independence of indo china in the latter year the league's efforts according to its program are en tirely oriented towards the armed offensive with the object of freeing indo china from the japanese invader claiming that hundreds of thousands of men are organized and are ready to fight under its direction this far eastern resistance movement some time ago appealed for united nations aid the league offered in return to furnish information about the japanese army and french and indo chinese quislings to cooperate with the allied forces in various ways and to tell the indo chinese people to welcome the allied armies and to give all help when needed ae the anti japanese program of the league for the independence of indo china is coupled with plang for the establishment of a free indo china afte the defeat of japan this raises questions concern ing the future relations of native nationalists and the de gaulle government in paris as well as the role envisaged for the resistance movement in the operations of allied forces invading indo china de gaulle and other french spokesmen have made it clear that france desires to participate fully in the far eastern war especially in indo china’s liberation from the japanese they have also pledged a new political status for indo china within a french im perial federation whether this will satisfy nation alist aspirations remains to be seen but it is appar ent that in asia as in europe liberation from the enemy will be accompanied by a host of problems originating in the pre war decades but stimulated by experiences under the heel of the axis conqueror lawrence k rosinger unfinished business awaits san francisco meeting if any of us had assumed that because of the universal lip service paid to international organiza tion the job half finished in 1919 would be com pleted with relative ease in 1945 then the barrage of criticism directed against the results of dumbar ton oaks and yalta should serve to dispel that op timistic assumption this criticism will reach a cli max between now and the san francisco confer ence it centers primarily on five points all of which deserve frank discussion 1 the relative powers of the security council and the general assembly 2 the procedure of voting in the security coun cil 3 the failure of the sponsoring big four the united states britain russia and china to include poland in the list of invitations 4 the position of france and 5 the relationship of re gional security arrangements to the united nations organization council vs assembly so far as can be ascertained from available information concerning objections already raised to the dumbarton oaks proposals by small nations of europe and latin america there is a strong desire that the general assembly in which small nations are to be repre sented on an equal basis with the great powers should be given authority over matters of security now reserved to the security council the big three have answered this request with two princi pal contentions that the great powers which are to be permanent members of the security council will have to carry the main military and economic burden of assuring world security and that division of responsibility for security measures between the council and the assembly would result in dead locks and failure to act promptly against an ag gressor it was with a view to providing for prompt and effective action in case of emergency that the dumbarton oaks proposals concentrated responsi bility and authority in the small security council leaving to the general assembly administration over non military matters it is interesting to note that some of the people who criticized the league of nations for its inability to check aggression are now alarmed by efforts to endow the united nations or ganization with the substance of power a great power dictatorship the yalta compromise on voting procedure in the se curity council has particularly aroused the opposi tion of those who fear that the stronger the coun cil the more difficult it will prove for the united nations to check any one of the great powers that may go on the rampage this fear is linked with the belief that russia was particularly insistent on retaining the right to veto any military action that the united nations organization might want to take against it and the statement has been repeatedly made that at yalta president roosevelt and prime minister churchill gave in to stalin on this point if past experience is any guide however it is diffi cult to believe that any international charter which did not assure the united states the right to veto the use of force against this country could have te ceived the approval of the senate no responsible person least of all president roosevelt pretends that the yalta arrangement on voting procedure is more than a compromise it does have the advantage of enabling all nations to aif their grievances against the great powers evel though will rec bers of time the ur experi peacefi mutual conside plaints wi it is ne ment v to con organi call is precipi heroic dergro the al foresh been a the goverr over a which in exil task t to the prove europ pected found many be abs for poreic headqus one mor ps fs ss ieee eee es eee at ven hough the final decision about the use of force will require the consent of the five permanent mem bers of the security council the hope is that as ime goes on the free play of public opinion in all the united nations and the slow accumulation of rience in settling international conflicts by ceful means will gradually reduce friction and mutual fear to a point where the great powers can nsider with a measure of detachment the com plaints directed against them by the small nations will poland be at san francisco itis nothing short of tragic that at the historic mo ment when the united nations are being summoned to convert their wartime coalition into a peacetime organization the one nation missing from the roll all is poland whose invasion by germany in 1939 precipitated war in europe and whose citizens have heroically resisted hitler both at home in the un derground movement and abroad in the ranks of the allies perhaps given more time the showdown foreshadowed by the yalta conference could have been avoided but the two main problems of poland the territorial settlement and the character of the government have been under active discussion for oer a year to help find some middle ground on which poles of diverse opinion both at home and in exile can meet to reconstruct their nation is the task the big three set themselves at yalta it is to their interest to succeed in this task and thus prove that their hopes for orderly reconstruction of furope are justified because of this it may be ex pected that every effort will be made to speed the foundation of a polish government representing as many groups as possible and that poland will not be absent from san francisco what will united nations delegates discuss at the historical april 25 meeting read after victory by vera micheles dean a clear brief survey of world organization in question and answer form cuts through the mass of technical in formation now being published includes text of dum barton oaks agreement 25 order from foreign policy association 22 e 38th st new york 16 page three regional security and interna tional organization of even greater im portance is the problem raised by france's decision not to join the big four in sponsoring the san fran cisco conference the french are understandably sensitive about any measure that may seem to dimin ish the prestige of their country and through a long series of inadvertences the united states which cherishes profound admiration for the french people has created the unfortunate impression that it has little patience with general de gaulle yet the very fact that de gaulle unburdened by pre war commitments and pre war ties received relatively little support from washington places him in a position of independence which may make it pos sible for france to act as spokesman for small na tions at san francisco france will not be able to exercise leadership however if it persists in the attitude that determined its decision to abstain from sponsoring the san fran cisco gathering for general de gaulle it was a great blow to discover that stalin preferred to subordinate the franco russian alliance to the united nations organization yet it is obvious that if the united nations organization is to function at all all regional security arrangements and bi lateral alliances must be placed within its frame work otherwise it will be doomed to failure from the outset stalin so far as one can judge recog nized this and to this extent went half way to meet the wishes of this country which had expressed fears about the power politics and unilateral deci sions of britain and russia under the circum stances it must be hoped that the united states in turn will dispel the impression created abroad that by the act of chapultepec the americas have es tablished a regional system of security that could defy or ignore decisions of the united nations or ganization about the western hemisphere the closer we come to san francisco the more we see that we have reached only the first stage of a long journey we have recognized the need for an effective international organization that would be more than a debating society now we have to trans late our desire for an international organization into concrete measures that can enlist the voluntary sup port of nearly fifty nations as well as our own people the real work has just begun vera micheles dean foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 22 marcu 16 1945 we month for change of address on membership publications be 51 published weekly by the foreign policy association headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lust secretary vera miche.es daan béitor entered as scond class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least incorporated national f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter u.s weighs military effect of chinese disunity after examining the question of whether a greater bluntness in policy on our part would close the di vision between the central government of china in chungking and the leaders in the communist prov inces in the northwest and the occupied areas the united states government has decided against inter vention at least for the time being the serious in quiry on this matter accounts in part for the presence in washington of general hurley u.s ambassador to china and lieutenant general wedemeyer american commander in china delicate serious problem this country has consistently shown a formal correctness in its relations with the legitimate government in china headed by generalissimo chiang kai shek to pro mote unity the united states has gone no further than to tender its good offices it has used persuasion but has not sought to force the issue late in janu ary ambassador hurley acting as go between ar ranged negotiations between the communists and the central government but lacked any authority for requiring the two groups to settle their differ ences the negotiations failed and today chungking and yenan are still far removed from understanding although the united states diplomatic correct ness obviously has not brought realization of our hopes for chinese unity it is difficult to tell whether abandonment of that correctness would cause im provement intervention to force chungking to make concessions acceptable to the communists might reduce chiang kai shek’s influence over the part of china now under central government control chungking has taken a number of steps toward solid ifying central unity and impressing the outside world with its democratic disposition and on march 1 chiang kai shek announced that a na tional assembly would convene on november 12 with all parties represented but the communists have charged that without free elections the con stitutional convention will be a powerless body sub servient to the present régime the war provides the united states with prece dents for intervention in the affairs of an ally in the case of yugoslavia poland and greece and the united states has an instrument for intervention in its control of shipments of arms and other war goods into china as part of the policy of correctness the united states has made arms available only to chi nese forces responsible to chiang kai shek on for victory february 15 general wedemeyer said in chungking that all united states officers in china are required to sign a statement that they will not give assistance to individuals or organizations other than those af filiated with the central government under a differ ent policy the united states could share some arms with the communists whose eighth route and new fourth armies although poorly supplied conduct fairly efficient warfare against the japanese the communist radio in yenan reported on march that during 1944 one unit of the communist armig operating north of peiping broke into or captured 51 japanese and puppet strongpoints and block houses in 234 engagements fought according to a new york times report of march 10 the com munists who depend largely on captured japanese equipment have asked the united states to make available to them japanese arms and munitions seized by american forces problem of separate armies a policy of supplying the communists is opposed by the cen tral government with whom the communist nego tiators discussed the question of separate armies dur ing the february conversations the government an nounced that it would approve the establishment of a committee of three which would consider reorgan ization of the communist armies and the questioa of their supplies with government and communist representatives on the committee having equal status the possibility that an american army off cer would preside over this committee was suggested however general chou en lai the communist ne gotiator said on february 15 that the object of the chungking proposal was to place the communist troops under kuomintang officers the communists indicate that they are unwilling to relinquish theit own army until the chungking government becomes democratic their sincerity in this attitude will go untested so long as one party government continues the disunity in china is a problem of war not ideologies for the united states the great chinese political division makes impossible a reasonably ef ficient prosecution of the war against japan on chi nese territory and its continuation might aid the japanese in the event of an allied landing in china admiral chester w nimitz commander of the pacific fleet hinted on march 8 that a china coast landing would precede the invasion of japan such development would seriously strain a divided china blair bolles buy united states war bonds 1918 +hungking required assistance those af or a differ ome arms and new conduct 4 nese the march 8 list armies r captured ind block ding toa the com 1 japanese ss to make munitions a policy by the cen inist nego irmies dut roment an hment of or reorgal e question communist ing equal army offi suggested munist ne ject of the communist ommunists quish their nt becomes de will go continues f war not eat chinese sonably ef an on chr ht aid the g in china der of the china coast pan such 4 ided china 2 bolles in ds perigudical roem gnbral line ary university uav of mice rb iab entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y yo xxiv no 23 marco 238 1945 american nations seek common ground in postwar planning by olive holmes who has just returned from the mexico city conference which she attended as the accredited press representative of the foreign policy association he inter american conference on problems of war and peace marked a turning point in rela tions among the american states those who had tad into hemisphere events of recent months a de tetioration of this delicately balanced system of in temational cooperation were given strong reason to believe that from the gathering of the foreign min iters of twenty new world countries a sense of doser identity in the post war period would result that the american states were able at last to mme together and discuss common problems was in iself an important factor in clearing the atmosphere these problems were numerous and complex and represented the accumulation of many months dur ing which the consultative procedures so carefully daborated in successive pan american conferences lid been almost entirely inactive out of the ple hora of resolutions presented to the mexico city mnference one salient fact emerged to the latin american representatives at least the period of ansition from war to peace presented more uncer luinties than had the war period itself they were concerned chiefly with economic prob kms and looked to this country to assist them not merely to reconvert to peacetime economic bases but 0 proceed with programs of industrial development which had been interrupted by the war possibly the main preoccupation of the united states on the ther hand was the maintenance of a united front wainst the eventuality that the axis underground hight consolidate what is in washington’s view its potential bridgehead in argentina to this end the united states was prepared to give such specific as uurances of close economic and political cooperation as were consistent with its world economic policies and its participation in the proposed security organ ization this awareness of interdependence was evi dent in all the deliberations of the conference and placed the participants on an equal footing neither the united states nor its latin american neighbors gave the impression of laying down terms or asking favors economic tensions lessened the eco nomic charter presented by the united states dele gation sketched the lines of development in latin america it will remain for future conferences in particular the inter american technical economic conference scheduled for next june to give these plans substance while fundamentally in agreement with the long term objectives of the program latin american delegates would have liked more concrete indication of what the united states might do to soften the blow resulting from termination of its wartime buying of strategic materials as well as definite assurance that a fair share of american pro duction of capital goods would be allocated to latin america the american delegation made general assertions that adequate notice of the lapse of war contracts would be given that congressional ap proval would be sought for the maintenance of raw material stockpiles in order to facilitate continued purchases of these commodities and promised that as long as war controls were maintained latin american countries would receive their quotas of the commercial exports of this country but wash ington’s delegates did not feel prepared to commit the american people to special favorable treatment for latin america beyond this in general it was our position that while we would do what is feasible to ease the transition for them no nation could hope to escape post war economic readjustments scot free as regards the broad principles of the economic contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association q f charter moreover considerable rephrasing was nec essary to reconcile the united states objective of achieving multilateral trade with the latin american goal of industrial development encouraged and pro tected if necessary by nationalistic tariff and mon etary policies it was the opinion of latin american delegates that their countries at the present stage of development cannot afford the degree of economic liberty to which the original draft of the charter would have committed them thus the final resolu tion contained certain reservations with regard to progressive reduction of tariff barriers elimination of controls on the activities of foreign business in terests in the various countries and the establish ment of state enterprises for the conduct of trade but latin american delegates did not return to their countries empty handed assistant secretary william clayton was able to allay their worst fears that the united states would assume no economic obligations in the hemisphere while at the same time he main tained a scrupulous respect for the over all aims of american economic policy chapultepec and argentina give and take characterized the political as well as the economic discussions here however the latin american countries definitely assumed the initiative the act of chapultepec hailed by the latin american press as the continentalization of the mon roe doctrine was the end product of draft resolu tions presented by colombia brazil and uruguay to guarantee the political independence and terri torial integrity of the american states it is not sur prising that the terms of these draft resolutions varied in forcefulness in direct relation to the respec tive country’s proximity to argentina for it is from that quarter that a threat to:the peace of the hemisphere might be expected to materialize the state department may have anticipated that future problems of this nature would be tackled under the new consultative powers on political matters recom see foreign policy bulletin march 9 1945 page two __ mended for the pan american union but the reaj uneasiness manifested by close neighbors of argen tina made it imperative that effective ae be established immediately the act of chapultepec therefore was the mex ico city decision on the vexatious argentine prob lem which never came up for discussion in the open sessions the only direct reference to that country jp the final act of the conference was a rather concilj atory resolution deploring the fact that the argen tine nation had not yet found it possible to take the necessary steps that would have permitted jts participation and formally expressing the hope that buenos aires would adhere to the declaration of the united nations as well as to the decisions taken a mexico city these measures if resolutely effected would lead to war with germany and japan o while the farrell per6n government cannot misinter pret the tenor of the act of chapultepec it finds the door left open tc reentry into the comity of american nations and can take this action without too great a loss of national prestige unfinished business only a_ beginning was made at mexico city toward the solution of many of these continental problems at the san francisco conference the regional objectives of chapultepec must somehow be harmonized with the general aims of world security organization the far reaching recommendations for increasing the powers of the pan american union will have to rest until the regular pan american conference at bogota in 1946 for the mexico meeting of foreign ministers had no authority to make decisions regarding the union in addition the future of latin american economic development and inter american trade prospects ultimately depend on the trade policies evolved by the major industrial powers the histor ical significance of the mexico meeting lies in the fact that the american nations in contrast to the experience after 1918 when war fostered unity cob lapsed like a spent balloon expect to continue and strengthen cooperative procedures in the new world will peacemakers of 1945 avoid economic pitfalls of 1919 realizing that economic stability in the post war period is just as important as provisions for political security the united nations have sought to outline plans designed to rehabilitate war devastated areas expand world economy and offer greater facilities for the normal functioning of international trade it is instructive therefore to compare the present pro gram with that contemplated at the time of the paris peace conference after the last war for con gress is now considering the bretton woods mon etary proposals and the forthcoming united nations conference in san francisco must pass on the various plans for future economic security peacemaking 1919 unlike the situation in 1919 when president wilson insisted that the league of nations covenant be incorporated in the treaty of versailles both the present political pro posals outlined at dumbarton oaks and the bretton woods monetary plans were drafted separately and are also being considered apart from the final terms to be imposed on the axis under the unconditional surrender formula the contrast in the economic field is perhaps less striking than in the realm of world political organization for in 1919 the peace makers at paris were reluctant to tackle economit problems at all much less on a world scale the versailles treaty did include lengthy provi sions with respect to reparations both in money and kind whi matter tions faci be incluc without apparent taken the after the from ge it is who in terms rather mi are to be total wat harassed problem lease me which th allow of tion than portion fe is certain the mast will be r remain 1 after the settlemer merce that t tor in the week's vi priations sore of measure misunde however consonar tion of what histori a clea and an formati barton foreig foreign headquarter second class one month iss ad t the real of argen hinery be the mex ine prob the open ountry in ef concilj argen le to take mitted its hope that ion of the s taken at y effected japan so t misinter t finds the american oo great a beginning dlution of t the san sctives of d with the 1 the far the powers rest until bogota in 1 ministers arding the american ican trade de policies the histor lies in the rast to the unity cob ntinue and lew world 1919 1 that the ated in the litical pro the bretton arately and final terms conditional e economic e realm of the peace le economic ile gthy prov money af a kind which were to be obtained from germany this matter alone among present economic considera tions facing the victorious allies will probably also be included in the terms imposed on the reich without pursuing the contrast to its extreme it is apparent that the present peacemakers have under taken their tasks in a strikingly different manner after the futile experience in collecting reparations from germany in the years following the last war itis wholly natural that the allies should think less in terms of exacting huge sums from germany and rather more of the manner in which such payments gre to be made this problem is related to that of total war costs but this time the allies will not be harassed with the difficult and burdensome war debt problem which resulted from the last war the lend lease mechanism and reverse lend lease system by which the war costs have been so largely financed allow of a much speedier and more feasible solu tion than was the case after 1919 doubtless a major portion of the lend lease debts will be cancelled this iscertainly the assumption underlying article vii of the master lend lease agreement whether payment will be required for those lend lease materials which main unused and enter into international trade after the war is yet to be determined but the final settlement is to be one that will not burden com merce that this issue may become a major political fac tor in the united states cannot be doubted after last week’s vote on the renewal of the lend lease appro ptiations in the house of representatives where a sore of congressmen voted in the negative on the measure their votes can only indicate in reality a misunderstanding of the purposes of lend lease however if the final lend lease settlement is to be gnsonant with the assumptions made at the initia tion of the system then congress will appreciate what will united nations delegates discuss at the historic april 25 meeting read after victory by vera micheles dean a clear brief survey of world organization in question and answer form cuts through the mass of technical in formation now being published includes text of dum barton oaks agreement 25 order from foreign policy association 22 e 38th st new york 16 page three that in financing the war in this fashion we have bought our own defense both in theory and in fact by supplying our allies during the war in insisting that the final terms be such as will aid future eco nomic expansion we shall also relieve the united nations of inter allied pressure for debt collections in the interwar years this meant pressure for repa ration collections which in turn led to american loans to germany for purposes of activating what became a vicious financial circle present economic peace terms no greater contrast exists between present proposals for dealing with post war international economic prob lems and those provided by the versailles settlement than in the case of the international monetary fund and the bank for reconstruction and development currently under consideration by congress the bret ton woods schemes have occasioned much opposi tion but it is now expected that the plans will be adopted in major conformity to the draft prepared by the 44 nations last july certain critics have tend ed to regard the adoption of these plans as putting the cart before the horse arguing that there is neither assurance of future political security nor as surance of an expanding world trade an atmos phere necessary for the proper functioning of the mechanism of the fund and bank yet drafting the bretton woods proposals separately from those of dumbarton oaks testifies to their importance and in considering them alone the united nations and the american congress is considering an interdependent part of the future world security structure the versailles peace comprised no such compre hensive program true the paris peace conference did create the international labor office and pro vided for economic advisers to the league secre tariat present plans go much further however and the dumbarton oaks scheme proposes the creation of an economic and social council responsible to the general assembly which shall have power to coordinate the work of various economic agencies erected after the war or now in existence the ex perience of the interwar period testifies to the need for a council with such powers of coordination charged with creating conditions of economic stabil ity and furthering world economic expansion the council represents a marked advance over the pre war period when each country confronted by eco nomic stress or world depression reacted by restric tive unilateral action that led only to a worsening of the problem for all nations grant s mcclellan foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 23 march 23 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorperated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y fxankk ross mccoy president dornothy f lugt secretary vera micuheles dan editor entered as scond class matter december 2 oe month for change of address on membership publications bom 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter bombing alone will not defeat japan the conquest of iwo jima on which only scat tered remnants of the japanese forces were left paves the way for more frequent air raids involving increasing numbers of planes against japan the tiny island provides the united states with a base for b 29s only 760 miles south of tokyo and also deprives the japanese of a base which they used suc cessfully for assaults against b 29 fields at saipan 717 miles south of iwo jima the forthcoming heavier air bombardment will make a valuable con tribution to our progress toward victory unless the civilian population of the united states relaxes in the mistaken belief that to bomb japan is to defeat japan with japan as with germany tanks guns rifles and foot soldiers rather than planes will be the climactic agents of victory the bomb dropped from above is a harrassing and disorganizing missile but not decisive in itself optimism on bombings the decline of full faith in the power of concerted strategic air at tacks against the enemy's industrial emplacements has been slow when prime minister churchill vis ited washington in may 1943 he told congress that while opinion was divided as to whether the use of air power alone could bring about a collapse in germany or italy it was an experiment worth trying if other measures were not excluded in those days the newspapers were filled with exhilarating ac counts of panic in essen duisburg dortmund and wuppertal similar to reports now being printed about panic and fires in tokyo official belief that years of block buster attacks had seriously crippled german industry led some high military and political authorities in the summer of 1944 to think the war might be concluded by autumn the error lay in the failure of allied economic intelligence to appreciate the enemy's ability to reconstruct factories and to wage a war based on decentralized even scattered industry the u.s army air forces are making no inflated claims for their bombing assaults against japan the bombing operations fit into the broad picture of the developing pincers against the asiatic enemy naval disruption of his shipping with the indies sing apore thailand and indo china and interference with sea communications between japan and china the military defeats being meted out to japanese land forces in iwo jima the philippines and burma and the plan for directly engaging the major portion of for victory the japanese army through invasion of easter china from the sea and eventually of japan itself strategic air operations are in their pioneer stages there has been but one raid using as many as 1,009 planes most frequently the attack involves 399 planes and some use only 50 these are small num bers japan more vulnerable on the other hand japanese anti aircraft fire has been unable to prevent low level bombing and incendiary bombs dropped on japan are more destructive weapons than the allies possessed during the period of stra tegic air attack against germany in the long mn the bombing of japan may produce a more direct effect than the bombing of germany for japan's industrial efficiency cannot be expected to match that of its axis partner furthermore japanese political stability is more shaken by the raids and other adverse military devel opments than the stronger german tyranny as ad miral seizo kobayashi pressed for the organization of a new political party on march 8 he remarked that japan’s mainland is now virtually turned into a battlefield in japan there are more opportunities than in germany for public protest against official policy and as long ago as january 15 domei the jap anese news agency reported a demand by the nation for a stronger internal structure to meet the growing seriousness of the war the diet recently has been the scene of a long debate on the question whether japan was improving its combat airplanes adequately to cope with the increasing menace of the b 29 in february japan began to take steps to frustrate industrial destruction from the air on february 13 the tokyo radio said that aircraft factories and other vital war plants were being moved to manchuria but this may mask a program for scattering the plants around the japanese islands instead of over the asiatic mainland moreover the instances of factionalism which the japanese radio spreads before the world may represent an effort to mislead us into thinking the task of victory for the allies in the pacific simpler than it is over optimistic interprets tion of the effect of the bombings would play into the hands of the makers of such a propaganda the administration in washington is prepared for 4 long war that will end only when japan’s ground forces can struggle on no longer blair bolles buy united states war bonds fe vou xxi her cedu tation of franciscc the forc most of which a tween n well inte nations letter un allay the among t mon ous to from th from ce detected by neut the zero most st concern about t against would justify totalitas hope th pose no for that nation ful hov be reali force h years w have et and the church +my tty es f eastern pan itself cer stages y as 1,000 olves 300 mall num the other unable to ary bombs weapons od of stra long run r10re direct or japan's match that ty is more tary devel ny as ad nization of arked that 1ed into a portunities nst official ei the jap the nation 1e growing y has been on whether adequately b29 to frustrate ebruary 13 s and other manchuria ttering the ad of over stances of eads before ead us into lies in the interpreta 1 play into panda the ared for a in’s ground bolles nds 1945 uni entered as 2nd class matter periodical r bnera someta gener university of michigan aan a vhjr itt alecicene foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vol xxiv no 24 marcu 80 1945 here is growing danger that the maze of pro cedural technicalities connected with the presen tation of the dumbarton oaks proposals to the san francisco conference will obscure in this country the forces that are shaping post war europe and most of all the human fears passions and desires which are the stuff and substance of relations be tween nations for no matter how elaborate and well intentioned may be the charter of the united nations now in the making it will prove a dead letter unless the day to day actions of the big three illay the anxieties and encourage the hopes stirring among the ruins of europe monarchy in spain it would be danger gus to generalize about conditions on the continent from the meager indications that can be gleaned from censored news but a few main trends may be detected first and most obvious is the recognition by neutral countries in some cases delayed beyond the zero hour that germany has been defeated the most striking evidence of this trend is the sudden about the atrocities perpetrated by the japanese against spanish citizens in the philippines while it would be awkward to say the least for franco to justify a last minute attack on germany whose totalitarian régime he has labored to copy he may hope that verbal denunciation of japan would im pose no military burdens on spain and might secure for that country a place in the ranks of the united nations and a seat at the peace table it seems doubt ful however that franco’s hopes in this respect will be realized the united states and britain have per force had to work with franco during the grueling years when a german thrust through spain would have endangered allied operations in north africa and the mediterranean but it is no secret that the churchill government would like to see monarchy re foncern expressed by the falange press in spain contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association big three support trend toward stability in europe place the franco dictatorship as soon as conditions permit a bid for restoration of the monarchy was made by prince juan son of the late king alfonso xii in a proclamation released on march 22 in which he declared that franco’s domestic and foreign policies were contrary to the traditions of spain and warned that another civil war was impending unless the general surrendered his power however spaniards in exile in france and mexico hope to reestablish a republican régime after the war by peaceful means for reports from spain indicate re luctance on the part of the people to face the horrors of another civil war eastern europe in transition while the trend of events not only in spain but in lib erated areas of western europe appears to be in favor of stabilization with emphasis on orderly re form rather than revolution the countries in eastern europe freed from nazi rule are struggling through a transition period in some cases marked by violence as they seek to preserve a measure of independence without at the same time antagonizing russia pres ident benes of czechoslovakia who arrived in mos cow on march 18 on his way to kosice where he plans to set up his government pending the libera tion of prague appears to have good prospects for stability at home and friendly relations with the u.s.s.r his most important immediate task is to satisfy the desire of slovaks for a status of equality with the czechs in liberated post war czechoslovakia in rumania premier groza representing the na tional democratic front which includes communists took office on march 7 following the ouster of gen eral radescu who had been criticized by some ru manians as well as by moscow for delaying puni tive action against pro german elements groza’s position was promptly strengthened on march 9 when stalin authorized the reincorporation into ru prt a i ny f we mania as provided by the allied rumanian armis tice of the province of transylvania previously gtanted by hitler to hungary russia's intervention in rumania which brought about inquiries by brit ain and the united states was justified by the soviet government on the ground of military necessity a justification frequently invoked by london and washington in rumania as in hungary and poland the chief item on the domestic agenda is agrarian reform involving the distribution of large estates among the peasants such reform has long been fav ored by peasant leaders in all three countries and was partly effected notably in poland after world war i but complaints frequently had been made that the process of land distribution was unduly slow and that the economic position of great land owners and hence their political influence had re mained undisturbed premier groza however has sought to allay fears of a far reaching economic revolution by stating that industrialists businessmen and bankers are needed for the reconstruction of rumania and will not be placed in the category of war criminals in finland the elections of march 17 and 18 the first general elections held in europe since the out break of war revealed a slight trend to the left as the popular democratic coalition which includes communists won 51 out of 200 seats in the unicam eral legislature largely at the expense of the social democratic and agrarian parties considering how ever the proximity of russia which made no pre tense of disinterest in what happened at the polls the finnish elections indicate a tendency to settle down to a middle course which may become evident in other countries as they emerge from the chaos of war and civil struggle page two e le americans who fear russia’s encroachments op eastern europe and the balkans may ask whethe the soviet government will permit any country along its border to follow a middle of the road course and will not instead insist on thoroughgoing revolutiop predictions are always dangerous but the sovie government has shown greater concern about public opinion in the western world than could have beep anticipated after a quarter of century of deep seated mutual distrust and fear and to the extent that dis trust and fear are gradually dispelled on both sides it may be expected that russia will accept not dis courage the stabilization of europe there is no doubt whatever that russia is intervening in the affairs of nations whose geographical position affects the security of its territory but britain and the united states too have shown an active interest ip the internal affairs of countries which in the opinion affect their security all three great powers in varying degrees and by different methods are trying to steer europe in a direction favorable to their interests all three are beginning to realize that while european nations welcome the aid of the non european powers in their liberation and recovery from war they have not lost their identity and will not permit domination by their great allies any more than they permitted dom ination by hitler europe fortunately in spite of its terrible sufferings and losses is not dead it is in the interest of the united states britain and russia that it should revive as soon as possible and revive un der such conditions that it will look hopefully to voluntary collaboration with the big three vera micheles dean the first of a series of articles on political trends in europe on the eve of san francisco opponents of monetary fund pursue delaying tactics a feeling in some quarters that congressional ac tion on the bretton woods monetary proposals must be delayed has resulted from the objections offered to the plans in the house banking and currency committee since hearings were first begun on march 6 the principal criticisms have come from the amer ican bankers association which has suggested that the international monetary fund be dropped and that the international bank for reconstruction and development be charged with the function of ex change stabilization as well as capital investment in the post war period other business groups includ ing the committee for economic development and the chamber of commerce of the united states have also offered testimony before the committee pro posing that the function and organization of the monetary fund be reviewed the national foreign trade council favors the adoption of the bretton woods monetary proposals although certain reser vations were advanced by individual members of that group it is to be noted however that the ced statement does not ask for complete abolition of the fund and all banking groups have not concurred with the aba report adoption now or never certain press reports suggest that administration officials are now less insistent on speedy congressional action and some opinion in the senate indicates that a final de cision on the bretton woods agreement may not be taken until after the united nations conference has begun at san francisco many proponents of the monetary fund and the world bank both in test mony before the house committee and in the press have intimated that the bretton woods agreement must be approved in substantially its present form of no institutions for post war economic collaboratio can be established it must be appreciated however that they have been forced to take this extremt stand la fund ha some in fact argumet fered f to its d their int favor de have de of the l the dur to pass in view sume th tend th thority bretton qoid a bretton its ador manner senate the cov ame cals at which 1 i ment july co the fin present congre these p were it confere ment o howeve wha histo forei foreign headquart second cla one mont hments op sk whethe intry along course and revolution the soviet bout public have beep deep seated nt that dis both sides pt not dis here is no ing in the ition affects in and the interest in 1 in their rees and by urope in a 1 three are 2an nations vers in their ave not lost nination by nitted dom spite of its it is in the russia that 1 revive un opefully to ree es dean ls in europe ics nembers of vat the ced lition of the t concurred ertain press ials are now action and t a final de may not be ference has ents of the oth in testi in the press agreement sent form of collaboration od howevel his extreme sand largely because those who have opposed the fund have also characterized it in extreme fashion some critics have suggested that the fund would in fact constitute an economic superstate yet this argument is contradictory to the other criticisms of fered for although the fund gives little authority to its directors in forcing member nations to alter their internal monetary policies certain groups that favor delay in considering the bretton woods plan have declared that the economic and social council of the united nations organization envisaged under the dumbarton oaks agreement should have power to pass on the establishment of the fund and bank in view of such opposition is it reasonable to as sume that those who oppose the fund or bank in tend that the new economic council shall have au thority greater than that now proposed under the gretton woods plan candid opinion can hardly wwoid asking whether suggestion for delay on the bretton woods agreement is not a method whereby its adoption may be jeopardized in much the same manner as was the league of nations in 1920 after senate reservations were attached to acceptance of the covenant by the united states american responsibilities treasury off dals and others have pointed out the difficulties which would be involved in drafting a new agree ment while in no way minimizing the results of the july conference at bretton woods last year where the financial experts of 44 nations produced the present plan no one can object to the most careful congressional scrutiny and further public debate on these proposals nor would it be a complete disaster were it necessary to call the united nations into conference again in order to redraft the whole agree ment or any part of it it must remain a question however whether those interests now critical of the what will united nations delegates discuss at the historic april 25 meeting read after victory by vera micheles dean a clear brief survey of world organization in question and answer form cuts through the mass of technical in formation now being published includes text of dum barton oaks agreement 25 order from foreign policy association 22 e 38th st new york 16 page three adr 1 1oar fund are opposed to its purposes or to technical pro visions which could be ironed out in the course of experience once the new institution was established this procedural difficulty is largely of importance because it masks more fundamental questions and has thus caused public debate about the issue of delay the bretton woods plan represents of course a compromise with other nations many of which un der unorthodox economic views are less interested than we are in the mechanisms of monetary rela tions but more concerned over the maintenance of a high level of economic activity this is particularly true of great britain now embarked officially on a policy designed to create and sustain full employ ment this should be no less true of the united states and if delay in adopting the bretton woods agreement served to broaden the discussion of amer ica’s economic problems both on the part of con gress and of private groups then the delay would be wholly beneficial critics of the bretton woods plan have pointed out that other factors tariff problems sterling bal ances employment possibilities and world political security will all greatly affect the desirability or even feasibility of establishing such a monetary fund this is true beyond doubt what is not so clear however is whether the present discussion of priority regarding adoption of monetary plans will not contribute to inaction on these other problems congress must eventually deal with both political and economic agreements of diverse character but above all with the creation of an expanding economy within the united states due to the predominant world influence of american economic strength this decision cannot be delayed much longer were an american policy of full employment as sured there would be less interest in the precise tech nical details of monetary stabilization either in this country or abroad then it would be more feasible to reduce american tariffs expand our imports as well as our exports and enter fully into the operations of the monetary fund and the bank for reconstruc tion and development should the united states pur sue such policies and enter these institutions other nations which are closely watching the american congress in this instance would then know that we are vitally interested in an expanding world economy which can become a real foundation stone for world political security grant s mcclellan foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 24 marcu 30 1945 ome month for change of address on membership publications 131 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f luger secretary vera michsizs dean editor entered as cond class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter sad neutrals increase aid to allies as german defeat impends the neutrals pose a difficult problem for the gov ernments whose delegates are to assemble in san francisco on april 25 and draw up a charter for a world security conference membership in the or ganization should be open to all peace loving states says chapter iii of the dumbarton oaks proposals but only members of the united nations have re ceived invitations to san francisco moves by switzerland and sweden the dumbarton oaks plan calls for abstention from the giving of assistance to any state against which preventive or enforcement action is being undertaken by the organization in recent days the two demo cratic neutrals.on the european continent sweden and switzerland have given demonstrations of friendliness toward the allies which practically amount to acquiescence in the non assistance prin ciple the swiss on march 8 signed an agreement with the united states britain and france which ends their country’s usefulness to the germans they undertook to forbid shipments of coal through switzerland’s tunnels to northern italy controlled by the german armies to cease exports of electrical power to germany to freeze german assets in switz erland and assets held by swiss for germans and to reduce to a dribble swiss purchases of gold from germany five days later the swiss declined to renew their trade pact with germany in addition that country gave assurance to the allies last august that it would surrender war crim inals there are several hundred italian fascist off cials in switzerland among them count giuseppi volti formerly mussolini’s minister of finance and difficulties may confront that country when the allies request it to make good its pledge but the temper of the swiss people as well as the policy of the swiss government is unfriendly to the axis and its agents despite the fact that they have suffered occasional accidental bombings of swiss towns by allied planes such as those of march 4 when zurich and berne were hit zurich not long ago refused permission to dr wilhelm furtwaengler to conduct concerts and when he gave a performance in the small swiss town of winterthur the police had to protect him from the crowds sweden has gradually reduced its trade with ger many to the point where it is negligible and at the same time has assumed budget straining obligations of assistance toward the economically depressed re for victory buy united states war bonds gions of europe from its limited stocks of food stuffs sweden has sent 10,000 tons of edibles tp german occupied netherlands where the popula tion in some instances is subsisting on 630 calories of food a day a second shipment is about to go for ward the dutch distress arises from the failure of the nazis who realize their expulsion from holland is inevitable to provide food for a region that has jj xxiv never been self sustaining and from the nether lands general strike which has interfered with trans urge portation within the german occupied region sweden may fight since the outbreak of the war the swedish government has allotted 400 000,000 kronor about 100,000,000 for gifts to the populations of war ravaged countries on march 7 finance minister ernst wigforss presented a bill to the riksdag that would add another 70,000,000 kronor by june 30 1946 to this outlay for gifts at the same time he proposed the appropriation of 1,440,000,000 kronor to be lent for the rehabilitation of industry in neighboring european countries the contribution of neutral capital toward reconstruction might in time be great for it is doubtful whether the united states will be willing to undertake the whole task of providing funds to make possible european recovery from the destruction of the war the wigforss credit bill would bring to the equiv alent of 625,000,000 the amount which sweden has made available in loans to other states during the war sweden whose first interest is its immediate neighbors intends to lend 50,000,000 to norway and to help replace ships lost from the norwegian merchant fleet 30,000,000 to finland and 18 the 750,000 to denmark ee out the swiss and swedish policies testify not only qyyy their own allied bias but also to the declining influ yriep ence of germany which lost its last effective propa ganda weapon when the v 1 and v 2 bombs failed to change the course of the war the swedes how ever believe that the war may continue for matj military months and there is a possibility that they may entef 4 4 it if the germans follow a scorched earth policy i0 i94 t evacuating norway a situation may arise in neigh boring countries the consequences of which it is im thre6 y possible to foresee defense minister pet edvit imnictic skéld said on march 15 when he announced th hunor purchase of 50 fighter planes p 51s from the united rial p states he e velop nilitary s un fran was striki quest m ind pron fates tl whether kaders s demand thould h ienvisa gec inxiety georges for an i fitories n europ war pre ya tonal or ix mont mndle tl of many tot wait tries of blair bolles served i1 +1945 ends ks of food f edibles to the popula 630 calories at to go for e failure of om holland ion that has the nether with trans gion outbreak of lotted 400 for gifts to on march ented a bill 70,000,000 or gifts at priation of shabilitation untries the construction ful whether idertake the ike possible of the war the equiv sweden has during the immediate to norway norwegian and 18 not only to lining influ ctive propa ombs failed wedes how e for many y may enter th policy if ise in neigh ich it is im per edvin 10unced the n the united r bolles inds apr 17 1945 bc ee entered as 2nd class matter neste periodical roon coun tunbral librar of micr foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y ia xxiv no 25 apri 6 1945 9 extent to which political and economic de velopments in europe sharply accelerated by the nilitary successes of the allies are influencing the in francisco conference even before its opening yas strikingly indicated during the past week the mquest made by the soviet government on march 22 nd promptly rejected by britain and the united mates that the polish provisional government whether or not broadened to include other polish laders should be invited to san francisco stalin's femand at yalta revealed on march 29 that russia hould have three votes in the general assembly mvisaged by the dumbarton oaks proposals the mxiety expressed by french foreign minister georges bidault concerning united states proposals fr an international trusteeship over colonial ter titories all reflect the expectation that as the war nm europe reaches its climax a showdown on post wat problems becomes inevitable had an interna ional organization been established a year or even ix months ago we would have had machinery to landle these problems as things stand now plans for the san francisco conference appear to have len outrun by the tide of events without benefit of peace confer ince it has long been apparent that adjustments if many controversial issues on the continent would lot wait for a final peace settlement similar to the ties of peace treaties that closed world war i military necessity dictated the conclusion by britain ind the united states of an armistice with italy in 43 the terms of which have not yet been made ublic and the subsequent negotiation by the big three with russia acting on behalf of its allies of umistices with finland rumania bulgaria and hungary all of which contain far reaching terti rial political and economic provisions usually re tved in the past for peace treaties it is very doubt urgent political issues steal spotlight from san francisco ful that a peace conference if one should be held at the close of the european war would undertake to revise such items as the cession of strategic areas by finland to russia the return by rumania to russia of bessarabia and bukovina or the surrender by hungary of transylvania whose civilian adminis tration was turned over by stalin to the rumanian government of premier groza on march 9 while britain and the united states may have originally hoped to postpone territorial settlements in eastern europe until after the end of the war their participa tion in the four armistices concluded with germany's satellites in that area would indicate acquiescence in their territorial terms in fact proposals for eventual revision of border arrangements by a united nations organization as suggested in senator vandenberg’s memorandum published on april 2 would cause grave misgivings in moscow poland’s expansion as russian forces overrun eastern and northern germany the soviet government proceeds to implement the statement made by roosevelt churchill and stalin at yalta when they said that they recognize that poland must receive substantial accessions of territory in the north and west on march 31 the warsaw radio announced that the polish provisional government had set up a province of danzig including the city of danzig strategic baltic naval base and several cities of the former polish corridor this step may be criticized in london and washington on two points both specified in the yalta announcement in that document the big three leaders had said first that they feel that the opinion of the proposed polish provisional government of national unity not yet formed should be sought in due course on the extent of poland’s accessions at the expense of germany and second that final delimitation of the western frontier should await the peace conference contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association the most troubling immediate problem is that the big three commission in moscow charged by the yalta conference with the task of helping to reor ganize the lublin régime now transferred to war saw on a broader democratic basis with the inclu sion of democratic leaders from poland itself and from poles abroad has so far found it impossible to acccomplish its task the contention of the soviet government in its request of march 22 is that repre sentatives of that régime should be invited to repre sent poland at the san francisco conference irre spective both of the failure so far to broaden its composition and of its nonrecognition by britain and the united states this may appear to the western powers as spe cious reasoning but everything depends on the angle from which a particular international situation is viewed by a particular nation at a moment when britain and the united states are making every effort to align argentina on the anti axis side although no move in the direction of democratic practices has been made internally by the farrell régime and when this country by increased purchases in spain appears to be strengthening the position of franco who openly fought russia it may seem reasonable in moscow to line up poland on its side in the forth coming international organization added votes for big three a similar concern to improve russia’s bargaining position lies behind the demand for three votes in the general assembly to balance off those of britain and the dominions this demand president roosevelt is re ported to have agreed to submit to the san francisco conference having first reserved the right to submit a request for three votes for the united states if russia’s request is approved ever since the an nouncement of foreign commissar molotov on february 1 1944 that the 16 constituent repub lics of the u.s.s.r were to maintain their own military contingents and conduct their own foreign affairs it had been expected that moscow would ask for 16 votes in an international organization so argentine’s entry into war may bolster farrell dictatorship argentina’s long overdue declaration of war was made possible by the mexico city invitation to ar gentina to adhere to the final act of the inter amer ican conference on march 27 the military govern ment declared that a state of war existed between argentina and japan and germany in view of the latter’s character as an ally of japan heretofore buenos aires had justified its neutrality on the ground that germany and japan had given it no rea son for war more recently it claimed that a declara tion of war against germany would be unchival rous in the light of german defeats but the mex ico city resolution afforded the necessary pretext page two far it has limited its request for separate votes to thy white russian s.s.r which includes polish whit russia and the ukrainian s.s.r which include polish ukraine in addition to the vote of th u.s.s.r proper to what extent this demand is dictated by natiop alist sentiment in the two republics notably amon the ukrainians who have a long history of nationg consciousness remains for the time being a matte of speculation as long as the security council of the proposed united nations organization is dom inated by the big three it is difficult to see what beyond prestige is achieved by additional votes jg the general assembly which according to the dum barton oaks proposals should not on its own initia tive make recommendations on any matter relating to the maintenance of international peace and secur ity which is being dealt with by the security coun cil at the same time several american political scientists have already pointed out the incongruity of having equal numerical representation in the gen eral assembly for countries indubitably unequal in many respects and it has been suggested that votes should be allotted on the basis not only of popula tion but also of literacy economic development social progress and so on what must be regretted about the yalta discussion of this point is not that it should have been raised but that it should have been raised in a crudely mechanistic form which threatens to block constructive discussion of a valid and im portant question the key to russia’s attitude toward san francisco however is neither the status of the polish régime nor the number of votes to be held by the great pov ers in the general assembly but the belief that the conference specifically called to set up the machinery of international organization will not touch on the fundamental problems of peace making and security vera micheles dean the second in a series of articles on political trends in europe on the eve of san francisco and argentina lost little time in acting on it citing the japanese attack on pearl harbor as one of the principal reasons for its move buenos aires reception cool accord ing to dispatches from the capital city federal police had to take the unusual precaution of throwing 3 cordon around the embassies of argentina’s new 4 lies to protect them from nationalist demonstrations but on the whole the public received the news with somewhat the same indifference that characterized it response to the breaking of diplomatic relations four teen months ago while argentines were glad tht the government had finally abandoned its equivocd stand o foreign possible attach prestige mexico argenti jon un ically n the pec democr and to cared t far rem betwee tives an governt the less if pu therefo ity tow this cur rather t ency are litical r the wa minds while seize ev en its s wh in brea year tl desire face wi not de state l spond that i would regards the at econon retentic mand large argent tural n contro poli impel war foreign headquart second cla one mont votes to the lish whitd ch include ote of thé 1 by nation ably among of national 1g a matte council of on is dom o see what ial votes in o the dum own initia ter relating e and secur urity coun an political incongruity in the gen unequal in d that votes r of popula evelopment be regretted is not that it id have been ich threatens lid and im in francisco olish régime ie great pow lief that the he machinery touch on the and security iles dean ends in europe torship on it citing is one of the ol accord federal police f throwing 4 tina’s new al monstrations the news with aracterized its relations four rere glad that its equivocdl es stand on the war they resented the appearance of foreign pressure that accompanied the move it is possible that now however the argentine does not attach as much importance to the loss of national prestige as he did a year ago in a message to the mexico city conference the committee of exiled argentines representing all shades of political opin ion unequivocally stated that dealing with a typ ically nazi government which does not represent the people would be equivalent to negating the democratic affirmations made by the united nations and to displacing security with distrust and de clared the estrada doctrine of automatic recognition far removed from present realities if he must choose between foreign intervention for democratic objec tives and the further encroachments of a dictatorial government the argentine of 1945 knows which is the lesser evil if public reaction was frigid to the news of war therefore it was not because of widespread hostil ity toward the idea of external pressure although this current of course persists in some quarters but rather because the internal consequences of belliger ency are greatly feared the chances of obtaining po litical reforms are now indefinitely postponed with the wartime experience of brazil vivid in their minds argentines fear that the military clique while professing a democratic foreign policy will seize every opportunity through war decrees to tight en its stranglehold on governing processes at home why did argentina declare war in breaking diplomatic relations with the axis last year the government was largely motivated by the desire to obtain lend lease goods to speed its arms face with brazil but surely the military clique does not delude itself that the new incumbents of the state department will be any more disposed to re spond to so patent a bid than was secretary hull or that in any case public opinion in this country would now permit such shipments to argentina as regards its post war economic situation moreover the argentine government is well aware that its economy can be maintained comfortably through the retention of british markets and the renewed de mand for its foodstuffs in liberated europe with large exchange balances located in this country argentina will be able to purchase stocks of agricul tural machinery and capital equipment once wartime controls are lifted political not military or economic considerations impelled the farrell perén government to declare war for disapproval of its policies is general in page three latin america as well as in the united states and too marked to be ignored buenos aires may have believed that if it could succeed in dispelling con tinental opprobrium it would obtain the half prom ised incorporation into the group of united nations in time to attend the united nations conference although the deadline for invitations to san fran cisco had passed that government may hope that the united states while publicly laying emphasis on the necessity for a world approach to security planning will privately welcome all possible support from the latin american states at the april meeting even if this assumption were founded on some measure of truth however it is reported that a red star editorial last week asserted that if argentina were invited russia would not attend the conference early recognition for argentina the mexico city resolution did not specify what would be the entrance requirements for admittance to the united nations but in the joint declaration of the united nations these governments pledge themselves to employ their full resources military or economic against those members of the tripartite pact with whom they are at war the government of argentina has moved to suppress the axis press as well as some nationalist organs but at the same time suspended two democratic newspapers noficias graficas and vanguardia n addition registration and control of the movements of all aliens including those who have acquired argentine nationality was decreed an administrator of axis firms has been appointed to supervise the commercial and financial activities of all axis subjects whether these measures will prove effective in eliminating axis activities in argentina depends en tirely on the farrell perén government while the american republics have not in any way obligated themselves to accord diplomatic recognition or even to consult together on argentina’s latest move their anxiety to receive argentina back into the american family of nations may lead them to assume good in tentions on the basis of insufficient evidence this happened once before with regrettable conse quences when the american states recognized the ramirez government brought to power by the june 4 1943 revolution it may be that the new direction of frre ay 2 s policy is to recognize argentina at an early date and send to that country an ambassador of vigorous democratic leanings who would report fully on progress toward the suppression of axis ac tivities and encourage by his presence the reconstruc tion of constitutional government ozrve holmes foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 25 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y april 6 1945 o month for change of address on membership publications b 151 produced under union conditions published weekly by the foreign policy frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lugt secretary second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y association incorporated national vera micue.es dagan editor entered as under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year and composed and printed by union labor washington news l etter will congress back measures for world economic cooperation the charter for international political and military cooperation to be drawn up at the san francisco conference will be only one rail in the track to a lasting peace the other will be a system for bolster ing a moderate prosperity in the various nations which seek security as much from the torments of unemployment and depression as from some aggres sive neighbor the need for this second track has prompted the administration to present to congress a number of proposals which are designed in the long run to contribute to economic security both in this country and abroad foreign economic policy proposals together the proposals make up the substance of a foreign economic policy for the united states they fall into two categories agreements with other states and purely national acts which would affect other states outstanding in the first category are the bretton woods agreements for establishment of an international monetary fund and an international bank the agreement for the united nations food and agriculture organization the agreements reached at the chicago aviation conference and the mexican water treaty in the second category are the trade agreements extension act whose passage president roosevelt urged in a message to congress on march 26 the bill extending lend lease legislation that would guide the post war sale of ships from the united states merchant fleet and bills prolonging the export sub sidies on wheat and cotton shipped from the united states the administration will also shortly submit to congress proposals to increase the lending power of the export import bank to 2,000,000,000 or 2,500,000,000 to repeal the johnson act and to provide more funds for unrra congress has been scrutinizing these proposals long and cautiously the senate foreign relations com mittee reported the mexican water treaty on febru ary 23 but the senate has not yet completed its de bate on this instrument for specialized economic co operation between the united states and mexico the house banking and currency committee began hear ings on the bretton woods agreements on march 7 and these are not yet completed the administration expects swifter progress through the capitol for the food and agriculture agreement but its hopes may be disappointed president roosevelt on march 26 for victory sent a message to congress favoring the food and agriculture organization on march 27 chairman bloom of the house foreign affairs committee in troduced a joint resolution authorizing the united states to accept membership in the organization he has scheduled the first hearings for april 12 meanwhile the house passed the lend lease ex tension act on march 13 five republicans success fully sponsored an amendment to this act forbidding the use of lend lease for post war relief rehabilita tion or reconstruction a statement concerning the legislation by one of the five representative vorys of ohio reflected the growing determination of congress to participate actively in foreign affairs it shows complete agreement between the executive and both parties in congress that our post war plans and policies will be submitted to congress and the approval of a majority in both parties is sought for these policies struggle ahead on trade agree ments the central concept behind the economic foreign policy program is that the whole world will gain through the elimination of preferences in inter national commerce and the lowering of tariff barriers this concept conflicts with the view held by some that any one country might best increase its pros perity and serve its commercial interests through special agreements in a limited area the adminis tration program has opponents at home in the pro tectionists and abroad in the supporters of special agreements like empire preference and the sterling bloc britain for example finds it difficult to recon cile american advocacy of nondiscrimination with our policy of subsidizing cotton exports the issue between those two points of view on foreign economic policy will be joined most clearly over the trade agreements extension act for which chairman doughton of the house ways and means committee introduced a resolution on march 16 hearings will begin before that committee on apzil 16 the extension bill would authorize the adminis tration to negotiate trade agreements for three years beyond june 12 1945 and in the negotiations to re duce by 50 per cent tariffs existing on january 1945 a strong group in congress will strive to amend the act to provide for congressional review of every trade agreement made under its authority blair bolles buy united states war bonds vou x xi is cc he b rectio gmilar te ent wee advances up its fa japan of tality pz yay to wok the macarth f comm navy fo jpanese sa mil end denuncia most to ong loo wuld b the east hat the s impo hat jap ind has mates ar viet e1 vaiting yet tl viet u tokyo 1 itiking var is ir karing millions xpectec tokyo's he othe +ee a tion food and chairman umittee in he united zation he 12 d lease ex ms success forbidding rehabilita erning the itive vorys ination of gn affairs e executive t war plans ss and the sought for 3 agree e economic world will ces in inter riff barriers id by some se its pros its through e adminis in the pro s of special the sterling lt to recon 1ation with of view on nost clearly t for which and means march 16 ee on april he adminis three years ations to fe january 1 ill strive to ional review ts authority r bolles inds 1945 pr 10 iga entered as 2nd class matter oq r ee genera library tv yollversity fee oe mi fl in any awhaw bee ob 2 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y yo xxiv no 26 april 13 1945 he blows now raining on japan from many di rections are portents of ultimate disintegration imilar to that facing the nazis in the west in re eat weeks american forces have made significant avances on okinawa the british navy has stepped w its far eastern operations moscow has deprived pan of the consolation of the soviet japanese neu tality pact the koiso régime has fallen and given wy to the suzuki cabinet american planes have wok the 45,000 ton battleship yamato and general macarthur and admiral nimitz have been placed ncommand respectively of all american army and navy forces in the pacific this chain of unbroken jpanese misfortunes is a symbol of japan’s decline sa military power and of greater defeats ahead end of a treaty of all these events soviet denunciation of the neutrality pact with japan means most to the american public for this country has ong looked toward the time when our russian allies would be able to show their solidarity with us in he east now moscow has served notice on tokyo hat the pact has lost its sense and its prolongation s‘impossible the grounds given by the russians hat japan has aided germany against the u.s.s.r ind has waged war with the latter’s allies the united mates and britain clearly could be used to justify wviet entrance into the far eastern conflict without vaiting for the expiration of the treaty in april 1946 yet the american public should not expect the viet union to fight japan at an early date unless tokyo undertakes the desperate fatal gamble of itiking first it is true that the end of the european vat is in sight but it is not yet here moreover after karing the main brunt of nazi might and losing millions of men in the process the russians may be mpected at least to wait until the main body of tokyo’s armies has been tied down by the forces of le other united nations it is also possible that contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association is our china policy consistent with needs of pacific war moscow will concentrate on various important meas ures short of war for example making bases avail able to the united states the likelihood that the u.s.s.r will aid us against japan in no way lessens our own military responsibil ities in fact it has now become more urgent for us to help create the conditions under which the rus sians can participate at the earliest moment it must at the same time be recognized that denunciation of the neutrality pact has valuable immediate effects it establishes a more favorable atmosphere for the san francisco conference obliges japan to maintain or even increase its forces in manchuria and korea and undoubtedly has greatly heightened the tension and gloom already existing in tokyo future of manchuria yet questions have been raised about moscow’s intentions in manchuria whose return to china was pledged by the united states and britain at the cairo conference in no vember 1943 there is no evidence that the u.s.s.r desires to annex manchuria or that it does not wish to see that territory become part of a friendly stable china but that the russians will exert an important influence on the future of manchuria in which they have a deep security interest is no more open to question than that america will help to shape the future of neighboring countries or of areas in which we have troops a glance at the situation in china will show man churia’s explosive potentialities at the present mo ment the only chinese resistance forces in or near the area are those of the communist led eighteenth group army if the russians should later fight on manchurian soil or in north china they would come in contact with these troops and cooperate with them against japan the effect would be to strengthen the eighteenth group army militarily and politically if before this happened chungking and the com 8 ___________ 9 9775 munists had reached an agreement on unity the russians would simply be in the position of render ing aid to the local forces of a united china but if an adjustment of chinese internal differences had not been achieved grave issues could be raised both for chungking and washington our policy toward china the amer ican public does not know whether the u.s.s.r will use troops against japan but such aid would un doubtedly be welcomed both on main street and in washington clearly to expect the russians to fight ge without influencing the areas they enter is to of moscow something that we do not ask of our selves something that is in any event a political im for even if the russians do not enter anchuria their voice will still be heard in that region consequently the only practical approach for the united states is to accept the influence of the u.s.s.r in northeast asia as a fact and to seek to anticipate concrete problems so that they may be prevented from arising or may be adjusted satisfac torily when they appear under general stilwell and our former ambassa dor to china clarence e gauss it was american policy to exert strong pressure on chungking for internal chinese unity and to establish direct contact with the chinese guerrilla armies while cooperating to the full with the government and armed forces of generalissimo chiang kai shek this approach rest ed on the conviction that it would be of great mili need for understanding of russia’s security program russia's denunciation of its neutrality pact with japan has caused renewed discussion of moscow’s foreign policy among those who since yalta had expressed growing doubts about the willingness of the u.s.s.r to cooperate with the western powers for many americans russia’s eventual participation in the pacific war has become a primary test of its good faith yet no sooner does moscow take a step in that direction than voices are heard de claring that the u.s.s.r has designs on areas of asia adjacent to its borders russia’s course closely watched whatever russia does or fails to do its actions or lack of them are suspect to other countries when the red army was racing toward berlin many americans were worried that the russians would get dangerously ahead of their western allies now that the russian forces are concentrating on the occupa tion of vienna the same people wonder why the red army has slowed down its drive toward berlin suspicions are always voiced about the motives of great powers the french for example have shown unmistakable anxiety concerning the ultimate objec tives of the united states in africa and asia where france has colonial interests es tary value to help the chinese guerrillas step up thei war effort especially since we would be workin with them if we landed at certain points on the ching coast it was also felt that amicable american sovie and american chinese relations required that greate chinese unity be achieved before the final phases of the far eastern war recently a different tendency has found expression in some sectors of american policy toward china for example in an interview of april 2 in washing ton ambassador patrick j hurley declared that the united states would confine its assistance entirely to chungking and give no supplies to the chinese com munists if such a policy were actually carried out it would mean that we had decided for political reasons to forego the important military aid the guerrilla armies can furnish it would also be incon sistent with our interest in having the russians fight the japanese since we would be in the position of encouraging the russians to come in contact with the guerrillas whom we refused to aid that such a tendency can long survive is open to doubt the gauss stilwell policy despite the ob stacles it came up against was a more realistic ap proach to china’s problems it was a policy that prom ised in so far as control of events lay in our power to make maximum use of all chinese armed forces in the war against japan and to lay a sound basis for cooperation with both china and russia in war and peace lawrence k rosinger but there are special reasons for the recurring anxiety about russia's objectives in europe the fact that the u.s.s.r is ruled by a political dictatorship dominated by the communist party which has not hesitated to repress by force opposition elements both within its borders and within those of countries it has helped to liberate from german rule the exis tence in russia of a social and economic system that challenges the system of private enterprise familiar to advanced western countries the absence of civil liberties associated with western democracy the hostile attitude of the soviet government until re cently toward organized religion and its continuing strictures on the policy of the vatican all these fac tors have influenced the judgment of other countries about russia’s foreign policy none of these factors can be disregarded the primary question since rus sia’s invasion by germany in 1941 however has been not whether russia would adopt the political and economic institutions of britain and the united states but whether it would continue to fight the germans and once a common victory had been achieved would participate in the establishment of an effective international organization that could pre vent another global war in the future this question ne __ has lost any deg cisco ce seci be said achieve country wer united it inten and to dispose these f withou contro tical ir on the to suc russia partici they b their b findins the u an many york desp beautif tractin strates interpr and th rende:z new a si presid wi his ep up thei ye workin n the ching rican soviet that greater 1 phases of expression ard china 1 washing ed that the entirely to inese com carried out of political ity aid the o be incon ssians fight position of ct with the is open to ite the ob ealistic ap y that prom our power rmed forces nd basis for in war and losinger am e recurring ve the fact dictatorship ich has not ments both countries it e the exis system that ise familiar nce of civil ocracy the at until re continuing ll these fac er countries hese factors n since rus ywever has he political the united to fight the had been lishment of it could pre his question has lost none of its urgency can it be answered with any degree of assurance on the eve of the san fran cisco conference security moscow’s chief aim what can be said is that the u.s.s.r is just as determined to achieve security as the united states or any other country it has suffered enormous losses in man wer and material resources far in excess of the united states and relatively speaking of britain it intends to repair these losses as swiftly as possible and to prevent their recurrence by all means at its disposal among these means is participation in a strong international organization the soviet government when it accepted the dumbarton oaks proposals apparently assumed that these proposals would be accepted by other nations without fundamental changes public discussion of controversial political questions is not as yet prac tical in the u.s.s.r it requires a major adjustment on the part of the soviet government to lend itself to such discussion on the life and death matter of russia's post war security yet the more the russians participate in international conferences the more they become aware of the views of peoples outside their borders the better is the prospect for ultimately finding a common ground for cooperation between the u.s.s.r and the other united nations an international security organization however page three seal os will not of itself answer many questions which rus sia like other nations is asking about the future russia wants access to seaways and world markets it wants stability in countries along its western bor der above all it wants to make germany incapable of embarking on another war of aggression by de priving the germans of military power and diverting their resources of labor and technical skill to the reconstruction of its devastated areas this is what might be called russia’s minimum program at the same time its military leaders fresh from spectacular victories on the battlefield want as much strategic protection for russia on the west as it will be po litically feasible to achieve and nationalists in the soviet government are in sympathy with this aim geographic proximity military power and similar ities of economic and social problems have already given russia great influence in countries of eastern europe and the balkans this influence will spread westward only if the united states and britain fail to assume their share of political responsibility in europe falter in their announced determination to establish an effective international organization and find it impossible to agree with russia about the treatment of germany vera micheles dean the third in a series of articles on political trends in europe on the eve of san francisco the f.p.a bookshelf many a watchful night by john mason brown new york whittlesey house 1944 2.75 despite some critics tendency to disparage the use of beautiful words in describing war experiences as if de tracting from understanding the author again demon strates that a person with real feeling for language can interpret battle drama sympathetically to men below decks and the the reading public rendezvous with destiny edited by j b s hardman new york dryden press 1944 3.00 a selective arrangement of addresses and opinions of president franklin d roosevelt what will united nations delegates discuss at the historic april 25 meeting read after victory by vera micheles dean 25 january issue of headline series a clear brief survey of world organization in question and answer form cuts through the mass of technical information now being published includes text of dum barton oaks agreement order from foreign policy association 22 e 38th st new york 16 education in transition by h c dent new york oxford university press 1944 3.00 this analysis of english education as affected by the war should be of value to those interested in post war edu cation in any country atlas of global geography by erwin raisz new york global press distributed by harper and brothers 1944 3.50 developed on the interesting idea of the plane’s eye view and the theory that a global map would fit a globe if wrapped around it the global press distributes directly a wall map the trans orbal map at 1.00 the land of prester john by elaine sanceau new york knopf 1944 2.75 as fabulous and fascinating as marco polo’s journey this vividly written tale tells of the courage of portuguese jesuits and men of arms whose work in ethiopia con tinued for almost two hundred years nationality in history and politics by frederick hertz new york oxford university press 1944 6.50 the author considers national consciousness as the sum of many aspirations toward national personality he treats these aspirations in their relation to the various factors in the background of modern nationalism and carefully brings out the effect of the doctrines of great thinkers on national ideology foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 26 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y second class matter december 2 one month for change of address on membership publications april 13 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lust secretary vera michgies dagan editor entered as 1921 at the post office at new york n y umder the act of march 3 1879 incorporated national three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year beis produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor il ih genni sts cesta ee ss sa ee washington news letter colonial issue raised on eve of san francisco conference the dependent peoples of the world have a direct stake in the united nations conference which opens on april 25 at san francisco the meeting is ex pected to create machinery for the transfer of world war i mandates from the league of nations to the new world organization and the united states may propose or at least support an amendment to the dumbarton oaks proposals that would directly au thorize the general assembly to consider problems relating to colonial areas other than mandates dis cussion about any particular region like palestine in reference to mandates or indo china in reference to colonies would violate the purpose of the confer ence which has been convoked to establish the ma chinery to deal with problems affecting world affairs disposition of italian and japanese colonies will await conclusion of the war although the san fran cisco conference may assign to the united states ad ministrative control over the pacific islands for which japan was granted the mandate after world war i admiral ernest j king commander in chief of the united states fleet on april 5 urged that this coun try retain the pacific islands liberated by our forces mandate questions postponed at dumbarton oaks had representatives of the united states britain the soviet union and china completed the task they originally set for themselves in the dumbarton oaks conversations which ended october 7 1944 they would have included in their proposals not 12 but 13 chapters the 13th chapter was to have dealt with arrangements for transferring mandates but the many weeks devoted to reaching agreement on proposals in the first 12 chapters dis couraged the negotiators from prolonging the talks by consideration of this matter subsequently hope developed that a special meeting on mandates might be held before april 25 but that prospect has faded as a result the san francisco conference will be asked to deal with this question which president roosevelt prime minister churchill and marshal stalin considered during their talks at yalta the san francisco resolution on mandates can be expected to substitute for mandate some word like trusteeship and to provide a more authorita tive system of international supervision of trustee ships than that provided in article 29 of the league covenant the league mandates commission was unable to combat directly either the discriminatory tax imposed in southwest africa in 1922 by the for victory union of south africa administrator or the closed door policy invoked by japan for its mandates in the pacific also it was forced to rely on reports from the maadatory governments for information respecting affairs in the mandates the new international organization may assume a responsibility which the league of nations never had that of devising a formula by which all colonial areas could like the mandates be led gradually toward independence the general authority of the assembly as set forth in the dumbarton oaks pro posals which grants to it the right to discuss any questions relating to the maintenance of inter national peace and security brought before it by any member or members of the organization covers colonial matters but this government is said to con sider it desirable that the assembly be given a specific directive to discuss the colonial question lot of colonials improved in antici pation of a move for liberation of colonial posses sions the great powers have in recent years acceler ated their programs for improving the social and political status of the dependent peoples the british government has recently extended its colonial de velopment and welfare act first passed in 1940 and the dutch announced in 1943 that overseas posses sions would receive after the war a fuller autonomy than the act of 1925 gave them the french govern ment on january 19 1945 announced that after the war indo china most important of the french col onies would be autonomous the colonial powers however do not seem will ing to go beyond granting dependent areas a larger measure of self government in all that concerns colonial policy the struggle will be between the forces that favor true national freedom under inter national supervision and the forces that advocate nurturing colonial peoples for the status which we in the united states might describe as statehood it is imperative that the constitution which will determine the jaws of the fourth republic must integrate our colonies into france said rené pleven then french colonial minister on october 29 1944 colonel oliver stanley british colonial secretary stated in his address to the foreign policy association on january 19 1945 that the aim of britain’s colonial policy was the achievement of the fullest possible measure of self government within the empire blair bolles buy united states war bonds 1918 vou xx he who in mank who liv granted contemp rare an days ahe spirit a views of adaptab the seer during come to deeply z main as una presider generat times in ization night be some o litical a change of new he may cies or ment w crucial for ord with th tive to phasis and the verse n ment assurin +laan nce e closed es in the from the especting assume a ns never colonial zradually ty of the jaks pro 0 discuss of inter it by any covers d to con a specific in antici i posses s acceler cial and 1e british mial de 1940 and is posses tutonomy h govern after the ench col eem will a larger concerns ween the der inter advocate ich we in od it is jetermine grate our n french colonel y stated tation on s colonial t possible ire bolles nds pgriodical room bneral liveary apr 29 194 entered as 2nd class matter geseral wlorary ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiv no 27 apri 20 1945 roosevelt’s fearless ideals guide for security conference he bell has tolled all over the world for a man who to an extraordinary degree was involved in mankind the mourning is not for the president who lived as full and satisfying a life as is ever granted to a human being but for the loss to his contemporaries young and old of qualities always rare and never so much needed as in the critical days ahead courage in the face of adversity a gay spirit a genuine desire to understand and meet the views of other peoples idealism made practicable by adaptability to circumstances the daring to attempt the seemingly impossible these qualities which during the twelve years of his administration had come to permeate public life in this country and had deeply affected our friends and associates abroad re main as our national heritage unafraid of our times the greatness of president roosevelt was that unlike many of his generation he was unafraid of the soul searching times in which we live the only limit to our real ization of tomorrow he said in a speech written the night before he died will be our doubts of today some of his opponents sincerely questioned his po litical and economic philosophy others opposed all change and criticized the president as the advocate of new deals at home and abroad however much he may be thought to have erred on details of poli cies or in administrative practices his major achieve ment was his readiness to grapple with the two most crucial problems of the twentieth century the need for orderly transition from an expansionist economy with the emphasis on untrammeled individual initia tive to a stabilized industrial system with the em phasis on collective responsibility for social welfare and the parallel need to fuse the aspirations of di verse nations at widely differing stages of develop ment in an international organization capable of assuring the security and welfare of all peoples every country has faced these two problems in many cases the war has merely postponed a showdown that will come the moment hostilities are over president roosevelt's signal contribution to this critical transition period was the belief that necessary change could be effected by timely reforms that would revitalize democracy making it less vulner able to extremist doctrines of both right and left what some of his opponents failed to recognize was that without such reforms the united states might have drifted into a condition of internal strife from which a dictatorship might have emerged in 1933 in the depths of the depression the president had he wished could have resorted to far more drastic measures than those he adopted with the acquies cence of millions who were disoriented and frus trated by the economic crisis although his domestic program alarmed many people at that time his op ponents recognized in subsequent election campaigns the need for most of his reforms which have be come an accepted part of the american way of life similarly once the world was plunged in war some critics claimed that the president had been a warmonger while others deplored his delay in bring ing the nation into the world conflict but again with a striking sense of what was practicable at any given time the president instead of pressing for immediate action as some of the interventionists among us would have had him do guided the nation through two critical years until a majority of the american people had become convinced of the neces sity to take an active part in the war in preparing for the establishment of a world organization too he took pains to lay the groundwork for acceptance by the united states of obligations under a charter of the united nations by seeking in advance the support of the senate and encouraging wide public discussion of the dumbarton oaks proposals he contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association pe re ee ee wee ro aes pinecciviete wats 2 se s ee ee ih tl i died without seeing the plans for world security he had discussed with the leaders of the other united nations brought to fulfilment at san francisco but there should be some satisfaction in the knowledge that he died advancing toward the goal to which all mankind aspires as the war draws to a close the unfinished struggle as always in the hour of death our thoughts should be less for the one who died and is at peace and more for those who must live to carry on the struggle president truman has the sympathy of all his fellow citizens as he takes up the crushing burdens of his office he and his advisers like president roosevelt before him will need the unremitting support of the entire na tion to carry to a successful conclusion the prosecu tion of the war and the organization of the peace it would be tragic if now not through ill will on any one’s part but possibly through lack of sufficient de termination the vast structure of international or ganization that the united nations had just begun to build should be left unfinished if the coalition maintained with such a remarkable degree of unity throughout the war should be allowed to disin tegrate in the hour of victory such disintegration is the one hope that remains to germany and japan but even if as we must all see to it this does not occur there is always the danger that once the pressures of war have relaxed we will experience page two el a the weariness and cynicism that set in after a periog of extraordinary exertion if we should then alloy the dark forces of reaction racial prejudice economic and social strife that are latent in every society to gain the upper hand hitler although defeated og the battlefield would in effect have triumphed oye democracy the genius of the american people that unend ingly astonishing composite of many races creeds political and economic beliefs is its elasticity jin hours of crisis its unfailing spirit of fair play its recognition of the need to be always on the move toward new objectives the nation’s past including the immediate past of the last twelve years which have brought the united states to the stage of ma turity both in domestic and foreign affairs should inspire us to go ahead not shackle us in our en deavors to find answers to the problems of this cen tury writing at a time when the country was in the throes of another great crisis walt whitman sound ed a call that remains significant today when he said we debouch upon a newer mightier world varied world fresh and strong the world we seize world of labor and the march pioneers o pioneers vera micheles dean germany’s future hinges on allied plans for europe allied leaders stunned by the sudden death of president roosevelt have now to meet the test of unified action in dealing with the german problem beyond the range of combined military effort against the armies of the reich officials forecast protracted nazi resistance even after the juncture of allied armies near berlin but as german military power disintegrates we are faced with the immediate is sues of administering the reich and at the same time implementing the long term principles of the yalta declaration these policies for which president roosevelt labored at great cost are to be carried for ward by president truman his address to congress on april 16 reflects the continuity of american pol icy meanwhile russia has clarified its attitude to ward the german people in a way that brings it closer to that of britain and the united states on april 14 in pravda the communist party's official organ the chief of the propaganda section of the party's central committee repudiated the stand taken by the popular writer ilya ehrenburg who has iden tified all germans with their criminal fascist leaders german disintegration as our armies have pushed into germany we have for the first time encountered large numbers of nazi prisoners and a wide range of german civilians no very clear pic ture is yet available of the mentality of these people who have been cut off from the rest of the world during the war years it is already apparent how ever that our main problems are the germans apathy and their ignorance of the issues at stake certainly no individual or group has risen which can either surrender to allied authority or assume control in the german nation these conditions con stitute not only an unprecedented military problem but challenge allied forces to devise means of com pletely controlling a virtually defunct nation be cause of differences among the allies there has been little opportunity up to this time to define the terms of proposed policy toward germany now however detailed plans are promptly needed what allied controls the central control commission which is to be established under the yalta declaration for the purpose of coordinat ing the joint occupation of germany must proceed at once to weed out nazi influence in the german state and disarm the military forces this is no short term undertaking but however difficult it is one on which there will be least disagreement here the april 14 statement of russia’s attitude toward the german people is pertinent as a result there may be less emphasis than in the past on attempts to draw distinctions between nazis and non nazis in the lowest administrative ranks where germati a oa al must in atmosp should what n severely wha be cleat tended minimu ing dis tion fo industry has alr long te if they unde tinction factors many be adju and se tend tk not be reconst servers no far future nation other s econo treated ly cen operat scheme tion big versy difficu trol in wh hist foreig headqua second c one mon er a period then allow conomic society to efeated op iphed over hat unend es creeds lasticity in it play its the move including ears which age of ma irs should in our en f this cen was in the nan sound en he said orld varied wld of labor es dean e the world rent how germans s at stake isen which or assume ditions con y problem ins of com nation be re has been e the terms v however he central ished undet f coordinat ust proceed he german is no shott it is one on here the toward the sult there on attempts 1 non nazis re germans ot must inevitably be employed in great numbers in an atmosphere of closer understanding on this issue it should now be possible to specify when and in what manner ranking nazi officialdom is to be severely punished whatever controls are finally imposed it should be clear to the british and american public that ex tended administration will be necessary even for the minimum purpose of extirpating the nazis and insur ing disarmament beyond this the yalta prescrip tion for the elimination or control of all german industry that could be used for military production has already caused much debate this calls for a long term program on which the allies must agree if they are to deal effectively with germany under conditions of modern warfare no valid dis tinction can be made between military and economic factors these are in turn intimately bound up with many extra german questions as well which may be adjusted when broader cooperation in economic and security matters has been achieved some con tend that a final answer to german problems can not be reached until the character of european reconstruction as a whole has been determined ob servers who hold these views find it lamentable that no far reaching plans have been formulated for future economic collaboration in europe on an inter national plane since this has not been accomplished other spokesmen notably the editors of the london economist insist that germany must of necessity be treated as a national state which is admittedly high ly centralized economically and must continue to operate on that basis in the absence of an allied scheme for european rehabilitation and reconstruc tion big three testing ground the contro versy over germany suggests only the most general difficulties which lie ahead effective industrial con trol in germany whether specifically directed against page three what will united nations delegates discuss at the historic april 25 meeting read after victory by vera micheles dean 25 january issue of headline series a clear brief survey of world organization in question and answer form cuts through the mass of technical information now being published includes text of dum barton oaks agreement order from foreign policy association 22 e 38th st new york 16 the production of future armaments or not will present the most formidable challenge in the last analysis effective control will necessitate interna tional supervision of scientific development in ger many as was suggested by president conant of har vard last october 7 such control will require a corps of specialists these specialists however will be un able to operate effectively unless the great powers have unified their policy and action with respect to germany or other potential aggressors just as scientific advance is related to industrial control or disarmament of germany so too these latter cut across the question of territorial occupation or division the proposed rectification of the western polish border agreed to at yalta may lead to further partition of germany yet recent suggestions for the establishment of an independent rhineland state meet with the same difficulties pointed out above for if germany is to be treated on the premise that settlements now devised look toward its eventual incorporation into a european system as a na tional state then its territorial division at this point will only create future problems partition appears to be based on the premise of permanent occupation which in turn would seem to demand greater coordination of allied action and far more extended commitments than either the british or american peoples are prepared to make at this time to suggest that the most feasible program may be a minimum program of controls does not indicate a desire to treat the german nation with less severity than is demanded it is to be hoped that in the in terim period during which europe generally gropes toward rehabilitation the allies can develop meth ods of collaboration with respect to germany where they will be in complete control that may offer safe guards against german aggression that this can only be accomplished within a broader security system appears obvious unified action supported by broader cooperation might then be adapted to other spheres economic military or territorial where the interests of the big three converge grant s mcclellan f.p.a represented at san francisco on invitation of the secretary of state the foreign policy association has designated the president gen eral mccoy as consultant to the american delega tion at the san francisco conference mr w w lancaster chairman of the board and mrs dean research director and editor of f.p.a publications will act as alternates foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 27 april 20 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f laer secretary vera micue cas dran editer entered as second class matcer december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act ef march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year zb 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter good neighborliness f.d.r s legacy in foreign affairs the late president franklin d roosevelt passed on to president harry s truman a legacy of great accomplishment in foreign affairs the future will re veal whether mr roosevelt had won the fundamental support of the american people for his policies or whether his accomplishment depended on his personal powers of influence and persuasion pow ers which have died with him the truman admin istration received the legacy at the very moment when the whole future meaning of the late presi dent’s record hangs in the balance for on april 25 the united nations will meet in san francisco to draw up a charter designed to carry into the coming days of peace the firm wartime coalition of which mr roosevelt was the principal fashioner foreign affairs legacy the issue of world organization remains for the united states primarily a problem of the senate rather than san francisco for it is the senate that will determine whether the country effectively carries out the decisions of the conference for this reason the first great test of president truman in international relations will be one of skill in domestic political affairs he has decided to leave to diplomats and to the previously appointed united states delegation the task of working out a charter at the conference for he does not intend to go to san francisco he will concentrate on the job of winning for the world organization policy the general sympathy of two thirds of the senators thirty three senators could kill any san francisco charter twenty are said to be irreconcilably opposed in broad outline the nature of the foreign policy which president roosevelt hands on is clear its philosophical basis was good neighborliness a tol erant and helpful relationship among peoples he stressed this point in his first inaugural on march 4 1933 and he returned to it in his final composition the brief talk prepared for delivery on jefferson day april 13 1945 which went unspoken in the coali tion this philosophy was put into practice as good neighborliness among friends for the common pur pose of overwhelming the bad neighbors the com mon enemy tolerant compromise has been a key to the working of the coalition good neighborliness generally marked the ap proach to international economic questions by the trade agreements act first passed in 1934 the roosevelt administration inaugurated a policy for victory buy united against economic discrimination for the act not only embodied an attack on the american tariff struc ture but fostered equal commercial opportunity for all states in 1944 mr roosevelt extended the prac tice of good neighborliness in economic affairs by sponsoring the bretton woods conference which produced a program for international financial shar ing to ease the flow of international commerce and to enhance the fiscal stability of the various coun tries on whose prosperity the united states in obvi ous measure depends for its stability many details unsolved yet mr roose velt did not leave the course of foreign relations well charted for his successor the details of political pol icy with respect to many individual countries and areas aside from latin america are unclear pres ident truman will bear the burden of participating in original decisions about our ultimate policy to ward china which presents a difficult issue in the divergence between the central government and the régime in the northern provinces toward the near eastern countries where president roosevelt in february established a personal friendship with king ibn saud of saudi arabia while at the same time expressing sympathy for zionist aspirations in pales tine which ibn saud opposes and toward europe where conflicts impend between russian british and french views which the united states must grapple with if it is to remain an effective world power the absence of an elaborate apparatus of policy is due to the recent emergence of the united states in the world arena during the first years of his administration president roosevelt concerned him self but slightly with world political affairs in 1933 he dashed the hopes of the world economic confer ence the isolationist neutrality acts of 1935 and 1937 received only his perfunctory criticism but with the coming of the war mr roosevelt began to put his whole emphasis on foreign affairs and prepare the united states for a place in the world conflict and an active post war role in the community of nations first by persuading congress in 1939 to amend the neutrality act second in 1941 by persuading congress to pass the lend lease act third in 1942 by setting up the united nations al liance he saw correctly that the security of the united states depends on the security of our neigh bors who are all the peoples of the globe blair bolles states war bonds 1918 was success on inte francis britain governt ate ful reason vyache for con of mon the missar early u master questio and eff have f to recc which while t in was polish of viev about sov the po has as canad unitec russia povert soviet gover to bot by wh zo er +act not ariff struc tunity for the prac affairs by ce which ncial shar nerce and ious coun s in obvi mr roose itions well litical pol ntries and lear pres rticipating policy to sue in the nt and the the near osevelt in with king same time is in pales td europe british and ist grapple ower of policy ited states ars of his erned him rs in 1933 ric confer 1935 and 1 but with gan to put nd prepare rld conflict community ss in 1939 1 1941 by lease act nations al ity of the our neigh e bolles nds on international organization which opens in san vyacheslaff m molotoff in washington on april 22 30 1945 entered as 2nd class matter aon my genera lites ié as y un wt sis te ol lohts a ath of mio foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiv no 28 apri 27 1945 compromise on poland sought at san francisco washington april 23 poland is the key to success or failure at the united nations conference accused the poles of having adopted a hostile atti tude toward the soviet union in the warsaw régime in which edward osubka morawski is prime minister the soviet union sees the sort of government it wants in poland and the core of the present disagreement among the powers lies in the soviet union’s concern lest replacement of that government might result in the introduction of elements unfriendly to russian interests this con cern has animated the soviet union with respect to poland since the conference in yalta at which it was announced that president roosevelt prime minister churchill and marshal stalin had agreed to the crea tion of a commission which would bring into being a polish government of national unity but the yalta decision has been fruitless britain and the united states maintained that its purpose was to create a wholly new government in which some members of the warsaw group would partici pate the soviet union held that its purpose was to add new members to the existing warsaw régime the soviet attitude was fortified by the development of doubts about stanislaw mikolajczyk formerly prime minister in the london government britain and the united states hoped that the revised régime would include him on february 16 the soviet paper red star referred to mikolajczyk in friendly fashion as a prospective candidate for membership in the new government but on that same day he wrote in london an article urging the inclusion of galicia and lwow in the future poland a proposal which was taken as an implied criticism of the polish terri torial settlement reached at yalta as a result pravda on february 18 listed mikolajczyk among the polish reactionaries in an effort to improve the pros pects for creation of a compromise government mikolajczyk on april 18 announced his unequivocal approval of the yalta decision francisco on april 25 so long as the united states britain and the soviet union disagree over the polish government they will be unable to agree to cooper ate fully for the maintenance of peace for that reason the arrival of soviet foreign commissar for conversations on the polish question is an event of monumental importance the outlook for agreement was poor when com missar molotoff reached washington however and early understanding could come only as a result of masterful diplomacy for the issues in the polish question are today exactly what they were a year ago and efforts during the past year to solve the problem have failed the united states and britain continue to recognize the polish government in exile with which russia broke off relations on april 25 1943 while the soviet union recognizes the polish régime in warsaw the disagreement on the make up of the polish government reveals a fundamental difference of view among the united states britain and russia about poland’s place in the world soviet concern for security while the poles are a distinct nation the land they inhabit has as much meaning for soviet security as cuba canada mexico and the pacific islands have for united states security accordingly the purpose of russian policy is to insure the existence of a polish government that will be ever appreciative of the soviet union’s interest in international relations a government in other words that will be satisfactory to both poland and russia the wording of the note by which molotoff severed relations with the london government emphasized this point of view for it contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association poland at san francisco soviet sup port of the warsaw régime has been repeatedly in dicated since yalta in march the soviet union asked that the warsaw government be invited to the san francisco conference on april 1 britain and the united states refused this request boleslaw bierut president of the warsaw government on march 3 argued thus in behalf of the invitation poland is not to be among the nations that will debate the future of the world the polish nation cannot let this pass our honor is at stake and the dignity of the polish nation and this state of affairs must be changed as soon as possible on april 17 the soviet union renewed its request for an invitation for warsaw a day later britain and the united states again refused on the ground that if poland were to be represented at san francisco it should be repre sented by a combined government set up in satisfac tion of the yalta agreement on april 21 the soviet union and the warsaw government concluded a treaty of friendship and mutual assistance it was signed by stalin osubka morawski and bierut the signing of this treaty does not give the war saw government perpetual status although any suc page two e e cessor could adopt the treaty as a solemn polish ob ligation but there is small likelihood of revision of the soviet attitude unless the united states ang britain can persuade molotoff that russia’s interests will be completely safeguarded by an expanded goy ernment a major difficulty in the way of earlier agreement among the three powers has been ignor ance of the wishes of the polish people in the matter most of the personnel of the two rival governments spent a considerable portion of the war outside poland and for that reason lack a full understanding of tendencies within the country as an important preliminary to final agreement on the polish gover ment the three powers might well appoint a com mission empowered to ascertain the state of opinion among poles who remained in poland otherwise a polish settlement can be made only in a vacuum or simply to satisfy the requirements of non polish litical interests what is known about polish popular desires comes primarily from reports issued by the two régimes which cannot have an objective attitude in their estimates of the public opinion on which they report blarr bolles german brutalities stress need for action on war crimes en route to san francisco a cold rain is beating against the window panes as the train speeds through the green ohio countryside fruit trees are in tender bloom but in spite of the throbbing hope of an end to war in europe this spring of 1945 will always be remembered as a sad spring it is over shadowed by the death of a united nations leader who more than any other man had come to symbolize the post war aspirations of humanity it is tragically darkened by irrefutable testimony from germany that we are fighting not only german soldiers and weapons of war but an evil spirit so cruel and so deep seated that minds untouched by it recoil even now from crediting its manifestations the unseen delegates it is absorbing to speculate as to the character the san francisco conference might assume if most of the delegates and the innumerable others who swarm around inter national conferences were men and women who had seen active service on the world’s fighting fronts had struggled against the nazis in resistance movements or had lived through the horrors of imprisonment in germany with a few exceptions these men and women will not be present at the conference would they be troubled as some of us are by procedural matters such as the number of votes in the general assembly or the categories of countries to be repre sented on the security council would they be pri marily concerned with the prestige of their respec tive nations or would they be angrily determined to safeguard the rights of all human beings irrespective of nation race and creed against such indignities as were inflicted on them by the nazis would they be satisfied with the admittedly compromise machinery of international cooperation for security proposed at dumbarton oaks or would they demand the ac ceptance by their countries of much more far reach ing obligations to check any incipient threat to peace and self denying commitments to abstain from ac tions conducive to war we must not become like nazis only to the extent that the political and civic leaders and the diplomats who will be drafting the charter of the united nations represent the views of these un seen delegates as well as their own will they be building machinery for a world of stark realities not of wishful thinking the san francisco conference it cannot be said too often is not a peace confer ence but it cannot be insulated from the problems of the peace and international machinery to prevent war no matter how elaborate cannot of itself pro tect us against the evil spirit that permeates ger many and japan like a poisonous miasma unless and this is a fundamental condition we unremit tingly assert and practice a diametrically opposite way of life the moment we slip however uncon sciously into some of the practices we denounce on the part of our enemies we diminish ourselves 4s human beings the need to maintain and constantly improve out own standards of how man should deal with man raises acute problems at this moment when a legiti mate de the very science crimina war ci as hitle for the that no diplom crimina of us e to prev we adh it if th it is ob man’s f destroy not eve having whe corded govern chapte which ment mate v power punctu the ax argen deter ing a moves fense minist ward tine given trality streng other hemis until active assistz comp visite the s it is polish ob revision of states and s interests anded zov of earlier een ignot the matter vernments far outside lerstanding important ish g overn int a com of opinion therwise a vacuum or polish po ish popular ued by the ive attitude 1 on which bolles rimes dignities as ld they be machinery proposed at ind the ac e far reach at to peace in from ac azis only leaders and charter of of these un vill they be ealities not conference sace confer 1e problems y to prevent f itself pro neates get na unless we unremit lly opposite ever uncon jenounce on ourselves as improve out il with man hen a legitr mate desire for revenge may cause us to perpetuate the very horrors we would like to avenge the con science of mankind calls for the punishment of war criminals yet we may ask what is our definition of war crimes are von papen and krupp as guilty as hitler and himmler a strong case could be made for the affirmative but then we would have to say that not only the brutalities of the gestapo but the diplomatic and industrial activities that abet war are criminal in short that war is a crime hitherto most of us except outright pacifists have allowed the idea to prevail that war can somehow be humanized if we adhere to some rules and regulations in waging it if this was possibly true in the days of knighthood it is obviously untrue now when the pressure of a man’s finger can release a load of bombs capable of destroying hundreds of people the bombardier does not even see all germans who can be identified as having ordered or condoned acts of brutality toward page three their own people and those of conquered countries should be eliminated as a matter of military necessity not in courts for there is no international law in existence under which most of them could be brought to trial beyond this category of indisputable war criminals we enter a debatable sphere but whatever decision is made about the von papens and krupps let us not indulge the illusion that by eliminating a group of men who were will ing to work with hitler as they had once done with the kaiser we shall prevent the resurgence of militarism in germany many germans who were not nazis or junkers or diplomats or industrialists hoped to benefit by germany's conquests if they are to change their attitude if they are to be reintegrated into europe they must learn to hate the crimes that were committed in their name vera micheles dean u.s recognition leaves argentine issues unresolved when on april 9 the united states formally ac corded diplomatic recognition to the farrell perén government of argentina it wrote finis to a curious chapter in inter american relations the manner in which the two countries terminated their estrange ment was itself an appropriate ending to the stale mate which had existed since the military group took power on february 28 1944 after many months punctuated by quite undiplomatic strictures against the axis sympathies and totalitarian practices of the argentine régime the state department suddenly determined to assume an optimistic attitude regard ing argentina’s declaration of war and the future moves of buenos aires in support of continental de fense on the other hand president farrell and war minister perén dramatically shifted their policy to ward the united states for although these argen tine leaders had previously claimed they had been given no motive for abandoning the traditional neu trality of their country they declared war on the strength of a politely worded invitation from the other american countries to adhere to now familiar hemisphere defense measures the two countries until a few weeks ago so bitterly opposed are now actively engaged in concerting measures of mutual assistance against an enemy which no longer has the power to attack the price of belligerency some time of course must elapse before this cordial understand ing can be translated into close diplomatic and com mercial relations to the end of easing argentina over this awkward period a united states mission compsed of high officials of the state department visitea buenos aires last week while the flagship of the south atlantic squadron stood by in the harbor it is to be assumed that the buenos aires govern ment thoroughly acquainted the mission with its pressing production and transport needs a recent argentine study estimated that country’s import defi cits as amounting to 825 million in iron steel coal lumber and rubber and in machinery motors and building materials it is true that sizeable shortages have accumulated through 1944 and 1945 although such deficits are probably not more acute proportion ately than in many other latin american countries these shortages must continue through the better part of 1945 since allocations for the third quarter of the year have already been drawn up and ship ping is scarce but now that argentina has become one of the associated nations cooperating in the war effort there does not seem to be any reason why it should not have access to existing surpluses to be shipped whenever the transportation situation is al leviated in exchange for release of surplus materials how ever this country as a partner to the united nations meat contract would expect a compensatory increase of argentine beef shipments which in the first two months of 1945 had fallen 50 per cent below the amounts sent abroad during the corresponding peti od in 1944 and had recently been virtually suspended owing to a strike of meat packers in protest against an attempt to lay off 12,500 workers whatever the explanations advanced for the local and export meat shortage it cannot be denied that there is an ample supply on the argentine plains which could be shipped to europe for military and civilian use if the government cattlemen and consumer public were so inclined in view of the commercial gains that buenos aires will now make this should not be too great a concession after the mission’s visit argentines were con as est lotte ersene eo ae es eset ete a sss es fident that another dividend of the recent declaration of war would be an invitation to participate in the san francisco conference the chain of events which began at mexico city may have given them certain grounds for this assumption but the united states would hardly have it in its power to take argentina to san francisco without the full concurrence of russia if argentina were invited to san francisco too this would raise anew the question of the partici pation of neutral states which unlike argentina did not belatedly align themselves with the united na tions these states might claim the right to similar representation on the ground that while they had not complied with the formality of declaring war their treatment of the allies had variously been more benevolent or less obstructive than that of argentina end of an episode on his arrival at san francisco mexican foreign minister ezequiel padilla voiced the wish of latin americans that argentina be present whether at the last moment an invitation will be forthcoming depends to some extent at least on how desirous washington is of presenting to the world security conference the example of a strongly unified hemispheric body in recognizing that govern ment washington elected to overlook certain short comings in both its external and internal policies opening the way for argentina to go to san fran cisco may in its opinion be the final measure re quired by the mexico city resolution it now appears evident that the state department has abandoned former secretary cordell hull’s policy of employing nonrecognition as a weapon to bring about desired changes in an unrecognized government's foreign policies it has returned in stead to the traditional principle of automatic recog nition provided the minimum essentials of legality and order are present the department might argue page four ae indeed that it has merely rectified the previous con duct of latin american affairs in the interest of con sistency so that argentina might receive equal treat ment with other latin american dictatorships which because they pursued foreign policy objectives sim ilar to those of the united states received recogni tion finally washington may justify its recognition of the military régime as a return to a strict interpre tation of the principle of nonintervention long the aim of american states in their dealings with one another in a recent broadcast assistant secretary nelson rockefeller claimed that democracy cannot be superimposed by force from the outside it must grow up from the people and economic and social conditions must be present which encourage and per mit its growth if as it now appears some aspects of the hull policy represented a temporary departure from our long term objectives there is no question but that inconsistent and fumbling though it may have been it did give those latin americans at variance with their dictatorial governments some hope that the united states together with other american repub lics or alone if necessary would require as a cti terion for recognition the existence of internal de mocracy the recent wave of demonstrations and strikes in argentina which culminated on april 23 in the arrest of 400 persons and the imposition of even stricter censorship testifies to their disappoint ment that this is not to be the case like many ob servers in this country they first erred in interpreting secretary hull's statements too broadly as long as argentine liberals believe the united states has let down the good friends of democracy however the incident cannot be regarded as closed olive holmes the f.p.a bookshelf mr roosevelt by compton mackenzie new york e p dutton 1944 3.75 despite interesting details and attractive illustrations this biography has a feeling of unreality probably because the well known novelist’s point of view is british rather than american justice and world society by laurence stapleton chapel hill university of north carolina press 1944 2.00 discusses the universal ideal of justice long known as law of nature suggesting a modern interpretation for real democracy compass of the world a symposium on political geogra phy edited by hans w weigert and vilhjalmur stef ansson new york macmillan 1944 3.50 the editors and other geographers have done much to show the false conclusions that advocates of geopolitics have drawn from the earth’s configuration and to bring out the importance of air transport to political geography what the negro wants edited by rayford w logan chapel hill university of north carolina press 1944 3.50 since race relations are indubitably among the impor tant questions for post war democracies this thoughtfully written symposium by representative negroes is of great value twenty five troubled years 1918 1943 by f h soward new york oxford university press 1944 3.00 useful outline of this era presented with simplicity and clarity in an expanded outline of courses for canadian service men foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 28 aprit 27 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 ease 38th sereer new york 16 n y prank ross mccoy president dornorny f lust secretary vera micheles dzan editor entered second class matter december 2 1921 at the pose office at new york n y under the act ef march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at leat one moath for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor 1918 against british that th the a machine dertaker terminat dramatic and bre been en lacking wilsons no roos gre great px united with ea stinted national attlee a negative task of tions th ations i the big ing the stressed force e +ties ing yhy ran 944 por ully reat ard and dian tional red least unity of phrigdical rove bneral lie may 9 1945 lead saty of uicht can oe 6 rua 4 4 or nieh othe foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiv no 29 may 4 1945 san francisco perhaps the most incredible aspect of a war that at every turn has exceeded the bounds of the imaginable both in brutality and hero jm is that its impending termination at least in europe has the effect of an anticlimax there should be dancing in the streets at the fall of berlin the liberation of north italy but millions of people saw the great military victory of 1918 dissipated in bickering and frustration before 1939 they were re luctant to wage another war now they are on guard against expecting too much from the peace and as british foreign secretary eden remarked they feel that there’s a job of work to be done the atmosphere in which the job of building the machinery of international organization is being un dertaken is not that of exaltation but of grim de termination to succeed in spite of san francisco's dramatic setting of cerulean blue sky dizzying hills and breath taking harbor the conference so far has been entirely perhaps to some extent purposely lacking in glamor or emotion there are here no wilsons lloyd georges or clemenceaus there are no roosevelts great powers chart course the four great powers that sponsored the conference the united states britain russia and china have vied with each other in assuring the world of their un stinted devotion to the task of establishing an inter tational organization which in the words of clement attlee at a press conference could perform both the negative function of preventing war and the positive task of alleviating the economic and social condi tions that lead to war but there are interesting vari ations in the main points urged by spokesmen for the big four president truman in his speech open ing the conference as in his address to congress stressed the responsibility of great powers not to use force except in defense of law great powers he great powers differ on approach to world security emphasized must serve not dominate small nations they must be good neighbors on behalf of china which has become the mouthpiece of small nations in their demand for peace based on justice not merely peace t v soong pleaded for the creation of legal order soviet foreign commissar molotov repeatedly ex pressing russia’s sincere determination to participate in an international organization dwelt on the in capacity of the league of nations to prevent world war ii and on the need for giving the united na tions organization adequate military force that could be used promptly against an aggressor arguments about the rights of small nations or sovereign equal ity of all peoples he said should not become pre texts to weaken the machinery outlined at ton oaks elsewhere he reiterated russia’s conviction that the great powers which have borne the burdens of war should be the ones to steer the world in the post war period british foreign secretary eden who deeply stirred the audience in the vast opera house expressed best of all the sentiments of his listeners when he declared that the great powers can make a two fold contribution by supporting international organization and by setting up standards of inter national conduct and observing them in relations with other nations what small nations hope for it is the lack of standards now that the axis powers as mr eden pointed out have deliberately debased such international morality as did exist in the past that preoccupies small nations actually at this confer ence most of the small nations are those of latin america only holland belgium luxemburg nor way czechoslovakia yugoslavia greece and turkey are here to represent the small nations of europe sweden switzerland spain portugal denmark are absent because they did not declare war on the axis contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association rae se ea s_____a finland hungary rumania and bulgaria as well as italy are absent because they fought on the axis side poland is not here because the big three have been unable to agree on the composition of its govern ment france now in the throes of recovering the con fidence and prestige it lost in the debacle of 1940 still seems to hesitate between championship of the small nations against the great powers and return to great power rank for what france wants to obtain in the peace settlement control of the rhine land and return of indo china can be achieved only with the aid of the great powers the lack of standards of international conduct in the relations of the great and small nations would have been less alarming if it had proved possible before this conference to reach an agreement about the government of poland there has been a ten dency natural under the circumstances to regard russia's attitude on this problem as arbitrary and unyielding yet the admission of argentina to the conference has given a curious twist to the polish question for if the warsaw provisional government is regarded as undemocratic the farrell government page two es has been also so described by washington and its character has not been altered by a last minute deg laration of war on the axis powers moreover jf argentina which claimed to be neutral throughout the war is admitted why exclude sweden and switz erland neutrality can take different colorations and that of the argentine dictatorship was distinctly pro axis and then how justify the absence of den mark whose people have courageously resisted ger many with all the means at their disposal it is true that in the case of poland an agreement was reached at yalta to broaden the base of the pro visional régime the fulfillment of this agreement is now at issue and there is a tendency on the part of the small nations to scrutinize russia’s good faith and intentions with even more skepticism than those of other great powers but in the days ahead which may be filled with controversy it would be well to bear in mind that russia if perhaps less concerned with the niceties of diplomatic usages is not essen tially different in its great power manifestations from britain and the united states vera micheles dean de gaulle policies incur growing criticism the unexpected return of marshal henri philippe pétain to france on april 26 and the disagreement between french and american military authorities over the question of whose troops should occupy stuttgart throw into bold relief some of the prob lems confronting general de gaulle’s government as it attempts to maintain unity at home and insure france an important position abroad since the lib eration of france last summer de gaulle has con sistently minimized political rifts among frenchmen in order to secure national solidarity and relied on a lone hand policy in winning his points with wash ington and london but now it seems that the pro visional régime in paris will be obliged in the near future to revise its course of action in both domestic and foreign affairs petain threat to unity it is so often said of french political trials that they are new ver sions of the dreyfus case that the comparison has lost much of its force but the trial for treason that the former chief of state at vichy will face some time this summer may well uncover social and ideo logical divisions similar to those involved in affaire dreyfus when the entire politically conscious public was split by the issue of authority versus personal liberty for when the 89 year old marshal opens his defense he will be speaking for the whole group of people in france who resigned themselves to defeat in 1940 either because they were convinced of their national weakness or frankly preferred an author itarian state to a democracy in which the left held an important position in allied circles the free french who refused to accept pétain’s defeatism and his national revolu tion based on an amalgam of fascist and old french monarchical principles have become identified with the new france that has emerged from four years of enemy control this is as it should be for the french men who fought alongside the allies are the hope of a progressive future for france yet many prominent industrial political educational and religious lead ers who accepted vichy’s policies during the period of german occupation may not have revised their ideas instead it seems likely that these groups have merely been silenced by allied victories and await a more favorable opportunity to reappear on the po litical stage such an opportunity may be created by pétain’s trial since it will be possible for those who supported the old marshal's régime to argue that con sideration for his age his reputation as the hero of verdun and his sincere intentions should win him an acquittal if such a course were successful and the head of the vichy government were permitted to go free or condemned to a penalty less than death the whole purge program would be largely vitiated it is therefore easily understandable that de gaulle wanted pétain tried in absentia and attempted to pet suade the swiss government not to admit him at the german border on the ground that the french re garded him as a war criminal the fact that france is still in a kind of inter regnum makes any threat to national unity particu larly serious since the government cannot claim popular backing or constitutional support for the rs measi electi day hence these local been may muni fr front quest will gaul resist tion’s his re prov nortl press econ ing grou adhe the s tl tinue these cesse diplc and isola posit his with ently ma fe ju ul pol prrs 8 to ylu nch vith of 1ch of ent ad iod heir ave wait po 1 by who con of him the 1 to ath ted ulle per the iter ticu laim the page three measures it takes to maintain order the municipal elections that were held throughout france on sun day april 29 and the second balloting two weeks hence will do nothing to remedy this situation for these polls will merely result in the selection of new local officials nevertheless the fact that there has been a clear trend toward the left in paris at least may force de gaulle to add more socialists and com munists to his cabinet and the consultative assembly france faces isolation pétain’s case con fronts the government at a moment when the basic uestion of the form france’s future economic life will take is still unanswered before liberation de gaulle identified himself with the demand of the resistance forces that the great sources of the na tion’s wealth should belong to the state following his return to france however the general restricted provisional nationalization to the coal mines of northern france and he has resisted considerable pressure from the left for a definite declaration of economic policy along revolutionary lines in so do ing he has incurred sharp criticism from the very groups that formerly filled the ranks of his strongest adherents and has found no adequate substitute for the support of these organizations that it has been possible for de gaulle to con tinue as the unquestioned leader of france under these circumstances is due above all to past suc cesses in foreign policy but today the general’s diplomacy is suffering widespread attacks in france and he is charged with having led the nation into isolation that the french are in fact in an isolated position there can be little doubt for de gaulle built his foreign policy almost exclusively on the treaty with russia signed on december 10 he was appar ently unprepared for moscow's rebuke early in march to the french foreign office for its refusal to just published iran test of relations between great and small nations by christina phelps grant 25c a summary of contemporary developments and an analy sis of iran’s internal problems together with a of the important place the country holds today in allied military strategy april 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 join in sponsoring the san francisco conference until the relationship between the franco soviet pact and the proposed world security council had been clari fied as a result of this indication that russia was un willing to disturb the unanimity of the big three for the sake of an air tight security pact with france many frenchmen are drawing the conclusion that france would be wise to come to a closer understand ing with the other great powers there is in this reaction a touch of opportunism that may prevent the successful adjustment of french foreign policy but mere opportunism need not form the basis for closer ties between france and the western powers for there are solid interests that bind the french to britain and the united states as well as to russia it is possible that the need of all four nations to co operate closely in the occupation of germany may help emphasize that fact at any rate france must reach an agreement with britain and the united states as well as with russia concerning the german zone it is to occupy or difficulties similar to that arising at stuttgart will greatly complicate the entire task confronting the allies in germany winifred n hadsel a war atlas for americans prepared with the assistance of the office of war information new york simon and schuster for council of books in wartime 1944 1 paper 2.50 cloth uses the orthographic instead of mercator projection a most interesting method of presenting the history of the war by maps and accompanying texts faith reason and civilization by harold j laski new york viking press 1944 2.50 a plea from the veteran english socialist writer that the world must adopt the russian idea much as the declining roman empire accepted christianity although the russian idea is inadequately defined in this work the author has displayed his usual erudition in drawing the analogy between that idea and early christianity a guide to naval strategy by bernard brodie completely revised edition princeton n j princeton university press 1944 2.75 fortunately at this time of keenest interest in our navy and its far flung operations there comes this book addressed primarily to laymen the author quotes with relish clemenceau’s saying that war is too important to be left to the generals and he sets out to give a simple sound and most readable guide to naval strategy even in this time of war censorship he takes us behind the curtain with many hitherto unpublicized incidents of recent naval operations right up to d day middle east diary by noel coward garden city double day doran 1944 2.00 using the war as a backdrop the actor playwright does a rather charming slight tale of his performances in the middle east his facility in phrasemaking makes him at times dash off thoughtless remarks to which people often give more importance than they rate foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 29 may 4 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lugr secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year bess produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor i 1 by if ee a ss ee sss ss washington news letter influence of the navy on u.s foreign policy since the world powers are planning to keep the peace by armed force the era of international rela tions now being charted at san francisco will provide a crucial test of whether allied states can maintain great peacetime military forces without alarming one another proposing to discourage by cooperation aggressive states from fomenting war the powers still display uncertainty as to whether the more im portant task for the armed forces of each state will be to enhance its individual security by its own ac tion or contribute to the general scheme of coopera tive security in the united states the problem of which point of view will prevail centers on the navy the navy and news facilities the united states navy is larger today than the war fleets of all other countries combined its officers and civilian officials favor retention of a great estab lishment after the war secretary of the navy james forrestal in his annual report on february 20 said that the united states should retain the weapons with which to fight if we must because the means to conduct war must be in the hands of those who hate war supposedly the navy's role is to share in execution of foreign policy devised by other agencies of the administration but lately it has been using its influence in actually shaping this policy two outstanding instances relate to telecommuni cations and bases on march 19 secretary forrestal and rear admiral joseph r redman proposed to a subcommittee of the interstate commerce committee that congress enact a law requiring the merger of all american owned international communications facilities under a corporation which the federal gov ernment would organize and partially control through its appointment of 5 of the 20 directors senator burton k wheeler democrat of montana and chairman of the committee objected that such an arrangement would jeopardize the freedom to transmit news between this and other countries the navy proposal came at a time when this country was considering the possibility of seeking a convention for the international guarantee of freedom to gather and disseminate news and after the united states had argued with success for free competition in inter national aerial communication at the chicago air conference pacific bases the issue of how much influ ence military and naval thinking will have on polit ical policy during the coming years is especially pro nounced in the matter of bases in the pacific the for victory buy united united states has taken from japan islands in the marshalls marianas and caroline groups on april 9 representative george h mahon democrat of texas introduced a bill in the house directing the united states to claim permanently any former jap anese island wrested by our forces the bill it was assumed reflected the view of admiral ernest j king commander in chief of the u.s fleet and chief of naval operations who had said failure to maintain bases essential for our defense raises the fundamental question how long can the united states afford to continue a cycle of fighting and build ing and winning and giving away only to fight and build and win and give away again the state department on the other hand held that this country should keep pacific bases not for itself but as the trustee of all the united nations if the claim is allowed that the islands belong to us because we liberated them some validity would be given to a claim by russia that it should dominate poland which the red armies liberated and it is possible that peace might be endangered rather than served if this country had absolute control over a chain of islands which were fortified steppingstones from north america to a part of asia in which the soviet union has a direct interest reports from san francisco on april 27 de clare that the united states has devised a plan for distinguishing between strategic bases and other colonial territories in the former the trustee power would have virtually complete sovereignty although a base might be open to use by more than one power and the united nations organization would possess certain rights of inspection in so called non strategic areas the governing authority would have a far greater responsibility to the world body and would be expected to conform to certain standards of colonial rule another instance of official action on questions raised by the navy occurred on april 13 when as sistant secretary of state will c clayton said that the state department opposed a full monopoly over telecommunications moreover the navy has re duced its building program on march 6 admiral king announced that 84 new fighting ships would be constructed on march 12 he said this number had been reduced to 12 the following day secretary for restal declared the curtailment order had come from james f byrnes then director of war mobilization and reconversion blair bolles states war bonds withir which the f indep gover germ the d tary germ fast tion the c ern se the v there a po +at er id ad y m on uniy of 1945 pshiodical room general line sry g eneral library entered as 2nd class matter u i aiversity of uichtzen ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiv no 30 may 11 1945 germany defeated but german problem remains w ashington whoever lights the torch of war in europe can wish for nothing but chaos said adolf hitler on may 21 1935 the awful truth of that comment oppresses germany today when the european phase of the war whose torch hitler lit on september 1 1939 ended with unconditional sur render by the germans on may 7 hitler has be queathed to the world a wasteland since the mes sige of national socialism has proved empty as well as repulsive germany is a political desert the war has violently wrenched and partially destroyed the foundations of its economy desolation spreads out from germany over the whole of europe through destroyed cities and hungry populations the end of the war forces on the victors the grave problem of feconstructing a peaceful and prosperous civiliza tion on the chaotic continent the future of germany the allies pol icy toward germany itself will in a considerable de gree determine the nature and effectiveness of that meonstruction the character of the future germany will be affected not only by the development of affairs within the reich but by the territorial settlements which the allies arrange with respect to germany the proposal for the division of germany into three independent parts now has little backing from the governments in washington london or moscow but germany's neighbors are sure to annex portions of the defeated country the yalta agreement of feb fuary 12 provided that poland be compensated in german territory for the areas awarded to russia fast prussia silesia and perhaps a considerable por tion of pomerania and the mark brandenburg to the oder river will be lost to germany in this east ern settlement in the west germany is likely to lose the whole territory west of the rhine in the south there is a possibility that austria will be awarded a portion of bavaria this series of partitions would reduce germany's economic importance for europe and weaken its ability to restore a war goods industry it would cost germany two of its important raw materials re gions the saar and silesia both of which are also industrial areas it would reduce drastically the in dustrial potential of germany if the partitions were coupled with the establishment of an international control over the factory rich ruhr region the restor ation of industry in eastern areas which germany probably will lose is already under way the moscow radio on april 26 reported that coal and zinc ore was being mined in the buethen district upper silesia under soviet control and that thousands of german workers were employed in a machine tool factory in liegnitz lower silesia as well as at a weaving mill in sorau at the same time the partitions could create new problems should the annexationists inspire german irredentism fear of such consequences stayed the allies from separating the rhineland from germany in 1919 but today rhineland industrialists are said to favor separatism as a means of protecting their capital investment transfer of populations might allay the irredentist spirit but the strain on a dismembered reich would be severe if it received all the germans from the areas of partition it is questionable how long the world would support a policy encouraging economic deterioration in ger many on february 22 london financial circles ex pressed alarm at the prospect of inflation in the reichsmark several million of which are held by the allies as a result of expenditures in areas the nazis once occupied the allies have yet to decide on the economic fu ture of germany dr rudhard duisberg manager of the chamber of commerce and industry frankfurt a m said on april 7 that german industry could contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association may 1 6 104g i sree rte ee ns ee 7 32 make a quick recovery after the war if the allies permitted it the yalta agreement declared that the united states britain and the soviet union were de termined to eliminate or control all german industry that could be used for military production whether to eliminate or control is a difficult choice the united states government is undetermined about its own attitude although it is reported that the cabinet committee on germany favors the morgenthau plan for removal of german heavy industry however president truman at his press conference on may 2 professed ignorance about the standing of the mor genthau plan the decision about german repara tions will also determine to some degree the nature of germany's post war economy the yalta agreement authorized a commission on reparations and presi dent truman has appointed edward pauley as the american member but the group has not yet begun to act german political problem the present temper of the governments of the united nations presages a long political watch over germany representative andrews republican of new york disclosed on may 5 that the united states army framing of united nations charter proceeds despite frictions san francisco now that the four main com missions of the conference general provisions general assembly security council and judicial organization are hard at work in an attempt to reconcile the amendments to the dumbarton oaks proposals submitted by the various nations and to incorporate them into a charter the political clashes of the opening days can be seen in better perspective the most realistic way to appraise these clashes is to think of this conference as what in essence it is a political convention as we know from our experi ence with the conventions of republicans and demo crats such gatherings are invariably marked by be hind the scenes maneuvers struggles that end in compromises and occasionally episodes which in private life would be regarded as sharp dealing no moral issues raised in the clash over argentina neither side could lay claim to moral prin ciples the latin american countries considered that they had an obligation to argentina to press for its admission into the united nations organization once it had signed the act of chapultepec and declared war on the axis by no means all of them approve of the farrell government but they are determined there should be no intervention by the united states or any other country in their internal affairs and were ready to give argentina the benefit of this pol icy other considerations too entered the picture the latin americans regard argentina as a counter weight to the united states for that very reason it was politically difficult for this country to oppose page two intended to keep 350,000 to 400,000 men jg europe to police occupied territory the manner of the war’s ending prepares the way for the accom plishment of two yalta political aims to destro german militarism and nazism allied terms fo the cessation of hostilities will demand the disband ment of the german armed forces which defeat has demoralized and the breaking up of the germap general staff these moves in addition to the par titions would suspend the influence of the prussiag junker class which thrice in a century has pushed germany toward major wars the problem of the victors will be to oversee germany in such a manner that junker influence is eliminated and national p cialism does not revive an unnamed american a officer said on may 3 that a german democracy would have to be built through leaders from the political prisoners in horror camps like buchenwald from whose number on may 1 the new mayor of weimar was chosen the most important need in german is that the four occupying powers the united states britain russia and france agree on a common co nomic and political policy the outlook for peac depends on their unity blair bolles argentina’s admission at the same time many latin americans still feel hostile toward russia and even non practicing catholics among them continue to stress the godlessness of the soviet government the latin americans if left to their own decisions would have opposed the admission of the ukrainian and white russian soviet socialist republics they voted for it because they had been informed that the united states had obligated itself at yalta to bad russia’s request for the entrance of these republic into the uncio but in return they expected other nations present to vote for argentina russia’s position in opposing argentina would have been far stronger if it had not linked the issue with that of seating the warsaw government mr molotov was on firm and popular ground when he questioned the character of the farrell government in his ironical address to the conference on april 30 but others with equal plausibility could question the representative character of the warsaw régime what is more important mr molotov had told ser eral of the latin american delegates over the preced ing weekend that he would vote for argentina if they voted for warsaw the latin americans refused t0 be pressured and some of the strongest words ad dressed to russia since 1941 were those of colom bian foreign minister lleras camargo clash cleared air so far as can be deter mined at the present time this clash had beneficial results mr molotov unaccustomed to the tactid of parliamentary opposition took the decision of tht comr state tries chall they unit sues itself natic grea not volv emnn has influ tion full outy leart natic rus nati feel that ticip ican arg bety in mer inte ack dra onc ity froi firis wa bitt ne pat to bprfaeabfefbbeoeraoas il be bes b so ins atin even 2 to lent ons nian t the back blics ther ould issue mr ment il 30 s tion pime 1 sev eced they ed to is ad dom deter oficial actic of the 7_ conference with good grace but he humorously commented that the latin americans and the united states voted as one bloc intimating that the coun tries south of us were acting as satellites this has challenged the latin americans to demonstrate that they are by no means always in accord with the united states and may vote differently on other is sues that come up in the future russia for its part is in the process of adjusting itself to the methods and responsibilities of an inter national organization where small nations as well as great ones must have a voice if the organization is not to become a great power dictatorship this in volves adjustments on the part of the soviet gov emment that should not be minimized russia has reached a high water mark in both power and influence and it wants to maintain that posi tion in the post war period but to do this success fully it will have to develop at least some of the outward restraints britain and the united states have learned to regard as necessary in relations with other nations the best thing that can happen is to have russia become so intimately associated with other nations in an international organization that it will feel ever growing responsibility for the success of that organization for this reason mr molotov’s par ticipation as co chairman of the conference should be welcomed the two policies of u.s from the amer ican point of view the most striking aspect of the argentine episode was the distinction it revealed between our policy in latin america and our policy in europe in latin america according to govern ment spokesmen we are against intervention in the internal affairs of the american republics and we acknowledge the practical difficulties of establishing page three democratic institutions among peoples who are still economically undeveloped and to a considerable extent illiterate in europe we have now recognized the need to accept political responsibility for the results of our military operations this means in practice a policy of intervention preferably in con cert with russia and britain as agreed at yalta in the internal affairs of some nations accompanied by insistence that they should adopt democratic insti tutions actually as this conference has amply demonstrated the closer the united nations come together the more difficult it is to draw a sharp divid ing line between internal and external policies in a conference which in spite of a few dramatic high spots got off to an unusually good start the least happy role is probably that of france the french took so long to formulate their position and then only in very negative terms that they at first had little influence on the main negotiations it was a mistake for france to have declined a place among the sponsoring powers now however france's po sition has been strengthened by its inclusion at its own request in the highest policy meetings of the convening powers but in spite of frictions inevitable in any gather ing of human beings the work of framing the char ter of the uncio is well under way the end of the war in europe makes it imperative for all to get ready the tools of peace as commander stassen who is emerging as the key figure in the united states delegation has said we must keep our sights high and not allow ourselves to be distracted by details the new polish crisis bad as its effect is bound to be on american and british public opinion is not ex pected to jeopardize the work of the conference vera micheles dean liberated italy tackles complex peace issues for a moment italy held the stage during the last dramatic convulsions of the european axis now once more it has retreated into comparative obscur ity so it was during the whole italian campaign from the landing in sicily in july 1943 until the firing ceased may 2 1945 the forgotten front it was called yet the fighting which was among the bitterest and most difficult of the european war never ceased nor did the problems of allied occu pation and administration or of italian adjustment to the tragic consequences of war fail to accumulate misfortune and difficulty in the italian peninsula were concealed from most of us only because the center of greatest danger was elsewhere this may well happen too in the days of peace ahead but issues will be there in abundance and the way in which they are met by the allies and the italian people themselves will be important in the shaping of a stable european order it is not yet possible to estimate what remnants of political fascism will have been left behind they are doubtless small and will continue to grow stead ily smaller as the partisans of the north proceed with summary justice reports of reprisals in the milan area alone during recent days range from one to five thousand in any case the duce of fascism is gone a fact so fully documented that no doubt can be cast upon it there will be no myth of a second coming to hold his scattered followers together they are leaderless discredited and totally defeated it re mains to be seen how many of the more fanatical adherents will escape punishment or how many if any at all will be able to insinuate themselves into the new emerging régime it was fortunate for italy's economic future that the conquest of the north was effected so speedily and under such circumstances that the german forces were unable to commit acts of sabotage such as had hi ee characterized their earlier orderly retreats here in the fertile valley of the po are the richest agricultural lands of italy and here too are the great industrial centers such as milan and turin and the great com mercial cities of genoa and venice the damage wrought by allied bombing and by enemy action although undoubtedly extensive still leaves the bulk of the economy substantially intact this will speed recovery for the whole peninsula although the prob lem of recovery will long remain acute political consequences of victory at least some of the political consequences of victory in italy can be measured now several months ago prime minister bonomi indicated that his govern ment would retire when the north had been liber ated discussions are already in progress between the bonomi cabinet and representatives of the com mittee of liberation of the north there will un doubtedly be a reorganization if not a totally new government and if one may judge from the earlier activities of the committee whatever compromise is made will be in the direction of the left this com mittee like its counterpart in rome is made up of six parties although in the north the republican party takes the place of the conservative democracy of labor party the concentration is definitely on the left a fact confirmed as recently as the middle of april when it was announced that the christian democratic party in the north had agreed to close collaboration with the communists and socialists in rome the christian democrats have taken the middle ground and are a conservative force whatever the changes in the government two im portant political questions will claim the attention of the italian people during the next several months the first is the future of the savoy dynasty crown prince umberto lieutenant general of the realm has clung tenaciously to his prerogatives and seems disposed to stage a strong fight for preservation of the monarchy his recent appearance at bologna where he was apparently well received and at milan where an attempt was made on his life indicate an effort on his part to test public sentiment it is too early to estimate this accurately although the tide continues to flow in the direction of a republic the second question will be that of elections for a constituent assembly the government at rome has been planning for these for some time but elec tions can scarcely be conducted in the very near future and certainly not until the allied authorities page four es are prepared to permit them in passing it might be noted that when they do come women will for the first time in italian history have the right to vote in national elections italo yugoslav relations important as the economic and political problems of italy will be in the immediate future they are scarcely more delicate or dangerous than the problem of italo yugoslav relations from the time fascist italy en tered the war on the side of the axis yugoslav av thorities have been laying claim to the territory of venezia giulia this region east of the isonzo in cluding the ports of trieste and fiume was acquired by italy after much dispute at the end of world war i its population is mixed italian and slavic with the italians predominant in the cities and the slavs predominant in the hinterland so mixed are the populations that an exact ethnographic boundary which would satisfy both peoples cannot be drawn and both lay claim to it on economic and historic as well as ethnic grounds italian leaders at rome have expressed alarm mote than once at the official pronouncements of marshal tito indicating yugoslavia’s intention to annex this territory these fears were particularly marked when during the first week of may an official communiqué from tito’s headquarters announced that trieste and fiume had been captured by partisan forces the italian government protested this action and called on the allies to administer the region until both the yugoslav and italian peoples could give expression to their wishes british forces under lieutenant gen eral freyberg occupied trieste on may 2 and effected the surrender of german forces there this action in turn evoked a strong protest from marshal tito the problem of trieste is extremely delicate and will require the highest qualities of statesmanship for its solution it is the outlet for a deep hinterland which is neither yugoslav nor italian and as an im portant port it will be essential to the allies as long as the policing of europe is necessary it is an intense ly italian city although the surrounding country is slavic and it may be assumed that its disposition will profoundly influence italian national sentiment on the other hand the oppressions which the slavs en dured during fascist administration and later during military occupation will undoubtedly steel the deter mination of tito’s government to secure its control c grove haines foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 30 may 11 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f laegt secretary vera micheles dean editor entered a second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor eae 19 +may 2 91945 i entered as 2nd class matter cra ibrar might be ra y pero 4 ll for the evorsity og usman it to vote ann avs ree oy of em mtr che pine portant as italy will foreign policy bulletin of italo italy en goslav au rritory of an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association onzo in foreign policy association incorporated s acquired 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y of world 75xxiv no 31 may 18 1945 nd slavic ss and pe j pe pacific war not just an american show boundary the brief period since germany's unconditional to transform the war against japan into a fully de be drawn historic as larm more yf marshal annex this ked when mmuniqué trieste and orces the and called il both the expression nant gen nd effected action in tito elicate and esmanship hinterland 1 as an im ies as long an intense country is sition will timent on e slavs en ater during the deter its control haines ated national liter enrered a e allow at least surrender washington has been making every effort to drive home the facts about the war with japan it is now clear that despite the loss of all its allies tokyo has the power to resist for a consider able period and to exact a great toll of the united nations before going down in defeat unquestion ably the strategy of concentrating first of all on the defeat of the nazis has been proved correct for we have achieved victory in europe while successfully carrying forward the struggle in asia in the process the japanese have lost a large part of their fleet millions of tons of merchant shipping and control over a large portion of the pacific serious blows also have been inflicted on their air force and many di visions of their troops have been destroyed or by passed but the united nations have not been able to undertake a land offensive against hundreds of thousands or millions of enemy soldiers at one time a coalition war nowhere in the far east do the armies fighting japan possess bases as power ful or as favorably located as were the british isles and russia in the war with germany in driving toward tokyo the brunt of the offensive plainly will have to be borne by the united states yet on this toad too we are marching together with allies whose aid will continue to be essential the chinese both in the central armies and in the communist led eighth route and new fourth armies have tied down hundreds of thousands of japanese troops the americans fighting on okinawa also have australian friends on the blood and oil soaked ground of tara kan and british and indian allies in burma these facts should be remembered when next we hear that the pacific war is an american show and that we are able to lick the japanese single handed apart from the development of america’s own ef forts in the far east nothing is more important than veloped coalition enterprise one great stride in this direction was made at the quebec conference last september when despite the opposition of some american circles it was agreed that the british navy should participate in the pacific on a large scale the results are already evident at okinawa for several of britain’s finest carriers have carried out support ing operations near by in general every british ship or division transferred to the far east every chinese division added to the ranks of those fighting effec tively every guerrilla unit enabled to carry on more widespread anti japanese warfare whether in china indo china or the philippines will repre sent a contribution toward shortening the struggle ahead to some it may seem easier to wage a single handed isolationist war than to work with old allies and seek out new ones but the ultimate cost in blood and international friction is likely to be far greater than under a policy of cooperation politics and strategy the military stra tegy of utilizing every opportunity for coalition war fare against japan has profound political implica tions it means that we must leave no stone unturned in the effort to develop fruitful contacts with the chinese guerrilla forces under yenan as well as with the armies under the leadership of chiang kai shek and that the establishment of genuine chi nese unity is now more essential than ever it means also that sound policies must be developed toward the peoples of colonial asia who in the past have seemed politically inert but have been stirred up in unprecedented fashion by the events of recent years the fact that guerrilla resistance movements have ap peared not only in the philippines but also in indo china and burma is a token of wartime changes if maximum military aid is to be drawn from the colo nial peoples now under japan’s heel it will be neces contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association bi r bsc sr te i be hp benge fal ee et es saty to appeal to the nationalist aspirations that are growing among them and it will not be enough for the united states to confine its interest in dependent areas to the acquisition of strategic bases a crucial factor in speeding japan’s defeat will be the maintenance and development of close relations with russia as a result of its role in the defeat of germany and the diversionary effect of soviet divi sions stationed in the far east the u.s.s.r has al ready made a significant contribution to the defeat of japan it now lies in the power of the russians to extend further aid in the form of bases supplies or possibly troops but one inescapable prerequisite for such aid is that in the occupation of germany and the restoration of liberated europe the big three remain united it is hardly necessary to emphasize that in their present difficulties the japanese are pinning their hopes on a break up of the big three the amicable settlement of leading european issues can have a great deal to do with the winning of the earliest possible victory over japan page two defining unconditional surrender it is impossible to say whether japan will yield shor of utter defeat but an effective allied policy to prevent the resurgence of germany might encourage this result if tokyo sees that germany’s prolonged struggle has produced no loophole through which the germans can escape the consequences of aggres sion the japanese may consider it advantageous to avoid the thoroughgoing destruction that invasion of their homeland would bring in any event the jap anese would be strengthened in their hope for 4 negotiated peace if we were to commit the error of defining unconditional surrender by making detailed promises to them to assure the japanese as presj dent truman did in a special message on may 8 that unconditional surrender does not mean the exter mination or enslavement of the japanese people is sound and truthful policy but we cannot offer them an easy future after their years of aggression lawrence k rosinger trusteeship formula sought at san francisco san francisco the termination of hostilities in europe far from distracting the conference from its tasks has caused it to pursue them at a grueling pace so that the representatives of britain and the european countries can return home as soon as pos sible the post war problems which the machinery here being evolved is designed to settle overshadow the conference table while an earnest effort is being made to keep specific political and economic issues out of the discussions it is impossible to talk of trusteeships without thinking about the disposition of italy's colonies in africa and its strategic islands in the mediterranean not to speak of the japanese mandated islands or to weigh the merits of bilat eral and regional security pacts without wondering what measures the allies plan to take to prevent germany’s military resurgence in the future the two most noticeable undercurrents in the con ference are the determination of the big five to reach an agreement on amendments to the dumbar ton oaks proposals which would meet the reserva tions and criticisms expressed by the middle and small nations and at the same time a strong trend to put a check on russia’s aspirations in europe and asia to demarcate the line beyond which a victori ous russia should not be allowed to go now that military victory has been achieved both britain and the united states show less disposition than during the war years to placate moscow yet if there is one point on which there is a consensus it is that the russians have proved very cooperative in spite of the initial flare up about argentina and the shock caused by molotov’s announcement of the arrest of the sixteen poles the soviet delegation has been as earnestly absorbed in the work of the conference as any other russia assumes leadership mr molotov on the eve of his departure for moscow skillfully placed russia in the vanguard of nations that de mand protection of human rights among which he placed the right to work with a broad hint at the prospect of post war unemployment and empha sized the need for furthering the welfare and inde pendence of colonial peoples if these issues could be discussed in a public forum instead of mass press conferences the question might be raised whether russia itself is not a colonial power controlling de pendent peoples in europe and asia and thus sub ject to the application of the high standards of human rights it is urging on the western nations the fact remains however that the leadership in urging colonial reforms that could have been taken by britain and the united states has been asserted by russia which has thereby won the support of several countries in the forefront of social progress notably new zealand while canada has taken the lead in presenting a well thought out project for the organization of the economic and social council the presence of russia at this conference has ut questionably had an impact on the thinking of other delegations at the same time there is no doubt that the russians for their part have learned much from their contacts here the discussion of mutual prob lems between russia and the western nations is pet haps one of the most important results of the con ference emphasis on security in this discussion which goes on practically twenty four hours a day in comm buses th the almo ity with for some russia demand thoughts german when t vehemen chapulte in this b as a resu even mo than the presents first of formula right ans and the ion it future j our own to ques holland sessions in the p neei most th ous tran ence wil of inter amende now un self be no more a breatl forge a foreign headquarte second cla one month s s ee lender ield short policy to ncourage rolonged gh which of aggres ageous to 1vasion of the jap ype for a e error of detailed as presi ay 8 that the exter people not offer geression singer ference as molotov skillfully s that de which he int at the id empha and inde sues could mass press d whether rolling de thus sub ndards of n nations dership in seen taken m asserted support of progress taken the ect for the 1 council ce has uf ig of other doubt that much from itual prob ions is pet f the con discussion ours a day jn committee rooms at meals in elevators and on buses the chief problem raised is how to reconcile the almost primitive desire of every nation for secur ity with the need so brutally revealed by the war for some form of collective security system when russia france and the countries of eastern europe demand the retention of bilateral security pacts their thoughts are dominated by their tragic experience of german and in some cases also italian aggression when the latin american countries with equal vehemence insist on a priority rating for the act of chapultepec they are stirred by fear of intervention in this hemisphere by a non american power and as a result paradoxical as it may seem have become even more fervent advocates of the monroe doctrine than the united states when this country in turn presents a trusteeship proposal which is intended first of all to assure our security in the pacific by a formula that represents a compromise between out right annexation advocated by the army and navy and the atlantic charter favored by public opin ion it is endeavoring to build a rampart against future japanese aggression but our efforts to insure our own security make it increasingly difficult for us to question the determination of britain france holland and belgium to retain their colonial pos sessions which for them represent factors of power in the post war world need for transitional system the most that can be hoped for in this period of tumultu ous transition from war to peace is that the confer ence will succeed in establishing a transitional system of international organization whose charter can be amended with relative ease to conform to conditions now unforeseen and unforeseeable this will in it self be a major achievement even if the charter is no more than our articles of confederation for then a breathing space will have been won in which to forge a more perfect union page three for a clear brief survey of the achievements of the mexico city conference and the texts of the act of chapultepec and the economic charter of the americas read the mexico city conference and regional security __ by olive holmes 25 may 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 such union however will not prove lasting unless it is built to meet the needs and spirit of our times here one can see clearly the gap that has developed between the new forces that are stirring in europe most strikingly represented in the french delegation which contains many members of the resistance movement beginning with foreign minister bidault and the countries physically untouched by war like those of latin america the new world seems old and potentially or actually reactionary as com pared with the old world of europe it is among those who have gone through the hell of war and nazi terrorism that one feels a promise for the fu ture this promise must be reflected in the charter if the uncio is to grip the imagination of war tired peoples vera micheles dean the f.p.a bookshelf pope pius xii by kees van hoek new york philosophical library 1945 2.00 interesting brief biography by a catholic journalist in the margins of chaos recollections of relief work in and between three wars by francesca m wilson new york macmillan 1945 3.00 written with warmth and understanding by one who did relief work largely for the friends in different parts of europe and africa timeless mexico by hudson strode new york harcourt brace 1944 3.50 vivid dramatically written history of mexico russia is no riddle by edmund stevens new york greenberg 1945 3.00 a friendly but candid appraisal of the temper and poli cies of russia in wartime by the moscow correspondent of the christian science monitor who is well acquainted with the country and the people hope for peace at san francisco what catholics should think of the world organization by robert a graham s.j with the collaboration of william l lucey 8 j and james l burke s.j new york america press 1945 25 cents this useful readable booklet contains the text of the bishops statement on international order and a study analysis of the dumbarton oaks proposals with interesting comment report on the russians by william l white new york harcourt brace 1945 2.50 a gifted american writer who knows little of russia’s past history or present problems vividly presents his gloomy impressions on a first visit to that country a miniature history of the war down to the liberation of paris by r.c.k ensor new york oxford university press 1945 1.50 multum in parvo aptly describes this concisely but com prehensively written little book foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 31 may 18 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f laer secretary vera micheles dan editor entered as scond class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year ome month for change of address on membership publications please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ss produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter protectionists fight extension of trade agreements act the first test of president truman’s strength with congress on an issue of foreign affairs will come over the current bill extending the trade agreements act and authorizing the executive branch of the government to reduce tariffs 75 per cent below their 1934 levels instead of the 50 per cent which present legislation permits opposition to the further reduc tion is powerful and most observers will not be sur prised if the bill is defeated protection philosophy strong the chief opposition comes from those industries which lost half their tariff protection in the trade agree ments negotiated after the bill first passed in 1934 and who now fear the loss of another 25 per cent in this group fall textiles nonferrous metals lead and zinc watches pottery and hand made glass wool growers protectionists for many years also oppose extension some of the industries are concerned not simply with the prospective tariff loss but with the entrance into the american market of foreign prod ucts especially watches during the war when the output of most ordinary manufactured materials was severely restricted in the united states an argument frequently used by opponents of ex tension concerns the disparity in world labor stand ards which has recently been raised by emil rieve general president of the textile workers union of america cio in his pamphlet international labor standards a key to world security in the united states mr rieve says the right of the industry of one state to trade outside its own borders is depen dent upon the observance of a fair labor standards act the principles underlying this act must be come the cornerstone of international relations it is a new concept that to move freely in commerce goods from abroad should be made under the same minimum labor standards as similar goods in the country of consumption representative knutson re publican of minnesota on april 18 elicited the views of assistant secretary of state clayton on cheap foreign labor and received this reply it is my firm conviction that in practically every field this country’s manufacturers and workers are so far ahead in efficiency of those in any other part of the world that even a 50 per cent higher wage cost here can have no effect on our over all production costs the chances for protectionists to hold their line are so much brighter in 1945 than they were in 1934 or in the other years when congress extended the act 1937 1940 1943 that the american tarif league has taken on new vitality to stir up opposi tion to extension of the trade agreements act the prospects of passage would be bright if the admin istration were to withdraw the 25 per cent reduction feature but that would defeat the goal set op april 18 by former secretary of state cordell hull first sponsor of the act as president roosevelt pointed out in his message to congress on march 26 1945 we cannot in the difficult period immediately ahead have an effective trade agreements program unless the act is strengthened and brought up to date mr hull wrote to chairman robert l doughton of the house ways and means commit tee the trade agreements program has served to reduce not only american tariffs but commerce bar riers of foreign countries because it makes possible a bargaining process in which barrier is reduced for barrier the administration fears that it has ex hausted most of its bargaining power by reductions already made united states export program the struggle between the forces favoring the tarif league and the hull points of view will probably be decided in the senate the administration is con fident that the house will pass the bill despite the slow progress of the hearings before the ways and means committee which opened on april 16 the present act expires on june 12 but failure to enact extension by that date would not jeopardize the pro gram for the administration has no intention of negotiating trade agreements while the pacific war is still in progress and the rehabilitation of european countries has yet to begin administration spokesmen relate the tariff issue to the problem of full employment in the united states and abroad after the war fred m vinson director of war mobilization and reconversion told the house ways and means committee on april 25 that the united states will need to import at least 6,000 000,000 to 8,000,000,000 worth of goods every year after the war to balance the increased export trade which he considers will be necessary to provide adequate employment secretary of state stettinius on april 18 termed the trade agreements extension program an integral part of the government's peact planning another aspect is the bretton woods pro gram which may shortly be debated by the house of representatives blair bolles for victory buy united states war bonds 1918 depend litical f the uni cult fo not sur growin war is 4 war ob that no during war il confere piecem danger three a new church necessz peace future by uni the vic europe sia anc clear t three into a partitic such a crime roose +at sami act can tariff ip opposi s act the 1e admin reduction al set on rdell hull roosevelt match 26 nmediately s program ight up to robert l is commit served to merce bat es possible educed for it has ex reductions ram the the tariff srobably be ion is con despite the ways and ril 16 the ire to enact ize the pro ntention of pacific war yf european riff issue to nited states yn director n told the pril 25 that ast 6,000 roods every ased expott y to provide e stettinius ts extension nent’s peace woods pro the house bolles inds 1943 jun 2 entered as 2nd class matter y rqor vorsity of ron eee al library chican general ntyy of m bhd ps yan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vol xxiv no 32 may 25 1945 european peace issues demand early meeting of big three eo the forty nine nations are drawing up a charter at san francisco for a world se curity organization the big three on whose con tinued unity the effectiveness of this organization depends are at odds on almost all immediate po litical problems in europe that russia britain and the united states should find cooperation more difh cult following the defeat of the common enemy is not surprising but the apparent seriousness of the growing rift among those who have just won the war is as unexpected as it is disconcerting during the war observers frequently and complacently predicted that no peace conference similar to that held in paris during the winter of 1918 19 would conclude world war ii but at yalta it was agreed that such a peace conference should be held at the end of the war lest piecemeal and unilateral settlements in europe en danger the all important harmony among the big three and now it seems that this meeting to which anew big three parley such as prime minister churchill and president truman have suggested is a necessary preliminary must be held soon for if a peace conference does not take place in the near future the map of europe may be largely redrawn by unilateral actions rather than agreements among the victors and irreparable harm will almost cer tainly be done to the mutual confidence the great powers built up during the war europe divided from the growing list of european areas in which disagreements between rus sia and the western allies have become acute it is clear that the subject of controversy among the big three is no longer whether europe shall be divided into a russian zone and a western sphere with a partitioned germany in between an effort to prevent such a division of the continent was made at the crimea conference last february when president roosevelt succeeded in securing the adoption of a plan for tripartite instead of unilateral intesvention by the great powers in liberated or former axis satellite nations but in the three months since yalta this formula has not once been implemented in stead russia has been maintaining eastern europe as a closed preserve by excluding british and amer ican officials and correspondents from areas occupied by the red army and by ignoring protests or in quiries from washington and london concerning moscow’s policy in the area britain for its part has continued to control affairs in greece and encour aged the royalists with whom london apparently believes it can make satisfactory strategic arrange ments in the eastern mediterranean with the divi sion of the continent an already existing fact it ap pears that the current issue between russia and the western allies is where and how the boundary be tween the two european zones will be drawn from stettin to trieste has become a popularly accepted dividing line between the russian sphere and western europe but events of the past few weeks indicate that this demarcation may not be ac ceptable to the british and united states govern ments particularly if it is established by unilateral russian action on april 30 the state department and the foreign office declared that they did not recognize the provisional government of austtia which the soviet union had announced the previous day since the new cabinet in vienna is a coalition of all three democratic austrian parties it is obvi ously not the composition of the government that has prevented the western powers from recognizing the régime instead it is the manner in which russia established the government of a country to be oc cupied by british united states and french farces as well as the red army that is responsible for anglo american objections and the resulting prob lems of military government in austria contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association seca the efforts of marshal tito whose government has a pact with russia to establish military and political control over the austrian city of klagenfurt and the province of carinthia as well as trieste and venezia giulia are also creating numerous difficulties for the united states and british occupation forces in trieste these problems are particularly acute for amg officers have been unable to establish head quarters in the city because of the presence of par tisan troops estimated on may 20 to number 70,000 one result of this situation is that trieste is not receiving its usual bread supply for the flour mills west of the city are under allied rather than yugoslav control and hunger will soon be added to the explosive factors already created by the presence of rival armed forces russian bloc solidifying but it is chief ly because marshal tito’s actions are regarded in washington and london as an apparent indication of russia's intentions to tighten up its eastern euro pean bloc before the continent is stabilized on the basis of agreements among the big three that acting secretary of state grew and marshal alexander have sent carefully considered protests to belgrade for it appears that with trieste in tito’s hands the rus sian group of states would have direct access to the most important adriatic port and thus possess its own trade outlet and austrian carinthia may be of equal importance in strengthening the bonds among the eastern european states for this region may form part of a new corridor between yugoslavia and czechoslovakia two of the leading slavic states linked to russia by bilateral treaties that the new russian sponsored confederation in eastern europe may provide a better framework for solution of the problems of this region of overpopu lated rural areas and few industrial opportunities than did the versailles system of independent states page two does not seem to be seriously disputed by britain o the united states neither are the western allies challenging russian statements that this bloc is being formed as protection against a resurgent germany although pravda declared on may 13 that russia jg sure that the victory puts an end to the german menace for many generations to come nevertheless the united states and britain are anxious to leap how far west russia intends to extend its security zone and what methods it will use in consolidating that area since british parliamentary elections are scheduled for july it has been suggested that prime minister churchill summed up his foreign policy in his victory declaration speech of may 13 in terms that particu larly emphasize britain's traditional opposition to control of europe by any single continental power but churchill’s statement of policy can hardly be dismissed as campaign propaganda for if the pres ent british cabinet were defining its foreign policy with an eye on the polls it would presumably make every effort to avoid criticizing russia even by im plication since it is on the left that the conserva tives need to court votes a more plausible and more disturbing interpretation of the stand britain is taking with the support of the united states on such problems as those of austria and trieste is that all three major victors are attempting to delimit stra tegic zones on the continent as a possible alternative and parallel to the world security organization being formed at san francisco because of the obvious dan gers in this contest for positions in europe it is im perative that the struggle be halted before further damage is done to the inter allied harmony on which success of the new league depends the speedy con vening of a big three meeting would be an impor tant step in this direction winifred n hadsel national vs collective security key issue at san francisco san francisco as the san francisco confer ence enters its fourth week it becomes increasingly apparent that the abrupt termination of the war in europe has greatly increased the problems faced by the conferees at the same time it has made the crea tion of machinery to deal with these problems more urgent than ever great as has been the effort to con centrate on machinery building and to avoid discus sion of specific political and economic issues these issues russia’s intentions in europe and asia the treatment of germany the disposition to be made of territories taken from enemy states the future of colonies have dominated the thoughts of all dele gates both in committee meetings closed to the press and in private conversations two sets of negotiations this confer ence has laid bare the quivering aching nerves of nations that have carried the burden of the war and now face with anxiety the burdens of peacemaking the constant appraisal of future prospects in europe and asia that goes on behind closed doors is in 4 sense beneficial for it lends reality to discussions about procedures and technical details which would otherwise seem troublingly abstract but it also means that each country in reaching decisions about this or that provision of the charter makes mental calculations as to the way in which it may be applied at coming peace conferences thus actually two sets of negotiations are proceeding side by side the pub licized work of the uncio’s commissions and com mittees and the relatively unpublicized efforts of the various nations to adopt positions most favorable to their interests in the troubled days ahead these parallel negotiations are most clearly seen in the h had not oaks a the age security ship in hauntec may nc gressio ures as power the inte by expe a co was re gional defens occurs neces this as fic refe serting states must t ments tri trustee eve of delega sider i waged concer unitec non st delega cile th anese of ter of br coloni phasiz tants the i the route confe credit assoc ss britain of ern allies oc is being germany russia jg e german vertheless 1s to learn its security nsolidating scheduled ie minister his victory at particu position to ital power hardly be if the pres eign policy vably make ven by im conserva and more britain is states on este is that lelimit stra alternative ation being bvious dan e it is im ore further ty on which speedy con 2 an impor hadsel cisco he war and acemaking s in europe yors is in a discussions thich would but it also isions about akes mental y be applied ly two sets le the pub ns and com fforts of the favorable to 2 clearly seen in the heated debates aroused by two questions which had not been sufficiently considered at dumbarton oaks and therefore made a belated appearance on the agenda the relationship of regional to collective security and arrangements for international trustee ship in both instances it is clear that all nations are haunted by the fear that international organization may not afford them adequate security against ag gression and are loath to give up such security meas ures as they have already adopted or such assets of power as they already possess until the efficacy of the international organization has been demonstrated by experience a compromise formula on regional arrangements was reached on may 20 which assures every re gional group an opportunity to take measures of self defense if an attack against one of its members occurs before the security council has taken the necessary measures to deal with the aggressor this agreement has the advantage of avoiding speci fic references to the act of chapultepec and of as serting the thesis vigorously supported by the united states delegation that the international organization must take precedence over regional security arrange ments trusteeship and strategic bases the trusteeship issue which was only raised on the eve of the conference with the result that many delegations had not been adequately prepared to con sider it has also revealed the struggle that is being waged between national and international security concepts the proposal originally made by the united states for a distinction between strategic and non strategic areas has not seemed practical to many delegations and an attempt has been made to recon cile the views of this country which with the jap anese islands in mind stressed the strategic aspects of territories taken from enemy states with those of britain which declared that its policy toward colonies had always been that of a trustee and em phasized its concern for the welfare of the inhabi tants of dependent areas the working paper submitted by commander page three stassen on may 16 represented a compromise be tween the various views expressed on the subject the most important points in this paper are that nations which receive territories taken from enemy states at future peace conferences will apparently be free to decide whether they will place these terri tories under the international system of trusteeship that it will be the duty of the state administering the trust territory to insure that the territory shall play its part in the maintenance of international peace and security thus permitting its fortification and use as a strategic base which was not the case under the league of nations mandates system and that the united nations concerned should develop self government in forms appropriate to the varying cir cumstances of each territory without mention of eventual independence the british have contended that independence urged by russia and china does not necessarily insure either self government or security and on may 17 announced the grant of self government to burma as an example of the policies they plan to follow in the colonies regained from japan should the proposals drafted by commander stassen be adopted the trusteeship system may prove less adequate than the league mandates system which made it obligatory for the victors in world war i to place the mandates assigned to them under the aegis of the league of nations in weighing the achievements of the conference it must be constantly borne in mind that the emphasis here is not on ideal solutions which might not prove feasible in practice but on hard headed practical measures to achieve security much as the small coun tries would prefer an international organization in which they could play a more decisive part many of them have come to the conclusion that their best hope of security depends on continued cooperation be tween the united states britain and russia that is why for the time being they are less concerned with what happens at san francisco than with the out come of the proposed big three meeting vera micheles dean middle west focuses attention on relations with russia by blair bolles the following article was written by mr bolles en route to san francisco to attend the united nations conference on international organization as an ac credited press representative of the foreign policy association denver the middle westerner today asks only one question about foreign affairs what are russia’s intentions in a five day trip the question has been asked again and again in st louis minneapolis st paul omaha and denver it comes from the con ductor on the trains from the casual eating com panion in the diner from the businessman and law yer the working man and the girl behind the cigar counter hope for good relations the question is put earnestly not captiously the war has so modi fied isolationism in the mississippi and missouri val leys that only a few congressmen last fall dared campaign on platforms urging american withdrawal from world affairs most of the men and women in the central part of the united states furthermore are trying to steel themselves against disillusion in foreign affairs newspapers like the st louis post dispatch st paul pioneer press and minneapolis star journal have succeeded in their constant effort to stress first the need for a continuing united states role as a politically active world power and second the slowness and irregularity which must mark the progress of the united states or any other state to ward its goals in foreign relations the st paul dis patch scored a point against disillusion in an editorial on may 14 by urging that we learn to disagree with russia in the middle west bewilderment has replaced isolationism and disillusion the same editorial writ er who in print tells his readers that the future of peace depends on the nature of relations between the united states and the soviet union discloses private ly his own inability to understand why the russians failed to compose the differences with this country and britain over the nature of the polish govern ment why the 16 poles from the underground were arrested why the soviets acted alone in encouraging the establishment of a government in austria the compromises which russia has accepted at the united nations conference in san francisco fail to erase the puzzled concern over these issues this concern about the soviet union reflects the vitality of the idealism inherent in the american ap proach to international relations for at no point has russian policy in europe touched directly our vital interest it reflects at the same time a lack of under standing of conditions before the war in most of the southeastern european countries where soviet influ ence today is most apparent the idealists wish that in yugoslavia bulgaria and rumania the popula tions themselves might make a sovereign choice of their governments through independent ballot it is forgotten that before the war dictatorial political influences controlled those three countries in the in terest of minor fractions of the whole populations and that most of the men and women in those coun for an example of the unsettled state of colonial questions and a survey of the united states attitude toward one section of the far east read france and the future of indo china by lawrence k rosinger 25 may 15 issue of forzign pouicy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscriptions 5 to f.p.a members 3 page four ee tries lack the experience necessary for the conduct of political democracy as we know it however firm handed the régimes in those countries may be today they employ a revolutionary tactic that is part of an effort to establish a political system beneficial to the masses rather than the privileged danger of inadequate informa tion yet the russians will continue to arouse sus picious bewilderment in this part of the united states so long as they bar allied newspapermen from the areas of greatest soviet influence a lawyer in paul wondered if this news policy reflected a sense of doubt in the russian official mind about russia's own strength but the average observer rather tends to see something sinister in the restrictions on access to information the united states government may have fed the growing doubt about the sincerity of russia's intentions to cooperate fully and freely with other states after the war by its blunt reaction to the arrest of the 16 poles and to the creation of the aus trian government it is seldom suggested that the poles might in fact be dangerously unfriendly to russia or that the political situation in austria might have required the immediate creation of a govern ment the great interest in the middle west in the russian question is born of real hope for a lasting cooperative peace yet while public opinion earnestly examines the development of broader russian poli cies attention is also riveted on germany whether the united states britain and russia can successfully cooperate in the difficult task of occupying that de feated country remains as the crucial test of allied unity so necessary for cooperation in the years ahead the f.p.a bookshelf bases overseas by george weller new york harcourt brace 1944 3.50 the chicago daily news foreign correspondent outlines the history of our foreign policy and charts its future by centering attention on the necessity of american acquisi tion of bases abroad the argument is forceful but little attention is given to the possibility of either internation alizing bases or organizing world security within the framework of a united nations organization full employment in a free society by william h bev eridge new york w w norton 1945 3.75 the author of the famed beveridge report on the social services in britain expounds the economic principles of full employment in the present volume following closely the keynesian analysis of the cause of unemployment his proposals make possible the retention of private enterprise while offering no block to the socialization of industry where necessary the three fold aim of beveridge’s plan is to maintain total capital expenditure control the loca tion of industry and secure the organized mobility of labor foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 32 may 25 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y prank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lagt secretary vera micheres dean editor entered 4 second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ps produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor 1918 i vou x en ro that tl intern it becc uable tunity of the war t terms ward cedure existir abeyat the lo ment who charte but it know keep ing m u.s the 1 ence tween evitab encou report flicts in de ment wide and f far th tries coope has a whict +ee conduct of rever firm y be today part of an cial to the nforma atouse sus he united rmen from wyer in st ed a sense ut russia’s ither tends s on access iment may incerity of freely with tion to the f the aus d that the tiendly to stria might a govern vest in the a lasting n earnestly ssian poli whether uccessfully ig that de of allied ears ahead harcourt ent outlines s future by ran acquisi il but little internation within the am h bev 5 n the social rinciples of ving closely oyment his e enterprise of industry ridge’s plan ol the loca ity of labor ted national itor entered as allow at least genera ie hap jun 8 1945 lib now 40 entered as 2nd class matter ary ag 7 1 lone wt yuan of an yiah foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vor xxiv no 33 june 1 1945 lack of clear objectives hampers u.s in europe en route from san francisco to new york now that the conference of 49 nations on problems of international organization is drawing to a close it becomes increasingly apparent that its most val uable accomplishment will have been the oppor tunity it provided for a sharply etched re appraisal of the world situation in the wake of the european war before the victors had to define the concrete terms of the peace settlement the conference out wardly preoccupied with technical questions of pro cedure became from the start a sounding board for existing or potential conflicts the war had held in abeyance the charter it is drafting will represent the lowest common denominator on which agree ment could be reached at this time to many people who had hoped for more exalted achievement the charter may prove in some respects disappointing but it is far better for all the united nations to know approximately where they stand now than to keep on seeking unattainable objectives spun of noth ing more substantial than wishful thinking u.s russian conflict not inevitable the most disquieting development at the confer ence was the tendency to believe that a conflict be tween the united states and russia is becoming in evitable this tendency was greatly inflated and encouraged by some irresponsible commentators and reporters who seemed more interested in the con flicts that are bound to flare up among nations than in determined day to day efforts to arrive at agree ment on controversial issues there is obviously a wide range of matters on which the united states and russia do not see eye to eye in europe but so far there is no fundamental reason why the two coun tries should not find a workable basis for post war cooperation the chief difficulty is that while russia has a very clear idea of the ways and means by which it intends to achieve security on the continent this country still has no clearly defined objective in europe beyond that of keeping the continent from becoming the theatre of another war in which the united states would once more be bound to inter vene we therefore tend to let matters drift until the russians have taken some positive action and then react against russia’s decisions instead of tak ing the intiative ourselves as a result our policy assumes more and more the character of opposition to russia’s aims in europe when in reality if we were to reach our own conclusions about disputed matters like the régimes of poland and austria we might find that our views and those of the soviet government concerning the future of eastern eu rope and the balkans are not as far apart as they seem to reach well thought out conclusions how ever we need a much larger staff of officials con versant with the problems of that area and familiar with russia than is at present available in the state department dramatic improvisation by special emis saries in moments of acute crisis does not take the place of the knowledge and experience which should be brought to bear on our negotiations with russia britain’s new balance of power our relations with russia have come to depend to a degree that at san francisco was revealed as dangerous on our relations with britain the brit ish whose political influence and economic position have been undermined by the war are necessarily playing from weakness some british officials give the impression that they would like to keep the united states and russia apart not to an extent that would threaten the security of europe but to the extent that would permit britain to develop a new policy of balance of power between its two mighty wartime associates it would be regrettable however if the united states which under presi dent roosevelt succeeded in mediating between contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association churchill and stalin should drift more or less un consciously into a position where it would have to back britain against russia on the continent presi dent truman’s decision announced on may 24 to send joseph c davies former ambassador to mos cow to canvass the situation with prime minister churchill while harry hopkins simultaneously can vasses it with stalin indicates that a firm attempt will be made to dispel the serious malaise which has developed in europe during the conference just as the united states must define its positive objectives with respect to russia so it must define them with respect to britain it is difficult to be lieve that the american people will want to support in europe the policy of opposition to leftist elements and sympathy for monarchy frequently expressed by mr churchill or will want to abandon the hope that ultimately dependent peoples will be prepared by the nations that control them for some form of independence yet our fear of russia and our own desire to obtain control of strategic bases in the pacific may if unchecked lead us to adopt a course that could be regarded by other peoples as reaction ary and it is at this very point that russia which certainly cannot claim to have assured the peoples under its control either a full range of human rights or what we in the western world would regard as independence could nevertheless continue along the course set by molotov at san francisco to as sume the leadership in world affairs which the united states has failed to exert french plans for security in the midst of the tensions generated among the big three by the end of war in europe france has indicated its readiness to act as a connecting link between the western powers and russia the french do not believe that either britain or the united states will stay long in europe some of them put the period of anglo american occupation at less than two years they are therefore preparing themselves for the eventuality of having to face germany alone once more their plan of action is four fold occu pation of the rhineland by french forces establish page two ay ment of an international commission including france to control the ruhr with the expectation that germany would thus be shorn of 70 per cent of its coal and consequently of the possibility of producing steel in sufficient quantities for modern warfare creation of a network of security pacts the franco russian pact to be matched in the west by a similar pact with britain and participation as one of the big five in the united nations organization the anglo french alliance has been delayed partly because the french before they negotiate it want to have definite assurances concerning the role they are to play in the occupation and administration of germany and partly because of frictions between france and britain notably in syria and lebanon where riots occurred last week on the arrival of french troops these problems are only symptoms of the vast upheavals that are shaking europe and the near and middle east now that the danger of german domi nation has been removed it had long been evident that the end of hostilities would merely mean the beginning of arduous efforts to resolve the problems which brought about this war and which the war itself has not solved the united states now mili tarily and industrially the most powerful nation in the world has the opportunity to play as great a role in the making of the peace as it has in the wag ing of the war this country alone among the great powers is not suspected of having territorial designs on the continent and is by tradition committed néi ther to reaction nor revolution it is therefore peculi arly well qualified to keep the balance between the conflicting interests of other nations which have suffered far more than we have from the devastation of war and are naturally even more anxious than we are about the character of the peace in assuming our post war responsibilities it is essential that we should all realize that the maintenance of peacetime relations requires qualities of patience and under standing far greater than those we were called on to display in time of war vera micheles dean british elections to hinge on reconstruction issues which has successfully concluded the european phase facing its first general election since 1935 britain has entered a political campaign which will bring a new parliament and perhaps a new government to westminster the present parliament the longest in modern british history has undergone many changes in the last ten years first the leadership veered from the nationalist government of stanley baldwin to that of neville chamberlain during the ill fated appeasement period at the time of the in vasion of the low countries in 1940 the cassan dra of the conservative party mr churchill came to the premiership to form the coalition war cabinet of the war with the resignation of the prime min ister and his cabinet on may 23 the two major pat ties have now to contest the election at the polls on july 5 to determine which of them shall conduct the final phase of the war against japan set the stage for post war reconstruction at home and chart brit ain’s future course in foreign affairs foreign policy differences considera tions of foreign policy will not figure prominent ly during the campaign although the chamber lain policies of the conservative party will doubt less be churchi spirit in much oo ment tai announ with a jster ha ressed in unite labo fewer dinatin europe for coo ties wit contine of exte greater while minion ties for be plac breakin policy ence la the 19 could c agreed foreigr propos of brit consid will be few br the na both f the ex is to re that h ing th con the tinuin politic at th includ prope east or on will r in as with imme ee including xpectation per cent sibility of rt modern pacts the west by a as one of ranization yed partly it want role they tration of s between lebanon arrival of f the vast near and nan domi nn evident mean the problems n the war now mili nation in is great a 1 the wag the great al designs nitted nei ore peculi tween the hich have levastation cious than assuming il that we peacetime nd under called on s dean s ean phase rime min major pat e polls on onduct the the stage chart brit considera prominent chamber vill doubt eeeees less be aired at length by labor candidates mr churchill has so successfully personified britain's spirit in resisting its enemies during the war that much of the bitterness against the earlier appease ment tactics of his party may have been dispelled in announcing that the election would not interfere with a meeting of the big three the prime min ister has not only struck a confident note but has ex ressed britain’s intention of retaining its position in united nations councils labor spokesmen can face the electorate with fewer qualms than the conservatives about coor dinating british and russian policy especially in europe for the labor party has consistently pressed for cooperation with the soviet union and closer ties with leftist groups which have emerged on the continent aside from these divergences in the field of external affairs the labor party will express greater differences with respect to imperial relations while favoring continued cooperation with the do minions labor does not propose closer institutional ties for commonwealth unity greater emphasis will be placed on the necessity of colonial development breaking the deadlock on india and reversing the policy regarding palestine at its london confer ence last year the labor party suggested revision of the 1939 white paper so that jewish immigration could continue the size of palestine be increased and arab populations transferred to other areas domestic issues real most observers are agreed that the election will turn not on issues of foreign policy but on plans already executed or proposed for the economic and social reconstruction of britain after the war again in so far as economic considerations affect britain’s foreign position there will be little disagreement between the parties for few britishers regardless of party are unmindful of the nation’s precarious foreign economic situation both parties view with favor plans for expansion of the export trade on which britain must depend if it is to recoup the wartime loss on external investments that have always played a significant role in balanc ing the nation’s international payments constitutional debate sharpens the military problems arising from china’s con tinuing disunity have been obscured by european political issues and the san francisco conference at the same time sensational air attacks on japan including devastating raids on tokyo have quite properly won the spotlight in the news from the far fast but japan will not be defeated by one nation or one method alone and in the months ahead we will need all the support we can get from our allies in asia the achievement of political unity in china with all the resulting military advantages is a major immediate requirement in the war against japan page three it is rather on the domestic angle of this program that the sharpest clash will occur during the debates on the full employment white paper last year it was clearly revealed that both parties were in agree ment on its aims reviving the export industries and increasing the export trade but the labor party has maintained that to do this necessitates a prograrna involving greater public ownership of the basic in dustries and services than the white paper has indi cated both groups agree however that as a mini mum great state intervention and control of economic life will be necessary although this is the same debate public owner ship vs free enterprise which has continued in britain since world war i the issues are sharper today because the area of debate has been pushed considerably closer to actual goverr nent ownership than before the state has exercised full economic controls during the war and in rebuilding british industry rehousing bombed out families and city planning it will have to exercise vast controls anew distribution of industry is to be planned the land necessary for city planning virtually pre empted and labor directed to those areas where it is needed health and educational facilities are to be expanded along with increased social security benefits the coalition government presented these plans in a series of white papers during 1943 and 1944 a majority of the white papers have not yet been implemented by legislation and those which have been interpreted in law have not satisfied most labor members of parliament who have felt free to criti cize them laborites will doubtless go to their con stituencies on issues involving these domestic mat ters and it is expected that housing especially will prove a rallying point in the campaign thus despite much agreement on foreign policy the labor party can contest the election with real hope for the do mestic issues are sharp and close to each voter's personal knowledge on the other hand the con servatives can count on mr churchill’s unrivaled personal prestige deriving from his astute leader ship during the war grant s mcclellan political differences in china it is true that there has been an improvement in the military position of the chungking government and that the cities of foochow and nanning are again in chinese hands the chinese communist armies also report highly successful spring operations in the northern and central provinces but the chung king forces remain sorely in need of strengthening from within and china needs an end to the kuo mintang blockade of the eighth route army’s head quarters area in the yenan region yet the political factors responsible for military disunity seem fur ther than ever from settlement a a ce we a ls ee ae er i eet ge se a eae fi aarp aay clie trends in china at present there are three main currents in chinese politics 1 chungking is planning to adopt a constitution despite the ab sence of political unity 2 yenan is expanding and consolidating the liberated areas under its con trol 3 liberal groups in chungking territory are becoming increasingly dissatisfied with the course taken by the central government all these tenden cies are influenced by the policies of the great pow ers especially that of the united states as formu lated by ambassador patrick j hurley a resolution to hold a constitutional convention in november 1945 was adopted at the sixth na tional congress.of the kuomintang whose meetings ended on may 21 american discussion of this move has tended to regard constitutionalism and popular government as synonymous terms yet it is well known that while virtually all the independent countries of the world have constitutions very few existing states can be considered democratic in judging chungking’s plans it is therefore necessary to see what kind of a document the proposed con stitution is how it is to be adopted and what the probable effects of its promulgation will be constitution without democracy even a cursory examination of the draft con stitution which the chungking government pro poses to adopt this year raises serious questions as to whether the text contains the framework of a popular régime the draft provides for a national congress which would normally meet one month in every three years unless it was found necessary to lengthen a session for an additional month or to call an extraordinary session the most important function of the national congress would be to elect the president of the chinese republic and certain other high government officials not one of the lead ing officials of the central régime would be chosen by direct popular election it seems improbable that a congress meeting so infrequently could serve as more than a rubber stamp for rule by executive ac tion in effect china under this constitution would lack any body genuinely resembling a national legis lature the constitutional convention it is true will pos sess the right to make changes in the draft but in view of current political conditions in chungking territory there is no reason to expect the majority of delegates to display a spirit of political inde pendence none will have been popularly elected and the core of the congress probably will consist of page four ane current kuomintang leaders and delegates chosen by the kuomintang nine years ago for a constitu tional convention that was postponed because of the outbreak of the present war with japan there was a time several years ago when the adoption of a constitution by a reasonably represen tative body might have promoted chinese unity and helped the war effort but that was in a period when the relations of chungking and yenan were better than an armed truce today the deterioration is s9 marked that unless outstanding political questions are settled soon moves to adopt a constitution threaten to crystallize existing differences congress at yenan the fact that chung king was planning to press for a constitution very likely influenced the convening of the seventh na tional congress of the chinese communist party at yenan in the latter part of april the discussions at this congress indicate that yenan has been consoli dating and expanding at a very rapid pace in fact mao tse tung leader of the chinese communists declared that the areas liberated by the eighth route and new fourth armies now contain more than 95 000,000 people especially significant was mao's suggestion that a conference of people’s representa tives from all parts of liberated china should be called in yenan as soon as possible to discuss meas ures for unifying the activities of all liberated areas giving leadership to the anti japanese democratic movement among the people in kuomintang con trolled areas and the underground movement of the people in occupied areas and promoting the unity of the entire country and the formation of a coali tion government this suggests that yenan may be planning political moves of its own to anticipate chungking’s action on the constitution in these circumstances the attitude of non kuo mintang non communist minority groups in chung king territory is extremely important a number of these minority groups organized in the democratic league have shown marked apathy toward consti tutionalism without democracy according to carson chang a leader of one of the groups in the league and a member of the chinese delegation at san francisco the urgent need for unity demands that a coalition government be established immediately another leader of the democratic league li hwang who is also on the san francisco delegation has at tacked the arrangements for the constitutional com vention as undemocratic and dictatorial lawrence k rosinger foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 33 june 1 1945 published weekly by the foreign pelicy association incorporated nationd headquarters 22 east 38th sereet new york 16 n y pranx ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micue.es dean editer entered second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at lem one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor to oo 181 1918 he less it also er in tl fluence that hi troops prime quest c suffere whethe british londo and a his pr indicat discuss lebanc ing his met of can a with tl fra levan the m since tiation atrans frencl treaty war v capitu east britist promi the e questi have +10sen stitu f the 1 the esen y and when etter is 0 stions ution hung very 1 na rty at ns at nsoli fact nists route n 95 mao’s senta id be meas areas cratic 2 con of the unity coali may cipate kuo hung er of cratic consti carson eague t san s that ately wang 1as at con ger nations ntered y at leas periudical kegf general linkaby ghiv of mie genera ann beha jun 1 3 1943 library entered as 2nd class matter y of uwichigan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiv no 34 june 8 1945 levant crisis reveals clash of interests in middle east he syrian crisis provides not only an object lesson for the united nations at san francisco it also strikingly reveals the decline of french pow et in the levant and britain’s desire for greater in fluence in that area general de gaulle has explained that his own order for the withdrawal of french troops from the fighting in the levant came before prime minister churchill’s peremptory cease fire re quest of may 31 but franco british relations have suffered a severe setback and it is now doubtful whether the french government will accede to the british desire to deal with the matter at a tripartite london conference composed only of french british and american representatives on the contrary in his press conference of june 2 de gaulle clearly indicated his preference for a five power meeting to discuss not only the problems of syria and the lebanon but those of the entire middle east pursu ing his aim of broadening the discussions de gaulle met on june 4 with the russian british and ameri can ambassadors in paris this action was in line with the suggestion made in the soviet note of june 1 franco syrian dispute difficulties in the levant are not new for france but its position as the mandatory power has been especially precarious since 1936 the blum government carried on nego tiations at that time to terminate the mandates and arrange an alliance with syria and the lebanon the french chamber of deputies refused to ratify the treaty however and france entered the european war with the dispute hanging fire after france's capitulation in 1940 french officials in the near east chose to follow the vichy régime in 1941 british and free french forces occupied syria and promised the mandates early independence although the exact nature of the pledge has proved a moot question since that time both france and britain have granted recognition to the two states on condi tion that france be accorded special privileges sim ilar to those held by britain in egypt or iraq the united states and russia by contrast have recog nized the full independence of the former mandates syrian and lebanese officials have argued at length that they are unable to negotiate a final treaty with france unless fully possessed of their sovereign rights once their sovereignty has been recognized the two states might offer france certain rights with respect to the protection of its cultural interests but none apparently with respect to military bases or economic concessions within the past year france has relinquished control of most administrative posi tions in both states in the lebanon however french authorities summarily arrested local officials in no vember 1943 for passing domestic legislation con trary to french wishes in both syria and the lebanon france has retained control of the security troops stationed in the region and it is on the plea of re deploying troops to the far east that france has in fact strengthened these forces in recent months france's claim that it must safeguard its route to indo china by a privileged position in the levant is similar to britain's claim that it must hold the empire life line by maintaining its position in pal estine aside from these strategic interests the eco nomic resources of the middle east attract the keen attention of all great powers after world war i france sought the syrian mandate largely to obtain access to the petroleum fields of the mosul area in a world of new power relationships dependent as never before on oil for industrial as well as mil itary purposes the de gaulle government has only followed a natural course by seeking to retain pre dominant influence in syria arab league supports syria the levant crisis also raises the question of the attitude that may be taken by the newly formed arab league whose contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association oe ltyigeag peer ts laa ur gott 5 a r ie if pee aaa page two charter was announced on march 22 although membership is limited at present to nations in the near east the league’s attitude must perforce con cern france whose north african possessions are so closely related to the arab states in nationalist sym pathies religion and culture syria and the lebanon have played an active part during the past two years in laying the foundations for the arab league and when they became deadlocked with the french the league gave its support to the two arab countries the league’s council originally scheduled to meet for the first time late this summer hurriedly con vened in cairo on june 4 to decide its future course in the syrian ee the league is also vitally con cerned with the future of palestine and opposes zion ist plans for the creation of a jewish commonwealth britain’s support of the arab league therefore raises far reaching questions not only about arabs but also about the disposition of the palestinian mandate great powers intervene the prompt re action of the united states and russia to the levant dispute clearly shows the new interest these two great powers take in the affairs of a region where neither had an active concern in the past america’s strategic interests like those of britain are involved public criticism forces u.s to review policy on argentina as the military government of argentina enters its third year the united states seems no more cer tain of its policy toward buenos aires than in the days immediately following the june 4 1943 revolu tion although the long withheld official recogni tion has been accorded and argentina has been ad mitted to the uncio the state department con fronted by widespread criticism of its policy here and reports of a veritable reign of terror in buenos aires has now been compelled to adopt a less cordial attitude toward argentina the reference made to that country by secretary of state stettinius in his san francisco broadcast on may 28 indicated that the state department’s method of dealing with the argentine problem has been revised if not actually changed since then warnings from washington have been countered by suave assurances from buenos aires that every international commitment would be fulfilled in the course of this diplo matic exchange mr spruille braden newly ap pointed ambassador to argentina stated that one of our mutual obligations is to make effective our fer vent adherence to democracy and to the principles and purposes of the atlantic charter confusion of views on argentina hitherto a wide divergence has existed between the views expressed by the state department on the one hand and public opinion as reflected in the press on the other regarding the precise nature of the con for the mediterranean route will prove invaluable in transporting men and supplies from europe's t cent battlefields to those of the far east american oil interests poised for further exploitation of the middle eastern reserves are also concerned with the role of france in that area our support of church ill’s note to de gaulle expressed by president tr man on may 28 should be interpreted not as a threat to the french but as a sign of the growing importance of the middle east to our national security the soviet union alone among the great powers has pointed to some of the larger problems at stake in the middle east here as in europe the soviet union has placed itself in an advantageous public position by stating that the dispute demands the co ordinated action of all the great powers russia js merely repeating the views previously expressed by many american and british observers for most of the tangled issues of the middle east cannot be solved without full cooperation on the part of all the powers now interested in the area if such coopera tion cannot be achieved friction will persist and the arab league may then become the tool of any power willing to back arab demands in a given crisis grant s mcclellan ditions which argentina should be asked to fulfill if it is to be regarded as a member in good standing of the hemisphere family the american people guided by the strongly worded attacks of president roose velt and cordell hull against the internal fascist régime of that country had assumed that the farrell government would have to square its internal meth ods as well as its foreign policy with the aims and objectives of the united nations under secte tary stettinius however the state department re treated from the position taken by mr hull and took the stand that to win united states recognition the farrell government should declare war on the axis and clear the country of all centers of axis in fluence the new team in the department has stated on numerous occasions that in its dealings with latin american nations it would seek to up hold the principle of nonintervention a policy ap plauded by pan americanists in theory this position has the advantage of consistency for we can hardly ask of argentina what we do not ask of brazil paraguay or the dominican republic to name a few latin american countries with undemocratic régimes yet in practice any action undertaken by washing ton in a region where our political and economit interests are deeply rooted assumes the character of intervention favoring one faction against another of one country against its neighbor the united states by recognizing the military régime of argentina te ooo ce ae ace oe ae se wers stake oviet ublic 1e co sia is od by st of olved the peta d the ower an a fill if ng of uided 00s scist arrell meth aims secre nt fe and ition n the is in t has alings o up ap s1ti0n vardly 3razil a few zimes shing nomic ter of 1er of states ntina has in this instance helped a shaky government to maintain itself in power against the will of its ple and to the ultimate detriment of relations between the argentines and ourselves u.s objectives not achieved the most unfortunate aspect of the matter is that washington has not achieved even its limited objective it has not succeeded in completely eliminating axis activities or in fostering the semblance at least of peaceful government in buenos aires the farrell régime in return for a paper declaration of war was accorded recognition and against the expressed wishes of russia a seat at the united nations conference by this over hasty action we lost our political weapon of pressure alienated on this question our most werful ally and gave the colonels government a blank check to pursue its reactionary policies un hampered by outside interference now that chilling reports come from buenos aires of conditions worse than those encountered in fas cist italy information which washington must have had in its possession for some time the state department may find cause to regret its recent policy toward argentina but the only means we now have to further the application of democratic principles in argentina is our economic bargaining power it is reported without confirmation that our export quotas to argentina are being reconsidered buenos aires promises elections the fact that the united states may belatedly attach con ditions to the full resumption of relations with ar gentina probably accounts for the promulgation on june 1 of the long promised statute of political par ties for although the decree has been ready at least a month its publication was postponed until the moment when vice president perén with his cus tomary acumen judged it necessary once more to placate international opinion the statute establishes a federal electoral court whose power extends to each province through provincial electoral judges the court is empowered to authorize or prohibit the organization of political parties and the appointment of their leaders to scrutinize membership lists and expenditures and to intervene in intra party disputes party leaders are to be elected by direct compulsory and secret ballot and their campaign expenditures are not to exceed 2,500 while the original draft dispute over veto will not san franciscco the charter emerging from the united nations conference on international organ ization is still incomplete after six weeks of meet ings but its general nature is already clear decisions tentatively reached preserve the fundamental prin ciple of the dumbarton oaks proposals that secur ity can be best achieved by the military might of a limited number of great or potentially great states page three excluded civil servants and illiterates from membership the decree as finally published elim inated this provision should perén encourage the formation of a new party which would then draft him as presidential candidate it is clear that he could derive considerable support from these groups many argentines would agree that the malpractices of the past were in no small degree responsible for the tragic failure of argentine democracy but if administered by the present régime it will simply lead to the resumption of machine politics formerly employed by the conservative party what makes it clear that this decree is but another example of the government's delaying tactics is the fact that it will not become effective until august 1 political parties will not be able to organize before the first of no vember this they cannot do in any case until the ban on political activities is lifted and the war emergency declared at an end since december 16 1941 argentina has been under a state of siege which suppresses individual guarantees freedom of opinion and the right of assembly between now and the end of the year therefore the military régime will doubtless attempt to quell dissident elements and rally its shaken army support resistance along the river plate despite the apparent hopelessness of their position the pre revolution political parties now functioning underground are perhaps better organized and more active today than ever before on february 15 in montevideo conservative radical socialist and com munist party leaders formed a junta of resistance and pledged themselves to cooperate for the reinstate ment of normal constitutional government that po litical unity has been achieved is a notable step the more so when it is recalled that the failure of the democratic parties to work together in 1943 gave the nationalists power by default the leadership of the junta resides in the montevideo exiles but throughout argentina according to a recent com muniqué issued by the underground to the latin american delegates at san francisco there is a large cooperating movement composed of a cross section of the argentine people including army men this movement calls itself free fatherland and de clares it will not stop at violence to rid the country of the colonels outve holmes jeopardize uncio charter combined in what amounts to an alliance the big power alliance in turn is made the core of an organ ization where the weak will have an opportunity to influence the strong by persuasion if they can through public discussion in the general assembly and to further the development of humanitarian standards through the economic and social council the unity of the great powers on the issue of the 7 be yy iz h a it rs ete ty cata er bee td iw tatmap et ye ta gee ae essential nature of the organization has not been shaken by disagreements among themselves over questions like trusteeship the delegations of the united states and the soviet union have been most firm in supporting the alliance principle conflict at san francisco the smaller nations have concentrated their efforts during the first six weeks of the conference on attacking the alliance principle in two ways they have challenged the yalta agreement of february 12 which recog nizes the privilege of any one of the five major powers the united states britain the soviet union france and china to veto any step in either the peaceful or forceful settlement of a dispute and second they have tried to strengthen the other agen cies of the proposed organization such as the eco nomic and social council and the court this struggle has been an outstanding feature of the con ference where the active lesser states have tried to create an organization in which sovereign nations of unequal size and strength would have relatively equal authority thus far the lesser states have gained no essential victory for practical purposes the court is in the charter’s embryonic form a secondary agency sub ordinate to the political and military control of the security council amendments have been adopted in committee that elevate the economic and social council to the role of a principal organ but since the council remains restricted by the concept of sov ereignty it can only recommend action to the mem ber states the general assembly retains the power only to debate and to suggest the most it can become is the world’s sounding board the key institution of the alliance the security council retains at the end of six weeks the authority the dumbarton oaks pro posals assigned to it orginally the five permanent members of the security council are the big five which make up the alliance their firm determination to safeguard the alliance principle explains their unyielding reluctance to abandon the yalta agree ment on the privilege of veto as its opponents call it or the unanimity rule as it is described by its defenders while a world organization of sovereign nations with equal powers might function by major ity or two thirds rule alliances of nations function only by common agreement or else fall apart secre tary of state stettinius emphasized this side of veto unanimity in his address of may 27 when he said the five permanent members of the security coun cil have at their disposal an overwhelming propor page four tion of the men and material necessary to enforce peace what happens if one of the five perma nent members embarks on a course of aggression and refuses to recognize the machinery of the world organization another world war has come vote or no vote and the world organization has failed extensive great power control the crisis between syria and france has given the dele gates here a sense of urgency about their business and to some degree has furnished the prod to action which might have been provided long ago by the united states the conference has lacked leadership delegates of the principal powers consider it wiser however to permit full discussion now rather than to invite the bitter reproach later that the charter was hurried through yet despite the impetus given by the levant crisis the end of the conference seems far away new disagreement among the major allies themselves developed on may 29 when the soviet union in opposition to britain requested the aboli tion of restrictions on the transfer of league man dates to the new world organization the lesser pow ers are still struggling not only against a rigid inter pretation of the veto but also against a great power veto on amendments to the charter a proposal of the united states the soviet union britain and china would authorize the calling of a convention to con sider amendments at the instance of the assembly but only with the approval of the security council presumably voting by the unanimity rule on may 30 the soviet union indicated the great powers desire to maintain operational control of the organization in the hands of the permanent members of the secur ity council when it objected to a netherlands aus tralian interpretation that the assembly could reject any candidate whom the security council might nominate as secretary general of the organization blair bolles gold and the gold standard by edwin w kemmerer new york mcgraw hill 1944 2.50 this book presents a brief history of the gold standard with special emphasis on its use before and after world war i the author presents a plan for its revived use after world war ii colonies by eric a walker cambridge england univer sity press 1944 1.25 in this brief volume the author seeks to explain the colonial policies of britain france the netherlands the united states and the u.s.s.r foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 34 jung 8 1945 published weekly by the foreign pelicy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lert secretary vera micheles dran editor envered second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor ai 181 19 +ll ee to enforce ive perma ession and he world has come zation has rol the 1 the dele r business d to action igo by the leadership er it wiser her than to harter was iven by the seems far ajor allies the soviet the aboli ague man lesser pow rigid inter reat power 0sal of the and china ion to con assembly council on may 30 vers desire rganization f the secur rlands aus ould reject ncil might ganization bolles umerer new ld standard after world red use after and univer explain the erlands the ated national litor envered allow at least general library jun 1 9 194 entered as 2nd class matter uichizan mee cicer sus foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vor xxiv no 35 june 15 1945 fear of change must not be allowed to jeopardize peace he alarmist reports from europe and san fran j cisco which during the past few weeks threat ened to create a stop russia movement abroad and a new red scare at home have been temporarily checked by the almost simultaneous announcement of accord among the victors on a number of contro versial questions the scope of the veto power of the big five in the security council of the united na tions organization the zones and conditions of al lied occupation of germany settled at a meeting of the allied control council in berlin on june 5 and further discussed at frankfort on june 10 agree ment on the administration of venezia giulia and trieste by the allies without prejudice to future dis position of that area where a token force of 2,000 yugoslavs is to remain and reports from french sources that progress has been made toward estab lishment of a polish régime that would be accep table to the united states and britain as well as russia in spite of these reassuring developments the momenturn gained by the press and radio cam paign ageiast russia both here and in britain indi cates the existence of deep seated maladjustments between the big three which if not frankly faced now could all too easily produce dangerous clashes in the future end of war unleashes anti russia campaign the cessation of fighting in europe less than two weeks after the opening of the san francisco conference proved the go ahead signal for groups in all the united nations who had reluc tantly accepted coalition with russia for the sake of winning the war but had no desire or intention to continue this coalition into the post war period not only among britishers and americans but even among peoples like the czechs who had looked to russia for their liberation from the nazis could im mediately be heard sentiments such as now let’s show the russians where they get off or when will the western powers stiffen their stand on rus sia or after announcement of the arrest of the sixteen poles this is the last straw now it is clear that war between the united states and russia is inevitable the irresponsibility of such statements at a time when this country is engaged in a life and death struggle with japan is matched only by the irresponsibility of those who after insisting that rus sia’s entrance into the pacific war would be a test of its good faith now demand that russia keep out so that it cannot claim a share in the peace settlement in asia as if it were possible to isolate russia either from asia or europe when it forms an integral part of both continents the fundamental fallacy of these statements is the assumption that now when the western powers no longer need russia or hope they don’t russia will meekly and obediently resume the position of isolation and weakness to which it was reduced by its defeat in 1917 in this atmosphere of fear and mistrust much of it artificially trumped up the other united nations regard every move of russia's whether intrinsically constructive or not as sinister in its implications russia for its part having reached a high water mark in national power and influence asserts its power to the full and demands complete equality with britain and the united states whether it be in the control of occupied germany or in the administration of dependent areas to be placed under the projected trusteeship council russians not always easy it is only fair to say that the russians themselves do not always help matters they are hard bargainers who sometimes succeed in fraying the nerves of fellow negotiators before a compromise is finally reached public relations has so far not proved their forte and their manner of treating the press and public contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association of allied countries often lacks that readiness to un derstand the motives of other peoples which they feel should be shown toward them the fact more over that foreign correspondents have not been per mitted in many instances to enter russian occupied territories a situation easily explainable by consid erations of security has caused understandable irri tation on the part of those charged with the presenta tion of news to the british and american public al though american military commanders in europe too have not favored full freedom of the press lack of direct news from eastern europe and the balkans has made it possible for critics ready to be lieve the worst of the russians to proclaim their suspicions unchallenged and has not eased the task of those who sincerely convinced of the need as well as practicability of collaboration between the united states and russia receive little or no assis tance from the russians in trying to give an accurate picture of moscow’s actions east of the elbe nor is the cause of russo american collaboration advanced by the activities of the american commu nist party which is once more in the process of shift ing its attitude on domestic politics this time osten sibly at the adjuration of the french communist lead er jacques duclos russia's policy while not always palatable to other countries is understandable in terms of its national interests and must be appraised or criticized in that frame of reference but when american communists unquestioningly apply slogans or judgments arrived at in other countries to affairs here without reference to the interests of the united states they give direct aid to those who fearing moscow’s intervention in our internal affairs op pose all collaboration with russia there is a vast difference between trying to understand why the russians act as they do so that we may develop our own policy toward russia on the basis of knowledge not of blind fear or prejudice and invariably assum ing as american communists do that everything the russians do must be right and everything any one else does must be wrong sound policy in asia requires u.s soviet cooperation the difficulties faced by the united states in formulating sound policies toward europe and latin america should stimulate discussion of the course we are following in the fast east are we headed for sharp differences with the russians in asia what is our attitude toward nationalist and other popular movements in the east is it our purpose after victory to root out the aggressive forces in japan or will we compromise with dubious elements among japan’s defeated ruling circles and what kind of china do our current actions tend to encour age a progressive modern state founded on far reaching reforms or a narrow oligarchy balanced page two ey es fear of communism not a gooop weapon at the same time it wouid be danger ous to let annoyance with this or that move of the american communists affect our judgment about the situation in europe for by denouncing communists wholesale we merely carry on the work of dr gogh bels in many of the liberated countries the commy nists played an honorable and in fact heroic role ig resisting the nazis and have shown genuine concerp about the problems of reconstruction if they are gaining influence in some countries it is not solely because they are better organized and more cohesive than other political parties which is true but also because a vacuum in political and economic thinkin has developed in the wake of nazi defeat which other parties have been slow or unable to fill toler ance of opposing points of view is too often regarded in democratic nations as identical with political agnosticism the war was fought not only against germany but also against those elements of reaction in all countries which saw in nazism a bulwark against social change which they uniformly de nounced as communism we still have to fight re action on many fronts but can hardly do so by taking up its favorite weapon fear of communism we can hope to fight reaction successfully only by help ing to strengthen the forces favorable to orderly re form which might eventually hold off extremist movements of both right and left but if these forces do not win the support of the united states and britain they will either wither away or else turn to russia again and again throughout history revolutions have been fostered by the very people who fearing any kind of change prevented timely reforms our military leaders have shown us that successful stra tegy consists of taking calculated risks at the right moment a victory won by soldiers who did not hes itate to dare must not be allowed to be frittered away by statesmen who sometimes seem to fear po litical social and economic changes more than wat vera micheles dean uncomfortably on lend lease bayonets on the an swers to these questions a good many things will depend including the number of american lives re quired to defeat japan the size of the post war fat eastern market for american goods and the prospect of lasting peace restless asia the problems of the far east are no whit less explosive than those of europe in fact since most of the peoples of the orient still have not achieved a self governing status and are barely on the threshold of industrialization and agrarian change it seems probable that asia faces an even more turbulent period than europe the possibilities of intern revolutio the vast is true tl adopt ca billion o of the so of the ft the c js whet against t or to wi america together adopting japan a outlook eration military selves a effort to strong it china w of forw democra central toward the rus colonial national and mis the wea russ asiatic along i1 men of the eur movem able w taken f of view actuate larly tr in mod the pas icy of t their b in the us.s.f in the tors mi foreign headqua rt second cla one mont be page three a i of international conflict civil wars and nationalist would be dissipated if through fear of the russians ot oft he revolutions against foreign control are very real in we were to allow ourselves to be alienated from eo the vast crescent stretching eastward from india it the popular forces in the far east the late mall is true that no policy the united states alone may wendell willkie understood this well and it was dr goeh adopt can guarantee a satisfactory evolution for the one of his main concerns to demonstrate that our e comal billion odd people of asia but our course and that lasting self interest lies in cooperating both with the vic tole a of the soviet union will be two leading determinants russians and with forward looking asiatic leaders ne comme of the future and groups they ain the crucial issue now before us in the far east it would be dangerous to assume that our far east not solely 8 whether to concentrate on building positions ern relations with russia are largely a question for i cohelll against the russians in preparation for another war the post war period since much fighting remains to but algo to work on the assumption that russians and be done in asia general joseph w stilwell chief thinkin americans can iron out their differences and live of army ground forces who recently conferred cat wil together peacefully the consequences involved in with general macarthur declared on bloody oki fill toler adopting the former policy should be faced now in nawa last week that the war with japan will take a n regarded japan after that country’s defeat an anti russian long time easily two years whether or not this 1 political outlook might impel the united states toward coop prediction proves correct we clearly would be im ly agai eration with elements interested in reviving tokyo's peded on the road to tokyo if an anti russian orien of reactial military power elements that would offer them tation in foreign policy were allowed to interfere bulwa selves as a bulwark against the u.s.s.r in an with our securing as much aid as possible from the ormly effort to make us forget that the last time japan was russians the chinese guerrilla forces and other m fight é strong it attacked pearl harbor not vladivostok in popular movements in asia significantly the record by taking china we might tend to become mortally afraid both shows that during his service in china general stil nism 7 of forward looking guerrilla administrations and of well worked unceasingly to promote chinese unity and y by help democratic leaders and groups in the territory of the to lay a firm basis for american soviet cooperation orderly a central government and might find ourselves drawn any satisfactory far eastern policy must recognize extredi toward unconditional support of circles hostile to that it is at least as reasonable for the russians as if ga the russians and to progressive internal changes in for ourselves to be interested in manchuria korea ted states colonial asia we would be inclined to see in every and other territories which lie directly across the y oc ae nationalist movement the seeds of russian influence borders of the ussr but are a considerable dis and might be induced to use our weight to buttress tance from the united states nor should it be as evolu the weakened structure of colonialism sumed that any expression of interest automatically 0 featial russia’s role in far east many of the indicates moscow's desire to annex or gain unwat iteadl our asiatic leaders who wish to develop their countries ranted influence in lands not belonging to it ssful oa along independent modern industrialized lines are our policy should also be based on the premise the right men of wealth and conservative outlook but like that it is essential to seek common solutions with the d not bal the european forces of resistance the great popular russians instead of jumping to the conclusion that frittered movements which alone could make this goal attain their position is inevitably unreasonable it is true fear a able will probably be left of center it can be that satisfactory american soviet relations depend than wal taken for granted that however varied their points on moscow as well as on washington and that the of view may be these asiatic movements will not be russians like ourselves may make mistakes in the s dean actuated by hostility toward russia this is particu far east but the soviet record in that region is in n larly true because the achievements of the u.s.s.r certain respects better than our own for the u.s.s.r in modernizing its industry and agriculture during supported chinese resistance and opposed japanese in the an the past generation the progressive nationalities pol aggression at a time when the united states was still hings will icy of the russians toward the asiatic peoples within sending oil and scrap iron to tokyo under the cir in lives f their borders and the absence of any soviet stake cumstances we should be at least as aware of our st war fat in the existing colonial system all tend to give the responsibility for peace in the far east as we are 1 prospect ussr prestige among millions of men and women of the responsibility borne by the russians far bal in the far east there are also many important fac lawrence k rosinger ed le ening for american prestige in asia but these the first in a series of articles on american far eastern policy it still have foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 35 june 15 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national are barely headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lest secretary vera micheles deeann editor entered as d acrarian ee dactates 1921 at ae er at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least nth for change of address on membership publications s ve f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ossibilities be 1s produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor q a 4 4 mae sra ss ee a tp es ee ee washington news letter will u.s tariff cuts lead to freer world trade the administration must soon make up its mind what obligations it will ask the allies of the united states to assume in satisfaction of article vii of the master lend lease agreement which in vague terms calls for a reduction of national trade barriers the scope of the administration proposal will de pend on whether the senate approves the pending trade agreements bill already passed by the house which authorizes the president to cut down existing american tariffs by 50 per cent the senate finance committee struck this clause from the bill on june 8 search for economic policy senate approval of the bill would encourage the adminis tration to arrange for a world trade conference which it has been considering for some time and which might give concrete form to the promise in article vii government officials still hope that by means of such a conference and implementation of article vii they can induce other countries to weaken the trade restraining power of private cartels re duce quota exchange and tariff restrictions on com merce and perhaps agree to a gradual elimination of regional trade preference systems recent expressions of american opinion indicate that the administration would have domestic sup port for a policy of international cooperation in the fields of trade and finance the house of represen tatives on june 7 by a vote of 345 to 18 approved the bretton woods agreement for establishment of an international monetary fund and a bank for re construction in both of which the united states would participate republicans voted with demo crats to pass bretton woods and on the same day thomas e dewey governor of new york and 1944 republican candidate for president proposed that the united states call a conference for lowering trade barriers alfred m landon 1936 republican candidate for the presidency had previously advo cated a low tariff policy for the united states these statements by leaders of the party which in amer ican political life has been traditionally protectionist show a marked change in opinion as compared with 1919 world war i in dewey’s words was suc ceeded by a battle royal in economic warfare here was a grim game which weakened and divided the nations which carried high the banner of freedom while the totalitarian aggressors grew bold and strong the vote on bretton woods and the dewey state ment however are not conclusive signs that the for victory american attitude has fundamentally changed 4 strong opposition to the encouragement of foreign commerce in competition with our own still exists on the part of industry and labor the weakness of the economic charter agreed upon at the mexig city conference in march reflected this opposition the united states delegation believed that it would get insufficient backing at home especially from small manufacturers for positive commitments to help latin american industry the senate has yet to pass on the international fund and bank and it may decide not to grant the president tariff cutting powers problem of foreign opinion the formulation of a program aimed at reducing com mercial restrictions will depend on opinion abroad as well as at home some overseas observers consider the current american campaign against trade restric tion as the 1945 version of commercial nationalism since this country is in a better position than any other to gain from free competition it remains to be seen whether britain and the soviet union will read ily accept the administration proposition that an agreement for cooperation in commercial policy isa corollary of the charter for cooperation on security matters being drafted at san francsico the confer ence committee working there on the economic and social council chapter agreed that the united ne tions organization should have only powers of tec ommendation respecting the social and economic policy of nations the fact that the united states strongly supported this limitation might lessen this country's effectiveness in pressing for mandatory commercial commitments by other nations the urge toward empire preference is stronger than ever and an influential section of british opin ion has urged the creation of a tightly knit sterling bloc within which trade would be encouraged to the exclusion of non sterling nations governor dewey said should the united states advocate a policy that might depress the british economy wil russias trading policy which has totalitarian aspects reflect ing the nature of its political system prove incom patible with a program for comparatively free com petition an international commercial conference at which these questions would be considered would test to the utmost the statesmanship and powers of pet suasion of the united states blair bolles the first of two articles on america’s international commercial policy buy united states war bonds 1918 resi 13 churchi to six w strategy strategy pered b on whic cisco he tion an united be mad nomic fr the gre charter which t big fiv world s this ercised clear id sibility objectiv europe fightin but als termine that the tions ir germai we are liberate the foots morali institut trols forces +ion uld rom s to t to omic tates this atory niger opin rling the ewey that ssia com com ice at d test per 2 university of ute ann arhor mf ch jul 2 1945 entered as 2nd class matter general library i schigan periodical rosca peneral jp ap fnty or foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiv no 36 june 22 1945 big three seek common ground on policies toward europe resident truman's announcement on june 13 that he would confer with prime minister churchill and marshal stalin in berlin within three to six weeks indicates his determination to shape the strategy of peace as president roosevelt shaped the strategy of war at big three conferences unham pered by public scrutiny and if there is one point on which the little 45 have agreed at san fran cisco however reluctantly it is that without coopera tion among the great powers and especially the united states britain and russia little progress can be made toward the political stabilization or eco nomic reconstruction of europe their acceptance of the great power veto even over amendments to the charter for a ten year period shows the lengths to which they are prepared to go in order to give the big five adequate authority for the maintenance of world security this authority however can be constructively ex ecised only if the great powers themselves have a dear idea of their objectives and a sense of respon sibility about the methods they use to attain these objectives as long as we were all engaged in the furopean war the impression prevailed that we were fighting not only the military machine of germany but also the ideas of nazism and fascism which de termined the character of german militarism now that the first purpose which brought the united na tions into the european war the military defeat of germany has been achieved the extent to which we are all prepared to support anti fascist forces in liberated countries assumes paramount importance the united nations cannot hope to extirpate the foots of fascism unemployment discontent de moralization distrust of democratic processes and institutions solely by armaments or economic con trols least of all now that the end of hostilities forces us to reconvert to peacetime life in europe positive beliefs reflected in positive policies are needed if the defeat of germany is not to leave europe so disoriented and disintegrated that another form of totalitarianism this time of the left would appear to be the only way out what is democracy again and again most recently at the yalta conference the great powers have expressed their determination to foster democracy in europe no attempt however has been made publicly to define democracy to anglo saxons the term usually means the opportun ity freely to elect political leaders with such corol laries as freedom of the press of assembly of dis cussion and criticism political democracy as so un derstood has been promised by the united states and britain to all liberated countries yet reasons of military security predilections for one type of gov ernment as against another and fear of disorder have caused the western allies to qualify consider ably their promise of political freedom in countries under their control notably in italy and greece the tendency of britain to deprecate the rise to power of anti fascist groups in italy and to favor retention of the monarchy and the seemingly negative attitude of the united states have given little support to italian anti fascists it is all the more encouraging that even under these circumstances the six parties now active in italian political life have been able to steer a middle course between right and left ex tremism and to agree on june 17 on the choice of ferrucio parri of the action party a prominent partisan leader in northern italy as premier of a re constructed cabinet in which pietro nenni socialist and manlio brosio liberal will serve as vice premiers how russia sees it but even in countries where political democracy has been long in existence and conditions are favorable to its restoration contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association i lt yy v i 4 i se eae ee ee ee os nat rahi ee non te a eiaiabalgh te france holland belgium norway denmark it is already clear that people are preoccupied not only with freedom to vote but even more urgently with freedom to work and to eat when the russians speak of democracy it is not in terms of political free dom which they themselves have experienced only briefly throughout their history but in terms of economic and social opportunities for the masses when it is objected quite correctly that the russian standard of living is far lower than that of leading western countries the russians reply that they have been in the process of industrializing a backward nation which during the past quarter of a century has been dominated by fear of war they contend that once this fear has been eliminated by strong security measures national and international russia will experience a marked rise in living standards russia's economic and social promises as well as achievements have made a profound impression on adjoining backward areas in europe and asia where peoples who have had little or no experience with political democracy regard any improvement in ma terial well being however slight as a step forward and rightly or wrongly believe that pre war ruling groups or individuals prevented such improvements when the russians place on trial the sixteen poles accused of diversionary activities in poland during the war they place on trial not so much the indi what stand will u.s take the freeing of eight imprisoned leaders of the indian national congress including jawaharlal nehru may prove as significant a bid for political agreement in india as the actual content of the brit ish white paper announced on june 14 the current british statement is a reaffirmation of the cripps pro posals which were rejected by the various indian groups a little more than three years ago what london has now done is largely to take one aspect of the discusions held at that time namely the com position of the viceroy’s executive council and urge the indian parties to cooperate with britain in this respect specifically the indians are being in vited to fill all the seats in the executive council ex cept the posts of viceroy and war minister which would remain in british hands if accepted the new proposals will break the war time deadlock while allowing all essential powers to remain with the viceroy who has a veto over the composition of his executive council and the official actions of its members the crucial question for the indian parties is whether they should overlook the offer's defects and accept it perhaps with modifi cations as a means of emerging from the sterile atmosphere of recent indian politics participation in government might enable the indian national con gress to develop cooperation with the moslem page two on future of colonial asia i viduals concerned as a way of life which in thei opinion produced a hostile attitude toward russi and toward polish elements supporting russia ye they have recognized the need for a government jp poland which would represent other elements thay those already represented in the lublin regime the decision to make a fresh attempt to broaden thy regime by the inclusion of poles like stanislay mikolajczyk and jan stanczyk who arrived in mos cow on june 16 in an effort to break the deadlock reached over the yalta agreement the best hope for europe is that the wester powers and russia will ultimately agree that political freedom without social and economic content is ap empty shell but that social and economic welfare cannot be assured above the mere level of subsistence without the voluntary participation of the people through political action skeptics question whether such agreement can be reached in the foreseeable future and doubt for this reason that the westem powers and russia can work together in an interna tional organization of which their wartime alliance must be the core but it would certainly be defeatist to abandon hope for cooperation between wartime allies when all of us have only begun to fight for peace vera micheles dean league and to convert the present white paper into something broader than it now is the de cision would undoubtedly be much easier for the congress if the release of political prisoners had not been limited to eight leaders among the many de tained by the authorities america’s stake in colonial east the new developments in india when viewed against the background of the war with japan suggest the need for a clearer american policy on colonial areas especially in asia where most of the world’s colonial population lives the interest of the american people in these areas can be stated as follows 1 cooperation with the peoples of the eas indies malaya indo china and other colonies wil save american lives in the war against japan this was even more true six months or a year ago whet the japanese hold on southeast asia was firmer than it is today but the aid rendered by local guerrillé groups in the philippines and burma shows the if portance of enlisting all possible help from native populations this does not mean that we need ideal ize the state of development politically or otherwise of the colonial peoples many of whom are quilt backward the main proposition is this we can us whatever support they can give but to secure maxi mum help the powers must demonstrate by theif tern tical s an fare ence ople other able stern era ance matist time t for an paper e de r the d not ry de the st the need areas lonial eople east os wilh when than errilla he it native ideal erwist quilt an us maxi y ne actions that victory over japan will mean a better life for colonial nations 2 the preservation of peace in the far east after the war rests partly on satisfying the national aspira tions of peoples who have hitherto enjoyed neither independence nor self government if the western wers move too slowly in abandoning colonial rule the logical outcome will be the outbreak of national jst revolts over a wide area the history of indepen dence movements shows that these upheavals gener ally involve the great powers just as france spain and the netherlands supported the american colon ists in the eighteenth century so the powers would tend to line up on one side or the other in future colonial uprisings under such circumstances it is impossible to imagine that the big five would take unified action to prevent the resurgence of a militarist japan or to deal with other issues that might arise in asia 3 the rise of new national states would aid the development of asiatic markets for the products of the united states the colonial market although often profitable for particular countries or exporters is not a large market as comparisons between the purchasing power of colonial and independent peoples readily reveal it is true that under western tule some progress has taken place in colonial areas and that independence in itself is no guarantee of prosperous development but it is clear that full expression of the material and spiritual potentiali ties of the asiatic peoples can occur only under national rule difficult though the process of estab lishing effective national government may prove our position on trusteeship if these objectives correspond to the interests of the united states then the course followed by the american delegation at san francisco on the subject of trustee ship is open to question for this country showed little official interest in colonial independence and was concerned most of all with the establishment of american control over the mandated islands cap tured from japan desirable though this goal may be from the point of view of national security the american stand at the united nations conference makes it difficult for us in the future to ques tion measures which other nations may take in colonial areas on grounds of security moreover our effort to distinguish between strategic and non strategic zones while perhaps feasible among the sparsely settled pacific islands does not provide an adequate approach to the problems of the teeming page three millions of india and southeast asia and certainly the unwillingness of the united states despite its policy in the philippines to put itself on record in favor of colonial independence will not increase our prestige among politically conscious groups in the colonies from whom asia’s future leaders will come it is true that dominion self government may meet the needs of some colonies but there is reason to doubt whether a country like india will be satis fied to develop within the framework of a dominion relationship it is also true that american policy in the philippines compares favorably with that of other colony holding powers in their possessions yet a satisfactory attitude toward the 16,000,000 people of the philippines assuming that we aid the islands in the future to establish a sound economic basis for political independence does not relieve us of the responsibility for taking a constructive in terest in developments elsewhere in colonial asia the united states of course would not wish to express an opinion on every colonial event of sig nificance for this could only produce sharp antag onisms between ourselves and such allies as britain france and the netherlands nor would it be wise to overlook the economic and political importance of india for britain indo china for france or the indies for the netherlands it is plain that the united states will be in the best position to work for satis factory evolution of the colonial world toward more adequate forms of government and economic life if this country’s economic policies take into account the difficult position of the colonial powers at the same time it is important that the united states keep the record straight concerning its own sympathy for the aspirations of the colonial peoples even though it should be aware that these aspirations will not be realized according to a pat formula or at the same rate in different areas to the extent that useful opportunities arise either publicly or in the day to day operation of diplomacy we should express our interest in a sound adjustment of colonial issues failure to do so would mean abandonment of america’s potentialities for constructive leadership in the far east lawrence k rosinger the second in a series of articles on america’s far eastern policy the coming air age by reginald m cleveland and leslie e neville new york whittlesey house 1944 2.75 the editors of aviation research associates discuss the probable status of aviation at the end of world war ii indicating the impact of the airplane on modern s0 ciety the authors chart the future development of this agency of transportation foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 36 june 22 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lust secretary vera michutes dan editer entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act ef march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year gao 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter expansion of world trade requires greater u.s imports as the time approaches for making a decision on it in reconverting to normal production for export this country’s post war international commercial pol and if it could accept with greater equanimity the icy the washington administration realizes more expanding trade interests of this country in areas like and more clearly that a policy which would restrict the middle east and spain where british goods al gy britain’s trade position in the world might be detri ways used to get first call the race for industrial mental to our long term economic interests the export markets begins at the factories and if the g united states entered the war partly as a result of factories of the united states should produce export 3 its determination to assure the survival of britain commodities ahead of british competitors the british hn as a free state and it would be folly now to undo would favor more than ever continuance of the ster y x the work of war by an insufficiently considered ling bloc which assures their exports a definite mar program of peace however the administration ap ket in a limited area ch parently does not believe that the british will suc the britisher whose country’s welfare and even ceed in safeguarding their own interests by restrictive survival depends on exports sees two wartime t bilateral practices in the form of sterling blocs and changes in the united states with respect to foreign a imperial preference trade 1 as a result of the war the united states f atlantic charter on trade the ad has become the greatest exporter in the world’s his aa ministration takes as the starting point of its interna ss sateg cor ogee pres ageotorg der ia mor tional economic program part of the fourth para se a np 2 fat graph in the atlantic charter in which president spates sawa in codinnsy commence ana two roosevelt and prime minister churchill declared that commodities are far better known abroad than ew ove zs or before 2 as a result of wartime plans to keep they will endeavor with due respect for existing ss the united states for mp obligations to further the enjoyment by all states ee oe ne se a s oa bro great and small victor or vanquished of access on 6 w tin a y ree ee a not equal terms to the trade and to the raw materials of re otc nee ag meee the world which are needed for their economic pros ineonanee mee ee eee ay ce perity britain’s current commercial policy shows the washington administration has reached gal pga pe a pata a a tentative conclusion that the soundest commercial the war has strencthened th t brit policy for both this country and britain is multilateral in 2 gthened the contemporary bri 2 eh i ibl trictions action ish policy of restriction which dates only from 1932 exchange with the fewest possible restriction tior then the united kingdom harassed by hard times on the bretton woods agreement and especially on ie im he t agreements act now before the senate ry and the rise of trade barriers elsewhere inaugurated tade ag aga ie f al h h th will reveal whether this country has come to realize dl t oe or oe sare f ae ae way d n awa that the need for imports is as important as that for ha ke so apple le canker ll exports according to the view of the most respon ments in individual countries through such instru ments as the roca runciman agreement with argen tina and started to establish the sterling bloc however as frank w fetter of the department of sible quarters here only the greatest possible liberty of trade will permit the world movement of enough commerce among nations to provide an adequate i um d imports for any one of the state remarks in an article on anglo american trade velame of ae a 94 since j pees ted nations including the british since it is estimate aln interests published in the state department bulletin oe ae that britain must increase its exports at least 50 pet of march 25 1945 only in 1940 did the bloc take cent above the prewar level it is apparent that keen a on its present legal significance of an area that main vale ae am ee ce est iz tains a rigid exchange control as against the rest of a ee eee oe eee ne fo must ensue this serious commercial probiem must the world today the sterling bloc still retains that ordi fen p ae ae be met with sincere determination to promote the in kin significance ternational harmony of both countries while advanc timing of reconversion britain might ing the economic interests of each more rapidly return to its pre 1932 policy if it were biaizk bolles certain that the united states would not outstrip pia he welt pee ne cs som ot ie a eee ss as tl tips lesa an me the second of two articles on american commercial policy un for victory buy united states war bonds eee itt x er 5 ies rs type +hy ee rts or export nimity the 1 areas like goods al industrial and if the uce export the british the ster finite mar and even wartime to foreign ited states vorld’s his nder lend 5 and un american than ever ns to keep states for ports as a economy rly as the eached the commercial nultilateral ons action pecially on the senate e to realize as that for ost respon ible liberty of enough 1 adequate one of the estimated east 50 pet t that keen o countries biem must note the in ile advance bolles ial policy nds general library university of jul 11 entered as 2nd class matter michigan ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiv no 37 june 29 1945 character of uncio charter should assure support by congress he settlement in moscow on june 22 of the controversy over composition of the polish gov erment which had repeatedly threatened the unity of the big three loomed more important in this week's headlines than the termination of the two months united nations conference on international organization in san francisco on june 26 yet the two events are intimately related for the deadlock over the polish situation reached in april by the tripartite moscow commission might not have been broken so swiftly if the great powers concerned had not had the opportunity to canvass the world situa tion at leisure as they did at the uncio conference which reflected as in a microcosm the strains and stresses of post war europe the russians were able to observe at close range how their abrupt unilat etal actions affect other peoples even those most eager for friendship with the u.s.s.r western na tions for their part learned at first hand the urgent teality of russia's preoccupation with security against the renewal of german aggression the con ference itself as it proceeded after an initial period charged with suspicion about the soviet govern ment’s intentions appears to have convinced russia that other countries are determined to build an effec tive system of collective security with it and not against it as frequently suspected in moscow it is this give and take the slow often tedious almost always unglamorous process of mutual con cession and compromise that represents the great est single achievement of san francisco the big four had been in a position to impose on other coun ties by force if necessary the concept of interna tional organization they had previously embodied in the dumbarton oaks proposals of october 9 1944 and the russians unaccustomed at home to parlia mentary debate found it particularly difficult to understand the reason for submission of these pro contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association posals to discussion and even amendment by small countries lacking military and industrial resources to wage war yet the great powers wisely recognized that a world order built without the voluntary coop eration of the small and middle nations would be built on sand essence of dumbarton oaks kept the core of the dumbarton oaks proposals is te tained essentially unaltered in the charter of the united nations the principal organ for the time being at least is to be the security council in which the big five will have permanent seats and will be able to exercise a broad right of veto it is a misapprehension to believe that russia alone among the great powers insisted on retention of a strong veto power for many americans including some of the members of the united states delegation have taken the view that without provision for veto power the senate might not ratify the charter the long and intensive debate about the veto concerned not the big five’s veto on use of military force but their right to veto discussion and investigation of con troversies regarded as a threat to peace especially when they are not involved in such controversies here again the difference of view between russia on the one hand and the western powers on the other can best be understood by bearing in mind that russia has had little experience with the process of political debate and is determined that the new organization should have as much authority centered in the security council as possible emphasis on human rights at the same time the dumbarton oaks proposals have been liberalized in five main respects at the demand of the small and middle nations backed by public opin ion in britain and the united states first a con certed effort was made to expand a document forged in time of war and consequently focused on ss the task of averting future wars by the use of mili tary force into a document whose stated objec tives are protection of human rights defense of the dignity of the individual and advancement of social and economic welfare peace in other words is to be not merely order imposed by force but order based on justice the cynic might murmur words words words and it is obvious that if there is no will on the part of the various nations to make the charter work the fine sentiments expressed in the preamble will prove so much waste paper but this should only challenge us and the peoples of other nations to practice our ideals not merely rehearse them in eloquent phrases it is encouraging that de termined pressure for inclusion of the concepts of justice and human welfare in the charter was brought to bear on the united states delegation by consultants representing forty two national or ganizations which had been invited by the state department to present the views of their constitu ents this experiment in establishing a link between public opinion and officials representing the people at an international conference proved so successful that it should be repeated at future gatherings and extended to include public opinion representatives of the other united nations assembly’s discussion scope broad ened second the general assembly which under the dumbarton oaks proposals was slated for a tubber stamp role is to become a forum for dis cussion of any questions or any matters within the scope of the charter the assembly will be free to consider any question relating to the maintenance of international peace and security to bring any such question to the attention of the security council and to make recommendations provided the question is not at that time being considered by the council here again the provisions of the charter could remain a dead letter if the nations should be apathetic about using the general assembly as their sounding board the lively debates over the veto power over region alism versus collective security over trusteeships which marked the san francisco negotiations are a hopeful portent of the scope of discussion that may be expected to develop in the general assembly once the united nations organization gets into full swing the charter moreover in contrast to the dum barton oaks document provides that the secretary general is to furnish information concerning the ac tivities and decisions of the security council to the general assembly which shall be empowered to ap prove or disapprove make recommendations and observations and submit recommendations to the security council with a view to insuring complete observance of the duties of the security council in herent in its responsibilities to maintain international peace and security the general assembly is thus page two es given a role corresponding in international affairs to that of a national legislature in a democratic country which has the right to initiate measures of its own as well as to scrutinize the actions and policies of the executive new role for economic council third the economic and social council which had been hastily included in the dumbarton oaks pro posals as a sort of appendage to the general as sembly has been made one of the principal organs of the organization this is particularly important because the economic and social council is to be composed of eighteen members elected by the gen eral assembly without any reference to whether they are great or small powers and in that sense will be a more democratic organ than the security coun cil the scope of its functions has also been greatly broadened thanks to a number of proposals the most interesting and elaborate of which was sub mitted by canada true the economic and social council has powers of recommendation only and will have to act through technical agencies like the food and agriculture organization unrra and others that would be brought into relationship with the united nations organization but if the united nations so desire this council could become a pow erful instrumentality for dealing with the multifati ous economic and social problems cutting across boundary lines which the war has left in its wake and which if not alleviated bear within them the seeds of another war trusteeship chapter added fourth the charter contains an entirely new chapter on trustee ships for dependent peoples a subject not men tioned in the dumbarton oaks proposals this chap ter was originally prepared by the united states primarily to reconcile this country’s desire on secut ity grounds to control the japanese mandated islands with its atlantic charter pledge not to ag grandize its territory it had been hoped to hold 4 conference of colonial powers on the eve of the san francisco meeting but the death of president roose velt and other developments prevented fulfilment of this plan the trusteeship proposals of the united states although couched in general terms were de signed to meet the situation not of all colonies but of the pacific islands which for the most part have few or no inhabitants and therefore do not raise the usual problems of western rule over native peoples the chapter on trusteeships finally incor porated into the charter establishes a trusteeship sys tem for certain categories of territories notably tet ritories taken from enemy states and distinguishes in accordance with a formula proposed by the united states between strategic areas to be supervised by the security council and non strategic areas to be supervised by the general assembly through a trus teeship to existir colonial or not t bility for accept t of civiliz being of the wor council tories pl beyond t ever it f at subse enemy t place th trast to dates ov to admi league regi fied between been lef proposal existence franco notably at the security states 1 with br yugosla sive pol sitional nations emnment for ti fo a cle orgar a ma repor foreis foreign headquarte second cla one month a 2 nal affairs democratic leasures of ctions and ouncil which had oaks pro eneral as al organs important il is to be y the gen o whether sense will rity coun en greatly osals the was sub and social only and es like the rra and nship with the united me a pow multifari ing across n its wake 1 them the fourth the on trustee not men this chap ted states on secul mandated not to ag to hold a of the san lent roose ifilment of the united s were de slonies but t part have not raise yver native tally incor teeship sys 10tably ter stinguishes the united pervised by areas to be igh a trus teeship council the only important reference made to existing colonies is a declaration applicable to all colonial territories whether placed under trusteeship or not to the effect that states which have responsi bility for territories inhabited by dependent peoples accept the general principle that it is a sacred trust of civilization to promote to the utmost the well being of the inhabitants of these territories within the world community by giving the trusteeship council the right to investigate conditions in terri tories placed under its supervision the charter goes beyond the league covenant in other respects how ever it may prove less broad since countries which at subsequent peace conferences receive former enemy territories are not automatically bound to place them under the trusteeship council in con trast to 1919 when countries which received man dates over former german or turkish territories had to administer them under the supervision of the league mandates commission regional security measures clari fied finally the charter clarifies the relationship between regional and collective security which had been left relatively obscure in the dumbarton oaks proposals and had been further confused by the existence of bilateral security agreements like the franco russian alliance and regional security pacts notably the act of chapultepec concluded in march at the mexico city conference under the charter security agreements directed against former enemy states this would include the pacts signed by russia with britain france czechoslovakia poland and yugoslavia can be used against renewal of aggres sive policy on the part of such states during a tran sitional period until such time as tk united nations organization may on request of the gov ements concerned be charged with the respon page three for july 15 publication the san francisco conference by vera micheles dean for the first five weeks of the conference mrs dean attended as an accredited press representative 25 a clear brief survey of the charter for international organization drawn up at san francisco cuts through a mass of technical information this foreign policy report includes text of the charter order from foreign policy association 22 e 38th st new york 16 sibility for preventing further aggression by a state now at war with the united nations to reassure the latin american countries that the act of chapul tepec would not be left out of the picture the charter also states than nothing in its terms im pairs the inherent right of individual or collective self defense if an armed attack occurs against a member state until the security council has taken the measures necessary to maintain international peace and security these two formulas necessarily complex because of the complex situations they sought to cover may lead to controversies in the future the important thing however is that the primacy of collective over regional and bilateral security arrangements has been recognized the charter is not intended to be a rigid unilat eral document the united nations will have an opportunity to review their san francisco work at the end of ten years a period during which it is hoped the world will have achieved a measure of stability and recovery a general conference of the united nations can then be summoned by a two thirds vote of the general assembly with the con currence of any seven members of the security coun cil thus removing the danger that the big five might veto an amendment convention any alterations of the charter recommended by a two thirds vote of the conference like the charter itself shall take effect when ratified by the big five and by a ma jority of the other member states now that the arduous labors of san francisco are over the labors of ratifying the charter begin first of all in washington president truman is anxious to have the united states ratify the charter first and thus give the world assurance that this time we will collaborate with other nations not only in war but also in peace seldom have relations be tween the president and congress been so harmoni ous and understanding and while this situation lasts mr truman may well succeed in his undertaking even if it should prove impossible for the senate to ratify the charter by july 15 in time for the big three meeting in berlin the public should support the president’s request that the senate remain in session until it has ratified the document backed by political leaders of both parties on a non partisan basis which creates the structure of the united na tions organization vera micheles dean foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 37 june 29 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lert secretary vera michs_es dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one month for change of address on membership publications three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year qs produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor yi i i a al by by ls 4 a a washington news l ettec polish accord reveals efficacy of u.s intervention in europe the agreement reached on june 22 among amer ican british and russian government representatives on the establishment of a new polish régime will furnish a practical test as to whether the united states has effectively advanced the free elections principle the united states has traditionally sup ported this democratic principle in its relations with other nations the authors of the atlantic charter said in 1941 that they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they live president roosevelt prime min ister churchill and marshal stalin reaffirmed the principle last february in the crimea declaration on liberated europe which aimed ait the earliest possible establishment through free elections of gov ernments responsive to the will of the people polish settlement essential to unity the understanding on poland should en courage americans to abandon recent doubts about the wisdom of this country’s intervention in euro pean affairs disagreement over poland has dis turbed relations between the soviet union on the one hand and the united states and britain on the other since april 26 1943 when the kremlin sev ered relations with the polish government in exile in london which the other allies continued to recog nize at the yalta conference roosevelt churchill and stalin agreed to resolve the issue by establish ing a commission that would reorganize the pro visional polish régime in warsaw recognized by moscow on a broader democratic basis with the inclusion of democratic leaders from poland itself and from poles abroad the commission met so many obstacles in the course of its negotiations that the united states only two months ago began to think a solution was almost impossible however the patience determination and diplomatic skill of harry hopkins whom president truman sent to moscow in may brought the negotiations to a suc cessful conclusion with the creation of a provisional polish government of national unity along the lines set forth in the yalta agreement this assertion of american interest in a european problem was an experimental diplomatic venture into the heart of a continent whose activities we have tended to criticize in the past without ourselves as suming any responsibility poland posed a dilemma for roosevelt when he went to the crimea he could either accept the warsaw régime the course fav ored by moscow and thereby turn american public opinion against russia or he could press marshal stalin for a change in that régime and thereby mp the risk of widening the gulf between the soviet and american governments at a time when he was bend ing every effort to bring them closer together he chose to press upon stalin the principle of free elec tions in the western sense which the soviet union at least in its internal affairs does not regard as an essential part of the democratic process the crimea declaration on poland provided that the government of national unity should be pledged to the holding of free and unfettered elec tions as soon as possible on the basis of universal suffrage and the secret ballot full realization of this pledge in poland might alter the nature of the soviet union’s influence in eastern europe where governments today look for leadership exclusively to russia for whereas the polish government tablished by the recent agreement in moscow is but a revised version of the warsaw régime originally sponsored by the soviet government a régime estab lished on the basis of free elections might display nationalistic independence the united states and britain are withholding official recognition of the interim government of national unity until it has fixed a date for elections other questions for u.s in europe many problems remain in europe to challenge the diplomatic skill of the united states for one thing washington is considering whether to propose it tervention in belgium where the determination of king leopold iii to resume his throne in the face of strong popular opposition might create an internal political crisis in addition to obtaining acceptance of the principle of free elections by other countries the united states may have to decide whether tt should check on the conduct of elections to determine if they are honestly held and if extremist groups should win most european elections the united states may be urged by some groups here to abat don that complete neutrality regarding the out come of elections which secretary of state stettinius enunciated last december 7 about greece when he said whether the greek people form themselves into a monarchy or republic is for their decision whether they form a government of the right or left is for their decision these are entirely matters for them blaair bolles for victory buy united states war bonds 1918 or ae vou x2 hg jun kuomi month not to people chung teriora betwee and ea possib wholly resista the ja areas centra they d what chung isa qu no been the dz draw exam p congr pledge but b appea is mo is far ago were tion o weldit and now counc +it urope ican public ss marshal hereby run soviet and was bend gether he f free elec viet union regard 4s 3s provided should be ttered elec f universal lization of ture of the ope where exclusively srnment scow is but e originally gime estab ight display states and tion of the until it has j europe iallenge the r one thing propose if mination of 1 the face of an internal acceptance er countries whether it to determine mist groups the united ere to abat ig the out ite stettinius ce when he 1 themselves eir decision right or left matters for ir bolles onds jul 1 6 1945 entered as 2nd class matter general library toy sep ayes 2 oe e we 2 university o weacnizan ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiv no 38 july 6 1945 how can u.s best promote unity in china gs statement by war minister chen cheng on june 6 that there had been isolated cases of kuomintang communist clashes in the past few months and the decision of the chinese communists not to participate in the forthcoming session of the people’s political council advisory body of the chungking government are symptomatic of the de teriorating political situation in china the gap between the two main groups is growing visibly and each is taking steps to strengthen itself for a possible showdown the spectre of civil war never wholly absent during the eight years of chinese fesistance is becoming more threatening now that the japanese are withdrawing troops from large areas south of shanghai and the yangtze river as central forces reenter cities given up by the enemy they draw nearer the bases held by the communists what will happen when the chinese armies of chungking and yenan meet on an extended front isa question that concerns the entire world no time for illusion recently there has been a tendency in the united states to gloss over the dangerous realities of chinese politics and to draw comfort from superficial developments for example the resolutions adopted by the kuomintang congress in may have been welcomed for their pledges of constitutional government in the future but beneath the surface little reason for optimism appears since the lack of political harmony in china is more pronounced than ever certainly disunity is far greater than in the period less than a year ago when general stilwell and ambassador gauss were exerting strong pressure for a genuine relaxa tion of one party rule by the kuomintang and the welding of all chinese armies into a more unified and effective fighting force perhaps the mission now being sent to yenan by the people’s political council will have a useful effect but it would be un wise to exaggerate the power of this committee a disturbing element in the political situation is the possibility that some american policy makers have become resigned to the existing disunity in china and have decided to drift along with politi cal conditions as they are the danger is that if internal differences are not adjusted a political ex plosion may occur immediately after the pacific war is over or before japan has been defeated it is true of course that the united states cannot by itself determine the future of china and that even the wisest policy might not be wholly success ful it is also true that the chungking government is the officially recognized national government of china and that our attitude toward it can be justified on this ground alone but no policy is likely to be effective if it is based largely on diplomatic forms and avoids the realities behind the scenes one of these realities is the fact that the central régime could hardly maintain itself against political oppo sition in its own territory or against yenan with out american support in the form of military as sistance and economic aid undoubtedly the united states has an important interest in chungking’s re sistance to japan but in supporting this interest we cannot escape a large measure of responsibility for chungking’s actions our responsibility would be come even greater if civil conflict were to develop what china means to us the difficult task before the state department and the american people is to formulate a policy that will best serve the interests of the united states in an extremely complex situation these interests are three fold to secure maximum military aid from china in the war against japan to encourage the development of a china that will contribute fully to the preservation of post war peace in the pacific and to promote the rise of a large scale chinese market for ameri contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association i so wow och a eee es are pe tng eg can can goods the time seems to have come to recognize anew what many american leaders apparently saw clearly a year ago that none of these interests can be advanced with maximum effectiveness unless china is governed by a progressive administration promoting the welfare of the chinese people and mobilizing the nation as a whole for the war against japan as well as for post war reconstruction this goal to be sure cannot be achieved in a day but our present course of giving chungking what amounts to a blank check has the effect of en couraging an intransigent attitude on the part of the central government and at the same time mak ing yenan less amenable to compromise a new course needed from a military point of view our policy today is to aid the chung king forces alone and to render no assistance to the yenan troops despite the favorable impression they made on members of the american military mission which visited them last year it is well known that when general stilwell was in china high ameri can leaders were anxious to cooperate with yenan as well as chungking partly because of the aid guerrilla armies might give to allied forces invad ing the north china coast another reason was to avoid international complications if the russians at some point entered the far eastern war and estab lished military cooperation with the communist forces in manchuria and north china the stilwell gauss approach was based on the view that politics should hasten victory and that japan would be defeated more quickly and cheaply if we gave support to all the effective military forces page two in china this policy was neither anti chungking nor pro yenan but first of all anti japanese hoy ever when serious obstacles arose inside chungking general stilwell was recalled and shortly after ward for reasons that were somewhat different am bassador gauss resigned today a strong case cap be made for pursuing once more the principles that prevailed before last november and this time carry ing them through an occasion for reorienting american policy js presented by the current discussions of t v soong in moscow and it would be a hopeful augury if the united states and the soviet union now devel oped a common approach to the china situation in any event it is dangerous for this country to lose the opportunity to be a mediator in china by sup porting chungking to the hilt while refusing to deal with yenan there is much merit in the sug gestion made by the new york herald tribune on june 29 that if efforts to settle the internal situa tion in china fail the united states should perhaps ignore bitter opposition from the kuomintang and send american troops into the communist areas to assist and supply the red guerrillas who are fight ing the japanese the editorial notes that with both kuomintang and red armies dependent on ameti can supplies civil war could be discouraged by threats of withdrawal of assistance from an aggres sor the adoption of such a course would mean that the united states had assumed a middle role in chinese politics such as it seeks in the affairs of the world at large lawrence k rosinger the third in a series of articles on american par eastern policy tangier’s status heightens tension between france and spain a fresh crop of predictions that general franco's régime will soon collapse has appeared as a result of mounting tension between france and spain dur ing recent weeks the maquis led attack at cham béry near the swiss frontier on june 15 on a train carrying homeward a number of spaniards who formerly lived in germany austria and poland registered the popular resentment many frenchmen harbor against spaniards alleged to have aided the axis during the war more important the resolu tion passed by the foreign affairs committee of the consultative assembly in paris on may 25 calling for an allied appeal to franco to resign represented a demand by the group officially appointed to rep resent french opinion until elections are held intervention unlikely neither of these developments however has affected the position of franco the french government has sent a formal apology to madrid for the chambéry incident and the committee responsible for the anti franco reso lution has no power to carry through the recom mendation since the entire assembly is merely an advisory body whose suggestions are frequently ig nored by general de gaulle yet despite the fact that for the moment at least these incidents have only provided spain with an excuse to close the frontier at a time when france is interested in pro curing food south of the pyrenees these moves maj foreshadow a stiffer french policy toward spain for although france is currently concerned with construction the occupation of germany and the maintenance of basic interests in syria the french are also aware that they have several scores to settle with franco's spain the chief count france has against the spanish leader is that he maintained close relations with mussolini and hitler throughout the war today the spanish régime which is made up of men who without exception have been both pro axis in for eign policy and proponents of fascism in domestit affairs is protesting that its actions sprang from considerations of expediency and the desire to keep spain at peace but madrid’s current efforts to wo0 the western allies with promises of friendship and changes outwar as far are con only fa mans a war bu fact the mand render eve of tagonis lapse f internat which cause c french abolish all hig moves his rég tangie cient h vaded spait curred place p powers pass in of spai fative pier th in 192 shared france ance of halfhez point c franco came depenc money for the north ate th foreign headquart second cla one mont om hungking tly after rent am case can ciples that ime carty policy is v soong augury if 10w devel situation try to lose na by sup efusing to n the sug ribune on nal situa id perhaps intang and ist areas to are fight with both on ameti yuraged by an aggres rould mean middle role 1e affairs of rosinger eastern policy spain equently ig ite the fact cidents have o close the sted in pio moves may d spain for ed with fe iny and the the french ores to settle the spanish lations with war today of men who axis in for 1 in domestic sprang from lesire to keep fforts to woo iendship and a changes at home that will give spain at least the outward forms of democracy have failed at least as far as france is concerned for many frenchmen are convinced that the axis attack in 1940 was not only facilitated by the military experience the ger mans and italians gained during the spanish civil war but was actually encouraged by franco the fact that the generalissimo has not fulfilled the de mand of general de gaulle’s government for sur render of pierre laval who fled to spain on the eve of germany’s collapse has added to french an tagonism toward spain french spanish rivalry still another reason why the french may be expected to support even if they do not initiate any forthcoming move from abroad to secure a new government in spain is that franco immediately took advantage of their defeat in 1940 only a few days after france’s col lapse franco sent spanish troops into tangier the internationalized port across from gibraltar in which the french played the predominant role be cause of their strong military position in adjacent french morocco during the following winter spain abolished the international control bodies and ousted all high officials who were not spaniards by these moves franco attempted to realize at least part of his régime’s dream of a new spanish empire for tangier had formerly been linked to spain by an dent historical ties established when the moors in vaded spain from north africa spain’s loss of tangier to international control oc curred during the competition for morocco that took place prior to world war i when none of the great powers felt it could afford to see this strategic port pass into the hands of any single nation as a result of spain’s inability to cope with the resistance of the tative riffs in the spanish region surrounding tan gier this de facto arrangement was formally replaced in 1923 by the international statute in which spain shared control of the tangier zone with britain france and after 1928 with italy spain's accept ance of the internationalization of tangier remained halfhearted and the tangier question became a focal point of spanish suspicions regarding france under franco’s control therefore tangier promptly be game a center for nazi agents and moroccan in dependence parties which were supplied with money arms and propaganda material by the axis for the purpose of stirring up native unrest in french north african possessions it is difficult to evalu ate the results of this enemy subsidized activity page three cer because some of the requests moroccan leaders are now making for greater independence undoubtedly reflect the weakened position of france during the past five years and would probably have occurred without axis encouragement but in any case the french who are now forced to cope with native de mands for greater local autonomy are not likely to forget the contribution of the tangier agents to their problems in north africa future status of tangier franco is well aware that allied victory in europe renders his unilateral control of tangier untenable and on june 12 in a note to the british government which had protested his action in 1940 he offered to return the city to its international status the generalissimo did not however send a similar notification to paris and this fact when considered in connection with two suggestions spain is reported to have made to britain for a new régime in the city seems to indi cate that franco is determined to whittle down the french role in tangier even if spain does not benefit from internationalization first spain in formed london that after spanish troops evacuate tangier native troops of the caliph the local rep resentative of the sultan of morocco will maintain order in the city in view of attempts by moroccan leaders to gain a larger role in local administration this proposal raises the question whether or not these native troops would be willing to move out later in favor of occupation forces sent by the great powers in addition spain announced it would wel come american participation in the reoccupation and administration of tangier that the united states is not averse to this proposal is indicated by the fact that american representatives are now engaged with britain and france in preliminary international dis cussions on tangier which opened on july 2 it appears moreover that american interests in com merce and communications throughout north and west africa would be advanced if washington shared responsibility for this strategic port but it is not merely the development of native and american interests in tangier that promises to raise complex problems of international politics in connection with the future status of the zone if the possibility that russia may be a party to the new arrangements ma terializes the u.s.s.r would emerge as one of the mediterranean powers particularly since the krem lin is negotiating with turkey for permission to share in the control of the dardanelles winifred n hadsel poreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 38 jury 6 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorormy f lust secretary vera micuzies daan editor envered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 ome month for change of address on membership publications three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year sb 121 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter need for reform of state department confronts byrn es the state department since december 1944 has to attract a sufficiently large number of recruits tp ef ae been working on plans regarding the fundamental give the department a variegated selective choice reorganization of the country’s machinery for con it is not unusual for officers to spend in the line of ducting foreign affairs the signing of the united duty more than their federal income and the reop nations charter by the american delegation on june ganization the department is devising calls for ig of the change which would involve a considerably was low today however both the army and the increased state department budget judge byrnes navy report that many men in uniform are making om a 26 brings to a head the need for reorganization be creased allowances 4 cause this country’s present diplomatic apparatus is the war and the profoundly altered position of bi still geared to a policy of isolation president tru the united states in world affairs have overcome in iy man’s nomination on june 30 of james f byrnes as part the apathy that formerly figured as another yor x3 i secretary of state to succeed edward r stettinius deterrent to recruitment the number of candidates of jr may help pave the way for national acceptance for any foreign service examination before the war y b x ot i principal qualifications for his new post are his influ inquiries about the foreign service and on june 29 cont 2 ence with and understanding of congress where he the state department announced that foreign sery spite of a served as representative and senator at the crimea ice examinations would be given to 400 members tion is 4 conference in february president roosevelt relied of the armed services in the 3 on byrnes for guidance on how congress and the the office of the foreign service meanwhile enemy i i american public would react to the various proposals has been exploring the possibility of systematically necessa 4 he was discussing with marshal stalin and prime borrowing army and navy officers for temporary it is ho ih minister churchill diplomatic assignments and establishing a foreign conditic se state department changes needed service reserve among civilians to be used from of at is the replacement of high sub officials the under time to time on special tasks during the war foreign enemy a i secretary and assistant secretaries that customarily service officers as well as army and navy officers pation accompanies a change in the secretaryship would be have attended classes in the various colleges giving poss inadequate to meet the urgent requirements of the special courses relating to particular foreign coun underli time in recent years almost every federal agency tries this educational comradeship will contribute germa o in washington has developed an interest in some the state department hopes toward a close relation curt particular foreign field and the domestic policies ship with the military services in the future can po of the various agencies frequently affect our foreign foreign service training program that th relations as a result the united states needs a reorganization of the foreign service will necessi with u uf state department that can effectively coordinate tate a modernized system of training the reformers desire f these interests and policies in order to secure the in the department have received suggestions for promis i consistent foreign policy that president truman stiffening the educational requirements and aban ulers called for in his talk of june 29 with alfred m doning the old style entrance examination which fine ur 5 landon in kansas city a first step toward insuring stressed factual questions and for which the candi will kn consistency would be the creation of a position of date could prepare in a tutoring school rather than them permanent under secretary akin to that in the profound knowledge and understanding it has also british foreign office and the broadening of the been suggested that the department establish a train atly foreign service to include reportorial specialists in ing program within the foreign service to fit offices quired vd the fields of interest of the various agencies for the difficult tasks of diplomacy and enable the sze fu problems of the department im state department to weed out those who fail after that i 4 provement of the foreign service whose officers serve a period of probation to show real ability since machir é not only on the diplomatic missions abroad but on the state department needs to develop high politi hons r many of the political desks in the state department cal capacity as well as technical efficiency in its do a is a primary requirement for a modernized depart foreign service officers the creation of a foreign unli f ment initially this improvement is a problem in re service institute on a level with the army and navy chung ee cruitment in the past the salary scale compared war colleges is tentatively under consideration and le with the expenses of the officers has been too low blair bolles ond cal i for victory buy united states war bonds 4 a +recruits to tive choice the line of id the reor alls for in position of vercome in as another candidates ore the war ny and the are making on june 29 reign sery 0 members meanwhile stematically temporary a foreign used from war foreign avy officers leges giving reign coum contribute ose relation ire rogram will necessi e reformers vestions for and abat tion which n the candi rather than it has also lish a train 0 fit officets enable the o fail after bility since high polit ency in its f a foreign ry and naw leration r bolles inds foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vor xxiv no 39 juuy 18 1945 public discussion needed to clarify policy on japan a apparent determination of the japanese to continue inflicting heavy losses on our troops in spite of the fact that japan’s ultimate military posi tion is hopeless has produced a widespread feeling in the united states that our intentions toward the enemy must be clarified if we are not to pay an un necessarily high price for victory such clarification it is hoped might induce the japanese to accept un conditional surrender short of utter military defeat or at least might ease our problems in handling the enemy country during the period of postwar occu pation the need for making up our minds as soon as possible on policy toward tokyo has also been underlined by the difficulties now facing us in germany current demands for a new statement of ameri can policy reflect varied points of view statements that the japanese are already willing to discuss peace with us but that we are holding back indicate a desire for a negotiated peace and willingness to com promise with important elements among japan's tulers more widespread is the demand that we de fine unconditional surrender so that the japanese will know we do not mean to enslave or exterminate them this was actually done by president truman in a special v e day broadcast but critics appar ently feel that a more specific declaration is re quired there are also many observers who empha size first of all the necessity of indicating clearly that in addition to defeating japan’s present war machine we want to root out the internal condi tions responsible for japanese aggression do we know what we want since it is unlikely that anyone in washington london or chungking knows in detail what the japanese people and leaders are thinking today the application of policy toward japan must be highly flexible yet we cannot deal with the japanese in an effective political fashion if we are confused in our attitude toward the emperor or enemy industrialists nor can we afford uncertainty in our approach toward new anti militarist groups that may arise in the enemy country at the same time it is essential that our policies in addition to being clear contribute to the establishment of a permanently non militaris tic japan perhaps the most important principle to recog nize is that japanese aggression has been supported by virtually the entire nation not simply a small militaristic clique this means that the responsibility of japan’s leaders for the war extends to the em peror imperial court bureaucracy and industrial circles as well as to the army and navy some in dividuals of course may have been less enthusiastic than others about carrying out particular acts of aggression but there is no record of any top leader or group withholding support from the actions taken or refusing to benefit from the fruits of japanese victories it would therefore seem extremely shortsighted for americans to make elaborate distinctions among the various sections of japan’s rulers on the basis of past actions yet some of our officials unquestionably are deeply influenced by their ex periences during the twenties and thirties when the japanese court foreign office and business circles with which they were most familiar appeared quite westernized in their manner of life and we have since learned that this westernization did not represent the reality of japanese politics and that the elements best known to american official dom could not be depended on to avert japanese aggression future cooperation with these individ uals and groups would seem a poor guarantee of american interests japan must break with past instead contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association f e i it would seem wise to center our attention on the japanese people who may prove less docile than many americans expect in the hope that new tenden cies will develop in japan as a result of wartime experience although we need not exclude the neces sity of working with some figures of the present regime in the period following japan’s defeat our general actions at that time and our current propa ganda should indicate that we do not base our hopes on these individuals our main effort should be to encourage the japanese people to break with the imperial system even though we cannot predict their sesponse some observers may fear that this would foster instability in postwar japan but it will ree cost us far less in the long run to help uild new economic and social foundations for an unaggressive japan than to repair in haste the weak ened social structure of the nation we are now de feating it is of the utmost importance in developing our policy toward japan to express our views in such a way as not to destroy the concept of unconditional surrender the japanese are looking for any sign of weakness on our part and would be greatly en couraged by indications of indecision or willingness page two a to stop the war short of complete victory it would also be unrealistic to suppose that a full clarifica tion of american objectives can be achieved through a single unilateral declaration what we say in oy daily propaganda to japan and the concepts that guide our plans for the occupation of japan are more crucial than any individual statement the probabij ity that the russians will enter the far eastern wa also suggests that a decisive declaration on japan may have to be an international four power dom ment meanwhile it would be desirable to have extensive discussion of the future of japan in this country such discussion would be aided if the state depart ment could indicate publicly that it looks toward 4 far more thorough renovation of japan than that involved in mere removal of a few militarists it is time to recognize that the theory behind our japan policy ought to be at least as broad as that implicit in our public statements on germany in which we recognize that aggression was the work not only of the nazi party and the general staff but also of the junkers and germany's industrial leaders lawrence k rosinger the last in a series of articles on american far eastern policy farrell regime’s economic measures unite its opponents in the face of mounting popular opposition the military government of argentina seems undecided whether to try its fortunes at the polls sometime early next year or to abandon all pretense of govern ing with the approval of the people and challenge its critics to provoke civil war at the army navy independence day dinner on july 6 president edel miro farrell pledged himself to call completely free elections before the end of the year and to hand over the government to those who are then elected by a majority of the people but on the same occasion vice president juan perén delivered a fighting mes sage to the armed forces in which he accused the op position of plotting insurrection and declared that if a struggle occurred he would be ready to shed his blood in an action which will know no quarter it is not yet clear what the sentiments within the army leadership are concerning the elections but both men took occasion to deny assertions that the régime in recent months has lost some of its follow ing among the armed forces battle of manifestoes these statements were called forth by one of the most remarkable demonstrations of popular disaffection with the gov ernment which has ever been made in a country where public opinion is severely suppressed almost all important sectors of opinion except the workers have seized the opportunity to express open disap proval of national policies at a moment when world attention is focused on the internal situation in argentina and the buenos aires government cannot very well undertake reprisals if it is to justify its re cent entrance into the united nations only the labor unions have not come out against the régime and their failure to do so may be ascribed not so mudi to their approval of its social policies as to the fact that union leadership has largely been replaced by supporters of perén in normal times the organ izations representing argentina’s commerce and in dustry on the one hand and the spokesmen for agti cultural and livestock interests on the other who have recently issued statements protesting the price and wage ceilings decree of jume 2 would make strange bedfellows and it must be admitted that their objection to state interference in private entet prise extends as well to the very advanced social policy of the government these groups recognize that temporary measufé to curb the inflationary increases in incomes and monetary circulation are imperative but the new ceilings on prices and wages are criticized because of the arbitrary fashion in which they were fixed with out consultation with the interested producers and trade groups and without regard to prevailing pro duction costs as the list of articles affected by the decree is extremely elastic and apparently includes all items destined for use and consumption by the public it is predicted that the new measures will create great disturbance throughout industry caus ing evasions of the price regulations deterioratio of the qu manufact ynemplo ind thw ale contend contribu 0 per 1944 de of a litt over the a consid jnto ari figures been ap centers tures are consequi per the econom capital groups in the s gentina accord to reve their m commis in acco each in differen the ado minimu improv brough ered p which 1 put es consum assurar equipr the lat years ence which did rer such spared foreig headquai second cl one moni it would clarifica d through say in our cepts that nm are more probabil astern war on japan ywer docu e extensive is country ite depart toward a than that arists it is our japan at implicit which we 1ot only of also of the osinger stern policy nts 1ent cannot stify its te ly the labor égime and ot so much to the fact eplaced by the organ rce and in en for agti other who g the price ould make mitted that ivate entet nced social y measures comes and it the new because of fixed with ducers and vailing pro cted by the tly includes tion by the sasures will lustry caus leterioration of the quality of the product and even restriction of manufactured output and trade with consequent ynemployment industrialization program thwarted industrial and commercial groups natend that rising government expenditures have contributed in large part to the inflation despite a 0 per cent increase in real government income the 1944 deficit has reached the unprecedented amount of a little over 1 billion pesos a 300 per cent rise over the 1940 deficit many argentines believe that a considerable amount of this spending has gone into arms production although there are no official figures to substantiate this large sums have also been appropriated for establishment of recreation centers housing projects and the like such expendi tures are scored not only because of their inflationary consequences but also on the ground that they ham per the future development of argentina’s industrial economy since they constitute a drain on the small capital resources of the nation the producers groups do not believe that prosperity can be achieved in the social revolutionary climate prevailing in ar gentina in which government agencies arbitrarily accord economic benefits to one group today only to reverse the procedure tomorrow if necessary in their manifesto they suggest the creation of parity commissions which shall draw up real agreements in accordance with the particular circumstances of each industry or trade and the peculiarities of the different zones of the country without prejudice to the adoption according to the same norms of a vital minimum wage but since in the long run an improvement in standards of living can only be brought about by increased production at low ered prices they ask release from the restrictions which now prevent industry from increasing its out put especially those concerning fuel or electricity consumption export prohibitions and transport and assurance that import needs including new plant equipment will be filled no help from abroad it must be admitted that argentina's economic difficulties do not arise from unsound domestic policies alone almost all the latin american countries in the past two or three years have suffered inflation and argentina’s experi ence has been no exception those governments which actively cooperated with the united states did receive some help in the form of allocations of such industrial equipment and fuel as could be spared argentina’s quotas were minimal however page three and apparently were not enlarged as a result of the visit of avra warren head of the division of ameri can republics of the state department to buenos aires shortly after the united states recognized that government nor is it likely that after assistant sec retary will clayton’s report on june 25 to the senate military affairs committee that of 108 axis eco nomic spearheads in argentina not one had been eliminated argentina can expect increased ship ments from the united states in the foreseeable future it is difficult to see how the military régime of buenos aires can extricate itself from the vicious circle in which it finds itself as a result of its un popular domestic economic measures and its un acceptable foreign policy if despite the opposition of extremists within the army the free elections promised by president farrell can be held the gov ernment even with the support it allegedly has among argentine labor must fall in a meeting at tended by over 1,000 prominent party members the radical party through which perén had hoped to arouse middle class opposition to the economic oligarchy which governed so many years de clared itself unequivocally opposed to the govern ment the outcome of the recent elections in peru where the democratic candidate of the erstwhile out lawed apra party dr josé luis bustamente won by a wide margin over the official candidate holds promise that in argentina too if the people are free to speak their mind the issue can be solved demo cratically ourve holmes civil aviation and peace by j parker van zandt wash ington brookings institution 1944 1.00 mr van zandt an expert in aviation here analyzes the relation of civil aviation to its potential use for military purposes concluding that the latter is but a minor aspect of the problem the author proposes the freest and widest possible development of aviation in the future american policy toward palestine by carl j friedrich washington public affairs press 1944 brief statement of the history of america’s official pro nouncements toward palestine the most important docu ments from the congressional resolution of 1922 through the proposed congressional resolution of 1944 are repro duced in the appendix the great decision by james t shotwell new york macmillan 1944 3.00 the director of the division of economics and history of the carnegie endowment for international peace pre sents in outline the conditions and organization necessary in establishing a world security system foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 39 jury 13 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lagr secretary vera micuetes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 on month for change of address on membership publications 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year at produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor it hy bs ne ai 8 cs rp a 8 it e i washington news letter big three to define responsibilities in europe president truman told the closing session of the san francisco conference on world organization that the signing of the united nations charter was but a first step toward the establishment of a coopera tive system of security the potsdam conference of president truman marshal stalin and prime min ister churchill will give the united states britain and russia an opportunity to carry forward another step the doctrine that the great powers have joint and equal responsibility for the settlement of inter national problems wherever they may arise such problems as the straits control of berlin tangier and syria and the lebanon reveal the need for co operative action by all the nations concerned agenda covers europe and asia the goal at potsdam is agreement on settlement of the outstanding political and economic problems the war has left behind in europe with some attention to military problems in asia the big three will at tempt to agree on unified policy toward china aimed at the union of the chungking and yenan govern ments the chief issue is the treatment of germany for previous conferences and diplomatic exchanges have failed to define explicitly the nature of allied policy the misunderstanding that arose on july 4 among the occupation armies of the united states britain and russia concerning sources of food for berlin reflects some of the difficulties that joint al lied occupation of germany is temporarily bound to create methods for hobbling germany economically in the interest of lasting peace will be decided on when the potsdam conference receives the recommenda tions of the reparations commission which has been conferring in moscow for more than a month ed win w pauley is the chief american representative on that commission absolute insurance against ger man or japanese rearmament ever again comes first with us truman announced on may 15 in a statement on reparations the political rehabilitation of the axis satellite states in eastern europe especially hungary and austria poses another urgent problem for the con ference truman churchill and stalin are expected to consider the criticism that the tripartite occupation of such a small state as austria creates needless eco nomic hardship and to prepare the way for the re for victory turn of austria to the society of nations as an inde pendent state a broadly based provisional goverp ment of which bela miklos is premier still governs russian occupied hungary the lack of agreement among the big three concerning their interests in the eastern satellites defeated by the red armies hungary rumania and bulgaria has caused cop siderable friction which the potsdam conferees will seek to alleviate policy of joint action advocated the joint interest of the three governments repre sented at the meeting in potsdam extends southward from europe into the mediterranean region and especially to the entrances of that great waterway the soviet union on june 22 presented a note to the turkish government outlining according to unofi cial information the basis on which russia would negotiate a new treaty to replace the russo turkish treaty of 1925 denounced in moscow on march 20 one soviet requirement is said to be that turkey accord to russia a privileged status in the straits which link the black and aegean seas on july 1 the united states britain and france opened con versations about the future status of tangier which guards the strait of gibraltar entrance from the atlantic ocean into the mediterranean and on july 3 moscow asserted an interest in the conversations it has been suggested that at potsdam the big three will try to reach a general agreement granting equal rights to all the powers not only for the straits and tangier but perhaps also for the suez canal and bab el mandeb with due regard for existing treaty and contractual arrangements any hesitation on the part of the united states now to assume its full measure of responsibility in the european task would jeopardize the world’s chance for lasting peace and compromise the great effort this country has made on behalf of internation al cooperation symbolized by the drafting of the united nations charter at yalta president roose velt agreed that the united states would concert with britain and the soviet union during the temporary period of instability in liberated europe at pots dam president truman is expected to carry americat foreign policy forward by defining further this coun try’s peacetime responsibilities on the continent biair bolles buy united states war bonds ep ha defeate joint 01 thus fa big th july 1 tablish many dinate in juds many not he fundat thoriti matel comm wheth shoul durin the u princi fighti the c siren the g and +ed pre vard vay the off yuld 20 rkey aits ly 1 con hich july ons nree and eaty ates y in d's reat 10n ose vith rary ots ican yun ee rneral liwmar sly oat moa genera bi bras aug 2 1945 entered as 2nd class matter na ta2 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiv no 40 july 20 1945 big three strive at potsdam to unify policy on germany a contrasts in the policies the allies have been pursuing in their respective zones of defeated germany should cause no surprise since no joint over all policy for the control of germany has thus far been established it must be hoped that the big three conference which opened at potsdam on july 16 will issue a joint directive speeding the es tablishment of the allied control council for ger many and giving this body sufficient power to coor dinate basic plans for all four allied military zones in judging newspaper reports from all zones in ger many it must be borne in mind that reporters do not have full access to information and are not always aware of the military necessities that may have prompted this or that measure nazis and the german people one fundamental point on which all the occupying au thorities in germany will have to reach approxi mately the same conclusion if they are to pursue common policies is the long debated question whether the nazis alone or the entire german people should be held responsible for hitler's aggressions during the earlier stages of the war both britain and the united states tended to regard nazism as the ptincipal enemy in germany but the prolonged fighting and the revelation of nazi atrocities during the concluding months of the war combined to strengthen the view that the german people shared the guilt of their leaders it was in a mood of anger and disgust with all germans that marshal mont gomery ordered his troops to behave as conquerors after v e day while general clay general eisen hower’s deputy declared that the purpose of the allies military government was to punish germany and hold her down by contrast the russians who have at least as many reasons as the british and americans to hate the germans are carefully distinguishing between contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association the nazis and the average german even before the red army entered berlin russia made it clear that it would not regard nazis and germans as identical a theory strongly propounded during the war by the russian writer ilya ehrenburg instead the rus sians emphasized the view stalin had formulated early in the war when he declared that the object of russia was to destroy nazism not the german people the actions of soviet officials in russian occupied areas of germany indicate two things first russia wants to reduce its military responsibilities in germany as soon as possible and realizes that a stable and friendly german government is essential to this plan second the russians have been seriously dis turbed by the mass flight of civilians from their zone during the last phases of the war and are trying to dissipate the fears of the germans anglo american negatives meanwhile the emphasis the united states and britain have been placing on their role as conquerors makes their tasks of military government more difficult than those of the red army the lifting on july 14 of the ban on fraternization should help to end the social vacuum that has hitherto existed in the american and british controlled areas this step has been taken it is offi cially stated because nazis are being rapidly rounded up and security reasons no longer require non com munication betwen allied forces and the german population this ban however was only the most publicized and the most frequently violated of a long list of negative commands given to american and british forces in germany in addition the oc cupying authorities are under orders not to permit the existence of any political party with the result that no new groups are emerging to replace the nazis in areas such as bavaria where faint signs of reviving political activity have appeared they have been promptly suppressed 12 yt inte bree te paar ots st at ee ey sea si gen di cnet the anglo american policy of suspending normal life in germany has also led to bans on public gatherings and on publications which are now being somewhat modified the problems of resuming eco nomic activities too have been faced chiefly from the negative angle of what industries and types of work are forbidden as a result western germany is threatened with mass unemployment and serious food shortages which could lead to disorders and disorders in turn might lead to new prohibitions russian policy of reconstruction in the russian zone on the other hand where non nazi germans are regarded by the red army as potential friends definite encouragement is being given to the revival of political economic and cul tural life anti fascist political parties have been or ganized the formation of a united front of four par ties has just been announced in berlin and trade unions have been revived movies theatres and con cert halls have been reopened with the russians paying their respects to the german culture of the past reconstruction tasks for which workers are drafted have begun in the cities and several thou sand urban dwellers have been sent to farms to help restock eastern germany's food basket moreover partly as a result of the fact that the russian zone has a comparatively small population and possesses larger agricultural resources the red army has been able to announce an increase in german rations that will give workers greater amounts of food than they had under the nazis the russians emphasis on reconstruction does not mean however that the red army is offering a soft peace to germany in addition to the obvi ously constructive side of the picture of german life in the russian zone there are punitive measures that russia resumes historic role in middle east predictions abound that every question currently vexing the allies will be raised at the potsdam con ference joint decisions by the big three are indeed urgently needed concerning many issues aside from the problems of joint occupation of germany among these are frontier quarrels in the balkans rising ten sion in greece control of the dardanelles and terri torial or political demands presented by russia to turkey and iran it is doubtful however that more than tentative plans can be made at this time for a coming peace conference to deal with many of these developments some problems confronting the allies in the eastern mediterranean and in the middle east grow out of the european war others reflect long term strategic or geographic interests and demon strate clearly that the soviet government intends to recover the position russia held in world affairs under the czars anglo russian strains at teheran agree page two may offset somewhat any hopes the germans have for national restitution under russian leader ship for example soviet authorities have been te moving large amounts of machinery to russian fac tories thus obtaining reparations for the ussr before the inter allied reparations committee jg moscow has officially announced its plans yet to the defeated germans the policies of the russian occupying authorities may seem to give germany ag the red army claims a chance to find its way back into the comity of nations dangerous competition since a marked contrast exists between the anglo american and russian zones there is inevitably an element of com petition for german support in the red army's more positive strategy of occupation the western powers cannot ignore the dangers of such competition and for this reason if no other they need to reexamine their current policies toward germany this does not mean however as some observers in this country and britain are suggesting that the american and british occupying authorities must try to build up a western germany that will take its cue from washington and london such a plan if it succeeded would almost surely cause russia to extend its security demands still further if it failed britain and the united states would find themselves virtually restricted to the fringes of western europe and further attempts to cooperate with russia would be jeopardized instead of seeking a solution of the german problem in such an obviously dangerous plan further attempts must be made to organize ger many under united allied control despite the physical division of the country into zones of occupation winifred n hadsel ment was reached between britain and russia recog nizing greece as in the british sphere of influence but despite the soviet union’s hands off policy thus far in greece events there are perhaps the most likely to lead to serious deterioration of anglo russian re lations recent reports indicate that greece faces 4 virtual state of terror allegedly instigated by pro monarchist elements which control the british spon sored government greek irredentists have recently made extravagant claims about the country’s borders and it is to be noted that pro communist elements have taken up these requests asking also for eastern thrace while the greek regent archbishop damaskinos charges that greek subjects are mal treated in a small sector of albania the yugoslav leader marshal tito in a statement of july 8 at tacked greece and may hope to incorporate mace donia with its valuable aegean port of salonika if the projected yugoslav state or at least in the pro yuld the ous set sical 10n cor nce thus kely 1 fe es a pro ontly ders ents stern shop mal yslav 3 at ace a if pro south slav federation which is backed by russia on july 11 russian troops were said to have drawn up to the greek bulgarian border where inci dents as in macedonia are reported only if the big three conferees at potsdam de vise binding and realistic plans for cooperative super vision of the coming plebiscites in greece and yugo savia would there seem to be hope of assuring sta bility in southeastern europe otherwise if the soviet union now decides openly to support political ups in greece to which britain has heretofore objected there is little doubt that russian interests will conflict with those of the present british govern ment which will surely continue to pursue vigorously its policy of retaining a hold on greek affairs britain has sponsored jointly with the soviet union the leftist regime of marshal tito in yugoslavia and must now anticipate greater russian influence in the dardanelles as well as in the middle east generally the expansion of russian influence in this region however will render britain’s position extremely precarious in the eastern mediterranean unless the aegean approaches to britain's empire lifeline like crete are fully protected russia in the middle east in both tur key and iran moscow’s demands clearly reflect the permanent geographical realities of the area and russia’s security needs moscow’s desire for bases near the dardanelles and a privileged position in the montreux regime governing the straits between the black sea and the mediterranean were presented formally to turkey on june 22 and announced in the press on june 25 although these demands have been tumored for several months since russia denounced the soviet turkish neutrality pact of 1925 on march 20 it has been apparent that relations between the two countries could only be regularized after clari fication of the montreux convention although the traits were demilitarized by the treaty of lausanne of 1923 turkey obtained the right to militarize the atea when the montreux convention was signed in 1936 with respect to the administration of the straits as with respect to tangiers britain will doubtless accept increased russian participation yet in view of its alliance with turkey of 1939 britain will back the turkish claim that any change in the dardanelles must be undertaken under international auspices and that the problem of the straits is not to be dealt with bilaterally between turkey and russia turkey is expected to resist the additional a page three russian demands made known on june 25 for stra tegic bases and for annexation of the former rus sian provinces of kars and ardahan these provinees of some strategic importance since they lie near the juncture of turkey iran and the u.ss.r were given up by the soviet government under the brest litovsk settlement of 1918 their incorporation in turkey was accomplished in the russo turkish treaty of 1921 recent precedents in eastern europe how ever suggest that after prolonged negotiation and after the great powers have adjusted their claims with respect to the dardanelles kars and ardahan will be returned to the soviet union here above all moscow’s policy seems to be motivated by an attempt to rectify the terms imposed on a gravely weakened russia at the time when it withdrew from world war i in iran attention centers on the withdrawal of allied troops from that country in conformity with the pledge to respect iran’s independence given by the big three at teheran in 1943 troops were to be withdrawn within six months after the end of the war and on july 14 london reported that britain had proposed withdrawal of british and russian forces in the near future virtually all american mil itary personnel in the country had already been evacuated more significant however is the con tinued russian press campaign against the present iranian government last autumn the u.s.s.r was balked in obtaining oil and other mineral concessions in northern iran although its demand led to the downfall of the government which has since under gone further changes now pravda on july 9 has urged that the government be reformed once more in iran perhaps more than in any other middle east ern state the soviet union can hope to benefit from internal political pressures certain leftist groups in iran although less well organized than in eastern europe have taken up the plea for a pro russian policy on the part of the iranian government what ever agreement is reached to withdraw military forces in iran british control of the persian gulf and anglo american oil concessions in the southern provinces will inevitably stimulate russia’s desire for greater participation in iranian affairs grant s mcclellan the speeches of general de gaulle new york oxford university press 1944 1.75 this compilation of speeches made between june 18 1940 and december 28 1942 reveals the intense belief and fixed purpose of the french leader foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 40 jury 20 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dornothy f luet secretary vena micueces dean béitor entered as scond class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least oe month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ss produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor si ie etd washington news l etter japan sees its only hope in allied rift on china the conclusion on july 13 of two weeks of talks in moscow between marshal stalin and t v soong premier of china has brought the united states to a critical point in its chinese policy which might undergo radical change at the potsdam conference the moscow conversations which re portedly arrived at no conclusion dashed washing ton’s hopes that the rival governments of china in chungking and yenan would voluntarily unite in a combined regime the possibilities either that the soviet union will agree explicitly to take part in the far eastern war or that japan whose mainland is now subjected to shelling from united states war ships will sue for surrender make the problem of chinese internal political division particularly urgent for the truman administration china poses the one important issue in the world that could pre vent the united states from establishing long term good relations with the u.s.s.r asiatic problems at potsdam through ambassador w averell harriman the united states followed the soong conversations with the serious hope that they would bring agreement between the soviet union and the chungking government which soong represents on two outstanding issues the territorial integrity of northern china and the re organization of the central government soong and stalin apparently reached no agreement on either issue although the door to future negotiation re mains open indifference on moscow’s part toward the attainment of political unity in china or con tinuing reluctance on the part of chungking to seek such unity would jeopardize our present policy and could create a gulf between this country and russia the policy of the united states currently is to co operate with the central government which main tains a military blockade along the borders of the yenan territories controlled by the communists and gently urge that government to reach an under standing with its northern rival truman and his advisers on chinese affairs went to potsdam with the realization that the united states must be‘readf to modify its strictly correct policy of dealiiig only with the recognized govern ment of china ia the absence of chinese unity the united states has to’decide whether it should grant military assistance to thé enan government whose troops are fighting the ja ese separately from the central government troops wajis decision is of crucial for victory importance if russia plans to fight japan for red army forces advancing southward into free ching from siberia againt the japanese would enter firs the region controlled by the yenan regime and mil itary necessity if no other reason would drive the russians to cooperate with that regime even jf russia does not enter the far eastern war it will retain its political interest in northern china 4 border zone and that interest it is expected will lead to sympathetic relations with the yenan regime support of rival chinese factions by the united states and the soviet union could lead to dangerous conflict between the two great powers it should be noted that chungking has recently manifested cool ness toward internal pressure for unity chow ping ling speaking on july 8 to the peoples political council meeting in chungking advocated coopera tion between chungking and yenan on july 9 he protested that official censorship had deleted his te marks from the newspapers japanese hopes aroused the prospect of a disagreement between russia and the united states over china is buoying japan’s hopes in the grim days of its military decline kusuo oya chief of the edi torial department of the tokyo radio said ina broadcast on july 9 no battle beyond okinawa can be planned by america without expecting some col lision in one form or another directly or indirectly with the soviet interests in asia japan has com fidence enough in its ability to expect a dramatic tum of events in the pacific and it is of small concem to the japanese and to their advantage if nobody can understand such confidence this broadcast brings back vivid memories of the situation that existed in germany on the eve of its defeat in germany as in japan political leaders ex pressed utmost confidence a confidence difficult for non germans to understand at that time that some miracle would save the reich in the nick of time german spokesmen like those of japan looked for that miracle to be produced by a clash between the united states and britain on the one hand and russia on the other an american russian misundet standing today regarding relations with china would only redound to the ultimate advantage of japan as a similar misunderstanding about europe would before v.e day have redounded to the advantage of germany blair bolles buy united states war bonds +wc 4 1s entered as 2nd class matter my os general uibrary fr ry valversity of michican ae ann arbor mich 2e foreign policy bulletin free ching enter first e and mil 1 drive the age e even if an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association var it will foreign policy association incorporated china a 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y ected will you xxiv no 41 july 27 1945 lan regime aes the united will big three reconcile fundamental aims at potsdam oer he lack of information about other than social persons involved and the possible basis for com fested cook activities at the potsdam conference has brought promise between conflicting views too many fe 2 ae ping understandable complaints from newspaper report porters still look on discussions among nations as if 5 political es gathered in berlin for this occasion understand they were sport events asking all the time who ed coopera able because the task of reporters is to obtain news won not as they should what chance is there 1 july 9 he yet it is difficult to see how problems of the mag for agreement eted his a nitude and delicacy of those being discussed by the peace main goal of us the chief con big three could be satisfactorily considered in the cern of the united states at this moment is to see to prospect of full glare of daily publicity without arousing prema it that the adjustments which must be made if the nited states mt and perhaps destructive controversy we do not military victories of the united nations are to be e grim days expect business executives or labor leaders or heads translated into peacetime collaboration are appor of the ed of educational institutions to transact their affairs or tioned more or less equally among the big three said iam settle their conflicts at press conferences or before this is a natural concern and president truman ex ykinawa ai microphones why should we expect this of political pressed it well in his brief speech of july 20 in ber some col leaders and diplomats what is important is not that lin when he said let us not forget that we are indirectly negotiations should be carried on in public but that fighting for peace and for the welfare of mankind an has.ai the results of these negotiations should be communi we are not fighting for conquest there is not one ramatic tum ted frankly and promptly to the peoples of the piece of territory or one thing of a monetary nature nall condi world for their discussion and criticism that w e want out of this war we want peace and if nobody responsible press essential with time prosperity for the world as a whole as we all become more accustomed to working to there is an inevitable tendency on our part to feel ories of ml gether in international agencies and as all the that this country is bearing a large share of the bur co eve a united nations we must hope achieve the degree dens of the war especially now in the pacific and leaders of freedom of discussion and freedom of the press to fear that our partners in the big three britain difficult for sting in western europe britain the united or russia will ask for more than we think is their that eal states and the dominions it will become possible due in terms of power and at the same time may ke of ta to discuss openly an increasingly wider area of prob act in their relations with other peoples in a way looked for kms affecting all nations but this objective can be which would not win public approval here it would between iil ultimately attained only if a high degree of respon be dangerous however to foster the impression that hand a sbility in presenting and analyzing the news is main we alone are virtuous while others are either actually n misunder uted by the press of the world at san francisco or potentially wicked true we have no territorial china welll for example there was a disturbing tendency on the or financial designs on europe or africa or the of japan part of even seasoned commentators to fall prey all near and middle east where the security interests rope woul 00 easily to moods of depression about the pros of britain or russia or both are more directly at e advan pects of the conference to criticize this or that na stake than our own but territorial and financial tion to exaggerate controversial issues often with aspirations are not the only national aspirations that boies ae sufficient appreciation of the historic background can disturb other nations when the british or of the problems under discussion the motives of the russians hear americans insisting on a dominant on ds contents of this bulletin may be rebrinted with credit to the foreign policy association position with respect to civil aviation merchant shipping special trade advantages access to oil in this or that area and control of islands in the pacific regarded as necessary for this country’s secur ity they feel they are justified in making comparable claims or in retaining comparable factors of power they already possess big three at work on balance sheet each of the big three at potsdam has something to gain and each looks to its partners to compensate it for such concessions as it is asked to make on some points by concession on others the united states wants two things above all termination of the war in the pacific at the earliest possible moment by a decisive victory over japan and stabilization of eu rope and asia to an extent that will make it possible for the world to look forward as president truman said to the greatest age in the history of mankind the aid of britain and russia is essential for the achievement of both objectives for it is clear that while we and the british are inflicting defeats on japan at sea and in the air we shall need russia’s land forces to oust the japanese from the mainland of china and unless an agreement can be reached be tween the big three concerning a joint policy with respect not only to germany but also to the liberated countries europe could remain a seething cauldron for years to come britain like the united states wants termination of the war in the pacific so that it can turn to the urgent tasks of domestic reconstruction a reconstruction which is an essential preliminary to even partial recovery of britain’s role in world trade and finance and like the united states britain seeks peace and stability in europe having learned at the cost of two bitter wars that conflict on the conti nent will sooner or later engulf the british isles whatever else may be said of russia’s plans in eu rope and asia the soviet government too needs a long period of peace during which it can proceed with the reconstruction of the country’s devastated areas and the creation of a peacetime industry that could supply at least the minimum consumers re page two quirements of the russian people from the point of view of some americans and britishers the pacification of europe is threatened by russia’s attempt to foster the establishment ip countries along its western border of governments it describes as friendly the western powers are consequently pressing for the holding of what would be regarded by their standards as free unfettered elections to determine the will of the peoples ig these countries and for the admission of newspa correspondents who could accurately inform britaip and the united states concerning the situation jp eastern europe and the balkans areas which russia regards as essential for its security from the point of view of the russians the pacification of europe is threatened by the continued existence of régimes like that of franco in spain and the non removal of return to power in some of the countries of wester europe of individuals or groups whom they describe as fascist similarly in asia some americans and britishers regard the chinese communists as an ob stacle to the unification of china which is essential for the successful prosecution of the war and the future stabilization of asia while the russians see certain elements in the chungking government of chiang kai shek as inimical to such unification when all is said and done it is not the territorial or financial or trade issues that present the greatest difficulties at potsdam the most difficult issue is that of bringing to a conclusion the unfinished war that has been raging since the bolshevik revolution of november 1917 concerning the political social and economic shape the modern world is to take it is as if continuous communication had to be estab lished between two hitherto closed vessels of water until the water in the two vessels can reach the same level the problem is not insoluble but it calls for more than territorial or financial adjustments it calls for mental and emotional adjustments on the part of both of the western powers and of russia vera micheles dean franco benefits by lack of united opposition since v e day when general francisco franco lost his axis support the caudillo has made repeated efforts to present to the world the picture of a re formed spain in the hope of improving his coun try’s relations with the allies highlights of franco’s recent attempts along these lines have been the termination of diplomatic relations with japan on april 12 and the conclusion of two air agreements with the united states which concede transit rights to united states airlines reaching spain and give the air transport command permission to construct an airport for allied occupation and relief supplies at barajas outside madrid which some spaniards caus tically label the american gibraltar in addition franco has made some moves toward easing present political restrictions within spain if the new bill of rights approved on july 13 is typical of these re forms however these measures seem instead to con solidate the autocratic power of the state while setting certain limitations on its application which can be lifted at will the conclusion is inescapable that franco’s reform program including the waiver of political and civil charges resulting from the civil war the restoration of some civil liberties and freedom of the press the promise of municipal and provincial elections and so forth is a temporaty attempt t side spai the régim new concessio where changes franco f that gen jnate sof ment it sibly sur united franco 2 the worl the span jntentior panish the fala the tion in t of the n composi posedly cabinet support of any changes germar cede so sentativ divided if th to the the mo the fal gardins fruitles of kir in 193 er the jus t ricans and threatened shment in vernments dowers are vhat would unfettered peoples in newspaper rm britaip tuation jp ich russia 1 point of europe is f régimes emoval or of wester y describe ricans and as an ob s essential r and the issians see rment of cation territorial le greatest it issue is ished war revolution cal social s to take be estab of water 1 the same t calls for ments it its on the of russia s dean addition 1g present w bill of these re ad to con ite while on which escapable iding the ting from liberties municipal femporaty attempt to assuage public opinion within and out side spain rather than a genuine effort to liberalize the régime new falange reshuffle that the recent concessions do little to fulfil popular demand is no where more apparent than in the recent cabinet changes as the date of the ninth anniversary of the franco régime drew near it was widely believed that general franco would take this occasion to elim inate some of the party’s influence in the govern ment it was thought that the régime could not pos sibly survive the axis downfall especially after the united nations at san francisco had barred the franco government as axis supported from joining the world security organization in his july 17 speech the spanish leader however unexpectedly stated his intention of eventually restoring the traditional spanish monarchy and reaffirmed the position of the falange movement the new cabinet which supposedly will func tion in the period leading up to the re establishment of the monarchy is still predominantly falangist in composition on the other hand although five sup posedly monarchist sympathizers were appointed to cabinet positions none of them is said to have the support either of don juan the heir presumptive or of any other monarchist groups in short the cabinet changes appear intended to remove notoriously pro german falangists on the one hand and to con cede some participation in the government to repre sentatives of the strongest conservative groups in divided spain on the other hand if the caudillo is indeed giving serious thought to the feasibility of establishing a royal successor the monarchy would be only a puppet régime with the falange manipulating the strings speculation re gatding a possible figurehead for such a régime is fruitless except in the case of don juan third son of king alfonso xiii who renounced the throne in 1931 widely regarded as the legitimate pretend er the claims of other aspirants to the throne are page three just out the san francisco conference with text of charter by vera micheles dean 25c order from foreign policy association 22 east 38th st new york 16 hopelessly involved don juan himself on march 23 issued a manifesto disapproving franco’s internal and foreign policies and calling on him to relinquish wer in favor of constitutional monarchy franco’s powers of survival if franco is strong today his strength lies mainly in the divi sion among his opponents both those who remained in spain and those who live in exile only a few months ago dissident spaniards believed that the generalissimo with or without the falange could not outlast an axis defeat and that the transition to representative government could even be effected without further civil war now it appears that the al ternative to his going may be a recurrence of that internecine strife which has so tragically punctuated the past century of spanish history the present ré gime is well aware that the exiled leaders of the left have been no more able to compose their differ ences than they were during the period of the bel ligerent republican government it would not be surprising if during their long period of exile the former leaders find that in their concern over the formalist structure of the government in exile they have drifted away from their supporters in spain added to this dispersion of leadership is the separ atist tendency of the catalan and basque states which however well founded further complicates the task of achieving unity within the opposition abroad too franco’s position does not seem to have been undermined by the end of the european war although the united states and britain have urged the spanish leader to adopt more liberal domestic policies neither of the great powers ap pears inclined to force the issue of franco’s future status it has been britain's traditional policy to cul tivate spain which lies athwart the atlantic ap proaches to the mediterranean and its need for spanish iron ore has strengthened this close relation ship while united states trade with spain is of little significance this country is interested in spain as an important entry point for its burgeoning air traffic with europe and in general seems willing to follow british policy with regard to that country as its vote at san francisco on the question of spain’s admission to the united nations demonstrated the united states does not approve of franco’s foreign policy yet it considers that the question whether franco is to stay or go is purely a domestic problem to be de cided by the spanish people themselves with the least possible amount of civil disorder o.live holmes foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 41 jury 27 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dornotmy f lurr secretary vara micue tes daan aditor eatered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year one month for change of address on membership pwhlications please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year eb predaced under umen conditions and comspesed and printed by union labor ag pss es eee ee a se sses mugen ere se as aie arise ee i se ee aaa a 1918 washington news letter unrra crisis reveals need to unify relief agencies confronted with the possibility of widespread starvation in europe during the coming winter the united nations relief and rehabilitation adminis tration at this critical moment lacks the money sup plies and authority it requires in order to give relief to the war battered populations of europe shipping is now available but unrra more than once has been unable to obtain the goods needed to fill the holds of vessels bound for the eastern european area where it is directly responsible for relief a well intentioned regulation which provides that unrra should hand over the distribution of supplies to local political agencies has resulted in greece at least in distribution based on favoritism rather than need moreover unrra has no food resources of its own it can only beg its member countries to contribute the commodities for which europe is calling as a result the problem of relief needs abroad is certain to confront americans with a difficult decision unrra director general herbert h lehman speaking in rome on july 10 suggested that full satisfaction of the relief program may cause tighten ing of belts in the united states but on the same day the new secretary of agriculture clinton p anderson said that the united states cannot feed the world confusion of relief agencies at the present time unrra competes for materials with two other agencies that are providing relief abroad the army and the foreign economic administration unrra has relief jurisdiction over only six south ern and eastern european countries albania czechoslovakia greece italy yugoslavia and po land fea through lend lease is supplying relief to britain the soviet union france belgium the netherlands norway australia and china while the army civil affairs division has charge of relief in germany austria and the united states opera tional areas in the far east a vital need is central ization of relief work either by some sort of consol idation of the three undertakings as suggested by representative everett m dirksen republican of illinois in hearings of the house appropriations committee on june 14 or by the creation of a super relief council that can give authoritative orders to governments to cooperate with unrra on a broader scale than present standards make possible as sug gested by sir arthur salter former unrra deputy director in a letter to the london times on april 16 for victory buy united the appropriations assigned to unrra are small compared with the amounts allotted the lend lease relief programs its authorized budget is 2,500,000 000 a sum it has not yet received in full the united states is pledged to contribute more than any other single country 1,350,000,000 of which 793,000 000 has been made available as compared with te lief estimates totaling 913,000,000 for the six coun tries of eastern and southeastern europe for the sec ond half of 1945 in addition unrra has the costly tasks of caring for and directing homeward displaced persons in europe and of operating refugee camps in north africa by contrast fea during the fiscal year that began on july 1 plans to lend lease 750,000,000 worth of food for britain and 500,000,000 for the soviet union asiatic areas as well as funds for liber ated western european countries and areas of the pacific the needs of western europe are obviously great british rations have gone down since v e day and the london housewife can now obtain only one ounce of fat a week for frying purposes the caloric consumption in france today is but 2,150 belgium 1,795 holland 1,650 and norway 1,115 mean while severe droughts have seriously reduced wheat supplies in french north africa and especially in australia nor is food the only relief problem in europe ranking in order of gravity behirid coal transportation housing and communications unrra london conference the world will have an opportunity to reconsider the whole problem of relief in august when unrra holds its third general conference in london the first was in atlantic city in november 1943 and the second in montreal in september 1944 to any suggestion made in london for consolidation of relief the objection may be raised that the functions of unrra lend lease and the army are distinct that the first distributes relief gifts to countries unable to finance their own program the second supports coun tries where civil order is necessary for american re deployment and which are assisting or will assist us in the pacific and the third is administering a bare subsistence program as an integral part of military operations either combat or occupation yet in es sence all three perform the same task all three feed clothe and medicate men women and children they can do it better in unity than in competition bla bolles states war bonds ee yo x x11 he re july 2 yhelmin wice bef men have before hz in parlias the vote srvative governm in doing dynamic though populari attlee take his ore of the post ame l leader hugh d lor of tl designat lab tion wit cussions august parliam will be the kin terms tl may el it the pursue questio party which adeq ua +j l are small lend lease 2,500,000 he united any other 793,000 d with re e six coun or the sec s the costly 1 displaced gee camps that began d worth of the soviet for liber eas of the obviously e v e day n only one the caloric belgium 15 mean iced wheat pecially in sroblem in hirid coal ons the world the whole a holds its first was in second in suggestion relief the nections of tinct that s unable to ports coun nerican fe ll assist us ing a bare of military yet in es three feed dren they n bolles nds aug 1 3 1945 entered as 2nd class matter general library mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y you xxiv no 42 aueust 8 1945 he results of the british elections announced on july 25 prove to have been a surprising and over helming victory for the labor party although wice before in the inter war period labor spokes men have directed his majesty's government never iefore has the labor party held an absolute majority in parliament in the first general election since 1935 the voters on july 5 conclusively repudiated con grvative party or coalition rule so characteristic of government in britain during the past generation in doing so britain has also turned from the recent dynamic war leadership of winston churchill al though all observers attest to his continued personal popularity the new prime minister clement r attlee before his return on july 27 to potsdam to tke his place among the big three announced the ore of his cabinet in which ernest bevin will hold the post of foreign secretary herbert morrison be ame lord president of the council and will act as kader of the house of commons in this capacity hugh dalton took over the treasury post as chancel lt of the exchequer while sir stafford cripps was designated as president of the board of trade labor’s program and power specula tion with respect to the domestic and foreign reper assions of labor’s victory will continue well beyond august 15 the date set for the opening of the new patliament and the speech from the crown which will be prepared by the labor ministers although the king’s speech can be expected to chart in broad lms the aims of the new government many months may elapse before definite legislation is introduced it the commons indicating the course britain will pursue particularly in internal reforms the main question asked by americans is whether the labor party will implement the many socialist aims with which it has been so long identified its program of adequate housing greater social security revival of unsolved problems challenge britain’s labor party export trade and full employment differs little from the stated aims of the conservative party but labor’s long term plans to nationalize the mines inland transport and other public utilities certain heavy industries like steel and the bank of england mark the socialist character of the new government yet the british laborites can not be called doc trinaire theorists nor are the prime minister and some of his prominent followers extreme socialists moreover it is agreed that the mandate of the new government also includes the votes of large sections of the middle class who have not heretofore been identified with the labor party many of the most able new leaders represent the trade union movement in the party historically its most numerous as well as its more conservative element it is to be noted how ever that of all important british parties labor makes the least distinction between its parliamentary party and the national party for laborites wheth er in parliament or not are bound by the rather rigid discipline imposed by the party’s constitution for this reason the more articulate and radical ex ponents like harold j laski who is at present chairman of the executive committee of the na tional labor party carry some weight in parlia mentary circles unlike the situation in 1924 or 1929 when labor was in power with j ramsay macdonald as prime minister the new government will be under no ob ligation to defer to lesser liberal parties for adequate support britain may indeed face a return to full two party government rather than consecutive coalitions made up of many disparate elements in addition the labor cabinet brings to power men of long ex perience in parliament who for the past five years have shared full responsibility for the conduct of the war government under the new mandate given by the electorate the labor party will doubtless be contents of this bulletin may be rebrinted with credit to the foreign policy association able to abandon much of its former cautiousness in tackling the reforms it has been urging labor looks abroad but irrespective of party differences both britain’s internal problems and its foreign position will remain relatively con stant all observers agree that trade expansion re mains britain’s most urgent task the crucial need to revive and materially expand export trade how ever will prove no easier for the labor party than it would have been for the conservatives yet full em ployment increased social welfare benefits educa tional advances health improvement and housing all depend on the reconstruction of british foreign trade labor has contended that nationalization of the country’s basic industries and services would best aid this program of internal reforms but neither the party nor individual laborites have urged any drastic change in britain’s foreign economic policy britain under a labor government must hope not only to reconstruct its domestic industries it must also immediately seek an improvement in its foreign trade position for this reason it is expected that the new government will energetically maintain empire commonwealth relationships in india the labor party may adopt a more aggressive approach in fos tering indian self government since the simla con ference between the indian nationalists and the page two se viceroy lord wavell broke down on july 14 buy in the past the labor party has not differed sharply from the conservatives on india and it is question able whether the new government will favor q drastic readjustment of britain's economic ties with india britain may also find that the attitude of the united states toward the labor party’s plans for na tionalization will hamper the achievement of british economic aims abroad press reports indicate that cer tain american business interests are fearful lest aid to britain assist in subsidizing wholesale nationaliza tion abroad yet britain must necessarily remain de pendent on united states economic assistance at least during the reconversion period irrespective of hesitancy or fear in this country about the prospects of socialization by labor if britain's problems te main unchanged however so does the necessity for anglo american cooperation in economic relations only by jointly attacking the problem of expanding trade increasing productivity and assuring full em ployment in the world’s two most highly developed industrial centers can both britain and the united states tackle the urgent tasks of domestic reconstruc tion under conditions of international economic and political stability grant s mcclellan u.s interest requires cooperation with attlee government the senate's ratification of the united nations charter on july 28 by an overwhelming majority of 89 to 2 and the election of the labor party in britain on july 5 by a sweeping vote that surprised both its friends and foes should have a strongly stabiliz ing influence on europe at a moment when that war torn continent faces a grim winter that could all too easily become a season of dangerous discontent by ratifying the charter promptly and with prac tically no dissent the senate has sought to give in controvertible evidence that this country is deter mined not to return to a policy of isolation from the rest of the world and is ready to assume its share of responsibility for the prevention and suppression of aggression ratification of charter only first step even more encouraging is the growing recog nition that the charter is but the first step toward the creation of an effective system of international security true some of the senators who voted for the charter expressed doubts about its efficacy and others mades mental reservations about its future implementation but outstanding senators notably ball of minnesota republican and fulbright of arkansas democrat showed that they are fully aware of the fact that an attempt might be made to empty the charter of all content by limiting the power of the american delegate on the security council and the use of the military forces this coun try is pledged to place at the disposal of the united nations organization to avert this possibility pres ident truman in a message from potsdam on july 28 stated that he will submit the agreement specify ing our military assistance to the united nations or ganization for ratification by a majority of both houses of congress not by a two thirds majority of the senate where an attempt might have been made to whittle down this countty’s obligations under the charter the senate’s action should assure other countries that they can count on continued and responsible participation by the united states in world affaits the victory of the labor party gives hope on another point that a political transition portending impor tant economic and social adjustments can be effected in orderly fashion by a democracy in spite of all the strain and suffering borne by the british during si years of war those to whom the phrase labor party spells revolution and anarchy immediately jumped to the conclusion that the swing to labor would encourage a leftist trend in europe actually a trend to the left has been increasingly noticeable all over the continent since 1939 the peoples of europe like the british have shown a profound yearning for change for something as different 4 possible from the conditions that favored or at leas a did not ried ou furope democré expressi yolve crimina and the growth 1939 o eur the gre vailing countric could b reactiot nazis fo equé treme the mc middle progre the pro unders autocra was n vistula from seemec ments the sal danget perate econor turn te poli foreig geogre fer fr ju foreic headqu second one moi a july 14 but ered sharply 1s question ill favor a uc ties with tude of the lans for na nt of british cate that cer rful lest aid nationaliza 7 remain de sistance at espective of he prospects sroblems te necessity for ic relations f expanding ing full em y developed the united cc reconstruc onomic and clellan nment es this coun f the united sibility pres jam on july nent specify nations or ity of both majority of e been made 1s under the er countries responsible rorld affairs e on another ding impor n be effected te of all the h during six rase labor immediately ng to labor pe actually ly noticeable peoples of a profound different as d or at least did not avert their defeat such change can be car ried out peacefully in the countries of western furope which like britain have a long tradition of democracy and established machinery for the free expression of the popular will but change may in yolve and has already involved violence and re gimination in countries like some in eastern europe and the balkans where conditions favorable to the growth of political democracy had not existed before 1939 or had barely begun to develop europe needs strong middle parties the greatest danger to europe’s future was the pre vailing feeling on the part of moderate groups in all countries that little or nothing in the way of change could be achieved by peaceful means that to defeat reactionary elements which had shown affinities with nazism and fascism it would be necessary to turn to equally brutal and arbitrary elements on the ex treme left britain’s bloodless transition will hearten the moderates and europe urgently needs strong middle groups which are eager to work for social progress but unwilling to sacrifice human liberties in the process of achieving it the experience of russia understandable in terms of that country’s history of autocratic political rule and economic backwardness was not a guide for most of europe west of the vistula yet in the absence of constructive leadership from britain and the united states which often seemed fearful of change and ready to support ele ments regarded by the europeans as reactionary for the sake of maintaining order there was a growing danger that more and more europeans made des perate by years of war subjection to nazi rule and economic dislocation in the wake of liberation would turn to russia for guidance in the post war period political change as ernest bevin the new british foreign secretary once observed does not alter geography and the laborites may not markedly dif fer from the conservatives on many issues of for just published roosevelt’s foreign policy by blair bolles 25c an appraisal of the fundamental changes in the foreign policy of the united states from negative isolationism to responsible international cooperation which took place during the roosevelt administration august 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 page three eign policy affecting britain’s security what will change is not the basic motif of british foreign pol icy but its mode of application its tone the attlee government has an opportunity to provide a strong balance wheel in europe not against russia be cause the laborites are in a far better position than the conservatives to seek genuine cooperation with russia free from both suspicion and sentimentality but against the feeling of futility and despair that was spreading over the continent like a creeping paralysis threatening to destroy the last vestiges of democracy it is of the utmost importance that the american people should understand this situation and should not through uninformed fear of what the labor gov ernment may do to private enterprise range the united states against britain on the major issues of our times we must remember that such feeble ef forts as were made by the countries of europe be fore 1939 to dam the rising tide of nazism were balked again and again by fear in london that so cialism as typified by the moderate blum 3zovern ment in france might prove a threat to britain dis astrous as this attitude proved for europe it also proved disastrous for britain until in the dark days of dunkerque the british by sharing the sufferings of the continent recovered the sympathy of their european neighbors had a conservative government been returned by a large majority britain might have drifted farther and farther apart from europe the labor party which shares the aspirations of mod erate europeans for social progress based on personal freedom now has a chance to recapture for britain the position of leadership it enjoyed in the nineteenth century as the proponent of political democracy and the defender of human liberties vera m dean correction the foreign policy association is very happy to correct an error that inadvertently occurred in the washington news letter published in the foreign policy bulletin of july 6 1945 in that letter blair bolles stated that foreign service examinations would be given to 400 members of the armed ser vices the correct information is that in coopera tion with the war and navy departments the de partment of state is holding an examination on no vember 19 and 20 to recruit approximately 400 for eign service officers unclassified from the armed services foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 42 august 3 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dornotuy f luger secretary vena micuzeies dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one month for change of address on membership publications three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ss produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington neus letter se soft peace advocates encourage japan to fight on their hopes for the return of peace aroused by the intensive bombing raids and naval shellings to which the allied forces are subjecting japan the american people today are tempted to hurry the war to its conclusion by steps which in reality can only pro long it an ever growing number of american journalists and political spokesmen have been urging since early in may that the allies announce a surrender policy for japan based on some consideration besides un conditional surrender senator warren magnuson democrat of washington told the senate on july 24 that such appeals serve only to encourage the enemy to fight on in the hope of obtaining better terms president truman on july 26 accepted in part the argument of the advocates of modified surrender policy with winston churchill and generalissimo chiang kai shek he issued to japan an ultimatum which while retaining the unconditional surrender formula offered in vague words a set of terms for post capitulation treatment far easier than those pro jected for germany the japanese government at once demonstrated the soundness of magnuson’s pre diction by rejecting the ultimatum japan faces the crisis the japanese gov ernment has exploited the movement in this country for modification of unconditional surrender to stiffen popular resistance japanese propagandists are tak ing advantage of every possible weak point in this country’s international relations they stress amer ican uncertainty with respect to russia’s intentions in asia and advise the chinese government to doubt the aims of the united states at the same time the japanese government is pre paring the population for a serious military test with the allies in the home islands the tokyo newspaper asahi on july 25 warned that a gigantic offensive against the islands has now entered upon its most decisive stage on the same day general jiro minami president of the totalitarian party the po litical association of great japan predicted that further difficulties lie ahead for the japanese in the form of intensified raids and the strain of liv ing conditions the japanese people are different from the german nation prime minister suzuki is quoted as saying by asahi when the japanese fight with their backs to the wall they will most assuredly display tremendous power when the worst comes to the worst they will show their true mettle for victory buy united states war bonds the japanese nevertheless permit signs of war weariness and apathy to enter their published and broadcast reports takeo tada naval minister said on july 19 among the people it is regrettable that there are some who discouraged by the real facts of this fierce war become resigned to an attitude of aimless and destructive disinterest and abandonment or those who are cartied off by an impatient frame of mind neglect their duties and become idle and resentful the unsatisfactory food situation cop tributes to this attitude the ration of staple food stuffs was cut 10 per cent for the summer months the japanese board of technology is trying to popu larize the consumption of acorns whose nourish ment is equivalent to whole rice according to the japanese radio inflation now threatens further to shake the people’s support of the war u.s prepares for the finish although the truman churchill chiang ultimatum can be read as an invitation to the japanese people to put pres sure on their leaders the military campaign planning of the united states assumes that civilian discontent will not cause the japanese resistance to collapse until it is obvious that the military situation is hope less that point has not yet been reached the jap anese still have material for continuing the war ina large army and in a supply of aircraft which current ly are being held back from the struggle the mountainous terrain of the japanese islands gives the enemy hope that an invasion will prove a difficult feat but the overwhelming comparative strength of the allied forces is certain to force japan into an exhausted defeat unless advocates of soft surrender in this country weaken our military operations by a renewal of their campaign to forestall such a devel opment president truman would be wise on his return from potsdam to explain not to the japanese but to the american people the issues at stake in the far eastern war blair bolles china’s crisis by lawrence k rosinger research ass ciate on the far east foreign policy association new york alfred a knopf 1945 3.00 believing that our historic friendship for china has been compounded of excessive sentimentality mr rosinger has sought to present a realistic study of the political forces at work in china the economic crisis and the conflict between chungking and the communist régime in yenan mr rosinger contends that liberal reforms in china will con tribute to closer cooperation in the far east among all the great powers russia included you x2 wi he of and int althou new w impet ing ov nants the ru the asked soon t still to far gr recons chine his ste the ja they like o but it the th sea ar they which man the p japan point could atom th many fore of th dam cance w +e of ent ame and con iths dpu rish the r to ugh read dres ning itent apse ope jap ina rent the s the cult h of an nder by a evel his nese the es a ss0 new been r has es at ween mr con g all entered as 2nd class matter veusral liorary vaiversity of wichizan ann arhor wichiean foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiv no 43 auoust 10 1945 will atomic bomb make invasion of japan unnecessary ae atomic bomb which struck the japanese city of hiroshima on august 5 will alter the outlook and intensify the problems of our entire civilization although at this moment the exact effects of the new weapon are unknown we can be sure that the impenetrable cloud of dust and smoke still hang ing over hiroshima hides from our view the rem nants of much of our present day world as well as the ruins of an enemy army center the first question that most americans must have asked themselves is whether the war with japan will soon be over as a result of the atomic bomb it is still too early to give an answer but there is now a far greater possibility than before that tokyo will reconsider its rejection of the anglo american chinese ultimatum issued at potsdam on july 26 in his statement of august 6 president truman told the japanese that if they do not accept these terms they may expect a rain of ruin from the air the like of which has never been seen on this earth rut it is important to note that he followed this with the threat that behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already aware evidently mr tru man does not feel that the new discovery excludes the possibility of our having to land and fight on japanese soil nevertheless if matters come to this point our problems ought to be far simpler than we could have imagined before the development of atomic explosives the announcements of august 6 have crowded many other subjects into the background it is there fore all the more important that we pick up the lines of thought that were dropped so soon after the pots dam conference and that we appreciate the signifi cance of that meeting for the far east while the big three were still in session the contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association suggestion was made in this country that they might issue a joint ultimatum demanding japan’s uncondi tional surrender actually what emerged from the conference was the three power declaration of july 26 signed by the united states britain and china and not by the soviet union although the russians may have been in on the discussions it is no exag geration however to say that the potsdam declara tion of the big three was a severe blow to tokyo’s hopes that in some way it could secure a nego tiated peace the unity of the leading powers on the future of germany the most important problem be fore them and the stern measures adopted to destroy the economic and political foundations of german might must strike fear into the hearts of japanese leaders this seems particularly true in view of the use of the atomic bomb alternatives for japan when the anglo american chinese ultimatum to japan was re jected by premier suzuki the potsdam decisions on germany were still in the making and the existence of the atomic bomb was an allied secret today tokyo is in a position to realize the consequences of continued resistance and to compare the terms of the ultimatum with those imposed on a partner nation which refused to surrender short of utter defeat the german state has completely disappeared for the time being german industry is to be reduced to a shadow of its former strength and large sections of the pre war reich have been assigned to poland and russia on the other hand the potsdam ultimatum to japan although demanding total disarmament punishment of war criminals the break up of the japanese em pire and the end of war industry promised a limited occupation confined to designated points terti torial integrity of the home islands access to raw materials from abroad eventual participation in world trade and withdrawal of the occupying forces ee ee al aug 1 7 1945 ss eas after there has been established in accordance with the freely expressed will of the japanese people a peacefully inclined and cesponsible government al though the language of the ultimatum admits of more than one interpretation the general tenor of the note suggested that the japanese state would not be destroyed and that japan would be allowed to retain the emperor system if the other conditions were met japan's rejection of the potsdam ultimatum was the first practical test of official allied efforts to split the emperor and associated circles from the extreme militarist clique in the ruling coalition previously the soundness or unsoundness of this approach had been entirely a matter of theory now under the impact of the japanese rejection some american commentators are urging that we alter our policy by seeking to drive a wedge between the japanese people and their rulers as a whole rather than be tween different sections of the japanese leaders this is a sensible point of view for the time has cer tainly come to recognize that our enemy is the entire japanese state with its aggressive political and eco nomic structure centered about the emperor but it would be a mistake to think that if we concentrate on the people of japan we will have to give up our page two after the accomplishment of allied objectives and efforts to split japan’s ruling groups splitting the tokyo government on the contrary the more effectively we divide the japanese people from their rulers the more success ful will we be in sharpening whatever differences there are inside the tokyo government for it js obvious that when a régime is in a state of military crisis it tends to fly apart more easily if it is at the same time under strong pressure from its own people than if it is able to operate with an assurance of domestic stability and is obliged to think only of the foreign enemy at present our propaganda to japan is quite prop erly centered on the effects of atomic bombings but it would be a mistake to imagine that political ques tions have ceased to be of importance to us it is pos sible that our new weapon may of itself be enough to force the japanese to yield but we do not yet know this to be a fact and in any event the political issues that have occupied our attention in wartime will still face us in a defeated japan although in somewhat changed form despite the development of the atomic bomb this is still a political and eco nomic world and the existence of superior weapons ought to be accompanied by the development of a superior policy lawrence k rosinger big three settle allied accounts with germany at potsdam the potsdam declaration issued on august 2 at the close of what history is to know as the berlin conference has as its central theme the liquidation of germany's military power and its industrial poten tialities to wage war in the future germany is not broken up into three or four states as had been pro posed earlier by some allied commentators the big three agree that in the four zones of occupation american british russian and french uniform treatment shall be accorded to the german popula tion so far as is practicable and that during the period of occupation germany will be treated as a single economic unit the unification of the allies policy toward germany which was urgently needed is thus provided for but german territory does not remain intact it is in reality split into two areas the area east of the oder which is to be divided between russia and poland pending final determination of their re spective western frontiers and the area west of the oder divided into the four allied zones of occupa tion most of east prussia cradle of prussian mil itarism including the city of koenigsberg is assigned to russia the remainder of east prussia the port of danzig a bone of contention between germany and poland during the inter war years and silesia rich in coal and industrial installations is assigned to poland in compensation for eastern poland taken by russia in 1939 this territorial exchange had been approved in principle at the yalta con ference in spite of france’s often proclaimed desire for the rhineland no territorial cessions in the west are envisaged in the potsdam declaration territorial cessions create future threat no one familiar with the sufferings and depredations inflicted by the germans on neighbor ing nations would urge a soft peace or any at rangement calculated to perpetuate germany's mili tary power but it may well be asked whether the big three are not making to poland a dubious and potentially dangerous gift true the potsdam dec laration provides for the transfer of german popula tions not only in poland but also in hungary and czechoslovakia which remembers all too vividly the problem created by the presence of three and a half million sudeten germans within its borders this transfer which will at least forestall agitation by german minority groups for reunion with the reich was already under way the big three however agree that any transfers that take place should be effected in an orderly and humane manner and fe quest the governments of germany's three eastern neighbors to suspend further expulsions until they have had time to examine the reports of their repre sentatives on the allied control council concerning the time and rate at which further transfers could of a in ge on sire west and bor af nili the and yula and y the half this 1 by eich ever d be d re stern they epre ning ould iecarried out having regard to the present situation jp germany germany's territorial losses and the transfer to the reich of german populations estimated at between j0and 15 million are bound to have serious reper qssions on the german economy whose activities ye drastically curtailed by the potsdam declaration jt was to be expected that all production of items directly necessary to a war economy would be igidly controlled and restricted to germany's ap wed post war peacetime needs that productive apacity not needed for permitted production would ie removed or destroyed and that the production of arms ammunition and implements of war would be prohibited and prevented in view of the monop dlistic far reaching control exercised by certain ger mn industries through cartels and other arrange ments it was also to be expected that provision would be made for decentralization of german eonomy two zones of reparations for the col kction of reparations germany is again divided into two areas russia is free to remove food machinery tools and so on from the area it occupies with the proviso that out of its share it is to settle poland’s daims to reparations the claims of the united sates britain and other countries entitled to repa rations including presumably france are to be met from the zones occupied by the western powers aid from germany's assets abroad russia already ich in gold makes no claim to gold captured by the allies in germany but it is accorded 25 per cent of feparations from the western zone of this share 15 per cent to be collected in the first place from the metallurgical chemical and machine manufacturing industries unnecessary for the german peace econ omy is to be exchanged for an equivalent value of food coal potash timber petroleum and so on from the russian occupied zone and 10 per cent isto be transferred to russia on account of repara tions without payment or exchange of any kind the potsdam declaration provides that in organ zing the german economy primary emphasis shall be given to the development of agriculture and peaceful domestic industries this is a desirable objective provided germany retains areas capable of producing sufficient food for its population it is in this connection particularly that the assignment of germany's richest agricultural areas in the east to poland and russia plus the transfer of several mil lion germans into an agriculturally impoverished page three reich raise serious questions as to the viability of the economic plans drawn up for post war germany the aim of the berlin conferees an aim that will have the hearty approval of all of germany’s victims is to maintain in germany living standards not exceeding the average of the standards of living of european countries exclusive of britain and rus sia this is important if germany's neighbors are to recover from the losses of manpower technical skill and productive resources they suffered during the war but the european countries which proved economically and militarily unable to resist ger many will benefit only negatively from arrangements projected for germany's economy unless the big three aid them to develop their economies to the level attainable by the technically superior germans and provide them with the manufactured goods they need in quantities and at prices comparable to the terms that might otherwise be offered by a peaceable german industry the potsdam declaration provides in every conceivable way for methods to make ger many weak but it is strikingly barren of provisions to make the rest of europe strong such provisions must find a place in future agree ments to be negotiated by the council of ministers of the big five created at the berlin conference which is to have its headquarters in london this council will have as its first task the drawing up of peace treaties with other ex enemy countries italy rumania hungary and bulgaria but in the course of settling allied accounts with germany and its satellites we must not forget the needs and aspira tions of countries in europe which bore the brunt of german aggression and are now struggling with painful problems of rehabilitation it would be com forting to believe that germany's lightning con quest of europe was due solely to its superior mil itary and industrial power but the trial of marshal pétain the memoirs of reynaud the diaries of ciano all underline a lesson we should have learned long ago that fundamental political and economic weaknesses in countries attacked or threatened by the germans greatly facilitated hitler's initial vic tories these weaknesses must be clearly understood and unremittingly corrected if we are to give the germans an example of how to reconstruct their life on a democratic and peaceful basis as pro vided in the potsdam declaration and if we are to discover for ourselves how to assure conditions of security and stability for the rest of the world vera micheles dean poreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 43 augusr 10 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dororuy f last secretary vara micnnizs duan ezitor entered as ttcond class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address om membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year s produced under union conditions and compesed and printed by union labor lo oo oo ee eee eee oe eee a ie bor as chis ae pr aas eeeee ee e eyee nat i washington news letter sex ws potsdam program for germany spells new european econommy by their decision to weaken the german economy the big three at potsdam undertook a task that must be well done or the prospect of peace will be endan gered the potsdam agreement among president truman prime minister attlee and marshal stalin announced on august 2 eliminates germany as the industrial heart of europe that bold step was taken in the face of advice from a number of experts in both the united states and britain that to reduce drastically germany's industrial potential would mean a serious lowering of the general european economic level since however this has been done the potsdam program should be followed by agree ment on a plan for establishing easy commercial in terchange and a workable economic interdependency among non german european states which will not only maintain but elevate pre war economic condi tions on the continent the potsdam negotiators stressed their determination to isolate germany eco nomically in their announced desire to reduce the need for imports by that country the absence of imports would make it unnecessary for germany to develop an export industry as the means of financing imports and therefore further reduce its chances of returning to its pre war status as one of the world’s major industrial powers economic sections reflect american views the economic sections of the potsdam agreement reflect in large measure the suggestions of the united states delegation and indicate that pres ident truman is committing this country to long term participation in european affairs having as sumed a share of the responsibility for the future of germany the united states can ill neglect the future of its neighbors the economic settlement of germany is set forth in two chapters of the potsdam agreement the chap ter on economic principles aims at elimination of the industrial cartels by which the reich tied to itself the economies of close and distant neighbors in stead it guides germany toward the development of agricultural pursuits and small industries rather than the machine age enterprises that for a century have been the backbone of the reich the chapter on reparations requiring that ger many submit to removal of industrial capital equip ment to the soviet union britain the united states and other countries entitled to reparations facil itates the reich’s movement toward an agricultural for victory buy united states war bonds economy the granting to poland of a portion of germany up to the oder deprives it of additional heavy industry and fuel resources the reparations settlement carrying out the policy of reparations in kind agreed on at the crime conference in february sets germany on an entire ly different road from the one it traveled after worlj war i the versailles peace called for monet reparations it thus led economists of the stature of john maynard keynes to urge bolstering of the ger man economy because the more it produced and sold the more easily it could meet the reparations debt the new approach to reparations does not of course give complete assurance that international tensions will not arise after this war but it is based on more realistic concept of the relation between victor and vanquished the economic agreement underlined the unity of the three powers represented at potsdam the agreed that during the period of occupation ger many shall be treated as a single economic unit de spite the fact that the country is divided into zones of occupation however the complete economic set tlement of germany must await an ancillary under standing with france which not represented at pots dam advocates the severance from germany of three major industrial regions the saar which france is said to want for itself the rhineland which it prob ably will seek in the name of security and the ruhr after all agreements have been completed however the question will remain whether the new germany can provide at least a subsistence standard of living for its large population improves u.s security the united states buttressed its security through the agreement in the economic principles chapter that at the earliest prac ticable date the germany economy shall be decentral ized for the purpose of eliminating the present ex cessive concentration of economic power as exempli fied in particular by cartels syndicates trusts and other monopolistic arrangements the international cartel especially i g farben was one of germanys chief agencies of influence in the latin american re publics where the united states combatted nazi con trol long before this country actually entered the wat the cartel also brought about the alliance of many important american industries with german entet prises a situation which this country wishes to pre vent from recurring in the future bair bolles 491 +aug 2 3 1945 libs i ue unt aa entered as 2nd class matter az vine bi ve of of pre q anny a yt vas san ri 9 meas tenge al roem sh wry tle yop ary foreign policy bulletin rs an interpretation of current intinhadilonal events by the research staff of the foreign policy association orld foreign policy association incorporated tary 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y re of vou xxiv no 44 aueust 17 1945 gerfo sli wictory over japan ushers in acute period in far east yr h japan’s acceptance of unconditional sur domei broadcast and later retracted an imperial an render on august 14 the second world war communiqué reporting the launching of an offensive has passed into history it was only after the gravest against the allied armies along all fronts still on 4 ss eae bir ee ctor indecision that tokyo recognized the inevitability of more enlightening is the text of an editorial in the defeat for behind the wall of secrecy that separates ry of japan from the rest of the world an intense political they struggle apparently went on between those leaders ger who considered it necessary to yield and others who de wished to continue the war or at any rate to avoid ones wiconditional surrender the main factors respon eg sle for the crisis were the use of the atom bomb by ie the united states and the entrance of soviet forces pots ito manchuria and korea where they have made three significant advances in a brief period of operations ce jg lnese two events were decisive for japan’s military tob situation which was already highly precarious be uh use they opened up the japanese homeland to the possibility of early invasion while immediately un dermining the japanese position on the continent of asia japan’s unity shaken the tokyo press states cording to the japanese radio has emphasized as 1 the sever before the need for national unity and obedi prac me to the emperor this type of appeal to the atral people reflected the sharpness of differences within ta the government for the call to unity could be the pli prelude either to unconditional surrender or to a and ection of the allied position apparently in their ional sperate internal conflict over the best way of meet any's ing the current crisis japan’s rulers were anxiously nre ging national unity in the hope that whoever con merged victorious among the top clique would be wil ible to secure continued popular support yet even many so authoritarian and repressed a nation as japan ante division among the leaders must have profound pre ipreag throughout the general population that the division was real is indicated by the fact hat on august 12 the official japanese news agency ever many iving les contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association newspaper yomiuri hochi which warns against the danger of internal split and conflict and then declares in the first place the nation’s leadership must be one the government is now called upon to maintain its unity and coherence so is the army the emperor as an obstacle the future of the emperor has been the central theme of dis cussion in the allied world and apparently in japan as well the anglo american chinese ultimatum is sued at potsdam on july 26 and later subscribed to by the soviet union was silent on this question leaving a distinct possibility of the emperor's being retained if other conditions were met the terms of the declaration seemed to offer japan more lenient treatment than germany is receiving but to permit a harsher interpretation at a later date the ultimatum in short was sufficiently flexible to encompass the diverse viewpoints among and within the big four and to allow these attitudes to work themselves out toward a common solution in the course of time the allied views already rejected by japan were reconsidered in tokyo last week the new japanese reaction as embodied in the note of august 10 to the big four was to accept the potsdam ulti matum with the understanding that the said dec laration does not comprise any demand which preju dices the prerogatives of his majesty as a sovereign ruler this innocent sounding proviso was immedi ately interpreted in some quarters as being no more than a request that the emperor be retained and the view developed that if the japanese felt so deeply about their emperor we should not risk lengthening the war by insisting that he lose his throne before long however it was realized that the prerogatives i os so sss of at lfren bm sa th nl ess bs wt pee si ee ae cy cae net or of his majesty as a sovereign ruler are identical with the powers of the throne under japan's auto cratic constitution and that allied acceptance of this formula would seriously affect the completeness of victory the constitution characterizes the emperor as being sacred and inviolable and his prerogatives include among other powers the right to deal with the most important matters of state by special ordi mance without genuinely consulting the japanese parliament to be in supreme command of the army and navy to declare war make peace and conclude treaties and to sanction laws and order them to be promulgated and executed it is true that the em peror exercises his powers on the advice of the men around him rather than on his own initiative but this does not make his powers any the less far reaching big four escape trap naturally even if the big four had agreed to the japanese proposal japan would not be allowed to maintain an army or navy or to exercise freedom of action under allied occupation it may be assumed that japan’s rulers were aware of these facts but they probably hoped to win two objectives if our assent had been given first of all to secure our aid in maintaining their gtip on their own people and secondly to establish a potential argument against our controls at a later date for if conditions should at some time permit they could use the phrase about prerogatives in argu ing that particular measures of control constituted a violation of our pledge to respect the emperor's rights this trap was avoided through the note of august 11 which secretary of state byrnes issued on behalf of the big four according to the text the emperor's authority was to be subject to the supreme com mander of the allied powers who will take such steps as he deems proper to effectuate the surrender terms the emperor was to serve as an instrument of the supreme commander while the ultimate form of government of japan was to rest on the freely expressed will of the japanese people in this way the big four indicated their intention to make use of the emperor to carry out and implement the surrender of the japanese forces but refused to make any long term pledges as in the case of the potsdam ultimatum the formula left many issues unsettled for example whether or not we would actively en courage the japanese people to establish a non im perial form of government but the immediate effect of the byrnes note was to take the big four safely over the hurdle shrewdly placed in their path when japan submitted its surrender offer issues in asia sharpened now that the japanese government has yielded accepting national defeat for the first time in its history it will be page two ce come apparent that the abrupt termination of the war in asia has intensified the problems of that gion in the west before v e day the war againg nazi germany moved gradually toward its concly sion so that many political issues were adjusted under the pressure of military necessity and the knowledge that the post war period was approach ing yet even in these relatively favorable circum stances innumerable questions remained unsettled the polish problem constituting a particularly good example in asia on the other hand there has been no prolonged period of preparation for peace for the war has ended at a time when the line up of the big four against japan has just been achieved as a result of this premature birth of peace the months following japan's defeat will be unusually critical this is especially true because the sharpness of the transition from war to peace will affect the economic and political equilibrium of many nations including the united states and in tum have repercussions on foreign policy china’s growing crisis perhaps the clear est example of the difficulties before us is to be found in china where russian armies have poured into manchuria the chinese communists are operat ing in a vast region largely in north and central china and the forces of the chungking government the central régime recognized by the powers hold other extensive territories chiefly in central southern and western china it has long been real ized that without a chungking communist agree ment there would be sharp competition between the two to take over areas surrendered by the japanese but today there is a real danger that a victorious china will be split into two or more parts and that the great powers may be ranged on opposite sides these issues are not insoluble by peaceful meth ods but the facts are unpromising since the early part of this year political differences between chung king and the communists have been growing rapid ly last month there were sharp military clashes be tween the two on the frontiers of the shensi kansu ninghsia border region the main base of the com munist forces on august 10 general chu teh com munist commander in chief ordered his troops to disarm and accept the surrender of japanese and chinese puppet forces in their zones of operations two days later chiang kai shek declared that chungking had made thorough provisions for dis arming enemy troops and recovering lost territory he ordered the communists to remain in their posts and wait for further directions stating that all our troops are warned hereby never again to take it dependent action but in the absence of political agreement it seems most unlikely that this assertion of authority will have effect it is important largely as an indication of the growing tension inside china 23 f il pas brr e s f228 ac bares s baek fat tral ent ral ree ous hat arly ng did 1su om om to and ons ory osts all ical hon zely ina as the day approaches when japanese forces in china will give up their arms and when cities like shanghai snd peiping will again be free it may properly be pointed out that the early end of the war will save many parts of asia from the destruction involved in major campaigns to expel the japanese this means that economic facilities in malaya indo china thailand the indies and occu pied china will remain relatively intact and that in page three some respects the problems of reconstruction and relief will be eased nevertheless the difficulties ahead are enormous and nothing should be allowed to obscure the precariousness of the peace which the united nations have won to transform the peri od before us from one of mere absence of war to a state of genuine peace will require all the intelligence and honesty of which men are capable lawrence k rosinger how will atomic bomb and war as a crime affect u.s policy the dramatic use of the atomic bomb has shocked mankind into realizing that this newest weapon of war unless rigidly controlled by the nations that ss its secret can be used not only to shorten war as was done in japan but can spell destruction for large areas of the world terrible as are the po tentialities of the atomic bomb we must not waste time in deprecating its use instead we must be more determined than ever to prevent the recurrence of war for once we admit as some people do that war is natural or inevitable then it becomes difficult to denounce any weapons no matter how destructive ot horrifying which may be used to prosecute it and even to shorten the agony of modern warfare aggressive war itself is a crime the particular weapons used to wage it at any given time in history are merely accessories after the fact war must be recognized as a crime this is why the announcement on august 8 in lon don that representatives of the united states britain russia and france had accepted justice robert h jackson’s formula that war is a crime for which its instigators and perpetrators can be tried as war crim inals is potentially as revolutionary and far reaching in its implications as the discovery of the atomic bomb although thus far restricted to the european axis countries this concept could if consistently ap plied by the united nations to any future aggressors provide the safeguard we need against the abuse of mankind’s scientific genius for destructive ends so far there has been real danger of our seemingly limitless capacity for invention and machine produc tion hopelessly outrunning our capacity to control telations between nations social scientists have seemed timorous barren of new ideas and unduly addicted to conventional patterns as compared with their colleagues working in the laboratories of uni versities and factories in a series of agreements na tions have feebly tried to humanize and regulate war as if anything so essentially inhuman as war could be made tolerable in the machine age true the sig natories of the kellogg briand pact of 1928 agreed to outlaw war as an instrument of national policy but with so many reservations explicit and implicit as to invalidate that pact from the outset yet here was the seed the united nations war crimes com mission is trying to bring to fruition for as justice jackson has cogently argued if war is outlawed then those who provoke war are outside the pale of law and should be treated as criminals if war is recog nized by mankind as a crime and shorn of honor as it has already been shorn of glory history may record our so far brutal century as a new era in human re lations world organization needed more than ever how will these two simultaneous discoveries the atomic bomb and the concept of war as a crime affect the foreign policy of the united states the new bomb gives added evidence if this were needed that isolation is impossible the long range bomber the use of v 1 and v 2 bombs and jet planes had already demonstrated the ineffec tiveness of frontiers and static fortifications against attacks on a nation’s territory now the united states britain and canada possess the secret of a weapon which could play havoc with land and sea defenses as well as with the industrial resources necessary to wage modern war it is fortunate from our point of view that the secret is held by three democratic countries which in modern times have shown no predilection for militarism and president truman in his broadcast of august 9 indicated that the three countries intended to keep their secret until adequate controls against its misuse had been de vised but the united states cannot prevent other coun tries from pursuing similar scientific research and arriving sooner or later at similar results in fact the use of weapons like the atomic bomb may cause interesting shifts in the balance of power worked out by the big three for as brig gen david sarnoff president of the radio corporation of amer ica has pointed out small nations skilled ia scientific research would have as deadly a power at their com mand as the great nations provided they were ready to make the necessary expenditures and money in vested in laboratories might seem to them a more productive investment than money spent on inevit ably ineffective land naval or air forces it is there fore more than ever in the interest of the united states and the other great powers to speed the establishment of a strong and responsible interna a 2 eee ee t 1 i i ay 4 ik ee ere eer te te eae re ks corte oot wer oe oe f y a 4 tional organization in which smaller nations would feel assured of protection against attack our ideals must shape policy the dis covery of the atomic bomb also enhances the need for the united states to harmonize its practices in foreign affairs more closely than in the past with its professed ideals this country has the power to make itself feared it can exercise its power constructively only if it succeeds in making itself trusted the weak ness of american foreign policy has been that fre quently when faced with concrete situations we have seemed to fall:short of our ideals which have served as inspiration to other peoples what are the roots of these ideals the swedish sociologist gun nar myrdal looking dispassionately at the amer ican creed has pointed out that this country born of revolution has felt an instinctive sympathy for revolutionary movements elsewhere especially in the colonies that even the values we are conservative about that we seek to conserve are liberal values and that americans more than any other people think in moral terms and are concerned about social justice even though we do not always achieve it at home our primary endeavor in the atomic age the age when war may become punishable as a crime is to translate these featutes of the american creed into foreign policy the f.p.a bookshelf what to do with japan by wilfrid fleisher new york doubleday doran 1945 2.00 a compact summary of the main issues involved in deal ing with a defeated japan the author belongs to the school which would preserve the institution of the em peror after japan’s defeat omnipotent government by ludwig von mises new haven yale university press 1944 3.75 the austrian economist von mises expounds the argu ment in this volume that increasing economic nationalism which is so conducive to war has been engendered by in creasing government intervention in private economic life public opinion and the last peace by r b mccallum new york oxford university press 1944 3.50 a study of public opinion in england over the last quarter century with respect to attitudes concerning the treaty of versailles and the changes which occurred in british thought about the last peace settlement the big three by david dallin new haven yale uni versity press 1945 2.75 the main lines of russian foreign policy which are interpreted as following the course charted by the tsars are seen in conflict with basic british interests in the far east the middle east and europe in the resulting strug gle the author believes the united states will be forced to side with britain against an expanding russia page four eee our task during the war years has been rendered difficult by the fact that the government of one of our principal allies britain seemed averse to funda mental change both in europe and asia and that ip trying to cooperate with britain we made it possible for russia to become a mouthpiece for the changes we would otherwise have favored or at least ac cepted this potential conflict between britain and russia made the position of the united states both ambiguous and lacking in inspiration for the peoples of europe and asia who hoped to find here leader ship in the advancement of political and economic democracy the victory of the british labor party has removed an obstacle to the application of our ideals in foreign policy and if the united states and britain now jointly support individuals and groups through out the world who try to root out fascism russia will no longer be able to act as sole proponent of anti fascism this equalization in the roles of the three great powers should greatly facilitate orderly democratic reform both in europe and asia scientists have shown us that nothing is impossible for those who have the will to succeed there is no reason to assume that human relations are more sub ject to limitations than scientific discovery vera micheles dean the first in a series of two articles american guerrilla in the philippines by ira wolfert new york simon and schuster 1945 2.75 leyte calling by joseph f st john new york vanguard press 1945 2.00 dramatic stories of two young americans who fought in the difficult guerrilla warfare prevailing in the islands wolfert tells in his own highly literate style of lt iff d richardson’s experience as a major in the filipino guer rilla army after serving in the expendables retreat from the philippines howard handleman tells of lt st john’s exciting adventures america’s role in the world economy by alvin h han sen new york w w norton 1945 2.50 in this book written for the average reader the world renowned economist presents the case for full employment in the united states and outlines the foundations for world economic security the various international agencies the monetary fund world bank i.l 0 and others are reviewed in simple terms the crucial part which america must play in world economic revival after the war is fully explained the secret history of the war by waverly root new york seribner 1945 2 vols 10.00 violently non objective bitter in denouncing state de partment policy this gigantic work is more sensational than secret given to citing hearsay rather than accurate sources 191 i hs pe fact surre shre basi the regt tanc thei pos sim hig adi obj alo con mo ar foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 44 august 17 1945 one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by unton labor published week by headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dororuy f lart secretary vera micueies dean editor envered a second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 the poreign policy association incorporated national three dollass a year please allow at leat +en rendered t of one of se to funda and that in it possible the changes at least ac britain and states both the peoples here leader d economic or party has f our ideals and britain ps through ism russia oponent of oles of the tate orderly asia impossible there is no e more sub y es dean ira wolfert 15 k vanguard who fought the islands f lt iff d ilipino guer es retreat is of lt st vin h han the world employment ns for world agencies others are ich america the war is root new g state de sensational lan accurate ited national itor ensered a allow at leat y sep 1 4945 vsueral li dyna fatered as 2nd class matter ualver ssty of wichizan 5 ann arbor nich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiv no 45 auoust 24 1945 china’s crisis deepens as japanese surrender talks proceed lthough japan is a defeated nation the ruling clique in tokyo is not accepting that fact as final as the process of concluding a formal surrender moves forward the imperial régime is shrewdly seeking to preserve its power and lay the basis for a revival of militarism at a later date like the defeated nazis japan’s overlords have but one regret that they lost their actions since the accep tance of the potsdam ultimatum reveal unmistakably their desire to retain as much of the old order as possible and to impede the victorious allies the similarity between the new cabinet under prince higashi kuni and the short lived administration of admiral doenitz in germany is all too clear for the objective of the new cabinet is not to launch japan along a new path of peaceful development but to consolidate the position of the ruling groups in their moment of supreme crisis it may be taken for granted that general mac arthur is aware of the intentions of the japanese leaders his immediate problem however is to effec tuate the conclusion of surrender terms as rapidly as possible to land forces in japan with a minimum of difficulty and incident and to establish a smooth ly operating administration in the japanese home islands the decision to use the emperor for the time being to issue our orders to the japanese people and armies was wise for it means the saving of many thousands of american lives that would have been lost in an invasion of japan nevertheless with in the framework of existing policy it will be neces sary to curb the present japanese leaders and bring about changes in personnel as soon as we are in a position to do so who defeated whom the trend of thought among japan’s leaders is indicated un mistakably in statements by the emperor and the new premier apparently afraid and unwilling to reveal to the japanese people the full meaning of unconditional surrender and the responsibility of the government for what has happened they seem to be acting almost as if the war had ended by com mon consent among the belligerents in a rescript of august 15 for example emperor hirohito justified the attack on the united states and britain repeated japan’s wartime propaganda theme about the eman cipation of east asia and suggested that japan's problem from now on is to keep pace with the pro gress of the world presumably first of all in the field of science the emperor’s statement on the origins of the war is instructive for the idea that he was opposed to the attack on pearl harbor finds no support in his assertion that we declared war on america and britain out of our sincere desire to insure japan's self preservation and the stabilization of east asia it being far from our thought either to infringe upon the sovereignty of other nations or to embark upon territorial aggrandizement in a second rescript of august 17 asking japanese troops to surrender the emperor said he believed that the loyalty and achievements of you officers and men will for all time be the quintessence of the nation in another message issued a few hours later premier higashi kuni spoke of enhancing the lofty spirit of the imperial japanese army efforts to divide allies it may well be argued that to induce the japanese forces on many far flung fronts to lay down their arms and to avoid disorder in japan at the time of occupation language of this sort is necessary but the statements seem to go far beyond anything that expediency might dic tate and efforts to divide the united nations even in the hour of japan’s defeat testify to the funda mental motives involved while avoiding any specific reference to japan’s attitude toward the big three contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association hh i rte sap poi pie ti a re higashi kuni in a speech of august 17 referred to the regrettable relations of the past with china and said that improvement will not be limited to just japanese chinese relations but will affect our proclamation which stressed the liberation of east asia it is not fanciful to see in these remarks a first move toward competing with the big three for the future favor of china and reasserting the idea of japan’s leadership in the far east civil war in china since the effectiveness of political warfare is always closely related to the military force behind it the japanese maneuvers are more important as warnings for the future than as immediate threats in china however there are political problems of immediate significance the rapidly deteriorating state of affairs between chung king and yenan is bringing china to the edge of civil war at the moment of victory and the laying down of arms by the japanese troops may be the signal for a tragic internal conflict on the other hand the domestic and external factors workin against long term warfare are considerable for it is doubtful whether either the chinese people or the big three are in a mood to tolerate the vivisection of china following japan’s defeat never in its recent history has china had so glorious an oppor tunity to improve its position and carry forward the work of national construction but the unavoidable prerequisite is the achievement of national unity the present kuomintang communist conflict has its roots in the past two decades of chinese history but the immediate occasion for difficulty is the surren der of the japanese armies to the extent that either side in china wins the large cities still occupied by the japanese and takes over the arms of the japanese troops it will be greatly strengthened in the struggle for power on august 12 chiang kai shek ordered the communists to remain at their posts and wait for further directions instead of carrying out plans to accept the surrender of japanese troops in their territory but this had no effect and two days later yenan broadcast a message to chiang from chu teh the communist commander in chief contrast ing the order to the communists to halt action with another order by the generalissimo urging officers and men in the various war zones to intensify your war efforts and actively push forward without the slightest relaxation on august 16 chiang invited mao tse tung top page two i ee leader of the chinese communists to come ty chungking for discussions three days later chy teh telegraphed a series of demands to the general issimo summarizing the position taken by yenan in recent weeks chu asked that chungking and yenay reach agreement on accepting the surrender of pup pet and japanese troops as well as on any pacts and treaties concluded after surrender the communists he said should receive the right to accept the sur render of troops in areas under their control to be represented at the allied acceptance of japan’s surrender and to participate in the post war control of japan the peace conference and future united nations conferences he demanded that the existing one party dictatorship be abolished and a conference of all parties be convened to establish a democratic coalition government central troops blockading communist areas were to be removed and democratic reforms were to be instituted throughout china what will u.s and us.s.r do it is obvious that the differences inside china cannot be settled peacefully by the parties involved for their enmities are too old too sharp and too fundamental it is also clear that neither party is in a position to destroy the other except through prolonged civil war and perhaps not even then any solution must be based on the assumption that both chungking and yenan are part of china’s political life if a compro mise is ultimately to be reached the assistance of the big three and especially the united states and the soviet union will be needed in fact nothing is more important than that these powers should come to a common understanding on the issues in volved it is clearly impossible for the powers to create a ready made formula for adjusting the chinese situ ation since the terms of any settlement of differences must come from inside china what the powers can do is to extend their advice and assistance where it will do the most good and to avoid all actions tend ing to promote friction in china the recently an nounced agreement between chungking and moscow the text of which has not yet been made public may enable the russians to contribute to political im provement in china it is also deeply in the interest of the united states that civil war be averted of promptly halted if it breaks out lawrence k rosinger how will britain and france react to new balance of power the need for statesmanship to keep pace with revolutionary changes in environment such as those which have so recently been ushered in by the atomic bomb and the still more destructive weapons foreshadowed by general h h arnold on august 17 has never been greater than at the present mo ment and nowhere is the necessity for comprehend ing the implications of these changes more obvious than in europe for distances on the continent have now shrunk so noticeably that the concept of stra tegic boundaries or barriers behind which nations might withdraw for security has become a hopeless anachro new we dustrial of worl and rus britain their thi strength roles in ination paris al actions settleme confere traditior brit britain both w and pri ing the 16 abo the bal referrec exists it of affai at trag present ministe sion in opinior upon fe arable necessit to a bo russiat but man fc ment w mile 1 that bs its trac large gardle mean t rights the ru ain i press throug counte britair the pa europ portin yet fessed come to later chy ie general y yenan in and yenan ler of pup pacts and ommmmunists pt the sur ontrol to dtance of post war and future d that the shed and a establish a tral troops removed instituted do it is cannot be for their ndamental position to d civil war n must be igking and a compro sistance of states and ct nothing ers should issues in s to create hinese situ differences powers can ce where it tions tend ecently an id moscow sublic may slitical im the interest averted of osinger power mprehend re obvious tinent have spt of stta ich nations a hopeless page three anachronism moreover the premium placed by the new weapons of war on scientific research and in dustrial potential has done much to shift the centers of world power from europe to the united states and russia as a result of these far reaching changes britain and france particularly must reexamine their thinking on foreign policy honestly assess their strength and weakness and on that basis seek new roles in world affairs yet signs that such self exam ination has thus far been conducted in london and paris are few and current british and french re actions to the new german and eastern european settlement sketched at potsdam by the first peace conference are for the most part following strictly traditional lines of policy britain fears divided europe although britain was a full partner to the potsdam decisions both winston churchill as leader of the opposition and prime minister attlee expressed uneasiness dur ing the first session of the new parliament on august 16 about present conditions in eastern europe and the balkans it was hardly surprising that churchill referred to the possible divergence of view which exists inevitably between the victors about the state of affairs in eastern and middle europe and hinted at tragic events behind the iron curtain which at present divides europe in twain the former prime minister's on guard attitude toward russian expan sion in europe is well known similarly churchill’s opinion that the provisional western frontier agreed upon for poland which includes one fourth of the atable land of germany goes far beyond what necessity or equity requires reveals his opposition toa boundary settlement which in effect places the russian frontier on the oder but the fact that prime minister attlee as spokes man for the labor government expressed his agree ment with churchill about the abomination of police tule is more significant this statement indicates that britain despite its shift toward the left retains its traditional opposition to the consolidation of a large part of europe under any single power re gatdless of which power that may be this does not mean that britain is hypocritical in championing the tights of the small nations that have been added to the russian sphere in eastern europe although brit ain like other powers has not hesitated to sup pfess popular movements in various territories thtoughout the world when they seemed to run counter to britain's security instead it indicates that britain continues to believe that in the future as in the past its best chance of preventing the control of europe by one great power lies in a policy of sup porting the democratic rights of the small nations yet an air of unreality hangs over britain’s pro fessed policy of establishing the perfect freedom for european peoples that prime minister attlee de fined as the goal of the foreign office for the brit ish are acutely aware of the limitations on their power to intervene in the internal affairs of other states in order to establish this freedom instead therefore of insisting on european conditions that britain would consider perfect both the labor and conservative leaders agree that compromises must be accepted lest these compromises become the prelude to appeasement and steady decline however britain is exploring possibilities of cooperating with the commonwealth the other great powers and western europe with a view to strengthening its hand it seems in fact that the recent election indicated wide spread determination on the part of the british to secure a government capable of appealing to large masses of people in the western european democra cies rather than a tory régime that depended on conservative elements which commanded little sup port in their respective countries whether the new labor government succeeds in winning significant support for britain in western europe is largely dependent on the success of its present overtures to france harold j laski chair man of the british labor party's national executive told the french socialist party's congress on august 12 that he hoped for a big socialist victory in france in the october elections as a basis for anglo french cooperation but even if this attempt meets with success the british are well aware that they still will have done little to guarantee their future security thus far no one in britain or for that matter in any of the victorious nations has tackled the basic problem of maintaining peace under the new conditions created by recent scientific ad vances it is former prime minister churchill how ever who has the distinction of having stated the problem more clearly than any other leader during the next few years as he has declared we must re mold the relationships of all men of all nations in such a way that these men do not wish or dare to fall upon each other and that international bodies by supreme authority may give peace on earth and justice among men france seeks u.s aid for the french too the new distribution of world power that has such profound implications not only for france but europe as a whole is a source of great concern until very recently however the immediate tasks of recon struction together with the problem of germany so completely preoccupied french leaders that they tended to lose sight of the long range problems posed by their country’s relative decline among the powers as a result recent french foreign policy has sometimes seemed motivated by a desire to revive the plans of foch and clemenceau at the close of it world war i just as though the strategic concepts of twenty five years ago were still useful today for example french spokesmen have expressed dissatis faction with the potsdam decisions on germany be cause they left the rhineland and ruhr within the borders of a united germany instead of complying with the french view that the rhineland at least should be transformed into a buffer state against a possibly resurgent enemy since the news of the atomic bomb and the estab lishment of american supremacy in the far east as a result of japan’s collapse has reached france the french press and official circles have apparently been even more greatly impressed by the rapid rise of american power than they were last year when american troops landed on french soil grasping the importance of the new world in the era that is now beginning general de gaulle who arrived in washington on august 22 to talk to president tru man appears determined to forge a close bond be tween france and the united states for it is only by means of such a bond that de gaulle can solve two of his nation’s most pressing current problems the first of these the need for economic aid to re store french industrial strength can be met only by a steady flow of raw mate:iils and tools from the united states on the basis of the trend toward great ly increased american shipments of civilian sup plies to france since v e day the shipments made during july and august having been nearly as great as those of the entire preceding six month period french prospects of american economic support are good the second problem regarding which france needs american cooperation is that of the french colonies in the far east notably indo china in view of the suspicion with which french leaders the f.p.a nippon the crime and punishment of japan by willis lamott new york john day 1944 2.50 a well informed clearly conceived analysis of the causes of japanese aggression and the principles to be followed in dealing with japan after defeat warning against the danger of political scene shifting by present leaders in tokyo the author declares that no government set up by the ruling classes of japan in order to deal with the vic tors after the war can be trusted the economic development of french indo china by charles robequain new york oxford university press 1944 4.00 a translation of an authoritative french study of indo chinese economic life published in france in 1939 devel opments during 1939 45 are discussed in a supplementary section page four en have long regarded washington's attitude toward indo china it may seem ironical that general de gaulle is now turning to the united states for aid in dispatching french troops and administrative off cials to this colony since however chinese and british troops rather than american forces stand on the borders of indo china and china and britain are apparently prepared to occupy the coun try it appears that france is seeking the mediation of the united states as the least unsatisfactory solu tion to its foremost imperial problem petain symbol of french weakness the trial of marshal pétain culminating in his con viction on august 15 on charges of intelligence with the enemy has formed a kind of postscript to the four bitter years when france was linked to hitler's new order and deprived of its long established leadership throughout europe the jury that heard the evidence against the leader of the vichy régime and found him guilty of treason was by its own ad mission a political jury as such its members were determined to hold up pétain as the symbol of france’s weakness in 1940 when the marshal and a number of other french military and political leaders were convinced germany would win the war and to punish him for a lack of faith in ultimate french victory since american participation in the war belated though it was from the french point of view has played such an important part in proving pétain’s judgment wrong it was particularly appro priate that his sentence which was subsequently commuted from death to life imprisonment by gen eral de gaulle was handed down on the day amer ican and allied power triumphed over japan winifred n hadsel bookshelf america’s far eastern policy by t a bisson new york macmillan and institute of pacific relations 1945 3.00 a valuable survey of american diplomacy in asia pat ticularly in the period since 1931 an appendix contains leading documents on our far eastern relations from sep tember 1937 through the cairo conference china among the powers by david nelson rowe new york harcourt brace 1945 2.00 the author examines the factors making for military power and reaches the conclusion that for at least twenty five years after the present war china is very unlikely te develop such technical capacity as to allow her to rely primarily on her own strength to guarantee her security this book is an important aid to clear thinking on chinese problems foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 45 aucust 24 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leer secretary vera micheles dran editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year plea llow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor y 1918 o 3 4 ha he and august velopm feature agreem positio signa tc mutual entity both ci furthe which us.s 1 assistai terial given tral g parent war w to say sendin king able chine or rec ru do nec they h becau than of cor volve soviet 1920 part the c railw +el y ork 3.00 par tains sep new itary enty aly to rely rity inese ational ered as ic least al roem geseral library q unewat tea udiversity of michizan sep 8 1945 entered as 2nd class matter ann ahan mt echt can foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiv no 46 aucust 31 1945 chinese soviet pact fosters big four unity in far east he thirty year chinese soviet pact of friendship and alliance whose terms were made public on august 26 will have far reaching effects on the de velopment of post war asia the most significant features of the treaty and its six supplementary agreements are the recognition of a special soviet position in manchuria and the explicit pledge of the signatories to act according to the principles of mutual respect for their sovereignty and territorial entity and non interference in the internal affairs of both contracting parties the latter point receives further emphasis in an agreement on government in which foreign commissar molotov declares that the u.s.s.r is ready to render china moral support and assistance with military equipment and other ma terial resources this support and assistance to be given fully to the national government as the cen tral government of china since the treaty ap parently was drawn up on the assumption that the war with japan was still to be fought it is impossible to say whether there will be any occasion for the sending of soviet military equipment to chung king but the meaning of the passage is unmistak able the u.s.s.r intends to deal only with the chinese central government and will not extend aid or recognition to the chinese communists at yenan russia and border areas the agreements do not restore the russians to the exact position they held before the russo japanese war of 1904 05 because the rights granted are much more limited than those possessed by tsarist russia and do not of course include extraterritoriality the terms in volve rather an application of the techniques of soviet chinese relations in manchuria during the 1920 s to the rights enjoyed by russia in the early part of the century there is to be joint control of the chinese eastern railway and south manchuria railway which are now to be combined under the single name of the chinese changchun railway but the partnership applies only to those properties in which the russians previously had an interest and other lines will apparently come under complete chi nese control port arthur which has been the focal point of so many international differences in the past is to be utilized jointly as a naval base at the disposal of the battleships and merchant ships of china and the u.s.s.r alone while near by dairen is to be a free port open to trade and shipping of all countries in dairen various piers and ware houses will be leased to the u.s.s.r and no import or export duties will be levied on goods passing directly to or from the soviet union through the port in both port arthur and dairen the civil admin istration is to be chinese but there will be a large measure of soviet authority especially in the former in comparing the situation with that before 1905 it should be noted that tsarist russia had complete control of both cities as well as the tip of the south manchurian peninsula of which they are a part the unequivocal declaration is made that dur ing the negotiations the soviet government regard ed the three eastern provinces as part of china and again confirmed its respect for china’s full sover eignty over the three eastern provinces and recogni tion of their territorial and administrative integrity more concretely an annex carefully defines the scope of soviet authority in manchuria during the period of military occupation while according to a minute appended to the treaty premier stalin pledged that soviet troops would begin to withdraw three weeks after japan’s capitulation the withdraw al to be completed within three months at the most with regard to outer mongolia which is non chinese in language population and historical back ground but in theory has been under chinese sover eignty it is agreed that if a plebiscite confirms the contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association a a en abt sasa unlls osm people's desire for independence china will recog nize outer mongolia’s independent status the re sult of the plebiscite may be taken for granted and it is worth noting that in an address of august 25 generalissimo chiang kai shek declared that recog nition of outer mongolia’s independence was not only necessary for friendship but would also be in harmony with the kuomintang’s principles of the equality and freedom of peoples in connection with sinkiang a border area in the far northwest in which the russians exerted great influence from 1934 to 1942 mr molotov stated that the soviet union has no intention to interfere with china’s internal af fairs the declaration referred specifically to the latest events in sinkiang i.e presumably to re ported clashes between central forces and local in surgents washington moscow compromise the consequences of so broad an agreement cannot be assessed fully at the moment of its announcement but a few main consequences already are clear the first of these is that the soviet union has greatly strengthened its position in northeastern asia and has fulfilled its desire to secure the use of a year round port at dairen the second is that moscow has emphasized at a moment of critical importance that it is following a policy of nonintervention in chinese affairs this is not so important for its ma terial effects since no one has charged the u.s.s.r with giving material aid to the chinese communists in the war years as for the added prestige it gives to the government of chiang kai shek thirdly the treaty establishes a basis for cooperation among the u.s.s.r the united states and britain in a large part of east asia since the pact was concluded with ac tive american support it represents in part a com promise between washington and moscow this compromise recognizes both the security needs of the soviet union and the concern of the united states for china’s territorial integrity and the preser vation of the central government as the country’s leading political force the pact should not be interpreted as giving chiang kai shek a free hand in chinese affairs for the possibility of soviet intervention has been only one of the pressures upon him not only does the united states continue to desire a peaceful adjust ment of chinese differences but the smooth execu tion of the present accord requires the creation of a united china moreover the chungking liberals who page two ee es have been vigorous advocates of cooperation with the u.s.s.r should find their position strengthened as q result of the pact most important of all since the chinese communists throughout the war have relied solely on their own strength they will retain signifi cant bargaining power they will however face a central régime that has been bolstered diplomatically and the treaty’s influence unquestionably will be felt in the scheduled conferences between chiang kai shek and mao tse tung leader of the chinese com munists although other kuomintang communist parleys in recent years have failed it is significant that political discussion is still possible and that chiang and mao meeting for the first time since 1927 will have an opportunity to go over the issues personally in the meantime and this is a fact that should not be overlooked chungking and yenan have accelerated their efforts to enter the leading cities of china the central government already re ports its troops inside shanghai canton hankow and nanking the pre war capital the communists have also announced advances but apparently have been hampered in part by the japanese who are re fusing to surrender to any but central troops and are even attempting in the peiping area to make political capital out of china's internal differences it is not difficult to see a certain division of labor between moscow and washington in adjusting the chinese situation a division based on the necessity of compromise between the two powers the soviet action may be interpreted as constituting pressure on yenan although moscow will certainly welcome any moves by chungking toward a settlement at the same time the united states which in recent months threw the weight of its support behind chungking now seems to be exerting pressure on the central government as well as yenan for the establishment of unity with the communists it may be assumed that american advice played a part in chiang kai shek’s tendering three invitations to mao tse tung and it is especially significant that ambassador hur ley flew to yenan to accompany mao on the trip to chungking the result of these developments is to improve the prospects for international agreement on the chinese situation it would be unwise to idealize the soviet chinese pact or to assume that difficulties will not arise in its application but one of its first fruits is to clarify many of the issues affecting chi nese unity lawrence k rosinger will u.s use its economic power to aid democracy abroad the sudden cessation of military hostilities has left all nations dazed by their new found freedom to turn to tasks other than war we are like prisoners who emerging from long confinement feel dazzled and frightened by the complexities of life outside the prison gates yet these complexities must be faced if we are to reconstitute something resembling peace time life in europe and asia can we escape vicious circle once more as the iron controls of the war years are fe laxed foreis of co securi nomic sentia and e unite cratic ahead case labo icans nomi result tion unite the te of su of ne ain s tion and to as to thro cerni ti 16 cisio affec the all own ploy stan in a time ing litic anol t to f and we poli witl eas den sa the ied ifi ly hat ive ind ike s 0f the ity tet me the ths ng ral ent ed ai ng to to ize res rst hi 1 if ce ince re a laxed we face the vicious circle mentioned by british foreign secretary bevin in his address to the house of commons on august 20 lack of trade endangers security and lack of security endangers trade eco nomic reconstruction of the liberated areas is an es sential prerequisite to their political reconstruction and especially to the development of institutions the united states and britain would regard as demo cratic yet economics cannot be divorced from or put ahead of politics we have seen this clearly in the case of the british elections when the moment labor's sweeping victory became known some amer icans immediately questioned the advisability of eco nomic aid to a country where political changes might result in limitations on free enterprise the termina tion of lend lease aid to britain announced by the united states on august 21 was in accordance with the terms of the law which provided for termination of such aid at the end of the war but the feeling of near despair that this action has produced in brit ain shows if evidence were needed that ratifica tion of documents like the united nations charter and the bretton woods agreements are not enough to assure world security and stability we now have to put concrete content into these documents through consultation with other united nations con cerning our mutual needs the united states as mr churchill said on august 16 stands at the summit of the world our de cisions as well as our indecisions will profoundly affect economic and political developments all over the globe it is natural that we should think first of all about ourselves about the resumption of our own production the alleviation of our own unem ployment problems and improvement of our living standards but it would be unfortunate if absorption in affairs at home should cause us to forget that timely well considered aid now to countries teeter ing on the verge of economic breakdown and po litical anarchy would go far to avert the danger of another costly conflict ns the very fact that we possess the economic power to foster or delay the reconstruction of devastated and impoverished areas raises the question of how we might use this power to promote and strengthen political democracy mr bevin appeared to agree with mr churchill that conditions now existing in eastern europe and the balkans are not favorable to democracy in fact commenting on the situation in hungary rumania and bulgaria he said that one kind of totalitarianism is being replaced by another both the united states and britain criticized arrange ments for the bulgarian elections originally sched uled to be held on august 26 but now postponed to alater date on the ground that they did not insure free expression of the wishes of the people and both page three have indicated that they intend to see to it that the references to democracy contained in united nations documents from the atlantic charter to the potsdam declaration do not remain a dead letter how can we advance democracy how can the western powers most effectively carry out their pledges to liberated peoples in europe and asia today there is no more pretense in washing ton and london as there was in the days of the spanish civil war that the western democracies are pursuing a policy of nonintervention and like pilate can wash their hands of the internal affairs of other nations today the united states and britain are committed to intervention on behalf of democ racy against totalitarianism of both right and left when american and british spokesmen criticize russia's activities in eastern europe and the balkans then it must be assumed that they oppose not russia’s intervention per se since the united states and brit ain also claim the right to intervene but the fact that russia is said to support individuals or groups which the western powers regard as inimical to de mocracy the overworked word this very much overworked word as mr bevin has said a pears to need definition there is little doubt that the russians in all the countries they helped to lib erate from the nazis have directly or indirectly fav ored the workers and peasants who in these coun tries form a majority of the population against former government administrators landowners and owners of factories mines and other large scale property this certainly is not political democracy as we know it in the united states and britain but neither is it political democracy in our sense of the term when as has frequently happened in the past the united states and britain tend to deal with own ers of land and factories who in eastern europe and the balkans represent a minority of the population and show little or no concern for the welfare and interests of the rest of the population we deplore and quite rightly the excesses that have accompanied liberation of many nations in europe but we forget that both we and the british passed through revolu tions and civil wars before we succeeded in establish ing stable democratic institutions the questions we along with the british are ask ing about elections in eastern europe and the bal kans sound more convincing now that the united states has begun to question dictatorships of the right as well as the left nelson rockefeller in his swan song speech before the pan american society in boston on august 24 flayed the abuses of the farrell government yet these abuses were known to the state department in april when the united states recognized that government and vigorously 2 a ty aee a ze te ee ee en ee ee urged argentina’s admission to the san francisco conference in opposition to russia’s demand for postponement it must be hoped that the appoint ment of spruille braden ambassador to buenos aires who has been critical of the argentine govern ment as assistant secretary of state in charge of latin american affairs succeeding nelson rocke feller will harmonize our policy of intervention on behalf of democracy in europe with our policy in latin america which has seemed unduly tolerant of dictatorships there is no simple answer to any of these ques tions too many emotions fears and prejudices are clustered about the word democracy as the big three have been using it to permit of dogmatic defi nitions but if by democracy we mean in essence a the f.p.a bookshelf freedom and civilization by bronislaw malinowski new york roy publishers 1944 3.50 the renowned polish anthropologist presents in this book published posthumously his analysis of human cul ture and freedom sketching the history of freedom the author pleads for clear definition treats of the relation between freedom and restraints and argues that in the future the continuance and further development of free dom depends on the elimination of collective violence postwar monetary plans and other essays by john h williams new york knopf 1944 2.50 a collection of papers by the vice president of the fed eral reserve bank of new york the recent essays deal specifically with the problems inherent in the bretton woods proposals for post war monetary institutions in sisting that the major problem ahead is the maintenance of domestic stability within the major industrial countries williams advises a less formalized approach to interna tional currency stability than that embodied in the bretton woods plan international monetary cooperation by george n halm a hill university of north carolina press 1944 4 approving the international monetary fund drafted last july at bretton woods mr halm evaluates the pre liminary white and keynes plans and discusses various which have subsequently been directed at the und fabian colonial essays by rita hinden ed london george allen unwin ltd 1945 8s 6d under the auspices of the fabian colonial bureau a dozen experts discuss various aspects of the colonial prob lem in this volume touching on the socialists attitude to ward empire land questions food literacy and self government toward the understanding of europe by ethan t colton new york association press 1944 1.00 the author after twenty years of travel and residence in europe writes with the idea of making americans think decisively regarding what can be done to bring about lasting peace page four el way of life that makes it possible for human beings of all races creeds and economic conditions to work together with as little deference to economic or litical privilege as it is humanly possible to achieve then it is not impossible for the big three eventually to find a common meeting ground for their respective aspirations we must not let such embers of freedom as existed in eastern europe and the balkans be extinguished in the hour of liberation but we can fan them into a steady flame only if we ourselves are determined to play no favorites and to see to it that free elections lead to and not away from eco nomic and social reforms vera micheles dean the second in a series of two articles world economic development by eugene staley mon treal international labour office 1944 1.75 one of the recent excellent volumes prepared for the i.l.o series on international economic objectives staley discusses the many problems which will arise under pro jected plans for the industrialization of presently unde veloped countries special attention is given to the reper cussions of such development on the older industrialized nations international currency experience by the economic fi nancial and transit department of the league of na tions princeton princeton university press 1944 3.25 in the united states this work is distributed by in ternational documents service columbia university press new york a survey of international monetary relations between the two wars which examines the operation and break down of the gold exchange standard the emergence of currency groups and the rise of exchange stabilization funds the road to serfdom by friedrich a hayek chicago university of chicago press 1944 2.75 the austrian economist now a member of the faculty of the london school of economics outlines the case against planned economy the author brings a wealth of detail from the german experience to prove that planning leads to totalitarianism social policy in dependent territories montreal interne tional labour office 1944 1.50 an outline prepared by wilfrid benson of the i.l 0 stressing economic and social developments affecting work ers in dependent areas from world war i through the present political handbook of the world parliaments parties and press as of january 1 1945 edited by walter h mal lory new york harper brothers for council on foreign relations inc 1945 2.75 another issue of the valuable annual that gives back ground facts necessary to an understanding of politics im all countries except six not listed because their govern ments are temporarily destroyed foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 46 august 31 1945 one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lest secretary vera micheles dgan editor entered 3s second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least national 19 +man beings ns to work omic or oo achieve eventually it respective of freedom balkans be but we can e ourselves to see to it from eco es dean staley mon 75 ared for the tives staley e under pro sently unde to the reper ndustrialized sconomic fi sague of na 3 1944 3.25 buted by in 2 university ions between 1 and break mergence of stabilization yek chicago f the faculty nes the case a wealth of hat planning real interna f the i.l 0 fecting work through the parties and alter h mal r council on t gives back of politics in their govern rated national iditor entered as ase allow at least ns entered as 2nd class matter sep 1 4 1945 a wn ater pretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vo xxiv no 47 september 7 1945 occupation paves way for stern political moves in japan bbe japan’s formal acceptance of the docu ments of unconditional surrender on september 1 the struggle against japanese aggression has en tered a new phase in which to use the words of secretary of state byrnes our main function will be to bring about the spiritual disarmament of the japanese people and to make them want peace in stead of wanting war it is not an accident that be tween the time of the japanese surrender statement of august 14 and the landing of our first troops on august 28 american spokesmen avoided answering the propaganda of the japanese radio but now it is apparent that as the security of our forces increases washington is giving greater public attention to political developments in tokyo although considerations of security are not yet entirely a matter of the past only a portion of the occupying armies has arrived in japan the genuineness of the military surrender has be come clear on august 29 after some ameri ican troops had already gone ashore near tokyo secretary byrnes considered it appropriate to refute the argument advanced in an imperial rescript and other japanese statements that the atomic bomb was the chief cause of japan’s defeat mr byrnes pointed out that the japanese apparently recognizing the hopelessness of their position had unsuccessfully asked for russia’s mediation some time before the atomic bomb was used this statement is im portant because any future japanese move to ward military resurgence would probably rest in part on the view that japan was not defeated in a genuine test of national strength but had to yield temporarily because of an unusual scientific development democracy for japan at the opening of the surrender proceedings on september 1 general macarthur stressed the importance he attaches to freedom tolerance and justice when the cere contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit mony was over he made his first clear cut reference to political questions declaring that in japan free dom of expression freedom of action even freedom of thought were denied through suppression of lib eral education through appeal to superstition and through the application of force stating that we are committed by the potsdam declaration of principles to see that the japanese people are liberated from this condition of slavery he made the following pledge it is my purpose to implement this com mitment just as rapidly as the armed forces are de mobilized and other essential steps taken to neutral ize the war potential on the same day secretary byrnes emphasized that steps would be taken to en courage democratic reforms so that japan’s peasants and industrial workers may have a voice in govern ment of the general objective of american occupa tion policy he declared that we expect eventually to see in japan a peaceful government broadly based on all elements in the population america’s course will be judged by the man ner in which these statements are implemented rather than by the words themselves but they ate worth quoting because they provide a verbal basis on which a farsighted effective policy can be developed gen eral macarthur and secretary byrnes recognize that strict military and technical controls although es sential will not guarantee a permanently peaceful japan unless fundamental political changes occur at the same time if further proof of this fact is re quired it can be found in the cleverness of japan’s official propaganda in recent weeks a propaganda which has sought to divide the allies enlist the sup port of the japanese p eople for the existing régime and satisfy the occupying authorities that the cab inet of general higashi kuni is taking the country along the road to democr acy certainly nothing could be more shrewd than the plans announced in tokyo to the foreign policy association to hold national elections in january presumably in the hope of securing a mandate from the people be fore a thorough awareness of defeat permeates the nation and new political groups can organize them selves effectively it remains to be seen what attitude the allies will take toward these arrangements trends in soviet policy meanwhile in another part of the far east the policies of the u.s.s.r are assuming more concrete form in a vic tory address of september 2 generalissimo stalin de clared that southern sakhalin and the kurile islands would become soviet territory and from now on will nct serve as a means for isolating the soviet union from the ocean and as a base for japanese attacks on our far east at the same time the rus sian announcement that troops of the chungking government have arrived in manchuria and taken up the protection of manchurian cities together with russian forces indicates that the terms of the chinese soviet accord are being implemented in recent days the russians have shown clearly that their pledge to deal only with the central gov ernment and not to interfere in china’s internal af fairs does not mean that they are indifferent to chi nese developments twice on august 29 and 31 the red army newspaper red star discussed the situa tion in china the publication stated that only if china followed a democratic course and cooperated with the democratic states could it secure the under standing and support of world wide democratic forces and the peoples of the soviet union again on august 31 the soviet radio at kharbarovsk said that the u.s.s.r was watching with interest and concern the kuomintang communist negotiations in page two es chungking it is imperative the broadcast urged that china take the road of unity without delay prospects for chinese unity as a re sult of the conversations between generalissimo chiang kai shek and the communist leader mao tse tung the internal situation in china appears to have eased although the troops of both sides are still engaged in a race to reoccupy japanese held territory the communists continue to stress the formation of a democratic coalition government and the right of communist forces to receive the surrender of jap anese troops in their areas the chungking govern ment has issued no formal statement on its position but its views were clarified in the v j day mes sage issued by the generalissimo on september 3 the most important condition for national unity he stated is the nationalization of all armed forces in the country he pledged the expansion of civil liberties abolition of wartime press censorship within a specific time limit and the promulgation of a law legalizing all political parties while at taching great importance to early convocation of the national assembly which will adopt a constitution he said the government was prepared to consult all leaders beforehand and to consider a reasonable in crease in the number of delegates no specific refer ence was made to his talks with mao but various straws in the wind suggest that while many difficult issues face those who are working on the problem of long term chinese unity the prospect that a kuomin tang communist formula will be found are brighter than they have been for a long time lawrence k rosinger lend lease reckoning forces showdown on trade policies when world war i ended allied statesmen symbolized the completeness of their victory by obliging germany to sign the treaty of versailles on june 28 1919 exactly five years after the murder of archduke francis ferdinand at sarajevo the end of world war ii was marked by a similar dramatic circumstance for general macarthur formally ac cepted japan’s surrender within a day of the sixth anniversary of hitler's attack on poland in both cases these historic teversals were achieved at tre mendous cost in human lives and effort the disas trous consequences of failure on the part of the allies of world war i to keep the fruits of victory won in 1919 caused president truman to warn the american armed services in a broadcast on v j day that the united states must now turn to the grave task of preserving the peace because civilization cannot survive another war time for stocktaking cynics discount the pledges the united nations are now making and predict that the allied peoples will return to peace having learned nothing and forgotten everything already there are signs that a wave of oblivion is sweeping this country and what may be described as complete emotional disarmament is taking place this swift change of mood is in one sense reassut ing for it indicates the fact that this country along with the other united nations not only fought to end the threat to national security but to disprove the axis thesis that war affords opportunities for mankind’s highest development from another point of view however the speed and enthusiasm with which the united states has resumed what it considers the prerogatives of peace hold a threat for the future neither this country nor any of its allies has labored under any illusions that the period of wartime cooperation would not be followed by another period of hard bargaining on behalf of national interests but it was widely hoped that an abrupt transition from international collaboration to national bargaining such as that now under way over the final lend lease settlement be tween b exact sume w allies underst which presidet part of ity and port to there cc a cash tended 42 bill obligati war anc it wou and he home howeve off lenc state e had lef states 9 does n ments t wha ternatin cipient not ma ington will so of fina to am ire ar trolled appare britain benefit perial sar and se countr hai dur unitec have policy hull the f seat ai point simila régim the u ey ss cast urged t delay asa re neralissimo ader mao appears to les are still d territory formation 1 the right der of jap ng govern s position day mes september f national all armed pansion of censorship mul gation while at tion of the stitution consult all sonable in cific refer ut various ny difficult sroblem of a kuomin re brighter osinger cies everything oblivion is described cing place e reassur itry along fought to 0 disprove nities for the speed states has s of peace is country y illusions would not bargaining vas widely ternational s that now lement be sa ee tween britain and the united states might be averted exactly what form lend lease reckoning would as sume was never entirely clear during the war for the allies who received american aid did so on the understanding that payment should take any form which the president deems satisfactory that the president would consider writing off the debt as a part of the cost of the war appeared to be a possibil ity and president truman seemed to give added sup port to this view on august 30 when he declared that there could be no thought on our part of securing a cash payment for the lend lease aid we have ex tended if a debt approaching the magnitude of 42 billion were to be added to the other enormous obligations of foreign governments incurred in the wat and required for reconstruction he explained it would have disastrous effects upon our trade and hence upon production and employment at home this statement apparently did not mean however that the united states proposed to write off lend lease for on the following day secretary of state byrnes altered the impression the president had left by pointing out that although the united states was not seeking repayment in money that does not mean that there are no lend lease settle ments to be negotiated what mr byrnes had in mind as a possible al ternative to repayment in dollars by lend lease re cipients and in return for certain future loans was not made immediately clear but reports from wash ington have since indicated that the united states will soon propose to britain that it adopt a series of financial measures which in effect would open to american businessmen those markets in the em pite and middle east which are now virtually con trolled by the british stated in blunt language this apparently means that the united states plans to ask britain to forego or greatly reduce the economic benefits it formerly gained from its system of im perial trade preferences and from the sterling bloc asa means of fulfilling its lend lease commitments and securing any future long term loans from this country hard bargaining with britain in all during the past year the methods used by the united states in dealing with the argentine problem have come full circle from the firm nonrecognition policy pursued by former secretary of state cordell hull through the policy of conciliation under which the farrell government secured recognition and a seat at the san francisco conference to the current point of view of the state department that is very similar to that of mr hull that the buenos aires fégime has fascist characteristics unpalatable to the united states washington’s tacit admission that page three fairness to the united states it must be admitted that britain is neither able nor willing to go further into debt and some alternative to cash repayments for financial aid must therefore be found in seeking such an alternative however it is necessary to keep several broad considerations in mind lest our eco nomic policy jeopardize our political policy which requires continuation of the closest possible coopera tion with britain in many parts of the world first there is the nature of the lend lease debts themselves these debts can clearly never be repaid not only because of the technical difficulties involved in re payment to which president truman referred but because there is no equivalent in dollars or any type of economic preferences for the lives of those allied fighting men who by using the equipment with which the united states supplied them helped fight our common battles in the second place as long as we maintain high tariffs the british can hardly escape the conclusion that the united states is sup porting international free trade not because of de votion to free trade ideals but because its tremen dous industrial power enables american businessmen to meet competition from any quarter britain for its part feels entitled to follow a trade policy that serves its interests british industries have suffered greatly during the war and must be retooled before their products can be subjected to world wide competition in shaping our economic policy toward britain moreover we must consider the possible long range political results of measures which if carried through to their logical conclusions would force britain to become a virtual satellite of the united states faced with such a prospect it is within the realm of possibility at least that the british would prefer to tighten up control of the empire and even lower their standard of living in an effort to exist without additional economic aid yet such a course of action which would obviously contribute neither to the solution of potentially ex plosive problems in india and the middle east nor to the prosperity of the united states could impair the very peace that american lend lease has just helped to win winirrepd n hadsel u.s returns to hull’s firm policy on argentina appeasement tactics had not proved successful was contained in a speech delivered in boston on august 24 by nelson rockefeller whose resignation as as sistant secretary of state in charge of latin amer ican affairs was announced the following day mr rockefeller condemned the farrell govern ment as distinguished from the argentine people for having failed to live up to the vital promises given its american neighbors if the facts mr rock efeller enumerated and which must have been known to washington last april are squarely 4 tc q faced the conclusion is inescapable that the united states and the other signatories of the act of chapul tepec failed to gauge the real intentions of the colonels régime in buenos aires with which we attempted to strike a bargain although mr rockefellet’s indictment resembles at many points the state department memorandum issued on july 26 1944 washington policy has made some notable advances since that time for mr hull's criticism of the buenos aires dictatorship was rejected at that time by the argentine people as un warranted interference in their internal affairs to day such statements as those of mr rockefeller and of former ambassador spruille braden in buenos aires on august 29 are welcomed and wildly ap plauded in every sector of argentine opinion diplo matic recognition of the military régime had enabled this country to send as ambassador to buenos aires mr braden who established direct contacts with the argentine people and expressed as no argentine had been able to do the will of the people to return to constitutional government mr braden’s appoint ment as assistant secretary of state on august 25 should assure the argentines of continued united states support for their efforts to achieve democracy extremists in the saddle the diplo matic tug of war between buenos aires and wash ington in which the argentine people have thrown their weight on the side of the united states has seriously weakened the position of the farrell gov ernment president farrell appears to have lost any control he may have had over vice president perén and his nationalist supporters the excesses of this group are such that even top ranking military leaders are growing cool toward the régime which sprang from their ranks and resignations of cabinet min isters are so frequent as to pass almost unnoticed despite the patent opposition of almost all elements of public opinion however perén persists in his presidential ambitions he would like to come be fore the voters as the candidate of the radical party largest of the argentine political parties and for this purpose is packing the cabinet with isolated radicals who are then promptly read out of the party as collaborationists this procedure would not be possible if the radical party were better or ganized and more cohesive the party is reported to be unwilling to ally itself with the other opposition groups the conservatives socialists communists democrats and progressive democrats in a nation al democratic union page four ee as the time approaches for the elections to be held early in 1946 the internal crisis mounts steadily the authorities have dropped all pretense of impar tial maintenance of law and order v j day celebra tions in the capital of a country which had beep at war with japan were violently disturbed by unj formed soldiers under orders and by rioting groups of armed persons described as nationalists while the police stood idly by when other bloody events occurred during the following days university col lege and public schoolteachers throughout the nation left their institutions in a two day protest strike against the government these are conditions border ing perilously upon civil war and the government in failing to take immediate action to restore order and provide for free elections is moving head on to a conflict of an even more serious nature franco’s future unsettled what will happen in argentina will inevitably be conditioned by the temper of the big three toward a nation like spain which in their view gave aid and comfort to the axis enemy the end of the war it was assumed would deal the death blow to franco’s régime and as a matter of fact the potsdam decision to bar spain from the united nations organization coupled with the labor victory in britain seemed to fore shadow more severe treatment for the junior axis it is impossible to overestimate the effect such a policy would have on the entire ibero american world since then however the labor government has indicated that britain’s strategic interests in the mediterranean area would preclude it from taking any action in spain which might encourage civil wat in that country and so increase britain's problems president truman’s distaste for franco and the falange government expressed at a press conference on august 23 should not be allowed to obscure the fact that the united states has conceded the direction of allied policy on spain to britain on september 4 however the british and french ambassadors to madrid handed to the spanish government a joint note calling for the withdrawal of spanish forces from tangier within a week olive holmes the pattern of soviet power by edgar snow new york random house 1945 2.75 the pattern of soviet power in post war europe and asia is traced to the kremlin’s efforts to safeguard the nation against future attacks the author finds no political revolutions in territories occupied by the red army but he observes that local police and soviet authorities are sponsoring numerous changes to increase russia’s security foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 47 september 7 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dororny f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor 1918 declar 11 cou missior machin detaile the co are inte culmin settler they a work avert tions to sup to fur inform foreig uno plans diplon grim details citizen enthu like a fu most isters italy europ mania prelin the u degre to mz speed +urty of mice york e and rd the litical y but ps are curity national tered a at least periodical kow general library uatversity of michigan library ann arbor mich ical foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiv no 48 september 14 1945 hw first meeting of the council of foreign min isters of the big five created by the potsdam declaration which opened in london on september 11 coincides with sessions of the preparatory com mission which is endeavoring to set in motion the machinery of the united nations organization no detailed agenda has been announced in advance by the council of foreign ministers but its meetings are intended to serve as a series of peace conferences alminating eventually in the conclusion of peace settlements with germany and japan the decisions they adopt will determine for years to come the work that uno must accomplish if we hope to avert another war the citizens of the united na tions have been rightly urged by their governments to support uno yet little attempt has been made to furnish the general public with the elementary information it must have about the plans of the foreign ministers if it is to understand and support uno which will then be expected to translate these plans into terms of daily international living secret diplomacy seems more current today than in the grimmest days of the war no one should expect details of day to day negotiations but neither can citizens in democratic countries be expected to wax enthusiastic about foreign policies presented to them like a pig in a poke future of italy’s colonies so far the most tangible item of news is that the foreign min isters will discuss the terms of peace treaties with italy and with satellites of the axis in eastern europe and the balkans finland hungary ru mania and bulgaria these peace treaties are essential preliminaries to the admission of those countries to the united nations britain and to an even greater degree the united states are reported to be anxious to make a final settlement with italy which would speed that country’s political and economic recovery foreign ministers grapple with problems left in wake of war but the countries which suffered most from italy’s war depredations albania greece and yugoslavia demand reparations or territorial adjustments or both and will find it difficult to understand if their interests are disregarded by the great powers of all the territorial problems in that area that of trieste is most troublesome since marshal tito’s demand for the adriatic port and its hinterland not only arouses violent italian opposition but is also viewed with anxiety by americans and britishers who see it as an entering wedge for russian expansion to the adriatic the status of italy's colonies in africa moreover is proving a bone of contention britain seriously menaced in the early stages of the war by axis con trol of italian north and east africa cannot view with equanimity the unqualified return of these col onies to italy it might understandably claim these colonies on grounds of security just as russia has insisted on control of strategic zones along its bor ders in europe and asia and the united states has declared that it needs bases in the pacific had italy been treated throughout as an enemy state this course might prove feasible but italy since 1943 has had the status of co belligerent and has contributed a share small as it may seem to the united nations to the final ousting of the germans from its territory the outright seizure of its col onies by britain might seem a poor augury for the post war era of united nations collaboration true britain could avail itself of the provisions of the san francisco charter concerning non self governing ter ritories and place the italian colonies once it had acquired them under the trusteeship council of the united nations to this course however objections have been raised both in london and washington notably by those who fear that russia which is a member of the trusteeship council would thus gain contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association wa ogg pe ery ot tee ms pd ee ss ae ee sy mare se se eee ie er ow eee g ee ee eet the right to intervene in the affairs of north africa election snags in balkans russia in turn is said to object to anglo american interven tion in former enemy countries where it has been asserting its influence especially rumania and bul garia the united states and britain in accordance with the big three pledges of yalta and potsdam concerning the holding of democratic elections in europe have protested that the fatherland front composed of communists social democrats mem bers of the zveno party and one faction of agrarians which rules bulgaria has used non demo cratic methods and have insisted that elections should be postponed until all anti fascist political parties have an opportunity to vote without fear of persecution for their opinions they have also been critical of the russian supported government of pre mier groza in rumania who heads the national democratic front and have stated that king michael ii has appealed to the big three to aid in the es tablishment of a democratic régime this develop ment has been excoriated by the moscow press and groza received an enthusiastic reception on his visit to russia last week having declined to recognize the political régimes of rumania and bulgaria the united states and britain can hardly negotiate peace settlements with these coun tries until the internal conditions of which they com plain have been altered to their satisfaction but if they balk at concluding peace treaties with ger many’s satellites russia can counter by opposing a settlement with italy and meanwhile the western powers have not been any more prompt than russia page two i in urging unfettered elections in countries where they exercise influence having apparently reached the conclusion that conditions are not yet favorable for elections in either italy or greece the fundamental difficulty raised by these and other questions that may be placed on the agend of the council of foreign ministers is that termina tion of military hostilities has not brought to europe a feeling of security or hope of economic stability despite the stern program imposed on germany at potsdam it would be naive for europeans who haye suffered most from german aggression to assume that the menace of german militarism has really been eradicated when they see the restiveness of american troops who are anxious to go home and feel little desire to maintain the long time occupa tion that would be necessary to assure germany’s ful fillment of the potsdam terms under the circum stances it is not surprising that russia continues to work out its own security measures while at the same time cooperating with the western nations in the establishment of uno yet the measures under taken by russia in turn add to the prevailing feeling of insecurity and as a counterbalance to russia general de gaulle has proposed to britain the crea tion of a western european bloc which is opposed by moscow this vicious circle can be broken only if the big five succeed in rising above the narrow concepts of their respective national interests and apply in their daily decisions the solemn pledges they exchanged at san francisco vera micheles dean u.s and britain weigh plans for mutual economic aid in the two month period since the labor party came to power in britain the main lines of its domes tic policy have been stated and foreign secretary ernest bevin has emphasized the continuity of brit ain’s foreign policy for the time being the labor cabinet has received much support outside labor's ranks this is largely due to the fact that britain has had to face up so quickly to the reconversion problems ushered in by the unexpectedly early end of the war and the stoppage of lend lease supplies from the united states once parliament reconvenes on october 9 the conservative opposition may pre sent a stiff rejoinder to labor’s plans for implement ing the program set forth in the king’s speech of august 15 virtually all groups in britain however agree in their analysis of the country’s fundamental economic problems for this reason ambassador vis count halifax and lord keynes will press the british case for economic assistance from the united states with as much vigor as might be expected from any outright labor representatives in their conversations with american officials which opened in washing ton on september 10 u.s british bargaining it is still too early to predict what final arrangement may be made for assisting britain in the immediate future leaders in both countries however admit britain’s precati ous economic position and realize that its future will be shaped by the action of the united states it is all the more surprising therefore that the crisis over ending lend lease shipments was allowed to arise in such an acute form washington observers do not believe the termination of lend lease was de signed to embarrass the labor government which is determined to carry out a socialist program at home that is anathema to many americans perhaps it was hoped by this step to conciliate certain american groups known for their anti british attitude genet ally it may be that president truman by his sum mary action on the lend lease arrangements wished to arouse congress to a real appreciation of our fe sponsibilities with respect to the economic problems of britain as well as our other allies in any case it must be hoped that congress will give prompt com and nda ina ope ity fat ave ime ally of and pa 7 ful to me the let ing sia a sed nly ow i und hey too ade lers afi ure tes isis to ef de 1 is me was can ef red ms it on sideration to president truman’s recommendation of september 6 for the extension of lending facilities by increasing appropriations for the export import bank and the abolition of the johnson act which rohibits loans to allied governments of world war i which defaulted on their debts or if further loans appear inadvisable in view of the excessive debt incurred by britain during the war then con gress would be well advised to consider an allocation based on the formula used in the case of the 500 000,000 sent to china in 1942 both the united states and britain hold trump cards in the present negotiations the united states eager to enter more fully into trading areas hereto fore restricted largely to britain can press for re duction of british imperial preferences britain can with equal reason create an even tighter trading bloc for expansion of foreign trade has become es sential to britain’s future world position and hope for domestic reconstruction in britain whether along socialist lines proposed by the labor party or otherwise depends almost entirely on the country’s ability to recoup its export markets perhaps the most hopeful aspect of this bargaining process which would have had to take place sooner or later is that both nations face common problems and seek com mon goals if these are kept uppermost in the minds of negotiators now engaged in ironing out british american differences a lend lease settlement may yet be reached which in keeping with the language of article vii of the master lend lease agreements would look toward the freeing of international trade and the promotion of world prosperity common aims and common tasks not only do both countries hope for a period of ex panding trade but their domestic aims are in many ways similar especially their desire to maintain full employment britain faces no immediate unemploy ment problem in the period of reconversion rather it hopes to maintain most wartime price controls and production regulations in an effort to shift produc tion promptly to those enterprises best calculated to aid in reviving the export trade in this country on the other hand there is every likelihood that sub stantial unemployment will develop during the re conversion period yet the eventual goal of full em ployment that is common to both nations was never more clearly apparent than in the program presented to congress by president truman in his speech of september 6 full recognition that our goals are es sentially identical should tend to remove the hesi page three seanenemennel tancy with which many groups in the united states view labor’s proposals for british reconstruction president truman’s recommendations strongly endorsing the murray full employment bill may be compared to laborite support for the polli cies outlined in the white paper on employment during the wartime coalition régime legislative measures based on that report which the labor min isters will doubtless introduce in parliament may be even more concrete and far reaching than originally expected british concern about housing which played such an important part in the recent election is also paralleled by president truman’s suggestion that broad and comprehensive legislation be enacted to help private enterprise build between 10,000,000 and 15,000,000 houses in the next ten years similar plans may also be noted in such other fields as sup port for agriculture liberal provisions for veterans aid extended unemployment compensation and in creased social security benefits plans for educational reform hospitalization and health benefits are also comparable that these common goals are to be sought on the basis of different economic theories need not pre vent the kind of cooperation in economic affairs which the two nations have achieved in prosecuting the war nationalization of the central banking ser vices in england and of the coal industry proposed at the opening of parliament on august 15 will appear as radical innovations to many americans yet when it is realized that the mining industry has long been under virtual government direction due either to conditions of depression or necessities of war and that the bank of england worked in the closest cooperation with the british treasury full nationalization of such industries or services will not seem revolutionary whether the process of national ization is used or greater dependence is placed on the automatic functioning of free enterprise it is imperative both for political and economic reasons that britain and the united states achieve as nearly as possible conditions of full employment if through failure to coordinate our policies along this line the two nations drift toward economic autarchy it will not only prove far more difficult for both to achieve a high level of prosperity but the world at large will suffer again from economic tensions which once developed in heavily industrialized nations are bound to spread to other countries grant s mcclellan the first of two articles foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 48 september 14 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lugr secretary vera micheles dean eéitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor lo ben dt el ua and tes 4 7 washington news letter will state department changes stiffen policy on japan the state department is reexamining allied pol icy toward japan to determine whether the best in terests of the united nations and the hope for lasting peace require sterner supervision of japanese officials and affairs than the united states has exer cised in the first days of the occupation policy today is in a state of flux the leaders and people of japan are disturbing the state department by their appar ent lack of repentance for embarking on the costly and ruinous adventure of war and by signs that the nation whose emperor surrendered uncondition ally is spiritually undefeated the problem of policy is complicated by the fact that the allies took a hope ful and lenient attitude in the first stages of dealing with japan and that certain responsible sources of japanese opinion occasionally reveal an understand ing of the country’s true position whatever the de cision on policy the united states intends to take the leadership in setting the course for treatment of japan secretary of state byrnes has no intention of raising the japanese matter at the meeting of the allied council of foreign ministers that opened in london on september 11 state department changes the possi bility of a change in policy toward japan is height ened by the withdrawal from the state department of two men whose influence contributed strongly to the decision of president truman to invite an offer of peace from japan in the potsdam declaration of july 26 and subsequently to accept in modified form the conditional peace offer of august 10 they are joseph c grew who resigned as under secretary of state on august 15 and eugene dooman who re tired on september 1 from the foreign service and resigned as adviser in the state department on jap anese affairs both men during their long tours in the department and in japan before the war stead fastly believed that leniency and patience would lead to a basis of understanding between the two coun tries the attack on pearl harbor did not wholly dissuade them the retirement of mr grew and mr dooman did not result directly from the puzzling conse quences of the lenient policy the united nations have followed in victory over japan their departure however gives new authority to a group of men in the department whe have less faith in our recent enemy dean acheson the new under secretary is an advocate of sternness toward japan john carter vincent chief of the division of chinese affairs who is now exerting a greater influence than former ly in matters relating to japan has been more in clined than mr grew or mr dooman to look for support of the united states among other than the conservative groups in asia the instrument of surrender signed on the uss missouri on september 1 paves the way for a sterner policy should the decision to invoke it be reached the authority of the emperor and the japanese government to rule the state says one article of the surrender shall be subject to the supreme com mander for the allied powers general douglas macarthur who will take such steps as he deems proper to effectuate these terms of surrender the government of prince higashi kuni formed on august 16 has the bearing now of a régime that re gards itself as a partner of the conquering allies foreign minister mamoru shigemitsu said on sep tember 7 that the allies will present all necessary requests through the japanese government and that there would be no military government for japan this was confirmed by general macarthur in a statement of september 9 although the supreme commander used the word orders instead of te quests in stating the desire of the united nations to create a peaceful democratic non militaristic japan he said that the occupation forces would be called on for action only if japan did not comply satisfactorily and that the existing japanese econ omy will be controlled only to the extent necessary to achieve the objectives of the united nations problems of u.s military policy general macarthur's order of september 10 direct ing the abolition of the japanese imperial general headquarters is an essential routine move which does not of itself indicate the character of the course to be followed in the future adoption of a stern policy of control toward japan depends in some de gree on the decisions reached in this country respect ing united states military policy several hundred thousand occupying troops would be required for the successful realization of such a policy which could not be implemented should the size of the army be reduced precipitously while it is perhaps irksome to be assigned for a long period to occupation duty in those distant islands occupying soldiers can find solace in the thought that their presence reduces the likelihood of a new outbreak by japan whose bel ligerent fury cost this country many lives during the past four years blair bolles 191 vol wn +entered as 2nd ne gesera library 8 1945 ey perigvkal 460 1945 qgenemmat linrary valversity or ut sie oec peateal umty of mich 7 chigan ie an aucennaiiill behan wt ant wen h an 1an former emis foreign policy bulletin to look for er than the the uss an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association of a sterner foreign policy association incorporated 9 reached 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y japanese txxiv no 49 september 21 1945 article of i doula long range plans on japan needed to assist macarthur s he deems ae the mounting discussion of american far arthur castigated leaders of the news industry for nder the eastern policy one fact stands out the amer abusing the latitude granted them he accused them formed on jcan public is largely convinced that the defeat of of coloring the news engaging in destructive criti me that re japan does not mean the end of tokyo’s aggressive cism of the allies and giving the impression that ing allies aspirations it is true that japan will soon be con we have been negotiating with the japanese govern id on sep fined to its home islands standing alone without the ment on the latter point he declared emphatically necessary means of waging war and hemmed in geographically the supreme commander will dictate orders to the t and that by the world’s two leading powers the united japanese government he will not negotiate with it or japan states and russia but there is widespread feeling how long an occupation these state thur ina derived partly from our experience with germany ments indicate general macarthur’s agreement with e supreme after world war i that purely technical measures the american press and public in finding recent jap ead of te f directed at japan's war making capacity will have to anese propaganda disturbing and repugnant un ed nations be accompanied by fundamental changes in japan’s doubtedly the actions he has already taken will be militaristic social economic and political structure if there is to followed by other essential technical measures such would be bea chance of lasting peace as the dissolution of the japanese general staffs and 0t_ comply u.s policy stiffens it is evident that our the war and navy ministries as soon as these steps nese econ grip on japan is not yet strong enough to allow us are feasible what is still unclear despite reports t necessary complete freedom of action for as general mac of plans for reeducating the japanese is the long vations arthur emphasized on september 14 the occupa range character of american policy whether the policy tion is in its first stage with only a portion of our united states will be satisfied simply to disarm japan 10 direct troops ashore and large numbers of japanese soldiers technically or will seek far reaching alterations in al general still armed the need to safeguard the american forces japanese society such as are envisaged in germany ve which has been a major consideration on the other hand the length of american occupation of japan will the course perhaps partly as a result of growing american con be a major and possibly a decisive determinant of of a stern cern over the maneuvers of premier higashi kuni’s policy for it is clear that only a superficial demilitar 1 some de régime general macarthur has taken strong meas ization could be carried out in a brief period it is try respect ures in recent days stressing that the surrender now four and a half months since the defeat of hundred terms are not soft and they will not be applied in germany but the process of reorganizing that coun quired for kid glove fashion try is still in its early stages so great are the prob icy which he has ordered the dissolution of imperial gen lems that face the occupying powers the fact that f the army tal headquarters and the notorious black dragon the trials of the top nazi war criminals may not begin ps irksome society has imposed sharp restrictions on the jap for some time suggests the difficulties before us ion dutyin nese press and radio and has ordered the newspapers in both europe and asia in japan to be sure our can find to publish accounts of japanese war atrocities so that burden is somewhat lighter than in germany be educes the the civilian population may know some of the crimes cause we do not have to build a government from the whose bel ommitted in its name the arrest of the first group ground up but the existence of the japanese admin during the of war criminals is being carried through and on istrative structure with its own ingrained tendencies september 15 an army spokesman for general mac may increase the difficulty of reaching our objectives bolles contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association it is only natural for the american troops in japan to be eager to return home and general macarthur has indicated that in.the next six months many of them will do so but the american people have paid heavily for japanese aggression and there is no reason to doubt their willingness to meet the far smaller cost of occupying japan long enough to make victory stick a carefully coordinated policy of explaining our aims to our troops in japan provid ing adequately for their participation in achieving these purposes and looking after their personal well being should result in satisfactory morale where should policy be made recent events in korea suggest that the issue of control of occupation policy also requires discussion when the first american forces landed in southern korea on september 9 the commanding officer lieut gen john r hodge stated that for lack of any alterna tive the japanese administration would be main tained from the governor general down subse quently protest demonstrations broke out in seoul the korean capital and considerable criticism was expressed in this country on september 12 president page two es truman declared that the decision had been made entirely by the theater commander on the same day general hodge announced that both the goy ernor general and the japanese director of the police bureau had been removed it is obvious that at the moment of the landing general hodge was in no position to replace the japanese administration but it is equally clear from the speedy removal after protest of the two jap anese officials most objectionable to the koreans that the situation could have been avoided had there been adequate direction from washington general macarthur has carried out his occupation assign ment effectively and has shown a commendable in terest in the reactions of the american public but it seems unfair and generally undesirable to expect him to develop on the spot policies that require long range planning while the supreme command er needs a considerable degree of freedom to exercise his own judgment his responsibilities would be eased and his usefulness increased if he received a greater measure of guidance from home lawrence k rosinger will divergent economic views undermine u.s british unity while the agenda of the current anglo american economic conference in washington includes such technical subjects as lend lease termination loans and commercial policy there are several underlying questions which must be canvassed if any agreement reached for aid to britain is to prove acceptable either to congress or the british labor government since britain's present economic crisis is a direct result of the war the question arises whether the united states has a moral responsibility to aid the british economy at this time in so far as this query involves a judgment on sharing wat costs it applies not only to britain but also to france russia and other united nations now facing serious food shortages or other economic difficulties in addition however it may be asked whether there are reasons based purely on self interest economic or political which make it necessary for the united states to devise some peacetime plan similar to the lend lease ar rangements to facilitate britain’s economic recon struction for many americans the question of aid to britain is complicated by the fact that the british govern ment is pledged to a program of social economic re construction which is considerably further left than any policy now favored in the united states fears about labor’s program of socialization were voiced in congress the moment the anglo american talks began on september 11 for example representa tive knutson republican of minnesota stated that it was inconceivable that president truman and the congress will permit billions to be taken out of the american treasury and given to foreign countries to be used for expropriation of privately owned and operated property especially in view of the depleted condition of our own treasury moral duty and self interest the most cursory review of the difficulties encountered over the war debt controversy resulting from world war i should warn us against any attempt to strike an exact balance of war costs shared in a military coalition effort president truman’s assurance that america would not expect a cash repayment for the lend lease outlay of 42 billion indicates that we have learned a lesson from the inter war experience in the original lend lease contract the united states recognized britain’s sacrifices in its two year struggle against the axis before we entered the war and ad mittedly purchased our own defense by that act what is more important now in view of the question cur rently raised about our responsibility in continuing aid to britain is that the master lend lease agree ments provided terms of settlement which strike a neat balance between moral obligations and self interest just as lend lease was based on recognition of mutual interests an adjustment of the economic problems resulting from the war must be made on the basis of mutual advantage properly understood such an adjustment involves no new moral decisions for the terms of the lend lease contract suggest 4 settlement which seeks to increase trade and rais world economic standards britain’s economy which was in large part devoted to war purposes must now be revamped and expanded this will prove doubly difficult because a major portion of britain’s foreign jnvestm order tc longer ferences its impc people of livin which t eration continu strictior especial it mu nership exceller tion th 1919 alike i ference wat pel the cha but it 1 tion an or econ states the u lems s of succ about fea mental we fea dent t ernmet quite t fear et the vi day the 1943 44 fense litical docum june carr sixt readily ica heg generc goel a b nine states foreig headqua second c one mor 2 been made 1 the same h the gov f the police the landing replace the clear from ie two jap 1 koreans d had thete mn general ion assign endable iblic but it to expect nat require command to exercise id be eased d a greater osinger jnity owned and 1e depleted lest the ncountered om world rt to strike a military irance that ent for the 2s that we experience ited states ar struggle ar and ad t act what lestion cur continuing sase agree ch strike a and self gnition of economic e made on inderstood decisions suggest a and raise my which must now ove doubly n’s foreign page three investments was liquidated in the war years in order to finance the military effort funds are no longer available abroad by which the necessary dif ferences between the country’s export receipts and its import needs can be balanced yet the british eople are intent on materially raising their standard of living and unless conditions are provided in which the nation’s economy may expand in coop eration with other nations britain may be forced to continue and increase its preferential trading re strictions which american business finds irksome especially in the sterling area countries it must be hoped that the united states british part nership having weathered a coalition war with such excellent results can avoid the kind of disintegra tion that befell a similar anglo french alliance in 1919 since our political aims are in many ways alike it will be all the more tragic if economic dif ferences prevent continued cooperation in the post wat period such at understanding need not take on the character of an exclusive anglo american bloc but it is only realistic to admit that wider coopera tion among the united nations either in political or economic affairs can hardly succeed if the united states and britain are to pursue opposing policies the united nations conference on economic prob lems so often proposed would have scant chance of success if the present negotiations do not bring about substantial results fear of labor’s program the funda mental question asked by many americans is need we fear labor's program of nationalization presi dent truman’s answer that britain’s choice of gov emmment is entirely a domestic british issue while quite true will hardly allay the qualms of those who fear encroachments on free enterprise in america the f.p.a the vigil of a nation by lin yutang new york john day 1945 2.75 the story of the author’s six months trip to china in 1943 44 a combination of chapters on travel and a de fense of the chungking government’s position in its po litical and military conflict with the chinese communists documents on american foreign relations july 1948 june 1944 edited by leland m goodrich and marie j carroll boston world peace foundation 1945 3.75 sixth volume in a most valuable series which makes readily accessible documents that really show how amer ica heads toward the post war world generals in the white house by dorothy b and julius goebel jr garden city doubleday doran 1945 2.75 a brief survey of the military and political careers of generals who have been presidents of the united tates ae characteristic socialist statements made in england by some of labor’s spokesmen who foretell the end of capitalism will not go unheeded here moreover given common economic practices founded on the common structure of anglo american law changes in britain’s economic system will be readily under stood by americans in a way similar changes in less familiar countries might not be understood our very ability fully to grasp the changes labor intends to make in an economic system so nearly like our own may be turned to our advantage if meantime we are not impeded by self engendered fears just as several individual states in america have proved laboratories of social experimentation brit ain provides a test case which may prove of value to us it is noteworthy that the recent election victory in britain brings labor to power for the first time fully supported by a large majority in an industrial nation of the first rank which is both highly skilled technologically and possesses a tried and honest civil service heretofore socialist plans have been under taken either in small or economically backward na tions neither situation has offered an example to the united states britain’s experiment at a time when extensive social benefits are being urged for all citizens in this country is of urgent interest to the united states if it is realized that our own system is a mixed economy increasingly concerned with problems of social welfare then the british experi ment need not prove an obstacle to american aid for british laborites are operating within a tradi tional political framework of democratic procedures and liberties which we share and their proposed eco nomic structure differs from our own only in degree grant s mcclellan the second of two articles bookshelf the real soviet russia by david dallin new haven yale university press 1944 3.50 an analysis of the character of the russian govern ment secret police army and communist party by one of the leading critics of the soviet régime strangers in india by penderel moon new york reynal and hitchcock 1945 2.00 a refreshing account based on the author’s experiences as an english official in the indian civil service mr moon brings out the sense of frustration felt by english men who realize that british conceptions are not suitable to indian conditions canada and the fight for freedom by w l mackenzie king new york duell sloan and pearce 1944 2.75 this volume contains the more important speeches of the prime minister of canada delivered between septem ber 1941 and june 1944 foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 49 september 21 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year s181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter 1918 public disturbed by confused policy on feeding europe in his statement of september 17 answering queries raised by a number of national organizations president truman contradicting a previous state ment by secretary anderson about food said that both ships and supplies with the notable exception of sugar fats and oil are available but that satis factory financial arrangements remain to be made with individual paying governments and with unrra adding this does not mean that it may not become necessary to resume ration controls of certain items if they become so short in supply that such controls are required to insure more equitable distribution the american people once they are acquainted with the grim facts of near starvation in allied countries will unquestionably agree with the president that it is an american responsibility not only to our friends but to ourselves to see that the job of feeding is done and done quickly but the only way that this can apparently be done is if we supply food on a basis other than cash american responsibility to help the president has the political choice now of asking the american public to go on accepting enforced re strictions in its diet or of disappointing the hopes he has raised abroad the only assurance that a share of our foodstuffs will be diverted to hungry foreign nations is the uninterrupted application of ration and price controls the extensive needs of other countries for imports from the united states call for an orderly distribution that cannot be arranged if buyers here and abroad are competing without re striction for available supplies individual western european countries want to make purchases of food in this country britain must obtain by purchase or loan a quantity of food equal at least to the amount it was receiving under lend lease until that service was terminated on august 21 unrra is buying food here for distribution in southern and central europe as well as certain far eastern areas on august 30 moreover general dwight d eisen hower said it will be necessary to export food from the united states to feed germany this winter in the face of these varied calls on the larder of the united states conflicting statements of govern ment officials have thrown both americans and for eigners into confusion concerning the administra tion’s intentions secretary anderson has consistently discouraged expectations of filling foreign require ments while diplomatic spokesmen like former un der secretary of state grew have said that it is vitally necessary to come as close as possible to filling them secretary anderson on july 12 declared the united states cannot feed the world although he added we must share what we can with the peoples of the liberated lands until such time as their new harvests will make it possible for them again to feed them selves in explanation of the limited contribution that this country could make he pointed out we are eating into our reserve stocks of meat poultry eggs sugar lard and canned goods on september 14 when he announced that he would seek an end to controls on citrus fruits the country according to government reports had an excess of many foods and the federal government was releasing from ware houses 3,000,000 cases of canned fruits and 6,000 000 cases of canned vegetables to civilian purchasers desperate need abroad on september guarant 15 the office of war information reported that the states a liberated areas of europe desperately need 12,000 of its 000 tons of foodstuff imports in order to prevent widespread starvation this winter european food curious production is 10 per cent below the levels of 1935 37 allied and transportation troubles make impossible the most useful distribution of what is produced the and n united states on the other hand is producing far to fulf in excess of pre war normal and is the chief poten ment tial source of supply the soviet union which itself maca is seeking aid from the united states in other foods occupa has exported grain for relief to rumania yugo will p slavia and poland and sweden is developing a pro a size gram of assistance to liberated countries canada jected which with the united states is the chief supplier of compl unrra has announced the restoration of meat fa forces tioning to jap the owi report disclosed that unrra has been demar so unsuccessful in filling its relief food needs for of all europe that director general herbert h lehman abroa has had to lower from 2,650 to 2,000 the calories he would hoped to provide daily to unrra beneficiaries re lehman in june estimated his meat needs for the final officig six months of 1945 at 725,000,000 pounds but he unite has obtained deliveries on only 44,000,000 during dome a visit to washington in july the french ministet abroa of food supply christian pineau said that the cur dike rent french ration averaged 1,500 calories a day of the less than the famishing quantities supplied by the toky japanese to american prisoners of war the ameft that can public wants not only the facts about the dite supr food situation in europe and asia but an opportunity indic to take action commensurate with the urgency of the also crisis described by president truman exper blair bolles f vou xx a a peace action of requ +a pe the united he added ples of the w harvests feed them ontribution 1 out we it poultry september sek an end cording to any foods from ware ind 6,000 purchasers september ed that the ed 12,000 to prevent pean food of 1935 37 ossible the luced the ducing far hief poten which itself ther foods nia yugo ping a pfo s canada supplier of of meat fa a has been needs for i lehman calories he eneficiaries for the final aids but he 00 during h minister vat the cur s a day of lied by the the ameti ut the dire opportunity ency of the bolles general libfary tt ts sat af rn al re university of mich at te r b qo eichican ly ts mite ann arbor michican c v s foreign policy bulletin a an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vout xxiv no 50 september 28 1945 will u.s revise its occupation policy in germany a a moment when the recent victories on the battlefronts have not yet been consolidated in a peace settlement affording at least a reasonable guarantee of future national security the united states appears on the verge of a hasty demobilization of its armed forces regardless of the effects this action may have on the nation’s foreign policy by a curious irony it was the supreme commander of allied forces in japan who unleashed the torrent of requests for speedy demobilization that the army and navy had been trying to hold in check in order to fulfill american commitments abroad in a state ment issued in tokyo on september 17 general macarthur declared that within six months the occupation force unless unforeseen factors arise will probably number not more than 200,000 men a size probably within the framework of our pro jected regular establishment and which will permit complete demobilization of our citizen pacific forces although general macarthur referred only to japan in his remarks he precipitated a storm of demands in congress for more rapid demobilization of all the armed forces and created the impression abroad that our rule of the defeated axis countries would be brief and perfunctory repercussions in europe all subsequent oficial efforts to dispel the impression that the united states is now turning to consideration of its domestic problems to the virtual exclusion of those abroad have been like attempts to plug holes in a dike after the sea has been let in two days after the original macarthur prediction was made in tokyo a news dispatch from wiesbaden reported that germans in the american zone had taken the supreme commander’s statement about japan as an indication that american occupation of the reich also might not be as long or as rigorous as had been expected if news coverage of the london meeting of the council of foreign ministers had been as ade quate as that in the american zone in germany it might be assumed that the effects of the statement would have been observed there too for secretary of state byrnes undoubtedly found his bargaining position weakened as the other allies observed this evidence that the united states was in haste to wind up the war and might therefore accept proposals for the disposal of the italian colonies or a settle ment in eastern europe that it regarded as consider ably less than satisfactory whatever the repercussions of the speedy demobil ization of our armed forces may have been on the first peace conference its effects on the program for the occupation of germany are already clear re ports from germany show that the military govern ment is so greatly hampered by the loss of high point men who were familiar with their assignments and by the general shortage of replacements that even routine tasks are now being left undone the ma chinery for our military government of germany in short threatens to come to a full stop goals still remote if all our major ob jectives in germany had already been attained this situation would hardly be a serious matter the con trary however appears to be the case for reports of the hasty withdrawal of troops are being accom panied by developments that clearly show we are still far from realizing the two goals in germany that the allies set at potsdam last july denazifica tion and demilitarization of the defeated reich and establishment of democratic self government and a reorganized economy from the earliest phase of the occupation until the present moment the denazification policy has encountered difficulties that have rendered its en forcement a hit and miss affair immediately after germany's collapse the speed and finality with which contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association on eee pore a core da ce atic mee ear be ere ekg oe fe ee many nazis were removed from positions of political or industrial responsibility depended largely on the effi ciency and political convictions of the local military commanders more recently the army has assigned top priority to the denazification program yet de spite this emphasis on denazification recent unoffi cial surveys in the american zone show a wide spread breakdown in the program general patton head of the military government in bavaria who recently declared that in his opinion far too much fuss has been made regarding denazification of ger is merely the most outspoken proponent of the view that some nazis are indispensable to the efficient operation of certain services particularly those of an economic nature under these conditions and with nazis remaining in positions of manage ment and direction of german industry and business reports of a rapid reduction in the size of the amer ican occupying force seem distinctly premature economic policy needs revision an even more difficult job than denazification remains to be done in connection with the economic future of germany for there are signs that the deindustrial ization progam devised at potsdam last july is un workable and will have to be revised according to the potsdam agreement germany was to be de prived of its economic potential lest it use its vast industrial plant to rebuild military power this drastic solution of the german problem however has inevitably had embarrassing consequences for the allies both in germany and throughout large areas of europe which formerly depended on ger many’s industries to supply them with essential man ufactured goods as far as germany itself is concerned britain and page two ll es the united states now find themselves obliged to send food into the country to maintain subsistence standards of living for germany deficient in food stuffs was formerly dependent on exports of its manufactured goods to furnish it with agricultural products from abroad certain measures can of course be taken by the allied control council to make germany more nearly self sufficient and the economic integration on september 20 of the four zones of occupation is an important step in this direction under no circumstances however will it be possible for germany to become a self supporting unit again unless it is permitted to operate certain industries and since it is difficult under moderp conditions to distinguish between industries that may be used for war and those that produce only for peace time purposes provision for long term allied supervision of germany's industrial plant will have to be made program is revised accordingly local amg officials may be expected to continue in their present course of suspending action directed toward the complete for lack of directives they can do nothing about establishing permanent controls over those industries they permit to operate to fill minimum requirements for german civilians and the occupying forces per haps the most important step that could now be taken toward curbing the present dangerous trend toward a new american withdrawal from europe would be the publication of a full report on the problems that still confront the occupying authorities in germany whinifred n hadsel economic goals influence labor party’s policy abroad the address given by foreign secretary ernest bevin on august 20 still remains the only general statement of the labor party’s foreign policy the keynote of that address was the continuity of british policy and those who have looked for abrupt changes have found only disappointment in later de velopments perhaps the renewal of the cripps offer for indian self government made on september 19 and prime minister atlee’s proposal on september 23 to submit the palestine question to the united nations organization foretell more active moves in the field of external affairs meanwhile the labor cabinet is engaged in the peace settlements now being negotiated by the council of foreign ministers in london and british representatives are attempt ing to orient the nation’s economic future in the far reaching anglo american conversations which still continue in washington britain looks abroad mr bevin referred to britain’s guiding aim in foreign policy when he said on august 20 that the government regards the economic reconstruction of the world as the primary object of their foreign policy and it is to be assumed that britain’s own economic dilemma thoroughly reviewed during the current washington conference was also very much in the forefront of bevin’s thought this concern for economic develop ment along with britain’s desire to maintain its position as a power of the first rank provide a broad background from which all contemporary british moves abroad may be viewed although british relations with western europe especially france remain much the same as under the churchill coalition régime there is some indica tion of a stiffer attitude toward developments in southeastern europe there is little evidence how ever of britain's position on germany's future in urging british coal miners to produce more coal fot europe and thus come to his aid in pursuit of british aims abroad bevin stepped outside time worn diplo tet for will go nent are fuel and eco many at ability tion whe ask for phrased should itself ec and fing the cent washin that now se the brit res until these facts are recognized and the potsdam aie sterling betwee its sear sine weis flatly re deindustrialization of germany at the same time ling cre wish tc examp wider 1 lab econon retainis bonds indian hopes speedy india there minior mon wi septen spokes ferenc est he will e now portio war buyin in holdis reasor poreic lea lou econd he mot matic phraseology to highlight one of the crucial problems britain as well as america faces this win be ee ll obliged to subsistence nt in food orts of its igricultural es can of council to it and the of the four ep in this ver will it supporting ate certain er modern es that may e only for erm allied t will have 1e potsdam g officials sent course e complete same time hing about e industries quirements forces per yw be taken nd toward e would be blems that 1 germany hadsel ad tld as the ind it is to c dilemma v ashington orefront of ic develop laintain its ide a broad ary british rn europe e as undef yme indica opments in lence how future in re coal for t of british worn diplo the crucial 25 this win au eev 7_ ter for political objectives of whatever intention will go astray if conditions on the european conti nent are reduced to chaos because of the lack of food fuel and transport economic necessities what is puzzling to many american observers is the apparent desire and ability of the british to aid in european reconstruc tion when at the same time they find it necessary to ask for economic assistance from the united states phrased somewhat differently it is also asked why should britain request aid unless it is willing to help itself economically by adjusting its imperial trading and financial relations this question raises one of the central issues reportedly under discussion in the washington conference that some form of aid will be extended to britain now seems certain yet the difficulty of changing the british imperial preference system and loosening the restrictions inherent in the operations of the sterling bloc serve to point up the close relationship between britain’s desire for economic prosperity and its search for security british spokesmen have not flatly refused to release some of the excessive ster ling credits now blocked in london but they will wish to retain a firm hold on the sterling area for example in the middle east and in india until some wider multilateral trading system is assured labor and the empire britain’s domestic economic needs can be met most easily at present by retaining already established imperial and trading bonds thus in offering to renew negotiations for indian independence the labor government not only hopes to fulfill britain’s wartime pledge but also by speedy alleviation of the political struggle over india to retain its position of economic advantage there that india may readily be brought to do minion status and associated with the british com monwealth still appears doubtful for the offer of september 23 was quickly and severely criticized by spokesmen in india where the internal political dif ferences remain insurmountable but of chief inter est here is the fact that by controlled trading britain will expect to benefit from the indian sterling credits now blocked in london they represent the major portion of britain’s sterling debt incurred during the war and up to this point have been earmarked for buying british products only in the middle east the necessity for tenaciously holding on to imperial ties aside from economic feasons is reinforced by britain’s present estimate of page three its world power position now much reduced in rela tion to that of the united states and the u.s.s.r russian delays in effecting a joint military with drawal from iran its hope to strengthen its position in the dardanelles and in the arab world and the soviet desire to administer tripolitania as a single trustee suggested on september 18 all offer adequate reason for british reluctance to loosen imperial bonds prime minister atlee’s proposal to submit the palestine problem to the united nations came shortly after the new government had called to lon don the chief british representatives in the middle east to canvass the possibility of drafting a well coordinated policy for that entire area at the conclusion of these meetings a foreign office communiqué of september 20 stated that his majesty's government are impressed with the de sirability of strengthening the relations with the countries of the middle east on a basis of mutual cooperation and the promotion of their social and economic well being britain’s continued security in the suez and retention of oil rights in the arab world will perhaps demand less active support for a zionist solution in palestine than laborites have proposed heretofore for it appears axiomatic that britain must preserve its imperial ties whether the government in london is laborite or conservative facing facts it is clear that britain faces great difficulties in reaching the goals set by foreign secret ury bevin but britain will adhere to its deci sion to retain what it has even if this forces the brit ish to go it alone until the nation is sure that america in particular will actively support the wider system of multilateral trade which it sponsors and until greater international political stability is as sured these considerations may seem archaic in an age destined to be influenced by the use of atomic energy both in war and peace but if the united states and russia operate on the basis of power prin ciples devised before the use of the atomic bomb there is little hope that britain can do otherwise as the united states swiftly turns from the war scaling down almost daily its estimate of what is needed in occupying germany and japan and as russia pushes its demands for territory and influence into historic british zones any british government would be negli gent if it did not husband its resources and attempt to guarantee its position abroad by all means at its disposal grant s mcclellan foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 50 september 28 1945 headquarters 22 east 38th new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy 1921 address on membership publications street second class matter december 2 me month for change published weekly by the foreign policy president at the post office at new york n y under the act as ssociat vera phighibetis yn incorporated national dean editor entered as ollars a year please allow at least dorotny f leger secretary of march 3 1879 f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year q's produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor f é wre oye fe che twee ee ae a we uts ory oe cote ot a washington news letter firm white house leadership needed on foreign issues although it is less than three months since senate approval of the united nations charter pointed the united states toward a clear cut foreign policy the country suffers today from confusion and uncertainty in international affairs responsibility for clarifica tion rests with president truman who only gradu ally is showing publicly that he is aware of the task confronting him as a result of the american decision to adopt a policy of cooperation with other govern ments only strong presidential leadership can give national policy in world affairs its greatest possible force yet the great hopes of the american people for world cooperation may be disappointed if a courageous foreign policy is sacrificed to narrow political considerations confusions in policy current confusion stems from three sources first as a result of the lack of firm leadership and discipline within the admin istration federal agencies arrive at independent con ceptions of foreign policy and fail to compose their differences second while the administration has kept clearly in mind its goals in foreign policy it has failed in some instances to work out precise details respecting the many questions that confront it third for lack of firm leadership through presi dential explanations to the public voters are today advocating contradictory propositions in foreign af fairs thus there are those who propose swift reduc tion in the size of the army and navy in conjunction with retention of pacific bases which need the su port of adequate military forces and with member ship in the united nations organization whose charter assumes that its leading members will be strong militarily general macarthur added to the confusion by his prediction on september 17 that within six months he would need only 200,000 soldiers for occupation this naturally pleased the large number of persons who for excellent reasons hope for swift demobilization of the citizen armed forces yet overswift demobilization could weaken the united states in its job of policing the european and asia tic enemies and induce forgetfulness of the impor tance of long term military strength in this new era of peace on this matter the country seriously needs guidance from the president on september 18 and again on september 19 mr truman commented on demobilization however a bold and understandable exposition on his part of the necessity of a sound military policy for realization of our foreign policy goals is still needed a strong statement issued on september 19 by acting secretary of state dean acheson revealed that the policy making agencies and general doug las macarthur the supreme commander in japan applying policy actually disagreed about the nature of policy acheson without mentioning macarthur by name insisted it was the task of civilian not mil itary agencies to evolve the country’s foreign policy nevertheless neither civilian nor military authorities in washington have sent macarthur a precise di rective on the policy it is his duty to apply the white house declaration published on september 23 which was taken by messenger to macarthur from wash ington on september 6 is merely a statement of general initial policy relating to japan after sur render problem of maintaining world unity the president has contributed directly to the public's confusion by his occasional observations on foreign policy although he sincerely supported the united nations charter for example he sug gested that he believed in nationalist self reliance when he stated on august 9 we are going to main tain the military bases necessary for the complete protection of our interests and world peace despite his interest in territorial bases he stated in berlin on july 20 there is not one piece of territory that we want out of this war this fiction was pene trated by soviet diplomats who at the london meet ing of the council of foreign ministers have re portedly excused their interest in obtaining african territories by reference to american interest in pacific territory nevertheless president truman has given con vincing signs that he agrees with former assistant secretary of state archibald macleish who declared on august 4 that maintaining our unity with the world may be more difficult than writing the charter on his return from the potsdam conference pres ident truman said on august 9 victory in a great war is something that must be won and kept won it can be lost after you have won it if you are cafe less or negligent or indifferent his problem now is to buck the forces of isolation and make plain to the american public that day to day commitments are necessary in the foreign field if we are to cement the military victory just won and save ourselves from another war blair bolles 1918 was ton dos charact on the in lon session ber 11 which the ur and c questic by any the b molot be pre vote o for th conser ment and c been britais meetit posal to bre ing si clinat of a ml tions sprins plagu worlc of g spon form set assui +ber 19 by nm revealed eral doug rt in japan the nature macarthur in not mil eign policy authorities precise di the white t 23 which rom wash atement of after sur world uct 1 2 194 entered as 2nd class matter vy wesaly of we pane 2 2n meena best ad 4 ene pat lines a mion rely aun bol foreign policy bulletin ee an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vout xxiv no 51 octoser 5 1945 london stalemate reveals hurdles confronting peacemakers washington the administration in washing ton does not share the gloomy disappointment that characterizes most newspaper reports and comment on the meeting of the council of foreign ministers in london it cannot be denied however that the sessions of the council which opened on septem ber 11 produced no agreement on any of the issues directly to which were considered by the foreign ministers of ybservations the united states britain the soviet union france 7 supported and china the london meeting seriously raised the le he sug question whether peace settlements can be achieved self reliance ng to main e complete e despite n berlin on rritory n was pene ndon meet rs have re ing african st in pacific given con r assistant ho declared ty with the the charter rence pres y in a great kept won ou are cafe lem now is plain to the itments afe cement the selves from bolles by any means other than a conference restricted to the big three for despite foreign commissar molotov’s agreement that france and china could be present at all sessions and that france should vote on the italian peace treaty and the french plan for the control of the ruhr he later withdrew his consent to this arrangement the potsdam agree ment according to mr molotov excluded france and china from treaty discussions since they had not been armistice signatories when the united states britain and france refused to accept this view the meeting reached an impasse and compromise pro posals offered by mr byrnes and mr bevin failed to break the stalemate yet despite this disappoint ing situation none of the allies has shown an in clination to abandon international councils in favor of a lone wolf policy mutual suspicions since the united na tions conference for world organization held last spring in san francisco the powers have been plagued by an impossible paradox a belief that world affairs can be managed partly by the formula of great power equal cooperation and universal re sponsibility and partly by the old balance of power formula continued reliance on a contradictory set of policies national and international would assure the failure of future conferences and destroy the doctrine of cooperation sharply aware of this possibility the state department probably will op pose unilateral acquisition by this country of the islands formerly mandated to japan the conference of the foreign ministers of the american republics to open at rio de janeiro on october 20 may be used by the state department as an occasion for seeing to it that the act of chapultepec is geared into an international system secretary of state james f byrnes left for the london meeting determined to press for solutions to problems by formulae of international cooperation nevertheless he fed the controversy between the ad vocates of single handed and cooperative action by letting it be known that he favored permitting italy to administer its former african colonies as trustee for the united nations later byrnes reversed his position and the draft memorandum on italy pre sented to the meeting by the united states on sep tember 15 therefore adhered strictly to an interna tionalist formula it urged that libya and eritrea be granted their independence after a 10 year trustee ship period under an administrator appointed by the trusteeship council and assisted by an advisory com mittee of seven including an italian representative for italian somaliland a similar arrangement was proposed but without any fixed date for inde pendence confused internationalist think ing demonstrations of faith in the united nations formula at the meeting in the lancaster house ball room were insufficient to allay suspicions so long as strong mistrust existed outside lancaster house the united states and britain found it difficult to accept in full faith the soviet espousal of cooperation when moscow newspapers were objecting to western criti cism of the one party régimes in bulgaria and ru mania as undemocratic the u.s.s.r also found it contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association eatee ln i i i é ok tt 2 oe te ae me en a ee en ee se ee ae eee difficult to rest its hopes for security on cooperation with britain and the united states at the very time strong voices in france and britain were advocating creation of a western bloc of states and as long as the united states hesitated to share its atom bomb secret with the soviet union retention of this secret strikes the russians as evidence either of fear of russia or of bad intentions toward that country the united states as a matter of fact has grow ing confidence in its ability to get along with russia but dispatches from london report profound british apprehension the weekly commentary distributed by the official british information services for septem ber 28 proposes that the united states and britain act together to withstand soviet diplomacy soviet british mistrust at london was intensified by the seeming eagerness of the russians to retain unmo lested their influence over the affairs of the eastern european countries and by british anxiety to main tain a special position in the mediterranean and red seas british concera was prompted primarily by soviet as reports of a mounting crisis in buenos aires reach the united states it daily becomes more evi dent that the only alternative to civil war in argen tina is decisive international action to dislodge the farrell per6n government that the argentine im broglio has assumed such unusual importance in the international scene is perhaps due to the fact that the world has seldom seen so striking a spectacle of a people and a government standing embattled against each other now that an abortive revolution has given the government an opportunity to move against its opponents those innocent of any part page two i try’s influence is in danger of declining the united develop states displays little idealism in its present approach hard mo to world affairs and already lacks the outstanding servative military strength it possessed only seven weeks ago was not when japan agreed to surrender the widespread de sing who sire of american soldiers in germany to get out of police bu the army together with the vagueness of the admin society istration program for maintaining the army and nion navy in considerable peacetime strength deepen a britain’s reluctance to demonstrate more faith in the fye nati u.s.s.r other governments begin to wonder whether may sign united states lack of interest in military matters wil j arget not soon be followed by a declining interest in for osablish eign affairs president truman noted this possibility js a fort when at his press conference of september 25 he stressed the danger in a return to isolationism 7 meeting arranged in haste a techni ie dem cal hazard in the way of a successful council meeting ited was the haste with which it was arranged it opened so soon after the potsdam conference which created eon fi the foreign ministers council that none of the dele siege pt gations had time to prepare adequately for the talks foreign commissar molotov’s press conference state aside from a draft on italy secretary byrnes took a ment on september 18 that the soviet union was to london only a set of general principles applicable 44 interested in eritrea and tripolitania the soviets to any situation but explicit for none there was no iceve further disturbed the british by proposing the ex agenda beyond the potsdam agreement that the ae lo clusion of france and china from matters relating council would discuss treaties of peace for italy complet to southeastern europe although the powers ac bulgaria hungary rumania and finland the te het the cepted on september 15 the soviet request that the sulting atmosphere of vagueness in lancaster house ae council hear the representatives of poland the heightened the mistrust and uncertainty which dark ses ins ukraine and white russia on the italian settlement ened the meeting ions w russia’s entrance into mediterranean affairs may yet the delegations looked ahead to ultimate o_o have been doubly forceful because despite the as agreement on matters they could not settle in lon a it sumption in the san francisco charter that each great don and the foreign ministers agreed to send ie 0s power has an interest in the affairs of every region their deputies to istria to study further the prob the wo the western nations have been extremely reluctant lem of trieste on which the soviet union and the sof a in consulting the russians on questions like tangier united states advanced clashing proposals they at atic and syria ranged for the establishment at a coming meeting in conscri the council meeting puts the united states in the washington of a commission to guide policy for i peacefu iti f being the only power able to improve occupation of japan the meeting demonstrated the op pee ae ori again that extraordinary patience on the part of both anglo soviet relations and lead the world into a galt r ge hal quelity in for policy of true cooperation however at a time when officials and peoples is an essential quality oe the world most needs american leadership this coun eign relations blair bolles rece inclu what chance for effective hemisphere action in argentina f in the revolution as well as those directly involved it has become clear to what lengths vice president perén and his followers are willing to go to preserve power the wave of arrests which followed the dis te covery on september 25 of general arturo rawson plans for an armed uprising was calculated not t0 deprive argentina of all political business and in tellectual leadership as it first threatened to do but to strike terror to the heart of the opposition which showed its strength and representative chat acter in a remarkable street demonstration of half a r million persons on september 19 perhaps the a he united t approach utstanding weeks ago spread de get out of he admin army and h deepen aith in the er whether latters will est in for possibility ber 25 he lism a techni il meeting it opened ich created f the dele t the talks yrnes took applicable re was no that the for italy 1 the te ster house hich dark ultimate le in lon to send the prob nm and the they ar neeting in icy for the nonstrated urt of both ity in for bolles tina i y involved president o preserve od the dis rawson's ted not to ss and in ed to do ypposition ative char of half a thaps_ the a development of greatest significance in these last hard months has been the conversion of the con servative privileged classes to the opposition thus it was not only the leaders of radical opinion in argen tina who were being sought for imprisonment by the lice but such leaders as the presidents of the rural society the stock exchange and the industrial union former foreign ministers carlos saavedra lamas and josé maria cantilo and the rectors of fve national universities to the extent that this may signify the willingness of conservative elements in argentine society to cooperate with the left in establishing a stable and progressive government it is a fortunate circumstance for the post perdén era from passive to armed resistance with the accession of the powerful radical party to the democratic front the ranks of the opposition are united yet there is little that can be done to bring about government reform through ordinary political channels owing to the reimposition of the state of siege prohibiting freedom of press and assembly and to the restrictions placed on political parties by the electoral statute announced on august 1 under which the state can control their organization however the calling of a combined general strike and lockout is contemplated which would so completely paralyze the economic life of the nation that the military would have to hand over the gov ermment to the supreme court under argentine law that institution would then be required to call elec tions within 90 days only the optimists in the op position believe however that the government would tolerate a strike without resort to arms and there are those like the argentine labor delegates to the world trade union conference who talk open ly of armed rebellion as soon as the united demo cratic forces can make concrete plans argentina’s conscript army in the last analysis holds the key to a peaceful internal solution of the existing impasse the opposition may base its hopes for the successful outcome of the strike in the anticipated reluctance of page three recent issues of foreign policy reports include future of the japanese mandated islands by william c johnstone greece the war and aftermath by l s stavrianos the international court of justice of the united nations with text of statute by philip c jessup roosevelt’s foreign policy by blair bolles the san francisco conference with text of charter by vera micheles dean 25 each reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 a the enlisted man to take up arms against his own people in a cause for which he can have no personal sympathy chapultepec possible formula while the argentine people must be the chief pro tagonists in the events leading to a change in govern ment there are indications today that they would be less hostile to the idea of active intervention by the united nations than was the case a few months ago when the situation did not look so dark this sug gests the advisability of re examining inter american policy toward argentina in the light of the farrell perén government’s omission to implement its obli gations under the act of chapultepec and involves deciding whether the actions of that government are of purely domestic significance or constitute a threat to hemisphere security if this language has the ring of familiarity it is because the problem has not to this date been confronted and dealt with effectively the failure of the mexico city policy to stamp out axis influences in argentina has been admitted and a more realistic approach is promised by the fact that assistant secretary braden returned from buenos aires convinced that there is an extremely danger ous nazi element which has been organized into a vast nazi fascist espionage network the existence of which is confirmed by official statements of the government itself mr braden has emphasized his view based on first hand acquaintance with the argentine scene that the people of that country are the best insurance against an extension of the underground axis men ace and should be given ample encouragement to settle the situation themselves if however the pres ent impasse should give way to civil war the act of chapultepec offers a formula by which the american nations may act immediately to isolate argentina from diplomatic and economic communication with the rest of the continent on october 20 the amer ican republics will convene at rio de janeiro to con sider the question of drafting the act of chapultepec into permanent treaty form before that time it must be decided whether argentina as a signatory to the act shall attend a conference in which its own situa tion will be in the foreground as the possible test case of a new regional security system it is unlikely however that the american nations will agree on the advisability of imposing sanctions on the recalci trant member of the hemisphere union if only be cause of the practical economic considerations in volved a year ago a similar attempt was abandoned chiefly because of the urgent need of the united nations for argentine foodstuffs its wheat and beef shipments are no less vital today as europe faces starvation to find other ways of eliminating the very real danger to inter american unity and peace atime that the buenos aires government represents with out sacrificing the good will of the argentine people will severely test the statesmanship of the new men in the state department charged with the direction of latin american affairs ouve homes france prohibits government opium monopolies in indo china the french provisional government informed the acting secretary general of the league of nations on july 13 1945 that it confirms the principle of absolute prohibition of opium smoking in all terri tories in the far east under french authority this declaration refers in the first place to indo china thus france joins with the netherlands and great britain in ending an ancient evil which has caused friction for a hundred years between european pow ers and china the unequivocal declaration by great britain in the house of commons november 10 1943 that his majesty’s government have now de cided to adopt the policy of total prohibition of the f.p.a against these three by stuart cloete boston houghton mifflin 1945 3.50 the story of south africa’s modern beginnings woven about the careers of three dominant and vigorous men paul kruger of the boers cecil rhodes the imperialist and lobengula the last of the kaffir kings claims to territory by norman hill new york oxford university press 1945 3.00 while this book offers no solutions for frontier disputes arising out of world war ii mr hill analyzes the nature of conflicting territorial claims and reviews the procedures available for settling such controversies the sinews of peace by herbert feis new york harper 1944 2.50 the former adviser on economic affairs to the state department offers in this well written book his analysis of future international economic problems great stress is laid on the reciprocal trade agreements policy of the united states but mr feis points out that each nation must accommodate its national aims to the greater necessi ties of an international economic system solution in asia by owen lattimore boston little brown 1945 2.00 an expert on far eastern affairs offers a highly stimu lating survey of the issues that face us in asia the many brilliant insights into current problems and their back ground make this must reading the united states in a multi national economy by jacob viner and others new york council on foreign rela tions 1945 2.00 these essays contain statements by outstanding author ities on international trade and finance post war shipping the colonial problem and treatment of germany page four bookshelf er opium smoking in the british and british protected territories in the far east which are now in enemy occupation and the netherlands government's de laration to take all necessary measures for the dis continuance of that habit in the whole area of the netherlands indies which measures will include the abolition of the opium monopoly leave only portuguese macao thailand and the territory form erly held by japan outside this progressive plan now that france has taken its place with the othe great powers in this matter american opinion is watching with sympathetic interest french plans for a new relationship between france and indo china plans which include projects for increasing public health services and improving labor standards suppression of the government i censed shops for sale of smoking opium will give an immediate tangible proof that the french govern ment is sincerely interested in the physical and social welfare of the inhabitants helen howell mooruheeap foreign affairs bibliography a selected and annotated list of books on international relations 1932 1942 new york council on foreign relations 1945 6.00 any one who wishes to follow international relations during this critical ten year period can find a wealth of important references here it is especially useful for libraries problems of the postwar world edited by thomas c t mccormick new york mcgraw hill 1945 3.75 this symposium prepared for the most part by members of the faculty of the university of wisconsin covers three wide fields future economic problems governmental af fairs and international relations subjects treated range from domestic questions like unionism taxation and edu cation to a discussion of america’s foreign policy toward germany russia and britain economic lessons of the nineteen thirties by h w arndt new york oxford university press 1944 is sued under the auspices of the royal institute of inter national affairs 3.75 a review of the national economic policies of the united states britain france and germany during and after the critical years of world depression the author also briefly examines international economic action taken during the inter war period the house of europe by paul scott mowrer boston houghton mifflin 1945 3.75 interestingly written observations by a most interested inhabitant of europe’s house from 1910 to 1933 while head of the paris office of the chicage daily news europe since 1914 in its world setting by f l benns new york crofts 1945 6.00 a thorough revision of an extremely valuable guide to significant events of a memorable period foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 51 ocroser 5 1945 one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor 31 published weekly by the foreign policy association headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered 4 second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 incorporated national three dollars a year please allow at least 1918 f rt vout xx lond ing this by dr who is our tim declares eign m back c is still ing the mannet crimina catastrc collisio whz session proced of pea in con treatie tasks bers fr tory t enemy settlen signat memb direct furthe is con not re to ser sion a dr tation no st sovie franc +r cial ated 942 0 ions alth for bers hree af inge edu yard iter ited the iefly the ton hile nns ional least purina gbenmyal lisrar ay of mich dge foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxiv no 52 october 12 1945 new approach needed to rebuild big three unity london oct 6 the wisest advice to heed dur ing this period of crisis and controversy is that given by dr evatt australian minister of foreign affairs who is emerging as one of the leading statesmen of our times at his press conference on october 5 he declared that the outcome of the meeting of the for eign ministers is by no means an irreparable set back or the contrary it gives a chance while there is still time for a new approach to the task of mak ing the peace settlement in a just and democratic manner certainly it would be nothing short of criminal to speak as some commentators do of a catastrophe or assume the inevitability of a head on collision between the western powers and russia what was most obviously at fault during the first session of the council of foreign ministers was the procedure decided upon at potsdam for the drafting of peace treaties the potsdam declaration stated in connection with the drafting of european peace treaties that for the discharge of each of these tasks the council will be composed of the mem bers representing those states which were signa tory to the terms of surrender imposed upon the enemy state concerned for the purpose of the peace settlement for italy france shall be regarded as a signatory to the terms of surrender for italy other members will be invited to participate when matters directly concerning them are under discussion a further clause provided that whenever the council is considering a question of direct interest to a state not represented thereon such state should be invited to send representatives to participate in the discus sion and study of that question dr evatt who vigorously fought russia’s interpre tation of the veto power at san francisco and can by no stretch of the imagination be described as pro soviet has justly pointed out that the addition of france and china to the big three as members of the contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association council of foreign ministers followed a wrong analogy for if it was the intention of the big three to model the council of foreign ministers on the security council of the united nations they should have included not only the five permanent members but also the six non permanent members all of which are to be middle or small nations moreover he em phasized a fact which had become lamentably ap parent during the london conference that the pro visions for associating other countries with the pro ceedings of the council were vague and imprecise from the point of view of russia the participation of france which in moscow's opinion made no im portant contribution to the defeat of germany and of china which is obviously not a european power was unnecessary and undesirable wider discussion needed it had been clear since dumbarton oaks that russia expected the big three which are charged with responsibility for keeping the peace to use the machinery of the united nations for the purpose of fulfilling their responsi bility this concept of international organization is based on the assumption that the three great powers will take the leadership in making the peace a leadership which dr evatt declared is undisputed it is not a democratic concept if by democracy we understand the equality of all nations but it had already been accepted by the united states and brit ain when they agreed to the use of the veto power yet as secretary of state byrnes broadcast on october 5 no one nation can expect to write the peace in its own way the problem now as at san francisco is how to temper the great powers leader ship in world affairs by scrutiny and discussion of their decisions at a larger gathering of the united nations this has been suggested by dr evatt who said that as a starting point the big three should tem es ee gbe he ee ee nee discuss many questions of major principle and policy when they next consider the peace terms he went on to propose the participation of other states which carried on sustained belligerence against the axis powers and contributed militarily to the defeat of the enemy on whom terms are to be imposed assuming however that the big three can con cur in some such formula as that proposed by dr evatt many americans and britishers here are asking whether it is possible to negotiate with the russians at all or whether all hope of an agreed peace settlement with them must be abandoned the tactics of mr molotov who on september 11 acqui esced in the participation of france and china only to repudiate his agreement on september 22 are diffi cult to justify by any standards acceptable to west ern public opinion british and american negotiators moreover have long felt that mr molatov is the most rigid of the russian leaders who treats interna tional documents as old bolsheviks used to treat the party line allowing no deviation and regarding any opposition to his terms as inspired by sinister motives nor can france and china be accused of having tried to embarrass the big three for their representatives were most courteous and self effacing during the negotiations and french foreign minister bidault intervened only as provided by the potsdam declara tion in the discussion of the peace treaty with italy moscow fears western bloc but cer tain intangibles cannot be left out of consideration in weighing the results of the london conference the russians rightly or wrongly detected a tendency on the part of britain and the united states to stand to truman takes first steps toward control of atomic power president truman’s plan for the control and de velopment of atomic energy given in its bare essen tials in his address to congress on october 3 has opened what must surely prove to be the most cru cial debate in this country or any other nation after a delay of over two months since the first announce ment on august 6 that an atomic bomb had been dropped on hiroshima congress has now received proposals for dealing with this revolutionary devel opment although the president’s suggestions on in ternational control of the use and development of atomic power are to be announced more fully in a subsequent message in a press interview on octo ber 8 mr truman stated that the secret industrial processes involved in releasing atomic energy would not be disclosed to other nations but he reiterated that he intends to initiate talks first with canada and britain concerning the terms under which international collaboration and ex change of scientific information might safely pro ceed beyond this the president has offered hope that some kind of international arrangements may be page two continues to be the prey of hunger chaos and despair gether and of france to side with the western poy ers and have hinted at their fear of a western blog there is no evidence that washington and londo had any preliminary understanding on the contrary one of the criticisms of the conference is that the united states and britain were only sketchily pre pared for considering the questions on the agenda but russia’s suspicions have had the result of bring ing them closer together as well as effecting a rap prochement between them and france which may ip turn soften its attitude toward the germans russia still feels isolated at international confer ences and fearful that its allies will resume the atti tude of hostility current before 1941 since its mil itary aid is no longer needed that there is consider able justification for russia’s apprehension on this score has been amply demonstrated since v e day but whatever grounds each of the great powers may have for suspecting the others the grim fact is that unless the big three can agree on the peace treaties there can be no stabilization in europe no with drawal of russian troops from satellite countries and no long range decisions about the political economic or social rehabilitation of the continent reports from the continent are unanimous in pre dicting the worst winter there since 1939 if europe the victors will not need to worry much longer about husbanding the fruits of victory no matter what else may divide the big three a common fear of the te sults of disagreement should hold them together at future meetings vera micheles dean made to renounce the use and development of atomic energy for war purposes an altered world at the same time chief of staff general george c marshall has laid before the public his review of america’s part in the war and his estimate of our future security needs in sketching the pattern of war in the 20th century general marshall's report to the secretary of war issued on october 9 pays special attention to the harnessing of atomic power in these colorful but sober words the chief of staff points up the present discussions as is obvious from the atomic bomb the developments of the war have been so incredible that wildest imagination will not project us far from the target in estimating the future this discov ery of american scientists can be man’s greatest bene fit and it can destroy him it is against the latter terrible possibility that this nation must prepare of perish slowly the story of the dramatic production of the atomic bomb is being told yet much more factual information about the nature and potentialities of this ni which dictio atom dence view in the foresl for tl be pre sover an using will ships will boun altere level mate dista ment reasc of fe disaf whic pow for euro selve p the alter the try s assu jon a ty the dre da itti nil jer this ay nay iat 1 s ith and mic re ope alr out else r at mic me aid the in ify ar the but ent mb ible ov ne tter of the ual of this new power resource is needed the dispute as to which congressional committee should have juris diction over any bills introduced for the control of atomic power only emphasizes this need but all evi dence available thus far substantiates the president’s view that a new force too revolutionary to consider in the framework of old ideas is at hand if this foreshadows the adoption of internal state controls for the development of atomic energy it surely can be predicted that the relationships among the world’s sovereign states both large and small will be altered and altered drastically with the possibility of using atomic power the methods of warfare itself will change and security needs and power relation ships reflecting the world situation before august 6 will appear outmoded older concepts like strategic boundaries and bases land mass and position will be altered as barometers of power even population levels and availability of the traditional basic raw materials may become unimportant in the not too distant future radically new estimates of the require ments of national security will be necessary for this reason the recent stalemate reached by the council of foreign ministers in london appears all the more disappointing for the differences among the allies which emerged at london arise out of patterns of power politics existing prior to august 6 jockeying for position either in the mediterranean or eastern europe becomes unimportant if strategic areas them selves pale into insignificance present needs it is imperative then that the united states and other nations take stock of the altered situation now confronting them although the argument will continue as to whether this coun try should disclose the secret of the atomic bomb assurance has been given that the principles of atomic page three fission are or can be known by all scientists re gardless of nationality it remains therefore mete ly a question of time until production processes like those presently employed or other new ones are de veloped outside the united states the central ques tion is that of control that the united states must now make a decision on this score in haste only high lights the crucial nature of the issue the ramifica tions of the use of atomic energy both for war or peace are so limitless however that nothing less than the creation of a commission with full powers of control such as president truman has suggested will be adequate to frame policy and carry it into operation in framing this policy the commission should be authorized to consider military defense un der the new conditions the nature of such interna tional controls as are to be devised the adequacy of attempts to restrict the use of atomic energy as a weapon of war as well as the implications of the further development of atomic power for peacetime economic pursuits while the united states must first clarify its policy on atomic energy international decisions will doubt less also be necessary with regard to its world con trol perhaps greater authority must now be granted to the united nations security council and its mil itary staff commission for this reason it may be hoped that the uno preparatory commission now concluding its work in london can arrange for the first meeting of the new organization before the end of the year as proposed by the united states dele gate edward r stettinius jr consideration of the problems posed by the use of atomic energy should then be included in the agenda of the first meeting of the united nations organization grant s mcclellan statement of the ownership management circulation etc required by the acts of congress of august 24 1912 and march 8 1933 of foreign policy bulletin published weekly atc new york 16 n y for october 1 1945 state of new york county of new york ss before me a notary public in and for the state and county aforesaid personally appeared vera micheles dean who having been duly sworn ac cording to fw deposes and says that she is the editor of the foreign policy bulletin and that the following is to the best of her knowledge and belief a true statement of the ownership management etc of the afore said publication for the date shown in the above caption required by the act of august 24 1912 as amended by the act of march 3 1933 em bodied in section 537 postal laws and regulations printed on the re verse of this form to wit 1 that the names and addresses of the publisher editor managing edi for and business managers are publishers foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y editor vera micheles dean 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y managing editor none business managers none 2 that the owner is foreign policy association incorporated the principal officers of which are frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary both of 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y and william a eldridge treasurer 70 broadway new york 4 n y 3 that the known bondholders mortgagees and other security owning or holding 1 per cent or more of total amount of bonds mortgages or a securities are none 4 that the two paragraphs next above giving the names of the owners stockholders and security holders if any contain not only the list of stock holders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the company but also in cases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting is given also that the said two paragraphs contain statements embracing t's full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under which stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the company as trustees hold stock and securities fn a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner and this affiant has no reason to believe that any other person association or corporation has any interest direct or indirect in the said stock bonds or other securities than as so stated by her foreign policy association incorporated by vera micheles dean editor sworn to and subscribed before me this 7th day of september 1945 seal carolyn e martin notary public new york county new york county clerk’s no 365 new york county reg no 164 m 7 my commission expires march 30 1947 foreign policy bulletin vol xxiv no 52 ocroper 12 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f lugr secretary vera micheles dan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one month for change of address on membership publications three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ep 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor ane ae ns pr beak 4 ie oe bate eh sia we pa fr wr reel e qeapre tiie 4 er sine sn rama oto ni a washington news letter ny ne u.s backs chungking against communists in north china the arrival of u.s marine corps contingents at tientsin and near by points in north china could lead to armed involvement by this country in the long standing conflict between the forces of the chinese central government and the communist 8th route and new 4th armies the administration was aware of this possibility when it ordered the marines into china where they will back up the united states policy of firmly supporting the central régime headed by generalissimo chiang kai shek chungking and yenan vie for sur render tientsin lies in an area where both the central government and the 8th route army claim the right to accept the surrender of japanese troops and the marine commanders have instructions to en force the order of general douglas macarthur desig nating the central government forces as the sole au thority the mere arrival of the marines might deter the 8th route army commanders from pursuing their unauthorized demands and the communist spokes men contemplate their presence with alarm the presence of american troops in tientsin will actually and inevitably lead to interference in chinese domestic affairs and inevitably help the kuomintang to oppose the chinese communist party and 100 000,000 people in the liberated areas the commu nist operated new china news agency announced on september 30 government spokesmen on the other hand expressed pleasure at the dispatch of the marines who are expected to withdraw when the central government has regained authority in the area where they are stationed the us landing is a concrete expression of mutual aid and cooperation between the allies in military matters said the chungking army newspaper sao tang pao on octo ri controversy between the central government and the communists over acceptance of the surrender gives acute expression to the chronic differences be tween the two groups the particular issue has been mounting in intensity since august 17 when com munist general chu teh sent a memorandum to the american british and soviet ambassadors in chung king demanding that the communists participate in the surrender none of the ambassadors responded favorably to the demand the rivalry over the surrender in northern china where communist ttu9ps were more active than gov ernment forces during the war has been partly re sponsible for occasional armed clashes between troops of the two factions the new china news agency has accused chiang kai shek of using puppet and japanese forces to combat the 8th route and information reaching washington through othe channels indicates that both the central government and the communists are trying to attract the puppets to their sides on september 20 the kuomintang troops led the puppet independent front army from wuhu nanling and fanchang to attack the hsinkoy area in liberated anhwei said the new china newsy agency on october 2 the new 4th army wag forced to defend itself on september 30 the same agency broadcast chinese authorities are using jap anese troops to recover lost territories continuing search for unity against this background of fierce factionalism government and communist representatives have been negotiat ing in chungking since august 28 for an understand ing that could lead to chinese unification united states officials are hopeful that chiang kai shek and mao tse tung the communist leader are making real progress toward agreement but the same has been burning with irregular brightness for almost two years in order to support its position in the negotiations each faction is displaying its militany strength the central government besides skirmish ing with the communists in isolated areas on o tober 3 forced lung yun a once powerful war lord from his governorship of yunnan in spite of the military displays and clashes however china is not yet torn by civil war if the chiang mao talks have concrete results could be said that the 10 months tour of patrick hurley as united states ambassador to china has been something of a success but if they fail the united states may be forced to reconsider the hurley policy of energetic support of chungking without agreement between chiang and mao the cental government will be helpless to exert its authority over a large segment of china hurley has returnéd to the united states amid doubt as to whether he will resume his post in another effort to bring about unity the kut mintang and the communist party on october 2 come curred in the suggestion that non party men af representatives of the chinese democratic league 4 federation of third party liberal groups meet to dit cuss the calling of a political conference on peacefill reconstruction of the country the chinese deme cratic league although a small weak organizatiom might serve as an agent in bringing together the kue mintang and the communists blair bolles +oe ii entered as 2nd class matter woov 14 it bishop sity of nighigan library ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vor xxv no 1 ocropsr 19 1945 u.s proposes allied advisory council on japan ee problem of establishing effective machinery for allied consultation on policy toward japan has been brought to the fore by secretary byrnes in yitation of october 9 asking nine other governments to join in creating a far eastern advisory commis sion in naming major general frank ross mccoy president of the foreign policy association as the american member the secretary of state has chosen 4 representative with long and varied experience both in the far east and in the general field of in ternational affairs general mccoy was in charge of american relief activities in japan after the tokyo earthquake of 1923 and later served as the american member of the lytton commission appointed by the league of nations in 1931 to study the manchurian situation during world war ii he served on the roberts commission to investigate the disaster at pearl harbor and headed the military commission which tried eight nazi saboteurs in the summer of 1942 the commission’s powers under the terms laid down by the united states the far east etn advisory commission is to make recommenda tions to the participating governments on the poli dies principles and standards needed to determine japan's fulfillment of its surrender obligations on the measures and machinery required for japan’s strict compliance with the surrender terms and on such other matters as are assigned to it the com mission is specifically excluded from considering military operations or territorial adjustments its headquarters are to be in washington but it may meet elsewhere as required the nations invited by the united states include china the soviet union britain france the netherlands australia canada new zealand and the philippines at the request of the british india may be added to the list the main features of the proposed commission are these it is to be purely advisory and will not possess powers of control general macarthur is not to be subject to its direct influence since its recommenda tions will be made to the participating governments and because of its size and constitution the influence of any great power will depend in large part on its ability to win the support of the smaller members the idea of the commission is not a new develop ment in american policy rather it reaffirms the gen eral position taken by this country during the past two months in the latter part of august shortly after the japanese surrender secretary byrnes in vited britain the soviet union and china to join in creating an advisory body the chinese and rus sians accepted but no british decision was reached until foreign secretary bevin examined the question personally with the secretary of state at the london council of foreign ministers japan discussed at london the british who showed some interest in creating a control body rather than an advisory one wanted the com mission to meet in tokyo and asked that india be included then on september 25 perhaps influenced partly by the possibility of british support foreign commissar molotov asked for the establishment of an allied control commission for japan although this request was characterized in some press reports as a bomb molotov’s statement was a reasonably worded expression of the russian point of view it was however outside the conference agenda and went counter to the american position which had al ready been outlined in a white house declaration of september 22 in the following terms although every effort will be made by consultation and by constitution of appropriate advisory bodies to estab lish policies for the conduct of the occupation and the control of japan which will satisfy the principal allied powers in the event of any differences of contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association ss page two opinion among them the policies of the united been far reaching in scope it is doubtful whether the e states will govern united states possesses sufficient military or technical aor the question of japan was not considered at the personnel in japan to insure their full execution our stler formal meetings of the foreign ministers but was occupation of japan is only a partial one we are in s19 discussed vigorously outside the regular sessions as tent on reducing our troops there and few amer tio a result mr byrnes announced on september 29 that icans are available who are familiar with japan of sd t britain had given its consent to the proposal made the japanese language we are it is true still operat aes by the united states in august for the establishment ing under the handicap of having received the jap 4 of a far eastern commission to formulate a policy anese surrender much earlier than expected but it pam of carrying out the japanese terms that this was to seems likely that even when we have reached our tune be an advisory body was indicated by the state maximum technical force and have ironed out diff gn ment that the commission will also be asked to culties in organization the need for a larger adminis 4 consider whether a control council should be estab trative staff will remain if the goals we have an lished and if so the power which should be vested nounced are to be achieved ioe in it but there was no doubt that the united states this suggests the desirability of securing addi oy did not itself favor the idea of inter allied control tional personnel from allied countries particularly sa on october 10 mr byrnes underlined the amer china britain and russia as well as the importance 4 ore ican position when he told the press that he did not of other nations sending troops to japan to supple believe the proposal for a control commission was ment our own that the latter question has been dis br a wise one he expressed the opinion that we had cussed for some time was revealed on october 13 by promised to administer japan through the issuance an american military spokesman in tokyo he de of directives to the emperor by general macarthur clared on the following day that general macarthur we and that if the basis of control were changed we would announce shortly the russian british and 4 would be violating our word to the japanese it is chinese areas of occupation and indicated that the that also understood that general macarthur would be first forces would be of a token character it seems strongly opposed to the establishment of interna likely that when allied forces enter japan they will with tional controls over his policies in japan although automatically be accompanied by a certain number he has made no public statement on the issue of administrators but cooperation in both the tech was u.s needs aid of allied personnel nical and military fields will be influenced or even as the supreme commander announced on octo determined by whether the big four can agree on ng ber 15 the armed forces throughout japan have been the procedure for handling japan this is one reason entirely demobilized in recent weeks he has also why the reaction of russia britain and china to the r ordered a series of economic social and political re american proposals of october 9 is a matter of con forms but because some of our instructions have siderable importance lawrence k rosinger a nar cost of victory compels allies to maintain wartime unity whe lonpon oct 13 here at this outpost of war cisions on controversial issues were not reached or inte which has become the world’s best watchtower for that the conferees became deadlocked on questions by signs of approaching storms harrowing questions of procedure but that few of them so far as can be that about the future press on one from all sides as re ascertained acted as if the welfare of millions of 4st ports multiply concerning the hatred and brutality human beings already harried and terrorized by war stat left on the continent in the wake of germany's de beyond the point of endurance hung on the outcome 54 feat people ask themselves in bewilderment what of their negotiations the imagination the courage eli the war was fought for the answer for england is the willingness to experiment and take risks which plain the war was fought for national survival allied war leaders displayed on the battlefield and but even here where material and moral conditions in laboratories at work on the atomic bomb seem 7 are immeasurably superior to those on the continent absent from the discussions that the lazy men of pro mere survival will not be enough if post war exist peace to use sheridan's phrase in the rivals dil ence proves intolerably harsh and insecure and have been conducting in washington and london ru personal survival itself seems beyond justifica admittedly the problems of the peace settlement the tion why are you and i alive today while others are numerous and baffling we did not need to wait im gifted cherished irreplaceable are gone this for the atomic bomb to fragment the world it had ate chance opportunity to keep on living seems justifiable long been in the process of being blown into bits by h only if we take advantage of it to make existence social and economic convulsions by old apprehensive cla liveable for others nationalisms in europe and new aggressive national what was shocking about the fiasco of the first isms in asia and the middle east how to reassemble 1s council of foreign ministers was not that final de these fragments into a workable whole is the task tej tly nce dle dis de hur and the vill ber page three we have barely begun to face once more the time differential in the development of nations impedes settlement on a basis of equality britain which in 1919 accepted the principle of international organ jzation then unacceptable to the united states has had time during the past quarter of a century to become disillusioned with the practical application of this principle to problems of military security and economic well being once a free trade country it turned to the sterling bloc and empire preferences as an offset to our high tariffs just at the time when the united states suddenly becoming aware of the need for export markets as outlets for our greatly increased industrial production wants to trade free ly everywhere yet without reducing tariffs below the limited point permitted by the reciprocal trade agreements act britain needs our economic assistance but it does not ask for charity it asks for freedom to sell in our markets so that it can buy from us exactly what we insist on for ourselves in markets now dominated by britain it is idle for us to expect that we can coerce britain into a trade program we consider desirable a people who withstood without flinching the worst of hitler's onslaughts are not going to yield to economic threats from washington the united states 25 years after brit ain accepted the principle of international organiza tion when the senate ratified the san francisco char ter by an overwhelming majority but are we ready to apply this principle in practical matters like trade and financial relations with britain how can we denounce russia for what we call its narrow nationalism in eastern europe or elsewhere when we ourselves tend to consider only our own interests why don’t we put the russians to shame by being better more generous more far sighted than we claim they are russia in turn has reached a stage of nationalism that britain and the united states newly won to the idea of international or ganizations and consultation with smaller countries believe they have left far behind the very same critics in western countries who used to be disturbed by the internatonal aspirations of the soviet régime in the days of lenin and trotsky are now equally alarmed because russia is acting like an old fashioned national state showing the same interest in the dardanelles and port arthur as the tsars did the victory of the labor party has introduced a new element into the big three negotiations which promises to have far reaching effects from the point of view of the british foreign secretary bevin can talk just as bluntly as he wants to the russians and he did at the council of foreign ministers because unlike some conservatives he cannot be accused of harboring old time hostility toward the soviet gov ernment under bevin therefore britain may be ex pected to take a tougher line toward russia than it did under the suave leadership of eden and to do so with widespread public support the russians for their part although never at ease with churchill sense in the labor government quite correctly a seri ous competitor for leadership of leftist elements on the continent whatever else may happen these new circum stances will probably result in franker if less out wardly smooth discussions than those of teheran and yalta but no one who has seen the destruction and suffering wreaked by war and the russians have seen more than the british let alone the amer icans can believe that these negotiations will prove vain humanity has a tenacity in clinging to life and hope which is truly heartrending flowers sprout among the ruins of london in the shadow of st paul’s children bloom among their elders whose faces are drawn by privations and anxiety love de fies war's bestiality men and women crave peace and the opportunity to share family life with the same intensity with which they crave food their wants are so small their sufferings are so great if allied political leaders disregard these wants and sufferings they will be held ultimately no less criminal than the axis war criminals we are about to put on trial vera micheles dean colonial revolts flare in southeast asia thrown into sharp relief as one of the central ptoblems left in the wake of the war is the colonial dilemma in southeastern asia where with japanese tule ended the french dutch and british now find their own supremacy under fire down with french imperialism and death to french domination are the slogans of the annamite nationalists of indo china while indonesian leaders in java have pro daimed they would rather live in hell than submit to dutch rule again overshadowed by this agitation is the situation in malaya where rioting natives are teported to have demanded independence from the british the bloodiest conflict is in indo china with about a thousand casualties reported to date al though the commander of the indonesian people’s army according to a netherlands news agency re port declared war on the dutch on october 13 a guerrilla war in which the weapons are proclaimed to be all kinds of fire arms also poison poisoned darts and arrows all methods of arson and any kind of wild animals as for instance snakes french circles have claimed that the viet nam a nationalist organization represents not more than 10 per cent of the annamite population but revolu tions are made by small disciplined and determined minorities crowded into the densely populated coastal plains of tonkin annam and cochin china the annamites two million of whom are reported to have starved because of recent crop failures make up 72 per cent of indo china’s 23 million the dutch east indies with perhaps 70 million inhab itants is also suffering from a rice shortage how ever revolutionaries must have armed strength and the question is whether poison and snakes can be supplemented by enough guns to fight off the french and dutch who are sending in warships with troops japanese blamed both the french and dutch have tried to lay the blame for the upris ings on the japanese the french maintain the viet nam is made up of annamites who collaborated with the japanese and who today hope to hide their fascist past by including communist leaders in their membership this charge is echoed by the dutch who declare the indonesian rebellion to be the work of a small band of terrorists headed by a japanese puppet although there may be some truth in both these charges the significant fact is that educated natives like many of the annamites of indo china proud of a long and rich history and culture of their own have been agitating for years hopeful that an aroused world opinion will lend new force to their claims they are taking advantage of french and dutch weakness to push their cause to the limit exasperated by the indo chinese refusal to accept assurances of greater autonomy in a federal union the french are determined to hold their own the problems of indo china are so tremendous that out side aid will be needed for a long time to come and the french feel it only proper they should continue the work already begun in keeping with this view they have adopted a plan to spend several hundred million dollars to rehabilitate indo china within the next year and nearly 35,000 tons of merchandise are already on the way to saigon it is not surprising therefore that peace negotiations between french representatives and annamite leaders are so difficult like the french the dutch have made rather gen eral promises of self government for their posses sions but the nationalists want action now the dutch however have so far refused to negotiate with the present indonesian leader soekarno on the ground that he collaborated with the japanese mean while japanese troops under british orders attempt to restrain the rebels this puzzling use of japanese troops is to be explained by the fact that their forces page four ee still so far outnumber allied soldiers in java ang indo china that they are being employed as a matte of military expediency imperial rivalries the british role has been a source of irritation to both the french apd dutch for british commanders in indo china apd java have tried to bring the french and dutch repre sentatives into negotiations with rebel leaders p indo china the french are confronted with an allied decision to divide the country into a northern sphere under chinese jurisdiction and a southern sphere under the british until the japanese are out and the french in a position to take over again arrange ments are now being made by the respective govern ments to recognize french civil administration dur ing the temporary british and chinese military occu pation the british and chinese positions although correct may have the same effect of undermining french prestige that british policy did in syria and lebanon the annamites incidentally claim they have chinese support in their struggle for inde pendence although chiang kai shek has declared chinese troops would neither encourage the inde pendence movement nor help the french suppress it malayan agitation for independence is much less strenuous than that of the annamites or indonesians but the british have announced that a new constitu tional status will be granted to british malaya what this will mean to the people is not yet clear the british plan is to combine the malay states and the straits settlements into a malayan union with a new malayan citizenship while making singapore into an entirely separate colony what will be the future of these colonial peoples their moral rights are undeniable yet to the powers security and economic interests dictate that they must remain in the far east such a dilemma can hardly be solved other than by compromise the wisest policy for the european powers seems to be one of making generous concessions vernon mckay new research staff member the association announces with pleasure the appoint ment to the research department of vernon mckay mr mckay received his ph.d from cornell university studied at the school of international studies in geneva and for the past nine years has taught history at syracuse university the author of several articles on french colonial policy mr mckay as a member of the f.p.a staff will concen trate on colonial affairs and the problems of dependent peoples foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 1 ocropmr 19 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lert secretary vera michgles dean editor entered second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year one month for change of address on membership publications please allow at leas f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ee produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor 191 vol so the sanc fror +ly oint mr died 1 for rsity dlicy 1cen dent tional red 2 c beast le university ho i ti bechizgn nov 2 iss ann arbor megifceg same general library wichigan periodical kou general lineay ahi zan omy of iow 7 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 2 ocropmr 26 1945 sole control of atom bomb fails to bolster u.s diplomacy w ith more than two score fighting ships of the pacific fleet anchored in new york harbor for the celebration of navy day on october 27 thou sands of new yorkers have been drawn to the water front to see the famous veterans of the victory over japan there is a festive air about the usually drab piers along the hudson as crowds of visitors wait their turn to board the enter prise the huge carrier that participated in the entire pacific campaign and was sunk no less than six times by the japanese radio or inspect the missouri on whose decks the japanese surrender was signed yet this glorious homecoming of the fleet fails to give one a sense of security the proud combat record of the great steel armada offers no assurance of the future effec tiveness of american sea power while viewing these giant naval units one is uneasily aware that they may be mere anachronisms in the new age of atomic weapons and of little avail in protecting the united states from future attacks fulbright plan for the atom as sen ator j william fulbright declared in an address before the foreign policy association in new york on october 20 the discovery of atomic power may have weakened rather than strengthened the posi tion of the united states in relation to other nations for once other countries acquire the secrets of atomic warfare and no scientist doubts that they will suc ceed in doing so before long the united states would be particularly vulnerable to a single surprise attack because of its highly concentrated population and industry by comparison a nation like the soviet union with its vast spaces and dispersed industrial plant would be better able to survive such an at tack and to strike back under these conditions sen ator fulbright urged the united states to adopt a plan for using its present control of atomic power to secure the establishment of a system of interna tional inspection designed to detect and report at tempts to manufacture atomic bombs particular urgency attaches to senator fulbright's proposal because thus far the united states has made no effort to prevent an armaments race for atomic weapons against which responsible scientists insist there is no possible protection the administration sponsored bill introduced in congress by senator edwin c johnson and representative andrew j may is concerned exclusively with the establishment of a presidential commission to control scientific re search and the american manufacture of articles based on the use of atomic energy perhaps one reason the international aspects of the problem have not yet been dealt with is that many americans are of the opinion that control of the atomic bomb by the united states and britain gives the western allies a marked advantage al though admittedly a temporary one in negotiating the post war peace settlement with russia this as sumption seems belied however by the tension that exists betweea the soviet union and the western powers in nearly every part of europe to name only one important area of the world in which the in terests of the big three come into close contact the russians are well aware that the united states would not now use the atomic bomb against any one unless it was attacked first however the addition of the atomic bomb to our arsenal has admittedly resulted in giving moscow a new reason for strengthening its control over eastern europe austrian question remains in austria which has been an area of tension between russia and the western powers since last april when the moscow radio announced the formation of the ren ner cabinet in the russian occupied zone allied re lations remain confused all four powers occupying austria seemed to have unified their policies when contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association on october 20 they announced that the authority of the renner cabinet would be extended to the country as a whole subject to the supervision of the allied control council in vienna this show of allied har mony was apparently broken on the following day however when russia declared its desire to establish diplomatic relations with the renner government while the united states and britain insisted that formal recognition should not be extended to austria until free elections had been held debate on germany continues some signs of inter allied disagreement also persist in con nection with the difficult problem of germany al though all the victors agree that germany should be demilitarized and denazified and that democratic political life should be encouraged so that the reich will no longer be a threat to peace important dif ferences have arisen among the allies over the inter pretation of these goals at present one of the main issues relates to the kind of economy germany should be permitted to have according to the potsdam agreement the ger man people are to be allowed to maintain average living standards not exceeding those of other euro pean countries excluding the united kingdom and the u.s.s.r the russians who are chiefly inter ested in collecting the largest possible amount of reparations from germany in order to rebuild their own shattered cities adhere to a strict interpretation of this economic formula moreover this strong rus sian stand in favor of depriving germany of its heavy industries and economic strength reflects the old fear on the part of the soviet union that britain and the united states may attempt to rebuild ger many as a bulwark against russia among the brit ish on the other hand germany's economic collapse is viewed with great alarm because of its possible ad verse effect on the nations of western europe and britain tends to argue that the german living stand page two a ard should be at least as high as that of the rest of the continent under these conditions the point of view adopted by the united states in connection with the reich's future economy is of key importance and will probably be a determining factor in allaying or jn creasing russia’s suspicions of the intentions of the western allies toward germany the original amer ican position on germany is known to have been the so called morgenthau plan which went even fur ther than the economic scheme subsequently adopted by the big three at potsdam in that it proposed the elimination of all german heavy industry doubts were raised however as to the attitude of the united states toward germany's economic revival when it was revealed early this month that a group of amer ican economic advisers had reported to the allied control commission in berlin that the potsdam eco nomic plan was too drastic to permit the maintenance of a subsistence standard of living in germany during the past two weeks american military government officials have labelled this report unoff cial and secretary of state byrnes has released the text of the original directive to general eisenhower regarding the government of germany which speci fically opposed the rehabilitation of the german economy it is to be hoped therefore that the united states has succeeded in reducing suspicions which have complicated allied collaboration in germany there is of course still room for argument as to the rela tive importance of reparations and the maintenance of a subsistence standard of living for germany which is obviously essential if the allies are to fulfil their plan for reconstructing democratic life among the germans but these arguments will be susceptible to reasonable compromises if the issues do not be come befogged by charges and countercharges among the allies as to their motives in germany winifred n hadsel labor expresses spirit of resurgent britain london october 19 the intrinsic quality of england in this unseasonably sunny autumn of 1945 is serenity people in the streets of london and edin burg of glasgow and manchester are visibly weary but because in the most gruelling moments of their six year ordeal they never pretended that war was anything but a messy business and studiedly avoided heroics they are to an extraordinary degree free from both the stupor and the self intoxication in duced in other peoples by the cessation of hostilities they can again without any effort at acting a part pass from grisly memories of fire fighting and rescue of air raid victims to contemplation of saxon or norman architecture or discussion of pre raphaelite painting this freedom from pose is so ingrained that one realizes with a start why labor’s victory should have been deduced from the very temper of the eng lish people the dramatic exhibitionist aspects of men like churchill and montgomery stimulating as they might have been in time of war are alien and in fact suspect to most englishmen it is the attlees and the bevins who seem homespun and intrinsically honest to whom the people spontaneously turn with confidence not because they are labor but because they represent qualities that are familiar and te spected the english have emerged from the war with few tangible assets their factories and shops are empty of peacetime goods their thrice mended but mirac ulously neat clothes are shabby and they themselves are stripped of many illusions we still indulge in but tl our tu blend throu resou ment stretcl makit neede essen effort isles to su on tk for tl w ity is natio that and t houst each gene certa can each pract of o sour retut tiona surg pans tl peor to in zens the forc wint reve the cour and lack tory end and in j erat war for head secon one f vill the ler the ted the bts ted d it er ied nce ary fhi the ver acl an ted ive ere ice wad lfil ng ble be ng ild 1g as nd ees lly ith use ew pty ac ves es but they have acquired the asset beyond value in our turbulent world of serenity a serenity that is a blend of humility and dignity they have learned through bitter experience the limitations of their resources of food raw materials industrial equip ment finances and manpower they have had to stretch these limited resources to the breaking point making use of every patch of land to raise urgently needed food substituting ingenuity for possession of essential materials making use of the talents and efforts of every man woman and child in the british isles they know that their future is bleak and that to survive they will have to call on their wits and on their willingness to sacrifice individual comfort for the nation’s good war forged new unity but their humil ity is tinged with pride they are proud that as a nation they passed unfalteringly all the tests of war that every one proved equal to the ordeal the king and the charwoman the soldier and the scientist the housewife and the schoolboy they feel proud of each other in a way that makes this already homo geneous people more close knit than ever they are certain that having weathered the war together they can weather the peace come what may they trust each other and this sentiment in a period when practically every nation is riven by internal conflicts of one kind or another is not only an incalculable source of national strength but also gives england’s return to peace the character of a remarkable na tional resurgence most remarkable of all it is a re surgence directed not at territorial or economic ex pansion but at restoration of human values the war has aroused the conscience of the english people they are aroused not only about the need to improve the living conditions of their fellow citi zens by whatever measures may prove necessary they are also aroused about the sufferings they per force inflicted on their enemies in the process of winning the war far from expressing feelings of fevenge toward germany and japan they deprecate the tendency to punish the rank and file in the axis countries for the misdeeds of their military leaders and show a striking spirit of tolerance and pity this lack of vindictiveness too played a role in the vic tory of labor many englishmen resented toward the end the blood and thunder statements of churchill and the vengeful propaganda of brendan bracken in attlee and bevin they saw the qualities of mod eration and every day morality too long obscured by wat as one midlands banker put it the english page three tts were in a condition when they might have turned to religion instead they turned to labor a force for the future in spite of the havoc of bombing and all the strains and privations of war england as in the days of blake is still a green and pleasant land in which men and women are busy building a new jerusalem the war has not destroyed all the things that used to trouble other peoples about the english before 1939 there are still signs of social snobbery and one can find plenty of evidence to support past criticism of england as a nation of shopkeepers who must shop abroad for essential imports and pay for them with exports and devotees of the empire where britain seeks eco nomic and strategic safeguards of its security poten tially threatened on one side by russia and on the other by the united states but out of the rubble of material destruction emerge the lineaments of another england the eng land that believes in the right of men to achieve and maintain freedom in a society of their own choosing whose ideals have nourished free men everywhere and in diverse times and far flung places have in spired the fight for liberty of american colonists and arab tribes of mazzini and nehru this england materially impoverished but spiritually enriched may in defiance of its opponents direst predictions leave a more profound imprint on the second half of our century than either russia or the united states vera micheles dean jane’s fighting ships 1943 44 edited by francis e mcmurtrie new york macmillan 1945 19.00 jane’s all the world’s aircraft 1948 44 compiled and edited by leonard bridgman new york macmillan 1945 19.00 despite war’s disruptions these marvelously detailed records of naval and air developments appear regularly to serve as the source of accurate information not readily obtainable elsewhere foreign policy begins at home by james p warburg new york harcourt brace 1944 2.50 the author believes that economy may be planned by the state in the interests of society but not managed by the state his book shows the inseparability of domestic and foreign policy cartels by wendell berge washington public affairs press 1944 3.25 the chief of the antitrust division of the department of justice presents in this book the case against interna tional cartels the general problem of monopoly is sur veyed and illustrated by the operation of patent cartels and cartels in such fields as medicine optical instruments vitamins and others foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 2 ocroser 26 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leer secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least oe month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ss produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor en eternal oes pai i washington news letter senate tilts with truman on argentine policy the senate foreign relations committee's grow ing influence in the fashioning of foreign policy con fronts president truman with a difficult administra tive problem the united states cannot take a strong position in world affairs if policies enunciated by the state department are subsequently weakened by dis plays of formal senatorial disapproval the problem has become increasingly grave since the committee's intervention in our dealings with argentina the differences between the state department and senate over argentina originated on october 1 when acting secretary of state acheson proposed to the brazilian government and the pan american union that the inter american conference sched uled to meet in rio de janeiro on october 20 be postponed acheson took the step because the ad ministration did not want to be associated with argentina in a multilateral security treaty for the american republics on october 2 senator tom connally chairman of the foreign relations com mittee expressed his objection to acheson’s unilat eral action to drive home its point the committee com plained on october 8 to secretary byrnes when he reported to its members on the london council of foreign ministers and tried in vain to obtain a state ment from him recognizing its right to be consulted on major decisions of policy on october 10 the com mittee ostentatiously deferred consideration of tru man’s nomination of spruille braden as assistant secretary of state in charge of latin american af fairs braden is regarded as the principal author of the united states current policy of sternness toward argentina but braden was finally approved by the senate on october 22 the senators apparently considered their intrusion into an area usually left to the president and his advisers justified as a result of the appointment last spring of two of them to the united states delegation to the inter american con ference at mexico city at that conference senators connally and warren r austin played an important part in the negotiations for the act of chapultepec which itself stressed the principle of inter american consultation that the senators thought acheson ignored in his move to postpone the rio meeting turn about in buenos aires since the attitude of the foreign relations committee stemmed from a desire for greater influence in policy making the committee has not changed its view respecting united states policy toward argentina as a result of the turbulent events of the past two weeks jg buenos aires the long smoldering opposition to the government flared up on october 9 when mil itary elements of uncertain political loyalties forced vice president juan perén to resign attempts were subsequently made to find an interim government satisfactory both to the democratic groups who wanted power handed over to the supreme court preparatory to elections and to the military who ip sisted on the retention of president edelmiro farrell as negotiations faltered colonel péron came out of custody rallied his support among the poorer working classes in buenos aires and the provinces and with the aid of the federal police forced the appointment on october 17 of a cabinet completely identified with his program of attaining the presi dency by fair or foul means confronted with the spectacle of a strong arm government more securely entrenched in argentina than ever washington still gives no evidence of de veloping a different policy toward that country cer tain elements in the state department which con sistently have opposed a vigorous policy toward argentina express fear that other american govern ments will look on the policy as interventionist and therefore potentially a menace to themselves the administration no longer expects to find outside the western hemisphere supporters for stern dealing with argentina britain is determined not to jeopar dize its trading position in that country united front desirable by dividing con trol of foreign relations between the executive and legislative branches the constitution promotes tiv alry between senate and president in this area the executive branch in turn invites rivalry from the senate when its various departments fail to agree on policy as the state department and the army ip the person of general macarthur obviously dis agreed at one time over japanese affairs the posi tion of the united states in world affairs would be greatly strengthened if the existing rivalry between the president and the senate could be lessened by the establishment of a permanent executive legislative council on foreign affairs by reaching fundamental agreement in advance of action such a committee could prevent the embarrassing criticism of executive conduct on the part of the foreign relations com mittee which now tends to weaken the effect a home and especially abroad of united states pro nouncements on policy blair bolles i li ol br striki whicl being them mant cedet the powe ende gerr econ struc cann able war has and pow cont othe fore und com stan anc for coo trea mat cre and chit tio tr ery +lc urt in ell rer ces dal and riv the on id dis 0si be tive ntal ttee tive om t at pro wou a 7 qd e oe 1945 ant wij y ab v as nov 7 i394 entered as 2nd class matter genera library valversity of chigan a mm arbor nichtoe foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y you xxv no 3 november 2 1945 allies tighten economic controls in germany berlin as the autumn fogs close in on defeated and ravaged germany three things stand out most stikingly in berlin first a profound revolution which was already long overdue in 1919 is now being systematically effected not by the germans themselves but in a manner without pre cedent in history by the four occupying powers second this endeavor to alter germany's political economic and social structure so that it cannot in the foresee able future wage a war of aggression has brought russia and the western powers into closer contact with each other than ever be fore except possibly under somewhat comparable circum stances during the napoleonic wars and third the need for achieving allied cooperation in the treatment of ger many has led to the creation of coherent and promising ma chinery of interna tional adminis tration machin ety that grew out of president commends work of f.p.a washington october 13 1945 dear general mccoy i am very sorry indeed that i cannot attend the forum of the foreign policy association to speak to your members in person the fine work your organization has been doing has my complete support there is in my opinion no more urgent task before us at this time than the building of an informed public opinion on the problems of foreign policy without a firm foundation of public understand ing the united states cannot fulfill its responsibilities or exercise the leadership which our position as a great democracy demands of us the american people are embarking on a new course of full participation in international affairs full cooperation in the solution of the problems of peace not only our humanitarian impulses but considerations of self interest dictate this foreign policy we are aware and we shall become increasingly aware that the road we have taken is hard the way of cooperation is laborious and often discouraging it will demand of all of us great patience and more than that a much clearer understanding than we have ever had of the problems of other peoples unless we exercise this patience and attain this understanding there will be widespread disillusionment and loss of faith in the possibility of an expanding international collaboration such a development would jeopardize the future security and well being of the american people therefore i urge the foreign policy associa tion and other public spirited citizen groups to redouble their efforts at public education in the field of international relations your government welcomes this cooperation and will do its utmost to make available the facts and interpretation of policy on which an intelligent public opinion must be based very sincerely yours harry s truman major general frank ross mccoy president foreign policy association new york 16 new york the patient constructive and too little publicized work of the european advisory commission berlin in defeat berlin has thus become the scene both of a four power attempt to revolu tionize internal conditions in germany and of a bold and challenging ef fort by the occupying powers to devise workable inter national organ ization this grim city is today a shambles like most of germany's other cities the gaunt skeletons of the reichstag and the chancellery domi nate scenes of de struction so compicte that it is impossible to identify lamd marks in the former business and fashion centers of berlin shabbily dressed people at last aroused to the stark reality that no coal will be available for the heating of homes this winter haul handcarts loaded with firewood and amid the blackened tree stumps of the tiergarten germans barter everything contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association from bicycles to girdles for bread and cigarettes in the open air black market with textbooks purged of nazi concepts ele mentary schools attended by children from six to fourteen have been reopened under the supervision of the allies who have also striven to denazify the teaching staffs and have furnished the schools with coal window glass and tiles to render them hab itable in the winter higher schools are to be re opened as soon as books and denazified faculties become available the four occupying powers are making a determined effort to provide the minimum rations of 1,500 calories but the rate of tuberculo sis is rising dangerously typhoid and paratyphoid cases also remain high and hospitals suffering from a shortage of doctors are filled to capacity political parties early permitted by the russians are reviving in all four zones but the workers are more interested in the reorganization of trade unions than political parties an all berlin trade union con ference which is to be held shortly with the approval of the allies may set an interesting precedent for the rest of germany with respect to methods of elections and procedure of operation the voices of men long silenced by hitler are being heard again in the six russian licensed and russian censored newspapers two of them published by communists in the berlin district administered by the u.s.s.r and in der tagespiegel the first german newspaper licensed by the united states in its area of the capi tal but it is still difficult to discover what the ger mans think many of them show a servility that is the reverse side of brutality and equally horrible others are arrogantly convinced that germany's de feat was just a matter of bad luck a non nazi economy in appraising the results thus far accomplished by the four allies and especially by the united states it is essential to bear in mind that the allied military and civilian authori ties have been directed to carry out the policies agreed on at potsdam it is within the framework of these policies that their work must be judged many of the criticisms made of the allied control council on which the four occupying powers are represented tend to be mutually contradictory the allies are accused of being too slow or too mild in effecting denazification and at the same time of being slothful in promoting the economic recovery of germany they are criticized for their delay in deindustrializing the reich and at the same time for not permitting german industries to produce in sufficient quantities the coal and manufactured goods which the reich used to sell to its neighbors and which these neighbors admittedly need more ur gently than ever these conflicting objectives cannot be attained simultaneously by any allied authority however vigilant conscientious and firm page two ey denazification first applied to government op gans is now being pressed in schools business enter prises and financial institutions and the united states has been far more vigorous than the othe allies except russia which in the early days of the occupation swiftly removed many top nazis in ousting nazis depriving them of economic power and forcing them to seek their livelihood at menial tasks but denazification has meant and this is q matter of concern to some american officials that the economic recovery in the united states zone has been retarded until adequate personnel could be found or trained to replace the ousted nazis the situation is said to be considerably better in this respect in the french and british zones where the authorities have not hesitated to use nazis when this seemed desirable from the point of view of maintaining production sometimes hiring nazis purged by the united states and even the russians have employed technicians known to have had nazi sympathies industrial recovery in the united states zone has been slow as of september plants operat ing there represented about 15 per cent of the indus trial establishments and in terms of output were producing not more than 5 per cent of capacity but even if the allies wanted to rebuild german economy irrespective of nazism and were ready to risk the industrial resurgence of germany to as sure adequate supplies of goods for the rest of europe in the form of reparations or exports they would be unable to do so in the visible future the reasons for this are that many german factories have been destroyed or damaged raw materials are not available and there is a lack of skilled manpower for certain key enterprises notably coal mines neat ly 60 per cent of whose workers at the close of the war were war prisoners or forced laborers u.s will fulfill potsdam the inventory of germany's economic assets which must precede any reasoned steps to fulfill the potsdam stipulation that the country’s standard of living should not exceed that of its neighbors exclusive of britain and russia is still in the process of being taken in all four zones once such an inventory has been completed and accepted by the four allies the process of earmarking factories for destruction of shipment to various of the united nations as rep aratiors should gain momentum february 1946 has been set as the deadline for completion of the reparations bill and american officials here are de termined to fulfill the potsdam economic program which most of them consider feasible even after the cession of germany's principal agricultural areas to poland and russia this program would reduce germany to a country producing primarily food and consumers goods and exporting just enough of cet tain raw materials notably coal and potash to im ee rt id p un the h jf nei man reich their dustr eithe from that reduc by a just othet the pots man prac the achi tion tain is u stru ove tha the dor wit lave wet eat the tory cede tion not itain aiken deen the 1 of rep 1946 the de ram the ss to duce and cet im tt urgently needed products such as foodstuffs and phosphates from north africa under this program germany would be shorn of the heavy industries necessary for modern warfare if neighboring countries want security against ger man aggression through deindustrialization of the reich they cannot at the same time complain of their inability to obtain the products of heavy in dustry from germany and must find other sources either through their own production or by imports from other countries when the germans complain that the economic terms of potsdam will drastically seduce their standard of living to a level estimated by american experts as the depression level of 1932 just before hitler's rise to power the russians and others answer that the war was not fought to make the germans comfortable the extent to which the potsdam program which is revolutionizing ger many's political economic and social life can in practice be carried out will depend on the attitude of the germans as well as on the degree of cooperation achieved by the allies vera micheles dean the first in a series of articles on germany fourth republic wins in france now that the results of the french general elec tions held on october 21 have been tabulated cer tain facts about the political mood in which france is undertaking its enormous tasks of national recon struction are clearly discernible by registering an overwhelming vote for a new constitution to replace that of the third republic and by routing not only the right wing factions but the radical socialists dominant party of the conservative middle class for nearly 50 years the french have turned their backs on the political institutions and leaders associated with the defeatism that led to munich and vichy the very size of the vote seems to underline this widespread determination to wipe clean the political slate and to start afresh for no less than 82 per cent of the registered voters went to the polls since french voters gave 435 of the 586 seats in the new assembly to the communists socialists and popular republican movement mrp the three parties which have at least subscribed to a socialist program it is clear that the fourth republic will continue the marked leftward swing that has be come the standard political trend throughout post war europe from britain eastward across the con tinent but what the precise character of this new leftist régime in france will be remains to be seen page t bree new dividing line appears already it is clear that the new dividing line in french politics will be drawn not between the right and the left but between the communists and the democratic left the strongest single source of opposition to the communists will undoubtedly come from the mrp a new predominantly catholic party which grew up during the resistance among liberals and former sup porters of the right who detested collaboration but were at the same time unwilling to embrace what they considered the materialistic and extremist goals of the socialists and communists to be sure the mrp will have only 142 seats in the new assembly to be convoked on november 6 as compared with 151 for the communists who are now the largest party in france and 142 for the socialists the mrp nevertheless will serve as a strong reminder that there remains in france today a large group of people who insist on combining nationalization of certain key industries with individualistic patterns of life based on private property since the balance of power between the commu nists and mrp is held by the socialists the extent to which the french economy is nationalized will de pend largely on the outcome of the current struggle within the ranks of the socialist party between those who favor cooperation with the communists and those who prefer to work with the mrp the socialists are also in a position to take a decisive stand on the important constitutional question of the proper relation of the executive to the legislature since the communists call for an all powerful single chamber and a weak president while the mrp de mands a stronger executive and limitations on the chamber’s powers to overthrow the cabinet in the realm of foreign policy it appears that the socialists will join the mrp against the communists for both of the more moderate parties favor a pact with brit ain and arrangements that would draw the western european nations more closely together while the communists strongly oppose these measures to assert that these differences are not sharp and deep would cast a false light on france today it would be equally untrue however to conclude that they constitute an insuperable obstacle on the road to reconstruction for all three major parties have not only agreed that general de gaulle shall be elected president by the new assembly but have in dicated their willingness to form a coalition govern ment during the next seven months while a constitu tion is being framed winurren n hee foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 3 november 2 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frrank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lert secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 oe month for change of address on membership publications 1921 at the post office ac new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ge 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor ce eee washington news letter u.s wavers between world policy and nationalist aims at a time when the united states more than at any period in the past needs decisiveness of conception and action in foreign affairs it appears dangerously irresolute and beset by contradictions in the three months since the senate formally departed from our historic isolationism by approving the united na tions charter the united states has been groping for policies that would make our internationalist posi tion effective but neither president truman secre tary of state byrnes nor congress has been able to evolve such policies in the absence of decision united states policy wavers principally because the administration is in the dark about the soviet union’s intentions this uncertainty has resulted in our insisting on american participation in the affairs of the balkan and eastern european states while ob jecting to soviet participation in japanese affairs the administration has sought a voice in the darda nelles but would certainly oppose soviet interest in the panama canal at potsdam the united states agreed to the military occupation of korea by parti tion between the united states and the soviet union and now objects to this partition the 12 point program which president truman outlined for the united states in new york on octo ber 27 prescribed irreconcilable policies of coopera tion and individual action he reaffirmed his belief that the preservation of peace between nations re quires a united nations organization composed of all the peace loving nations of the world who are willing jointly to use force if necessary to insure peace yet at the same time he stressed his determi nation that the united states decide unilaterally whether governments abroad are established accord ing to the wishes of the people he closed the west ern hemisphere politically to eastern hemisphere in terests and reiterated his intention to keep the atomic bomb the private property of the united states the president’s responsibility presi dent truman has not explained in detail the obliga tions this country assumed on casting aside isolation ism secretary byrnes busy abroad much of the time since he entered the cabinet on july 2 has not reor ganized the state department into the energetic and competent agency which the hour demands and con gress consistently ignoring requests of the adminis tration is supporting nationalist policies incompat ible with the major tenet of the united nations organization that world affairs are best settled co operatively in its nationalist mood congress is fo lowing the trend of an articulate segment of the public since official british and american commit tees began negotiating on september 11 for a finan cial and commercial agreement opinion has been growing increasingly hostile to the proposal that this country make a large treasury loan to britain letters received by the state department oppose the loan two to one at the same time secretary of the treas ury vinson a member of the u.s negotiating com mittee has urged privately that the loan be limited to 2,500,000,000 instead of the 5,000,000,000 britain seeks on the ground that congress will ac cept only the lesser figure the house appropriations committee has refused assistant secretary of state william benton's request for deficiency funds to finance an interim interna tional information service as successor to the over seas informational activities of the office of war information stressing the regional exclusive instead of the universal cooperative approach to world af fairs a sub committee of the house naval affairs committee recommended on august 6 that the united states keep the pacific islands taken from japan during the war on october 1 chairman con nally of the senate foreign relations committee urged in chicago that this country retain the secret of the atomic bomb 191 ger achi bein win cove witl issu feri no nan con tho dis all rel ulti these congressional tendencies have produced 1 tp crisis for the makers of american foreign policy the om administration remains formally committed to united nations cooperation but in fact the idea of coop eration on the highest political level has suffered de spite the sincere interest in cooperation in specific matters as exemplified by the united nations food and agriculture conference which opened in quebec on october 16 and the united nations conference on education science and culture which convened in london this week president roosevelt's experience in formulating a wartime foreign policy made it cleat that strong presidential leadership is essential if the administration is even to approach the goal it sets for the united states in world affairs the problem confronting president truman and secretary byrnes is whether they should seek to convert public opinion to firm support of the uno or adjust policy to sutt the nationalist tendencies of congress and some set tions of the population blair bolles the thi gru het +vis ss is fol it of the commit f a finan has been that this n letters the loan he treas ing com e limited 1,000,000 s will ac is refused s request interna the over of war re instead world af al affairs that the ken from man con ommittee the secret oduced a olicy the to united of coop ffered de n specific ons food in quebec erence on ivened if x perience de it clear tial if the yal it sets problem ry byrnes ic opinion icy to suit some sec bolles periodical roo nbral library comity of mice cann entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vor xxv no 4 november 9 1945 berlin the successful application of the pots dam declaration will depend on the attitude of the german people and the degree of cooperation achieved by the four allied powers for the time being and certainly until the stringencies of this winter have been alleviated by gradual economic re covery the germans will remain more concerned with obtaining bare subsistence than with political issues most of them have no clear idea of the suf ferings they have inflicted on other nations and feel no personal responsibility for what was done in their name few appear to have given much thought to re construction of germany on non nazi lines and those who have courageously risked the possible displeasure of fellow germans by working with allied military authorities must for the moment tely on allied support to maintain their positions what will happen to them when allied support is ultimately withdrawn remains an open question true many germans have shown eagerness to de nounce nazis in their communities and to obtain their dismissal from government and other jobs but this trend seems to represent satisfaction of personal gtudges against local fu hrers rather than any co herent political revolt against nazism can we change the germans the united states acting ahead of the other occupying powers is planning to hold elections in its zone be ginning at the local level in january and ending probably in may with elections in the three states under its control bavaria wiirttemberg and great et hesse the coordinating committee of the min ister presidents of these three states formed in stuttgart on october 17 represents one more step in the american policy of placing increasing respon sibility on the germans for internal administration subject to the supervision of the military govern ment american officials consider it essential that the will u.s civil corps replace occupation army in germany germans learn to govern themselves beginning with the lower levels of administration and develop a sense of civic responsibility lack of which in the past proved one of the greatest weaknesses of ger man political life the war criminals trials are also intended to focus the attention of the germans on the record and responsibility of their leaders if the germans can be made conscious of the way in which the misdeeds and mistakes of these leaders brought about germany's present plight there would be hope for a genuine effort on their part to cooper ate in the restoration of the nation but if no such consciousness appears among the germans their tendency will be to oppose any measures hard or soft taken by the allies the peacetime cooperation of the germans with other peoples will depend less on the destruction or removal of german industry than on the spirit in which they are prepared to use their remaining economic resources and their indus trial know how which far surpasses that of their neighbors little has as yet been done by the allies to change the spirit of the germans and it is diffi cult to see how it can be fundamentally modified except through a spiritual reconversion by harmon izing and defining more clearly allied policies to ward germany national interests guide allies the work of the allied control council has revealed divergences among the powers that reflect well known national differences the british with their long experience in colonial administration have used a relatively small number of well trained adminis trators to direct the activities of the germans in their zone since britain needs a market for its products there is a tendency on the part of some british to deplore the lowering of the german standard of living the americans who want quick results have worked like beavers and occasionally through over contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association zealousness have gotten in the way of efforts by germans to speed their own political and economic recovery the russians whose country had been methodi cally devastated by the germans have removed from their zone all plants equipment and consumers goods they need considering them legitimate rep arations for their losses at the same time they have urged the germans to effect their own salvation by ridding themselves of nazi elements and have taken great pride in encouraging manifestations of ger man culture and in showing their respect for german intellectual achievements the french have not lagged behind the russians in helping themselves to foodstuffs and consumers goods in their zone con sidering these materials as legitimate reparations they have displayed a sympathetic attitude toward separatist sentiment especially in baden and have vigorously opposed the formation of the five central administrative departments finance industry for eign trade communications and transport en visaged in the potsdam agreement on the ground that france did not participate in the potsdam de cisions it is obvious that france which fears the re constitution of a strong central government in germany is determined to obtain settlement of its demands for internationalization of the ruhr and establishment of french control possibly shared with belgium and holland over the rhineland before it will consider the formation of central de partments strongly favored by the other three powers civilian administrators needed none of the problems raised in the allied control council according to allied officials in all four zones is beyond the possibility of reasonable settle ment provided the big four can agree as to their concept of the post war world into which germany must sooner or later be integrated but effective handling of germany's problems requires first of all that the allies clearly indicate their intention to re main as long as this may prove necessary above all it is important that the united states clarify its policy toward germany most american observers agree that the military occupation in the united states zone could be effectively maintained by a relatively small number of troops perhaps detached from the regular army and by a corps of civilian administra tors familiar with german affairs to achieve this arrangement three measures ap page two pear to be particularly urgent 1 president try nev man should issue a statement of policy indicating the determination of the united states to participat in allied occupation of germany for as long as this may prove to be necessary 2 a special agency tp deal with occupation affairs should be created simi lar to the agency already created for this purpose by the british to expedite decisions on policy now tog often delayed in washington due to pressure of other business and 3 a campaign should be up dertaken to recruit well qualified civilians prepared to serve in germany for a stated number of years not sit on the edge of their chairs eagerly waiting to return home as many of the military personnel long overseas are now doing the work to be accom plished in germany represents a great and arduous service to assure the future security of the united states the work of americans who undertake this task should not only be subjected to careful scrutiny but should also be accorded proper recognition and support at home allies must support leftists we must geyice realize that we are in the process of effecting in 4 pr germany a political and social revolution which if jaye it has lasting results will leave a political régime definitely left of center and an economy subject to extensive government controls this change in ger many is favorable to the interests of the united states and other united nations because it is the leftist elements which are positively anti nazi and genuinely anxious to work with the allies failure on the part of the western powers to support these elements after 1919 was directly responsible for the collapse of the weimar republic we must approach year the germans neither in a spirit of blind revenge not who blind sentimentality but with the determination to held discover in concert with them the flaws in modern decer society that lead to the ruthless use of scientific in electc vention for destructive purposes and to remedy these one c flaws in such a way that industry instead of having the 5 to be crippled for fear of its lethal effects can ance eventually be used freely by all countries for the who in la set in di bia sat in arge occurres commot box to the pes only ac civil we of dest niques dive bo have be miniatt whi americ which mediat same t brazil ber 2 electio teen y agains ing if within cally was benefit of the community sitior vera micheles dean px the second in a series of articles on germany a faz ment middle east diary by noel coward garden city double mon day doran 1944 2.00 using the war as a backdrop the actor playwright does to t a rather charming slight tale of his performances in the jane middle east hare ing foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 4 novemper 9 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national wv headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lagr secretary vara micueres daan editor encered second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at leat fron one month for change of address on membership publications dem f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year put q's produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor tent dent tn indicati articipate ng as this agency to ited simi urpose by 7 now too essure of id be un prepared of years waiting to nnel long ye accom 1 arduous 1e united ttake this scrutiny ition and we must fecting in which if al régime subject to e in ger 1e united it is the nazi and s failure port these le for the approach venge nor ination to n modern entific in 1edy these of having fects can s for the dean y ty double vright does nees in the ed national or encered a allow at least oe a page t bree new revolts follow old patterns in brazil and venezuela in latin america a new cycle of revolutions has set in during the past two years in ecuador colom bia san salvador guatemala and most recently in argentina venezuela and brazil uprisings have occurred which seem to have only one thing in common the use of force rather than the ballot box to effect desired changes in government indeed the pessimistic observer is led to conclude that the only advance over the 19th century and its gay civil wars has been in man’s mastery of the science of destruction all the lethal instruments.and tech niques of 20th century warfare tanks and bazookas dive bombing and strafing of defenseless villages have been put to use in these revolutions which are miniatures of the great operations of world war ii while the war lasted the attention of latin americans was riveted on the global struggle in which they were whether or not the fact was im mediately apparent profoundly involved at the same time those in power resorted to the ancient device of postponing difficult political decisions on the pretext that pressing external problems should have priority for president getulio vargas of brazil this policy bore bitter fruit when on octo ber 29 the eve of the long overdue presidential elections he was ousted by the army during his fif teen years in office vargas had retained his position against mounting opposition by judiciously favor ing in turn the liberal and reactionary elements within the government whenever this appeared politi cally advantageous his delicately balanced power was seriously threatened in mid february of this yeat by both groups at that time the president who in 1943 had promised that elections would be held at the end of the war finally set the date for december 2 and after the fashion of brazilian electoral politics appointed general eurico dutra one of those who were then planning revolution as the government’s presidential candidate this alli ance of convenience was not fated to succeed vargas who had named dutra only to split the army oppo sition was flirting with the communists in a project to postpone elections and convoke a representative assembly to write a more democratic constitution for brazil when he took the first step toward imple menting this plan his war minister general goes monteiro forced him to hand the government over to the supreme court as the people of rio de janeiro went wild with joy chief justice josé lin hares became interim head of the government pend ing elections which will be held as scheduled what will revolts bring to infer from the fall of vargas that a great stride toward democracy has been taken would however be to put too much credence in the professedly liberal in tentions of the opposition the old guard of the pre vargas period which was hardly more satisfactory from a democratic standpoint is attempting a come back through the candidacy of air brigadier eduardo gomes who is now expected to win since gen eral goes monteiro has transferred his support and the weight of the military machine from dutra to gomes unless brigadier gomes at best a fe luctant candidate takes strong leadership of the ill assorted elements constituting his following and ini tiates certain clearly indicated reforms such as elimination of the authoritarian features of the con stitution of 1937 and of the control of public opin ion the events of october 29 will have done no more than change the occupants of the guanabara palace moreover with the ex president’s intentions still a mystery in the incredibly complicated political jungle of brazil that country may even witness a repetition of the events that occurred in argentina for var gas like perén may make a strong bid for a return to power the venezuelan revolution of october 18 which overthrew the government of general isaias medina was also precipitated by the prospect of managed presidential elections but while the brazilian move was aimed at unseating a 15 year old dictatorship the week long fighting in caracas reflected the dis satisfaction of some groups with the sluggishness of the medina government in bringing venezuela out of its long travail under the dictator juan vi cente gémez it is charged that in the ten years since gémez died the administrations of general eleazar lépez contreras himself a candidate in the forth coming elections and medina have done little to implement projected social and economic reforms while keeping power in the hands of a small group of people representing the wealthy mountainous western region of the country the revolt was en gineered by disaffected elements in the army who at the eleventh hour were joined by the moderately leftist democratic action party it is entirely pos sible that the young west point or german trained officers in the provisional government have motives quite different from those of their civilian colleagues the government headed by dr rémulo betancourt has limited itself to announcing its intention of in augurating machinery for direct election of the presi dent by universal suffrage and secret ballot bringing to trial all officials of the previous government charged with corruption in office and taking steps to reduce the cost of living and raise living standards after receiving assurances that foreign oil holdings would be respected and that the new cabinet is com posed of reputable and patriotic men the united states on october 30 tecognized the revolutionary government oltve holmes washington news letter the general public today has an opportunity to play a direct part in the shaping of united states policy toward china where under the cloak of tem porary military responsibility we currently are set ting up a sphere of long term political influence the nation apparently accepts gladly the proposition frequently stated by the administration that the existence of a strong and stable china is essential to the welfare of this country but it could begin now to consider whether to strengthen china we should strengthen the régime of generalissimo chiang kai shek at the possible cost of deep american involve ment the administration itself is divided over this issue which has become acute as the result of three developments 1 the outbreak of civil war be tween enemy chinese armies commanded by chiang and by the government of the northern provinces 2 the continued stationing of two united states marine divisions in northern china to regain for chiang territories which his own forces could not recapture and 3 the announcement on novem ber 2 in chungking that the united states will estab lish a five year military mission in china to assist the generalissimo in reorganizing his armies standardiz ing equipment and setting up training centers united states intervenes alone china’s troubled affairs confront the united states with a difficult decision as to which of three possible courses to follow first we could rely on the assur ances given by chiang that internal dissension will be settled by peaceful political means and accord him the usual moral assistance a recognized govern ment can legitimately claim from other governments with which it maintains diplomatic relations second we could put upon all chinese the responsibility for settling their differences in whatever manner they wish and hold aloof until some sort of settlement is reached third we could assume that the northern communists are bandits and that we ought to assist the recognized government to defend itself the administration disagrees about which course to follow even the elements in the administration which support the policy of intervention see in the very outbreak of civil war an end to hopes that chiang can calm the dissension by peaceful political means a general reluctance to see warfare flame anew in china stays the administration from adopt ing a policy of complete aloofness the well devel oped military organization of the communists causes some authoritative observers to doubt that they can be considered bandits those troops today are armed washington divided on u.s intervention in china with heavy field guns and tanks and even when they were lightly equipped they were able to harry the forces of the generalissimo the development of intensive warfare beyond the present skirmishing could cost the united states new military casualties yet the masters of policy are basing their course op the supposition that the communists are bandits and that it is our duty to maintain order in asia by giving military aid to a particular chinese régime the decision that the united states should inter vene in chinese affairs during the period of peace is new although throughout the war we gave mili tary assistance to chiang as a fighting ally only six weeks ago the administration was veering in the di rection of aloofness and had decided to nominate john milton helmick judge of the united states court in china from 1934 to 1942 as ambassador to succeed general patrick j hurley who was on his way to washington from chungking general hurley and lt gen albert c wedemeyer chief of staff to generalissimo chiang and commander of the united states forces in china are the chief architects of the intervention policy after general hurley visited the white house president truman decided to retain him as ambassador and also to return general wedemeyer to china as the state department is not in full agreement with the inter vention policy the problem remains open world wide implications the issue transcends the question of china the friends of intervention suspect that the soviet union is secretly supporting the communist forces with arms and counsel accordingly they conceive of our policy as a move simply to protect our normal interest in a portion of asia which also interests the ussr the intervention resulting from this practical con sideration of the world relationship of the two mightiest powers nevertheless collides with a uni versal principle recently enunciated by president truman who said on october 27 that all peoples who are prepared for self government should be per mitted to choose their own government by their own freely expressed choice without interference from any foreign source as long as we consider that aid to chiang is the same thing as aid to china freedom of choice within china whether by ballot or by vio lence can exist only with difficulty by recognizing the new governments of venezuela and brazil the united states last week admitted the right of peoples to change their governments by other instruments than the ballot blair bolles +eace nili y six 2 di nate tates ador 5 on eral hief nder hief eral man to state iter ssue 5 of retly and y as in a sr con uni dent ples per own rom aid dom vio zing the yples ents es entered as 2nd class matter sugra mlovary briodical ros ns valy nov eo brar ersit 2 8 4 rs poe v of uichigag 945 any arbor nich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 5 november 16 1945 allies must push social transformation of germany paris the late autumn sun is kind to the fair countryside of france seen from the air the land scape unrolls like a luminous tapestry with its tender blues and greens and yellows and the seine shim meting like spun silver in the sunlight then on landing the ineffable never fading beauty of paris evokes so many memories of a glorious past as to efface the miseries of the present here is the other side of the german problem the side so seldom dis cussed or understood in britain and the united states the ever present nightmare that the germans seemingly defeated will rise in one more effort to obliterate france as a priest rouses the echoes of crowded notre dame by his account of the heart trending sufferings endured by his flock in a vosges village during the german occupation as one talks with those who returned from prison camps and de portation and thinks of the many others who suc cumbed in the bitterest kind of exile it is more diffi cult than it was among the ruins of berlin to be dis tressed by the hardships of the germans already appealing to the sense of fairness of the british and americans the germans lament their plight they who for the most part showed little sympathy for the victims of the nazis even in their own midst yet if we were to sink to the nazis level in our treatment of germany we would in effect have been defeated by hitler would have become tainted with the inhumanity of nazism here is our cruel dilemma we could in theory shoot every tenth german in revenge for what was done by the nazis to other peoples but none of the allies and this is just as true of the victims of germany like the french the poles and the russians as it is of the british and ourselves is prepared to claim an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth at the same time while we are unwilling to shoot germans in cold blood neither can we in all conscience allow them to die of slow starvation allies economic dilemma the economic problem of germany boils down to this how are the allies to assure the germans a subsistence standard of living without at the same time permitting them to restore their economy to a point at which they can again prove a threat to europe and the rest of the world there are several basic considerations that must be taken into account in framing a long term economic program for germany and only a long term program is worth considering at all i the destruction from which germany is now suffering is a direct result of the war the germans as british foreign secretary bevin pointed out in his house of commons speech of october 26 were of fered several opportunities by the allies to escape this destruction through surrender but were either unwilling or unable to give up until germany had been invaded 2 this destruction has for the time being de prived germany of military power but a thorough inventory according to some observers on the spot will reveal that many of germany's industries can be easily reclaimed given the technical efficiency of the germans which remains superior to that of most of their neighbors provided of course the germans can obtain from abroad the raw materials they need 3 there is no disagreement among the occupying powers about the necessity of eliminating industries required solely for war purposes armaments of all kinds synthetic oil and rubber chemicals used for warfare disagreement begins when the question of types and numbers of industries to be retained by germany for peacetime purposes is raised studies thus far made of germany's economic needs reveal the great perhaps intractable difficulties of reaching a practicable agreement on this point 4 as passions cool off there is a growing ten contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association dency to wondér whether destruction of industries other than those used specifically for war is desirable not only from the point of view of the germans but from the larger poitit of view of european economy the potsdam yardstick to make germany's standard of living no higher than that of its neighbors exclu sive of britain and russia could readily become a premium for inefficiency and give some at least of germany's neighbors the feeling that they need not strive to strengthen their economic position and im prove their social conditions since germany would in any case be prevented by the allies from rising above a certain low level of production 5 meanwhile the two major mistakes already made by the allies with respect to germany the creation of four zones communications between which remain of the most tenuous nature and the cession of germany's most productive agricultural areas to poland which lacks the mechanical imple ments to continue their development gravely ham per the establishment in germany of even a subsis tence standard of living if the present situation per sists the allies may be indefinitely forced to furnish germany with food and possibly other essentials and germany could easily become a vast wpa pro ject dependent on the hand outs of the occupying powers and that means britain and the united states a program after potsdam to cope with the multifarious problems that have emerged in ger many many of which could have been anticipated long ago the allies need to reconsider the program they adopted at potsdam a program which to use the words of a parisian review can be described as the peace of damocles it may be too late to reverse the cession of germany's principal agrarian regions to poland greatly aggravated by the deportation of germans from that area as well as from the terri tory ceded to russia and from the sudetenland al though many of the poles who were sent into those areas to settle have already returned home disap pointed because they do not have the means to cul tivate german farms but three measures at least could be weighed by the allies first interzonal communications could be restored by the creation envisaged in the potsdam page two e es declaration of five central administrative depart ments under the supervision of the allied controj council france's opposition to the creation of q central administration is due to fear that this measure will lead directly to revival of germany's milita power this is a legitimate fear and the other three occupying powers should take steps to alleviate it by preventing the military resurgence of the germans through a second measure and that is by depriving german industrialists and big landowners of owner ship of their properties the russians have already done this by breaking up the junker estates in east prussia a step many american commentators had long urged as essential for the social transformation of germany so far we have shrunk from outright expropriation except in the case of outstanding nazi leaders because of our own attachment to the con cepts of private property and free enterprise but surely the destruction of factories in germany is a drastic alternative to change of ownership it is at this point that the french proposal for international control of the ruhr deserves considera tion if ownership of the mines is left in the hands of those who aided hitler this will not only make the french russians and others in europe feel that germany has a good chance of recovering its military power but will convince the german workers whose support we need for a more democratic political system that the allies have no intention of advanc ing social democracy in germany third once ownet ship of germany’s basic raw materials has been taken out of the hands of those who supported militarist policies the allies should consider whether control of german industrial production together with the control they intend to exercise over exports and im ports would not be more effective in holding ger many to a peacetime economy than attempts to set arbitrary standards as to the extent and character of german production allied decisions regarding ger many however will depend in large measure on the character of the relations that can be developed be tween the western powers and russia vera micheles dean the third in a series of articles on germany future of korea hinges on u.s soviet relations the ability of the great powers to deal justly with the peoples of the far east is now being tested at a dozen different points from surabaya to seoul attention has naturally centered on the civil war in china and on the british and french campaigns against nationalist movements in southeast asia but developments in the former japanese colony of korea will also bear watching for the light they throw on american soviet relations and for their effects on the welfare of some 25,000,000 koreans although the people of korea were promised inde pendence in due course by the united states britain and china in the cairo declaration of no vember 1943 they are confronted by the fact that under arrangements which may have been drawn up at yalta their country has been divided into two occupation zones along the line of the thirty eighth parallel danger of two koreas the northern soviet zone of occupation bordering on the u.s.s.r and m industt steel ins ty militar arthus dustri south while rice there power functi thorit cies ing a coura servat lit zonal in the sovie kore gern proac migh eight time prep who rect term cow per rt now and ther viol inn ner con is a for era inds 1ake that tary hose anc net aiken arist trol the im ger set t of ger the be nde ates that n up two ghth 1efnn and manchuria contains the heart of korean heavy industry and produces virtually all the coal iron steel chemicals and hydroelectric power of the insula the southern american zone ruled by a military government subordinate to general mac arthur is a rich agricultural region with light in dustries producing consumers goods in the past the south has depended on the north for coal and power while the north has been a purchaser of southern rice in the period since the japanese surrender there has been no interruption of the flow of electric power but normal trade and railway traffic are not functioning between the areas the occupying au thorities also seem to be following divergent poli des for the russians are rumored to be emphasiz ing agrarian reforms while the united states is en couraging korean leaders who have a more con servative program little is known publicly about the origin of the zonal arrangement but it was presumably drawn up in the expectation that both the united states and the soviet union would wage extended campaigns in korea had japan fought to virtual exhaustion as germany did the two invading allied armies ap proaching each other from the south and the north might ultimately have met on the line of the thirty eighth parallel meanwhile there would have been time however great the difficulties to attempt the preparation of a single administrative plan for the whole of post war korea if this hypothesis is cor rect allied arrangements were upset by the abrupt termination of the war and washington and mos cow were left to apply agreements designed for a period of military operations the united states is now interested in breaking down the zonal barriers and creating a four power trusteeship for korea but there has been no suggestion that the russians have violated any pledges by maintaining a separate zone in northern korea symbol of big two relations viewed purely as a technical problem the difficulties of the dividing line could be overcome with ease but in practice the future of korea will be overshadowed by the state of american soviet relations in japan and china it seems unlikely for example that a solution can be found in korea unless the united states and russia find a means of settling their cur tent differences on the nature of the control of japan the presence of american marines in north china under civil war conditions affecting man page three churia in which russia has special interests could also influence the korean situation as in europe the success or failure of the allies in handling major issues cooperatively will determine their approach to all other problems although international issues dominate the korean scene the policies of the powers inside korea are also significant little is known so far about the people the russians have been working with in their area in the american zone a multitude of korean groups of all shades of opinion are operating but the united states is backing conservative exile ele ments rather than more liberal leaders who were active against japanese rule from inside korea special emphasis has been placed on utilizing members of the korean provisional government an exile body which was located in chungking dur ing the war years kim koo president of this régime is now on his way to seoul the korean capital under american auspices and in mid october synghman rhee washington representative of the exile group arrived in seoul as a guest of gen eral macarthur's deputy lieutenant general john r hodge subsequently with official approval rhee undertook the task of unifying the views of the various korean groups in the american zone in interviews with american correspondents since his return to korea he has not sought to conceal his deep seated hostility toward the russians the korean provisional government has never ruled in korea and its members have spent many years outside the country rhee for example had been in exile since 1919 its existence in recent years has rested on official chinese support and on the backing of koreans in the united states it has not however been recognized by any government and when the question of recognition was raised during the war the state department held that offi cial standing should be withheld from all korean groups as long as the views of the korean nation were unknown the role now assigned by the united states to members of the exile government and to other koreans will be important in our relations with the russians for the abolition of the artificial dividing line of the thirty eighth parallel requires not only a willingness to exchange coal for rice but some kind of soviet american understanding on the korean leaders who are to assist the occupying authorities lawrence k rosinger one month for change of address on membership publications bes foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 5 noovember 16 1945 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary vera micheeles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter u.s joins britain in survey of palestine problem since the enunciation of the balfour declaration on november 2 1917 leading political figures of the united states have advocated the establishment of a jewish national home in palestine now the sincerity of their advocacy will be tested the united states on november 13 assumed at least a limited responsibility for palestine when it agreed with the united kingdom that the two governments jointly and officially would survey the contribution palestine can make toward alleviating the distress of homeless jews of post war europe serious issue the hardships of the jew did not disappear with hitler ninety per cent of the 75,000 jews in germany are said to desire settlement in palestine and jews have been fleeing from poland southward in the hope of reaching palestine the despair of the persecuted wanderers stresses the need for an early and brave decision about palestine if the united states and the united kingdom de cide that palestine can accommodate a large num ber of homeless european jews now the white paper issued by the british government in 1939 as an amendment to the balfour declaration should be quickly revoked the cessation of immigration for which the white paper called came on october 26 and if the united states and united kingdom de cide that palestine is to be closed forever to jewish immigration they should at once find other avenues of escape for the unsettled jews president truman personally favors immigration and proposed in a let ter to british prime minister attlee on august 31 that palestine be opened to 100,000 european jews attlee on september 16 sent truman a letter op posing the suggestion but urging the creation of a joint anglo american policy yet the decision the two countries now jointly make will hinge to some extent on arab opposition for arab opponents of the national home idea imply that continued jewish immigration into pal estine will inspire arab resistance and the problem confronting the friends of the national home is whether that resistance would be formidable presi dent roosevelt was sufficiently impressed by the arab position to write king ibn saud of saudi arabia on april 5 that this country would make no decisions without consulting both the arabs and the jews in a restatement of the roosevelt policy on octo ber 18 secretary of state byrnes made public the letter to ibn saud the total population of the arab countries is little over 30,000,000 and their individual military o ganizations are weak yet the latent threat of for arouses fear in some quarters that this country migh have to use troops to enforce the policy of keeping palestine open to immigrants the possibility of arab countermoves has attracted the support of 4 segment of the oil industry in the united states fo the arab position standard oil of california anj the texas company jointly hold the rich petroleum concession of saudi arabia and king ibn saud js the most outspoken of all arabs against further im migration concern lest ibn saud expropriate the concession has aroused some opposition to the na tional home among u.s military officials who gard oil concessions as important to our security state department officials dealing with middle east ern affairs and officers of the diplomatic missions in middle eastern countries sympathize for the most part with the arab point of view displays of violence violent outbreak in the areas bordering on the eastern mediterranea have emphasized the determination of both arabs and jews to realize their aims jews in palestine went on a general strike in protest against the clos ing of immigration a clandestine radio station voice of israel on october 12 called on the jew to resist and sabotage in palestine on novem ber 1 halted the railroads during november 1 3 seven jews were killed in riots in five egyptian cities and arabs subsequently assassinated more than 100 jews in tripolitania arabs and jews also have made their organizational strength felt the world zion ist conference in london last august 14 asked for the immigration of 1,000,000 more jews into pal estine the arab league formed at alexandria last march 24 has declared through dr izzat george tannous head of the arab office in london that force would be required to get 100,000 more jews into palestine apparently the pressure of distressed jews on the gates of palestine will continue whatever the united states and united kingdom decide illegal immi gration is common and 208 refugees who had en tered palestine without permits escaped from the internment camp at haifa on october 8 in measut ing the possibility of violent arab resistance to ut restricted immigration the united states and the united kingdom will have to consider also the fac that the jews show violence when immigration severely limited blair bolles november 1945 brief who’s who of candidates raymond leslie buell research director foreign policy association and president 1933 39 member of board since 1939 conducted courses in history economics govern ment columbia university harvard occidental college lecturer princeton yale university of california etc representative of foreign policy association pan ameri can conference at havana 1928 chairman of commission on cuban affairs 1934 round table editor fortune magazine since 1938 author of numerous books on inter national affairs joseph p chamberlain chairman of board foreign policy association 1933 39 member of board since 1919 professor of public law columbia university since 1923 counsel new york charter commission 1935 36 member high commission for refugees from germany 1933 35 visiting professor oxford university 1939 40 assistant to secretary of treasury 1940 member board equitable life assurance society of u.s writer of books and articles on international relations and law paul u kellogg initiator of foreign policy association 1918 and member of board since 1918 editor the survey 1912 23 and survey graphic since 1921 member com mission of inquiry of needs of refugees emergency red cross commission italy 1917 member american commission ethiopian crisis 1935 president national conference of social work 1939 member committee on democratic foreign policy since 1942 mrs frederic r king member board of directors foreign policy association since 1941 managing editor vogue magazine 1921 23 president art workshop of rivington neighborhood association arts and crafts for workers 1937 45 mrs thomas w lamont member board of directors foreign policy association since 1926 member of board of american association for the united nations member committee for a just and lasting peace of federal council of churches member of board women’s action committee for victory and lasting peace member of board new school for social research 1920 43 served on board of china society of america on board of russian war relief during the war james g mcdonaald chairman foreign policy association 1919 33 member of board since 1918 league of nations high commissioner for refugees jewish and others coming from germany 1933 35 editorial writer on foreign affairs the new york times 1936 38 chairman president's advisory committee on political refugees since 1938 james grafton rogeers lawyer educator assistant u.s secretary of state 1931 33 master timothy dwight college and professor of law yale university 1935 42 office of strategic services washington d.c 1942 43 founder 1912 and president civic league of denver colo president mayor's advisory council denver 1923 member american bar association member board of editors american bar journal since 1942 author of many published papers and addresses president foreign bond holders protective council inc n y c eustace seligman member board of directors foreign policy association since 1926 lawyer partner firm sullivan cromwell trustee amherst college director legal aid society member exec com civil service reform association trustee ethical culture society public interest director federal home loan bank of new york robert j watt member board of directors foreign policy association since 1942 v p mass state fed of labor 1932 37 american workers delegate to geneva 1936 40 member president roosevelt's commission to england and sweden 1938 alternate member national defense mediation board chmn labor advisory commission fed eral communications commission member federal advisory board vocational edu cation international representative a f of l since 1936 the annual meeting of the foreign policy association incorporated will be held at the waldorf astoria new york on saturday december 15 1945 the brief business meeting will be held at 12 15 immediately preceding the luncheon meeting frank ross mccoy president __ proxy for board of directors the candidates listed below have been nominated to serve on the board of directors of the foreign policy association incorporated as indicated and have expressed their willingness to act if elected the word re election appears after the names of the present members of the board of directors who have consented to run again persons other than those nominated by the nominating committee are eligible to election and space is provided on the proxy for naming such other candidates attention is called to the fact that all members of the board of directors shall be members of the association who are so circumstanced that they can attend the meetings of the board regularly constitution article iv paragraph 3 in accordance with the provisions of the constitution the candidates receiving the largest number of votes cast at the annual meeting december 15 1945 will be declared elected please note that proxies cannot be used 1 unless received at national headquarters not later than wednesday december 12 1945 2 unless the proxy returned is signed by the member only members of the association who are citizens of the united states have voting privileges p nominating committee mr francis t p plimpton chairman mrs henry barbey mrs joseph r swan mrs henry goddard leach mr harrison tweed mr george roberts please cut along this line and sign and return the proxy to the office of the foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y proxy put cross x beside names of candidates of your choice vote for one in the class of 1947 vote for eight in the class of 1948 i authorize frank ross mccoy or walter wilgus or a substitute to vote for directors of the foreign policy association incorporated as indicated below class of 1947 james grafton rogers class of 1948 raymond leslie buell james g mcdonald re election re election joseph p chamberlain eustace seligman re election re election paul kellogg mrs frederic r king re election re election mrs thomas w lamont robert j watt re election re election fe a brief who's who of the candidates is given on the back of this page seedy wicsibesedias td clisoshienliniensctedinish nsidinteiyenedacbetaterivenniceonin nila +int n eeeseoce rated as brigbdical uniy of mics 1945 peneral lnai entered as 2nd class matter nov 2 8 194 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vout xxv no 6 november 23 1945 paris developments in france since the collapse of june 1940 have been so obscured for americans by doubts inadequate information prejudices and conflicts among french groups in the united states during the war years that it is peculiarly difficult to give the american public an objective picture of what the french think want and fear perhaps the most satisfactory way of describing the situation in oon france is to discuss certain misconceptions that have arisen in the united states among the most impor tant of these misconceptions are the following 1 that the french did not really mind the ger man occupation the germans were correct from the material point of view things were better then than now and life was quite toler able many americans on a visit to france get this im pression because they spend most of their time in a small circle of what the french call the aaute bour geoisie who in the past could afford to travel to the united states who know english and who enter tained the germans during the occupation with the same alacrity and the same lack of conviction with which they now entertain americans these french men feared movements to improve the lot of indus trial workers in 1936 regarding them as forerunners of communism and welcomed the germans as a bulwark against further demands from labor their behavior and that of some members of the higher clergy is described by the french as pas chic they are discredited in france are not representative of majority opinion in the country and give visiting americans most of whom lack knowledge both of the language and the pre war situation of france a false picture of france’s wartime experience it is nothing short of tragic that americans nurtured in the tradition of jefferson and lincoln should so often when they go abroad spend their time and seek their false impressions becloud american attitude toward france sources of information among reactionary groups 2 that the french did not suffer much during the war years certainly less than the popula tion of other countries occupied by the ger mans visitors to paris gain this impression because the incomparable beauty of the city has been scarcely touched by the war and after years of absence seems more glorious and moving than ever but this beauty is a brave facade for indescribable misery and anxi ety suffered by most of the people in relative silence because the french who have a strong sense of per sonal dignity have been reluctant to shout their sor rows from the housetops and have acquired during years when the resistance movement had to work underground a reticence they themselves compare to that of the british the fact that during the early months of the occupation the germans tried to be what they called correct and that many french men and women stupefied by the suddenness and magnitude of their country’s collapse and willing to believe in the integrity of pétain d not begin to resist both the germans and vichy until much later misled americans into believing that the french re ceived relatively good treatment from hitler actual ly the germans in france as elsewhere proceeded systematically to destroy the foundations of the na tion by hounding political and intellectual leaders by enforcing the separation of families through de portations and transfers of french workers to ger many and by gradual reduction of the french stand ard of living to a point where the entire population found itself condemned to malnutrition when the germans now complain because they must live on rations providing 1500 calories daily it is well for us to remember that the germans forced the french to live on rations which during some periods dropped below 1,000 calories and that even now french stents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association rations hover around 1500 the results of prolonged malnutrition are becoming apparent in a rapidly ris ing rate of infant mortality tuberculosis rickets and general debilitation of the population in addition to the sufferings inflicted by the germans on the french in terms of mental and physical cruelty the germans systematically disorganized and looted french industry to such an extent that the revival of industrial production will require thoroughgoing re equipment of the country’s principal enterprises this will have to be done in the first instance large ly through imports from other countries especially the united states and through such reparations in kind as france may find it possible to collect from germany 3 that most of the persons deported by the germans were jews and workers drafted for work in germany were only too glad to go be cause they were paid high wages some americans visiting france have been uncon sciously so affected by nazi propaganda as to take the view that the deportation of jews is in some way less harrowing or less reprehensible than that of non jews this is in itself a sad commentary on the mentality we have developed during the war years and on the efficacy of nazi propaganda but the im pression that most of the persons deported by the germans were jews is in itself false because the ger mans sent many non jews active in the resistance movement or openly opposed to collaboration with the nazis to the most notorious concentration camps in germany and subjected them to treatment that de fies the imagination only a handful of political and racial deportees whose total number is estimated at 600,000 had sufficient stamina to survive the agonies of deportation and to return usually in tragically enfeebled condition those who stood up best under the strain were the communists and the fervent believers whatever their faith because they could take refuge in their inner life from the at tempts of the germans through physical and mental torture to force the total annihilation of human values the ones who did return burn with an inner flame of faith in the immutable preciousness of human liberty that can only make those of us who did not undergo similar experiences humble in the face of true greatness if we who suffered relatively so little and had so few cruel moral decisions to make fail to give our moral support to these french men and women and instead listen to the defeatists the collaborators the men of little faith who brought france low even before its defeat by the germans we shall not deserve to see democracy preserved in our time in addition to political and racial deportees the germans forced about 800,000 french workers to page two ey eee work for them in germany it is false to say thy these workers went gladly or even willingly a hand ful who were down and out because of the paralysis of french industry resulting from the occupation did take this opportunity to earn something for them selves and their families but in order to cbtain the number of workers they wanted the germans had to stage periodic raids and seize workers by force any notion that the work service was willingly under taken is exploded by its very name the service volontaire de travail obligatoire if one adds tp the list 1,800,000 french war prisoners held by the germans throughout the five years 1940 45 the ger mans removed from france well over three mil lion men and women the majority of whom were in the active period of their lives when they could have contributed most to the political and economic rehabilitation of their country moreover we must not forget that the french lost nearly one million men women and children both military and civil ians in the course of military operations and ger man executions on french soil this loss alone approximates the total loss of war dead suffered by the united states whose population is three times that of france 4 that the french are not working hard enough and that is why the country is still in such a parlous condition american visitors in france who live in specially arranged billets where they have heat hot water and good army rations palatably prepared by french cooks have no idea whatsoever of the conditions under which the french have to proceed with the reconstruction of their devastated and impoverished country the french have to go about their tasks in sufficiently fed in homes and offices that went com pletely unheated last winter and with little or no hot water transportation difficulties are almost un it is t establis to follc neither sustain has con bidault eign 2 and ag howeve to assu the res the me his pa favor and ft regard the co any fo franco ever f at agains what t carl g lh fou oursely believable hundreds of bridges were blown up dur ing the post d day period either by the germans or by the allies railway lines and railway material were wrecked in the course of air raids ports were smashed and locomotives buses trolley and freight cars were taken by the germans out of france for use in military operations in many areas france must start from scratch to give only one example work ers in the shipyards of st nazaire one of the ports flattened by allied air raids must live in the coun try because no housing is available in the port itself they travel to work three hours in unheated trains usually standing when they arrive at the shipyards they are hungry and weary and the procedure must be repeated when they leave at night the situation could be improved if there were buses and gasoline but neither of these luxuries is on hand the miracle is that under such primitive conditions french work south york the ameri books tine ar part i deserij the co search argen hou an colone undec foreic headqu second one mort s say that a hand paralysis cupation for them btain the nans had by force ly under service adds to ld by the the ger iree mil om were ey could economic we must million ind civil and ger s alone ffered by ree times ng hard is still in specially t water yy french onditions with the overished tasks in ent com le or no most un 1 up dur germans material yrts were d freight e for use nce must le work the ports he coun yrt itself d trains shipyards ure must situation gasoline e miracle ich work page three ers have the tenacity and will power to work at all ization may not prove sufficiently effective to protect actually production in some enterprises has im france and therefore demand international control roved to a reasonable degree for example coal of the ruhr with its rich resources of coal and a sort roduction for september and october averaged be of franco british dutch belgian condominium over tween 75 and 90 per cent of 1938 the rhineland but not annexation by france such an arrangement they insist would only give western europe the protection against germany already given at potsdam to eastern europe by the separation from the reich of east prussia there are sound reasons for the doubts concerning french plans for the rhineland raised by britain and the united states which fear further fragmentation of germany but the project for international control of the ruhr de serves consideration by the big three 5 that the french are intransigent in their foreign policy especially with respect to ger many and make things difficult for the big three it is true that general de gaulle in his effort to re establish france's position in world affairs has tended ty follow a policy of prestige which the country has neither the military nor industrial resources to sustain now or in the visible future this tendency has complicated the task of foreign minister georges bidault who has made every effort to conciliate for eign governments which have been offended again and again by the general’s tactics fundamentally however all groups in france are united in their desire to assure the country’s security in the future against the resurgence of germany where they differ is on the method of achieving this end m bidault and his party the mouvement républicain populaire favor a western association of nations led by britain and france and see no reason why russia should regard such an association as a hostile bloc while the communists supporting russia’s attitude oppose any formal western grouping and lean heavily on the franco russian alliance all political groups how ever favor a strong international organization at the same time the french want reinsurance against the possibility that the international organ the f.p.a what the south americans think of us a symposium by carleton beals bryce oliver herschel brickell samuel g inman new york robert m mcbride 1945 3.00 four experts in the latin american field have us see ourselves as our neighbors see us south america uncensored by roland hall sharp new york longmans green 1945 3.00 the author a newspaperman with many years of latin american experience behind him has really written two books in one part i is a strong indictment of the argen tine and brazilian governments as fascist régimes while part ii the portrait of a continent is an illuminating description of the geographic and economic realities of the continent especially directed at young americans in search of new frontiers argentine diary by ray josephs new york random house 1944 3.00 an episodic account of the coming to power of the colonels clique by a reporter who was from the start undeceived as to its true character the key question is whether the united states intends to stay in germany as long as may prove necessary if we do stay then the french will not be so agonizingly preoccupied with the problem of se curity as they are today if we leave then it is diffi cult to see what right we have to prevent the french from assuring their security by whatever means seem to them most practicable we are facing under far more difficult conditions exactly the same decision we faced in 1919 whether to guarantee the security of europe by our active and continuous participation and thus allay france’s fears or withdraw and thus justify intransigence on the part of the french with two wars on the continent in our lifetime it would be the height of folly to belittle as some americans are doing the nightmare fear of germany which stalks not only france but all europe vera micheles dean bookshelf the pan american yearbook 1945 new york pan ameri can associates 1945 5.00 a compilation of basic facts about the americas in cluding a who’s who of inter america trade arranged both alphabetically and by industry within each country the argentine republic by ysabel f rennie new york macmillan 1945 4.00 the best and most readable analysis of the argentine crisis yet to appear this history takes the reader from the founding of the republic a century ago to the revolution of 1943 and contends that the democratic forces in argen tina gave the present nationalist government power by default economic problems of latin america edited by seymour e harris new york mcgraw hill 1944 4.00 the student rather than the general reader will de rive profit from this discussion of major economic issues in latin america and the country by country survey which follows the main thesis of the introduction is that these countries are the victims of external forces which they are now seeking to control with what degree of success the individual country studies endeavor to show foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 6 november 23 1945 published weekly by the foreign p association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheles degan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ss produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor se washington news letter ined can u.s base effective policy on wealth and atomic power the policy of the united states toward its two great wartime allies the united kingdom and the soviet union is shaped by american possession of two things which the rest of the world lacks and wants a plentiful supply of dollars and the manu facturing secrets associated with atomic fission the determination to trade these riches for foreign sup port of our views in world affairs became clear dur ing the visit to washington of prime minister clem ent r attlee the united states assured mr attlee that we would lend dollars to his government pro vided britain would seriously consider changing its international commercial policies and would accord us certain privileges in examining the financial posi tion of the british treasury on november 15 mr attlee and president truman with canadian prime minister mackenzie king announced a proposed agreement for the sharing of secrets on the peaceful use of atomic energy provided that other nations presumably the soviet union first of all agree to abandon a policy of secrecy in scientific information and to grant the united nations organization the privilege of inspecting their industrial facilities quid pro quo policy the direct use of our wealth as a bargaining counter in foreign affairs marks a distinct change from wartime practice dur ing the period from march 1941 to august 1945 when we were sharing our material wealth with our allies through lend lease agreements we asked noth ing in exchange except a general commitment that lend lease recipients would at some time in the post war period jointly do what they could toward elim inating artificial barriers to the free movement of international commerce the roosevelt administra tion rejected advice that it attach a specific guid pro quo to lend lease especially for lend lease supplies sent to the soviet union with the argument that the primary interest of the united states lay in military victory and that the use of lend lease supplies by our allies contributed to that victory the end of the war and the termination of lend lease agreements destroyed that argument the problem confronting the united states in the development of its guid pro quo policy is to de termine how much to require of the potential bene ficiaries of our wealth the british negotiators for the loan agreement lord keynes and the earl of halifax for instance have told their fellow negotia tors from the united states that the special privi leges sought by this country are excessive the negotiators accordingly referred the whole ques tion to the british government last week and the attitude of one member of that government was te vealed on november 16 when sir stafford cripps president of the board of trade told the map chester chamber of commerce we will not be come the economic fief of any other country the united states loan proposal asks for two per cent interest each year that britain has a favorable dollar balance in its trade and would permit the united states to determine annually whether britain ha sufficient dollar balances to pay not only current interest but interest for any previous year in which payment was skipped can such bargaining in international affairs be considered practical policy if our price is too high the answer to this difficult question may be supplied by the nature of the soviet response to the truman attlee king atomic energy proposals while russia has not made public its reaction a sentence from the address previously made in moscow on no vember 6 by soviet foreign commissar vyaches lav molotov shows something of the russian atti tude the discovery of atomic energy should not encourage a propensity to exploit the discovery in the play of forces in international policy altering the united nations the agreement states that mr truman mr attlee and mr king are not convinced that the spread ing of the specialized information regarding the practical application of atomic energy before it is possible to devise effective reciprocal and enforce able safeguards acceptable to all nations would con tribute to a constructive solution of the problem of the atomic bomb acceptance of that preliminary to the sharing could bring about a basic change in the nature of the u.n.o security council for the three men apparently consider the present authority of the council to deal with aggression inadequate to devise safeguards against the threat to peace inherent in the existence of atomic weapons the administration is aware that other states might mis read the position of the united states to combat such construction secretary of state byrnes in an address in charleston on november 16 said the suggestion that we are using the atomic bomb as 4 diplomatic or military threat against any nation not only untrue in fact but is a wholly unwarranted reflection upon the american government and people blair bolles vou x hi mz and tl phase hostili ing ag states gover at suc wangt shek’s pushe ultim and t the ci cent 1 techn ernm preset states of ch them ters vv stretc n accru aid t tion withi almo strug by u at ts lic ol of th ing t strife te +not the tlee ead the it is rce con 1 of nay e in the rity uate eace the mis nbat an the as a n is nted and es dec 8 1945 entered as 2nd class matter foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 7 novembsr 30 1945 china's internal struggle focuses on manchuria sa struggle for control of north china and manchuria now developing between chungking and the chinese communists is still in an early phase whether the contending parties continue their hostilities or at some point reach a political work ing agreement by the middle of november united states warships had moved over 100,000 central government troops to north china and landed them at such key points as tientsin tsingtao and chin wangtao from the last named port chiang kai shek’s forces armed with lend lease materials have pushed their way into southern manchuria with the ultimate objective of taking the rail hub of mukden and the regional capital of changchun although the communists have strengthened themselves in re cent months through the seizure of japanese arms technical superiority is clearly on the central gov emment’s side this superiority is reinforced by the presence in north china of over 50,000 united states marines who have made possible the entrance of chungking divisions by holding certain cities for them until their arrival jointly patrolling these cen ters with the central troops thereafter and guarding stretches of railway in the peiping tientsin area no quick decision despite the advantages accruing to chungking because of current american aid there is no reason to suppose that a military solu tion of china’s political differences could be reached within a brief period an all out civil war would almost inevitably be a prolonged and unpredictable struggle a fact which reinforces the suggestion made by under secretary of the navy artemus l gates at tsingtao on november 18 that the american pub lic ought to be more fully aware of the seriousness of the china problem it is worth recalling that dur ing the last period of kuomintang communist civil strife fighting lasted almost ten years 1927 36 today it is true the central forces are better trained and equipped than before the war with japan but this is also true of their opponents the commu nists who had less than 100,000 troops in 1937 and occupied a small lightly populated region in the northwest now have many times that number of men and exercise political authority of varying strength in a large section of north china as well as in parts of central china and manchuria big stakes in manchuria the magnitude of the military and political issues involved is indi cated by the very size of manchuria which is almost as large as france italy and pre 1938 germany combined and has a total population of over 40 000,000 people of whom more than nine tenths are chinese it is a territory of great natural re sources and fertile soil and its leading products in clude soy beans wheat coal iron ore and shale oil at the same time it has a more highly developed rail way system than any other chinese area of equal size and as a result of having been harnessed to the jap anese war machine is the outstanding industrial region of the country manchuria’s industrial power may however be reduced if recent allegations of russian removal of machinery prove correct at no time in recent centuries has manchuria been fully integrated politically with the rest of china under the manchu empire it was administered se arately as the ancestral home of the ruling manchus and immigration from other parts of the country was restricted with the founding of the republic in 1912 manchuria passed under the rule of local war lords culminating in the old marshal chang tso lin and his son young marshal chang hsueh liang who succeeded him in 1928 chang hsueh liang was attracted toward the idea of chinese unity on a nationalist basis but the japanese took over his em pire in 1931 and for the next fourteen years man churia experienced a separate type of economic and contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association political development under japanese control all these factors suggest that the forces making for manchurian regional sentiment are likely to be strong and that incorporation of the area into the pattern of a united china will not prove an easy task in the months since the japanese surrender no clear cut information has been available concerning man churian political sentiment but it will be important to see whether the name of chang still carries any magic chang hsueh liang himself has been ept in custody by the central government ever since he was involved in the seizure of chiang kai shek at sian in december 1936 but two of his younger brothers chang hsueh shih and chang hsueh ming are reported to be generals in the communist forces in manchuria moscow’s stand the key position in man churia is now held by the russians who occupied the region after entering the war with japan and under the terms of the recent chinese soviet pact are to have special rights in certain manchurian railways as daily contacts in europe aid russo western understanding lonndon can the western world find a basis for a workable understanding with russia or is a con flict between them inevitable this is the urgent question that haunts a continent freshly ravaged by war yet already living in dread of a still more devas tating struggle to this question there are two pos sible answers the western powers could act on the assumption that an understanding with russia is im possible then britain and the united states should do everything in their power to pool their resources of money goods shipping and aviation instead of competing with each other for possession of these sinews of modern war as they are doing today they should also seek to obtain the support of the coun tries of western europe from norway to france and italy and organize the resources and manpower of their zones in germany into a front line bulwark against russia such a policy might prove in many respects feasible but we must recognize that it is the policy advocated by hitler and propagated by goebbels of girding europe for a war on russia the alternative is for the western powers to act on the assumption that arduous as negotiations with moscow will continue to be it is essential for the security and stability of europe that they should keep on trying to reach an understanding with russia impact of west on east actually this would be the worst possible moment at which to isolate russia or permit russia to withdraw into it self as it has shown signs of doing for at this very moment the russians through force of circumstances have had to come into much closer contact with the western world than they had done since 1917 and at the same time the western world seeing russians page two s well as in port arthur and dairen chungking ha been anxious to secure soviet backing for the ep trance of central troops into manchuria by air ang sea since the land route now being used is not satis factory for the movement of large forces the course of the discussions has been unclear but the russians apparently are carefully fulfilling their agreement with chungking under a policy of not giving aid tp the communists and of withdrawing soviet troops from manchuria chiang kai shek has found hoy ever that the latter arrangement which seemed desirable at the time of treaty negotiations as a safe guard against prolonged russian control no longer serves central purposes for under existing circum stances the communists who are close to key man churian centers are in a position to take over man important points evacuated by the russians chung king has therefore been seeking to induce moscow to abandon its policy of neutrality and instead actively facilitate central operations lawrence k rosinger at first hand has had a better opportunity than since 1917 to appraise russian ideas and practices by the harsh light of every day life instead of the rosy glow of utopian hopes not only in germany and austria where the russians must work directly with the americans british and french in allied control councils but also in eastern europe and the balkans thousands of russian soldiers have experienced a shock on coming into contact with peoples whose standards of living while low compared to our own are infinitely higher than those of russia especially now that its most advanced industrial areas have been devastated by the germans returning soldiers bring back tales of their experiences and their newly aroused aspirations for a fuller life may prove as explosive in the russia of today as the new ideas brought back by the officers of alexander i from the napoleonic campaigns trend toward moderation but just as the russians are learning that the rest of the world is not living as they had been taught exclusively like the characters of the grapes of wrath so westerners are learning that russia is not the para dise some of them had believed it to be one reason for this is that the flower of the russian armies per ished on battlefields from moscow to stalingrad the soldiers now seen in europe often lack training and discipline in a sense it would have been better for the communists if russia’s armed forces had nevet appeared in the flesh and if russia had remained 4 myth now westerners who might have been tempted to turn to communism have been disheatt ened to discover what they should have known that the russians are still a relatively backward ple for thi social their prover differe pifican russia the s régime tional where demo in ine y nove especi alone preset pressi anti s conce freest peop or no politi condi answ pers r rsbreref rse il 2 ng rely fr low rse e da 10se ally ing wly as leas it as orld vely afa son per the and for ver da art wn ard s ple dazzled by western civilization and often for that reason hostile to it and that the political social and economic system they developed out of their own needs and traditions effective as it has proved in the u.s.s.r is not applicable to the vastly different conditions of the western world it is sig nificant that the countries of europe closest to russia geographically are the ones which have shown the strongest trend toward moderate political régimes as in hungary where the small landholders won nearly 60 per cent of the votes in the na tional elections of november 4 and in austria where the moderate people’s party and the social democrats decisively defeated the communists even in industrial centers in the national elections of november 25 at the same time these elections especially those held in hungary where the russians alone are in control offer striking evidence that the presence of russian troops did not prevent free ex pression of public opinion on the contrary even anti soviet hungarians outside the country readily concede that the elections of november 4 were the freest and most indicative of the true temper of the people to be held in hungary since 1919 whether or not hungary and austria can work out moderate political régimes in the midst of parlous economic conditions is a question the big three will have to answer through joint action 8 christmas gifts as another christmas approaches we remind fpa members and subscribers to give friends a membership in the association or a headline series subscription during this significant post war period your gift will be read and re read and will be an invaluable aid in interpreting the rap idly changing events regular membership 5.00 associate membership open to teachers librarians social workers and dns 60 0 6 6 0.000 ao 0d 3.00 includes weekly foreign policy bulletin and headline series special headline series sub scription 10 issues 2.00 if you act promptly we shall do our part to see that your christmas gifts and announcement catds are taken care of in good time page three nd bridging the gap the gap between russia and the west can be bridged if both we and the russians succeed in rising above our respective fears and prejudices russia following the example of the united states and britain is asserting itself in all continents determined to act like a great power it is just as idle for mr attlee to call on russia to pre sent its final demands as it is for a man of mature years to ask an exuberant youth to formulate his final life plans there is no finality in life nor is there any reason to believe that the western powers themselves want to stand still the world is capable of effecting progressive reforms without aping russia foreign commissar molotov acknowledged this in his refer ences to europe on the anniversary of the russian rev olution the western powers for their part should recognize that russia has a contribution to make without necessarily adopting our political and eco nomic institutions which are alien to its experience we and the british cannot keep on asking russia to clarify its intentions in europe unless we clarify our own we cannot keep on being merely against everything russia wants in europe we must make up our minds what we are for the british labor party’s victory has immeasureably strengthened the social democratic groups on the continent at the very moment when the appeal of communism is being weakened by europe's direct contact with rus sia’s armed forces this is the strategic moment for the united states to sustain the groups in europe which share our ideas instead of worrying about their tendency to control certain forms of private en terprise at the same time we should assure russia that we are ready to aid its internal reconstruction and work with it in strengthening the economies of its neighbors in eastern europe and the balkans as the best assurance against the military resurgence of germany and we must give convincing evidence as secretary of state byrnes said on october 31 that america will never join any groups in those coun tries adjoining russia in hostile intrigue against the soviet union such assurance is essential be cause many groups in europe remain convinced that the next war is just around the corner and that it will be a war between russia and the united states our political leaders should miss no oppor tunity to dispel this impression which for some euro peans is a matter of deep anxiety but for others a matter of alarmingly eager hope vera micheles dean foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 7 november 30 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th screet new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dororuy f lzer secretary vera micheles dgan editer entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year be produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter isolationists use pearl harbor to attack f.d.r policies the special congressional committee which on november 15 began a public investigation of the jap anese attack on pearl harbor on december 7 1941 could seriously harm the country by creating the im pression that a simple explanation can be found for that catastrophe and the war which it started ten years ago another congressional inquiry the nye senate investigation of the munitions industry weak ened the nation by popularizing the false sensational idea that extraneous considerations such as bankers desires to recover their loans and munitions makers interest in promoting widespread consumption of their merchandise sent us to war in 1917 by strengthening isolationist sentiment and inspiring the policy of statutory neutrality the munitions in vestigation encouraged the japanese to pursue the asiatic adventure which led inevitably to pearl har bor and conflict with the united states issue of investigation the current in quiry has turned into an investigation of united states foreign policy in 1939 1940 and 1941 repub lican members seem to have been attracted by the false interpretation of pre pearl harbor events which holds that president roosevelt by truculent diplomacy goaded the japanese into attacking us the special army board on pearl harbor provided some foundation for that thesis by stating on august 29 that the memorandum which cordell hull then secretary of state handed to japanese ambassador kichisaburo nomura and special envoy saburo kurusu on november 26 1941 hastened the attack on pearl harbor it is possible that hull pulled the trigger senator ralph o brewster of maine one of the republican members of the special con gressional committee said on november 16 opposed to this greatly oversimplified explana tion is the theory that the pearl harbor attack was the culmination of an aggressive policy undertaken by japan at least ten years earlier with its invasion of manchuria and that the united states could have averted the attack only by sacrificing basic principles and interests this is the contention of former secre tary hull who told the committee on november 23 that kurusu had handed him an ultimatum on november 20 1941 which required the united states in order to settle japanese american differ ences to give japan a free hand in china and to supply japan with whatever amount of oil it needed for the conduct of war acceptance of the japanese d proposal would have made the united states an ally of japan mr hull said to the committee it would have meant yielding to the japanese demand that the united states abandon its principles and policies the history of the period 1937 41 discloses tha the united states maintained a temperate and r strained attitude toward japan until the japaneg threat to fundamental american interests in asia de veloped over many years became obvious and that american public opinion which insisted on mildnes in 1937 when japan attacked china by 1939 was de manding that the united states stop its practice of selling scrap iron copper and oil essential war ma terials to japan by signing the tripartite axis alli ance treaty on september 27 1940 japan became a diplomatic partner of germany at a time when the united states was developing a policy aimed at help ing britain short of war to defeat germany from april through september 1941 roosevelt and hull explored american japanese relations in talks with ambassador nomura two months before the mem orandum of november 26 these talks had already made clear that the united states would not accept the policy japan was pursuing in asia and that japan for its part would not abandon that policy as early as march 1941 japanese foreign minister yosuke matsuoka considered war with the united states a certainty the international military ti bunal at nuremberg on november 23 1945 received copies of a report on a secret discussion between hit ler and matsuoka in berlin on april 4 1941 while stating that japan would do her utmost to avoid war with the united states matsuoka added that he had always declared in his country he thought sooner or later a war with the united states would be unavoidable if japan continued to drift along as at present although united states foreign policy now rests on commitments that completely repudiate pre wat isolationism the suggestion that american rathef than japanese foreign policy brought about the at tack on pearl harbor epitomizes the isolationist view that the united states can safely ignore developments on the other side of the oceans should that view now attract many who rejected it after pearl harbor the authoritativeness of this country in its relations with other nations would be severely limited blair bolles 191 +3 de e of ma alli ne a the relp rom hull with nem eady cept pan ister rited tri ived thile void that ught id be as at rests wat ather e at view rents now the with general libra unive mav ors fe eh of foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 8 dacumpmr 7 1945 big three unity jeopardized by conflict in iran he revolt in northern iran which has led in recent weeks to demands for autonomy of azer baijan province lying next to the southern soviet republic of the same name forms another test of big three relations after angio russian military forces occupied iran in january 1942 iranian sov ereignty was guaranteed by treaty following the entry of american troops and establishment of the persian gulf command for delivery of lend lease supplies to russia iranian independence was re afirmed at the teheran conference in 1943 but as in october 1944 disturbances in iran’s northern provinces have again developed into a controversy between the u.s.s.r and the anglo american pow ers for following the present outbreaks on novem ber 23 the iranian government charged the soviet union with fomenting the revolt which is headed by the democratic party successor to the former communist tudeh party thus far russian military forces in azerbaijan have not allowed iranian troops to enter the area and it was announced on decem ber 3 that moscow had rejected the proposal of sec tetary of state byrnes that the date for withdrawal of all allied forces from iran be advanced to january 1 tather than march 2 as had been determined earlier the big three in iran most observers have seen in the recent outbreaks another instance of the new soviet expansion similar to the action taken in fastern europe by the u.s.s.r within the past six years to insure friendly governments along its west ern frontier nor is the parallel with soviet aims along its china border lost on those who view the kremlin’s policies as a continuation in modern dress of the program followed by successive czarist ré gimes this type of action by the soviet union may viewed in two ways those who fear the emer gence of the soviet régime as a world power but insist that the western nations continue their his toric role of dominance in such dependent areas as the middle east or various parts of asia view the present action of the russian government with great alarm quite naturally they are now as fearful of moscow’s drive for influence abroad as were states men twenty five years ago or during the crimean war present soviet policy is also alarming to a sec ond group who sincerely believe in the necessity of anglo american russian cooperation to this group however each of the big three is currently follow ing alarming unilateral policies in many of the most troubled areas of europe the middle east and asia the soviet union’s resumption of many russian policies laid down before world war i constitutes a historical lag but hardly cause for criticism by the western powers who have consistently sought simi lar aims in these areas in iran it is significant that there is a very real possibility the revolt will lead to creation of a new government at teheran which may allow secession of azerbaijan province russia may then achieve the emergence of a friendly government along its southern border and in due course azerbaijan may be incorporated in the u.s.s.r yet what must not be overlooked in the present great power conflict in iran is the fact that britain and more recently the united states have already staked out their claims in that country with a population of 15,000,000 and an area of 628,000 square miles iran would hardly figure as a major pawn in the world power struggle were it not that it lies between russia and the persian gulf and its oil resources now largely con trolled by american and british companies are the second largest in the world because of its strategic position and its mineral and oil wealth the united states and britain would naturally be greatly con cerned if northern iran now or in the future were to merge with the soviet republic of azerbaijan contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association regardless of russia’s immediate action with refer ence to the teheran agreement cooperation or conflict but in iran as in the far east there is no possibility that all or any one of the great powers can withdraw from par ticipation in the internal affairs of such areas before they have evolved into truly independent states what is needed is not a decision as to whether in tervention shall be pursued or abandoned it exists in fact for good or ill concrete progressive measures for liberalizing the political régimes in iran and other similar dependent areas are needed following which large scale economic development must be planned and inaugurated if this is impracticable from the point of view of domestic politics especial ly in the united states where congress is loath to undertake any such foreign economic ventures then america should either cease prescribing long term highly moralistic policies by which it also judges other nations activities abroad without following them itself or it should pursue with greater fore sight and more candor such economic and political penetration throughout the world as is deemed de sirable for its security in modern terms and with modern techniques in iran for example russia’s historic southern drive may be aided by appeals to the local populace that soviet dominance will bring a substantial in crease in the general standard of living now woe fully low as in most mid eastern countries but the present british labor government has only begun to world cooperation reality or myth to americans in two plays now running concurrently in paris antigone and la sauvage a young french play wright jean anouilh probes a fundamental moral question of our times this question is whether in an admittedly horrible and confused world we as individuals have the right to seek escape from re sponsibility in personal happiness or must accept the burden of responsibility no matter what it costs us even if it is life itself millions of europeans have had to answer this question under harrowing circumstances and the way in which they have answered it has in each case proved the most crucial test of their convictions that human beings can possibly undergo both in anti gone drawn from classic tragedy and played with the dignity of the ancient world although in mod ern dress and with modern tenseness and in la sauvage laid in a sordid contemporary setting the conclusion is the same the individual if he or she is at all sensitive to human suffering cannot find satisfaction in personal happiness in a period of uni versal crisis however insignificant the contribution the individual can make responsibility cannot be avoided when taunted by her worldly dictator uncle page two study plans for general economic cooperation with iran and other arab states while the united states thus far has hardly approached the problem from this point of view yet only common state action america and britain with russia which conces sionaires like the private oil interests of the westem powers are at present not willing or organized ty give will offer sufficient counterweight to the de mands or plans of iran’s northern neighbor if however america and britain choose to cop tinue the power struggle on effective terms in de pendent areas such as iran the full consequences of such action should be brought home to the public for lacking big three cooperative endeavor to ease tensions in iran and elsewhere war will ultimately result and while there is no thought at present that the iranian crisis will move beyond the stage of straining for advantage by each of the great powers vitally interested there is no hope that clear cut de cisions which will avoid violent conflicts later can be made so long as each nation jockeys for position in either an economic or political sense larger issues which have up to the moment defied resolution among the big three will not be solved unless brit ain russia and the united states are prepared to deal cooperatively with the less universal but oner ous tasks of improving conditions in areas where their interests now collide so that tensions both among the local inhabitants and themselves may be alleviated grant s mcclellan creon concerning the limitations of her accomplish ment undertaken at terrible risk antigone retorts with the unforgettable phrase on doit faire ce que l’on peut one must do what one can one must do what one can not only every individual but every nation could well be guided by this precept no one expects miracles or even selflessness from any nation but surely every nation which in this time of agonizing crisis fails to do what it can is guilty of a great betrayal we in the united states have demonstrated during the war that we are capable of united and energetic action in building a vast industrial machine capable of serving the needs not only of our own enormous armed forces but also those of our allies yet be cause we have experienced so little of the moral self searching undergone by the peoples of europe we now appear tragically inadequate to the tasks of reconstruction our three major errors our persistent tradition of subordinating foreign policy to domes tic political considerations has led us to commit since v j day at least three major errors whose repercussions on europe it will be difficult perhaps impos food that th by actual during control le be ac jssue enthus surplus had to otherw heartle relief 1 secc sion tl secret fact i tists this s worse temeri ameri a rem have can p the ri admi comm repres the offere nal d bomb perm majo officic many fa tic pore headq second ith tes his ern de on de lic ely nat sh rts ue jot ell ery ils we the tic ble us be ral pe sks ent ut ose lps ew a 2 impossible to correct first we promptly removed food rationing controls apparently on the theory that this was a politically desirable thing to do actually the american people had been prepared during the war to accept the continuance of these controls in order to alleviate the sufferings of other ples and there is good reason to believe that had the administration had the courage to explain the issue clearly to the public there would have been enthusiastic response to a program of sharing our surpluses with the rest of the world even if these had to be given away in the form of gifts to think otherwise is to assume that we are both stupid and heartless which our previous response to appeals for relief would certainly refute second the administration conveyed the impres sion that the united states proud possessor of the secret of the atomic bomb which as a matter of fact it shares with britain canada and the scien tists of several other nations would hold on to this secret either as a bargaining weapon or even worse as a threat to nations that might have the temerity to oppose us the courageous stand of american scientists who on this occasion displayed a remarkable sense of social responsibility would have been loudly echoed by large sections of ameri can public opinion had our political leaders taken the risk of consulting the public but here again the administration acted on the belief that the lowest common denominator of judgment and conscience is representative of the american people as a whole the attlee truman mackenzie king conversations offered an opportunity to alter somewhat our origi nal dogmatic decision about control of the atomic bomb but the ill effects of that decision had already permeated the international atmosphere our third major error is the administration’s failure to declare oficially that the united states will remain in ger many as long as this may prove necessary although for background on brazil’s first presidential elec tions in 15 years read brazil rising power in the americas by olive holmes 25 c october 15 issue of foreign poticy reports reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 es a page three it becomes daily more obvious that lack of such as surance keeps europe in a state of dangerous wnease and impedes stabilization of the continent which should be one of our primary concerns lack of constructive leadership to one returning from europe it is not the europeans cold hungry and miserable as they are in the wake of the six years war who are most to be pitied but ourselves we are to be pitied because we are displaying less courage less stamina less capacity to take great risks for great ends than some of the peoples of a war ravaged continent what is most alarming is not only the lack of constructive leader ship on the part of the executive but the disturbing silence of members of congress on controversial is sues why do we hear so little from the fulbrights and the balls the saltonstalls and the morses about anglo american economic relations about food ra tioning controls about our future policy in ger many is it possible that all we can do is to orate eloquently about international cooperation in gen eral only to evade responsibility when we must pass from the general to the particular there is always danger of apathy after the strain of a prolonged war effort but surely we are not as weary as the british and the russians the french and the norwegians yet the tone of our discussions of world affairs is disturbingly frivolous and adolescent it sometimes does seem as if men had lost control of events panic fear stalks the world fear of known dangers but even more of those unknown yet dimly apprehended we have every reason to despair but none of us has the right to do so the one thing we must refuse to do is to remain indifferent to the crisis that is shaking the foundations of our world we cannot all perform heroic deeds but as antigone says with classic simplicity one must do what one can we are a great nation great not only in wealth and technical genius but also in compassion and sense of comradeship we must act greatly nothing less is worthy of us we must act so as to give others the assurance that all hope is not lost only by thus reassuring others can we reassure ourselves vera micheles dean mrs dean has just returned from a two months trip to europe undertaken at the invitation of the office of war information she was the guest in britain of the royal institute of international affairs and lectured at chatham house in london and at the branches of the institute in aberdeen edinburgh glasgow and manchester in paris she addressed the centre d'etudes de politique etrangére and the centre d'etudes des cadres she also visited germany at the invitation of the state department foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 8 dscemper 7 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incerporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lert secretary vera micheles dsan eéitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor oe ae a aa a eral eae eae washington news letter a tit will hurley resignation affect u.s intervention in china during the 1944 presidential campaign the two major political parties agreed not to make an issue of foreign policy this truce helped to unite the country behind the dumbarton oaks proposals and the san francisco charter but at the same time weak ened united states foreign policy by removing the invigorating criticism and enlightening publicity that go with constant political debate that the truce is crumbling is indicated by maj gen patrick j hur ley’s censure of our china policy on november 27 when he resigned as ambassador to china foreign policy once more is openly a political issue in the united states and discussion of it probably will in crease as the 1946 congressional elections near effect of hurley’s statement the hurley statement made it clear that china today is a composite of all the problems in foreign policy facing the united states the foremost question raised by china is whether we shall put our whole hope for security in the united nations organization whose general assembly is to meet in january for the first time or rely also on force of arms and unilateral political decisions ambassador hurley followed the latter policy by arming and transporting troops of the recognized government of generalissimo chiang kai shek to north china where they confront the rebel forces of the unrecognized communist régime political experts on the far east in the state depart ment opposed this military assistance as intervention in a civil war which we might not be able to carry through to conclusion should internal strife result in an international war hurley resigned after repre sentative de lacy democrat of washington criti cized him on the basis of arguments which hurley thought de lacy obtained from the state department china also poses two main problems that arise in connection with united states relations with russia in the field of military security the question arises whether our goal should be to maintain chinese unity through help to chiang kai shek in order to prevent russia from possibly manipulating a com munist government of north china if the country were divided under two régimes in the field of ide ology a problem of principle is involved centering on whether we should intervene abroad in order to protect our free enterprise system senator kenneth s wherry republican of ne braska who on november 29 asked that a special senate committee be appointed to investigate the state department proposed specifically that the com mittee inquire whether employees of the departmen were encouraging the establishment of communi forms of government abroad the house committe on un american affairs which focuses its attentigg on communist activities in the united states invited hurley to appear before it the issue of free ente prise as it applies to china is not a clear cut debate between communism and american democracy hoy ever for the chiang kai shek government whic hurley supports is tyrannical and oppressive furthermore the china question directs public at tention to the way in which foreign policy is con ceived and carried out by the united states the ad ministration of foreign affairs is confused today be cause its control is divided maintaining that ambas sadors should set policy within the limits of thei instructions from the president hurley protested in his statement of resignation that career officers in the state department opposed his policy and resorted to leaking to the press and congress in order to gain support for their view while ambassadon were not considered independent agents in the past the state department behind the screen of the po litical truce has become less and less efficient both in making foreign policy and in asserting its leader ship respecting foreign affairs within the executive branch of the federal government below the presi dency the leadership has passed in many instances to the war department foreign policy today is made by whatever official happens to be on the scene president truman’s predicament as far as china is concerned president truman is said to regard his appointment of general george c marshall former army chief of staff to the tem porary post of special envoy as the first step toward adoption of a policy that will serve our interests and be acceptable to the public but the questions raised by hurley transcend china and reach all around the world they go to the heart of the developing issut over our international position whereas a few yeats ago the dispute lay between isolation and interns tionalism the issue now is between a nationalist pansion of united states interests overseas and 0 operative internationalism hurley leans toward the former while truman continues to believe in coop eration on november 28 he restated his faith in the united nations organization and expressed his hope that his country and the u.s.s.r could work together blam bolles +1 order to abassadon 1 the past of the po cient both its leader executive the presi istances to y is made scene lent as 1an is said seorge c the tem ep toward rerests and ions raised round the ping issue few yeats d interna onalist ex as and 0 oward the e in coop aith in the d his hope k together bolles fe 1 g 1945 2 entered as 2nd class matter general library weta we o ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 9 decembmr 14 1945 uno’s success depends on prompt peace settlement he announcement on december 7 that the for eign secretaries of the united states britain and the u.s.s.r would meet in moscow on december 15 for the exchange of views on atomic energy and other international issues of concern to the big three is the first official indication that an effort will be made to break the deadlock produced by the council of foreign ministers in london when pres ident truman on november 29 said at a press con ference that there would be no further big three meetings he presumably meant that he anticipated no conferences in the near future between heads of states such as had been held during the war at teheran cairo yalta and potsdam this seems to be a wise decision for while the world is still in a state of grave emergency which requires the constant attention of heads of states frequent conferences be tween them have a distinct disadvantage the public in each country expects dramatic actions on the part of presidents and prime ministers who knowing that they must reach some kind of agreement or else suffer public obloquy find themselves under danger ous pressure to arrive at compromises which all too often are inadequately considered and ambiguously drafted so as to avoid splits between the conferees on fundamental issues uno cannot make peace terms at the same time president truman by adding that in ninety days the united nations organization should be able to tackle the problems now outstanding between the big three created the misleading impression that he expected the uno to undertake the task of drafting the peace settlement for europe which seven months after v e day still remains to be done the allied statesmen had never intended to saddle the uno with the task of peace making on the contrary it had been definitely decided not to follow the ex ample of the paris peace conference which had tried both to make the peace and to build the league of nations with the result that the league covenant having been made an integral part of the peace treaties dwindled in public esteem as the peace trea ties came into disrepute both in the victorious and the defeated nations it was intended this time to let the uno start with a clean slate free from such onus as might eventually attach to the peace terms imposed on germany italy and japan the victors therefore are not in a position to shuffle off the bur dens of peacemaking on to the uno which is now organizing itself in london with the hope that it may start to function there in january there is no reason however why the admittedly arduous work of clearing the ground for an agree ment between the big three concerning the terms of the peace settlement in europe should not be carried on by their foreign ministers and regularly accred ited diplomatic representatives in fact it can hardly be expected that foreign ministers and diplomats will be able to perform their appointed tasks effec tively if they always face the possibility that their painstaking efforts will be disregarded or repudiated by their respective heads of states at intimate confer ences from which experts have all too often been excluded at the yalta conference president roose velt prime minister churchill and marshal stalin agreed that permanent machinery should be set up for regular consultation between the three foreign secretaries the yalta agreement provided that the foreign secretaries would meet as often as may be necessary probably about every three or four months these meetings were to be held in rotation in the three capitals the first being planned for lon don where a meeting was held in september peace council of three or five but this first meeting was transformed into a council of foreign ministers representatives of france and contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association china being added to the big three this council as distinguished from the regular consultation be tween the foreign ministers of the big three pro vided for at yalta was established by the potsdam declaration which stated that the council of foreign ministers representing the five principal powers was to continue the necessary preparatory work for the peace settlements presumably both in europe and asia this council was normally to meet in london which was to be the seat of its joint secre tariat the first task of this council was to draw up with a view to their submission to the united na tions treaties of peace with italy rumania hun gary bulgaria and finland the council was also to be utilized for the preparation of a peace settle ment for germany to be accepted by the govern ment of germany when a government adequate for the purpose is established the potsdam declara tion however further stated that for the discharge of each of these tasks the council will be composed of the members representing those states which were signatory to the terms of surrender imposed upon the enemy state concerned for the purpose of the peace settlement for italy france was to be regarded as a signatory to the terms of surrender but in the case of rumania hungary and bulgaria it would seem that the united states britain and russia and in the case of finland britain and russia only should have been in consultation without the participation of france and china it was on this question of pro cedure that the council of foreign ministers finally foundered the most practical procedure for the big three now that they have resumed the pattern set at yalta would be to reach agreement with each other u.s loan to britain averts world economic cleavage after recurring rumors of a breakdown in anglo american economic discussions the successful con clusion of the washington negotiations that lasted three months is an encouraging move toward world stabilization the very magnitude of the agreement concluded on december 6 is significant in view of the difficulties that have attended other international meetings since the end of the war the agreement which is subject to ratification by the american con gress and the british parliament establishes a basis for cooperation between the world’s two most im portant commercial nations and prepares the ground work for more general international action in the field of trade parliament is being asked at the same time to adhere to the bretton woods plans for the international fund and development bank al though the fund has had many opponents in britain it now appears possible also that the bretton woods financial agencies will be accepted in view of the aid offered to britain by the new loan russia’s adher ence to the bank and fund is also needed before the page two on as many points at issue as possible and then sub mit their decisions for scrutiny and discussion by peace conference to which all nations which contri uted to the winning of the war in europe would fy invited as indeed was envisaged in the potsdam declaration actually during the dark weeks that have elapsed since the breakdown of the london council of fo eign ministers considerable work has quietly bee done by the foreign offices and accredited diplo matic representatives of the big three work which if undertaken in time might have averted the log don stalemate meanwhile however a tendency has developed to use the atom bomb as a justification fo thoroughgoing revision of the machinery established at san francisco before it has even had an opportup ity to get started it has been obvious for years that international organization could not function effec tively if each member nation continued to insist op untrammeled exercise of its sovereignty but the contention now advanced in some quarters that world government which obviously will not be achieved overnight is the only alternative to destruc tion of the world by the atom bomb tends to obscure the fundamental issue at stake even the most in genious control by a world government of the atom bomb and of other weapons already known or yet to be invented will not of itself solve the difficulties between nations that lead to wars the international machinery now in existence with all its faults and weaknesses would serve our purpose for the time being if we are really determined to coordinate our national needs with the interests of the international community vera micheles dean end of the year and it is hoped that the u.s.sr which originally favored the plans more than britain will now accept them anglo american agreement in one stride three encouraging steps have been taken under the new anglo american agreement first in con trast to the situation following world war i no serious controversy will now arise among the allies with respect to war debts if the anglo american set tlement of lend lease and mutual aid proves a prece dent for other countries coming under that program second the loan which has been arranged to aid britain’s foreign economic recovery attests to the ability of the two countries to continue their wartime cooperation in a field where differences between them are most likely to occur third the agreement also proposes that a world trade conference be con vened next summer to consider the adoption of lib eral rules for foreign trading the abandonment of all but a minimum of restrictive commercial prac tices and the creation of a world trade organiza tion th and soc tion thr fortified unde states amount liquidat 25,000 granted owed tc amount taken w fifty ye visions duced t waive t periodic when 1 balance bar as in ar promis tion o in the ited on united nationa reward nations master any fut ternatic ing a the fut sence be forg of the witl may m just rep foreig headquar second cl one mont oa then sub ion by a 1 contrib would be potsdam elapsed 1 of for tly been d diplo tk which the lop lency has ation for tablished pportun ears that on effec insist on but the fers that not be destruc obscure most in the atom mm of yet ifficulties rnational tults and the time nate our rational dean e u.s.s.r britain in one en under in con ar i no re allies ican set a prece rogram 1 to aid to the wartime between reement be con n of lib ment of jal prac ir ganiza ae tion this new body is to be attached to the economic and social council of the united nations organiza tion thus giving added hope that the uno will be fortified by collective action on economic problems under the terms of the agreement the united states will extend to britain a line of credit amounting to 3,750,000,000 and in addition to liquidating lend lease obligations amounting to 25,000,000,000 a loan of 650,000,000 will be ranted fcr settling remaining lend lease claims owed to the united states whether or not the total amount of the three and three quarters billion is taken up within five years repayment to extend over fifty years will then begin because of technical pro visions the two per cent interest charges will be re duced to a somewhat lower figure britain may also waive the payment of interest charges but not the periodic amount due on principal during those years when its international payments are seriously un balanced bargain for both parties this bargain as in any contractual arrangement represents a com promise of original objectives but legal considera tion or benefits have been secured by both parties in the lend lease settlement both nations have prof ited on the terms of that original arrangement the united states which undertook the program for its national defense has already reaped much of that reward in the successful conclusion of the war both nations in accordance with article vii of the master lend lease agreement have now avoided any future debt conflict like that which impeded in ternational financial and economic cooperation dur ing a considerable part of the inter war period in the future the benefits to be derived from the ab sence of any such conflict although they may soon be forgotten will perhaps outweigh the importance of the strictly monetary features of the new loan with the credit now to be made available britain may more quickly recoup its vital foreign trade with just published a new britain under labor by grant s mcclellan 25 c november 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscriptions 5 to f.p.a members 3 page three eeepeamnel out recourse to further excessive extension of state controls over exports and imports its foreign ex change difficulties will be lessened and sterling will once more become a freer currency the agreement also binds britain to adjust some of its external finan cial obligations by allowing the conversion of ster ling funds now blocked in london like those owed to india so that such countries may use them for purchases elsewhere than in britain for the united states the loan represents not only a sound commer cial investment in terms of the whole agreement we recognize our position as a full fledged creditor na tion this is evident both in the solution of the lend lease debt and in our commitment to pursue further tariff reductions at the same time we have obtained the binding agreement of britain to reduce its finan cial restrictions within the sterling area and work toward the lowering of commercial barriers within the british preferential trading system world trade charter these commit ments which go beyond the immediate loan provi sions and the plans for calling a world trade meet ing could only have come about if britain were as sured some relief from its present economic crisis temporarily the bargain will appear to be a very hard one for britain which originally hoped for an outright grant but if the major industrial nations can launch their future trade on healthy terms then there is real hope that international trade as a whole may be expanded needless to say the necessity for world trade expansion still remains paramount de spite the united states aid to britain foreshadowed under the new agreement recent revision of esti mates raises the volume of export increase britain must undertake from 50 per cent to 75 per cent above pre war levels in view of the american drive to secure export markets it is obvious that the united nations will prosper only by substantially increasing total trade in competing for the increased trade however serious tensions were bound to occur be tween this country and britain now the two na tions have agreed not only on the touchy subject of the loan itself but on the necessity of reducing tariffs and other barriers to trade and the future regulation of cartels and commodity agreements other coun tries can now hope to adjust their relations with these two great trading nations free from the threatening prospect which might otherwise have arisen of hav ing to choose sides with either the sterling or the dollar bloc grant s mcclellan foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 9 dzcemper 14 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th screet new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dororuy f lest secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 o month for change of address on membership publications three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year q's produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter trend toward intervention mirrors expanding u.s interests during the past twelve months the united states has increasingly resorted to intervention in the affairs of other nations a policy it had previously tried to avoid outside the western hemisphere as a result of developments in china and in the balkans the united states now practices intervention in all parts of the world where national interests are deemed to require special protection the first meeting of the united nations assembly and the big three confer ence in moscow will give this country opportunities to systematize our intervention so that it may serve constructive purposes and not cause damage to world peace sad western hemisphere experience the growing pressure for a policy of intervention is one of the many strong forces now hammering at the concept of unlimited national sovereignty whose modification in a slight respect the senate accepted on december 4 when it approved 65 to 7 legisla tion permitting the president to make armed forces available to the united nations organization secur ity council without congressional authorization the united nations charter itself in article 34 limits the sovereignty concept by granting the security council the right to investigate any dispute or any situation which may lead to international friction or give rise to a dispute in order to determine whether the con tinuance of the dispute or situation is likely to en danger the maintenance of international peace and security experience with previous interventions has shown the united states the shortcomings of lone hand ac tion especially in our relations with other american republics although the series of latin american in terventions undertaken by the united states during the twentieth century undoubtedly brought material benefits to the dominican republic haiti cuba and nicaragua all the nations to the south of us came to resent this country’s interference in their affairs the threat to inter american solidarity created by that resentment has prevented the united states from openly intervening since 1934 even in the case of argentina whose domestic and foreign policies are at the present time regarded by the administration as hostile to our interests intervention in china in spite of our none too happy latin american experience the united states has recently intervened unilaterally in china’s internal affairs by giving military assistance to the chinese national government which strength ened it in the desultory civil war it is waging with armed communist factions on december 7 secre tary of state james f byrnes announced modification of our intervention policy in asia which up to that time had made no distinction between the recognized government of chiang kai shek and china as a ng tion that government mr byrnes said must be broadened to include the representatives of those large and well organized groups who are now with out any voice in the government of china the united states however has not abandoned its inter vention in china officially justified on the ground that the presence of american forces is necessary to effect the surrender of the japanese by contrast in iran in whose affairs russia is accused of interven ing the united states has proposed the withdrawal of all big three military forces by january 1 and an international agreement on nonintervention agreements for collective inter vention at the same time the united states has hesitated to use existing instruments for collective intervention such as the one agreed on at the mexico city conference of 1945 for the western hemi sphere which has never been invoked while hon ored more in the breach than in the observance the principle of joint intervention to preserve the peace appears to have found general acceptance among nations and with the publication of um guay’s note of november 22 on this subject has been given a fresh interpretation the note suggests the need for an agreement among the american re publics enabling them to take steps against a régime that persistently violates the essential rights of its citizens on the ground that such conduct sooner of later produces grave international repercussions the proposal was unquestionably motivated by feat of uruguay’s big neighbor argentina and at once received the unqualified adherence of the united states mutual suspicion and fear of its possible mis use to the advantage of this country however may impede ready acceptance of the uruguayan proposal by the latin american nations moreover as in the case of the chapultepec agreement the question arises as to how machinery for intervention in the western hemisphere can be harmonized with obligs tions undertaken by the united nations under the san francisco charter blair bolles 1918 f vou xx trum he dete settled a chur preside 15 th proval spokesn press as positior that mz stress tl particul mentin disagre whole recent hue ident’s of a t former for it icy of govern civil w our mi such to res the en criticis states of the the sit impro while harmo ment +f of fear ynce ited mis may osal the tion the iga the bs wnly of mich briomigal room 1945 enhral lisrary general library entered as 2nd class matter university of wichigan ann arbor michigan jan 4 1946 foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 10 december 21 1945 truman makes long term aid to china conditional on reform he decisive influence of the united states in determining whether civil strife in china can be settled peacefully is indicated by the new hopes for a chungking communist agreement arising from president truman’s policy statement of december 15 this declaration has received the general ap proval of chinese government and communist spokesmen and has been greeted by the american press as a welcome clarification of the united states position on chinese affairs it is noticeable however that many chinese and american observers tend to stress those parts of the statement that express their particular point of view while slurring over or com menting in a minor key on parts with which they disagree the statement must therefore be read as a whole to reveal how it departs from or reaffirms recent american policy in china hurley’s policy modified the pres ident’s views signalize first of all the development of a trend away from the methods employed by former ambassador hurley this is not surprising for it has been apparent for some time that the pol icy of giving unconditional support to the chinese government has failed and if persisted in under civil war conditions could only result in increasing our military involvement in china’s internal affairs such a prospect could hardly recommend itself to responsible policy makers especially in view of the emergence of serious american and chinese criticism and the obvious self interest of the united states in effecting the speediest possible unification of the various chinese parties and groups moreover the situation in china has threatened to impede the improvement of american russian relations for while moscow and washington seem to be following harmonious policies toward chungking at the mo ment occasional statements by the russian press and radio indicate significant differences beneath the sur face our aid linked to chinese unity the manner of ambassador hurley’s resignation and his inability to sustain the charges he made against the state department before the senate foreign rela tions committee may also have stimulated the ten dency to search for new methods in china it is clear at any rate that our support of the chung king government has now become conditional for after emphasizing in the early part of his statement that we recognize the present national government of the republic of china as the only legal govern ment in china the president concludes with the declaration that we will be prepared to aid in china's military and economic rehabilitation as china moves toward peace and unity along the lines de scribed above this is a reference to the assertion that the united states considers it essential for chungking the communists and other armed opposi tion elements to cease hostilities as well as for the major political elements to hold a national confer ence to bring about unification the president’s declaration also includes a number of realistic observations about chinese political con ditions notably that chungking is a one party government which should be broadened so that other political elements will receive a fair and ef fective representation he also comments on the crucial military aspect of china’s political differences with the remark that the existence of autonomous armies such as that of the communist army is incon sistent with and actually makes impossible political unity in china with the institution of a broadly representative government autonomous armies should be eliminated as such and all armed forces in china integrated effectively into the chinese na tional army contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association tion of the president’s stand on the most widely dis cussed feature of current policy the presence of some 50,000 marines on chinese soil the united states mr truman declares has assumed a definite obligation in the disarmament and evacuation of the japanese troops and the marines are in north china for that purpose the policy of helping the chinese government to achieve these objectives is to continue but united states support will not extend to united states military in tervention to influence the course of any chinese internal strife there is no indication in the pres ident’s remarks as to whether this indicates a change in the manner of using the marines whose activities have been generally recognized as having an impor tant political effect in china or whether in the course of pending internal negotiations with the commuv nists and other groups chungking can count on the kind of marine support it has received in recent months no declaration of policy can be more than a prelude to action and it is largely on general mar shall who will be in china during the chinese polit ical discussions that the task of translating this statement into effective diplomacy will fall presum ably the presidential directive to the general which page two marines will stay the political and eco nomic aspects of the statement suggest a return at least in part to the views of general stilwell and former ambassador gauss namely that our coopera tion with chungking cannot be unconditional but should depend on the degree of unity established in china and the nature of the policies advanced by the central government and the communists but this modification of position is combined with a reaffirma nae ss 4 has not been published goes into detail on issues for example it is not clear from the public announcement whether the conference of leadin chinese groups that is about to take place in chung king is regarded as meeting the president's reques for a national conference more important the def nition given to fair and effective representation of all elements in the government could be a crucial factor in the outcome of the negotiations so far political power in china has rested on military force and it is unlikely that any group will yield its armies unless convinced that it will have the possibility of political survival without them this means that china now faces the extraordinarily difficult task of making the transition from a military to a parliamen tary approach to politics the manner in which the united states conducts its china policy in the months ahead will be of far reaching significance for the chinese people as well as for our relations with them it is no secret that the presence of american marines in the north china civil war theatre has been deeply resented by some sections of chinese opinion for example by influ ential student groups in various cities under the cen tral government at the moment almost 20,000 stu dents are on strike in kunming where they are de manding the cessation of civil war withdrawal of american troops establishment of a coalition gov ernment for china and other changes the existence of these views in circles that are probably for the most part neither communist nor kuomintang em phasizes the deep desire of the chinese people for progressive policies as well as the complexity of the situation that faces general marsha.l on his delicate mission lawrence k rosinger byrnes seeks to reconcile allied views on germany the decision of the preparatory commission of the united nations organization now meeting in lon don to establish uno’s headquarters in the united states was reached on december 15 in spite of argu ments by britain and a number of other nations which contended that this proposal would hasten the withdrawal of the united states from european af fairs long before the truth or falsity of this argu ment has been demonstrated however this coun try will have indicated by its actions in germany whether it is again going to turn its back on europe as it did after world war i or participate in the reconstruction of the continent at the present time tendencies toward recognition of this country’s obli gations and opportunities in germany exist side by side with a marked trend toward speedy withdrawal from the continent and the success of the policy of seeing the job through appears to be a matter of touch and go byrnes clarifies u.s policy the position of those who believe that american military suc cesses in europe must be followed up with construc tive political and economic measures has been strengthened by secretary of state byrnes statement of december 11 concerning united states economic policy toward germany issued on the eve of the meeting of the big three foreign ministers which opened in moscow on december 15 this statement seeks to remove certain ambiguities and uncertainties that have heretofore surrounded american views on the future of the german economy various american spokesmen have at different times outlined economic programs for germany that range all the way from virtual annihilation of the reich as an industrial nation to restoration of the german industrial machine to its 1932 level of pro duction from the quebec conference in august 1944 when president roosevelt used the famous morgenthau plan as the basis of his discussions on germany with prime minister churchill through the many meeting piding many 4 e f pi the assing ican tro ing ord ment at battle disease simil define standar the rest and the united germar an x univers living 1 ing the germat did not states this rer fully re pear as a soft from tl alth its 193 where has bee aware fumore ment point should the am collect tated z comeb tential thus de ture ec byrnes termin eu most that it bard poreig headquas eeoad cl one mont i mn te et ote oo fehclude pn rn wm of c nt ic ne nt yn nt at ne he ist yn he meeting of the big three at potsdam last july the guiding principle of american policy toward ger many appeared to be the imposition of a hard e faced with the actual day to day job of feed ing the germans however as well as the embar gassing possibility that rapid demobilization of amer ican troops might complicate the task of maintain ing order among a hungry people military govern ment authorities have become disturbed about the pattle of the winter against starvation cold and disease similarly certain efforts by american officials to define the potsdam provision that the germans standard of living should be no higher than that of the rest of europe excluding the united kingdom and the u.s.s.r have seemed to indicate that the united states was altering its earlier policy toward germany the proposal of the committee of amer ian experts headed by dr calvin hoover duke university economist that the german standard of living in 1932 be used as the yardstick for determin ing the amount of production and foreign trade germany should be permitted to have in the future did not represent the official view of the united states but the fact that the conclusions reached in this report leaked out instead of being directly and fully reported made the committee's suggestions ap peat as an attempt to swing american policy toward a soft peace which would be at the other extreme from the morgenthau plan although the proposal for restoring germany to its 1932 standard of living won approval in britain where concern with economic conditions in germany has been growing as the british become increasingly aware of their own desperate need for markets the mored terms of the hoover report roused vehe ment protests in the moscow press from russia's point of view it was unthinkable that the allies thould even suggest a step that would not only limit the amount of reparations in kind the russians could collect from germany to restore their own devas lated areas but might permit germany to make a wmeback as a strong industrial and therefore a po tntially military power an inter allied stalemate thus developed over the key question of germany’s fu ture economy and in his december 11 statement mr byrnes attempted to find a new formula for de ttmining the proper standard of living for germany europe as a whole considered the most significant aspect of mr byrnes proposal is that it takes as its point of departure neither the hard peace line of the morgenthau plan nor the ee page three soft peace which might have resulted from adop tion of the hoover report the main objective of his plan is a settlement with germany that will empha size not so much the elimination or rebuilding of the german economy as the reconstruction and devel opment of germany's neighbors moreover by sug gesting that the liberated countries should be given a head start over germany on the road toward the economic recovery of europe mr byrnes proposal may be expected to appeal to the british at the same time the provision that germany should be re quired to make the maximum possible contribution to recovery in areas once occupied by the nazis should reassure the russians on the question of repa rations the united states has thus come forward with a proposal which recognizes the main aspects of the complex german problem the germans themselves europe as a whole and the interests of the non european major powers will u.s retreat from europe states manlike as mr byrnes statement on germany is it leaves unanswered the crucial question that beclouds the future of the reich and europe the question of what the united states is willing to do in concrete terms and over a considerable period of time to back up its verbal pronouncements american occupation of germany has labored un der two handicaps redeployment of experienced military government men and arrival of new troops who lack interest and training for what is admit tedly a laborious job this is already a thrice told tale yet the seriousness of these handicaps calls for repetition as long as there is little indication of a civilian administration capable of replacing the de pleted army forces as general macarthur has dis covered in his attempts to secure first rate specialists from private life to aid in carrying out occupation policies in japan it is extremely hard to recruit civilians for tasks abroad now that business and pro fessional men are preoccupied with their own prob lems of reconversion yet so long as americans re gard the occupation of germany merely as an onerous and disagreeable duty they cannot reasonably hope to see the suggestions made by the secretary of state for the future of europe however wise they may be carried into effect the danger is that the united states will lose by default one of the essential politi cal rights it gained through its military successes in europe the right to participate in continental affairs before they reach such a critical stage that this coun try must become inevitably involved in their settle ment by force winifred n hadsel month for change of address on membership publications foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 10 ducumpgr 21 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national arters 22 east 38th sereet new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f laer secretary vara micheles dagan eéiter entered as woead class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter u.s expenditures abroad contribute to nation’s security when congress in january begins to consider the agreement signed on december 6 for lending 3,750,000,000 to the united kingdom members of the house and senate as well as interested citizens will certainly ask how much money and what value in goods this country already has sent abroad since enactment of the lend lease law in march 1941 the total seems impressive when we lump grants loans relief expenditures and investments for eco nomic development and when we realize that figures available now are tentative and represent less than the final totals will show yet while our people may well be proud of the great part their money has played in winning the war and in the programs of post war rehabilitation to consider the use of that money as simple generosity would be misleading lend lease hastened victory by aiding our allies who were in the forefront of combat during most of the war expenditures on economic development abroad were designed to increase our industrial and agricul tural strength for the conduct of the war appropria tions for relief represent a contribution toward res toration of world stability and the loans we now make will bring us a financial return both in interest payments and expansion of exports united states money abroad accord ing to available figures lend lease expenditures come to at least 42,000,000,000 for foreign relief con gress had appropriated 1,350,000,000 for unrra and on december 17 subject to presidential ap proval a similar sum was voted for 1946 under president roosevelt’s order of november 10 1943 the army distributed relief worth 52,556,900 to civilians overseas during the fiscal year 1944 45 and received an appropriation of 294,149,000 for the same purpose in 1945 46 since the army submits bills for relief to countries that have the means to pay the exact amount the united states spent on programs designed to prevent disease and unrest cannot be determined the navy has spent funds on the rehabilitation of natives in islands formerly belonging to japan the foreign eco nomic administration and its predecessor the board of economic warfare spent at least 3,000 000,000 on the purchase of strategic materials from foreign countries and on the development and ex pansion of production abroad of materials essential to us for the conduct of the war despite the self interest that inspired expenditures abroad the decision to make them on the great scale undertaken required a sound understanding of the interdependent relationship of nations in the mod ern world if we took the view that lend lease aid for instance was simply a financial transaction we would try to collect payment for the lend lease goods we sent abroad of which the united kingdom te ceived 29,000,000,000 worth and the u.s.s.r 10 000,000,000 on the contrary president truman op august 30 said that to try to collect on lend lease might plant the seeds of a new world conflagration and he commented that although the nations rich est in resources made larger contributions in absolute terms the financial costs of war for each will be rela tively the same the policy suggested by the pres ident is being applied in lend lease settlements bel gium whose reverse lend lease to the united states exceeded the value of goods received from this coun try has received from us in settlement materials worth about 42,000,000 that were on order when lend lease was terminated on august 21 and surplus war equipment worth 45,000,000 which was already in belgium the lend lease settlement with britain provided for in the loan agreement writes off about 25,000,000,000 worth of goods united states lending the united states is ready to make its money available to the world as a contribution toward international stability through three main sources the international mon etary fund to which the united states is to sub scribe 2,750,000,000 the international bank for reconstruction and development of whose sub scribed capital the united states will take 3,175 000,000 and the export import bank with lending authority of 2,800,000,000 neither the interna tional fund nor the international bank has been e tablished but the export import bank has under written a loan of 20,000,000 to denmark to be re paid in 30 semi annual instalments at 344 per cent has lent 50,000,000 to the netherlands 45 000,000 to belgium and 550,000,000 to france to enable those countries to pay for materials they had on order from lend lease when the latter arrange ment was ended brazil has obtained a loan of 38 000,000 for the purchase of 14 cargo ships chile 4 loan of 33,000,000 for the construction of steel mills the bank has also lent 100,000,000 for the purchase of 800,000 bales of cotton from the united states by eight countries belgium czechoslovakia denmark france italy the netherlands norway and poland blair bolles appea side v uled with cially rathe catior not of vi by d used live first t extre evide ranks noun peop milit four but affai early indo was briti polic deci cem len vest food islar yor +nts bel d states his coun naterials ler when 1 surplus s already britain off about ed states ne world stability 1al mon to sub 3ank for ose sub 3,175 1 lending interna been es is under to be re per cent is 45 rance to they had arrange 1 of 38 chile a of steel o for the re united slovakia norway bolles jan 5 1946 entered as 2nd class matter i eo veivorsif fs y of wich foreign policy bulletin 2an eetiia ato hichizan an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 11 december 28 1945 allies seek formula to end indonesian impasse a in java goes on week after week while the indonesian uprising against the dutch ars to have reached an impasse in which neither side will make concessions satisfactory to the other leaders of the netherlands government were sched uled to go to london on december 26 to talk with british officials but it was reported unofh dally that the dutch planned to clarify details rather than to modify their present stand indi tations of an eventual end to the fighting are not however entirely absent despite the spread of violence to the neighboring island of sumatra by december 7 slogans on batavia street cars which used to proclaim that the indonesians would rather live in hell than be restored to dutch rule for the first time were calling for peace and denouncing the extremist youth movement for being too hot blooded evidence of further division within indonesian ranks came on december 15 when the british an nounced that arosdji the chief of the indonesian people’s peace army tkr had recommended military action against extremist nationalist foices four days later the united states in its first mild but definite statement of policy on the indonesian affair publicly expressed its earnest hopes for an early renewal of negotiations between dutch and indonesian leaders to end the fighting perhaps it was this conjunction of circumstances which led the british to postpone the application of the strong policy in java which according to some reports was decided upon at the singapore conference of de cember 6 complexity of the indonesian prob lem meanwhile the rice crop that should be har vested in the spring is not being fully planted and food is already short a very dangerous situation in the island of java which is not much larger than new york state but has a population increasing by more than 700,000 every year and already approaching 49,000,000 the island needs a careful program of industrial development designed to avoid the evils of overurbanization more work must be done to improve the agricultural output and education must persuade reluctant natives to emigrate to less popu lated parts of the indies with its very low standard of living its 25 languages and 250 dialects its overwhelmingly illiterate peasantry and consequent unreadiness for democratic government indonesia has not only been exploited by dutch capitalists but also by a large group of chinese middlemen the economic framework holding these elements to gether is very complex however and it is possible that merely to remove dutch rule would result in confusion that would harm native welfare and in crease world insecurity by laying indonesia open to potentially ambitious neighbors the chief difference between the conduct of in donesians and most colonial peoples today is due to the unexpectedly abrupt end of the war which found indonesia with no dutch or allied troops present while many thousands of surrendering jap anese whose modern weapons of war could be seized were at hand nearly 200,000 dutch and eurasians who had been held in japanese concentration camps were also available as hostages for indonesian na tionalists to hold dr soekarno and his followers promptly proclaimed an indonesian republic and succeeded in establishing its authority over a fairly wide area dutch blunders the dutch government in this crisis contented itself with little more than a reiteration of queen wilhelmina’s vague 1942 promise of dominion status for indonesia dutch leaders evidently underestimated soekarno’s strength at least they confused the issue by stating that he was nothing but a japanese puppet with whom contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association they were honor bound not to deal while it is true that soekarno worked with the japanese and even went so far as to burn president roose velt in effigy shortly before the war ended he is no laval for the record shows that he was thrice imprisoned by the dutch prior to the war because of his crusade for indonesian freedom in any case the indonesians seored a tactical success over the dutch by replacing soekarno with the reputedly more moderate sutan sjahrir dutch policy also re vealed a number of contradictions on one occasion acting governor general van mook was reported to have been authorized to negotiate with soekarno only to have his efforts repudiated shortly afterward by his own government had the dutch made more precise and generous concessions at the beginning of the uprising it is possible an agreement might have been reached or at least the indonesian position would have been weakened the ensuing bloodshed however has only made the indonesians more ob durate even if the dutch succeed in their present wish to bring in 28,000 troops within the coming months to maintain the order that the british hope meanwhile to restore they may face a lasting heri tage of indonesian bitterness british dilemma it was general marshall on behalf of general macarthur who persuaded the combined chiefs of staff to turn responsibility for indonesia over to admiral mountbatten’s british forces leaving general macarthur free to concen trate on the invasion of japan when the war ended it was therefore british rather than american sol diers who had the twofold responsibility of carrying out the v j surrender terms by disarming the 70,000 one estimate says 150,000 japanese troops in the islands and assuring the safety of many dutch and eurasian prisoners who had been interned by the page two japanese the earl of halifax british ambassado to the united states declaréd on december 14 tha there were still 30,000 armed japanese in java while 70,000 women and children in batavia alone wer in grave danger from indonesian extremists we have been given a job he said and it is surely oy duty to see it through this emphasis on british responsibility is however but one side of the story the british face a serious dilemma while they are definitely conscious of world criticism and would therefore like to end the indonesian muddle th at the same time feel the need for solidarity jg dutch french and british colonial policy cautious policy of the united states the state department's statement of de cember 19 urging peace for indonesia was prompt ed partly by attacks on the united states government for its failure to intervene on behalf of the indo nesians yet it is understandable that this country should move with discretion in so complex a situa tion not only native welfare but allied solidarity and world security are at stake the dutch colonial problem is so closely bound up with similar problems of the french and british that an attack on the dutch is likely to endanger our friendly relations with britain which already fears that there are too many americans who would xe to break up the british empire on the other hand the right of the indonesians to a voice in their own affairs cannot be denied and american idealism should lead the campaign for steady progress toward self government for all de pendent peoples american policy avoids antagoniz ing the dutch and british but at the same time sug gests our sympathy with native aspirations thereby putting pressure on the dutch to make liberal con cessions vernon mckay scandinavian countries discuss remedies for common problems stockholm as soon as the collapse of ger many last may brought about the liberation of den mark and norway the scandinavian countries re sumed their pre war discussions for closer coopera tion in the political economic and social fields dur ing the past few months meetings have taken place in stockholm copenhagen and oslo to strengthen the many ties which before the war linked these countries into the so called scandinavian bloc political truce with the possible exception of finland where the hard terms of the finno russian armistice have created a difficult political situation the countries of the scandinavian group are among the most stable in europe the general elections held in norway on october 8 and in den mark on october 30 the first since the war’s end show that the scandinavians wish to keep their time tested systems of democratic government extreme leftist groups gained little if any ground the pre portion of communist votes for instance was rela tively small and in direct relation to the general material condition of the people in norway widely ransacked and impoverished during nearly five years of german occupation the percentage is near 20 in denmark occupied but not extensively depleted hitler's idea having been to use it as a model pro tectorate in order to persuade other countries not to resist german demands it is 9 and in sweden untouched by the war and as prosperous as ever it is about 6 per cent because of its neutrality in world war ii swe den occupies with respect to the united nations or ganization a different position from that of norway and denmark which are already members of uno it would seem probable that in the near future an invitation will be extended to sweden and to other neace ic od sh the san f public o present by some gives to eco suffered of today plenty can c1g tained f those of 4 whole reached ade in a export r product ceeded t althoug crowns due mos dal situ mits the structior way of estimate swedish norw one of cantile sroyed its capit german rach p have nc qumero for sev can rez k fi 2.00 to str of our ge to the reforms committ mittee nittee h ment pr gfess an are in d foreign headquarte seeond clas 0 month b's page three bassador ace loving neutrals to join the united nations craft denmark suffered least of all countries occu 14 that and share the military and other obligations set by pied by germany athough it has a claim of some a while jhe san francisco charter for member states swedish 11,000,000 danish crowns around 2,000,000 ne wer public opinion appears divided over this issue the against germany for unpaid deliveries and war dam ts we present united nations organization is criticized ages its financial situation is sound the public debt rely our by some swedes because of the preponderance it rose from 1.5 billion to 3 billion crowns during the british gives to the great powers war but denmark had relatively few war expenses he story economic recovery sweden's economy compared to other european countries they are d little from the on ot ee social cooperation conscious of the fact ould of today’s europe sweden is a real paradise of lle th ga mitte re that social peace in the post war period can be at they plenty where practically everything from amer larity mite ic ae rop tained only if sufficient employment is available to y i jan cigarettes to german knicknacks can be ob dee z all the countries of the scandinavian bloc are trying init mee reely and at prices only modemtely above to create a common reservoir of labor forces trained i tez foiur o nited f those of pre war years its industrial production as at or otherwise on which they can draw in case of t of de g whole has now risen to the highest level it had dl eed killed k prompt seached since the beginning of the skagerrak block pty ee eee or seen se ben ernment ade in april 1940 and sweden even had to ration the se while ha others they are relatively 1 indo export of certain domestic goods such as forestry oe see me whose economy country products for which the demand abroad widely ex ot gi pate te ous lieben a situa ceded the possibilities of production and shipping a bag s a d ong 4 ae a although its national debt increased from 2,700,000 is ies sncial ia a pearse colo ms er 5 o al i voblalll be cst sf ag a aes navian seiicl in copenhagen of a draft agreement stly to rearmament expenses sweden's finan be ag i ease 7 dutch dal situation is sound this favorable outlook per for a ove ye an 8 ae ns with f mits the country to lend a helping hand in the recon pre 5 aa ab ea aca re aay it eee 90 many struction of the war stricken northern countries by see sons ee persis fede eg british way of credits and relief the amount of which is et to the close economic and political recieeaaansaiss stimated to total by now over 3,000,000,000 vocated by so many of their most prominent leaders sians to vedish crowns about 600,000,000 ernest s hediger ed and j 7 re norway and finland suffered most from the war ernest s hediger formerly a member of the fpa research de a a one of norway s greatest economic assets its mer partment has been spending several months in ye a e among other assignments he attended the internation or lf cantile and fishing fleets was to a large extent de organization conference in paris agoniz sroyed and the country was extensively depleted of me sug its capital goods and commodity stocks during the notice to members thereby german occupation many years will be needed to we are glad to announce that headline series ral con reach pre war levels substantial orders for ships no 54 europe’s homeless millions will be sent to ckay have now been given to swedish yards while the members in late january we regret the delay in ems oe ccves smaller norwegian firms are booked up publication of this issue due to production difficul fit several years for the construction of smaller ties no 55 restless india will follow in february 1e pre e as the f.p.a bookshelf enefa 8 idel can representative government do the job by thomas lower deck by lieut john davies r.n.v.r new york widely finletter new york reynal and hitchcock 1945 macmillan 1945 2.00 ve years 2.00 this simple vividly told story of the hazardous work of ear 20 to strengthen cooperation between the various branches a british destroyer’s gun crew in convoying to malta dur letedill four government mr finletter former special assistant ing its siege makes thrilling reading lete t the secretary of state proposes three governmental jel pro reforms a sharp reduction in the number of congressional the arab island by freya stark new york knopf 1945 ries not mmmittees the creation of a legislative executive com 3.50 adil mittee made up of cabinet members and the above com a lively account of the successful attempt of the british 1 mittee heads and the adoption of a constitutional amend to hold the arab world on the side of the allies during ever it ment providing for the possibility of dissolution of con world war ii the author who knows the middle east sess and new elections in case the executive and congress well sides with the arabs on the controversial zionist 1 swe te in deadlock issue and favors the creation of an arab federation ons of moon saorg ied bulletin vol xxv no 11 dacumpzr 28 1945 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national norway eel 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorothy f leet secretary verna micue.es dean editor entered as class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 1879 three dollars a year lease uno m month for change of address on membership publications ar e od oe ture an f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor o other bs 181 washington news letter 1918 u.s commitments call for foreign policy coordination the communiqué issued from moscow by the big three on december 24 announcing that a peace conference of the 21 nations which took an active part in the war against enemy states in europe with substantial military contingents will take place not later than may 1 1946 and the progress made by the united nations organization which is sched uled to start functioning in london on january 10 place greater responsibility than ever on the united states for harmonizing its foreign policy with that of the other united nations and for establishing ma chinery at home to assure consistent and efficient cooperation abroad state war navy coordinating com mittee the foundation for a system coordinat ing the executive agencies however already exists in the state war navy coordinating committee known as swink which came into existence in december 1944 it worked out united states policy for the control of japan and participated in the draft ing of directives for the control of germany and our policy toward austria this committee has re duced but not eliminated friction and rivalry over foreign affairs between the state department and the military agencies the existence of swink was kept confidential as a military secret until the end of the war it has its own secretariat drawn from the per sonnel of the three departments concerned it does its basic work through six subcommittees european affairs the far east latin america near and mid dle east technical information security control and rearmament its leadership is drawn from the level of assistant secretaries with james clement dunn assistant secretary of state in charge of euro pean near eastern african and far eastern affairs as chairman the primacy of the state department in the conduct of foreign affairs is acknowledged by the fact that when dunn is absent a state depart ment official outranked by the war and navy de partment representatives acts as chairman he is h freeman matthews director of the office of euro pean affairs suggestions for more elaborate cooperation be tween those three departments are frequently ad vanced in washington last summer the budget bureau proposed to secretary of state james f byrnes that he take steps to end conflicts between his department and the military secretary of the navy james forrestal on december 12 1945 pro posed creation of a national security council that fc would bring together the secretaries of the three de partments for decision on highest policy in interna tional relations world war ii encouraged tenden cies both toward independent action by different gov ernment agencies in foreign affairs and toward set ting up systems of coordination that would reconcile differences among agencies the outstanding ar fd xx rangement for coordination was the establishment shortly after the attack on pearl harbor of the joint lo chiefs of staff committee where representatives of the army and navy could arrive at common deci n his sions on policy relating to high strategy that com 4 the re mittee would cease to exist if congress acted ber 16 to favorably on the recommendation president truman tense tha made on december 19 that the war and navy de by the u partments be merged or covert cooperation with congress coordina 7 tion of the executive agencies in the making of for ie eign policy will be of little value however unless a system is evolved for the close cooperation of con gress and the executive the appointment by pres ident truman on december 19 of senators tom con nally democrat of texas and arthur vandenberg republican of michigan among the united ee com delegates to the uno contributed toward this euro cooperation but neither president truman nor that the secretary of state byrnes has carried forward the pe cem intimate system of congressional collaboration the c worked out by secretary of state hull in january isters by 1943 the state department opened a seminar for a airs discussion with selected senators from both par champic ties about problems in foreign policy and through cedure out 1944 mr hull conferred regularly with members 8 of the senate foreign relations committee and the and ru house foreign affairs committee concerning the this ins administration’s plans for the establishment of ma and by chinery for international cooperation truman and states secretary of state byrnes are both former members these d of the senate and they have frequently relied on onfere their innate sense of what congress wants in devising well as their policies instead of soliciting directly the views invited london have cor resumed stand re of key members of congress this tendency has lr brought about the collapse of the hull system which han deserves to be revived by his regular conferences 1 with members of congress hull bridged not only r the gap between executive and legislative branches but also the gap between the democratic and repub lican parties blair bolles +at com s acted truman avy de ordina of for unless a of con y pres m con lenberg 1 states ird this an nor ard the oration january iar for th par hrough nembers and the ing the of ma ian and nembers lied on devising 1e views ney has a which ferences rot only ranches repub olles ee ee cay sg nrraal ike x pny of ment mered as 2nd class matter jan 1 01946 ann arbor foreign policy bulletin michi an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 12 january 4 1946 r his radio address of december 30 reporting on the results of the moscow conference of decem ber 16 to 26 secretary of state byrnes made no pre tense that the agreements reached at that conference by the united states britain and russia were ideal or covered all the matters that had brought about controversies between the three great powers the important thing however as mr byrnes pointed out is that the big three negotiations which at the london council of foreign ministers seemed to lave come to a dead end have been resumed and resumed in an atmosphere of greater effort to under stand respective divergences of views compromise on peacemaking so far as europe is concerned the most welcome news is that the big three have adopted a procedure of peacemaking closely modeled on the proposal made at the close of the london council of foreign min isters by dr evatt australian minister of foreign affairs who has become known as an indefatigable champion of the rights of small nations this pro cedure is to consist of three stages first the draft ing of peace treaties by the united states britain and russia with italy france to participate in this instance hungary rumania and bulgaria and by britain and russia with finland the united states did not declare war on finland second these draft treaties will be submitted to a peace conference which in addition to the big three as well as france and china the latter two have been invited to sponsor the conference will be attend ed by all members of the united nations which actively waged war with substantial military force against enemy states this conference to be held not later than may 1 1946 third upon conclusion of this conference and consideration of recommenda v m dean new approach needed to rebuild bi i three unity foreign policy bulletin october 12 1945 log jam in peacemaking broken at moscow conference contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association tions the big three and in the case of the treaty with italy also france will draw up final texts of the peace treaties this procedure attempts to reconcile the view strongly held by russia and almost equally strongly by the united states that it is the great powers which decided the outcome of the war in europe and thus are entitled to rule on the terms of peace set tlement with the prevailing sentiment of the public in the united states and britain that small nations should have an opportunity to express their views about the peace terms especially since many of them were the first to suffer from hitler’s aggression it 1s true that the big three are not bound by the recom mendations of the nations participating in the peace conference but mr byrnes assured the small na tions that certainly the united states would not agree to a final treaty which arbitrarily rejected such recommendations the chief problem of peacemaking in europe is the position of france which except in the case of the treaty with italy will be treated as some french critics point out on the same footing as ethiopia and will have no initial voice in the negotiation of peace treaties with the countries of the balkans in which france has been traditionally interested as a counter weight to germany difficult as it obviously is for france to accept what appears to it a position of greatly diminished influence on the continent french statesmanship should consider two points of paramount importance france's security from te newed attack by germany and retention of its prim acy as cultural leader of europe if the united na tions organization whose general assembly opens in london on january 10 succeeds in assuring the security of france as well as other countries and it can do so only if the united states britain and rus sia can find a basis for long term cooperation then the french will not be in such urgent need of military alliances east of germany as they were before 1914 and again after 1919 and once france no longer feels under pressure to maintain the military estab lishment and structure of foreign loans previously required by its policy of eastern alliances it will be in a better position to concentrate its creative ener gies on those cultural achievements which have made paris in the past the acknowledged world center of culture and taste toward democracy in the balkans the process of peacemaking should be speeded by the decisions adopted in moscow concerning changes in the governments of rumania and bulgaria which hitherto had threatened to create a conflict between the western powers and russia once the require ments set by the big three have been fulfilled the rumanian and bulgarian governments already rec ognized by russia will be recognized by the united states and britain thus clearing the way for conclu sion of peace treaties with them the rumanian gov ernment of premier groza is to be enlarged by the inclusion of one member each of the national peas ant party and the liberal party this reorganized government shall then declare that free and un fettered elections will be held as soon as possible on the basis of universal and secret ballot it shall also give assurances concerning the grant of free dom of the press speech religion and association regarded as essential by western democracies the performance of these tasks is to be supervised by an allied commission composed of the american and british ambassadors to moscow and russian for eign vice commissar vishinsky the situation in bulgaria where elections held on november 18 had resulted in an 88 per cent vote for the fatherland front composed of the agrarian social democratic and communist parties is more complicated because as mr byrnes frankly stated the soviet government regards these elections as free and we do not the compromise reached in this united states accepts allied control of japan as a result of the agreements concluded by the big three at moscow 1946 is opening in a more hopeful atmosphere in asia than seemed possible a few weeks ago in drawing up their first far reach ing peacetime accord paralleling the wartime pacts of teheran yalta and potsdam the great powers have given the world new reason to hope that the unity which made military victory possible can be recreated to preserve the peace the most significant of the far eastern agreements is the accord on japan under whose terms american control is to be merged into an eleven nation set up in which the united states the u.s.s.r britain and china will each have a veto power over the page two es case is that the soviet government has taken y itself the mission of giving friendly advice to the bulgarian government with regard to the desirabjj ity of including in the cabinet of the fatherland front now being formed two additional repre sentatives of other democratic groups that js groups representing the opposition which declined to participate in the elections on the ground that jt was not given an equal opportunity at the polls more far reaching than the political agreements on europe was the decision of the big three who according to mr byrnes at no time discussed the technical or scientific aspects of the atomic bomb to recommend the establishment by the united na tions of a commission to consider problems arising from the discovery of atomic energy and related matters this commission will be responsible to the security council of the uno and will be composed of one representative from each of the eleven na tions on the council and canada which played an active part in the discovery of the atomic bomb when that country is not a member of the security council the terms of reference laid down for this commission follow closely those agreed upon by president truman prime minister attlee and prime minister mackenzie king of canada during mr attlee’s visit to washington viewed as a whole the agreement reached at moscow cannot be described as merely dictation by the great powers of set terms to the small nations it constitutes another attempt and many others will have to be made in the years ahead to find a workable compromise between the aspirations of the big three as well as between the big three and the smaller nations although the smaller states are not necessarily more selfless than the great their them wo approval paper cl on the 2 united s unqu three v cated scl tion anc good w resentat amore and the simple i be reco portant able to which regard is in no americ genera subject ind to crez states of up dent t the a it is u immec ship agreen additic sian at of a intrinsic weakness makes them more dependent on an effective international organization for their se curity and for that measure of justice and human understanding without which any peace would be merely a scrap of paper wer micheles dean formulation of new policies or the modification of those already in existence at the same time the sv preme commander general macarthur will rt tain significant powers and the united states will have the most important single voice among the big four this clearly is a compromise between the original american view that other nations should be limited to an advisory role in the administration of japan the russian demand for four power con trol machinery in tokyo and the british desire to have more than the power to advise macarthur’s objections general mac arthur announced on december 30 that he objected to the control arrangements but would try to make it sub for th korea more addre comm kore with it make perio incur end ment ever fricti forei headqu second one m s arising 1 related le to the omposed even na h played c bomb security for this upon by id prime ring mr ached at tation by nations y others to find a tions of hree and tates are at their ident on their se 1 human vould be es dean cation of e the su will re ates will r the big yveen the s should istration wer con desire to al mac objected to make them work he did not specify the reasons for his dis approval but sympathetic congressional and news aper circles have attacked the control machinery on the ground that it deprives macarthur and the united states of a dominating position in japan unquestionably the plan drawn up by the big three with the concurrence of china is a compli cated scheme containing many possibilities of fric tion and requiring the highest degree of tact and good will on the part of the powers and their rep resentatives but international cooperation is always amore complex matter than action by a single state and the arrangements for japan could hardly be simple in view of the divergent attitudes that had to be reconciled within a single formula the most im rtant fact is that the three foreign ministers were able to agree on a cooperative policy an objective which properly overrides other considerations with regard to general macarthur the moscow accord js in no sense a reflection on his services but like all american occupation officials and this was true of general eisenhower in germany he is necessarily subject to a higher political authority independence for korea the intention to create a four power trusteeship of the united states the u.s.s.r china and britain for a period of up to five years before korea becomes indepen dent touched off several days of demonstrations in the american held southern zone of that country it is understandable that the koreans should wish immediate independence and that the word trustee ship therefore arouses their fears nevertheless the agreement is an important step forward since in addition to pledging the coordination of the rus sian and american occupation zones and the creation of a provisional korean democratic government it substitutes a maximum period of foreign control for the vague promise of the cairo declaration that korea is to become independent in due course moreover as secretary byrnes announced in his radio address of december 30 the joint soviet american commission which is to work with the provisional korean government may find it possible to dispense with a trusteeship it is now up to the koreans to do their best to make the trusteeship unnecessary and to reduce the period of foreign control to a minimum while it is incumbent on american opinion to seek the earliest end to the occupation consistent with the establish ment of a functioning korean state in korea how ever as in japan many dangers of american russian friction will exist over such questions as the per page three sonnel of the provisional korean régime and the arrangements for coordinating the russian and american zones the least specific section of the far eastern de cisions is the statement about china which does not provide for joint action on particular problems but simply asserts the common desire of the big three for a unified and democratic china under the na tional government for broad participation by demo cratic elements in all branches of the national gov ernment and for the cessation of civil strife the declaration will strengthen general marshall’s posi tion in china but perhaps its most positive fea ture is the reference to broad participation in all branches of the central government since this amplifies president truman’s policy statement of december 15 calling for a fair and effective repre sentation of chinese opposition elements in a broadly representative government this wording suggests that the united states would not consider an offer of a few central government posts as meet ing the purposes of general marshall's mission on the crucial question of soviet troops in man churia and american forces in north china the statement declares that byrnes and molotov were in complete accord on the desirability of withdrawal at the earliest practicable moment consistent with the discharge of their obligations and responsibil ities the soviet forces at the request of the chung king government are scheduled to remain until february 1 but no time limit has been set for the american troops which according to byrnes ad dress of december 30 will be withdrawn from north china when the japanese troops are disarmed and deported from china or when china is able to complete the task unassisted by us if recent an nouncements by general wedemeyer represent long term american policy this task is expected to take quite some time the willingness of american political leaders to seek compromise formulas in accordance with the desire of public opinion has made it possible to retrieve some of the ground lost at the london council of foreign ministers yet it must be em phasized that all the agreements including those on the far east are no more than formulas that remain to be applied if they are to be carried out with a minimum of friction both the home gov ernments of the powers and their representatives abroad must continue to show the same flexibility that made it possible to draw up the moscow accord lawrence k rosinger foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 12 january 4 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lest secretary vera micheles deaan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one month for change of address on membership publications three dollars a year please allow at leasr f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ss produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter fear of civil war impedes ousting of franco the state department is at present awaiting a note from the french foreign office to learn whether the french government is willing to summon a confer ence at which the united states britain and france could discuss whether the three countries would serve their best interests by taking steps for the ouster of general francisco franco as caudillo of spain georges bidault french foreign minister invited the united states and britain early in december to disclose their attitude toward severing diplomatic re lations with franco uncertain whether bidault put the question merely to placate the three leading french political parties communists socialists and popular republicans each of which has demanded that france break with franco or really wanted in ternational action the united states replied that it would participate in a conference on the subject the next move depends on france franco seems secure while the united states respects france's interest in its neighbor spain it still doubts that foreign pressure could unseat franco without a bloody spanish upheaval which this country is anxious to avoid despite many pre dictions during world war ii that franco could not long survive its end el caudillo appears to dip lomatic observers to be firmly entrenched in office the spanish police and the army stand firmly by him and it may be that as long as there is no rift in the loyalty of the troops foreign incitations of the spanish people to revolt will prove vain the many spaniards who oppose him are stayed from action by memories of the horrors of the civil war of 1936 to 1939 meanwhile franco keeps the opposition of the pre republic traditionalists softened by suggestions such as he made on july 17 1945 that in time he will return the monarchy to spain nevertheless spaniards in exile insist that rebellion in spain could quickly be touched off from the outside anti franco forces divided the refu gee resistance to franco has been so divided on all questions except a common desire to oust el caudillo that its membership does not offer an effective agency through which the united states could inter vene the exile government in mexico city of which jose giral was named prime minister on august 22 1945 is at odds not only with the spanish com munists but also with juan negrin the last prime minister of republican spain who in turn differs with fernando de los rios last republican ambassa dor to the united states however on december 28 1945 dolores ibarruri secretary general of the span ish communist party wrote to all the anti frango exiles proposing a meeting at paris to reconcile their differences when acting secretary of state dean acheson te ceived negrin at the state department on december 15 he only sought information and made no sugges tion that the united states would favor negrin among the other exiles the reception of negrin constituted an unfriendly action toward franco but el caudillo already knew that the united states dis liked him this country it will be recalled joined in the potsdam declaration barring spain from the united nations organization as long as it remained under franco’s rule can big three agree the possibility is said to exist that the united states would consent to breaking relations with spain if france which has only partial relations with that country presented a sound argument that such a step might cause franco to withdraw under peaceful conditions ambassador norman armour returned to the united states on december 21 after seeking in vain for a wedge to drive out franco the united states will not replace him but it continues to maintain its embassy in madrid washington has found the spanish govern ment cooperative in disclosing the whereabouts of germans in spain whom the allies want expelled and in breaking up german economic interests in spain but the franco government is discriminating against our commerce by the application of his autarchical economic policy which limits imports from the united states by stingy allocation of for eign exchange the decision of the united states and france on spain would be affected strongly by britain’s attitude toward the advisability of severing relations with franco british foreign minister ernest bevin has said that his government detests the franco régime but britain at a time when its sources of imports are few may not want to jeopardize the flow of food and raw materials it obtains from spain under favorable trade relations the long standing british desire that franco give way to a monarchy is said to be weakening but the question remains whether france the united states britain and the soviet union could readily agree on the successor régime they would prefer blair bolles 1918 t has that lied po fermen after a is no re lution rescript claims reflects country tion pc charact gener in jap as rele and es ing th seven and bz ous ca nation ha imper that t peopl the w thing to dri ment the b is it on th gagec their again it eve mode +e cl bs sa23 yut lis ed he ed gena jan 1 8 1946 ora lidrany entered as 2nd class matter univan 4 veeuy of schizan ws san foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 13 january 11 1946 hirohito’s denial of divinity reveals ferment in japan has become evident from recent developments that within five months of its defeat by the al lied powers imperial japan is in a state of political ferment far exceeding that to be found in germany after a longer period of occupation although there isno reason for complacency concerning japan's evo lution as a peaceful state the emperor’s new year's rescript informing the japanese people that his claims to divinity are after all legends and myths reflects the growing popular disquiet within the country as well as the pressure of american occupa tion policy on the japanese state something of the character of this policy has been revealed anew by general macarthur's report on american activities in japan and korea during september and october as released by the war department on january 2 and especially by his directives of january 4 order ing the japanese government to abolish twenty seven militaristic societies and to remove from office and bar from the forthcoming general elections vari ous categories of active exponents of militaristic nationalism has hirohito become a liberal the imperial rescript abandoning the false conception that the emperor is divine and that the japanese people are superior to other races and fated to rule the world undermines more effectively than any thing we could say the myths that have been used to drive the japanese people to war but this state ment however welcome does not in itself destroy the basis for a future revival of militarism nor is it a proof of liberalism and democratic views on the part of the emperor many nations have en gaged in aggressive warfare although not regarding their rulers as divine and the japanese should they again have an opportunity for aggression may seize it even if in the meantime they have adopted a more modern and rational political organization than in the past what the emperor has done is to renounce the philosophy of japanese militarism as hitherto constituted in the hope of retaining his supreme position in japanese life under another form the emperor's move was shrewd and far seeing involving a strikingly rapid adjustment to political necessity on december 15 general macarthur had ordered the removal of all state support for the na tionalistic shinto religion which had been artificially encouraged by the japanese government as part of its plans for aggression on the asiatic mainland and in the pacific since this directive made it probable that in the months ahead the foundations of divine tule would be weakened the prospect arose that the emperor might even find it necessary to abdicate in recent weeks also the cabinet of premier kijuro shidehara has been under increasing fire from the japanese press and other agencies of public opinion because of its failure to tackle energetically the seri ous problems of food fuel and shelter this too has represented a threat to the imperial position for under current conditions an unpopular cabinet in evitably reflects on the emperor as well as on the american authorities motives for the rescript it is in the light of these circumstances that the content of the imperial rescript should be judged the statement begins with a reiteration of the charter oath issued in 1868 by the emperor meiji apparently in an effort to suggest that hirohito like his grandfather intends to strike out boldly along new lines al though the language of meiji’s charter oath refers vaguely and reassuringly to the government’s acting in accordance with public opinion it is noteworthy that its third clause quoted in full by hirohito along with the rest of the document reads as fol lows all common people no less than the civil and military officials shall be allowed to fulfill their just contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association desires so that there may not be any discontent among them this is a startling clause to reaffirm at present for the emperor must know that under occupation policy japan is not to have any military officials and the problem of allowing them to ful fill their just desires therefore cannot arise perhaps the motivation behind the entire state ment is to be found in these words we feel deeply concerned to note that consequent upon the protract ed war ending in our defeat our people are liable to grow restless and to fall into the slough of despond radical tendencies in excess are gradually spreading and the sense of morality tends to lose its hold on the people with the result that there are signs of confusion of thoughts this section taken in con junction with the renunciation of divinity suggests that the purpose of the rescript is to reduce the rest lessness among the people and to encourage the belief in america and japan that the emperor is capable of leading a progressive japanese state the immediate effect of the rescript is a whole some one especially since it has been followed so closely by general macarthur's directive against office holding by militaristic individuals an order which has thrown the japanese cabinet into a state of crisis and has seriously weakened the ultra con servative elements that dominate the government this is especially true with regard to the diet elec tions which were planned for january 24 but are now to be postponed under the new directive the reactionary and misnamed progressive party which had hoped to sweep the balloting will face grave difficulties since so many of its high figures are barred from office as a result of their past militaristic activities when to hold elections the fact that elections are being postponed offers an opportunity to consider whether voting for the diet is desirable in japan in the near future the holding of early elections in a defeated enemy country like japan or germany should not be viewed as an obligation on page two the occupying authorities but rather as a matter of tactics whether the first national balloting is take place in march august or december ought tp depend on the strength that anti militaristi groups are likely to show at any particular time sing japan's surrender there has been an encouragi growth of such groups but they are still small and weak in relation to parties primarily representi aspects of japanese life outmoded by defeat it would clearly be undesirable to allow japan’s fledgling anti militarists to be forced into competition on a na tional scale with the camouflaged warhawks of the old order so soon after japan’s defeat much bet ter results might be achieved if diet elections were postponed for six months or a year to permit the forward looking elements in japan to develop more strength at the same time the holding of contests on a local or prefectural basis might have useful educational effects and also give the makers of policy some means of judging when the time will be ripe for diet elections it is clear that under american occupation there has been a healthy growth of a new type of popular opinion in japan but it would be unwise to jump to the conclusion that japan’s future development has been settled and will present no serious problems the most fundamental issues of japanese agricul ture labor and industry although discussed in american directives have barely been touched upon in practice genuine change in japanese society will inevitably take a long time and the enunciation of policy plans should not be confused with their actual execution moreover as general macarthur's report on his administration indicates the economic prob lems facing japan are extremely serious if amer icans were to think of japan solely in political terms plac pol has and eur hov we would be in danger of overlooking the crucial effect that food housing fuel land and wage poli cies will have on the political development of the defeated enemy in asia lawrence k rosinger will palestine inquiry offer new hope to european jewry on january 2 general sir frederick e morgan director of unrra’s aid to displaced persons in germany declared that polish jews many of whom he claimed were well fed well clothed and supplied with plenty of money were streaming into the american zone in a well organized positive plan to get out of europe and this movement in his opinion was closely linked with the problem of palestine while it was soon clear that sir frederick's remarks had been misinterpreted by the press his statement raised a storm of protest especially among zionist groups unrra summarily dismissed him but by january 7 his status was still unclear the morgan interview has also touched off discus sions beyond the work of unrra for it highlights the inquiry to be undertaken by the joint anglo american commission on palestine created on no vember 13 and charged with making recommenda tions about the future of european jewry as well as palestine its first hearings opened in washington on january 7 the personnel of the new group ai nounced on december 10 includes judge joseph c hutcheson of texas who will act as the alternate chairman with sir john e singleton judge of the high court of justice in london among the amer ican members of the commission mr james g mcdonald former chairman of the foreign policy association is perhaps the best known in this field because of his work as high commissioner for reft gees under the league of nations and as chairmai will que car pre ma yea dor or oft i pre ha the eu th foi hea secc one er of is to since ging and ting ould l na e the were t the more tests seful ripe mer field efu of the president’s advisory committee on political refugees fate of europe’s jewry by a tragic para dox the problem of europe’s jewry has been growing more rather than less acute since the end of the war by now it is clearly established that of europe's former six or seven million jews only about one and a half or two million remain alive opinion is divided however concerning the fate of the jews who survived the nazi terror of the last decade or more there are other statements similar to that of general morgan on record indicating that the re rts of outbreaks against jews in poland are exag gerated yet the bulk of evidence since v e day shows that many jews have suffered anew from anti semitic attacks as well as from the general chaos that has come in the wake of war the proportions of the new anti semitic attacks however have never been accurately gauged and hence never accurately presented to the american public violence toward jewish populations has been re rted in recent months not only from poland but even from czechoslovakia and france the earlier statement prepared by earl g harrison former united states commissioner of immigration on which president truman based his plea of august 31 to prime minister attlee for opening palestine to 100,000 additional european jews told part of the story of maltreatment within germany at the same time it must be borne in mind that the influx of dis placed persons from areas of germany occupied by poland and russia as well as from czechoslovakia has created extremely grave problems for britain and the united states whether all the jews left in europe wish to find refuge abroad or in palestine however remains an open question difficult as it will be to ascertain the long over due answer to this question may be provided by the new anglo amer ican commission new commission on palestine the present urgent concern about general morgan’s re marks is wholly understandable in view of the long years in which little was attempted and nothing was done either about the plight of hitler’s first victims or about palestine commissions of inquiry have often been superimposed one on another yet the present commission has one advantage over its predecessors while the united states and britain have worked together before in search of answers to the problem of finding refuge for jews driven from europe never have these two powers associated themselves officially in such an auspicious effort to page three study europe’s jewry in its relation to palestine what is surprising in view of america’s direct official participation in the present effort to solve the long standing palestinian question is the lack of support the commission has received from some or ganized zionist groups charging that the new body is just another study group they have protested that the united states has been led astray by britain in accepting attlee’s invitation for a joint investigation the new commission may however prove to be a fresh start toward adjusting the palestine problem such a start was imperative for in palestine as well as in europe the fate of jewry hangs in the balance during the past year sporadic violence has persisted in the mandated territory most evidence now points toward increasing disturbances for certain of the extremist zionist groups in palestine are especially aroused by the new commission's efforts effective proposals needed although the fresh attempt to settle the palestine issue is wel come its recommendations will mean little even if progressive and reasonable until they are imple mented in view of its wide powers of recommenda tion it may be hoped the commission will even sug gest that quotas be raised to care for refugees who find it necessary to emigrate to british territories or the united states this proposal is often derided by those most seriously concerned with solving the refugee problem yet it would relieve britain and the united states now that the latter is also directly involved in proposing solutions about palestine of the charge of hypocrisy for arabs oppose further immigration of jews to palestine as long as other states refuse to welcome them a guarantee from the united states as well as britain that a new status for palestine will be estab lished and upheld remains the crucial test of the new commission’s courage and foresight the commis sion’s recommendations to be useful must be far reaching but if they are broad in scope they will require considerable change in united states policy in the near east for this reason there is little room for special pleading that does not recognize that many conflicting interests besides those of jews and arabs center in palestine the new commission will perform a valuable service if it provides a body of factual information and plans on which the public may base its conclusions about the needs of european jewry and about plans for palestine which both britain and the united states can and will fulfill grant s mcclellan foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 13 january 11 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lest secretary vera micheles dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year se 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter washington hopeful on outlook for peace in china the success of the uno in keeping the peace of the world will depend partly on whether china’s rival political factions can compose their differences and unite their country china is a region where long standing internal weakness has tempted strong for eign governments to seek special preferment thus inspiring strife and rivalry outside as well as inside the country to allay international rivalry the united states three times in 50 years has suggested moves to equalize the interests of all in china first through the doctrine of the open door 1899 second through the nine power treaty 1922 and third through the december 27 communiqué is sued by the united states russia and britain after the moscow conference which recorded their joint wish for chinese unification the delegations which convene in london on january 10 for the first meet ing of the general assembly of uno will there fore have a deep interest in the formal conversations that began in chungking on january 7 as a result of president truman’s announcement of december 15 and the moscow communiqué unity prospects improve the prospects for domestic peace and unity are considered here better than at any time since generalissimo chiang kai shek first broke with the chinese communists in 1927 the january 7 conference has brought together representatives of the two groups that are fighting a desultory civil war in china the national govern ment and the communists with general george c marshall special envoy of president truman gen eral chang chun provincial governor of szechwan represented chiang and general chou en lai repre sented the communists aside from the question of whether the kuomin tang and the communists so long at odds with each other can combine forces on a common political ba sis the immediate issue that divides the two factions is which shall make the first concession the com munists have asked for a general cessation of hostil ities as a preliminary to any move toward unity the government has proposed that the cessation be ac companied by immediate restoration of railway com munications until unity is an actual accomplishment the communists are afraid to support any truce that might endanger the position of their army and open ing of the railroads would make it possible for na tional forces to move unhindered into communist garrisoned areas unless specific guarantees were given the latter while the moscow communiqué acknowledged the need for a unified and democratic china the united states still gives its main support to the na tional government this is indicated by the continu ing assistance chiang kai shek receives from united states military forces the russians have agreed to keep their forces in manchuria until february in order to hold positions of occupation until the chinese can relieve them the state depart ment on december 18 announced that lt general albert wedemeyer commander of united states forces in china was authorized to transport na tional government troops not only to ports but to inland cities of manchuria wedemeyer’s announce ment on december 29 that he would need 4,000 more united states troops in china to move chinese forces into manchuria was in keeping with united states policy as he is considered the judge of his own needs in accomplishing the mission assigned to him the advance of national government troops into jehol province at the end of december how ever darkened the outlook for unification on jan uary 3 the communists who claim their troops op erated in jehol during the war with japan protested the presence of national forces in that province the support by the united states of the na tional government’s interests is shown also in the assignment of united states marines to guard the rail line from tientsin to chinwengtao as well as the kailan mining administration along the line but the national government has been made to re alize that it cannot get unlimited aid from the united states for the pursuit of the civil war toa victorious end the moscow communiqué urged broad participation by democratic elements in all branches of the national government and a cessa tion of civil strife unity not enough since the united states has found it necessary to its own security to attempt to equalize foreign interests in china at intervals of less than twenty five years the administration has begun the search for a sound program on which 4 unified china could develop lasting economic and political stability plans for industrialization such as that proposed by the foreign economic adminis tration in 1944 at the request of chiang kai shek touch only part of the problem china cannot be fully independent of dangerous unilateral foreign inter vention until it is sturdy as well as united within blair bolles 191 s e +wt x 1946 gerbes nice entered as 2nd class matter genera library jan 2 3 1948 ualverstty sity of nichigan ann arbor nich foreign policy bulletin ops op rotested ince the na in the 1ard the well as he line le to re rom the var to a é urged ts in all a cessa d states attempt rvals of tion has which a mic and yn such dminis ai shek be fully mn inter ithin olles an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 14 january 18 1946 demobilization protests raise g2jestions on foreign policy demonstrations by american troops in such widely separated areas as the philippines guam japan china india germany and france have raised some crucial questions about the nature of our foreign policy and its understanding by the public it would be easy to interpret these demon strations and the parallel home front sentiment for demobilization as merely reflecting the natural de sire of the nation to return completely to civilian life now that the enemy’s forces have been beaten or to attribute recent events to the fact that many soldiers and civilians question the methods actu ally followed in demobilization but there is more to the situation than this for it is evident that an important section of the american people either does not understand the aims of american policy abroad distrusts those aims as reflected in par ticular areas or is not sure that clear aims exist consequently the present period of readjusting our policies on demobilization might well be used to consider anew how the public and the government can be brought into a larger measure of agreement on the nature of america’s commitments abroad do we need troops overseas it is diffi qult to say whether a majority of the american people are opposed in principle to the presence of american troops abroad in peacetime but the coun tty unquestionably expects to be shown why troops are actually necessary in any specific area in which the government desires to keep them perhaps the simplest approach to the problem then is to recog hize that there are only two territories in which such a necessity exists on a significant scale namely ger many and japan for if we are to avert a third world war and make certain that the military defeat of the nazis and japanese militarists is followed by a change in the national mentality of the german and japanese peoples it will clearly be essential to main tain american troops in both countries for a consid erable period it is unfortunate in the highest degree that recent demonstrations in berlin and tokyo have given the forces of the old order in both areas rea son to hope that the occupation is foredoomed to failure and that a resurgence of military power may be possible at a later date there has never been any lack of sound and per suasive arguments to present to the public and armed forces in explaining why an extended occupation of germany and japan is important in the eight months since the defeat of germany and the five months since japan surrendered there have been in numerable opportunities for the white house and state department to drive the point home but there is no evidence that american forces in the former enemy countries have received anything that could properly be called orientation on this subject or that the people at home have had the matter present ed to them on the contrary there has been a strik ing absence of leadership from those who are in positions of authority it is true of course that po litical risks are involved in telling the public that troops are required to prevent germany and japan from again becoming military threats but it is the function of leaders to assume such risks if the ob jective is sound the record shows that not long after the defeat of germany the military government of the amer ican zone became increasingly hampered by the with drawal of high point men who knew their occupa tion jobs and by the shortage as well as the inade quacy of replacements most striking however were the statements made by high military chiefs in con nection with japan on september 15 when our troops had been in japan two weeks lieutenant gen contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association eral robert l eichelberger commander of the oc cupying eighth army declared if the japs con tinue acting as they are now within a year this thing should be washed up soon afterward while not taking the position that the occupation would be short general macarthur forecast the probability of a sharp cut in the occupation forces within six months and their replacement by regular army men these statements inevitably encouraged a general expectation that our troops would soon return from japan and also had repercussions among the forces in germany in fact one of the significant aspects of the recent demonstrations is the way in which as a result of newspaper and radio reports a protest in one center for example manila soon aroused a re sponse thousands of miles away in berlin this sug gests the importance of withdrawing soldiers as speedily as possible from countries in which they are not essential so that the expression of their griev ances may not hamper our occupation of germany and japan there are at the present moment some thousands of troops in france china india the philippines korea the pacific islands and other areas in most of those places that are not under american political control e.g france and india the maintenance of a handful of troops to care for the winding up of our obligations would seem ade quate in the philippines and the pacific islands where we have an interest in military bases no more than small forces should be required to maintain these interests in korea which at present does not possess a government of its own and in which we have undertaken trusteeship responsibilities troops will obviously be required until these obligations have been met recalling marines from china the question of china falls into a separate category be cause the maintenance of some 50,000 marines in the north and roughly 10,000 army men elsewhere has been explained officially on the ground that they are needed to disarm and evacuate the defeated jap anese armies it has been apparent however that the marines played a political role last fall in en abling the chungking government to reestablish its authority in areas that would otherwise have been closed to it by the chinese communists although for a time the danger existed that american troops would become actively involved in a chinese civil war their position has become less precarious since the dispatch of general marshall to china and the enunciation of a policy somewhat different from that carried out by former ambassador hurley and to day as a result of the cease fire order agreed to by the central government and the chinese com munists on january 10 north china seems likely to enter a period of relative quiet while fundamental discussions take place in chungking page two et since there are more than enough chinese troops in north china to receive and enforce the japanese surrender in that region the presence of large forces of marines seems unnecessary this is particularly true because under the terms of the chinese truce a three man military commission consisting of one american one representative of the central govern ment and one chinese communist is being set up in peiping to take care of such questions as the disarm ament of remaining japanese forces moreover the policy of conciliation linked with general marshall's name should not require and might even be impeded by the maintenance of american divisions op chinese soil there are some americans who fear that the with drawal of troops from foreign areas would be synonymous with the abandonment of american re sponsibilities in world affairs this would certainly be true in the case of germany and japan but it would be unfortunate if we should come to regard armed force as a leading instrument of long term policy in allied areas on the contrary general ex perience shows that the presence of foreign troops is resented even by close allies and is frequently pro ductive of bad feeling between the home population and the foreign forces it might well be argued for example that the effectiveness of american policy toward france could only benefit from the with drawal of our troops in view of the many instances of friction between them and the french people the determination of the exact number of troops to be maintained in a particular area the rate of withdrawal and other technical matters cannot be made without full possession of the details affecting each area but since the over all decisions are polit ical rather than military a restatement of govern ment policy on demobilization would seem to involve the following 1 a clear cut declaration that the united states intends to occupy germany and japan as long as necessary with an explanation of the rea sons for this position 2 a pledge of early and rapid withdrawal of all or the main body of our troops from various other areas with the exception of korea and 3 the alteration of demobiliza tion practices so that the bulk of soldiers and civilians will feel that a fair and consistent course is being followed in determining occupation pet sonnel such a policy would bring thousands of soldiers home and speed to completion the immediate post war task of demobilization which the armed forces have been carrying out for some months at the same time it would constitute a guarantee to out allies that we recognize the job that remains to be done in germany and japan and mean to see it through lawrence k rosinger four a ye lucid 2 erning francisco ments the chal whittle a well munist a ist who munists tory arr new der and solve japan a york in thi peror a japan ir eratic g peror in map of wash a col korean japanes jonger i the jer adain rabb faith st instead united and simp founda journe dutt a yo ences the g far prec feated japan have r a nat 194 sup the terest every forei headqu second one mc se troops japanese ge forces rticularly se truce g of one govern set up in disarm over the farshall’s impeded 10ns on the with ould be rican re certainly n but it o regard ong term neral ex n troops ntly pro ypulation yued for in policy he with instances sople f troops rate of annot be affecting ire polit govern involve that the nd japan the rea arly and r of our xception mobiliza iers and it course ion per sands of nmediate e armed mnths at 2e to our ins to be 0 see it inger page three the f.p.a bookshelf the four cornerstones of peace by vera micheles dean new york whittlesey house mcgraw hill 1946 2.50 lucid analysis of the things readers want to know con grning dumbarton oaks chapultepec yalta and san francisco accomplishments includes texts of the agree ments the challenge of red china by gunther stein new york whittlesey house 1945 3.50 a well written highly informative report on the com munist areas in china by a skilled economist and journal jst who visited the northwest he concludes that the com munists fundamental strength lies not so much in terri tory arms and outside supplies as in the fact that the new democracy answers the needs of the chinese people and solves their basic problems japan and the son of heaven by willard price new york duell sloan and pearce 1945 2.75 in this discussion of the problem of the japanese em peror as well as the social system linked with imperial japan in the past mr price argues that a genuinely demo cratic government is possible in japan but that the em peror institution must give way to a republic map of korea 1945 issued by korean affairs institute washington d.c 1945 2.00 a collection of maps with place names in romanized korean should prove particularly valuable now that the japanese names found on most maps of korea are no jonger in use the jewish dilemma by elmer berger new york devin adair 1945 38.00 rabbi berger explains his belief that people of jewish faith should be able to live free lives in their own nations instead of seeking a national homeland in palestine united nations primer by sigrid arne new york farrar and rinehart 1945 1.25 simplified explanation of fifteen meetings which laid foundations for a world peace includes documents journey underground by david g prosser new york dutton 1945 2.75 a young flight officer tells the vivid story of his experi ences after being forced down in occupied france the german record by william ebenstein new york farrar and rinehart 1945 3.00 predicts no immediate democratic development in a de feated germany making the statement that germany and japan are the only major countries of the world which have never had successful democratic revolutions a nation of nations by louis adamic new york harper 1945 3.50 supporting his thesis that american history has taught the anglo saxon myth adamic piles up masses of in teresting information about the part played by people from every section of the world in building the country italy and the coming world by don luigi sturzo new york roy publishers 1945 3.50 a patriotic version of his country’s past and its future prospects by a distinguished italian exile he appeals for an italian republic with a progressive social and economic policy resting on the moral basis of a christian democracy dilemma in japan by andrew roth boston little brown 1945 2.50 a vigorous penetrating survey of the issues involved in dealing with a defeated japan the author particularly stresses the need for economic reforms if japan is to de velop a peaceful society woodrow wilson and the people by h c f bell garden city n y doubleday doran 1945 3.00 rather distinctive in the mass of wilson biographies be cause it represents the author’s attempt to do the sort of book that wilson would have felt would make all kinds of people understand him a catholic looks at the world by francis e mcmahon new york vanguard press 1945 2.75 presents the point of view of a well known layman on many important issues of the present day brazil an interpretation by gilberto freyre new york knopf 1945 2.00 in this collection of lectures the brazilian sociologist’s penetrating analysis of the ethnic and social climate of his country is for the first time made available to american readers a chapter on foreign policy is included which should be required reading for students of the good neigh bor policy brazil on the march a study in international coopera tion by morris llewelyn cooke new york whittlesey house 1944 3.00 the chief of the american technical mission to brazil 1943 advocates as being mutually advantageous close united states cooperation with an industrializing brazil the cossacks by maurice hindus garden city n y doubleday doran 1945 3.00 out of his love for russia hindus has written a fasci nating story of the famous warrior group tying it up to present day developments soldier of democracy by kenneth s davis garden city n y doubleday doran 1945 3.50 to be a biographer of a living celebrity is hard but the author has done a creditable piece of work in sketching eisenhower’s background personality and war service cooperative communities at work by henrik f infield new york dryden press 1945 3.00 summarizes the history and workings of some of the most noted examples both in the united states and other countries including the mexican ejido and the russian kolkhoz armament and history by john f c fuller new york scribners 1945 2.50 an authoritative writer on things military mr fuller in this small book encompasses war’s history from the stone age to today’s atomic bomb the thesis he develops is that the restriction of war is a pathological problem and that to know the influence of armament may be of some value in treating that problem inside rome with the germans by jane scrivener new york macmillan 1945 2.50 the pseudonymous diary of an american who saw many interesting things in the course of her work at the vatican where she was collecting and sending news of prisoners of war to their relatives foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 14 january 18 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lert secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 one month for change of address on membership publications 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year be produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter will u.s party rivalry impair uno’s effectiveness when the united nations organization moves to this country permanently in the spring primary elec tions for the congressional campaign of 1946 will already have begun party rivalry in those elections will affect united states policy in the united nations organization republicans hopeful that the elec tions will give them a majority in the house or senate or perhaps in both for the first time in 16 years already are attempting to put their stamp on foreign policy in order to weaken democratic efforts to take all the credit for it arthur vandenberg sen ator from michigan and a delegate to the united na tions organization disclosed that republican objec tive when on landing in england on january 6 to attend the first general assembly of the uno he announced that he could not accept the agreement on atomic energy reached at moscow in december sources of american policy one prob lem confronting president truman is to see to it that the ro of elections in this country does not immobilize the united nations as in the past it has so often immobilized the federal government whose officials customarily fear boldness candor and even action at such a time unless some system is devised that enables congress and the minority party to share openly each step of the way in the evolution of foreign policy disagreement crippling to both the united states and the uno will continue to arise at critical moments truman who knew vandenberg well when they both were senators is said to be con fident that the latter wants to further the united nations organization not disrupt it so long as the administration takes into account his point of view on specific details the minority party inevitably has a potent weapon in its ability to embarrass the ad ministration by blocking its program in congress nobody in washington has proposed a method that will enable congress to share directly in the making of foreign policy and at the same time pre vent it from exercising a sort of veto over the deci sions of the uno until the dilemma is resolved the united nations organization will be restrained by uncertainty over the ultimate attitude of this coun try on each major question secretary byrnes acknow edged the veto power of congress on january 7 when he announced that it will have the final say on american acceptance or rejection of the moscow atomic agreement which deals with the most acute issue now affecting international relations the attitude congress displays toward the atomic agreement will disclose whether this country with its political system of checks and balances can take part constructively in any international body through representatives chosen by the president at the same time congress can exert a good influence on the de liberations of the uno if it discourages the inter national organization from conducting its business ip excessive secrecy congressional examination of the moscow accord could be valuable if it clarified the true nature of the agreement without insisting on changes unacceptable to other nations the agree ment paves the way for a prohibition against manu facture of the atomic bomb and while it establishes no international system of industrial inspection that could determine whether united nations members were honoring the prohibition its signers assumed that the uno will work out safeguarding controls good start for uno byrnes went to lon don hopeful that the united nations would mini mize the atomic issue during the opening session of the general assembly which however is to selec the atomic commission proposed in the moscow agreement looking forward to a long life for the united nations organization washington wants it to avoid certain issues at this time to this end the united states is enlisting the cooperation of iran and turkey neither of which is expected to protest at this session of the general assembly or at the first meeting of the security council against what they consider russian aggression respecting azerbaijan in iran and threats against kars in turkey the gen eral assembly will satisfy byrnes thoroughly if it organizes the various constituent bodies of uno and then adjourns until the second meeting to be held in the united states the atomic agreement which will be the first great problem of the united nations has a special value in that it makes it necessary for all the great powers to take a serious interest in the uno when byrnes went to moscow in december for conversa tions with bevin and molotov he feared that in the absence of any agreement with russia for interna tional treatment of the atomic issue the u.s.s.r would give only perfunctory recognition to the gen eral assembly meeting and designate ambassador gusev already in london as chief of the russian delegation the designation after the moscow meet ing of vice foreign commissar andrei y vishinsky revealed that the russians intended to cooperate for molotov in the past has intrusted to vishinsky many assignments of first importance to russia in foreign affairs blair bolles vou x2 es mes iy hi un man tc trys p since h he poi done states be full clared now i to all measu return war man conce poirit octob portas need stricti minis be tra milite termi in ge peop and 1 may who gern state as so +ee 7 can take through the same n the de he inter isiness in m of the ified the sting on e agree st manv tablishes tion that members assumed controls t to lon ld mini ession of to select moscow for the wants it end the iran and rotest at the first hat they baijan in he gen hly if it jno and be held the first a special the great when conversa at in the interna u.s.s.r the gen bassador russian ow meet ishinsky erate for sky many 1 foreign solles feb 4 1946 genera library entered as 2nd class matter 1918 d é vorsiteyy ne xy 1946 eee 7 of michtean j se qn arb we rbor michigan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 15 january 25 1946 message shows truman's lack of leadership in foreign affairs iy his message to congress on the state of the union delivered on january 21 president tru man took legitimate pride in reviewing this coun try's principal achievements in international affairs since he assumed office last april at the same time he pointed out some of the tasks which remain to be done if the undertakings accepted by the united states at a series of international conferences are to be fulfilled the american nation the president de clared has always been a land of great opportunities now it must become a land of great responsibilities to all the people of all the world nor shall we measure up to our responsibilities by the simple return to normalcy that was tried after the last war the united nations organization represents a minimum essential beginning it must be de veloped rapidly and steadily toward civilian control of ger many so far as detailed plans for the future are concerned the president added little to the twelve poitit program he had announced on navy day october 27 1945 in new york except on two im portant issues the occupation of germany and the need for all round reduction of tariffs and other re strictions on trade after having declared that ad ministration of the american zone in germany will be transferred at the earliest practicable date from military to civilian personnel he said we are de termined that effective control shall be maintained in germany until we are satisfied that the german people have regained the right to a place of honor and respect while this statement is still vague it may help to assuage the fears of european nations who after watching our rapid demobilization in germany had come to the conclusion that the united states was planning to withdraw from the continent as soon as possible at the same time there is as yet no indication that a civilian administration has been organized in washington the president did not take the risk of arousing opposition in congress by directly referring to the need for tariff adjustments by the united states but he said that the credit the united states plans to ex tend to britain would be sufficiently justified by the fact that it permits the british to avoid discrimina tory trade arrangements and added the view of this government is that in the longer run our eco nomic prosperity and the prosperity of the whole world are best served by the elimination of artificial barriers to international trade whether in the form of unreasonable tariffs or tariff preferences or com mercial quotas or embargoes or the restrictive prac tices of cartels need for forces abroad explained on the hotly debated question of demobilization the president belatedly explained the connection be tween this country’s commitments to occupy disarm and administer occupied territories and the need for armed forces adequate to perform these tasks he did not tackle the issue of whether or not the country will have to consider adopting compulsory military service but he agreed with the estimate of the war and navy departments that by 1947 we shall still need a strength of about two million men including officers and said that if the campaign for volunteers does not produce that number it will be necessary by additional legislation to extend the selective service act beyond may 16 when the existing law expires he pointed out moreover that action along this line should not be postponed beyond march in order to avoid uncertainty and disruption that considerable progress has been made by this country during the past eight months in clarifying the scope of its international obligations is a matter contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association a page two of record the real tests of our willingness to partici way minimizing voter participation in the making of tion in t pate in international organization on a permanent foreign policy two important points must be borne jent spo basis however lie ahead some of these like the in mind political leaders and this means the exegy seither b preparation of peace treaties in europe the presi tive as well as congress cannot shuffle off their she comp dent mentioned others he refrained from mention responsibilities on to the voters they must have the eship ing notably the policy we shall adopt toward the courage to submit their convictions and proposals ty shought bases we claim in the pacific both japanese owned public scrutiny criticism and discussion instead of experts and japanese mandates the extent to which we shall taking the easiest way out as has been done too peen bet be prepared to supplement our emotional concern often in recent months when most officials whether nferen about palestine with more liberal provisions for im elected or appointed have thought more about the qucial ir migration from europe the vexed question of inter coming 1946 elections than about the welfare of althoug vention versus non intervention in argentina closely either the nation or the world second while it is gter_ iss linked with the decline in our relations with several useful to make our views known to our congress ments i c other countries of latin america now that the ur men voters cannot hope to obtain constructive action ganounc gency for giving thern wartime economic aid has from those congressmen who owe their election to the fp pr passed the use of atomic energy for constructive the very fact that they had originally opposed such trol an e peacetime purposes as distinguished from control of action the time for the voters to bring pressure for tended the atomic bomb the form that civilian administra intelligent congressional decisions is not when con all capt tion will take in germany and japan and the extent gressmen are already in office or even when they are under tl to which the united states will be able to maintain running for office but long before that when the sate cer a delicate balance in the near and middle east be machines of both principal political parties are en trust by tween britain and russia on several of these issues gaged in making nominations for primaries to have as well as on the problem of tariff adjustments al the worst thing that could befall american de powers ready mentioned opposition can be expected both in mocracy would be for the people to lose confidence the and out of congress in the judgment and conscience of political leaders fulbrig the public and foreign policy in that is the way that democracy has been brought senator his radio address of january 3 president truman low in other countries brilliance is not always at and re discussing domestic legislation had appealed to tainable but honest attempts to discuss international land ex the voters to put pressure on their congress problems in the light of the interests of the nation form o men for passage of a number of important con as a whole and not of narrow local or sectional pre very t troversial measures he may make a similar appeal judices can and should be expected both at the of thes when controversial international projects come up white house and on capitol hill before for congressional discussion but without in any vera micheles dean naval the sar trustee system no threat to u.s interests in pacific the opening meetings of the united nations or francisco more perplexing was the position adopted in p ganization have brought to light the complexities of by france numerous contradictory reports in the to be the trusteeship problem which was found so delicate past two weeks indicate division of opinion in paris poli at dumbarton oaks that it was referred at that time as to whether the french mandates of togoland fore to the draftsmen of the uno charter when the and cameroons should be placed under trusteeship question came up for discussion at the san francisco foreign minister bidault in his speech to the as conference sharp divergences of view were com sembly on january 19 said france was ready to study promised only by leaving a number of significant the terms of trusteeship but at the first business loopholes in the charter’s trusteeship provisions and meeting of the trusteeship committee two days later the efforts of the uno preparatory commission to french representative m g monnerville is te close these loopholes last autumn proved unsuc ported to have presented a plan to make the man cessful dates an integral part of the french state under the circumstances it is of particular im truman's statement on bases in view portance that great britain belgium new zealand of the initiative previously taken by the united states and australia have assumed leadership in announc in developing the trusteeship role of the united na ing on january 17 their intentions to place under tions president truman’s press conference statement uno trusteeship the mandates of tanganyika cam on january 15 that this country intends to place ___ eroons togoland and ruanda urundi in africa and under trusteeship japanese islands it has seized 2250 samoa new guinea and nauru in the pacific sounded inadequate secretary of state byrnes headqua islands south africa’s failure to follow this lead prompted by growing criticism of american silence was not surprising in view of the stand taken by is reported to have cabled the president from lon general smuts in 1919 and reiterated by him at san don requesting him to announce this country’s post i aking of be borne 1 exeq off theig have the posals to stead of lone too whether bout the ifare of hile it is on gress ve action ection to sed such ssure for 1en con they are rhen the are en ican de n fidence leaders brought ways at national e nation nal pre 1 at the dean adopted in the in paris ogoland steeship the as to study business ays later 1s fe he man in view d states ted na atement o place seized byrnes silence m lon rs post ion in his news conference consequently the pres ident spoke on the subject and it is not surprising if geither he nor the reporters present fully discussed the complexities and subtleties of the charter’s trus eship provisions considerable confusion of thought resulted a carefully prepared statement by rts of the state department would clearly have been better than the off hand informality of a news conference for an announcement on a matter of such qucial importance as the future of the pacific islands although state department officials in washington later issued explanations of the president’s com ments it is reported that they were surprised by his announcement the president spoke interchangeably of sole con tol and sole trusteeship but he apparently in tended to say that the united states 1 would put all captured japanese mandates and other islands under the trusteeship system 2 would later desig nate certain strategic islands to be administered in trust by the united states and 3 would be willing to have the united nations organization name the wers to administer the remaining islands the president’s statement defended by senator fulbright was vigorously condemned by a group of senators including democrats byrd and eastland and republicans tobey and capehart senator east land expressed the belief that a treaty conceding any form of uno control over the islands would face very tough sledding in the senate the objections of these four opponents of the plan had been voiced before when as a special subcommittee of the senate naval affairs committee they had paid a visit to the san francisco conference in preparation for the european peace conference to be held not later than may 1 1946 the foreign policy association is publishing the following foreign policy reports the future of italy’s colonies by vernon mckay u.s policy in europe by vera m dean axis satellites in eastern europe by cyril e black the problem of trieste by c grove haines the atomic bomb and world organization by harold c urey 25c each foreign po.icy reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 page three is u.s security endangered the re marks of the senators have obscured the fact that the loopholes in the charter were designed to pro tect just such special interests as we have in the pa cific islands it is true that we are not legally bound to place any territory under trusteeship but our moral obligation is difficult to deny and it was pres ident roosevelt’s intention to fulfill that obligation if the united states does take this step the territories must be placed under trusteeship by a special agree ment among the states directly concerned this phrase in the charter which has not been as yet de fined has already aroused debate however irrespec tive of who the states directly concerned are even tually determined to be the significant fact is that the united states is completely free to specify for example that the nature and extent of fortifications in strategic islands in which this country is sole trustee must at all time be a matter purely for united states decision the security council according to the charter can only approve or disapprove such a special agreement if it disapproves the agreement the united states is still free to annex the islands outright if it approves the agreement it is bound not to interfere at any time with the nature and extent of our fortifications if we insist on such conditions however we must be prepared to ex tend the same rights to other powers in the stra tegic areas under their trusteeship senator byrd has objected that if the security council should reject our special agreement we would be in the unfortunate position of having to take the islands arbitrarily in defiance of uno dis approval therefore he maintains we should keep the islands as our exclusive property and not even submit the question this logic is doubly ques tionable for it assumes that the security council would veto the agreement and implies that we will avoid uno disapproval if we withhold the islands from trusteeship on the contrary if senator byrd's proposal is adopted we not only would be taking a position comparable to that of france and south africa but would set a dangerous precedent for other powers by repudiating our opposition to terri torial aggrandizement as a war aim our legitimate concern in the future of islands won at such a ter rible cost in lives and money gives us good reason for careful deliberation but the small potential dis advantage of trusteeship does not seem sufficient to outweigh the advantages of the fullest possible con formity with the spirit as well as the letter of the united nations charter vernon mckay ss foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 15 january 25 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incerporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dornoruy f lunt secretary vma micuzizs dan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least me month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dellars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news l ettec politics outweighs experience in top u.s appointments abroad the united states has long suffered in its interna tional relations from the presidential custom of choosing ambassadors and ministers from among re tired politicians who are thought to deserve some sort of job wealthy contributors of money to the political party of the president and office holders who can be quietly replaced only by transfer to a more dignified position apparently the administra tion intends to carry on this tradition in its appoint ments to the united nations organization recent nominations for uno among the alternate delegates president truman nominated to represent the united states at the first meeting of the general assembly in london were included two elderly men with no experience in international affairs frank walker former chairman of the democratic national committee and john g town send republican senator from delaware from 1929 to 1941 the united states committee on nomina tions for the judges of the international court of justice of the united nations on january 16 sub mitted the name of green haywood hackworth legal adviser to the state department as its candi date from the united states his work has dealt for thirty years with narrow legalistic routine that has made it impossible for him to develop the breadth of views and imagination which the new court will require of its judges the number of capable officials handling foreign affairs for the united states outside the bounds of the united nations organization remains relatively small no satisfactory basis for the selection of am bassadors has yet been established some like rich ard c patterson jr ambassador to yugoslavia have apparently been chosen because their lack of knowledge about the issues at stake in the countries to which they are assigned will enable them the pres ident hopes to reach disinterested decisions concern ing the comparative strength of rival political fac tions the united states has a few ambassadors who have served as chiefs of missions in so many posts that they might be considered professional envoys like laurence a steinhardt once a lawyer who has been minister to sweden and ambassador to peru russia turkey and now czechoslovakia such ap pointments are so rare however as to lead to the conclusion that experience is seldom a requirement for elevation to the highest offices dealing with for eign affairs in april 1945 president truman chose as the united states commissioner on reparations with the rank of ambassador edwin w pauley who was unfamiliar with international problems but had been treasurer of the democratic national committee many positions of the first importance in the cop duct of united states foreign policy will shortly be vacant one of the six assistant secretaryships in the state department has been unfilled for three months and james clement dunn a career diplomat since 1919 is expected soon to resign as assistant sec retary of state for european far eastern near eastern and african affairs john g winant in tends to resign from his post as ambassador to britain and w averell harriman would like to retire as ambassador to the u.s.s.r when gen eral george c marshall has completed his delicate assignment as special envoy in china mr truman will have to find a permanent ambassador to repre sent him in that troubled and unstable country the signing of a peace treaty with italy later in the year will probably be followed by the withdrawal of alexander c kirk as ambassador to italy if the united states should modify its policy toward spain or if the spanish situation should change a successor for norman armour who has returned to the united states from his embassy in madrid will have to be appointed this country now is indicating its dis approval of the government of general franco by leaving the ambassadorship vacant improvement in ranks needed the fact that persons of first rank ability occupy only a relatively small number of the topmost foreign policy posts adds to the need for attracting able men and women to the foreign service and state department last year the foreign service prepared a confidential report for the secretary of state criticizing its own work and advocating an increase in the size of the service to meet the demands of our post war foreign policy an increase in the pay of ambassadors and an increase in the allowances granted diplomats above their pay the new federal budget which president truman submitted to congress on january 21 makes no allowances for such efforts to recruit the best young persons in the country for lifetime work in for eign affairs the appropriations for the foreign serv ice in the current fiscal year amount to 61,438,800 but the budget proposes a reduction to 53,177,300 for the next fiscal year at the same time the budget proposes a slight increase in the expenditure of the state department as a whole from 90,139,314 to 91,705,100 blair bolles brous osten port move cupie irani deep cerni rich midc that tion and try thro over +rfrre refs lek ad r bk a the an ove ent yest or 500 the to a crea abe rosh fey xp ral ligkar nie nv athe ol feb 6 1946 entered as 2nd class matter general library university of michigan ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 16 fuprvary 1 1946 great power interventions make uno regulation imperative neabemaperyabte questions concerning both the nature of intervention and the effectiveness of the uno machinery have been raised at the first uno session the note presented on january 19 to the uno by iran charging russia with interference in its internal affairs and asking the security council to investigate the dispute and recommend appropri ate terms of settlement was followed on january 21 by notes from russia and the ukrainian republic charging britain with interference in greece and indonesia respectively all three notes invoked para graph 1 of article 35 of the uno charter which provides that any member of the united nations may bring to the attention of the security council or of the general assembly any dispute or any situa tion which might lead to international friction or give rise to a dispute in order to determine whether the continuance of the dispute or situation is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security iran dispute an old issue the dispute brought to the attention of the uno by iran is ostensibly between iran and russia over the sup port given by moscow to the so called autonomous movement in the iranian province of azerbaijan oc cupied by russian troops under the anglo russian iranian accord of 1942 in reality it represents a deep seated conflict between britain and russia con cerning spheres of influence in that strategic and oil tich country a conflict which dates back to the middle of the nineteenth century it will be recalled that the big three agreed in 1942 to joint occupa tion of iran by allied forces russians in the north and britishers in the south to safeguard the coun try from the axis and to protect the supply line through the persian gulf and across iranian territory over which the united states delivered war materials to russia on december 1 1943 at the teheran conference the big three guaranteed the indepen dence of iran and agreed that allied troops should be withdrawn six months after termination of the war which according to the iranians should have been six months after v e day or december 1945 the british expressed willingness to withdraw at that time but the russians made it known that they would not leave until march 2 1946 six months after v j day and that is the date now set for the withdrawal of russian and british troops from iran american military personnel having already left the country two days after presentation of the iranian note premier hakimi of iran resigned being succeeded by ahmad gavam saltaneh wealthy landowner with properties in the disputed area of azerbaijan who has held important government offices in the past and is reported to be well disposed toward all three great powers interested in the country his appointment led to rumors that iran might with draw its appeal to the uno and resume direct nego tiations with russia which according to that note had previously ended in failure but the british gov ernment which on january 22 had announced that it would welcome investigation of russian and ukrain ian charges concerning its activities in greece and indonesia indicated on january 27 that it would oppose wtihdrawal of the iranian appeal and that if iran resumed negotiations with russia it would insist on presentation of a report to the security council about the progress and results of these nego tiations meanwhile opinion in greece on russia’s note seemed to be divided president sophoulis declared that british military forces whose presence is justi fied by london on the ground that they are needed contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association to preserve order and assure free national elections to be held on march 31 are in that country with the full consent of the greek government but for eign minister sophianopoulos head of the greek delegation to the uno was reported to differ from this view and chose to return to athens rather than dispute russia’s charge the dutch objected to the ukrainian note on indonesia where british troops were dispatched by order of the allied com mand in the pacific following japan’s surrender while premier sjahrir representing indonesian na tionalists said the british could leave at once if they transferred the task of disarming and evacuating the japanese to the nationalists cooperation fosters intervention what we are witnessing all over the world is the by no means novel intervention of one or other of the great powers in the affairs of those countries which are closest to them geographically or are of special concern to them for strategic political or economic reasons intervention takes a variety of forms dip lomatic suasion support of a given ideology against another by the united states in argentina by rus sia in rumania and bulgaria economic aid con ditioned on fulfillment of political or financial re quirements in the case of united states aid to china and greece or presence of military forces in iran in russian occupied countries of east ern europe and the balkans in british occupied greece wherever it occurs intervention is invari ably justified by the existence of extraordinary cir cumstances and is believed by the intervening coun try for the most part genuinely to be in the ulti mate interest of the nation on whose territory it occurs to contend that no country should ever intervene in the internal affairs of another is to disregard the harsh realities of international life the line between internal affairs and their external results is growing increasingly tenuous as we have seen to give only two examples from our experience with germany and most recently argentina by the time germany invaded poland it was generally admitted that the nazi system had become a menace to other recent fpa publications iran test of relations between great and small nations by c p grant greece the war and aftermath by l s stavrianos 25c each foreign po.icy reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to fpa members 3 page two et countries yet during the preceding six years when that system was consolidating itself in full view of the world it was argued by many that internal developments in germany could not legitimately be made a reason for outside intervention similarly while it is more and more evident that the activities of the colonels government in argentina threaten the security of the western hemisphere many people in the united states strongly feel that as long as that government has committed no overt act of war in tervention by washington in what are described as argentina’s internal affairs would be unjustified and ultimately harmful to our relations with latin america uno machinery should be used soon er or later we must face the fact that the more we expand the sphere of international cooperation the more what happens in any country is of direct con cern to every other country in the world hitherto however nations have not defined the acts or forms of conduct which the international community will not tolerate on the part of any of its members and which would justify intervention such definition would of itself require admission on the part of all nations that national sovereignty can no longer be maintained in a rigid form the transition period during which nations reassess the concept of sovereignty is bound to be painful and confusing the wholesale intervention now going on in all quarters of the globe has at least the advantage of forcing all powers to face an issue too often becloud ed in the past by confused thinking so far as the united states is concerned the question whether we should intervene or not is further confused by the ardor with which liberal groups who once opposed american intervention in haiti and nicaragua and still oppose it in china now urge it in spain and argentina and conversely american conservatives who opposed intervention in spain frequently urge it in rumania bulgaria and poland if the objection to current interventions by russia or britain is their unilateral character then the next step is to consider the possibility of international in tervention this concept is familiar although more in theory than in practice to the twenty one nations of the western hemisphere and there is every rea son for its application by the uno far from de ploring as some americans are doing the fact that the uno at this early stage of its existence has been confronted with issues of the utmost serious ness we should welcome this development for it should be obvious first that these issues cannot be kept on ice until an undefined date when some one will declare the uno open for other than procedural business and second that if these issues are fe moved even for a relatively brief period from the jurisdiction of the uno and left to traditional dip q jomatic geated gength gcising oo easy can france basic he ychieve the com popular the fret new co gouin adequat threater knov ident g man wl france town la and his wartim léon e membe algiers nation lef the co which porary ene sister single tober govern ngnes that h three maint only a with t his pr de ga to sta media on thes jc large comr frenc food allott count threa dos w ot ee 5p a mo il jpmatic practices we shall be weakening the newly seated international organization instead of grengthening it the uno will wax strong by ex gcising its functions not by evading them it is only 0 easy to let the uno become stunted through an can felix gouin elected interim president of france on january 23 succeed in maintaining the sic harmony that general de gaulle failed to xhieve among the big three of french politics he communists socialists and the more conservative popular republicans mrp this is the question the french are anxiously asking themselves as the nw coalition government formed by president gouin plans drastic measures designed to provide adequate food rations and check the inflation that threatens the country known as a mediator rather than as a leader pres ident gouin is a conscientious rather than a colorful man who has been called the calvin coolidge of france he has spent much of his life as a small town lawyer and worker in the local socialist party ind his national reputation rests primarily on his wartime record as one of the lawyers who defended léon blum at the riom war guilt trials and as a member of de gaulle’s provisional government in algiers since november he has presided over the national constituent assembly left wins victory over de gaulle the conflict between de gaulle and the assembly which resulted on january 20 in at least tem porary withdrawal of the general from the political ene was basically a struggle between the first re ister and the communists who emerged as the ingle largest party in the national elections of oc tober 21 although de gaulle formed a tripartite government last november and declared his will ingness to work with the communists he indicated that he would not permit them to hold any of the thtee principal posts in his cabinet he succeeded in maintaining this position of ascendancy however only as long as he was able to count on the socialists with the aid of the mrp to support him in carrying his proposals through the assembly until january de gaulle believed that the socialists would continue to stand by him on crucial issues or at least act as mediators between the communists and the mrp on new year's day however the two leftist par tis joined in opposing de gaulle’s demands for a large military budget in doing so the socialists and communists were championing a popular cause for french civilians have been gazing longingly at the food clothing gasoline and other supplies liberally illotted to the army at a time when the rest of the untry is hungry and cold yet when de gaulle thteatened to resign if france were shorn of the page three excessive diet of procedural matters the sooner it starts working on real issues of international affairs the more hope there can be of its ultimate effective ness in settling them by peaceful means vera micheles dean grave economic issues harass new french cabinet military power he considers essential for its prestige abroad the socialists backed down and arranged a compromise between the communists and the gen eral on army appropriations this compromise was to expire in february and de gaulle feared the socialists would then again join the communists in requesting military reductions the second issue on which the socialists agreed with the communists was the role of the president in the fourth republic whose constitution is now being drafted by the constituent assembly the gen eral believed that the traditional form of french government in which parties and blocs predomi nated and a strong executive was mistrusted should be replaced by a government in which the president enjoyed powers similar to those of the american chief executive he hoped the socialists as well as the mrp would support his view in opposition to that of the communists who advocated a strong legislature during january however socialist mem bers of the assembly’s committee charged with draft ing the new constitution joined the communists in proposing that the legislative branch of the govern ment be supreme de gaulle concluding that the place of honor reserved for him as president of the proposed fourth republic was to be that of a mere figurehead decided to reject it in advance was compromise impossible the valid ity of de gaulle’s belief that the socialists had de serted him and formed an entente with the com munists thus upsetting the balance among france's three major parties is open to question the social ists have traditionally opposed strong executives they have also opposed a large standing army not only because of their conviction that money and man power expended on the military could be more con structively spent on production of civilian goods but because of fear that the army might be used in a rightist coup against the left the mere fact there fore that the socialists made common cause with the communists on these two issues does not neces sarily mean that they see eye to eye with the ex treme left on other outstanding questions such as foreign policy and methods of carrying out major economic and social reforms a political leader more capable of compromise than de gaulle might have found it possible to accept leftist victories on certain points and then awaited a shift in political forces that would favor him on other issues idee pit thal i se ee cece ey 1 gen mr ot gig ae ta a ere oor ee et ao be selne me 42 whether or not de gaulle’s resignation was pre cipitate as even some of his strongest supporters in france are contending there is little doubt that it has widened the chasm between the extreme left and the more conservative elements in france more over de gaulle’s withdrawal has left the country without strong leadership however much that lead ership was contested by certain groups in the as sembly at a moment when france faces problems which only a government capable of rallying wide spread public support can handle in an effort to curb inflation president gouin has suggested a series of deflationary measures similar to those proposed by mendés france de gaulle’s former minister of na tional economy who resigned a year ago when his stern financial proposals failed to win official en dorsement but the ability of the gouin government to carry through a program calling for additional taxation wage ceilings and reduction of government subsidies used to prevent unemployment at a time when bread is rationed and other daily necessities are almost non existent is far from assured u.s aid essential to some extent the suc cess or failure of the gouin government’s efforts to curb inflation will depend on the effectiveness of the shock treatment consisting of a series of official statements revealing new facts about the perilous the f.p.a new crops for the new world edited by charles morrow wilson new york macmillan 1945 3.50 a symposium by experts who write interestingly of new foods fibers and other types of crops developed to com pensate for many products cut off by war in the pacific home to india by santha rama rau new york harper 1945 2.50 thin in bulk but far from thin in content this is a de lightful picture of the country and people written with informed understanding the gravediggers of france gamelin daladier reynaud pétain and laval by pertinax andré géraud new york doubleday 1944 6.00 by all standards this is one of the most important books on the recent history of france as one who knew all the outstanding french military and political leaders of the inter war years this world famous journalist shows where and how disunity undermined the nation’s powers of resistance and prepared the way for the vichy régime and collaboration with the nazis the philippine islands by w cameron forbes cambridge mass harvard university press 1945 5.00 abridged to one volume and brought up to date by new material this is a convenient edition of governor general forbes earlier standard two volume work of 1928 sergio osmejia president of the philippine commonwealth con tributes a foreword page four bookshelf state of the national economy which the cabinet now giving the french people in an effort to pai public support for sweeping deflationary proposak in striking contrast to de gaulle’s statement in j letter of resignation that the nation is no longer a state of alarm the gouin cabinet is bluntly claring that the inflationary policies pursued by th general whose main interest was in foreign affaig rather than domestic matters have led france to th brink of financial disaster any serious efforts to halt inflation will also hay to secure communist support if they are to be ef fective but since the workers would be among tly first to suffer from the deflation now being propose by the socialists the communists may be unwilling to endorse the proposals particularly in view of th new elections scheduled to be held in may whe the assembly has completed the constitution aboy all france’s success in carrying out stiff financig measures designed to put its economic affairs ip order depends on the united states by increasing shipments of food raw materials and machinery the united states could do much to tide the french oye their present economic crisis which might otherwis lead to the establishment of some form of author itarian government winifred n hapsei universal military training by col edward a fite patrick aus new york whittlesey house mcgray hill 1945 3.00 although backing the war department’s plan for train ing during peace the author also gives the opponents side thereby providing useful background for this much dis cussed problem nusantara a history of the east indian archipelago by bernard h m viekke cambridge harvard university press 1944 5.00 full of interesting facts about economic social and po litical developments dr vlekke’s readable and scholarly book surveys indonesian history down to the japanese conquest of 1942 soviet far eastern policy 1931 1945 by harriet l moore princeton princeton university press 1945 2.50 an excellent survey of a crucial sector of international relations supplemented by valuable documentary appet dices in addition to using english language materials the author has made extensive use of russian sources netherlands india a study of plural economy by j 8 furnivall new york macmillan 1944 4.00 a valuable book because the british author with ad mirable impartiality analyzes dutch problems in the light of his own experience in burma the economic analysis is presented with enough historical background to give a well rounded picture forbign policy bulletin vol xxv no 16 fasruary 1 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nations headquarters 22 bast 38th street new york 16 n y franx ross mccoy president dorotuy f leer secretary vara micneles dean editer bavered second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at leas one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year 81 prodaced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor 19 cry vou x ou dragc today eral warlc tang arms truce come cons react tives the +cabinet rt to pai proposal ent in hj longer j luntly ed by th ign affain nce to the also hay to be ef proposes unwilli iew of the fay whe on aboy financial affairs jp increasing uinery the rench over otherwise of author lmong the hadsel d a fite e mcgraw 1 for train nents side much dis vipelago by university ial and po d scholarly 2 japanese t l moore 2.50 ternational ary apper terials the ces yy by j 8 0 with ad in the light ic analysis nd to give ed national or envered allow at leas wier va pcr ir at wut m sep 1 4 the entered as 2nd class matter perigbeal room onhral er ap university of wich wssty of uichizan ann arbor michigan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 17 fapruary 8 1946 unity agreement opens up hopeful prospect for china chinese new year which begins later than our own beneath the watchful eyes of swaying dragons and to the sound of exploding firecrackers today finds china at peace for the first time in sev eral decades the japanese have been beaten the warlords are silent and the forces of the kuomin tang and the communists have ceased fire under an armistice which it is now the task of the chinese people to make permanent the possibility that the trace will actually be a lasting one has in fact be come brighter since january 31 when the political consultation conference in chungking issued a far reaching unity agreement drawn up by representa tives of the main elements in chinese political life the kuomintang communists democratic league and various liberal and non partisan figures democratic victory the contents of the accord are complex and some questions about the apportionment of governmental posts among the several parties must still be settled but the main feature of the agreement is that it represents a sub stantial victory for the idea of democracy and unity in china’s national life by providing for the crea tion of a transitional coalition government at an early date its later replacement by a wholly constitutional administration the reorganization and nationaliza tion of china’s party armies and the separation of military and political affairs it also contains a high ly significant program for peaceful national recon struction guaranteeing civil liberties expressing friendship toward the united states the soviet union and other countries and announcing plans for agrarian industrial and educational reforms the agreement embodies the view of the com munists and the liberal democratic league that a coalition government should be created as a prelude to military unification its clauses on the powers of contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association the provinces also seem to assure the communists that their local administrations will not be destroyed although they will have to be coordinated with a national administration various other provisions for modification of the kuomintang proposed draft constitution alter that document considerably in corporating in it for the first time the outline of a genuine parliament and creating the possibility that it will contain unqualified guarantees of civil liberties it should not be thought however that the new pact simply contains concessions by the kuomintang for the voting arrangements and numerical repre sentation of the parties in various parts of the gov ernment including the state council which is to be the main organ of the temporary pre constitutional régime all favor the kuomintang the communists had originally proposed that the kuomintang have no more than one third of the seats in the state council but the actual figure will be one half with the rest distributed among various non kuomin tang groups and individuals the kuomintang is also favored under the arrangements for nationalization of the armed forces since its troops are to be reduced to 90 divisions and the communist forces to 20 di visions preparatory to consolidation many obstacles remain the unity agree ment of course is still no more than a document with innumerable obstacles in the way of its fulfill ment but even as a verbal accord it goes beyond previous understandings between the kuomintang and the communists in that the two parties for the first time have agreed to share power in a united national government it is worth recalling that the first kuomintang communist united front of 1924 27 broke down precisely at the point when power had to be shared on a national scale and that in the second period of unity during the recent war with oe pewe ent te a gr aw 0 o ime e japan chungking and yenan maintained separate governments armies and territories the present ac cord therefore represents an attempt to carry china to a higher level of unified development than it has hitherto reached if successful it will initiate an en tirely new stage in china’s national life the fact that the agreement has an immediate political significance is indicated by reports from chungking that extreme right wing elements in the kuomintang are expressing dissatisfaction it is also noteworthy that independent newspapers in the chinese capital encouraged by the government's pledges of democracy and by the development of a freer intellectual atmosphere are beginning to ex press themselves more outspokenly than heretofore one of the promising developments of recent weeks has been the strengthening of the position of china's liberal groups which may be expected to grow con siderably if the country really enters a period of co alition government and constitutionalism especially striking was the action of democratic league repre sentatives in the political consultative council who walked out of the sessions at one point because police had searched the home of huang yen pei a league delegate u.s policy in china there is no room for doubt that the temper of the chinese people has proved a more powerful force for civil peace than many observers anticipated the modification of united states policy following the resignation of ambassador hurley and the appointment of general latin america wants u.s economic aid fears intervention a remark casually dropped by presidential candi date juan perén to an american newspaperman on january 30 contained the third important accusation of united states interference with the processes of government in latin american countries to be made in recent months perén’s statement linking the united states embassy in buenos aires with the smuggling of arms to the argentine opposition was only slightly less direct than that of the mexican labor leader vicente lombardo toledano who on december 16 accused united states business in terests of running guns across the border to support ers of presidential candidate ezequiel padilla in brazil also just before national elections were to be held ambassador adolf berle’s september 29 speech urging that elections be held as scheduled before the drafting of a new constitution was con sidered responsible by some sectors of leftist opin ion for the military coup which overturned vargas the content of these charges is not important the charges themselves are significant however because they prove that a deep seated suspicion of the united states still exists in greater or less degree throughout latin america it is still good campaign tactics to page two marshall as a special envoy to china has also beep of great value in halting recent civil strife so much so that one is led to wonder whether the agreement of january 31 might not have been reached on sey eral other occasions for example in the fall of 1944 when the japanese were approaching kweiyang oy during the conversations between chiang kai shek and the communist leader mao tse tung last au tumn in chungking although it is good to know that our influence has played an important part ip bringing about chinese unity it is also sobering to realize that this unity might have existed six months or a year ago if some of the features of our current policy toward china had developed earlier from the american point of view one of the great advantages of the unity agreement is that it enables the united states to escape the danger of backing one side against another in china and lessens the threat of our becoming embroiled with the russians in that part of the world there is of course no guarantee that the agreement will work and it certainly is not realistic to suppose that china’s parties can avoid engaging in the sharpest kind of political competition in the years ahead what is of concern to the chinese people and the rest of us is that this competition be carried on by peaceful not warlike methods we can make a continuing con tribution in that direction by maintaining and devel oping the middle ground policy toward which we have recently moved in china while extending eco nomic aid for that country’s long term reconstruction lawrence k rosinger raise the cry of yankee imperialism and political ly unwise for a rising latin american statesman to become too closely identified with washington poli services tion but may me denc jcan cou of a col ence in chile at pres catty c lack of extreme chile p in latir on one this si wat pe emmen finance the dev port ba toward ward t services washit on cop duced market chileas three y for all eco the ct lence flects larly harsh cies the mere fact that perén made such an accuse tion regardless of its truth or falsity is evidence of the extent to which this country in spite of its well intentioned attempts to adhere to a strict policy of nonintervention influences political developments below the border 4 the a.b.c countries it is not surprising that the central american and caribbean countries should accuse the united states of undue influence in their internal affairs that similar resentment has been voiced in argentina and brazil and is latent in chile is an understandable corollary of the new pre ponderant role of the united states in the southem part of the continent brazil and chile have not yet perhaps grasped the full implications of the changes the war effected in their economies and as a matter of fact may not be convinced that these changes f quire a permanent reorientation of their foreign com merce which before the war was divided between which strike lost tk leftist the m rios a annou tions ment with has clalist tion gener thi foreig headqua second c one mon europe and the united states these countries are eager to invite united states capital and technical od also beep so much preement 1 on sey l of 1944 iyang or kai shek last au to know t part in ering to kk months r current of the s that it anger of ina and led with sre is of ill work t china’s kind of hat is of of us is eful not ing con id devel hich we ling eco truction inger ion political ssman to ton poll 1 accusa evidence te of its ct policy opments irprising countries uence in rent has latent in new pre southern not yet changes a matter inges fe ign com between tries are echnical services to assist in their programs of industrializa tion but fearful of the extent to which such assistance may mean an abridgement of their political inde dence this familiar dilemma of the latin amer ican countries is sharpened by the temporary absence of a counterpoise to united states economic influ ence in the shape of european competition chile’s economic problem is particularly delicate at present because of the prevailing tendency to catty economic issues into the political arena where lack of a strong moderating influence between the extreme right and left impedes a stable settlement chile provides one of the most spectacular instances in latin american economic history of dependence on one or two exports namely nitrates and copper this situation promises to continue into the post wat period for there are indications that the gov emment is relying on export taxes partially to finance the loans extended by the united states for the development of new industries the export im rt bank has made available a credit of 5 million toward a public works program and 28 million to watd the purchase of united states materials and services for a new steel plant at concepcién while washington in consideration of chile’s dependence on copper exports is continuing purchases on a re duced scale the permanent outlook for the copper market is uncertain even less clear is the future of chilean nitrates although during the next two or three years chile is assured of a european market for all the fertilizer it can produce economic conditions breed unrest the current wave of strikes accompanied by vio lence in the nitrate copper and coal industries re fects prevailing economic insecurity and particu larly the skyrocketing cost of living in dealing harshly with the chilean confederation of labor which on january 29 called a general sympathy strike with the nitrate unions the administration has lost the support of the democratic alliance of leftist parties successor to the old popular front the moderate radical party to which both president rios and acting president alfredo duhalde belong announced on february 1 that under present condi tions it would refuse to cooperate with the govern ment a new government was formed on february 2 with the participation of the socialists the crisis has however precipitated a split between the so dialist and communist factions in the confedera tion of labor and as a consequence the proposed general strike failed this situation has also exacerbated the sharp page three political division chiefly on the question of national financial policy between the right and the left unless the economic problem is constructively met the possibility of a coup from either extreme must not be ruled out in view of the conservative gains in the congressional elections of 1945 and the advo cacy by some conservative spokesmen of closer po litical and economic relations with argentina it would not be surprising if the parties of the right were to join forces with chile’s young nationalists and with those elements in the army which are in intimate contact with the argentine colonels gov ernment it would not be the first time that a mili tary dictatorship had followed in the wake of eco nomic depression in chile in brazil where a new administration headed by general eurico gaspar dutra took office on january 31 the first such inauguration in twenty years a fresh start toward solving economic and social prob lems is being made under auspices that may prove as uncertain as in chile however at least the peoples of brazil and chile are able to make their opinion known through the medium of free insti tutions and popular elections this cannot be said of argentina where the national elections scheduled for february 24 if held threaten to be a mockery of the democratic process viewed in proper perspective however the ap parent failure in latin american nations of demo cratic institutions as we know them in the united states need not be discouraging nor must the united states refrain from using its undeniable influence for the encouragement of democracy because the charge of intervention may be brought against it if it is true that democracy cannot be imposed from the outside and there are no indications that the united states proposes to do anything of this kind it is also true that political economic and cultural conditions which foster democracy remain to be achieved throughout latin america these nations should feel free to call on the united states as the most advanced american power to help them in creating the kind of environment in which democracy could develop outve holmes the netherlands indies and japan battle on paper 1940 1941 by hubertus j van mook new york norton 1944 2.00 a prominent dutch colonial administrator defends the dutch against charges that they failed to do what they could to defend the netherlands indies against japan the official texts of documents illustrative of japanese attempts at commercial infiltration of the indies add to the value of the book foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 17 faemuary 8 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 fast 38th sereet new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f lert secretary vera micheles dgan editor entered as stcond class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three oe month for change of address on membership publications dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year 81 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor iu h i td i 4 e f if washington news le etter atomic scientists oppose policy of secrecy on bomb in a letter of february 2 to senator mcmahon of connecticut chairman of the senate’s committee on atomic energy president truman expressed him self in favor of entrusting monopoly control of atomic energy to an exclusively civilian board as proposed gn the mcmahon bill s 1717 for the do mestic confrol and development of atomic energy he suggested however that the board be composed of three instead of five members meanwhile secrecy remains our policy while the administration and congress study the treatment of the bomb that would contribute most to general peace and our own security this secrecy has two aspects the army keeps atomic data from united states scientists by compartmentalization which means that scientists attached to one branch of bomb development work do not obtain the know l edge of those attached to other branches and the united states government keeps the data secret from other nations after the navy announced on janu ary 24 that tests of the effect of the bomb on naval vessels would begin in may secretary of state james f byrnes told his press conference on january 29 that he and president truman had agreed that the governments represented on the united nations commission on atomic control should be invited to send observers the house naval affairs commit tee however voted on january 30 to forbid the war and navy departments to disclose any data on the tests that would be prejudicial to united states interests scientists in politics what we eventually decide about secrecy concerning the atomic bomb will depend on the recommendations of both the united nations commission established on january 24 which has no power to force us to yield the secret and the special senate committee on atomic en ergy which resumed its hearings on january 16 many of the physicists doctors of medicine en gineers and other scientists who had a hand in the making of the bomb are fearful of the possible earth shattering consequences of their own work and have turned their attention to politics by pre senting their views to the senate committee to strengthen their influence as politicians a number of them on december 18 founded the federation of atomic scientists whose opinions and findings are publicized through another group the national committee on atomic information both organiza tions have their headquarters in washington the international concern of the members of the wallace has openly opposed secrecy on january 31 i federation was voiced on january 26 by dr harold c urey physicist of the university of chicago who told the women’s patriotic conference on national defense in washington that continued productiog of the bomb by the united states is one of the mos serious obstacles to world cooperation because jt breeds fear instead of the confidence required for an atmosphere of peace scientists in agreement with urey advocate the establishment of a world gover ment as the one means of preventing the disruption of civilization by the bomb they have devised wisely refraining from deprecating the usefulness of the united nations these politically minded scientists contend that unless the world governs itself as 4 whole it may destroy itself yet proposals for world government or even for some reduction of national sovereignty meet with so much resistance both here and abroad that they cannot be regarded as immedi ately practicable the senate committee has asked the federation of atomic scientists to prepare statements on two political problems growing out of the invention of the bomb the technical feasibility of international control of atomic energy and the steps the federa tion thinks should be taken to hasten adoption of international controls the january 10 bulletin of the atomic scientists of chicago reporting on the activities of the federation commented that the longer the setting up and operation of an interna tional inspection system is delayed the more diff cult it becomes to make the system effective disagreement over secrecy the atomic scientists of chicago also said that the maintenance of compartmental secrecy prevents an integrated study of the technical feasibility of inspection one cabinet officer secretary of commerce henry a he told the senate committee we must insist on following the fundamental precepts of scientific freedom and avoid secrecy suppression or com partmentalization of knowledge the men in charge of the manhattan projéct which produced the bomb are reluctant to release all available information among scientists until after security is assured still other scientists see security for all in the very x istence of the bomb on december 3 1945 dr van nevar bush director of the office of scientific re 1918 you xx ecc sta food to than in man se tion pr to incr judged country tion ou drastic 6,000 six mo darker the m from 1 to swe produc wh chief c dent’s despe was n last j the p search of the federal government said i think the coming of the atomic bomb will stop great wars blair bolles +tion n of onal lera 1 of 1 of the the rma liffi ated fer e 946 entered as 2nd class matter an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 18 february 15 1946 u.s moves to relieve starvation abroad ne the fact that more people face starvation and even actual death for want of food today than in any war year and perhaps more than in all the war years combined president tru man set forth on february 6 a nine point conserva tion program by which the united states will strive to increase the amount of food it sends abroad judged by the dietary standards of nearly any other country the restrictions on american food consump tion outlined by the president can hardly be termed drastic one series of controls designed to provide 6,000,000 tons of wheat for europe during the first six months of this year will oblige americans to eat darker bread and fewer pastries and to discontinue the manufacture of alcoholic beverages and beer from wheat another group of restrictions adopted to swell our exports of fats meats oils and dairy products may result in the renewal of meat rationing why are measures so belated the chief question that arises in connection with the presi dent’s food saving program in view of the truly desperate situation which exists abroad is why it was not adopted and put into operation months ago last august when president truman returned from the potsdam conference he described the european food situation in his radio report to the nation and declared we must help to the limits of our strength and we will yet in spite of this pledge no restrictive measures designed to insure its ful fillment were adopted on the contrary lend lease on which many allied countries whose economies had been badly disrupted by the war depended for basic food supplies was abruptly terminated on august 21 and most of our food rationing controls were lifted within three months after v j day meanwhile hunger and destitution have been growing in nearly every allied and liberated nation to some extent responsibility for these conditions rests on various foreign governments for in certain cases their badly conceived and poorly executed con trols have encouraged black markets and in a few instances wholesale redistribution of land has sac rificed immediate agricultural production for long range radical reform but it is man’s ancient enemy the weather rather than any human errors that has brought so large a part of the world to the brink of famine on the continent and in north africa the wheat crop on which millions of europeans normally depend for the bread that is the mainstay of their diet has suffered from the worst drought in fifty years other weather factors have so greatly impaired crops in argentina south africa and australia normally among the leading granaries of the world that only the united states and can ada have any considerable amount of wheat on hand and to make the world food picture still darker there have been predictions of famine in india which may affect many miiliouws of people by next summer coming only three years after the bengal famine of 1943 which took a minimum of 1,000,000 lives another indian famine would have grave ef fects on the already low physical strength of the in dian people and presumably would produce far reaching political repercussions in view of facts like these which have been known for months it was hardly necessary to await the grim report on february 6 of the emergency economics committee for europe to learn that 140,000,000 europeans are subsisting on less food per person than is needed for health sustaining purposes neither was it necessary to wait until sir ben smith british minister of food warned parliament early this month that britain must return to its lowest wartime rations or until france faced its present acute food contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association shortages to discover that the european food prob lem has developed into a near catastrophe why hasn’t unrra done the job many americans have had the impression that the united states by means of its participation in unrra has been sending enough food abroad to insure minimum health standards to all allied coun tries in need of relief this however is not the case unrra s resources are available only to those lib erated peoples whose governments announce their inability to finance their own immediate relief needs at the moment unrra’s european operations are confined to greece yugoslavia albania czecho slovakia italy poland the ukraine and byelo russia in the far east only china is being sup plied from this source moreover even within the restricted area of unrra’s operations relief work has often been handicapped by lack of sup plies this does not mean of course that continued american support of unrra is not needed and it is to be hoped that this organization will now be able to secure more supplies in this country but it is equally imperative that additional aid be made available to non unrra countries which presum ably have funds to pay and are eager to help them selves that the united states has nevertheless waited until now to take strong action on the world food crisis appears to have been due in part to the belief in washington that this country had such great quantities of grain in reserve that restrictions on do mestic consumption would not be needed to assure a surplus for foreign distribution it has long been clear however that this assumption was fallacious for the united states has been consistently failing to page two a meet its monthly commitments to various allied pg tions for grain exports it should be noted in fag that the new food conservation program is designed solely to fulfill commitments that were made month ago are americans unwilling to help the main reason the administration has been tardy in taking steps to implement its reiterated promises to help fulfill foreign food requirements has apparently been its belief that the people of this country were unwilling or unprepared to continue wartime sacrifices once the war was over that there is some basis for this belief it would be impossible to deny in the face of widespread complaints that the united states has already done more than enough for foreigners it would be unrealistic how ever to overlook the existence of other americans who are not only ready but eager to help shoulder the responsibilities of the united states as a major world power in fact it is partly because more than 40 organizations representing women and labor have indicated their conviction that the united states should follow up military victory with measures for relief and reconstruction that the present food con servation program has finally been inaugurated among the most important leaders in this effort has been the league of women voters members of the league have succeeded in building up in their local communities a politically effective body of opinion that is willing to accept enforced food restrictions at home to relieve desperate needs abroad in this way the league and other citizen groups have trans lated their belief in international cooperation into concrete action on the basic human problem of food winifred n hadsel debates in uno help clarify role of security council the first session of the united nations organiza tion was forced by circumstances to work out its procedure in the full glare of the world publicity given to iran’s appeal to the security council against intervention by russia and the charges brought by the u.s.s.r and the ukrainian republic against britain in greece and indonesia the knottiest pro cedural question raised in the course of blunt de bates between british foreign secretary bevin and russia's foreign vice commissar vishinsky was whether a country that brings to the council’s atten tion a situation which in its opinion constitutes a threat to international peace and security thereby becomes a party to a dispute if that is the case that country would be disqualified under the provisions of the uno charter both from voting and if one of the big five from using the veto power while peaceful methods of dealing with the dispute are under discussion in the council paragraph 1 ar ticle 35 of the charter invoked by iran the u.s.s.r and the ukrainian republic states that any mem ber of the united nations may bring to the attention of the security council or the general assembly any dispute or any situation which as defined in article 34 might lead to international friction or give rise to a dispute iran’s appeal against russia clearly involved a dispute between the two countries but did russia when it charged that the presence of british troops in greece constituted a threat to peace thereby become party to a dispute with britain and also with the greek government which contends that british troops are in greece with its consent when does a charge become a dis pute mr norman makin of australia president of the security council acted at first on the assump tion that no dispute was involved russia therefore appeared within its rights in seeking to vote on the matter when mr bevin demanded that the council acquit britain of the charge made by mr vishinsky subsequently when it became evident that a major a ity of clear er y the se proce stain pacifi russ dispu boun becon wi tial v gree of th to dr uatio or gi been ing gued the p it mi whic bers pute it to will men imp natic whic takis org if brin the part vok whc pare sma disc alsc is eno in or thr rel for cor for heac secor one 4 ned nths lp ated em ion any icle rise arly but of ace and hat is lent np re the ncil bw 181 ity of the members of the council were prepared to dear britain russia threatened to use its veto pow er yet article 27 of the charter provides that when the security council debates decisions on other than procedural matters a party to a dispute shall ab stain from voting as long as the council discusses pacific settlement of disputes if it is assumed that russia’s charge against britain on greece produced a dispute then clearly both britain and russia were bound to abstain from voting when does a charge become a dispute while mr makin has been criticized for his ini tial view of the issue raised by russia’s charge on greece his position can be justified by the wording of the charter for articles 34 and 35 clearly seek to draw a distinction between a dispute and a sit uation which might lead to international friction or give rise to a dispute why would it not have been correct to regard russia’s charge as constitut ing a situation as a matter of fact it may be ar gued that it was russia which originally confused the procedure by speaking of a threat to peace when it might more accurately have referred to a situation which might cause international friction if mem bers of the united nations must wait until a dis pute threatening peace has arisen before they call it to the attention of the security council conditions will probably have reached the point where settle ment by peaceful means will prove difficult if not impossible the most important thing is to give nations the opportunity of discussing situations which while not yet at the stage where a dispute is taking place call for action by the united nations organization if every time a member of the united nations brings a situation it regards as a threat to peace to the attention of the security council it becomes a party to a dispute small nations will hesitate to in voke paragraph 1 of article 35 but great powers who want to annoy each other will make use of that paragraph on the ground that they are defending small nations or dependent peoples while this may discourage flimsy charges by small nations it will also discourage the free and fearless discussion that is essential to the success of the uno nor is it enough to say that russia’s charge about the british in greece was either a figment of its imagination or the fruit of propaganda for both imagined threats and propagation of ideas affect international telations just as much as tangible factors like armed force or economic pressure and must be taken into consideration page three what is nature of security council the security council obviously is not a judicial body even if it be regarded as an administrative body clothed with semi judicial functions at certain stages of the process of peaceful settlement of dis putes provided for in the charter it is at the same time a political body which when peaceful pro cedures fail is empowered to adopt sanctions up to and including the use of armed force against a nation designated as an aggressor if a judicial decision is desired then the parties to a dispute must have re course to the international court of justice whose fifteen members were appointed last week by the general assembly it is conceivable that the court could have been asked to rule on certain points in the iranian greek and indonesian situations espe cially those involving disputed interpretation of documents and statements some published others unpublished but in essence all three cases were po litical not justiciable in character and required the kind of political or one might call it parliamentary discussion accorded to them in the security council if that is the case then it may well be that the council should restudy its rules of procedure to bring them into closer conformity with procedure familiar to parliamentary bodies members of the united nations might then be free to discuss what ever worries are on their minds as members of parliament do in the british house of commons without thereby being regarded as having provoked a dispute of major proportions and points of dis agreement could be referred to fact finding commis sions for report to the council any investigating commission however to be truly fact finding should as mr stettinius said on february 11 be com posed of impartial persons chosen for their com petence who would represent not individual coun tries but the council itself then the tendency displayed by the great powers during the first ses sion of the uno to force the security council to hand down either an indictment or an acquittal just as if it were a court of law which it clearly is not could be checked and the council could function as it has already shown signs of doing as a sounding board for the conscience of mankind vera micheles dean pioneer settlement in the asiatic tropics by karl j pelzer new york american geographical society 1945 5.00 land utilization and the problems of agricultural coloni zation in the philippines and netherlands east indies dis cussed in detail foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 18 february 15 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 fast 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotruy f lest secretary vera michetes dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 one month for change of address on membership publications 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor coh arerr ae washington news letter administration campaigns for approval of loan to britain since president truman on january 30 requested congress to approve the 3,750,000,000 loan his ad ministration tentatively offered the united kingdom on december 7 federal government officials respon sible to the president have been considering the loan’s political implications on our foreign relations in some quarters in washington the question is be ing raised whether the united states will be drawn into a long term partnership with britain at the ex pense of other members of the united nations if britain alone receives a large loan from this country congressional opposition to loan secretary of state byrnes strongly upheld the necessity of extending credit to britain at a din ner of the foreign policy association in new york on february 11 the secretary noted that from the point of view of international economics a sound argument can be made for singling out britain as the recipient of a large loan the united kingdom depends on imports to keep its economy in sound condition it lacks the dollars it needs to purchase goods in the united states and unless this country helps it may be unable to finance its transi tion from war to peace without placing further re strictions on world trade the proposed british loan is part of the united states general program for the restoration of international commerce to a prominent place in our own economy and that of other coun tries since this country and the united kingdom are the principal trading nations of the world our com mercial interests offer compelling reasons for lend ing to britain before lending to any other nation especially on the terms outlined in the draft loan agreement which bind britain to lower its imperial preferences and loosen its hold on the sterling area the treasury is preparing a memorandum suggest ing that the united states adopt a program of gen eral international lending to other leading countries as well as britain and make loans not through the export import bank whose lending capacity is lim ited by statute but through the treasury mean while however congressional opposition to lending money to foreign governments is so strong that one suggestion which high administration officials are considering as a possible way of improving the chances of the loan in house and senate is an agree ment to negotiate no other treasury loans those who oppose the loan maintain that the interest of the united states in insuring repayment from britain might cause this country to take the british side in all international disputes regardless of the merits of g given controversy they hold moreover that a loan to britain alone would leave the world beset by eco nomic problems that would disturb our own stability while agreeing that economic stability cannot be recovered so long as international trade is paralyzed they believe recovery will also be impeded so long as france russia china and other countries suffer from actual or potential inflation and a scarcity of goods that can be rectified only by borrowing the dilemma of the administration has become apparent to congress on january 31 representative j parnell thomas republican of new jersey wrote president truman i hope that in recommending the loan to the united kingdom you are taking into consideration possible demands from other nations and likewise the embarrassment which would ac crue to us were we to grant a loan to the united kingdom and not one to russia and the other pow ers the one intangible issue at stake is whether the united states by making a single loan would thereby provide a nucleus for a western bloc of pow ers at the same time the administration is not now persuaded that it would be wise to let britain suffer for lack of dollars simply because congress will not make dollars available to other countries in large supply lending policy needs definition since the house committee on banking and cur rency will not take up the loan message at least until it has dealt with the bill extending the life of the office of price administration and since the house itself will not begin to debate the loan before the last of march at the earliest the administration has several weeks in which to make up its mind on its lending policy this delay may enable the administration to per suade public opinion to support the british loan a majority of the letters congressmen now receive at tack the loan but an increasing number of news papers back it uncertainty about the decision con gress will finally make perturbs the british govert ment it has accepted the invitation of the united states to attend the conference at wilmington island georgia on march 8 that is to establish the international monetary fund and the international bank for reconstruction and development in a cordance with the terms of the bretton woods agree ments but britain is doubtful whether it can partic pate in the fund and bank unless it receives the loaa blair bolles 191 +ee tain rits of a at a loan t by eco stability annot be aralyzed so long ies suffer arcity of ng s become sentative ey wrote mending king into r nations vould ac e united ther pow whether n would c of pow 3 not now ain suffer s will not in large nition and cur at least he life of since the an before inistration mind on on to per h loan a receive at of news ision con hh govern he united ilmington ablish the ernational nt in ac ods agree an partic s the loaf bolles feb 2 6 lv4e prrigoe al kgom g bnbral library waly of micu entered as 2nd class matter general library t os wa valversity of michigan ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 19 february 22 1946 eg stalin’s speech of february 9 on the eve of the first elections held in the u.s.s.r since 1938 has been the subject of far ranging speculation by western commentators some of whom have interpreted it as a warlike challenge to the western powers and a repudiation of the uno most such speculation has failed to take into account the fact that this was a political campaign speech and as such bore marks of the boastful attitude that politicians in all ages and all lands reserve for such occasions the burden of stalin’s speech was justifica tion not merely of the policies pursued by the com munist party to achieve military victory but far more significantly of the contributions made to victory by the party’s industrial and agricultural program as embodied in successive five year plans it was hardly to be expected that stalin would laud the capitalist system since he and his associates regard the soviet system as superior while stalin’s explana tion of the origins of world war ii reverted to the usual schematic phrases about the warlike character of capitalist economy he did point out to his listeners the special totalitarian teatures of the axis powers and the anti fascist sentiments that united russia with other countries fighting a liberating war his failure to mention the contribution made by the western powers to soviet victories in terms of food and war equipment was ungracious but the tempta tion to take full credit for the military prowess of a nation which as late as 1941 was held in contempt abroad is not easy to resist stress on domestic problems stalin however was concerned in this speech primarily with domestic rather than foreign affairs russia must now resume its huge task of construction where it left off when it was invaded by germany in 1941 with the added handicaps of wholesale u.s and russia must overcome mutual suspicions devastation of german occupied areas and losses of population estimated at some twenty million the soviet government cannot offer its war weary people rosy dreams of a streamlined utopia like those con jured up by enthusiastic american advertisers the generation brought up under the soviet system has known great hardships and grave physical and spir itual strain it must be bluntly told to prepare for more of the same it is natural under the circum stances that stalin should want to stress the value of the sacrifices made in the past the results he thinks speak for themselves first of all quantita tively in numbers of planes guns tanks armored cars and other war material and in the amounts of food that he contends only collective farms could have produced in sufficient quantities the fact that like president kalinin last fall he makes a special effort to explain why heavy industry had to be given prece dence over the production of consumers goods may be regarded as an answer to soldiers returning from occupied countries who are urging prompt improve ments in living standards it is in this connection too that stalin strikes the most optimistic note rationing he says will be abolished in the very near future although he neglected to say that the adoption of this measure at a time when much of europe is gravely under nourished is facilitated by the presence of nearly two and a half million russian soldiers in eastern europe and the balkans where they live off the land some of it the richest grain growing land on the continent special attention stalin adds will be focused on expanding the production of goods for mass con sumption on raising the standard of life of the work ing people by consistent and systematic reduction of the cost of all goods and on wide scale construction of all kinds of scientific research institutes to enable contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association a a ays a ou mi rt di i ft science to develop its forces stalin however takes pride in other than material achievements the communists he contends no longer distrust non party russians times have changed and both communists and non party people are fulfilling one common task he also be lieves that the multi national soviet state has suc cessfully stood the test of war and has effectively solved the national problem and the problem of collaboration among nations stalin’s emphasis on the multi national character of the soviet state is not a defiance of uno as it has been interpreted in some quarters rather it should be studied in con nection with the emphasis placed by pope pius xii on the supranational universality of the catholic church in his december 24 allocution announcing the appointment of an unprecedentedly large num ber of non italians to the sacred college of cardinals is russia a menace is russia in the light of this speech to be considered a menace to the world is the only recourse of the united states as some seemingly responsible americans aver to arm grimly for world war iii this time with russia as the enemy much evidence can be adduced in sup port of an alarmist attitude the disclosure in can ada of a leakage of secret information presumably about the atomic bomb or radar to russian agents russia’s reported demands in manchuria and iran and sensational rumors about a projected seiz ure of trieste by russian backed yugoslavs what here is false what true to what extent are we and the russians becoming the victims of our own imagi nations the efforts of the western powers to preserve the secret of the atomic bomb regarded by all allied scientists as futile was bound to encourage spying a pursuit which is not praiseworthy but can hard ly be regarded as a russian peculiarity the rus sians are clearly determined to get all the advantages they can during this period of transition when no page two nation least of all the united states has crystallize its policy at the same time russia has given the western powers a weapon of debate that it mug not be surprised to see turned against it for if the presence of british troops in greece and indonesig constitutes a threat to peace as russian foreign vice commissar vishinsky argued so does the pres ence of russian troops in manchuria but we mus not forget that we too have troops on chinese soil for our part if we want to check the russians we must clarify our aims in contested areas the yugo slavs are known to have designs on trieste there is nothing new in that and russia has lon wanted to achieve influence in the mediterranean but on the other hand the western allies have not been completely free of contacts with anti russian elements in europe and especially ig italy where italian nationalist sentiment about trieste finds common ground with the vatican's de nunciation of russian totalitarianism and britain's natural desire to maintain its mediterranean life line mutual suspicions create an atmosphere favorable to war the wisest thing we can all do today is to air our respective suspicions and make no bones about our respective grievances a good start in that direction was made in the uno security counail where russia far from being lackadaisical took an active part in all debates and helped to get the dis cussion on a realistic basis russia will continue to make a strong two fold appeal because of its reiter ated sympathy for colonial peoples and the success of its multi national system emphasized by stalin but surely the united states can meet russia's chal lenge on these two points provided we actively champion the cause of dependent nations which we have recently failed to do and strengthen at home the institutions that have made it possible for people from all lands to find here a common heritage of democracy vera micheles dean threat of famine sharpens political issues in india the danger of famine and the sharp political issues now shaping up in india threaten before many months have passed to produce a crisis more ex plosive than any britain has faced since the end of the war with germany and japan india with its 400,000,000 people is the heart of the british em pire the most important overseas base of britain’s position as a world power consequently what hap pens there overshadows the many conflicts admit tedly significant in themselves that have arisen in the leyarit greece indonesia egypt and other areas of british imperial interest famine faces 100,000,000 how important india is in human terms is clear from the fact that more than 100,000,000 people are facing the prospect of famine or at best a most stringent and dire shortage of food as a result of a serious cyclone and drought in the south and failure of the rains in northwest india the central plateau area and prov inces of bombay and madgas are seriously affected while the punjab and sind will not yield their usual surplus of wheat and rice in announcing on february 16 that the daily cereals ration would be cut to 12 ounces per person in the urban areas in which f tioning is applied viscount wavell viceroy of india declared that india was some 3,000,000 tons short of its food requirements the government of india is approaching the food problem on two fronts through internal measurés such as the ration cut just mentioned it is seeking to stretch existing supplies at the same time it addressing a special appeal to the authorities in lom don anc in was abroad delegat js weal foremc ticipate dence missior foc tion w all the towarc and pc held ir by 2 p cuts a demor same the lez travel depen crisis ind on mz been famin from prope be re betwe to a ure c situat conte when ganiz a rou semb beng ing t the restr whil pore headq second one m ss rystallized given the t it must for if the indonesig 7 foreign the pres we must inese soil sians we he yugo e there has long erranean lies have vith anti cially in nt about ican’s de britain's nean life favorable day is to no bones rt in that council took an t the dis ntinue to its reiter 1e success y stalin sia’s chal actively which we at home or people ritage of dean s cyclone rains in ind prov affected eir usual february cut to 12 vhich fa ceroy of 000 tons the food neasures seeking ime it is s in lom don and to the members of the combined food board in washington for a larger allotment of grain from abroad it is worth noting however that the indian delegation which will come before the food board js weak politically since the congress party india’s foremost nationalist organization declined to par ticipate on the ground that it could place no confi dence in the government selected personnel of the mission food and politics the economic situa tion will inevitably fan the fires of political unrest all the more so since india has long been heading toward a new political crisis the interplay of food and politics is indicated by the general strike recently held in the textile center of allahabad accompanied by a parade of 50,000 persons protesting food ration cuts and by the protest meeting of 100,000 persons demonstrating on the food issue in cawnpore at the same time jawaharlal nehru second to gandhi in the leadership of the nationalist movement has been traveling about india urging the necessity of full in dependence and of strong popular action in the food crisis india of course has seethed with political unrest on many occasions and the ravages of famine have been felt before most recently in the terrible bengal famine of 1943 but the current situation differs from previous ones because desperate economic propects coincide with a political crisis it will be recalled for example that when differences between britain and the indian nationalists came to a head in the summer of 1942 after the fail ure of the cripps mission an unusual economic situation was not present to reinforce political dis content similarly at the time of the bengal famine when economic issues became unusually serious or ganized political discontent was at low ebb to draw a rough analogy then the impending situation re sembles what india might have experienced if the bengal famine had coincided with the crisis follow ing the failure of the cripps proposals moreover the fact that the war is over tends to lessen the restraints on indian activity against british rule while for the first time in many years not only the members of the congress party but non congress moslems are in motion as recent anti british riots by moslems in calcutta indicate congress and moslem league on the other hand sharp differences of view between the congress party and the moslem league leading po litical organization of the indian moslems may strengthen the british position the main objective page three of the league and its president mohammed ali jinnah is to create two independent moslem states to which the name pakistan would be given in the predominantly moslem areas of northwestern and northeastern india to the congress which advo cates a united india pakistan is unacceptable this clash of views of course is not new but a change has occurred in the bargaining position of the league whereas five years ago the league was an organization claiming to represent all moslems but actually possessing only a small body of supporters today it unquestionably has a mass following exact ly how large this following is remains to be demon strated in the elections now going on in india the first phase of the indian voting was com pleted in the latter part of last year with the elec tion of a new central legislative assembly this body has very limited powers and is selected by an extremely small number of voters but it is signifi cant that both the congress party and the moslem league won important victories of 102 elected members of the assembly 56 belong to the con gress and 30 to the moslem league and the new president of the body is a congress representative of much more moment however are the provincial elections which start this month and end in april it is on the basis of the provincial elections that the british will seek to establish an all party viceroy’s executive council and to convoke a constitution making body to draw up an indian constitution whether the british proposals on these matters will be acceptable to the congress party remains to be seen and jinnah has declared that the league will not agree to a single constitutional body or a single transitional government preceding independence since either of these would militate against the achievement of pakistan at the moment of course the political and eco nomic crisis in india is still a potential one much will depend on the actual evolution of food policy the quantity of grain imports assigned to india and the policies of britain the congress party and the moslem league but it is already clear that the stage is being set for one of the major struggles of the post war years lawrence k rosinger the peoples of malaysia by fay cooper cole new york van nostrand 1945 4.00 written by an anthropologist who lived for five and a half years among the peoples he describes this book is a valuable and entertaining portrayal of the physical char acteristics living habits and social customs of the natives of british malaya the dutch east indies and the philip pines foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 19 fesruary 22 1946 published weekly by the fereign policy asseciation incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new yerk 16 n y franx ross mccoy president dororuy f lugt secretary vera mice es dean eaitor enrered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the pest office at new york n y umder the act of march 3 1879 one month for change ef address on membership publications three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dellars a year bio produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter u.s prestige in china impaired by secret pact on manchuria the disclosure on february 11 that in a secret agreement concluded at yalta exactly a year before the united states and britain had recognized special privileges for the soviet union in manchuria has placed on this country new responsibility to har monize the conflicting interests of china and russia and assure porn stability in an area which was the scene of japan’s initial attack on china stabil ity in manchuria is threatened anew first because russia has maintained troops there beyond febru aty 1 the date on which after chungking’s request for delay it had agreed to withdraw and second because ome persist that the soviet government is now ing to obtain from china economic ad vantages exceeding those it had claimed under the yalta agreement the main provisions of this agree ment it will be recalled had been embodied in the treaty of friendship and alliance concluded by russia and china on august 14 1945 russia’s old privileges restored the secret agreement affecting manchuria which secre tary of state james f byrnes announced promised the restoration of privileges russia had lost to japan partly as a result of its defeat in the russo japanese war of 1904 05 and partly through japan’s conquest of manchuria in 1931 32 the agreement provided for powerful russian participation in the administra tion of the port of dairen the leasing to russia of port arthur as a naval base and the establishment of a joint chinese russian company to operate the chinese eastern and south manchuria railroads to see this agreement in perspective it must be borne in mind that in 1898 russia had obtained from china a 25 year lease of the liaotung peninsula on which dairen and port arthur are located but was forced to surrender the lease to japan under the terms of the 1905 treaty of portsmouth more over russia had built the chinese eastern railroad in the nineteenth century and had constructed the south manchuria railroad from changchun to dairen when it became involved in war with ja in 1904 05 russia thus enjoyed before world war i most of the privileges whose restoration was as sured by the yalta agreement at the time of the bolshevik revolution of november 1917 however the soviet leaders who then vigorously opposed ter ritorial annexations and imperialist pete re pudiated the tsarist treaties which had given russia special rights in china secret diplomacy the main question is not see l k rosi chinese sovier pact fosvers big pour unity in far east foreign polity bulletin august 31 1945 whether russia is entitled to claim certain special privileges on chinese territory or even whether these ke privileges violate chinese sovereignty over man churia the united states maintains a naval base at guantanamo bay without apparently feeling that it violates the sovereignty of cuba and expects to maintain a naval base in the philippines even when the islands have achieved independence where the yalta agreement is open to criticism is that it was x concluded without the consent or knowledge of china whose territorial interests it directly affects the agreement thus marks a return to the kind of secret diplomacy president wilson denounced dur 44 ing world war i diplomacy which at that time produced the secret treaty of london between the western powers and italy as in the case of that treaty the fact that military commitments were in volved was regarded as a justification of secrecy but 4 while the treaty of london promised italy a share of enemy turkish and austrian territory in return for ment month italy’s entrance into the war on the side of the allies the yalta agreement promised russia in return for 4 its entrance into the war against japan certain porte rights on territory belonging to one of our allies it is true that china accepted in the treaty of last y august the same terms as those embodied in the 1 yalta agreement but while t v soong president of the executive yuan who signed that treaty on chinas behalf may have learned of the existence of the yalta terms during his negotiations the chinese gov 1 ernment was apparently not informed of these terms 45 in advance and the world in general was kept in ig norance until the secret agreement was simultane oe ously announced last week in washington and lon don chin the question then is not whether china will accept the yalta terms it did so in august but what effect mr byrnes revelation will have on fu ture relations between the united states russia p ol and china the agreement makes us the chinese people feel that the meaning of friendship between us as allies no longer exists the chungking radio said in a broadcast to the united states on febru ary 13 when the united states and britain offered disy russia concessions at china’s expense they were d0 4 ing so for a purpose they considered of paramount immediate importance russia’s participation in waf jj against japan now the western powers are fac of with the question whether the price paid at that time may not cost them heavily in terms of china's cot fidence and good will blair bolles +mak 2 4 4949 ge ___ entered as 2nd class matter sisson 20m neral library eure al live art 1946 wav of p jo iyvarett tevorsity of michigan a ann arbor mich foreign policy bulletin ts to an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association when foreign policy association incorporated e the 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y a vout xxv no 20 march 1 1946 re of fects re 1s a nd of manchurian settlement essential for chinese unity dur he accord signed in chungking on february 25 is no doubt whatever that the chinese public has time providing for the unification of central govern felt a real sense of bitterness and concern over m the ment and communist forces over the next eighteen the situation in the north astern provinces but that months is an impor when this reaction is fe i tant contribution to accompanied by the a ward long term unity raymond leslie buell smashing of the iré 0 in china yet serious 1896 1946 chungking editorial n f thies obstacles face those the new york herald tribune commenting on the death of office of the liberal s who wish to carry out raymond leslie buell in its issue of february 21 made the following democratic lea gue n for statement mr buell probably attained his greatest public recogni wie ll il the new pact the re tion through his activities with the foreign policy association one ne spaper as we aa ported russian eco of the nation’s leading agencies in directing study to international as the communist illies problems ie f last oe e ak nds in raymond buell came to the ping in in pe er a i aig ris anchuria ave not intellectual powers and he gave us of his best through twelve fruitfu ecomes ciear 1 the years the research department had been a going concern since 1923 ca nt of only aroused genuine operating on a very limited budget mr buell expanded its scope other factors are in ela chinese apprehension engendering on the part of on eed and ee y that volved the trend to ae fs were contagious the weekly conferences became exciting and even e the iv i ng ri eto highly controversial for buell was provocative and enjoyed the chal ward violence more chiang kai shek’s dec lenging of opinions including his own oe he was rey ag ev over is not traceable zov laration of februa with a scorn of compromise which time alone tempered yet he he lely t the man ty himself and hi i he objecti haling of fact slay ae erms imse lf and his associates to the objective marshaling of facts 25 that negotiations in those early years there was a boyishness about him which dis churian issue for on in 1 must be based on chi armed those inclined to stand in awe of his erudition his explosive february 10 before tane rh ideas and his almost superhuman capacity for work he was generous chi m lon nese law the chinese in his appreciation of the contribution by women in the of ines sovi international relations in the choice of his associates his judgment opinion had become 4 pact and was unerring today every one of the original group he selected holds p a d il will china’s international an important position in the field of foreign affairs or higher education in ame an a party treaties but appar when buell became president of the fpa in iy he co meeting in chungking but of being easily accessible to every member of the staff holding n fur ently are also being that if any one had a grievance or better still a bright idea he to celebrate the recent used to the full by wanted to know it many a staff member had reason to appreciate his unity pact was broken ussia right win elements warmth of heart and his sympathy in time of illness or personal sorrow up and some of inese g raymond buell was a man of rare scholarship creative imagination oe lib in chungking who op and rugged character he died in his fiftieth year with much that he china's foremost ween pose the kuomintang longed to achieve unattained deeply loyal in his affections and always eral leaders were se radio pinmunist unity ine yr ys wi sense of public service he wanted to live but faced verely beaten both fn p eath unafraid on cord according to esther g ogden this case and in the 7 do spatches from the smashing of its news y chinese capital the struggle between pro and paper office on february 22 the democratic league a anti unity views within the government seems has charged kuomintang elements with responsi ikely to reach a climax at the march 1 meeting bility aced time of the kuomintang central executive committee china’s internal situation and its relations with con manchuria in china’s politics there the u.s.s.r are of grave concern to the united es contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association states for this country’s interests require that china be spared the ravages of another civil war and that manchuria be under chinese sovereignty general marshall's mission unquestionably has tended to les sen the danger of civil conflict which was acute last fall but fighting between chinese forces is now going on in manchuria despite the general cessation of armed conflict elsewhere it is a noteworthy fact that while unity has pro gressed in chungking kuomintang communist re lations in manchuria are in roughly the same state as they were in embattled north china only a few months ago yet it is obviously impossible to achieve genuine unity in chungking nanking or peiping if it does not exist in the northeast for manchuria with a population of more than 40,000 000 a sizable fraction of the country’s area and the preponderant part of china’s modern industry is the kind of exception that can break any rule it is true that the kuomintang communist accord on the unification and reorganization of china’s armies in cludes manchuria and assigns a preponderant role in that region to the central forces yet the basic political issues in manchuria remain unsettled and some decision will have to be reached on the communist demand voiced by a yenan spokesman on february 14 that in taking over manchuria the central government give fair and effective repre sentation to all parties and groups recognize and cooperate with anti japanese forces in the area rec ognize all democratic county governments re strict its own forces entering manchuria to a stipu lated strength in view of the work of local troops in maintaining peace and forbid the use of puppet troops in the area according to the communists a democratic joint army of almost 300,000 exists in manchuria in areas neither garrisoned nor evacu ated by the russians larger issues at stake the manchurian situation however cannot be fully understood un page two less it is viewed as part of a much larger asiatic realm stretching from kamchatka to indonesia ang from the u.s.s.r to the pacific islands formerly under japanese mandate if this vast region is studied as the unit that it actually is then it is clear that ip the past six months both the united states and the soviet union have been seeking to fill the vacuum left by japan’s defeat this country for example has retained hold of the pacific islands established its dominance in japan occupied southern korea and maintained an important force of marines in china at the same time russia has been incorporating the kuriles and southern sakhalin re acquiring rights it once possessed in manchuria and occupying north korea while the russians would like to secure a powerful economic role in manchuria the united states has been moving toward a dominant position in the chinese central government’s plans for eco nomic development the general effect however justified or natural any individual action may be is to create two power zones and to raise on a larger scale but in less obvious form the problem of zonal conflict that a kuomintang communist civil war would create for american soviet relations the manchurian question is thus intimately re lated to the general evolution not only of china but of the post war far east as a whole the first two prerequisites of peace would seem to be 1 the achievement of a progressive chinese agreement con cerning manchuria by applying to that area the prin ciples of the unity accord of january 31 covering the rest of china and 2 the withdrawal of all foreign troops russian american and japanese from china at the earliest possible date although in numerable other problems exist these measures would at least create a basis for the growth of a_ single chinese government sovereign throughout china and unhampered by the political influence of foreign forces on its soil lawrence k rosinger can arab demands be reconciled with great power security is the presence of foreign troops on a country’s soil a threat to peace this question already raised in iran greece and indonesia is posed again by events in egypt syria and lebanon in the eastern mediterranean crossroads of three continents and battleground of many peoples on february 23 at a mass meeting of 10,000 egyptian students a two week truce was called in the bloody anti british riot ing of recent weeks but a spokesman for a national committee of students and workers threatened to organize student fighting forces to expel the brit ish if they have not evacuated egypt by the time the truce ends anti british rioting in egypt the british remain in egypt by virtue of a 1936 treaty authorizing the maintenance of 10,000 troops and 400 royal air force pilots with auxiliary personnel traditional egyptian suspicions of britain have been exacerbated by the current intensification of arab nationalism the food shortage and accompanying in flation and the confused egyptian political situation in which nationalists no longer in power are trying to make political capital by playing on anti british prejudice britain's delay in answering an egyptian note of december 20 which had asked for a revision of the 1936 treaty aroused the egyptian press to de mand unsuccessfully that the government appeal if necessary to the united nations organization egyp tian nationalists want not only the complete with drawal of british troops but incorporation of the anglo egyptian sudan into egyptian territory con trol of the suez canal and territorial concessions im hea 8 8 nel rab 7 tion ying itish tian sion de 1 if byp rith con s in the former italian possessions of cyrenaica and eritrea the british hard pressed in greece indonesia and elsewhere delivered a conciliatory reply on january 26 agreeing to review the 1936 treaty on a footing of full and free partnership as between equals that the egyptians considered this an evasion was revealed by an outbreak of violence on february 9 which cul minated in another cabinet crisis and the resigna tion of prime minister nokrashy pasha’s coalition government six days later with considerable difh culty 71 year old ismail sidky pasha succeeded in forming a new ministry while the british announced on february 18 the replacement of their unpopular ambassador lord killearn by sir ronald ian camp bell a personal friend of the new prime minister these changes seemed to prepare the way for treaty negotiations but student demonstrations continued in a bloody general strike on february 21 during which according to an egyptian official 14 persons were killed and 123 injured strong warnings by the egyptian government have persuaded the national ists to postpone until march 4 a nation wide general strike to commemorate the victims of february 21 meanwhile representatives of the arab states de cided on february 25 to bring the anglo egyptian dispute before the march meeting of the arab league council uno discusses levant issue although the presence of british and french troops in syria and lebanon has produced no such turmoil in recent months the syrians and lebanese did bring the issue before the uno on february 5 when they asked the security council to recommend the total and simultaneous evacuation of the troops of both pow ets a london paris pact of december 13 1945 had already provided for withdrawal but the last troops were not to leave until the uno had made arrange page three recent fpa publications china as a post war market by l k rosinger u.s policy in europe by vera micheles dean a new britain under labor by grant s mcclellan turkey between two world wars by john k birge palestine and america’s role in the middle east by grant s mcclellan 25c each foreign policy reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to fpa members 3 ments for collective security in the levant moreover subsequent franco british negotiations for the start of troop withdrawals bogged down because the french declared they had assumed the british forces would withdraw to palestine whereas the british in tended to regroup their forces in lebanon along with the french until the desired collective security system was established a general strike in protest against continued occupation was then staged in damascus aleppo and beirut on january 3 british and french troops remained however and syrian and lebanese delegates carried the case to the uno according to one report denied by the syrian premier syria had received a written promise of russian support in the security council whether this rumor was true or not the soviet union did help to the extent of veto ing on february 16 at the last session of the security council a compromise united states proposal which even the syrian and lebanese delegates had pro nounced acceptable french foreign minister georges bidault told a press conference the follow ing day that french and british troops would with draw but that a collective security system would be a prerequisite to evacuation and that nobody but france could be in charge of such a system the area of the near and middle east lying be tween the dardanelles and the suez canal is of such vital strategic importance that the great powers which have interests in that region will continue to try to maintain military establishments there what is needed is an arrangement that will prevent the presence of foreign troops from becoming a threat to the peace the wisest approach to the problem would be the internationalization of strategic points like the dardanelles and suez under an effective united nations organization if such an arrange ment proves impossible sharp conflicts between the great powers whether verbal or military must be anticipated the russians want not only control of the dardanelles but influence over neighboring tur key at present turkey is within the british sphere which partly explains russia's support of syria and lebanon the stand taken by russia in the security council is one of many indications that it is seeking to win over the arabs isolating them from the turks confronted by russia’s aspirations britain which feels that its empire is again threatened is trying to revise its relations with the countries along its mediterranean life line in such a way as to satisfy their nationalist desires and at the same time pre serve its own security vernon mckay foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 20 marcu 1 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micue.es dean editor entered as scond class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one month for change of address on membership publications three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year be produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor 2 wes washington news letter u.s delay on atomic policy contributes to world unrest the special senate committee on atomic energy has begun to debate the gravest question affecting united states foreign policy have international re lations deteriorated to such an extent that this coun try should devote its main efforts to making itself militarily secure against all possible emergencies or is the current state of tension a passing phase of post war political readjustment whose termination the united states can hasten by demonstrating its con fidence in the united nations organization as a safeguard of national security the immediate issue at stake is how we shall control the development and use of atomic energy civilian or military control on february 19 the senate concluded the hearings on atomic control legislation which opened on novem ber 27 1945 the committee is now debating whether it will recommend to the senate the may johnson bill which would direct the president to establish a control commission empowered to deal with atomic energy as a primarily military question or the mcmahon or ball bills which call for the establishment of a civilian commission free from military domination the latter two bills reflect the view that the capacity to produce atomic energy should be devoted to peacetime pursuits and used for the good of the world rather than merely the security of the united states the committee has a great responsibility because its appraisal of exist ing international relations will affect world affairs for years to come one question facing committee members is whether the continuing manufacture of the atomic bomb and the maintenance of secrecy about that weapon since japan’s surrender have contributed to the unrest and instability revealed daily in reports from manchuria egypt india iran and java at present atomic energy in this country is sub ject to military control arguing for civilian control scientists testifying before the committee have stressed their belief that continued manufacture of the bomb would not assure our security for two reasons first they argued other nations may learn how to make it second there is what dr john a simpson of the nuclear studies institute university of chicago on december 18 called the phenom enon of saturation meaning that when state a has enough bombs to destroy state b it is imma terial whether state b has more bombs than state a scientists also told the committee that the mcmahon bill would not be harmful to the security of the united states if the united nations organizatiog should fail other scientists opposed military cop trol because it would result in secrecy and thus hamper scientific research and dr harrison davies of the federation of atomic scientists declared on january 29 that scientists have already begun to desert the field of atomic study because of the present secrecy requirements many witnesses at the hearings foresaw general use of atomic power international bomb problem mean while however the announcement by the canadian government on february 15 that a foreign power had been guilty of espionage strengthened the case for military control in the minds of some commit tee members the subsequent revelation that the foreign power referred to was russia caused the committee on february 21 to question secretary of state james f byrnes and major general l r groves head of the manhattan engineering project on their views as to the relation of the alleged espi onage to the policy the united states should follow concerning the bomb the state department is not of the opinion that the security of this country is endangered by the evidence of spying uncovered by the canadian government and secretary byrnes on february 20 said that we still safely hold the secret of the bomb the federal bureau of investigation however fears that spies seeking bomb secrets are at work in the united states the length of time devoted by the committee to its study of the problems raised by our monopoly possession of technical knowledge about atomic bomb production has itself disturbed international relations since other countries have been kept in suspense about the policy we intend to adopt toward this new weapon i feel that it is a matter of urgency that sound domestic legislation be enacted with utmost speed president truman wrote senator mcmahon on february 2 domestic and interna tional issues of the first importance wait upon this action while the committee is studying bills re lating only to domestic control it understands that the problem is essentially international and the mcmahon bill subordinates domestic development of atomic energy to international agreements early in march the committee intends to hold a series of hearings on international aspects of the atomic energy problem blair bolles i 4a otwesd se oo an omb oc tes 2g 2 7 ep gr +cest ty of the zanization itary con and thus n davies declared dy begun se of the ses at the ower m mean canadian gn power 1 the case commit that the aused the cretary of ral l r 1g project eged espi ild follow it is not of country is covered by byrnes on the secret estigation rets are at nmittee to monopoly ut atomic ernational n kept in ypt toward of urgency acted with e senator d interna upon this g bills re tands that and the velopment ents early a series of mic energy bolles canezal lis a ently of mch mar 1 5 1946 entered as 2nd class matte general library a t xy fe a vaiversity of nichigan ann arbor nich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vol xxv no 21 marc 8 1946 is russia alone to blame 1 he address of secretary of state byrnes at the overseas press club in new york on february 28 taken together with senator vandenberg’s report of the previous day to congress on the uno session in london reveals the extent to which the world has lost the mood of v e day when norman cor win could celebrate victory over the radio on a note of triumph six months later the note has been muted to one of mutual fear as mr byrnes said all around us there is suspicion and distrust which in turn breeds suspicion and distrust this is the miasmic climate of opinion that breeds wars big three balance sheet it would be easier and more bracing for us if we could squarely place the blame for the disturbed condition of the world on some one foreign country and to an ex tent that is reaching the proportions of a landslide commentators and official spokesmen do tend to place the blame openly or by implication on russia alone the soviet government it must be admitted has done little to dispel unfavorable opinion abroad and some of its actions in iran in manchuria in eastern europe lend themselves to the interpreta tion placed on them by mr byrnes senator vanden berg and john foster dulles in his speech of march 1 before the philadelphia branch of the foreign policy association the russians are maintaining troops not only in their zone of germany but also on the soil of germany’s ex satellites the russians are still in manchuria but say they will leave not later than u.s troops leave china we claim that we are in china with the consent of the chinese and the british offer the same justification for the mainte nance of their troops in greece russia has used its military power and political in fluence to foster the establishment in countries along its borders in europe the near and middle east and asia of governments that would conform to mos cow's idea of friendliness with little or no ad vance consultation with other countries of the west ern hemisphere the united states has used its eco nomic power and political influence unilaterally to bring about in argentina a government that unlike the perén régime would not constitute a threat to our interests this policy has seemed justified to many americans although britain whose economic stake in argentina is greater than ours has viewed our course with disapproval and anxiety and some latin americans other than the argentines have seen in it a revival of yankee imperialism the russians have helped themselves to what mr byrnes calls alleged enemy properties in liberated or ex satel lite countries in advance of an allied reparations set tlement such action is crude and unquestionably works hardship on innocent people but although russia has greater war losses of economic resources to recoup than britain and certainly than the united states few westerners see anything objectionable in our policy of helping ourselves to german assets in neutral countries seeing ourselves as others see us is it possible that we may be expecting of russia higher standards of international conduct than our own if the atomic bomb as some say has made the pos session of strategic bases obsolete russia which is barred from sharing our atomic secret has therefore little reason to claim bases in the eastern mediter ranean or manchuria but then why is it that we seek bases in iceland and greenland which might seem rather menacing when seen from russia's northern regions and are reluctant to place under trusteeship the pacific bases we took from japan why do we not urge britain to give up bases pre sumably made obsolete at gibraltar malta sin contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association gapore if we feel that the russians are selfish and short sighted in seeking to establish spheres of ex clusive economic influence in eastern europe and manchuria why do we not prove ourselves unselfish and far sighted by extending a loan to britain with out further tergiversation or even making a free gift as former ambassador kennedy has sug gested why do we not give generous economic aid to countries which are outside russia's orbit why do we not reduce our tariffs so that our cred itors can repay our loans by selling goods to us if we are as worried as some of our commentators say we should be about russia’s superior manpower and its capacity to catch up by 1970 with our industrial development of the 1940 s why do we not open our borders wide to the thousands of skilled men and women who would like nothing better than to work here and help to expand our industrial production which owes so much in the first place to the imagina tion endurance and talents of generations of im migrants positive actions needed mr byrnes has said that our diplomacy must not be negative and inert that it must be marked by creative ideas constructive proposals practical and forward looking suggestions we should applaud his views but above all we should stop talking about a positive policy and start being positive for if we are really honest with ourselves we cannot escape the conclusion that since v j day our economic withdrawal our naked materialism as ex emplified by our attitude toward the feeding of starving peoples our political vacillations and above all our moral negativism have done more to keep the world in turmoil than russia’s actions mr byrnes said that it is not in our tradition to defend the dead hand of reaction or the tyranny of priv ilege yet we have until now tolerated just such conditions in spain even after the disappearance of the last vestiges of security considerations which dur franco challenged by with the release on march 4 of the joint ameri can french british note calling upon the spanish people to force generalissimo franco out of power the united states and britain assured france of their support on an issue that has long been of particular concern to the french in support of the three powers assertion that franco had given wartime aid to hitler and mussolini and patterned his govern ment on theirs the state department published fif teen captured german italian and spanish docu ments that revealed the spanish dictator's role as a non belligerent axis partner the joint note further declared that the three signatories did not intend any direct intervention in spain’s internal affairs but ex pressed the hope that franco might be replaced by a caretaker régime that would receive full diplo page two a ing the war could be held to justify this policy no responsible person would deny the existence of a dictatorship in russia and it is understandable that the vatican now as much alarmed by moscow’s ag gressive support of the russian orthodox church as it once was by the anti religious campaign of soviet leaders should denounce the totalitarianism of russia but it is disturbing that american church men amid the pomp and circumstance of ceremonies in rome should appear to associate themselves with pronouncements of the vatican which judging from the pope’s christmas allocution are directed not only against totalitarianism but against the liberal tradi tion and what pius xii calls secularism it would be unjust to say as many disillusioned people are saying in europe and asia that the united states has become a bulwark of conservatism in a world that is in the throes of one of the most far reaching upheavals in human history but actions speak louder than words the war brought to the forefront in all conquered countries men and women of signal courage penetrating vision and ardent loyalty to the ideals of freedom and justice these people who if what mr byrnes says is true should have had first claim to our sympathy and support have instead found themselves cold shouldered by many of our official representatives who tend to as sociate even now with reactionary elements among outworn aristocrats and monarchists and with the least forward looking of churchmen our failure to sense the temper of europe to lend a hand in what seemed at the end of the war a promising renais sance of revitalized democracy has given comfort to our enemies and has disheartened our friends mr dulles is right the united states has very few real friends in the world today not because russia has won them away from us but because through in decision and insensitiveness we have done our best to lose them vera micheles dean 3 power declaration matic and economic support from abroad to the french the course of events in spain during the past decade has been a source of alarm for both strategic and ideological reasons from a strategic point of view an unfriendly government south of the pyrenees is only somewhat less disturbing to france than a militaristic germany across the rhine now that germany has been defeated and france is no longer surrounded by enemies the french gov ernment feels that the moment has arrived to im prove the situation along the country’s southern frontier from an ideological point of view france has equally strong reasons to act against franco most frenchmen who supported the resistance movement during the german occupation regard franco as the v of th be vichy rench ce litical popular i me com favor c garc despite eorges wteral ac ear that possible vited th er to if jiplomat on made id it we the he matt ranco ebruary h repu french f he war bain v yoainst t truggle banizatic portatior he gove égime pyrenees ical not king t council tiploma s franc mean that bac wo renev political ichists the a t the f lations sioned united nina st far actions to the women ardent these should ipport red by to as among ith the lure to n what renais fort to ls mr w real sia has igh in ur best ean during yr both rategic uth of ing to rhine ance is h gov to 1m uthern ce has most yement as the ily of those french fascists who collaborated with he vichy régime although franco charges that the reach communists alone oppose him all three main jlitical parties in france the socialists and the popular republican movement mrp as well as he communists have repeatedly gone on record favor of action that would insure his fall garcia incident precipitates crisis spite this popular pressure foreign minister eorges bidault has been reluctant to take uni wteral action against the franco government for ar that france might be forced unaided to meet a wssible attack by spain accordingly m bidault wited the united states and britain early in decem to indicate their attitude toward severance of liplomatic relations with franco when washing m made no direct answer to this query but merely id it would participate in a conference on the sub the next move was clearly up to france there he matter might have been allowed to rest if the ranco government had not arrested and shot on bruary 21 cristino garcia and nine other span h republican sympathizers who had fought in the ench resistance forces and following the end of he war resumed their underground activities in main when madrid ignored protests from paris ginst this treatment of men who had shared in the truggle against the germans powerful workers or anizations in france threatened to tie up all trans portation to the southern frontier and thus forced he government to take new steps against the spanish égime on february 26 m bidault ordered the yrenees frontier closed two days later he sent iden ical notes to the united states britain and russia king them to join in urging the uno security ouncil to take up the question of breaking off all iplomatic and economic relations with spain as long franco remained in power meanwhile the state department held the view hat bad as franco was his removal might lead only brenewal of bloody civil war in spain among rival litical groups ranging from communists to mon thists while therefore the united states joined the anti franco statement made by the big three tthe potsdam conference last july and the united lations formal refusal to permit franco’s govern ft to join the uno american statements on ain remained relatively mild and ineffective dur g the past three months however the state de artment has been consulting with spanish repub ian leaders which it had not done previously page three and by proposing the three power anti franco decla ration of march 4 it took a step that narrowed the gap between american and french policy toward spain u.s limits economic aid but no degree of cooperation between the united states and france on an important diplomatic question can obscure the fact that the french are now looking without success to the united states for urgently needed economic support since the end of the war american credit to france has been limited to the 550,000,000 loan from the export import bank negotiated last sep tember which was designed to cover only the costs of surplus property and lend lease materials ordered before v j day the provision of an adequate amount of dollar exchange to assist france during the next few years before it is able to produce enough exports to pay for essential imports remains to be negotiated it is for the purpose of discussing such a loan for approximately 2,500,000,000 that the french have considered sending léon blum to washington as special envoy unfortunately for the blum mission however the prospects for a large american loan to france are far from bright the gist of the re port by the national advisory council on interna tional monetary and financial problems transmitted to congress by president truman on march 1 ts that there should be no more large loan agreements such as the proposed loan to britain hereafter ac cording to the report’s recommendations nations seeking loans should address appeals exclusively to the export import bank since the total capital of this bank is 3,500,000,000 1,560,000,000 of which had already been expended by the end of 1945 any individual loans from this source will necessarily be relatively small a small loan how ever will not enable france to procure the fuel raw materials and food needed to prime its disrupted in dustrial machine and cope with the inflation that is now sweeping the country yet restoration of french industry to maximum efficiency is clearly an objective that should be fostered by the united states for if this country is to give effective aid to the demo cratic elements in western europe it is not enough for washington to advocate the removal of men like franco it must also give substantial economic as sistance to moderate political elements such as the socialists and the mrp which are now seeking to stabilize france winifred n hadsel reign policy bulletin vol xxv no 21 marcu 8 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national tadquarters 22 east 38ch street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leer secretary vera micueves dean editor entered as ond class matter december 2 1921 at the post office ac new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor j ae pe eer a or cet samet i by i a a washington news letter narrow nationalism dominates congressional debates since the end of world war ii many officials and members of congress as well as rank and file citizens have disclosed a strong tendency toward iso lationism in their thinking about international food loan and immigration problems this tendency ex plains in part why the administration has been un able to implement the post war foreign policy of the united states consistently and vigorously while the nation in general understands that america is a world power with responsibilities which reach far beyond its shores or vaguely defined zones of im mediate security we are still groping for methods of positive action abroad isolationism still powerful the post war isolationists hold that the united states has a choice of helping the world or helping itself and that its best chance of surviving is to help itself such a view accounted for the decision by secretary of agriculture clinton b anderson last september to do away with most of the ration controls on food with the result that the united states could not send much food abroad the meeting of the famine emergency committee in washington on march 1 summoned by president truman and headed by former president herbert hoover represented a change in the september policy for the committee appealed to americans to reduce their bread con sumption so that millions abroad may survive who are otherwise doomed to death by starvation some of the arguments against the proposed treasury loan to britain reflect the isolationist thought that our own prosperity is unrelated to eco nomic conditions abroad if we have 4,000,000 000 to give away let us turn our attention to the united states where we have some very difficult problems senator burton k wheeler democrat of montana said on february 16 in stating his rea sons for opposing the loan others fear that the british loan may prove a precedent for extending additional credit to many other countries a some what similar attitude caused a majority of the mem bers of the house committee on immigration and naturalization to vote in favor of hearings be ginning february 21 on the bill sponsored by representative ed gossett democrat of texas which would reduce the 1924 immigration quotas by one half for a period of 10 years other bills on the committee calendar would suspend im migration altogether until unemployment includ ing that of war veterans has dropped below a present united states quotas permit the entry 154,000 immigrants a year if every country fills individual quota the legislative history of the gossett bill su that isolationism is increasing rather than diminj ing the committee on november 27 1945 mitted to the house of representatives a report ing no widespread popular demand exists immediate drastic changes in the existing law immigration president truman hoping to pedite the movement of displaced persons f 1,000,000 in one instance or 100,000 in 4 europe on december 22 urged that no such leg 0 lation as the gossett and other bills be passed n after hearings opened on the gossett bill the sag midwes immigration committee voted to withdraw fr attracte the house calendar the report submitted in noves official ber an objection in the house prevented the wit his prc drawal so that if the committee recommends pq his_pl sage of the gossett bill legislators will be fac the un with contradictory propositions support for imm military gration restriction comes chiefly from long estd of russ lished veterans organizations the authors of th li pet restricting bills are southerners gossett of texy washir a leonard allen of louisiana stephen pace ye in georgia o c fisher of texas and john e rank the ma of mississippi but opposition to the measure hi policy been voiced in the south by the archbishop of n organi orleans and others man’s problem of refugees the pursuit of parc with vi grc lationist policies would lessen our influence over course of world affairs and especially in the case immigration would make it impossible for us to hej urgenc solve the problem of jewish refugees abroad whidl both t has aroused widespread american concern and i sent st terest the united states has steadfastly advisd tone britain to open up palestine to these refugees a oops participated with the british government in th ly arra establishment of an anglo american committee te th inquiry on palestine which has been holding h by the ings in washington london cairo and jerusalem feturn this committee may find that the jews in eur han b need and deserve some non european sanctuary russia occupation policy in germany is also complica known by the presence of displaced persons from easte the ot europe who are unwilling to return to their nati to lands yet the united states remains unwilling ndur provide new homes for jewish and other euro 4 4 4 refugees within its own borders bla bollss +amy a i i 2 are an ain os th ae eae y hm pe war 27 1946 entered as 2nd class matter general library university of michigan ann arbor michigan foreign policy bulletin 0 an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association bie 5s foreign policy association incorporated ad 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y ts vou xxv no 22 march 15 1946 awe trend toward rival blocs endangers uno les more than a week has passed since former prime secretary byrnes in turn flatly rejected on ad 8 minister churchill spoke before an american e sqm midwestern audience on march 5 the speech has frp attracted wide attention and on march 11 pravda joves official communist organ in moscow charged that e wif his proposals were clearly a threat of war yet ds pq his plea for a fraternal association between fag the united states and britain backed by an outright imm military alliance and his strongly worded criticisms g estay of russia have not been placed in their proper pub of th lic perspective by government officials either in texy washington or london in the meantime events re ace q veal increasing big three differences that call for the most fundamental examination of our foreign are hp policy especially its relation to the united nations of ne organization which according to president tru man’s only direct reference on march 8 to mr of jg churchill’s speech we are continuing to support with vigor cased growing tensions mr churchill’s note of to he urgency is only one evidence of big three tensions whit both the british and american governments have sent stiff notes to moscow similar in content and tone protesting russia’s failure to withdraw its troops from iran by march 2 as had been previous ly arranged washington reports of march 7 indi cate that moscow now supports claims put forward by the armenian republic of the ussr demanding ittee sere ree pe cee the moscow agreement an interpretation which march 11 in the meantime by march 10 russian army forces in the far east had withdrawn from the troubled city of mukden where fighting has since broken out between chinese communist troops and central government forces but reports about man churia continue to reveal differences between the allies on the political and economic future of that area china’s most industrialized region how great are big three differences any interpretation of mr churchill’s speech must recognize that he has pointed up quite bluntly many of the present conflicts among the big three in america and britain mr churchill stands virtually alone as an elder statesman who warned against those policies which led directly to the conflict with the axis powers yet the fact that he has failed to clarify fully the grave issues he exposes leads to two important questions first if relations among the big three are as strained as churchill implies why do not members of the american or british govern ments now holding official positions so inform their constituents secondly do mr churchill’s proposals offer the next best step to resolve current big three disputes president truman has thrown the mantle of free speech about the eminent british visitor and it a pears that neither the president nor the state de partment cares to support churchill’s analysis and recommendations in full yet there has been no categorical denial that the administration favors those views the same may be said of prime min ister attlee and the labor government in britain perhaps the soundest interpretation that can be placed on the resulting tacit approval of an anglo american military alliance is that such a coalition is inevitable if war occurs much criticism has been olles contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association usalem feturn of the turkish provinces of kars and arda europ han british and american fears are also aroused by uy russian plans for a change at the dardanelles pli known to be on the soviet agenda the ussr on eastey the other hand sent a note made public on march r natit 8 to washington protesting that america’s memo ling tandum of february 22 to bulgaria on the broaden uropes 0g of its left wing government was a violation of 2 pro lr sct me gr ee went f i ii heaped on statesmen of the periods before the last two great wars for not having made it unmistakably clear that the western democracies would fight to gether against german aggression and today if war is imminent 4 storm warning is also needed but in such a case official spokesmen should fully inform the electorate in both britain and america about the precarious status of big three affairs for lack of clear official statements about mr churchill's proposals the british and american pub lic may well be disturbed about their future course abroad there can be no doubt that if britain and the united states must combine for security reasons as they have in two past world wars then their poli cies must also be examined jointly in the economic realm and in connection with the dependent areas under their sovereignty this mr churchill failed to do in any thorough fashion he can hardly be unaware of the continued criticism in this country of british policy in palestine india and other parts of the empire moreover his speech reflected little understanding of the historic reluctance with which the american people approach anything like preven tive war which in effect his words implied nor was his message designed to make any easier the washington administration’s task of convincing congress that it should pass the 3,750,000,000 loan to britain because he found it possible to override these basic practical considerations there is even greater need for official interpretations to place his proposals in their proper light next step uno or separate blocs the churchill thesis may be explained on a narrow view of british interest for it is quite evident that britain's empire outposts are being severely threat french yield to chinese and annamite demands in indo china since mid october the annamite uprising against the french in indo china has been over shadowed by the fury of the indonesian struggle against the dutch but the headlines have recently shifted once more to significant developments in france’s far eastern possession which contains more than one third of the inhabitants of the french colonial em pire two important agreements have been signed by the french one with the chinese on february 28 providing for the withdrawal of chinese troops from the northern half of indo china and the other with annamite nationalists on march 6 in the latter ac cording to admiral georges thierry d’argenlieu french high commissioner in indo china the french recognized the viet nam republic viet nam is the ancient name for annam as a free state within the indo chinese federation and the reorgan ized french empire ominous predictions that the annamites would fight french efforts to land troops in the northern province of tonkin were upset by this unexpected settlement for on march 8 the page two a ened not only by russian actions but by rising lonial nationalism thus harassed the british em pire may naturally seek aid for defensive purposes but churchill and any other big three statesmen who give lip service to the belief that differences be tween the western powers and the ussr will be resolved by erecting tightly knit blocs to operate within the structure of the uno either misread the possibilities of that nascent world organization desire to use it merely as the machinery to car forward a power struggle which will surely lead to world war iii it is unrealistic to suppose that the uno has suff cient independent strength to prevent conflicts among the big three but the next best step would not appear to be a division among them either within or outside the uno’s framework when the uno has not been fully launched when the united na tions have thus far only the barest plans for world economic cooperation and when the major issues of international control for the production and use of atomic energy have yet to be decided it is too early to adopt policies which by their very nature lead to exclusive combinations in an age when every analy sis of international problems reveals the need for world wide solutions it may appear superficially logical that if full agreement is unattainable lim ited arrangements or alliances are necessary yet it is but a measure of the changed nature of world affairs in the atomic era involving in effect a new logic that half measures will be futile to fail in pursuit of broader agreement may result in war but separation into opposing blocs will inevitably lead to that tragedy grant s mcclellan french entered the port of haiphong without op position although two days earlier a sharp exchange the n provi frenc all f dent treat chin autor visor defer ex have full a ne fren nortl chin who repat have citize tiona ary extra chin draw way with ti fren en tl of p of ei part the men over the at le of fire between french warships and chinese shore batteries had delayed the french landings accord ing to a french foreign office spokesman this in cident resulted probably from the fact that the chi nese local commander had not been informed of the treaty arrangements annamites win concesssions the un expectedly peaceful return of the french to tonkin may be attributed to the realistic concessions which admiral d’argenlieu evidently carried back to indo china after his recent recall to paris in addition to recognizing the viet nam republic’s authority in tonkin and that part of annam north of latitude 16 the french are reported to have conceded at least two other important points a plebiscite is be held to determine whether the viet nam re public is to be extended to include southern annam and cochin china and french troops are to be 1 moved gradually until all have been withdrawn from alth ing turn not troll ball har g tion lic t fact stea brit fore headc secon one o 28s if nen x tate of arty 1 to licts uld thin no na orld s of e of arly d to aly for ally lim ot it orld new 1 in but lead na nge 10re ord in chi the ikin hich ido n to y in ude 1 at to 1am e rom a eee the new state at the end of five years the agreement rovides for a temporary occupation force of 15,000 french and 10,000 viet nam troops under an over all french command the french had set a prece dent for negotiations by signing on january 6 a treaty with the ruler of cambodia another of indo china’s five regions granting the cambodians an autonomous government with french technical ad yisors and french control of foreign affairs and defense explosive events in southeast asia since v j day have accentuated the necessity of carrying out to the full french war time promises to grant indo china anew political status among notable influences on french policy has been the presence in indo china north of the 16th parallel of more than 100,000 chinese occupation troops under general lu han who are there by allied agreement to disarm and repatriate the japanese officially the chinese troops have remained neutral but they have disarmed french citizens and shown their sympathy for annamite na tionalism in numerous ways in the treaty of febru ary 28 the french not only had to abandon their extraterritorial rights and special concessions in china but in order to persuade the chinese to with draw had to grant them extensive rights on the rail way which connects the chinese province of yunnan with the indo chinese port of haiphong the chinese position has also embarrassed the french because it enabled the annamites to strength en their organization under the dynamic leadership of president ho chi minh who claims the support of eight million members of the coalition viet minh patty the republic of viet nam held on january 6 the country’s first general elections to choose 400 members of a national assembly every annamite over 18 male and female literate and illiterate had the right to vote for representatives who had to be at least 23 years of age and able to read and write although the french ridiculed the elections charg ing irregularities and coercion at the polls the re turns revealed a landslide for ho chi minh’s party not only in the north but even in the french con trolled south from which the results of clandestine balloting were carried to ho chi minh’s capital in hanoi by a chinese soldier motorcyclist guerrilla war still possible in addi tion to the prestige brought to the viet nam repub lic through the elections the french have to face the fact that ho chi minh’s armed forces have grown steadily while the french in agreement with british forces stationed in the southern zone have page three ae moved in troops until major general jacques leclerc is said to have 60,000 men under his command annamite guerrillas have fought delaying engage ments suffering an estimated 4,000 casualties and have retreated into the northern zone that the french reconquest of the south is complete was indicated on march 4 by an announcement from admiral lord louis mountbatten’s headquarters that indo china would no longer be in the southeast asia command after midnight that night but in the north ho chi minh is said to have an army of 50,000 men ill trained and poorly armed perhaps but ready to retire to the hills and fight a prolonged guerrilla war sup ported by native peoples who have been subjected to intensive anti french indoctrination by annamite teachers during the past six months obviously gen erous concessions on the part of the french were necessary to prevent an explosion another symptom of this dangerous situation was the recent news from saigon that on two occasions groups of french soldiers had assaulted french demonstrators who petitioned the government to recognize the viet nam republic finally french policy was very likely influenced by the significant cabinet change following the resignation of gen eral de gaulle on january 28 the old ministry of colonies now renamed the ministry of france over seas was taken over by the socialist marius moutet who ten years ago tried to introduce reforms in the french administration of indo china when he was minister of colonies in leon blum’s popular front government the burden of proof remains on the french if the spirit in which they carry out their agreement with the viet nam republic is progressive and far sighted they may be setting a significant precedent for future peace and order in southeast asia a valu able step forward would be the replacement of admiral d’argenlieu by a civilian high commis sioner last spring the issue of whether to place a civilian or a military man at the head of the new indo chinese régime was warmly debated in paris between an old guard of colonial military men and a progressive wing of colonial reformers the ap pointment of d’argenlieu was a victory for the mili tary but the reformers have not lost hope vernon mcckay china’s postwar markets by chih tsang new york mac millan 1945 3.50 the author a chinese businessman surveys china’s potentialities as a market and goes into considerable de tail concerning both imports and exports foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 22 march 15 1946 published weekly by the foreign poiicy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dornotuy f lest secretary vera micueies danan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office ac new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 one month for change of address on membership publications three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor ee eer coer ee apie gd jon pean se 3s ry 28 fern ee eel eeeniaatieantad a en's lye are tm he a gag ceh gg ts gee eae x pe ee ee ne ed very tr mins ee a washington news letter local and national interests clash over st lawrence treaty a flaw will mar the special relations between the united states and canada to which winston churchill referred in his address at fulton missouri as long as the united states fails to ratify the deep water treaty which the two governments signed in 1932 the treaty provides for a system of wide canals around the international rapids of the st lawrence river through which ocean vessels could pass and then ply the great lakes as far west as duluth and for the construction of a dam at inter national rapids which would create 2,200,000 horse power of hydroelectric capacity case for the waterway today the rec ognition by the united states that it is a world power and the uncertainties of international rela tions render the arguments of the project’s sup porters more formidable than they have been in the past when congress twice rejected the treaty first in 1934 and again in 1944 since february 18 a subcommittee of the senate foreign relations com mittee has been holding hearings on a resolution that embodies the great lakes st lawrence agreement of 1941 which includes the 1932 treaty the case for the waterway rests partly on the security needs of the united states and its northern neighbor at a time when the attention which the war department is giving to arctic defenses under lines canada’s growing military importance the existence of the waterway might strengthen can ada economically and increase its western population and by turning the cities on the great lakes into ocean ports the waterway could decrease isolation ism in the american middle west since the traffic would disclose the advantages of world trade moreover the new route could reduce the burden on the railways of the united states cps fen when commodities awaiting shipment exceed avail able car space and the manufacture of electric power at international rapids would greatly increase the industrial capacity of the united states in a message to congress on october 3 1945 president truman recalled that electric power from the ten nessee valley authority and the columbia river basin had made possible the program of military airplane manufacture during world war ii secre tary of war robert patterson on february 18 wrote to the state department that the waterway would strengthen national security as a reserve route to an area where ships might be built and repaired in relative safety opposition to the waterway nevertheless remains strong since the accord between the federal gov ernment and new york state for the division of power from the proposed hydroelectric plant re quires that no part of the united states share of the water in the international rapids section shall be diverted for the benefit of any persons or private corporation private power companies especially in new york state have reasons for hostility toward the st lawrence waterway although they have not taken part in the hearings the center of opposition in new york state is the city of buffalo which depends for some of its prosperity on the movement of commodities from the middle west to the eastern seaboard through buffalo railway labor fears that the waterway would divert much railway traffic to ships on the great lakes st lawrence route the coal mining industry objects on the ground that the waterway would enable foreign countries to send coal by ship to the north central united states at a lower price than pennsylvania producers can send it by rail maritime new england believes that the opening of seaports in the middle west would harm boston the north ernmost of the large atlantic ports of the united states the mississippi valley association opposes the project for fear that goods now transported to the sea southward along the mississippi would move eastward through the great lakes louisiana and texas have been unfavorable because of the possibility that new orleans and houston might lose some of their sea trade to the great lakes ports outlook for approval the political complexion of the waterway debate is somewhat different today from what it was in 1934 and 1944 formerly the effort to pass or defeat the treaty has resulted mainly in a struggle between senators whose states stood to benefit or lose from the treaty there are however a large number of senators from dis interested states to be attracted to one side or the other some might oppose the treaty because of its expense others might favor it for its contribution to national security the campaign in the senate in favor of the waterway is now led by carl hatch democrat from one of the disinterested states new mexico since he is chairman of the subcommittee which is holding the hearings the waterway reso lution probably will be sent to the senate with a favorable report the resolution requires both senate and house approval blairr bolles +ald hat ose ere the its ion in tch ttee es0 ha nate perwi or a ger al liweary ae ee mpr 04 entered as 2nd class matter genera library ur 4 4 aversity of bichizan ann arbor wichiggn foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association fortign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 23 march 22 1946 hw undertow toward big three conflict that has been increasingly evident since the discovery of the atomic bomb has gained dangerous momentum since mr churchill's plea for a military alliance of the english speaking countries and stalin’s denun ciation of that speech in an interview given to pravda on march 13 ostensibly not one of the big three wants war yet at the rate at which their relations are deteriorating war might again become a stark reality not perhaps a head on collision such as that between germany and russia or between the united states and japan in world war ii but what would be even more disastrous a long drawn out series of explosions all over the world with little prospect of clear cut victory for either side and with ultimate disaster for all even if no atomic bombs are used would war with russia solve world problems even assuming what now seems impossible that the western powers com bined in a coalition proposed by mr churchill could defeat russia would that resolve the problems that are causing the present crisis some people say it would because they believe that many of the world’s major maladjustments labor unrest threats of civil war nationalist ferment in the colonies are all di rectly traceable to the influence of russia which they at the same time denounce for its backwardness if a country described as backward can exercise such far reaching influence of a disruptive character then the rest of the world must be in a very weakened condition indeed but can the weakness of the british empire the internal divisions in china the growing demand of labor and minority groups for a wider measure of participation in the benefits of industrial progress all be laid at russia’s door are they not if we look at history in perspective the natural con comitants of mankind’s never ending struggle for uno offers best means of reconciling big three conflicts greater freedom and opportunity which takes differ ent forms in different areas of the world according to the rate and character of their previous political economic and social development western powers must not evade re sponsibility it is understandable that the rapid international changes now taking place should be particularly troubling to britain because the rise to world power of russia which has long challenged britain’s influence happens to coincide with the decline in power of the british empire but the mil itary defeat of russia would not allay the nationalist aspirations of arabs and indians nor would it ease britain’s political and economic tasks in india where americans much more than russians have been critical of british methods nor would loss of power by russia improve economic and social condi tions in spain or the countries of eastern europe and the balkans or latin america whose peoples need no goading from moscow to feel a desire for im provement of their present condition the united states and britain have assumed responsibility or had responsibility thrust upon them in all areas of the world which they entered originally in search of economic or strategic advantages they cannot evade their own obligations merely by blaming world unrest on russia this does not mean that every move russia makes can or should be defended for russia’s conduct may be open to criticism in one instance and understand able or even desirable in another what should be avoided is the indiscriminate condemnation of all russian actions in world affairs such as seemed to inspire mr churchill’s fulton speech such indis criminate condemnation can all too readily be inter preted and not by stalin alone as due less to con cern for standards of international morality than to contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association aed elie te ae ee pega sh hk ri 7 m ss ie sct spare ira slrs tn gee re et ai ee ay pr ces s 2 t serer teeta eo tet aa s be sad df ariana grog see ny we a desire to check russia at every point world cannot remain static some people while admitting that not everything russia has done is evil say they would feel less worried if moscow would only state how far it intends to go desirable as that would be it is difficult to see how any nation at a given moment in history can honestly give such information had the england of queen elizabeth's day for example been asked to define its ultimate ambitions could it have been held to them when english explorers and statesmen of later days saw new worlds to develop could george wash ington or lincoln have defined with precision just how far the united states would carry its flag its trade and its influence what people usually mean when they ask russia to specify its final goals is that they would like to see the world settle down to a _condition of stability involving no further major changes admittedly that would be a more restful world but human society has never found it possible to remain static for any length of time young na tions contend with older ones for leadership and having won find themselves challenged in turn by newcomers on the world scene is russia different from germany but it may legitimately be asked how then is russia different from germany or japan if we fought the aspirations of the axis for a larger place in the sun shall we not sooner or later have to fight russia or conversely if we are to let russia have its way should we not have been equally tolerant with the axis that is a fair question and it lies at the very core of mr churchill’s appeal for an anglo amer ican military alliance mr churchill proved to be a wise and far sighted cassandra in the case of ger many at a time when many others in positions of leadership tragically miscalculated hitler’s objectives for that reason alone if for no other he deserves a hearing especially since some of the methods used by russia toward neighboring countries are troubling sly reminiscent of hitler’s methods the difference is that the kind of society the russians are striving to create in the ussr page two ee painfully and at great cost in sacrifices of lives and materials is a society to which masses of people in other even more backward areas of the world have been aspiring usually with little support or sympathy from the western powers in that sense russia’s struggle at home is in harmony with the spirit of our times and efforts to foster the creation along its borders of governments favorable to its system frequently find a response among the peoples of border countries not that these peoples want to be governed from moscow or even necessarily to adopt the russian pattern but they are impressed by what russia has achieved in a quarter of a century and would like to emulate that achievement it might be answered that the nazis too found sympathizers in the countries they sought to bring within their orbit but here is a fundamental difference nazism itself was nurtured in a soil of decadent german cap italism and violent racialism that held no promise of growth for civilization and attracted outside ger many the most reactionary elements in all circles nazism was a dead end russia unlike germany is emerging from backwardness not returning to it and holds out a promise for the future the united states can hold out an even greater promise with surer prospect of fulfilment because of our unequalled industrial productivity provided we can make up our minds which side of the struggle of our times we are on that does not mean that we must align ourselves with britain against russia or with russia against britain on the contrary the best contribution we could make would be not to align with either but instead to put our power squarely behind the united nations organization to support and if possible initiate every practicable international action looking toward progressive broadening of freedom and opportunity for all to eschew the counsel of our nationalists who are just as danger ous to world peace as the nationalists of britain or russia and to give peoples who are on the verge of despairing of democracy the hope that we have not succumbed to counsels of reaction and despair vera micheles dean will u.s seek international action against peron on the basis of a partial tally of the three million votes cast in the argentine elections of february 24 the candidate of the democratic opposition dr josé tamborini has conceded victory to colonel juan domingo perén the position of the man who has for months been the power behind the presidency has been legalized by a popular vote that was no more fraudulent than many previous argentine elections the real fraud was committed long before the elec tions when the castillo government imposed martial law upon the country in december 1941 and at the close of 1943 when the men around president ramirez closed down political parties permitting them to reorganize only on the eve of the elections argentina in revolution that the democratic opposition did not have time or oppor tunity to gather itself for an effective campaign against perén’s formidable police and labor machine is undeniable but the most convincing explanation of perén’s surprisingly large majority lies in his genuine appeal to the rank and file of argentine labor rural and industrial alike an appeal which the conservatives and the radicals the major parties leagued against him either would not or could not make during their own ascendancy the men who took power in 1943 have seen what the opposition has not is in th tive nin ened ry which worker the na labor v increas enlight freedot gressiv the crats suppor the ent force labor of the radio try on consti to be stituti lock much us which electic contre ary 12 high 1 and t accom lof th recor states dem book docut the their there will state of cr by th arge the ti and dus pore headqt oe me ter se led ple we est ign ely ort nal the rer or of not ns the or ign ine ion his ine ich ties not vho has not entirely understood namely that the country sin the grip of a revolution in which the conserva ive nineteenth century values of the landed enlight ened oligarchy are giving way to new concepts in which the peon the meat packer and the construction worker have suddenly assumed political importance the nationalists recognizing this have approached bor with concessions of labor legislation and wage increases which have obscured for all but the most enlightened of argentine workers the fact that their freedom of action has at the same time been pro gressively curtailed the coalition of the radicals progressive demo cats socialists and communists with equivocal support from the conservatives was confronted by the entire machinery of the state the swollen police force the department of labor and its controlled labor unions the federally controlled adminiscrations of the provinces and the perén inspired press and radio the democrats made their appeal to the coun ty on the basis of the evident need for a return to constitutional normality but people’s memories had to be long indeed to recall a period when con situtional normality had not meant a state of dead lk between these same parties which frustrated much legislative activity u.s verbal intervention the influence which the state department’s blue book had on the dection results will probably long be a point of controversy among argentines the release on febru ary 12 of captured german documents compromising high members of the present argentine government ad the preceding castillo administration and an accompanying analysis of the nazi fascist character of the régime were obviously designed to put on teord at the height of the campaign the united sates view of the nationalist government but the democratic union hesitated to make use of the blue book’s evidence while the peronistas fell upon the document with glad cries as one more example of the yanqui government's private vendetta against their leader now that the issue has been resolved there will be no lack of people in the opposition who will ascribe defeat to the intervention of the united states but the inevitable risk of incurring this type of criticism was outweighed in washington’s view ly the importance of putting its case directly to the argentine people through the medium of informing the other american republics the blue book was the united states trump card ind perhaps its only card against perdén like previ dus indictments it has failed and until this coun ee page three try is in a position to do more than flay the argen tine government with words the technique of verbal intervention will win us more enemies than friends in latin america one solution of this ad mittedly difficult situation a situation in which re treat is almost as impossible as advance is of course to recognize the perén administration there is an influential body of opinion in this country and abroad that is pressing for a decision on our part which will once more place relations with argentina on a normal basis as perén cultivates the friendship and trade of the other great powers notably britain and russia the pressure of this group will become more insistent if however washington adheres to its position at least three possible choices are open to it within the framework of international action to which the united states subscribes 1 this government at a specially called inter american conference can press for a decision to withdraw diplomatic recognition from the perdén government while at the same time exploring available means of implementing diplomatic sanc tions by more concrete measures now however this approach seems to have even less chance of success than before owing to the traditional latin amer ican insistence on automatic recognition of a govern ment that has come into office by due process of law 2 by supporting the french move to bring the spanish question before the next meeting of the uno security council which opens in new york city on march 25 the united states might hope to isolate and bring pressure on the argentine govern ment it can be argued that owing to the peculiar influence that spain exercises in its former colonies the continuance of the franco régime strengthens perén’s chances of survival this approach however presupposes that the united states is ready to under take stronger measures against the spanish govern ment than the tripartite note of march 5 indicated sy 3 this government finally can propose to the security council that argentina be suspended from the uno since europe desperately needs argentine foodstuffs it is appropriate and necessary that the european powers france and britain particularly share the decision with the american republics whatever course is taken in the last analysis it is a question of balancing the need for argentine wheat and beef against the danger of fascism and aggres sion which the government of that country represents olive holmes month for change of address on membership publications b81 reign policy bulletin vol xxv no 23 marcu 22 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dornoruy f lugr secretary vera micheles dgan editor entered as tond class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor ia a i 7 i on ih ta a a ta trond aol fine et ie rs re a ak arte tate ie eel ia se hy sass we 2 ol teins washington news letter s republicans still divided on foreign policy issues the strong influence which members of the minor ity party exert on the policies of the federal adminis tration has become an important phenomenon on capitol hill in recent years individual republicans have helped in a positive way to frame the foreign policy of democratic presidents by two different means first of all selected members of the minority party took part in the talks at the state department in 1944 which formulated the united states official attitude toward international cooperation and also participated in the san francisco conference in 1945 which brought forth the united nations charter lately the minority has been influential in its more customary role through criticism of the course fol lowed by the administration in seeking to achieve its goals in foreign affairs republicans may become majority the republican contribution to the making of for eign policy would be greater if leading republicans could agree among themselves about the kind of policy they want to espouse the task of agreement is complicated however not only by differences in outlook and emphasis on international questions but by varying estimates of the type of foreign policy the voters are most likely to support in the 1948 presidential elections this is an especially important consideration to the republican leaders since the possibility exists that they will gain control of the administration at that time and more immediately they may at least win a majority in the house of representatives in this november’s congressional elections the most prominent republicans who might seek the presidential nomination in 1948 include governor thomas e dewey of new york the 1944 nominee senator arthur h vandenberg of michigan a member of the united states delegation to the san francisco conference and to the first meeting of the general assembly of the united nations in london in january and february senator robert h taft of ohio john w bricker former governor of ohio and harold e stassen former governor of minne sota and a member of the united states delegation to the san francisco conference recent republican statements among republican leaders there are some disagree ments over the meaning of russian foreign policy and over the attitude which the united states should adopt toward russia as a group they are uncertain whether public questioning of russian intentions harmful or necessary to the cause of internation cooperation the problem of russia disturbs dewey vandenberg and bricker particularly at the muni cipal dinner in new york city on march 16 fy winston churchill who 10 days earlier had couple a plea for anglo american faternal association with harsh criticism of russia dewey said as long as our two nations stand firmly for freedom we shall never be long alone the implied concern aboy russia in dewey’s words had been put sharply by vander berg on february 27 when he said what is russia up to now it is of course the supreme conundrum of our time while vandenberg held himself to a consideration of russian policy outside russian boundaries bricker on march 13 at a forum of the madison avenue presbyterian church in ney york city criticized russian domestic policy h italy under mussolini in germany under hitler in japan under tojo and in russia today under stalin the individual man is nothing he exists only as the tool of the all powerful state stassen has criticized such proposals for associa tion with britain and such comments about russia in the belief that they may injure the united nations the best hope of the goal of peace is to develop and strengthen the united nations organization stassen said in st paul on march 14 this means that the united states must not tie its foreign pol icy down to any other one nation but develop definite policy which is its own policy plainly dis cussed with its own people and open and clear to the world in toledo on february 22 he said we must begin at once a forthright search on a bipar tisan basis for the specific policies with which we can expect continuing friendly relations with russia then these policies should be frankly and firmly dis cussed with the soviet union the republican with whom stassen is most closely allied in his views on foreign affairs is henry cabot lodge jr former senator from massachusetts who in addresses in january before the foreign policy as sociation branches in minneapolis st paul and mil waukee urged an attitude of restraint in comment on russia stassen soon will test the strength of his opinions in his own state when he backs minnesota governor edward j thye in a campaign for the senate seat held by isolationist henrik l shipstead bla bolles +1946 apr periorhga hhek entered as 2nd class matter tenbral lirr ars iv fr wer general library vr va vorsity og foreign policy bulletin hh er in talin is the ion h we losely who 1 mil ament of his ssota's yr the stead an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y you xxv no 24 marcu 29 1946 fasing of jd4n tension facilitates constructive work by uns ested i 3 6 he he second session of the united nations secur ity council opened in new york city on march 25 under more favorable conditions than could have been anticipated at any time within the last month notice that russian troops are to leave iran in five or six weeks if nothing unforeseen occurs came from moscow just the day before the delegates as sembled prime minister stalin had reiterated his support of the uno on march 22 and on the fol lowing day the iranian premier ahmad ghavam expressed his belief that a satisfactory settlement of the russo iranian dispute was possible thus the chief issue before the eleven council members lost much of the earlier menacing quality that tended to make it a test case of russia’s intentions in the mid die east but uno’s effectiveness as a mechanism through which big three aims may be reconciled still remains to be tested conflict over procedure the council’s procedural problems which were first on its agenda would have arisen ii any serious dispute thai might have been submitted to it but russia’s pro posal to extend the veto power hereafter over discussions as well as decisions on controversial issues would alter the provisions of the san fran cisco charter of the uno making it necessary for the great powers to agree even on what topics or disputes are to be heard in the security coun cil the members of the council can hardly abstain now from a thorough examination of the iranian problem yet if the council is to become an ef fective agency of international consultation and ac tion the big three must also during the present session agree on procedures that will make it pos sible for them to discuss controversial issues without creating on every occasion the necessity for a show down fraught with danger of war iran's appeal for the removal of russian forces from its northern province of azerbaijan was first discussed at the mid february meeting of the security council in london russia and iran were then re quested to seek a solution through direct negotia tions but this approach failed according to teheran and the iranian government notified the uno’s secretary general on march 19 that it wished the council to reconsider the matter the ussr de claring that negotiations with iran had not been completed requested the council to delay its meet ing until april 10 in london soviet foreign vice commissar vishinsky had contended that under the uno charter the iranian issue was a situation and not a dispute and hence direct negotiations only were in order the security council however has proceded as though a dispute were under con sideration thus preventing russia's use of its veto power to prohibit hearings or discussions a proce dure favored by the small nations which want to have an opportunity to plead before the uno any complaints they may have against the great powers dispute over troops beyond the dispute over procedures in the iran case are differences about the status of iran’s sovereignty and the presence of foreign troops on its soil iran which has had the backing of both britain and the united states in bringing its claim before the security council has based its case not only on its rights under the uno charter but also on other documents by the terms of the anglo russian iranian treaty of january 29 1942 which formalized the joint entrance of british and soviet forces into iran in august 1941 foreign troops were to be withdrawn six months after the end of the war the united states joined that pledge in the teheran declaration of december 1 1943 which affirmed iranian sovereignty as had the earlier contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association sire sy tas se ras ib o 7 a e s i lei ri eno anglo russian pact march 2 1946 was determined as the date of withdrawal through an exchange of letters between foreign secretaries bevin and molo tov last september american military units left iran at the beginning of 1946 and british units by march 2 russian forces however have remained chiefly in the azerbaijan province of northern iran where a revolt begun last november led to the creation of an autonomous republic in defiance of the central gov ernment at teheran this revolt received support from moscow and iran has charged that soviet forces prevented government troops from quelling the azerbaijan outbreak at its outset recent troop movements within the russian zone of iran raised fears both in teheran and the western capitals that russia's aims went beyond protection of the com munist led régime which had emerged in azerbaijan equally disturbing was the fact that kurdish tribes men in iran first reported in revolt on march 20 were said to have set up an independent state south of azerbaijan the kurds inhabit the territory lying at the juncture of iran turkey and the mosul oil fields of iraq taken in conjunction with earlier rus sian territorial claims regarding the turkish prov inces of kars and ardahan the kurdish revolt led to further iranian and turkish uneasiness and to anglo american concern about possible russian de mands for radical alteration of the régime at the dardanelles basic issue of oil russia too could invoke treaty rights to justify the maintenance of its troops in iran on march 21 izvestia referred to the 1921 treaty with iran and pointed out that under its terms russian forces may move across the border into iranian territory if there is danger that the latter might become a base of hostilities against the ussr although not indicating the nature of any present danger in addition the 1921 russo iranian treaty also dealt with the basic issue of oil rights in iran while the treaty abrogated the former tsarist oil page two concessions there it prevented iran from granti them to any other country during the last two yeay of world war ii the ussr as well as america and british companies tried to gain petroleum and other mineral concessions in iran but sy cessive governments at teheran resisted this pres sure at present the only operating concession to ey ploit iran’s oil is held by the anglo iranian oil com pany whether russia’s recent agreement with irap to withdraw its troops also included terms on petro leum rights was not disclosed at the time of its ap nouncement on march 24 as the council approaches the tangled iranian problem granting that the procedural difficulties are overcome it must attempt to reconcile bj three needs for oil and security in the middle east and at the same time insure that the arab peoples themselves share in the wealth of their own coup tries if joint action were taken for exploitation of middle eastern oil the valuable resources of the arab world could provide much of the capital for agricultural developments and industrialization 9 sorely needed in the middle east an international conference to map out this type of joint action could do a great deal to ease world tensions the security council could also delegate to its military staff committee the task of outlining strategy require ments necessary to maintain security at the dar danelles the suez and in the persian gulf such measures demand creative vision and deter mined execution similar to allied military coopera tion in this area during the war and the economic collaboration of the middle east supply center es tablished by britain and the united states unless the big three reach military and economic arrange ments at the same time that reconstruction of the individual arab states is begun the arabs will tend to play the great powers against each other and they in turn will continue their present jockeying for position in a struggle that could develop into another world conflict grant s mcclellan food shortages and political controversies harass unrra atlantic crry march 24 the most important statement yet made in the sun drenched ballroom of the hotel traymore just off atlantic city’s famous boardwalk where the forty seven nations belonging to the united nations relief and re habilitation administration are struggling with the problems raised by the current world food shortage was not as might have been expected a message of hope to the famine stricken peoples of europe and asia instead it was a strongly worded speech on march 22 by retiring director general herbert h lehman criticizing the administration in wash ington for having terminated its war time food con trols so abruptly last autumn that unrra is now able to procure from this country only a fraction of the supplies it had hoped to purchase here the united states department of agriculture mr lehman reported has just informed unrra that it can provide only 5,000 tons of wheat flout and 195,000 tons of wheat for shipments in april amounts so small that in his opinion they can only spell disaster and death mr leh man’s observation that he could despite these offi cially announced shortages see here in the united states large quantities of food which could be ex ported seemed particularly pertinent in the luxutt ous setting of the conference for as this mecca of vacationers begins what is clearly going to be the most profitable season it has had since before peatl harbor the menus of the large hotels reveal n0 cary icag pres ey iran an ties ples oun n of for n 0 onal ould urity dar eter dera omic t nless n ge 1 of will ying into ture flour 5 in 1i0n leh off ited ex cufi a of the earl ee traces of war time restrictions and the general dis play of comfort and plenty in the shops along the boardwalk appears fabulous and unreal to most of the foreign delegates is it too late to restore rationing in his plea for more effective food conservation measures in the united states mr lehman took sharp issue with clinton p anderson secretary of agriculture and herbert hoover now in europe conducting a food survey for president truman both of whom have indicated their belief that the present food crisis will end in approximately 120 days recognizing the force of the argument that some time would be necessary to restore rationing controls mr lehman nevertheless insisted that the effort to restore control measures would be worth while since the general result might well be to save many lives which otherwise might be lost whether the relatively rosy picture painted by the department of agriculture and mr hoover or the grim outlook depicted by unrra is the more cor rect version of the immediate world food situa tion cannot be easily ascertained amid the welter of confusing technical data available on the subject it would seem however that unrra as an agency which has been charged for the past three and one half years with responsibility for studying inter national food needs is in a far better position to judge the acuteness of the present crisis than are american officials whose knowledge of conditions overseas is necessarily based on second hand infor mation or quickly garnered impressions there can be little doubt moreover that the large majority of the american people would prefer as mr leh man declares to adopt strict controls rather than tun the risk of failing to act with courage and deter mination political questions intrude despite the oft repeated desire of mr lehman to keep politics out of unrra several issues have arisen during this conference which reveal how difficult it is to divorce relief tasks from the large political questions of a world that is deeply conscious of its division into potentially rival blocs when the yugo slav czechoslovak and soviet delegations attempted on march 22 to obtain membership for albania in unrra the united states and britain took the lead in thwarting russia’s move the ostensible issue in the debate was whether or not albania should still be considered as being at war with a number of the united nations despite the change which has recently occurred in its régime the real ee page three sss question at stake however was whether or not the western powers would recognize the frankly pro russian government of premier hoxha in connection with russia’s offer of 500,000 tons of wheat and barley to france part of which is now being shipped to french ports other disturb ing political questions have arisen ing this week’s debates delegates of canada australia the united kingdom and the united states have all given broad hints to the soviet union that if it has exportable food surpluses it should pool its re sources with those of other food supplying areas by joining the cereals committee of the combined food board instead of making separate arrangements with individual nations for allegedly political purposes the most delicate political problem which has arisen at the conference was posed on march 23 in a tense session on the subject of the treatment of the nearly one million displaced persons primarily political refugees from eastern europe who still remain in unrra and military camps in the three western zones of germany in the opinion of the polish and yugoslav delegates unrra should cease its operations in behalf of these people a large number of whom jan stanczyk poland’s minister of welfare asserted are being exposed to the sys tematic propaganda of troublemakers whose aim is to sow the seeds of another war minister of state philip noel baker representing the united king dom answered this charge by asserting that unrra must not restrict the rights of political refugees who are afraid to return to their homelands under present conditions we have fought the war for the lib erty of the individual he declared and we do not propose to sacrifice it now although the contin uation of unrra’s program for displaced persons has not yet been assured mr lehman’s statement that it is unthinkable that unrra should abandon men and women who have gone through the horrors of war before a united nations authority for the care of refugees has been established holds out hope that political considerations alone will not determine the fate of some of the most unfortunate victims of the war winifred n hadsel a daughter of han the autobiography of a chinese working woman by ida pruitt new haven yale uni versity press 1945 2.75 fascinating story of old mrs ning and the problems of every day life among the chinese people a book of last ing significance because it approaches china in purely human terms giving the reader background that cannot easily be secured elsewhere foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 24 marcu 29 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheeles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 on month for change of address on membership publications three dollars a year please allow at least f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dellars a year qs produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter u.s seeks military policy to back world commitments the strain in relations between the united states and the soviet union which has now been consid erably eased developed at a time when the united states lacked a clear cut military policy the army and navy were being rapidly depleted in numbers when secretary of state james f byrnes sent sternly worded notes to moscow questioning rus sia’s removal of industrial equipment from man churia and protesting the maintenance of soviet troops in iran beyond the treaty date of march 2 although daring diplomacy succeeds best when military force is available to back diplomatic notes the strength of our armed forces is not commensur ate with the strong tenor of our diplomatic dis patches both the administration and congress however are now aware that it is time to link mili tary policy with foreign policy even if relations with russia were entirely harmonious international obligations we have assumed through our partici pation in the occupation of germany austria italy japan and korea and our membership in the united nations organization require us to have a military force adequate to meet our needs congress hesitates over military policy on v e day may 8 1945 the united states army had 8,300,000 officers and men it now consists of 2,500,000 and at the present rate of demobilization its strength will be 1,550,000 on july 1 no committee of the house or senate has as yet studied the country’s military needs with sufficient care on october 23 president truman urged congress in a special message to pass legisla tion that would provide a year’s military training for all boys reaching 18 but neither branch of con gress has acted on it voluntary enlistments num bered 185,000 in november 1945 but they have been declining month by month 131,000 in decem ber 113,000 in january 93,000 in february 73,000 estimated in march in an effort to attract more recruits the war and navy departments have asked congress to increase the pay and allowances of officers and men by 20 per cent and both services have arranged for investigations of charges of un fair discrimination between officers and men congress showed almost no interest in the problem of military policy before the recent differences over russia’s policy in iran developed on january 23 a subcommittee of the senate military affairs commit tee demanded that the army release by march 10 those men who had been in service two years on february 23 acting chairman r ewing thomason of the house military affairs committee declared we don’t want to have to continue selective service any longer than necessary but on march 21 both the house military affairs committee and the senate military affairs committee began to hold hearings on a bill for extending the selective service act beyond may 15 when it expires general dwight d eisen hower chief of staff asked the house committee to extend it indefinitely chairman andrew j may of the house committee had proposed an extension of six months and chairman elbert d thomas of the senate committee an extension of six weeks after the senate committee had heard secretary byrnes testify on march 21 senator warren r austin republican of vermont said that the testi mony had shown the international situation was such as to make more clear the necessity for extend ing the selective service act three days earlier leading members of the house committee had pre dicted extension because of the russian situation and chairman may said we must retain the vehicle of selective service so that it will be ready if we should get into trouble danger in arms race to develop military policy simply by extending the wartime draft law under the emotional stress of anxiety about russian intentions would be a dangerously haphazard way to deal with an important problem while we need a force adequate to the requirements of our foreign policy we invite trouble if by vague ness about our military program we encourage other states to engage in an arms race with us the climate of opinion for such a race is being created repre sentative robert l f sikes democrat of florida on march 18 said that national defense requires 4 force of men and weapons at least equal in effective ness to those of any nation whose purposes we cai not trust in russia on march 21 the communist party journal party construction said we cannot forget that the armies of other countries are not stopping their development adjustment of politi cal issues in such a way that nations can regain 4 sense of world stability is needed before statesmen and legislators will consider military policy with any degree of clarity meanwhile postponement of the atomic bomb tests at bikini which many civic and scientific leaders believe should be abandoned alto gether may contribute to relaxation of international tension blair bolles +s homason declared ve service 1 21 both he senate hearings ct beyond d eisen imittee to j may of ension of 1as of the ks secretary jarren r the testi tion was or extend ys earlier had pre situation etain the be ready develop wartime f anxiety ingerously problem juirements by vague rage other he climate ed repre f florida requires 4 n effective es we calfl sommunist ve cannot s are not of politi 1 regain 4 statesmen y with any ent of the r civic and oned alto ternational bolles genera library university o apr 16 1946 entered as 2nd class matter ommitieal reo st okal libzar briy of mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 25 aprit 5 1946 problems of orderly change raised by iranian dispute hen the security council on march 29 ac cepted mr byrnes proposal that the united nations should ask both russia and iran for infor mation concerning the status of their negotiations it postponed until april 3 a decision as to the action it might take on iran’s appeal in accordance with its expressed determination to deal at this stage with procedure and not with substance it did not attempt to come to grips with the basic issues raised by that appeal the discussions of the council in the former gymnasium of hunter college in the bronx how ever have already served to focus world opinion on these issues and have brought out two points of crucial importance for the future of the united nations differences in concept of equality the first of these points is a fundamental difference between russia and the western powers concern ing the concept of equality of nations in his answer on the eve of the council session to three questions posed by hugh baillie president of the united press an answer repeatedly referred to by am bassador gromyko marshal stalin stressed the equality of states in the united nations in view of this statement russia’s persistent refusal to dis cuss the iranian situation in the council until april 10 has seemed to many observers disingenuous and unsportsmanlike the other countries represented on the council would not contend that all nations great and small are really equal in power and in fluence but several of them insisted that every one of the united nations no matter how weak or back ward must have the right to appear before the council on its own behalf without undue delay and present any complaints it may have against a great power on terms of legal equality the council acting on this concept of equality contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association had no choice but to make it possible for iran to state whether it favored the postponement demand ed by moscow and if not why not only after iran's views about the proposed postponement had been ascertained was it possible for the council to address identical inquiries for information to mos cow and teheran had the council after giving russia an opportunity to explain why it was urg ing a postponement an opportunity of which mr gromyko did not avail himself except to refer to newspaper interviews given by marshal stalin and iranian prime minister ghavam then merely asked iran for written information as suggested by the australian delegate colonel hodgson it would not have afforded equal opportunity for a hearing to a small country bringing a complaint against a great power although colonel hodgson sought to demon strate that the council had in effect adopted his pro posal and might have averted russia’s withdrawal by accepting it in the first place that is not an ac curate description of the course taken by the council is council treating russia as an equal but admitting the validity of the coun cil’s decision to reject russia’s demand for post ponement by a 9 to 2 vote and to invite iran fol lowing mr gromyko’s withdrawal to appear and present his views about the proposed postponement the question of equality calls for further analysis russia has made no secret since dumbarton oaks that its idea of equality is equality among the great powers this concept is at the core of the veto power reserved for the big five and we should not forget that the united states was just as in sistent as russia on inclusion in the san francisco charter of the veto on action by the council where the united states differs from russia is in contend ing that the veto should not be applied to dis cussion of a controversial issue although it may prove in practice difficult to draw the line between discussion and action since obviously the final de cision in any controversy will be affected by the discussion that precedes it but viewing the coun cil’s debate on iran in the light of its definition of equality russia contends that it is not in effect being treated by the big five as an equal since the council has shown a concern about the presence of russian troops in iran which it has not thus far displayed about the presence of british troops in greece or egypt for example or american troops in iceland or china the weakness of russia’s case in the eyes of the world is threefold first it failed to comply with the terms of the anglo russian iranian treaty of 1942 under which all foreign troops were to have been withdrawn from iran by march 2 second judging by the testimony presented by the iranian ambassador which russia has not sought to deny officially moscow in the course of direct negotia tions with iran undertaken with the approval of the security council sought to obtain political terri torial and economic advantages in return for the withdrawal of its troops and third russia declined to vouchsafe any information at the council table as to the reasons why it sought a postponement of discussion about iran leaving the world to assume rightly or wrongly that it had hoped to obtain from teheran by april 10 the concessions it had been unsuccessfully pressing for during prime minister ghavam’s visit to moscow in fairness to russia however it must be recog nized that other great powers are using pressure of one kind or another on small nations to obtain new privileges the united states during the war sought to obtain oil concessions in iran or retain old ones britain appears loath to relinquish the right to maintain troops on egyptian soil which it has enjoyed under a ten year treaty with egypt whose termination is being demanded by cairo nor does the reported russian proposal for the creation of a joint stock oil company in which russia would have 51 per cent of the shares and iran 49 per cent differ materially from the setu of the anglo iranian oil company through which british interests obtain oil from iran it is proper to insist on russia’s fulfillment of treaty obligations for if every nation feels free to flout treaties all hope of world order will have to be abandoned but page two a a it would be unrealistic to assume that russia alone among the great powers uses its influence to obtain from small countries privileges they might not other wise grant what is needed is not merely reform of russia's practices but reform of the practices of all great powers in their relations with small nations it is encouraging in this connection that the united states has decided to relinquish on may 20 bases it had acquired in cuba during the war u.n must act on basic issues the second important point revealed by the council's debates on iran is that if the united nations are to give effective protection to small nations they must do more than require strict compliance with treaties if all nations agreed on the desirability of main taining the existing order of things the status quo there would be little reason for conflict it is when one nation or another attempts to alter existing conditions that clashes occur the council which in london requested russia and iran to submit a report to the present session on their direct negotiations has legitimate reason to seek information as to the status of these nego tiations and it is unfortunate that britain and the united states instead of waiting for this report by passed the united nations and sent individual notes to moscow inquiring why russian troops had not left iran by march 2 but it is even more im portant for the council to find out why russia wants political territorial and economic advantages if upon investigation there should appear for ex ample to be justification for russia’s demand for oil concessions the council would need to deter mine whether exploitation of iran’s resources by great powers can be carried out in such a way as to serve the interests of the iranian people who have hitherto had little share either in governing them selves or in deriving material benefits from their country’s natural wealth russia’s unilateral inter vention in iran is open to criticism the remedy however is not counter intervention by britain and the united states but joint efforts under united nations authority to find a workable compromise that would avert a conflict among the big three yet would not impose intolerable sacrifices on small nations but before the council can initiate such action the big three must agree among themselves to subordinate their national ambitions to the inter ests of the international community vera micheles dean united nations set up narcotic drugs commission on january 29 arthur henderson british under secretary of state for india and burma spoke to the united nations assembly in support of a pro posal to create a commission on narcotic drugs which would report directly to the economic and social council this speech was doubly important not only did it come from a high official in the india office india occupies a key position in a pro gram of further progress of opium control but it also welcomed the proposal of the united states povernm jimitatio dom wil jlong th inforr partmen opium st since br duding brunei of fricti china a removec ernment present the 1 united nations united netherl this co mittee will re brazil rouge with organize as unit brazil’s current jand div particul brazil 2.75 a rep latin a a speci part of frontier the spec springi stabilit the int terna eime tiona ment a fo istrativ does nc that it nations great v the si york a lo a sing foreig headqua scond c me mon bs ia alone o obtain ot other form of es of all nations united bases it is the council's is are to ey must treaties main tus quo is when existing russia session reason se nego and the report dividual ops had ore im ia wants ges if for ex and for deter irces by ay as to ho have g them m their il inter remedy ain and united promise three mn small te such mselves le inter dean portant in the 1 a pro but it 1 states o vernment for immediate action to get an opium imitation convention adding the united king dom will give their warmest support to any action slong these lines information has been received by the state de ent from hong kong and singapore that all opium smoking monopolies have been abolished since british re occupation of these territories in duding north borneo sarawak labuan and brunei thus an ancient evil has ended and a point of friction between britain on the one hand and china and the united states on the other has been moved similar action by the netherlands gov emment obviously must await settlement of the present political difficulties in indonesia the new commission on narcotic drugs of the united nations organization has fifteen member nations china france united kingdom u.s.s.r united states canada egypt india iran mexico netherlands peru poland turkey and yugoslavia this commission replaces the opium advisory com mittee of the former league of nations delegates will represent their respective governments the the f.p.a brazil people and institutions by t lynn smith baton rouge louisiana state university press 1946 6.50 with this detailed study of brazil’s population and social organization professor smith has placed brazilian as well as united states readers in his debt at a time when brazil’s agricultural problem is largely eclipsed by the arrent emphasis on industrialization the chapters on land division tenure rural communities and the like are particularly instructive brazil by preston e james new york odyssey 1946 2.75 a reprint of the section on brazil from the same author’s latin america which has become a classic in the field in a specially written conclusion mr james finds at least part of the solution to the problem of brazil’s hollow frontier in the new cities themselves an expression of the speculative nature of the national economy which are ringing up in the interior and provide what there is of stability and permanence in the brazilian scene the international secretariat a great experiment in in ternational administration by e f ranshofen werth eimer washington carnegie endowment for interna tional peace 1945 distributed by international docu ments section of columbia university press 4.50 a former official of the secretariat discusses the admin istrative development of the league of nations while he does not try to excuse any failures of the league he feels that it definitely proves the possibility of large scale inter national administration this study therefore should have great value in the case of the united nations organization the story of woodrow wilson by ruth cranston new york simon and schuster 1945 3.50 a long time friend of the wilson family compresses into page three reduction in membership from twenty five nations at the last meetings of the league opium advisory committee to fifteen and the expectation that rep resentatives with administrative and technical ex perience will be the delegates are improvements based on lessons of the past the inclusion of iran whose name was not on the list of countries proposed by the united states delegate is open to question iran’s past record in opium does not justify such membership iran has refused to adopt any international treaty obliga tions which affect its fredom to sell opium to any and all purchasers years of pressure by the league as well as forceful representations by the united states government on the basis of the judd resolu tion have been without results therefore those countries which have long suffered from smuggled iranian opium will watch carefully how iran’s opium policy is affected by its membership on the new com mission on narcotic drugs helen howell moorhead see foreign policy bulletin july 21 1944 bookshelf ing much space to his great fight for the league of na tions the german talks back by heinrich hauser new york henry holt 1945 2.00 civil life in wartime germany by max seydewitz new york viking 1945 3.50 re educating germany by werner richter chicago uni versity of chicago press 1945 3.50 three books dealing with the effects of nazism on the german people by germans who had gone into exile all three authors insist that another germany always ex isted in opposition to hitler and they conclude that it should now be encouraged by moderate peace terms which will seem overgenerous to many readers poland edited by bernadotte e schmitt berkeley uni versity of california press 1945 5.00 belgium edited by jan albert goris berkeley university of california press 1945 5.00 these two volumes in the united nations series pub lished in an effort to present reliable and comprehensive information about the characteristics and problems of the various allies are written by a carefully selected panel of scholars and are ably edited belgium is the only general book of recent date on that country and poland also makes a notable contribution to the study of a controversial sub ject america’s stake in britain’s future by george soule new york viking press 1945 2.75 anglo american economic cooperation must prove the cornerstone of world trade revival and it is this require ment which mr soule has admirably explained in his book which also briefly sketches britain’s critical economic po sition today as well as its plans for domestic economic 4single volume a biography intensely personal yet devot reconstruction oreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 25 aprit 5 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as teond class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least me month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dellars a year be 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor a x lg washington news letter sttbee i atomic energy report points way to international contro the proposals laid before the senate committee on atomic energy by under secretary of state dean acheson on march 25 and released for publication by the state department on march 29 advocate international control of atomic energy and industrial use of the atom bomb secret for peacetime civilian purposes congress on the other hand seems to favor national control under an arrangement em phasizing the military usefulness of the secret arguments for international civil ian control despite the skepticism of con gress which is revealed by the votes of the senate committee on atomic energy the proponents of international civilian control outside congress have been increasing in numbers the publication of the book one world or none has fortified the argu ments of the internationalists new committees to advocate international control have been created the emergency committee for civilian control of atomic energy which has the support of 59 na tional organizations and the tri state committee of educators scientists and religious leaders on atomic energy and related problems of pennsyl vania ohio and west virginia the national com mittee on atomic energy established some time ago held a conference in washington on march 26 at which secretary of commerce henry a wallace challenged the supporters of military control the report presented to the senate committee by the group of experts headed by mr acheson strengthens the position of these citizen committees for two reasons first it discloses that it is possible to distribute uranium to industrial consumers with out fear that it will be used for military purposes because the material can be so denatured that it will provide energy for peacetime uses but not enough energy for use in bombs secondly the report proposes a workable method of international regula tion through control of uranium at its source instead of the international inspection of factories which had been previously discussed and had been recog nized as extremely difficult to administer the report was prepared by five distinguished men headed by david e lilienthal chairman of the tennessee valley authority under the guid ance of a committee on atomic energy appointed on january 7 by secretary of state james f byrnes the committee consisted of mr acheson john j mccloy former assistant secretary of war dr vannevar bush director of the office of scientific research and development dr james b conan president of harvard university and maj gey leslie r groves in charge of the manhattan dj trict project which developed the atomic bomb afte physicists had urged the war department to invest gate the possibilities of such a weapon should military share in control yet at least two of the members of the committe sponsoring the report on international control sup port individually a degree of american militay supervision which could compromise internation control although president truman on march for the second time stated that he favored civilian control general groves consistently has sustaine the military view that atomic energy is useful chief in weapons dr bush said on march 15 that the military should not be unduly hampered in thei use of atomic energy the case for the military viey impresses the senate committee on march 12 it approved by a vote of 6 to 1 an amendment offered by senator arthur vandenberg republican of michigan for the creation of a military liaison com mittee empowered to review decisions of the civilian commission on atomic energy which would come into existence upon enactment of the mcmahon bill when committee chairman brien mcmahon democrat of connecticut objected to the vandenberg amendment the committee ap proved it once more on march 13 by 10 to 1 unusual difficulties will confront the united states in making its policy effective whether it decides o an international civilian control or on a militay control that would be essentially national the scientists indispensable for the advancement of atomic experimentation resent military influence scientists acquainted with some aspect of atomic energy are forbidden to travel abroad and may not discuss certain areas of their work with one another they are also required to withhold certain informa tion from their students science simply will not go forward under military domination dr ed ward u condon director of the national bureau of standards said on march 5 dr irving kaplas chairman of the executive committee of the asso ciation of manhattan scientists new york area said on march 17 that military control of atomic energy would work against the future peacetime de velopment of atomic energy in the united states blair bolles +apr 17 1046 general library eotered as 2nd class matter prrwmcal kuo gm mmral libra unty of mice university of nichigan ann arbor michigan rol foreign policy bulletin gen 1 dis after an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated rol 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y r vou xxv no 26 apri 12 1946 ili tiou britain reshapes alliances to hold position in middle east al leat temporarily disposed of the iranian over the settlement achieved last week at best the tained case on april 4 the security council met again council’s action on iran may set a procedural prece hie tis week to find russia had notified the united na dent insuring that the great powers can not prevent eh tions on april 6 that it considered the council's initial discussion of grievances brought before the at the action on iran illegal and wanted the question united nations by small countries for whatever thet removed from the agenda meanwhile dr oscar may be the course of subsequent developments there pre lange the polish delegate plans to bring the prob is no doubt that the security council has already frere lem of spain before the council thus big three emerged as a forum of world opinion where both relations continue to focus on the mediterranean small and large nations may be heard by answering wii area where britain as active as russia has recently the request for a report on the negotiations between 1 com been reinforcing its ties with the arab states first teheran and moscow before the council’s session f the by granting independent status on march 22 to the on april 3 both disputants fulfilled their technical which former league mandate of transjordan and second responsibilities under the united nations charter of the by preparing for revision of its ten year treaty of since the ussr has maintained communication with briet 1936 with egypt the united nations during the course of the discus ted to as the great powers sought to strengthen their sion of the russo iranian dispute it is now surpris 4 strategic position in the middle east president tru ing that its request for removing the issue from the man in his army day speech at chicago on april council’s agenda should be based on the alleged states 6 warned both russia and britain that their rivalry illegality of the decision of april 4 des on in the arab world might suddenly erupt into con under the agreements signed between the two uilitay flict secretary of state byrnes had already demon countries on april 4 russian troops are to be with the strated the concern of the united states about this drawn from iran by may 6 as requested by the se nt of tegion by vigorously steering the council’s action curity council the status of iran’s northern province uence on iran on april 5 he also urged the council of of azerbaijan is to be dealt with solely by teheran atomit foreign ministers to meet again in paris on april as a domestic issue and a proposal for an oil con ay not 25 to make definite preparation for the conference cession for the ussr will be submitted to the next 1othet scheduled in that city on may 1 when the draft iranian parliament to be elected on june 7 no basic forms peace treaties for italy finland bulgaria rumania substantive issue was decided in this case by the ill not and hungary are to be considered to date the depu council however and while the curtain was mo t ed ties of the foreign ministers in london have been mentarily drawn aside on many confused middle bureal unable to resolve differences about the important eastern problems big three differences over oil and aplan adriatic port of trieste and its environs or the strategy in the arab world remain unresolved asso future disposal of italy’s former african empire and challenge to britain mr byrnes took area the dodecanese islands the lead in pressing the iranian issue before the atomé the iranian settlement russia’s insis security council but no country views russia's me 4 1 tence that the iranian question be removed from the emergence as a great power in the middle east and states security council’s agenda will temper any optimism the mediterranean with greater anxiety than britain lles contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association es es a 3 ae adee ere vances seosiepmeeeceminnnemienysmnasinnietonnian ee ened en rrr ts ue pon eg its desire to align the arab states in firmer friend ship may be seen in the recent franco british agree ment which the levant states joined during the middle of march providing for troop evacuation from syria and the lebanon the anglo transjordan treaty is also evidence of britain’s efforts to mend its fences in this area although independence for transjordan will doubtless cause both jews and arabs to seek speedy withdrawal of british author ity in palestine but control over the suez is crucial for britain's imperial position and thus the revision of the anglo egyptian treaty assumes greater im portance than any other recent british move in the middle east egypt's key position the foreign office has recognized the major nature of the coming nego tiations and has sent a strong delegation to cairo which foreign secretary bevin will join at a later stage serious anti british riots during the early part of 1946 revealed the climate of opinion the british will find there and since the future status of the sudan is to be raised it is noteworthy also that egyptian nationalists have championed sudan’s freedom from british administration and the incorporation of the upper regions of the nile into egypt page two ee eeee the egyptian delegate at the security council strongly supported iran’s charges against russian troops on its soil and on april 6 dr hafez afif pasha egypt’s permanent representative on the council said in cairo that while he was fully con fident that negotiations of a new anglo egyptian treaty would be successful if necessary egypt may submit its case to the united nations under the present treaty britain may maintain 10,000 land forces and 400 pilots in or near the canal zone while the present treaty provides for permaneng of the historic anglo egyptian military alliance the question of troops is due for review at this time because of rising egyptian nationalism other pro visions of the 1936 treaty having to do with the maintenance of internal stability in egypt will also be challenged by the cairo government on grounds that such terms are limitations of its sovereignty since egypt is the chief leader of the arab league the new agreement will demonstrate the labor gov ernment’s intentions in dealing with the middle eastern states where the twin tasks of guarding strategic interests and fostering freedom and econom ic development must be undertaken simultaneously grant s mcclellan victory of royalist minority sharpens cleavage in greece the sharp political cleavage between right and left in greece was irrefutably demonstrated on march 31 in the first national elections held in a decade the left boycotted the polls charging that the voting was a fraud arranged to assure a con servative victory the pro royalist populists won a majority of the ballots cast by the slightly less than fifty per cent of the registered voters who took part in the elections and a ten member rightist coali tion cabinet was set up on april 4 the new premier panayotis poulitas is president of the state council the greek equivalent of the united states supreme court and has had no previous political experience he will probably remain in office only until the populists have chosen one of their own leaders as head of the government the royalists greatly strengthened by the elec tions are expected to consolidate their position by two measures first rightist leaders may address a formal request to london asking that british troops be maintained in greece thus bolstering britain's position in this strategically important area of the mediterranean and crystallizing the division of the balkans into russian and british zones of in fluence secondly they may seek to hold a plebiscite on the return of the king as soon as possible were the elections a fraud since the elections resulted in widening the schism between the right and left the question whether or not the voting was rigged assumes considerable impor tance for the united states this question is a mat ter of special concern because americans as well as british and french representatives participated in the group of more than 1,200 international ob servers who were charged with the task of assuring free elections as preliminary reports indicate hon est elections faced many obstacles some of which were more or less inevitable because of the violence which has characterized the struggle between left and right and between republicans and royalists before world war ii greece was under the dic tatorship of general metaxas a pro royalist fear ful of communism and from 1941 until 1944 the country was occupied by the nazis and suffered pri vations exceeding those of other conquered nations shortly after liberation greece became the battle ground in a bloody civil war between the leftist eam resistance group and the returning govern ment since the formal conclusion of hostilities in january 1945 rightist terror has prevailed in cer tain areas controlled by official forces and the pres ence of british tanks guns and armed troops has made it possible for the government to use strong arm methods in establishing order the british con sequently must be regarded as at least partly re sponsible for the fact that thousands of sympa thizers of the eam were too terrified to come out of their hiding places in the mountains or to sac rifice the protective anonymity of a large city such as athens for the purpose of voting even if eam leade and t ists a tains over howe ist vi demo whicl resen refus state more freed tions by ci it see with war from recer bb il a fifi the ccon tian may land one ency the ime pro the also inds nity gue gov ddle ding 1om sly mat well ated ob ring hon hich ence left lists ear the pri ttle ftist ern in cer res has ong con re npa out sac such am leaders had encouraged them to do so on the other hand responsibility for disorder and terror is by no means attributable to the royal ists alone in macedonia where the eam still re tains a stronghold violence has also occurred more ger the eam’s decision to boycott the elections however unfavorable the conditions were for a left ist victory can hardly be said to have strengthened democratic processes in greece nor can russia which has frequently indicated its approval of the bam be said to have aided the cause of more rep resentative government in this liberated country by refusing to send observers to join those of the united sates britain and france it is hardly possible moreover to use the same yardstick in measuring the freedom of elections in greece that is used in na ions such as our‘own which have not been rent by civil war and shattered by economic catastrophe itseems necessary instead to compare the elections with those which have recently taken place in other war torn countries of southeastern europe viewed from this angle the greek elections appear to have been at least as fair if not more so than elections cently held under russian auspices in bulgaria royalists a minority but even if the dections were as fair as possible under existing cir cumstances it does not necessarily follow that they current clashes between chinese government and communist forces in manchuria indicate that several key issues affecting american soviet rela tions in the far east and the future of china may son reach the crisis stage these issues may be ummarized in three questions 1 will china establish a democratic coalition government in ac wrdance with the agreements reached through gen eal marshall's mediation in january 2 what ombination of political forces will shape the fu ture of manchuria with its forty odd million people strategic location rich resources and valuable in dustries 3 will washington and moscow find ome means of reducing their differences over china although the questions emphasize _politi al problems they will have to be answered in an atmosphere troubled by food shortages and famine high prices low production of consumers goods and inadequate transportation right wing fights coalition one of the major features of chinese political life during he past two months has been the attempt of ex tteme right wing elements to alter and undermine the all party agreements of january 31 for a chi nese coalition government the tactics of the right sts have ranged from the encouragement of politi al violence to verbal assaults on more moderate page three clashes in manchuria raise have solved the problems of finding a government that will be sufficiently representative of the greek people to insure stability since approximately 600,000 of the 950,000 ballots cast were received by the populists and it may be assumed that nearly every pro royalist was among that fifty per cent of the electorate which went to the polls the royalists constitute at the most only approximately one third of the registered voters this means that an attempt on the part of the populists to restore the king may have to be backed by force under these conditions britain might find that the group on which it has based its hopes for the safeguarding of british interests is capable of main taining itself in power only by turning greece into a police state it may be assumed that the eam will oppose this type of régime not only with verbal attacks but with appeals for foreign assistance arms might be forthcoming from friendly groups in albania yugoslavia and bulgaria while politi cal sympathy might be proferred by moscow such a situation would be embarrassing to britain in any part of the world where it has important strategic interests but it would be particularly critical in this outpost in the mediterranean where russia is chal lenging other traditional british strongholds winifred n hadsel new threat of civil war officials for corruption and inefficiency this opposition movement expressed itself at the kuo mintang central executive committee’s session of march 1 17 in bitter attacks on party leaders who had participated in the unity discussions with the communists or the negotiations with the russians while pledging kuomintang support to the unity pacts of january 31 the plenary session proposed fundamental changes in those agreements the most important alteration relates to china’s future con stitution in january the parties agreed on measures to democratize the draft constitution issued by the government in 1936 but the central executive com mittee voted in effect to restore the original docu ment the agreement of february 25 on the reduc tion and amalgamation of military forces was also discussed at the plenary session under this accord which was signed by general marshall and repre sentatives of the government and the communists china is to have an army of 90 divisions a figure which is to be further reduced to 60 divisions after eighteen months yet on march 22 less than a week after the close of the kuomintang meeting war minister chen cheng declared that china should have a standing army of 150 divisions showdown in manchuria these moves took place in an atmosphere of tension over man churia it is true that russian troops had begun to withdraw from mukden in the second week of march and that on march 22 moscow declared its forces would be out of manchuria by the end of april a pledge which the chinese foreign office later accepted as satisfactory but the issues raised by russian occupation of manchuria beyond the february 1 deadline as well as by russian removal of machinery from that region had already had serious repercussions in chinese political life because the chinese parties have been unable to agree on the control of manchuria a showdown may be imminent the government points out that under the january 10 military truce it has the right to transport troops into or within manchuria for the purpose of restoring chinese sovereignty it also holds that communist troop movements in that area have occurred in violation of the agreement the communists on the other hand argue that the government has broken its promise to cease hostili ties a charge which the government in turn levels against the communists and that its troop move ments in manchuria are for purposes of civil war not restoration of sovereignty basically the com munists want to extend to manchuria the coalition agreement reached in january for the rest of china while the government's position as expressed by chiang kai shek on april 1 is that it will not con sider any demands concerning manchuria until it has taken over control of the region from the russians back to 1945 manchuria today is torn by a struggle resembling that which brought china to the brink of all out civil war last fall and wash ington policy makers are confronted with problems of intervention similar to those raised under am bassador hurley these policy issues were thought by some to have been settled last december 15 when president truman suggested that our military and economic assistance to china would be conditional i.e would depend on china’s progress toward dem ocratic unity but the meaning of conditional sup port has been raised sharply by the chinese com munists who have asked the united states to stop transporting central government troops to man churia again on april 4 general chou en lai chief communist representative in the discussions held by general marshall declared that foreign aid especially financial assistance should not be given to the chinese government until it has been reor ganized as a democratic coalition under the january agreements aid under current conditions he said would facilitate a one party dictatorship by the page four kuomintang a central government spokesmy however declared on april 5 that if the units states gave china a loan he felt certain the con munists would join the government right away these issues will not soon be resolved but focus attention on american policy in his amp day address of april 6 president truman declare that the chinese leaders are on the road to achiey political unity by peaceful and democratic processes nevertheless there is little ground for complaceng both internal conditions and the state of america russian relations in that country are charged with dynamite under the circumstances continued app cation of the policy statement of december 15 j necessary if the agreements reached under gene marshall’s guidance are to be carried out lawrence k rosinger resignation of general mccoy the board of directors of the foreign policy associs tion announces with regret that major general frani r mccoy resigned as president on april 1 1946 ow ing to the pressure of his duties as chairman and amen can member of the far eastern commission gener mccoy has been elected president emeritus of the as ciation and will continue his membership on the boar of directors since general mccoy assumed the presidency of tk association in tember 1939 the membership ha more than doubled and the number of branches has in creased from seventeen to thirty two general mccoy’s distinguished career has include combat service in the spanish american war the phil ippine insurrection and world war i he was militay aide to president theodore roosevelt chief of staff the american mission to armenia in 1919 directo general of the red cross and commander of the amer can relief commission to japan in 1923 chief of th american electoral mission to nicaragua in 1927 2 chairman of the bolivia paraguay conciliation com mission in 1929 and american member of the lytto commission to manchuria in 1932 he is a doctor d laws princeton yale columbia and holds the dis tinguished service medal pending the election of a successor to general mccoy the board of directors has appointed itself as chie executive in the interim and has designated its chairman mr william w lancaster to act as its spokesman for this purpose mr herbert l may a member of th board has consented at its request to act as liaison be tween the staff and mr lancaster with the title d director in charge the case against the nazi war criminals by robert 1 jackson new york knopf 1946 2.00 justice jackson’s book containing the basic document of the nuremburg trials and an exposition of internation law and justice is the most readable and illuminating nor technical treatment of the subject that has appeared foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 26 aprit 12 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president emeritus dorotuy f lest secretary vera micueles dis editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a yo please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor e's nations 193 +to achiey processes mplaceng amedlil arged with nued appli mber 15 jj ler genen 3 losinger mccoy icy associa prrigoical shabral libras baty of mice apr 2 6 04 neral librargontered as 2nd class matter oo ae e 2 rersity of wich t rr eet we vat y vy foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 27 aprit 19 1946 rightist victory must not act as brake on japanese democracy neral fran l 1946 ow and amer on gener of the as n the boar lency of th bership ha ches has in as include ar the phil was militar f of staff to 9 director f the amer chief of th in 1927 2 iation com f the lytton a doctor of ids the dis eral mccoy elf as chie its chairman okesman for mber of th s liaison be the title d y robert ic document internationd linating nor peared rated natiool micheles dex dollars a yea is results of japan’s first post war election in dicate that conservatism remains the dominant theme in japanese political life of the 466 members of the new diet elected on april 10 the two con servative parties the so called liberals and progres sives captured 139 and 91 seats respectively the social democrats 92 the cooperatives 16 the com munists 5 independent candidates 84 and various minor parties 38 while one seat requires a second balloting since many of the independents are close to the progressives and the social democrats are in the main very moderate it is evident that the con servative victory is overwhelming the results are not surprising since it was not to be expected that within seven months of defeat the japanese would embrace liberal views casting off tendencies indoctrinated in them over many years of militaristic rule this fact is all the more under standable because the officials with whom our occu pation forces have been dealing from the emperor and the prime minister down to the prefectural governors and local leaders represent the more conservative groups in japanese society the tojos and other overt warmakers have been removed and in many cases are awaiting punishment but their japanese successors are still far to the right this can be seen from the unwillingness of the present shidehara cabinet to give more than lip service to general macarthur's directives on industrial and agrarian reforms freest japanese elections despite some manifestations of campaign violence and the super vision of the election by the shidehara cabinet with out representation of other elements the balloting was unquestionably the freest in japanese history not only was an exceptionally wide range of views presented to the voters but women used the ballot contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association for the first time and the voting age was reduced from twenty five years to twenty one of the 36 000,000 registered voters more than twice as many as in any previous japanese election 70 per cent went to the polls a notable figure yet it must be recognized that the elections considered in relation to their background were not entirely free for ex ample the rural housewife who voted for the first time but cast her ballot in accordance with the directives of the local political boss exercised a freedom that is still somewhat illusory with the results of the election before us two main alternatives or some combination of them seem to be open 1 to accept the vote as a healthy expression of the long term desires of the japanese people and to deal with the new cabinet as if it were virtually a genuine government or 2 to re gard the results largely as an early poll of jap anese sentiment that imposes no obligations on us taking the first course would have the effect of weakening the authority of the occupation furces and laying the basis for a premature end of the occupation with all the dangers of militaristic re surgence that this would involve the second course would be more likely to maintain the occupying authority intact in fact as well as in principle in dicating clearly to the japanese people that we ex pect them to go much further along the road of democratic evolution the meaning of these alternatives can be illus trated by the case of ichiro hatoyama head of the japanese liberal party which won the largest num ber of seats in the election should premier shide hara be unsuccessful in current maneuvers to retain his position hatoyama might succeed him yet hatoyama is the man who wrote a book some years ago praising hitler and mussolini and declaring law oy oe perce ta og na bn se a ae anus pean a a 4 epr en ff ee te a sei oi china unfit for self government the extent of his opposition to japanese aggression on the continent is indicated by his desire to end the china war on the basis of china’s giving japan six northern prov inces it is clear that while hatoyama is different from tojo persons of his type cannot be expected to develop a new japan is japan ready for a constitution the new diet is expected to give early considera tion to a new draft constitution issued by the shide hara cabinet with general macarthur's approval this draft which differs markedly from the old japanese constitution provides for a monarchy un der an emperor shorn of his governmental powers it also renounces war for all time and pledges to japanese citizens various rights including in addi tion to the usual clauses concerning freedom of speech press assembly etc guarantees of an equal education academic freedom collective bargaining for workers the right to work and freedom from discrimination in political economic or social re lations because of race creed sex social status or family origin the diet consisting of two elective bodies a house of representatives and a house of councilors is to be the sole law making au thority and the cabinet is to be responsible to the diet while many features of the constitution are im pressive it is difficult to see why it is necessary to adopt a definitive governmental charter at this time generally speaking if a democratic constitution is to be lasting it should proceed from a considerable body of popular experience and should give legal expression to achievements already registered in what promises to be enduring form the united states constitution for example undoubtedly owes page two much of its success to the fact that it was the produg of many years experience in the art of self govem ment in the colonial legislatures by comparison the seven months of japanese development under the occupation appear too short to justify constitutional action it would seem best simply to junk the olf constitution and to establish on a tentative basis such new administrative forms as are necessary fo the functioning of the governmental machinery it is quite proper for example for general head quarters through its day to day directives to deny the japanese the power to wage war or to insist op the extension of freedom in japan but to pretend that a constitution renouncing war or guaranteeing academic freedom represents the dominant outlook of the country today is to encourage complaceng in the united states about the state of affairs ip japan moreover adoption of the draft constitution would place an unnecessary stamp of approval on the institution of the emperor thereby prejudicing the future establishment of a japanese republic should the japanese ultimately wish such a govern ment recent developments therefore emphasize the im portance of keeping the japanese political situation fluid and not committing ourselves to groups or poli cies that would act as a brake on further moves to ward democracy we are dealing in japan not with free allies but with a people who are still in the shadow of militarism despite the progress they have been making in such a situation we should not shirk our responsibility by imagining that the position we occupy is one of neutrality rather than active intervention lawrence k rosinger new plan for german economy hinges on centralized control in accordance with the potsdam protocol of last july the allied control council has submitted a plan determining the amount and character of in dustrial equipment not required for the german peace economy and therefore available for repara tions this plan which was submitted on march 28 would reduce the level of industry as a whole to about 50 to 55 per cent of the 1938 prewar level excluding building and building materials indus tries the guiding principles for reparations and the level of german postwar economy were given in the potsdam protocol in applying these principles how ever differences developed in the council with the result that the plan contains compromises but these compromises were such as to make the plan coin cide generally with the united states point of view which favored a greater reduction in steel capacity than the british wanted but less than that desired by russia elimination of war potential the protocol envisaged for germany a production and maintenance of goods and services required to meet the needs of the occupying forces and displaced persons in germany and essential to maintain in germany average living standards not exceeding the average of standards of living of european coun tries the reductions specified in the plan have this objective and they are intended simultaneously to destroy german war potential and to make ger many self supporting the amount of capital equip ment available for reparations is therefore deter mined indirectly the plan bans entirely some in dustries including armaments as well as fourteen specific industries which were an integral part of the war economy as for example synthetic gaso line oil rubber and ball and roller bearings a second group of industries is to be reduced dras tically included in this group is steel vital in both war and peace steel capacity is set at 7,500,000 ingot tons which may be further reduced but ac tual st ingot t also be puts fis cals d duced ineeri industr will cc examp germa will be instrun consun stay of proved marks of foo ceeds marks costs cupatic distrib inat of the mind policy requir ductiv war which maint for tl want perio of liv and were gover fore headqi editor please produg f govern rison the inder the titutional the olf tive basis ssary for hinery ral head to deny insist on pretend ranteeing t outlook nplaceng affairs in nstitution roval on ejudicing republic a gover e the im situation s of poli noves to not with ill in the ress they re should that the ther than singer ntrol ction and 1 to meet displaced untain in eding the an coun lan have taneously ake ger tal equip re deter some if fourteen part of tic gaso urings a ced dras 1 in both 7,500,000 but ac a evgoouuu0 tual steel production shall not exceed 5,800,000 ingot tons tonnages for nonferrous metals have also been scaled down and maximum annual out ts fixed similarly basic chemicals pharmaceuti cals dyestuffs and synthetic fibers are greatly re duced as are machine tools and light and heavy en gineering trades a third group comprises those industries which will be retained and some of which will contribute to maximizing agriculture as for example agricultural machinery moreover since germany cannot become a closed economy exports will be necessary accordingly optics and precision instruments coal potash and certain other light consumer goods industries are to become the main stay of the new economy and provide exports ap proved imports planned for 1949 are to be 3 billion marks the same as exports payments for imports of food and fodder will be a first charge on the pro ceeds of exports and are not to exceed 1.5 billion marks the remaining 1.5 billion marks will cover costs of raw materials transport insurance and oc cupation expenses u.s policy on reparations united states policy on reparations has among other things provided that german war potential be eliminated and that capital goods removed from germany be distributed among the non enemy nations of europe in a manner to hasten the restoration and raising of their standards of living moreover having in mind the fiasco of world war i reparations our policy has been averse to any proposals which would require long term reparations with german pro ductive capacity to meet them and as after the last wat united states funds by the same token a plan which leaves the germans insufficient resources to maintain themselves would be unacceptable to us for the obvious reason again that we would not want to make good their food shortages for a long period nor would we desire the german standard of living so lowered as to cause famine pestilence and disorder agreements covering these points were incorporated in the potsdam protocol and poverned the work of the council in drafting its plan the protocol made no provision for long term feparations the amount of which would in any event be directly affected by later decisions on plant removals given the drastic removals contemplated in the control council plan it is not likely that any fecurrent reparations will be possible can germany be made self support ing the united states britain and to a lesser extent france are now furnishing germany food page three seeds and various other supplies an important question therefore is whether the new plan will enable germany to pay its way admittedly certain of the assumptions underlying the plan are de batable in particular the expectation that germany will become a single economic unit in accordance with the potsdam protocol economic unification is vital to the success of the plan for if germany is not so treated the lack of coordination between the zones with their diverse resources will frustrate any efforts to compel the germans to sustain them selves the march report by the american military government states that economic conditions in our zone have deteriorated steadily for want of imple mentation of the common policy and economic co ordination for the whole of germany to date central administrative agencies have not been set up furthermore agreement has not been reached on the ruhr and the rhineland the reaction in london reports from london indicate growing dissatisfaction in official british circles with the potsdam agreement and the idea is being unofficially broached that at the coming meeting of the foreign ministers the en tire german problem be reviewed or a date set for a new conference to recast the agreement absence of central control would continue to accentuate the difficulties of economic administration in the west ern zone and would in fact make impossible any plan whereby the germans are to be self sustaining in any event economic demobilization of germany will cost us something we should strive for policies which will moderate these costs from a strictly political point of view however it may be desir able to subsidize the new german economy mean while we are attempting to democratize the ger mans on 1,200 calories a day while in the russian zone where agricultural resources are greater the ration is 1,600 haro_p h hutcheson new research staff member the association announces with pleasure the ap pointment to the research department of harold h hutcheson mr hutcheson received his b.a at the university of richmond studied at the univer sity of edinburgh and received his ph.d at johns hopkins university he has taught economics at connecticut college for women and at princeton and johns hopkins universities during the war he served as lieutenant commander in the u.s naval reserve foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 27 apri 19 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president emeritus dorotuy f leger secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year is produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor aera bo an mene ri 0 5 sree washington news letter diplomatic reverses raise questions about u.s policy efforts made by the united states in recent months to influence affairs in various countries notably ar gentina spain iran and yugoslavia have failed the unsatisfactory consequences of our interventions call for a change in the conduct of our foreign policy while united states foreign policy is based on the recognition that we have world wide respon sibilities in maintaining the peace we have not yet hit on the diplomatic technique that will best guide us toward this goal policy toward argentina our short comings in the conduct of foreign policy are appar ent in our relations with argentina on february 11 the state department published a blue book which accused that government of having aided germany during world war ii and of failing to carry out treaty pledges made at rio de janeiro in 1942 and at mexico city in 1945 to repress german influences in argentina the publication date suggested strong ly that the united states hoped to deter argentines from voting in the presidential election of febru ary 24 for colonel juan perén the power behind the farrell government on march 28 perén’s victory was assured he won by 1,478,028 votes to 1,210,665 for his op ponent tamborini that victory was not in itself a complete rebuff to the united states which in tended to require that perén rid himself of the nazi influences described in the blue book before we would sign a treaty providing for mutual defense of the hemisphere to which argentina would also be signatory the other american republics how ever overwhelmingly indicated their willingness to sign such a treaty with the new legally constituted argentine government unless the united states was to become isolated in inter american affairs a fundamental review of its argentine policy seemed necessary in recognition of perén’s victory the united states on april 2 informed the argentine govern ment that it had appointed george s messersmith ambassador to argentina to fill the post left pur posely vacant since last august when spruille braden was named assistant secretary of state lest argentina consider this nomination a complete abandonment of the policy which led us to publish the blue book the state department on april 8 indicated that it would sign a hemisphere treaty with perén provided he carries out existing treaty pledges to eliminate axis influences this condi tional announcement was aimed primarily at lud wig freude perén’s intimate adviser whom the ee blue book described as leader of the nazi german colony in buenos aires but president truman’s ad dress to the pan american union on april 15 call ing for inter american solidarity against the threat of atomic warfare was interpreted by latin ameri cans as further evidence that the united states was modifying its argentine policy other rebuffs developments in other quar ters also disclose the united states inability to achieve its immediate aims in international rela tions on march 4 the state department issued a set of documents captured in germany which de picted general franco as an active axis collaborator who had given germany and italy military help during world war ii at the same time the united states france and the united kingdom called on the spanish people to oust franco by peaceful means yet franco still controls spain while in the central mediterranean area united states interfer ence has also been rebuffed on april 2 the united states in an unusual judicial intervention requested yugoslavia to permit u.s soldiers to testify on be half of general draja mikhailovitch whom the yugoslav government has accused of collaborating with the enemy on april 5 this request was refused on march 25 secretary of state byrnes told the united nations security council that this country supported the right of iran to accuse russia of in terfering in iranian affairs in a manner that threat ened world peace while on april 4 the united states and other members of the council accepted russia’s assurances that it would withdraw its troops the chief instrument of intervention from iran by may 6 russia nevertheless solidified its eco nomic and political relationship with iran a day later by obtaining a tentative promise of an oil con cession and by freezing for practical purposes the autonomy of azerbaijan thus russian interference in iran continues on a firm basis despite our desire to terminate it to strengthen our diplomacy in the westem hemisphere many senators suggest that the united states act only through established channels for inter american cooperation and abide by the wishes of the majority perhaps our world wide diplomacy would gain if we resorted to the united nations whenever we feel it desirable to intervene in at other’s affairs and would seek in our representa tions to the united nations to get at the roots of problems abroad rather than deal with surface manifestations blair bolles ae rer rer pe 191 +her quar bility to nal rela issued a vhich de laborator tary help 1e united called on peaceful ile in the interfer 1e united requested fy on be rhom the aborating s refused told the s country sia of in at threat ie united accepted its troops rom iran its eco an a day n oil con poses the terference yur desire western he united nnels for he wishes diplomag 1 nations ne in af epresenta 2 roots of h surface bolles hun al rgm rp ral library uunty of mic inke vu entered as 2nd class matte foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y you xxv no 28 april 26 1946 changes in europe since v e day alter task of peace making ponaggee by the course of events in eastern eu rope the balkans iran and manchuria since the moscow conference of december 15 1945 the foreign ministers of the big four gathered in paris on april 25 in an atmosphere gravely inauspicious to the making of a european peace settlement al though hostilities on the continent ended nearly a year ago no progress has been registered in achiev ing agreement among the united states britain and russia concerning the terms of peace east of germany or among the big three and france con cerning a definitive settlement with germany and italy it will be recalled that a delay in drawing up peace treaties had been urged during the war by leading statesmen and commentators who convinced that the arrangements drafted by the paris peace conference eight months after world war i had proved unsatisfactory proposed that this time the victors should allow a cooling off period while a cooling off was in theory desirable allied plans seem to have been made on the mistaken assumption that somehow or other the international situation would remain in status quo permitting the victor nations after careful consideration to mold the world to their heart’s desire life however refuses to stand still and during this period of waiting eu fope not to speak of the rest of the world has undergone far reaching changes which must now be taken into account by the paris peacemakers russia’s economic influence the most striking of these changes and one for which in sufficient allowance had apparently been made in washington and london is that russia has rapidly solidified its political and economic relations with countries along its western border from the baltic to the black sea as well as with the russian zone in germany not that all the countries in this area which moscow regards as within its sphere of security and hence influence have been won over to communism on the contrary elections held in some of them since the war have indicated that in spite of the presence of russian troops on their soil the political current has been running in the direc tion of moderate reforms rather than radical revo lution but the urgent need for bare survival now and for eventual economic reconstruction forces the countries east of germany impoverished by war and civil strife to cooperate with any great power willing or able to give them a measure of aid there is little doubt that all of the countries now classi fied as in russia’s orbit would be only too glad if they could count on loans or credits from the united states but the program of freer world trade advocated by the washington administration is still on paper and offers no hope of immediate relief to peoples who are on the verge of starva tion and bankruptcy it is entirely understandable that the united states should insist on the open door in europe east of germany since it is washington’s hope that the countries of this area will prove an important market for american machinery tools and manu factured goods but unless provision can be prompt ly made here to accept vastly increased imports from these countries most of which produce primarily wheat and a few raw materials like tobacco oil copper and so on we shall have to face the reality that with the drastic curtailment of german in dustry once the principal source of supply for east ern europe and the balkans the countries along russia’s border will have no choice but to become associated with the economy of the u.s.s.r al though an american loan to russia now again un der discussion might ease u.s russian tension it contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association ow is oe s ee vane seems to have come too late to alter fundamentally the picture in eastern europe peace settlement must cover ger many the role assumed by russia in europe’s economy is a direct result of the other major change that has occurred on the continent since v e day and that is the sharp reduction in germany's in dustrial productivity this reduction is due partly to wartime destruction the breakdown of transporta tion and the division of the country into four watertight zones but partly also to the decision of the allies to stabilize german economy at the level of 1932 before hitler came to power and provided work for thousands of unemployed in armament factories there is no disagreement among the big four about the need of curtailing germany’s capa city to produce for war but it has now become obvious that unless economic unity is effected in germany the defeated country will become a prey to political unrest which can result either in revival of nazism or in a growing drift toward a socialist communist front in which the communists would be predominant at the same time the germans would become increasingly dependent on the allies and that means in effect the united states for the food and essential raw materials they must im port without as yet having means of international payment it was from the outset a mistake to as sume as was done at potsdam that peace could be made piecemeal and that a settlement for italy and eastern europe could be achieved separate ly from a settlement for germany this mistake has been repeatedly pointed out by france whose for eign minister georges bidault has now won the opportunity of raising the german question in paris although apparently only after negotiations on other peace treaties have been concluded meanwhile in italy too economic questions have come to overshadow even such crucial strategic prob page two lems as the future of trieste and the italian colonies american observers are convinced that italy's broken down economy could pay reparations now demanded by russia yugoslavia and greece only if american funds were pumped into the country which would obviously place the burden of repara tions on the united states without contributing to italian reconstruction washington believes that italy has a good chance of recovery if it can start production with a clean slate free of reparation ob ligations that view not unnaturally finds little sympathy either in yugoslavia or greece both of which suffered grievously from italian devastation and the former at least can count on moscow’s sup port at the same time the veiled threat from wash ington that should the paris negotiations break down the united states would have to negotiate separate peace treaties does not sound practicable disillus bate of powers policy nether sincere mitted charter tion the ter sole the evi interna lective the pc spanist implica itself v ment a separate peace treaty with italy about trieste for charte example would have little hope of survival unless it had the approval of russia and yugoslavia the basic issue in paris as at hunter college is still the issue that haunted relations between russia and the rest of the world during the inter war years and that is whether peaceful co existence is pos sible between what we call the free private enter prise system of capitalism and what the russians call socialism and we cali communism the rus sians themselves answered this question in the af firmative at the international economic conference of 1927 but with the reservation that in the long run they foresaw the happy elimination of capi talism other possible ways in which this question might be answered during the paris negotiations and in the united nations organization will be dis cussed in subsequent articles vera micheles dean this is the first of a series of articles on the peace negotiations in paris ghosts of spanish civil war haunt security council spain once the testing ground of world war ii became again the subject of an international debate on april 17 when at poland’s request the united nations security council discussed the ques tion whether the franco régime constitutes a threat to world peace urging that the council direct all member states to break diplomatic relations with spain dr oscar lange the polish delegate based his government’s case against generalissimo franco on the following four counts that the franco régime was forced on the spanish people by the axis that it was an active partner of the axis during the war that it has since created a state of international friction by mobilizing troops on the french fron tier and that it tolerates and encourages numer ous german military and scientific personnel in spanish territory the case presented by dr lange was well documented with facts mainly drawn from united states official sources and the proposal for the severance of diplomatic relations seemed sur prisingly moderate if not inadequate in view of the gravity of the charges again today as in 1936 when the league of nations council approved the policy of non intervention adopted by six principal euro pean states in the spanish civil war the great wers skirted the underlying issues which have deeply divided them during the past decade the charter and intervention the arguments raised at the security council session also recalled the league discussion of 1936 for the crux of the problem as viewed by the majority of the council representatives was whether under the charter intervention on the grounds cited by poland would be in order this approach may have been united country and se breedit sian re in the years be ove af the de define they w what membe unanir and th morec agree succee democ verget tions it is of the has lo russi shape that it uatior iberia see tc medi coalit foreig headqu editor please be a ll colonies t italy's ons now ece only ountry f repata buting to ves that can start ation ob ads little both of vastation ow s sup m wash ns break negotiate acticable teste for al unless avia ollege is n russia war years is pos ite enter russians the rus 1 the af on ference the long of capi question rotiations ll be dis dean e y drawn proposal med sut w of the 136 when he policy yal euro he great ich have le in the sion also the crux y of the nder_ the y poland ave been disillusioning to those who had hoped that a de pate on spain at this time would give the great powers an opportunity to rectify past mistakes of licy on the other hand the statements of the netherlands and australian delegates indicated a sincere desire to canvass the limits of action per mitted the security council by the terms of the charter britain and the netherlands took the posi tion that the nature of the franco régime was a mat ter solely of domestic concern and moreover that the evidence adduced to prove spain is a center of international friction is too slender to justify col lective action of the kind envisaged by the charter the point was made that intervention would drive spanish moderates into the franco camp and the implication was plain that the present discussion itself would tend to strengthen the spanish govern ment however russia takes the view that the charter positively authorizes intervention by the united nations when the internal situation of any country constitutes a danger to international peace and security the franco government was and is a breeding ground of fascism according to the rus sian representative and if the council takes refuge in the policy of non intervention which in the prewar years led to utter catastrophe and failure it will be overlooking the lessons of history after franco what it became clear as the debate progressed that until the great powers define their objectives in spain with more precision they will not be able to agree on their definition of what constitutes non intervention on one point members of the security council were in striking unanimity and that was in their desire to see franco and the falange eliminated from the spanish scene moreover britain the united states and russia agree that they wish to see a democratic government succeed that of franco their concept of spanish democracy however is in each case qualified by di vergent strategic political and economic considera tions it is spain’s fortune or misfortune to occupy one of the most strategic positions in the world this has long been realized by britain as the outlines of russian policy in the western mediterranean take shape it is evident that the u.s.s.r too considers that its security interests are related to the spanish sit uation moscow believes it important to have on the iberian peninsula a friendly government which will see to it that russia will not be bottled up in the mediterranean russia might therefore support a coalition of the left as successor to the popular page three front government of the republic britain however fears that such a coalition would inevitably result in a dictatorship of the left given the superior organ ization of the communists and the tendency toward extremism in spanish politics aware of the vulner ability of the straits of gibraltar britain would have favored the restoration of the monarchy safe guarded by constitutional checks which would re spect britain’s historic interest in the western ap proaches to the mediterranean but don juan and franco have been unable to come to terms as to what would be the generalissimo’s role under a restored monarchy it remained for the united states to express most nearly what was uppermost in the minds of many of the security council representatives when mr stettinius pointed out that while the present situa tion of spain could not seriously be viewed as a threat to peace a resumption of civil war in that country would almost surely have grave internation al repercussions for this reason the united states has consistently opposed any action that would re vive bitter spanish enmities yet there are already indications from inside spain that if the united na tions do not produce a solution middle of the road elements in spain will gravitate to the two political extremes thus solidifying opposing points of view and producing a situation equally fraught with dan ger for the rest of the world no interim arrange ments neither a typical spanish junta of generals nor the giral government in exile which was recent ly broadened to include among others a communist representative can be acceptable to all the great powers nor is there any evidence that they have reached the point where they believe it is desirable or practicable to consider interim solutions there appears to be general agreement in the security council that the australian proposal to create a sub committee of inquiry into the polish charges despite the procedural problem it raises offers the best way out of a difficult impasse o.ltve holmes my twenty five years in china by john b powell new york macmillan 1945 3.50 a veteran newspaperman editor of the china weekly review describes his observations and experiences in china from the time of his arrival in 1917 until his re patriation on the gripsholm in 1942 a price for peace by antonin basch new york columbia university press 1945 2.50 a plea for the reconstruction of europe’s economy with in the framework of world trade revival special attention is given to the problems of eastern european nations often overlooked in considering the economic problems of the continent foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 28 april 26 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 bast 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president emeritus dorotuy f lesr secretary vora micugres dan editor bntered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ae produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor seeaearrerrers oem a ers oe 2 e a nt bf pa h i me eee e be os oon ane ol apecape washington news letter 5 ye g00 og os 0 os s800 ee 2 fr ee os on iee ies 5 fee world action needed to alleviate famine a year ago in april 1945 the united states re ceived its first responsible warning about post war food shortages from judge samuel rosenman who at president roosevelt's request visited europe on the eve of germany's surrender joseph c grew then under secretary of state repeated that warning in july on september 29 the agriculture depart ment said that only substantial food imports from outside sources can save millions of europeans from near starvation in the coming winter on november 27 the state department reported that 350,000,000 persons desperately needed food and president truman told prime minister mackenzie king of canada that we expect to ship all the food we can possibly spare on february 7 the president said the united states might resort to meat rationing to save others from starvation on march 1 he set up the famine emergency committee with herbert hoover as chairman in spite of this long acquaintance with the problem and presidential as surances of help the united states has been able to do little to alleviate the danger of famine recog nition of that inadequacy caused president truman on april 19 to order american millers to set aside 25 per cent of the wheat they normally consume in making flour earmarking this set aside for export rationing rejected the chief reason for this country’s inability to help the starving in europe and asia in a manner commensurate with their need has been the government's reluctance to insti tute consumer rationing which would help to divert larger quantities of food from home consumption for overseas john j mccarthy president of the american baking association has said that ra tioning will be necessary to make the set aside order workable yet hitherto the administration has relied on appeals for voluntary reduction of food consumption the famine emergency commit tee on march 11 asking americans to cut consump tion of wheat by 40 per cent and fats by 20 per cent on april 15 herbert hoover speaking from cairo said that voluntary reduction in food consumption would be superior to rationing the request of march 11 however has not been met voluntary reductions in food consumption have not enabled the united states to fill the food export obligations it accepted before the truman announcement of february 7 that the foreign food crisis would extend far beyond the winter months wheat exports for the first quar ter of 1946 were 12,000,000 tons short of our com mitments for that period accordingly the set aside order of april 19 was issued to make avail able for export food which non observance of the voluntary 40 per cent reduction plan had failed ty produce an order offering farmers a special price inducement to part with hoarded wheat stocks val issued on the same day it is true that in spite of these partial measures the united states has sent abroad half of all the food that europe and asia have received from out side sources at the same time the united states is the foremost food producer in the western henj sphere and its inhabitants have a more than ade quate diet the world cannot expect however thats country with a population of 130,000,000 whid in recent years has had an increasingly smaller agri cultural surplus could remedy the dietary plight of almost a billion persons in europe and asia drought lack of farm machinery and inadequate transportation systems disrupted by war account for the plight of those two continents while ameri cans have an average daily caloric intake of 3,000 the emergency economic committee for europe ha reported that 140,000,000 europeans average 2,000 calories and 150,000,000 get 1,500 or less although that committee and unrra had these alarming statistics in their possession long ago president tru man on march 17 sent mr hoover overseas to ascer tain the need for relief the hoover mission has dramatized the problem but not solved it the problem of food is political as well as hu manitarian and has been colored by internation al rivalry food allocations from the westem hemisphere are decided on by the combined food board which is controlled by the united states britain and canada russia not a member of the board signed an agreement on april 6 to supply france with 400,000 tons of wheat and 100,000 tons of barley at the same time continuing to draw on the food resources of eastern europe and the bal kans to feed its armed forces stationed in an area usually known as the breadbasket of europe as sistant secretary of state william l clayton com mented that what france received from russia would have to be deducted from the cfb alloca tions to france but the responsibility for alleviating the world crisis does not lie wholly in the wester hemisphere even if argentina supplies larget amounts of wheat than in the past the conference on food and allied problems in southeast asia held in singapore on april 17 and 18 concluded that the key to the solution of asia’s food problem would be release of rice stocks held in siam blair bolles histor the n interr cept sourc sover collec spect raw socia arme a wo natio on a unite disar the gern pow thesi syste migh +t tru 1s hu ation estemn food states f the supply 0 tons aw on e bal 1 area as com russia alloca riating ester larget erence 1 held d that would apr al unmtyy of he 1946 par onit al regm 1 jmpary may 1 0 1946 entered as 2nd class matter general library 7 er syn t z 2 u e ter liversity of a ichigan ann arbor kichigzan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 29 may 8 1946 is now widely recognized that the principal task of the foreign ministers of the united states britain russia and france in the negotiations that opened in paris on april 25 is to find a basis for workable relations between the western powers and the u.s.s.r rather than to determine peace conditions for the axis countries and their satellites this task must be accomplished during a period of history when all nations not russia alone are in the midst of a painful transition from national to international concepts of security the national con cept emphasizes outright control of strategic bases sources of raw materials and other attributes of sovereignty while international organization for collective security presupposes joint action with re spect to military preparations for defense access to taw materials and alleviation of economic and social maladjustments susceptible of leading to armed conflict between nations in an effort to find a workable alternative to the current emphasis on national security secretary of state byrnes proposed on april 29 that russia britain france and the united states sign a 25 year treaty to keep germany disarmed whether this proposal will be regarded by the other allies as an adequate guarantee against german resurgence remains to be seen but mr byrnes suggestion marks an important departure from traditional american diplomacy that profound differences exist between the theories and practice of capitalism and communism is obvious to all but is it possible to assert that divergences in foreign policy between the western powers and russia are ttaceable solely to this anti thesis or do all nations irrespective of their internal systems have certain comparable aspirations which might be reconciled by mutual adjustment the united states and britain have been inclined lles conflicts among victors continue to delay peace settlement since v e day to take the view that russia aban doning the communist internationalism which once aroused such suspicion and alarm abroad has re verted to old fashioned imperialism apparently no less alarming than its previous course by demand ing control over the dardanelles special rights and privileges in northern iran and northern man churia a trusteeship over the former italian col ony of tripolitania and in general equality with the western powers in decisions on problems all over the world such imperialism while admittedly exercised in the past by other great powers which even today retain the fruits of their conquests and acquisitions has according to washington and london been made obsolete by the invention of modern weapons notably the atomic bomb whose secret process of manufacture is still being care fully guarded by the united states britain and canada are bases obsolete starting from the premise that we have now entered a new world secretary of state byrnes at the london conference of foreign ministers presented a state department plan for the creation of a united nations trustee ship over italy’s colonies in africa this project met with lukewarm reception in britain which recalling the hard struggle of british and dominion troops against the axis forces in africa would prefer a larger share in the administration of italy’s colonies strategically situated along britain’s mediterranean life line nor did it win support in france which is in favor of having the united nations grant italy a trusteeship over these colonies the american project however which is reported to have been submitted again in paris has the great merit of seeking to apply the principles of the united na tions charter to territory taken from an enemy coun contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association f i ie li ater 4 try and thus prevent a nationalist scramble for the spoils of war if the american proposal should be accepted would it not seem logical to make a sim ilar arrangement for the former japanese islands in the pacific which like italy's colonies are im portant primarily for strategic reasons australia and new zealand who favor regional arrangements for security rather than sole owner ship of former japanese islands by the united states have already raised this question at the brit ish dominions conference now sitting in london washington itself had recognized the international principle in its request of october 1945 for iceland bases which it stated would be used on behalf of the security council of the united nations al though even on these terms the government of ice land decided to decline our request after criticism of it had been expressed in moscow hitherto how ever because of strong army and navy opposition to state department views on trusteeship of terri tories taken from enemy states the administration has limited expressions of policy on the crucial issue of the pacific islands to vague and ambiguous press conference statements no layman and probably no responsible military expert can yet contend with assurance that the atomic bomb has rendered all strategic bases obso lete but if it has obsolescence would have to be considered not only in the case of russia but also in the case of other great powers which already page two possess such bases or seek to acquire new ones otherwise the impression will develop that the united nations organization to quote the phrase of the italian representative at geneva during the ethi opian war uses two weights and two measures nor should the issue of capitalism versus commu nism be allowed to confuse consideration of this problem it is clear that for example in the case of spain the western powers are engaged in 4 struggle with russia for influence over that country this struggle however is only partly over the ques tion whether spain remains under the dictatorshi of franco restores monarchy sets up a liberal demo cratic régime or accepts the communist system the importance of spain is due primarily to its position at the straits of gibraltar whose strategic signifi cance from the point of view of the united states and britain appears not to have been materially altered by the atomic bomb it might be fair to ask whether the western pow ers would have a better chance to obtain and retain a foothold in spain if they actively supported the cause of the spanish republicans instead of con tinuing to hesitate over intervention against franco this question is inextricably linked with the prob lems of political and economic reconstruction of lead restr tion right as th bod europe which will be discussed in another article of t vera micheles dean the second in a series of articles on the peace negotiations in parts constitution for fourth republic makes assembly supreme for the fourteenth time since the revolution of 1789 france has under consideration a new consti tution which it is to accept or reject by referendum on may 5 since the special committee of the con stituent assembly which framed the new law worked behind closed doors there was no official indica tion of the form the constitutional draft would take until the text was laid before the assembly on april 9 however general de gaulle’s resignation as president on january 21 on the ground that the socialist and communist parties had joined in pro posing a strong parliament at the expense of the executive had indicated that the proposed consti tution would vest supreme authority in a single house national assembly according to the draft text the national as sembly alone has the right to legislate and it is also empowered to elect the president of the re public and the premier the supremacy of the as sembly is further assured by the assignment of essentially honorary functions to the president and the confinement of the premier’s powers to the execution of the laws in an effort to avoid the kind of governmental instability that created so many difficulties before world war ii the constitution provides that the assembly can be dissolved during the first half of its five year term only by a resolu tion voted by a two thirds majority of the deputies during the second half of the life of the assembly dissolution may be pronounced by presidential de cree following a decision to this effect by the cabinet provided two ministerial crises have oc curred during the same annual session constitution meets opposition if the vote taken on the constitutional draft in the con stituent assembly on april 19 is any indication of what the national reaction will be the constitution will be adopted by a narrow majority in the as sembly the vote was divided 309 to 249 with the popular republican movement mrp one of the three strongest parties opposing the constitution while the communists and socialists approved it the split that the constitutional issue has brought about in the coalition government formed by these three groups reveals the gulf which separates the mrp and the communists and indicates that the socialists after attempting to play the role of con ciliator have aligned themselves with the com munists on this critical issue one question which is being heatedly discussed pub or s con nco rob 1 of icle n ring solu ities mbly de the oc ie con mn of ution as 1 the f the ition dit ught these s the and remain free and ey of the declaration of independence es oo in connection with the constitution is whether it will offer adequate protection to democratic rights according to the communists and socialists the constitution is well designed to safeguard democ because by assigning supreme power to the pularly elected assembly it insures effective ex pression of the will of the majority the leftist ies also point to certain specific rights of man which are set forth in the preface to the con stitution to demonstrate the democratic character of the document a number of these rights such as those concerning rest and leisu.e education and the duty to work and the right to obtain employ ment are identical with those found in the soviet constitution of 1936 while others such as those referred to in the statement that all men are born ual before the law are in reply to the contention of the communists and socialists that the constitution is democratic mrp leaders insist that democracy rests less on the un restricted will of the majority than on the protec tion of fundamental rights of the minority these fights the mrp declares cannot be assured as long as the majority is represented in a single legislative body enjoying supreme power particularly in view of the constitutional provision that when the re public is proclaimed in danger rights to freedom _of speech and movement secrecy of correspondence and right of assembly can be suspended subject only to nominal rights of legal redress a major argument advanced by the socialists in behalf of the constitution is that the document even though imperfect should be adopted in order to end the period of provisional government that france has had since liberation from nazi rule this argument will undoubtedly carry much weight page three in preparation for the european peace conference the foreign policy association has published the following foreign policy reports the problem of trieste by c grove haines axis satellites in eastern europe by cyril e black u.s policy in europe by vera m dean the future of italy’s colonies by vernon mckay 25c each reports are published on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 tt ee since the interim government has failed to establish confidence in its ability to solve the present eco nomic crisis although the mrp recognizes the strength of this argument it replies that unsatis factory provisional arrangements are preferable to the acceptance of a régime that will in its opinion lead to dictatorship realities behind the debate as is usu ally the case in discussions of constitutional issues much of the debate has been taking place in a legalistic stratosphere far removed from such pro saic realities as the economic interests and desire for political power of the various contestants in reality the disagreement between the mrp on the one hand and the communists and socialists on the other mirrors a struggle between divergent points of view toward nearly every aspect of french economic and political life the mrp tends to rep resent the middle classes which have held power in france more or less uninterruptedly since 1870 al though a large part of this group recognizes the need for far reaching social changes it nevertheless wishes to carry out these changes gradually and without sacrificing traditional individual rights by contrast the communists and socialists however much they may differ with each other as to tactics and ultimate goals stand for working class suprem acy and believe that as a result of the desperate economic conditions prevailing in france they will win a majority in the next general elections under these circumstances the leftist parties favor an as sembly which will enjoy supreme power and enable them to carry out their proposed reforms without the restraining influences of a second chamber or a powerful executive perhaps the strongest argument the left can advance in behalf of a sovereign as sembly is that a nation which needs to proceed swiftly with the enormous tasks of reconstruction cannot afford a system of checks and balances simi lar to that which operates in the united states winifred n hadsel american foreign policy by edwin borchard indianapo lis ind national foundation press national founda tion for education in american citizenship 1946 1.00 an analytical summary of trends since 1776 that is of interest to the general reader nationalities and national minorities by oscar i janow sky new york macmillan 1945 2.75 an effort to find a solution to the problem of minorities in the great borderland between russia and central eu rope by applying the principle of national federalism rather than that of homogenous national states t the foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 29 may 3 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national con headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president emeritus dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheles dgan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year com ussed please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year b81 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter political aims abroad influence u.s foreign lending program one of the most striking features of the senate debate on the proposed british loan which began on april 16 is the extent to which a growing num ber of public men believe that in granting credit to other countries we help ourselves in his speech on april 22 giving unexpected support to the loan senator arthur vandenberg republican of michi gan emphasized that the loan was in our self interest because without it the world would remain divided into economic blocs which deny american exporters and importers world wide access to mar kets and raw materials while the program of lending will certainly facilitate trade between coun tries our goal of binding the world together eco nomically may require the united states to imple ment lending with extensive programs of direct internal assistance to individual countries economic advantages of loans loans taken by themselves can be of obvious im mediate benefit to the economy of the united states should congress approve the british loan the united kingdom is committed within a year after the credit becomes available to abolish the dollar pool of the sterling area on current transactions this pool makes the sterling area almost inaccessible to american trade the elimination of the pool moreover would enable many nations to buy from the united states goods which they now must seek elsewhere because their membership in the sterling area requires them to trade with one another the countries participating in the sterling area are in addition to the united kingdom the brit ish commonwealth countries except canada and newfoundland india british possessions and mandates in north and south america africa and asia transjordan which has been offered its in dependence and three independent states iraq egypt and iceland these countries agreed during world war ii to pool their dollars in britain rather than use them to buy from the united states the british indebtedness in pounds to the other coun tries in the area equals 13,000,000,000 britain is not in a position to permit unlimited conversion of these blocked balances into dollars and must indeed take steps to scale down these debts the loan how ever will permit free use of dollar balances arising out of future transactions the two credits for 40,000,000 and 50,000,000 to poland which the state department announced on april 24 also redound immediately to this coun try’s economic advantage the 50,000,000 is to be used for the purchase of american war surpluses overseas and the 40,000,000 for the purchase of locomotives and coal cars in the united state moreover in accepting the credits the polish goy ernment undertakes to favor the elimination of all forms of discriminatory treatment in international commerce and the reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers the objective of the united state is thus to encourage poland to subscribe to the pro gram of freer multilateral trade which the forth coming international trade conference is expected to work out recently poland has negotiated with the soviet union and other countries bilateral tradi agreements whose provisions have not yet been off cially made known to the united states broader program needed whether loans to britain and poland will help united states trade over a long term period is not clear neither country will be able to adopt a fully multilateral trade policy unless its domestic economy is put ona sound basis the nations on the continent of europe need materials technical assistance and capital for the restoration of their transport systems and manv facturing industries the program of relatively free trade which the united states is proposing for the world has a limited appeal for nations now faced with desperate economic conditions this country itself has recently shown that domestic uncertainty often governs foreign commercial policy for e ample the department of commerce on march 19 placed restrictions on the export of some steel prod ucts necessary for the construction of houses while the world would head for disaster if all countries tried to solve their internal economic difficulties by national or regional trade autarchy these problems cannot be solved without the aid of countries whose economic conditions are relatively favorable united states foreign economic policy will not achieve its goals until the administration decides whether the lending program is primarily a political or an economic instrument in the view of this government economic freedom and political freedom are interdependent the state department declared when it announced that as part of its obli gation under the 40,000,000 railway rolling stock credit poland had agreed to hold free elections this statement while basically true makes it difi cult for american citizens to understand that the united states has a self interest in the improve ment of trade irrespective of political consider tions uncertainty about the nature of the govert ment’s lending program weakens the popular suppott it might otherwise obtain here blair bolles iene 2 it the te satell apes becau the i renev resto allies draft and is pr agen noun this sia a last tov posa whic tang pose port ism trad und this prer con dize in t +itilateral put ona f europe pital for 1d manuv vely free x for the yw faced country certainty for ex aarch 19 eel prod s while countries ulties by problems es whose e will not decides political of this political partment its obli ing stock lections s it diffi that the improve onsidera govern t support bolles entered as 2nd class matter general library ualversity of michigan may 1 7 1946 puridngsal reem al library aes ae iy ann arbor michigan niy foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y you xxv no 30 may 10 1946 why europe is skepiical of byrnes alliance proposal ee visible progress has as yet been made in paris toward agreement among the big four on the terms of peace treaties with italy and the axis satellites in eastern europe this lack of progress appears all the more disappointing to washington because the truman administration had hoped that the byrnes proposal for a 25 year alliance against renewal of aggression by germany and japan would restore a feeling of confidence between the wartime allies and open the way to a far reaching settlement u.s plan for military alliance the draft of a four power treaty for the disarmament and demilitarization of germany a similar treaty is proposed for japan had not been on the official agenda of the paris conference but was publicly an nounced by secretary of state byrnes on april 29 american sources have stated that the proposal for this treaty had been submitted to britain and rus sia as early as the big three conference at moscow lat december eliciting little enthusiasm at_ that time on the part of either mr bevin or mr molo tov so far as can be determined however the pro posal was then couched in the most general terms from the point of view of the united states which throughout its history has opposed en langling alliances except for the temporary pur pose of waging war the byrnes draft marks an im portant milestone on the road away from isolation sm and for that reason deserves to be welcomed the very fact that it represents a sharp break with ttaditional policy caused mr byrnes to proceed with understandable caution and secrecy in suggesting this procedure to britain and russia for fear that premature disclosure might provoke criticism in congress and in the country which would jeopar dize its chances the byrnes plan had been drafted in the hope of preventing a division of europe as well as other areas into two hostile worlds the western world dominated by the united states and britain and the regions bordering on the u.ss.r dominated by moscow actually the proposed alli ance stemmed from a suggestion made by senator vandenberg republican of michigan in 1945 and therefore carried all the more weight since it offered the hope that mr vandenberg who is a member of the american delegation in paris would rally the support of republicans in congress for the policy of the administration the cool in fact caustic reception accorded by the soviet press to the byrnes draft has caused a further revulsion of feeling against russia in wash ington where the belief is gaining ground that the soviet government is concerned not with russia's security against future aggression by germany and japan but with an effort to undermine the capital ist system in support of this view it is pointed out that russia supports communist patties in europe indanains did purces couinaied ac over vwo mal lion in eastern europe and the balkans backs yugo slavia against italy on trieste refuses to accept de militarization of the dodecanese islands continues to demand a trusteeship over the italian colony of tripolitania although in modified form fosters a network of barter trade agreements with neighbor ing countries and most recently displays sympathy for the arabs in the crisis over palestine not only russia objects it is not rus sia alone however which expresses skepticism con cerning the proposal presented by mr byrnes and it is important for us to understand why this pro posal if made in 1919 would have proved a major contribution to the stabilization of europe which was then dangerously unbalanced by the rising power of germany the growing weakness of france contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association and the withdrawal for the time being of russia even had the united states suggested a big four alliance before or shortly after v e day it would have given much needed encouragement to those who looked to us for post war leadership and would have checked the re emergence of groups all over europe notably in germany who still nourish hopes of reviving nazism and fascism but as cannot be repeated too often much water has flowed under the bridge since may 1945 the world has undergone such profound changes as a result of six years of war and one year of treaty less peace that to put it bluntly the byrnes proposal revolu tionary as it may seem from the point of view of the united states is bound to appear to weary and hungry europeans as a quarter of a century too late just as our well intentioned plans for freer world trade and an international trade organiza tion have been formulated at a time when many other countries have had not by choice but by sheer necessity to adopt more or less controlled econ omies so our plans for a military alliance inspired by a desire to reassure our wartime allies notably russia concerning our long term intentions come at a time when people from one end of europe to the other have lost confidence in our determination to implement our indubitably good intentions judging by president truman’s message to con gress on may 6 concerning military collaboration with other american republics the administration has as an alternative policy in case of failure of its 25 year alliance draft a program for the unification and standardization of military forces and equi ment throughout the western hemisphere includ ing canada which if adopted would have far reaching implications both for our relations with britain and russia and for the future of the united nations organization this program would seem to will u.s assume responsibilities in palestine the fundamental common sense of the 44,000 word palestine report of the anglo american committee of inquiry is attested by the fact that it has provoked denunciations from both arabs and jews most of whom continue to adhere to the un compromising views they have steadfastly main tained for the past generation violent verbal at tacks by the arabs culminated on may 3 in a 12 hour protest strike of an estimated 1,000,000 people which halted commercial life in palestine syria and lebanon and resulted in a riotous demonstra tion in jerusalem during which british soldiers were stoned threatening to resume the national strug gle of 1936 to 1939 if the palestine report’s ten recommendations are adopted the arab higher committee which was formed in november 1945 to represent all arab parties in palestine sent a note page two accept the breaking up of the world into spheres of influence of the great powers with the united states taking the leadership in the western hemisphere such a policy was once favored by some washington officials and was denounced by its opponents 4s hemisphere isolation nationalism still hampers interna tionalism the fundamental difficulty is that while we now genuinely believe in the need fo international cooperation as we never have before our actions still follow the well worn groove of na tionalist thinking and practice if the united states intended as far back as last december to cooperate with britain russia and france in keeping ger many and japan disarmed and demilitarized why other nations ask have we been so anxious to with draw our troops from europe and asia as rapidly as possible and to reduce our armed forces if the united states intends to give financial aid to those groups in europe who could aid the continent's re construction why other nations ask is congress so loath to grant a line of credit to the british labor government and the administration seemingly re luctant to accede to the pleas for aid of france's socialist leader léon blum if russia alone were pressing us for answers to these questions we might be justified in yielding to the suspicion that a conspiracy against the cap italist system is afoot but these questions are being asked of us by many who have been our friends in europe in the common fight against nazism and fascism who above all want us to succeed but who have suffered so much from our past indecisions and divided counsels on foreign policy that they are slow to trust our conversion to international cooperation what can we do to convince them vera micheles dean the third in a series of articles on the peace negotiations in paris of protest on may 2 to the british cabinet mean while a second mass demonstration has been called for may 10 and several arab groups are reported to be planning to ask for russian aid nor is arab agitation limited to palestine alone representatives of seven other arab states voted on may 5 to call an extraordinary session of the arab league to take measures against the anglo ameti can committee’s recommendations three days earlier abdul rahman azzam pasha the league's secretary general had officially warned the british and united states governments against adopting that hosti populatio propagan repoe jewish the jews of white and land rt was palestine the com zionist p that jew a few or judaism sate tl spokesm fading white p range pr in rec ferred te mit pe the c tion mac the pre lication self as the rep ange pp tional 1z i will ta aroused capper wiced t mitted posing ng to f it is pe democr a jewis ang preside was ind the roxas mcnut urgency post in testorir dbtaini the report azzam pasha told a press conference the arab states would consider later whether to bring their case before the united nations the immediate and widespread character of arab reac tion justifies the committee of inquiry’s conclusion of whi pation a acu estima nearly page three heres of that hostility is deeply rooted throughout the arab read in the house of commons a prepared state d states population and is not as zionists claim merely ment which has since given rise to an anglo ameri isphere propaganda by the rich effendi class can controversy mr attlee said that britain would hington report favors neither arab nor take no action until it could ascertain to what ex ents a5 jewish state since the palestine report favored tent the united states will be prepared to share the the jews to the extent of recommending removal resulting additional military and financial responsi erna of white paper restrictions on jewish immigration bilities moreover he declared that large numbers is tha nd land purchases their reaction against the re of jews could not be admitted to palestine until eed for port was less extreme however in advocating that illegal jewish armed organizations had been dis before palestine be neither a jewish nor an arab state banded and that britain would deal not with indi of ng the committee of inquiry struck at the heart of vidual recommendations but with the report as a d states zionist political aims it is not surprising therefore whole ek operate that jewish approval of the report was limited to mr attlee’s views have raised protests not only 1g ger 1 few organizations like the american council for from the jews but from two american members of d why judaism which opposes all efforts to create a jewish the committee of inquiry bartley c crum and we with tate the american zionist emergency council frank w buxton who on may 2 stated publicly rapidly spokesman for 600,000 zionists was joined by other their strong opposition to postponing the immigra if the leading jewish groups in approving removal of the tion of 100,000 jews until jewish organizations in those white paper restrictions but attacking the longer palestine had been disarmed president truman in ont’s re ange proposals as an infringement of jewish rights his press conference on the same day declined to gress sq in recommending that 100,000 jews be trans comment on the british prime minister's suggestions 1 labor fered to palestine as rapidly as conditions will although many americans including frank igly re permit the six american and six british members aydelotte of the committee of inquiry express france’s of the committee unanimously endorsed a sugges sympathy for the british view that the united states tion made by president truman on august 31 1945 ought to share responsibility as well as give advice wers to the president in a statement accompanying pub about palestine there is virtually no support on ding to ication of the report on april 30 expressed him capitol hill for the idea of american military aid e cap elf as very happy at this step but declared that senators ball and lafollette agree that this coun e being the report deals with many othet questions of long try has some responsibility but suggest that the ends in age political policies and questions of interna united nations is the proper agency to handle the sm and tional law which require careful study and which problem united nations trusteeship for palestine yut who will take under advisement these remarks have is recommended by the report and growing rumors ons and oused speculation such as that of senator arthur indicate that the arab jewish conflict may be ire slow pper republican of kansas who on may 4 brought before the security council as constituting eration iced his pleasure that the president had not com a threat to the peace of the middle east mean mitted himself to accept the recommendation op while the tragedy of hundreds of thousands of ean pesing a jewish state in palestine without attempt despairing jewish refugees still awaits solution the 5 lig to read too much into mr truman's comments report urges the united states and britain in asso io pare pertinent to recall that a plank in the 1944 ciation with other countries to make immediate democratic party platform favored establishment of attempts to find new homes for all displaced per i jewish commonwealth in palestine sons but emphasizes that there is no place other mean anglo american disagreement that than palestine where the great majority of jews can a called president truman’s remarks aroused british concern go in the immediate future eported was indicated on may 1 when prime minister attlee vernon mckay alone serious economic and labor problems confront roxas oted on the trip to washington on may 8 of manuel higher on some essential items mr roxas has an 1e arab roxas president elect of the philippines and paul nounced that he will seek a short term loan of ameri mcnutt u.s high commissioner emphasizes the 500,000,000 even though the bell and tydings e days gency of the economic needs of this strategic out bills which provide respectively 625,000,000 in eagues post in the pacific little progress has been made in cash or supplies for war damage and an 8 year british storing transportation rebuilding ruined areas or period of free trade have been passed by congress dopting tbtaining a supply of water buffaloes 40 per cent and signed by president truman ference 0 which were destroyed during the japanese occu roxas wins conservatives the victory ther to pation for work in the rice fields inflation is still of mr roxas over president sergio osmefia in the is the acute problem total living costs were recently elections on april 23 was decisive both mr ib reac timated by the u.s department of commerce as roxas and mr osmefia have been outstanding rclusion fearly four times the pre war level and are much figures in the nacionalista majority party for many years and there was little to choose between their platforms mr roxas who is 54 years old is a dynamic speaker and campaigned vigorously against his 68 year old rival who made only one speech he also had the support of many followers of the late president quezén roxas reinstatement as brigadier general in the philippine army with the blessing of general macarthur seems to have answered satisfactorily previous charges that he was a collaborationist he won support from conserva tive business men including andres soriano former franco consul in manila and was opposed by com munist tenant farmers in luzon roxas stoutly de nied that he is a fascist both sides were guilty of disorders in which several persons were killed mr roxas went into hiding just before the election hinting that he ex pected an attempt to kidnap him but considering the abnormal condition of the last five years and the widespread distribution of fire arms the elec tion was quieter than many had prophesied on april 27 roxas had 958,294 votes to osmeiia’s 822,836 his vice presidential candidate elpidio quirino was elected by a smaller margin roxas also appeared to have substantial majorities in the assembly and senate he will take office as com monwealth president on may 28 and as first presi dent of the philippine republic on july 4 when the islands achieve independence president truman generalissimo chiang kai shek and general mac arthur have been invited to attend the latter cere mony although filipinos have had nearly fifty years of american tutelage and steadily increasing self government a democracy along united states lines is hardly to be expected in the future whatever the constitutional forms of the republic may prove to be mr quezén for example exercised almost dic tatorial power within the limitations of the com monwealth mr roxas will be in practice even less limited under the republic problems facing republic the immedi just published france since liberation by winifred n hadsel an analysis of france's struggle against internal divi sion and economic impoverishment whose outcome is bound to affect the european continent as a whole 25 cents april 15 issue of forrign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscriptions 5 to f.p.a members 3 page four ee ate problem of reconstruction should be solve sooner or later with the funds which the unity states is providing under the bell act a section of this act which gives american citizens equal righis to property with filipinos has been criticized x unilateral although it will encourage the inveg ment of much needed united states capital the tydings act which grants free admission of majoy philippine products to the united states on a quot basis for eight years thereafter imposes a duty of 5 per cent increasing annually for twenty years the 8 year free trade period is considered by some tog short to enable the philippines to readjust them selves to a rising tariff wall thereafter law and order have been partially restored but many moros and christian filipinos still bear arms exploitation of tenant farmers by landlords ang usurers continues in nueva ecija pampanga and some other provinces the hukbalahaps recruited by communist organizers from these tenants are estimated at 75,000 of whom 12,000 are armed mr roxas promised if elected to stamp out dis order within thirty days a promise which need not be taken too literally it is true that the philippine government cannot tolerate armed bands that defy its authority but permanent peace in these provinces will not be established until the historic grievances of the peasantry have been relieved whether mr roxas and a legislature composed chiefly of land lords lawyers and professional politicians will achieve anything tangible in this direction remains to be seen it appears improbable however that disturbances will occur on a widespread scale throughout the islands if only because of the stabilizing effect of american naval and military bases and their garrisons walter wilgus the economic development of the middle east by alfred bonné new york oxford university press 1945 4.00 a survey of the economic problems and potentialities of the arab lands mr bonné touches on population growth land ownership and use financial requirements and ab sorptive capacity of a region which will play an increas ingly important part in world political and economic development i accuse de gaulle by henri de kerillis new york har court 1946 2.75 a former member of the chamber of deputies who voted against pétain in 1940 presents the strongest indictment of de gaulle as a political leader that has yet appeared since the author believes the free french movement should have remained a purely military organization he shares the view held so tenaciously by the state depart ment during the war foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 30 may 10 p 181 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president emeritus editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a yeat please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor national dorothy f lest secretary vera micheles dean 1918 6 forces the luk militar paris retreat posal of stat whose the pc other suranc milita with t inevitz tival 2 ited o the w combi mil the in regior ure 7 quire foren gence are o the l make impo sourc bill taker grou to w subs +ited are ied not vine lef ces 1ces mr nd will lins hat vale the 3 of wth das mic ar ted lent red ent he aart jonal ean eat purtqmeal roof pene al library ay 28 10 entered as 2nd class matter general library university of wichigan ann arbor michtcan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 31 may 17 1946 u.s hemisphere plan furthers creation of rival world blocs epee truman s announcement on may 6 of a program for coordinating the military forces of this hemisphere coming in the wake of the lukewarm reception accorded to the four power military alliance proposed by secretary byrnes at the paris conference represents our first move in a retreat into regionalism the administration’s pro posal seeks to create in the new world a bloc of states which would act as a military unit and whose power would be so great as to eliminate the possibility of successful challenge from any other quarter notwithstanding the president’s as surance that operations under the inter american military cooperation bill are to be fully consistent with the united nations charter the policy would inevitably hasten the partition of the world into tival zones whether it would realize even its lim ited objective depends to some extent at least on the willingness of the latin american nations to combine with us military cooperation not enough if the intention of the united states is to create a strong regional bloc this is at best only a half way meas ure taking the narrowest view of our security re quirements it still leaves many questions unanswered foremost among them is the problem of the emer gence on this continent of political ideologies which are opposed to our own while experts believe that the latin american nations are not at present able to make a major military contribution they can be an important source of aid and by the same token a source of trouble in his message accompanying the bill president truman promised that care would be taken not to place weapons in the hands of any groups who might use them to oppose the principles to which the united states and other nations have subscribed on the surface at least this provision would seem to exclude argentina from participa tion at the present time argentina with its ring of satellites notably paraguay and bolivia is the weak spot in the hemisphere armor our inability to get along either with or without argentina is the di lemma now confronting us in connection with the proposed mutual defense treaty which is to imple ment the act of chapultepec and explains why the negotiation of the treaty has been repeatedly post poned for although the united states has expressed willingness to enter into such a treaty with all the american republics except argentina the majority of the republics find our position unacceptable what these countries are concerned about is the prospect that the united states through this arms measure may wield still greater power in latin american affairs may in fact become the arbiter of their destinies supporters of the bill in washing ton argue that it will be the attitude of the several governments which influences the exchange of new armaments for obsolete equipment president tru man’s statement that a special responsibility for leadership is incumbent on the united states because of its preponderant technical economic and military resources was doubtless intended to have a reassur ing effect on our latin american neighbors but for them it must have had sinister connotations on the far side of the rio grande the term hemisphere security has a different meaning to citizens of the united states nurtured on the monroe doctrine it still means the exclusion of foreign colonizing interests from the new world but for the latin americans the monroe doctrine has been exclusive ly a united states policy which for fifty years they have tried to define and to limit through the inter american system security to them means the neu tralizing of yangui interference through the inter contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association play of commercial and diplomatic rivalries between all great powers in latin america they too wel comed the act of chapultepec not however be cause it assured new world security against a chal lenge from abroad but because the united states thereby imposed upon itself a self denying ordinance fence around the hemisphere the idea of a strong association of states of this hemis phere has since 1933 at least been one of the guid ing principles of united states foreign policy not until the war however were arrangements for mu tual defense worked out and at the mexico city conference of march 1945 there was a strong dis position to maintain these arrangements in time of peace the regional security system embodied in the act of chapultepec which grew out of this confer ence however was eventually reconciled with the united nations security system albeit with some dif ficulty in the intervening months no step has been taken toward formulating the act into a permanent treaty not only because of political differences with in the inter american system but also perhaps be cause hopes for a lasting peace centered on the work of the united nations the inter american military cooperation bill would provide a foundation for the proposed treaty the administration’s project is apparently de signed to become the keystone of united states se curity following termination of lend lease for some time the u.s army has informally been going about the task of standardizing the training and equip ment of the armed forces of the other american republics but new congressional authorization was mixed motives influence senate vote on british loan a start toward breaking the peacemaking log jam at paris was made last week when limited agreement on italian colonies and reparations left trieste as the principal question impeding negotiation of a final treaty with italy the progress of the council of foreign ministers was paralleled in this country by a speed up of the washington legislative mill when on may 10 the senate voted 46 to 34 to pass the british loan but senate action on the loan bill and further agreement on italy will not of them selves reverse the trend toward great power division which has been growing more and more evident friction among the big three continues over the future position of germany still the key to the euro pean settlement as well as in the middle east and in asia where recent changes have given rise to deep seated controversies among the victors after a year of increasing tension such as invariably fol lows in the wake of wars some problems have be come more embittered as the paris discussions in dicate while others have considerably altered in character as revealed by the debate on the british loan page two a ee needed to sell or transfer military equipment othe than a few surplus items while the bill is thus projection of lend lease it is emphatically not ig tended to give rise to an arms scramble in the ame icas it would provide for the training of armed forces personnel the maintenance of military o naval installations in new world countries and the transfer to these countries of a wide variety of mij itary equipment what is contemplated under the latter provision is either direct sale or exchange of new for obsolete equipment the value of the old equipment being taken into consideration in settin the price of the new material commodities for ex ample surplus raw materials which the war o navy departments could stockpile would be ac ceptable payment in place of dollars under these conditions with armaments being sold not given away it is expected that the united states will be able to exercise a certain measure of control as re gards the direction and amounts of armaments shipped to the latin american republics the military cooperation bill if followed through to its logical conclusion would require some major readjustments of policy on the part of the latin american nations wartime experience which pro vided a foretaste of regionalism revealed the re luctance of latin americans to commit themselves without reservation to the policies of any single great power and some of the difficulties now con fronting us in the southern part of the hemisphere are attributable to that experience o.ivee holmes the first of two articles changing purpose of the loan as suming as the administration now does that the advancement of a 3,750,000,000 line of credit to britain will be acceptable to the house of represent atives it is important to understand what changes have affected the british loan during its course through congress many congressmen who now support the bill do so less because of the economic benefits it is expected to bring than for its antic pated political advantages originally offered as the major item on washington’s post war foreign eco nomic program this loan like other proposed gov ernment loans to france and poland has in recent months taken on political implications while the polish loan is now held in abeyance no specific promise has been obtained from other nations as was done in the case of poland where free elections were part of the quid pro quo but the belief that britain if it receives the credit will be in a stronger position to counterbalance russia’s economic and political power has played an important part in dis cussion of the loan this change in sentiment has been due to 4 marked and als favor by gov at the progral strivins pered sitate econon good 8 the pri it is bu wa joan is to con and w laxing the ac ly thai tariffs the ca tries tiles n there progr port t fun ports po that britis ment econo the lo russi loan ment our f the b do nc a il w eafekrre eae old ing or ac dr0 ives igle on rere the t to marked change in public opinion toward russia and also to the fact that the economic arguments in favor of the loan were never made entirely clear by government officials had the loan been offered at the outset as the first item of our foreign trade program with the explicit indication that we were striving for a system of multilateral trade unham pered by restrictions and tariffs which would neces sitate certain major readjustments within our own economy then americans could have decided in good conscience whether they were prepared to pay the price for the loan and the trade policy of which itis but a part washington officials have pointed out that if the loan is passed by congress the british have agreed to consider reduction of their imperial preferences and will restore the convertibility of sterling by re laxing exchange controls of the sterling area but the administration has never emphasized sufficient ly that we also are thereby obligated to reduce our tariffs if we are to reduce tariffs however some of the capital and labor now involved in such indus ries as cotton growing wool production and tex tiles might have to be transferred to other industries there has also been little concrete planning for a program which would substantially increase our im port trade yet such a program is vital if in the long fun we are to find markets for our anticipated ex ports and be repaid for our present loans policies vs practice it is hardly surprising that lacking a forthright approach debate on the british loan has been so confused much biased argu ment against britain has been heard a return to onomic isolation advocated and in some quarters the loan has been welcomed as an instrument of anti russian policy the evolution of the british an from its initial announcement to near imple mentation illustrates many points characteristic of our foreign aims and commitments we start with the best intentions and highest moral principles but do not consider the practical steps necessary to trans page three just published the axis satellites and the great powers by cyril e black an analysis of problems now under discussion in paris and a survey of the patterns of democratic renasccace in finland rumania hungary and bulgaria 25 cents may 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscriptions 5.00 to f.p.a members 3.00 a form our objectives into reality this faulty approach causes disillusionment about the organization of the peace with resulting apathy and inaction among the public united states opinion cannot function properly if it lacks information about the full con sequences and alternatives of a given policy this has been demonstrated in the question of iran where for lack of concrete official proposals to ease tension in the middle east the american public has been unable to register its views effectively con sidering the impasse which has been reached in the united nations council and the difficulties met at paris it is by no means certain that more specific plans for international action on oil resources of the middle east for example or for future joint control of germany and strategic areas in the mediterra nean will gain the adherence of all the big three yet a margin of time remains before the division of the world into competing economic and political blocs need occur there is still an opportunity for the united states to urge concrete policies that might re establish unity among the big three but this cannot be done by half way measures or by measures whose ultimate effects as in the case of the british loan are not made clear to the american people grant s mcclellan the first freedom by morris l ernst new york mac millan 1946 3.00 the author finds a trend toward control of public opinion media by a relatively small group of owners he believes that a danger of monopolism exists in the motion picture industry in radio broadcasting and in publishing and urges wider competition to insure complete freedom of expression iran by william s haas new york columbia university press 1946 3.50 timely survey of persian history geography customs religion psychology culture and economic and political life by a german scholar who spent five years as an ad viser to the persian ministry of education before he came to the united states in 1940 italian democracy in the making by a w salomone philadelphia university of pennsylvania press 1945 2.50 a study of politics in the giolittian period 1900 1914 which helps in understanding how italian politics led to fascism gaetano salvemini has written an interesting in troduction the regions of germany by r e dickinson new york oxford university press 1945 3.50 a geographer expertly examines the salient features of the natural provinces of germany as opposed to the political provinces and suggests a regional reorganiza tion of the reich which would nullify the traditional over emphasis on prussia reign policy bulletin vol xxv no 31 may 17 s81 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated natienal adquarters 22 east 38th screet new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president emeritus dorothy f lert secretary vera micueres dagan uitor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year pease allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter poorly informed public unable to judge foreign policy issues those who believe that public opinion guides congress and the president in the making of for eign policy are under the impression that the ameri can people are slipping back into isolationism the perplexing contradiction in the foreign policy of the united states today is that it is internationalist in its main outlines but not in its details the coun try has not yet taken the steps that would make the internationalism represented by membership in the united nations organization truly effective friends of secretary of state james f byrnes noting his difficulties at the council of foreign ministers which opened in paris on april 25 have been com plaining that he is forced to move by inches instead of leagues in dealing with other governments be cause the people will support him only so far yet it is not clear just what the superficial evidence of isolationism reveals an immovable popular re sistance to abandonment of isolationism or a costly lack of leadership the early failures and later successes of president roosevelt in the sphere of foreign policy indicate that the american people will not support what they do not understand but that they will uphold proposals whose importance and meaning are made clear to them home information program repre sentative edith nourse rogers of massachusetts a republican member of the house committee on foreign affairs said on march 16 that the state department did not give congress and the people enough information about foreign policy while the state department has improved its facilities for distributing information to the country its program cannot always get at the roots of the problem be cause political leadership belongs not to the state department information officer no matter how tal ented and enlightened he may be but to the presi dent he is the chosen spokesman of the nation the constitution and the practice of many years give the president control of foreign policy specifically the question is whether the people of the united states would encourage the govern ment more readily than they do to lend money to other nations to send food abroad and to maintain armed forces sufficient to fulfill the nation’s com mitments if they had received adequate information from the president about the need for such meas ures loans relief and military strength are three indispensable props of our basic foreign policy of international cooperation with respect to food president truman has de clined to institute rationing yet the united states has been unable to make good its obligations jy unrra the value of our exports in the unrra program declined from 125,290,000 in january tp 91,194,000 in february the president believe that the public would not support restoration of rationing yet when wartime food rationing was removed last autumn the public was not informed that the united states would be called on for many months to share large portions of its food supply with hungry europeans and asiatics on the cop trary secretary of agriculture clinton b anderson indicated in a statement in september 1945 that coming harvests overseas would alleviate the food shortages of foreign countries the harvests proved small and food shortages became acute the people of the united states were given no chance to make up their minds on the basis of adequate inform tion whether they wanted rationing or not no leadership in military policy except for continuing the present conscription pro gram to july 1 congress has refused to legislate on military affairs yet certainty that the united states will have a strong army and navy is necessary for firm conduct of our foreign policy the united na tions requires a contribution of armed forces from each member of the security council of which this country is a permanent member our policy of ne tional security moreover is founded on a program of strategic bases which cannot be maintained with out large armed forces when president truman on october 23 194 submitted to congress a proposal for a permanent program of universal service the american people were showing a distaste for the military life whic persists to this day as soon as japan offered to sur render last august men in service and their civilian relatives began to press the war and navy depatt ments and congress to demobilize hastily at the moment of surrender president truman took m steps to forestall these demands he did not explaif to the public that the army and navy which had saved us in war were needed to carry out our peace time international leadership while he took pass ing notice of pressure for demobilization five weeks later on october 27 he spoke with pride of the country’s military power two days later gener george c marshall then army chief of staff pro tested that demobilization had weakened the arm to the point of demoralization blair bolles +ed states ssary for rited na ces from thich this cy of na program ned with 23 1945 ermanent in people ife which od to sur ir civilian y depart 7 at the took n0 rt explain hich had yur peace ook pass ive weeks le of the general staff pro the army bolles may 28 1946 entered as 2nd class matter swe we wees foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y you xxv no 32 may 24 1946 general conference offers hope of ending peace stalemate an spite of dire predictions by some sensation seeking commentators secretary of state byrnes in his radio address of may 20 on the paris confer ence did not take the view that europe must in evitably break up into two hostile worlds on the contrary he left the door wide open to adjustment of conflicting points of view between the big four on controversial subjects such as reparations from italy the future of italian colonies the status of trieste and venezia giulia the removal of armies of occupation from italy and axis satellites in east em europe and the balkans and freedom of navi gation on the danube he conveyed the impression that agreement might be reached on at least some of these questions at the meeting of the council of foreign ministers to be held in paris on june 15 but indicated this country’s determination that the general peace conference promised by the big three last december for may 1 should be held on july 1 or july 15 at the latest peace not prerogative of great powers the making of the peace said mr byrnes is not the exclusive prerogative of the four powers if a peace conference is not called this summer he added the united states instead of seeking to make a separate peace as had been freely predicted before april 25 will request the general assembly of the united nations under article 14 of the charter to make recommendations with fespect to the peace settlement thus it has been made clear that the american government wants to bring the terms of the proposed peace treaties both those on which the big four agree and those on which they differ out of the privacy of the council of foreign ministers into the larger forum either of a general conference of all nations that fought germany as agreed at moscow or the still larger assembly of all the united nations for free dis cussion in this endeavor the united states is bound to have the support of all small nations especially those like australia and new zealand who in all international councils have been battling unremit tingly against domination by the great powers this decision comes at a psychological moment when the small nations inspired and awed during the war by the technological power of the big three have begun to be disenchanted if not openly shocked by seeming poverty of spiritual leadership among the leviathans which knew how to wage war but seem incapable of forging peace this has proved as tragitally true of the united states and russia as it was of germany and japan in their hour of short lived triumph meanwhile the british em pire whose demise periodically prophesied is being transmuted as often in the past into renewal of life under new conditions to which this preeminently flexible organism is adapting itself with extraor dinary skill in general it can well be said in the words of dr hafez afifi pasha egyptian delegate to the security council on may 16 that the great mass of humanity is disappointed because it be lieves that the powers are not working as a united family but are trying to further their own interests without regard or consideration for others is world on point of convalescence this disappointment painful as it is at this moment may prove to have some of the curative qualities of convalescence it may mark the turning point of one of the delusions of our times the delusion that has led us to believe that bigness is of itself good that material power justifies the flouting of moral values that physical security or peace of mind can be achieved simply by submission to some form of authority be it proclaimed in the name of god or contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association et ae ens ero man and that the dictator in a nation or the great power among nations always knows best we may be on the verge of rediscovering the funda mental truths that have left an indelible imprint on human history but have been obscured by the com mg of our machine civilization that human ings are not unthinking automata to be borne this way or that by waves of the future but be ings endowed with the power to think and there fore the responsibility to make choices and arrive at decisions the spirit of inquiry has always proved the enemy of dogma and tyranny the small na tions all around the world are performing an in estimable service first by surviving at all and then by inquiring persistently and with a detachment unattainable by the great powers into the motives and policies not only of russia singled out by the united states and britain for critical scrutiny but of all the big three without such inquiry the world might have gotten mired in increasingly dan gerous controversies between the western powers and russia by insisting that all the nations which within the limits of their strength contributed to the winning of the war should have an opportunity to discuss the terms of peace the united states has done more to convince the world of its determina tion to assume its share of responsibility for the future than it could by any pledges of four power alliances people’s peace a long process this does not mean that we are anywhere near the goal of an enduring peace as mr byrnes has rightly warned a people's peace as distinguished from an imposed settlement is bound to be a long hard process it has been given to this generation to effect a transition within and among nations from an economy of self advancement for the individual to concern for the common welfare from political labor government opens way for india’s independence britain’s labor government has taken a step in india which may neither be disregarded by the in dians nor overlooked by the world at large the latest proposals for indian self government either within or outside the british commonwealth made public in london and new delhi on may 16 fol low closely on the failure of the british cabinet mission and indian political leaders to effect a satis factory compromise at simla on the form of the future government but the new plan for a free india to be united through federation whatever its ultimate fate marks an important development in india’s 50 year struggle for national independence in the last seven weeks of inteasive negotiations indian political differences have been clarified al though the hindu moslem rift remains and eco nomic and social problems are heightened by the peril of famine a new trial period now opens since page two practice and as so often happens either suddenly liberty sometimes abused for personal or group regional ends to political responsibility for the ug of liberty from a position of dependence for x yet undeveloped peoples to various degrees of ip dependence within the framework of a world com munity from religious faiths that would bar tionalism and a rationalism that in turn woul banish religious faiths to a recognition that scien and belief are not incompatible some of us are be ing forced to leave ancient dwellings of thought anj see many cracks we had not noticed before or ely cling to the familiar spot with inconsolable nostgl gia others confidently enter new dwellings of thought and practice only to be disillusioned whe they discover that outward change may not spel inward stability of the two systems so often counterposed to each other capitalism and communism neither is any longer exactly what it was when it first developed neither can be said to offer a final answer to the problems of our times both have something to con tribute to the world in the making in different de grees depending on time and place to say a some do that there can be no international organ ization as long as differences persist is to say that there will never be a possibility of international or ganization nations will never all reach simultane ously the same level of development but neither d the citizens of any nation to exist society does not require uniformity what it requires is agreement among widely differing elements on the necessity of finding workable compromises this is the task to which the united states should address itself in what mr byrnes describes as its offensive for peace vera micheles dean the last in a series of articles on the peace negotiations in paris an interim government must be established ye from the long range point of view britain's offer to withdraw from india and the nature of the com promises suggested for an indian government beat directly on british commonwealth affairs at the same time london’s foreign policy is being tested as much in india as in europe the middle east ot any other single area of british interest britain proposes india disposes the white paper of may 16 is quite specific offering practical principles for early implementation no detailed blueprint for a future indian constitution is given but suggestions are made for convening 4 constitutional convention and an interim government is proposed in which the portfolios of war hitherto the sole post held by a britisher in the viceroys executive council is to be relinquished to insure eventual unity the cabinet mission has suggested 4 central and ind federal since all commut wers the stat major yote no but a n represet jem mit provinc alth claims of the and thi charge and rul ence 0 light o the spi will ne sincerit the cat party mosler mosler solutio has cor in the all soon b of brit ment ward both i as yet lations establi tual is nomic tinued la group or r the use e for es of ip tld com l bar 2 would at scienge is are be ught and suddenly e or ely le nostal lings of ied when not spell d to each ar is eveloped er to the g to con erent de say a al organ say that onal of imultane either do does not greement cessity of e task to f in what r peace dean s in paris e hed ye in’s offer the com nent beat at the ng tested e east or ses the offering tion no nstitution ening 4 vernment hitherto viceroy to insure pgested 4 central federal government to include all provinces and indian states now ruled by indian princes this federal union would have limited powers only since all matters except foreign affairs defense and communications along with the requisite financial wers would be reserved to the jurisdiction of the states and any question which might raise a major communal issue would require a majority vote not only of the legislature which is proposed but a majority vote also of its moslem and hindu representation protection thus afforded to the mos lem minority is also extended by plans for state or provincial groupings below the top federal level although attempting to balance hindu moslem daims the new british plan is a definite rejection of the extreme moslem hope for a divided india and thus should relieve britain of the oft repeated charge that it is employing the policy of divide any and rule to maintain political control the experi ence of the interim government may throw new light on the efficacy of these latest proposals but the spirit or intent in which they have been made will not be altered perhaps no further test of the sincerity of the new british effort is needed beyond the cautious indian reaction neither the congress party the dominant political group in india nor the moslem league which favors pakistan or separate moslem states has approved the british compromise solution with loud praise neither faction however has condemned it outright as has happened so often in the past with other british announcements all of india’s formidable social problems will not soon be solved but whatever criticism can be made of britain’s past failures to develop india’s govern ment or economy more fully from this point for ward great responsibility rests on india’s leaders both in the political and economic realm there is as yet little indication of the eventual economic re lationships either state or private which will be established between britain and india although mu tual interests will dictate continuance of close eco nomic ties it is significant that despite the con tinued presence of sizable british investments in page three india after six years of war in which britain made heavy military expenditures in the indian market the official balances run in india’s favor through war purchases and the liquidation of private assets in india britain has now emerged with a sterling debt owed to india of over a billion pounds future british indian ties if it appears that the indians themselves can largely determine how long the interim government must serve before a politically independent régime is set up and how india’s future economy will be managed the out side world will be mainly interested in the final se curity arrangements that will be established between india and the other british nations britain’s inde pendence offer is now categorical although most britishers hope that india will elect to remain with in the commonwealth the labor government's ac tion in india has occasioned mild criticism from conservative party members in london for not in sisting more strongly on some such tie but britain's chief concern like that of commonwealth nations such as new zealand and australia now turns to the more realistic issue that has arisen in egypt in egypt as well as india the labor cabinet has clearly set forth its aim to abandon all special privi leges yet because of its weakened power position relative to the other big three britain’s security needs and its search for export markets will be pushed with vigor in both the middle east and in india these aims are sought at a time when britain finds russian influence increasing along its historic empire route and when the united states presses for a revision of the system of imperial preferences and freer economic trading terms between britain and all sterling area countries faced by indian na tionalist desires that can no longer be denied how ever the labor government less than a year after its election has boldly sought to end british con trol in india on generous terms only an open break between moslems and hindus in india or a final deadlock among the great powers would appear capable of delaying india’s independence much longer grant s mcclellan latin america renews european ties to counterbalance u.s a feature common to the policies of the larger latin american countries is the endeavor to renew contacts with europe interrupted by the war in re cent months a procession of diplomatic cultural and trade missions from a number of european coun tries notably britain france sweden and russia has made its way through latin american capitals the cordiality with which these missions have been teceived indicates that the american republics are no less anxious to take up where they left off in 1939 than the european countries latin america courts europe that the latin american nations would take steps to end their enforced isolation from europe was like the post war deterioration of inter american relations fre quently predicted here during the war the rela tions which had developed under stress of common danger unquestionably have been strained by the return to peacetime conditions the latin american countries feel that the united states has not through concrete political and economic benefits shown proper recognition of their wartime services annoy ance is expressed over united states price policy whereby latin americans are forced to sell their page four products such as coffee and sugar at negotiated prices which do not fully reflect current price and cost relationships while they must purchase ameri can machinery and manufactures at prices which are rising another cause of misunderstanding has been the abrupt removal of nearly all our licensing con trols which has left the united states unable to effect an equitable distribution of commodities in short supply and has put the latin americans at a disadvantage in our markets consequently these countries all of which possess ample dollar ex change are unable to alleviate the inflation partly attributable to import shortages under which they have labored during the war while washington believes that these inflationary conditions could have been lessened by the termination of import licensing control and the reduction of tariff and exchange barriers the latin american countries are reluctant to undertake these steps until they are assured that the united states will make reciprocal concessions even if this country had been in the position to make these adjustments which it manifestly was not such is the relationship of the other american republics to the united states that one observer was recently moved to say in latin america we fear that economic benefits from the united states will bring political effects suspicions of this nature as well as uncertainties concerning their long term trade with the united states clearly explains the haste of these countries to conclude agreements with non american powers which would counteract what they regard as excessive united states influence in their domestic affairs the most spectacular development along these lines has been the establishment of dip lomatic relations and negotiation of trade agree ments with the u.s.s.r russian diplomatic missions are now stationed in all the larger latin american countries except argentina and the presence of a soviet trade mission in that country augurs favorably for the early renewal of relations rightist gains the present rapprochement just published restless india by lawrence k rosinger a 128 page illustrated pamphlet including a statement by the earl of halifax and a 28 page appendix of perti nent documentary material 35 cents headline series no 55 headline series are published bi monthly subscription 2.00 for 10 issues between russia and several latin american coyp tries on the diplomatic and commercial levels hoy ever has not been accompanied by a swing to the left in domestic policies on the contrary these governments with remarkable unanimity have takep or contemplate taking steps to prevent the extreme left from assuming greater political importance the communist party in mexico for example will not be allowed to present a candidate in the july presidential elections in brazil where the commy nist leader senator julio prestes discredited his party in the eyes of brazilian moderates by an unpatriotic declaration general dutra’s government in the words of a brazilian commentator is determined to stem dissemination of marxist ideas through the adoption of measures not merely preventive but also repressive the present drive against communists wherever it is being undertaken reflects not only the uncertain ties of the world political situation but also the growing social unrest at home unrest which feeds on constantly rising costs of living if recent na tional and by elections are any test of public opinion in latin america as a whole however communism holds no great attraction for many people this may be due partly to the fact that in a region where politics are so largely personal no outstanding com munist spokesman has aroused their allegiance and partly because they have been disillusioned in their experience with liberal reform governments where such have existed on the contrary the evidence points rather to popular support of strong leaders in the tradition of argentina’s perén who combines the promise of fulfilling the same social objectives offered by the communists with the appeal of the caudillo whose type is familiar to latin americans to assess the seemingly divergent currents of opinion in latin america today and to develop 4 realistic latin american policy as the united states must do to assure security in the new world is no easy task if ambassador george messersmith’s speech of may 10 on leaving mexico city for his buenos aires assignment expresses united states policy washington hopes to bring about complete collaboration in the western hemisphere political military strategic and economic even if it were in the interest of the united states to collaborate with the governments of the new right as represented by argentina the question still arises whether such a working relationship could be achieved olive holmes the second of two articles foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 32 may 24 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president emeritus dorothy f laer secretary vera micheles dba editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a yeat please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor 1918 vou xx big 1 o in its ir tions t the wo war 1 strike s been s greater anxieti tunate chinery have t bound munity great 1 ment t that p ira when may 8 ation cordar absent from russia marck treaty nounc from dents which been tlatior russi left i soup +srrfrebgeeerrsr eae i a bbese rrarraaberers ives of pp a ates no ith’s ates ete ical e in with ated uch tional year the teal oe senbral library entered as 2nd class matter only of mica jun 5 1986 general library university of michigan foreign policy bulletin fon arbor nic an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 33 may 31 1946 ne of the darkest weeks in the history of the united states temporarily overshadowed both in its immediate impact and in its ultimate implica tions the international crises that continue to mark the world’s painful recovery from the agonies of wat the profound shock caused by the railway strike should lead the american people who had been spared the horrors of war to view with a greater measure of sympathetic understanding the anxieties sufferings and inner conflicts of less for tunate nations while they strive to reconvert the ma chinery of industrial democracy yet so inextricably have the domestic affairs of every nation become bound up with the affairs of the international com munity as a whole that every country no matter how great its own internal problems cannot for a mo ment take its mind off the deep seated convulsions that plague the middle east europe and asia iran what kind of intervention when the united nations security council met on may 8 to resume consideration of the iranian situ ation mr gromyko the u.s.s.r delegate in ac cordance with his warning of april 23 was again absent and the council received inconclusive reports from iranian sources concerning the evacuation of russian troops which had remained in iran after march 2 in violation of the anglo russian iranian treaty of 1942 on may 23 the moscow radio an nounced that all russian troops had been withdrawn ftom iran by may 9 reports of american correspon dents who have visited the province of azerbaijan which had earlier proclaimed its autonomy and had been the subject of prolonged russo iranian nego tations indicate that it had in effect been cleared of russian troops but that the soviet authorities had left in their wake a well established pro russian group equipped with modern armaments who ac big three contest for power nears climax in disputed areas cording to some accounts have been engaged in civil war with the central government at teheran thus presumably one of russia’s main objecttves to fos ter establishment in the province of azerbaijan ad joining the u.s.s.r of a friendly government has been achieved in spite of intervention by the security council if the ten members of the council with russia absent should now undertake an investigation of the situation in iran as had been previously pro posed by the australian delegate a further step would be taken toward united nations intervention in the affairs of that country such a step would be fully justified by the provisions of the un charter which charges the security council with the func tion of preventing war by inquiring into any and all situations susceptible of leading to armed conflict and taking appropriate action the council how ever made the initial mistake of concentrating its attention primarily on the question of russia's viola tion of the 1942 treaty a violation which it indi cated would be corrected by the withdrawal of rus sian troops if in effect this withdrawal has taken place investigation by the council of attendant cir cumstances in particular the charge several times made but never actively pressed by the iranian gov ernment that russia was interfering in the country’s internal affairs would merit study this however would require the opening of a new stage in the dis cussion of iran at that point russia if it participates in the discussion would be in a position to veto a un investigation there is no doubt that political economic and so cial conditions in that country as pointed out by experts like dr millspaugh call for some form of outside action if iran is not to be rent by civil strife intervention there will either be continued by each contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association e of the big three piecemeal or have to be under taken by a body representing the united nations nor can iran be considered in a vacuum apart for example from equally controversial neighboring areas like palestine and transjordan had the issue been presented in this larger form by the united states at the initial meetings of the security council the western powers might have been able to avoid the stalemate now reached on iran and had russia then publicly refused to cooperate on a program of seeking jointly with other powers to alleviate causes of unrest in iran it would have become far more clearly a target for world criticism than it is today germany division or unity in ev rope too it is impossible to proceed with piecemeal decisions as the events of recent weeks have made amply clear the potsdam settlement reached before the heat of battle in europe had cooled off and be fore the outcome of war in asia had become known was based primarily on military considerations the united states and britain have become aware through bitter experience that certain aspects of the potsdam settlement are unworkable but their pro posed remedies still show confusion of purpose the western powers harassed by the lack of foodstuffs in their zones of occupation and the consequent necessity of importing food into germany which as yet has no exports to pay for its imports have become doubtful about the wisdom of reducing germany's industrial productivity have decided to suspend further reparations in kind and insist on the need for the creation of a central economic administration which would permit the removal of zonal barriers the french however believe that it is impossible to separate politics and economics and that the estab lishment of a central economic administration will inevitably result in the establishment of a central political administration actually the united states has appeared to agree with the french desire for po litical decentralization by fostering in accordance with the potsdam settlement the creation of local domestic conflicts weaken u.s economic leadership in the early days of the war when this country un dertook to supply armaments and other essentials to those who were resisting the onslaught of the axis president roosevelt epitomized our commitments by saying we were to be the arsenal of democracy the economic program required at that time was clear cut it called for production and more produc tion of those things which were necessary to over come our enemies the already enormous productive capacity of this country was further expanded in creasing according to one estimate by 40 per cent from 1940 through 1944 this expansion proved possible because the american people had unity of purpose the productive power thus built up remains largely page two administrative units in the american zone yet thi country has not proceeded to the logical sequel urging a federation of local administrations in ge many the british plagued by their own difficulties jy keeping up coal production at home and therefog determined to maintain control of the ruhr cq mines have been no more enthusiastic than th united states about the french proposal for placiny the ruhr under international control but they hay not succeeded as yet in raising coal output in th ruhr to the level where it could meet the needs of france holland belgium and other european coup tries let alone germany meanwhile the russian who assumed that sooner or later the united statg and britain would become sympathetic to the ge mans and would weaken their hold on the defeated enemy have lost no time in consolidating their ow position this is true not only in the areas assigned to them at potsdam which presumably are lost ty germany but also in their zone of occupation aj a result the problems of the western powers con cerning both the feeding of germans in their zone and the future political structure of germany hay been greatly increased nothing will be gained noy by crying over spilt milk the wisest course would kk for the western powers to admit that certain mis takes were made at potsdam and to seek to corred them through revision of that settlement unfortu nately the breach between the western powers an russia has deepened to such an extent that a move in this direction might well be regarded by russia a an attempt to rob it of the fruits of victory yet mr molotov’s statement of may 27 in which he e deavors to answer point by point criticisms of rus sian policy made by the united states and britain indicates that the moment may have arrived when the big three will come to grips with the fundamentd issues of peacemaking vera micheles dean the first of two articles on possible next steps in disputed areas intact and places in our hands an instrument that can contribute immeasurably to world peace if only we are wise enough to sense its importance and to us it constructively world looks to us for help out allies who lacked our geographic advantages were directly exposed to the impact of total war thei economies were severely damaged in countries over run by the nazis human and physical resources wert seized and ruthlessly converted to the purpose of the german war machine the result was unparalleled enslavement of workers and spoilage of private prop erty similar tactics were pursued by the japanese now that the war is won the victims of aggression are i doth ages a sta euro help ua fc since they sista plan turn plan lic lead step free stab tion mor resu capi larg to plet lion in of dol cre of neg the it v an areas at can ly we oo use were theit over wert of the lleled prop anese ssion ee are in dire need of bare essentials of life food dothing and shelter although we complain of short ages here we are comparatively well off and enjoy a standard of living which will not be matched in europe for many years to come the peoples of eu rope and other continents therefore look to us for help knowing that our capacity to produce is larger today than before the war when it was already not equalled by that of any other nation they want from us food coal equipment tools raw materials and since they do not have the dollars now to pay for all they need they seek in addition our financial as sistance u.s economic foreign policy uss plans for the postwar world economy envisage a re turn to multilateral trade and stable exchange rates on the trade front we have taken the initiative in planning for an international conference on trade policies to be convened shortly with some fifteen leading trading nations represented it is hoped that steps can be taken at that time to reduce barriers to freer world trade to achieve a system of free and stable exchange rates we have joined with other na tions in setting up the international monetary fund moreover since the flow of capital abroad must be resumed we are making a large contribution to the capital of the international bank for reconstruction and development but this bank will not begin large scale operations before the early part of 1947 to bridge this interval the united states has com pleted an agreement to grant britain a 3,750 mil lion credit which awaits the approval of congress in addition the export import bank since the end of the war has extended several hundred million dollars in credits to aid in reconstruction abroad credits are also being provided to permit purchase of our surplus war goods overseas a loan to france of over 600 million recently negotiated but not yet officially announced reduces the lending power of the bank to the point where it will be unable to make further large commitments just published international trusteeship role of united nations in the colonial world by vernon mckay 25 cents may 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5.00 to f.p.a members 3.00 page three we have however promised china a large loan and have indicated our willingness to give russia similar assistance provided russia meets certain con ditions accordingly the president has stated that he will request congress to increase the bank’s lending power by 1,250 million need for prompt reconversion if peace is to mean something more than mere cessation of hostilities it is imperative that we implement our foreign economic program by promptly settling our domestic differences and restoring production to full capacity for several months our economy has been subjected to crippling strikes reaching the point last week of complete paralysis with the breakdown of railroad negotiations this crisis comes at a time when democratic peoples look to us for leadership and material aid knowing that ours is the only econ omy with a ready and vast production potential living on short rations as they are their sense of despair is accentuated by our seeming inability to find the key to full production before inflationary tendencies become unmanageable they know the economics of inflation from first hand experience and are themselves even now battling it with far less resources at their command than we have if the united states does not lead the way to a sounder world economy they rightly reason that their pros pects are dismal that the spiral of inflation will bring catastrophic deflation with misery for all the balance in the political and social structure of europe is already dangerously precarious only by prompt restoration of full production here can we hope to save the day for those who aspire to democratic ideals while the need for the necessities of life is acute in many countries avoidance of economic collapse requires that the local means of production be re stored forthwith thus for example europe today is experiencing a coal famine which until it is solved will continue to paralyze production dollar credits to europe are of little avail in meeting quickly this critical shortage the only remedy is for us to pro duce and export more coal the more prolonged our failure to solve these domestic economic prob lems the greater is our delay in facing squarely fundamental issues that are inseparable from eco nomic foreign policy not least of these issues is the crucial problem of imports unless we import on a scale larger than any hitherto achieved by this coun try in peacetime the outlook for a stable world econ omy founded on multilateral trade will become well nigh hopeless harold h hutcheson foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 33 may 31 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president emeritus dororuy f luger secretary vera micueias dagan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ed produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter u.s and russia contend for influence in danubian basin the controversy over control of the danube river which drains 1,750 miles of fertile land from the black forest to the black sea is a striking example both of how the interests of the united states have expanded far beyond american shores and of the issues on which the united states and the u.s.s.r disagree below the grein whirlpool east of vienna the river winds among countries whose governments lean toward russia and is closed to traffic from the united states zone west of vienna our political philosophy has had relatively little influence on the development of these countries and our peacetime trade barely exceeds the value of the unrra sup plies we ship them u.s holds danubian ships the danubian shipping held by u.s authorities provides washing ton with one of the few tangible diplomatic weapons it can use to wrest from russia a measure of eco nomic and political influence in the countries of the danubian basin czechoslovakia hungary yugo slavia bulgaria and rumania when the occupation began the united states found in its zone about 800 danube ships whose masters aided by axis satel lite governments had rushed them upstream from the eastern countries in the fall of 1944 and early 1945 to prevent them from falling into the hands of the swiftly advancing russians the seizure of 372 vessels on may 21 by the u.s army underlined this country’s intention to use them in bargaining with russia and the governments of danubian countries while many of the ships are austrian or german several hundred of them came from czechoslovakia hungary and yugoslavia and the governments of those states have asked for their return by the united states this country however has refused to send them back russia last february sought to gain title to the austrian ships which at the time of germany’s surrender belonged to the danube shipping corpora tion the creditanstalt in vienna which held the common stock of that concern was requested by rus sian officials in austria to turn over to them the shares and funds of the corporation the soviet gov ernment claims the ships under the terms of the potsdam agreement which authorized russia to take as reparations the assets of germany in eastern eu rope although it is possible to argue that the ships had been acquired by german owners during the war the united states did not permit the creditanstalt to make the transfer the danubian ships some of which are designed to ply not only the river but the black sea and the mediterranean have become important counters ip the economic policy russia pursues in eastern by rope on march 29 for example russia and hup gary signed an agreement to establish a joint stock company for navigation maszohart an arrangement similar to other 50 50 companies russia has estab lished in the danubian region russia undertook to contribute to maszohart the pecs coal mine in hun gary which it had taken for reparation as a firm previously owned by the germans and 20 ships from austria hungary will not have the ships however until the united states releases them since about 1,500 ships remain in the zone where russia has in fluence the rumanian 50 50 navigation company sovramtransport has been able to obtain capital equipment for its operations many rumanian ves sels however are unfit for navigation on the upper danube russian american issue in its efforts to pry open eastern europe this country has replaced britain and france as the chief western power inter ested in the affairs of a region where the danube is the main artery of communications and commerce the century old issue free navigation of the dan ube under international control in which non danu bian countries would participate has become a cardinal point of united states foreign policy but while britain and france in 1856 obtained general assent to free navigation the united states so far has been unable to persuade russia to accept our arguments free navigation would open eastern ev rope to western influence and according to wash ington would add to the national incomes of the danubian countries the united states proposed free navigation not only of the danube but also the rhine elbe and weser rivers at the potsdam conference last summer at the meeting of foreign ministers in london at the big three conference in moscow last december and at the recent gathering of the foreign ministers in paris our disagreement with moscow centers on rus sia’s contention that control over the danube should be limited to countries bordering the river among which russia has been numbered since the restora tion of bessarabia to russia in 1940 blair bolles 191 s balar the tions italy the vote unit joine and of in desi pol the part idate com and a fo year thes not that pret to tl slov hav tori illu rig ther stat con mo on +ver out ny ital ves to ced ter e is rce jan nu e a but eral far out ash the not and nef the and in rus yuld ong ora 1946 vl 1946 brmhmeal room cgnbral librar un1v of migr entered as 2nd class matter dr william v eishop y ff de untwnr i i ell sk 7 tf ws of colgan library foreign policy bulletin 4 hiaad asoor wich tle an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 84 jun 7 1946 big three competition reflected in european elections the big three are as yet unable to agree on the peace treaties that would rearrange the balance of power in europe they are viewing with the keenest interest the results of the national elec tions recently held in czechoslovakia france and italy despite the important local problems at stake the dominant question in each case was whether the voters would gravitate toward russia or toward the united states and britain with the issue thus clearly joined not only moscow but washington london and the vatican attempted to exercise some degree of influence in the elections to secure the results they desired czechoslovakia confirms pro soviet policy in the czechoslovak elections of may 26 the emergence of the communists as the strongest party marked a success for russia’s efforts to consol idate its position in eastern europe the victorious communists won the largest vote of any single party and they have named as premier klement gottwald aformer leader of the comintern who spent the war years in russia to many americans the results of these czechoslovak elections have come as a shock not only has the united states generally assumed that no nation would freely choose a communist premier but it has somewhat complacently clung tothe memory of its role as godparent of the czecho slovak republic during world war i americans have also tended to overlook the less flattering his torical fact that the czechoslovaks were deeply dis illusioned with the west at munich and assumed tightly or wrongly that russia would have aided them against hitler moreover while the united states has talked only in general terms about a forth coming economic agreement with czechoslovakia moscow signed a bilateral trade treaty with prague on april 10 french communists lose first place in france the political current appears to be running in the opposite direction from that in czechoslo vakia in the national elections held on june 2 to choose a new constituent assembly that will write a constitution to replace the draft rejected by a ma jority of voters on may 5 chiefly because its pro visions for an all powerful unicameral assembly seemed to make possible domination by a commu nist minority the moderate catholic popular re publican movement mrp replaced the commu nists as the largest party with the mrp in first place but lacking a majority the communists run ning second and the socialists third the french will probably be obliged to form another provisional tripartite régime headed this time by georges bidault leader of the mrp and the present foreign minister although the french elections have con firmed the anti communist trend indicated by the earlier referendum on the constitution they have by no means assured france of greater political unity and stability it will in fact be more difficult than ever for the mrp and socialists to work with the communists in the months ahead for the recent electoral campaign was characterized by such rancor that virtually nothing remains of the common re sistance front formed by these groups during the war neither will it be possible for the great powers to forget the subtle maneuvering in which they engaged in order to influence the french elections britain and the united states clearly sought by indirect inter vention to counterbalance communism in france by special pre electoral moves while russia aided the communist party by what must be regarded as more than mere coincidence britain declared on may 30 that it was going to arm a strong french air force with aircraft and equipment and on may 28 the contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association united states announced its loan to france according to the terms of the comprehensive franco american trade and financial agreement which goes into im mediate effect a credit of approximately 1,400,000 000 will be extended to france to aid in national re construction in addition the cost of about 1,800 000,000 worth of war consumed lend lease supplies will be cancelled and the united states will sell france war surpluses valued at 1,400,000,000 for 300,000,000 in all fairness it should be pointed out that wash ington did not impose either explicitly or implicitly conditions of any kind on french domestic or for eign policy in return for the loan yet the financial agreement was unavoidably political in the broad sense of the word since the prospect of immediate economic aid from the united states encouraged rank and file voters in france to support moderate political groups the french communists clearly aware of the political implications of the loan at tempted to offset its influence in behalf of their opponents by declaring that their efforts for indus trial reconstruction had been responsible for the american decision to grant credits to france and in a further attempt to minimize the importance of american aid they claimed that the electoral reviving europe sets course toward social democracy the results of post war elections in many euro pean countries confirm the conclusions reported last winter by the foreign policy association that the prevailing trend on the continent is toward neither right extremism nor communism the middle of the road social democracy which with a very few exceptions is gaining the ascendancy on the conti nent in spite of the bitter heritage of civil hatreds hunger and material destruction left in the wake of war is composed of two major elements both un familiar to american politics the socialists also known as social democrats and the catholic so cialists variously known as christian democrats christian socialists or as in france popular re publicans social democracy in ascendance the first of these major parties owes its inspiration to the principles of marxism the second draws its ideals from a series of papal encyclicals advocating social reforms from the time of pope leo xiii to the present day both these groups which with varia tions in relative strength have won strong major ities in belgium the netherlands france hungary austria norway and denmark as well as the united states zone of germany advocate nationalization of key enterprises affecting the public welfare and both are fundamentally in agreement on the need for see v m dean daily contacts in europe aid russo western under standing foreign policy bulletin november 30 1945 and idem u.s policy in europe foreign policy reports january 15 1946 page two wheat which russia has sent france during the pag two months has saved the nation’s bread ration papal intervention in italy in itaj the efforts of the big three to influence the outcome of the first free national elections in nearly twenty five years the results of which had not been taby lated as we went to press were less direg than in france at the same time however the fag that britain and the united states opposed the col lection of heavy reparations from italy at the receng conference of foreign ministers and insisted tha trieste remain an italian city while foreign com missar molotov supported the contrary point of view was undoubtedly not overlooked by many italia voters but the most important intervention in the italian elections was that of the pope in a broad cast to the college of cardinals on june 1 pius xi made the last in a series of pre electoral appeals to the french and more especially to the italians against state absolutism and the wreckers of christian civilization although the pope mentioned no parties by name and refrained from referring to the monarchical issue in italy he delivered one of the strongest attacks against extreme left political groups that the papacy has made in recent decades winifred n hadsel far reaching reforms that could assure not only po litical but also economic and social democracy the most significant aspect of the gains made by these two parties is that their program appears revolution ary to a majority of americans but is welcome to british dominions like australia and new zealand as well as the labor government of britain whose sweeping victory at the polls less than a year ago in effect strengthened the trend toward social de mocracy on the continent it is of the utmost importance that this should be understood in the united states for hitherto opinion here has tended to view the struggle for power in europe solely as a struggle between american democ racy and russian communism this view has to an increasingly dangerous extent obscured compre hension of developments on the continent even among officials in washington in reality the strug gle in europe since the defeat of nazism and fas cism has been between social democracy and com munism and the united states by its fear of any movement labeled socialism has again and again while vigorously denouncing russia imperiled the very elements on the continent that are most sympa thetic to western democracy and most opposed to totalitarianism of either right or left leftism not all due to russia the apprehension aroused in london and washington europ the fe streng ore ave c hu for m of the by ad regar by russia’s domination in the countries of eastern s to of ned g to the tical des pe hese i0n e to land hose de d be nion r if moc s to pre even rug fas com any zain the npa d to gton stern furope and the balkans has led us to assume that in the few instances where communists have shown strength this has been due entirely to moscow’s propaganda or threat of force this theory has been gravely undermined on the one hand by elections in hungary and austria which rolled up majorities for moderate and even conservative parties in spite of the presence of russian troops and on the other by admittedly free elections in czechoslovakia long regarded as an outpost of the west where the communist party registered the highest gains won in any country of europe it is true that the prox imity of russia does exercise an influence on neigh boring countries but that influence may prove to be detrimental and not necessarily favorable to rus sia at the same time it is entirely possible that with out interference by russia extreme leftist move ments will gain ground in countries where economic conditions are rapidly deteriorating as in austria or which have little hope of finding economic stabil ity except in cooperation with russia notably czechoslovakia it is this development which the united states has not sufficiently heeded with the disappearance of germany which was both the principal market and the principal source of manufactured goods for eastern europe and the balkans these countries are confronted with the al ternative of either obtaining substantial aid from the united states and britain or of entering the eco nomic sphere of russia what we must realize is that the united states before 1939 played only an insig nificant role in the trade of these countries for the most part backward producers of agricultural prod ucts for which we have little need unless we either decide to make them gifts of manufactured goods or to open our markets to their products in payment for credits we shall have to recognize the necessity they experience of trading with russia it is understandable that in view of our major con tribution to the common struggle for the defeat of the axis powers and of the undertakings made by russia at teheran and yalta we should feel that we have the right to demand free elections in coun tries of eastern europe and the balkans notably poland and rumania now governed by dictatorial tégimes that bar opposition activities and to criti ize conditions in bulgaria and yugoslavia where for background on siam’s protest to the united nations read siam and the great powers by virginia thompson a survey of the attempts of this small country beset by powerful neighbors each imbued with imperialistic con cepts to live with the great powers on harmonious terms 25 cents march 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5.00 to f.p.a members 3.00 page three s elections already held have proved unsatisfactory to us but if we intervene in these countries against rus sia we must do so with the knowledge that their peoples have hitherto lacked the economic well being and minimum education that would enable them to make what we could acknowledge as free choices is u.s policy in europe realistic there are many obvious reasons why the united states fears and distrusts russia but if this country as some propose should now adopt the position of re garding war with russia as inevitable a view de scribed by general eisenhower on june 2 as vicious it should do so at least with fuller understanding of the issues at stake in europe than is now usually displayed historians will argue for years concern ing the moot question whether russia created an eastern bloc which inevitably brought about a western bloc or as mr churchill put it at fulton mo a fraternal association of the united states and britain or whether the western powers by se crecy about the atomic bomb and attempts to acquire new strategic bases fanned moscow's fears of a western coalition what is clear is that since the end of the war the policy of the united states has been based in rapidly increasing measure on the assumption that russia is the enemy of the western world and that setbacks for communism will bring about in europe restoration or establishment of free enterprise of capitalism and of institutions pat terned on american democracy if that is in fact the basis of our policy in europe then we may soon discover that we are operating on assumptions that are not realistic we cherish our way of life find it peculiarly suited to our needs and would understandably resent attempts by other countries to alter or destroy it but it might be well for us to ask ourselves whether our way of life is equally suited for other countries whose experience differs from our own for china or india or russia or even most of europe the choice today is not be tween capitalism and communism to an extent that will some day profoundly surprise us the peoples of europe asia and latin america while rejecting the totalitarianism of communism find themselves out of sympathy with the materialism of american so ciety and are seeking a course that would combine political liberty and cultural and moral values with social and economic progress in this respect much as this too may surprise us there is a closer fra ternal association between the british under a labor government and the social democratic régimes of europe than between britain and the united states and a greater area of common experience between all those who in europe suffered terror and starva tion in the fight against nazism including the rus sians vera micheles dean the second of two articles on possible next steps in disputed areas gt rp i sea ie a bah 3 if i t 4 4 é h a page four et unsettled conditions confront china bound americans shanghai may 14 what is probably the first american passenger ship to reach shanghai since 1941 has just discharged its shanghai bound trav elers we landed today about 170 strong after a 15 day trip on the converted troop ship marine fal con the passage has had special significance for the arrival of this private vessel without commercial cargo is a step toward resuming normal communica tions between china and the united states severed by the japanese attack on pearl harbor uncertainty about china the pas sengers on the marine falcon seemed about as ran dom a group of persons with business in china as one is likely to find not all were united states citi zens for there were chinese british subjects cana dians swedes swiss and others but the 80 odd americans who debarked at shanghai are symbolic of america’s interest in china they fall into four main categories missionaries government personnel chiefly unrra but also some soldiers business men and a miscellaneous group consisting largely of the wives and children of men already working in china it was encouraging to note that while a patron izing attitude toward china was shown by some pas sengers the old china hand spirit was not much in evidence many of the passengers were new to the field of chinese affairs and had had no opportunity to acquire prejudices that pre war treaty port experi ence frequently imparted to their predecessors there was also an unspoken awareness that china in the long run will become a great power despite current difficulties and that foreigners who approach the chinese in a condescending manner are out of step with the trend of events but perhaps the main point is that the western position in the far east has been thoroughly shaken up and no one on board was quite certain how his or her affairs would work out after we reached shanghai hopes for the future although uncer tainty was a major theme it was mingled with strong overtones of optimism and a desire to come to grips with the problems of operating in china the mis sionaries in the main looked forward to building anew although many of their hospitals schools and church buildings were destroyed during the war particularly interesting was the episcopalian deacon ness who under a cooperative arrangement with the china aid council a relief organization in new york carried with her a quantity of penicillin cul tures as well as various materials useful in the de velopment of penicillin these supplies will be utilized partly by mme sun yat sen widow of the great chinese nationalist leader in her medical work and partly by the deaconness who will take her share to hankow which she hopes will become a center for penicillin production and distribution in wes central china the unrra group of some 20 men and women reflected the variety of rehabilitation as well as re lief tasks undertaken by that organization there were specialists in child care relief administration and social work a public health nursing consultant an oral surgeon a radio engineer a distribution supervisor various administrators and others the comparatively small business group consisted of individual traders as well as technical and office staff people for firms like the national city bank british american tobacco co socony oil etc this slight business representation reflects principally the caution with which american and other foreign firms are viewing the chaotic political and eco nomic conditions of postwar china although china offers a field of operations for some importers and exporters and for certain of the larger companies the dominant current note seems to be one of caution in approaching this market need to understand crucial issues the effectiveness of individual americans in china in the years ahead will depend largely on the political and economic conditions under which they will have to operate especially those affecting russo american relations yet there was virtually no discussion of crucial far eastern issues among the passengers partly because the news supplied to the ship by radio in two weeks of bulletins contained but one brief reference to china and partly because of the new ness of many of the people to the china field nevertheless the absence of vigorous concer about the issues confronting american policy makers in china cannot but be disturbing the role of the united states in far eastern affairs is indicated by the many cargo ships and naval vessels anchored in shanghai waters as well as by the smaller american naval craft which swarm in the harbor but mere physical power will not be enough to make an in telligent effective policy possible if americans in general show a lack of awareness and active interest in current chinese conditions lawrence k rosinger mr rosinger is spending four months in china and japan gather first hand material for fpa publications foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 34 jung 7 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated ee national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y franx ross mccoy president emeritus dorotuy f leer secretary vera micueres dban editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a yeat please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor 191 perec durit selve nava have unit of p at th plan navi dimi pows +jun 20 194 hy prmemhe al cetr entered as 2nd class matters prrral ibrar i s gey of mich i will be 1946 general library v of the al work university of michigan er share a center ann arbor michigan foreign policy bulletin women ll as te 1 there istration an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association nsultant foreign policy association incorporated tribution 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y rs consisted vou xxv no 35 june 14 1946 ind office ty baik will foreign ministers have to entrust peacemaking to un etc pally the por the fourth time since v j day the foreign of influencing eastern european affairs above all foreign ministers of the great powers will meet on june the deputies have been unable to cope with the basic and eco 15 and attempt to break the deadlock between russia issues in the italian treaty and have avoided de gh china and the western allies which has thus far prevented bate on such vexed questions as whether peace rters and completion of peace treaties with italy and the other should be made with austria in the immediate future ympanies axis satellites during the month that has elapsed and whether new allied arrangements should be yf caution since the ministers last conferred at paris their devised for germany deputies have been trying to iron out some of the new tasks for united nations since issues problems that have blocked progress on the settle the foreign ministers will convene under citcum in china ments and they are reported to be in agreement on stances which could hardly be less propitious the e political several specific recommendations prospect clearly exists that one or more of the great will have deputies fail to end deadlock when powers may seek a different method of writing the american these recommendations are examined however they treaties there have been hints that britain and the cussion of are found to deal only with very minor points in united states might as a last expedient draft sep ssengers cluding the size of rumania’s land sea and air arate agreements with the former enemy states but p by radio forces and the limitations which should be imposed the only alternatives suggested are those for calling a one brief on bulgaria’s army and military aviation the depu 21 nation conference and secretary byrnes proposal the new ties have also decided that all italian frontiers of may 20 that if all else fails the united states will field should be demilitarized to a depth of 20 kilometers feel obliged to request the general assembly of the s concer and they have gathered information on italy’s border united nations under article 14 of the charter to icy makers disputes with france yugoslavia and austria in make recommendations with respect to the peace ole of the connection with the more fundamental issues raised settlements this suggestion has been widely re dicated by by the peace treaties the deputies have been ham garded notably in moscow as a diplomatic threat anchored in pered by the same disparity of views that arose designed to produce workable compromises among american duting the meetings of the foreign ministers them the foreign ministers yet if the impasse continues but mere selves there has been disagreement on even such a at paris mr byrnes may press his suggestion and in ake an in seemingly minor question as the size of bulgaria’s so doing raise more searching questions than have 1ericans in 2a4val strength for russia wishes bulgaria to thus far been posed concerning the powers of the ve interest have a large black sea fleet while britain and the united nations organization united states who are reluctant to see the balance the chief problem raised by mr byrnes pro osincer power in southeastern europe radically shifted posal is that the un was founded to keep the peace and japen wh the expense of greece and turkey oppose this once it had been established rather than to make the ions plan moreover soviet opposition to the anglo treaties concluding world war ii while the char ee american proposal that freedom of commerce and ter should be sufficiently flexible to permit an evo icuries des mavigation of the danube be guaranteed is un lution along lines different from those laid down dollars ye diminished since moscow suspects the western at san francisco any effort to expand the jurisdic powers of intending to use this guarantee as a means tion of the united nations can succeed only if there contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association is unanimous agreement among the great powers as soviet spokesmen have already indicated russia will strongly oppose discussion of the peace treaties by the assembly for moscow realizes that it would be unable to marshal majority support on disputed questions if therefore the foreign ministers fail to reach agreement at paris the united states may find itself obliged to choose between a course of action that might cause withdrawal of the soviet union from the united nations or acceptance of fur ther postponement of the european peace treaties this question affecting the entire future of the united nations organization emerges at a moment when the prestige of the security council is being challenged by the iranian and spanish cases brush ing aside technicalities that have obscured the dis pute over azerbaijan the iranian case has demon strated the security council does not have sufficient authority to handle issues in the face of opposition from a great power confronted by this fact the state department has been considering proposing the appointment of a committee of inquiry which would in effect require the security council to gtapple with the charges of continued intervention in iran instead of merely recognizing a russian fait accompli in azerbaijan whether the council could mame such a committee without russia’s approval however is extremely doubtful lack of agreement on spain among the great powers has also raised questions concerning the page two effectiveness of the security council recognizing the difficulty of securing wholehearted and speedy action by the council the special subcommittee which was appointed on april 29 to investigate the polish charge that the present spanish governmen constitutes a threat to international peace and gs curity advised on june 6 that the spanish problem be placed before the assembly when it meets jp september the subcommittee further proposed that unless the franco régime is withdrawn and certain conditions of political freedom are fully satisfied the assembly recommend that diplomatic relations with franco be terminated by all the united ng tions in suggesting action by the assembly the sub committee was influenced by the strong desire on the part of the australian foreign minister dr 1 v evatt to strengthen the role of small nations in the organization whatever the reasons for the proposal however the security council's ac ceptance of the subcommittee’s report would be a step toward strengthening the position of the as sembly as an instrument to maintain peace when the great powers are in disagreement seen in broad perspective the significance of this and other at tempts currently being made to place a broader con struction on the charter especially on the powers of the assembly is that they reflect the disappear ance of the unanimity achieved by the great powers during the war which it was hoped would be car ried over into the work of the u.n winifred n hadsel siam and france at odds over disputed territories following a flurry of speculation suggesting that the security council was about to be presented with a new threat to peace secretary general trygve lie ruled that siam’s protest of may 27 against french troop movements on siamese territory was only the filing of information and not a formal plea for united nations intervention although pride pany myong paris educated siamese premier did ask mr lie for sympathy assistance and cooperation he made no reference to article 35 of the charter which requires non members who appeal to the united nations to accept in advance the charter’s obligations of pacific settlement any united na tions member according to article 35 may bring up such a dispute but in the present instance in tervention by third parties so far has been limited to statements by british and american spokesmen that they would support a siamese attempt to bring the issue before the security council the royal siamese legation in washington explained how ever that it had received no instructions from bang kok to present a formal complaint what france wants from siam france has two interests at stake in this border con flict one of them is the desire to regain two areas containing about 25,000 square miles and one mil lion people which the vichy government unde japanese pressure ceded to siam in 1941 from the french indo chinese lands of laos and cambodia since the end of the war the french have naturally sought to get them back the british have already negotiated a treaty restoring burmese and malayan territories taken by the siamese under somewhat similar circumstances franco siamese negotiations in saigon have thus far produced no result a fact which induced french military men to demand 4 show of strength to hasten siamese acquiescence french troops however crossed the mekong rive border into siam on may 24 at a point between the two disputed regions this puzzling fact can be explained by the second french aim which is to seize indo chinese guerrillas reportedly as many 20,000 in number who are concentrated in this area these guerrillas are nationalists who fled across the river from french armed forces engaged in ft establishing french control in laos most of them are said to be tonkinese or laotians who refuse t0 abide by the franco annamite settlement of march 6 in which annamite leader ho chi minh agreed to restoration of french authority in indo china in return viet state w surpr is tween many j indo c erril a raid they be aim amese tory w in a tt tory if similar time 1 i ing th the di insist detertr mer suppo the br 1945 presen state to rec and tl mally will o the te which opinic positic has a orma clusio the u all fr and tl halt t sia on s direc army inces suffer panyt worlc the surpl ee foreic headqu kiitor please copnizi id 7p mittee tigate the vernment and se problem meets in osed that id certain satisfied relations ited na y the sub desire op rt dr h il nations isons for incil’s a yuld be a f the as ace when in broad other at vader con le powers disappear at powers id be car hadsel one mil nt under from the cambodia naturally ye already 1 malayan somewhat gotiations ult a fact demand 4 scence kong river t between fact cal rhich is to is many 4 1 this area across the ed in ft t of them refuse to of march nh agreed china if return for french recognition of the republic of viet nam in northeastern indo china as a free state within an indo chinese federation it is hardly surprising that siam which has been a buffer be tween rival french and british imperialisms for many years is sympathetic to the aspirations of the indo chinese for independence since these armed guerrillas frequently go back across the mekong to raid in laos french officials have demanded that they be handed over by the siamese aims of siamese diplomacy the si amese point out that the disputed laotian terri tory was originally taken from siam by the french ina treaty of 1904 and that the cambodian terri tory in question was seized by france through a similar treaty in 1907 siamese schools for some time indulged in irredentist propaganda emphasiz ing the thai siamese character of the people in the disputed areas the astute diplomats of siam insist that all they want is an impartial plebiscite to determine the wishes of the people memories of their success in arousing american support to moderate the harsh treaty terms which the british sought to impose on them in december 1945 undoubtedly influence the siamese in their present policies they know that the united states state department on january 16 publicly refused to recognize siamese acquisition of the two areas and they perhaps calculate that if they now for mally demand united nations intervention they will only antagonize france while failing to regain the territories hence the present moderate tactics which are intended to muster the support of world opinion in order to strengthen siam’s bargaining position with france the siamese foreign minister has also used the incident as the occasion for a formal inquiry as to the possibility of the rapid in clusion of siam’s name in the list of members of the united nations on may 31 it was reported that all french troops had withdrawn across the mekong and that parts of the border were closed by siam to halt the entrance of annamite rebels siam’s diplomats have also placed much stress on rice diplomacy as siamese foreign minister direck jaiyanama recently declared we have no army to bargain with the french about these prov inces but we still have our rice fields which did not suffer through the war only ten days before pride panymyong’s cable to mr lie a gloomy note in the world famine crisis had come from saigon when the french announced that the indo chinese rice surplus this year would be only about 300,000 tons page three instead of the usual figure of more than 1,500,000 the siamese premier capitalized on this situation by pointing out to the secretary general that a in the area attacked by the french were being forced to abandon their rice fields at a time when the si amese were striving to the utmost to fulfill their obligation to produce and deliver the maximum quantity of rice to the famine stricken areas french tactical errors in a good strate gic position because of the united states attitude toward the disputed areas the french have blun dered badly in their tactics for their armed aggres sion has prejudiced their case before world opinion both the united states and britain as early as may 7 had asked them to guard against violating siamese territory but colonial military leaders still think in terms of raising french prestige by rever sion to the outmoded 19th century idea expressed in the view that the natives understand only force these tactics are doing france a disservice just as they did in the syrian crisis and in the harsh suppres sion of native uprisings in algeria in may 1945 they may jeopardize france’s plan to strengthen its colo nial ties by the creation of a french union on june 1 it was revealed that the french foreign office had tried to improve its position by belatedly requesting the united states and britain to draw the attention of the siamese government to the fact that the disputed territories had not been returned by coincidence on the same day the information office maintained in new york by the french colonial ministry ended its activities an economy measure which is unfortunate because france needs able spokesmen to explain its colonial role to the american public the franco siamese controversy is by no means ended the death on june 9 of 20 year old king ananda mahidol of siam who was due in washington for at official visit on june 19 has stimulated new interest in the politics of that ancient kingdom vernon mckay science and scientists in the netherlands indies edited by pieter honig and frans verdoorn new york board for the netherlands indies g e stechert 1945 4.00 about seventy specialists have contributed to this beauti fully illustrated study of scientific endeavors in the neth erlands indies the articles on economic developments are useful to the student of political conditions china fights on by pan chao ying new york fleming h revell 1945 2.50 a survey of china’s struggle against aggression since 1931 written by the vice director of the institute of chinese culture in washington d.c foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 35 june 14 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president emeritus dornoruhy f laer secretary vera micueies dsan editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year s's produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter anglo american unity in europe to be tested in paris the pattern of international relations has per ceptibly altered since the interruption of the foreign ministers meeting in paris last month the united states which a few months ago was content simply to champion britain in the latter's differences with the soviet union has become the originator of policy in the effort of the western powers to prevent the spread of russian influence beyond the line from the baltic sea to the julian alps british foreign minister ernest bevin speaking to the house of commons on june 4 indicated that britain fully approves the leadership taken by the united states and one of the tasks assigned to the new british ambassador in washington lord inverchapel is to lend support to this policy byrnes leads the reopening of negotiations of the foreign ministers in paris on june 15 will provide a twofold test of the potency and perma nence of american leadership and british willing ness to go along with it in the first place the meet ing will determine whether the energetic condemna tion of russian policy which has characterized public statements and inspired newspaper articles in the united states during the past three weeks has persuaded moscow to conciliate the west the sec ond test of the firmness of anglo american concord will come if russia indicates at paris that adverse american opinion has not deflected it from opposi tion to three main tenets of united states policy a settlement in eastern europe satisfactory to this country consideration of a peace treaty for austria and agreement on a long term treaty for control of germany if russia proves obdurate byrnes intends to abandon the search for agreement through the conference of foreign ministers of the united states britain france and russia and to invite 21 nations to confer and accept with modifications the peace terms the great powers may propose present indications are that britain would back the united states in this course if the u.s.s.r again objected to the calling of such a conference bevin told the house of commons if we cannot get agreement in a four power council of foreign ministers then we should take our work before the conference of 21 nations bevin agrees bevin praised other american proposals which russia has not accepted he said the 25 year treaty for control of germany which secretary of state byrnes offered at paris was some thing which would give us peace in europe and allow for normal development over a_ sufficieg period to eradicate the warlike spirit and nazism from germany he favored putting the questig of austria on the foreign ministers agenda anj byrnes will take to paris the draft of an austriay peace treaty the united states is determined thy yugoslavia shall not have the territory of veneziy giulia which italy claims and bevin said that beit ain could not accept the granting of this area tp yugoslavia developments elsewhere underline the parallelism of american and british policy on may 27 the two governments sent similar notes to ru mania criticizing prime minister groza for not per mitting free elections and for censoring news from the united states and britain britain has not fully supported the announcement by lieut general ly cius clay u.s army deputy military governor in germany that exports from the american to the russian zone of occupation in germany of dis mantled plants scheduled for reparations were be ing suspended however news did come from lon don on june 5 that britain has invited the united states and western european countries to set up 4 committee for the purpose of facilitating trade with 11918 hi its labor 10 12 attlee social auguré poverr since t secret treme bourn the british zone such activity might divert to the west material that russia claims the british gov ernment also has given vague indications to the united states that it will accept the proposal of the anglo american committee of inquiry that 100,000 european jews be admitted to palestine but many members of congress doubt whether britain will accept it in the end britain and the united states agree in their refusal to intervene in spain to over throw franco in time however britain may be unwilling to follow the united states unreservedly especially if the vigor of our foreign policy should appear to be carrying both countries toward the catastrophe of war britain in the conduct of foreign policy must take into account the attitude of the dominions new zealand and australia make the same com plaint about the united states that this country com monly makes about russia that washington is im considerate of small nations another factor that may disturb the close alliance of america and britain is economic while bevin has said that he favors the suggestions of the united states for world commer cial agreements the colonial office encourages british colonies to set up preferences that reduce american trading opportunities bla bolles ciently ernme policy moutl the f full week clearl erm is are b ist de in we is a and after had ain’s veale +a to ei tee ore a8 e of com itain the met ages duce lles te a mtgoral only oe ee ge 1yerar entered as 2nd class matter general library university of hichigan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y you xxv no 36 june 21 1946 laborites reassess britain’s traditional interests abroad t he british labor government was sustained in its policies both at home and abroad by the labor party conference in bournemouth on june 10 12 on the domestic front what prime minister attlee has defined as britain’s version of socialism social democracy with freedom has now been in augurated but with respect to foreign policy the government has been under intermittent challenge since the day it took office ten months ago foreign secretary bevin has faced much criticism from ex treme left wing labor party members who at bournemouth charged that he has not moved sufh ciently leftward for a spokesman of a labor gov ermment once the resolutions of censure on foreign policy had been overwhelmingly defeated at bourne mouth however mr bevin was able to depart for the foreign ministers meeting in paris with the full backing of his party debates of the previous week in the house of commons moreover had clearly indicated conservative approval for the gov emment’s foreign policy is british policy changing as yet there are but few straws in the wind to suggest that social ist doctrine plays a part in shaping britain’s course in world affairs yet mr bevin in his own person is a new type of personality in british diplomacy and the conference appraisal did not come until after novel and untried directions in the foreign field had been mapped out by britain evidence of brit ain’s adaptability to changing circumstances is re vealed most clearly in the proposed withdrawal of british troops from egypt and the cabinet mission’s offer for indian independence neither of which figured prominently in recent debates other pro posals which the foreign secretary has touched on from time to time suggest that he intends to alter british policy significantly although they are gen erally lost sight of in day to day controversies at one point in his bournemouth speech he quoted a colleague who had said give me four or five years and then see what results can be produced bevin would be the first to deny that he thought a real world parliament of which he has spoken on sev eral occasions could be established in the next few years but as the least strong of the big three britain believes its security could be best protected within a wider collective system for this reason labor’s support of the united nations and its re lated technical agencies can be expected to continue mr philip noel baker minister of state recently declared that britain will uphold the un and will turn to it for the solution of substantial issues britain’s approval of the united states plan for in ternational control of atomic energy is in line with this policy the dangers inherent in any breakdown among the big three were uppermost in bevin’s mind when he addressed the bournemouth delegates again and again he brought forward evidence to suggest that he had taken every means to find a basis of agree ment with russia so that the dreaded division of europe might be avoided but without success many of bevin’s statements on british policy are not new the desire for a united germany for an interna tionalized port of trieste with the city under italian sovereignty and for russian approval of secretary byrnes 25 year treaty for the control of germany parallel the policies of the united states what 1s significant is that they were reemphasized on the eve of the foreign ministers conference in paris even bevin’s determination to reach decisions now or devise other means for ending the war is not unex pected but his candid remarks about the possibility of creating an effective economic and political bloc contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association 7 p ciuaeiean with france and other social democracies in west ern europe were revealing although the foreign office has deliberately refrained from fostering this bloc bevin’s inference that it would not be out of harmony with socialist thinking indicates that brit ain may still turn toward such a grouping in the west what of palestine this country’s reaction to mr bevin’s statement of policy has been clouded by the furor aroused by his references to palestine due to his blunt and tactless words about this prob lem action now being taken by the united states and britain to canvass the technical requirements involved in transporting and settling 100,000 jew ish refugees from europe in the holy land has been overlooked bevin’s charge that the refugees were not wanted in new york does not constitute rejec tion of the plan of the recent anglo american pal estine commission as long as negotiations continue with the arab countries and with american officials on the contrary mr bevin’s words may ultimately prove to have crystallized this country’s decision to assume a share of responsibility for the situation in palestine almost entirely disregarded were other remarks made by the foreign secretary in connec tion with palestine’s future he indicated that he be lieves it is not only necessary to raise the standard of living of both arabs and jews in the mandate but also that general economic improvements for the whole middle east were imperative this is evidence of a new trend in british policy toward the arab world which has been evolving slowly since the labor party came to office with the increasing strength of the arab league and with russia's desire to play a part in eastern mediterranean affairs it is only natural that britain should seek solutions of prob baruch proposals challenge nations to limit sovereignty the united states took a courageous step toward clearing the international atmosphere of the miasma of suspicion generated by the use of atomic bombs against japan when bernard m baruch american representative on the united nations atomic energy commission presented on june 14 this country’s 15 point program for international control of atomic energy mr baruch’s proposals are based on the so called acheson report prepared under the direction of the department of state and made public on march 16 which broke new ground for the building of international organization creation of ada in accordance with the principal suggestion contained in the acheson re port mr baruch proposed the creation of an inter national atomic development authority which would be entrusted with wide powers of inspection over the development and use of atomic energy the functions of the ada would include collection of complete and accurate information on world sup plies of fissionable raw materials uranium and page two lems there that will protect its strategic interests ang at the same time meet the rising nationalist mands and economic needs of the local peoples new ventures new problems ty suggestion made by bevin that in due course pe haps all land in palestine should be nationalize is the newest note struck in his entire speech though it has been almost totally ignored yet j represents a socialist approach to an overseas prob lem that may forecast the measures which the bri ish government contemplates for its colonial areg proper nationalization of land in a mandated arg like palestine raises many questions probably befor the issue is ever brought to a head other steps will have been taken to transform palestine into a united nations trusteeship such socialist ventures in the foreign field are not necessarily calculated to make britain's policy any more palatable to either th united states or russia although for quite differen reasons ideological disputes between socialists an communists will play an increasingly important role in anglo soviet relations from now on even shoul the foreign ministers succeed in drafting treaties of peace for large areas of europe anglo american te lations may also be subjected to serious stress and strain in the future as british internal reforms be come better known here if as many prominent laborites fear the united states embarks on an ip flationary course which culminates in a depression then britain may take action to avoid the disastrou effects of such a slump on its own economy by fol lowing an economic foreign policy that might prove unwelcome to washington grant s mcclellan britain's domestic situation will be reviewed in next week's article thorium and control of these materials managerial control or ownership of all atomic energy activities potentially dangerous to world security power to control inspect and license all other atomic activi ties the duty of fostering the beneficial uses of atomic energy and research and development re sponsibilities of an affirmative character intended to put the authority in the forefront of atom knowledge and thus to enable it to comprehend and therefore to detect misuse of atomic energy following establishment of the ada severe and certain penalties should be devised for any nation committing violations of international atomic cot trol and individuals concerned with such violations should be held personally responsible for their at tions in accordance with the principles laid down for the trial of war criminals at nuremberg mt baruch thus established a close link between the discovery of the atomic bomb and the simultaneous equally far reaching formulation of the concept at nounced by justice jackson that individuals are tt spons systet the l atom and t ufact with baru ai by c ni the contt closi enin now ters how imp even been obje the creat atot fect tion th a ef a3 ea ers rent role ould es of n fe and s be inent n in s100 trous fol ove an tide y rerial vities er to ctivi s of it re nded omic and and ation con tions ir ac jown mr the eous it af e fe es a oo sponsible for acts that lead to war once an adequate stem of international control has been established the united states undertakes to stop manufacture of atomic bombs to dispose of its stockpile of bombs and to turn over to the ada the secret of their man ufacture which at present it shares in part only with britain and canada this undertaking mr baruch was careful to point out is subject to ameri can constitutional processes that is to approval by congress need for international controls the proposals of the united states open the way to control of the atomic bomb whose use in the dosing days of the war has cast an ever length ening shadow over the tasks of peacemaking now being tackled anew by the foreign minis tes in paris as mr baruch himself intimated however control of the atomic bomb is but one step important as it is in the context of present day events toward the objective that for centuries has been eluding mankind abolition of war itself this objective can be achieved only through control by the international community over the factors that create frictions leading to war if the work of the atomic energy commission is persistently and ef fectively pursued it may set a pattern for interna tional control over other raw materials that have been subjects of dispute between nations such as oil the gradual development and acceptance of such controls would offer the most promising approach to the eventual creation of world government on sound foundations of common action in the common in terest the thoroughgoing inspection of national resources and production in the field of atomic en ergy however will at first prove difficult for all nations to accept but most of all for russia which has been particularly suspicious of outside super vision and inquiry attack on veto power as mr baruch forcefully pointed out such controls as the united states suggests for atomic energy cannot be effec tively applied if the big five retain the power to page three aan veto action by the ada especially the punishment of violations there must be no veto he said to protect those who violate their solemn agreements not to develop or use atomic energy for destructive purposes the american representative made it clear that he was referring to the veto power only in connection with atomic energy too often it is as sumed in this country that russia alone insisted on insertion of the veto power in the united nations charter this is not true since the washington ad ministration had feared understandably in the light of woodrow wilson’s experience in 1919 that the senate might reject the charter unless it assured the veto power to the united states now that some of the difficulties this special power reserved for the big five in the security council is apt to create have been revealed in the disputes over iran and spain considerable opposition to its retention has devel oped among the public here and in britain and leaders of both british parties have indicated their willingness to accept limitations on national sover eignty for the sake of greater security the baruch proposals put up to all nations but most of all to the united states and russia the question of how much longer great powers which officially express faith in international organization will insist on maintenance of unrestrained national sovereignty relinquishment of veto power in the field of atomic energy might set a valuable example for similar self restraint by the great powers in other controversial matters that come within the scope of the security council as mr baruch said the solution will re quire apparent sacrifice in pride and in position but better pain as the price of peace than death as the price of war the issue is not one of our capacity to act human beings have demonstrated capacity to make extraordinary exertions and take extraordinary risks in time of war but of our will to make com parable exertions and run comparable risks for the sake of preventing wholesale destruction and of using our scientific knowledge for constructive ends vera micheles dean joint economic agencies promote europe’s recovery while public attention has been focused on the failure of the council of foreign ministers to reach agreement on european peace treaties economic re construction on the continent has been proceeding steadily revealing a degree of highly encouraging international collaboration the basis for this co operation was laid by the allied governments late in 1941 when a committee on postwar require ments was set up to plan for transition to a peace time economy inland transport key problem the committee proceeding on the sound assumption that europe’s transportation system would be se verely disrupted by military operations with a result ing postwar breakdown in distribution of food and supplies formed a technical advisory committee on inland transport this agency was created in november 1942 and prepared detailed estimates of probable transport requirements in europe at the end of the war it also drafted an agreement for an organization that could assume responsibility for coordinating transport facilities once these had been released by the allied army commands accordingly on may 8 1945 ve day this draft agreement was put into force with the forma tion of a provisional european inland transport organization its membership comprised representa tives of the governments of belgium the nether lands norway france luxemburg czechoslovakia britain and the united states on september 27 1945 these eight countries along with russia be came parties to an agreement establishing a perma nent european central inland transport organiza tion the new agency was created to continue con sultation among its members but its powers are limited to fact finding and recommendations what it does is to provide a central clearing system for priorities on repairs and traffic assistance is given member countries in arranging for imports of new equipment as well as of materials for repairs of rolling stock inland waterways and other transport facilities allocation of transport equipment released by the armies is also a function of the committee coal famine anticipated it was known during the war that coal output had declined and that the advent of peace would find europe con fronted with a coal famine the breakdown of trans port was expected to prevent proper distribution of even the anticipated scant supplies it was obvious therefore that without intergovernmental action there would be a competitive scramble for coal the shortage of which wou d act as a brake on economic recovery accordingly during the latter part of 1944 creation of a european coal organization was dis cussed by the united states britain and russia complete agreement was not reached since differ ences developed over the relation of german coal deliveries to reparations on may 18 1945 how ever a conference was held in london resulting in formation of a provisional european coal organ ization with members representing france britain belgium denmark norway greece luxemburg the netherlands turkey and the united states czechoslovakia and yugoslavia sent observers russia and poland did not participate on january out this week atomic energy in international politics by harold c urey with text of proposals for control presented by bernard m baruch at opening session of united nations atomic energy commission on june 14 1946 25 cents june 15 issue of foreign poricy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 page four e me ie 4 1946 an agreement remarkable for its brevity was signed creating a formal organization poland an important coal producer shortly afterwards became a member the coal organization is a purely consultative and advisory body a subcommittee meets monthly to recommend allocation of coal imports estimates are received of import requirements and coal produc tion in member countries on the basis of these data the needs of members are weighed and bal goum anced against supply estimates with the result that equitable distribution is arranged a ready willing ness to cooperate explains the success of the plan close liaison is maintained with the transport body since the coal shortage is in part a transport prob lem vol 2 other economic problems faced the mu department of state which played an important part in the formation of the transport and coal or d ganizations also urged establishment of a commit tee to deal with general economic problems of eu meth rope especially food and agriculture at a meeting and i in london on may 28 1945 the emergency eco pean nomic committee for europe was formed its mem shad bership consists of representatives of belgium den consi mark norway france the netherlands turkey whicl greece luxemburg britain and the united states other yugoslavia and czechoslovakia send observers the sides committee is an advisory body created to providea signi place where european governments can consult to jp gether and where they can raise questions of pro per duction supply and distribution which need to be a gt assut discussed and considered on a common basis the 9 activities of eece are closely coordinated with thos f of other emergency agencies hon an important subcommittee of eece is that on its st food and agriculture it reviewed existing machinery med for allocation of foodstuffs in short supply and in took immediate action to insure full harvesting of to r 1945 crops as well as adequate preparation for state planting in 1946 surveys were made of farm ma shar chinery and fertilizer requirements in addition the tanc committee arranged conferences on seeds spoilage stake of food and use of insecticides the experience and asse1 knowledge thus gained will prove invaluable to the to w un food and agricultural organization similarly cow information on the general european economic sit oppc uation compiled by eece should enable the eco fact nomic and social council to deal promptly with the war problems of devastated areas fasc vent trad harold h hutcheson foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 36 june 21 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated nationil of tl headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president emeritus dorotuy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a yeat please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor ere ia1 lost ame +brevity poland terwards itive and nthly to nates are produc of these and bal sult that willing he plan ort body ort prob ed the ae coal or commit is of ev meeting mcy eco its mem im den turkey d states vers the provide a ymnsult to 3 of pro ed to be sis the vith those s that on nachinery yply and esting of ation for farm ma ition the spoilage ience and sle to the similarly 10mmic sit the eco with the heson ed national heles dean ollars a yeat 1946 entered as art eiads mboah etvs foreign policy bulletin maroor an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y peal vou xxv no 37 june 28 1946 mutllal iscussions in the security council about spain in the atomic energy commission about methods of preventing the use of the atomic bomb and in paris about the wide range of unsettled euro pean problems sometimes assume the appearance of shadow boxing because the main issue at stake is consistently avoided and that is the distrust with which the western powers and russia view one an other this distrust justified as it may seem on both sides colors every controversy no matter how in significant that arises among the big three ideology yields to national inter ests in the case of spain for example it may be assumed that the labor government of britain has no more sympathy than the kremlin for general franco’s régime but its lack of enthusiasm for franco is outweighed by britain's traditional concern about its strategic position at the western entrance to the mediterranean and by its fear that un intervention in spain to overthrow franco would open the way to russian domination of that country the united states which also professes no sympathy for franco shares the british view about the strategic impor tance of spain especially now that it too has a stake in the security of the mediterranean russia has asserted that spanish fascism is an immediate menace to world peace an assertion denied by the security council’s subcommittee on spain and ideological opposition to franco was undoubtedly an important factor in russia’s intervention in the spanish civil war of 1936 but moscow has not permitted the fascist character of the perén government to pre vent recognition of that régime and inauguration of trade relations with argentina traditionally critical of the united states argentina for its part having lost germany as a diplomatic counterweight to american influence in the western hemisphere distrust blocks big three agreement on major issues hopes to find a substitute in russia although the perén government fears the growth of communism at home it is not russia however but britain with its reviving export trade which is regarded by amer ican businessmen in argentina as a challenge to united states trade considerations of strategy and economic advan tage rather than of ideology are thus paramount in shaping the policies of all the great powers as they have been throughout history the report of the security council subcommittee on spain which rec ommended that the question of spain be submitted to the general assembly in september may well be as claimed by its supporters the best possible com promise although it was opposed by britain as go ing too far and by russia as not going far enough but it does not touch on the substance of the issues that separate the western powers and russia can u.s and u.s.s.r atomic plans be reconciled again in the atomic energy com mission mr baruch for the united states and mr gromyko for russia both have expressed genuine fear about the dangers of the atomic bomb and gen uine desire to control this destructive weapon they differ however in their approach to these tasks mr baruch proposes a stage by stage disclosure of the know how of atomic bomb production to be undertaken only after establishment of a satisfactory international atomic development authority ac companied by powers of international inspection and arrangements for severe punishment of viola tions mr gromyko whose proposals it is reported were drafted in advance of the baruch statement suggests immediate outlawing of the production and use of the bomb through an international treaty to be elaborated by a committee of the atomic en ergy commission while another committee would contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association simultaneously provide for free exchange of scien tific information about atomic energy mr gromy ko’s program envisages national sanctions against violators of the treaty although it does not exclude eventual international sanctions makes no provision for international inspection and opposes relinquish ment of the veto which is a cardinal point of mr baruch’s program russia takes the view that under the baruch proposals destruction of the store of atomic bombs accumulated by the united states which according to moscow constitutes a monop oly may be postponed indefinitely while the united states and some other countries believe that out lawry of the bomb by treaty without provision for inspection and international punishment of viola tions free from great power veto will prove wholly inadequate compromise at paris meanwhile in paris secretary of state byrnes called on june 22 for a showdown on his proposal that if the council of foreign ministers did not succeed in drafting peace treaties for italy and the axis satellites at this ses sion the task of peacemaking be turned over in un finished form on july 15 to a conference of the 21 nations that participated in the european war this procedure mr molotov has hitherto opposed some agreement has been achieved at the paris session notably postponement of the final disposition of italy's african colonies and decision to with draw british and american troops from italy and russian troops from bulgaria ninety days after the conclusion of peace treaties with the respective countries the mistrust felt by all nations about the present alignment in europe however is strikingly britain registers economic gains under labor party fully conscious of its election mandate of last july the british labor party has energetically pushed its domestic program to convert britain into a socialist commonwealth the first year’s record is impressive both because of the bulk of legislation dealing with a comprehensive system of social se curity and the bills enacted to bring the bank of england and the coal industry under public control other nationalization measures raise a number of vexing questions but by the time the labor party met for its annual conference at bournemouth on june 10 12 labor’s leaders were able to review a year’s work which had begun to show measurable returns in expanding production and increasing ex ports both key tests for britain today temper of british socialism for the most part labor's methods and even its policies have already assumed a british character this is explainable by three reasons which reveal the tem per of the government in whitehall first it is im portant to realize that the british people are in many ways still living under wartime conditions page two __ revealed by reports that the italian governmey part a fearing the effects of an unfavorable treaty on publi reform opinion prefers continuance of the armistice to this a ceptance of sacrifices in the colonies and in the g methoc gion of trieste while atomic scientists assure yj firs that strategic and economic advantages of the pr atomic age will offer no defense against atom warfare statesmen of all three powers perhapy can ha counting on outlawing of the bomb continue t jo imp argue about outlets to the seas trade opportunitig emplo bases and borders agenci it is encouraging in this atmosphere of stale the fu mate to find that the united states has taken steps pow 0 to dispel existing distrust of its motives not only on for the the use of atomic bombs but also on rule over japan of the the american proposal for a 25 year program of allied supervision over japan announced on june inauge 21 is a statesmanlike move it has far greater sig ent nificance than the similar proposal for germany jjamer for whereas in germany four power allied contr govert had been in existence from the outset and the byrne greate plan seemed to foreshadow curtailment rather than gtion strengthening of the role of the united states in to jes europe the plan for japan whose final defeat wa o slu encompassed primarily by american forces offes re britain russia and china an opportunity to partic hus pate in its administration and should remove the alizatio host of a unt rice suspicions they may have nurtured about this coun sins try’s desire to dominate japan by displaying a spin progr of conciliation and a desire to allay the anxieties of plete other nations the united states will gain far more ployn influence than if it should merely seek to solidify its gock own national interests through unilateral action mino vera micheles dean dispu but t continued lack of housing and food reflect the 4 ne havoc of war and world wide shortages that would 7 be present regardless of the party in office reguls tions necessary to meet these civilian privations p therefore do not appear extraordinary to the pub lic in the sense that they would have been used by y whatever administration was in power any gov ernment would also have to channel all available p manpower and materials into export industries a though this tends to prolong civilian austerity 1 7 the second reason why labor's policies do not appear entirely new is because urgent postwar de mands are being met without sacrificing historic british political liberties at their recent bourne mouth conference leading laborites repeatedly em phasized this point action taken by the delegates to bar communist affiliation with the labor party can also be read in the light of this devotion t0 democratic principles for the communists were s head verely criticized on the ground that they hoped to f enter labor’s ranks only to dispense with constitu tional practices third labor’s program has been i gy overnment y on publi stice to a in the r assule jy f the pre ast atoms 5 per ontinue ty ortunities of stale aken st ot only op ver japan rogram of d on j reater ger ed co the byrnes ather than states ip lefeat was ces offers to partic move the this coun ng a spirit 1xieties of far more solidify its ction s dean 4 eflect the hat would e regula ocivatlall the i n used by any gov available istries al rity es do not stwar de g historic t bourne tedly em delegates bor party votion to were se hoped to constitu 1s been in a fulfillment of plans for social and economic reform laid down by the churchill coalition régime this again gives continuity to britain’s traditional method of government by evolution first year record aside from the nation alization projects parliament has already acted on a host of other measures whose long term significance can hardly be overestimated steps have been taken to implement the coalition white paper on full employment by setting up planning and statistical agencies which will constitute a general staff for the future economy a national insurance plan is now on the statute books providing social security for the entire population it is an extended version of the beveridge scheme and the coalition proposals a universal national health service has also been inaugurated having passed bills to control invest ment and provide certain agricultural reforms par jiament has also considered two budgets lowered government interest rates thus giving the state greater control over credit and retained price regu lations and many other wartime restrictions in order to lessen the danger of an immediate postwar boom or slump reconversion may be said to have run smoothly thus far in britain albeit at a budgetary cost for price controls have been maintained through sub sidies after many difficulties the extensive housing program is underway demobilization will be com pleted by the end of the year and since january em ployment is up although not spectacularly the stock markets have remained fairly steady and with minor exceptions there have been no serious labor disputes since the end of the war wages have risen but the bournemouth delegates were told plainly by government spokesmen that the much desired 40 hour week must be postponed civilian goods are still strictly rationed and will continue so until export increases are fully supplied since the first of this year however exports have jumped to new levels approximating those of 1938 in some cases in so far therefore as the test of the government's policies may be said to hinge on increasing export just published atomic energy in international politics by harold c urey 25 cents june 15 issue of foreign poticy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 page three production the many controls which the state has maintained appear to have been justified the board of trade has urged definite export goals for many industries and there is more hope now than im mediately after the war that britain’s over all ob jective of lifting its exports by 50 to 75 per cent above prewar levels will be attained within the next few years labor and industry in addition to na tionalization of coal and the bank of england state ownership and control of national industries and services are now envisaged for civil aviation cable and wireless railroads and iron and steel other industries are to remain in private hands although agreements among management labor and govern ment are to be used to direct their operations of all proposed joint arrangements those for cotton are the most important because the textile industry is still britain’s chief hope in the export field if the plans for reorganizing the cotton industry and na tionalization of coal railroads and iron and steel are successfully carried through britain’s basic in dustries will have been socialized but the if in this case goes to the heart of britain’s postwar in dustrial problems while the milder scheme for supervising cotton has been attacked in britain it is the plans for iron and steel that have aroused the most bitter dissent from conservatives in parliament and the london economist sees in this venture proof that the labor party is more concerned with doctrine than with planning back of the debate between state owner ship and private enterprise however remains the necessity for wholesale reorganization in certain in dustries reallocation of others to different areas and extensive modernization in coal textiles and steel in a period when to export or die is far more than a slogan for britain manufactures must achieve a competitive status comparable to that pre vailing in other advanced industrial nations it re mains to be seen however whether even if the state can re equip all necessary plants with new ma chines it can overcome manpower shortages that exist in such industries as coal mining the labor government believes that british industry can achieve a higher industrial efficiency through nationaliza tion and the rest of the world eagerly awaits the verdict of experience for britain’s course will de termine in practice whether socialism and democracy are compatible grant s mcclellan the second of two articles on britain foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 37 jung 28 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank boss mccoy president emeritus dororuy f lent secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter 1918 u.s still hopes to avert communist kuomintang break up despite grave disappointments general george c marshall president truman’s special envoy in china remains hopeful that the chinese will estab lish a coalition government uniting the hostile par ties of the communists and the kuomintang whose armies have been at war in manchuria the kuo mintang is the party which now controls the na tional government of china unity still the aim the failure of the two parties to reach an understanding before their 15 day manchurian truce ended on june 22 has not caused the united states to alter the policy followed by this country since last december 15 when it assumed the role of moderator between the opposing factions for marshall has rejected sugges tions made in china that the united states try to unify the country by supporting only the kuomin tang and suppressing the communists on the con trary general marshall has agreed that if congress authorizes the action the united states should train and give minimum quantities of equipment to the communist armies under secretary of state dean acheson told the house foreign affairs committee on june 19 at the same time the united states has rejected unofficial suggestions from britain that we allow china to divide into two parts by encouraging the kuomintang to solidify its position in that portion of the country where its leadership is unquestioned and by acquiescing in the creation of an independent communist régime in the north a china dis organized and divided is an undermining in fluence to world stability and peace truman said on december 15 generalissimo chiang kai shek the dominant fig ure of the national government cannot unify china by overthrowing the communists without greater military assistance in terms of men guns and logis tic arrangements than he now receives from the united states chiang failed last september and october to suppress the communists in northern china by force of arms which he hoped would enable him to extend the authority of his govern ment over that region the united states now gives limited military aid to chiang although this aid is ineffectual it has led the communists to criticize us but neither do all officials under chiang approve our policy the most reactionary and militaristic of those munism by arms preferably american arms their influence was largely responsible for the decision of the kuomintang executive conference which met on march 1 to avoid action on the uni program which the chinese political consultation conference had adopted on january 10 removal by russia of industrial machinery from manchuria about which secretary of state byrnes questioned the russian government in february strengthened the reactionaries while no evidence is available that russia has directly assisted the chinese communists sha many people readily associate russian army men and politic officials continue to advocate suppression of com f a chinese communists by removing industrial equip gotiati ment the russians lost friends not only in southern comm china but also in manchuria pects chiang kai shek however has failed to take the tender best advantage he could of manchurian reaction es the fir against the russians instead of acknowledging the historic regionalism of manchuria whose inhabi politic tants cultivate a sense of separatism even while janua they regard themselves as dwelling in part of china y chiang attempted to assert his authority over decisi manchuria by the use of soldiers recruited in prov man inces far from that region this action contributed to the outbreak of civil war in manchuria after gen every eral marshall confident that the way to unity had factor been prepared left china in march for a stay of 38 have days in the united states fewer than half the na p soldiers chiang has been fighting are communists most of them are dissident manchurians lo military unity first marshall thinks that 4 progress toward political unity can be made through military unity and the legislation concerning which 4 acheson testified before the foreign affairs com mittee on june 19 would enable the united states effort to bring together and train a chinese coalition army 2 of 50 government and 10 communist divisions while representatives of the government and of the communists agreed on february 25 that their forces should be integrated marshall may find that politi 5 cal unity must precede or come simultaneously with 4 military unity one instrument of persuasion at the disposal of the united states is its lending power o china needs american dollars and the present it tention of the administration is not to lend a large i sum to china until it is politically unified pun blair bolles +le nj fia the the that ists and uip ern the tion the abi hile hina over rov ited 7en had f 38 the ists that ugh hich om ates rmy ons the rces sliti with sands of villages actions are taken which deter the wer in urge 1946 nov 8 1945 entered as 2nd class matter porissk a cfo coweral lingmary waty ef mich foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy assoctation foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vor xxv no 38 july 5 1946 local conditions barometer of chinese civil strife shanghai american discussion of chinese politics usually revolves about the problem of ne gotiations between the kuomintang and the chinese communists almost to the exclusion of other as ts of the chinese internal political scene this tendency has been particularly marked in the months since general marshall came to china for the first half of 1946 has seen the conclusion of the political consultative conference agreements in january the military reorganization accord in feb tuary and the subsequent failure to execute these decisions the outbreak of large scale warfare in manchuria and the recently announced fifteen day truce which has now expired without a settlement everything has seemed to hinge on whether a satis factory verbal agreement can be reached and things have seemed to be going well or badly according to the progress of discussions on political and military formulas of national scope local politics also crucial unques tionably china is urgently in need of centrally con cluded agreements among the kuomintang com munist party democratic league and other groups and no leader conscious of the country’s deep de sire for peace will leave any stone unturned in the effort to achieve unity through discussions in nan king but what is abundantly clear in china and far more difficult to appreciate at a distance is the fact that the political situation here consists of much more than inter party negotiations day in and day out in hundreds of large and small cities and thou mine the fundamental political atmosphere of the country democratic resolutions drawn up in the national capital can hardly be worth the paper they are written on unless the political life of local com munities is reasonably consistent with the idea of democratic unity as a result the possibilities of establishing an all party government in china can probably be observed more clearly by turning the microscope on local conditions than by focusing attention on wider aspects of communist kuomin tang rivalry recently the dominant political tendency in the leading urban centers has been toward increasing control of the thoughts and actions of the individual citizen in such widely separated cities as canton sian and chengtu the offices of liberal newspapers have been attacked and damaged by anonymous bands whose members have gone unpunished the tension has probably been greatest in sian leading city of the northwest where a liberal newspaper whose office was first attacked and later literally besieged suspended publication the editor of an other sian newspaper was shot to death in the streets one of the chief hurdles facing any new publi cation is the problem of registration for without of ficial permission from the bureau of social affairs publication is illegal although newspapers and magazines may generally be issued for the brief period in which permission is pending recently in peiping over seventy publications were banned and the local publishers federation subsequently issued a statement protesting against the general difficul ties faced by the press throughout china the de mand was made that persons involved in physical attacks on newspaper offices be severely punished and that the local authorities be held responsible of the publications recently banned three were is sued by the communists while the rest have repre sented other points of view in general it is clear that while the system of direct press censorship was abolished in china some time ago the problem of press freedom remains a significant one contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association police control in shanghai in may it became known that the shanghai municipal po lice bureau was planning to inaugurate a police control system under which police officers would be assigned to supervise a specific number of house holds with the right to enter any private residence or commercial store in their area at any time of day and as often as might be considered necessary this system went into effect on june 1 in one district of the city and is to be extended to others although it has met with sharp local criticism that the de velopment is more than a shanghai phenomenon was indicated in the middle of may when enforce ment of police control began in nanking in the capital according to the ta kung pao of may 17 a census registration system was also being enforced in the nantung district where residents were re quired to report to the authorities whenever chang ing their dwelling place if any resident failed to make such a report not only was the head of the particular family to be punished but all families involved in the joint bond were also to be pun ished this refers to the fact that a group respon in a message to congress accompanying his veto of the bill which would have extended price control beyond june 30 president truman stated that he had no alternative since approval of the bill would have been tantamount to legalizing an inflationary upsurge of prices there is no assurance at present that the senate will approve a revised bill that would afford the degree of price control which the president and his advisers consider indispensable if we are to avoid an inflationary boom and collapse economists are agreed that an alarming inflationary gap exists in the american economy as indicated by the tremendous volume of purchasing power and the failure to date of production to match demand all signs today point to a rising trend of prices which apart from its impact upon the domestic con sumer must certainly be a source of grave concern abroad faced with the prospect of steadily rising prices for imports from the united states other countries will probably be unwilling to revert quick ly to private trade as they have been requested to do by the state department on the contrary state purchasing missions may well be considered an un avoidable device to procure the maximum of essen tial imports in exchange for a decidedly inadequate supply of dollars price inflation in the united states will unquestionably be a setback to other nations seeking to rehabilitate their economies state trading result of economic emergency fifteen countries including russia have purchasing missions in the united states the russian buying organization was set up long before the war all other missions were organized during page two threat of u.s inflation impedes move to end state trading sibility system in political and social matters is jp widespread operation in central government tery tory civil war atmosphere many foreigney and chinese interpret these developments as fund mental symptoms of a civil war atmosphere symp toms which are just as significant as the clashing of rival armies in civil strife it is clear that if gener marshall despite the events of recent months ig manchuria is still able to achieve some results on diplomatic level the effects are likely to be illusoy in the face of the existing local political situation for it is impossible to bring about coalition gover ment as long as the members of the proposed coali tion cannot express themselves equally in places like shanghai and peiping local conditions may there fore be taken as a barometer of china’s political weather americans will do well to pay increasing attention to this barometer and not to allow their attention to be focused solely on the issue of reach ing political and military formulas lawrence k rosinger the war and served as central agencies to prepare bri cot decisi liver the sy rt of the of a decad whe from liver conti cotto buye simil pape cotto close tion tl nati in sc of tl pure estimates of requirements particularly in conned of 7 with lend lease they also bought in the open mar ket essential civilian goods and for their entire procurement program arranged supply priorities and shipping space they were originally therefore an integral part of the war economy and so useful that their formation was encouraged by the united states since the end of the war some of the func tions of the missions have ceased on november 2 1945 procurement facilities of the united states government were closed to them buying programs incident to plans for rehabilitation and reconstruc tion as well as purchases in connection with the lend lease pipe line have however resulted in 4 continued large volume of transactions by these missions continuance of state trading for the time being is a matter of necessity rather than free choice for eign economies were greatly disrupted by the war and in varying degrees impoverished relief and re habilitation are on so vast a scale that.a return to private trade has not been possible shortage of foreign exchange especially dollars and the dis organized condition of trade and business reflected in rising prices have compelled retention of war time controls in the absence of which a country’s limited resources might be dissipated in purchase of non essentials moreover private trade cannot be re stored until workable systems of import priorities through licensing individual importers have been established state trading in the output of national ized industries will undoubtedly continue nen frat are cha tha ov os wrt ad if i is i sners unda symp ng of neral hs ip usory ation vern coali s like here itical asing each er yg pare ction mat ntire rities fore seful rited unc 2 tates rams truc the in a hese eing for war 1 re n to of dis cted wat 2 of e ities ss britain continues bulk buying of cotton parliament on march 28 approved the decision of the british board of trade to close the liverpool cotton exchange permanently and retain the system of bulk buying through the cotton im port board which was established at the beginning of the war the british thereby decreed the demise of a private trading organization that for several decades has been a center of world trade in cotton whereas spinners formerly protected themselves from price fluctuations by dealing in futures on the liverpool exchange henceforth trading risks will continue to be borne by the government sellers of cotton for their part must do business with a single buyer in the british market britain is engaged in similar state trading in other commodities sugar paper sisal timber and food but the decision on cotton has peculiar significance since it permanently closes a market hitherto frequently traded in by na tionals of other countries the government justified its decision in terms of national interest and rejected the criticism expressed in some quarters that the program violates the spirit of the american loan agreement there are some in dications however that the british may not have purely economic considerations in view the editors of the manchester guardian endorsing the perma nent suspension of private trade in cotton stated frankly that with our overseas obligations as they are it may well happen unfortunately that our pur chases of cotton may sometimes be dictated by other than the purely economic considerations which have governed them in the past french promise return to private trade although both britain and france have nominally socialist governments the french unlike the british have indicated a desire to restore private trade as soon as it is feasible as early as september 1945 the provisional government authorized a lim ited return of trade with the united states to private channels it was made clear however that the bulk of french imports would continue to be handled by the government a policy dictated by the large now available atomic energy in international politics by harold c urey 25 cents june 15 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 page three a mt import requirements of the five year reconstruction program in the meantime resumption of private trade will be facilitated by formation of import groups industry by industry under direction of the government these groupements will engage in bulk buying in their particular fields and are therefore just as capable of making exclusive purchase con tracts as are state trade agencies their potential ities in that respect were recognized in the recent credit negotiations accordingly in section iv of the loan agreement of may 28 groupements were given a temporary status to be abolished as soon as difficulties of transport and distribution in france have been overcome the french also agreed to con tinue curtailment of government procurement in the united states haro_p h huutcheson the first of three articles on postwar commercial policy zone numbering if your zone number does not appear in your address please send it to us this will facilitate prompt delivery of your bulletin population and peace in the pacific by warren s thomp son chicago university of chicago press 1946 3.75 believing that the development of the pacific peoples in the next few decades may determine whether we will have a third world war the author analyzes in detail the heavy population pressures throughout most of the far east and pleads for the ending of european control of far eastern resources japanese militarism its cause and cure by john m maki new york knopf 1945 3.00 an enlightened discussion by a japanese american based on the view that the elimination of japanese aggres sion will be achieved only when the political economic and social conditions that have created japanese militar ism and aggression have been eliminated the historical sections presenting the long term background of the jap anese state are especially useful international investment and domestic welfare by nor man s buchanan new york henry holt co 1945 3.75 this book admirably sets forth the pros and cons of in ternational investment particularly the post war pros pects the subject is treated in a nontechnical manner and is developed from the point of view of the united states as the leading creditor nation the author minimizes the importance of foreign lending in the maintenance of a high level of income in the united states he states clearly the implications of large post war loans concludes that such a program may not be desirable for several reasons and outlines alternatives a cartel policy for the united nations by corwin d edwards and others new york columbia university press 1945 1.25 a series of five lectures delivered last year at columbia university on american policy toward cartels the atti tudes of other countries and the possible effects of cartels on world security and full employment foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 38 july 5 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president emeritus dorothy f lert secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor a ae sra moon sh meare lass i aif aa a eee a es washington news letter will bikini tests strengthen baruch’s efforts to curb veto however useful the testing of atomic power at bikini atoll on june 30 may prove to scientists and military strategists the vast experiment will be fully justified only if it focuses world attention on the im portance of controlling atomic energy to no group will the findings at bikini be more crucial than to the individuals charged with framing foreign policy of the great powers in the case of america this means the united states senate as well as the white house and the state department since bernard baruch’s presentation on june 14 of this country’s proposals to the united nations atomic energy commission members of the upper house in wash ington have been considering whether they want to change their attitude toward the use of the veto power in deliberations of the security council for the ultimate fate of the baruch plan depends not alone on whether the united nations accept it but on whether the senate approves it baruch said that the united states decision within the atomic energy commission would be subject of course to our con stitutional processes the constitution requires that treaties have the approval of two thirds of the sen ators voting before this country becomes a party to them senate and veto baruch has forced both the un and the senate to reconsider the veto by telling the atomic energy commission that there must be no veto to protect those who violate their solemn agreements not to develop or use atomic energy for destructive purposes at the san fran cisco conference of the united nations the united states delegation insisted that the charter contain the veto because president truman and secretary of state edward r stettinius jr feared that the senate would reject a charter lacking a veto which the senators on the united states delegation regard ed as a device for protecting american sovereignty despite occasional public statements from a few of their colleagues in favor of some limitation of national sovereignty like that made to the foreign policy association by senator fulbright democrat of arkansas last october 20 most senators have continued to favor the maintenance of the veto power uncertainty about the reception which one third plus one of the senators would give to his veto proposal will weaken mr baruch’s argument before the atomic energy commission president truman on june 28 pledged his full support to baruch and on the same day baruch announced that only russia poland and the netherlands amoy the 12 members of the commission were not wholj in agreement with the 20 key points of the ame ican plan bikini and senate since the dropping of the atomic bombs last august on hiroshima an nagasaki senators have found that a large part of the public is apathetic about the whole issue of atomic energy now that new tests of the use atomic bombs at sea have begun there may be a re vival of interest in the crucial problems which cop front members of the atomic energy commission while many americans have criticized the tests af an unhappy attempt to display american might be fore the rest of the world they can serve a useful purpose if the united nations are reawakened ty the awful destructive implications of warfare fought with atomic weapons it is doubtful however whether the first of the bikini tests will serve this purpose the final results of the bikini experiment cannot be known for several weeks in comparison to the damage already wrought in japan and tha which is likely to follow from an underwater atomic explosion planned for the near future the june 4 results may appear negligible as yet neither the baruch proposals nor sugges tions made by russia for outlawing atomic weapons have been explained clearly to the general public mr baruch’s insistence that quick and certain pun ishment be meted out for any violations having to do with the manufacture of atomic bombs indicates that no nation should have veto rights in an atomic development authority yet to be established in s0 far as the united states plan has been clarified how ever baruch’s suggestion relates to the abandon ment of the veto power in the security council on atomic energy matters this would in effect necessi tate amendments to the united nations charter about the security council’s veto arrangements which exist in any case only for the five permanent members the question of the veto has already plagued other deliberations of the security council and during the new york sessions of the council it has become more than ever apparent that the danger of war itself must be eliminated many sen ators hold this view and in this they join with rus sia as they did at the time of the san francisco conference believing that improvement of politi cal relations among the major powers is the great question of the hour bia bolles +mmmission le tests a might be e a usefyl akened to are fought however serve this xperiment omparison and that ter atomic ie june 30 or sugges c weapons al public rtain pun ving to do icates that in atomic hed in 0 fied how abandon ouncil on ct necessi s charter ngements sermanent s_ already 7 council e council that the many sen with rus francisco of politi the great bolles entel 2g thd pass matter foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 39 july 12 1946 big four agree on free discussion by peace conference ee the peace conference of the twenty one nations which participated in the war against germany meets in paris on july 29 it will have be fore it decisions on a wide range of territorial and economic questions reached by the council of for eign ministers that met for its fourth session on june 15 under the draft treaties drawn up at paris the foreign ministers recognize certain boundary changes which have already taken place the most important of these are the transfer of northern transylvania from hungary to which it had been allotted by hitler in 1940 to rumania the cession of the province of southern dobruja to bulgaria by ru mania which had acquired it at the end of world war i and the relinquishment by rumania of bes sarabia a part of russia before 1918 and northern bukovina to the u.s.s.r effected before germany’s invasion of russia the draft peace treaty with fin land confirms the cession to russia of the karelian isthmus above leningrad and the port of petsamo on the arctic italy chief loser of the five european countries that fought on the side of the axis italy which went over earliest to the allies comes out with the heaviest losses italy must transfer the dodecanese islands in the aegean which it had obtained from turkey during the italo turkish war of 1911 12 to greece it must cede to france the briga tenda area a few miles from nice contain ing important hydroelectric developments italy must also renounce all claims to its colonies in africa which will continue to be administered by the british who occupied them during the african campaigns of the 1940 s until the big four agree on final dis position of these strategically situated territories if no agreement is reached within a year the problem of italy’s colonies will be referred to the general contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association assembly of the united nations contrary to gen eral expectations as well as to ethnic considerations the austrian populated south tyrol ceded to italy under the treaty of st germain of 1919 is to re main part of italy to the profound distress of the austrians compromise on trieste the most thorny question on the agenda was that of trieste and the adjoining area of venezia giulia claimed with equal vigor by italy and yugoslavia italy’s position had been supported by britain and the united states this shocked yugoslavia which felt that its sacri fices during the war entitled it to far greater con sideration than italy who not only had fought on germany’s side but had wreaked destruction on its slav neighbor russia for its part supported the claims of yugoslavia having itself an interest in the future of the adriatic even without the back ing of moscow however belgrade would probably have stood firm on trieste as it did in 1919 on fiume when russia was excluded from the paris peace conference the compromise finally reached by the foreign ministers although probably the most practicable that could be obtained is disap pointing to both italy and yugoslavia and is des tined to become a threat to peace in that region un less it is firmly enforced against opposition from any quarter the italo yugoslav boundary is set ap proximately along the so called french line pro posed by georges bidault president and foreign minister of france who struggled hard to recon cile the conflicting views of his colleagues yugo slavia will thus acquire 3,000 square miles includ ing most of the izonso valley and nearly all the istrian peninsula with a population of 376,000 yugoslavs and an italian minority of 128,000 the city of trieste an important port on the adriatic and the surrounding area estimated at about 300 square miles altogether are to become the free territory of trieste and to be placed under the administration of the united nations which will guarantee its territorial integrity and independence since the un at the present time has no machinery for governing territories outside of dependent colo nial areas a new agency for this purpose will have to be established as the league of nations found it necessary to do in the comparable case of the free city of danzig in addition to territorial losses italy according to a last minute concession made by secretary of state byrnes will have to pay russia 100,000,000 over a period of seven years in reparations for dam age inflicted by italian troops during the invasion of the ukraine the reparations claims of greece yugoslavia and other countries against italy are to be considered at the peace conference it was also agreed contrary to views previously expressed by the united states and britain that italian repara tions to russia should come out of current industrial production thus directly aiding russia’s reconstruc tion and that italian warships should be consid ered as war booty and not as reparations the italian navy is to be limited to two small battleships and four cruisers within three months after the treaties come into effect american and british troops are to be evacuated from italy and russian troops from bulgaria the immediate reaction in italy to the paris de cisions was an explosion of resentment against the big four especially against france because of its so called stab in the back but most of all against britain and the united states which according to the italian view had received substantial aid from italy after its surrender in 1943 and therefore should have spared the country from the humilia page two tion of a harsh peace this resentment may haye hort 0 adverse effects on the internal stability of italy sbroad which in spite of the strong support recently regis month tered at the polls for a republican régime and 4 js threa moderate government typified by the program of give the christian democrats continues to be threatened problen by economic difficulties and particularly by the dap prograt ger of inflation substan great powers versus small nations jing ad meanwhile the same issue between russia and the britain western powers that has overshadowed the discus trade v sions of the security council and the atomic energy mainta commission arose in paris over plans for the peace trol t conference ever since dumbarton oaks moscow to crea has made it plain that it wants all important policies made of peace making to be determined by the power obtain that bore the brunt of winning the war that is the tent to united states russia and britain it was with great has be reluctance that stalin at yalta agreed to president trol sy roosevelt's suggestion for submission of the dum terms barton oaks proposals to the scrutiny of other na britais tions at san francisco and at san francisco the curren russians did everything in their power to retain fectiv authority in the hands of the big three or at least to apy the big five the soviet government wanted to sofar make sure that the terms agreed upon by the big with 1 four would not be materially altered by other the u tions invited to the peace conference britain and minec the united states for their part were determined pp to see to it that the conference should be not a app mere rubber stamp for the paris decisions but a jp o free forum for criticism and discussion the de cision reached on july 8 that the general peace penn conference will be free to make its own rules and t0 and discuss all parts of the five draft treaties should efor serve to ease the tension between russia and the aricir western powers in europe ment vera micheles dean seer freer world trade hinges on british loan lars the delay of congress in approving the 3,750 000,000 loan to britain has been primarily respon sible for the announcement on june 19 that the international trade conference will not meet until next spring the conference was to have been this summer to draft commercial treaties embodying the united states proposals for non discriminatory mul tilateral trade the american proposals were ac cepted in principle by the british during the ne gotiations for the loan agreement the purpose of which was to provide britain with sufficient dollar exchange so that it could liberalize its trade policy pending approval of the loan by the house of rep resentatives it is not surprising that the trade conference should have been delayed the loan and british trade policy an important problem of world trade today is that britain and other european trading nations continue to experience a large deficit in their balance of pay ments since 1938 british overseas investments have hat declined by approximately 4.5 billion foreign prin short term debts have increased fourfold amounting 3 to about 15 billion at the beginning of 1946 ln liber the meantime revenue from banking shipping in tradi surance and other services has fallen drastically these sources of foreign exchange cannot be quickly pr restored moreover britain’s internal economy was of tl greatly weakened as a result of the war according with to one estimate the amount of physical assets used up and not replaced during the six years 1940 45 ef was roughly 5.2 billion heavy imports will there fore be required to restore productive capacity until such time as exports can be considerably expanded head it has been officially estimated that exports must 5 be increased until they are at least 75 above the pre war level british receipts will continue to fall s page three may haye short of the necessary payments that must be made within specified limits a similar treaty was signed italy ae exports mag were 15 we the by sweden and the netherlands on june 29 ntly regis monthly average of 1938 but a serious coal shortage me andl is ictening farther progress outlook for multilateral trade ogram of given the almost insuperable balance of payments even should congress approve the loan to britain hreatened problem london's acceptance of the american trade an immediate return to freer world trade cannot y the dan program was necessarily conditional on a grant of be expected although britain has agreed to abolish substantial dollar credits by the united states lack exchange control it remains free to continue the ations ing adequate foreign exchange especially dollars system of licensing imports if britain is to make a a and the britain has developed the maximum amount of permanent transition to a system of multilateral he discus trade within the sterling area and in doing so has trade it can do so only by reorganizing and mod lic energy maintained a rigid system of foreign exchange con ernizing its export industries its success to date in the peace trol the avowed wartime purpose of this policy was restoring exports has been largely due to the fact moscow to create a dollar pool from which payments were that it has not yet had to compete with this country nt policies made only for essentials that could not possibly be in the sale abroad of vehicles machinery iron and 1e powers obtained in sterling area countries while the ex steel items at present heading the british export hat is the tent to which members can draw on the dollar pool list these are export lines in which british pro with great has been somewhat liberalized the exchange con ducers for the most part have never been able to president trol system nonetheless continues in force under the match their american competitors the dum terms of the american loan agreement however britain moreover is not the only country which other na britain undertook to dissolve the dollar pool for will find acceptance of a freer world trading system icisco the current transactions within one year after the ef difficult and uncertain the economies of france to retain fective date of the agreement should congress fail the netherlands and belgium for example were ot at least to approve the loan britain will continue and in devastated by the war and enormous reconstruction vanted to sofar as possible extend its wartime arrangements programs must be carried out if they are to compete y the big with members of the sterling group purchases from successfully in foreign markets heavy imports for other na the united states will be held to a minimum deter reconstruction create a difficult problem of balanc itain and mined by the dollar receipts of member countries ing international payments the rebuilding pro etermined britain’s objectives outside sterling grams will involve large domestic outlays that will be not a area beginning with an agreement with belgium increase money incomes and unless restrictions are ns but a in october 1944 britain has signed bilateral finan continued on smports non essential purchases will b a the de cal pacts with holland france czechoslovakia made abroad dissipating the already scant supplies tal peace denmark sweden finland switzerland turkey of foreign exchange les and t0 and greece these agreements represent a mutual harold h hutcheson s should effort to overcome the handicap to foreign trade the second of three articles on postwar commercial policy and the arising from the lack of balance in international pay ments they also enable the participants to obtain oe erry n 8 timasheff new york b p a certain amount of imports without the use of dol the reehee author who left russia in 1921 and lars moreover they contain clauses that limit the since 1940 has been a member of the sociology staff at e of pay convertibility of sterling into third currencies in cules andl aaa ee ee a ents have that respect they are decidedly at variance with the the conclusion that all the achievements of the past quar foreign principles of multilateral exchange and trade such ter of a century for which the soviet leaders have taken mounting greements however are not the results of any de pre see eee ae the resultant cost in 7 ae uman suffering had russia continued without revolution 1946 in liberate effort by britain to foster a postwar world on the course it was following before 1917 ping in trading system based on restrictive bilateral trea the basis of soviet strength by george b cosme aan rastically tis on the contrary they are unavoidable given the york whittlesey 1945 3.00 e quickly present disordered state of world commerce several an excellent summary of the natural resources of the omy was of the countries that have concluded financial pacts pg 9 industrial potential by an authority in according with britain have also signed similar trade agree es oul sets used ments with each other thus for example sweden f ee 4 a by albert guérard new york 1940 45 and france announced on june 28 a new trade treaty a vividly written history of france that is the product rill there calling for an exchange of each other’s products of years of reflection and scholarship ity until foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 39 juty 12 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national xpanded headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president emeritus dorothy f lert secretary vera micheles dean yrts must editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year ea the please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications ie to a f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year gsi produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter anglo american action needed to check palestine violence the issue of palestine has become a world prob lem of first magnitude because the resentment of american zionists against recent british measures in that country is affecting anglo american rela tions this resentment was given political expres sion last week when some members of the house of representatives friendly to zionism and disturbed by the plight of jews in regions where they con tinue to suffer persecution announced that they would vote against the british loan even if zionist hostility does not defeat the loan the truman ad ministration fears that the palestine issue will con tinue to disturb our relations with britain core of u.s british controversy the controversy over palestine has been growing since june 12 when british foreign secretary ernest bevin in his address to the labor party conference at bournemouth analyzed the implications of the proposals published on april 30 by the anglo amer ican committee of inquiry which advocated the admission of 100,000 european jews to palestine as permanent residents some criticisms voiced by americans in public life concerning britain’s delay in implementing this provision of the report have shown lack of fairness because they fail to note that the committee proposed the united states should assume certain obligations in that connection the washington administration has not endorsed the committee’s recommendations that the united states relax its immigration laws and that it participate vigorously and generously with the british govern ment in carrying out the report’s suggestions for example british prime minister clement attlee has declared that the united states must provide military aid in palestine but on july 2 president truman stated only that this country would give technical and financial assistance in the migration of the 100,000 jews official criticism of britain at the very time that president truman is trying to solidify our collaboration with britain in world affairs he has himself joined the ranks of critics over pales tine the wave of criticism started on june 15 when senators robert f wagner and james m mead of new york cabled a protest to bevin concerning his remarks at bournemouth on june 24 wagner mead and seven other senators protesting that bevin had used biased and untenable arguments in his analysis and had revealed a clearly hostile attitude toward the report of the committee of inquiry requested truman to press britain to im plement that report the president on july 2 but tressed the view that britain is wholly responsible and this country is free of blame for the course of events in palestine when he authorized the whit house to issue a statement that the british had undertaken their current measures of military rt pression without consulting the united states while from a legal point of view full responsibility fo affairs in palestine does fall on britain we cannot expect that country to follow the course we advocate unless we give it adequate material support unrest in palestine and british measures of te pression have grown increasingly severe as the united states and britain have delayed action op the committee’s report the committee had hinted at impending violence when it stated that palestine 1918 i vou x wil hi the july 1 of the reich is an armed camp the british forces in palestine acting under general instructions from the govern ment in london on june 29 subjected palestine jews to virtual siege in order to destroy the leader ship of hagana the underground army of the jew ish community prime minister attlee told the house of commons on july 1 that hagana was asso ciated with the jewish agency which is officially in charge of jewish immigration and settlement in palestine violence spread as the irgun zvai leumi a more extreme underground organization proposed on july 4 the formation of a jewish liberation army which would not lay down its arms until an inde pendent jewish state was established need for prompt action the cessation of warfare in palestine depends on prompt political decision rather than on further use of arms yet action has been repeatedly postponed twenty days after publication of the committee’s report the two governments invited jews and arabs to present theit comments almost a month later the two govern ments set up cabinet committees to explore further moves in palestinian policy these committees are to meet in london on july 14 hope remains that they will devise a course to which both governments can readily subscribe but the terrible plight of the jews in europe 40 of whom were massacred in poland on july 4 calls for a prompt and vigorous program of assistance this means that the united states must take positive action in collaboration with britain and not merely offer criticism or advice from the sidelines blair bolles towar powe it is befor amon w super cussi neith of pr state july the econ that this bear and need secre russ dust mar by 1 to b sitio this to t that not tool and +es of te e as the action op ad hinted palestine palestine e gover palestine 1e leader the jew told the was asso ficially in ement in ai leumi proposed tion army an inde cessation t political rms yet enty days the two sent their govern e further ittees are iains that rernments ht of the sacred in vigorous ie united tion with vice from bolles jul 23 t04 et rou om weak entered as 2nd class matter nay or mee general library 1946 univers ty ae m h we o 8an a cum f whanau wate wr foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vout xxv no 40 july 19 1946 will economic rift lead to east west division of germany he heated debate on germany that concluded the meeting of the foreign ministers in paris on july 12 contributed little to the immediate solution of the basic problems confronting the allies in the reich but it did help to clarify big four policies toward that country now that each of the great powers has made an official declaration of its views it is possible to define with greater accuracy than before the areas of harmony and discord that exist among the four occupying powers where common ground is found superficially at least the foreign ministers dis cussion indicated that all four powers agree it is neither desirable nor practical to strip germany of productive capacity and reduce it to an agrarian state as foreign minister molotov declared on july 10 such a course would result in undermining the economy of europe in the dislocation of world economy and in a chronic political crisis in germany that would spell a threat to peace and tranquillity this pronouncement by the soviet representative bears so close a resemblance to numerous british and american statements on germany’s economic needs that it could easily have been made by foreign secretary bevin or secretary of state byrnes the russian suggestion that the so called level of in dustry proposal for germany announced on march 28 and designed to reduce german industry by 1949 to half its pre war production might have to be revised upward also echoes the strong oppo sition that britain particularly has been offering to this plan moreover when mr molotov proceeded to the related question of the ruhr and declared that without this industrial center germany can not exist as an independent and viable state he took the same general position as that which london and washington have consistently maintained the discussion also revealed formal agreement among russia britain and the united states on the desir ability of setting up german central economic ad ministrations under allied supervision as a neces sary step toward the establishment of a government for all of germany although the french continue to maintain that the creation of these central ger man administrative bodies should be bound up with an examination of france’s propositions rela tive to the future of the ruhr and rhineland president premier bidault made a notable conces sion to the views of other allies by approving the provisional treatment of germany as an economic unity without waiting for a discussion of the future status of the territories in question self sufficiency versus reparations despite allied agreement at paris that german eco nomic revival is essential to the self sufficiency of the occupied country itself and the reconstruction of europe as a whole the western powers and russia hold this view for such different reasons that their unanimity on the diplomatic level has not been carried over into actual administrative practices to the british and americans whose zones are de ficient in essential food production it is of the great est importance that germans in the west be per mitted to become self supporting by exchanging their raw materials and manufactured products for food and essential consumers goods from the russian zone the russians on the other hand regard the restoration of german industry as desirable primar ily because they hope to harness german produc tion to soviet reconstruction during the past year accordingly russian occupation authorities have re fused to exchange goods from their zone for im ports from the west on the ground that such imports are due to them as reparations and hence do not contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association require any payment in reply to this argument the british and americans have pointed out that the potsdam agreement on reparations specifically pro vided that the soviet government is entitled to re ceive only existing capital equipment not goods from current production needed to maintain german self sufficiency from the western zones in addition to whatever reparations it collected from its own sector the russians however refused to accept this argument as a result britain and the united states have been obliged to keep their zones on a dole which is annually costing britain approximately 320,000,000 and the united states about 200 000,000 it is therefore primarily because of the immediate and practical necessity of making ger many capable of paying for its own basic necessities of life that britain and the united states insist on administration of the entire country as an economic unit at the same time the western powers do not want to see russia integrate the economy of its zone with that of the soviet sphere to such an extent as to prevent the ultimate reestablishment of economic links between eastern and western germany one germany or two the failure so far of american and british efforts to secure the co operation of russia in administering germany as a self sufficient economic unit was indicated on july 9 when mr molotov declared that russia in tended to obtain from germany 10,000,000,000 page two worth of reparations a sum so large that it would clearly have to be collected out of current produc tion of the western zones as well as existing capital equipment confronted by soviet insistence that reparations take priority over germany's own cur rent needs mr byrnes announced on july 11 that the united states proposes to join with any other occupying government in germany for the treat ment of our respective zones as an economic unit and in his radio report to the american public og july 15 he reiterated this plan even if it is as sumed that the french will join the other westerm zones this development will hardly succeed in mak ing the western zones entirely self sufficient for the german economy has long been based on a balance between the breadbasket in the east and the indus trial plants of the west nevertheless an economic union of the western zones will undoubtedly help improve conditions throughout this area by facili tating the exchange of skilled labor coal and iron from the british zone and electrical power tex tiles and industrial machinery from the american sector because the creation of a western german economic union will inevitably have political reper cussions this move on the part of the united states and britain may mark a far more important devel opment in allied occupation policy than the general announcement by the big four of their diplomatic agreement on major issues in germany winifred n hapdssel british feel u.s oversimplifies palestine issue the brutal massacre of polish jews in kielce on july 4 accentuates the urgency of the.task confront ing the anglo american representatives who began in london on july 12 a new phase of the already prolonged deliberations on palestine meeting in secret at the cabinet offices in historic whitehall palace the delegates are expected to discuss the extent and nature of the aid the united states will give britain if the ten recommendations of the anglo american committee of inquiry are formally adopted a previous group of experts has already worked out technical details for moving 100,000 jews into palestine but the decision to take this step must await governmental action pessimism in london the new talks opened in an atmosphere of pessimism reports from london suggest first that the british will not consider the proposal for admitting 100,000 jews apart from the other nine recommendations and second that the british government will reject all ten recommendations unless the united states prom ises military aid as well as financial assistance and transportation facilities if the british do insist on these conditions agreement on definite action seems impossible why are the british so reluctant to act the answer lies in the fact that the arab world is as im portant to them for strategic reasons as the carib bean area is to the united states realizing the need for arab friendship britain is reshaping its middle eastern position in the hope of reconciling the arabs to its security aims since this policy entails withdrawal from egypt and possibly iraq the british would like to create a gibraltar of the middle east in the palestine transjordan region if such a base is to be strong it should be surrounded by as friendly a population as possible in the brit ish view this raises the admittedly cruel dilemma of whether to placate jews or arabs although the zionist conception of the arab league as primarily a british tool is open to ques tion it is true that the movement toward arab unity has been fostered for some time by the british foreign and colonial offices some british army men however who were alienated by arab hos tility during the war fear that the arabs having driven the french out of the levant will turn their undivided efforts against the british once the zion ist threat has been removed according to this view which is also held by many zionists a jewish state in palestine offers britain the best hope of satisfy ing its strategic requirements the jews it is de dared would nn states en ional a ideals has mad britain c ensure tl will british terests 1 through luctant effort to report's ened at oil and sian hel assault zionists althc military sessed they do aided b boring the ha and tha trouble than th to grat arabs sian cc help as the as more t lraqui tian le troops russia kurdis sha exist agree to det peace the ar prevai ultim what tion o for g respo whet comr it would t produc capital nce that own cur 11 that iny other he treat ic unit ublic op it is as western in mak for the balance 1e indus conomic dly help ry facili and iron ver tex merican german al reper d states it devel general plomatic adsel is as im e carib he need middle ing the y entails aq the of the region rounded he brit lilemma ie arab oo ques d arab british h army ab_ hos having rn their 1e zion is view sh state satisfy t is de dared would be loyal to britain both because they yould need british protection from hostile arab gates encircling them and because of their tradi ional attachment to anglo american democratic ideals moreover jewish industrial development has made palestine the only middle east state where britain could find the production that would help to ensure the maintenance of a strong base will arabs challenge britain the british government however with widespread in terests in iraq cyrenaica suez and other points throughout the arab world is understandably re juctant to arouse further arab antagonism in an efort to prevent british fulfillment of the palestine report's recommendations the arabs have threat ened at various times to resort to arms to refuse oil and other commercial concessions to seek rus sian help to appeal to the united nations and to assault jewish communities in other arab states zionists dismiss these threats as mere bluff although the palestine arabs do not have the military organization training or leadership pos sessed by the 70,000 men of the jewish haganah they do have arms and believe that they would be aided by volunteers and arms smuggled from neigh boring arab states zionists contend however that the haganah can handle any such unlikely danger and that in any case the haganah can make far more trouble for britain if it does not adopt the report than the arabs can if it does as for arab refusals to grant concessions zionists point out that the arabs prefer american or british to possible rus sian concessionaires arab threats to seek russia’s help are also ignored by the zionists who believe the arab landlord ruling class fears communism more than western influences it is asserted that the lraqui who for a while hoped to follow the egyp tian lead in demanding the withdrawal of british troops abandoned this scheme when the threat of a russian inspired movement for an autonomous kurdistan arose similar feelings on the part of the apparent contradictions in shanghai whatever differences of opinion exist on other questions most chinese observers agree that the united states has the decisive power to determine whether there shall be genuine internal peace in china all out civil war or continuation of the ambiguous state of neither war nor peace that prevails today this means that the chinese will ultimately hold america responsible for much of what happens here and that the far eastern posi tion of the united states will be affected accordingly for good or ill the chinese are aware of their own tesponsibilities but politically conscious people whether they belong to the kuomintang or the communist party whether they are third party lib page three egyptian government are indicated by its decree of july 13 dissolving eleven educational cultural scientific social and labor organizations which it accuses of propagating subversive ideas the chief impetus for the arab threat to call in the russians comes from lebanon and palestine as for an arab appeal to the united nations the zionists declare that they have their own case to present to that or ganization the zionists show a growing realization however that the arab league is a force to be reck oned with revival of partition idea to the brit ish the whole problem presents such complexity that there is great irritation in london over what is re garded as the american tendency to oversimplify the issues involved in their discouragement some britishers are turning again to the plan proposed by the peel commission in 1937 to partition pales tine into jewish and arab states on july 11 the manchester guardian and the economist were te ported to have suggested partition in case the report of the anglo american committee of inquiry is found unworkable two days earlier dr chaim weizmann president of the jewish agency in pal estine declared that many jewish people and much public opinion everywhere favor partition and that it must not be rejected as a possible solution but the need for getting 100,000 jews into pal estine remains urgent it is a humanitarian need which transcends all selfish political interests and should not be postponed until a decision on the fu ture status of palestine is reached the arab higher committee on july 7 drafted a letter to president truman suggesting that he open the doors of amer ica if he is really in sympathy with the jews and their plight in christian europe morally this arab plea is unassailable but practically zionists consider it unrealizable without further delay however britain and the united states could bring 100,000 jews into palestine vernon mckay u.s policy perplex chinese erals or non partisans realize that their actions are affected by the role of the united states and espe cially by our country’s relations with russia conditional or unconditional sup port the record of the past ten months since japan’s surrender raises the question whether the united states has used its extraordinary influence in china effectively to promote internal peace it may be argued that the task is too great for any foreign country but in that case it is still not too late to alter our course quite apart from this however the chinese believe there have been serious shortcom ings in our policy in the first place there was the fiasco of the hur ley diplomacy which threatened to involve us to the hilt in a full fledged chinese civil war on the spanish model within two months after the end of world war ii then came a brief respite with president truman’s policy statement of december 15 ambiguous in some respects but nevertheless a welcome declaration of the need for a democratic coalition government in china and the intention of the united states to make aid to china condi tional on the achievement of political and military unity yet after december 15 as before the chi nese felt there was a serious gap between the lan guage and action of american policymakers effects of marshall’s mission general marshall who everyone agrees has worked with the greatest diligence to achieve peace was sent here to mediate in the conflict between the govern ment and the communists during his first visit to china the more warlike elements in the kuomintang became worried over the possibility that the united states acting as an impartial mediator would really make its support conditional on fundamental re forms largely as a result of this factor peace minded chinese leaders were able to bring about political and military agreements that held great hope for the future but no sooner were those pacts on paper than the reactionary group within the kuomintang began to work for their abandonment at the same time the crisis that developed in man churia over the presence of russian troops and chinese communist activities in that area against government forces seriously clouded the foreign and domestic scene and created tension between the united states and russia when this happened the united states appears to have abandoned the policy of giving conditional support of chiang kai shek which it had announced last december taking into consideration the tense state of american soviet relations rather than the realities of the chinese situation washington order now issues before paris peace confer ence by vera micheles dean analysis of decisions reached by council of foreign ministers with texts of principal documents 25 cents august 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 page four adopted measures which encouraged the militarigy in china and prejudiced the possibility of a peac ful settlement for there should be no misunde standing of one fact that while all groups in thi country have made their mistakes the most actiy war making force resides in the small group of milj tary men and civilians who constitute the extrem right wing of the kuomintang this group why now dominate the government based their poli in the past on an outmoded agrarian system and have no program that would enable them to surviy in peaceful political competition with other groups they therefore seek to prevent the establishment of genuine internal peace policy during the truce the uncondi tional character of american support of the central government has at no time been clearer to the chinese than in the nanking negotiations held sing the manchurian truce was initiated on june 7 on june 14 it became known that the united state wished to train an army of 1,000,000 chinese troops although the announcement indicated that both government and communist forces would receive training it was universally regarded here as a meas ure of military support for the government shortly thereafter president truman also announced that china would receive lend lease assistance until all japanese have been repatriated from this country extensive interviews with government officials third party liberals and communist representatives indicate that no leading chinese felt the united states has been acting as an impartial mediator and giving its assistance to china rather than to 4 specific government in a specific internal struggle the only difference in view among those expressing an opinion was that the war minded leaders indi cated their satisfaction with american assistance while the others intimated or openly stated their dis like for american military aid under existing con ditions lawrence k rosinger the first in a series of articles on united states policy in china the peoples of the soviet union by corliss lamont new york harcourt brace 1946 3.00 a useful survey of the geographic economic and ethno graphic conditions of the many peoples who make up the u.s.s.r and of the national minorities policy of the soviet government by a warm admirer of the soviet system the big three by david j dallin new haven yale uni versity press 1945 2.75 a hard headed appraisal of russia’s relations with its wartime allies by a leading russian critic of the soviet government in this country foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 40 jury 19 ie 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president emeritus dorothy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a yeat please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and fomposed and printed by union labor national 1918 wear gene ciliat com has whic gerr agre +militaristy a peace misunder ps in this ost active p of mili xtreme up why cir policy tem and to survive f grou blishoaal uncondi ie central r to the held sinc ne 7 op ed state se troops hat both d receive is a meas t shortly nced that until all country officials sentatives ie united liator and han to a struggle xpressing ders indi assistance their dis sting con singer y in china mont new and ethno ake up the icy of the the soviet yale uni is with its the soviet ed national heles dban ollars a year oe x s wae entered as 2nd class matter y general library foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 41 july 26 1946 americans view peace negotiations with greater realism bn the eve of the peace conference opening in paris on july 29 relations between the prin cipal allies of world war ii have reached a stage of deterioration far more alarming for the future of the world than the atomic bomb for the bomb is merely a symbol of the profound anxiety that grips peoples everywhere the chief problem of the paris negotiators is not how to make peace with the former enemies but how to keep it among the former victorious allies allies struggle for germany wher ever one turns strife is rampant and human beings who have not yet cleared away the rubble of war wearily face the threat of new conflicts in china general marshall’s efforts to bring about a recon ciliation between the central government and the communists have proved fruitless and civil war has flared up anew in germany the four powers which had undertaken to prevent the resurgence of german nationalism are fostering it by their dis agreement about the political and economic future of the country which even though defeated and partially destroyed retains incalculable potential ities to determine the destiny of europe will the germans turn to russia even more than they did at rapallo in 1922 when the soviet government was still weak and itself opposed by the western world and will the coalition of germany's industrial skill and russia’s manpower dreamed of but not achieved by such diverse leaders as bismarck rath enau and hitler become a reality if such a coali tion is to be prevented what can the united states and britain offer to germany which before the war was their principal competitor for world markets and whose economic recovery beyond the point where it can pay for essential imports they can hardly welcome will allied control of germany develop into a sort of auction for german support with the western powers and russia trying to outbid each other compared to this struggle for domination of germany the peace treaties with italy and the axis satellites in eastern europe which are to be con sidered by the paris peace conference dwindle to peripheral importance nor is it possible to argue that the allied con testants are animated solely by the desire to weaken or ultimately destroy each other other motives be sides ambition for strategic power complicate the picture the united states and britain genuinely fear that russia will use its control of eastern ger many to impose on the entire country the practices made familiar by the soviet system and thus defeat democratization of the germans yet they have not defined their own concept of a central administra tion of germany for which they have been pressing since last autumn apparently assuming that central economic administrations for trade finance and so on can be established without the need for creating central political institutions france invaded by ger many three times in one generation with equal sin cerity opposes a centralized political framework for the reich fearing that it will again breed mili tarism and for reasons both of strategy and urgent economic need france demands the detachment of the ruhr and administration of the area by an inter national commission russia sounds disingenuous to its wartime allies when after having claimed ger man territories for itself and poland it now opposes further dismemberment of the reich but there is little doubt that its demand for additional repa rations out of the current production of an econom ically united germany is due first of all to its own vast needs for reconstruction which cannot be filled promptly either by russia’s industrial facilities contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association eet are high chinese leaders who are inclined to think that the united states will inevitably support the needs agrarian reform to raise the peasant’s standard of living moreover it is only through an increase page two aa hi severely damaged during the war or by purchases to a close the period of turmoil the world has ex ass ae 8 in this country where moscow can have no hope perienced since the turn of the century the present af ap for the time being of obtaining a loan russia itself course of events cannot but seem disheartening ye oods ft is experiencing the ferment of postwar readjust much encouragement can be drawn from the temper cipatio ue ments with which the united states emerges from the chinese ce strife continues unabated meanwhile 2gonizingly grinding conferences of the big four onomi f é this struggle over germany which has occupied the foreign ministers graphically described by secretary ward a centre of the european stage since v e day in of state byrnes on july 15 until now this country ents w evitably affects the relations of the great powers absorbed in the building of a continent and seem sould be j with the other nations of the continent poland is ingly remote from the centers of strife in europe and progress threatened by civil strife between the left wing gov asia had looked upon world affairs with a detach jpe kuc ernment of premier bierut which sees salvation for ment that sometimes appeared to other peoples as party the country only in close collaboration with russia verging on frivolity now that through force of interest and other elements ranging from the peasant party circumstances we have become immersed in the af ities anc headed by former premier mikolacjzyk who has the fairs of other continents which are also our affairs sion to sympathy but not the material support of the west 4 more serious attitude is being developed by the soproac ern powers and catholic groups on whose behalf american people toward problems of foreign policy tg allov cardinal hlond has protested against the present 4d this new attitude should make it possible for the fault it composition of the cabinet france and italy both united states to play a far more effective role in while a disillusioned by the character of peace negotiations the world offer th france because of russia's opposition to detach the nation is neither in the exalted mood induced since ment of the ruhr italy because of the peace terms by war emergency nor in the mood of apathy that ig wor concerning trieste the african colonies and ces some observers thought they detected a few months most sion of the briga tenda area are experiencing a ago we have lost some of our illusions illusions large new wave of nationalism this nationalist sentiment that colored president wilson’s idealistic approach hl may weaken cooperation between europe’s com to the peace settlement of a quarter of a century pave s munist parties thus in a sense counteracting the in ago but in their stead we are acquiring new convic pointes fluence of russia but at the same time it divides the tions which should give a concrete character to our j anyt two latin countries which together might have given policy too often in the past formulated in terms of certain stability to the mediterranean area nor is conflict lofty but abstract generalities this new realism china limited to former theatres of war in latin america need not spell opposition in season or out to the t the now that the restraints of war have been lifted desires of other countries and especially of russia would latent unrest is bursting into violent explosions as what it can spell is a determination to define our the f in bolivia or threatens political strife as in chile own objectives limited though they may seem at any quite new temper of us to all those who in given time and then to back up these objectives ameri spite of warnings during the war had hoped that with adequate military and industrial power that a the end of hostilities among nations would bring vera micheles dean of all can u.s prevent full scale civil war in china shanghai as civil war begins anew in china it kuomintang against the communists in an all out ca becomes urgently necessary to realize why the chi civil war because of fear of russia yet if we should apart nese situation is of vital concern to the united states come to think of china principally as a base for offers putting the matter briefly it is in the interest of the resistance to russia we would find ourselves under ernm united states that china should make a maximum the necessity of objecting to leaders opposed to gianc contribution to world peace and prosperity at pres china's military preparations no matter how bene ent however china is contributing to neither for ficial their policies might be for china’s internal its civil strife brings close the danger of another __ welfare th world war while chaotic economic conditions make internal reforms needed a few ex mt it extremely difficult for the people to buy goods or amples will make this problem concrete 1 one the for chinese and foreign firms to carry on business of china’s greatest needs today is to reduce military capac because of the tense state of american soviet re expenditures so that a larger precentage of the trade lations and the common talk of world war iii budget can be devoted to the well being of the tion some people in the united states may consider it people clearly efforts to build this country into a throu logical to build up china as a far eastern military strong strategic base would keep military expendi state base out here it is widely felt that this view exerts _tures high irrespective of the contribution the united ence an important influence on american policy there states itself might make 2 china desperately the 1 has e present ung yet e temper rom the big fou secretary country nd seem rope and 1 detach oples as force of 1 the af r affairs 1 by the n policy e for the role in induced thy that months illusions ipproach century 7 connvic r to our terms of realism to the russia fine our n at any bjectives or dean all out should vase for ss under osed to w bene internal few ex 1 one military of the of the r into a xpendi united perately tandard increase ia mass purchasing power that this country can be come a great market for foreign as well as domestic s yet if china were to prepare itself for par ticipation in a future soviet american conflict the chinese government would hardly be interested in economic change but would rather bend its efforts toward suppressing the progressive or radical ele ments which advocate reform 3 again few things could be more beneficial for china than to have the progressive elements which undoubtedly exist in the kuomintang take over the leadership of the yet these are the very people who are least interested in developing china’s military potential ities and who would most prefer to turn their atten tion to the problems of peaceful reconstruction to approach china largely in military terms would be to allow russian political influence to spread by de fault it would be a confession that the united states while anxious to make use of china had little to offer the chinese people politically since a policy of stressing china's military role in world affairs would offer encouragement to the most militaristic people in the central government a large section of the chinese people would almost certainly hold responsible any foreign power that gave such encouragement as mme sun yat sen pointed out on july 23 lest it be thought that there is anything partisan in this outlook it is equally certain that if the united states were neutral in china and russia poured out military assistance to the chinese communists most of the people would show great hostility toward russian policy the fundamental attitude of the chinese people is quite simple they are neither pro russian nor pro american they are only pro chinese they know that a soviet american war might be fought first of all on their soil and they have no desire to be come a battleground for other powers can china serve as military base apart from all these considerations china at present offers a pitiful picture of a potential base the gov efnment is weak and commands only partial alle giance from the people it faces a strong political page three and military opponent in the chinese communists its administrative structure creaks and is marked by far greater corruption than in more modern coun tries its economy is chaotic and suffers from a fan tastic inflation and its heterogenous troops are in various stages of training and development china cannot become strong militarily unless it fortifies itself economically and politically and this can be done only if military considerations are minimized and emphasis is placed on the creation of a modern coalition régime the logical outcome of a military approach to china would be a policy of increasing american armed intervention to make up for the power deficiencies of the chinese government ac tually however at latest reports general marshall's return to the united states is to be followed by the withdrawal of american marines only one policy can satisfy the real interests of china and the united states to start from the premise that full scale civil war must be stopped that china needs an indefinite period of peace for reconstruction that the main economic and political emphasis should be on welfare and democracy that peace cannot be achieved except through the co operation of all political groups and parties and that the best way to attain peace in china is to avoid en couraging the militarists and to make our support truly conditional on the establishment of democratic unity in accordance with president truman’s state ment of last december 15 since the japanese surrender the united states has poured hundreds of millions of dollars into china in one form or another lend lease our pre dominant share of unrra aid technical assistance the cost of our armed forces the extension of a cotton loan etc but it appears to many americans over here that much of this money has gone down the drain our assistance will begin to bring genuine returns only when china has a progressive coalition government emphasizing reconstruction not war lawrence k rosinger second in a series of articles on united states policy in china emphasis on imports needed to balance u.s loan policy the economies of other nations are dependent on the united states as never before for this is the only country which has adequate productive capacity and loan capital to assist in restoring their trade and industry yet the current economic situa tion here is such as to create grave uncertainty throughout the world price controls in the united states have been allowed to lapse owing to differ ences over the provisions of a new opa law by the end of the week a compromise price control law will have been enacted but whether the new measure will be effective in preventing an inflation spiral re mains to be seen fear prevails abroad that the united states may experience an uncontrolled rise of prices followed by a sharp deflation if this should occur other nations feel reasonably certain that public opinion here will move toward increased pro tectionism as it did after world war i british may avoid using loan the most striking example of this uncertainty is the situation of the british loan which was signed by president truman on july 15 in return for the loan britain undertook to join this country in a program of freer multilateral trade involving important trade concessions by the british when the agree ment was drawn up last summer london measured the real value of the loan in terms of prices then prevailing in the meantime however american prices have gradually but steadily increased since the demise of opa the upward trend has accel erated it is not surprising therefore that on july 19 the financial secretary to the british treasury announced in parliament that although the dollar credits had been granted britain did not necessarily have to draw on them he further implied that if inflation went unchecked here london might not make much use of the loan given the precarious balance of payments position of britain it is a plausible assumption that if the loan is not fully used that country will not remove its trade restraints but instead will probably increase them whatever course britain elects to follow will serve as an ex ample to other countries which face similar balance of payments difficulties in short it is clear that the threat of inflation is a setback for the american pro gram to promote freer world trade stated in another way observers abroad remembering the interwar period have come to think of the american econ omy as being highly unstable they fear another boom and bust with dire effects on their already strained economic systems no loans to russia and china now the british loan has been regarded throughout as a special measure loans to other countries must be made from the resources of the export import bank but commitments already undertaken by the bank have reduced its remaining lending power to about 350 million this sum is obviously much less than the amounts russia and china want to borrow on july 18 the president announced he would not re quest congress to increase the lending power of the bank during the present session as a result no credit commitments for russia and china are to be made before 1947 observers agree that congres sional sentiment at the present time is definitely averse to a grant of credit to russia in china little just published chile microcosm of modern conflicts by olive holmes 25 cents july 15 issue of foreign poticy reports page four progress has been made toward a unified goverp 1918 ment and military establishment which truman statement of december 15 declared to be the condj tion for a loan to china in fact it now appears thy a full scale civil war may be starting in that county loans or gifts foreign loans are essentially a stopgap measure they merely provide recipients with dollar exchange to enable them to meet bal ir ance of payments problems during the difficult peti od of transition to peacetime trad and industry if they are not to be gifts they must be paid off and if they are to be repaid this country must increas its purchases of goods and services abroad accord ing to a forecast of the department of commerce united states loans and investments abroad total as much as 30 billion by 1951 including some vol 10 billion of prewar private foreign investments it is not to be expected that all of this debt will be repaid leaving the united states with no foreign investments but more than 10 billion of intergoy hi ernmental debts must be paid back and service to charges on the whole must be met to effect thi transfer of funds debtors must find dollars this phere they must do for the most part by selling in due course more to this country than we buy from them with shortages of goods in the united states anda mm continued rise in prices this is the time for wash commd ington to initiate boldly a sizeable reduction in tarif oe rates the emphasis of our foreign economic polig must be increasingly shifted from exports to im 7 ports if we are not to give away goods by financing y p their sale abroad with loans that cannot be repaid aust the lessons of the nineteen twenties are clear either the proportion of imports in our foreign trade a y must rise or exports will drop once loans to covet o payment of interest on outstanding debts cease there was not a steady and sustained flow of capita rl abroad in the interwar period when the flow de eur clined rapidly after 1928 the underlying weakness fere of the world’s economic structure became all too soon treat apparent looking to the future we have no assur gari ance today that the outward flow of american cap of ital will be stable and steady unless the structure char of foreign trade is geared to this country’s creditor thos status there will be no lasting balance and stability agre in the world economy instead there will ensue plec eventually another era of debt defaults with ac tok companying recourse to trade and exchange controls _vak in short economic warfare with adverse political gar ta repercussions rea reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each mon harotp h hutcheson cow subscription 5.00 to f.p.a members 3.00 b the last of three articles on postwar commercial policy ce mo foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 41 july 26 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national cur headquarters 22 east 38th screet new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president emeritus dorothy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editer entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a yeat adc please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor eo +by 1946 entered as 2nd class matter general library rf voaavers af te we siey ope 209 ean ee8 ae re a 1 ba fe aw 7 ran foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorpotated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y avueust 2 1946 economic questions paramount at peace conference prrniobical row gbabral libra d sou univ of mich truman 1946 the condi pears that at country essentially recipient meet bal ficult peri indus d off z st increase 1 accord ommerce road ma ding some vou xxv no 42 vestments bt will be o foreign intergoy general peace conference of twenty one na id service tions participants in the war against the axis effect this in europe opened in paris on july 29 in an atmos lars this phere heavy with mounting tension between russia 2 in due and the western powers in a fundamental sense as om them dr herbert v evatt australia’s fighting foreign ates and minister pointed out in a broadcast of july 15 the or wash peace settlement drafted by the big four and now n in tarig submitted for review to seventeen smaller nations nic polig had already been determined by the wartime com ts to im mitments of the great powers and by post war de financing velopments on the continent since germany and ye repaid austria are not on the paris agenda discussion per clear force will have to be limited to the problems of ign trade italy and eastern europe if we look at these prob to cover lems with a minimum of wishful thinking what are ts cease the main trends we discern of capital russia’s economic stake in eastern flow de europe from the point of view of the paris con weakness ferees the most important clauses of the draft too soon treaties with finland rumania hungary and bul no assut garia largely modeled on the armistice agreements ican cap of 1944 are not those dealing with territorial structure changes which have already been consummated but creditor those concerning reparations under the armistice stability agreements each of the first three of these countries ill ensue pledged itself to pay 300,000,000 in reparations with ac to russia in the case of hungary also to czechoslo controls vakia and yugoslavia over a period of years bul political garia being excepted presumably because of the readiness of its government to collaborate with mos heson cow since the conclusion of the armistices russia has plicy been collecting reparations from the axis satellites mostly in the form of their existing assets and the a ge current production of their fields and factories in lars a year addition russian armies of occupation have been living off the land in rumania hungary and bul garia thus markedly reducing the amount of food available to the people of these countries the united states has long been disturbed by the effect these reparation and occupation burdens would have on the economies of the axis satellites and finally expressed both its dissatisfaction and its fears in a blunt note addressed to the soviet gov ernment on july 23 by general w bedell smith american ambassador to moscow in this note gen eral smith estimated that russia is taking half of hungary’s industrial production in the case of some items as much as 80 or 90 per cent declared that this situation is directly responsible for the dan gerous inflation suffered by hungary refuted the russian claim that the united states had weakened the country’s economy by retaining some of its assets abroad and stated that on the contrary the united states is on the point of returning 32,000,000 in gold which a wartime hungarian government had sent to austria for safekeeeping moreover general smith added that the soviet government had rejected american proposals for cooperation by the big three in the rehabilitation of hungary and in restoration of traffic on the danube the problems of freedom of trade in eastern europe and freedom of navigation on the danube on which the coun cil of foreign ministers found it impossible to agree are bound to be among the important unsettled points to be discussed at the paris conference russia’s need for goods it would be easier to deal with these problems if it could be as sumed that russia’s principal objective in eastern eu rope and the balkans is to disrupt the economies of the axis satellites in order to pave the way for their communization and possibly their eventual integra tion into the u.s.s.r as a matter of fact however russia actually needs all the food consumers goods contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association on git r wae ee oe see er oe 4 4 t 4 i et and industrial machinery it can obtain to fill the needs of its own population it is willing to pay for imports when necessary as indicated by its trade negotiations with denmark and sweden from the point of view of the united states it is unfair for russia to obtain goods from the axis satellites with out compensation as it is doing through the collec tion of reparations it must be borne in mind how ever that the united states whose industrial produc tion was vastly expanded as a result of the war and which suffered no loss of industrial equipment or raw materials does not need reparations and in any case would probably not want to import most of the manufactured goods produced in that area at the same time the russians themselves are be ginning to realize that their methods of collecting reparations cannot over the long run win them the sympathy of the peoples of occupied countries they will thus be confronted with the problem of either withdrawing their occupation forces and moderat ing their economic demands or else of increasing military pressure on their neighbors what is more serious for russia mere draining of the resources of these countries without some attempt at their replen ishment and development will eventually amount to killing the goose that laid the golden egg while collection of reparations may tide russia over the arduous first year of readjustment at home ulti mately there is bound to come a condition of dimin ishing returns in obtaining manufactured goods that russia will urgently need for years to come the resentment felt in occupied countries against russia however should not be exaggerated many of the economic and social changes effected in the wake of russian occupation had been advocated long before 1939 by political groups by no means all communists who are now in power if russia can find some way of offering these countries a steady market for goods they may not find it pos sible to sell to the united states it may eventually earn the support of large sections of their popula tions this for example seems to be the result of the page two provision in the italian draft peace treaty concernig the payment by italy of 100,000,000 worth of rep rations to the u.s.s.r part of which is to come oy of current production with russia supplying raw materials reports from italy indicate that th italians profoundly disillusioned by the failure britain and the united states to support their coy try in the peace negotiations and to bolster it as potential bulwark against further russian advancg in the balkans and the adriatic are beginning wonder whether they should not have sought th backing of russia restoration vs desire for change underlying the economic tug of war be tween russia and the western powers is the unre solved conflict all over europe between those wh favor restoration of pre 1939 values and institution and those who had hoped that the war would bring about far reaching changes within and between n tions it is clearly in the interest of russia to see the disappearance or at least the incapacitation for ac tion of all elements on the continent who are hostile to the soviet system this creates the danger that the process of pursuing so called fascists may con tinue indefinitely on the pattern of saturn eternally eating his children with consequent perpetuation of civil strife at the same time it is also clear that the war not only sharpened nationalism in every coun try to the point of neurosis but also failed to bring about the inner purification that some had hoped for and that would have proved an important coun terweight to the influence of communist thought the men and women who fought heroically in te sistance movements or languished in concentration camps for their opposition to native and german nazism return to their homelands to find very fre quently those who had weathered the storm with relative safety restored to positions of power even if russia did not exist and karl marx had never set pen to paper the disillusionment generated by these harsh realities might well lead to unrest and te support of chinese liberals would strengthen u.s position shanghai united states policy in china cannot be understood or appraised without considering the extent to which it is affected by the state of amer ican russian relations since japan’s surrender near ly a year ago relations between the united states and russia in general have been tense both in china and the world at large moscow’s policy in man churia has produced an unfavorable impression in the united states while america’s powerful influ ence over the central chinese government has aroused suspicion in russia each country fears that the other wants to control china and to use it in future military operations bellion vera micheles dean so far however the political initiative in china has been taken by the united states an american not a russian general came to china to mediate american mot russian military equipment ha poured into china washington not moscow is the capital toward which the central chinese govern ment looks for economic and political support this means not only that the united states has had af extraordinary opportunity to extend its power if china but that it has assumed extraordinary risks at the same time it should be pointed out that the central government is recognized by russia 4 even sy munists nankir cha politica inevital lations mistak basis 0 did so merely a posi on its tions make ern nz of the anti r ficatio in ha russi synon civil sired th we cz diate takes peop the there son forei quat peor enco the 1 ame lead cert fron s of j well as by the united states and that any aid or concernip th of rep come oy lying ty e that th failure of heir coun ter it as 1 advancy inning ty ought th e fo of war be the unre hose who stitutions yuld bring tween ng to see the on for ac are hostile inger that may con eternally rpetuation clear that very coun 1 to bring ad hoped fant coun thought ly in te centration german very fre orm with wer even never set 1 by these t and re dean tion in china american mediate nent has yw is the 2 govern ort this s had an power if ary risks that the ussia as ry aid of even sympathy extended by russia to chinese com munists opposing that government is regarded in nanking as an unfriendly act champions of status quo in using its litical initiative in china the united states while inevitably aware of the problems posed by its re jations with the u.s.s.r could make no greater mistake than to act solely or even largely on the basis of these relations as they exist at present if it did so it would be following a negative policy of merely opposing another power what is needed is a positive policy of judging the chinese situation on its own intrinsic merits and supporting in ac tions as well as words the groups that are likely to make this country the more prosperous more mod ern nation it needs to be for its own sake and that of the world in china as in many countries deeply anti russian sentiment and hostility toward modi fication of the internal status quo frequently go hand in hand consequently alignment with the anti russian elements in china would be virtually synonymous with opposition to agrarian reforms civil liberties and enlightened economic policies de sired by a large section of the nation the strength of the united states is so great that we can make mistakes and not pay for them imme diately but it would be dangerous to think that mis takes carry no price in the long run the chinese people will be alienated from any one who supports the less enlightened elements in their country it is therefore important to grasp without delay the les son that many of us have not yet learned that in foreign relations financial aid is a wholly inade quate substitute for political understanding of the peoples with whom we are dealing the more we encourage democracy in china and actively oppose the militaristic pro civil war elements the more will american influence grow but to back unpopular leaders for reasons of international policy is the most certain method of turning the chinese people away from the united states seeking a common ground as a matter of fact a policy of increasing american prestige page three just published issues before paris peace con ference by vera micheles dean 25 cents august 1 issue of foreign policy reports reports are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to fpa members 3 through encouragement of progressive chinese groups would have a beneficial effect on american russian relations it cannot be assumed that the united states and the soviet union will define progressive groups in precisely the same fashion but an understanding that militaristic elements on either side favoring policies that lead to civil war are not included in this phrase would help to create a common ground for cooperation at present our actions encourage militaristic leaders in the central government although our stated policy is quite properly one of conditional support of that govern ment premised on the achievement of democratic unity and a coalition government the united states does not want a communist government in power in china but if there is to be any true coalition régime the chinese communists who have taken the lead in agrarian and many other reforms will inevitably play an important role yet it would be extremely shortsighted to see the chi nese situation only in terms of two extremes the kuomintang right wing and the communists and to overlook the great mass of chinese people as well as many leaders who stand in between in the ranks of the government the kuomintang the lib eral democratic league and the non partisans there are large numbers of men and women who because of their democratic political philosophy love of country and the instinct of self preservation are deeply opposed to civil war they desire in vary ing degrees to see an all party chinese government follow the path of reform persons in this group who serve in the govern ment or the kuomintang do not hold controlling positions but they would be stronger if american actions did not encourage their opponents the united states is unquestionably right in wishing to preserve the form of the central government as the framework for a new chinese unity but it would be an error to identify this structure with the gov ernmental leaders who happen to prevail at any par ticular time just as it would be a mistake to regard the united states government as the peculiar prop erty of any specific leaders or political party it is clear however that with every passing day our policy of large scale material support of the powers that be in china is driving the middle group either to the right or to the left and making the alternatives in this country sharper than before lawrence k rosinger the third in a series of three articles based on impressions gath ered by mr rosinger in the course of travel in various parts of china foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 42 august 2 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president emeritus dorothy f leet secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year ee 21 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter partition no solution of palestine problem the proposal of the anglo american cabinet committee that the united states and the united kingdom undertake to partition palestine into jew ish arab and central federal states poses a difficult political problem for president truman it also raises again the possibility of further delay in rescu ing even a small number of central europe's jewry moreover because of objections already voiced by both zionists and arabs to partition of palestine the new plan will further embitter the troubled middle eastern area problem of the 100,000 the proposal in the form the committee submitted it to the united states government on july 25 would probably reduce to a minimum the disturbing anti semitic outbursts of the arabs and the violent anti britishism of the zionist terrorists for it would limit forever the jewish immigration to palestine by limiting the space that jews can occupy thereby ending both jew ish hopes that violence might win them concessions and arab fears of jewish domination but it would force the postponement perhaps forever of the emigration from europe of jews in the displaced persons camps it would also jeopardize the pros pects of the 100,000 jews whom president truman last september requested british prime minister attlee to admit at once into palestine and to whom according to the anglo american committee of in quiry on april 20 certificates of immigration should be issued immediately the president made his proposal to attlee for the immigration of 100,000 more because of his concern for europe than for the middle east yet the cabinet committee proposals would authorize the migration of the 100,000 only after it is decided that the partition and the other suggested consti tutional arrangements will be put into effect this postponement not only links the immigration to constitutional reform whereas truman had advo cated it as a separate step but endangers the possi bility that this immigration will ever take place should the constitutional arrangements proposed by the partition plan go into effect future arab sup port in the federal government for further jewish immigration would be most unlikely for those reasons it is possible that truman will on the cabinet committee proposals only on condition that the migration of the 100,000 is au thorized at once the obstacles in the way of such a recommendation are that henry f grady the rep resentative of secretary of state james f byrnes on the committee has strongly advocated american acceptance of the proposals in their present form and that president truman has not in the past in dicated he would provide the military support which prime minister attlee has asked the united states to give to britain if the 100,000 migrate ye another obstacle is the fact that the office of near eastern and african affairs in the state department which deals with palestine has in the past been out of sympathy with the proposal for the migration of 100,000 which truman submitted to attlee with out the knowledge of that office at present the british permit the migration of 1,500 jews a month into palestine plan of british origin secretary of state byrnes discussed the london proposals with prime minister attlee in paris last weekend truman will receive mr byrnes recommendations and after study of their political implications in europe the middle east and the united states will either ac cept them or as at present seems likely propose their modification the suggestion for partition came from the british members of the cabinet commit tee although the british government ten years ago turned down another partition proposed by the peel commission the new proposals have their origin in the statement which british foreign secretary ernest bevin made last november 13 to the effect that palestine in time will become a self governing pal estinian not jewish state the mandate under which britain administers the government affairs of palestine calls on the mandatory to secure the es tablishment of the jewish national home and also to protect the civil and religious rights but not the political rights of all the inhabitants of palestine there is little hope that britain’s new plan will solve the palestine problem for by now most ob servers are keenly aware that there may be no final all embracing solution which can be regarded 4s realistic in terms of middle eastern politics the cabinet committee's plans must now be submitted to both jewish and arab representatives but it is doubtful whether joint discussions will follow the new turn of events in the mandate like those in egypt demonstrate britain’s determination to devis some more permanent arrangement perhaps unde the circumstances jews and arabs will be ready to adopt a modified partition scheme on the other hand the whole issue may yet be submitted to the united nations either by the arabs or some other member nation blair bolles ol ate yet of near irtment een out ation of se with ent the a month of state h prime nan will d after ope the ither ac propose ion came commit ears ago the peel origin in ry ernest fect that ung pal e under affairs of e the es and also but not tants of plan will most ob no final arded as tics the submitted but it 1s low the those in to devise aps under ready to the other ed to the yme other bolles 7 a special meeting of the foreign policy association incorporated will be held at the office of the association 22 east 38th street new york n y uaa on tuesday august 27 1946 at 4 30 p.m w w lancaster chairman of the boay purpose of special meeting f at a meeting on july 17 1946 the board of directors considering that salaries paper and printing costs rents and practically all other expenses of the association have very greatly increased since 1919 that membership dues have not been increased since that time that additional income is needed from regular and associate memberships none of which re it is estimated pays at present for its proportionate cost to the association that these increases in income are deemed necessary to ey the association to expand as well as continue its usefulness for the objectives expressed in the constitution adopted the following resolutions 1 resolved that the board of directors of the foreign policy association recommends to the members of the asso vou x3 ciation that article vii of the constitution paragraph numbered 4 now reading regular members those persons who pay the regular annual dues of 5 be amended to read regular members those persons who pay the regular annual dues of sm 6 and that a special meeting of the association be and hereby is called to be held at the office of the association 22 east 38th street new york n y on tuesday august 27 1946 at 4 30 o'clock in the afternoon for the purpose lt of voting on the adoption of said amendment and that notice of such special meeting specifying its purpose and set a ting forth the proposed amendment shall be sent to the members of the association through the official publication of d the association at least two weeks before the proposed amendment is to be voted upon the purpose of the special meet ing is to vote on the proposed amendment conferé gates al the following resolutions are listed only for your further information preced 2 resolved further by the board acting under authority granted to it in article vii of the constitution that if with tl and when the amendment referred to in paragraph i above is adopted the dues of the associate members be increased and th from 3 to 4 determ 3 resolved further that all regular and associate members in good standing on the day on which the amendment cipal 4 referred to in paragraph i above is adopted if adopted shall have the privilege of one year’s renewal at their present the ni rates respectively ing igt 4 resolved further that increases in dues mentioned in the above resolutions shall be effective september 1 1946 r please note that proxies cannot be used unless vice 0 1 received at national headquarters not later than friday august 23 1946 in effc 2 the proxy returned is signed by the member the 4 sma only members of the association who are citizens of the united states have voting privileges wr please cut along this line and sign and return the proxy to the office of the foreign policy association incorporated ukrai 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y russic matic ee eee ils a eo 4 impor bic it is urgently requested that you sign and return this the s minis office augu is of i nominate herbert l may and carolyn martin or either of them as my proxy to vote for me on the question of subm the adoption of the proposed amendment to article vii of the constitution at the special meeting of the foreign policy states association on august 27 1946 and by th that tells vitinvcvoscninsubbeoccnvevesevvenseseste ee se ee as proxy if you do not intend being present at this meeting proxy a te rs +periodical roos general library uly of mice aug 13 104g entered as 2nd class matter general library university of hichigan ann arbor michtoan foreign policy bulletin and not lich an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association yme foreign policy association incorporated 1 in 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y 50 vo xxv no 43 avucust 9 1946 pay in ose ne germany and japan which form 7 the central problems in peacemaking in europe a and asia are not on the agenda of the 21 nation conference which opened in paris on july 29 dele gates at the luxembourg palace are keenly aware that precedents now being established in connection t with the conclusion of treaties with italy finland sed and the danubian states will carry great weight in determining how peace will be made with the prin rent ipal axis powers later accordingly belgium and sent the netherlands who feel that their views are be ing ignored in the handling of the german question i and new zealand and australia who have long feared that the great powers might ignore their ad vice on the pacific settlement have taken the lead in efforts to prevent the big four from dominating the peace conference during the past week these small independent powers whose number does not include czechoslovakia yugoslavia poland the ted ukcaine and white russia all of whom vote with russia in a more or less solid bloc waged a diplo matic battle against the big four within the vitally n 4 important committee on rules big four unanimity in paris in one encounter the small nations insisted that the confer ence elect its own chairman rather than submit to the suggestion of the recent council of foreign ministers that the big four and china rotate the ofice among themselves this attempt failed on august 3 when foreign minister molotov strong ly opposed any change in the chairmanship plan n of submitted by the foreign ministers and the united states and britain supported his stand in a second and even more important revolt against domination by the great powers the smaller states demanded that a simple majority rather than a two thirds vote seve as proposed by the big four suffice to adopt small nations seek precedents for dealing with germany recommendations by the conference to the foreign ministers concerning the peace treaties this effort placed the big four in a serious dilemma on the one hand none of them was willing to have the hard won agreement of the foreign ministers easily upset on the other hand britain and the united states especially were reluctant to appear as the opponents of the small nations demand that the conference be more than a rubber stamp for the treaties drafted by the big four in an effort to find a compromise solution britain suggested that the conference send two kinds of proposals to the foreign ministers suggestions which would require only a majority vote and rec ommendations which would require a two thirds vote then in order to insure the effectiveness of the recommendations secretary of state byrnes brought forward a plan whereby the foreign min isters would be bound by these proposals when it nrepared the final drafts of the treaties even if the british and american suggestions are adopted how ever the small nations will almost certainly find it extremely difficult to muster a two thirds majority on any important questions and the doctrine of great power unanimity as the prerequisite to the conclusion of the peace treaties will remain funda mentally unchanged big four divided in germany while the big four assiduously avoid making any conces sions to the demands of the small nations that might impair their unanimity on decisions already reached by the council of foreign ministers they find them selves openly divided in germany just one year after the conclusion of the potsdam agreement which was to form the foundation for allied policy toward the defeated reich until a peace treaty could be concluded this agreement is in danger of being contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association gpdrneee cs preset gt ho ave qsar seth amcor fs a on get on wu ear y eran idieaiat ane 9 ee ee ea dey we secs attrac sn gees a sents ee 6 oe et wey pr prt orem seeded eae se ces om lb 2 mn oer tae w enon al y a vi ts i ij 4 entirely nullified in fact it may be said that the potsdam arrangements have never been fulfilled for one of their basic provisions was that germany despite its partition into four zones of occupation should be administered as an economic unit this plan was based in part upon a recognition of the fact that germany had a highly integrated economy which could not be disrupted during the period of military occupation without creating enormous eco nomic problems for the allies particularly britain and the united states whose areas of western and southern germany normally relied for a large part of their food supply upon the agricultural areas within the russian zone in addition the mainte nance of economic unity in germany was regarded as essential to the eventual reintegration of the coun try this policy russia britain and the united states avowedly endorsed on the twofold assumption that german unity was a historical fact which could not be ignored and that partition of the reich would lead to bitter rivalry among the big three for ger many’s support despite the potsdam agreement germany has been administered during the past year as four sep arate states as one result of this failure to treat the various zones as an economic unit britain and the united states have been obliged to shoulder a heavy relief burden in germany which has made it ap pear that they rather than the defeated state are in effect paying reparations even more important germany has been subjected to the economic poli cies of four separate powers rather than to a single allied policy in the absence of over all arrange ments britain and the united states have dealt with their zones primarily on a day to day basis and these conditions britain and the united states hay repeatedly called for the prompt implementatiog of the potsdam economic program for germany however since neither london nor washingtoy could devise any method of enforcing compliang with potsdam which would not run the risk of jp curring outright russian opposition thus leading to the very partition of germany they sought tp avoid it seemed that the western powers wer caught in a hopeless impasse in what mr byrnes up described on july 11 as a last resort the united it de states finally attempted to secure the economic rein haps tegration of germany by inviting all or any of the o 6 other occupying powers to undertake economic nop operation with the american zone britain with sociz considerable reluctance accepted this invitation op mili july 29 and negotiations for economic merger of ive the american and british zones are now underway jp o the french have not indicated what their reply will jj be but it appears at least possible that they may of eventually follow the american and british lead o it is therefore upon russia that major responsibility upli now rests for the decision as to whether the reich ety shall be divided into eastern and western ger arg manies stat what russia’s course of action will be is not yet pro f elem selve move provi the roel right remc he entirely clear although marshal vassily d soke of lovsky russian military governor in germany ex it pressed his disapproval of the american plan on que july 30 he has not flatly rejected it face to face ap with the prospect of a definite break with the west arg ern powers in germany russia may possibly decide fo that the disadvantages which would accrue from this ga situation outweigh the advantages of exclusive eco 23 nomic and political control over its own zone if this ten awaited implementation of the potsdam plans but conclusion is not reached in moscow the theory of jt russia has virtually integrated its zone into the so big four unanimity as the basis for peacemaking tip viet economy by means of its reparation collections will have suffered a far more powerful blow than ad and provision of raw materials to german factories it is likely to receive at the hands of the small nations prc producing goods for russian consumption under at the paris conference winifred n hadsel pay washington welcomes new regime in bolivia af the violent revolution that flared up in bolivia on july 19 was a spontaneous popular and anony mous attack upon the dictatorial villaroel régime which itself had taken power by violent means in december 1943 three days later president gual berto villaroel was assassinated and his government was supplanted by a junta of teachers students and workers headed by dr nestor guillén dean of the supreme court of la paz the uprising started with demonstrations by professors and students of the university of la paz and was reinforced by the industrial workers of the capital who called a gen eral strike and by units of the bolivian army which deserted to the revolutionary cause as exiled oppo sition leaders began to return to the country pro visional president guillén promised free elections restoration of civil liberties and press freedom and ah a general amnesty for political prisoners since this transitional government is predominantly civilian and leftist it is probable that the coming elections will bring to power a more representative adminis tration than was the case in the last elections held in 1940 when only 85,000 of bolivia’s three and a half million people voted villaroel’s radical program in the future villaroel’s rule may be remembered princ pally for his efforts to effect a radical transformation of economic and social conditions in the indian republic the social drive behind the 1943 coup was tie contributed by the mnr national revolutionary movement a political coalition of intellectuals and workers the mnr was colored by nationalist and l page three rave ro fascist sentiment and allied itself with certain garding the series of murders and atrocities for tion elements in the bolivian army which described them which it was responsible the emphatic stand of the any selves as anti capitalist to the extent that this state department undoubtedly contributed to the ston movement was committed to a program of social im _success of the july 19 counterrevolution and it may ance provement it was in many respects comparable to be assumed that the united states will recognize the in the argentine nationalist revolution but the villa guillén junta since it is washington's understand ding roel government went further by recognizing the ing that the revolution has diminished perén’s t to ight of labor to organize prohibiting the arbitrary chances of consolidating an argentine bloc in south were removal and transfer of union leaders and setting america mé yp labor services by strengthening trade unionism whether the new government will be able to act uted it departed from the nazi fascist pattern and per independently of argentina is a matter of consid reif haps prepared the way for its own downfall as the erable conjecture landlocked bolivia is less a na the foreign relations of the villaroel régime became tion than a frontier the great sprawling frontier 0 more strained and internal problems multiplied the of three aggressive latin american countries brazil with social drive lost its momentum the nationalist argentina and chile the instability of its econ 100 military clique took refuge in increasingly repres omy peculiarly dependent on the export of one t of sive measures including a rigorous press censorship product tin is another reason why bolivia is so way in order to maintain itself in power sensitive to outside pressures the country is largely will it is impossible to dissociate the domestic causes dependent on foreign sources especially argentina may of the revolution of 1943 from the larger complex for its requirements of wheat processed foods con lead of inter american relations the remote bolivian sumer goods and machinery to shift the emphasis lity uplands were then the scene of political warfare from tin mining to agriculture as bolivians hope to eich between germany working with and through the do eventually requires the opening up of the eastern ger argentine military government and the united lowlands which lie 600 to 1,000 miles away from states in the blue book published in february 1946 la paz and 11,000 feet below that city t ye the department of state presented documentary evi the exploitation of the great tropical hinterland oko dence that the villaroel régime had come to power calls for resources of transport labor and capital with assistance from buenos aires and berlin the which bolivia does not possess the country’s diffi 1 on question of recognizing the bolivian régime became cult economic situation moreover subjects it to ex face g pawn in the more important contest centering on tremes of social agitation as villaroel’s experience vest argentina’s position in the european war in return so aptly demonstrated as a result of new educa ecide for certain concessions from villaroel the united tional opportunities and improvements in the legal this states recognized the revolutionary junta on june status of the peon and the miner the indians have eco 23 1944 although the bolivian government os become increasingly restive and_ self conscious this tensibly shifted its support to the united nations whether they will be satisfied with the painfully ry of its policies have followed closely those of argen slow pace at which reforms must be conducted to king tina washington continued to press the villaroel be permanently successful or will demand more than administration to eliminate the influence of fascist sweeping action depends on two factors the quality tions groups and individuals in the government in com of statesmanship that the new leaders of the bolivian el pany with all the latin american nations except government may display and the attitudes which argentina the united states only a month ago made neighboring countries adopt toward bolivia in this and formal protest to the bolivian government re extraordinarily anxious moment in its history this olive holmes ities just published 7 tions american investments in europe oer tae oe ae ris the record and the outlook a useful summary with many quotations from docu id in by harold h hutcheson ments and official speeches but little attempt at critical half analysis 25 cents nationalism and after by edward h carr new york august 15 issue of foreign poticy reports macmillan 1945 1.25 the reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month a thought provoking essay tracing nationalism’s devel rinci subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 opment and considering how it may shape up in postwar ation times idian foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 43 august 9 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national was headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president emeritus dorotuy f leer secretary vera micheres dgan nary entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year d please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications be f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year and qos produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor r ssr a lit ss tse ee justine cna ee cars eat ta ee ere ase 7 ergo washington news letter broadcasts and libraries promote u.s policies abroad the united states relies on its official interna tional shortwave broadcasts to advance our cause in areas where we compete for influence with the so viet union primarily eastern europe daily broad casting programs have now become recognized and probably permanent instruments of foreign policy for 49 governments the objective of these pro grams is to win the populations in the listening countries to the social and political customs of the broadcasting nation the decision of congress after long debate to appropriate 19,000,000 to finance the state department's international informational program for the fiscal year ending june 30 1947 enables the united states to carry forward its pro gram in this field first exploited seriously during world war ii through the office of war informa tion and the office of the coordinator of inter american affairs u.s information abroad some observ ers of the work of the state department office of international information and cultural affairs have been critical as i visited many of the countries in the old world last year i found that other powers did a much better job in informing other countries about themselves than the united states chester e merrow republican of new hampshire and member of foreign affairs committee said in the house on july 16 while still imperfect the con duct of state department informational activities has improved since mr merrow saw them in op eration broadcasts today go out in 24 languages to 67 countries the budget provides for 3,100 em ployees who spread information not only through broadcasts but through motion pictures of which a film on the tennessee valley authority is the most popular with foreign audiences through exchange of peoples and through libraries eastern european governments have readily agreed to the establishment of american libraries in their capitals and have not prohibited their people from listening to american broadcasts the polish government has made available governmental radio stations for rebroadcasting american short wave programs from platters once a week polish stations broadcast recordings prepared in the united states on topics relating to american transportation agriculture political institutions etc and after the broadcasts polish professional groups discuss the scripts on the air the broadcast and the daily news summary which the state department distributes by radio to diplomatic missions abroad furnish news 19 papers in the receiving countries including easter europe with large quantities of american news partial censorship has at times limited the use ru manian and hungarian newspapers make of this ggg officially disseminated information news bulletins are displayed in the american libraries in belgrade sofia bucharest budapest and warsaw in the belgrade library last february 820 visitors were attracted daily by the news bulle tins three copies of which are on view each day in a special room the bucharest library invites all comers to listen to the voice of america informa tion program emanating daily from its loud speak ers the belgrade library also provides weekly lec tures on american subjects and distributes pictorial maps of the united states to yugoslav children the m state department informational officers have less ns freedom in russia than in neighboring countries p but the soviet government in june increased to with 50,000 the number of copies of the united states ty official magazine america distributed monthly in an the u.s.s.r at 80 cents a copy assistant secretary of 4 state william benton estimated in testimony before a the house appropriations committee this spring that each copy had from 5 to 50 readers pos shortcomings of the program the administration’s interest in conducting the program rests generally upon the hope that from knowing about the united states foreign peoples will come d to think well of this country and specifically from the expectation that presentation of official views on current questions will win support for american policies letters from foreign listeners 500 italians a wrote in february 1,800 in may increasingly re sy veal that interest exists abroad in american radio programs yet many chiefs of diplomatic missions l abroad remain unpersuaded that the broadcasts and i other programs are politically advantageous and ac cordingly discourage the operation political officials id in the state department tend to deny officials con cerned with public affairs any participation in the i formulation of policy for whose explanation to people overseas the publicists are responsible they also try to control the selection of information and y cultural officials for foreign posts the result is that res the officials in charge of information make less of a a contribution to policy than their position warrants and that many inexperienced or ill suited persons ate inadequately handling the united states informa tional program in foreign capitals blair bolles ers +periuon a eae op mice 4 1946 foreign policy bulletin ns u his an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association an foreign policy association incorporated est 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y ary vou xxv no 44 aucust 16 1946 a uw all new balance of power underlies big three disputes at paris ak eye of the most dangerous crises in the long and what are the issues that are actually at stake in lec difficult process of peacemaking came to a all the tactical maneuvering that has thus far ac tial dimax on august 9 when 15 of the 21 nations companied the peacemaking process why has the the represented at paris agreed that the conference formula for peacemaking that the big three less should make recommendations to the council of evolved at the potsdam conference just a year ago 1 foreign ministers concerning the peace settlements this month been the subject of such diverse inter 0 with the axis satellites by a majority as well as by pretations on the part of moscow washington and ates 4 two thirds vote as a result of this decision the london this formula it will be recalled provided conferees at the luxembourg palace are finally able that the peace treaties should be drafted by the for yf t9 move on from procedural matters to a considera eign ministers of the great powers preparatory to fore tion of the draft treaties themselves since how their submission to the united nations how mm ever the conference finds itself in the anomalous many other allied nations should be included in position of operating under rules which do not their deliberations however and above all how the meet with the approval of russia and the five pro much weight should be given to the recommenda ram soviet delegations it is by no means certain that tions of these smaller powers were left open to sub vin the bitter debate over procedure will not arise in sequent negotiations most of which have created ome some new and equally serious form at a later date considerable confusion because both russia and the fom technicalities obscure issues perhaps western powers have had plausible arguments ail one of the most unfortunate aspects of the debate at the soviet contention that the participation of aad paris concerning the majority versus the two thirds the smaller allied nations should be kept to a mini i tule is that it involved procedural points which were mum rests upon the realistic assumption that no 7 dio fine spun that even the delegates themselves fre peace treaties can be concluded unless unanimity quently appeared to have considerable difficulty in exists among the big three on the other hand it a deciding just what the issues were under these is equally true as britain and the united states in ia conditions it is hardly surprising that public inter sist that there is no satisfactory reason for holding cials in the conference has dwindled in this country a general peace conference if this body is so hedged a and been replaced by a widespread feeling of con about by restrictions that it cannot function even in com fusion and frustration this sense of disillusion its limited capacity as a sounding board for those the ment is all the greater because the disagreements nations whose proportionately large sacrifices in be they over procedure at paris have followed a pattern half of victory give them a right to be heard which is by now all too familiar again and again why russia guards prerogatives but that the course of the meetings held during the past the mere fact that both russia and the western of a mar to prepare the draft treaties the major diplo powers have logical arguments on their sides does ants matic battles between russia and the western pow little to explain their respective attitudes on the ey ts have been fought over procedural points which question of how the peace settlement should be ome ere calculated to determine how substantive issues made whether logical or not the theory of great would be handled later power unanimity as the basis for peace would se les contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association se sey porn ciieenceat i fosaald tee nme alent reoateed cure russia’s support at the paris conference for two reasons in the first place russia wishes to pre vent the conference from upsetting the draft treaties for eastern europe a survey of the membership of the committees which will consider the proposed treaties with finland rumania bulgaria and hun gary reveals that russia will be able to block anv suggestion by these groups provided a two thirds vote is required for recommendations it appears therefore that soviet leaders are willing to modify the draft treaties with the former axis satellites if at all only in the council of foreign ministers the second and more important reason for rus sia’s essentially negative attitude toward the paris conference is to be found in the soviet conviction that its present position in world affairs would be seriously weakened if any inroads were made in the theory of great power unanimity as the basis for peacemaking to some extent this belief is un doubtedly a reflection of russia’s own dictatorial form of government and resulting sense of inse curity both at home and abroad but it should also be frankly admitted by the united states and brit ain that any reduction in the peacemaking preroga tives of the great powers would almost certainly have different results for russia than it would for page two them since the u.s.s.r is a newcomer on the jp ternational stage and has not developed strong tig with the governments of numerous small powers and since the soviet type of régime is actively feared in many quarters it should be recognized that russig would find itself repeatedly outvoted in any inter allied meeting under these circumstances it is not surprising that russia views any proposal to experi ment with voting by an arithmetical majority as genuine threat and looks to its own diplomacy ty safeguard what moscow considers its basic inter ests all this does not mean that the western poy ers support the rights of small nations because of machiavellian rather than idealistic reasons ney ertheless the championship by washington and london of democracy versus great power dicta torship at paris should not obscure the funda mental fact which has affected all the debates cop cerning peacemaking procedure during the past year this fact is that russia has emerged from world war ii as a strong and expanding state and that britain and the united states are therefore eager to secure the support of the smaller allied nations in establishing a new international balance of power wainifred n hadssel britain presses u.s for clearer policy on palestine taking forcible measures to prevent further jewish immigration into palestine britain sealed off the port of haifa on august 11 and prepared to deport the jewish refugees crowded on boats in the harbor the government in whitehall issued notice on august 12 that it intends to maintain the status quo in palestine until word is received from wash ington members of the jewish agency and arab leaders about the proposal to partition the mandate as yet the president and state department have not announced any policy toward palestine but re ports on august 9 indicated that mr truman might be prepared to accept a divided palestine if it were opened immediately to the 100,000 jews as he had originally requested later bulletins from washing ton forecast that america would favor a partition of the mandate if the jewish sector were enlarged it was suggested also that the united states might con tribute as much as 300,000,000 to raise the economic and social standards of the arab states 50,000,000 being earmarked for the arabs in palestine in ad dition wide latitude for jews to control their own immigration would be requested under this plan wider issues at stake whatever final de cision the president makes about palestine he must bear in mind the broad scope of america’s policy in the middle east britain is now readjusting its rela tions with the arab states and is withdrawing its military forces from egypt by partitioning the man date london hopes to reduce arab jewish tension there and provide areas where military installations may be placed within easy reach of the vital suez canal it is very doubtful however whether britain can succeed in quieting arab jewish rivalries by this means nor is it likely that britain can thus secure its wider strategic aims in the middle east the recent labor troubles in the rich oil lands of lower iran have demonstrated anew that britain hold over the arab world is under attack disputes between the anglo iranian oil company and its workers provoked by the communist dominated tudeh party have caused london to send additional military forces to the persian gulf within the range of iran and roused teheran to sharp protest the tudeh party has followed closely the tack which russia takes toward britain’s policy in the arab states the anglo soviet struggle for influence in this region has become clearer with every passing month since the azerbaijan revolt in northern iran last fall turkey revealed on august 12 that russia had outlined its stand on the future control of the dar danelles the ussr demands that the straits be reg ulated only by the states bordering on the black sea such a régime would give russia a dominant status there excluding both britain and the united states america is not now a signatory to the mon treux convention governing the dardanelles but turkey hopes that this country will take part in the future administration moscow has also taken 4 more augt plan dom w pale mant at of nati that pale titio ame any cum take p cue ing pers or 1 for in e fina thre icy aske pre mig pro fe fir mat org tate or t as sou ute ret tions suez itain this cure ls of ain’s utes 1 its ated ional ange the rhich arab this onth last had dar reg slack nant nited mon but 1 the na page three more direct interest in the palestine issue and on august 10 izvestia charged that the british partition lan had but one aim the strengthening of british domination in the countries of the middle east what can the u.s do a showdown on palestine appears imminent whether or not it per manently settles the controversy london offered at one time to turn the mandate over to the united nations foreign office spokesmen have since said that britain will go ahead with its own plans for palestine regardless of america’s answer to the par tition scheme british officials have repeatedly asked america for financial and military aid in adopting any new approach to palestine under these cir cumstances what course should the united states take president truman has wisely attempted to res ae 100,000 jews in europe but while insist ing on swift action to care for these displaced persons america also should fully support unrra or its successor in making adequate arrangements for the other million or more stranded refugees in europe both measures will involve considerable financial outlays and if the president wishes to cut through the vagueness now surrounding our pol icy he will notify congress forthwith that it will be asked to make such appropriations in addition the president should ask congress to liberalize our im migration rules in order to relieve the larger refugee roblem as for palestine’s status the united states should firmly state that it is in favor of transferring the mandate to the un trusteeship council soon to be organized this move once it is taken will precipi tate an involved struggle about the future trustee or trustees to be appointed but by taking joint action about palestine the big three and the arab states as well can prevent palestine from becoming the source of further bitterness among them all since it is probable that joint economic undertak ings are necessary to stabilize the arab lands the united nations should propose that funds be made available to improve health facilities increase in dustry and begin agricultural reforms the strike against the anglo iranian oil company shows clearly that unless fundamental changes are inau gurated in economically backward countries like iran russia will continue to exploit local griev ances against the western powers the united states and britain must be largely responsible for such economic aid and the recent indication that america is seriously considering a grant of 300,000,000 for rehabilitation work in the middle east is one of the first signs that this country is facing squarely the issues involved in the palestine problem the reduction of political ten sions in this area and the establishment of higher living standards will ultimately mean greater trad ing opportunities and less likelihood that america will be involved in war at some future date in the middle east oil resources and strategic outposts of the region are important to the united states as well as britain or russia but if unilateral decisions are taken by each of the great powers about oil and bases in the arab states war can be the only result if this coun try wishes to lift the problem out of its present morass it will announce what security proposals it wishes to make for this area part of any broadly conceived solution for palestine’s problem and the security of the middle east must include united nations military arrangements but the united states has yet to urge the security council to out line any such plans washington must still do so if this country’s policy toward the middle east is to consist of more than good intentions grant s mcclellan end of unrra poses problem of world food distribution on the world food front the united states has recently made two important decisions both of which reflect a desire that in the future food dis tribution be handled on an individual country basis shortly before the fifth council session of the united nations relief and rehabilitation administration met in geneva on august 5 the state department held a series of talks with british and canadian ofh cials on the continuance of unrra it was decided that the agency should be disbanded in europe be ginning october 1 and in the far east by april 1 those countries which have been the recipients of telief poland yugoslavia and greece have re ceived by far the largest share of the 13,000,000 tons of food medicines and supplies so far distrib uted were informed at that time by assistant sec fetary of state william l clayton that the demise of unrra was impending as further evidence of the new policy to move food through normal channels it was announced in washington on au gust 8 that the cabinet had declined to endorse the plan of sir john orr director general of the un food and agricultural organization whereby an international agency would be established to control food prices and distribute surpluses to needy nations relief on a national basis the new united states policy was explained to the unrra council on august 7 by mr clayton who had come to geneva via paris where he is reported to have discussed the political implications of the end of unrra with secretary of state byrnes mr clay ton informed the council that the immediate post war emergency was nearly at an end and that the proper solution for any country that may require assistance is to apply on an individual basis to an other country which in its opinion is able and pre pared to furnish this assistance he recommended further that a new international agency be created to provide for refugees and displaced persons that the health work be taken over by the new world health organization and that the world bank be employed to finance some of the rehabilitation requirements the decision of the united states to end its con tributions to unrra was based in part upon the opinion of food experts that the current crop out look in europe is much improved in a report issued on july 28 the department of agriculture stated that european crops will reach almost 90 per cent of their prewar average compared to 80 per cent in the 1945 46 crop year for the far east however it was predicted that many would die of starvation be fore this fall’s rice harvest even after the harvest the rice supply would still be 10 per cent short but until april 1 1947 at least the chinese will con tinue to receive unrra aid although well founded charges of inefficiency and use of supplies for politi cal purposes prompted laguardia on july 9 to limit shipments to vital foodstuffs famine is no recent phenomenon in china the current crisis however has certainly been aggravated by the failure of rival factions to achieve unity and reduce their armed forces whether the new united states policy will induce china to return its peasant soldiers to farms remains to be seen the outlook is not very encour aging in europe political considerations are also a factor prompting the decision to put relief on a national basis mr byrnes in speeches before the council of foreign ministers and more recently at the paris peace conference has made it clear that the united states is convinced that the delay in working out treaties for the axis satellites and the resulting failure to withdraw occupation forces have retarded european economic recovery russian forces in austria hungary rumania and bulgaria have been charged with removing food supplies of those coun tries to the extent that in the case of austria unrra was called upon to give assistance before the war the danubian states produced food sur pluses supplying other deficit countries in europe these trade relationships it is argued should be re stored forthwith under the yalta declaration brit ain russia and the united states agreed to take joint action in that direction but to date the agree ment has not been implemented in the case of hun gary the russian thesis has been that economic re page feur covery should be worked out by the hungarian goy 191 ernment alone otherwise the sovereignty of thy country is undermined u.s cool to world food plan wit the end of unrra in sight countries needing food and lacking foreign exchange to pay for it haye shown a renewed interest in the fao which i scheduled to meet in copenhagen on september 2 at which time it will consider the proposal of dj rector general sir john orr to establish world cop trol over food prices by buffer stock operations with surpluses distributed on a relief basis the united states last week however indicated its dis approval of this plan washington experts fear that the cost of the program will be prohibitive for this country but although the plan is defective for ec nomic reasons its objective is commendable i seeks to avoid the errors of the interwar period cre when some areas suffered from food gluts and low prices while elsewhere many people went hungy vy for want of adequate purchasing power harold h hutcheson j 1 vol to members you can still save 25 a on 24 issues of the semi monthly foreign policy reports tati although beginning next month the subscription au price for members will be 4 yearly you may subscribe had until september 1 at the old rate for members of only 3 acc forthcoming issues of the foreign poticy re ie ports research reports 12 to 20 pages each in hor clude china in ferment by lawrence k rosinger wa who returns sept 1st from the far east other early reports will deal with the role of the armed services b in u.s foreign policy the ruhr the problem of an international secretariat and the arab league vi please use the coupon below and mail it together al with your check we a a ne re h foreign policy association le 22 east 38th st new york 16 n y w please send me the foreign po.icy reports for one yeat th 24 issues 3 are enclosed 4 if coupon is mailed after september 1 1946 eee a ie ee ee m a at a ee ee ee ci foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 44 aucusr 16 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president emeritus dorothy f lert secretary vera micheles dean editer entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a yea please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor +perigbical howe sep 6 1946 senbral 1 ry a aie men entered as 2nd class matter au general lis ary ss ersity of kichizan aig nn arbor michtean have ch is foreign policy bulletin di con ns the an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association dis foreign policy association incorporated that 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y this c0 vou xxv no 45 auaust 23 1946 tt 1 creation of indian government provokes moslem opposition ngry hile moslem and hindu rioters ran wild in from the outset on the british proposals for a tem calcutta and other indian cities on august porary régime in which both parties would have in 16 19 killing over three thousand persons and had parity congress rejected a coalition on equal injuring many more the congress party and the terms with the moslems fearing that the latter viceroy viscount wavell attempted to form a pop might thereby achieve their goal of pakistan the ular government capable of ruling india until it moslems for their part would not accept any offer gains its full freedom jawaharlal nehru presi by which congress was free to appoint non league dent of the congress accepted the viceroy’s invi moslems to the government the two parties have tation to set up an all indian executive council on also differed on their interpretation of the powers yn august 12 this decision broke the deadlock which and functions to be assigned to the constituent as be had arisen over britain’s offer to free india first sembly recently elected to write the new constitu announced by the attlee ministry on may 16 when tion instead the league has asked that two con it outlined the basis for a future indian constitution stitution making bodies be established to devise the both congress and the moslem league originally basic laws for the separate states it envisages con accepted the long term proposals of the labor cab gress hopes that the constituent assembly will be g inet for india’s new government on july 29 come fully sovereign at once and speak and act from n however the league revoked its earlier stand and the outset for india as a whole warned of direct action in protest against what it in designating jawaharlal nehru to establish a 2s considered a breach of faith on the part of both representative government british officials are in britain and the hindu dominated congress party about to hand over great authority to the congress violence first flared up on the day that mohammed party and its president who are of course prepared ali jinnah president of the league called for a and eager to accept this responsibility the british work stoppage to demonstrate moslem rejection of cabinet mission which was sent to new delhi last the british scheme jinnah and other leading mos may went far toward admitting that congress was lems insist that a free india must be a divided india fully representative of india the viceroy has now p with hindustan for the hindus and pakistan for required of nehru only that he include various those areas whose population is predominantly indian minorities in the new executive coundcil moslem the congress president in turn has notified quarrel over interim regime before viscount wavell that the council must be respon making its overture to the congress party to form sible to the central legislature in india and that an interim government britain faced a difficult de the viceroy’s wide powers of veto over the acts of e cision whether to maintain the present care that assembly must be given up it is doubtful if _t taker régime or attempt to create some form of wavell can consent in any formal way to this re som l indian executive council the viceroy’s action quest he may however agree to be bound by evidences london’s intention to withdraw from in dia even at the risk of arousing the antagonism of council decisions except in extraordinary cases where it is necessary to employ the army to main tain order contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association the moslems congress and the league were split ba as a ij she a lan al i a ey in i of a ri e a a oy bt ass fy st if ft ip ie re wa 2 bis is iy e a i a i te 40 hey i hy a s ae bet ae me bs a 2 whig 2 a gece freedom or civil war although india stands on the threshold of independence the mos lem hindu rift has widened civil war is not im minent but interparty strife may well delay india in taking over complete sovereignty from britain during the period from the middle of may to the current violent outbreaks there was danger that a war of independence against britain might still prove necessary but this is no longer true any full scale civil conflict in india can hardly de velop so long as the indian army is at hand and under control of the central government moreover if congress adherents follow the principles of non violent resistance which gandhi has championed there is little likelihood of formal warfare only now has the moslem league adopted direct action techniques within recent weeks prominent mos lems for the first time have given up british titles and other honors the league is not as effectively organized as congress nor does it have as great discipline over its members neither group is armed but riots and other disturbances may continue until india’s constitution is in full operation until congress and the league can agree on some coalition régime india will be governed by a con gress administration the original british proposals page two aaaumaienenane ee for india’s future constitution therefore will interpreted more according to congress wishy equal than would otherwise have been possible the cop point stituent assembly itself may now operate mainly form as the congress party desires doubtless the ney pomi india will become a more strongly unified state for econ congress has long fought for a united country by ty 9 the british federation plan will be retained and great degree of provincial autonomy will also by sanctioned by the constituent assembly as britaig first suggested tion artaf izatic is ne the congress government is scheduled to take was office this week whether or not league moslems conf are represented on august 18 jinnah announced pen to the press that the deadlock between the two par uf ties was absolute and charged that congres that wished to be installed in power over all indiag for minorities with the help of british bayonets by wu indian leaders on both sides decry further blood and shed and attempts are still being made to reach l agreement between the two parties the league may wht decide that its best chance for a full hearing on the ach pakistan issue can be gained inside rather than out 108 side the interim government od iv grant s mcclellan mo big three vie for economic rights in small countries the the speeches of the heads of the big four dele gations at the conference of paris last week clearly revealed that in drafting the peace treaties for italy and the three danubian states a basic con sideration is the future not only of the economy of these former axis satellites but of the entire world trading system russian domination of the economy of the balkans may however already be a fait accompli molotov objects to equal trade rights in a speech on august 13 assailing premier de gasperi’s plea for italy and two days later in a reply to addresses by secretary of state byrnes and the british delegate a v alexander the russian foreign minister stated in effect that the proposals of the western powers spelled eco nomic enslavement for italy and the balkan states he held no brief for italy’s territorial claims but he expressed sympathy for the italian people who must bear colossal occupation costs if these pay ments were reduced he said then the reparations due russia would not be an intolerable burden mr molotov warned the italian people that they were dangerously exposed to foreign powers dis posing of great capital and vast means of pressure who exercise their privileges to the detriment of the interests of the italian republic in other remarks he mentioned certain politicians claiming to be true friends of italy and countries that have become even richer in war tere in his second speech the soviet spokesman te mis ferred again to the dangers he detected in the eco nomic program of the western powers russia he conceded favored both reparations and compensa tion but compensation for damage to property of wh allied nationals should not be fully exacted from she the danubian states for that would impose too im great a burden on them obliquely he once more pa reminded his listeners of rich and powerful nations th animated by sinister designs he dismissed the doc eis trine of equality of economic opportunity with the du remark that it was not iceland but the united ca states that suggests this principle which is com tr venient only to countries capable of dominating the m weaker states through the power of their capital b in short as the russians saw it the fateful issue be af fore the conference was whether western capital th ism should be allowed to enslave the economies of th small states di byrnes rebuttal molotov’s attack on the principle of equality of economic opportunity placed the western powers on the defensive for as mr t byrnes remarked that principle was embodied in the atlantic charter and reaffirmed in the united nations declaration it had been taken for granted that as members of the un russia and nations in its orbit of influence subscribed to the doctrine of the sovereign equality of nations but did this tenet embrace economic equality the core of 1 byrnes speech was that the answer to this ques r an n fe co a he ensa ty of from too more tions doc h the nited con g the ital 1e be pital ies of n the laced ctrine tion must be in the affirmative the principles of equality and most favored nation treatment he pointed out are two sides of the same coin the former permits each nation to carry on its eco nomic relations with others along lines of its own economic welfare to exercise economic sovereign ty while the second principle guarantees against discriminatory treatment i.e preferential trade arrangements the net result of which is the organ ization of the world economy by blocs that there is no equality for smaller states in a trading bloc was indicated by mr byrnes when he reminded the conference how germany had practiced economic penetration and encirclement in the danubian countries would any one suggest he inquired that the bloc be continued by merely substituting for germany some other country upon which they would be almost entirely dependent for supplies and for markets logic vs reality if the economic ideals to which the united nations is committed are to be achieved then it must be conceded that mr byrnes logic is unassailable as he clearly demonstrated the choice is a unified world economy or a world divided into economic blocs the contention of mr molotov however that world trade founded on the principle of equality can be inimical to the in terests of small and weak nations cannot be dis missed as a mere communist dictum impartial ob washington the foreign service act of 1946 reform merits public support which president truman signed on august 13 should make it possible for the united states to improve and expand the activities of its 303 em bassies legations and consulates in 68 countries throughout the world in the opinion of the for eign service itself the act is a good but long over due bill and represents the product of two years of careful self examination by the organization con trary to the expectations of the service congress made only slight changes in its recommendations both the house which passed the bill on july 20 after a short debate and the senate which rushed the measure through on july 29 readily agreed that the proposals were essential for the effective con duct of american foreign relations in theory the foreign service has the two fold task of reporting on international affairs to washington and representing the united states throughout the world in fact however the reports of foreign service officers furnish only one of the many sources of official information concerning developments 1 this broad and in negotiations with foreign govern e of a ments the service can be by passed by the president the secretary of state and his assistants or various page three en servers have often pointed out in the past that when a country incorporates the most favored nation clause in its commercial policy while at the same time maintaining a high protective tariff there is no real equality of trade multilateral nondiscrimina tory trade is truly just and equitable for all only when trade restraints are at a minimum examining the commercial policy of the united states during the interwar period it is clear that although this country did not practice trade discrimination the insular possessions are an exception its tariff pol icy was highly protectionist as a result equality of opportunity to sell in the american market was of little practical value with a constantly favorable trade balance gold flowed in steadily and even though we exported much capital critics abroad accused us of monopolizing the wealth of the world these critics were not by any means always com munists among them were many conservative british industrialists who insisted that britain must rely on an empire trading bloc it is not enough merely to remove discriminatory practices to achieve freedom of trade if a study of the interwar period proves anything it is that unless trade barriers are markedly reduced economic blocs will develop this fact is recognized in the american proposals for an international trade organization haro_p h hutcheson u.s streamlines machinery of diplomacy government departments nevertheless american foreign policy is more strongly influenced by its en voys and career diplomats than is generally realized and the efforts of the service to reform itself should therefore be of widespread interest among the most glaring defects of the foreign service has been the fact that independent wealth has been a prerequisite for the more important diplo matic posts with the salaries of american ambas sadors fixed by a law of 1855 at 17,500 and that of ministers at 10,000 with various allowances in addition it has rarely been possible for men without private means to represent the united states in the key posts of london moscow rome buenos aires or even the less expensive capitals under the new legislation the salaries of ambassadors and ministers will range from 15,000 to 25,000 plus representation allowances of 5,000 to 25,000 and miscellaneous allowances already authorized by law according to this scale the american ambas sador to the court of st james for example will receive approximately 60,000 more than half of it tax free basic salaries of career men in the diplo matic service have also been scaled upward with a view to making it at least somewhat more possible for men of ability who lack private incomes to be come foreign service officers whereas young off teo 5 p ag re my i 4 at oe ty ee ears erent sapere siang pa sep fa cc gees ee eee cers of the lowest grade formerly received 3,271 a year and their highest ranking superiors were paid 10,000 members of the service will henceforth receive annual salaries ranging from 3,300 to 13,500 another serious shortcoming of the service has been its system of promotion the new law es tablishes larger selection boards which will be composed of three men from the state department and four from the foreign service and provides that their members shall seek the widest possible basis of evaluation in considering the promotion of each officer then in an effort to assure the removal of less able members from the service the navy's system of promotion up or selection out will be applied under this rule officers who fail to win promotion within a prescribed period of years will be automatically retired although the written and oral examinations whereby the foreign service recruits its officers have frequently been attacked as academic and ineffec tive the organization has not seen fit to change this phase of its administration at the same time the service adheres to its belief in the principle whereby the majority of its members must enter at the lowest levels and work their way up through the grades nevertheless the authors of the reform bill have recognized the necessity of permanently modifying the apprenticeship system of training in order to secure men with outstanding ability along specialized lines and to this end they have established the for eign service reserve these reserve officers will hold temporary appointments at the end of which they may be eligible to enter the career service at ranks commensurate with their experience age and ability re americanization program prob ably the most important new idea in the reform bill is embodied in the plan for the re americaniza tion of foreign service officers one of the princi pal criticisms which has been leveled at the service has been that its members tend to lose touch with developments within the united states and hence give an erroneous impression of america abroad in the past the service has seldom been able to pay an officer's fare back to the united states every three years and in many cases the period was much longer the new bill provides compulsory home leave after two years of service abroad and declares that at least three of an officer's first fifteen years of service shall be spent on assignments in the united states it further contemplates that officers page four will be brought home for advanced in service trai ing concerning the countries to which they are tp be assigned however instead of attempting to establish an equivalent of west point or annapolis as a training center the service will send its mem bers to various universities to take advantage of specialized training programs and to improve officer's first hand knowledge of areas of the uni states with which they were not formerly acquainted whether these major changes in legislation goy erning the foreign service will be sufficient to cop rect in the near future many of the organization's outstanding weaknesses is doubtful largely becaus it will require a period of years for the service to reap the results of the new promotion system and in training program nevertheless the fact that the service has attempted its first thorough reorganiza tion since 1924 at a time when it is planning a increase in membership from 850 to 1,280 holds promise of improvement in the technical efficieng of american diplomacy w inrfrep n hadssel sep o 19 foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 45 augusr 23 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president emeritus dorothy f leet secretary vera micheles deas editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a yea please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year 81 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor me au to members the you can still save 25 a on 24 issues of the semi monthly i arir foreign policy reports although beginning next month the subscription fo price for members will be 4 yearly you may subscribe until september 1 to at the old rate for members of this ally odin only 3 ru forthcoming issues of the foreign poticy re ports research reports 12 to 20 pages each in th clude china in ferment by lawrence k rosinger aed who returns sept 1st from the far east other early mv reports will deal with the role of the armed services agr in u.s foreign policy the ruhr the problem of an ent international secretariat and the arab league net please use the coupon below and mail it together p with your check ver a ee ll ern foreign policy association 22 east 38th st new york 16 n y 4 please send me the foreign poticy reports for one yeat al 24 issues 3 are enclosed 4 if coupon is mailed after dot september 1 1946 no name cri ee la a soe re af i lash tlliainipieniinniteteitinticcimmcncnigai zone a nation tat to ru +s 8 i o ess on ibe be 8 tep 5 1918 re yer irly ices an her year after ee national s dban a yeat 1946 1946 ony of sal kr 4 linat a mic entered as 2nd class matter ee 2eneral library an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 46 aucust 30 1946 straits problem reveals need for un control of waterways ollowing consultations with the united states britain and france the turkish govern ment on august 22 rejected the proposals made on august 7 by the soviet union for a new régime in the straits which link the black sea with the medi terranean russia’s historic aims ever since cath arine the great in the treaty of kutchuk karnardji in 1774 won the right for russian merchant ships to enter the straits in time of peace successive rus sian governments have sought by war and diplomacy to win further concessions from the turks in this struggle france or britain or both have usu ally backed the turkish government against the russians the peak of russian influence was reached in 1833 under the treaty of unkiar skelessi when the sultan weakened by the revolt of mehemet ali invited the russians to protect him and secretly agreed to prevent any other foreign warships from entering the straits in 1841 however the sultan negotiated with the big five of that day russia prussia austria britain and france a straits con vention which remained the fundamental rule gov ering the straits until 1914 according to this agreement which was reaffirmed in the treaty of paris in 1856 and again in the conference of lon don in 1871 the turkish government was to admit no foreign warships to the straits in time of peace russia’s lowest ebb came after its defeat in the crimean war in 1856 when the tsar was denied a fleet on the black sea and arsenals on its shores a restriction which was removed in 1871 dur ing world war i when turkey joined the ger mans the russians asked and by secret treaty ob tained the agreement of britain france and italy to annex constantinople and the dardanelles the russian revolution however supervened and the bolsheviks renounced tsarist claims the montreux convention after 1919 a weakened soviet russia and a victorious britain reversed their traditional policies the russians hoped to achieve security by closing the straits to foreign warships while the british who had previ ously sought to hem the russians in now advocated opening the straits to warships as well as merchant vessels under the able leadership of mustapha kemal a revitalized turkey profited from this sit uation although a new convention in 1923 de militarized the straits and placed them under an international commission the turks used the rising threat of germany and italy to persuade the other powers at montreux in 1936 to terminate the inter national commission and turn its functions over to turkey the 1923 agreement had opened the straits to all ships at all times except that if turkey were at war only neutral ships could have free passage at montreux however turkey won the right to remilitarize the straits and to close them to all for eign warships when it was at war or in imminent danger of war the soviet union now seeks to modify the mon treux convention its right to do so was specifically agreed to by the big three at the potsdam confer ence in august 1945 its present proposals should occasion no surprise since similar suggestions were made by foreign minister molotov to turkish am bassador selim sarper in moscow over a year ago in anticipation of soviet claims secretary of state byrnes last november 2 proposed to turkey that 1 the straits should be opened to merchant ves sels of all nations at all times 2 the straits should be opened to warships of black sea powers at all times 3 warships of non black sea powers should be granted passage only in cases specially contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association provided for and 4 the montreux convention should be modernized by such changes as the sub stitution of the united nations for the league of nations and the elimination of japan as a signatory conflicting proposals on the surface the united states proposals provide security for the soviet union particularly since they modify that part of the montreux convention which authorized turkey to close the straits in case it was at war or in imminent danger of war in fact three of the five soviet proposals to the turks coincide with american views the russians however taking into consideration the possibility of war between russia and the west cannot overlook the fact that on october 19 1939 turkey signed a treaty of mutual assistance with britain and france russia has also charged that during world war ii turkey allowed german warships to use the straits the turkish note rejecting soviet proposals to revise the mon treux convention made public on august 24 was in large part devoted to refuting this accusation but turkey admitted that some german auxiliary war vessels got through disguised as merchant ships the russians conclude that their only security lies in soviet control of the straits therefore the proposals handed to turkish officials on august 7 included two additional requests that the admin istration of the straits should be in the hands of turkey and the other black sea powers and that turkey and the soviet union should organize by joint means the defense of the straits it was to these two ideas that the united states gov ernment objected in its note to the russian chargé d affaires fedor orekhov the american note em phasized that turkey should continue to be primarily page two responsible for the defense of the straits and also rejected the soviet request for control of the straits by the black sea powers the united states pro posal that the dardanelles régime should be brought into the appropriate relationship with the united nations does not seem sufficiently definite or constructive in view of our insistence that tur key should be the defender of the straits what we are asking is that russia abandon its historic policy on the dardanelles from the point of view of the soviet union however its need for control of the straits is no less imperative than that of the british at suez or the americans at panama international control one fact stands out clearly russia's position in the straits has varied in direct proportion to its strength as a great power today the soviet union is second only to the united states in this situation the american proposal that turkey should continue to be primarily responsible for the defense of the straits must appear inade quate to moscow moreover a solution along these lines would strengthen egypt’s case for demanding single handed responsibility for the defense of suez yet suez and the straits are clearly international problems requiring international solutions the straits convention of 1923 which was superseded by the montreux agreement set a precedent for an international commission for the straits and worked reasonably well an international commission has presided for many years at another of the mediter ranean gateways tangier perhaps what is needed is a mediterranean commission under the united nations to regulate all mediterranean waterways vernon mckay paris crisis forces u.s to weigh long term policy the point counterpoint of mutual recriminations which to an increasing degree has marked relations between the wartime allies during the past year is assuming a tone of unrelieved bitterness at the paris peace conference in the course of verbal exchanges about alleged british misdeeds in greece and al leged russo yugoslav aggressive tactics on trieste the line between former enemies and former allies has become practically indistinguishable while italy and the axis satellites wait in the wings for their cues hoping for alleviation of their plight through the sympathy of one or other of the united nations the big three continues to struggle with no holds barred for the attributes of power they but recently wrested from germany which does not even figure in the cast of characters this prolonga tion of the war into the period of would be peace threatens to fulfill hitler's hope that if germany were militarily defeated it might at least in its downfall encompass the destruction of the victors need for information so confused has the european picture become as a result of these various allied denunciations that it sometimes seems impossible to identify such facts as may exist behind the facade of sensational headlines without access to confidential documents and private conversations between top diplomats the most that one can do is to seek interpretation of conflicting versions of the same occurrence through knowledge of the past his tory the character and the ascertainable motives of given nations the political representatives who con duct tedious negotiations in the full glare of pub licity understandably grow weary of the incessant scrutiny to which they are subjected by the news paper reading public and begin to sigh once more for the relative quiet of secret diplomacy yet if citizens are to play any part other than that of sheep led to the polls or to the slaughterhouse they must have a modicum of information about the aims and methods of their governments in world affairs otherwise ignorance will eventually lead to apathy and apathy to fatalistic acceptance of whatever pro gram i sumpti vidual is dange that it has and tc other on at in gr durin menti obser britis britis the cé soil f ranea icy as aria wa tory sin fring craft when it wo ican num tito territ bid swer figh vicin mon age eure may lies truce yug gre tinu tion take slav at t rus exa i r cha aus nat to lite tish nds ver ited hat ible ide ese ing 1 2 nal ded an ked ter ded ited wn 1ese ems ind cess ons o is the his of on yub sant ws lore t if eep yust and ifs thy f0 aye gram is proposed by an energetic fiihrer on the as sumption that it is beyond the power of the indi yidual to influence the course of events is wrong all on one side the most dangerous aspect of any period of ripening crisis is that every government tends to present the position it has taken in the most favorable light possible and to discredit or disbelieve the contentions of the other side when the ukrainian delegate in paris on august 24 renewed the charges against britain in greece which he had already made in january during the united nations assembly in london he mentioned a number of points on which impartial observers from other countries as well as many britishers would be in agreement with him yet the british labor government can convincingly justify the continued presence of british troops on greek soil for reasons of security in the eastern mediter ranean and few can quarrel with mr bevin’s pol iy as long as russian troops are quartered in bul gatia which although an axis satellite now de mands with moscow's support the cession of terri tory by greece similarly few reasonable people would regard the fring by yugoslav fighter planes on american air craft as anything but an unfriendly act especially when committed by one recent ally against another it would be useful to know however whether amer an planes which obviously are far superior in mumbers to any aircraft at the disposal of marshal tito had made a practice of flying over yugoslav territory after the belgrade government had for bidden such flights and to have washington’s an swet to marshal tito’s charge that reconnaisance fights had been made by american planes in the vicinity of the morgan line it is a matter of com mon knowledge that espionage and counterespion age are being practiced by all the great powers in furope and probably by small nations as well this may seem a lamentable state of affairs among al lies but as long as the present conditions of uneasy truce prevail incidents of the kind that occurred in yugoslavia and are reported from the disputed greek albanian border may be expected to con tinue it is entirely possible that yugoslavia’s ac tions were inspired by russia but it would be a mis take to discount the intense nationalism of the yugo lavs already displayed a quarter of a century ago at the paris peace conference of 1919 from which russia was excluded this nationalism has been exacerbated by the controversy over trieste since page three a even yugoslavs favorable to western democracy find it difficult to understand why britain and the united states pay heed to the wishes of italy whom they regard as an old opponent disturbing as the situation in europe is bound to be for the united states it may prove salutary if it convinces us of the need for giving unremitting thought to long term policy and to the methods of implementing whatever policy we decide to follow in the past we had too often assumed that this coun try had fulfilled its international role by sending armed forces to europe in time of crisis and once hostilities were over by helping to succor the vic tims of war now we are forced to realize that if we are to play a part in shaping the future of eu rope we must not merely counsel action to others but be prepared to take action ourselves even if the fear of the most extreme pessimists should be justi fied that russia wants war it remains imperative for the united states to know what it is we want beyond the obvious human desire to be left in peace in weighing the course ahead we must bear in mind that russia has been gravely weakened by war both as to manpower and material resources its people according to the most trustworthy reports are weary of fighting and long to obtain some of the good things of life yet russia's reconversion to peace time production judging by purges and renewed resort to self criticism is fraught with difficulties it is very doubtful that the soviet government would want to embark on war but neither is it ready ap parently to acquiesce in a peace that might diminish the position it had achieved at the high water mark of victory over germany its present policy is remin iscent of the policy of no war no peace advo cated by trotzky when the soviet régime found germany's peace terms unacceptable and stalled for time finally acquiescing in the treaty of brest litovsk at the paris conference the western powers have tended to remain on the defensive letting rus sia take the lead and reap the resulting publicity which on the whole has been unfavorable to mos cow the time has come for the united states to assume stronger initiative not in the sense of im posing its will upon other countries or merely thwarting russia but of defining as broadly as pos sible this country’s views on a peace settlement that would take cognizance of the profound changes wrought in europe by war and accompanying civil strife vera micheles dean peron bargains for greater role in world affairs ratification by the argentine senate of the act of chapultepec and the united nations charter on august 19 was effected in an atmosphere of intense nationalism the packed galleries and crowds in the plaza before the national congress made their op position to any step regarded as limiting argentine sovereignty so evident that it was necessary to post pone action on the two pacts by the chamber of o es mes sa sa 2g oe ae my ees ee ee nnn ree ne a eet se ae se ms oa sae aehiiepinainciaale er beth bealagel he ae sad so se nee rane moe s te deputies while designed to strengthen argentina in its projected great power role this step in the direction of international cooperation also has con siderable domestic significance for the ill assorted groups which support the perén government it may have the effect of thrusting old line nationalists out of the peronista following and giving greater prom inence to the moderates in the labor party and the dissident radical faction to enlist middle class support for the revolution has long been the objec tive of the argentine caudillo similarly the rati fication suggests that under pressure of international events argentina is tending toward greater modera tion in its foreign policy and arouses speculation whether the long awaited reconciliation with the united states may not be at hand advantages through cooperation unreserved adherence to the principle of interna tional cooperation would mark a radical departure in argentine policy which by tradition has been tinged with isolationism this would be particularly true with respect to relations with the inter amer ican system which previous buenos aires govern ments desired to subordinate to the league of na tions presumably general perén now believes that material advantages would accrue to argentina from full participation not only in the united nations where the latin american nations will exercise con siderable influence through their combined voting power but also in the inter american community if the strategic political and economic concepts of the military revolution are to be developed the buenos aires régime requires military equipment in order to place its armed forces on a par with those of brazil and heavy machinery to diversify argen tine industry which until now has been deficient in the production of capital goods perén’s recent over tures of friendship to washington might be ex plained as an effort to influence the difficult nego tiations currently underway between london and buenos aires over extension of the meat contract the fate of british owned railways in argentina and the disposition of argentine blocked sterling in view of perén’s attempt last spring to pit russia against the united states in the bargaining over the linseed oil price the supposition is plausible that in this instance the argentine government is attempt ing to play the british and american competitors for its markets against each other for such imme diate benefits to the national economy as may be forthcoming that president perén may be taking a page four longer view of argentina's foreign relations hoy 19 ever is indicated by a statement he made to american newspaperman on august 1 when he sai that in any future conflict argentina will be foun ranged alongside the united states and the othe american nations the united states however having fared badly in previous negotiations with the argentine natiop alist government now makes military aid contip gent on limited but effective action against forme axis agents and industral holdings in that county in return for argentine control of six spearhead german industries and holding companies publi sale of some 30 secondary industries closure of the remaining german schools and legal action againg a small number of german agents among whom ludwig freude a key figure in axis underground activities and a member of the inner circle of the present administration is not listed this goven ment is reported to be willing to provide armaments w and send a mission to train the argentine army peron at a turning point in three shot and months of administration the energetic argentine bers president has swept much of the old conservative peal order out of existence at home the government has bets established authority over well nigh the entire po for litical economic social and educational structure of hav the nation through such decrees as the reorganiz its tion of political parties nationalization of the cen at tral bank extension of federal control over the uni s versities and the creation of a ministry of labor lon abroad argentina which enjoys the status of a chi creditor nation for the first time in its history is the being courted by the diplomatic and commercial rep ing resentatives of the three great powers for a not too pre heavy price buenos aires can effect a rapproche pe ment with washington which would ease the op po pressive inter american atmosphere and enable ar for gentina to resume its seat in international councils ed the structure of the new authoritarian order in th argentina is almost completed but the issue of how be it is to be used remains in doubt possessing extraor be dinary powers president perén can temper the ex c treme nationalist and isolationist sentiment that pre of vails in argentina or he can fan it for destructive m purposes the new government which holds a man date from the laboring people of argentina to catty out a social and economic revolution is confroatall by the need to take critical and far reaching dec sions on both foreign and domestic policy fe olive holmes p foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 46 august 30 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president emeritus vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 three dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin five dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor es ti 0 +ee tions hoy nade to a hen he sai ill be foun 1 the othe fared badly tine nation aid contip inst forme rat country spearhead nies public sure of the on agains ong whom nderground ircle of the his gover armaments itine army three shor argentine onservative rnment has entire po structure of reorganiza of the cen ver the uni r of labor status of a history is nercial rep rr a not too rapproche ise the op enable ar al councils n order in sue of how ng extraor per the ex nt that pre destructive yids a man na to cafty confronted ching dec y holmes ated national as second class least one month puriguic al kiuw bmbral linvar way of mic entered as 2nd class matter general librar sep ssis aig ca ary p 0 isa valversity or nichigan the son arbor nt chtean foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 47 september 6 1946 the general assembly scheduled to meet on september 23 approves the security coun cil’s recommendation to admit afghanistan iceland and sweden the united nations will total 54 mem bers 8 less than the league of nations had at its peak were it not for the current diplomatic struggle between russia and the west five other applicants for admission to the united nations would probably have been approved by the security council during its membership discussions in its new headquarters at lake success on august 28 29 siam facing a french veto because of its pro longed territorial dispute with france over the indo chinese border had withdrawn its application before the security council discussions began the remain ing eight bids for membership in the order of their presentation were those of albania the mongolian peoples republic afghanistan transjordan eire portugal iceland and sweden to be recommended for membership by the council each applicant need ed seven votes including those of the big five since the council’s rules of procedure require that mem bership applications be approved twenty five days before the meeting of the assembly the eleven council members had to hold two long sessions one of nearly seven hours on august 28 and another of more than eleven hours on august 29 new use of the veto when these ex hausting meetings ended afghanistan iceland and sweden had been approved with ten votes and no opposition ireland received nine votes but was de feated by a russian veto as were transjordan and portugal which were given eight votes poland joined the soviet union in voting against the latter two of the other two rejected candidates mongolia ob tained only six votes and albania five since neither of these two soviet protégés had the necessary seven big three bickering marks un membership controversy votes the united states and britain which had joined the netherlands in voting against them were in a position to argue that technically they had not used the veto australia abstained from voting on all eight applications arguing that the procedure of submitting membership applications to the security council before they go to the assembly is wrong australia intends to raise this issue before the as sembly france brazil and mexico approved all eight candidates while china abstained on the al banian vote china’s approval of mongolia was an interesting reversal of its earlier opposition to mon golia’s admission at this time the membership debate opened on a striking note when herschel v johnson the united states delegate introduced a resolution to admit all eight candidates without discussion when this proposal was sharply attacked by mr gromyko mr johnson withdrew it serving notice however that he would thereafter vote against admission for albania and mongolia the french delegate mr parodi in keep ing with france’s characteristic réle as a mediator in such disputes suggested the admission of the three states on which there was general agreement while postponing the decision on the other five till next year but this resolution too facing soviet re jection was withdrawn an egyptian proposal to vote on the candidates in their alphabetical order in english was also turned down since such a step would have brought the non controversial afghan istan candidacy up first thus sparing the united states and britain from starting out by rejecting the albanian application mr gromyko pointedly in quired why the candidates should not be voted on according to the way their names appeared in span ish or chinese procedural snarls procedural snarls on contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association a ees eee cle 7 pan 22 ere nthe oe we sps nat wera a ee 7 ee n t 4 ul b 7 t i 4 i 4 i i pe s sle poe mme es the following day continued to delay a final vote despite the fact that the results were a foregone con clusion the membership committee of the security council had already reached the same deadlock after three weeks of discussion holding fourteen meet ings between august 1 and august 21 this com mittee on which each council member was repre sented finally decided to leave the problem to the council itself the soviet attitude was as much of a puzzle in the committee as it was in the council not until the fourteenth and last meeting did russia voice its ap proval on iceland and sweden it was only over soviet protest that the committee adopted resolu tions to accept statements and ask questions about candidates fitness for membership in the security council mr gromyko aroused considerable annoy ance by refusing to elaborate his reasons for oppos ing the applications of transjordan eire and portu gal he merely reiterated that the soviet union did not maintain diplomatic relations with those coun tries on the other hand the opponents of russia's great power rivalry mounts in greco albanian dispute in greece ancient crossroads between the east and west intense diplomatic rivalry between russia and the western powers was renewed shortly before the plebiscite of september 1 when about 72 per cent of the ballots cast favored the recall of king george to the throne if greece is only a position like trieste or iran in the shifting lines of the big three political battle it has become the object of strained attention in three widely separated parts of the world at the paris conference where the issue of albania’s admission in a consultative capacity was closely linked with the uneasy situation prevailing on the greek albanian border at lake success where the security council on september 4 placed on its agenda the ukrainian charge that greece was seeking with british support to provoke war in the balkans and in the aegean waters visited by an american naval force shortly after the referendum in a move interpreted as united states support of the status quo in greece of all these external at tempts to influence the decision in greece the diplo matic offensive mounted by russia and its satellites against the only balkan state upon the peninsula remaining outside the soviet orbit was the most energetic greek boundaries under review al though the bitter dispute over southern albania which the greeks call northern epirus has been interpreted as reflecting on a smaller scale the great power struggle for control of the adriatic sea ac tually the issue has been endemic in greco albanian relations since the creation of the albanian state shortly before world war i cession of southern al bania northern epirus an area comprising one fourth page two __ candidates were inconsistent in questioning the jp gover dependence of albania and mongolia while accep jtaly ing that of transjordan if lack of independence they excluded states from membership the positions of assum egypt india the philppines syria and lebanon and count the byelo russian and ukrainian republics would suppo also be questionable according to the united ng of so tions charter an applicant need only be a peace woul loving state and be willing and able to fulfill its yugo obligations as a member greec while the united states resolution to admit all st eight applicants at once may be criticized as a bar the gaining device that violates the principle of weigh any s ing each application on its merits it at least faced that a difficult situation in a positive and practical way count rejection of the five applicants is an indication of stretc the stumbling blocks on the road toward univers migh membership in the united nations mutual suspi to th cions about the creation of rival blocs are leading balan the great powers to reject compromises that would be relatively easy to achieve in a more favorable is political atmosphere vernon mckay on that from of the entire territory of albania and including the gum coast opposite the british occupied base of corfu othe is demanded by greece on strategic historical and jorst ethnographic grounds on the latter point the greek grat and albanian population figures apparently based fron on ancient and unreliable statistics in both cases jhe are widely divergent the ethnic frontier demand pan ed by premier tsaldaris on august 3 at the paris dire conference would place under the protection of the o 4 greek flag the eastern orthodox greek speaking tania people of the disputed region who allegedly const j 4 tute the majority of the population and are now pyc being albanized by force according to the greek jhe claim if moreover the boundary were advanced jj some distance to the north from a point west of ya monastir in yugoslav territory to the adriatic p coast north of corfu greece would possess a natur gion ally defensible frontier with albania the athens jj government refers to albania’s declaration of war on greece when the latter was invaded by italy in 1940 as evidence of the hostile intentions of its to northern neighbor with which it considers itself to the be in a continuing state of war tror from the albanian standpoint on the other hand t northern epirus is overwhelmingly albanian in char wil acter cradle both of the nationalist movement be t fore the balkan wars and of the resistance against be 1 the axis to maintain that the 120,000 to 125,000 cipl eastern orthodox christians who inhabit the area ital are greeks is in the albanian view no more logical pay than to ague that all roman catholics are italian the nor do albanians consider it reasonable to judge os ir their attitude toward greece by the conduct of the italian trained albanian army and that of the puppet ng the ip ile ac pendence ositions of anon and lics would jnited na e a fulfill its admit all lasa bar of weigh least faced ctical way lication of 1 universal tual suspi re leading hat would favorable mckay jte luding the of corfu orical and the greek ntly based th cases demand the paris le government installed in tirana by italy after italy had occupied the country on good friday 1939 they cite the fact that in 1941 albanian partisans assumed at great cost the task of liberating their country in the course of which they gave material support to the invading greek columns the cession of southern albania northern epirus it is claimed would force a truncated albania to federate with yugoslavia and create additional problems for greece strategic interests involved under the conditions prevailing today it is unlikely that any solution to this border problem can be obtained that will do justice to the claims of the two small countries immediately concerned the strategic stretch of albanian coast possession of which might neutralize the value of trieste as an outlet to the mediterranean hangs in the international balance whenever a powerful state has arisen in on september 2 the conference of paris learned that the british had filed a claim for reparations from italy totalling 11,520,000,000 this fantastic sum is almost double the amount demanded by the other united nations 5,700,000,000 it was un derstood however that the british claim was a strategic move for the purpose of forcing the italian economic commission of the conference to apply the principle of capacity to pay in disposing of de mands on italy london moreover was giving in direct support to a determined effort on the part ion of the k speaking dly consti are now the greek advanced it west of e adriatic ss a natur he athens on of war oy italy in ons of its s itself to of the australian delegation to have all reparation issues reviewed by a permanent allied commission and decided on the basis of ability to pay on au gust 28 and 30 the australians sought to amend the clause in the italian treaty giving russia 100 million in reparations but each time their proposal was voted down since the united states britain and france are committed to support the treaty provi sions relating to russia as agreed upon by the coun cil of foreign ministers reparations measured by capacity to pay apart from its administrative features the australian recommendation does not differ much from the position taken all along by secretary of ther hand an in char rement be ce against oo 125,000 t the area ore logical re italian to judge uct of the he puppet state byrnes in the council meetings particularly with respect to soviet claims on italy the united states has contended that the amount exacted should be related to capacity to pay by applying this prin ciple mr byrnes finally succeeded in limiting the italian reparation to russia to 100 million with payments arranged in such a manner as to lessen the burden on the economy of italy he had cited the fact that the united states had already advanced directly or indirectly 900 million to enable the italian nation to live obviously he said italy was page three ee em italy it has attempted to expand into the balkans by using albania as a bridgehead and similarly when a dominant power has been created in the balkan peninsula it has tended to gain control of the al banian littoral and thus of the adriatic considera tions of this nature led british foreign secretary anthony eden in 1942 while commending albanian guerrillas for their underground activities to reserve the question of the frontier with greece for review at the peace settlement at the same time russia has promoted albania’s claim not only for mem bership in the united nations but for representa tion in a consultative capacity at the paris con ference as well friction between greece and its northern neighbors will undoubtedly be intensified by the results of the plebiscite as in the past how ever balkan developments will faithfully mirror relations among the great powers themselves olive holmes issue of ability to pay raised in paris reparations debate in no position to pay large reparations as to the claims of other united nations the foreign min isters left this to the conference for consideration and recommendations although the united states has stressed ability to pay in fixing reparation claims it has voiced dis approval of the other features of the australian pro posal speaking for the united states delegation before the conference’s economic commission on the balkans and finland on august 28 when the rumanian treaty was being considered dr willard l thorp stated that the australian plan was not acceptable because it would delay final determina tion of the amount of reparations moreover in stipulating that payment be made in free foreign exchange the scheme was not practical given the present disordered state of world trade as to rus resignation of miss leet the board of directors of the foreign policy association announces with regret that miss dorothy f leet resigned as secretary of the association on august 31 1946 to accept a position in another field of foreign relations miss leet has served the association as general secre tary for over eight years and in addition to administrative functions has been especially interested in the annual forum and in the development of branches of the associa tion which have increased from seventeen to thirty two following her graduation from barnard college miss leet became a member of the administrative staff of that institution she spent fourteen years in france as the director of reid hall in paris and was decorated by the french government with the legion of honor for further ing and strengthening intellectual relations between france and the united states and thereby increasing international understanding an announcement will be made in the near future in regard to new staff members sian claims on rumania he contended that it had not been shown that these were too burdensome on that subject however his argument lacked force since the australian thesis was that without com plete data on what the soviet forces had taken in rumania to date for occupation costs booty and restitution no adequate assessment could be made of the treaty figure for reparations in a strongly worded speech mr molotov supplied a partial an swer when he stated that russia had so far col lected 86 million as reparations from rumania the rumanian phase of the reparations question was not thereby disposed of for on august 29 brit ish and south african members of the economic commission raised the issue anew by citing the practice of russia in taking as reparations the out put of oil wells owned by british and other allied interests and paying prices much below the world level an amendment to require payment at a fair prtice was supported by the united states issue of hungarian reparations the divergence between russia and the western powers on the economic clauses of the treaties will undoubt edly be most sharply revealed when the delegates take up the hungarian treaty for although the draft treaty allows russia 300 million in repara tions 100 million of which will go to yugoslavia and czechoslovakia the united states has reserved the right to reopen this question when it comes be fore the conference economic conditions in hun gary have deteriorated rapidly since the end of the war this situation prompted the united states as early as december 1945 to propose that the big three in accordance with the crimea declaration jointly undertake a program of economic assistance for hungary the proposal was rejected by the so viet union subsequently the united states on march 2 1946 and again on july 23 addressed notes to moscow citing the plight of hungary and at tributing it to the burden of reparations requisitions and occupation costs being exacted by russia in reply moscow categorically rejected the charges as being wholly unfounded the washington proposal for concerted big three action to promote hun garian economic rehabilitation was likewise turned down by the soviet union on the ground that such a program would violate the sovereignty of the hun garian government the contention that russia has throttled economic recovery of the danubian states has been made fre quently but only with respect to hungary has the united states given any official support to the page four ee charges no doubt because in that country economic disorganization has no parallel elsewhere except ig germany hungary however occupies a central position in southeastern europe and its people haye registered a surprisingly large vote against the com munist ticket these factors may also have infly enced washington to make an issue of russian pol icy in hungary moreover since russian economic arrangements there closely parallel those in bulgaria rumania and the soviet zone of austria the united states is in effect questioning the moscow program in the entire danubian region when the peace cop ference takes up the reparations clause of the hun garian treaty the question of capacity to pay will be debated anew but moscow has so far given no ip dication that it will modify its insistence that hup gary be left to its own devices the hungarian gov ernment has recently adopted a new currency unit as a result of which it should be able to effect some improvement in its economy harold h hutcheson result of special meeting of august 27th at the special meeting of members of the foreign polig association held on august 27th the amendment to the constitution increasing the dues of regular members from 5 to 6 was adopted members in good standing om august 27th have the privilege of renewing their member ship for one year at the old rate if they so desire the war fifth year by edgar mcinnis new york ox ford university press 1945 2.50 this extremely useful series comprising chronology text maps and documentary appendix continues through september 30 1944 the germans in history by prince hubertus zu loewen stein new york columbia university press 1945 5.00 a catholic and a long time anti nazi prince loewen stein has written an erudite interpretation of his vier that the story of the germans represents a struggle be tween opposite forces world war its cause and cure by lionel curtis nev york oxford university press 1945 3.25 a distinguished british administrator suggests some what unrealistically a union in one government of britain and the dominions which would ask european democr cies and ultimately the united states to join the ciano diaries by count galeazzo ciano new york doubleday 1946 4.00 fascinating revelation of the pretentious shoddy strue ture of fascism by one well qualified to know its inne workings as mussolini’s son in law and foreign minister the story of the second world war edited by henry steele commager boston little brown 1945 3.00 an interesting mélange of articles war correspondents stories and official statements held together by the editor's narrative giving a vivid episodic picture foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 47 seprempsr 6 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president emeritus helen m daccett executive secretary vera michele dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 four dollars a yeat please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications national f p a membership which includes the bulletin six dollars a year as produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor 191 vol wil b man preci ward vious been speec only to th must strug that tiona sible sible mos mob had russ with conc itsel weig paci gart effec rest cow +on 27th policy to the from 1g oo mber k ox ology rough e wel 5.00 ewen view rle be new some sritain mocra york struc inner inister henry 53.00 ndent’s ditor’s national vi icheles a yeat poreie 4 reem sombral in ary a omy of mica entered as 2nd class general library tl university of michigan awe ed ska y 7 59 r ann arbor michtcan foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vol xxv no 48 september 138 1946 will germany again play east and west against each other ecretary of state byrnes address of septem ber 6 at a special meeting of allied and ger man officials in the stuttgart opera house gave new precision to various aspects of american policy to ward germany which although adumbrated in pre vious government statements had not in the past been sufficiently clarified the core of mr byrnes speech was that the united states is opposed not only to germany's lack of economic unity but also to the splitting up of its territory that germany must not become a pawn or a partner in a military struggle for power between the east and the west that a central administrative agency a german na tional council cornposed of democratically respon sible officials should be established as soon as pos sible to assure unification of germany and that as long as an occupation force is required in germany the army of the united states will be a part of that occupation force the american government had already indicated its determination not to withdraw from germany for a long period notably in mr byrnes own pro posal of april 29 for a twenty five year alliance of the big four which met with a cool reception in moscow and paris yet until now the rapid de mobilization of american forces on the continent had caused many of our wartime allies including russia to assume that the moment the peace treaties with germany italy and the axis satellites had been concluded the united states would again disinterest itself in the affairs of europe using such military weight as it retains to bolster its interests in the pacific and in the western hemisphere the stutt gart meeting staged with a view to its maximum effect on russia as well as on the germans and the test of europe was an unmistakable warning to mos cow that the united states intends to stay on the continent as long as it may prove to be necessary byrnes bids for german support at the same time mr byrnes made a bid for the sup port of the germans comparable to that of mr molotov on july 10 and based on a similar ap peal to the germans ingrained desire to maintain the territorial unity of the reich mr byrnes sug gestion for reconsideration of germany's eastern border brings into the open some extremely delicate questions at the potsdam conference the big three agreed in principle to the proposal of the soviet government concerning the ultimate transfer to the soviet union of the city of koenigsberg and the area adjacent to it subject to expert examination of the actual frontier and on this point mr byrnes said we will certainly stand by our agreement so far as poland is concerned however the potsdam declaration stated that pending the final deter mination of poland’s western frontier certain speci fied german territories including the portion of east prussia not placed under the administration of the u.s.s.r and including the former free city of danzig shall be under administration of the polish state the use of the phrase pending the final de termination clearly left the way open for review of this presumably transitional settlement although the poles in effect have considered the potsdam deci sion with respect to their western border as final especially since cession of german territory to war saw was promised by the soviet government as com pensation for its own occupation of eastern poland now mr byrnes declares that the united states will support revision of poland’s northern and western frontiers in poland’s favor however he added the extent of the area to be ceded to poland must be determined when the final settlement is agreed see foreign policy bulletin july 19 1946 contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association ae a upon in other words when the german peace treaty is taken up which may not be until 1947 future of reich’s borders many amer ican observers had long pointed out that it was illogical to put it mildly for the united states to acquiesce in the cession to poland on grounds of security of large areas of germany rich in coal and agricultural resources and yet deny to france the right to claim on similar grounds at least a share of control over the ruhr base of germany's prewar industrial development some advisers in washing ton had therefore proposed that the two territorial issues should be dealt with more or less on the same terms believing it would prove easier to induce france to abandon its claims about the ruhr if com parable treatment was proposed in the case of po land it had been rumored moreover that russia not entirely satisfied by current trends in poland might itself offer the return of some of the territories temporarily assigned to the poles with the object of winning the support of a united german nation what mr byrnes proposes is that the saar should be integrated with france but he emphatically states that the united states will not favor any controls that would subject the ruhr and the rhineland to the political domination or manipulation of outside powers from the point of view of assuring allied collaboration it would of course have been desir able that any proposal to reconsider the eastern border of germany should have been jointly formu lated by the big three if this approach was tried it must be assumed that it proved unfruitful in the form in which mr byrnes suggestion is now couched however there should be no surprise if it is regarded by both poland and russia as an attempt to undermine their position with respect to germany the most striking aspect of mr byrnes territorial proposal and the one that was immediately and failure of mediation calls for review of u.s china policy the sale of a million and a half tons of surplus property to the chinese government at a time when general marshall and american ambassador to china j leighton stuart are seeking to revive the kuomintang communist negotiations serves to em phasize the fundamental dilemma of american policy makers in china for over a year the united states while assuming the rdéle of an impartial mediator in china’s civil strife has given invaluable material assistance to the central government in its military struggle with the communists this ma terial aid taking such forms as postwar lend lease supplies american transportation of government troops and the use of marines to guard sections of government held railway track in north china has served to strengthen the authority of generalissimo chiang kai shek at the same time by encouraging intransigent elements within the government it has page two ee ce sadly noted by the french is that a little over year after potsdam the big three are vying with each other to gain the support of the germans fea ing that a divided germany will be used by eithe russia or the west as the secretary of state put it in a military struggle we thus see a repetition of the pattern set after 1919 when germany was able to transform defeat into victory by first coming tp terms with outlawed russia at rapallo in 192 then under stresemann turning to a western orien tation at locarno and subsequently shuttling bac and forth between west and east until the very out break of the war surprising the western world a the last moment by its non aggression pact with russia today both russia and the west as repre sented by the united states would like to see a uni fied industrially active germany russia because jt needs germany's manufactured goods the westen allies because they do not want to keep on financi german economy and are convinced that germa production is needed for the rehabilitation of the rest of europe where russia and the west diffe is as to the kind of germany they want to see achieve unity the russians would like to see germany ruled by what they would consider friendly ele ments a coalition primarily socialist communist in composition the western powers would like to see a democratic germany and hope that unification will avert the spread of communist influence which of the two sides will win the support of the germans most important of all are the ger mans if unified prepared to play an independent and responsible rdle in europe or will they under either the byrnes or molotov program merely be come agents of whichever side seems to offer them the greatest advantages vera micheles dean the first in a series of articles on germany in postwar europe impeded the success of the negotiations two aspects of policy the latest evi dence of washington’s dilemma is particularly sig nificant on august 31 it was announced in shanghai that wartime surplus property including ships trucks motors steel and electrical goods railway and radio equipment prefabricated houses and road building machines originally costing more than us 800,000,000 had been sold to the chines government for a far smaller figure estimated at one fifth of the original price while no weapons or other supplies that could be used directly in battle are involved the items mentioned can be of great chou en lai to agree to the establishment of a five pe civil war significance the arrangement was com 4 cluded in the very week when general marshall th and ambassador stuart were seeking to persuade 1 the generalissimo and communist negotiator st page three et a man committee consisting of two government rep talks past history and the present alignment of with sesentatives two communists and mr stuart to forces in china suggest a stalemate in which each fea consider the apportionment of seats in a new state side will achieve some of its objectives but there ithe council this body which has never been formed will be no clear cut decision in such a situation ut it is to be the highest organ of a new chinese coali the highly self sufficient communists may come out mof ton government embracing representatives of the in a relatively stronger position than the government able government communists third party elements and whose economic situation is likely to grow more ig to non partisans under the political consultative con difficult despite american assistance and whose 922 ference decisions of last january military power is so dependent on our aid tien even if established the committee would be motives in mediation although no pol back a lifeless affair in the absence of an accord on icy making official has ever said so in public it is out the cessation of hostilities and the apportionment clear that american actions in china are motivated ld a of political authority within the country the as first of all by fear of russian intentions and a be with signment of seats in a new government can hardly lief that the strengthening of chinese communist epre be decided or if arranged cannot be carried out power would bring an extension of russian influ uni while the government and the communists are ence in china washington is also concerned over the se it fighting in a number of key provinces and are in economic weakness of the chinese government and stem sharp disagreement regarding the character of the its lack of genuine popular support these consid ncing political authority to be established in north and erations have resulted in a prolonged effort to pro rmaj central china and manchuria the communists in mote peace in china to encourage the nanking f the sist that agreement on a new military truce is the administration to correct some of its shortcomings diffe key essential of the present situation they have and to back it strongly so that it can deal with the hieve stated that they will establish a formally separate communists without being submerged by them the many government of their areas if they regard the pros effect of our determined support of nanking how ele s for peace as hopeless ever has been to strengthen the elements within it ist in shadow of civil war the continuance that are opposed to internal peace and democratic 0 set of negotiations should not conceal the fact that the reforms consequently our aid has little effect in ation current american effort at mediation has failed bringing about true stability the discussions are going forward not because the the alternatives in china are not easy for the rt of chinese participants really expect anything to come united states but the time has plainly come for a get out of them but because the united states desires far sighted review of our policy toward that coun ndent to see the talks continue and in this situation neither try it would be well to give attention once more inde chinese group is willing to take the onus for break to the principle enunciated by president truman in y be ing them off the chief government purpose is prob his statement of december 15 1945 when he indi them ably to clear the railways of north china drive the cated that our aid to china would be conditioned on communists from their main urban or semi urban the achievement of democratic unity in that coun an centers and then ask for renewed negotiations on the try fear seems to have prevented us from adhering wro basis of an improved military position the com to this program but the failure of the alternative y munists objective seems to be to retain as much of their territory as they can to compensate for losses by striking the government at its weak points and course that has been adopted suggests the desirabil ity of returning to the president's original formula lawrence k rosinger evi above all to annihilate government troops thereby this is the first of two articles by mr rosinger who bas just he also improving their bargaining power in future reautaal from a three months visit to china ship victorious leftists in chile urge moderate economic reform ilway that inflation has become a major political issue for employers and employees to negotiate cost of and in latin america was attested by the chilean presi living adjustments at semi annually rather than than dential election of september 4 and the food riots annually ines in brazil on august 30 and 31 in both countries food and votes in latin america ed at price controls have proved ineffectual and an infla brazilians and chileans had been prepared for a apons tion psychology compounded of hoarding wild difficult transition to a peacetime economy but the battle spending and discontent has taken hold of many problems they have encountered have not been pre great people in brazil where demonstrators called for cisely what they anticipated although shipping facil com 250 per cent cut in prices estimates of the rise in ities were made available to latin american trade rshall the cost of living between 1939 and the end of 1945 much sooner than had been expected manufactured suade tange from 85 to more than 200 per cent prices in goods to fill the ships could not be procured from iator chile which has a long history of inflation are out britain and the united states in the desired quanti five stripping wage increases and it has become necessary ties thus one element in the inflationary rise of lie atl hatin a aci eet see mae ut 7 t mf 4 a es he ig eget ag aot rea ms mes sh cs 7 sr ila fr ri ar er oe faas wee ss ee ee enn a prices the shortage of imports was not checked as quickly as latin americans had expected in fact since inflationary forces cannot be halted at national borders the inability of the united states thus far to put its own economic house in order has impeded efforts of latin american countries to stabilize their national economy such bugaboos of the war period as the fear that demand for the strategic raw ma terials of latin america would level off abruptly at the end of the war or that foreign dumping would drive infant industries out of business have failed to materialize yet domestic production has suffered either as a result of natural factors 1945 crops were generally disappointing or of work stoppages and political disturbances local scarcities have been ag gravated by graft and profiteering universally preva lent in wartime political leaders in latin america as in other parts of the world are aware that they will stand or fall on their economic records chile returns to the left chile's dif ficulties can be traced to political factionalism ad ministrative incompetence and economic deteriora tion that the chilean electorate does not attribute this situation to the left although leftist govern ments have been in power since 1938 is indicated by the victory of senator gabriel gonzalez videla candidate of the coalition of the radical demo cratic authentic socialist and communist parties while senator gonzalez does not have the absolute majority over his opponents required by the consti tution his lead of 50,000 votes over the conserva tive candidate senator eduardo cruz coke is large enough his supporters believe to induce congress to ratify the electoral results rather than to hold the congressional election customary in this case in the interval since the retirement of president juan antonio rios in november 1945 the composi tion of the victorious democratic alliance has been considerably altered while the nominally leftist administration was tending further to the right the leadership of the radical party balance wheel of the alliance remained in the hands of the left wing the stern treatment meted out by acting president just published india’s problems as a free nation by grant s mcclellan 25 cents september 1 issue of foreign poticy reports reports are issued on the ist and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 page four a alfredo duhalde a moderate radical to striking unions and their sympathizers at the time of the january february labor troubles pointed up the in compatibility of the agrarian right wing and the col lectivist minded left wing of the party at that time the radical party withdrew from the government along with the communists leaving the dissident radical faction and the socialists to form a new cab inet the two groups came to the final parting of the ways in august when the party directorate in ag unprecedented step drummed president duhalde and the dissident radicals out of the party mean while the wing of the socialist party that supported duhalde presented its own candidate bernardo ibafiez secretary general of the federation of labor the divided condition of the left as the campaign opened gave certain grounds for optimism on the part of the rightist liberal conservative and agrar ian parties their inability to agree upon a common candidate however was a decisive factor in their defeat after former president arturo alessandri withdrew from the presidential race the liberal party presented his son fernando alessandri candi date of the duhalde radicals as well the conserva tives candidate was the eminent physician and social philosopher eduardo cruz coke who in the words of one chilean commentator lifted the face of the party the four candidates went before the people on fundamentally the same issue the need to take drastic measures against the inflation which is mak ing life for most chileans an unrewarding struggle for existence the core of senator gonzalez proposed solution to chile’s economic difficulties is planned industrial ization in domestic policy he will if elected be faced with the delicate task of convincing the con servatives that the economic and social measures undertaken by the administration do not constitute a social revolution while at the same time demon strating to chile’s underprivileged that these long overdue reforms will actually be carried through senator gonzalez will seek a policy of broad eco nomic and political cooperation with the united states and he believes that in the long term interest of the united states this cooperation should be fully reciprocated how successful the new administration will be in coping with the basic problem of economic unbalance depends in great measure on whether it is willing to develop sound fiscal and monetary policies and whether in such an endeavor chilean opinion can find a common meeting ground olivee holmes foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 48 september 13 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president emeritus helen m daccett executive secretary vera michele dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office ac new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 four dollars a yea please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin six dollars a year gp is produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor vou 2 ol a the re had t of st as a of cc rally cannt +striking of the the in the col hat time ernment dissident new cab ig of the e in an duhalde y mean upported bernardo of labor ampaign n on the id a grat common in their lessandri liberal ri candi onserva ind social he words ice of the ne people d to take h is mak r struggle 1 solution ndustrial ected be the con measures constitute e demon hese long through road eco ie united m interest d be fully inistration economic ether it is ry policies n opinion iolmes ed national era micheles ollars a yeat furioucal oem sed panera library 1946 ontiy of mice 1946 entered as 2nd class matter general library 0cl 2 vasversity of hichigan ann arhor wy chican foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 49 september 20 1946 contradictions weaken wallace’s plea for new foreign policy hig questions about germany’s future position in europe as affected by and in turn affecting the relations of the united states with russia which had been raised by the stuttgart speech of secretary of state byrnes have been thrown into new focus as a result of the controversy aroused by secretary of commerce wallace when he addressed the pac tally in madison square garden on september 12 the two speeches reveal a divergence concerning the objectives of united states foreign policy which cannot fail to trouble european countries at a time when mr byrnes is trying to convince them that the american people have reached fundamental agree ment on this nation’s rdle in world affairs it is both a quality and a weakness of democracy that except in time of critical emergency it speaks with many voices expressing widely differing opin ions on public questions whether or not it is proper for one member of the cabinet to state publicly views that contradict the policy ostensibly being followed with the avowed support and approval of the presi dent by the secretary of state is a debatable ques tion under our form of government the danger is that under these circumstances foreign policy may become a political football as has been surmised in this instance by some observers who believe mr wallace may have been hoping to recapture for the democratic party voters who have been alienated by washington’s stiffened attitude toward russia from the point of view of foreign policy tactics some government advisers had begun to feel that in an understandable and necessary endeavor to clarify its own position in europe the united states had recently become inclined to oppose russia on one minor point after another instead of grappling with the larger political and economic issues at stake in our relations with that country there was also growing danger that some americans more numer ous than is generally realized who with frivolous cynicism have been saying that since war with russia was inevitable sooner or later the united states should get the job over with by dropping a few atomic bombs on the u.s.s.r might create the impression abroad that we were getting ready for world war iii some corrective of these trends was needed but it is doubtful that the corrective pro vided by mr wallace was expressed in the con structive terms at this time imperialism for whom to denounce britain for imperialism in the near and middle east at a time when the british are making a genuine attempt to terminate their principal commitments in india and egypt is not only to rehash outworn clichés it is also to overlook the fact that even if britain did not exist the united states as a result of world war ii has interests of its own in that area interests concerned like those of britain with strategic bases and oil moreover if we accept mr wallace’s division of the world into spheres of in fluence with russia enjoying a dominant position in eastern europe and the balkans and the united states in latin america why refuse to let britain have its own sphere in the eastern mediterranean and the near and middle east had mr wallace taken his stand on the high ground of moral prin ciples in international relations he might have been able to make a cogent argument against the perpetu ation of british imperial interests where they con tinue to exist instead he definitely aligned himself with the hard boiled school of thought which favors division of the world into orbits arguing that the united states has no more right to interfere in rus sia’s orbit than russia has vo interfere in ours why then should either we or the russians claim the contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association right to interfere in britain’s orbit two orbits or one world the fallacy of a system of self contained orbits has in any case been demonstrated by events since the end of hos tilities for the simple reason that no dynamic na tion stops at a given geographic boundary of its own free will and none can be effectively prevented from taking an interest in the affairs of others un less we resort to a really impenetrable iron cur tain between orbits through censorship repression of opposition views and so on mr wallace’s con cept of the world could easily be interpreted abroad as a new form of isolationism although that is un doubtedly contrary to his personal philosophy for what he proposes is the isolation of the united states and russia each in its own sphere of influence the exact limits of which he does not undertake to define and he strengthens this impression by declaring that the united states has no right to concern itself with developments in eastern europe and the balkans and presumably also in russia's zone of germany on the assumption that the situation of that area is comparable to that of latin america yet mr wal jace a close adviser of president roosevelt through out the war years must be aware that at yalta stalin accepted for better or worse certain joint commit ments concerning the political future of poland and the axis satellites and therefore the united states and britain have the right to inquire into the fulfil what constructive steps can u.s take in china despite almost daily reports of chinese govern ment advances in current offensives against the communist areas it is far too early to draw conclu sions about the campaign the main feature of op erations in the past few weeks is that pressed by central forces possessing superior american equip ment and american airplanes the communist armies have evacuated with little resistance a num ber of points in the north china regions their retreating forces however remain intact for pos sible future operations on battlefields adapted to their own strength and strategy what path for uss so far the fighting conforms to the pattern indicated by interviews in nanking in june before the beginning of the gov ernment’s campaign one well informed official who was out of sympathy with the policies of the dominant political and military leaders declared privately at that time we can drive the com munists back from the railways and out of certain areas but what then conditions will be worse than before and this will be only the beginning of the military struggle it is mecessary to emphasize these points now because some of the recent dis patches from china suggest a dangerously incor rect conclusion that nanking’s successes are likely in some way to be decisive from this it would only page two ee ment of these commitments even though the map ner and object of their inquiries may be open ty criticism on the part of moscow most astonishin of all is mr wallace’s remark that once the ameri can and russian spheres of influence have beep mutually recognized the united nations should have a really great power in those areas which are truly international and not regional what inter national areas would be left after this arbitrary dj vision of the world between the two great powers and what réle would the united nations play any where if it can operate only within limits laid dow by the united states and russia mr wallace’s speech reveals the confusion of thought that has been caused in this country by up reasoning fear of russia on one side and equally unreasoning adulation of everything russia does on the other one does not have to look to moscow for an explanation of strikes in this country in 4 period of mounting prices neither is it necessary to blacken the reputation of other nations in order to enhance that of russia or to facilitate our rela tions with that country if we can keep our feet on solid ground we shall find that on some matters we agree with russia on others with britain and ona whole range of still others with neither of them for revealing examples of this situation we need only to turn again to germany vera micheles dean be a step to the view that the problems of ameti can policy in china may soon be resolved on the field of battle actually the situation in china is likely to become more critical and reconsideration of american policy is more pressing than ever it is interesting on returning to this country after an absence of several months to read newspapet editorials on china some publications support out recent policy to the full and urge maximum aid to chiang kai shek others call sharply for an end to american intervention on the government side and still others recognize the inadequacy of american policy without knowing what to do beyond deplor ing the way in which our golden opportunity of the past year to promote peace and reconstruction if china has been lost would communists rule coalition one crucial question constantly asked is this if a genuine coalition government were formed would it not soon be dominated by the communists be cause of the weakness of the liberals and other non communist forward looking elements in china lt is true that the chinese middle class is weak and that the non communist progressives are in a pfe carious position in part because both historically and today they have received little encouragement from the western powers nevertheless the ques tion un munist that in troops tinue te of the have be would chance mor up sim on the by the last ja comm mal co by itse last ar coalitic of any enablir be saic of a with t pressin portur re long first st states or mil 4 gov be to tural at th poreic headqu dean please the map 1 open to stonishing ne ameri ave beep 1s should which are at inter itrary di powers aid down fusion of ty by un d equally a does on moscow ntry ina necessary in order our rela ir feet on iatters we and ona them for eed only dean yf ameti d on the china is eration of r ntry after ewspapet port our im aid to in end to side and american d deplor ity of the uction if lition his if a d would nists be ther non china it veak and in a pie storically ragement the ques os tion underestimates the strength of the non com munist non reactionary groups it should be noted that in any coalition régime the non communist troops of the present central government would con tinue to form a majority of the total armed forces of the country the liberals and conservatives who have been out of sympathy with government policy would also for the first time in many years have a chance to develop and increase their strength moreover a coalition régime would not be set up simply along lines desired by the communists on the contrary the form of government agreed to by the communists and the central representatives last january favors the kuomintang and other non communist groups in important respects the for mal composition of a government cannot of course by itself determine questions of power but in the last analysis no constitutional arrangements for a coalition administration can guarantee the survival of any elements which do not develop a program enabling them to secure popular support what can be said at this point however is that the initiation of a genuine coalition government in accordance with the january arrangements would give the pro gressive non communist members an excellent op portunity for survival and expansion revising our policy today china is a long way from having a coalition régime but the first step in bringing it about as far as the united states is concerned is to withhold further economic or military assistance except for relief until such a government is formed a corollary move would be to make it absolutely clear to nanking that we oppose the use of american lend lease and surplus property in civil war operations a third step would be to reaffirm our confidence in the basic soundness of the political consultative conference decisions and the government communist military pact a fourth overdue step is to withdraw all ameri can marines from china by a fixed early date al though not numerous enough to have a crucial effect on the chinese situation they are of moral and ma terial value to nanking in the civil war and their presence irritates significant sections of chinese pub lic opinion on the other hand these twenty odd thousand men certainly do not have the effect as some american circles suppose of keeping the russians out of china russia’s intentions this discussion na turally raises the question what will russia do at the moment beyond maintaining some troops in page three ae south manchuria apparently in accordance with the sino soviet pact of 1945 moscow seems to be playing a watching rdle it is true that last winter the russians placed obstacles in the way of the central government’s entering manchuria and that their presence made it easier for the chinese com munists to take over the weapons of defeated jap anese troops than if a hostile power had been in occupation but it is likely that if no foreign mili tary activity russian or american had occurred in china after v day the communists would have done at least as well in manchuria and perhaps even better unquestionably the russians are deeply interested in china and are following american policy closely but there is no evidence that they are giving material assistance to the communists or that anything constituting russian intervention in the civil war situation exists at this moment there can be no guarantee however that such interven tion will not develop in the future if the kuomin tang communist conflict remains unadjusted while the united states continues to pour out assistance to the chinese government it is plainly of key importance to reach an under standing with the u.s.s.r on china policy an un derstanding which would extend the general agree ment concluded with russia and britain at moscow last november on the need for a peaceful demo cratic china joint action would not only have a highly beneficial effect inside china but would con tribute to breaking the log jam in world affairs lawrence k rosinger on american policy in china new fpa executive secretary miss helen m daggett has been appointed ex ecutive secretary of the association during the past four years miss daggett was in close touch with the activities of a number of government agencies she joined the war production board in 1942 as senior administrative analyst and her work in the personnel division involved personal contacts with hundreds of wpb employees she also acted as wpb representative in committee work with other government and civilian agencies and groups before going to washington miss daggett was associated for several years with the bigelow sanford com pany traveling from coast to coast in connection with lectures and public relations work she has had wide experience in addressing many organizations including clubs schools labor groups industrialists and others the second of two articles poreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 49 september 20 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president emeritus helen m daccerr executive secretary vera micheles dran editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 four dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin six dollars a year qs produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor i if a ay 4 washington news l ettec u.s backs yugoslav relief despite plane incident the united states will continue to send unrra aid to yugoslavia despite strong opposition from the international longshoremen’s association afl which is refusing to load ships for yugoslav ports and from senator styles bridges of new hampshire who protested to the state department on septem ber 9 against shipments of goods of any kind to marshal tito william l clayton acting secretary of state declared on september 12 that the united states refuses to halt unrra supplies in retaliation against yugoslavia for the shooting down of un armed american transport planes last month be cause such action would violate the obligations this country assumed when it agreed to participate in the international relief organization as mr clayton pointed out unrra is operated by 48 nations and cannot be regarded as an instrument of american foreign policy although the united states contributes 72 per cent of its total funds considerations shaping policy mr clayton based his statement of policy primarily on the view that the united states should strongly sup port the principle of faithful fulfilment of interna tional obligations during the present period of seri ous tensions in the eastern mediterranean and other parts of the world the acting secretary is convinced that the united states will best serve its fundamental national interests if it champions the view that all changes in the status quo must be made by means of negotiations rather than by unilateral action while chiefly concerned with maintaining the principle of honoring treaty obligations the state department might nevertheless have found it dif ficult to approve continued relief shipments to yugoslavia if its experts on unrra affairs had felt that this decision would undermine washing ton’s present firm policy toward belgrade in their opinion however the 88 or 90,000,000 dollars worth of supplies scheduled for delivery to yugo slavia before unrra completes its work at the end of this year could make only a very indirect contribution if any to the country’s present military strength according to present plans yugoslavia will receive principally food clothing shoes seeds fertilizers and agricultural implements and only small quantities of railroad equipment trucks and tractors because of the current drought in some of the most productive farm areas of the country bel grade may be obliged to order additional food at the expense of such equipment the state department also found that yugoslayig is not as reported in some quarters obtaining sup plies at the expense of other nations in whose te construction the united states is deeply interested although the yugoslav government was recently assigned a quantity of steel rails originally ea marked for china the state department announced on september 9 that the rails in question had bee diverted to belgrade because chinese ports were at present unable to receive them and that unrra has an additional supply of rails on hand for chin as soon as it is able to handle them moreove the united states which issues licenses for the ship ment of all unrra goods from this country did not permit unrra to reassign scarce and vital rail accessories and is now holding them in reserve for china record generally satisfactory the belief that the united states enjoys the good will of large numbers of yugoslavs through continued support of unrra together with the conviction that the bulk of the organization’s supplies is being fairly distributed by marshal tito’s government have also influenced washington’s determination to continue relief shipments according to american officials of unrra who have just returned to washington after a six weeks inspection tour of areas receiving unrra aid at least those yugo slavs who live in towns and cities are informed by large posters of the source of unrra’s income and are thus made aware of the rdle of the united states in providing relief while conceding that some of unrra’s supplies have found their way into the hands of the military these officials believe that the amounts are small in their opinion the casual observers who have charged that unrra supplies are being diverted to the army are unaware that yugoslavia lacking an adequate number of skilled workmen is obliged to employ its military per sonnel in reconstruction in the light of all these considerations the state department sees no com tradiction in its determination to continue approval of unrra aid to the yugoslav people and at the same time maintain an inflexible attitude toward marshal tito’s government on other issues whnifred n hadsel vou x ww a s would base al secure short inspec tion oo presse withot strikin previo senate fense for a war a charg doubt partie an ele shoul weigh acquil such under japan a gre truste +lewj 0d at the ugoslavig ning sup whose te nterested recently ally cap nnounced had bee s were at vital rail serve for ry the z00d will continued onviction s is being vernment ination to american urned to tour of se yugo ormed by come and ted states some of into the ieve that he casual supplies vare that of skilled tary per all these no con approval nd at the e toward jadsel 1946 far abt reee crnep al librar oct 1 7 1946 entered as 2nd class matter seneral library ke peek asversity of nichigan any arhor mt chivas foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 50 september 27 1946 will retention of war time bases guarantee u.s security heated debate in the iceland parliament on september 22 over a proposed agreement which would allow continued united states use of the air base at keflavik calls new attention to our efforts to secure world wide military bases on september 19 shortly after returning from a six week 38,000 mile inspection tour in the pacific a five member delega tion of the house military affairs committee ex pressed the conviction that the united states must without delay ring the pacific with strong bases in striking distance of russia less than three weeks previously the fifth annual report of the special senate committee to investigate the national de fense program sharply attacked the administration for abandoning overseas bases acquired during the war at great cost in lives and dollars since such charges are effective in winning votes they will doubtless be often repeated by candidates of both parties until the november elections far more than an election is at stake however so these charges should be weighed with unusual care u.s bases ring the pacific is it true as the senate committee declared that the war navy and state departments have failed to use the full weight of our bargaining power to retain bases acquired during the war the record does not justify such an accusation as yet we have not even placed under trusteeship the pacific islands taken from the japanese although such a step would have proved a great help in inaugurating the united nations trusteeship system according to a report of septem ber 23 the army and navy still seek to retain all the former japanese mandates under complete ameri can sovereignty senator warren g magnuson democrat of washington did state on august 29 that the decision had been made to offer the islands for united nations supervision at the forthcoming meeting of the general assembly but lincoln white spokesman for the state department de clared the same afternoon that the government did not intend to submit a trusteeship agreement to the assembly in any case it is probable that the trustee ship agreement whenever presented will place all the islands under sole american administration and will designate certain strategic areas in which the united nations will be denied the right of inspec tion nor does the administration show signs of laxity elsewhere in the pacific for many months it has been negotiating to retain the wartime base at manus largest of the islands in the admiralties which were mandated to australia when the amer ican base in the galapagos islands was turned back to the government of ecuador on july 1 lieutenant general willis crittenberger commander of the panama canal department pointed out that it had been agreed that the united states could maintain army technicians there to train ecuadoreans in order that the base might be conserved in service able condition against any condition whatsoever in panama our efforts to retain some of our 131 war time bases more than a year after the end of the war aroused the panama assembly to approve unani mously on september 2 a resolution calling on the united states to relinquish all the bases immediately ten days later a joint statement of the united states and panamanian governments announced that the united states in recent weeks had already returned 71 defense sites and was preparing to return 27 more at once and that the two governments would consult on the most effective means for assuring the defense of the panama canal on the other side of the pacific the newly independent philippine government according to a statement of assistant contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association sx ad rns ee ere ee ee et ay an f if t a f pas se s c kb fl le es an thd ee a awe ee ____ as ae secretary of war howard c petersen on septem ber 19 is about to conclude an agreement granting us naval and military bases including bases for long range bombers a report of september 3 suggests that the united states may convert the alaskan base at adak into a stronghold to rival pearl harbor bases sought in atlantic in the at lantic where we already have ninety nine year leases on bases in eight british possessions our efforts in iceland and the azores also refute the charge that we are failing to use the full weight of our bar gaining power on august 16 while two american negotiators in lisbon were renewing our efforts to acquire a long term lease on a military air base in the azores eight united states warships appeared at the portuguese capitol on a good will visit almost a year ago the united states opened nego tiations to acquire long term leases on certain of our war time bases in iceland which is on the direct air route between new york and moscow unofficial russian protests however placed the small new republic in a difficult position on september 20 the state department announced an agreement subject to approval by iceland's parliament to relinquish the bases and withdraw american military and naval personnel the united states however would have the right to maintain the personnel necessary for use of the keflavik airport by aircraft operated by or on behalf of the government of the united states u.s proposes industrial and it would be unfortunate if mr wallace’s state ment shortly after his resignation on september 20 that he considered it his holy duty to fight for peace should leave either the american people or the people of other countries under the misappre hension that all those who do not see eye to eye with mr wallace on foreign affairs are necessarily war mongers the more one studies mr wallace's madison square garden speech in conjunction with his july 23 letter to the president the more it be comes clear that the fundamenal difference between wallace and byrnes is not in the objective each is seeking to achieve which is an understanding with russia but in the methods by which each proposes to achieve this objective it is in an effort to devise workable methods which would win the support of the majority of the american people that the far reaching debate on foreign policy unleashed by the wallace truman episode should be pitched if it is to clarify rather than confuse public opinion conservative trend in germany meanwhile in germany which in spite of peripheral disturbances in the mediterranean remains the focal point of allied controversies about the future of europe some of the major problems confronting american policy makers are being faced with new page two arenes in connection with the fulfillment of united stat obligations to maintain control agencies in ge many while iceland communists complained thy the agreement provides for an american base jg disguise the reykjavik trade union council calle a 24 hour protest strike beginning at noon on sep tember 23 secretary wallace in his letter of july 23 to preg dent truman charged that certain united states a tions notably our effort to secure air bases spread over half the globe from which the other half of the globe can be bombed must make it look ty the rest of the world as if we were only paying lip service to peace at the conference table if it 5 true that national security in the atomic age is de pendent upon international political agreemey rather than unilateral military action our policy bases does appear to lack realism it certainly isy startling contrast to president roosevelt's war time dream of united nations control over a world wide system of international naval and air strongholds the deterioration of our relations with russia sing the end of the war however poses for our policy makers the grave dilemma of depending on the united nations for security and running the risk of its failure or of ringing the world with bases of our own and running the risk of thereby weakening the united nations beyond repair vernon mckay land reforms in germany realism mr byrnes stuttgart suggestion for recon sideration of germany's border with poland brought a strong reply on september 16 from mr molotov who declared that this border had been fixed be yond the point of further discussion if it had been the purpose of mr byrnes as some have assumed to bring an unequivocal statement from moscow concerning the retention of german territory by po land then this purpose has been achieved it was obviously difficult for the soviet government to sat isfy both the national aspirations of the poles and those of the germans for the time being at least the soviet government appears to have concentrated nl ist grou torious socialist sian ba prising soc new pr ber of ton to conside democr adoptec the ge might lines crats socializ that tu the ru structu their control now far rea to carr to obt govert man cz the ha most pansio acres under sians owner 1,324 corpor tribute the part o the de indust alizati many is not on the immediate task of cementing the slav bloc calls 1 along its borders which would have been seriously weakened by concessions to germany at poland expense this decision however marks a setback for the german communists whose strongest talking point had been the promise that russia would support the return of territory in the east to a germany unified under communist control al ready before molotov had unequivocably seconded warsaw's views concerning the german polish border elections held in the four zones of germany during september had revealed an unexpectedly strong trend toward conservative as opposed to left germ show addre centre yet in headqua dean please a ed state in ge ined tha base ig cil called 1 on sep to presi states ac cs spread t half of it look ty aying lip ie it ge is de reement policy on inly is war time orld wide on gholds ssia sing ir policy y on the 1e risk of es of our ening the ack ay y or recon jst groups even in the russian zone where the vic torious socialist unity party composed of left wing socialists and communists had received strong rus sian backing the conservatives had registered sur prising strength at the polls socialism in u.s zone this trend poses a new problem for the united states hitherto a num ber of american advisers had been urging washing ton to support the social democrats whom they consider the most promising element for building democracy in germany had the western powers adopted this course at the outset our relations with the germans as well as with britain and russia might have developed along markedly different lines genuine cooperation with the social demo qats however would have required measures of socialization which the united states was not at that time prepared to adopt with the result that the russians took the initiative in altering the social structure in their zone by depriving the junkers of their estates and establishing strict administrative controls over the operations of large scale industries now however the united states has announced a far reaching twofold program which it is planning to carry out in the american zone after having failed to obtain british cooperation first the military government will have authority to break up ger man cartels which had concentrated huge power in the hands of a few industrial and financial leaders most of whom had favored a policy of militant ex pansion for germany second all estates of 250 acres or over will be broken up into small holdings brought under this program which unlike that of the rus molotov fixed be had been assumed moscow ty by po 1 it was nt to sat oles and at least centrated slav bloc seriously poland's 1 setback strongest t russia ie east to trol al seconded an polish germany xpectedly d to left bis sans provides for compensation of dispossessed owners it is estimated that 725,000 acres owned by 1,324 individuals as well as by municipalities public corporations and church organizations will be dis tributed among small owners these measures required a difficult decision on the part of the united states with its prevailing belief in the desirability for continuance of free enterprise in industry and agriculture they indicate growing re alization in washington that the situation in ger many and in other areas of the continent as well is not comparable to that in the united states and calls for a different approach if we are not to lose german support to russia by default they also show that the goal set by mr byrnes in his stuttgart iddress the establishment in the near future of a central democratic german government is not jet in sight at least not until the success of the new program of socialization has been assured eee page three moreover it is entirely possible that the inaugura tion of this program will arouse the resistance of conservatives and will force the united states to undertake political as well as economic intervention in the american zone these developments may make it more easy for us to understand why the russians had been unwilling to see germany unified until its social structure and philosophy of life have been altered in such a way as to remove the threat of military resurgence and may encourage the brit ish labor government which has so far tended to govern its zone on the pattern of colonial adminis tration to follow our example should this prove to be the case the discussions about the future of germany which have frequently complicated the work of the allied control council in berlin may have served a useful purpose by helping to bridge the gap between the views of russia and of the western powers vera micheles dean the second in a series of articles on germany in postwar europe announcement on september first all three fpa publications foreign policy bulletin foreign policy reports and headline books were placed under the direction of mrs dean who has been named director of pub lications thomas k ford has been appointed editor of headline books mr ford received his a.b at the university of minnesota in 1933 and his m.a in international law and relations at columbia uni versity in 1935 for seven years he served as editorial writer on the st paul pioneer and dispatch special izing on international affairs and problems of amer ican foreign policy from 1943 to 1946 he was assistant director of the historical service board of the american historical association which prepared and in cooperation with the war department pub lished a series of pamphlets for use in discussion of current problems by the armed forces miss augusta shemin has been appointed assistant editor of research publications succeeding miss helen terry who has left the fpa to become as sistant editor of a new magazine published by the social service division of the united office and professional workers of america cio a short history of eritrea by stephen h longrigg ox ford clarendon press 1945 3.50 britain’s chief administrator in eritrea from 1942 to 1944 the author analyzes present prospects and future needs of the territory mainly in the light of its historical background he proposes a tripartite dismemberment of the former italian colony foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 50 september 27 1946 published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president emeritus helen m daccett executive secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office arc new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 four dollars a year please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin six dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter u.s policy needs reshaping to avert civil war in greece the decision of the security council on septem ber 20 to drop the ukrainian charges that the greek government with the support of british troops is guilty of aggressive actions toward albania repre sents a diplomatic victory for britain in its struggle against russia for influence in greece the bitter rivalry between moscow and london which gave rise to the protracted and acrimonious debate at lake success however continues unabated and wash ington is aware that it cannot remain aloof from this conflict in the eastern mediterranean during the past week herschel v johnson act ing american representative on the security council called for a special investigation of the greek case this inquiry mr johnson suggested should con sider not only frontier incidents between greece and albania as desired by the pro soviet members of the council but should study the reported clashes between greece and the pro russian régimes of yugoslavia and bulgaria although mr john son’s advisers in the state department were not very hopeful that this proposed investigation would se cure russia’s approval they nevertheless decided to suggest such a survey in the belief that an effort to establish the facts might dispel at least some of the british and russian charges and counter charges which have beclouded discussion of the greek issue when this proposal was rejected on september 20 as a result of the veto by the russian delegate the united states was obliged to recognize that it had failed to find a new approach to the greek problem direct intervention rejected the principal concern of the united states is to help the greeks avoid civil war between extremists on the right and left since such a conflict could not fail to bring anglo russian rivalry to a climax precipi tating a serious international crisis the urgency of this problem is underlined by current reports of extensive military operations on the part of the pro royalist troops of the greek government against rebel bands under communist leadership in the mountainous areas of northern greece yet in spite of the seriousness of this situation washington has not felt in a position to take any step which might curb the independence of the present greek government particularly since this government was formed on the basis of national elections held on march 31 under the supervision of a body of inter allied observers which included 692 americans this official view prevented the united states from assuming a major rdle in con nection with the plebiscite held on september 1 which indicated that 65 to 70 per cent of the voters favored the return of king george ii on this o casion at the invitation of the greek government the state department merely designated 51 civilians and 25 army personnel to help in revising electoral lists and to check polling practices and took the position that all questions arising in connection with the return of the king who is expected to arrive i athens this week would be settled by the greeks themselves the united states is now awaiting the formation of the new cabinet before reviewing its policy toward greece precarious international balance the high degree of tension between russia and britain in the balkans is undoubtedly the major fac tor explaining the reluctance of the united state to call for rapid and far reaching political changes within greece this does not mean that washing ton is merely following london’s decision to hold the line against russia in this area but rather that the united states is convinced that strategic and economic interests of its own require support of britain’s policy nevertheless the state department realizes that it cannot halt soviet expansion merely by joining britain in supporting an extreme rightist gover ment in athens assuming such a régime is formed by king george on the basis of reports received from greece the state department is convinced that many of the voters who approved the monarchy did so not because they were pro royalist but because they considered the king the only possible bulwark against communism neither can the united states help to check the growth of pro russian forces in greece merely by staging impressive displays of naval power in aegean waters instead washing ton believes it must use its economic power to im prove conditions in greece if it is to lessen the po litical cleavage between left and right as yet however few steps taken in the direction of aiding reconstruction have proved effective in addition to lending an adviser on financial affairs to the greek government the united states has granted greece 4 25 million dollar loan through the export import bank thus far this loan has hardly been tapped partly because greece sorely lacks technical person nel for administering the loan and partly because athens has had eight different governments sinc liberation in the autumn of 1944 winifred n hadsel 1918 ta qu corresp resente that th a peru of fore sary si noise war even 1 of atoi views intend not de the ins ern cc destru as ma ports at hir ru allevi when the u ern pt of le other termi whict is tha war sities the war war wear +ce mber le voters this o rnment civilians electoral 00k the ion with arrive ip greeks iting the wing its lance ssia and ajor fac d states changes w ashing to hold ther that egic and pport of izes that y joining govern s formed received nced that archy did because bulwark ed states forces in splays of w ashing er to im n the po as yet of aiding ldition to he greek greece 4 rt import 1 tapped il person y because nts since tadsel pekighical koe general library waty of mice oct 1 0 198 entered as 2nd class matter general library sa university of wichican ann arhor mtchican foreign policy bulletin an interpretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y you xxv no 51 ocrosser 4 1946 stalin's peace assurances reflect internal problems talin’s answers of september 24 to a series of questions posed by alexander werth moscow correspondent of the sunday times of london rep resented an attempt to assure the russian people that they are not as would sometimes appear from a perusal of the soviet press in imminent danger of foreign encirclement and another war it is neces sary said stalin to distinguish sharply between the noise about a new war and the real danger of war which he added does not at present exist even more significantly stalin minimized the threat of atomic bombs which he asserted contrary to the views generally held by western scientists are intended for intimidating weak nerves but can not decide the outcome of war this emphasis on the indecisive character of a weapon which in west etn countries has been pictured as catastrophically destructive is clearly intended to dispel such fears as may have been generated among russians by re ports that have filtered in about the havoc wrought at hiroshima russia’s war weariness stalin’s effort to alleviate fear of war among the russians at a time when spokesmen for the u.s.s.r yugoslavia and the ukraine are voicing suspicions about the west ern powers indicates accurate appraisal of the mood of let down and fatigue which the russians like other war tired peoples have experienced since the termination of hostilities if there is one point on which all observers returning from russia agree it is that the russian people are profoundly weary of war are anxious to obtain some of the bare neces sities of life they have had to do without during the grim years of successive five year plans and war and fervently hope that the clouds of another war will soon disappear from the horizon yet these weary people must be kept keyed up for unremitting labor in the coming years of reconstruction with few immediate rewards in terms of material satis faction stalin’s previous statement about capitalist encirclement on february 9 1946 on the eve of elections may have been an expression of the views he then held about world affairs more probably it was intended as a goad to give fresh stimulus to people who must go on with the disheartening tasks of clearing rubble rebuilding towns and villages and reconstructing shattered industries and farms while suffering from food shortages that have caused american experts to wonder how russia will carry on when the aid it has been receiving from unrra ceases the first of the year it would be a mistake to exaggerate reports of food riots and of unrest in various parts of the u.s.s.r particularly in the ukraine long noted for its nationalist spirit but apparently stalin who in the past has displayed con summate skill in appraising the temper of the people in moments of crisis feels the need for a breathing space he has therefore told the russians that he does not think the ruling circles of great britain and the united states could create a capitalistic en circlement of the soviet union even if they wanted to do this which however we cannot affirm no immediate change in policy this does not mean however that russia is about to re cede from the positions to which it had advanced in europe and asia during the year of readjustment when all the victors were seeking to define their foreign policy objectives recrimination continues between russian and american zones of occupation in austria and korea stalin has demanded the with drawal of american forces from china on the issues of free navigation of the danube the united states is reported to have yielded to the adamant russian view that the strategic river contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association ooont lle sx page two should be controlled solely by danubian countries although in the matter of trade a clause providing for most favored nation treatment was inserted into the rumanian treaty at paris over moscow’s ob jections nor has moscow relaxed its demands on turkey warning the turks in a note bearing the same date as stalin’s statement that they must not turn to non black sea powers for support against the u.s.s.r the russian representative on the scien tific committee of the united nations atomic en ergy commission did sign the report of the com mittee but his colleague in the economic and social council expressed strong views in opposition to britain and the united states on a wide range of problems including refugees and proposals for re construction of european economy the united states for its part has announced that units of the american navy will remain in mediterranean waters stalin’s statement will play an important part in the debate on foreign policy now proceeding in this country those who favor a policy of conciliation pointing to it as evidence of peaceful intentions on russia’s part those who favor toughness insist ing that the kremlin match words with deeds a study of what the russians themselves are writing about the trend in world affairs since v e day in dicates several points worth bearing in mind when we judge russia’s policy the russians are gen uinely convinced that they made a major contribu tion to the winning of the war in europe not only in terms of man power and economic losses as is readily admitted in other countries but also jy terms of ideas which they contend helped to loose the grip of pro fascist elements on the axis satel lites as well as on some of the liberated allied countries they consequently feel entitled to de mand a share of world power commensurate with what they regard as their wartime contributiog meanwhile they believe that the united states ang britain have not always been on the side of ant fascist forces in europe and that the attitude of the western powers on such questions as franq spain the pace of agrarian reform the nationaliza tion of industries and so on has retarded the progress of what they call democratic forces og the continent genuine too appears to be the belief expressed by russian spokesmen that had president roose velt lived the united states would have followed different course toward europe and particularly to ward russia since supporters of mr wallace hay also taken this view it is highly important that the washington administration should furnish the pub lic such evidence as may be available concerning the views mr roosevelt may have held about russia before and after yalta information on this point would help us to decide whether mr byrnes who took over the administration of a policy that had been in the making for a number of years has dis regarded the wishes of the late president or ha adapted them to a situation that may have begun to alter before his death vera micheles dean russia questions un proposals for european recovery twice during the past week the russian delegate to the un economic and social council nikolai i feonov rejected proposals calling for international action in the solution of europe’s economic prob lems on september 25 he flatly rejected the recom mendations of the council’s temporary subcom mission on the economic reconstruction of devas tated areas which outlined a program of mutual assistance for the continent including the creation of a permanent european economic commission again on september 27 in reply to a united states proposal that the question of the free navigation of the danube be acted on by an international confer ence he objected to joint action in both instances the position taken by russia follows the views ex pressed by molotov and vishinsky when world eco nomic problems were under consideration at the paris conference russia’s objections that russia favors a policy of economic nationalism modified only by ex clusive bilateral agreements was indicated in mr feonov s criticisms of the program outlined by the council's experts their suggestion that an economic foreign policy bulletin august 23 1946 commission for europe be set up to coordinate and integrate the various national programs of recon struction was misinterpreted by the soviet delegate as being a plan to transform europe into a self contained unit the economists however had n0 such object in view and their factual findings reveal that any attempt to create a closed economy in ev rope would be futile what they did emphasize was the necessity of a return to multilateral trade at the earliest possible moment the soviet delegate ob jected to the report’s criticism of bilateral pacts contending that these treaties contributed in an in mediate and practical way to the work of recom structing the continent’s economy the usefulness of such bilateral agreements as an emergency devict was conceded by the authors of the report who as serted nevertheless that economic logic and the les sons of experience proved that multilateral trade was indispensable to the prosperity of europe these views were not shared by mr feonov concerning the question of external credits for european recom struction he argued that the report’s recommends tions if carried out would interfere with the eco nomic independence of some nations since the cout tries see gational posed e to their outside ing this the uni might u in the b russ dations feonov complet urgent wrough parallel fact thé if they and sh sion’s theoret ited th the rep lief pre lions oo nutritic country remark for much omy 0 the m and eq to be nique clusion barter need ent su their 1 der th might tions their ample states comm will r trade eu with cow's foreig headqua dean e please al also ig to loosen xis satel d allied d to de rate with tribution tates ang of anti titude of ss frang tionalizg tded the olces op x pressed it roose lowed 4 ularly to lace have that the the pub mncerning ut russia his point nes who that had has dis t or has ye begun dean y nate and yf recon delegate a self had no gs reveal y in ev 1sizee was je at the gate ob al pacts nn an im f recon sefulness cy device who as the les al trade ye these ncerning in reco nmenda the eco he cout tries seeking aid would have to turn to the inter gational bank either directly or through the pro sed european economic commission decisions as to their needs he contended would be made by an outside agency and not by the country itself in tak ing this position he undoubtedly had in mind that the united states as the principal supplier of credits might use its lending power to offset soviet influence in the borrowing nation russia’s urgent needs other recommen dations of the report were also rejected by mr feonov who insisted that the experts had failed completely to offer practical remedies for europe's urgent economic needs given the destruction wrought by the germans in russia which has no arallel elsewhere unless it be in poland and the fact that millions of russians need immediate help if they are to have a bare minimum of food clothing and shelter it is understandable that the commis sion’s recommendations appear to feonov as too theoretical foreign correspondents who recently vis ited the ukraine and white russia have confirmed the reports of unrra observers that when the re lief program is terminated the first of the year mil lions of russians will suffer dire hardship and mal nutrition although the ussr is potentially a rich country for the time being at any rate it is as stalin remarked to donald nelson a very poor nation for that reason russia is in no position to offer much economic assistance to the war ravaged econ omy of europe instead it must seek from europe the maximum possible supply of food materials and equipment if its economic reconstruction is not to be unduly prolonged the most efficient tech nique for its purposes it has discovered is the con clusion of bilateral trade pacts which are essentially barter deals but since russia's trading partners also need large imports of goods that it cannot at pres ent supply they must turn to the west otherwise their reconstruction programs may bog down un der the circumstances russia fears that its influence might be undermined in neighboring european na tions which must perforce maintain and develop their economic ties with the west thus for ex ample poland joined with britain and the united states in proposing a permanent european economic commission admitting that its reconstruction needs will require return to the principle of multilateral trade and credit assistance from the west europe and the german economy with russia severely weakened by the war mos cow's objections to any suggestion that economic page three recovery in europe requires a revival of german economy must be regarded as commonsense concern for the future security of the ussr nor for that matter is russia willing to approve any attempt to create a federation of european states such as was suggested by mr churchill in his speech in zurich on september 19 when he called for a franco german partnership as the first step the council’s experts did not discuss the place of germany in the economy of the new europe although they were instructed to consider this problem their failure to do so was explained by the fact that no reply had been received to their request that the allied control council furnish data on the future foreign trade of germany the german problem however was brought before the council by the british delegate philip j noel baker who stated that more would have to be done and said about germany to this the ukrainian delegate dr lev medved replied that the german question had al ready been decided at potsdam and that he would fight any attempt to relate the subject to the coun cil’s deliberations on europe’s economy yet sec tions of the experts report dealing with particular countries contain frequent references to the need for a solution to the german question if economic recovery in europe is not to be delayed the per sisting stalemate among the big four on germany with the resulting threat of a divided europe jeop ardizes the possible effectiveness of any program to facilitate reconstruction in the devastated areas harold h hutcheson american russian rivalry in the far east a study in diplomacy and power politics 1895 1914 by edward h zabriskie philadelphia university of pennsylvania press 1946 3.50 a well documented study of a little known period in the relations of the united states and russia unwritten treaty by james p warburg new york har court brace 1946 2.00 a plea for the free flow of information across national boundaries and the elimination of psychological warfare dealing with one of the basic freedoms mr warburg has presented a frankly argumentative book with some analy sis of the owi program during the war and of the suc cesses and failures of allied propaganda hitler’s professors by max weinrich new york yiddish scientific institute 1946 3.50 paper 3.00 a noted scholar the research director of yivo traces through nazi books periodicals pamphlets and documents the part german scholars played in developing the race theory and in planning the destruction of jews in germany and the mass extinction of the poles foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 51 ocrossr 4 1946 headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y franx ross mccoy president emeritus helen m daccertt dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at the post office ac new york n y please allow at least one month for change of address on membership publications published weekly by the foreign policy association incorporated national executive secretary vera micheles under the act of march 3 1879 four dollars a year f p a membership which includes the bulletin six dollars a year sy 181 produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor washington news letter eri will harriman carry on wallace plans for trade with russia by appointing w averell harriman former american ambassador to britain and war time en voy to russia as secretary of commerce on septem ber 21 president truman has attempted to do more than merely end the cabinet crisis precipitated by the recent byrnes wallace controversy on foreign policy by naming a man who is expected to enjoy popularity with members of congress the presi dent has also tried to promote smoother relations between the legislative branch of the government and the commerce department whose budget was slashed on july 1 partly because of the personal an tagonism of a number of congressmen toward mr wallace above all mr truman has sought to eliminate the friction that existed during mr wal lace’s term of office between the state and com merce departments on american foreign economic policy disagreement on russian loan un der mr wallace’s leadership the commerce depart ment took the position that the united states should grant russia a loan on a strictly commercial basis and should not use its economic power for the pur pose of inducing russia to modify its restrictive trade arrangements in eastern europe in his letter to president truman on july 23 setting forth his views on foreign policy mr wallace declared that the question of a loan to russia should be ap proached on economic and commercial grounds since in this way the united states would be able to demonstrate that it is not attempting to use its economic resources in the game of power politics on the other hand the state department which drafted the three notes washington has sent to moscow concerning a possible six billion dollar loan has maintained that such a loan should be granted only after a satisfactory agreement has been reached with russia regarding soviet trading practices which run counter to american foreign economic policy although the exact terms laid down by the united states in its last note dated june 13 have not been revealed they apparently include modifi cation of russia’s bilateral trade agreements with various european countries and acceptance by mos cow of a plan for the international control of the danube despite recent unofficial indications that the kremlin would welcome a loan no reply has yet been received from moscow presumably because the soviet union is unwilling to grant the united states larger trading opportunities in eastern europe at least at this moment when the russians are deeply conscious of their inability to compete with american exports outlook for soviet american trade whether expansion of soviet american trade will be urged as insistently by mr harriman as it was by mr wallace also remains an open question the former secretary of commerce who believed that discussion of long range economic problems might help to clear away political misunderstandings and develop mutually useful trade had arranged with the cooperation of the state department to send two members of his staff to moscow during july and august to conduct preliminary economic con versations these two representatives e c ro and lewis lorwin recently returned to washing ton and on september 19 announced that the rus sian officials in the ministry of foreign trade and the soviet chamber of foreign commerce had dis played keen interest in projects for closer economic relations with the united states the russians pointed out however that soviet industry was still in the process of reconversion and reconstruction and as a result their export surplus during the next two or three years would be too limited to permit them to make any plans for trade expansion ney ertheless the commerce department’s mission ap pears to have helped clear the ground for more active soviet american economic cooperation further steps in this direction will depend not only on the pace of russia’s economic recovery but also on whether the united states government is willing to compromise with russia’s restrictive trade policy in eastern eu rope and the balkans winifred n hadsel just published the ruhr object of allied rivalries by winifred n hadsel influence of armed forces on us foreign policy by blair bolles 25c each foreign po.icy reporrts are issued on the 1st and 15th of each month subscription 5 to f.p.a members 3 1918 i a vou x y.s ie ing propos energy opinio states atomic made barucl wa presid russiz on ov ber 1 the a first negot tive have packa the u bomb bomb natio their fissio into wall prop cisior bé rand in hi lace whic lace fos +ee jssia 1 europe sians are ete with trade ade will is it was ion the ved that 1s might ings and d with to send ing jul mic con ropes v ashing the rus rade and had dis conomic russians was still truction the next 0 permit on nev sion ap re active her steps pace of sther the 1promise tern eu adsel uries us 15th wuly of nice bk iwi al ce srmbral libra foreign policy bulletin an inter pretation of current international events by the research staff of the foreign policy association foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y vou xxv no 52 october 11 1946 y.s u.s r concessions needed to end atom bomb deadlock he bitter wallace baruch controversy concern ing the merits and defects of the american proposal of june 14 to the united nations atomic energy commission threatens to befuddle public opinion on the crucial question of what the united states and russia are willing to do about control of atomic energy leaving aside the personal attacks made on both sides it is clear that wallace and baruch differ both as to procedure and substance wallace objects in his letter of july 23 to president truman on this country’s relations with russia supplemented by the statement he issued on october 3 in reply to that of baruch on octo ber 1 mr wallace raised three main objections to the american atomic energy proposal of june 14 first he asserted that it envisaged step by step negotiations which he believes will prove ineffec tive and insisted that the entire agreement will have to be worked out and wrapped up in a single package second he said that under the proposal the united states would retain its stockpile of atomic bombs and would continue to manufacture more bombs and at the same time demand from other nations notably russia both information about their resources of uranium and thorium the two fissionable materials and discontinuance of research into the military uses of atomic energy third mr wallace criticized as irrelevant the united states proposal to abandon the veto power over the de cisions of the atomic energy commission baruch replies mr baruch in his memo randum of september 24 to president truman and in his statement of october 1 attacking mr wal lace’s refusal to disavow remarks in his july 23 letter which baruch regarded as untrue replied to wal lace point by point in answer to wallace's first foreign policy bulletin june 21 1946 contents of this bulletin may be reprinted with credit to the foreign policy association objection he said that while according to the amer ican proposal the plan of control would have to come into effect in successive stages the proposal actually provides for the single package pro cedure for it states that these stages should be specifically fixed in the charter or means should be otherwise set forth in the charter for transition from one stage to the other in answer to wallace's second objection mr baruch pointed out that the united states pending the conclusion of an atomic energy control treaty by which all nations would be equally bound had not asked others to refrain from research on the military use of atomic energy and would not ask this unless we were prepared to cease such research ourselves we have not asked others to disclose their own material resources and would not do so unless we were prepared to dis close our own it was with reference to this issue particularly that baruch asked for a retraction by wallace in answer to wallace’s third objection concerning use of the veto power mr baruch vig orously disputed the contention that this issue is irrelevant on the contrary he reiterated the view he had expressed in presenting the american pro posal of june 14 that punishment of violations of international control lies at the very heart of the se curity system and that there must be no veto to protect those who violate their solemn agreement not to develop or use atomic energy for destructive purposes mutual trust main issue the main issue between baruch and wallace is their disagree ment on the most promising way of creating mutual trust between the united states and russia mr wallace believes that the counter proposal presented by the russians to the atomic energy commission on june 19 is in itself an indication that they may l l_ a_ _annnnbndbdbmm prange two be willing to negotiate seriously if we are this counter proposal contemplates national control over the use of atomic energy as contrasted with the in ternational control suggested by the united states with the support of many other nations it has been criticized on this ground by experts who are other wise friendly to russia but who do not in all hon esty believe that national control will prove effec tive in this instance any more than it did in the kellogg briand pact under which the signatory na tions agreed to abolish war as an instrument of for eign policy and then took no international action to implement their pledges there is considerable evidence to support mr wallace's view that possession by the united states as well as britain and canada of the secret of manufacture of the atomic bomb together with the known fact that we have a stockpile of bombs and continue to manufacture them have increased rus sia’s mistrust of the united states in all fairness however it must be said that some mistrust existed before hiroshima and that russia in turn has taken a number of steps which have aroused mis trust in the united states while mr baruch is nuremberg court applies concept of individual war guilt the verdict of the international military tri bunal announced at nuremberg on october 1 raises many questions about the competence of the court and the concepts of law it was instructed to apply since the trials have established the guilt of only nineteen of the accused allowing franz von papen hjalmar schacht and hans fritzsche to go free the judgment has also drawn the fire of those who would go further and punish countless lesser known germans who participated in and benefited by the hitler régime during the period it was pre paring for war the decision of the court to free schacht in particular makes it doubtful that other financiers or industrialists who supported the nazi program will be brought to justice the controversy which will doubtless follow about the innocence or guilt of such men may well merge with the dis pute between russia and the western powers over germany’s economic and political future senator robert a taft’s charge on october 5 at kenyon college that the trials were ex post facto proceed ings indicates that they may also have domestic po litical repercussions law and the trials the nuremberg tri bunal was established in august 1945 by a four power agreement among france britain russia and the united states on october 21 1945 justice rob ert h jackson for the prosecution read the indict ment of the chief living nazi spokesmen charging that they had committed crimes against the peace and humanity had waged aggressive war and violated right in his contention that the veto power would critics of nullify the effectiveness of international control over ore viol the use of the new weapon it was tactically unfop crimes a tunate that the united states irked by russia’s fre lenged a quent invocation of the veto in the security counil fore bi raised that issue in the atomic energy commission the trial for this could readily be interpreted in moscow as 4 on histo sinister backdoor move to deprive russia of the veto sion beer which along with the united states it had insisted scale on including in the united nations charter a yet when all is said and done the core of the prob nnitte lem is how to devise workable international contro ai over the new source of energy which can both destroy vie ng 2 and enhance human welfare this problem cannot ne d be solved by the united states alone for it involves oe sacrifice by both the united states and russia of hich th what each considers part of its sovereignty we have ba not something to yield with respect to our possession ris the secret of manufacturing the bomb and russig ken to assuming that it has not yet discovered the secret eto wh has something to yield with respect to its concept that ing war national control will be sufficient to give other na ae ewes tions the feeling of security russia itself demands 5 ji vera micheles dean bitinn berg t os though the rules of warfare in appraising the acquittals or other decisions of the court the precise character of 4 ony the indictments must be remembered and the nature sys nureml of international law must be taken into consideration eg in a legal sense few observers will disagree with ad a justice jackson’s belief that the court’s action will be important long after the accused individuals are jus1 forgotten many laymen all over the world will also sults of share his view that the court should have condemned all the defendants for only a strict reading of the charges enabled a majority of the judges to find men innocent who had supported hitler almost until the ea end some authorities in the english speaking coum tries fear that the trials will make martyrs of the published nazi leaders lawyers however will applaud the court’s attention to the details of legal procedure msonally meticulous adherence to approved legal rules will rouicy avoid much subsequent criticism of the court's vet sid publi dict the careful documentation of the guilt of the bodied in nazi leaders which the court required will itself 1 prove of value if the story thus revealed is ade quately interpreted especially in germany not the least of the benefits derived from the trials is that ex managis perts representing widely different legal systems busines found it possible to approach a common problem forcien with a remarkable degree of agreement a chat outweighing all other considerations is the fact iopmcp that the court has found the nazi leaders responsible esduar as individuals for crimes against the peace and yaw ji against humanity because of the atrocities per petrated by the nazis there will be few if any qm r would rol over y un for sia’s fre council mass10p ow asqa the veto insisted he prob control destroy 1 cannot involves jilt ittals or acter of e nature leration ee with ion will uals are vill also demned r of the ind men intil the 2 cou of the aud the cedure les will rt’s ver t of the ll itself is ade not the that ex systems roblem the fact sonsible ice and es per if any a critics of the court’s opinion that the laws of war were violated the charges and decisions relating to crimes against humanity will also stand unchal lenged although comparable indictments were never before brought to the attention of such a tribunal the trial records show however that never in mod en history have murder enslavement and persecu tion been practiced so systematically and on so vast a scale the court’s decision that the several individuals committed crimes against the peace is more difficult to sustain in establishing individual guilt for pre paring and waging aggressive war the court frankly assumed the role of a pioneer in developing inter national law despite the kellogg briand pact to which the indictment referred world public opinion did not consider war outlawed when hitler came to mower in 1933 nor had international measures been piaken to prevent aggression the debate will continue as to whether the court has acted ex post facto in call ing war a crime and passing judgment on individuals yet even if the war crimes decision is unprecedented it is time the precedent was set this was the con viction of the prosecution and the judges at nurem berg the layman will support this approach al though he must look as justice jackson has said to wise statesmanship among the great powers to insure that this rule of law becomes a living reality nuremberg demonstrates especially that deterring war criminals is but a part of the struggle to pre vent war justice at nuremberg the immediate re sults of the trials death or imprisonment for some page three a freedom for others at first appear unrelated to the broader legal concepts dealt with at nuremberg precisely the opposite is true however since those who have been set free will be dangerous only if war again becomes possible because of german re surgence or because the victors in world war il are unable to agree among themselves about the bases of peace it can be predicted with certainty for example that the debate over the schacht ac quittal will center on the divergent economic views held by the occupying powers schacht has left little to guesswork in this regard by his interview to the press on october 5 when he told reporters of his plans for the rebuilding of germany's economy other disagreements may develop between russia and the western powers over german political trends resulting from the trials for beyond acquit ting three individuals the court did not make any group condemnation of nazi or german organiza tions such as the elite guard the storm troopers or the general staff while on both the acquittals and the action taken on group bodies the russian judge major general i t nikitchenko dissented other trial courts may take their cue from the ma jority decision and acquit germans in large num bers german denazification courts are now taking steps to try schacht and fritzsche while von papen remains temporarily in jail but if in the end they are treated leniently and the great powers vie for the support of these individuals or groups in germany the nuremberg trials will have failed in their purpose grant s mcclellan statement of the ownership management circulation etc required by the acts of congress of august 24 1912 and march 8 1933 of foreign policy bulletin published weekly at new york 16 n y for october 1 1946 state of new york county of new york ss before me a notary public in and for the state and county aforesaid personally appearéd vera micheles dean who having been duly sworn ac wrding to law deposes and says that she is the editor of the foreign policy bulletin and that the following is to the best of her knowledge ind belief a true statement of the ownership management etc of the afore aiid publication for the date shown in the above caption required by the act of august 24 1912 as amended by the act of march 3 1933 em bodied in section 537 postal laws and regulations printed on the re verse of this form to wit 1 that the names and addresses tr and business managers are _publishers fooly policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y editor vera micheles dean 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y managing editor none business managers none 2 that the owner is foreign policy association incorporated 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y the principal officers of which are james grafton rogers director m charge 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y helen m daggett of the publisher editor managing edi executive secretary 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y and william a eldridge treasurer 70 broadway new york 4 n y 3 that the known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 per cent or more of total amount of bonds mortgages securities are one 4 that the two paragraphs next above giving the names of the owners stockholders and security holders if any contain not only the list of stock holders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the company but also in cases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation the name of the person or 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york county reg no 164 m 7 my commission expires march 30 1947 foreign policy bulletin vol xxv no 52 ocroner 11 1946 181 published weekly by the foreign policy association headquarters 22 east 38th street new york 16 n y frank ross mccoy president emeritus helen m daccett executive secretary vera micheles dean editor entered as second class matter december 2 1921 at ehe pest office at new york n y under the act of march 3 1879 four dollass a year hease allow at least one month fer change ef address om membership publications f p a membership which includes the bulletin six dollars a year produced under union conditions and composed and printed by union labor incorporated national eer hs ee vr awn se pas te se eee ree es a pee ailing smee be mm washington news letter stttes piedeing copenhagen conference urges world food board the united nations are about to make a serious inquiry into the question whether individual nations should subordinate at least some aspects of their economies to regulation by an international body inspiration for this unusual step comes from a de sire on the part of many governments first to free agricultural producers from the threat of declining prices a threat which if realized might impair world economy and second to invigorate their lations by improving the diets of the habitually the united nations food and agricul ture orpitibtion at its conference in copenhagen september 2 to 13 approved a report proposing the creation of a world food board with plenary pow ers to integrate world agriculture stimulate agri cultural production safeguard farmers from price declines and raise the world’s nutritional standards the conference established a preparatory commis sion which is to meet in washington before novem ber 1 to make recommendations to member govern ments on the manner in which a world food board might operate national vs international con trol the idea of such an international board is not new the league of nations in 1937 favored a plan to ward off depressions by creating an agency authorized to buy unmarketable surplus agricultural commodities when prices were falling and to sell those commodities when prices rose beyond a pre scribed level in order to stabilize trade the united kingdom delegation to the united nations confer ence on food and agriculture in 1943 urged the establishment of a buffer stock board in a report issued in april 1945 the u.s department of agri culture’s interbureau committee on post war pro grams supported the buffer stocks scheme and sug gested that unmarketable surpluses be used for the improvement of the diets and living standards of low income groups in foreign countries as well as in the united states while governments have not adopted previous proposals for such international action many of the countries represented at the copenhagen conference formally expressed their ap proval of the world food board principle national price support controls over agricultural production and trade are now common throughout the world the existence of national controls stimu lates the demand for some sort of international con trol because as the interbureau committee stated in its 1945 report price supports if they are use widely and without regard to their effects on othe countries tend to lead to trade wars and to a vate world surplus situations the leading proposal for avoiding this involve 1 relaxation of gop ernment intervention and 2 international arrange ments to coordinate intervention the proposal for a world food board as pe sented to the copenhagen conference by the faq director general sir john boyd orr contemplatis the coordination of state intervention at the sam time the united states in the suggested chart for an international trade organization of th united nations published in september stressg the desirability of relaxing government intervention in trade and in commodities that move in inter tional trade it seems unlikely that either the united states or other important producing coup tries would abandon or even relax significantly the measures of intervention in favor of their producers the interbureau committee said in 1945 the fao preparatory commission is not limited to consid eration of the orr proposals it will be free b judge between the merits of the two policies to intervention or international intervention fao conference heartening the faq conference attended by voting delegations from thirty three of its forty seven member countrits heartened the participants the delegates represent ing countries widely different in economic and sodiél structure and conditions showed a ready grasp of the nature of the problem before them and acted with a determination to offer concrete remedial meas ures they promptly resolved their many disagree ments and having established the preparatory com mission adjourned one day earlier than had been expected the absence of russia from the confer ence dismayed the delegates but representatives of countries closely related to russia poland czecho slovakia rumania and hungary attended and russia was invited to take part in the preparatoy commission the work of the commission will be te viewed by the individual governments represented on it and by the economic and social council of the united nations blair bolles mr bolles has just returned from the fao conference in copenhagen icies no he fao ns from countries represent disagree ory com had been e confer tatives of reparatofy will be te nfere nce